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ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.

Published by order of the Legislature of Massachusetts.

No. I.

OPHIURIDEH AND ASTROPHYTIDA.

BY

THEODORE LYMAN.

CAMBRIDGE:
FOR SALE BY SEVER AND FRANCIS.
1865.

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University Press: WEtcH, BiceLow, & Co.,

CAMBRIDGE.
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HE publication of the Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of
Comparative Zodlogy has been undertaken with a threefold
object. In the first place, like the catalogues of most institutions of
a similar character, it is intended to make the contents of our Museum
generally known, and to facilitate our exchanges. In the second place,
to be the medium of publication of the novelties received at the
Museum, which require to be described and illustrated by diagrams
or wood-cuts, or more elaborate plates. Finally, it is hoped that it
may be the basis of a systematic revision of such natural groups of
the animal kingdom as are most fully represented in our collections,
and that it may, as far as possible, present to the scientific world
the results of the investigations carried on in the Museum with a
view of ascertaining the natural limits of the Faun at the present
time and in past ages, and the genetic relations which may exist
between the order of succession of organized beings upon the earth,
their mode of growth, and their metamorphoses during their embry-
onic life, and the plan and complication of their structure in their
adult condition.

The means for publishing this work have been most liberally granted
by the Legislature, at a time when, in a less enlightened assembly,
the material cares of the community would have engaged their
exclusive attention.

L. AGASSIZ.

CamBripGkt, March 28, 1865.

PREFACE.

HIS is a descriptive Catalogue of such Genera and Species of
Ophiuridz and Astrophytida, from the shores of North and South
America and of Greenland, as are now represented in the Smithsonian
Institution (1861) and in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at
Harvard University (1864). To these are added notices of the other
species in our Museum.

There are twenty-six genera in all, and one hundred and five species.
Of these, five genera and twenty-six species are new ; also, one generic
name, which could not stand, has been replaced by a new one.

The Catalogue consists of a Preface, an Introduction, a List of the
most important books, a Table of the known Species of Ophiuridee
and of Astrophytide, and descriptions of Genera and Species of the
families Ophiuride and Astrophytide.

I take this opportunity to thank the following gentlemen for their
kind assistance in giving me specimens, and a great variety of valuable
information: Professor Henry, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution ;
Professor 8. F. Baird ; Professor F. 8. Holmes; Professor J. Leidy ; Dr.
J. L. LeConte ; Dr. Wm. Stimpson ; Professor Steenstrup and Dr. C. F.
Litken, of Copenhagen ; Dr. D. F. Weinland ; James M. Barnard, Esq. ;
Rev. J. E. Mills; Mr. T. N. Gill; Mr. Higginson ; Mr. A. 8. Packard, Jr.;
Mr. N.S. Shaler; Professor A. E. Verrill; Mr. A. Garrett ; Mr. G. A. Che-
ney, of Zanzibar; Mr. C. Curtis, of Key West; Dr. Whitehurst, Surgeon
of the post, and Mr. Phillips, Superintendent at Fort Jefferson, Tortugas ;
General Geo. G. Meade, U.S. A.; General D. P. Woodbury, U. 8. A.;
Lieutenant Craighill, U.S. A.; Mr. A. H. Riise, of St. Thomas ; Profes-
sor Valenciennes and M. Rousseau, of the Jardin des Plantes ; Professor
Schmarda, of Vienna; Professor Schlegel and Professor Herklots, of

<a PREFACE.

Leyden ; Dr. Strahl, of Berlin; Professor Owen and Dr. Gray, of the
British Museum ; and Professor Allman, of Edinburgh, To my friend,
Mr. Alex. Agassiz, I wish especially to make my acknowledgments for
the tedious labor of correcting the proofs, which he has cheerfully
undertaken during my unavoidable absence. Professor Agassiz has,

in the kindest manner, superintended the work.

THEODORE LYMAN.

Camprrpér, Mass., October, 1864.

ClO UN EON hes:

PAGE
List oF THE WOOD-CUTs . 5 . 6 ; . : : 6 0 6 viii
INTRODUCTION : : , i : ; 5 . 5 é ‘5 1
List or Principat AUTHORS . : : ; 5 : : : : : 5
List or Known Species OF OPHIURIDZ AND ASTROPHYTIDE . 6 : 10
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION . ‘ : 5 7 ¢ é 6 0 , 14
Descriptions OF GENERA AND SPECIES ; $ : Z j q ¢ 16
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES . ; . : . ; 0 , 4 5) alge

INDEX . 3 ‘ : e 0 6 6 ; 3 c 5 6 é 197

oa

Lis. Or rh wiOlOD=C iy as:

Ophiura teres. Lower side. p, arm-spines 0 5 ° .

Ophioglypha Sarsii. Upper side, showing the comb of papillae at the base of the
arm. jj, upper arm-plate : : é

Ophioglypha Sarsii. Lower side. h, lower arm-plate ; 7, lower part of side arm-
plate 2 - : .

Ophiozona impressa. Lower side. _n, genital scales 3 . : .

Ophiocoma echinata. Chewing apparatus, seen from within. d, sooth-papille ;
d", teeth P 5

Ophiacantha spinulosa. Upper side

Ophiacantha spinulosa. Lower side

Ophiostigma isacanthum. Upper side. m, radial scale

Ophiostigma isacanthum. Lower side. a, mouth-shield ; 6, side mouth-shield

Ophiactis Krebsii. Upper side. J, radial shield . F

Ophiactis Krebsii. Lower side. h! and h!", inner lateral sides of under arm-plates ;
h", outer side ; h!’, lateral side

Amphiura occidentalis. Upper side

Amphiura occidentalis. Lower side

Ophionereis porrecta. Upper side p, arm-spines

Ophionereis porrecta. Lower side. d, mouth-papille ; ¢, inner point of mouth
angle ; q, tentacle-scale .

Ophiopsila Riisei. Upper side : é : 5

Ophiopsila Riisei. Lower side. q, tentacle-scale ; 0, genital opening

Ophiomyxa flaccida. Upper side :

Ophiomyxa flaccida. Chewing apparatus, from below

104
104
111

112
130
130
147

148
150
150
178
178

INTRODUCTION.

S this is neither a treatise on the anatomy of serpent-stars, nor a
A critical essay on their classification, no parts are treated of that
do not bear directly on specific and generic relations.

Without entering upon the metaphysical questions of the existence,
limits, and relations of genera and of species, I have tried, as far as
might be, to keep the characters strictly separate, and not to mingle
generic marks in specific descriptions, or vice versa.

Although the names which are commonly used for the different
organs by no means express their true homologies, but, on the con-
trary, are mostly names applied originally to anatomical parts among
Vertebrata, I have nevertheless held to the received nomenclature,
because any change would have to be explained by a chapter on the
homologies of Radiata, which could not be here admitted.

Method of describing. — An Ophiuran, to be “in position,” should be
placed with the mouth down; then, horizontally towards the points
of the arms, is owtwards ; horizontally towards the mouth, is inwards ;
vertically towards the back, or upper surface of the animal, is wpwards ;
vertically towards the mouth and under surface of the animal, is down-
wards. It is essential that these directions should be borne in mind.

It should not be forgotten that these animals are, at different stages
of growth, quite unlike in the number, size, and proportions of their
parts ; and that even the full-grown ones present a compound of young
and of adult characters, since the outer part of the arm is made up of
joints not yet fully developed. Hence it is necessary, in determining
different species, that specimens of the same size should be compared
with each other. Considering these differences, it 1s proper to state,
that, when “arm-plates,” “arm-joints,” &c. are spoken of, without fur-
ther qualification, in the following descriptions, it means only such as
are near the base of the arm, and are therefore fully grown. Also,
where the “length” or the “breadth” of a part is mentioned, the
greatest length, or breadth, is referred to.

The millemeter is always used as the unit of measurement ; there-
1

2

INTRODUCTION.

fore, all measurements in these descriptions may be directly compared
with each other, and proportions, or tables, may be made from them.

All the species are described in the same way, and in accordance
with the following table :—

1

NAMEs.
PrincipaAL SyNONYMES, with references to their authorities. These have been taken

from the original works, whenever it was possible.

SprctaL Marks. A few striking characters are given, to aid the student in finding

a particular species.

Description oF A Spectmen.' A specimen is particularly described, as an indi-

vidual, and without reference to other individuals. Its parts are taken up in
the following order : —

a. General measurements. Diameter of the disk. Distance from the outer edge of
a mouth-shield? (Fig. 9, a) to the outer corner of the opposite mouth-slit.
Width of an arm, without its spines. Length of anarm. Distance from the
outer side of a mouth-shield to the inner point of the corresponding angle of
the mouth (Fig. 15, c), compared with the distance between the outer corners
of two mouth-slits.

b. Chewing apparatus. Number, shape, size, &c. of the mouth-papille (Fig. 15, d);
tooth-papille* (Fig. 5, d’) ; and teeth® (Fig. 5, d’).

c. Mouth-shields, their shape, and length to breadth; peculiarities of the madre-
poric shield.

d. Side mouth-shields® (Fig. 9, 6), their size and shape.

e. Under arm-plates’ (Fig. 3, #), their shape, size, and proportions. These plates
are often octagonal, in which ease the two sides that are parallel with the
length of the arm are called dateral (Fig. 11, h/’) ; the two that run across the
arm, outer (Fig. 11, 4’) and cnner ; and the four sides that stand at an angle
with the length of the arm, respectively ower lateral and ‘nner lateral
(Fig. 11, h’ and 2’). In counting the joints, or the plates, of the arm, the
innermost under arm-plate (which is often quite rudimentary) is considered as
the first.

f. Side arm-plates* (Fig. 3, 7), their form and character.

g- Upper arm-plates® (Fig. 2, 7), their shape, size, and proportions. Their dif-
ferent sides are named in the same way as those of the under arm-plates. In
some genera these plates have supplementary pieces, which are always placed
near the edges, but vary in number, size, and shape.

h. Disk, details of its covering, above and below. The disk is divided into bra-
chial and interbrachial spaces, the former including the sectors, which contain
the arms, the latter those which are between the arms. When the scaly coat
is not entirely covered by grains, or spines, there may be distinguished certain

For a short anatomical description, see Liitken on Ophiurans, Silliman’s Journal, XXVIII.

July, 1859.

we

cy

-

a

o

a

o

o

Mundschild (Miill.) Scutum buceale (Miull.).
Mundspalten (Miill.) Rima oris.
Zahnpapillen (Miill.) Papille dentales.
Zihne (Miill.) Dentes.

Scutella adoralia.

Bauchschilder (Miull.) Scutella ventralia.
Scutella lateralia.

Riickenschilder (Miill.) Scutella dorsalia.

WIA HX

INTRODUCTION. 3

principal scales, or plates; namely, primary plates (Pl. II. Fig. 5), which
lie on the back of the disk, one in the centre, and others arranged along ten
lines radiating from it; they may be distinguished by their greater size ; in
the young animal they cover the whole back of the disk, and are only six in
number, — their number, size, shape, and position are described : — radial
shields,” their size, length to breadth, shape, &c.; these are plates, arranged
in five pairs, a pair over the base of each arm (Fig. 10, 7); among Astro-
phytide they are covered with thick skin, and extend nearly to the centre of
the disk, forming radiating ridges, or “ribs” :— radial scales (Fig. 8, m), large
scales sometimes found outside the radial shields : — genital plates, or genital
scales (Fig. 4, x), which run along the genital slits, on the side next the inter-
brachial space, — their size and shape.
i. Genital Slits (Fig. 17, 0).

j. Arm-spines (Figs. 1 and 14, p), their special characters and their lengths, com-
pared with each other and with the length of the lower arm-plate. The
uppermost spine is counted as the first.

k. Tentacle-scales' (Fig. 15, q), their number, shape, size, Ke.

1. Oolor. The colors of the animal, when alive and when in alcohol.

VARIATIONS OF THE SPECIES, in size, color, number of parts, &c.

Locatities. In what seas found, and by whom, depth of water, habits, &c.

How DISTINGUISHED, specifically, from other species of the same genus.

List oF SPECIMENS now in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution, and of
the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cambridge.

=

10 Scutella radialia. 1 Papille ambulacrales.

o

-

OPHIURIDH AND ASTROPHYTIDA.

PRINCIPAL AUTHORS.

ApEtuNG, J. C. Geschichte der Schiffarten, ete. Halle. 1768, p. 380.

Agassiz, A. Embryology of Echinoderms. Mem. Am. Ac. 1864.

Aqass1z, L. Prodrome d’une Monographie des Radiaires. Mém. de la Société des Sciences Nat.
de Neuchatel. I. 1835.

“ Same paper. Ann. des Scien. Nat., 2° Série, Zool. VII. 1837, p. 287.

a Abstract of same. L’Institut. Journ. Gén. des Soc. et Trav. Scien. V. No. 204.
1837, p. 115.

ce Prodromus of a Monograph of the Radiata. Ann. Nat. Hist. I. 1838, p. 442.

Gs Progress in Natural History of Echinodermata. Ann. Nat. Hist. LX. p. 189. Transl.
from Monographies d’Echinodermes.

@ Notice sur quelques points de V’organisation des Euryales. Mém. de la Soc. des
Scien. Nat. de Neuchatel, II. 1839, with plates.

ot Nomenclator Zoologicus, I. Neocomi Helvetorum. 1842.

oe Catalogue Raisonné des Echinodermes. Introduction. Ann. Scien. Nat., 3° Série,
Zool. VI. 1846, pp. 309, 314.

f Proceed. Am. Acad. Arts and Sciences. 1851, p. 269.

ALpROVANDUS, U. De Animalibus Insectis. 1688.

APHALEN, H. von. Bomares Natur-historie. Kiobenhavn. 1767-70.

Ayres, W. O. Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. IV. 1851, pp. 54, 133; IV. 1852, p. 249.

Barbut, J. Genera Vermium, 1783, p. 87.

Barrett, L. & McAnpREw R. Echinodermata, dredged between Drontheim and North Cape.
Ann. Nat. Hist. 24 Ser. XX. 1857, p. 44.

Barriert, R. P. Plante per Galliam, Hispaniam et Italiam Observate. Pl. 1282, 1295.
Parisiis. 1514.

BENEDEN, P. J. vAN. (Larve of Echinoderms.) Bulletin de ’ Académie Royale de Belgique,

XVII. No. 6. (See also Gervais.)

ce e LInstitut. Journ. Gén. Soc. Trav. Scien., XVIII. 1850, No. 869, p. 276.
From Acad. Belg.
t ff Ueber zwei Larven von Echinodermen. Froriep’s Tagsberichte iiber die

Fortschritte der Natur und Heilkunde. JI. 1850, No. 196. p. 257.
3 Transl. from Acad. Belg.
Bertuotp, A. A. Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 1845, p. 526.
Beremann, C. & Leuckart, R. Vergleichende Anatomie und Physiologie. 1852. Passim.
Buarnvittz, H. M.D. pe. Manuel d’Actinologie, I. 1834, p. 243.
e ue ce Faune Frangaise : Stellérides, VI. Pl. 6 & 7 [no text].
“ & @ Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles: Zoophytes. LX. 1830, p. 223.
Bosc, 8. A. G. Histoire Naturelle des Vers. Suites 4 Buffon. II. 1830, p. 138. (1st. ed. 1802.)
Bortase, W. Natural History of Cornwall, 1758, p. 259, Pl. 25.
Browne, P. Civil and Natural History of Jamaica, 1789, p. 393.
Burmeister, H. Zoonomische Briefe. I. 1856, p. 270.
Carus, J. V. Icones Zootomice, Pl. 5.
CoLumna, F. Aquatilium et Terrestrium Animalium Observationes. 1616.
Cuvier, G. Tableau élémentaire de l’Histoire Naturelle des Animaux, An 6, p. 646.

6 OPHIURHLE AND ASTROPHYTID.

Cuvier, G. Régne Animal. IV. 1817, p. 11.

DaniexssEN, D. C. Beretning om en Zoologisk Reise. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne.
XI. 1859, p. 43.

Dareste, ©. Miiller sur le Développement des Ophiures. Ann. Scien. Nat. Zool., 3° Série,

XX. 1853, p. 121.
os Plan général du Développemeut des Echinodermes, par J. Miiller, Ann. Scien.
Nat., 4¢ Ser. I. 1854, p. 153.
Dawson, J: W. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist. IL. 1858, p. 331.
De ie Catase, S. Memorie sulla Storia et Notomia degli Animali senza Vertebre del Regno di
Napoli. J.—V-. , 1823-29.

a ce Istituzioni di Anatomia Comparata. 1836. Passim.

DesMoutins, ©. Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux. V. 1832, p. 186.

Desor, E. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. III. 1848, p. 67.

Dewuurst, H. W. Natural History of the Order of Cetacea. 1834.

Di¢gTiIoNNAIRE pEs Sc. Nar. See DE BLAINVILLE.

- Dosner, E. P. Handbuch der Zoologie. II. 1862, p. 568.

D’Orxpieny, A. Echinodermes ete. recueillis aux Isles Canaries, par MM. Webb et Berthelot.
Iz, 1836 —44, p. 148.

Dien, M. W. von, & Koren, J. Ofversigt af Skandinaviens Echinodermer. Vetensk. Acad.

Handlingar, 1844, p. 229.

0g “ a a Uebersicht der Skandinavischen Echinodermen. Isis. 1848,
p- 151. Transl. from the above.
ce ce a @ Skandinaviens Echinodermer. Kel. Vetenskap. Akad. For-

handl. 1845, p. 73.
Dusen, M. W. von. Ueber die Norwegischen Asteriden. Isis. 1848, p. 534. Transl. from For-
handlingar ved de Skandinaviske Naturforskeres fjerde Mode. 1844.
“ ce Ofversigt af Norriges Hafs Fauna. Kgl. Vetensk. Akad. Forhandl. 1844,
p- 114.
Dusarpin, F. & Hurr. Histoire Naturelle des Zoophytes Echinodermes, suites 2 Buffon. 1862.
Dumenit, A.M. C. Zoologie Analytique. 1806, p. 304.
Epwarps, A. M. Ann. Se. Nat. XV. p. 148.
Epwarps, H. M. Eléments de Zoologie. II. 1841, p. 323.
EnRENBERG, C. G. Verhandl. d. Berliner Akad. 1810.
EncyciopEpig Mérnopiqur. Vers. CXCII., CXCIII. 1827.
Erpu, M. Ueber den Bau der Organe, &c., der Seeigel, &e. Wieg. Archiv. VII. 1842, p. 45.
Faser, F. Naturgeschichte der Fische Islands. 1829.
Fasricius, O. Fauna Grenlandica. 1780.
Fiscuer, G. Tableaux Synoptiques de Zoognosie. 1808.
FLeminG, J. Gleanings of Natural History. Edinburgh Philosophical Journal. VIII. 1823, p. 298.
Ww A History of British Animals. 1842, p. 488.
fe Philosophy of Zoology. II. 1822, p. 609.
Foageo, J. Echinodermata of the Frith of Forth. Edinb. Journ. Scien. 1st Ser. II. 1825, p. 77.
Forbes, E. Asteriade of the Irish Sea. Memoirs of the Wernerian Society. WIII. 1839, p. 114.

@ A History of British Starfishes. 1841.

@ Radiata of the Eastern Mediterranean. Transactions of the Linnean Society.
XIX. 1842, p. 143.

@ Ophiure of the Hgean Sea. Proc. Linn. Soe. I. 1843, p. 168.

sé Investigation of British Marine Zodlogy, by Means of the Dredge. Reports of the
British Association. 1850, p. 192.

* See SuTHERLAND.

Forses, E. & Austin, G. Natural History of the European Seas. 1857.

Gaupry, A. Pieces solides chez les Stellérides. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 3° Série.
Zool. XVI. 1851, p. 339. g

GreGENBAUR, ©. Ueber vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen in Messina; Siebold & Kolli-
ker, Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschaftliche Zoologie. IV. 1853, p. 329.

Gervais, P. & Van Beneven, P. J. Zoologie Médicale. II. 1859, p. 335.

Gessner, C. De Piscium Natura, 1558, p. 1103.

Gress, L. R. Fauna of South Carolina. Charleston. 1847.

Gtossop, F. H. N. Mag. of Nat. History [J. C. Loudon], 1836, p. 232.

PRINCIPAL AUTHORS. q

Goupruss, G. A. Handbuch der Zoologie, 1820, p. 174.
Gossr, P. H. Naturalist’s Rambles on the Devonshire Coast. 1853.
Goutp, A. A. Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, 1841, p. 345.
Gravenuorst, J. L. C. Tergestina.. 1831.
ue ce Vereleichende Zoologie. 1843, p. 42.
Gray, J. E. British Radiata of the British Museum. 1848, p. 23.
Greene, J. R. Additions to the Irish Fauna. Nat. Hist. Review, V. 1858, p. 191.
Gruse, A. E. Actinien, Echinodermen, und Wiirmer des Adriatischen und Mittelmeeres. 1840.

& Wieemann’s Archiv. f. Naturg. 1857, p. 342.

ce Seesterne und Seeigel. Academiz Casareze Leopoldino-Caroline Natura Curio-
sorum. Nova Acta. XXVIII. 1860.

ue Ein Ausflug nach Triest u. dem Quarnero. Berlin. 1861.

Gunners, J. E. Om norske Coraller. Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter
(Trondheim). TV. 1768, p. 54. Pl. 2; figs. 15, 16.

Hassarz, A. H. Invertebrata found in Dublin Bay. Ann. Nat. Hist. IX. 1842, p. 132.

Heuirr, C. Sitzungab. d. Akad. d. Wiss. LXVL. p. 115.

Hopar, G. Tyneside Naturalist Field Club, V. Part IV. p. 296.

Hoxrrarp, H. Nouveaux Eléments de Zoologie. 1839, p. 28.

Hotst, A. L. See Nrisson.

Huxtey, T. H. Report upon the Researches of Professor Miiller into the Anatomy and Develop-
ment of Echinoderms. Ann. Nat. Hist. VII. 1.1851. 2¢ Ser.

JOHNSTON, J. De Insectis. 1653. Tab. XXV., XXVI., XXVIII.

Jounston, G. Magazine Nat. Hist. [Loudon.] 1835, pp. 465, 595. 1836, p. 231.

Jones. Zur Naturgeschichte der Asteriden. Froriep’s Neue Notizen. XII. 1839, No. 248, p. 81.
Transl. from Lancet, July 6, 1839.

Kinanan, J. R. Distribution of the Irish Echinodermata. Nat. Hist. Review, VI. 1859, p. 368.

Kwyorr, G. W. [P. L. 8. Miiller.] Deliciee Nature Selecta. II. 1767, p. 34. Pl. G, G’, G*.

Koren. See DUsen.

Kroun, A. Ueber die Entwickelung einer lebendig gebiirenden Ophiure. Miiller’s Archiv. fiir

Anatomie und Physiologie. 1851, p. 338.

“e Ueber einen neuen Entwickelungsmodus der Ophiuren. Miiller’s Archiv. 1857, p. 369.

Kroyer. Ofiurernes Juddeling i Slegter. Transl. from Wiegmann’s Archiv. 1840. Kroyer’s
Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, III. 1840-41, p. 535.

Om Slegten Ophionyx og Tricaster. Ibid. p. 540. Transl. in Isis. 1842, p. 932.
Kuut & Van Hassett. Manuseript quoted by Miiller and Troschel in System der Asteriden.
Lamarck, J. B. Systeme des Animaux sans Vertebres. 1801.

Ob a Histoire des Animaux sans Vertebres. II. 1816, p. 540.

2 3 Extrait du cours de Zoologie. 1812, p. 35.

Lamovrovx, J. V. F. Ophiura hexactinia. Annales du Muséum. XX. p. 474.
LATREILLE. Familles Naturelles. 1825, p. 534.
Leacu, W. E. Zoological Miscellany. II. 1815, p. 51.
LreConte, J. L. New Ophiure from Panama, Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy. V.
1851, p. 317.
Leypott, F. Anfangseriinde der Zoologie, 1852, p. 175.
Leuckart, R. Bericht iiber die Leistungen .... Wiegm. Archiv. 1854-62.
re See BerGmMann.
Linck, J. H. De Stellis Marinis. 1733. Passim.
Linn.zus, C. Fauna Suecica. 1761
a Systema Nature. Editio duodecima. Holmiz. 1767.
Lorenz, J. R. Seesterne des Quarnero. Sitzb. d. Ak. d. Wiss. Wien. 1860. XXXIX.
Lirken, C. F. Oversigt over Gronlandshavets Ophiurer. Videnskabelige Meddelelser. Nov., 1854.

“s Greenland Echinoderms. Forthandl. ved de Skand. Naturf. Syvende Mode.
1856, p. 203.

Me Oversigt over Vestindiske Ophiurer. Nat. For. Videns. Med., Jan., Feb., 1856,

ce Greenlands Echinodermata. 1857, p. 49.

us Additamenta ad Historiam Ophiuridarum, Pt. I. 1858. Pt. I. 1859.

fe & Remuarpt, C. F. Naturhistoriske Bidrag til en Beskrivelse af Greenland.

1857, p. 103.
& See Lyman.

8 OPHIURIDA AND ASTROPHYTIDZ.

Lyman, T. New Ophiurans, ete. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. VII. 1860, Feb. and June,
pp: 193, 252. VIII. 1861, May, p. 75.
Abstract of a Paper on Ophiurans. Am. J. Scien. XXVIII. 1859. 24 Ser. p. 55.

Marrianp, R. T. Fauna Belgii Sept. Lugduni Bat. 1851.
M’Anprew. See Barrett.
Martens, F. Greenlandische oder Spitzbergische Reise-Beschreibung. 1675, p. 87.
Martyn, W. F. New Dictionary of Natural History. I. “Starfish.” 1785.
Mecket, J. F. System der Vergleichenden Anatomie. 1821-1833. Passim.

a Traité Général d’Anatomie Comparée. II. 1828, p. 25. French Transl.
Meyer, A. & Morus, K. Wieg. Archiv. 1862, I. p. 229.
Mour, N. Forsog til en Islandsk Naturhistorie. 1786, p. 123.
Monracu, G. Description of Marine Animals. Linn. Trans. VII. 1802, p. 84.
Miter, O. F. Zoologie Danice Prodromus. 1776.

ue Zoologia Danica. 1789, pp. 20-29, Pl. 93, 98, 99.
Miter, J. Ueber die Larven und die Metamorphosen der Ophiuren. Abhandlungen der ké-

niglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin. XXIV. 1846, p. 273.

a Anatomische Studien iiber die Echinodermen. Miiller’s Archiv. 1850, p. 121.

te Ueber die Ophiurenlarven des Adriatischen Meeres. Abhand. k. Akad. Berlin.
XXXIX. 1851, p. 33.

6: Same subject. Miiller’s Archiv. XVIII. 1851, p. 1.

ce Ueber einige Echinodermenlarven. Ibid. p. 353.

as Ueber den Allgemeinen Plan in der Entwickelung der Echinodermen. Abhand.
k. Akad. Berl. XL. 1852, p. 25.

“ Jeber den Bau der Echinodermen. Miiller’s Archiv. 1853, p. 175.

a Same subject. Abhand. k. Akad. Berl. 1853. XLIV. p. 123.

us Ueber die Gattungen der Seeigellarven. Abhand.k. Akad. Berl. XLII. 1853, p. 1.

ec Ueber die Larvenzustiinde, ete. der Ophiuren. Monatsber. d. Akad. XI. 1846, p. 294.

oo Ueber die Entwickelung der Echinodermen. Monatsber. d. Akad. XIX. 1854, p. 590.

a Nachtriige zu den Asteridlarven. Miiller’s Archiv. 1855, p. 78.

ce [Review] Ueber die Entwickelung der Echinodermen. Froriep’s Tagsber. II.
1851, No. 319, p. 104.

ce See DarersTE; also HUXLEY.

aw & TroscuEL, F. H. Gattungen der Ophiuren. Wiegmann’s Archiv. VI. 1840, p. 326.

a ee ee System der Asteriden. 1842.

ce Gs Ge Zur Kenntniss der Asteriden. Wieg. Archiv. 1843, IX. p. 113.

a w uS Beschreibung Neuer Asteriden. Wieg. Archiv. 1844, X. p.178.

Nutsson, 8. & Horst, A. L. Collectanea Zoologiz Scandinavice. 1817, p. 14.
Nouveau Dicrronnatre bD’Historre NATURELLE. XXIII. 1818, p. 539.
Ovarsen, E. & Povetsen, B. Reise igiennen Island. 1772. French Transl. Il. 1802, p. 1005.
Oxen. Allgemeine Naturgeschichte. II. 593.
Orstep, A. S. De Regionibus Marinis. 1844.
Owen, R. Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Invertebrate Animals.
1843, p. 115.
Paras, P. S. Nova Acte Academiz Petropolitane. II. p. 239. Tab. V. fig. 33.
Parry, W. E. <A Supplement to the Appendix of Captain Parry’s Voyage in the Years 1819 —
20, 1824, p. 222.
es Narrative of an Attempt to reach the North Pole. 1828. Appendix, p. 202.
Peacn, C. W. Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv. Se. 1858.
Pennant, T. British Zodlogy. 1812, p. 130.
Prerers, W. Uebersicht der etc. von Mossambique, ete. Ophiuren. Monatsberichte der koni-
glichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 1851, p. 463.
“ Ueber neue Ophiuren aus Mossambique. Wiegmann’s Archiv. 1852, p. 82.
Petrver, J. Aquatilium Animalium Amboine Icones. 1764. Tab. IIL and Vv.
Puiierr, R. A. Wiegmann’s Archiv. XXIV. 1858, p. 267.
Ws Reise durch die Wiiste Atacama. 1860.
Prancus, J. Liber de conchis minus notis. 1739, p. 38. Tab. IV. Fig. 4.
Pontoppipan, E. Natural History of Norway. II. 1755, p.179. [English Transl.]
Poucuet, F. A. Zoologie Classique. II. 1841, p. 551.
QuaTREFAGES. L’Ophiure grisatre est vivipare. Comptes Rendus de VAcadémie. XV. 1842, p. 799.

PRINCIPAL AUTHORS. 9

RAFINESQUE-SCHMALTZ, C. S. Précis des découvertes zoologiques et botaniques. 1814.
6 ce zs Analyse de la Nature. 1815, p. 153.
Ratner, H. Ueber das Geschlechtsverhiiltniss bei den Seeigel und Seesternen. Froriep’s Neue
Notizen. 1840. No. 269, p. 65.
Remuarpt. Beddmmelsen over Chr. Liitken’s Afhandl. om Ophiurerne. Overs. K. Danske
Selsk. Forhandl. 1857, pp. 15-18.
Rerzius, A. J. Asterie Genus. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handlingar. IV. 1783, p. 234.
ue Dissertatio sistens species cognitas Asteriarum. 1805.
Risso, A. Histoire Naturelle des principales Productions de ’ Europe méridionale. V. 1826.
Ronperet, G. Libri de Piscibus marinis. I. 1554, p. 120.
Roumentius, G. E. D’Amboinsche Rariteitkamer. 1741, p. 40. Tab. XV. B.C. Tab. XVI.
Rurue, J. F. See WireGMAnn.
Sars, M. Reise in Lofoten og Finmarken. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidensk. VI. 1851, p. 159.

a Bemerkninger over det Adriatiske Havs Fauna sammenlignet med Nordhavets. Nyt
Magazin for Naturvidensk. VII. 1853, p. 367.

oe Middelhavets Littoral-Fauna. Nyt Mag. for Naturvidensk. X. 1857, p.18. Tab.
Figs. 1-15.

ce Zoologisk Reise ved Kysten af Romsdals. Nyt. Mag. for Naturvidensk. XI. 1861, p. 261.

ce Oversigt af Norges Echinodermer. 1861, p. 3. Pl. 1 and 3.

Savieny, J. C. Description de Egypte. Echinodermes, par V. Audouin. I. 1809, p. 205.
Tab. L, I. 1817.
Say, T. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. V. 1825, p. 145.
Notice of above ; Bull. d. Scien. Nat. XII. 1827, p. 402, by Férussac.

Scumarpa, L. K. Grundziige der Zoologie. I. 1853, p. 48.

Scnuttze, M. Ueber die Entwickelung von Ophiolepis squamata. Miiller’s Archiv. 1852, p. 37.

Sepa, A. Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio. II. 1758.

Suarpey. See Topp.

Suaw, G. Zodlogical Lectures. Il. 1809, p. 149.

Sresorp, C.T. von. Ueber die Leistungen, &c., der Zoophyten. Wieg. Archiv. 1845, XXII. p. 277.
© & Lehrbuch der Vergleichenden Anatomie. I. 1848, p. 80.

Stoaner, H. Voyage to Jamaica. II. 1725, p. 272.

Stewart, T. H. Young State of Ophiocoma rosula. Annals of Nat. Hist. 24 Ser. 1856.
XVIII. p. 387.

Srewart, J. A. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1861, p. 96.

Stimpson, W. New Ophiurans. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist- IV. 1852, p. 224.

is Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan. Smithsonian Contributions. VI. 1854, p. 12.
ce New Ophiurans. Proc. Philadelphia Academy, July, 1855.
a The Crustacea and Echinoderms of the Pacific Shores of N. A. Journ. Bost.

Soc. N. H. VI. 1857.

Srrom, H. Physisk og ekononomisk Beskrivelse over Fogderiet Séndmor. I. 1762-66, p. 179.

SuTHERLAND. Journal of a Voyage in Baffin’s Bay, ete. II. 1852, p. 204. Appendix by Forbes.

Temp_eton, J. Annulose and Rayed Animals found in Ireland. Magazine of Natural History.
[Loudon.] 1836, p. 237.

Tuompson, W. Report on Zodlocy of Ireland. 1843. Annals of Nat. Hist. V. 1840, pp. 99, 246.
G Supplement. 1852.

Tuunsere, C. P. Asterias Caput-Meduse. Der Konigl. Schwed. Akad. Neue Abhandl. 1783,
p- 236. Transl. of Kon. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Nya Handl.

Topp, R. B. Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology. II. 1839, p. 30. [Sharpey.]

TroscuHeL, F. II. See Miitrer, J.; also, WreEGMANN and Rurue.

Van BenEDEN. See BENEDEN; also GERVAIS.

Van per Horven, J. Handbook of Zodlogy. [English Transl.] I. 1856, p. 147.

Vivrant, D. Phosphorescentia Maris. 1805, p. 5.

Waener, R. Ueber miinnliche Medusen, ete. Froriep’s Neue Notizen. 1839, No. 249, p. 97.

Waxiicn, G. C. Notes on the Presence of Animal Life at vast Depths in the Sea, 1860, p. 22.

Wess & Bertueret. See D’OrsrGny.

Wiremann, F. A. unp Rutue, J. F. Handbuch der Zoologie. JI. 1843, p. 604.

Wixturop, J. “Concerning, &c. a very curiously contrived Fish” [Astrophyton]. Philosoph-
ical Transactions. IV. 1670, p. 1152.

Wricut & Greene. Irish Echinodermata. Rep. Br. Ass. A. Se. 1858.
9

A

10

OPHIURIDZ AND ASTROPHYTIDA.

LIST OF KNOWN SPECIES OF OPHIURIDZ AND ASTROPHYTIDA.

NAME.

ORIGINAL NAME.

Ophiura Lamk. (non Fbs.)

- variegata Lyman.
squamosissima Lyman.
rubicunda Lyman.
cinerea Lyman.
panamensis Lyman.
Elaps Lyman.
brevicauda Lyman.
guttata Lyman.
olivacea Lyman.
levis Lyman.
Wakhlbergii Lyman.
brevispina Say.
appressa Say.
teres Lyman.
Januarii Lyman.

* Grubii Hell.
Holmesti Lyman.

Ophioderma variegata Ltk.

Ophioderma squamosissima Ltk.

Ophioderma rubicunda Ltk.

Ophioderma cinereum Mill. & Tr.

Ophioderma panamensis Ltk.
Ophioderma Elaps Ltk.
Ophioderma brevicauda Ltk.
Ophioderma guttata Ltk.
Ophioderma olivaceum Ayres.
Stella levis Rondel.

Ophioderma Wahlbergii M. & Tr.

Ophiura brevispina Say.
Ophiura appressa Say.
Ophiura teres Lyman.
Ophioderma Januarii Ltk.
Ophiura Grubii Hell.
Ophiura Holmesiti Lyman.

Ophiocnemis Miill. & Trosch.

marmorata Mill. & Tr.

Ophiopeza Peters.
fallax Peters.

Yoldii Ltk.

Ophioglypha Lyman.
lacertosa Lyman.
albida Lyman.
carnea Lyman.

Sarsit Lyman.
affinis Lyman.
robusta Lyman.
nodosa Lyman.
Stuwitzii Lyman.
Liitkenti Lyman.

Ophiocten Ltk.

Kréyeri Ltk.
abyssicola Ltk.

Ophiura marmoraia Lamk.
'P

Ophiopeza fallax Peters.
Ophiopeza Yoldii Ltk.

Stella lacertosa Linck.
Ophiura albida Forbes.
Ophiura carnea Sars (MS.)
Ophiura Sarsii Ltk.
Ophiura affinis Ltk.
Ophiolepis robusta Ayres.
Ophiura nodosa Ltk.
Ophiura Stuwitzii Ltk.

Ophioglypha Liitkenii Lyman.

Ophiocten Kréyeri Ltk.
Ophiura abyssicola Forbes.

Ophiolepis Mill. & Trosch.

annulosa Mull. & Tr.

variegata Ltk.
paucispina Mill. & Tr.
elegans Ltk.

cincta Mill. & Trosch.

Garretti Lyman.
* stenura Lor.
* atacamensis Phil.

Ophioceramis Lyman.
Januariti Lyman.

{ Ophiura annulosa De Bl. )

(non Lamk.) 5
Ophiolepis variegata Ltk.
Ophiura paucispina Say.
Ophiolepis elegans Ltk.
Ophiolepis cincta Miill. & Tr.

Ophiolepis Garretti Lyman.
Ophiolepis stenura Lor.
Ophiolepis atacamensis Phil.

Ophiolepis Januarii Ltk.

PRINCIPAL LOCALITIES.

West Coast of Central America.
West Indies.

West Indies ; Florida.

West Indies ; Florida; Gulf of Mexico.
West Coast Cent. Am. ; Lower Calif.
West Indies.

West Indies.

West Indies.

S.side Cape Cod; N. York; N. Carolina.
Mediterranean.

Port Natal, South Africa.

West Indies ; Florida.

West Indies ; Florida.

West Coast Cent. Am.; Lower Calif.
Rio Janeiro.

South Adriatic.

Charleston, S. C.

“ Eastern Seas”; Ceylon.

Mozambique ; Zanzibar.

North European Seas; Mediterranean.
North European Seas ; Mediterranean.
North European Seas.

N. Europe ; Greenland; N. E. America.
North European Seas.

N. Europe ; Greenland; N. E. America.
Greenland; Labrador ; Newfoundland.
Greenland ; Newfoundland.

Puget Sound.

Spitzbergen ; Greenland.
Egean Sea.

§ Timor; Celebes; New Guinea; Indian

( Ocean; Red Sea; Mozambique.
West Coast of Central America.
West Indies ; Florida.
West Indies ; Florida.

( Red Sea; Mozambique; East Ind. Ar-

=

( chipelago, Vavao; New Guinea.

Kingsmills Islands.
Quarnero.

Isla Blanea, Chili.

Rio Janeiro.

* Species marked thus * have not been revised by Mr. Lyman; they have been added since his absence.

Ophiozona Lyman.
impressa Lyman.
pacifica Lyman.

Ophioplocus Lyman.
imbricatus Lyman.

Ophiocoma Agass.

scolopendrina Agass.

erinaceus Mill. & Tr.

Wendtii Mull. & Tr.
Schoenleinii M. & Tr.
Nilssonti Mill. & Tr.
nigra Mull. & Trosch.
tumida Mull. & Tr.

pica Mill. & Trosch.
Valencia Miill. & Tr.

LIST OF KNOWN SPECIES. ul

Ophiolepis impressa Ltk. West Indies ; Florida.
Ophiolepis pacifica Ltk. West Coast of Central America.

( Kingsmills Islands; Mauritius ; Mozam-

hiolepis imbricataM.& Tr. — -
puleclepsanbricata a ( bique ; Nicobar Islands.

Ophiura scolopendrina Lamk. Kingsmills Islands ; Red Sea; Indian
Ocean; Nicobar Isls. ; Loo Choo Isls.

Sandwich Islands ; Kingsmills Islands ;
Indian Ocean; Red Sea; Zanzibar.

Ophiocoma Wendtii Miill. & Tr. South Sea.

Ophiocoma Schoenleinii M. & Tr. Celebes.

Ophiocoma Nilssonii Mill. & Tr. North Sea.

Asterias nigra O. F. Miill. North European Seas.

Ophiocoma tumida Mill. & Tr. Gulf of Genoa; Norway.

(Sandwich Isls.; Kingsmills Islands ;

Red Sea; Zanzibar; Mauritius; Java.
Ophiocoma Valencia M. & Tr. | Red Sea; Mozambique.

- Guinea; Zanzibar; Isle de France;
Ophiocoma erinaceus M. & Tr. }

Ophiocoma pica Miill. & Tr.

squamata Mill. & Tr. j Ophiura squamata Lamk. (non ; Atlantic Ocean.

picta Mill. & Tr.

echinata Agass.
brevipes Peters.
pumila Ltk.
Riisei Ltk.
ethiops Ltk.
insularia Lyman.
Alexandri Lyman:

§

rl

Delle Ch.)
Ophiura picta Kuhl. & v. Has. )

CMs.) yea
Ophiura echinata Lamk. West Indies ; Florida.
Ophiocoma brevipes Peters. Mozambique.
Ophiocoma pumila Ltk. West Indies ; Florida.
Ophiocoma Riiset Ltk. West Indies ; Florida.
Ophiocoma cethiops Ltk. W. Coast Central Amer. ; Lower Calif.
Ophiocoma insularia Lyman. Sandwich Islands.

Ophiocoma Alexandri Lyman. —_W. Coast Central Amer. ; Lower Calif.

Ophiarachna Mill. & Trosch.

incrassata Miill. & Tr.
infernalis Mill. & Tr.
gorgonia Mull. & Tr.

septemspinosa M.

vestita Lyman.
* ?

& Tr { Ophiura septemspinosa Kuhl. & )

(

Ophiura incrassata Lamk. Java.
Ophiarachna infernalis M. & T. Indian Ocean.
Ophiarachna gorgonia M. & T. | Mozambique.

v. Has. (MS.) Molucea Islands.
Pectinura vestita Forbes. Egean Sea.
Pectinura Forbesti Hell. South Adriatic.

Ophiomastix Mill. & Trosch.

annulosa Mill. & Tr.
venosa Peters.

Ophiarthrum Peters.
elegans Peters.

Ophioblenna Ltk.
antillensis Ltk.

Ophiura annulosa Link. (n. De Bl.) Java.

Ophiomastix venosa Peters. Mozambique.
Ophiarthrum elegans Peters. Mozambique.
Ophioblenna antillensis Ltk. West Indies.

Ophiacantha Miill. & Trosch.

spinulosa Mull. & T.

Ophiacantha spinulosa Miil. & Tr. N. Europe; Arctic Oc. ; N. E. America.

setosa Mull. & Trosch. Asterias setosa Retz. Sicily.

scabra Sars.

Ophiacantha scabra Sars. Mediterranean.

Ophiopholis Mull. & Trosch.

bellis Lyman.

STELLA OE ata Northern Europe; Arctic Sea; N. E.
bellis scolopendrica Linck. America.

12

Ophiopholis Miill. & Trosch. (continued).

Kennerlyi Lyman.
Caryi Lyman.
Ophiostigma Ltk.

isocanthum Lyman.
tenue Ltk.

Ophiactis Ltk.
asperula Ltk.
Kréyeri Ltk.
Orstedii Ltk.

virescens Orst. & Ltk.

arenosa Ltk.
Reinhardtii Ltk.
Krebsii Ltk.
Miilleri Ltk.
sexradia Ltk.
simplex Ltk.
Ballii Sars.
virens Sars.

Amphiura Forbes.
Jiliformis Forbes.
FHolbolli Ltk.
Chiajii Forbes.
Puntarene Ltk.
microdiscus Ltk.
violacea Ltk.
Orstedii Ltk.
Riisei Ltk.
Stimpsonii Ltk.
tenera Ltk.
geminata Ltk.
gracillima Ltk.
atra Ltk.
perplexa Lyman.
Slorifera Forbes.

squamata Sars.

urtica Lyman.
pugetana Lyman.
occidentalis Lyman.
punctata Ltk.
limbata Ltk.
chilensis Ltk.
Goodsiri.

Ophiopholis Kennerlyi Lyman.
Ophiopholis Caryi Lyman.

Ophiura isocantha Say.
Ophiostigma tenue Ltk.

Ophiolepis asperula Phil.

Ophiactis Kréyeri Ltk.
Ophiactis Orstedii Ltk.

Ophiactis virescens Orsted. & Ltk.

Ophiactis arenosa Ltk.

Ophiactis Reinhardt Ltk.

Ophiactis Krebsii Ltk.
Ophiactis Milleri Ltk.

Ophiolepis sexradia Grube.
Ophiolepis simplex Le. Conte.
Ophiocoma Ballii Thompson.
Ophiolepis (Ophiactis) virens Sars.

Asterias filiformis O. F. Miiller.

Amphiura Holbolli Ltk.

Amphiura Chiajii Forbes.
Amphiura Puntarene Ltk.
Amphiura microdiscus Ltk.

Amphiura violacea Ltk.
Amphiura Orstedii Ltk.

Amphiura cordifera Ltk.
Amphiura Stimpsonii Ltk.

Amphiura tenera Ltk.

Ophiolepis geminata Le Conte.
Ophiolepis gracillima Stimpson.
Ophiolepis atra Stimpson.
Ophiolepis perplexa Stimpson.
Amphiura florifera Forbes.

Asterias squamata Del. Chiaje.

Amphiura urtica Lyman.
Amphiura pugetana Lyman.
Amphiura occidentalis Lyman.
Ophiocoma punctata Forbes.
Ophiolepis limbata Grube.
Ophiolepis chilensis Mill. & Tr.
Ophiocoma Goodsiri Forbes.

Ophiophragmus Lyman.

marginatus Lyman.
septus Lyman.
Wurdemani Lyman.

Ophiocnida Lyman.
brachiata Lyman.
scabriuscula Lyman.
hispida Lyman.
neapolitana Lyman.
Ballii Lyman.
abyssicola Lyman.

Amphiura marginata Orst. & Ltk.

Amphiura septa Ltk.

Amphiura Wurdemani Lyman.

Asterias brachiata Montagu.
Amphiura scabriuscula Ltk.
Ophiolepis hispida Le Conte.
Amphiura neapolitana Sars.

Amphiura Ballii Sars.

Amphiura abyssicola Sars.

OPHIURIDA AND ASTROPHYTIDZ.

Puget Sound ; Mendocino, Cal.
San Francisco, Cal.

West Indies; Florida.
West Coast of Central America.

Chili.

West Coast of Central America.
West Coast of Central America.
W. Coast Cent. America; Lower Calif.
West Coast of Central America.
Nicobar Islands.

West Indies; Florida; S. Carolina.
West Indies ; Florida.

Sandwich Islands.

West Coast of Central America.
English Coast ; Bergen.
Mediterranean.

North European Seas.

Arctic Sea; Greenland ; Spitzbergen.
North European Seas; Mediterranean.
West Coast of Central America.
West Coast of Central America.
West Coast of Central America.
West Coast of Central America.
West Indies.

West Indies.

West Indies ; South Carolina.

West Coast of Central America.
South Carolina.

South Carolina.

Port Jackson, Australia.

Egean Sea.

(Grand Manan, Massachusetts Bay ;

Mediterranean ; England ; Denmark.
Puget Sound.
Puget Sound ; Mendocino, Cal.
Monterey ; Mendocino; Puget Sound.
English Coast.
Rio Janeiro.
Chili.
English Coast.

West Coast of Central America.
West Indies.
West Coast Florida.

English Coast.

West Indies.

West Coast of Central America.
Mediterranean.

Norway.

Norway.

LIST OF KNOWN SPECIES.

Hemipholis Agass. (MS.)
cordifera Lyman. Asterias cordifera Bosc.

Ophionereis Ltk.
dubia Lyman.
reticulata Ltk.
annulata Lyman.
Schayert Ltk.
Xantusii Lyman.
porrecta Lyman.

Ophiolepis dubia M. & T. (Savig.)
Ophiura reticulata Say.
Ophiolepis annulata Le Conte.
Ophiolepis Schayeri Mill. & Tr.
Ophionereis Xantusii Lyman.
Ophionereis porrecta Lyman.

Ophiopeltis Diiben & Koren.
securigera Diib. & Kor. Ophiopeltis securigera Dib. & K.

Ophiopsila Forbes.
aranea Forbes.
annulosa Ltk.
Riiset Ltk.

Ophiopsila aranea Forbes.
Ophianoplus annulosus Sars.
Ophiopsila Riisei Ltk.

Ophiothrix Mill. & Trosch.

spiculata Le Conte. Ophiothrix spiculata Le Conte.

{ STELLA SCOLOPENDROIDES ; }

( rosula scolopendroides Linck. 5
Ophiothrix hirsuta Miill. & Tr.

Ophiothrix comata Mill. & Tr.

rosula Forbes.

hirsuta Mill. & Tr.
comata Mull. & Tr.

longipeda Mill. & Tr.

Rammelsbergii M. & T.
fumaria Miill. & Tr.
triglochis Miill. & Tr.
ciliaris Mull. & Tr.
aspidota Mill. & Tr.
nereidina Mill. & Tr.
violacea Miill. & Tr.
spongicola Stimpson.
planulata Stimpson.
Orstedii Ltk.
Suensonii Ltk.
lineata Lyman.
angulata Ayres.

alba Grube.
magnifica Lyman.
dumosa Lyman.
parasita Mill. & Tr.
virgata Lyman.
propinqua Lyman.
Cheneyi Lyman.
demessa Lyman.

Ophiura longipeda Lamk.

Ophiothrix Rammelsbergii M. & T.
Ophiothrix fumaria Mill. & Tr.
Ophiothriz triglochis Mull. & Tr.
Ophiothrix ciliaris Mill. & Tr.
Ophiothriz aspidota Mull. & Tr.
Ophiura nereidina Lamk.
Ophiothrix violacea Mull. & Tr.
Ophiothrix spongicola Stimpson.
Ophiothrix planulata Stimpson.
Ophiothrix Orstedii Ltk.
Ophiothriz Suensonii Ltk.
Ophiothrix lineata Lyman.
Ophiura angulata Say.
Ophiothrix alba Grube.
Ophiothrix magnifica Lyman.
Ophiothrix dumosa Lyman.
Ophiothriz parasita Mull. & Tr.
Ophiothrix virgata Lyman.
Ophiothrix propinqua Lyman.
Ophiothrix Cheneyi Lyman.
Ophiothriz demessa Lyman.

Ophiomyxa Mill. & Trosch.

pentagona Mull. & Tr.
flaccida Ltk.

Ophiura pentagona Lamk.
Ophiura flaccida Say.

Ophioscolex Miill. & Trosch.

glacialis Mill. & Tr. Ophioscolex glacialis Mull. & Tr.

Asteronyx Mill. & Trosch.
Loveni Mull. & Trosch. Asteronyx Loveni Mull. & Tr.

13

South Carolina.

Red Sea.

West Indies ; Florida.

West Coast of Central America.
Van Diemen’s Land.

Lower California.

Florida.

Baltic Sea.

Mediterranean.
Mediterranean.
West Indies ; Florida.

West Coast of Central America.

Mediterranean ; N. European Seas.

Red Sea.

§ Society Islands; Timor; Nicobar Isl-

ands ; Isle de France.

Port Natal, South Africa.

East Indies.

South Sea.

West Indies; Rio Janeiro.
Port Jackson, Australia.
Groper Shoal, S. lat. 20°, E. lon. 1604.
West Indies; Florida.

West Indies; Gulf of Mexico.
Florida.

South Carolina ; Georgia.
Atlantic Ocean.

Chili.

Gulf of California.

Australia.

Kingsmills Islands.

Kingsmills Islands.

Zanzibar.

Kingsmills Islands ; Sandwich Islands.

Mediterranean.
West Indies ; Florida.

Spitzbergen.

Norway.

14 OPHIURIDZ AND ASTROPHYTIDZ.

Trichaster Agass.
palmiferus Agass. Euryale palmiferum Lamk. India.

Astrophyton Linck.
arborescens Mill. & Tr. Stella arborescens Rondel. Mediterranean.
Lamarckii Mull. & Tr. Astrophyton Lamarckii M. & Tr. North European Seas.
eucnemis Mull. & Tr. -Astrophyton eucnemis M. & Tr. | Greenland.
Caryi Lyman. Astrophyton Caryi Lyman. San Francisco, Cal.
Agassizii Stimpson. Astrophyton Agassizii Stimps. Cape Cod, Ms., to Gulf St. Lawrence.
Linckii Mill. & Tr. Astrophyton Linckii Mill. & Tr. North European Seas. :

clavatum Lyman. Astrophyton clavatum Lyman. Zanzibar.

costosum Seba. Astrophyton costosum Seb. (u.Ltk.) Florida ; West Indies.
cecilia Ltk. Astrophyton cecilia Ltk. West Indies.

Krebsii Ltk. Astrophyton Krebsii Ltk. West Indies.

chilense Phil. Astrophyton chilense Phil. Chili.

verrucosum Mull. & Tr. Euryale verrucosum Lamk. Indian Ocean.
asperum Agass. Euryale asperum Lamk. India.

exiguum Agass. Euryale exiguum Lamk. South Sea.

Asteroporpa Orsted.
annulata Orst. & Ltk. Asteroporpaannulata Orst. & Ltk. West Indies.
affinis Ltk. Asteroporpa affinis Ltk. West Indies.
* dasycladia Duj. & H. — Trichaster dasycladia Val. MS. Guadaloupe.

Asterochema Orsted.
oligactes Ltk. Asterias oligactes Pallas. West Indies.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

Ophiura cuspidifera Lamk.

Astrophyton costosum, costis conicis Linck.
Astrophyton scutatum, scuto striato Linck.
Astrophyton scutatum, scuto rotato Linck.

Stella scolopendroides granulata Linck. Ophiocoma erinaceus ? Ophiocoma echinata ?
Erste Sternfisch F. Martens. Ophiopholis 2
Ander Sternfisch F. Martens. Astrophyton 2?

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

Despite the great additions to our knowledge of the two families of
serpent-stars, we are scarcely yet in a position to do more than hint at
the faunal distribution of the species. There is, so to speak, a fauna
of the North Atlantic, whereof the extreme limits are from the Medi-
terranean, on the east, to Cape Cod, on the west. The Amphiura squa-
mata is found over this whole range; and even of Ophiopholis bellis I
have seen a specimen from Fayal. This last species swarms in all the
northern part of this faunal region, from east to west; Ophioglypha
robusta, O. Sarsii, and O. nodosa are common to the two sides of the
Atlantic, as well as Ophiocantha spinulosa; while Ophiothrix rosula,

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 15

though ranging from the Mediterranean to the Arctic seas, does not
pass to the western side. Astrophyton Agassizii, on the other hand, is
a purely American species. So that the two sides of this region,
though agreeing in many things, are distinguished in others. Thus,
the genera Ophiothrix and Ophiocoma are quite wanting along the
northeastern shores of America. After passing Cape Cod, we find, to the
south, the genus Ophiura, but only one species, the northern species
of various genera disappearing, and a barren tract succeeds as far as
North Carolina, in which space I know of but one Ophiuran, Ophiura
olivacea, as a common resident. Once in the latitude of Charleston,
South Carolina, we meet a rich store of species, and encounter the gen-
era Amphiura, Hemipholis, and Ophiothriz in abundance ; not, however,
the same species that occur in the Gulf of Mexico and among the Antilles,
in which narrow circle lives a distinct fauna, of surpassing richness ; —
there may be seen the myriads of Ophiothrix Orstedii, Ophiocoma echi-
nata, Ophiura appressa, and Ophiopsila Riise: ; while in the deeper
waters we have the curious forms of Asterochema and Asteroporpa.
The development of the genus Ophiura is especially remarkable, and
quite characteristic. Passing the narrow isthmus, to the Pacific coast
of Central America, we light upon a distinct fauna again, but one which
is a counterpart of that of the Gulf. The same forms of Ophiothriz,
Ophiocoma, Ophionereis, and Ophiura. Following this coast to the
north, we in due time arrive at a temperate fauna, in the region of
Northern California. There, again, is a souvenir of the eastern coast;
the characteristic Ophiopholis, the Amphiura pugetana, and even an As-
trophyton, which recalls A. eucnemis. Striking now westward, and get-
ting to the Sandwich Islands, we are on the borders of what may be
termed the fauna of the great ocean, a fauna presenting in its vast
range the greatest contrast to that of the Gulf of Mexico. This region
extends from the Red Sea and Zanzibar, on the west, to the Sandwich
Islands, on the east; and from the Kingsmills group, on the south, to
the Loo-Choo Islands, on the north! New forms here surprise us;
Ophiopeza replacng Ophiura, which is unknown; then Ophiarachna,
Ophiomastix, and Ophiarthrum ; while, on the other hand, the already
familiar Ophiocoma and Ophiothrix are abundant, though with new
features, as in Ophiothrix longipeda, or in Ophiocoma pica. Amphiura
is almost wanting, but one Ophionereis occurs.

As to the faunz of South Africa, Australia, and Southern South Amer-
ica, it is not well to speak, lest grave errors occur, from want of precise
knowledge. I will merely mention that I saw in the collection of Pro-
fessor Schmarda an Ophioglypha from New South Wales,—a very
interesting hint on the correspondence of this feuna with the northern
one.

16 OPHIURA.

DESCRIPTION OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

OPHIURA Lams. (non Forbes).

Tyre or THE Genus, O. levis.

Ophiura LamK. Syst. des Anim. sans Verteb. 1801.
Ophioderma Mutu. and Troscu. Syst. Asterid. 1842.

Disk granulated; teeth and mouth-papillx ; no tooth-papille ; spines
essentially smooth, shorter than the joints, flattened, numerous (7 to 13),
arranged along the outer edge of the side arm-plates; two tentacle-
scales, the outside one covering the base of the lowest arm-spine ; no
ray-scales ; an indentation in the back of the disk, where it is joed by
the arm; four genital slits, the first pair beginning outside the mouth-
shields.

GROUPING OF SPECIES HEREIN DESCRIBED.
Side mouth-shields covered, 0. brevicauda.
O. brevispina.
Arm-spines equal, O. Holmesii.

} te

afr

Side mouth-shields naked, '
O. olivaceas—

O. Januarti. pe)
Oz. levis.
O. cinerea. ae)

With radial shields, O. rubicunda.

Lowest arm-spines longest, ;
O. panamensis.

O. teres.*

Without radial shields, O. appressa.

Ophiura brevicauda Lymay.

Ophioderma brevicauda LiTKeN ; Vidensk. Meddelelser. Jan., 1856.
Ophioderma brevicauda LiitKen ; Addit. ad Hist. Oph. 94.

Special Marks. — Granulation very coarse; arm-spines unusually short
and stout; arms generally not more than three or three and a half times
the diameter of disk.

Description of a Specimen.—Diameter of disk, 20"; from outer side
of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 7"; width of
arm, without spines, 3.8""; length of arm, 77""; the distance from
outer side of mouth-shield to inner points of teeth is to that between

outer corners of mouth-slits as 3:4.2; mouth-papille, eighteen; outer

* The largest specimens have the radial shields often covered.

SAO nn

OPHIURA BREVICAUDA. il'7¢

one irregular in shape, longer than others; pointed ; second one larger
than those beyond, irregular, flattened ; two innermost ones stout, coni-
cal; the rest fine, sharp, spine-like; teeth, five; lowest one sharp, coni-
cal; second and third flat, tapering; fourth flat, with nearly a square
shape; uppermost one like second and third; mouth-shields triangular
heart-shaped, point inward, inner sides a little re-enteringly curved, cor-
ners strongly rounded, length to breadth, 1.9: 2.2; side mouth-shields,
and space between mouth-shields and mouth-papilla, covered by loose
granulation; under arm-plates overlapping, about as long as broad; small
compared with the width of arm; outer side curved, laterals re-enter-
inely curved, inner laterals short and a little sloping, inner side shorter
than outer, and nearly straight; length to breadth (twelfth plate),
1.2:1.2. First plate has a lobed outer side, in consequence of two
pores lying between it and second plates; plates just within margin
of disk are, as usual, rather broader than those just beyond. The pro-
portions of the twelfth plate are continued in those beyond, till near
the end of the arm; the plates, however, grow more shield-shaped,
and proportionately longer. Side arm-plates encroaching a little be-
tween both upper and under plates; upper arm-plates broader than
long, thickened, somewhat irregular, sometimes broken, bounded with-
out and within by more or less wavy lines; outer corners strongly
rounded ; inner side shorter than outer; length to breadth (seventh
plate), 1.4: 3.4; two thirds out on arm, same general shape ; length to
breadth, .9:1.8. First four plates enclosed by scaly prolongations of disk,
and accordingly modified in shape; first plate quite rudimentary ; disk
entirely covered, except a few scales at base of arms, with compara-
tively coarse granulation, about thirty-six grains to a square mm.; arm-
spines, nine, of nearly equal length, unusually short, stout, and thick ;
length near base of arm to length of under arm-plate, .7: 1.2; the
spines are pointed, and but little flattened; tentacle-scales ; inside one
long, oval; length to that of under arm-plate, .7:1.2; outside one
shorter, broader, and cut off at its end; color, in alcohol; above, light
yellowish-brown, disk finely speckled with dull sap-green, arms irregu-
larly blotched and banded with the same; below, ground-color same as
above, but lighter, on arms and mouth-shields some traces of green.

Variations. — This species seems to fade in alcohol. It is then some-
times quite white ; but dry specimens preserve the colors, more or less.
These are various tints of sap-green, lake-red, and rusty-brown, much
blended, and irregularly disposed. A common pattern is a brown disk
above, greenish round the edges, upper surface of arms variously banded,
spotted, and mottled, with many shades of green and red; interbrachial
spaces, below, greenish brown, speckled with red, a red spot on each
mouth-shield ; under surface of arms similar to upper surface, but more

5

18 OPHIURA BREVISPINA.

uniform and lighter. The length of the arms seems to average not more
than three or three and a half times the diameter of the disk ; thus,
20: 63, 17:53, 16:45, 9:32. A specimen having a disk of 9"™ agreed
entirely with the largest ones, except that the mouth-shields and arm-
plates were a little less angular, and there were only eight arm-spines.
Very often some of the naked scales at the base of the arms become so
developed as to look like little thickened plates.

This species may be distinguished from other Ophiure with equal
spines as follows : — O. guttata has the upper arm-plates divided in many
little pieces, and has arm-spines of a different shape; O. brevispina has
long oval mouth-shields, and the arm-spines much less stout ; O. Janwarii
has only eight arm-spines, which are long and slender; O. variegata has
longer arm-spines, and mouth-shields longer than broad.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

=
Catalogue | Original | Number F When . Nature of
Nae NURDER of Spec. Locality. Collected. Whence’ obtained. | Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
97 ae A Tortugas, Fla. Feb. 1856. | 'T. Lyman. Alcoholic.
98 56 3 iis Tio, WYolG | onoooe | A. H. Riise. se
99 52 2 Wiestulmditess 5s | eercreey ue | Univ.Mus.Cop’hagen. “
Smithsonian Institution.
1078 1 Styelhomass Veil an eneencnire A. H. Riise. Dried.
1081 2 St. Thomas, W. I. || Serer tier A. TH. Riise. &
1107 1 St. Thomas, W. I. lea choc tes a A. H. Riise. Alcoholic.
1151 2 St. Thomas, W. I. | Paces A. H. Riise. Dried.

Ophiura brevispina Say.

Ophiura brevispina Say. Journ. Phil. Acad. V. 149. 1825.
Ophioderma serpens LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph. 96.

Special Marks. — Color usually greenish, sometimes tinged with red-
dish ; sides of disk generally concave; diameter of disk about 12™™ ;
side mouth-shields naked ; mouth-shields long heart-shaped.

Description of a Specimen.— Diameter of disk, 10.8"™ ; outer edge of
mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 4.6"; greatest
width of arm, without spine, 2.5"; length of arm, 42.4"; distance
from outer edge of mouth-shield to inner point of tooth-papille to
that between outer corners of mouth-slits, as 2: 2.2; mouth-papille,
usually sixteen to each angle of mouth; outermost one small, and often
partly concealed; innermost ones pointing nearly to centre of mouth,
spearhead-shaped, and longer and broader than the rest; teeth, five,
shaped like a flat, blunt, spearhead; lowest one smallest; mouth-

OPHIURA BREVISPINA. 19

shields long heart-shaped, the point inward; length to breadth, 1.4:
1.2; madreporic shield wider, with an uneven surface; side mouth-
shields, connecting first under arm-plate with mouth-shield, irregular,
lengthened, triangular, swelled; under arm-plates hexagonal, with cor-
ners somewhat rounded ; outer side of each plate overlapping inner side
of its successor; first plate somewhat oval, with two notches in its outer
side, where two pores enter, between it and the second plate; length
to breadth, 6: 12; second plate, outer side curved, lateral sides re-enter-
ingly curved to receive tentacle-scales, inner side a little re-enteringly
curved, with a small tongue running inwards under first plate; the
third plate, and those just beyond, have a similar shape, but the outer
curve may be broken up into three straight lines, of which one is the
outer side proper, and the other two are the outer laterals; the inner
side is bounded by two imner laterals, which start from tentacle pores
and disappear under preceding plate ; farther out, lateral sides become
straighter, and outer side is a simple curve; near tip of arm, plates
do not overlap, lateral sides are short and straight, while inner lat-
erals are very long and gradually approach each other, to meet on
the middle line of the arm; lengths to breadths as follows: second
plate, 1:1; third plate, .8:1; tenth plate, .8:1; about two thirds out
on arm, .6:.4; close to tip of arm, .4:.3. Side arm-plates do not meet
above or below, even at tip of arm; the outer edge of each is ona
line with the middle of an under arm-plate ; above, they overlap the
inner corners of upper arm-plates a little; upper arm-plates much
broader than long; outer and inner sides nearly straight ; lateral
sides, being partly overlapped by side arm-plates, seem to slope from
without inwards; third plate with outer and inner sides nearly
straight ; lateral sides sloping inwards; corners rounded ; length,
™™; outer side, 1.8"; inner side, 1.4™"; this is the typical shape of
most of the upper arm-plates ; fifteenth plate, length to breadth,
.8:1.6; outer side curved; fortieth plate, length to breadth, .6:1.2;
close to tip of arm, plates long heart-shaped, the point inward, length
to breadth, .4:.4; disk, above and below, together with spaces between
mouth-shields and tooth-papillae, evenly and closely covered with
grains, about 260 to a square mm. Genital slits bounded by granula-
tion of disk ; between outer ones and side of arm may be seen grains
and the edges of some scales. Arm-spines somewhat flattened, of
nearly equal length, points rounded, length to that of under arm-
plates, .6:.8; sixth joint, five spines; seventh joint, six spines; eighth,
ninth, and tenth joints, eight spines; eleventh joint, seven spines ;
about two thirds out on arm, six spines; close to tip of arm, three
spines, shorter than joints, and more rounded than at base of arm.
Tentacle-scales flat, with rounded ends, the one next to under arm-
plate the larger; there are two to each tentacle, almost to the tip_

20 OPHIURA BREVISPINA.

of the arm; length near base of arm, inside scale, .4, outside scale, .2.
Color, in alcohol; disk, above, greenish gray (gamboge and neutral
tint), clouded with lighter; upper side of arms very irregularly barred
with several shades of greenish gray, and with dirty white; edges of
upper arm-plates interrupted by very fine longitudinal streaks of
darker, giving the appearance of teeth ; edges of disk, below, same
as above, its central portion, together with mouth apparatus, under
surface of arms, and arm-spines, dirty white.

Variations. — This is a pretty uniform species. Its color is usually
made up of several shades of sap-green, or of greenish gray, variegated
with dirty white or yellow, the under parts bemg much lighter and
less marked. Sometimes the green is replaced by lake-red. In speci-
mens not yet fully grown, the upper arm-spine is often shorter than
the others.

Ophiura brevispina differs from other equal-spined Ophiure as follows :
from O. brevicauda, m longer and flatter spines and naked side mouth-
shields ; from O. olivacea, im more octagonal under arm-plates ; from
O. guttata, in having unbroken upper arm-plates ; from O. Janwaru and
O. variegata, in shorter and differently-shaped arm-spines.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

a
cpa | oes Tost. outta, | Whence opainea, | Rata of
Museum of Comparative Zoology.
89 oie 12 | Cape Florida. Apr. 1858. | G. Wurdeman and J.
E. Mills. Alcoholic.
90 ne 1 | Tortugas, Fla. Mar. 1, 1858.) G. Wurdeman and J.
E. Mills. “
91 2 | Cape Florida. Feb. 1856. | T. Lyman. ue
92 Si iPloridasyot 8) 8 te ee Prof. Agassiz. Kc
93 OP tRloridas 9. °° 8°" 1) eee meee 2 G. Wurdeman. ae
94 11 | Cape Florida. Apr. 1858. | G. Wurdeman and J.
E. Mills. &“
95 ae 2eeViestyindiessas @) Wlneen|| Peete) tart. University Museum,
Copenhagen. te
96 cae 1 Crys lowes 9 |) sscade G. Wurdeman. Dried.
Smithsonian Institution.
1065 4. \"Bloridas> -, |, hil) nese rouse Weekes te ticorme ene eee Alcoholic.
1059 @ || ChyalMosces |) ow soace G. Wurdeman. “

989 1 | Cape Florida. B51.) pal paillvn sasmememenee te kere &“
1086 2) St.eRhomas:c Bahamasclis eeeuenewene A. Hi. Riise. ee
1108 eae 2 | St. Thomas, W. I. ea tece etre A. H. Riise. j a

| }
a EE eee

OPHIURA HOLMESII. 21

Ophiura Holmesii Lyman. (Pl. I, Fig. 7.)

Ophioderma variegatum AGAss. MS.

Ophiura Holmesii Lyman ; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VI. p. 1860.

nw
co
cr

Special Marks. — Disk thick ; arms stout, stiff; in length less than
four times diameter of disk. Color, various patterns of white, and of
different shades of green. No naked scales at base of arms.

Description of an Individual. — Diameter of disk, 19.2"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slits, 7.4" ;
greatest width of arm without spines, 4.4""; length of arm, about 74";
distance from outer edge of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-
papille, to that between outer corners of mouth-slits, 2.8: 4.2". Mouth-
papilla: small, stout, rounded, pointed ; from 16 to 18; outermost one
somewhat longer than rest ; one next to outermost, broad and flattened ;
two innermost pointing to centre, and somewhat longer than those near
them. Teeth, four in number; uppermost one longer than others, flat,
and sharp-pointed ; three lower ones thin, flat, and with a rounded, cut-
ting edge. Mouth-shields long heart-shaped, with pomt mward; on
outer edge a slight indentation ; length to breadth, 1.8: 1.6"™ ; madre-
poric shield shorter and broader, and with a small depression near outer
edge. Side mouth-shields small, rounded, thickened, varying somewhat
in shape, but commonly short, rounded, triangular; length to breadth,
1.2:1™"; leneth to that of mouth-shields, 1.2:1.8"". Under arm-plates
squarish ; outer side curved, laterals a little re-enteringly curved, inner
side and inner laterals short, of about equal length, and lying almost in
one line; farther out on arm, inner laterals and inner side are very
decidedly inclined to each other, and the curve of outer side is broken
up into an outer side and two outer laterals, so that here the plates
have the form of a nearly regular octagon ; between first and second
plates, and second and third plates, a pair of pores, separated by a little
tooth. First plate very irregular oval, with a notch on its inner side ;
length to breadth, .8:14™™. Second plate with a curved outer side,
lateral and inner sides re-enteringly curved, the latter most so ; length
to breadth, 1:1.4™". Third plate, outer and inner sides curved, the
latter the less; lateral sides re-enteringly curved; length to breadth,
1.2:1.6™". Fifth plate, same as third; about one third out on arm,
plates octagonal, length to breadth, 1.2: 1.4; near point of arm heart-
shaped, with point inward. Side arm-plates compactly soldered with
surrounding parts, stout, a little overlapped by upper plates, their outer
edges showing plainly, by reason of shortness of arm-spines ; they con-
tinue till quite near end of arm without meeting either above or below.
Upper arm-plates much broader than long, outer corners rounded, inner

DY OPHIURA HOLMESII.

ad

side a trifle shorter than outer side; incision in disk includes three
plates ; first plate rudimentary, in form of segment of a circle, with its
curve inward, length to breadth, .8 : 1.2"; second plate similar in form,
length to breadth, .8:1.8""; third plate similar in form, length to
breadth, 1:37"; fourth plate of normal form, length to breadth,
1.2:3.2"™; about two thirds out on arm, plates proportionately longer,
outer corners much rounded, inner side shorter than outer so that
lateral sides slope; length to breadth, 1:2""; length of inner side,
1.4"; close to tip of arm, plates wedge-shaped, the pomt inward,
leneth to breadth, .4:.4"", outer side slightly curved. Disk, granula-
tion of upper surface pretty close and regular, about one hundred and
eighty grains to a square mm.; granulation of interbrachial spaces below
same as that above, and extending to bases of mouth-papilla excepting
side mouth-shields; scales at base of arm completely covered by granu-
lation. Arm-spines short, stout, flat, rounded, varying very little in size
on the same joint; upper ones, however, a little largest and longest.
Second and third joints, three spines, lengths to that of under arm-plate,
8:1; fourth joint, four spines ; fifth joimt, five spies; sixth joint, six
spines ; seventh joint, eight spmes ; eighth joimt, nine spines ; length of
uppermost and lowest spines to that of under arm-plate, .8, .8:1.2; a
few of upper spines are as long as 1™™; about two thirds out on arm,
six spines, length to that of under arm-plate, .6: 1; close to tip of arm,
four very short, stout spines, length to that of under arm-plate, .4 :.6.
Tentacle-scales: the two that belong to each tentacle continue till near
tip of arm, where there is only one; mside scale much lke an arm-
spine, but broader and flatter; outside scale shorter, being cut square
off at the end. Color, in alcohol: disk, above, with a dirty white patch
in centre; rest of upper surface having a ground-tint of light yellowish-
brown (yellow ochre and vandyke brown) slightly clouded with olive ;
arms above dirty olive, irregularly barred with same brown as ground-
tint of disk, but lighter ; bars include usually two or three joints; lower
surface of disk and arms, uniform dirty white, with a brown tint just on
edges of disk ; arm-spmes white.

Variations. — The color is almost as variable as in QO. appressa.
Often the disk is nearly white above, while the arms are dark green,
and banded. According to drawings in possession of Prof. Agassiz, a
common pattern in the living animal is a dark sap-green disk, with a
blotch of white in the centre, and arms banded with darker and lighter
green. Specimens with a disk of 14" have the under arm-plates more
octagonal and proportionately longer than among the larger.

This species stands between QO. brevispina and O. olivacea ; from the
former it is distinguished by proportionately thicker arms and stouter
disk, and by proportions of under arm-plates it is also a larger species,

OPHIURA OLIVACEA. 93

aw

twenty millemeters being about an average diameter for the disk of an
adult ; from O. olivacea it is distinguished by its barred arms and varied
coloration ; and from both of these by having no naked scales at the
base of the arm.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

|
Catalogue | Original Number 4 When 4 A Nature of
Number. | Number. of Spec. Locality. Collected. Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
111 20 6 Charleston, S:€. | .....-. Prof. Agassiz. Alcoholic.
112 ae 1 SullivanisislandsSi1Cs |) 0 ee Prof. Agassiz. Dried.
113 a 8} Olnodlasoyn, $5 || ssoaas Prof. F. S. Holmes.

Ophiura olivacea Lyman.
Ophioderma olivaceum Ayres ; Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IV. p. 134. 1852.

Special Marks. — Uniform greenish above, without bands on arms;
lower arm-plates nearly square, with outer side curved; arms broad
near base, quickly tapering; side mouth-shields naked.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 11"; from outer
edge of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 4.7"™ ; width
of arm without spines, 2.2"; length of arm about 52"; distance from
outer edge of mouth-shield to inner points of teeth, to that between
outer corners of mouth-slits, 2.5: 2.2. Mouth-papille sixteen, outer one
small, next four stout, squarish, rounded ; innermost one longest, flat,
and tapering ; the rest like innermost one, but smaller. Teeth five or
six, similar among themselves, flat, tapering, pointed. Mouth-shields
heart-shaped, with a truncated angle turned inward, and inner sides a
little re-enteringly curved; length to breadth, 1.5: 1.5. Side mouth-
shields small, and almost wholly naked, connecting mnermost under
arm-plate with mouth-shield. Under arm-plates squarish, rather broader
than long, pretty strongly overlapping, bounded without by a long
curve, within and on the sides by nearly straight lines, which are, how-
ever, slightly re-enteringly curved, length to breadth (twelfth plate),
6:8. As the plates overlap a good deal, the imner laterals are very
short, while the outer laterals form a common curve with the outer side ;
hence comes the characteristic, even, square look of the plates. First
plate narrow oval, with a projection without, separating a pair of pores ;
next three or four plates with rather longer inner laterals, and more
curved outer sides, than those beyond ; about two thirds out on arm,
plates no longer oyerlap, so that inner laterals are well developed, giving

24 OPHIURA OLIVACEA.

the plates nearly an octagonal shape. Side arm-plates encroaching less
than usual between lower arm-plates. Upper arm-plates broader than
long, bounded, without and within, by very straight, clean lines ; inner
side shorter than outer; outer corners well rounded; three or four
plates enclosed by projections from disk, and modified in form accord-
ingly ; length to breadth (sixth plate), .9: 1.8; about two thirds out on
arm, same general shape, but proportionately longer. Disk, except side
mouth-shields and a very few naked scales at base of arm, closely coy-
ered with very fine grains, about 170 to a square mm. Arm-spines six,
of equal length and size, somewhat flattened, but little tapering, points
rounded ; length to that of under arm-plate, .5:.6. Inside tentacle-scale
oblong, with straight sides and rounded point; length to that of under
arm-plate, .4:.6,; outside scale shorter and broader. Color, in alcohol :
above, uniform dark sap-green, without bands on the arms ; below, the
same, but lighter ; interbrachial spaces slightly mottled, and of a darker
shade than arms.

Variations. — The specimen above described is below the ordinary
size of well-grown individuals. A specimen with a disk 14.5" in diam-
eter had eight strongly flattened arm-spines, fifteen mouth-papille, and
mouth-shields longer than broad, and pretty regular heart-shaped ; disk
with about 130 grains to a square mm. The number of teeth varies
somewhat; four seems to be most common. <A specimen with disk
16"™™ had arms 74", and only seven arm-spimes. The upper arm-spmes
are often, in large specimens, a little longer than the lower.

When alive, O. olivacea is of a bright green color. It lives on sandy
bottom, among eel-grass, and is active in its motions (Ayres). It is, at
first sight, very like O. brevispina, but is readily distinguished by more
flattened arm-spines, and by the form of the under arm-plates, which are
nearly square, with straight lateral sides, stead of hexagonal, with the
lateral sides decidedly re-enteringly curved. It is further remarkable
for uniformly colored arms without bands. Young or partly grown
specimens, however, are often undistinguishable from O. brevispina.
From other species with equal spines and covered radial shields, it is
distinguished as follows: from O. brevicauda, by finer granulation and
longer arm-spines ; from O. guttata, by whole upper arm-plates ; from
O. variegata, by shorter arm-spines ; and from O. Janwarii, by shorter
and broader arm-spines.

There is in the Philadelphia Academy a specimen, collected on the
shores of Rhode Island by Prof. A. D. Bache, which agrees entirely with
this species, except that it has radial shields. It is possible that the
grains have been rubbed off the radial shields, after the animal was dry.
Another specimen, in the Museum of Comparative Zoblogy at Cam-
bridge, has, outside four of the mouth-shields little supplementary

OPHIURA JANUARIL. 95

mouth-shields, such as are found in Ophiarachna. It would seem that
this species has variations similar to those of O. longicauda.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number ali When Tha anos Nature of
Nihon Ne bee of Spec. Locality. Collected: Whence obtained. Spectnenis
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

100 2 New Bedford, Mass. May, 1851. | Prof. Agassiz. Alcoholic.
101 1 || Dainese |) no a oe Prof. Agassiz. Dried.
102 aa: 1 Sid fee We |) obo ooo Dr. Ayres ? Alcoholic.
2103 1193 2 | Remini NG Cb = | ae bb G0 Wm. Stimpson. “
444 12+| Beaufort, N.C. | ...... | A. S. Bickmore. a
Smithsonian Institution.
1048 Ss lt | Ook Comin Weasll Soaseo l| comnoogon Alcoholic.
1193 12+) Beaufort, N.C. | ...... Wm. Stimpson. “

Ophiura Januarii Lyman.

Ophioderma Januarii LivKen. Vidensk. Meddelelser. Jan., 1856.
Ophioderma Januarii LitKen. Addit. ad Mist. Oph., p. 97.

Special Marks. — Arm-spines nearly as long as joints, round, slender ;
arms tapering, slender. Color, variegated greenish-gray, above ; below,
light straw-color. Side mouth-shields naked.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 17"; from outer side
of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 7.2" ; width of
arm, without spines, 3.5"; length of arm, 82™"; distance from outer
side of mouth-shield to inner point of teeth, to that between outer cor-
ners of mouth-slits, 4:4. Mouth-papille sixteen to eighteen, of more
even size than usual; second and third flat, squarish, with rounded
edges; the rest rounded, spiniform, nearly equal. Teeth five ; upper-
most and lowest flat and tapering, the former longer ; other three flat
and square. Mouth-shields short heart-shaped; length to breadth about
1.7: 2. Side mouth-shields broad, rather conspicuous, naked. Under
arm-plates, near base of arm, broad octagonal, with four outer corners
more or less rounded ; length to breadth (eighth plate), 1: 1.5; (twelfth
plate), 1:1.3. First plate nearly oval, proportionately larger than
usual ; length to breadth, .8:1.3. About two thirds out on arm, the
plates become nearly hexagonal, owing to encroachment of side arm-
plates, which may be seen very plainly, both from above and from
below. Upper arm-plates broader than long, bounded within and with-
out by straight lines; inner side shorter; outer corners well rounded ;
three or four plates enclosed by projections from disk, and modified in

4

26 OPHIURA LAVIS.

shape accordingly ; length to breadth (sixth plate), 11:28. Disk
evenly and finely, but not very closely, granulated throughout, except
side mouth-shields, and a few naked scales at base of arm; about 80
grains to a square mm. Arm-spmes very characteristic, eight (rarely
nine) rounded, slender, slightly tapering, almost as long as joints, of
even length and size ; length to that of under arm-plate, .9:1. Inside
tentacle-scale oblong, with a rounded end, rather delicate; length to
that of under arm-plate, .7: 1; outside scale of about the same width,
but shorter, and cut off obliquely at the end. Color, in alcohol: above,
disk dull greenish-gray round edges, fading to dull yellowish-brown
towards centre; arms banded with darker and lighter shades of dull
greenish-gray, each band occupying from two to five joints; outer edges
of upper arm-plates finely marked with short, longitudinal lmes of
brown ; below, uniform pale straw-color.

This delicate and elegantly formed species may at once be distin-
guished from other Ophiwre with equal arm-spines and covered radial
shields, by its long, rounded, slender arm-spines.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

i]
Catalogue Number . When ne Nature of
Number. of Spec. Locality. | Collected. | Whence /obtained: Specimen.
|
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
107% 9 | 49) |= a Brazil: | socase | Univ.Mus. Copenhagen. | Alcoholic.
Smithsonian Institution.
1002 | o'9 | 1 | Brazil. \ Sojehoratage Univ.Mus. Copenhagen.| Alcoholic.

Ophiura levis Lymay.

Stella levis RONDELET. De Pisce. Mar., p. 120. 1554.
STELLA LUMBRICALIS ; Stella levis Linck. De Stel. Mar., p. 46. 1733.
? Stella lumbricalis longicauda Lincx. De Stel. Mar., p. 47, tab. XI. fig. 17. 1783.
Ophiura lacertosa LAmK. Syst. Anim. s. Verteb., p. 351. 1801.
Ophioderma longicauda Mutu. & Troscu. Syst. Asterid., p. 86. 1842.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number A When . Nature of
Number. | Number.| of Spec. LSA Collected. Whiemee auEtTest Specimen.

Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

114 Ba je RE RC eee Ee eS kot Soe | eemen to Gio) Gin Dried. f
411 eure Sa MAGoresea = 5 0 Me we Gielen eee a |e oe a8 0 90 6 Alcoholic.
426 NG mite Sem I oe Jardin des Plantes. “

427 Aleer. AEs “ “ i vc
2 oD . Alger.

5

OPHIURA CINEREA. Diy

Ophiura cinerea Lyman.

Ophioderma cinereum Miu. & Troscn. Syst. Asterid., p. 87. 1842.
Ophioderma Antillarum LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 88.

Special Marks. — A large species. In adult, upper arm-plates much
broken; mouth-shields broad heart-shaped; mouth-papillee crowded,
numerous, and pretty equal (about twenty); arms very round, ta-
pering.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 20"; from outer
edge of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 8" ; great-
est width of arm without spines, 4.2"; length of arm, 97"; distance
from outer edge of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papilla, to
that between outer corners of mouth-slits, 4:44. Mouth-papilla, nine-
teen to twenty-one to each angle of mouth (usually twenty), outer one
very long and slender, running above next one or two papillae, when
mouth is tight shut ; two innermost ones, pomting to centre of mouth,
much stouter than others ; of remaining papille, four inner ones some-
what weaker than four outer ones; all papillze crowded, pointed, rounded.
Teeth five, flat, somewhat blunt; the uppermost one longer and sharper.
Mouth-shields short heart-shaped, point inward, well rounded, length to
breadth, 1.8 : 2.2; madreporic shield more rounded, and somewhat larger,
near its centre a rounded depression ; side mouth-shields entirely covered
by granulation. Under arm-plates thick, strong, and firmly set ; bounded
by a curved outer side, two long lateral sides a little re-enteringly
curved, two very short inner laterals, and an inner side, nearly straight ;
towards end of arm, each plate is an octagon, its lateral sides being very
long, and its outer and inner laterals very short ; first plate small, irreg-
ular oval, with a slight peak inwards, length to breadth, .8 : 1.4 ; second
plate, 1.2:1.4; eleventh plate, 12:14; about two thirds out on arm,
length to breadth, 1.2: 1; at tip of arm, plates nearly heart-shaped, with
point inward. Side arm-plates thick, compact, closely soldered with
surrounding parts, their outer edges very conspicuous by reason of
shortness of arm-spines; not meeting above at all, and below only at
very tip of arm. Upper arm-plates are all, with exception of first rudi-
mentary one, and a few at tip of arm, broken in several pieces, irregular
in form, and varying in number from two to five, according to size of
plate ; each plate, considered as a whole, makes a belt across arm, of
which the inner side is shorter than the outer; incision in disk embraces
first three plates, which are modified in shape accordingly ; fourth plate,
broken in four or five pieces, length to breadth, 1.2: 3.6; about two
thirds out on arm, some plates are found whole, but most are broken in
two or three pieces; length to breadth, 1: 2.6; close to tip of arm,

28 OPHIURA CINEREA.

plates four-sided, outer side curved, and longer than inner side, length
to breadth, .6:.8. Disk: above, granulation very even, close, and fine,
about one hundred grains to a square mm. Radial shields regular oval,
standing nearly opposite outside lines of arms, quite smooth, length to
breadth, 1.6:1.2; between radial shields and base of arm there are
sometimes one or two rounded scales; edges of incision in disk lined
with small, thick, overlapping scales, varying in length from .2 to 1™;
at inner angle of incision these scales form a single row, but at outer
angles they make a triangular cluster of six or seven rows, and are
continued, over edge of disk, to its under surface, and reach as far as
outer pair of genital slits; they make, on under surface of disk, three
irregular rows, interspersed with grains; all other parts of mterbrachial
spaces, except mouth-shields, covered with a close granulation, quite to
the bases of the mouth-papilla. Genital slits, length of outer pair, 1.4",
of inner pair, 1.2". Arm-spines short, stout, increasing in size from
uppermost one to lowest, which is considerably the largest ; upper ones
more pointed and rounded, lower ones more blunt and flattened ; second
joint, two spines, length to that of lower arm-plate, .8, 1.2: 1.2; seventh
joint, five spines; eighth joint, six or seven spines; tenth joint, eight
spines, .4, .6, .6, .8, 8, .8, 1, 1.2: 1.2; about two thirds out on arm, six
spines; near tip of arm, four very short, thick, pomted spines. Tenta-
cle-scales two, continued close to tip of arm; inside one somewhat larger,
and longer, thin, cleanly rounded at end; outside one similar, but cut
off square at end; length to that of under arm-plate near base of arm,
inside scale, .8: 1.2; outside scale a trifle shorter. Color, in alcohol :
disk, above, brownish gray (burnt umber and neutral tint), with fine
specks of umber brown, each radial shicld bounded by a line of umber
brown; below, interbrachial spaces light brownish-gray, with a few
specks of light umber-brown; mouth-shields and angles of mouth light
umber-brown ; mouth-papillee white; under and side arm-plates like
interbrachial spaces below, but variously clouded, and marked with
white and with shades of brown; arm-spines white, with a brown line
round the base ; upper arm-plates same as upper side of disk, but vari-
ously lined and marked with dark-brown ; the breaks in the plates are
marked with this color.

Variations. — This species is always sober in its colors, the chief
variation being in intensity ; old specimens are sometimes nearly black,
while others are dark gray, speckled with umber brown. The young
might well be mistaken for another species. A specimen with a disk
of 9.5" had arms 32™. Upper arm-plates regular and unbroken, coy-
ering only a part of upper surface of arm, their mer side much shorter
than the outer; seven arm-spines ; sixteen to eighteen mouth-papille ;
radial shields large, oval, length 1.5"™. Color, above, very light brown,

OPHIURA CINEREA. 929

a“

with specks of umber brown on disk, and bands of the same on arms ;
below, nearly white. The upper arm-plates are usually not broken
until the animal has a disk at least 12™™.

This species differs from others with radial shields and unequal spines,
as follows: from O. rubicunda, in position and shape of mouth-shields ;
from O. panamensis, in haying broken upper arm-plates, and in shape
of mouth-shields ; from O. squamosissima, in having upper arm-plates
broken, instead of scaly.

A comparison of the original of Miiller & Troschel in the Vienna
Museum shows that their specimen is a young one of this species. Dr.
Litken’s name Antillarum must therefore be dropped.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

l
IRENE bar enspec: Locality. Collected. Whence obtained. | Srecimen,
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
72 5 | Tortugas, Fla. Mh. 15-20,’58.) J. E. Mills. Alcoholic.
73 1 Tortugas, Fla. Early Mh. 58.) J. E. Mills. ce
74 1 Tortugas, Fla. Feb. 1856. Theo. Lyman. us
75 1 Nlonida (Gomes f A betrllh ok ee Prof. Agassiz. iS
76 2 Blorida tee ee oles becca ‘| Prof. Agassiz. cs
77 1 Hayti. Seigerarerre Dr. D. F. Weinland. ©
78 6 Ste Waromech We lb “ll Soon 6 4 A. H. Riise. ae
79 1 Bloridanee sta 6 foi ccaccrc,s J. E. Mills. as
80 te Sim pC apepeiloridase eee les|sarase snes G. Wurdeman. e
81 48 1 Westend, 5" Go oo Univ. Mus.Cop’hagen. &
82 & | dormesJseyiis 8 |) Ges on Dr. D. F. Weinland. ut
83 1 Mlonid at Ketee Seeeh Gullit yest: Prof. Agassiz. Dried.
84 (NERO roo ei ee Neti, seta so “
85 2 Blondatet wees St all Oinecits G. Wurdeman. eC
86 ae 2 Gulf of Mexico; SOU ere Si S. S. Haldeman. we
of Vera Cruz.
413 Sh ysculayitile bye elt oot | OMe are Dr. D. F. Weinland. | Alcoholic.
Smithsonian Institution.
1046 Sie |eLortucas Elan) ealleeeeete Capt. Woodbury. Alcoholic.
994 1 Garden Key, Tortugas.| ...... G. Wurdeman. i
1013 ieali<eyaBiscaynes blast a) ce necnore G. Wurdeman. se
1061 1 *ASpinwalliy pam ee ile |e nee Rev. T. Powell. e
1072 3 Stalhomiassivselsy men |leiemecneie A. H. Riise. Dried.
1073 1 StaRhomasiawWiyley 8) cee <oties A. H. Riise. Alcoholic.
1106 Wishes Wrenner, Wed ~§ “Wl oa 56.0 « A. H. Riise. ce
1178 1 Blond ate ee ae a |e n cere ae oy corer octane “
1153 4 iy Dhow, Wolk Wl siaodc A. H. Riise. &

30 OPHIURA RUBICUNDA.

Ophiura rubicunda Lyman.

Ophioderma rubicunda LUTKEN. Vidensk. Meddelelser. Jan., 1856.
Ophioderma rubicunda Lirken. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 90.

Special Marks. — Color, above, variegated lake-red ; mouth-shields
much rounded; second mouth-papilla very broad; side mouth-shields
naked.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 17.5" ; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slt, 6.8"" ; width
of arm, without spies, 3.5"; length of arm, 105"; distance from
outer side of mouth-shield to inner points of teeth, to that between
outer corners of mouth-slits, 3.5: 3.6. Mouth-papillz, fourteen to six-
teen; three outer ones broader than the rest ; second one, in particular,
very flat and broad, often as wide as .7™; other mouth-papille flattened
spiniform ; two innermost ones somewhat broader, and shaped like short
spear heads. Teeth five, short, flat, stout, with rounded edges, rather
broader than long, except uppermost one, which is longer and more
tapering. Mouth-shields crowded close agaist mouth-papille, much
rounded, heart-shape, with point inward; length to breadth, 2:2. Side
mouth-shields covered by grains, except a small round piece, which con-
nects mouth-shield with outer mouth-papilla and innermost under arm-
plate. Under arm-plates overlapping, rather broader than long, bounded
without by a clean curve, on the sides, by re-entermg curves (where
tentacle-scales come), and within by two short, slightly-sloping, inner
laterals, and an inner side, which is a little re-enteringly curved ; length
to breadth (twelfth plate), 1.2:1.5. First plate diamond oval, length to
breadth, .7: 1.3; second plate, length to breadth, 1.2: 1.2; the plates
then grow proportionately wider to the seventh, which has the length
to breadth, 1.1:1.6; the proportions of twelfth plate are typical, and
are continued till close to tip of arm. Side arm-plates intruding a little
between upper arm-plates, but not meeting above and below till very
tip of arm. Upper arm-plates much broader than long, covering upper
surface of arm completely, so that side arm-plates are scarcely to be
seen; outer and inner sides sensibly straight, the latter rather shorter,
so that lateral sides slope a little; outer corners rounded, length to
breadth, 1:3; about two thirds out on arm same general shape, but
longer, length to breadth, .8:1.8; first three plates enclosed by scaly
prolongations of disk, and consequently more or less rudimentary, es-
pecially first plate, which almost disappears. Granulation of disk close,
fine, recular, covering every part, except radial shields, part of side
mouth-shields, and fine scales at base of arms, and extending quite to
base of mouth-papillxe; about 144 grains to asquare mm. Radial shields

OPHIURA RUBICUNDA. 31

small, oval, length 1™; there are sometimes, near base of arms, above,
one or two little naked rounded plates. Arm-spines eight or nine, low-
est one much longest and largest ; flattened, slightly tapering, rounded
at end; rest of spines more flattened, short, and tapering, increasing
gradually in length from above downward; lengths to that of lower
arm-plate : first spine, .9: 1.2; second spine, .8: 1.2; fifth spine, .6 : 1.2 ;
ninth spine, .5: 1.2. About two thirds out on arm, only six spines,
which are sharp and rounded. Tentacle-scales, inside one clean oval,
rather thin; length to that of under arm-plate, .7:1.2; outside one
shorter, rather broader, cut square off at the end. Color, in alcohol:
above, disk uniform dull pink-red (lake and Indian red), arms finely
and irregularly mottled and banded with lighter and darker shades
of the same; below, uniform in color, which is the same as _ that
above, but much lighter; arms somewhat lighter than interbrachial

spaces.

Variations. — Another specimen was somewhat. darker than the
above, had the disk finely mottled, and the arms mottled, red and light
yellowish. The arms are usually, in well-grown specimens, about five
times the diameter of the disk. There is a so-called variety of this
species, which may be said to have the under side of O. cinerea, and
the upper side of O. rubicunda. The mouth-shields are as in O. cinerea,
and the mouth-papille, though finer and more irregular, are also some-
what alike; the mouth-shields are surrounded by granulation, which
completely covers the side mouth-shields. The specimen I examined
had a disk of 20", while the length of the arms was only four times as
great. It is manifestly not philosophical to suppose, as Dr. Liitken
does, that this form is a hybrid between O. rubicunda and O. cinerea.
No hybrids occur between the other closely allied West Indian Ophiu-
rans. Among many hundred specimens of Ophiocoma crassispina and
O. Riisei that I have examined, I never saw one that even looked like
a hybrid ; and the same is true of other species. This form is certainly
a curious one; and it seems not improbable that it may prove a new
species.

O. rubicunda is distinguished from O. cinerea by smaller radial-shields
and whole upper arm-plates, and, by the latter character, from O. squa-
mosissima ; from O. panamensis, by larger mouth-shields, naked side
mouth-shields, outer mouth-papillz broader, Xe.

Be OPHIURA PANAMENSIS.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Num! : Wi , Nature of
Number! Naber! aspen Locality. Collected. Whence obtained. gpecinient
Museum of Comparative Zoology.
104 os 6 Sitio duno WWeIG i] 5 oc0n5 | A. H. Riise. Alcoholic.
105 50 1 WWesmlindicss, || paacac | Univ.Mus.Cop’hagen. «
106 oe: DY \\ Cape liowses || assoc G. Wurdeman. Dried.
Smithsonian Institution.
1074 1 Si iors Welle || 6664606 A. H. Riise. Dried.
1105 2 Sie (noms, WelG” | saaaoc A. H. Riise. Alcoholic.
1152 3 Ste inom, Woll || Gooood A. H. Riise. Dried.
al|

Ophiura panamensis Lyman.
Ophioderma panamensis LUTKEN ; Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 91.

Special Marks. — Color, in alcohol, above, greenish gray, with a cen-
tral light mark; arms the same, alternating with lighter and darker
bands ; mouth-shields a good deal rounded; arm-spines stout, blunt,
little tapermg ; side mouth-shields granulated.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 25°"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 8.5"™ ; width
of arm without spines, 5"; length of arm, 102™™; distance from outer
side of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papille, to that between
outer corners of mouth-slits, 4.5: 4.6. Mouth-papille, nineteen or twenty
to each angle of mouth; outermost one long and spine-like, reaching
above its next neighbors; the next one, or two, flat and squarish ; the
rest fine and spiniform, except the innermost, which is much larger and
stouter. Teeth five, upper and under ones flat and pointed ; the others
flat, squarish, with a curved cutting edge; they are unusually short.
Mouth-shields broader than long, irregular oval, with a rounded angle
within ; length to breadth, 2.2:3. Under arm-plates octagonal, with
rounded corners ; about as broad as long; a little overlapping ; length
to breadth (twelfth plate), 14:1.5. Upper arm-plates much broader
than long, overlapping; outer side nearly straight, with a slight re-
entering curve in the middle; lateral sides well rounded; length to
breadth (ninth plate), 1.4:4,; three or four plates inclosed by the incis-
ions in the disk. Disk, above and below, finely and closely granulated,
except on radial-shields, and some narrow lines of scales at base of arm,
which run under the disk as far as the inner end of the outer genital
slit; about 120 grains to a square mm. Radial shields oval ; length to

OPHIURA PANAMENSIS. 383

breadth, 1.5: 1.3. Arm-spines ten, rounded, little tapering, little flat-
tened, decidedly stout ; of nearly equal length, except the two lowest ;
lengths of uppermost and of the lowest to that of under arm-plate (thir-
teenth joint), .8, 1.1: 1.4. Near the tip of the arm, the spines are six in
number, and more rounded and slender. Tentacle-scales large ; inside
one long, regular oval; outside one unusually broad. Color, in alcohol:
above, greenish gray, with a white mark in the centre; arms banded
with lighter and darker greenish-gray ; under surface uniform light
greenish-gray.

Variations. — The color varies in intensity, sometimes being clouded
with brownish, and again tending to light greenish ; the central white
spot, though common, is not always found. The young of this species
have no radial shields ; one, with a disk of 7"™, was just beginning to
show them; while another, with a disk of 11™, was still entirely granu-
lated. This case is Just reversed in O. teres. A specimen with a disk
of 6.5"™ had already eighteen mouth-papillae, but only seven arm-spines.
The proportions of the disk to the arms were as follows, in different
specimens: 26:96, 21:70, 20:75, 14:46, 13:52, 9.5:40, 6.5: 23; so
that the disk is usually contained in the arms from three and a half to
four times.

This species differs from others with unequal arm-spines and with
radial shields, as follows: from O. cinerea and O. squamosissima, in
having the upper arm-plates undivided ; from O. rubicunda, m the dif
ferent shape and position of the mouth-shields.

Tam not quite sure that this is the true Ophioderma panamensis Ltk.
Dr. Litken got his specimen from the Smithsonian Institution. There
are now at the Smithsonian Institution and at the Museum of Compara-
tive Zodlogy many specimens of the Ophiura here described ; besides
which there is a simgle specimen (1181 Smithson. Instit.) which may be
the same species, or a variety ; the arm-spines are sharper, a little, and
there are dark, longitudinal lines on the outer edges of the upper arm-
plates. either of these agrees perfectly with Litken’s description ;
the differences consisting in slight variations in the spines, and in the
markings of the upper arm-plates ; still, they are all probably the same,
and are therefore here included under O. panamensis.

84 OPHIURA APPRESSA.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

1
Catalog Original | Numb . When a Nat
N aaiern esl eaenecd EERE | Collected. | Whence obtained. Stee:
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
108 BR | Neila; ~ si Ge Alex. Agassiz. Alcoholic.
109 ae 2 anama-pe ee een | meee eee Alex. Agassiz. 6“
110 | 1188 2 | Cape St. Lucas, Cal | ...... J. Xantus. “
Smithsonian Institution.

21181 1 Pane = paete age. cee ee Rev. T. Powell. Alcoholic.
1055 1 Panama. --.2..- || Mr Sternberg: “
1069 S$) |(CapetSt-eaucas, Calis 4) prey er i J. Xantus. “
1188 9 | Cape St. Lucas, Cal. | SCS 6:06 J. Xantus. &“

Ophiura appressa Say.

Ophiura appressa Say. Journ. Phil. Acad., V. p. 151. 1825.
Ophioderma virescens LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 92.

Special Marks. — Color grayish, or variously marbled dark green and
yellowish ; arm-spines nine, rather short, flattened ; arms stout ; mouth-
shields broad heart-shaped.

Description of an Individual. — Diameter of disk, 16™™ ; from outer
edge of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 6.2" ; width
of arm without spines, 2.7"; length of arm, 62"; distance from outer
edge of mouth-shield to inner points of teeth, to that between outer
corners of mouth-slits, 2.7: 2.7, Mouth-papille, eighteen to twenty to
each angle of jaw, strongly flattened, longer than broad, edges rounded ;
second, third, and fourth (from without), and also two innermost ones,
broader than the others ; outermost one of all rounded, sharp, tapering.
Teeth five, broad, stout, somewhat poimted ; uppermost one narrow and
sharp ; uppermost and lowest smaller than other three. Mouth-shields
very broad, rounded, heart-shape, length to breadth, 1.5: 2; outer side
usually straight, or slightly re-entering ; corners cleanly rounded. Side
mouth-shields entirely covered, except a small rounded piece, connecting
mouth-shield with innermost arm-plate. Under arm-plates a little over-
lapping, longer than broad;* in front rounded; sides re-enteringly
curved, where tentacle-scales encroach ; inner laterals very short, and
sloping towards middle of arm ; inner side straight ; length to breadth,
twelfth plate, 1:.8. First plate oval diamond-shape ; length to breadth,
.7: 1. Second plate like those beyond, but rather shorter and wider ;

* The form of the arm-plates applies to the portion that can be seen without preparation ;
some parts are hidden by the tentacle-scales and the neighboring plates.

1D

OPHIURA APPRESSA. BY5)

length to breadth, .9:1. The plates maintain the same shape till near
the point of the arm, where the inner lateral sides begin to grow pro-
portionately longer, and at the very tip the shape becomes almost tri-
angular. Side arm-plates very evenly curved, on their outer side
encroaching a little on upper arm-plates, so that their upper edges can
be well seen from above. Upper arm-plates broader than long, bounded
without and within by nearly straight lines (outer side sometimes a
little re-entermgly curved), sides well rounded, overlapped on their
inner portion by side arm-plates. First plate small, and partly covered
by fine scales which are at the base of the arm; length to breadth,
.6:1.8; twelfth plate, length to breadth, 1:2.2. About two thirds out
on arm, the plates begin to be more overlapped by the side arm-plates,
which makes the lateral sides more sloping, and inner side shorter, so
that, in the last three or four joints, the plates are triangular, the side
arm-plates meeting above. Inner pair of genital slits granulated ; outer
pair granulated on one side, and scaly on the other. Arm-spines com-
monly nine, short, flattened, tapering only near the point, which is
rounded ; of nearly equal length, except lowest one, which is decidedly
longer, and does not taper at all; lengths to that of lower arm-plate
(twelfth joint), lowest spine, .9:1; second, .7:1; third, 6:1; eighth
.J:1; second, third, and fourth joints, three spines; two uppermost
much thinner; fifth and sixth, five spies; seventh and eighth, seven
spines ; ninth, eight spines ; two thirds out on arm there are six spines,
and at the very tip, only four. Granulation of disk very close, smooth,
and even, covering every part, except a few scales at base of arms, and
extending below quite to the mouth-papille ; grains remarkably round
and smooth, about 110 to asquare mm. Two tentacle-scales ; inside one
longer, oblong, with rounded corners, length, .7""; outside one about
two thirds as long, somewhat broader, and cut off square at the end.
Color, in alcohol: above, ground color yellowish white, with irregular
stripes and patches of greenish black on disk, and belts of the same on
arms; the edges of the dark arm-plates are, however, speckled with
lighter ; below, interbrachial spaces dirty olive, with two large spots of
whitish in each ; chewing apparatus dirty white, ground color of arms
the same, marked and banded with different shades of brownish olive.

Variations. — It is hard to find two specimens colored alike. There
are two chief varieties, the gray, which was that described originally by
Say, and the variegated green. The gray is more uniform, having
usually the disk greenish gray, with fine points of darker and lighter,
and the arms irregularly banded with darker, the lower parts being
similar, but lighter. The green variety may be marbled, spotted, and
lined with every possible pattern of green and whitish or yellowish ;
sometimes a specimen may be seen almost pure white. The gray va-

36

OPHIURA APPRESSA.

riety seems more abundant near St. Thomas, and the green, at Cape

Florida.

The length of the arms is four or five times the diameter of

the disk, and the proportion is about the same in those of moderate size
The side mouth-shields may be entirely covered by

and in the largest.
grains.

This species comes among those that have the lowest arm-spme long-

est, and have no radial shields.

and form of the arm-spines.

It differs from O. Elaps in the number

LIST OF SPECIMENS.
(ames
Caos eal neat Uy, | Whence abana, |. Nate
|
Museum of Comparative Zoology.
57 UE oyayslee 9 al alll editors | G. Wurdeman. Alcoholie.
58 am Sil Blondake Py Pol Beers cee | Prof. Agassiz. ue
59 53 A | Vives donee No ee | University Museum,
| Copenhagen. a2
60 10 | Tortugas, Fla. Mar. 15,58. | J. E. Mills. ws
61 2 | Tortugas, Fla. July, 1855 Capt. Woodbury. ub
62 4 | Tortugas, Fla. Ap. 21,22,’58.) J. E. Mills. us
63 3} | eeyyor Cues | sacecn Capt. Couthouy. a
64 4 | Cape Florida. Apr. 18, 58. | G. Wurdeman. &
65 1), |eheremieswlayticy ae ell)e) eeea Dr. D. F. Weinland. “
66 UC she Ino Wile Il) 6 @ aes A. H. Riise. “
67 5 | Cape Florida. Apr. 1858. G. Wurdeman and J.
E. Mills. a
68 in || Cheesy shlGs |) ssaace | Prof. F. S. Holmes. | Dried
69 OE Eorida. PON ie )tellbecde sears G. Wurdeman. a
70 IE Ia Wo ee ttoo ooo sco ao us
71 Sap ialonidase Wy cy TA a 2 eaten Prof. Agassiz. as
412 KO \VCTH ee I eee aepaee |||" eatbto ciaks.c 0 to Alcoholic.
Smithsonian Institution.
986 4 | Cape Florida. esresmen treat G. Wurdeman. Alcoholic.
981 2 | Garden Key, Tortugas.| ...... G. Wurdeman. «
1071 Bimal pots homas’, Ven. mcmnel|l eas unaeme A. H. Riise. ue
1082 1 Se Nie WYEIG. = || aon ace A. H. Riise. Dried.
1104 2\y sits Atv Wiel 1 Soa ala 6 A. H. Riise. Alcoholic.
1179 Us| Mord mo Mt Bohoic.020-6-5.000 ue
1180 ib |) atoriperee INE |} Ge be | Capt. Woodbury “
1154 4 | St. Thomas, W. I. | A. H. Riise. Dried.
1192 2aliCape ee lonic ak) aimee |pee-teaee anne G. Wurdeman. Alcoholic.

OPHIURA TERES. Bayh

Ophiura teres Lymay. (Fig. 1.)

Ophiura teres LyMAN. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIL p. 198. 1860.

Special Marks. — A very large species. Upper arm-plates broken ;
arms short, rounded.

99mm.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 32™ ; outer edge of

mm.

mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 12" ; width of arm,
without spines, 7; length of arm, 133™™; distance from outer side of
mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papille, to that between outer
corners of mouth-slits, 5: 5.6. Mouth-papille, about eighteen to each
angle of mouth, small, tooth-like, somewhat crowded ; the innermost, and
outermost but one, on each side, broader and larger than their neigh-
bors. Teeth six, broad, flat, short, with the free edge curved, the upper
ones more pointed. Mouth-shields very broad heart-shape, usually pre-
senting three rounded lobes, of which one is directed inward ; length to
breadth, 2.5:3.5. Side mouth-shields covered by granulation of disk.
Under arm-plates small, squarish, bounded without by three sides, with
much rounded angles, and within by a slightly curved line ; length to
breadth (thirteenth plate), 15:2. The
first five plates are smaller and narrower ;
and between the first and second, second
and third, and third and fourth, there is
a pair of pores. Upper arm-plates very
short and wide; length to breadth, 1.7:6.5.
All the plates, except those just at the
tip of the arm, are broken in irregular
pieces ; those near base of arm usually m
five ; those near its tip, in three or four ;
so that the upper surface seems covered

Ophiura teres. (Lower side.)

with an irregular mosaic. Granulation of
disk fine and even, about 56 grains to a
square mm., covering radial shields and the whole disk, above and
below ; near base of arms, above, are sometimes one or two little naked
plates of variable size. Arm-spines short, flat, tapering, rather stout, nine
in number; three lowest ones rather longer than the rest, and lowest
one longest of all; upper ones about half as long as side arm-plates.
Length of uppermost spine, 5"; of lowest one, 1.2”. There are often
as many as eleven spines on joints near disk. Tentacle-scales longer
than broad, flattened; outside one rather shorter, and cut off more
square at the end. Color, in alcohol: above, purplish brown, with
upper arm-plates closely speckled with lighter ; below, chewing appa-

p, arm-spines.

38 OPHIURA TERES.

ratus, lowest arm-spines, and under arm-plates, yellowish white; the
rest purplish brown.

Variations. — The mouth-shields may differ somewhat in shape, and
the under arm-plates may be light brown. The radial shields are almost
always present, except in very large specimens. A small specimen had
a disk of 14™, and arms of 55"; there were seven or eight arm-spines ;
most of the upper arm-plates were broken in only two pieces; the color
was very dark umber, with fine, smuous black lines on the disk.

This species at once strikes the eye by its short, rounded arms, cov-
ered above by a multitude of irregular pieces. It is distinguished from
O. panamensis, by broken arm-plates, and proportionately shorter arms ;
from QO. variegata, by proportionately shorter arms, granulated side
mouth-shields, &c. It most resembles the dark variety of O. cinerea
(O. Antillarum Ltk.) of the West Indies, but differs in having shorter
and more rounded arms.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number ‘ When . Nature of
Number. | Number.) of Spec. Locality. Collected. Whence obtained Specimen.

Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

87 0 \ideteems oe Alex. Agassiz. Alcoholic.
88 a6 ZAC DU COs el |e Alex. Agassiz. ce

i

Smithsonian Institution.
Panama. Rey. T. Powell. Alcoholic.
“

Panama. Dr. Sternbergh.
Cape St. Lucas, Cal. J. Xantus. &

OPHIARACHNA. 39

OPHIOPEZA Peters.
Ophiopeza fallax Prrrers. Wiegmann’s Archiv. 1852, p. 82.

It is a little singular that alcoholic specimens of this genus were
brought home by Quoy and Gaimard as early as 1829, but were passed
over for twenty-three years, when Dr. Peters described the genus from
specimens collected by himself:

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original| Number 6 When : Nature of
Number. | Number.| of Spec. mocalitys Collected. Whence|obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
AED NOTG: C CLO ROMDECHOEE ||) momcaten chee Jardin des Plantes,
Quoy & Gai., 1829.} Alcoholic.
Lanzar yen) aei|feerneescne C. Cooke. “
Wenig Mt ga go aa Capt. Webb. a
JANOME = Go On E. Ropes. o

OPHIARACHNA Mitt. & Troscu.

Ophiarachna gorgonia Mix. & Troscu. Syst. Asterid., p. 105.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number P When . Nature of
Number. |Number.| of Spec. Locality. | Collected. | Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
395 ae 66 || Zavalem = Wi 6 Seo ae E. Ropes. Alcoholic.
396 aah wemeZanzibarie 0) Mapes te tat Capt. Webb. a3
397 aay oes | Zanzibar me) ee ees fei C. Cooke. “

40 OPHIOGLYPHA.

OPHIOGLYPHA* Lyman.

TYPE oF THE Genus, O. lacertosa.

Ophiura ForsEs (non Lamk.).

Disk covered with unequal, crowded, naked, more or less distorted
scales, some of which are swollen. Radial shields naked and swollen.
Teeth. No tooth-papilla. Mouth-papille long within, but small and
short near the outer end of the mouth-slit, and partly hidden by the
scales of the mouth-tentacles. Arm-spines few (commonly three), ar-
ranged along the outer edge of the side arm-plates. Tentacle-scales
numerous ; the innermost pair of tentacle-pores shaped like slits, sur-
rounded by numerous tentacle-scales, and opening diagonally into the
mouth-slits. Side arm-plates meeting nearly, or quite, below, but not
above. In the back of the disk, where the arm joins it, a notch edged
with papille. Two genital slits, starting from the sides of the mouth-

shields.
GROUPING OF SPECIES HEREIN DESCRIBED.

O. lacertosa.
Arms smooth, tapering, pretty long; three arm-spines; mouth- O. Sarsii.
shields shield-shaped, large, O. robusta.

O. Liitkenii.
Arms slender, smooth ; arm-spines short, O. albida.
Arms very short, thick, knotted ; arm-spines rudimentary, (GO! nodosa

resembling tentacle-scales ; mouth-shields very long and - 5,00
= ; J © O. Stuwitzit.
narrow,
Arms slender; disk-scales mostly small, with a few large ones { Ouatinne
regularly placed in the centre, U

Ophioglypha lacertosa Lyman.

Stella lacertosa Linck. De Stel. Mar., pl. II. fig. 4, p. 47. 1733.
Ophiura texturata? LAmMK. Hist. Anim. s. Vert., II. p. 542. 1816.
Ophiura texturata Forses. Brit. Starfishes, p. 22. 1841.

Ophiura texturata LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 36.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number . When 4 Nature of
Number. a of Spec. Locality. Collected. Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
56 oe 1 Ores = |p a ae University Museum,
Copenhagen. Alcoholic.
435 66 s= | | Mediterrancant sie alsa ueeeene Jardin des Plantes. us
393 | Conway Bay: | ctr seria | ae ree ae cs
_|

* “Odus, snake ; yAupn, notch.

OPHIOGLYPHA SARSII. 4]

Ophioglypha Sarsii Lyman. (Figs. 2, 3.)

Ophiura acufera AGAss. Proceed. Am. Acad., 1851, p: 269. [No description. ]

Ophiolepis ciliata Stimrs. Inverteb. of Grand Manan. Smithson. Contrib., VI. p.13. 1854.
Ophiura coriacea LUTKEN. Vidensk. Meddelelser. Nov., 1854.

Ophiura arctica? LOvKEN. Vidensk. Meddelelser. Nov., 1854.

Ophiura Sarsti LUTKEN. Vidensk. Meddelelser. Novy., 1854.

Ophiura Sarsii LUtTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 42.

Special Marks. — Arms, in the adult, three or four times as long as
diameter of disk; longest arm-spine about as long as an arm-joint ;
primary plates much larger than the intermediate disk-scales.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 17.8™™ ; from outer
edge of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 8™™ ; width
of arm, without spines, 3.5"; leneth of arm, 60"; distance from outer
edge of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papille, to that between
outer corners of mouth-slits, 4.6: 5.4. Mouth-papille usually thirteen to
each angle of mouth, namely, six on each side, and one at apex of angle ;
sometimes seven on each side, or again only five; the papilla at the
apex points directly to centre of mouth, and is about twice as large as
any of the others; it has a diamond or. spear-head shape ; rest of papillz
small, flat, short, and rather sharp; outer ones smallest ; outermost one
usually broader and lower than others, being shaped like a cutting edge.
Teeth shaped like innermost mouth-papilla, usually four, but sometimes
five in number. Mouth-shields longer than broad, bounded by a curve
without, an angle within, and laterally by straight lines; leneth to
breadth, 2.4:2; length of sides bounding inner angle, 1.4"; madre-
poric shield rather smaller and more rounded, with a slight rising in the
middle. Side mouth-shields curved, and very long and narrow; starting
from inner end of mouth-slits, they follow the sides of the mouth-shield,
and meet at its inner point; length to breadth, 2.4:.6. Under arm-
plates covered in good part, even at base of arm, by side arm-plates ;
all of them, therefore, are much broader than long, and are bounded
only by three sides, viz, one outer side nearly straight, and two inner
laterals, which are a little re-enteringly curved, and which slope from
outer corners of plate towards its middle line, on which they meet in a
point ; the shape is that of a very short triangle, the point being directed
inward. First plate unusually large, nearly oval, length to breadth, 1:2;
second plate of usual shape, but a little longer than those immediately
following, length to breadth, 1:2; length of inner lateral, 1.4"™ ; twen-
tieth plate, .6: 1.2; plates about two thirds out on arm, .4:.8; close to
tip of arm, plates so covered as to be scarcely perceptible ; they are not
more than one half or one third the width of the arm, and are bounded

by six sides, two outer laterals and two inner laterals, sloping towards
6

42 OPHIOGLYPHA SARSII.

middle line of arm, and meeting to form the outer and inner points of
the plate; and two short laterals. Side arm-plates have a large pro-
portionate size to that of other plates ; where they meet below, the line
of juncture is straight, and this line grows longer as the plates encroach
more and more ; thus its length, to that of corresponding under arm-
plate, is as follows: first jomt, 4:15; twentieth joint, .8:.6; about two
thirds out on arm, .8:.4; the upper side of each side arm-plate runs
outwards and downwards in a curved line, and overlaps the correspond-
ing upper arm-plate ; the outer side runs almost straight downwards to
the tentacle-scales, where it makes a little point, and then bends inwards
to meet its corresponding plate on the middle line of the arm; the side
arm-plates do not meet above till very near the end of the arm. Upper
arm-plates, at base of arm, longer than broad, outer side slightly curved,
and longer than inner side, so that the lateral sides are slopmg ; farther
out the plates grow proportionately longer, and their outer sides more
curved; plates near tip of arm long heart-shaped, the pomt imward ;
nearly four plates are included in the incision of the disk ; first plate
small, triangular, thickened, its point being directed inward, length to
breadth, .8:.8; second plate also small, four-sided, outer side longer,
length to breadth, .8:1; third plate proportionately wider than second,
length to breadth, .8:1.4; fourth plate, .8:2.2; fifth plate, 1:3; sixth
plate, 1: 2.8; length of inner side, 2; about two thirds out on arm,
1.2:1; close to tip of arm, .6:.4. Disk, above: radial Fig. 2.

shields large, bounded, and more or less overlapped,
along their edges, by surrounding scales; the outer
half of their inside edge is free, and bounds the inner
portion of the incision in the disk, its outer portion
being bounded by radial scales; length to breadth,
3.2:2.2; in centre of disk six large, rounded, nearly

equal primary plates, central one nearly round, others aetna
somewhat oval, their edges overlapped by finer scales Trp site, showing the comp
about them; diameter of centre plate, 1.6™"; m inter- *% % "per anm-plate.
brachial spaces, between central primary plates and edge of disk, three
other primary plates, lying in a line at about equal distances ; inner one
rounded, middle one long oval, outer one, lying on the very edge of disk,
rounded ; in brachial spaces, one rounded primary plate, lying close to
inner ends of radial shields; space between radial shields filled by a
very small scale, lying outside, followed by a large scale, and this by
two or three very small scales irregularly disposed ; rest of disk, above,
covered by numerous irregular scales, some as large as primary plates,
but most of them varying in length from .4"™ to 1™™; disk, below, cov-
ered closely with more regular and even scales than those above ; near
the mouth-shields, in particular, they are of even size, and are regularly
inbricated, having an average length of about .5"". Genital slits edged

OPHIOGLYPHA SARSII. 43

with very fine, flattened, close-set papilla, which grow suddenly much
larger as they pass upwards alone edge of radial scale ; whole number
about forty; longest ones on radial scales having a length of .6™™
Papilla: running along sides of basal upper arm-plates very small; they
start at the inner side of second plate, and run to outer side of fourth
plate, there being about four papilla to each plate ; outermost papille
largest. Arm-spines smooth, rounded, tapering, sharp; second joint,
two spines, lengths to that of under arm-plate, .4, .8:1,; third joint,
three spines, .4, .8, 1.2: 1; all the rest of the jomts have exactly three
spines, except close to tip of arm; fifth joint, 1.6, 1.6, 1.2:1,; about two
thirds out on arm, 1, 1, 1:.4; close to tip of arm, middle spine longest,
and equal to a little over half the length of the joint; other two spines
about equal. Tentacle-scales at base of
arm flat and square, and rounded at the
corners ; in shape much like some of the
side mouth-papillz ; mouth tentacles sur-
rounded by a crown of scales, arranged
close together in an oval, usually nine on
the side next the mouth-shields, and five
on the other side; sometimes, however,
seven on one side and six on the other ;
second joint, six scales, three without, and

Ophioglypha Sarsii. (Lower side.)

three within the tentacle 5 third joint, four h, lower arm-plate ; 7, lower part of side

arm-plate.

scales, two without and two within ; fourth
joint and those just beyond, three scales, two within the tentacle, and
one lying between it and middle line of arm; farther out, the last
mentioned scale and the one next to it grow smaller and smaller, and
finally disappear about three fifths out on the arm, while the third scale
maintains its size, and is found quite to the tip of the arm, where it
becomes poited and spear-like. Color, in alcohol: uniform dirty white,
or very faint brown; disk above, and chewing apparatus below, a shade
darker ; color, when dry, chalky white.

Variations. — A young one has the followimg characters: diameter
of disk, 3.7"™ ; length of arms, 9"". Mouth-papillee, three on each side,
and one at the inner apex of the mouth angle; outer one broadest.
First under arm-plate largest of all; plates immediately beyond it small,
their length being less than that of the line of juncture of the side arm-
plates below. Side arm-plates not meeting above till half way out on
the arm. Upper arm-plates proportionately longer than in the adult ;
two of them are included by the notch in the disk. Arm-spines three ;
two upper ones nearly as long as arm-joints ; lowest one much shorter.
There are eleven papilla, in a close row, along the radial scales and
genital slits. The mouth-tentacles have two scales on the side next the

44 OPHIOGLYPHA SARSII.

mouth-shield, and one on the other side ; the rest of the pores have but
one scale. Upper side of the disk almost completely covered by pri-
mary plates and radial shields, which are rounded and much swollen ;
of the primary plates, there is a rosette of six in the centre, and three
in each interbrachial space. <A larger specimen had a disk of 7", and
arms 24™"; and another had the disk 10.5", arms 42™.. The mouth-
shields vary somewhat in proportionate length; those of the young
have a deeper depression where they touch the inner end of the genital
slit. The adult have the disk-scales flatter, and the primary plates and
radial shields more conspicuous, by reason of the many small scales
between them. Dr. Liitken mentions a variety (0. coriacea Ltk.) which
has only one tentacle-seale, and the disk-scales very small; and another
(perhaps a variety) which has no papille on the incision of the disk,
arm-spines only half as long as in O. Sarsii, and a hairy or felted cover-
ing over the surface (0. arctica Ltk.). The color of the livmg animal
is a mixture of green, yellow, and gray, with sometimes light bands on
the arm (Barrett).

O. Sarsii has been found in Massachusetts Bay, and at the Grand
Manan (Stimpson); along the whole coast of Greenland (Holboll, Bar-
rett, &c.); at Spitzbergen, and on the coast of Norway (Sars). It is
distinguished from O. robusta by the different scaling of the disk ; from
O. texturata, by wanting pores on the under side of the inner arm-joints ;
from O. carnea and O. albida by longer arm-spimes ; and from O. Liit-
kenii, by the double row of notch papillz, and by their greater sharp-
ness.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

| |
Geese | Ort Mates | tec lien, | whence obaioea, | Nature
Museum of Comparative Zoology.
33 oe 12 Grand Manan Island, |
and Eastport, Me. | ...... Prof. Agassiz. | Alcoholic.
34 cue 20 | Blastipontsy Vics a me |Mcieeiticrs J. E. Mills. &
35 41 4 Greenlands) =) 9) 1a aren. University Museum, | ee
Copenhagen. cs
36 1 Gheaakmeb |! seanos Prof. Sars, 1852. G3
37 ae 2's Trenton gic: sep een tlie senha A.-E. Verrill. | o
38 aon 6 || Massachusetts: Bays.) || 7= «cue cue ||| corti eeieeeneneee | Dried.
39 ye er eer re IN et etc) || cur tecrs ofan o.5 OS
Smithsonian Institution. |
O22) I ae | ab Geeky =) gp a Sis University Museum,
| _ Copenhagen. Alcoholic.
1O2oI eens 1S | (Greenland Sse ene nears University Museum,
Copenhagen. wt
1O23 | ee: 1 | Grand Manan Island. | ...... Wm. Stimpson. a
1040 ee 12+- Massachusetts Bay. | ...... Wm. Stimpson. co
NOB | 6c 1 | Coast of Me. and Mass.} .../.. | Wm. Stimpson. us

OPHIOGLYPHA ROBUSTA. 45

Ophioglypha robusta Lyman.

Ophiolepis robusta Ayres. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Tist., TV. p. 134. 1851.
Ophiura fasciculata Forbes. Appendix to Sutherland’s Journal of a Journey.
Ophiwra squamosa LUTKEN. Vidensk. Meddelelser. Nov., 1854.

Ophiura squamosa LUrKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 46.

Special Marks. — Mouth-shields nearly heart-shape, broader than
long; arms very finely tapering, as long as three or four times the
diameter of the disk.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 7.7"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 3.8™™ ;
width of arm without spines, 1.2"; length of arm, 32™°; distance
from outer side of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papille, to
that between outer corners of mouth-slits, 2: 1.8. Mouth-papillee, seven
or eight to each angle of mouth; outermost one broadest, thin, flat,
squarish, with a bevelled cutting edge ; three innermost ones forming a
row at the inner mouth-angle ; nearly equal, stout, rounded, pointed ;
all pomting to centre of mouth. Teeth, five or six, equal, crowded,
sharp, flat, with curved sides, like a spear-head. Mouth-shields broad
heart-shape, strongly curved without, within pointed, broader than long,
length to breadth, 1.2:1.5. Side mouth-shields occupying inner sides
of mouth-shields, meeting within ; long, narrow, but little broader with-
out than within. Under arm-plates broader than long, bounded without
by a slightly re-entering curve ; on the lateral side, by a very short,
nearly straight line ; and within by two re-entering curves, converging
in a peak; length to breadth (sixth plate), .5:.7. First plate quite
different from the others, being nearly oval; length to breadth, .5:.8 ;
second plate proportionately longer than those beyond ; at tip of arm,
plates heart-shape, and extremely minute, compared with size of joint.
Side arm-plates strongly developed, meeting below, and there forming
a line of juncture, which, at base of arm, is about half as long as an
under arm-plate ; not meeting above till nearly halfway out on arm.
Upper arm-plates diamond-shape, with outer angle rounded, and inner
angle truncated, sometimes approaching a hexagonal shape ; length to
breadth (fifth plate), .7:.9; first two or three plates rudimentary and
irregular, of these usually two are embraced in the notch of the disk ;
near end of arm, plate heart-shape, with a sharp point inward. Disk
scales irregular in shape and size, none very large, very little swelled ;
primary plates not prominent ; near margin of disk about 4 to a square
mm.; the largest scales have a diameter of .8™; below, scales very
. similar, but not quite so large. Radial shields inconspicuous, irregularly
triangular, about as long as broad, somewhat overlapped by neighboring

46 OPHIOGLYPHA ROBUSTA.

scales ; they barely touch without, beg separated on the outside by
the first upper arm-plate, and within by a large scale; length to breadth
about 1:.7. The row of papilla along each side of the notch in the
disk and the genital slit has about nineteen, of which seven or eight are
stout, short, conical, and situated at base of arm; and about twelve are
small and flat, and run along genital slit; besides these, there is a row,
or irregular group, of from two to seven papillz standing on each side
of the upper arm-plate, just outside the papille of the notch. Arm-
spies three, rounded, tapering, sharp, rather stout, upper one consider-
ably the largest ; lengths to that of under arm-plate (tenth joint), .8, .5,
.4:.5; at tip of arm, the lowest spine is flattened, and has one or two
small hooks. Tentacle-scales small, thick, flattened, with a rounded
end; those of the mouth-tentacles more rounded ; mouth-tentacles with
a row of four or five scales on the side next mouth-shields, and three or
four on the other ; second and third pores with two scales on the inner
side, and one or two smaller ones on the outer; pores beyond, only one
scale. Color, in alcohol, grayish white.

Variations. — A young one had the following character: diameter of
disk, 5" ; length of arm, 10"; first under arm-plate triangular, with
rounded corners ; other plates broad heart-shape, with a point inward.
Upper arm-plates separated by side arm-plates ; long heart-shape, with
a pot within, and a clean curve without. Arm-spines more slender
than in the adult. In centre of disk an irregular rosette of primary plates.
Only one or two papille along outer edges of radial shields, and none
at all outside of them, on each side of the upper arm-plates. The pro-
portions of the disk to the arms may be as follows: 3:10, 6.5: 24,
6.5: 25.5, 7.7: 32, 8:30. Liitken also gives 10:30 and 7:21. It is
very easy to get the arms too short, because they taper very finely,
and, if the point is broken off, it is not easily detected ; thus Dr. Ayres
gives the length of the arm (in broken specimens) as but little greater
than the diameter of the disk. Sometimes, in well-grown specimens,
the basal under arm-plates often touch each other, and the upper arm-
spine is proportionately more flattened ; these two variations are said
not to occur in European specimens. Large individuals have the under
and upper arm-plates more angular. The mouth-shields differ in the
proportional length, beg sometimes regularly curved, or again having
two short lateral sides, and an outer curve. The color, in alcohol, is
often dark-greenish above, and ash-gray below. According to Dr. Liit-
ken, the living animal is dark gray, reddish, or violet, above ; often with
greenish arms, barred with dark gray; the radial shields are almost
always light, and the mouth-shields commonly have a violet spot.

O. robusta differs from the other species of the genus in its short,
broad mouth-shields, and very finely tapermg arms. I have examined

OPHIOGLYPHA LUTKENIL 47

many specimens from Massachusetts Bay, Grand Manan Island, Green-
land, and Denmark. It is also known from the Faroe Islands, the coast
of Norway, Newfoundland, and even from the high latitude of Welling-
ton Channel. It has been taken from low-water-mark (A. E. Verrill)
to eighteen fathoms (Liitken). Forbes’s remark, that the papille at the
base of the arm are irregularly arranged, makes it next to certain that
this species is his O. fasciculata.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

eres rae eee Foca cartsty, | Whence obiinet, | ate
Museum of Comparative Zoology.

44 429 ae Greenlands ( ) jlleiea ntsc University Museum,
Copenhagen. Alcoholic.

45 42» SeetGreenlandseay si) | wilieeeeees ee University Museum,
Copenhagen. Us

46 Be 7 | Phillips’ Beach, Mass. | ...... Prof. Agassiz. ut

47 423 B lO = | cococe University Museum,
Copenhagen. a

48 Abs 11 (Greenland sane ate | icici ctane Prof. Sars, 1852. ie

49 b 0 2 | Grand Manan Island. | 1860. A. E. Verrill. s

50 ee 12+) Massachusetts Bay. | ..--.. Prof. Agassiz. Dried.

51 06 P) || Cheol Wiemeing 2 |} ab ooo Wm. Stimpson. Alcoholic

Smithsonian Institution.

1035 mM: 2 | Creemkiee = | gen aas University Museum,
Copenhagen. Alcoholic.
“

1196 ae 2 | Coast of Me. and Mass. | Shannen Wn. Stimpson.

Ophioglypha Lititkenii Lyman.
Ophioglypha Liitkenii Lyman. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII. p. 197.

Special Marks. — Mouth-papille very sharp ; no papillz on the arm
outside those along the notch of the disk; papilla along the notch of
the disk flat, thick, blunt, crowded ; arms strongly arched above.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 18"™; outer edge of
mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 8.5" ; width of arm
without spines, 3.5"; length of arm, 90"; distance from outer side of
mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papille, to that between outer
corners of mouth-slits, 4.8 : 3.9. Mouth-papillz like thorns ; a bunch of
about ten at the point of the jaw, and two or three scattered ones on
each side, placed above the scales of the innermost pair of tentacle-
pores. Teeth about nine; long, narrow, flat, rather sharp, arranged
sometimes in single, sometimes in double rows. Mouth-shields shield-

48 OPIIOGLYPHA LUTKENIL.

shaped, with an angle turned inward, and outer side rounded ; lateral
corners somewhat projecting; length to breadth, 3:3. Side mouth-
shields straight, narrow, tapering, meeting within. Under arm-plates,
at base of arm, broad, triangular, with lateral corners somewhat
rounded ; length to breadth, 1: 2.5; farther out on arm, the plates, as
is usual in the genus, grow smaller and smaller, from bemg encroached
on by the side arm-plates. Upper arm-plates much broader than long,
and having the outer and imner sides straight and parallel, and nearly
equal; outer corners rounded; length to breadth near base of arm,
1.2:3.5. Scales of disk, above and below, not arched or swelled, but
lying very flat and evenly ; primary plates rounded, and conspicuous
by their size. Radial shields broad, pentagonal, with outer angles
rounded, and a sharp angle directed inward ; completely separated by
the innermost upper arm-plates ; length to breadth, 2.8: 2. Notches in
disk, at base of arms, deep, admitting fully four arm-plates. Comb on
the edges of each notch made up of thick, flat, spreading papille,
crowded side by side, in a continuous line. These papillze are only six
or seven; they decrease in length as they pass under the disk, where
they join the narrow, toothed edge that runs along the margin of each
genital slit. On base of arm proper, no comb, or line of papille. Arm-
spines three, tapering, sharp; upper one longest, and equal to about
one and a half joints; lowest one shortest, and equal to a little less
than one jomt. Tentacle-scales of immermost pair of pores short, stout,
crowded, flattened ; usually four or five on the outer side, and four,
somewhat smaller, on the inner side of each pore. Rest of tentacles
with only one round and rather thick scale, but there may also be a
little tooth, just outside the tentacle. Color, in alcohol: above, bluish
gray (a sort of clay color), with darker markings; the arms the same,
with darker bands ; below, arms whitish ; interbrachial spaces of a pur-
plish hue, with white spots.

This species is nearest O. Sarsii, but differs in the want of a row of
papillae on the base of the arm, above ; in having the papillx of the
arm-comb and of the inner pair of tentacle-pores more crowded and
blunter ; in the finer and sharper mouth-papill, “ce.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number
Number. | Number.) of Spec.

| |
| |

Nature of
Specimen.

Locality.

Collected. | Whence obtained.

| When

Smithsonian Institution.

1039 | ae 1 | Puget Sound. ba Weeden ties net cabs | Dr. Kennerly. Alcoholic.

OPHIOGLYPHA NODOSA. 49

Ophioglypha albida Lyman.

Ophiura texturata, 2 eadem minor albida (?) LAmK. Hist. Anim.s. Vert., I. p. 542. 1816.
Ophiura albida Forses. Wern. Trans., VII. p. 125.

Ophiura albida Forses. Brit. Starfishes, p. 27.

Ophiura albida Lirxen. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 39.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number . When 3 - Nature of
Number. | Number.| of Spec. Tocality; Collected. Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
89° 3 WemosIGemek ~~ i aoooe s University Museum,

Copenhagen. Alcoholic.
39° 5 | Kattegat and Oresund.| ...... University Museum,
Copenhagen. ee
39> 1 Womby | — I) cooaao University Museum,
Copenhagen. a

Ophioglypha nodosa Lymay.

Ophiura nodosa LUTKEN. Vidensk. Meddelelser. Nov., 1854.
Ophiura nodosa LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 48.

Special Marks. — Primary plates irregular in form, but regularly
arranged ; disk thick ; arms often twice the diameter of the disk ; arm-
spines one, two, or three, separated from the tentacle-scales.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 7; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 4.5"; width
of arm without spines, 2"; length of arm, 9.5™" ; distance from outer
side of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papille, to that between
outer corners of mouth-slits, 2.9: 1.5. Mouth-papillee, ten to each angle
of mouth ; short, flat, stout, blunt, set close together, those within nar-
rower than the outer ones. Teeth four, remarkably short, resembling
mouth-papille, flat, stout, with a curved cutting edge. Mouth-shields
broader than long, cleanly rounded without, and more or less tapering
inwards ; length to breadth, 1.6: 1.2. Side mouth-shields very narrow,
occupying only the inner end of mouth-shields; where they meet
within, they make an angle, and run still farther mwards, side by side.
Under arm-plates rapidly lessening in size towards the tip of the arm ;
narrow, swollen, rounded without, taperimg inwards ; first plate largest
of all, triangular, with one angle inward, stout, somewhat swollen ;
length to breadth, .9:.9; second plate rather smaller, squarish, with

rounded corners; beyond this the plates grow more and more rounded
7

50 OPHIOGLYPHA NODOSA.

and narrower within. Side arm-plates occuping a large part of the
under surface, but not meeting below till about two thirds out on the
arm; swollen, thick, rounded, projecting laterally, so as to make vertical
creases along the sides of the arm; not meeting above till close to the
tip. Upper arm-plates small and swollen, much broader without than
within, outer side curved, inner side nearly straight, lateral sides straight ;
leneth to breadth (fifth plate), .8:1; the first plate is triangular, and
very minute ; this and the second plate are included by the notch in
the disk; at the point of the arm the plates become triangular, with
the outer side rounded. The primary plates of the disk. are irregular
in shape, stout, and swollen, but are regularly arranged ; in the centre
of the disk, above, there is a close rosette of six; one in the middle,
having a diameter of 1.4", and five more, rather smaller, ranged about
it; there are two more separate ones in each interbrachial space, of
which one is just on the margin of the disk; the spaces between the
primary plates are filled with closely crowded smaller scales, of various
shapes. Radial shields longer than broad, broader without than within,
irregular in shape, corners rounded ; jomed except at their ner ends,
where they are separated by a single scale ; length to breadth, 1.5: 1.1.
Along the free edge of the radial scale, and so passing downwards and
inwards along the whole length of the genital slits, is a close row of
about eighteen short, stout papilla, which are longer and more poimted
above, and gradually become very minute below; the longest have a
length of about .2"™. Arm-spines near base of arm, commonly one,
sometimes two, very short, blunt, and rounded; length about .2™™.
The tentacle-scales on the mside of the pores resemble the arm-spines,
and near base of arm are four or five in number; those on the outer
side are similar, but are a little broader and flatter; on the first three
or four pores there are two, then one, and, nearer the end of the arm,
none ; on each side of the innermost tentacle pore are three, sometimes
four, scales, in a close row; they resemble the others, but are rather
broader. Color, in alcohol, dull gray.

Variations. — The proportions of the arms to the disk may be 5:9,
5:10, 6:10.5, 7:9.5; or, according to Liitken, 6.5: 16, or 8.5: 17.
There may be either one, two, or three arm-spines, near the base of the
arm. This irregularity might be expected in such ill-developed parts.

O. nodosa may be told from O. Stuwitzii by its regularly arranged
primary plates, and arm-spines separated from the tentacle-scales ; the
arms also are longer. It has been found on the coasts of Greenland
and Newfoundland.

OPHIOGLYPHA STUWITZII. 51

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number P When at Nature of
Number. | Number.) of Spec. Locality: | Collected. | Whence obtained. Specimen,
|
Museum of Comparative Zoélogy.
40 ane 5 Greenland. Mae acto: o Prof. Sars, 1852. Alcoholic.
41 44 2 | Greenland. Hoo. pave University Museum,
| Copenhagen. if

42 <at 1 | Greenland. lhenschbca: vu tees Prof. Sars, 1852. 6“

43 8 IGmikGreenlandes tee ili n cecreaic = lene mercer et. Dried.
341 7 Straits of Bellisle. WWOSeS ae ene A: $. Packard, Jr. Alcoholic.
344 12-{| Straits of Bellisle. §| ...... Williams College. “

Smithsonian Institution.
1033 2 | Emecnleyele I 56 5 one University Museum,
Copenhagen. Alcoholic.

Ophioglypha Stuwitzii Lyruay.

Ophiura Stuwitzii LéTKEN. Oversigt over Gronlands Echinodermata, p. 51. 1857.
Ophiura Stwwitzi LirKken. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 49.

Special Marks. — Arms very little longer than diameter of disk ;
disk thick; scales on disk irregularly arranged.

Description of a Specimen.* — Diameter of disk, 5"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 2.5°™ ; width
of arm without spines, 1.5™™; length of arm about 5.5". Mouth-papillee
numerous; outer ones very small, inner ones tolerably large, sharp,
arranged at the inner point of the jaw ina bunch. Mouth-shields much
longer than broad, within pointed, rounded without, lateral sides slightly
re-enteringly curved ; length to breadth, 1:.4. Side mouth-shields short
and very narrow, meeting within, and occupying the inner angle of the
mouth-shields. Under arm-plates very small, swollen, narrow ; towards
the tip of the arm they become smaller and pentagonal. Side arm-
plates large, wider above than below, strongly arched, projecting out-
ward and sideways, so that there is a deep crease between each plate
and the one next beyond it. Upper arm-plates broader than long, outer
side curved, and longer than inner side, which is nearly straight; lateral
sides straight; length to breadth (second plate), .4:.8; as they go
towards the tip of the arm, they grow rapidly narrower, and propor-
tionately longer. Disk scales above, thick, swelled, close, of various
shapes and sizes, those towards the centre rather the largest, some

* As the only specimen in the Smithsonian Institution was injured, a part of this description
hes been taken from Lutken.

52 OPHIOGLYPHA AFFINIS.

having a diameter of 1.2"; below, scales more regular, thinner, and,
on the average, smaller. Radial shields like the other disk-scales, about
as broad as long, irregularly angular or rounded, jomed without, sepa-
rated within by a single scale ; length, .6"". The papilla comb at the
base of the arm consists of eight rather stout, flattened papilla, with
rounded ends; the uppermost are the largest, and attain a length of
2. The papillae along the edges of the genital slits are fine, sharp,
and scattered. Arm-spines (including tentacle-scales) near base of arm,
seven, extremely short and blunt, standing close together ; those in the
middle a little the longest, though hardly more than .1™™ in length.
The tentacle-scales on the inner side of the pores become, in this spe-
cies, identical with the lower arm-spines; on the outer side of each pore
there are, near the base of the arm, several small, stout tentacle-scales.
Color, in alcohol, brownish gray.

Variations.
disk as 10 to 6.
O. Stuwitzii has been found at Greenland and at Newfoundland. It

is distinguished from O. nodosa by differently shaped under arm-plates,
and an irregular arrangement of disk-scales.

Dr. Liitken gives the proportion of the arms to the

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original Number 4 When * Nature of
Number. | Number.) of Spec. Enea Ma. Collected. | piencelobeaineds Specimen.
Smithsonian Institution.

1032 aM 1 Cream we University Museum,
Copenhagen. Alcoholic.
Ophioglypha affinis Lymay.
Ophiura affinis LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 45. 1858.
? Ophiura Normani Hopan. ‘Trans. Tyn. N. H. Club, Vol. V. Pt. IV. p. 296.
LIST OF SPECIMENS.
Catalogue | Original | Number A When . Nature of
Number. | Number.} of Spec. Locality - Collected. Wihencelobtained: Specimen.

Museum of Comparative Zoélogy.

55 43 3 @resund., =) ||) ences University Museum,
Copenhagen. Alcoholic.

OPHIOCTEN.

cn
oo

OPHIOCTEN Lirtxen.

Disk thick and circular, without notches where the arms join it;
partly covered by primary plates and radial shields, between which are
fine, close set grains, or small scales, covering the squamous coat; on
the interbrachial spaces below, a simple squamous coat, without any
covering of grams. <A row of papille, passing along the genital slits,
and upwards, along the margin of the disk, over the arm. Some of the
basal upper arm-plates bearing papille along their outer edge. Disk
cut away at the base of the arm, so as to form a little arch over one or
two upper arm-plates which are within the margin of the disk. Side
arm-plates meeting below, but not above. Teeth. Mouth-papillae. No
tooth-papilla. Arm-spines arranged along the outer edge of the side
arm-plates. Two genital slits, beginning at the sides of the mouth-
shields.

Ophiocten Kroyeri Lirxey.

Ophiocten Kréyert LUTKEN. Vidensk. Meddelelser. Nov., 1854.
Ophiura sericea? Forses. Sutherland’s Journal of a Journey.
Ophiocten Kréyert LUtKeN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 52.

Special Marks. — Arms three to four times the length of the diam-
eter of the disk; two upper arm-spines much the longest; papille of
arm-comb continuous ; first, second, and third upper arm-plates- bearing
papilla ; sometimes, also, the fourth.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 8.7"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 4.2" ; width
of arm without spines, 1.9"; length of arm, 31™™; distance from outer
side of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papille, to that between
outer corners of mouth-slits, 2.5: 1.9. Mouth-papille, seven or eight to
each angle of the mouth; close set, and making an even row; outer
one very much the widest, flat, straight, angular; the next two (or
three) similar in shape, but much narrower, and more rounded or
pointed, innermost one lying directly below teeth, and similar to them,
being shaped like a very short, thick, blunt spear-head. Teeth six, set
close one above the other, longer than broad, flat, pretty thick, with a
blunt point inward ; uppermost one narrower than those below. Mouth-
shields longer than broad, bounded without by a long, ovoid curve, and
withim presenting an angle; length to breadth, 1.7: 1.5. Side mouth-
shields meeting within, extremely narrow, but swelling at their outer
end into a little knob. Under arm-plates very short, by reason of the

54 OPHIOCTEN KROYERI.

great encroachment of the side arm-plates; bounded without by a
gentle curve, and within by two lines a little re-enteringly curved, and
converging on the middle line in a slight peak; length to breadth
(sixth plate), 3:1; sometimes the inner side is bounded by an almost
straight line; first plate longer than those beyond, broad triangular,
with angles rounded, and one of them directed inward; length to
breadth, .7:.8; second plate of nearly the same shape, but shorter and
more rounded. Side arm-plates encroaching below to an unusual
degree, so that, at the sixth joint, the length of the line of juncture of
the side arm-plates, is to the length of the under arm-plate as .4:.3;
near the end of the arm, almost the whole under surface is occupied by
the side arm-plates, the under arm-plates bemg reduced to little semi-
circular scales. Upper arm-plates regular, broader than long, narrower
within than without, bounded on outer, inner, and lateral sides by
straight lines; length to breadth (fourth plate), .7: 1.4. Disk plates
and grains: above, remarkably flat, and closely soldered together, so
that their outlines are hard to see; below, the scales are larger, more
swollen, and easily distinguishable; in the centre, above, there is a
rosette of six large, round, separated primary plates, the largest having
a diameter of about 1" ; there are also a few other smalier primary
plates in the brachial and interbrachial spaces; of the disk granules
there are about 60 to a square mm. Radial shields longer than broad,
widely separated, irregular, swelled and rounded without; length to
breadth, 1.2:.8. There is a continuous line of short, pomted papilla,
running along the genital slit, and passing along the edge of the disk,
over the top of the arm; of these, those along the genital slits are the
most slender; the stoutest papillz are those standing just over the arm,
on the sides, about five in number, and having a length of .2™" ; the
four or five lymg over the arm, on the middle line, are smaller, and
stand a little lower; the first, second, third, and sometimes fourth,
upper arm-plates have papilla along their outer side ; of these the first
plate has the longest. Arm-spines three, rounded, tapering, very sharp ;
two upper ones much the longest; lengths to that of under arm-plate
(sixth joint), 1.1, .9,.5:.3. Tentacle-scale triangular, as broad as long,
with an angle outward ; on the first three or four jomts an additional
scale on the outside of the pore. Color, in alcohol, light gray.

Variations. — A specimen with a disk 11.5" in diameter had arms
about 36" long; the color, in alcohol, was brownish white; there were
ten or eleven mouth-papillz, the outer broad one bemg broken in two
or three. The species grows as large as 15"™ for the diameter of the
disk. It has been taken at Spitzbergen (Professor Kroyer), and on the
coast of Greenland, in fifteen to twenty fathoms water, muddy bottom
(Barrett).

OPHIOLEPIS. 55
LIST OF SPECIMENS.
Catalogue | Original | Number “nye When 7 a Bats Nature of
Number, |Number.| of Spec. Locality. Collected. jjhencelabuuined: Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zoélogy.
82 45 1 (Green) andes la tabtecnianail University Museum,
Copenhagen. Alcoholic.
Smithsonian Institution.
1036 1 Croom |] Gd ed University Museum,
Copenhagen. Alcoholic.

OPHIOLEPIS Mitt. & Troscn.

Tyre or THE GeENUs, O. annulosa.

Disk covered with radial shields and stout scales; each larger one,
above, being surrounded by a belt of smaller ones. Over the base of
each arm, a small notch in the disk. Genital scales thick and con-
spicuous. Teeth. No tooth-papille. Mouth-papille. Side mouth-
shields wide, and nearly, or quite, meeting within. Arm-spines ar-
ranged along the outer edge of the side arm-plates. Supplementary
pieces to the upper arm-plates. Two genital slits, beginning at the
sides of the mouth-shields.

GROUPING OF SPECIES HEREIN DESCRIBED.

Two very short arm-spines, O. paucispina.
§ O. annulosa.

( O. elegans.

4 O. cincta.

(0. Garretti.

Five to seven short, even arm-spines,

Four minute arm-spines. Mouth-shields as broad as long,

Ophiolepis paucispina Mir. & Troscn.

Ophiura paucispina Say. Journ. Phil. Acad., V. p. 149. 1825.
Ophiolepis paucispina. Syst. Asterid., p. 90.
Ophiolepis paucispina LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 102.

Special Marks. — Only two very short arm-spines ; arms about twice
as long as the diameter of the disk; under arm-plates considerably
broader than long.

56 OPHIOLEPIS PAUCISPINA.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 5.2™"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 2.2"" ; width
of arm without spines, 1.5"™ ; length of arm, 13™™; distance from outer
side of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papillee, to that between
outer corners of mouth-slits, 1.5: 1.1. Mouth-papille, eleven to each
angle of mouth ; outermost one conical, sharp, partly overlapping the
next one, which is swollen, squarish, broader than long, and the largest
one of any; the rest even, close set, about as long as broad, a little
swollen, and more or less sharp; innermost one pointing to centre of
mouth. Teeth, four; uppermost one tapering, narrow, pointed; the
rest broad, flat, even, with a curved cutting edge. Mouth-shields longer
than broad, bounded without by a long, ovoid curve, and within by two
short, re-enteringly curved lines, which meet, to form an angle on the
middle line ; length to breadth, .7:.5. Side mouth-shields stout, having,
without, a peak which runs to the inner end of the genital slit. Under
arm-plates with inner side curved, outer side either evenly or brokenly
curved, and lateral sides re-enteringly curved; much broader without
than within, in consequence of the outer corners being prolonged late-
rally like ears or peaks; length to breadth (sixth plate), .4:.6; first
plate much broader than long; bounded without by an outer side and
two outer laterals, and having within a little peak which occupies the
outer end of the mouth-slit; towards the end of the arm, the plates
have the same general form, but are more elongated, and are bounded
without by a very obtuse angle, and within by one which is more acute.
Side arm-plates conspicuous, and a good deal swollen, meeting both
above and below, near end of arm. Upper arm-plates much narrower
within than without; four-sided; outer side a little curved, or wavy ;
inner side nearly straight ; lateral sides re-enteringly curved, and sloping
strongly inwards towards the middle line of the arm; length to breadth
(eighth plate), .4:.7; towards the end of the arm the plates are nearly
triangular, with a point inward ; first three plates very short and rudi-
mentary. Supplementary pieces much wider than long, triangular, with
their acute angle directed downward ; they are found almost to the very
tip of the arm; and, where they are largest, extend downwards nearly
to the upper arm-spine ; occasionally they are broken in two. In the
centre of the disk, above, is a conspicuous primary plate, and from this
there radiate ten rows of primary plates, two or three in each brachial
row, and three or four in each interbrachial row ; these plates are angu-
larly round and swollen, and have an average diameter of about .5™™ ;
in addition, there are in each interbrachial space two more radiating
rows of rather smaller scales, one lying on each side of the central row
of primary plates, between it and the radial shield ; all these are com-
pletely separated, each from its neighbor, by close single lines of little,
thickened, irregular scales, having an average diameter of about .2™”.

OPHIOLEPIS PAUCISPINA. 57

Radial shields irregular, rounded, triangular, rather larger than primary
plates; length to breadth, .9:.5; they are separated without by a
broadly triangular group of three scales, of which the two outer ones
are two or three times as large as the inner one, and within by a group
of little scales, in the midst of which stands the outermost primary
plate cf the brachial row. Interbrachial spaces below closely covered
with large scales similar to those above, but rather smaller and flatter ;
between these there are some little angular scales, which, however, do
not completely separate them. Arm-spines two, stout, rounded, taper-
ing, extremely short ; length less than .2"™. Tentacle-scales two ; near
tip of arm only one ; stout, thick, set close together, and forming an
oval figure. Color, in alcohol: below, whitish ; above, yellowish white,
with some bands of dark greenish on the arms, and a few markings of
the same color on the disk.

Variations. — The arms generally are not more than twice the diam-
eter of the disk in length ; the largest specimen I have seen had a disk
of 7", and arms of 14.5". I have seen none smaller than 3.8"; and
this one showed all the adult characters, except that the inside tentacle-
scale was not fully developed. The color of the living animal is said to
be yellowish, reddish, or grayish, with dark-green arm-bands,

This species has been found by Mr. Riise at St. Thomas, and by Prof.
Agassiz and Mr. Wurdeman on the coast of Florida, where Say, also,
originally discovered it. It differs from other species in having only
two very short arm-spines.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

oberg oceeal ante teat cantata, | Whence oiainea, | Nature o
Museum of Comparative Zoélogy.
204 6 StDhomasi Wel, 9 | ao... . | A. H. Riise. Alcoholic.
205 Bie 2 loridatye ape kleecuc ss G. Wurdeman. cs
206 55 2 Westilndiest= Ye 00 > Ll Re University Museum,
Copenhagen. @
207 dee 1 Cape Florida. Apr. 1858. | G. Wurdeman. o
Smithsonian Institution.
1162 4 Sit Iie Welk [l<ohe oo A. H. Riise. Alcoholic.
1115 3 Stee DhomasseWeeleseel|srcecee tea A. H. Riise. ae
1182 2 Sip AMeonnec Wiel 9 Il 56566 c A. H. Riise. Dried.

58 OPHIOLEPIS ELEGANS.

Ophiolepis annulosa Mutt. & Troscu.
Ophiura annulosa DE BLAINy. (non Lamk.). Man. d’Actin., p. 244. 1834.

Ophiolepis annulosa Mtxiu. & Troscn. Syst. Asterid., p. 89. 1842.
Ophiolepis annulosa LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., I. pl. IL. fig. 5.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

|
Catalogue | Original Number 4 When : Nature of
Number. | Number.) of Spec. Tocality. | Collected. | Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
203 as 4 Heelers Ilo oe o ae G. A. Cheney. Alcoholic.
402 BS Be | pHiatizibar? se 28 of : Pea (eee eee C. Cooke. Us

Ophiolepis elegans Litxey. (Plate II. Fig. 5.)

Ophiolepis elegans LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 105.

Special Marks. — Arms rather less than three times the diameter of
the disk. Primary plates very flat and regular; a rosette of six in the
centre of the disk; a single row of three in each interbrachial space,
and one primary plate in each brachial space.

Description of a Specimen.— Diameter of disk, 17°"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 6™ ; width
of arm without spines, 4.2"; length of arm, 48"" ; distance from outer
side of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papill, to that between
outer corners of mouth-slits, 5.6: 2.9. Mouth-papille eleven, close set
in an even row; outermost one tapering and sharp, slightly overlapping
the next one, which is the broadest of all, bemg about twice as broad
as long; the rest squarish, with bevelled, cutting edges ; innermost one
pointing to centre of mouth. Teeth four, regularly decreasing in width
from below upwards; three lowest ones broad and flat, with a neatly
curved cutting edge; uppermost one narrower and more pointed.
Mouth-shields much longer than broad, with their outer side curved,
lateral sides straight, and inner laterals short, a little re-enteringly
curved, and meeting in an angle on the middle line ; length to breadth,
2:1. Side mouth-shields as broad as mouth-shields, hardly curved,
having without a point which runs to the inner end of the genital slit.
Under arm-plates broader than long, a trifle narrower within than with-
out, squarish, with rounded corners, outer and inner sides nearly straight,
lateral sides a little re-enteringly curved; length to breadth (seventh
plate), 1: 1.6; towards the end of the arm, the plates are broader with-

OPHIOLEPIS ELEGANS. 59

out than within, bounded within by a short, straight inner side, and two
inner laterals ; on the lateral sides by slightly re-entering curves, and
without by a curved or wavy outer side ; these plates somewhat resem-
ble the basal plates of O. paucispina ; first plate much broader than
long, nearly oval, with an inward projection filling the end of the
mouth-slit. Side arm-plates very regularly arched, occupying a portion
of the under surface of the arm more than equal to the width of the
under arm-plates. Upper arm-plates regular, broader than long, bounded
without and within by straight lines, and laterally by short curves ;
length to breadth (fourth plate), 1:2; farther out they become regu-
larly hexagonal, and, at the tip of the arm, fan-shape. Supplementary
pieces, long triangular, with their pomt downward ; length to breadth
(seventh joint), .5:1. The arrangement of the upper plates of the disk
is extremely regular, and is as follows: in the centre a rosette of six
angular primary plates, of which the central one is the smallest, the
others having a diameter of about 2™; from this group radiate five
interbrachial rows, each of three primary plates ; in the brachial spaces
there is a single primary plate, between the inner ends of the radial
shields and the central rosette ; each primary plate is surrounded by a
single line of about eighteen small angular scales, lyme on the same
level with the larger plates. Radial shields pear-seed shaped, their
points inwards; large, somewhat swollen; widely separated, without,
by a broad triangle of three scales, of which the two outer ones are
rounded and much swollen, and within by a large scale, with its belt of
smaller ones; a part of the above-mentioned primary plate also lies
between the inner ends of the radial shields ; their length to breadth is
3.2:2.2. Interbrachial spaces below covered without by a triangle of
three very large, much swollen scales, and within by three cross rows
of smaller and flatter scales ; the outer genital plate is much enlarged,
and makes a conspicuous ridge. Arm-spines, near base of arm, six ;
farther out, five; very short, rounded, and blunt, scarcely tapering ;
lengths to that of under arm-plate, .3 (or .4): 1. Tentacle-scales two,
forming together a nearly oval figure; on the outer side of each pore
there is a stout triangular piece, that may be considered as homologous
with a similar part often found in Ophioglypha ; besides this there is on
the basal pores a minute edge attached to the lateral side of the under
arm-plate. Color, in alcohol: below, pure white ; above, disk clouded
with pale greenish-gray and white, many of the primary plates sur-
rounded by a line of fine brown specks; arms alternating with bands
of darker and lighter greenish-gray, the upper surface of the side arm-
plates being in the latter bands white.

Variations. — The above description was taken from a Florida speci-
men; three dried ones, from Charleston, 8. C., seem to belong to the

60 OPHIOLEPIS CINCTA.

same species; they present no structural variation, except that some-
times there are three instead of two large scales, in a straight line,
between the radial shields ; the largest specimens have the disk to the
arms, as 21:58. The supplementary arm-plate pieces are sometimes
cut in two. Drawings belonging to Professor Agassiz show that the
living animals (from Charleston) vary in color; in one, the upper sur-
face of the disk is vandyke brown, the central primary plate being
light yellow, and the other primary plates surrounded by specks of
white or of brown; the upper arm-plates are like the disk, and bear
specks of white; the side arm-plates yellow; in another, there is a
large, oblong, light-yellow spot in the middle of the disk, and a smaller
round spot in each interbrachial space, all these being limited by black
dots ; the rest of the disk is mottled with brownish and greenish gray,
and some black dots; the side arm-plates are light yellow, and the
upper arm-plates lighter or darker greenish-gray, making bands. Occa-
sionally one or two of the lower teeth are split in two.

This species is distinguished by its regular back plates, and numerous

arm-spines.
LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Numbe A Wh = Nat f
NGAGE: Naber! of Spec. Locality. | Collected. | Whence obtained. Bpecinieds
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

208 : 1 Blonid ans im lee tees Winall eemearsuc 144 G. Wurdeman. Alcoholic.
209 2, 2 Charleston;iS.7C 5 = em) anes eee Prof. Agassiz. Dried.
210 1 Ghadeson, ShiCh 9 oq 0500 Prof. F. S. Holmes. 6
Ophiolepis cincta Mutt. & Troscu.
Ophiolepis cincta MULL. & Troscu. System der Asteriden, p. 90.
Ophiolepis cincta LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph.
LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number ° Wh , YF
Number, Nueaner! Brspee ancalitys Collected. | Witten Gites Sreuinin
Museum of Comparative Zoélogy.

400 Zanzibar. | oe RE C. Cooke. Alcoholic.
401 Society Islands. Wes! ticeo.0< A. Garrett. a

OPHIOLEPIS GARRETTI. 61

ae bf (11we Tee : Th. 71

phiolepis Garretti Lyman. (PI. II. fig. 4.)

Special Marks. — Arms six times the diameter of the disk, not
tapering till just at the end; mouth-shields as broad as long.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 9"™; width of arm,
without spies, 2"; length of arm, 55™". Mouth-papillee, five on each
side, and one under the teeth, those on the sides flat, stout, squarish,
crowded ; the outer one sends a slender prolongation above and beside
the next papilla. Teeth regular, broader than long, with a rounded
cutting edge. Mouth-shields neatly rounded without, and with an acute
angle within ; length to breadth, .9: 1; their outer edge is bordered by
a line of little, crowded, angular pieces, one of which is inserted between
the mouth-shield and side mouth-shield, at each corner. Side mouth-
shields large, of equal width along their length ; within separated by
one or two supplementary pieces. Under arm-plates longer than broad,
broader without than within; outer side curved, lateral sides re-enter-
ingly curved ; length to breadth (seventh plate), .9:.7. Side arm-plates
thick and swelled. Upper arm-plates broader than long, broader with-
out than within, swelled ; length to breadth (ninth plate), .5:1.3. The
supplementary pieces are small and crowded, the one at each outer
corner being largest; they are at the base of the arm, from seven to
ten. The scaling of the disk is very regular, the scales being a little
smaller below than above ; diameter of the largest nearly 1"; each
has its free edge bordered by a line of crowded and regular pieces,
which are commonly about seven in number. Radial shields irregular
oval, separated by two large scales, one outside the other, and two
smaller ones lying side by side. Arm-spines four, very small and slen-
der, confined to the middle of the edge of the side arm-plate ; lowest
one longest, .5™ long. Tentacle-scales two, rarely three, stout, thick,
forming together an oval figure, which stands obliquely to the length
of the arm. Color, in alcohol: disk, pale reddish-yellow, with bands of
darker on the arms; below, grayish. The living animal has a brick-
red disk, with paler bands on the arms; the lower surface much paler
(Garrett).

This species is distinguished from O. cincta by shorter mouth-shields
and much longer arms. The best distinguishing mark, however, is the
microscopic appearance of granulation which the upper arm-plates have,
while in O. cincta they are smooth and glossy.

62 OPHIOCERAMIS.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

i}
aol |
Catalogue | Original ; Number A When . Nati f
Number. | Number.| of Spec. Locality. | Collected. | Whence obtained. sueciniens
Museum of Comparative Zoology.
331 | ne | 1 | Kingsmills Islands. | o ae o | A. Garrett. | Alcoholic.

OPHIOCERAMIS* Lymay.

Ophiolepis MULL. & TROSCH., pars.

Disk covered with radial shields and stout scales, none of which are
surrounded by a belt of small ones. Over the base of each arm, a small
notch in the disk. Genital scales concealed. Teeth. Tooth-papille.
Mouth-papille. Side mouth-shields small, and not meeting within.
Arm-spines arranged along the outer edge of the side arm-plates. No
supplementary pieces to the upper arm-plates. Two genital slits, begin-
ning outside the mouth-shields.

Ophioceramis Januarii Lyman.

Ophiolepis Januarii LivKEN. Vidensk. Meddelelser. Jan., 1856.
Ophiolepis Januarii LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 108.

Special Marks. — Arms four and a half or five times the diameter of
the disk, which grows as large as 19". Three (sometimes four) arm-
spines, the middle one longest; all of them stout, taperimg, and flat-
tened.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 19" ; from outer side
of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 7.5" ; width of arm
without spines, 4.5""-; length of arm, about 82"; distance from outer
side of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papillx, to that between
outer corners of mouth-slits, 2.8: 3.6. Mouth-papillee four on each side,
small, rounded, flattened, and close set ; outermost one sharp, and over-

™ "Opis, snake ; kepapts, tile.

OPHIOCERAMIS JANUARII. 63

lapping the second, which is the largest of all; the space below the
tooth-papillae is commonly vacant, but is sometimes occupied by two
very small mouth-papille. Tooth-papille two; narrow, long, and a
little curved, touching each other below, but diverging upwards, leaving
a triangular space, which is filled by the lowest tooth* Teeth ten,
flattened, squarish, with a wavy cutting edge, which is re-enteringly
curved, and thickened at its middle point; lowest one more or less
modified by the two tooth-papille ; the next four of even width, and
broader than the five uppermost ones. Mouth-shields rounded, about
as long as broad, with a curve within and a rounded angle without ;
length to breadth, 1.8: 1.6. Side mouth-shields irregular, and very
small. Under arm-plates much broader than long, broader without
than within; outer and inner sides curved; lateral sides strongly re-
enteringly curved; outer corners prolonged laterally, as little peaks ;
length to breadth (eighth plate), 11:2.2; first plate very small,
rounded diamond-shape ; breadth 1™™ ; towards the end of the arm the
plates become proportionately much longer, but the curves of their
sides remain about the same. Side arm-plates not encroaching above
or below; considerably thickened along their outer edge, to afford a
base for the strong arm-spines. Upper arm-plates much broader than
long; broader without than within, with outer corners well rounded ;
they are divided on the middle line into two quite distinct pieces, very
rarely into three or even four pieces ; the two or three first plates are
short and rudimentary, and are enclosed by the notch in the disk. Disk-
scales closely overlapping; in the centre a circular, primary plate,
about 1.5™™ in diameter; four primary plates may be indistinctly seen
in each interbrachial, and three in each brachial space ; on the inter-
brachial spaces below, the scales are narrow, close, small, and even,
having an average length of about .7"™; at the base of each arm,
there are very fine scales, which often run out a little way on the side
of the arm, much as in Ophiura. Arm-spines three (near base of arm,
sometimes four), stout, strongly tapering, rounded, a good deal flat-
tened ; middle one longest; lengths to that of under arm-plate (thir-
teenth joint), 1.7, 2.5, 2:1.1; the upper spine often is suddenly enlarged
at the base. Tentacle-scales small, rounded, flattened, a little longer
than broad, standing close together ; near the base of the arm there are
two outside and two inside each pore; but farther out the two outer
ones become smaller and smaller, and are soon reduced to a little edge,
lying along the lateral side of the under arm-plate. Color, in alcohol :
yellowish vandyke-brown, above ; below, the same, but lighter and more
yellowish.

* These might almost as well be termed mouth-papille, except that they do not lie quite on a

level with the rest. The innermost papillze in Amphiura are similar, but descend, so as to form
part of the row of mouth-papille, among which they are included.

64 OPHIOZONA.

This large and very characteristic species has been taken at Rio
Janeiro by Professor Kroyer.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number ; When - Nature of
Number. |Number.| of Spec. Locality. | Collected. Whence obtained. Specimen.
Smithsonian Institution.
1026 cod Ty | litodemems: ~§ 9 || posons University Museum,
Copenhagen. Alcoholic.

OPHIOZONA* Lyman.
Ophiolepis’ Mitt. & Troscu., pars.

Disk covered with radial shields and stout scales, each larger one,
above, being surrounded by a belt of smaller ones. Over the base of
each arm, a small notch in the disk. Genital scales thick and conspic-
uous. Teeth. No tooth-papille. Mouth-papille. Side mouth-shields
wide, and nearly, or quite, meeting within. Arm-spines arranged along
the outer edge of the side arm-plates. No supplementary pieces to the
upper arm-plates. Two genital slits, beginning at the sides of the
mouth-shields.

GROUPING OF SPECIES HEREIN DESCRIBED.

Arm-spines nearly as long as arm-joints ; lowest ones longest, O. impressa.
Arm-spines very short, and of equal lengths, O. pacifiea.

Ophiozona impressa Lyman. (Fig. 4.)

Ophiolepis impressa LitKen. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 101.

Special Marks. — Arms four or five times the diameter of the disk.
Five moderately stout arm-spines; the two lowest longest, and nearly
as long as the arm-joints. Disk-scales overlapping, the larger ones
nearly circular.

* "Odus, snake ; avn, belt.

OPHIOZONA IMPRESSA. 65

Description of a Specimen.— Diameter of disk, 15.5"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 6" ;
width of arm without spines, 3.1"; length of arm, 64"; distance
from outer side of mouth-shield to inner pomts of mouth-papillae, to
that between outer corners of mouth-slits, 2.5: 3.5. Mouth-papillee
eleven ; outermost one slender, tapering, sharp, overlapping the next
to it, which is broader than long, and stout; rest of papillz short,
stout, pointed, somewhat rounded ; the whole form a close, even row.
Teeth five or six, regularly decreasmg in width, from below upward ;
short, flat, regular, with a curved cutting edge. Mouth-shields longer
than broad, bounded without by a long, ovoid curve, and within by two
short lines, which are a little re-enteringly curved, and meet to form an
angle on the middle line ; length to breadth, 1.4: 1. Madreporie shield -
with a deep, round depression. Side mouth-shields thick, swollen,
slightly curved, having a little peak without,
running up to the inner end of the genital
slit. Under arm-plates squarish, small,
bounded without by a slight curve, within
and on the lateral sides by re-entering
curves ; outer corners projecting ; length to
breadth (eighth plate), 1: 1.5; first plate
shaped like the segment of a circle, with
the curve outward, and having a little pro-
jection within, occupying the outer end of
mouth-slit ; towards the tip of the arm, the Ophiozona impressa. (Lower side.)
plates are proportionately longer, but have AEB
the same general outline. Side arm-plates pretty large, and occupying
a good deal of upper and under surfaces of the arm, but not meeting
either above or below, even near its tip. Upper arm-plates broader
than long, broader without than within; outer side slightly curved,
inner and lateral sides straight, outer corners cleanly rounded ; length
to breadth (seventh plate), 1:2; first two or three plates enclosed by
notch in disk, and modified in breadth accordingly, short, thin, rudi-
mentary ; length to breadth of third plate, .6: 1.8; towards tip of arm,
the plates are quadrangular, but with so short an inner side as to be
almost wedge-shape. In the centre of the disk, above, a rosette of six
separated, nearly circular primary plates, having a diameter of about
J™™-; in each interbrachial space, above, five radiating rows of similar
separated plates or scales, the middle row being composed of four pri-
mary plates; between all these are numerous little scales, having a
diameter usually of .6™", and arranged usually in single lines. Radial
shields pear-seed shaped, the point inward ; length to breadth, 2.2: 1.4 ;
widely separated without by a triangle of three large round scales, and

within by a single large oval scale, between which and the triangle are
9

66 OPHIOZONA IMPRESSA.

several smaller scales ; scales of interbrachial spaces below, smaller and
thinner than those above. Arm-spines five, short, moderately stout,
tapering, rounded, uppermost one shortest, two lowest ones rather the
stoutest ; lengths to that of under arm-plate (seventh joint), .6, .7, .7,
.9,.9:1; near end of arm, only three spines; and even near its base,
there are often only four. Tentacle-scales two, stout, longer than broad,
set close to each other, and forming together an oval. Color, in alco-
hol: above, disk-scales and arm-plates vandyke-brown, some of them
edged or mottled with white; arms irregularly banded with burnt
umber ; below, arms and mouth parts faint yellowish-brown ; interbra-
chial spaces nearly white, with a tinge of greenish.

Variations. — The larger disk-scales are in some specimens more
prominent and distinct than in others; occasionally there are only
three, instead of five, radiating rows of larger scales, in each interbra-
chial space above. The color, in alcohol, varies a little in intensity.
The proportions of the arms to the disk may be as 9.2: 36, 11:41,
12.5: 66, 13.2: 51, 14:57, or 15.5: 64.

O. impressa has been taken at St. Thomas, in from one to four feet
of water, on a sandy bottom, or on corals (A. H. Riise); also on the
coast of Florida (Professor Agassiz, Mr. Wurdeman). It may be dis-
tinguished from O. pacifica by having longer arm-spines, which are not
of equal lengths.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number A When 5 Nature of
Number. NGIDEE GHISGEE! Locality. Collected. iubebes obtained Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

Pp GY:
212 8 3 Sta Thomas iWeeele 00) wae aiercs A. H. Riise. Alcoholic.
213 54° 2), ||, Westuindiess) 9 7 #1) aaa anes University Museum,
Copenhagen.
214 ate 1 loriday= = \0 Aste eee Prof. Agassiz. Dried.
Smithsonian Institution.

1080 1 StahomassyVels sess aie seas A. H. Riise. Dried.
1085 2 StaeWhomass Ween | ene ie eneies A. H. Riise. a3
1099 2 Sis Anon Me IG Ih soo ooo A. H. Riise. Alcoholic.
1161 2 Sty-Lhomasy Wells 10) 0 beeen. A. H. Riise. as

OPHIOZONA PACIFICA. 67

Ophiozona pacifica Lyman.

Ophiolepis pacifica LUrKEN. Vidensk. Meddelelser. Jan., 1856.
Ophiolepis pacifica LUTKEN. Addit. ad Tist. Oph., p. 104.

Special Marks. — Arms three or four times the diameter of the disk.
Arm-spines four or five, very small, and of even length.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 4.7"; from outer
side of mouth-shields to outer corner of opposite mouth-slits, 2.5" ;
width of arm without spines, 1.1"; leneth of arm, 18"; distance from
outer side of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papille, to that
between outer corners of mouth-slits, 1.1: 1. Mouth-papille, eleven to
each angle of mouth, small, close set, flat, angular, squarish ; outermost
one somewhat pointed, and slightly overlapping its next neighbor,
which is much the largest of all. Teeth four, flat, broad, with a curved
cutting edge; uppermost one narrowest. Mouth-shields much longer
than broad, bounded by an ovoid curve without, and by an angle within;
length to breadth, .6:.4. Side mouth-shields swollen, triangular, large ;
running out, with one corner, to the head of the genital slit. Under
arm-plates broader than long, broader without than within ; outer and
inner sides strongly re-enteringly curved; length to breadth (sixth
plate), .4:.6; first plate nearly oval, as broad as the following plates,
with a projection within filling the outer end of the genital slit; at the
tip of the arm the plates are sharp wedge-shaped. Side arm-plates
occupying a good deal of upper and under surface, but not meeting
above and below till about two thirds out on the arm. Upper arm-
plates very regular, a good deal broader without than within, four-sided,
the sides almost perfectly straight; length to breadth (sixth plate),
4:.8; the notches in the disk are so shallow that only one rudimentary
plate is admitted. In the centre of the disk, above, is a large, nearly
round, primary plate, .6™” in diameter, surrounded by five little trian-
gular scales ; outside these is a circle of five large oval plates, one in
each brachial space ; the interbrachial spaces have three radiating rows
of plates, those of the central row being the largest; there are also a
few very small scales scattered among the others. Radial shields
sunken, irregular, longer than broad, running to the edge of the disk,
separated by a single row of three scales ; their outer ends bounded by
two large, narrow, curved scales; length to breadth, .9:.6. Interbra-
chial spaces, below, covered with nearly equal scales, with some little
ones among them; genital slits bordered by three narrow scales, of
which the outer one is longest and widest. Arm-spines four, very
small, of even length, cylindrical, tapering, about one third as long as

68 OPHIOPLOCUS.

the arm-joints. Tentacle-scales two, lyimg obliquely, and forming to-
gether a very regular oval. Color, in aleohol: white, with a few light-
grayish bars on the arms, and cloudings of the same tint on the disk.

Variations. — The above description was taken from a young speci-
men. According to Dr. Liitken, the adult has a disk of 10"™, and arms
of 30 or 40™. There are five arm-spines also.

O. pacifica has been found at Puntarenas (Dr. Orsted) in one fathom
water, and at Panama (Alex. E. R. Agassiz). It differs from O. impressa
in the smallness and regularity of the arm-spines.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue looeiaat Number . When F Nature of
Number. | Number.| of Spec. Locality. Collected. Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zoology.
211 | 36 | a akin |! 808 Alex. Agassiz. | Aeon

OPHIOPLOCUS* Lymay.

Disk closely and finely scaled above and below. Genital scales
hidden. Teeth. No tooth-papille. Mouth-papille. Side mouth-
shields wide, and nearly, or quite, meeting within. Arm-spines ar-
ranged along the outer edge of the side arm-plates. Upper arm-plates
divided on the middle line into halves, which at the base of the arm
are placed at the outer lower corner of the joint, on each side bemg
separated by a number of supplementary pieces. At the tip of the
arm the plate is simple; then it divides in two, and the halves are
gradually forced apart by the intrusion of supplementary pieces. Two
short genital slits, extending only halfway to the margin of the disk,
and beginning outside the mouth-shields.

* "Odus, snake ; wAdxos, a twisted rope.

OPHIOPLOCUS IMBRICATUS. 69

Ophioplocus imbricatus Lyay.

Ophiolepis imbricata Mtiu. & Troscu. System der Asteriden, p. 93.
Ophioplocus tessellatus LyMAN. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII. p. 76. 1861.

Special Marks. — Color gray, with obscure cross-bands on the arms ;
length of arms, in adults, four to five and a half times the diameter of
the disk.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 17" ; width of arm
without spies, 3.5"; length of arm, 70"; mouth-papille, five on
each side, and one odd one, placed just under the teeth; the side
papillae squarish, flat, and crowded, the odd one resembling the teeth.
Teeth five, thick, short, stout, broader than long, with a curved cutting
edge. Mouth-shields broad heart-shape, with a curve without and an
angle within ; length to breadth, 1: 1.5. Side mouth-shields large, and
of even width, .5™" wide. Under arm-plates squarish, very regular and
clear in outline, slightly separated, thick; outer side curved, lateral
sides a little re-entermgly curved; length to breadth (tenth plate),
1:13. The halves of the upper arm-plates are rounded triangular,
very much like the supplementary pieces in Ophionereis ; at the base
of the arm they lie very low down, so that the side arm-plates are
much reduced in size; they are separated from each other by six sup-
plementary pieces, of which one lies on the middle line of the arm,
and the other five make a sort of semicircle round it; at the base of
the arm the central piece of this semicircle becomes very small indeed,
and is often divided in two; between the supplementary pieces there
are sometimes single large grains. The halves of the upper arm-plates
and the supplementary pieces are thick and swelled, and often of about
the same size. Side arm-plates small, and almost covered up by the
arm-spines. Scales of the disk a little larger above than below, mostly
overlapping, but with here and there a round scale, varying somewhat
in size, the largest 8" long. Radial shields very small, about 1™™ long,
sunken in the scaling of the disk. Genital slits only 2™ long, starting
1™™ outside the mouth-shield. Arm-spines three, stout, round, blunt ;
the lowest much the largest ; lengths to that of under arm-plate, .8, 1,
13:1. Tentacle-scales two, longer than broad, flat, nearly oval. Color,
in alcohol: gray, with very obscure cross-bars of darker on the arms.
According to a colored sketch by Mr. Garrett, the tints of the living
animal are about the same.

Variations. — The characters of fifteen specimens which I have
examined were very uniform, only the young have shorter arms.
The proportions of the disk to the arms in specimens of different sizes

70 OPHIOCOMA.

was 9.5: 30, 16:68, and 19:93. The radial shields vary a little in size
and distinctness.

I have satisfied myself that this is the same species as the Ophiolepis
imbricata of Muller & Troschel, whose imperfect description at first led
me to describe it as new.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number . When 7 F Nature of
Number. | Number. of Spec. Locality. Collected. Whence obtained. Specimen.
|
Museum of Comparative Zoology.
328 5 1 Kingsmills Islands;5 = | .. 2... A. Garrett. Dried.
329 ee: 12+ | Kingsmills Islands. =| ...... A. Garrett. Alcoholic.
408 tee say ¢|-Lanzibar sew. | Ml ceeses cress C. Cooke. 6“

OPHIOCOMA Agassiz.

Tyre OF THE GENUS, 0. scolopendrina Agass.

Disk granulated. Radial shields covered. Teeth, tooth-papille, and
mouth-papilla. Spines, usually from four to six; smooth; arranged
along the sides of the side arm-plates. One or two tentacle-scales.
Two genital slits, beginning outside the mouth-shields.

NOTE ON SOME SPECIES OF THE GENUS OPHIOCOMA.

Ophiocoma dentata Miill. & Trosch., of which the original is in the Berlin Zodlogical
Museum (No. 931), is not a good species, and seems only a middling sized Ophiocoma
echinata. The species described by Dr. Liitken as QO. dentata is quite another thing, and
seems to be O. brevipes (Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 165).

Ophiocoma variabilis Grube (Acad. Cs. Nova Acta, 1860) is, according to the plate
and the description, only a partly grown specimen of O. Schenleinit, or of some allied
species. Q. Schenleinit itself is rather a dubious species. The originals at Berlin (Zodl.
Mus., No. 930, and Anatom. Mus., 11561) look like some varieties of O. erinaceus, the
chief difference being that most of the tentacle-pores have but one tentacle-scale. The
same doubts may be raised about O. Wendtii (Berlin Zoél. Mus., No. 929), whose chief
distinguishing marks are the absence of the second tentacle-scale on most of the joints, and
the peculiar form of the basal under arm-plates. It may turn out that O. Wendtii and
O. Schenleinii are the same species.

Ophiocoma tumida Miill. & Trosch. The original, in the Leyden Museum, is marked
“ Gulf of Genoa”; but this looks like a mistake. I do not remember to have seen any
Ophiocoma at all from the Mediterranean, much less one which in size and appearance
closely resembles O. echinata. O. bidentata Mill. & Trosch. is plainly a worthless species,
and O. Nilssonii Mull. & Trosch. probably goes in the same category.

OPHIOCOMA PUMILA. Tall

GROUPING OF SPECIES HEREIN DESCRIBED.

O. Valencia.
. pumila.
. Alexandri.
. Riised.

. athiops.

One tentacle-scale,

Near base of arm, sometimes two tentacle-scales,
Arm-spines about equal, . nigra.

. echinata.
. ertnaceus.

Upper arm-spines longest,
. scolopendrina.

SSS Si StO'9'9' 9

Two tentacle-scales, { Lowest arm-spine longest, . insularia.

Six slender arm-spines ; disk and arms lined and )

O. pica.
spotted, 5 pP
Disk granulation very fine and close; spines ) Gubscnines
regular, Jers Ee

Ophiocoma Valenci# Miz. & Troscu.

Ophiocoma Valencia Muu. & Troscu. Syst. Asterid., p. 102.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number ° When . Nature of
Number. |Number.| of Spec. Locality. Collected. | Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
306 See Are | PZan Zibbers. ee |) Aika, Suni G. A. Cheney. Alcoholic.
357 ee oo | WEAIMNOG Re ~ —~§ i) Gonoo C. Cooke. és
356 oo Seta Zanzibar degre Sul, Se ahuesy, se Capt. Webb. ce

Ophiocoma pumila Ltrxken.

Ophiocoma pumila LUTKEN. Vidensk. Meddelelser. Jan., 1856.
Ophiocoma placentigera LUTKEN. [Labelled specimens. |
Ophiocoma pumila LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 146.

Special Marks. — Commonly five arm-spines ; first or second spine
longest.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 13"; from outer
edge of -mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 5" ;
greatest width of arm without spines, 2.2""; length of arm about 75™™ ;
distance from outer edge of mouth-shields to inner point of tooth-
papillz, to that between outer corners of mouth-slits, 2.5: 2.5. Mouth-
papillee short, stout, longer than broad, much rounded, often nearly egg-
shaped, somewhat irregularly disposed ; innermost one more pointed
and tooth-like ; about fourteen to each angle of mouth. Tooth-papillze

72 OPHIOCOMA PUMILA.

about twelve, in four irregular horizontal rows ; stout, rounded, a little
longer than broad, pretty closely set. Teeth four, longer than broad,
flat, square, inner edge narrower than outer edge; two middle ones
largest, upper one much narrower than others. Mouth-shields rounded
square, a little longer than broad; length to breadth, 1.5:1.5. Side
mouth-shields extremely small, variable in size, occupying a triangular
space between outer part of mouth-shield and imnermost arm-plate.
Under arm-plates more or less octagonal, those lying within the margin
of disk smaller than those just beyond. Innermost plate rudimentary,
scarcely larger than mouth-papillz next it; second plate nearly square,
with outer corners rounded, length to breadth, .8:.8; next three plates
nearly regular octagons ; eleventh plate slightly curved without, lateral
sides straight, imner laterals rather longer than inner side proper, length
to breadth, 1.1:.9; this is the common shape of the under arm-plates,
and is retained till very near the tip of the arm. Side arm-plates en-
croaching somewhat on both upper and under arm-plates. Upper arm-
plates very broad heart-shaped, outer side and corners regularly curved,
inner laterals sloping towards each other, and nearly meeting within.
First plate rudimentary, and nearly covered by granulation of disk ;
second, third, and fourth plates more or less oval, and all smaller than
those that immediately succeed ; sixth plate of usual shape and size,
length to breadth, 1.2: 1.7; this proportion holds the same (though the
plates grow smaller) close to the tip of the arm. Granulation of upper
surface of disk rather coarse, grains shaped like mouth-papillx, some
longer than their neighbors, about 50 to a square mm. Granulation
extended on arm so as nearly to cover first upper arm-plate ; below, a
broad naked belt parallel with genital slits ; remaining triangular space
granulated, quite up to mouth-shields; grains less close and rather more
tooth-like than those above. Edges of genital slits more or less finely
toothed. Arm-spines neatly rounded and tapering, slightly flattened.
Second and third joints, three slender flattened spines, about .7"™ long ;
fourth and fifth jomts, four spies, about 1.2™" long; sixth, seventh,
eighth, and ninth joints, five spines; tenth joint, four spines, decreasing
in length and thickness from above below; length of upper spine to
that of lowest, 2: 1.3; two upper spines considerably stouter than two
lowest. This number and proportion holds till near the tip of the arm ;
the spines grow more slender, however, and the second is sometimes
longer than the upper one. Close to tip of arm only three spines.
Tentacle-scales pointed oval, like a broad spear-head ; on second, third,
and fourth joints two, on rest only one. Color, in alcohol: above, van-
dyke brown, paler towards centre of disk; arms banded with lighter,
each band occupying two or three joints; also some white spots on
edges of upper arm-plates ; below, very faint brown; chewing apparatus,
mouth-shields, and under arm-plates nearly white, the latter often with

OPHIOCOMA PUMILA. "3

a light-brown pattern; under arm-spines nearly white ; upper spines
pale brown at their base, lighter at the point.

Variations. — A specimen with a disk 15" had arms 75"; uniform
vandyke-brown above, and same below, but paler, with a few spots and
bands near end of arms and on under arm-plates ; mouth-shields a little
broader than long, and nearly circular; granulation of disk in inter-
brachial spaces below reaching nearly to genital slits on either side ;
two or three of side mouth-papillz soldered together, making one broad
one; only three rows of tooth-papille; five joints each with two
tentacle-scales, rest with only one. A specimen with a disk of 16™™
had arms of 115", which shows a range of length, in grown specimens,
of from five to seven times. Liitken gives the length as over eight
times the diameter of the disk. — Young, said to be this species (origi-
nal O. pumila Ltk.): diameter of disk, 2.5" ; length of arms, 12.5™™ ;
disk covered with fine scales, over which are scattered a few grains, or
rather short spines. Upper arm-plates long heart-shaped, i. e. bounded
without by a strong curve, and on sides by two straight lines, meeting
within. Side arm-plates meeting above and below. Under arm-plates
longer than broad, outer side curved, laterals re-enteringly curved, inner
laterals straight, and meeting within. One tentacle-scale. Only two
tooth-papilla. Mouth-shields heart-shaped, longer than broad. Arm-
spines four, at base of arm; rather more slender than in adult, and a
little rough. Color, in alcohol: pale yellowish-brown above, arms
barred with whitish, and six in number.

This species is distinguished from the more common type of Ophio-
coma, by its long flattened arms, and less robust structure.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalog Original | Numt ach Wh ae Nat f
auRiea ber Niimiber!| fot Specl Locality. Collected. Whence obtained. Specinen!
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
291 2 Hloridates ele Pes ieee aes Prof. Agassiz. Alcoholic.
292 1 Tortugas, Fla. Apr. 22, 58. | J. E. Mills. ce
293 1 Tortugas, Fla. Mar. 19,58. | J. E. Mills. us
294 1 Key West, Fla. Jan. 28,58. | J. E. Mills. ce
295 3 Cae Monk, = || saowon G. Wurdeman. “
296 il Gye IUaormms, WWeIG |lsoaagoo A. H. Riise. “
297 ifs 2 Jeremie iayiti- ee sll uimalaten or | Dr. D. F. Weinland. rt
298 624 2 WWesklncies, =| Gacoco | Univ.Mus.Cop’hagen. “
299 62° 1 Wendie, = = = || Goc0ns | Univ.Mus.Cop’hagen. us
Smithsonian Institution.
1050 1 lori ae es Waker tec aes Pol (Maren ian il aie, aeel 6)» Alcoholic.
1001 1 Sip dno, WelG | soosoo Univ. Mus. Cop’hagen. a
1163 1 Sis Dios Welle = i) soot 5s A. H. Riise. 2
1075 1 Sin Anema, WYoIG = ogc aa A. H. Riise. Dried. —
1102 3 Shi, Athyn, Wells ll ob65 00 A. H. Riise. Alcoholic.

10

74 OPHIOCOMA ALEXANDRI.

Ophiocoma Alexandri Lyrmay.

Ophiocoma Alexandri LyMAN. Proceed. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., VU. p. 256. 1860.

Special Marks. — Grayish or yellowish brown. Arms banded ; five
to seven spines; third or fourth spine longest.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 17°"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 5.5" ; width
of arm without spines, 3.5"; length of arm, 120"; distance from outer
side of mouth-shield to inner points of tooth-papille, to that between
outer corners of mouth-slits, 2.7: 5. Mouth-papille flat, rounded, of
nearly equal size, rather small; nie or ten to each angle of mouth.
Tooth-papillee bead-like, crowded, most of them in two vertical rows ;
about nine in number, the upper middle one larger than the others.
Teeth three or four, stout, flat, a little tapermg. Mouth-shields nearly
round, with inner end slightly truncated ; length to breadth, 1.6: 1.6.
Side mouth-shields very narrow and small, occupying the inner part of
mouth-shield, but not meeting within. Under arm-plates very regular,
not overlappmg, rounded octagonal, inner angles less rounded than
outer; the plates within the disk a good deal smaller than those
beyond ; length to breadth (twentieth plate), 12:1. Side arm-plates
encroaching somewhat above. Upper arm-plates regular; oval heart-
shape, with the pomt inward ; outer corners very cleanly curved, outer
side nearly straight; length to breadth (ninth plate), 12:2.2. Near
tip of arm, the plates are regular heart-shape, with an acute point
turned inward. Grains of disk elongated so as to form short spines,
like grains of wheat, of different sizes; about 25 to a square mm.; of
the same character below, but less numerous; a bare strip running
along edges of genital slits. Arm-spines five, robust, rounded, somewhat
flattened, a little tapering, blunt; the longer ones sometimes bent ;
third spine from the top longest; the longest spines are near the
twentieth joint ; lengths to that of under arm-plate (eighteenth joint),
2, 2.2, 2.7, 1.8, 1.5: 1.2; two lowest spines more slender than the upper
ones. Sometimes a short supplementary spine above. Longest spine
on this specimen, 3.2". There are five spines to each joint till close
to the tip of the arm, where there are only four. Close to the disk
there are commonly six spines, which, however, are a good deal smaller
and more even than those beyond. Tentacle-scales large, rounded oval,
length to that of under arm-plate, .5: 1.2; on first two or three joints
two, on all the rest only one. Color, in alcohol: above, disk uniform
gray-brown (Cologne earth and neutral tint); arm-spmes and upper
arm-plates light yellowish-brown; the former darker at their base ;

OPHIOCOMA ALEXANDRI. V(t)

arms cross-barred with darker bands, from two to four jomts on each
band; some of the upper arm-plates finely marbled with lighter; below,
mouth parts and interbrachial spaces having several shades of brownish
yellow ; under surface of arms light-brown, a longitudinal brown line
runs along the lateral sides of the under arm-plates.

Variations. — The pattern of the color varies little, but the ground
tints may have more of yellowish, gray, or brown; it very rarely hap-
pens that the arms are not banded. The proportions of arms to disk
give such differences as the following: 12:65, 15: 100, 16: 135,
17.5: 112. The largest specimen I have seen had a disk of 22™™.
Very large specimens have seven spines on some of the joints, and
six on most; where there are six spines, it is the fourth that is longest.
A young one, with a disk of 3.2"", had arms of about 22™; the disk
was covered with imbricated scales, with a few large grains ; the upper
and under arm-plates were similar to those of the adult, but longer ;
the arm-spines were four, rounded, tapering, and much stouter than
those of the adult; the number of mouth-papillze was the same as in
older ones, but there were only two tooth-papille. I have seen no
young ones with six arms.

O. Alexandri was first received from my friend, Mr. Alex. Agassiz,
after whom I have named it. It resembles O. pumila, but differs in
having the third or fourth arm-spine much longer than the rest.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number & When . Nature of
Number. | Number.) of Spec. Locality, Collected. jWhence/obtained: Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zoology.
300 ovo DQ || Aca TCO, M@@e,— || aoscco.s Alex. Agassiz. Alcoholic.
301 1171 5 Cape St. Lucas, Cal. | ...... J. Xantus. ub
Smithsonian Institution.

1189 Cape St. Lucas, Cal. | ....... J. Xantus.

1171 ar% aa Cape St. Lucas, Cal | ...... J. Xantus. | Alcoholic.
124 e

76 OPHIOCOMA RIISEI.

Ophiocoma Riisei Lirxen.

Ophiocoma Riisei LUTKEN. Vidensk. Meddelelser. Jan., 1856.
Ophiocoma Riisei LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 143.

Special Marks. — Arm-spines slender and even; upper one consid-
erably the longest. Mouth-shields ovoid in outline, with the narrow
end inward.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 15.4" ; outer edge
of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 6"; greatest
breadth of arm without spmes, 8"; length of arm, 65"; distance from
outer edge of mouth-shield to esa point of tooth-papille, to that
between outer corners of mouth-slits, 2.6: 2.8; on each side four mouth-
papille, of which that next the outer one is sont twice as broad as the
others, which are more pointed and rounded ; four irregular horizontal
rows of rounded, crowded tooth-papill, fives in each row, the lowest
row on a level with the mouth-papille, and consisting of three (some-
times four) papille, of which the middle one is the smallest, and all
smaller and more flattened than those of the upper rows; four flat,
square teeth, projecting beyond the tooth-papillz. Mouth-shields with an
outline nearly like that of an egg, the small end pointing inward; leneth
to greatest breadth, 1.8: 1.4; the outer end is not evenly rounded, but
males a little projection to form part of the bridge between the inner
ends of the genital slits; at their widest part the shields seldom fill the
width of the interbrachial spaces. Side mouth-shields triangular, sol-
dered for their whole length to the sides of the mouth-shields, their
inner end about on a line with that of the mouth-shield; length to
breadth, 1.2:.8. Basal under arm-plates, and those in middle part of
arm, somewhat square, but having six sides, viz.: an outer side, long
and curved ; an inner, a little re-enteringly curved ; two laterals, long,
and re-enteringly curved to admit tentacle-scales ; and two inner late-
rals, of about the same length as the inner side. Farther out on arm
these sides are less sharply distinguished, the inner laterals becoming
merged in the curve of the inner side ; and at the tip of arm the plates
are elongated, and there are but four sides, an outer and inner, which
are curved, and two laterals, which are re-enteringly curved. Length
to breadth of plates: second, .6:.8; third, 1:12; seventh, 1.2:1.6;
about two thirds the length of arm, .8:.8; close to the tip of arm, .6:.4.
Side arm-plates encroach at base of arm, on upper and lower plates, but
do not meet above till near the end of arm, and do not meet below
except at the very tip. Upper arm-plates pointed oval, but varying in
shape ; many, though somewhat oval, are angular; first plate rudimen-

OPHIOCOMA RIISEI. a

tary ; for more than half the length of arm, the proportions do not
alter much, though the plates grow smaller, but there are such varia-
tions among individual plates as 1.2: 1.6, 1.2:2; farther out, plates ill
defined, very wide and short; length to breadth, .8: 1.4; still farther
out, plates well defined again, heart-shaped, the point inward ; length
to breadth, .6:.8. Disk, above, evenly and rather closely granulated
with bead-like grains, about sixteen, on the average, to a square mm. ;
underneath, no granulation, except on a small triangular space which is
continued from the upper surface ; the rest of the interbrachial space
covered with fine, obscurely marked scales, about .3" lone. Arm-
spines on second joint two, their lengths to that of the under arm-plate,
1.6, 1.6:1; third joint, three spines, 1.4, 1.8, 1.8:1.2; fifth joint, four
spies, 1.8, 1.8, 2, 2.2:1.2; eleventh joint, four spines, 4.8, 4.4, 4.4,
4.4:1.2; about two thirds the length of the arm, 3.4, 2.8, 2.2, 2.2:.8;
close to tip of arm, three spines, .8, .6,.6:.6. From near the disk to
about two thirds the length of the arm, there are sometimes four, some-
times three spines to each joint, these numbers often alternating ; on
the jomts not enclosed by the disk, the upper spine is generally much
the longest, and is more rounded, particularly on those joints that have
as many as four spines, while the remaining two or three are nearly
equal. The characteristic upper spine is slender, pretty even, nearly
cylindrical, with a thickness to length as .8:4.8. Tentacle-scales, two
on first pair of pores, and rarely on second pair; on all the rest, only
one ; in shape regular oval; length of those on third joint, to length of
under arm-plate, .6: 1.2. Color, in alcohol: roof of disk brown (Cologne
earth), with obscure radiating bands of darker; interbrachial spaces
lighter ; under arm-plates uniform light-brown ; chewing apparatus and
mouth-shields still lighter; upper arm-plates brown, with occasionally
some much darker, thus making cross stripes. Uppermost arm-spines
mottled with lighter and darker brown ; lower spines like under arm-
plates ; tentacle-scales like under arm-plates.

Variations. — This species is common in the West Indies, though not
so much so as O. echinata, which lives side by side with it. The disk
often attains a size of 24™", with arms five or six times as long, and the
longest upper arm-spines 10". The color in full-grown specimens is
singularly invariable ; the arm-spines may be more or less inclined to
reddish or to umber brown. Small specimens often have the back of
the disk ornamented with a star, of dark brown, made up of two
radiating lines in each brachial space. The granulation of the inter-
brachial spaces below may be more or less perfect.

O. Riisei may be distinguished from QO. echinata by the different
shapes of mouth-shields and upper arm-spines ; and from O. a@thiops by
much narrower upper arm-plates.

78 CPHIOCOMA A®THIOPS.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogu | Qriginal | Nunes Doct. Mites, | woenseobtanea, — | ator
Museum of Comparatice Zoology.

276 TCM 9 oo Prof. Agassiz. | Alcoholic.
277 My, oe Onin || ceo ans Capt. Covthouy. | @

278 3 | Key West, Fla. Feb. 1856. | ‘T. Lyman. us

279 4 | Tortugas, Fla. Mar. 13, ’58. | J. E. Mills. “

280 4 | Key West, Fla. Mar. 6, 1858.) J. E. Mills. “

281 1 Tortugas, Fla. Ap. 14, 1858.) J. E. Mills. “

282 1 | Cape Florida. Apr. 1858. | J. E. Mills and

G. Wurdeman. “

283 DY \ ional np Prof. Agassiz. ws

284 SeCape Hloridas ase een G. Wurdeman. &

285 9 | Jeremie, Hayti. 1858. Dr. D. F. Weinland. ee

286 Ste domes, Nelo ~ | os o one A. H. Riise. “

287 Ss 12 Tortugas, Fla. Mh.13-19,’58.| J. EH. Mills. “

288 61 | AWresteln dessa |/ereitencue rt University Museum,

Copenhagen. ws
289 of IEW = || ad@ooac G. Wurdeman. Dried.
290 BLE ES Noe? Fl Goosen | oon soooads “
365 ck Se al NeyaWiest. Ela el eeeenrencaram Dr. Holder. Alcoholic.
Smithsonian Institution.

1100 ase DY Wistedtiowe Welk |) soaaoe A. H. Riise. Alcoholic.
998 es IPPON GCG | oooena || Baccasce05 H b
1000 he 7 Tortugas, Fla. MSS SS hee Serre as
1176 | J tomes, Nhs | oon Dr. Whitehurst. a
1089 i Sis tino mass \Wol& || ‘aie o.a-arc A. H. Riise. | Dried.

Ophiocoma ethiops Lirxen.

Ophiocoma ethiops Lurxen. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 145.

Special Marks. — Large species. Greatest width of arms more than
three times as great as the length of the under arm-plates. Upper
arm-spie thickened.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 31"; outer edge
of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 15"; greatest
width of arm without spines, 7°"; length of arm, 190"; distance from
outer edge of mouth-shield to inner points of tooth-papille, to that
between outer corners of mouth-slits, 5.6:6.5. Hight broad, rounded
mouth-papille to each angle of mouth; of these the one next the outer
one usually broadest; besides these, a row of three or four minute
bead-like mouth-papilla, just below and outside of the tooth-papille,
with which they might properly be classed. Tooth-papilla about
eighteen, irregularly disposed, short, stout, rounded, the two or three
lowest bead-like and much smaller than the rest. Teeth four, shaped

OPHIOCOMA /ETHIOPS. 79

like flattened, rounded wedges, somewhat narrower within than without.
Mouth-shields oblong, with rounded corners ; length to breadth, 4 : 3.
Side mouth-shields small, rather variable in size, triangular; length to
breadth, 1.5:1. Under arm-plates squarish ; third, fourth, fifth, and
sixth plates of nearly equal size, and smaller than those beyond, their
lateral sides nearly straight, their outer and inner sides a little curved,
length to breadth, 2:2; seventeenth plate typical in shape, outer side
slightly curved, lateral sides straight, and sloping a little inward and
towards each other, inner side making rather a strong curve ; length to
breadth, 2.3:2.3; about two thirds out on arm, plates almost square,
with straight sides, and corners a little rounded, length to breadth,
1.7: 1.7; close to tip of arm, plates twice as long as broad, elongated
oval, broader without than within. Side arm-plates encroaching on
upper and lower arm-plates, sometimes nearly meeting below, and thus
slightly separating two neighboring plates; they do not properly meet
above and below till close to tip of arm. Upper arm-plates much
broader than long, shaped like a narrow oval, with pointed corners ;
near base of arm, length to breadth, in broader ones, 2.2: 6.5; im nar-
rower ones, 2.2:5. First plate rudimentary, very short and narrow,
partly covered by granulation of disk ; second, third, and fourth plates
rather narrower than those just beyond, and often stouter, so that the
arm looks constricted at its base. The plates maintain the same gen-
eral shape and proportions till close to tip of arm. Granulation of disk
close, fine, and bead-like, both above and below; near base of arms
above, coarser and more scattered; about 30 grains to a square mm.
where granulation is thickest; below, granulation reaches nearly, or
quite, to edges of genital slits. Arm-spines stout, rounded, somewhat
flattened, the lowest ones most so, increasing in thickness from below
above ; near base of arm, usually four. Second, third, and fourth joints
each with three small, very flat spines, lowest one usually longest, some-
times 2"™ ; on next three or four joints, spines grow more rounded and
tapering, in number three, four, or rarely five ; on seventeenth joint,
typical spines, lengths to that of under arm-plate, 5, 4.5, 4, 4:25;
beyond this, joints with three and with four spines usually alternate
till a pot about three fourths the length of the arm, after which there
are only three slender, rounded, tapering spines, of nearly equal length
and thickness. Tentacle-scales nearly regular oval, a little pointed
without, rather thick, length to that of under arm-plate, 1: 2.3; only
one on each pore, except pores of second joint, and a few others scat-
tered, which have two. Color, in alcohol: above, dark, rich vandyke-
brown, disk irregularly and obscurely radiated with darker and lighter ;
below, interbrachial spaces uniform brown; rest same color, but con-
siderably lighter.

80 OPHIOCOMA JETHIOPS.

Variations. — In other specimens the disk was ‘to the arms as 29: 145,
32: 162, 10.5: 56. Tentacle-scales vary much in number on specimens
of same size, and even on same individual ; occasionally there are regu-
larly two scales to each pore as far out as the thirty-third joint, but this
is unusual. 'Tooth-papillae commonly arranged in five regular horizontal
rows, of three each. Granulation of disk does not always cover whole
of interbrachial spaces below, but a broad band may be left running
along the genital slits, and outside the mouth-shield. Color varies to a
certain extent. It may be even dirty white, blotched with dark brown,
on the upper side of the disk, with lower side of arms very light brown,
the lower arm-plates being more or less mottled; extremities of arms
may be banded with darker and lighter. A young one having a disk
of 10.5"™ was similar to the larger specimens, but had the arms banded
for their whole length, the arm-plates speckled with lighter, the mouth-
papilla regular and bead-like, and the tooth-papille in horizontal rows
of only two each.

This species is distinguished from O. echinata and O. Riiser by wider
and flatter arms, and by differently shaped arm-spmes and mouth-
shields.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number ARS When 7 ao Nature of
Number. | Number.) of Spec. Locality. Collected. iWitencejabtained- Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
302 wie 12+] Acapulco, Mexico. | ...... Alex. Agassiz. | Alcoholic.
303 os 12= {| ean a a-ae eee nn|nret enemies Alex. Agassiz. “
304 Si: ie Wiens I aso Alex. Agassiz. “
305 1170 &
1190 8 | Cape St. Lucas, Cal. | ...... | J. Xantus. ue
Smithsonian Institution.
1007 7leehehecye me | lll tetoio go ad Dr. Sternbergh. Alcoholic.
1008 4 Panama.) WN eae et Rev. T. Powell. us
1011 1 Panama see) eller aeaciyere Dr. Suckley. a3
1185 oe 4 | West Coast Nicaracua.| ...... Capt. Dow. Dried. _
1170 & 0 12+) Cape St. Lucas, Cal. | ...... J. Xantus. Alcohole.
1190 5 Cape St. Lucas, Cal. | ...... J. Xantus. “

OPHIOCOMA ECHINATA. 81
Ophiocoma nigra Mi... & Troscu.
Asterias nigra O. F. Mitr. Zool. Dan., Pl. XCIIT.
Ophiocoma granulata Forses (non Linck.). Brit. Starfishes, p. 50.
Ophiocoma nigra Miu. & Troscu. System der Asteriden, p. 100.
LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Numt : Wh ; Nature of
Noe GRE of Spec. Locality. Collected. Whence obtained. Bpecinient
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

308 ks 3 Grolkyes ~§ | gooo0ec Prof. Sars, 1852. Alcoholic.

309 °6 1 NOES lll solo digea University Museum,
Copenhagen. a

Ophiocoma echinata Acass. (Fig. 5.)

Ophiura echinata LAMK. Hist. An. sans Verteb., II. p. 540. 1816.

Ophiocoma echinata AGAss. Prodrome. Mém. Soe. Scien. Nat. de Neuchatel, I. 1835.

Ophiura crassispina SAy. Journ, Phil. Acad., V. p. 147. 1825.
Ophiocoma crassispina Muu. & Troscu. Syst. Asterid., p. 103.
Ophiocoma serpentaria Mtuu. & Troscu. Syst. Asterid., p. 98.

Ophiocoma crassispina LitKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 142.

Special Marks. — Upper arm-spine much thickened ; mouth-shields

nearly square, with rounded corners.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 23.6™°; from
outer edge of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit,
9.4™; oreatest width of arm without spines, 4°"; length of arm,
100™; distance from outer edge of mouth-shield to points of tooth-

papilla, to that between outer corners of the mouth-slits
as 2:2.6. On each side of the mouth-frames four mouth-
papills, of which the three outer ones have their grinding
edge bevelled, which makes the outer edge shorter than
the inner one; the innermost papilla points towards the
centre of the mouth, and is stout and more conical than
the others; the other three are also stout, but are more
flattened ; their corners and edges are rounded. On the
Jaw, four irregular, horizontal rows of stout, rounded, close-
set tooth-papillx, three in each row; the lowest row is on

Fig. 5.

Ophiocoma echinata.

Chewing apparatus,
seen from within.
d, tooth-papillee ;
di', teeth.

a level with

the line of the mouth-papille, and the tooth-papilla of this row are

smaller than the rest, and moreover may vary in number,

11

being some-

82 OPHIOCOMA ECHINATA.

times only two, or again four; and in addition there is sometimes
another very small papilla below and outside this row. Teeth four,
their inner ends nearly square, upper one more tapering and rounded.
Mouth-shields a little longer than broad, squarish, with rounded corners;
length to breadth, 2.6: 2. Side mouth-shields small, ike elongated tri-
angles, lying close to, and soldered with, the sides of the mouth-shields,
their inner ends nearly on a line with those of the mouth-shields. The
general shape of the under arm-plates at the base of the arm, and so
outwards nearly to the tip, is square; lengths to breadths as follows :
second plate, 14: 1.4; sixth plate, 1.4:1.8; about two thirds the length
of the arm, 1.2: 1.6; plates on the tip joint, .8:.6. The plates have
really six sides, of which the inner and outer ones are parallel to each
other, and are straight; the inner lateral sides are slightly re-entering
curves, the outer lateral sides are straight and short. In the sixth
plate the proportions of the sides are as follows: inner, 1.6; outer, 1;
inner lateral, 1; outer lateral, .6. The rest of the plates for some dis-
tance along the arm do not materially differ from the sixth plate in
their proportions. The first under arm-plate bounds the outer corner
of the mouth-slit, and is very small; it is somewhat heart-shaped, the
length to breadth as 1:.8. Side arm-plates thick and stout, covered up
by a thick skin, except a triangular piece, which fills the space between
the base of the upper arm-spine, and the angle formed by the corners
of the nearest pair of upper arm-plates. Towards the tip of the arm
the side plates are better seen, having a thinner skin over them ; also,
as is usual, they encroach more and more on the upper and lower
plates; at the tip of the arm they meet above and below. Upper
arm-plates vary somewhat in size and in their outlines; the general
form is oval, with pomted ends; each overlaps a little the next outer
one, less, however, at the tip of the arm, than nearer its base; the
innermost plate is rudimentary; length of the sixth plate to breadth
as 1.6:3, close to the tip of the arm the plates are heart-shaped, with
the point turned inward, the length bemg to the breadth as .6:.8; for
at least three fourths the length of the arm, though the plates gradually
grow smaller, the average proportions of length to breadth among them
remain about the same, but single plates vary so as to give such differ-
ences as 1.6: 2.6, 1.6:3.8; the variable diameter is the breadth. Disk,
above, evenly and rather closely granulated, with smooth, bead-like
grains, about 25, on the average, to a square mm.; below, the inter-
brachial spaces have a band on each side, running parallel to the geni-
tal slits, which is without grains, and shows the under coat of small,
thin, overlapping scales, the largest of them about .1"” long; in the
midst of the interbrachial spaces the granulation is as above, except
near the mouth-shields, where the grains are few and scattered. The
genital slits have, near the mouth-shields, a raised granulated ridge

OPHIOCOMA ECHINATA. 83

running along their edge; their inner ends are separated by a bridge
of about one half the width of the mouth-shields. Arm-spines of mod-
erate length, and two upper ones quite stout. Second joint three
spines, small and flattened, with rounded ends ; lengths to that of lower
arm-plate : upper, .8: 1.8; lowest, 1.8: 1.8; middle, 1.2: 1.8; third and
fourth jomts have three spmes; the fifth, and those immediately
beyond, four. Five spmes on each side are rare ; at about one fourth
the length of the arm there again begin to appear only three spines,
and joints bearing this number often alternate with those having four ;
still farther out, as many as four spines become rare, and near the tip
of the arm there are only three. Fifteenth joint four spines, lengths to
that of under arm-plate, 3.6, 5.2, 2.4, 2.4: 1.6; the upper spine is much
the largest ; it is rounded, slightly curved, flattened, and tapering, and
is very stout; its greatest thickness to its length as 1.2:3.6; the next
lower is of about the same proportions, but somewhat less stout; the
two lowest are more tapering, and much more flattened. These four
may be considered the characteristic spmes of the species; the upper
spine is the most variable, and may have a proportionate length as
great as 4.2; as they approach the end of the arm, the spines become
proportionately longer, more slender, and less flattened; lengths to
that of under arm-plate, 3, 1.6, 1.8: 1.2; the two lower ones are still
much flattened, but the upper one is nearly cylindrical, and varies in
length from 2.4 to 5.6; at the tip of the arm the upper spine has quite
lost its stout, blunt character, and has become very slender; the lengths
of spines to that of under arm-plate, 1.4, 1.2, 1.2:.8. There are two
tentacle-scales to each pore, and this number continues for about three
fourths the length of the arm, when pores with only one scale begin to
appear; sometimes there will be several such, followed by several more,
each with two scales, but the last joimts have but one scale to each
pore ; near the disk their length is to their breadth as 1:.4, they are
much flattened, widest near the top, somewhat contracted at the base ;
the inner is usually a trifle the longer; they stand close, side by side.
Color, in alcohol: roof of the disk light brown, mixed with some light-
brownish gray, and ten indistinct radiating lines of the latter color ;
below, interbrachial spaces similarly colored, but the edges of the geni-
tal slits are nearly white; the ground color of the mouth-papille, side
mouth-shields, and mouth-shields, is nearly white, but they are more or
less clouded with light brown; the under arm-plates, for one fourth or
one third the length of the arm, are whitish, with a large spot of
brown ; farther out the plates are entirely brown. The side arm-plates
are yellowish, finely mottled with light brown. The upper arm-plates
are purplish brown, with one, two, or three plates at varying distances,
much lighter colored, thus giving an irregular barred appearance. The
upper and second arm-spines are light purplish-brown, their points and

84 OPHIOCOMA ECHINATA.

sides marked with lighter; near the tip of the arm they are somewhat
lighter colored ; third and fourth arm-spines pure white below, above
white, with a broad central line of purplish brown; tentacle-scales
white, with small purplish-brown spots, of which one is almost always
at the base of the scale.

Variations. — The color, though varying in intensity, is usually as
described above ; sometimes, however, the upper surface of the disk
bears large patches of light grayish ; and, again, the whole animal may
be light gray, variously marked and clouded with brown; this pattern
is seldom seen, except in the young. The granulation of the interbra-
chial spaces below differs; sometimes it completely covers the whole
area; at other times, particularly among the young, it is confined to a
small triangular patch in the centre. A young one, with a disk of 9"™,
had arms 47"™ long; the under arm-plates were a good deal broader
without than within, the outer side being strongly curved, and the
laterals re-enteringly curved; the disk granulation was only partial
below, but perfect above, with about 90 grains to a square mm.; there
were only three rows of tooth-papille.

O. echinata is the commonest of the West Indian Ophiuride. It has
been found from low-water-mark to four fathoms; usually on corals,
but often, also, on Gorgonia flabellum. The color does not change in
alcohol. The species is distinguished from O. Riisei by the shape of
the upper arm-spine and of the mouth-shields, and from O. ethiops by
much narrower upper arm-plates.

Miiller & Troschel state that Lamarck confounded several species
under the name of echinata, and among them a specimen from the
Antilles, brought by Plée, and which they make the type of their
O. serpentaria. They exclude O. echinata entirely, without any reason
at all. The real original of Lamarck is a dried specimen in the Jardin
des Plantes, which, as I satisfied myself, was brought by Maugé from
Porto Rico in 1799. This is no other than the Ophiwra crassispina
afterwards described by Say, and identical also with Plée’s specimen
above mentioned.

OPHIOCOMA ERINACEUS. 85

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

nner egibeel ot Shes Locality. Collected. Whence obtained. Beebe
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
256 40 Se Bay soteCumanasg ) 0) || encom: Capt. Couthouy. Alcoholic.
257 ae Se iitloridaw oo. i)” ||) eosce hese Prof. Agassiz. us
258 7 | Cape Florida. Apr. 1858. | J. E. Mills and
G. Wurdeman. us
259 Ae eRlovidarcwee 8) |) eee ts Prof. Agassiz. a
260 12+) Tortugas, Fla. Mch. 1858. | J. E. Mills. 3
261 3 | Tortugas, Fla. Feb. 1856. T. Lyman. us
262 6 | Tortugas, Fla. Ap. 24, 1858.| J. E. Mills. “
263 Si isl aye E. Habich.
264 5 | Tortugas, Fla. Mh. 15, 1858.| J. E. Mills. &
265 1 Hayti. 1858. Dr. D. F. Weinland. We
266 1 | Key West, Fla. Mh. 6, 1856. | J. E. Mills. “
267 12+. Jeremie, Hayti. 1858. Dr. D. F. Weinland. a
268 mW Ship Mone Whol ~~ 560008 A. H. Riise. “
269 Sy |) INCE) Pe § Ni woe emo 5 G. Wurdeman. 4s
270 oo 2 |More a oo 0 Prof. Agassiz. iw
271 63" AMS AVWiestuladics) Gu me |) samencecns University Museum,
Copenhagen. a
72 63° QeulNViestelmdiess yo 90 il pa aes G a us
273 /141,142) 12+) Tortugas, Fla. Mh. 4-19, 58.) J. E. Mills. “
274 : Wo Noses lo G. Wurdeman. Dried.
275 Bc IBS! Wile = I Goto || coon enoo0. se
358 20 5.6 fd eC ee ee 0) 2 iolltra te nakatons S. H. Scudder. Alcoholic.
Smithsonian Institution.
996 IPs! Thomas, Web | oto 6 |) eo ees eat Alcoholic.
997 =e Hloridayeys:aee es) ell veremenet voi |) euetist tert clicteep silt
987 Go) Wore, ES a oto ole Dr. Whitehurst. a
990 4 | Cape Florida. May, 1858. | G. Wurdeman. a
999 12+ Tortugas, Fla. INT AUS TISIEEE Saag goo osdkn tocmas ce
984 @” || Wormers, NE, | Ge oe Capt. Woodbury. ce
985 il. | Cana Ito iI ol nec peo G. Wurdeman. ae
1018 ima |VViestelmGiessa ky 0 ei us|| manent orn: University Museum,
Copenhagen. &
1004 % | Agounpal, | pe oo Rev. T. Powell. “
1101 D Ate atom, Well || oso 05 A. H. Riise. ce
1077 | A | Sig IUtomes, WWolb slli e@sioe ac A. H. Riise. Dried.
| |

Ophiocoma erinaceus Mitr. & Troscu.

Ophiocoma erinaceus Miu. & Troscu. Syst. Asteriden, p. 98.
Ophiocoma tartarea LYMAN. Proceed. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., VII. p. 78.
Ophiocoma erinaceus LitKen. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 164.

Special Marks. — Black or dark brown; arms from three and a
half to five and a half times as long as diameter of disk ; two tentacle-
scales ; interbrachial spaces below not granulated.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 25"; breadth of
arm without spines, 4""; length of arm, 132™" ; tooth-papillz fourteen
to eighteen, sometimes in transverse rows of three, sometimes irregularly

86 OPHIOCOMA ERINACEUS.

placed. Teeth stout, thickened, four in number. Mouth-shields longer
than broad, broader without than within, corners all rounded ; outer
side curved, or made up of three lines; lateral sides re-enteringly
curved; length to breadth, 3.3:2.8. Side mouth-shields triangular,
small, broad, lying entirely on the sides of the mouth-shields. Under
arm-plates considerably broader than long ; a little way from the disk,
regularly hexagonal; length to breadth (fourteenth plate), 1.9 : 2.5.
Upper arm-plates broader than long, somewhat affected in shape by the
number of arm-spines; most are either hexagonal or oval hexagonal,
with very sharp lateral corners ; length to breadth (thirteenth plate),
1.9:4.2. Disk very regularly and finely granulated above, about 14 to
a square mm.; below, interbrachial spaces naked, showing the fine
scales. Arm-spines, near base of arm, alternating five and four, rarely
six; farther out, four and three; at the tip of the arm only three;
upper spine very long, slender, cylindrical, slightly tapering, sometimes
a little curved ; other spines smaller; within the disk the lowest spine
is often much flattened and widened at its end; lengths to that of
under arm-plate, 9, 6.8, 5.5, 5.5, 3.5, 5.5: 1.9. Tentacle-scales two,
nearly to the tip of the arm; outside one oval, mside one more or less
irregular. Color, in alcohol, black, the under surface of the arms having
a brownish shade.

Variations. — This species presents, with a wide geographical range,
a considerable variation in the length of the arms, and in the length
and stoutness of the arm-spines. As a rule (not, however, absolute),
specimens from the Pacific Islands have longer and more slender arms
and arm-spines. It is this variety that I described as O. tartarea. The
original description of Miiller is insufficient.

The specimen above described had spines of the maximum length.
Another large specimen, with a disk of 27"" and arms of 150", had

9

the spines as follows: 6, 5.5, 4, 3.3, 2.7. The spines of another were
5.8, 4.5, 3.5, 2.8, 2.5, the disk being 22™™. A partly grown specimen
from Kingsmills Islands belonged apparently to this species; the disk
was 20" in diameter, and the spines were 5, 3, 2.6, 2.6, 2.6. A speci-
men in the Jardin des Plantes, from the Iles Seychelles, had a disk of
31™™, and the arm 98™™ ; the spines being 6, 3.8, 3.8, 3.2. The upper
spine was swollen, as in O. echinata; the three lower ones flattened,
and cut short off at the end. The color was nearly black. I have seen
a large specimen from Zanzibar, whose disk had a diameter of 30",
while the longest arm-spine was only 4.6". There were only four

spines, except, perhaps, at the very base of the arm.

OPHIOCOMA SCOLOPENDRINA. 87

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

|
nlondal (Oripint 5 ‘ 7 . f nbure
Calaegun | Oral ator Dooly. Sttet,, | Whence obtain, | Natar of
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

307 6 “eyes Nc ooo Mr. Cheney. Alcoholic.
312 3 Sandwichislands:) |) 23 a A. Garrett. “

313 F Am eaisandwicheslandsigs) ||) enter cnet A. Garrett. 6“

814 |26&28) 2 |Sandwich Islands. | ...... A. Garrett. Dried.
SID jes 9 | Kinosmills Islands. | ...... A. Garrett. Alcoholic.
316 ae 3) | Kanesmillsislands) 997) 2 = = A. Garrett. Dried.
366 Ano eee, ||'Zanzibaree ae wae Ponta kee E. Ropes. Alcoholic.
368 ais co | Aaya ~~ | pn ogo Capt. Webb. “

369 Sec Me wleZanzibatea, 9 | ly adieu cache Salem Normal School. “

370 eM so | Miter 9 || gooccc C. Cooke. “

367 oe sa | Seoeaysewcks = || oscsce A. Garrett. we

431 tee me) eillesiSeyechelless) | 0 i) pci Jardin des Plantes. as

Ophiocoma scolopendrina Acass.

Ophiura scolopendrina LamxK. Hist. An. sans Verteb., II. p. 544.

Ophiocoma scolopendrina AGAss. Prodrome. Mém. Soc. Scien. Nat. Neuchatel, I. 1835.
Ophiocoma scolopendrina LUTKEN. Additamenta ad Hist. Oph., p. 163.

Ophiocoma molaris LyMAN. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII. p. 79.

Special Marks. — Arms five and a half to eight times the diameter
of the disk. Spines ringed with darker and lighter ; upper one longest.
Granulation of disk even, and rather fine. Color, grayish or mottled.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 24"™; width of arm
without spies, 4"; length of arm, 137°". Mouth-papille eleven or
twelve, the innermost two much the smallest. Tooth-papille seven or
eight, rather large. Teeth four, upper one narrowest and _ sharpest.
Mouth-shields longer than broad, much narrower within than without,
pretty regular; bounded without by a curve, within and on the sides
by straight lines; length to breadth, 2.6:2. Side mouth-shields small,
triangular, lying on the sides of the mouth-shields. Under arm-plates
rather broader than long, hexagonal, the outer side and outer laterals
being more conspicuous than the corresponding sides within ; length to
breadth (tenth plate), 15:2. Upper arm-plates broader than long,
quite irregular, varying in breadth according to the encroachment of
the upper arm-spines; oval, with pointed lateral corners; length to
breadth (seventh plate), 1.5:5.4. Disk regularly, but rather loosely
granulated, 20 to a square mm.; below, interbrachial spaces granulated,
except a band along each genital slit. Arm-spines near base of arm,
alternating four and three, slender, elegant, little tapering, somewhat

88 OPHIOCOMA SCOLOPENDRINA.

flattened ; upper one longest and largest, but never swelled ; lengths to
that of under arm-plate, 5.5, 5.5, 2.5, 2:1.5. Tentacle-scales two on
base of arm, but a little way out only one. Color, in alcohol: above,
umber brown; below, interbrachial spaces the same, the other parts
lighter ; some of the arm-spines ringed with lighter.

Variations. — The same variations, as to the length of the arms, and
the length and stoutness of the arm-spines, exist in this wide-ranging
species, as in O. erinaceus ; and the parallel is further carried out by
the fact that the specimens from the east coast of Africa have com-
monly, though not always, shorter arms and stouter spmes than those
from the Pacific Islands. The latter variety I have described as O.
molaris. z

The arms vary from five and a half to eight times the diameter of
the disk. The tooth-papille are commonly about nine, rarely twelve.
The color varies in depth; the lightest specimens are pale bluish-gray,
varied with specks and marblings of white ; below, nearly white, with
brown lines round the under arm-plates. The lighter the color, the
more conspicuous are the dark rings round the spmes. The number
of jomts furnished with two tentacle-scales varies somewhat, often dif-
fering on the different arms of the same individual. A specimen with
a disk of 25" had arms of 161"; length of arm-spines to under arm-
plate, 4.5, 4, 5, 2.6:14. A small specimen had the disk 14"™™, arms
110; arm-spines to under arm-plate, 4, 2.5, 2, 16:11. The original
Ophiura scolopendrina of Lamarck is a dried specimen, from the Ie de
France, and now in the Jardin des Plantes. The disk is 27"™ in diam-
eter; arm, 175™™ long ; upper arm-spine, 3.5"" long, somewhat swelled,
ringed with white and brown. The disk yellowish brown; arms mot-
tled, light grayish-brown and dirty white. Arm-spines three or four,
the three lowest much more slender, and somewhat shorter, than the
upper.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number ° When awed Nature of
Number. Number.| of Spec. Locality. Collected. encefoptai ned Specimen.

Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

324 Aes 12+) Kinesmills Islands. =| ...... A. Garrett. Alcoholic.
325 S03 3 | Kingsmills Islands | ...... | A. Garrett. Dried.
422 ah Soe lPNewe Guinedsas .) gree csi) teens Jardin des Plantes. | Alcoholic.
360 o9 aa | evar = 9 jl woods | Capt. Ashby. G
361 ae eclaliZanzibars po) ease |) seed ose C. Cooke. “
362 ee mash llvugetircmeuren cectuiecis: ierret ices) Spall Netac: et oee eee) em tehrsete. far ist teres) eps U3
363 Fi no || Mioyemoaie ~~ || cocaos C. Cooke. We
364 a6 so || aioe Cube lr a ob a6 0 Capt. Millet. us

OPHIOCOMA INSULARIA. 89

Ophiocoma insularia Lyman.

Ophiocoma insularia Lyman. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII. p. 80.

Special Marks. — Lower spines longer than the upper; arms flat,
about four times as long as diameter of disk ; under arm-plates regular,
and about as long as broad; interbrachial spaces below closely granu-

lated.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 50"; width of arm
without spines, 4.5"; length of arm, 125". Mouth-papille, six on
each side; under the teeth there cannot be said to be any mouth-
papillz, because the tooth-papille, which sometimes are as many as
twenty, extend downwards and outwards, growing smaller and smaller,
till they nearly reach the inner end of the mouth-shield. Teeth four,
flat and squarish, upper one smallest. Mouth-shields about as long as
broad, much rounded, without straight lines; length to breadth, 2.8 : 2.5.
Side mouth-shields small, triangular, lying entirely on the sides of the
mouth-shields. Under arm-plates about as broad as long, bounded with-
out by a curve, and within by a short inner side and two inner laterals ;
leneth to breadth (sixteenth plate), 2:2. Upper arm-plates even and
regular, much broader than long, bounded without by a clean curve,
and within by an inner side and two inner laterals; length to breadth,
2:4. Granulation of the disk extremely close and fine above and
below, and extending even to the outer corner of the side mouth-
shields; about 45 to a square mm. Arm-spimes rather short, little
tapering, blunt, a good deal compressed ; on the first few joints beyond
the disk, four, very rarely indeed five ; farther out, three ; they do not
alternate three and four, as is seen in many other species; lengths to
that of under arm-plate, 3, 3.1, 5.6, 5.5: 2. Tentacle-scales two, large
and regular, much longer than broad. Color, in alcohol: above, deep
umber, almost black; below, interbrachial spaces the same; arms a
little lighter.

Variations. — A young specimen, with a disk of 9.5", had arms
35™" long; the mouth-shields were narrower than in the adult, the
color was paler, and the tips of the arms were cross-barred with white.
A very large specimen, with a disk 33" in diameter, had arms 155™™
long ; the proportion of the arm-spines to the under arm-plate was 3.5,
3.5, 3.7, 3.7: 2; the upper spines were greatly flattened, and were cut
square off at the end. Some well-grown individuals have cross-bars of

light-brown towards the end of the arm.
12

90 OPHIOCOMA PICA.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number : When 4 Nature of
Number. | Number. of Spec. MECANTo Collected. Whence obtained. Specimen.

Museum of Comparative Zoéloyy.

317 aa 3 Sandwich Islands. | ...... A. Garrett. Alcoholic.
318 ee 7% 4\:Sandwich Islands)" 7) 5. <0: A. Garrett. “
319 Sh 12+) Sandwich Islands) | ...... A. Garrett. “
320 a 1 Sandwichdslands) |||". a4 A. Garrett. Dried.

Ophiocoma pica Mitt. & Troscn.

Ophiocoma pica Mtuy. & Troscu. Syst. Asteriden, p. 101.
Ophiocoma lineolata Mtuu. & Troscn. Syst. Asteriden, p. 102.
Ophiocoma sannio LymMAN. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII. p. 81.

Special Marks. — Arms to disk as four to one; they are banded with
yellowish. Six arm-spines in the adult, slender and elegant; upper
ones longest, and as long as the combined lengths of three and a half
to four and a half under arm-plates.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 27"™ ; width of arm
without spines, 4"; length of arm about 90". Mouth-papille six ;
three on each side. Tooth-papillw irregularly placed, extending nearly
to the inner end of the mouth-shield, the lowest ones smallest ; about
twenty-one in number. Teeth five, lowest one very small, and nearly
surrounded by papillae; upper one small, and somewhat pointed.
Mouth-shields oval, longer than broad; length to breadth, 2.5: 2.
Under arm-plates broader than long, regular, bounded without and
within by a curve, on the sides by re-entering curves; length to
breadth (tenth plate), 14:2. Upper arm-plates very regular, bounded
without by a clean curve, nearly oval, but flattened a little within ;
length to breadth (tenth plate), 1.4:2.4. Disk, above and on the sides,
finely and closely granulated, about 45 grains to a square mm., brachial
spaces below naked ; showing unusually large scales, having a diameter
of .6"™. Arm-spines six, remarkably slender, tapering, and regular ;
lengths to that of under arm-plate, 5.2, 6, 5, 4.2, 3.8, 3.2: 14. Tentacle-
scales two, rather large and pointed. Color, in alcohol: above, very
dark purplish-brown ; the disk ornamented with numerous fine radiat-
ing lines of yellowish; two yellowish specks at the base of each arm ;
about every other upper arm-plate is cross-barred with yellowish, the
base of the upper spine having the same color; below, interbrachial

OPHIOCOMA PICA. 91

spaces dark brown, varied with yellowish ; yellowish spots between the
under arm-plates.

Variations. — The arrangement of colors on the disk varies ; some-
times the disk is wholly dark, or, again, only spotted with light yel-
lowish ; but the arms are always more or less banded with light. A
light mark on each side of the mouth-shield is very characteristic.
A young specimen, with a disk of 9™™, had arms 54" long; there
were five arm-spines. Another had four, and close to the disk five
arm-spines ; the disk was to the arms as 6:21. In younger specimens
the tooth-papillx are of course fewer.

Miiller & Troschel made the singular mistake of describing this
strongly marked species under two names, O. pica and O. lineolata.
Both descriptions are accurate ; so much so that I described it under
a third name, O. sannio. A glance at the origimals in the Jardin des
Plantes and the Berlin Museum, was enough to remove all error. The
originals of O. pica, in Paris, are dried, and about half grown. Disk,
15™™; arm, 50"; five arm-spines, of which the upper is 3.2™ long.
The original of O. lineolata (Berlin Zo6l. Mus. No. 951) is also not
quite fully grown. The disk is 18™™ in diameter; arm, 58™™ long ;
five rows of spines, whereof the upper and middle ones are longest.
The specimens are dried, and are from Aden on the Red Sea.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number F When P Nature of
Number. Number. of Spec. Mocality. Collected. Whence obtained. Specimen,

Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

321 eG 1 Sandwich Islands; =» / =... . A. Garrett. Alcoholic.
322 ae 12+-| Sandwich Islands. | ...... A. Garrett. &“
323 27 1 Sandwich Islands. | ...... A. Garrett. Dried.
332 O46 1 | Kingsmills Islands. =| ...... A. Garrett. Alcoholic.
333 wk 1 SandwichIslandss) 9/92. +s - A. Garrett. us

433 ese tier pt RLV Ale (eS coat J pede \lleeretrs ae Bh sits, Jardin des Plantes. &
355 ae ca | Soon Iebek —~ || Gino cao A. Garrett. Gs

92 OPHIARTHRUM.

Ophiocoma brevipes Peters.

Ophiocoma brevipes PETERS. Wiegmann’s Archiv., p. 84. 1852.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number F | When F Nature of
Number. | Number.| of Spec. maocality Collected. Whence obtained. Specimen,
Museum of Comparative Zoilogy.

310 | on | 7 panera Tslands. | Sasser | A. Garrett. mes

OPHIOMASTIX Mitr. & Troscn.
Ophiomastix venosa Perers. Wiegmann’s Archiv. fur Naturg., p. 84. 1852.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number . When P Nature of
Number. |Number.| of Spec. Locality. | Collected. | Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
255 Ag 10 | Zanzibar. f f oaeoa G. A. Cheney. Alcoholic.
398 sett Seta pZanzibaryme ye quae el) ayer ae Capt. Webb. a
399 ie ae | Zanzibar |) |e Gites tienen C. Cooke. “

OPHIARTHRUM Perers.
Ophiarthrum elegans Perers. Wiegmann’s Archiy., p. 84. 1852.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

When

¢ . Nature of
Locality. Collected. Whence obtained.

Specimen,

Catalogue | Original | Number
Number. | Number.) of Spec.

Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
Gears = ~ || sogane C. Cooke. | Alcoholic.

Society Islands. 88 | ...... A. Garrett.

OPHIACANTIIA. 95

OPHIACANTHA Muttt. & Troscn.

Tyre or THE Genus, O. spinulosa Miill. & Trosch.

Disk with little thorny spines. Radial shields covered. Teeth;
mouth-papille ; no tooth-papilla. Spines numerous, slender, minutely
thorny ; arranged on the sides of the side arm-plates. Side arm-plates
meeting nearly, or quite, above and below. Two genital slits, begin-
ning outside the mouth-shields.

SPECIES HEREIN DESCRIBED.

O. spinulosa.
O. setosa.

Ophiacantha spinulosa Mir. & Troscu. (Figs. 6, 7.)

Ophiacantha spinulosa Miiu. & Troscu. Syst. Asteriden, p. 107.

Ophiocoma arctica Muu. & Troscu. Syst. Asteriden, p. 103.

Ophiacantha grénlandica Mt. & Troscu. Wiegm. Archiv. fur Naturg., p. 183. 1844.
Ophiocoma echinulata Forsrs. Sutherland’s Journal. Appendix.

Ophiacantha spinulosa LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 65.

Special Marks. — Disk evenly covered with short spines.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 9.5" ; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 5™™ ;
width of arm without spines, 1.7"; length of arm, 42™" ; distance
from outer side of mouth-shield to imner points of teeth, to that
between outer corners of mouth-slits, 2.1: 2.6. Mouth-papille, six or
seven to each angle of mouth; standing well apart ; two outermost on
each side small, flattened, somewhat rounded, blunt; innermost one
sharp, rounded, conical, resembling the lowest tooth, which also might
well enough be considered as a mouth-papilla. Teeth seven, thin,
rather long, flat, with a rounded cutting edge ; lowest one narrowest ;
uppermost one split in two. Mouth-shields much broader than long ;
outer side curved, lateral ends pointed ; a rounded peak within ; length
to breadth, .8:1.5. Side mouth-shields meeting within, long, slender,
of nearly equal width. Under arm-plates squarish, with an angle
within, and their outer corners rounded ; separated by side arm-plates ;
length to breadth (seventh plate), .8:.7. First plate broader than long,
and about one half as large as those near it; plates close to tip of arm,

94 OPHIACANTHA SPINULOSA.

small, shield-shaped, with a regular angle inward, their length less than
that of the line of juncture of the two side arm-plates. Side arm-plates
large, meeting above and below the whole
length of the arm. Upper arm-plates broad
triangular, with outer side gently curved, a
rounded angle within, and the lateral corners
pointed ; length to breadth (fifth plate), .7:1.4 ;
close to tip of arm, the plates are heart-shaped,
and very minute, and bear a very small pro-
portion to the side arm-plates, which cover
almost the whole surface. Disk evenly and
closely covered, above and below, with short,
stout cylinders, ending in a rounded crown of
fine thorns ; those on the under surface shorter and less thorny ; about
20 to a square mm. Arm-spines long, slender, slowly tapering, covered
with longitudinal rows of microscopic thorns ;
near the disk eight, farther out seven; lengths
to that of under arm-plate (fourth joint), 2, 2,
2, 1.8, 1.5, 1, .8, .8:.8. One tentacle-scale,
longer than broad, rounded at the end; length
to that of under arm-plate, .5:.8. Color, in
alcohol: above, light umber; below, paler,
except the interbrachial spaces, which are
(tower side) Garker.

Fig. 6.

iS

Ophiacantha spinulosa. (Upper side.)

Ophiacantha spinulosa.

Variations. — O. spinulosa attains the size of 14"; the disk spines
are then less thorny, and are longer than in the young.

This species has been found at Eastport, Maine; and at Grand Manan
Island (twenty fathoms, shelly bottom, Stimpson) ; Newfoundland (Stu-
witz); West Greenland (Rudolph, Olick, Hollbéll) ; Spitzbergen ; and
on the northwest coast of Norway, from North Cape to the Lofoten
Islands, living on corals, nullipores, and ascidia, in from twenty to thirty
fathoms (Sars).

OPHIACANTHA SETOSA. 95

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Sea ce Loca obrtsty, | Whence oaiaea, | Nature ot
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
7 Bb Netotesco oso Alt tneotarere Prof. Sars. Alcoholic.
8 0 ) |) Cream’ | Gee coe Prof. Sars. “
9 47 8 ermal ln University Museum,
Copenhagen. i
10 aR 1 Eastport, Me. July, 1851. | Prof. Agassiz. “
340 ae 3 Straitsiof; Bellisles) |) 2S a. 5) - A. S. Packard, Jr. “
Smithsonian Institution.
1028 BaD 1 Greenland |i oe-me non University Museum, | Alcoholic.
Copenhagen.
1021 5-0 3 | Grand Manan Island. | ...... Wm. Stimpson. o
Ophiacantha setosa Mix. & Troscu.
Asterias setosa Retzius. Dissertatio, p. 30.
Ophiura rosularia GRUBE (non Lamk.). Actin. Echin. u. Wiir., p. 20.
Ophiacantha setosa Mtuu. & Troscu. Syst. Asteriden, p. 106.
LIST OF SPECIMENS.
Catalog! Original | Numb . Wh c Nature of
Nuubene NEEbEr of SpES: Locality. | Collected. | Whence obtained. Sheciment

Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
422 | bo | Oo | Oran, Algeria. | nio-8 ot : jean des Plantes. Pea

96 OPHIOPHOLIS.

OPHIOPHOLIS Miz. & Troscu.
Type oF THE Genus, O. bellis.

Disk more or less covered with grains, or little spines. Teeth. No
tooth-papille. Mouth-papille on the sides of the mouth-frames. Arm-
spines short, flat, stout, arranged along the sides of the side arm-plates.
Upper arm-plates surrounded by a rim of supplementary pieces. The
lower spine of the outer arm-joints bearing hooks. General structure
rather coarse and stout. Two genital slits beginning outside the
mouth-shields.

SPECIES HEREIN DESCRIBED.

Primary plates naked in brachial and interbrachial spaces, O. bellis.
Primary plates naked in brachial spaces only, O. Kennerlyi.
No naked primary plates, O. Caryi.

Ophiopholis bellis Lyman. (Plate I Fig. 4-6.)

STELLA SCOLOPENDROIDES ; bellis scolopendrica Lixcx. De Stel. Mar., p.52, Pl. XL. fig. 71. 1733.
Asterias aculeata O. F. Mt. Zool. Dan., p. 29, Pl. XCIX. 1789.

Ophiura bellis Jouns. Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 595. 1835.

Ophiocoma bellis Fornes. British Starfishes, p. 53.

Ophiolepis scolopendrica MULL. & Troscn. Syst. Asteriden, p. 96.

Ophiopholis aculeata LUTKEN. Addit. ad Tist. Oph., p. 60.

Special Marks.—In alcohol, the prevailing tint is brownish-red.
Primary plates in the brachial and interbrachial spaces. Disk grains
of adult specimens elongated, like short spines.

Description of a Specimen.— Diameter of disk, 20.5"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 7"™ ;
width of arm without spines, 5"; length of arm, 142"; distance
from outer side of mouth-shield to inner points of teeth, to that
between outer corners of mouth-slits, 3.1: 3.6. Mouth-papille thin,
flat, scale-like, squarish, with rounded corners; six to each angle of
the mouth. Teeth twelve, squarish, short, middle of the cutting edge
thickened ; upper ones growing narrower; two or three lowest ones
often split in two. Mouth-shields nearly oval, with a slight point
within ; length to breadth, 1.5:2. Side mouth-shields stout, closely
soldered with surrounding parts, meeting within. Under arm-plates

somewhat irregular, broader than !ong, a little separated; inner side

OPHIOPHOLIS BELLIS. 97

nearly straight, and a little shorter than the outer; outer side nearly
straight ; outer corners strongly rounded ; length to breadth (twelfth
plate), 12:17; the first six plates are proportionately longer, and
much more rounded, than those beyond; their outer side often has a
slizhtly re-entering curve ; at the tip of the arm the plates are longer
than broad, with the outer and lateral sides quite straight, and an angle
at the inner end. Side arm-plates encroaching a little below, between
under arm-plates; cleanly separated from each other by naked skin.
Upper arm-plates nearly oval, stout, sometimes broken in two; length
to breadth (third plate), 1.2: 1.9. Supplementary pieces ten or twelve,
very closely wedged together, and variously distorted, often broken in
two; those on the sides sometimes encroaching between the rows of
arm-spines. Near the end of the arm, upper arm-plates nearly round ;
supplementary pieces bead-like, not crowded. Disk closely beset, above
and below, with short, flattened spines, except on the primary plates,
and a small space outside the mouth-shields; these spines vary in
length, being short and granular towards the middle of the disk and
at the bases of the arms, but longer and more closely set in the inter-
brachial spaces below; their greatest length is about .7""; primary
plates rounded, the middle ones smallest ; some of those in the inter-
brachial spaces often overgrown by spines; the largest ones having a
diameter of 1.7™. Radial shields having the form and appearance of
primary plates. Arm-spines six, stout, flattened, cut square off at the
end; four upper ones nearly equal, very broad, flat, and square ; two
lower ones smaller and more conical; lengths to that of lower arm-plate
(ninth joint), 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.3, 1.8, 1.1:1.2; towards the end of the arm,
spines rounded and conical, usually five ; lowest spine on tip joints
armed with hooks. Tentacle-scale nearly round, stout, flat; length to
that of under arm-plate, .6: 1.2; towards the end of the arm the
tentacle-scales are much longer than broad, and are nearly as long as
the under arm-plates. Color, in alcohol : above, dull brownish-red (lake
and burnt-umber) somewhat variegated ; below, interbrachial spaces
same as upper surface, but much paler; the rest yellowish.

Variations. — Even in alcohol the coloration is seen to be quite
changeable ; sometimes the upper surface is uniform dull brownish-red,
of different shades in different specimens; or the disk may be nearly
white, with reddish arms; or both arms and disk may be mottled red-
dish and yellowish. Professor Agassiz’s colored drawings show that of
the living animals scarcely two are alike. The principal patterns are :
disk and arms brownish orange, more or less variegated; disk dark
green, with a light-green central star, light-green banded arms, and
white radial shields; disk and arms indigo blue, variegated with green-

ish and reddish; disk with a light centre and dark margin, and lght-
13

98 OPHIOPHOLIS BELLIS.

green arms, banded with lake-red ; &c. The very young animals cling to
the arms of their parents, sometimes one on top of the other. A young
one, with a disk of 1.7"™, had arms 4.4" in length; the disk had only a
few scattered, small, trifid spines round the margin; in the centre was a
rosette of primary plates, which still preserved their form ; these were
surrounded by twenty-five more plates, viz.,a primary plate and two
radial shields in each brachial space, and two primary plates in each
interbrachial ; all the plates were very thin, and composed of a network
of fine spiculz ; the upper arm-plates were longer than broad, broadest
in front, and rounded throughout; in place of supplementary pieces
there were two or three little thorny grains; below, the lower arm-
plates were longer than broad, with outer and lateral sides nearly
straight, and at the inner end an angle; the mouth-shields and side
mouth-shields were much as in the adult; the teeth very few in num-
ber; the arm-spines four, very thorny, the lowest one on the outer
joints armed with hooks. As the animal grows old, the primary plates
become more numerous and more widely separated ; the spines of the
disk grow smooth and granular, and increase in numbers; then they
elongate, and finally become so developed as to obliterate some of the
primary plates ; the arm-spines, from being slender and conical, become
stout and flattened, and the teeth increase greatly in number. Dr.
Litken gives the following table, to show the relative increase of parts.

Joints without

Diam. of Disk. Length of Arm. No. of Joints, Joints with Hooks. gv 0ints without
Dea, ieee On een eceent WOE aes eels pe meet
SMI Let OE Sa he amc Obert] MOORS cre tam atte ff
Aire me aes et eA bb Oe eo aie NEO)
Chae eae Sa AOS
OA ee OS Oe eS G
LA eh 2 eee 05 eet e025 0 eer eds

According to this, both the disk and the arms continue to grow, but
the latter the faster. During the growth of the arms new joints are
formed, and this increase of joints seems greatest in the very young
animal. The new joints appear at the tip of the arm, and not at the
base, next the mouth. In moderate sized specimens the arms are
usually not more than four or five times longer than the diameter of
the disk.

O. bellis is distinguished from O. Caryi and O. Kennerlyi by greater
size and different number of naked primary plates. On the Grand
Manan it is abundant, at low-water-mark of the spring tides, among
sea-weed (A. E. Verrill). In Boston Harbor the young are often found
on bits of floating sea-weed (Dr. Wheatland). On the Scandinavian
coasts it has been dredged in from three to sixty fathoms (Hollboll,

OPHIOPHOLIS BELLIS.

99

&e.). If the “Ophiocoma” taken by Dr. Wallich,* on a sounding line,
at the astounding depth of 1,250 fathoms, is this species, it has the most

extraordinary bathymetrical range.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Coe nape Loc oltten, | whence branes, | Stare ot
i)
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
165 12+) Grand Manan Island. | Aug. 21,57. | J. E. Mills. Alcoholic.
166 12+ Grand Manan Island. | Oct. 2, 1857. | J. E. Mills. Ws
167 12+) Grand Manan Island. | Aug. 10,
Sep. 29, 30,
Oct. 8, ’57.| J. E. Mills. a
168 5 | Grand Manan Island. | Sep. 22, 757. | J. I. Mills. 03
169 ce 1B Wie = | ob oo Wm. Stimpson. e
170 Blatt Veco Mop tty G tosoteel||imdiodotoncied Prof. Sars, 1852. us
171 Dy | Bema ago ac Prof. Sars, 1852. -
172 GpeimGxeenlandee ecm we oll fsb wens, cave Prof. Sars, 1852. we
173 10 | Phillips Beach, Mass. | Feb. 14, ’48. | Prof. Agassiz. ue
174 A | Walvennin? Wiss Ng 6 5 ee Prof. Agassiz. ee
175 9 | Massachusetts? 8 | ...... Prof. Agassiz. as
176 AG V2 \iNahant, Mass, 99 |e) ass, ae Prof. Agassiz. | w
177 345 8 ||Noasayo 2) 9 a preratoa University Museum,
Copenhagen. as
178 34° 3 || \Garonkmek > i bao obo University Museum,
Copenhagen. "
179 34° 1 Tcelandtay eis Yan tick) bas University Museum,
Copenhagen. 6
180 34! 8 | Kattecat and Oresund.| ...... University Museum,
Copenhagen. @
EM | eC) MO Crone se. | Saboon University Museum,
Copenhagen. ie
182 12+| Boston Bay. © $$$| ...... Prof. Agassiz. 0
183 12+) Grand Manan Island. | Oct. 5, 1857. | J. E. Mills. &
184 IPSS! Wasyaiordis We ~~ . | 6a0a50 J. E. Mills. f
185 to Regal Mr. Higginson.
186 | 12 | Eastport, Me. Uw Lo USNs. og o Ba 0 68 D6 ce
187 | 12 | Trenton, Me. July, 1860. | Messrs. Verrill and
Shaler. ¢
188 12+) Grand Manan Island. | 1859, Sum’er.) A. E. Verrill. Ke
189 1 | Marked “ Florida,” but
| UMP OMOKy MON) Goeoas || sooo uGGaoGD fe
190 leone e\Vlassachusetts: mans s Mill cmenee ts Prof. Agassiz. Dried
191 NW |) eooccnusdoooa YW acooeooe Sl ooatwano6 6 “
192 QeNahante hep ll raecdnas che Prof. Agassiz. a
193 IDI ome | so ooo Dr. Horatio Storer. <e
194 i || MesmOmEeothe “Woon 00 || oaogeocoue ue
343 6 | Straits of Bellisle. | ...... A. S. Packard, Jr. | Alcoholic.
425 Newfotndland; == |] 5. 3. Jardin des Plantes. ie
373 Nahant,Masss "9" |) 2s oa - Alex. Agassiz. a
374 orden, Wis ~ NW sgcaooa | sodanccaoo ts
375 Basyooa Wis - | scoxono || boceag ooo Gb
376 Crnael WiememIGbcb |} cooone | cooauocanjo a
Smithsonian Institution.
1027 1 Greaalyngh = sd] cg toe University Museum,
Copenhagen. Alcoholic.
1064 12--| Massachusetts. $§ | ...... Wm. Stimpson. oe
|

* G. C. Wallich, M. D., on Animal Life at Vast Depths, p. 22.

1860.

100 OPHIOPHOLIS KENNERLYI.

Ophiopholis Kennerlyi Lymay.

Ophiopholis Kennerlyi Lyman. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII. p. 200.

Special Marks. — No naked plates in the interbrachial spaces of the
disk, above.

Description of a Specimen.— Diameter of disk, 8°"; outer edge
of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 5.4"; width of
arm without spines, 2"; length of arm, 55.3". Mouth-papille thin,
flat, square, with corners rounded ; three on each side. Teeth short,
broad, square, stout. Mouth-shields very closely soldered with side
mouth-shields, rather small, nearly oval; length to breadth, .7 : 1.
Under arm-plates nearly square, corners a little rounded, and outer
side bounded by a slightly re-entering curve ; length to breadth, 1: 1.
Side arm-plates small, and little prominent. Upper arm-plates irregular
oval, sometimes broken in two, more or less encroached on by supple-
mentary pieces, which bound their outer and lateral sides; length to
breadth, near base of arm, .8: 1.5. The supplementary pieces form a
close line; they are thick and angular, vary somewhat in size, and,
near base of arm, from seven to ten in number; farther out, fewer;
and near the tip none at all. Disk, above, closely and evenly covered
with round grains, among which appear a few small, round primary
plates ; one in centre, and one or two in each brachial space ; none at
all in the interbrachial spaces ; diameter of central plate, .7°™. Disk, be-
low, closely set with short, stout, smooth spies, about .5™™ long. Arm-
spines very stout, short, thick, rounded ; the longest about length of arm-
joints; lowest one much the shortest, blunt, conical; second spine same
shape, but longer; third and fourth longest, broad, thick, and blunt ;
fifth same shape, but shorter; usually five spines ; sometimes, close to
disk, six; near tip of arm, the lower spine has the form of a double
hook. Color, in alcohol: purplish pink, with obscure bands of a darker
shade on arms; an obscure line of whitish running lengthwise of the
arms ; in the position of each radial shield, an irregular patch of white ;
below, interbrachial spaces mottled reddish and white ; mouth-apparatus
whitish ; lower arm-plates whitish, edged with pink ; other parts same
as upper surface, but lighter.

Variations. — A specimen of about the same size as the preceding,
had usually three, instead of two, primary plates in each brachial space
on the upper surface of the disk ; also, a distinct line of white, running
quite round the disk, near its edge. A young one, with a disk 5™ in
diameter, had arms 12.5" in length; the arm-spines were more slender,

OPHIOPHOLIS CARYI. 101

and were thorny, as were also the spmes and grains of the disk ; in the
centre of the disk a patch of white, and another at the base of each
arm.

This species is interesting, as being the second of a genus which
before had but one member. It is distinguished from O. bellis by the
close and regular granulation of the disk, without spines above, and by
having no primary plates in the interbrachial spaces. It seems, also, to
be a much smaller species.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number 1 When F Nature of
Number. | Number.) of Spec. bocalltys Collected, Nujhencefoubaided: Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

IDG] 6 2 Wenckoing Chl | o¢s 000 Alex. Agassiz. Alcoholic.
198 | 1062 |= 1 Pima Swng, || sobogo0n Dr. Kennerly. | “
Smithsonian Institution.

1062 | a0 | Sy) lean sme 9 Il aa 65 oo Dr. Kennerly. | Alcoholic.
|

Ophiopholis Caryi Lyman.

Ophiopholis Caryi LyMAN. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VI. p. 261. 1860.

Special Marks. — Small species; disk about 8"™ in diameter, and
closely covered with fine grains, without naked plates.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 8"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 3.3" ;
width of arm without spines, 1.5™™; length of arm, 26.5"; distance
from outer side of mouth-shield to inner points of teeth, to that
between outer corners of mouth-slits, 1.5: 1.5. Mouth-papille - flat,
rounded, scale-like, three or four on each side. Teeth about eleven,
broad, short, stout, flat, square ; uppermost and lowest ones narrower
than those in middle ; uppermost one longest, with a rounded cutting
edge ; lowest one often split in two. Mouth-shields irregular, small,
usually rounded rhomboidal; length to breadth, .6:.8. Side mouth-
shields nearly meeting within, large and curved, closely soldered with
surrounding parts. Under arm-plates a little separated, squarish, with
curved lateral sides; outer side slightly re-enteringly curved ; inner
side rather shorter than the outer, and made up of three short lines,
making an angle with each other; length to breadth (eighth plate),

102 OPHIOPHOLIS CARYT.

?
length to breadth (third plate), .6:1. Supplementary pieces irregular,

but usually oblong and angular, the largest ones near lateral corners of
each plate ; near base of arm, eight or nine to each plate; near the end
of the arm there are still eight or nine supplementary pieces, but the
upper arm-plates are nearly round. Disk, above, closely and perfectly
covered with small rounded grains ; about 100 to a square mm.; below,
interbrachial spaces thickly beset with very short, stout, sharp spines,
about .1™" long. Arm-spines five, sometimes six; short, stout, blunt,
more or less flattened ; three upper ones largest ; second spine stoutest
and broadest of all; two lowest smaller and more conical; lengths to
that of under arm-plate (eighth joint), .5, .5, .5, .4,.5:.7; near tip of
arm, spines more rounded and tapering. Tentacle-scale one, thin, flat,
narrowest at the base, cut off square at the end, about as long as lowest
arm-spine. Color, in alcohol: above, nearly uniform lake-pink, a little
deeper near edges of disk; along arms a faint, broken line of lighter ;
below, interbrachial spaces, near edge of disk, same as upper surface,
but fading to nearly white towards the mouth ; under arm-plates and
mouth-parts white, the former edged with reddish along their lateral
sides ; side arm-plates and arm-spines same as upper surface, but
lighter.

.7:.6. Upper arm-plates irregular oval, with outer side most curved ;

Variations. — A young one, with a disk of 2.7"", had arms 7.6™™ in
length; the color was mottled pink and white; the disk was pretty
closely covered with grains, or very short spines, each bearing a crown
of three little thorns; the arm-spines were rounded and conical, but
not at all flattened. Another specimen had a disk of only 2.2™™, and
arms of 8.1"; this had all the supplementary pieces of the upper arm-
plates covered with minute thorns. The smallest specimen had a disk
of 1.9™", and arms of 5.4"; the disk granulation, arm-spines, mouth-
papillz, and supplementary pieces of the arm-plates, were all thorny ;
arm-spines five; mouth-papille two; lower arm-plates longer than
broad, narrowest within, with a re-entering curve on the outer side, and
a notch on the inner ; upper arm-plates longer than broad, rounded.

This small species is distinguished from O. Kennerlyi and O. bellis by
having the disk entirely covered with fine grains, without naked plates.

It is not impossible that this may be but a variety of O. Kennerlyi ;
but as I have seen the young of both, with the distinctive specific marks,
I prefer to keep the names as they now stand.

OPHIOSTIGMA, 103

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Nature of

Catalogue | Original | Number When
Specimen.

Number. | Number.) of Spec. Locality. Collected. | Whence obtained.

Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

OH |) ae 12++| Mendocino, Cal.
196 | aie 4 | San Francisco, Cal.

Alex. Agassiz. Alcoholic.

TG. Cary.

—

OPHIOSTIGMA Lire.

Tyrer or THE GeENUus, O. ‘sacanthum Lyman.

Disk granulated. Teeth. No tooth-papille. Basal mouth-papillee
very long, stout, and broad ; the others small and few, arranged so as
to cover the end as well as the sides of the angle of the mouth. Arm-
spines three, short, smooth, arranged along the sides of the side arm-
plates. Side mouth-shields large ; nearly, or quite, touching, so as to
form a ring round the mouth. Mouth-apparatus, as a whole, forming
a distinct, raised pentagon. Two genital slits, beginning outside the
mouth-shields.

Ophiostigma isacanthum Lyman. (Figs. 8, 9.)

Ophiura isacantha Say. Journ, Phil. Acad., V. p. 150. 1825.
Ophiostigma moniliforme LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 132.

Special Marks. — Upper arm-plates cleanly arched without ; lower
arm-plates bounded within by an inner side and two inner laterals.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 5"; from outer side
of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 2.1™; width
of arm without spines, .8™"; length of arm, 25.5"; distance from
outer edge of mouth-shield to inner points of teeth, to that between
outer corners of mouth-slits, 1: 1.2. Mouth-papillee, four to six. Teeth
four, stout, short, squarish, with the cutting edge a little re-enteringly

curved. Mouth-shields broad heart-shaped, with a sharp peak within,

104 OPHIOSTIGMA ISACANTHUM.

outer side curved, and inner sides re-enteringly curved; length to
breadth, .5:.7. Side mouth-shields wider without than within, touching
each other within for their whole breadth. Un-
der arm-plates squarish, broader than long ;
bounded without and on the two lateral sides
by nearly straight lines; within by an inner
side and two inner laterals; length to breadth
(ninth plate), .5:.5; first under arm-plate dia-
Ophiostigma isacanthum. (Upperside.) Mmond-shaped, and very small. Side arm-plates
Penta encroaching between the upper and under plates,
but more between the former. Upper arm-plates oval diamond-shaped,
cleanly curved without, somewhat pointed at the lateral corners, and
with a rounded angle within; length to breadth
(fifth plate), .5:.7. Spines of disk very short
and blunt, like elongated grains ; standing, not
close, but evenly. The outer ends of the radial
shields are indicated by slight swellings. Arm-
spines short, blunt, little tapering, evenly rounded,
of nearly equal lengths ; upper one a trifle the
| stoutest ; length to that of under arm-plate, .4:.5.
Ophiostigma isacanthum. (Lowerside.) ‘Tentacle-scales two, rather stout, longer than
a, mouth-shield ; 6, side mouth-shield. any © :
broad, inside one larger. Color, when dry, white.

Variations. — Dr. Liitken mentions a six-armed specimen. He speaks
of the color as commonly variegated brown, and mentions one black
individual. Say, on the contrary, described his specimen as white, with
green bands on the arms. An alcoholic specimen in the Cambridge
Museum is light brown. ‘The arms seem commonly to be from four to
six times as long as the diameter of the disk.

This rare species is said to be distinguished from O. tenwe by the
form of the under arm-plates. It has been taken at St. Thomas, in four
fathoms of water (A. H. Riise); at St. John (Professor Prosch) ; and in
Florida (Professor Agassiz).

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original Number as When ~ a 2 Nature of
Number. | Number. of Spec. Locality. | Collected. | Whence |obtained. Specimen.
al
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
252 1p eRloridae ay ener eeeeemence Prof. Agassiz. Alcoholic.
253 1 Capeglonda.s a alueee nea G. Wurdeman. we
254 1 | Florida. | Ansa Re atts Prot. Agassiz. Dried.

OPHIACTIS. 105

OPHIACTIS Lirxen.
Tyre or tur Genus, O. Krebsii.

Disk circular, robust, closely covered with radial shields and overlap-
ping scales, the latter bearing a greater or less number of small spines.
Teeth. No tooth-papille. A or (usually two or four) small, delicate
mouth-papilla to each angle of the mouth, situated near the outer cor-
ner of the mouth-slit. Arm-spines arranged along the sides of the side
arm-plates. Two genital slits beginning outside the mouth-shields.

GROUPING OF SPECIES HEREIN DESCRIBED.

r Radial shields separated and }

very small; side mouth-
shields broad, and making + O. simplex.
a continuous ring round
the mouth,
Five arms in the adult, Two mouth-papille, + Mouth-shields much broad-
er than long ; arm-spines |
smooth, tapering, differing

z| O. Kroyer.

much in length,

Arm-spines very short, blunt, Lo O. Miilleri.
rough ; nearly equal, Nag
A slight lobe on the outer ) O. Arebsit.
Six arms in the adult, Four mouth-papille, ’ side of the upper arm- j O. virescens.
plate, O. sexradia.

Ophiactis simplex Lirken.

Ophiolepis simplex Le Contr. Proceed. Phil. Acad., V. p. 318. Nov., 1851.
Ophiactis (Ophiolepis) simplex Liirken. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 130.
Ophiactis Orstedii? LiitkeNn. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 129.

Ophiactis arenosa? LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 129.

Special Marks. — Radial shields widely separated, and comparatively
small; spines very numerous in the lower interbrachial spaces ; disk-
scales inclining to a circular form, rather regular.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 4"; from outer side
of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 1.7" ; width of

arm without spines, 1.1"; length of arm about 28™™; distance from
14

106 OPHIACTIS SIMPLEX.

outer side of mouth-shield to inner points of teeth, to that between
outer corners of mouth-slits, 1:.9. Mouth-papille, two to each angle
of mouth, situated near outer end of mouth-slit, about as broad as long,
thin, angular. Cutting edge of teeth re-enteringly curved. Mouth-
shields broader than long, nearly oval, with a slight peak within; length
to breadth, .4:.5; madreporic shield much larger. Side mouth-shields
very large, about as broad as the length of the mouth-shields, re-enter-
ingly curved at the outer corners of the mouth-slits; meeting fully
within, and also touching their neighbors without, so as to cover the
first under arm-plate. Under arm-plates even, a little overlapping,
about as broad as long, rather thick ; outer side cleanly curved, laterals
short and nearly straight ; within there are an inner side and two inner
laterals, which are short and nearly equal, and are often more or less
combined in a broken curve; length to breadth (tenth plate), .5:.4.
Side arm-plates small, making a narrow, prominent ridge for the arm-
spines. Upper arm-plates regular, a little overlapping, much broader
than long; bounded without and within by straight limes, and on the
sides by curves; a little narrower within than without; first two or
three plates much shorter than those beyond; length to breadth (sev-
enth plate), .5:1. Disk-scales pretty regular and rounded, and rather
thick ; in the centre a conspicuous primary plate, with an indistinct
rosette about it; in each interbrachial space a radiating, connected row
of rounded primary plates, between which and the radial shields there
are two or three pretty regular rows of smaller scales, about 16 to a
square mm. Radial shields small, pointed within, widely separated by
a wedge of diflerent sized scales ; length to breadth, .8:.4. Along edge
of disk, and on interbrachial spaces below, numerous short spines, of
which there are also a few scattered about the back of the disk. Arm-
spines five, only moderately stout; round, tapering, blunt, slightly
rough ; three middle ones longest, lowest one shortest ; lengths to that
of under arm-plate (sixth joint), .5, 4, .4, .4,.2:.4. Tentacle-scale much
longer than broad, nearly oval, more than half as long as the under
arm-plate. Color, dry: above, and interbrachial spaces below, very
dark olive-green; rest of lower surface yellowish.

Variations. — Of fourteen specimens that I have examined, the two
largest had only five arms; the rest, which were much smaller, had six ;
except one small specimen, which had but four. A young one had the
following characters: diameter of disk, 1.2"; length of arm, 4.2".
Upper arm-plates, most of them, separated by side arm-plates, heart-
shaped, somewhat swollen ; disk covered with large, rounded, swollen
scales, of which the eight middle ones form a rosette ; radial shields
not conspicuous, and smaller than most of the disk-scales ; a very few
minute spines on the disk ; arm-spines four, more slender than in the

OPHIACTIS SIMPLEX. 107

adult ; under arm-plates pentagonal, with an angle inward ; longer than
broad, nearly separated by side arm-plates; two full arm-joints admitted
into the disk. The proportions of the disk to the arms may be as fol-
lows: 1.2:4.2, 16:6, 2.6:15, 4:28. The color of the young, when
dry, is tawny brown, the arms being barred with greenish brown; as
they grow larger, the tendency of tint is more towards greenish. Dr.
LeConte says the color of the living animal is “pale beneath, above
blackish brown; arms marked with a few paler bands.” He adds,
that “the scales are all finely granulated” (spinous), so that, in the
dried specimens, these spines have probably for the most part been
rubbed off.

It is probable that the adult of this species has always five arms,
while the young have six. It is easily distinguished by its small radial
shields, which, together with the form of its arm-spines and upper arm-
plates, place it nearer to Amphiura than are the other species of
Ophiactis. I feel pretty sure that O. Orstedii, of which Dr. Liitken got
one specimen, through Dr. Orsted, from Puntarenas, is the same as this
species. The only noteworthy difference is in the shortness of the
arms, which were apparently broken in the above-mentioned specimen,
and could not therefore be accurately measured. It is also possible
that O. arenosa Ltk. will fall among the synonymes of O. simplex. But
these questions must be answered by future observers.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number - When 9 Nature of
Number. | Number. of Spec. Locality. | Collected. | Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

225 | 1198 1 | Panama. pd Baio peas | Dr. J. LeConte. | Dried.
Smithsonian Institution.

1198 es di2=\-Panama: bee to) 8 Gl sa <a Dr. J. LeConte. Dried.

21186 oe 2 | West Coast Nicaragua.| ...... Capt. Dow. ce

108 OPHIACTIS KROYERI.

Ophiactis Kroyeri Lirxen.

Ophiactis Kriyeri LitKen. Vidensk. Meddelelser. Jan., 1856.
Ophiactis Kréyeri Litxen. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 130.

Special Marks. — Mouth-shields much broader than long, with a
peak within and a small tail without. Six (or five) arm-spines, all
smooth; fourth (or third) from the top much the longest.

Description of a Specimen.— Diameter of disk, 5"; from outer
side of mouth-shields to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 2.5™™ ;
width of arm without spines, 1.5"; length of arm about 25"; dis-
tance from outer side of mouth-shields to inner points of teeth, to that
between outer corners of mouth-slits, .9: 1.4. Mouth-papille, two to
each angle of jaw, thin, wider than long, with a bevelled, cutting edge.
Teeth nine, short, thick, stout, and crowded; third and fourth from
below broadest ; uppermost one smallest and narrowest. Mouth-shields
much broader than long, with a little tail or peak without, and a
rounded peak within; lateral corners rounded; length to breadth,
5:.9. Side mouth-shields small, narrow, irregularly triangular, not
meeting within ; they are unusually variable in size and shape. Under
arm-plates without sharp angles, broader than long, outer side and cor-
ners curved, lateral sides nearly straight, inner side strongly curved,
forming sometimes a rounded angle ; first plate short and very small,
often separated from second plate by side mouth-shields ; next three or
four plates smaller than those immediately beyond ; length to breadth
(eighth plate), .6:1. Side arm-plates projecting strongly, encroaching
a little below. Upper arm-plates a good deal broader than long, squar-
ish ; outer and lateral sides nearly straight, inner side slightly curved ;
corners a little rounded; length to breadth (twelfth plate), .6:1; the
first two or three plates are smaller and oval. Disk-scales much crowded,
varying somewhat in length, but of nearly the same size ; about 12 to
a square mm.; in the middle is a single primary plate, and there is a
connected, radiating row, of three or four plates, in each interbrachial
space ; along margin of disk, a good number of small, stout, conical
spines, about .3"" long ; there are a few others scattered on upper sur-
face of disk, and some on the interbrachial spaces below. Radial shields
swollen, long triangular, with their points inward; where they are
joined, without, there is a slight lobe ; for the rest of their length they
are separated by a stout wedge of one, two, or three scales ; length to
breadth, 1.5:.8. Arm-spines, near base of arm, six, very smooth,
rounded, hardly tapering, blunt and rounded at the point ; uppermost
and lowest spines shortest, fourth from the top the longest, others inter-

OPHIACTIS MULLERI. 109

mediate in length; lengths to that of under arm-plate (ninth joint),
0, .8, .9, 1.4, .8, .6:.6; near tip of arm, only four spines, which are
nearly equal. Tentacle-scale stout, nearly round, rather large ; length
to that of under arm-plate, .5:.6. Color, in alcohol: light gray.

O. Kroyeri is easily distinguished by the shape of its upper and
under arm-plates, and by its six smooth spines, of which the fourth is
much the longest.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

| |
crane ‘Nutaber: arabes Locality. | Collected. | Whence obtained. pnbinees
Museum of Comparative Zoélogy.
436 | .. .. | Callao. | oo so oe | Jardin des Plantes. | Alcoholic.
Smithsonian Institution.
1024 | a 1 Callaose = he Fe Ook seen University Museum, |
| | | | Copenhagen. | Alcoholic.

Ophiactis Mulleri Litxey.

Ophiactis Miilleri LGtxeN. Additamenta ad Hist. Oph., p. 127.

Special Marks. — One mouth-papilla, usually six arms; upper arm-
plates regular oval; near the edge of the disk a few spines.

9 9mm.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 5.5"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 1.5" ; width
of arm without spines, .8™"; length of arm, 17™"; distance from outer
side of mouth-shield to inner points of teeth, to that between outer cor-
ners of mouth-slits, .7:.6. Mouth-papillz, one on each side, placed near
outer corner of mouth-slit ; thin, flat, rounded. Teeth four, longer than
broad, crowded ; cutting edge wavy ; lowest tooth smallest ; between it
and the lower end of the jaw there is a vacant space, without any teeth
or papillae. Mouth-shields a little variable, usually broad diamond-shape,
with angles more or less rounded; length to breadth, .3:.5. Side
mouth-shields more than half as large as mouth-shields, stout, rather
broad ; not meeting within, but sometimes touching their next neigh-
bors at the outer end of mouth-slit. Under arm-plates, near base of
arm, short, rounded, heart-shape, with a more or less distinct angle
inward ; farther out on the arm they become more angular, and are
bounded within by a distinct angle, without by an outer side and two

110 OPHIACTIS MULLERI.

short outer laterals, and on the sides by straight laterals, all the corners
bemg somewhat rounded ; length to breadth (eighth plate), .4:.4. Side
arm-plates stout, regular, encroaching a little below. Upper arm-plates
cleanly and regularly oval, stout, but not swollen, slightly overlapping ;
length to breadth (third plate), .4:.7. Disk-scales, near the margin,
about 50 to a square mm.; considerably smaller below, but larger near
the centre, above ; a very uneven rosette of primary plates in the mid-
dle of the disk, and usually one elongated plate in each brachial and
interbrachial space ; near edge of disk, a few very short spines. Radial
shields either touching for their whole length, except their inner points,
or else more or less separated by one or two very narrow scales; length
to breadth, .9:.4. Arm-spines four, second one from the top much the
stoutest and roughest, lowest one smallest, the other two intermediate
in size; all are nearly cylindrical, and somewhat tapering ; lengths to
that of under arm-plate (eighth joint), .5, .4, .5,.2:.4. Tentacle-scale
one, very similar in shape and size to the mouth-papille. Color, in
alcohol: upper surface and interbrachial spaces below variegated with
sap-green, dull cobalt blue and white, the principal tint being green ;
remainder of under surface nearly white. The color is about the same
in the living animal.

Variations. — The above-described specimen had only five arms, but,
as a rule, the number is six, and of these two or three are almost always
smaller than the rest. The arms vary much in number ; occasionally a
specimen may be seen with only one. A young one had five arms
about 3.5™ long, the diameter of the disk being 1.2"; lower arm-
plates long pentagonal, with an angle inward ; upper arm-plates broad
heart-shape, with a curved outer side, and straight inner laterals ; they
had a peak within, and were completely separated by the encroachment
of the side arm-plates ; upper side of disk without any spines, and coy-
ered by the radial shields, and a few large, irregular scales, some of
which formed a sort of rosette in the centre. It is said that there are
sometimes five arm-spines, but I have never seen more than four; and
many of the basal jomts have but three.

O. Miilleri may be recognized by its single mouth-papilla, oval upper
arm-plates, and six arms.

It has been found abundantly at St. Thomas (A. H. Riise). At Cape
Florida I found great numbers, living in colonies, at low-water-mark.
The little animals were clinging to a kind of spreading, greenish sponge,
which grows like a thick net-work, and often attains a thickness of a
foot, and a diameter of four or five feet.

OPHIACTIS KREBSII. Ng

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number ani} When an Nature of
Number. | Number.} of Spec. Locality. | Collected. | Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
215 a 12+ Cape Florida. Feb. 1856. T. Lyman. Alcoholic.
216 AN Steehomasy Wielkoa) lleeeucne a) cue A. H. Riise. “
217 8 De NBOrIda ey oa leit ape ape G. Wurdeman.
218 60 Gh Westelndies))- 9 9) Senta. University Museum,
Copenhagen. «“
Smithsonian Institution.
1015 Paneer West Indies. lated stile 4, University Museum,
| Copenhagen. Alcoholic.
1157 cer Ge 5) Shi Jeans Wyedb || 5 no cole A. H. Riise. “
1083 a Fe! 3 Syn, Adon, Welle ll a ee A. H. Riise. Dried.
1110 .. | 5 | St.Thomas, W.I | ...... A. H. Riise. ub
|

Ophiactis Krebsii Lirxen. (Figs. 10, 11.)
Ophiactis Krebsii LitKeN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 126.

Special Marks. — Commonly six arms and five arm-spines. A very
slight lobe on the outer side of the upper arm-plates. Four mouth-
papillz to each angle of the mouth.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 3.3"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 1.6"; width
of arm without spines, .9""; length of arm, 19"™; distance from outer
side of mouth-shield to inner points of teeth, to that between outer
corners of mouth-slits, .8:.8. Mouth-papille,
four to each angle of the mouth, flat, thin,
rounded, longer than broad. Teeth six, upper-
most one tapering and a little the longest ; the
rest flat, squarish, longer than broad, with a
cutting edge thickened at its middle point.
Mouth-shields much rounded diamond-shape,
with a little tail on the outer side; length to
breadth, .4:.3. Side mouth-shields stout, barely P
meeting within. Under arm-plates about as long = Pat Bre
as broad, octagonal, the inner lateral sides being
longest ; length to breadth (tenth plate), .4:.4. Side arm-plates en-
croaching a little below, projecting laterally a good deal. Upper arm-
plates oval, thick, slightly swollen, with a very small lobe on the outer

Fig. 10.

112 OPHIACTIS KREBSIL.

side ; this lobe is not so distinct on the basal plates as on those a little
farther out on the arm; length to breadth (eighth plate), .4:.7. Scales
of disk all pretty small and thin, very irregular; no rosette of primary
plates in the middle, but sometimes a single primary plate may be dis-
tinguished in the interbrachial spaces; scales
near the margin, about 60 to a square mi. ;
scales of interbrachial spaces, below, very fine.
Radial shields regular, elongated, pear-seed shape,
partially separated by one or two narrow scales ;
length to breadth, 1:.4. There are a few scat-
tered, short spies along the disk margin, and
also towards the centre. Arm-spines five, near
the disk six ; rounded, somewhat tapering ; sec-

Ophiactis Krebsii. (Lower site) Ond one from the top largest; first and third of
M plates A's outer side; "", lateral about the same size; the rest growing smaller

a. to the lowest one; lengths of second and sixth
spines to that of under arm-plate (fifth joint), .4,.2:.6. Tentacle-scale
one, similar to the mouth-papille. Color, in alcohol: variegated bright
sap-green and whitish; radial shields green, tipped with white ; arms
banded green and white.

Variations. — Not so many individuals have only two or three arms
as in O. Muller ; the usual number is six. A young one had the fol-
lowing characters: diameter of disk, 1.5"; length of arms, 6" ; upper
arm-plates triangular, with a more or less sharp angle, turned inward,
not separated by side arm-plates ; under arm-plates longer than broad,
with an angle within, lateral and outer sides nearly straight, corners
rounded ; otherwise it resembles the adult, even to the number of the
arm-spines. A large specimen had a disk of 4.2™™, and arms of 20".
The disk is said to grow as large as 7"™. The side mouth-shields com-
monly meet within.

This species is common at St. Thomas (A. H. Riise, Mr. Krebs) and at
Santa Cruz (Mr. Orsted) ; I have found it at Cape Florida; Rev. J. E.
Mills, at Key West; and Professor Agassiz has dredged it as far north
as Charleston, 8. C., outside the bar of the harbor. It lives on corals
and sponges, and has been found from low-water-mark to three fathoms.
It may be distinguished from its six-armed neighbor, O. MJulleri, by
having four mouth-papille instead of two, and having a slight lobe on
the outer edge of the upper arm-plate ; and from O. virescens, to which
it stands very near, by regularly tapering arms and somewhat narrower
upper arm-plates.

OPHIACTIS VIRESCENS. aL}

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number al} When 2 at Nature of
Number, | Number.| of Spec. uoeallty Collected. Whencejobtained: Specimen,
Museum of Comparative Zovloqy.

219 6 Sholom WWodb ll sooonc A. TI. Riise. Alcoholic.
220 1 Cape Florida. Feb. 1856. | ‘Theo. Lyman. a
221 1 Key West, Fla. Mh. 6, 1858. | J. E. Mills. tt
222 iy. do | Clnodesions ish || soooac Prof. Agassiz. aw
223 59 1 \WYGais limeligss) o B b o o 6 University Museum,
Copenhagen. us
224 ays 1 Bahamas es lee? |Micaeaoeekone Dr. Hf. Bryant. ce
Smithsonian Institution.
1020 ae Tees eVVieStilndicst. suis mreratyet ar University Museum,
Copenhagen. Alcoholic.
1156 bs 2 Sis Mivoma Wolo jl 665600 A. H. Riise. “
1109 ae 3 Stn homes, Wels Il sas aos A. H. Riise. 6“
|

Ophiactis virescens Orstep & LurKen.

Ophiactis virescens LUTKEN. Vidensk. Meddelelser. Jan., 1856.
scens LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 128.

Ophiactis vire.

Special Marks. — In well-grown specimens, the arm is suddenly swol-
len near the disk. Arm-spines very thick; two uppermost usually
largest. Upper arm-plates twice as broad as long, with a distinct lobe
without.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 3.8""; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 1.6"; width
of arm without spines, 1.1"; length of arm, 15"; distance from outer
side of mouth-shields to inner points of teeth, to that between outer
corners of mouth-slits, .9:.9. Mouth-papille, four to each angle of
mouth ; thin, flat, longer than broad. Teeth six, squarish, flat ; lowest
and uppermost one smallest; those below thicker than upper ones.
Mouth-shields much rounded diamond-shape, with a point within, and
often a little tail without; length to breadth, .4:.8. Side mouth-shields
very long and much bent; they meet within, and run side by side
a little way, towards the teeth; their outer ends meet those of their
neighbors, so as to cover the first under arm-plate. Under arm-plates
about as long as broad, octagonal, the inner laterals being usually a
little longer than the other sides; length to breadth (eighth plate),
.5:.4. Upper arm-plates oval, much broader than long, with a decided
lobe on outer side ; length to breadth (ninth plate), .5:1,; first four or
five plates not so broad as those immediately beyond, because the arm

15

114 OPHIACTIS VIRESCENS.

is much narrower at its base than it is a little way out. Disk-scales less
crowded and somewhat more regular than is common in the genus ;
there are about three parallel, radiating rows of rounded scales in the
narrowest part of each interbrachial space ; a few short spines are scat-
tered here and there. Radial shields very straight along the side next
their neighboring shield, but much curved along the side next the
interbrachial space ; length to breadth, 1.1:.6; they are separated for
nearly their whole length by a wedge of three long scales. Arm-spines
near base of arm, five ; two upper ones commonly thickest and largest ;
all of them very short, thick, rough, blunt, and a little tapering ; lengths
to that of under arm-plate, .5, .5, .4,.5,.2:.5. Tentacle-scale flat, thin,
broader than long, rounded at the end, resembling a mouth-papilla, but
larger. Color, in alcohol: above, radial shields dark sap-green, tipped
on their outer ends with lighter; rest of disk mottled with darker and
lighter sap-green; arms banded and mottled with the same; below,
mouth-parts and under arm-plates yellowish or greenish white.

Variations. — The color varies in intensity and somewhat in pattern.
Sometimes the radial shields are not separated. A smaller one, with a
disk of 2.77", had arms about four times as long; the upper arm-plates
were proportionately not so wide ; the lower plates more rounded, and
inclining to an angular heart-shape; the disk spines were pretty nu-
merous, and longer than in larger specimens.

O. virescens is very like O. Krebsii, but differs in having the arm
suddenly swelled, a little way from the disk, instead of regularly taper-
ing; the arm-spines, also, are rather more rounded, thicker, and blunter,
and the upper arm-plates proportionately a little wider, with a stronger
outer lobe.

The first specimens were found at Realejo, in three fathoms of water,
and at Puntarenas, by Dr. Orsted ; others have since been sent from
Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

—— —
Catalogue | Original | Number n When ve Nature of
Number. | Nawber| of Spec. Locality. Collected. | Whence obtained. Specimen.

Museum of Comparative Zoology.
PES |) talaGy || al Cape St. Lucas, Cal. | ...... | J. Xantus. | Alcoholic.
Smithsonian Institution.
1166 coe Cape St. Lucas, Cal. | ...... J. Xantus. Aleoholie.
|

AMPHIURA. 115

Ophiactis sexradia Lirxen.

Ophiolepis sexradia Grube. Wieemann’s Archiv., p. 842. I. 1857.
Ophiactis sexradia LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., I. p. 126.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Nature of
Specimen.

Number
of Spec.

Original
Number.

Catalogue 3
Number. euSeaLi bys Collected.

| When | Whence obtained.

Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

227 12+| Sandwich Island | ...... A. Garrett. Alcoholic.
403 sp. ? Eee) WZiainz parse ieee eee RO! SRE i Rel ike Fae Sine ew a oe “

ee

AMPHIURA Forpzts.

Tyre or tHE Genus, A. filiformis.

Disk small and delicate, covered with naked, overlapping scales, and
furnished with uncovered radial shields. Teeth. No tooth-papille.
Six (rarely eight) mouth-papille to each angle of the mouth. Arms
slender, even, more or less flattened. Arm-spimes short and regular,
arranged along the sides of the side arm-plates. Two genital slits to
each interbrachial space.

GROUPING OF SPECIES HEREIN DESCRIBED.

Arms long and slim; middle arm-spine with a cross-piece at the end, A. filiformis.
Arms very slim and of great length (often twenty-four times as long =)
diameter of disk), tapering only at their tips; outer mouth-papilla »-A. gractllima.
broadest ; radial shields very long and narrow,

One mouth-papilla placed above the rest ; radial shields long and narrow, Ae LED)
UA. Chiajii.
Outer mouth-papilla broadest; under arm-plates pentagonal; arms of )

: : : 3 A. geminata.
moderate length (about eight times the diameter of the disk), J Z

Outer mouth-papilla much the broadest; under arm-plates pentagonal ; fee SqUaniEtG:

side mouth-shields large and meeting within, tile Bene
A. pugetana.
Under arm-plates broader within than without, A. atra.

Some of the disk-scales with toothed edges, A. urtica.
Mouth-papille equal, separated; under arm-plates square ; upper arm-
plates large, overlapping, wider without than within, with rounded i A. occidentalis.

outer corners,

ale AMPHIURA GRACILLIMA.

Amphiura filiformis Forses.

Asterias filiformis O. F. Mtturr. Zool. Dan. Prodr. 1776.

Ophiura filiformis Lamx. Hist. Anim. sans Verteb., II. p. 546. 1816.
Amphiura filiformis Forsrs. Linn. Trans., XEX. p. 151. 1843.
Ophiolepis filiformis MbLi. & Troscu. Syst. Asteriden, p. 94. 1842.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number ' When pe Nature of
Number. |Number.| of Spec. Locality. | Collected. | Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zoology.
235 37 3 Oresund. fe icrergnecatse. University Museum,
Copenhagen. Alcoholic.

Amphiura gracillima Lir«en.

Ophiolepis gracillima Stimpson. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IV. p. 224.
Amphiura (Ophiolepis) gracillima LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 117.

Special Marks. — Arms slender, not tapering till near the tip, often
twenty-four times as long as the diameter of the disk ; mouth-shields
angularly ovoid, long ; side mouth-shields not meeting within.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 6"; from outer side
of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 2"; width of
arm without spines, .6™"; length of arm about 140"; distance from
outer side of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papille, to that
between outer corners of mouth-slits, 1.1: 1. Mouth-papill, three on
each side, outermost one much the largest, stout, longer within than
without ; innermost one running upwards to the teeth, stout, rounded,
bead-like ; middle one similar in size and shape. Teeth seven, longer
than broad, stout, squarish, thickened at the middle point of the cutting
edge ; uppermost one longest. Mouth-shields longer than broad, five-
sided, presenting a rounded angle without ; narrower within than with-
out; length to breadth, .6:.4. Side mouth-shields small, short, irregu-
larly triangular, lying on the sides of mouth-shields, and not meeting
within. Under arm-plates a little broader than long, squarish, with
rounded corners ; near base of arm, touching each other, but not over-
lapping ; length to breadth (sixth plate), .5:.4; about two thirds out
on arm, the plates are nearly separated by side arm-plates, and are pen-
tagonal, with a sharp angle within; lateral sides nearly straight, and

AMPHIURA GRACILLIMA. ey,

Omm.

outer side re-enteringly curved ; length, .3 Side arm-plates with a
decided ridge for support of arm-spines, encroaching above, even at base
of arm; and below also, farther out on arm. Upper arm-plates much
broader than long, pointed oval, more curved within than without, hav-
ing a slight median ridge; length to breadth (twelfth plate), .3:.7 ;
about two thirds out on arm, plates broader than long, bounded without
by a nearly straight line, within by a strong arch; overlapping each
other slightly, and set closer together than those nearer the base of the
arm. Disk-scales minute; above, varying somewhat in size, being larger
near radial shields; from 144 to 225 to a square mm.; below, rather
smaller. Radial shields sunken, very long and narrow, joined for their
whole length, their inner ends buried in the disk-scales; length to
breadth, 1.4:.2. Arm-spines four, close to the disk five, short, slender,
rounded, tapering, sharp, nearly equal; third spine a trifle the longest ;
length to that of under arm-plate, .4:.5. Tentacle-scales two, wide,
short, thin; the inside one running along lateral side of under arm-
plate, the outside one standing at right angles to it. Color, in alcohol :

pale brownish.

Variations. — The mouth-shields vary somewhat, but always have an
angular, ovoid outline. The living animal has the disk dark gray above,
with black radial shields, and a central fawn-colored spot; first three
arm-joints edged with black ; the rest either black or dark or light gray ;
along the median line of the arm, above, an interrupted white line.
Found at low water, six inches deep in soft mud ; it throws up one arm
to the surface (Stimpson).

This species is easily told by its immensely long, slender, and even
arms, with slim, stout, tapering spines on their sides.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

|
Catalogue | Original Number Fs When : Nature of
Number. | Nuinber. of Spec. Locality. Collected. Nbencefobtaincds Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
245 | .. 1 Fort Johnson, Charles- |
| CONS OMe EE ah esis cle | Wm. Stimpson. | Alcoholic.
Smithsonian Institution.
1029 as 1 | South Carolina. | Art hy Bae Wm. Stimpson. Alcoholic.

118 AMPHIURA HOLBOLLI.

Amphiura Holbolli Lirxen.

Amphiura Holbilli LUTKEN. Vidensk. Meddelelser. Nov., 1854.
Amphiura Holbolli Lirken. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 55.

Special Marks. — Middle mouth-papilla placed higher than the others;
one tentacle-scale ; under arm-plates pentagonal.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 7.5"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 3.3™™ ;
width of arm without spines, 14"; length of arm, 30"; distance
from outer side of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papillee, to
that between outer corners of mouth-slits, 1.7: 1.5. Mouth-papillee, six
to each angle of mouth ; two innermost stoutest, pointing to centre of
mouth, oblong; running upwards to the teeth; imnermost papilla
attached to side mouth-shield, small, flat, with a curved, cutting edge ;
middle papillz placed near the innermost one, and a little higher up ;
long, sharp, like a canine tooth. Teeth four; two uppermost large, flat,
longer than broad, squarish, rather thick; next one smaller, stouter,
sharper ; lowest one very short and thick, presenting a broad, grinding
surface. Mouth-shields rounded, truncated, and narrower without ;
length to breadth, .7:.7; madreporic shield nearly twice as large as
the rest, and bearing pores on its edge. Side mouth-shields large, broad
triangular, with all their sides re-enteringly curved; meeting within,
and also meeting their neighbors between the first and second under
arm-plates. Under arm-plates about as long as broad, regularly pen-
tagonal, the fifth angle being very obtuse, and directed inwards ; length
to breadth (thirteenth plate), .6:.5; first plate nearly hidden by side
mouth-shields. Side arm-plates narrow, encroaching so as almost to
meet both above and below. Upper arm-plates broader than long,
pointed oval, more curved within than without, the inner curve making
a faint angle; length to breadth (sixth plate), .6: 1.2. Disk-scales
about 20 to a square mm.; some of the primary plates, especially those
in the centre, still to be distinguished ; scales of interbrachial spaces
below much finer. Radial shields small, narrow oval, with inner end
pointed ; length to breadth, 1.2:.5; widely separated from each other
by a broad wedge of scales. Arm-spines three, near the disk four,
nearly equal, stout, nearly cylindrical, blunt, hardly tapering ; upper
one rather the stoutest and most tapering; lengths to that of under
arm-plate (tenth joint), .6:.6. Tentacle-scale one, small, rounded,
standing within the tentacle pore. Color, in alcohol: disk, brownish
gray ; arms the same, but browner.

AMPHIURA CHIAJII. 119

Variations. — A small specimen had a disk of 4™, and arms of
14.5"; the primary plates were very large, rounded, and distinct ;
the upper arm-plates were proportionately longer and more angular
than in the adult ; there were four arm-spines, which were more taper-
ine than in larger specimens. Sometimes the mner angle of the under
arm-plates is nearly obliterated. The side mouth-shields often do not
quite meet in the interbrachial spaces. Color of the living animal,
whitish.

Taken off the coast of Greenland; muddy bottom ; fifteen to fifty
fathoms (Barrett).

The displaced middle mouth-papilla is a good distinguishing mark in
this species.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

—
Catalogue | Original | Number =n When ames Nature of
Number, | Number.| of Spec. Locality. Collected. Whence obtained. Specimen.

Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
236 | 38 | 2 | Greenland. | 5069 6 University Museum,
Copenhagen. Alcoholic.
Smithsonian Institution.
1031 1 Greenland sean |W won ies: University Museum,
Copenhagen. Alcoholic.

Amphiura Chiajii Fores.

Asterias filiformis DELLE Cutase (non O. F. Miiller). Memorie, II. p. 359. 1825.
Amphiura Chiajii Forsrs. Linn. Trans., XTX. p. 151. 1843.

Amphiura Chiajii Sars. Middelhav. Lit. Fauna, I. p. 86. 1857.

Amphiura Chiajiti Liévken. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 57.

Ophiolepis Sundevalli Muy. & Troscu. Syst. Asteriden, p. 93.

There are, at Berlin, specimens labelled Ophiolepis Sundevall, ap-
parently in the writing of Joh. Miller (Anat. Mus. 16498). They
were sent from Norway by Professor Sars, and are plainly the same
as A. Chiqgjii. The two synonymes are contemporaneous; but <A.
Chiqjit is here retained as the name in use among the best authors.

120 AMPHIURA GEMINATA.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number A When An Nature of
Number. | Number.) of Spec. LESS Collected. Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
233 36 i Norm | cacsas University Museum,
Copenhagen. Alcoholic.
234 AM FeV ie ireatacoiotpes ceo of ailtyctora cca Prof. Sars, 1852. “

Amphiura geminata Lirxen.

Ophiolepis geminata LEContTE. Proceed. Phil. Acad., V. p. 317. 1851.
Amphiura (Ophiolepis) geminata LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 122.

Special Marks. — Arm-spines, near disk, four; the second from below
a little rough and somewhat the largest. Lower arm-plates pentagonal.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk*, 4"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-sht, 1.7"™ ;
width of arm without spines, .7™™; length of arm, 35™"; distance
from outer side of mouth-shield to imner poimts of mouth-papille,
to that between outer corners of mouth-slits, 1:.7. Mouth-papille,
three on each side, in a continuous row; outermost one broader than
both the others; two inner ones very small, rounded, bead-like. Mouth-
shields longer than broad, shaped like a spear-head, with the point
inward ; inner lateral sides much longer than outer ones, which are
short and re-enteringly curved; length to breadth, .5:.5; sometimes
the mouth-shield is more blunt within. Side mouth-shields proportion-
ately rather large, triangular, not meeting within, sides often a little
re-enteringly curved. Under arm-plates broader than long, pentagonal,
with an angle turned inward; sides nearly straight, outer corners
slightly rounded; nearly, but rarely quite, separated by side arm-plates ;
length to breadth (tenth plate), .5:.4; first plate rounded, compara-
tively large ; plates at tip of arm shaped much like the basal ones, but
more rounded, and inclining to a heart form. Side arm-plates encroach-
ing below pretty equally, from base to end of arm ; above, encroaching
less. Upper arm-plates regular, broader than long, oval, more curved
within than without, and tapering toward each side ; length to breadth
(eighth plate), .3:.6. Disk-scales small, even, a little larger near edge

* This measure was taken from one of Dr. LeConte’s original specimens, when dry ; the disk
of the living animal probably measured not less than 5".

AMPHIURA SQUAMATA. 121

of disk; about 130 to a square mm.; those below rather smaller. Ra-
dial shields narrow, pointed within, with straight sides ; inner ends only
separated by a scale, joined for the rest of their length; length to
breadth, .7:.3. Arm-spines four, a little way out only three ; short,
rounded, tapering but slightly, blunt, stout, with a rounded point ;
nearly equal, but the two lower ones a trifle longer than the two upper;
the middle spine is stoutest and bluntest of all, and a little rough under
the microscope ; length to that of under arm-plate (fifteenth joint), .4:.3.
Tentacle-scales two, standing at right angles to each other; inside one
lying along lateral side of under arm-plate ; the free edges of both
curved. Color, dry: disk, above, white, arms faded neutral tint; below,

much paler.

Variations. — The mouth-shields may be proportionately longer and
sharper, or shorter and blunter. The arms above may be irregularly
banded with lighter. Dr. LeConte gives the color as “ pale gray, arms
marked with scattered brown spots.”

This species is distinguished from A. occidentalis and from A. atra
by the different forms of the under arm-plates and mouth-shields.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number . When ; Nature of
Number. | Number.| of Spec. ocality | Collected. | Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

244 |1199 | 1 | Panama. | oogo oe | Dr. J. LeConte. | Dried.
Smithsonian Institution.

1199 | os | 2 i Sararg | Ratt cesier a Dr. J. LeConte. Dried.

Amphiura squamata Sars.

Asterias squamata DELLE CurAse, Memorie, II. p. 77. 1828.

Ophiura neglecta JouNSTON. Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 467. 1835.

Ophiocoma neglecta Forbes. Brit. Starfishes, p. 30. 1841.

Ophiolepis squamata Mit. & Troscu. Syst. Asteriden, p. 92. 1842.
Ophiolepis (Amphiura) squamata Sars. Middelhay. Lit. Fauna, II. p. 84. 1857.
Ophiolepis tenuis Ayres. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., [V. p. 133. 1852.
Amphiura tenuis LyMAN. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII. p. 194. 1860.

Special Marks. — Arms from two and a half to four and a half times
the diameter of the disk. Three regular, tapering, blunt spines; the

two lowest equal, the uppermost a little stouter.
16

122 AMPHIURA SQUAMATA.

a4

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 4.5"™; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 1.7™™ ;
width of arm without spines, .6™ >; length of arm, 19"; distance
from outer side of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papille,
to that between outer corners of mouth-slits, .8:.7. Mouth-papille
regular, stout ; three on each side ; outer one longer than inner ones,
and about twice as wide; two inner ones of about equal size, nearly
square, with corners rounded ; the innermost one runs upward to the
teeth. Teeth five, flat, thin, squarish ; lowest one smallest and most
pointed ; uppermost one a good deal the largest. Mouth-shields broad
heart-shaped, with a sharp point within ; rather small; length to breadth,
.3:.4. Side mouth-shields comparatively stout and large, meeting within.
Under arm-plates shield-shaped, having an angle within, the outer side
nearly straight, and lateral sides a little re-enteringly curved ; outer
corners rounded; length to breadth (sixth plate), .3:.5; even the
plates at the base of the arm are separated by the side arm-plates ;
first plate diamond-shaped, very small. Side arm-plates encroaching
more below than above. Upper arm-plates rounded ; outer side nearly
straight ; mner and lateral sides included in a common curve ; all are
slightly separated by the encroachment of the side arm-plates, except
one or two at the base of the arm; length to breadth (third plate), .4 :..
Disk-seales of pretty even size above and below, the latter considerably
smaller; above, about 25 to a square mm. Radial shields joined for
their whole length; shaped somewhat like a slender pear-seed, but with
the inside edge straight ; their two sharp ends are separated within by
a single small scale ; length to breadth, .9:.5. Where the scales of the
under surface meet those of the upper, there is a distinct line, made by
the upturned edges of the lower scales. Arm-spines three, short, stout,
of equal length, a little rounded and flattened, even, tapering, blunt ;
upper one broadest and stoutest ; second, third, and fourth joints, only
two spines, which are stouter and more rounded. Tentacle-scales two,
rather short and broad, with a strongly curved, free edge ; standing to
each other at an angle somewhat less than a right angle. Color, in
alcohol: nearly white.

Variations. — The disk may be to the arms as 3.6: 10, or 4.7: 16.5.
The mouth-shields vary in breadth. There are sometimes four arm-
spines on one or two basal joints. A. squamata has been dredged in
from three to six fathoms, and is found creeping over shells and stones.
When alive, its color is dark grayish-brown, with radial shields lighter
(Ayres). It stands very near to A. fenera and A. pugetana, but the
former has the middle arm-spine thickened at its base, and the latter
has arms about twice as long; A. Puntarene has a notch in the outer
side of the lower arm-plate, A. microdiscus has differently shaped upper
arm-plates, and A. violacea has much smaller mouth-shields.

AMPHIURA TENERA. 128

This widely-spread little creature, extending from the Mediterranean
on the east, to Massachusetts Bay on the west, possesses a high interest
as being viviparous, a fact first noticed by Professor De Quatrefages
(Comptes Rendus de PAcademie, XV. p. 799, 1842), and afterwards
more fully treated by Dr. Schultze (Miller's Archiv., p. 37, 1852). I
myself found a good number, during the month of June, in the basin
of Arcachon, south of Bordeaux. They lived just below low-water-mark,
among bits of broken shell. On being captured, the gravid individuals
would often cast off their disk, from which would wriggle out numerous
orange-colored young !

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

| Catalogue | Original | Number oli When P Nature of
Number. oa ial of Spec. Locality. Collected. Whence obtained, Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zoology.
242 | 68 1 @resun dee eee eed ret ecco University Museum,
Copenhagen. Alcoholic.
240 me 2 Birdelsl=Bostaklarbors|) ee ae Prof. Agassiz. “
Q41 we ZEA |e aa eaten eres cis Igiroit | aan pe eee eee Prof. Agassiz. “
377 &378, .. Pema Nahant Massie ecu, cenersy pla || scutauey pases vtous “
Snuthsonian Institution.
1060 2 | Massachusetts Bay. | ..---. Wm. Stimpson. Alcoholic.
1047 2 Grand Manan Island. | ...... Wm. Stimpson. ct

Amphiura tenera LirKen.

Amphiura tenera LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 124.

Special Marks. — Length of arm usually about four times the diam-
eter of the disk. Middle arm-spine swelled at the base.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 3.2"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 1.5"™ ; width
of arm without spines, .4™; length of arm, 10.5"; distance from outer
side of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papillx, to that between
outer corners of mouth-slits, .6:.6. Mouth-papille, three on each side ;
outermost one wider than both the others together, flat, with a curved,
cutting edge ; two inner ones separated, nearly equal, small, rounded,
bead-like ; innermost one of all running upwards to the teeth. Teeth
four, longer than broad ; two uppermost ones flat, squarish, thin ; two
lowermost the same, but more rounded, tapering, and pomted. Mouth-
shields heart-shaped, with straight sides, and a sharp point turned

124 AMPHIURA TENERA.

=

9

inward ; length to breadth, .3:.3. Side mouth-shields proportionately
very large, meeting within, shaped like regular wedges, with the broad
end out. Under arm-plates a trifle longer than broad, shield-shaped,
with an angle within; outer side nearly straight, lateral sides a little
re-enteringly curved, outer corners rounded, length to breadth (sixth
plate) about .3:.3. Side arm-plates encroaching above and below, so
as to separate both upper and under arm-plates. Upper arm-plates with
outer side slightly curved ; inner and lateral sides included in a common
curve, which has the form of an arch; length to breadth (third plate)
about .3:.4. At the tip of the arm, the joints are much longer than
broad, wide without, but greatly constricted within; they are embraced
by the side arm-plates, the upper and under plates being small in size,
and occupying the outer end of the joimt. Disk-scales pretty regular
and even; above, about 36 to a square mm.; below, considerably
smaller; along the margin of the disk, the free edges of the lower
scales make a distinct line. Radial shields shaped like elongated pear-
seeds, with one side nearly straight; jomed for their whole length,
except their inner points, which are separated by a single scale ; length
to breadth, .7:.2. Arm-spines three (close to disk sometimes an addi-
tional one above) ; uppermost and lowest nearly equal, short, rounded,
a little flattened, tapering, rather sharp; lengths to that of under arm-
plate, .3:.5; middle one a trifle shorter, rounded, not flattened, swelled
at the base, and contracting suddenly to a pomt. Close to tip of arm,
there are two or three spines, of which the lowest is longest ; they are
sharper and more elongated than those near base of arm. Tentacle-
scales two, of moderate size, standing partly erect, and at an angle to
each other. Color, in alcohol: nearly white, with faint traces of
brownish on disk.

Variations. — The disk may be to the arms as 3:12, 2.7: 10, or
2:6.6. Otherwise the specimens vary scarcely at all. A young one,
with a disk of 2™, had the under arm-plates proportionately longer,
and the side arm-plates more developed; the disk-scales were in like
manner larger, and the primary plates more conspicuous.

A. tenera is distinguished from A. sguamata and A. pugetana by its
swollen middle arm-spines; from A. Orstedii, A. violacea, and A. mi-
crodiscus, by different upper arm-plates; and from A. Puntarene by
wanting a notch in the lower arm-plates. It has been taken at St.
Thomas in four fathoms (A. H. Riise).

AMPHIURA PUGETANA. 2,

Or

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number ali When 7 is Nature of
Number. | Number | of Spec acalitys Collected. Whenne obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
237 67 2 Wiestiindiess = "5, Saar University Museum,
Copenhagen. Alcoholic.
238 aus 2 |Charleston,S.C. | ...... Prof. Agassiz. us
239 ils} || isin dUromresh Wvode |] oo po o oc A. Hi. Riise. “
Smithsonian Institution.
1113 ae 6 Sis Nines Welk § || boo do A. H. Riise. Alcoholic.

Amphiura pugetana Lymay.

Amphiura pugetana Lyman. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII. p. 193.

Special Marks. — Arms long ; often eight times the diameter of the
disk ; a light line running along their upper side.

Description of a Specimen.— Diameter of disk, 5.5°™ ; from outer
edge of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 1.5™™ ;

greatest width of arm without spines, .7""; length of arms, 24.5" ;
distance from outer side of mouth-shield to inner pomts of mouth-
papille, to that between outer corners of mouth-slits, .6:.5. Teeth
four, stout, flat, rather thick, squarish, with cutting edge curved.
Mouth-shields nearly diamond-shaped, the outer and side angles slightly
rounded ; length to breadth, .3:.2. Side mouth-shields large, thick, and
somewhat swelled ; meeting within, closely joined to surrounding parts.
Under arm-plates five-sided, with the fifth angle directed inward ; length
to breadth, near base of arm, .5:.4. Side arm-plates strong and well
developed, meeting above and below. Upper arm-plates bounded within
by a strong arch, without by a slight curve ; their lateral sides short ;
length to breadth, near base of arm, .5:.7; they do not quite touch
each other. Scales of disk mostly rounded, smaller below than above ;
those above of pretty even size, with a few little ones; near edge of
disk, about 50 to a square mm.; those toward the centre larger. Radial
shields closely joined for their whole length, oval, with the inner end
pointed ; length to breadth, .7:.3. Arm-spines three, sometimes four
on joints close to disk; evenly tapering, moderately stout, of even
lengths; length near disk, .5™. Tentacle-scales two, small and rounded,
placed obliquely side by side. Color, in alcohol: disk, above, light

126 AMPHIURA PUGETANA.

4

greenish-gray ; below lighter, radial shields darker; arms, above and
below, straw-color, with a faint white line running lengthwise above.

Variations. —'The angles of the mouth-shields may be more or less
rounded. Among younger specimens the scales of the disk are more
even in size, and the primary plates have their corners not entirely
rounded off The proportion of the arms to the disk varies somewhat ;
thus: diameter of disk to length of arms as 3.5: 24.5, 3:21, or
2.5 : 22.0.

This species is distinguished from others of the genus as follows:
A. Orstedii has the radial shields longer, and separated a part of their
length ; four or five spines and upper arm-plates broader. A. Pumta-
rene has rather longer arms, a small notch in the outer side of the
under arm-plates, and the upper arm-plates regularly oval. A. violacea
has mouth-shields proportionately much smaller, and the arms shorter ;
the color must also be quite distinet. A. microdiscus has, even in small
specimens, the upper arm-plates touching each other, and twice as broad
as long. A. tenera has the middle arm-spine swelled at the base. A.
squamata stands very near the present species; but the arms, in speci-
mens of the same size, are not more than half as long.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number r When * Nature of
Number. |Number.| of Spec. Locality. Collected. Wuhencelobtamned. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodloqy.
23a eee 12+| Mendocino, Cal §$| ...... Alex. Agassiz. Alcoholic.
232 | 1057 IA eRuceh Sounds Gee ss ula-ecween Dr. Kennerly. a
80 California. 0 og I. Sis yeaeni a all) ecpsucire vememei ae G
Smithsonian Institution.
1053 | 1p Peucet}Sound wage an a meeaieeiaa: Dr. Kennerly. Alccholic.
1057 | Ae Wieneay Stan) lb. Gib o Dr. Kennerly. v3
1037 | 1S PRuser sound. ess @lleeteriieee | Dr. Kennerly. ue
|

AMPIUURA ATRA. 127

Amphiura atra LirxKen.

Ophiolepis atra Stimpson. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., TV. p. 225. 1852.
Amphiura (Ophiolepis) atra LivKkrn. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 118.

Special Marks. — Three arm-spines; under arm-plates narrower with-
out than within, their outer side re-enteringly curved ; mouth-papillee
making a connected line ; innermost pair running upwards to the teeth.

Description of a Specimen.— Diameter of disk, 9.5"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 5.6™™ ;
width of arm without spines, 2"; length of arm about 95™™; dis-
tance from outer side of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papille,
to that between outer corners of mouth-slits, 1.6: 1.6. Mouth-papillee
wide, somewhat angular, applied end to end, so as to form a connected
line ; innermost pair extending upwards towards the teeth, and thus
partly holding the place of tooth-papille ; usually six, sometimes eight,
to each angle of the mouth. Teeth nine; lowest one small, irregular,
often broken in two or three pieces; the rest squarish, flattened, very
regular, increasing a little in size towards the upper ones. Mouth-
shields small, diamond-shape, longer than broad ; length to breadth, 1:.6 ;
madreporic shield larger and swollen. Side mouth-shields comparatively
large, meeting within, broader without than within, and with a slight
curve like an S. Under arm-plates broader than long, broader within
than without; inner and lateral sides nearly straight, outer side re-
enteringly curved, corners rounded ; length to breadth (seventh plate),
.9:.8; the plates are in contact only at the base of the arm; about the
twelfth plate they begin to be separated by the side arm-plates, and
begin also to have a slight peak on their inner side, which is the point
of juncture of two slightly curved inner laterals; the first plate is quite
rudimentary. Side arm-plates rather feeble, long, encroaching above
and below, having a very small ridge for spmes. Upper arm-plates
much breader than long, pointed oval, with outer side nearly straight,
and inner sides curved ; separated from each other except on the mid-
dle line; length to breadth (tenth plate), .6:1.7. Disk with closely
overlapping scales, about 36 to a square mm.; below finer ; near radial
shields larger ; from near the outside corner of the radial shields runs a
single straight row of larger scales, passing diagonally over the edge
of the disk. Radial shields rather large, irregular oval, with a point
within, united without, within separated by a group of scales ; length to
breadth, 2:.9. Arm-spines short, round, tapering, sharp ; lengths of two
lower ones to that of under arm-plate, near base of arm, .9, .9:.5; upper
one somewhat shorter. Tentacle-scales two, broad, short, erect, with a

128 AMPHIURA URTICA.

curved edge, and standing nearly at right angles to each other, the
inside one running along the lateral side of the under arm-plate. Color,
in alcohol: nearly uniform faded gray.

Variations. — Another specimen of about the same size had the
scaling of the disk somewhat finer, and the radial shields almost as
wide as long. Mr. Stimpson says that the disk of the living animal is
lobulate, and very soft. The creature is of a very dark-gray color,
nearly black, except the white madreporic shield; the arms jet black
above, except at their extremities. It lives at low water, buried in
the mud.

This species is pretty distinct from other Amphiure, and has some
resemblance to Hemipholis. It seems to stand nearest to A. Riisei,
from which, however, it differs in having longer arms, separated under
arm-plates, sharper arm-spines, &e,

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

| |
Catalogue | Original Number a When F Nature of
Number. Number. | of Spec. | Locality. | Collected. Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
246 es; 1 Fort Johnson, Charles-
tombs 9 lly oes ee Wm. Stimpson. Alcoholic.

Amphiura urtica Lyman.

Amphiura urtica Lyman. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII. p. 195. 1860.

Special Marks. — Some of the disk-seales bearing fine prickles on
their edges. Arm-spines sharp, rounded, tapering.

Description of a Specimen.— Diameter of disk, 6"; outer side of
mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 2" ; width of arm
without spines, 8"; length of arms about eleven times diameter of
disk (a specimen having a diameter of disk 5.5"™, had 55™™ length of
arm); distance from outer edge of mouth-shield to imner points of
mouth-papillz, to that between outer corners of mouth-slits, 1: 1.
Mouth-papille rounded and bead-like, three on each side. Teeth six,
rather irregular, three upper ones largest, stout, longer than broad,
thickened ; two next smaller and more pointed ; lowest one very short
and swollen, like a tooth-papilla. Mouth-shields nearly square, with an

AMPHIURA URTICA. 129

angle directed inward; outer angle truncated, and making a slight
peak ; other angles slightly rounded; length to breadth, .5:.5. Side
mouth-shields not meeting within. Upper arm-plates irregular oval,
outer side less curved than inner side ; length to breadth, .5:.7. Under
arm-plates scarcely touching each other; inner one five-sided, the rest
nearly square, with a strong notch in the outer side; leneth to breadth,
4:.4. Seales of disk fine and even, about 140 to a square mm.; some
of those near margin of disk bearing very fine prickles on their edges.
Primary plates not conspicuous. Radial shields elongated oval, tapering
within, jomed for their whole length ; length to breadth, 1:.5. Arm-
spines three, about as long as the joints, delicate, sharp, regularly
tapering. ‘Tentacle-scales two, both of them small and delicate. Color,
in alcohol: upper and under surface of disk dark greenish-gray, with a
margin of light; arms light straw-color.

Variations. — The mouth-shields vary in shape to an unusual degree ;
sometimes they have a strong peak without, and again none at all;
they may be nearly rectangular, or almost oval, and some are not far
from round. The under arm-plates may be more or less pentagonal ;
but, in the adult, most of them are nearly square. The young, with a
disk 2.5"°" in diameter, have the under arm-plates pentagonal, with a
deep notch in their outer side, and separated by the side arm-plates ;
they have also, on the back of the disk, a conspicuous rosette of round
primary scales.

This species differs from A. occidentalis in its notched under arm-
plates, sharp spines, and prickly scales of the disk. It is a somewhat
aberrant species, and by its prickly scales approaches Ophiocnida sca-
briuscula.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original |} Number A When “ Nature of
Number. | Number.| of Spec. Locality. Collected. Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy
243 =| 1056 i || teem: ~ || oe cin os | Dr. Kennerly. | Alcoholic.
Smithsonian Institution.
1056 o.0 5 | Puget Sound. I Gio ato Dr. Kennerly. Alcoholic.
1041 ee 6 Puget; Sound 779 ie 5 Dr. Kennerly. ce
|

17

130 AMPHIURA OCCIDENTALIS.

Amphiura occidentalis Lyman. (Figs. 12, 13.)

Amphiura occidentalis LyMAN. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII. p. 194. 1860.

Special Marks. — Mouth-papille of nearly equal size. Arm-spines
very blunt, and pretty stout. Arms long, flat, broad.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 5.8""; outer edge
of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 2.2"; greatest
width of arm without spmes, 1.5™™. As the arms were somewhat
broken, their length could not well be measured ; but, from their pro-
portions, they must have been at least eight times the diameter of the
disk. Distance from outer side of mouth-shield to inner points of
mouth-papillz, to that between outer corners of mouth-slits, 1.2: 1.
Mouth-papille rounded ; innermost one stoutest, and pointing to centre

Fig. 12. of mouth. Teeth five; four upper ones flat, square,
the second from the top largest ; lowest one of all
smallest, very short, thick, and rounded, somewhat
like a tooth-papilla. Mouth-shields small, oval dia-
mond-shaped, the angles being so rounded as to
ae give almost a true oval; outer angle making a very

Amphiura occidentalis. slight peak; length to breadth, .4:.5. Side mouth-

ca oe shields not meeting within. Under arm-plates square
oblong ; angles somewhat rounded ; outer side with a shghtly re-entering
curve ; second plate differs from the rest, being five-sided, with its fifth
angle directed inward ; it is separated from the rudimentary first plate
by narrow prolongations of the side arm-plates. The next three or
four plates are in like manner separated, while those farther out on the
arm are close together, which is an inversion of the
usual order. Length of plates to breadth, .4:.4.
Upper arm-plates oblong, with rounded corners ;
outer side with a slightly re-entering curve ; length
to breadth, .5:1. Scales of disk fine, smooth, and
f even, above and below ; about 60 to a square mm. ;
enpatnraleedidentals primary plates distinguished by greater size. Ra-
a dial shields shaped like an elongated, blunt pear-
seed ; separated by a narrow, single line of scales; length to breadth,
1.1:.4. Arm-spines three, not tapering, rather stout, rounded at the
end, flattened, about as long as the joints. Two small, rounded
tentacle-scales. Color, in alcohol: disk, above, faint greenish-gray ;
arms and under surface straw-color.

Variations. —The mouth-shields may be quite oval; the second
under arm-plate, instead of being five-sided, may resemble the rest.

OPHIOPHRAGMUS. 131

This species is distinguished from A. geminata by the shape of the
mouth-shields and of the upper and lower arm-plates, and in having the
mouth-papillz of the same size; from A. chilensis, by having two
tentacle-scales instead of one.

No. 1065 is from Puget Sound, and may be another species. The
spines are blunter, the under scales of the disk larger and less crowded,
and the under arm-plates rather more rounded. More specimens will
settle the question.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number P Whe 4 Nat f
Number. | Number. of Spec. Locality. Collected. Whence obtained. guecinen!
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

379 ree eee (PCalifornianaes ee ew | us ce cnrovers elo wnsseere eae et Alcoholic.
229 5a | - Le E| Wienlooing, Cab - I S6osece Alex. Agassiz. “
230 | 1054 i || Wong, Cab — || Seooae Mr. Sayla. 6“
354 is il || Cro’ oF Coors «|| Gacaos Alex. Agassiz. “
Smithsonian Institution.
1063 a 1 lie Somvb- If séssac Dr. Kennerly. Alcoholic.
1054 o8 8 | Mention Cal I! choca Mr. Sayla. “

OPHIOPHRAGMUS* Lyman.

Disk small and delicate, furnished with uncovered radial shields, and
covered with naked scales; the scales along the edge of the disk are
turned up, so as to make a little fence. Teeth. No tooth-papille. Six
mouth-papilla to each angle of the mouth. Arms slender, even, more
or less flattened. Arm-spines short and regular, arranged along the
sides of the side arm-plates.

* Odis, snake ; ppaypos, hedge.

OPHIOPiIRAGMUS WURDEMANII.

=
(Se)
bo

Ophiophragmus Wurdemanii Lyman.

Amphiura Wurdemanii Lyman. Proceed. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., VI. p. 196.

Special Marks. — Disk-scales smooth, and not regularly arranged.
Mouth-shields long and narrow.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 9.5" ; from outer
edge of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 3.5"™; width
of arm without spines, 2.2°". Arms remarkably flat, wide, and little
tapering ; as they were broken, the length could not be known, but it
seemed not less than ten times the diameter of the disk. Distance from
outer edge of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papillx, to that
between outer corners of mouth-slits, 1.6: 1.5. Mouth-papille, three on
each side, rounded and bead-like ; innermost one placed below the teeth,
and running somewhat upward. Teeth broad and flat, with free edge a
little curved. Mouth-shields shaped something like the sole of a shoe,
very long and narrow, small, with their outer end rounded, and their
inner one a rounded point, wider within than without; length to
breadth, .8:.5. Side mouth-shields almost as large as mouth-shields
proper, meeting within, somewhat curved. Under arm-plates squarish,
rather broader than long, overlapping each other a little; outer side
bounded by a slightly re-entering curve, corners rounded ; length to
breadth (thirteenth plate), .:.7. Upper arm-plates very short and
broad, overlapping, bounded without by a re-entermg curve ; outer cor-
ners strongly rounded; length to breadth, .4: 1.7; they are occasionally
broken in two. Scales of disk fine, of pretty even size, rather thicker
than are usually found in the genus, about 16 to a square mm.; those
below somewhat finer. Radial shields broad, blunt, pear-seed shaped,
sometimes separated by a wedge of three or four scales, sometimes
joined by their sides; length to breadth, 2:1. Arm-spines three, short,
stout, broad, rounded at the end, somewhat flattened, a little longer
than joints, nearly alike in shape and size. Tentacte-scales two, short,
broad, and thin, with curved edges. Color, in alcohol: above, disk
nearly white; arms straw-color, with irregular bands of dark brown ;
below, arms straw-color, interbrachial spaces white, mouth-shields
brown.

This species belongs with those Amphiure that have the upper row
of the lower scales of the disk strongly developed and standing upright,
thus making a sort of fence. It differs from O. septa* in the shape of
the mouth-shields, and in wanting spines on the upper surface of the

* Amphiura septa Ltk. and A. marginata Ltk. plainly belong in this genus.

OPHIOCNIDA. Mays}

disk ; from O. marginata, in the irregular arrangement of the disk-scales,
the different proportions of the arm-plates, &e.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number als When 7 a Nature of
Number. |Number.} of Spec, Locality. | Collected, | Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
251 ia 1 Charlotte’s Harbor,
Biloridas mgr peaMa nC e Eset. ee G. Wurdeman. Alcoholic.

OPHIOCNIDA* Lymay.

Disk small and delicate, furnished with uncovered radial shields ; its
coat of naked, overlapping scales, is beset with small thorns. Teeth.
No tooth-papille. Six mouth-papille to each angle of the mouth.
Arms slender, even, more or less flattened. Arm-spines short and
regular, arranged along the sides of the side arm-plates. Two genital
slits to each interbrachial space.

SPECIES HEREIN DESCRIBED.

O. hispida. O. scabriuscula. O. neapolitana.

Ophiocnida hispida Lyman.

Ophiolepis hispida LEContxE. Proceed. Phil. Acad., V. p. 318. 1851.
Amphiura (Ophiolepis) hispida LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 119.

Special Marks. — Disk gray (in alcohol); arms straw-color, figured
with black. Arms to disk as about ten to one. Under arm-plates
squarish, but little broader than long.

* "Odus, snake ; xvidn, nettle.

134 OPHIOCNIDA HISPIDA.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 9"™; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 3.3™™ ;
width of arm without spines, 1.6™; length of arm, 95™"; distance
from outer side of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papille, to
that between outer corners of mouth-slits, 1.5: 1.5. Mouth-papille,
three on each side; two outer ones like short, stout, conical, rounded
tubercles ; innermost one much the largest; rounded, flattened, swollen;
situated higher than the other two, and running upwards to the teeth ;
resembling a tooth-papilla. Teeth four, lowest one smallest, variable in
size, usually broader than long, very thick and rounded, sometimes split
in two; second one longer than broad, very stout, nearly cylindrical ;
third tooth similar, but rather more flattened ; uppermost one longest,
stout, thick, flattened. Mouth-shields small, short, diamond-shaped, with
rounded angles, and sides sometimes straight and sometimes a little
curved ; length to breadth, .8:.7. Side mouth-shields small, triangular,
somewhat variable, not meeting within. Under arm-plates very regu-
lar, squarish, broader than long, with lateral sides nearly straight, outer
and inner sides a little curved, and corners rounded ; first five or six
plates gradually increasing in size, but all of them smaller and propor-
tionately narrower than those beyond; first plate larger than is usual
in allied species, corners quite rounded off; length to breadth, .2 :.4 ;
third plate a trifle wider without than within, lateral sides a little re-
enteringly curved, inner side nearly straight ; length to breadth, .4:.5 ;
twentieth plate typical; length to breadth, .5:.7. Side arm-plates
encroaching a little above, but not at all below, even at tip of arm.
Upper arm-plates much broader than long; outer side nearly straight,
with a slight notch in the middle, lateral and inner sides curved, outer
corners cleanly rounded; length to breadth (twentieth plate), .6: 1.3.
Disk-scales rather thick for their size, largest near radial shields on the
centre of the upper surface, about 70 to a square mm.; below, somewhat
smaller and more even. The scales are considerably obscured by a
pretty thick growth of short, slender, sharp thorns, about .2™™ long ;
they are everywhere, except on the radial shields, and a bare stripe
below, running along each genital slit; the thorns are stouter near the
radial shields. Radial shields small, narrow, tapermg inward, separated
by a strip of thorny scales; length to breadth, 1.8:.5. Arm-spines
three, short, blunt, cylindrical, a little tapering, of nearly equal lengths ;
lengths to that of under arm-plate (twelfth joint), .6, .6,.6:.5. Tentacle-
scales two, wide, short, thin, with a curved free edge, standing at right
angles to each other, the mside one running along the lateral side of
the under arm-plate. Color, im alcohol: above, disk dull bluish-gray
(clay color); arms straw, with irregular bands and patches of black ;
below, interbrachial spaces same as upper surface ; mouth-parts nearly
white ; under arm-plates brownish, fading to straw-color farther out on

OPHIOCNIDA SCABRIUSCULA. 135

arm. According to Dr. LeConte, the color of the living animal would
seem to be the same.

Variations. — Dr. LeConte’s original specimen has the outer side of
the upper arm-plates rather more curved, and almost without any
notch.

O. hispida differs from O. scabriuscula in having narrower under
arm-plates, rather longer arms, and longer and sharper spines on the
disk ; the markings, also, are black, instead of light green.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number an When F Nature of
Number, al of Spec. Locality. | Collected. | Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
251 | 1052 | 1 Panama. [Becees cra: Rey. T. Powell. Alcoholic.
381 23 Panama. ae of etc ore Dr. Sternberg. 6
Smithsonian Institution.
1052 | las 2 Ranamage see) meaner ene Rev. T. Powell. Alcoholic.
1197 | 1 Panama hate styl (lisebktones % | Dr. John LeConte. | Dried.
|

Ophiocnida scabriuscula Lyman.

Amphiura scabriuscula LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 118. 1859.

Special Marks. — Arms six to eight times the diameter of the disk.
Small and very short spies on the disk. Arm-spines flattened.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 8.5"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 3.2"; width
of arm without spines, 1.5"; length of arm, 52"; distance from outer
side of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papillx, to that between
outer corners of mouth-slits, 1.7: 1.5. Mouth-papillee, six to each angle
of the mouth, small, rounded, separated, slightly flattened, nearly equal,
the innermost pair standing a little higher up than the others, and run-
ning upwards to the teeth. Teeth four; upper one much the largest,
long, flat, moderately thick, with a slightly curved cutting edge ; two
next smaller, narrower, stouter, more rounded, with the edge thickened
at its middle point; lowest one shaped like a broad, rounded, swelled
tubercle. Mouth-shields longer than broad, rounded within, prolonged
without, in a tail-like projection, inner end terminating in a rounded

136 OPHIOCNIDA SCABRIUSCULA.

point; length to breadth, .9:.7. Side mouth-shields small, slender, not
meeting withm. Under arm-plates squarish, separated by a narrow
line, broader without than within, inner side slightly curved, outer side
nearly straight, lateral sides re-enteringly curved, outer corners project-
ing ; length to breadth (tenth plate), .4:.6. Upper arm-plates covering
whole upper surface of arm, much broader than long, a little overlap-
ping; outer side with a slight re-entering curve in the middle, lateral
sides cleanly rounded; length to breadth (twelfth plate), .4: 1.5. Spines
of the disk minute, somewhat larger and more plenty near the edge of
the disk, and smaller and fewer towards the centre and in the inter-
brachial spaces below ; the largest are only about .1™" in length ; disk-
scales in the centre, and in the interbrachial spaces below, hidden by
epidermis ; towards the margin they appear rather stout. Radial
shields elongated oval, blunt at both ends, touching each other at their
outer tips, and then suddenly diverging, the space between them being
filled by a group of small scales; length to breadth, 1.6:.6. Arm-spines
three, blunt, rather stout, flattened, hardly tapering, of nearly equal
size ; lengths to that of under arm-plate (eleventh joint), .6:.4. Tenta-
cle-scales two, small, but rather thick, standing at right angles to each
other, the one lying along the lateral side of the under arm-plate shorter
than its neighbor. Color, in alcohol: above, disk, near edges, pale
greenish, with a central patch and five radiating lines of yellowish
brown (yellow ochre); arms also yellowish-brown, but browner than
the tint on the disk; below, coloration the same, without any pale
green. Litken gives the color as pale yellow, with some green bars
on the arms.

This species is distinguished from O. hispida by shorter arms, and
shorter spines on the disk.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

| |
| Catalogue | Original Number f When F Nature of
| Number. | Number.| of Spec. Locality. | Collected. | iWwhencefobtained: Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
250 58 WARM bNCTE ——] o o University Museum,
Copenhagen. Alcoholie.

HEMIPHOLIS. 1133 7/

Ophiocnida neapolitana Lyman.

Amphiura neapolitana Sars. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, X. p. 35. 1857.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number . When > Nature of
Number, | Number.} of Spec. Locality: Collected. | Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

416 | ae | Alger. | nL Seeee | Jardin des Plantes. steele

HEMIPHOLIS Acass. MS.

Disk, above, covered with rounded, rather thick scales, and with large
radial shields ; below, naked. At the base of each arm, disk slightly
indented. Teeth. No tooth-papille. Two mouth-papille to each angle
of the mouth. Side mouth-shields touching each other, so as to form a
continuous ring round the mouth. Three short, tapering arm-spines.
’ Two genital slits, begimning outside the mouth-shields.

Hemipholis cordifera Lyman. (Pl. I. Figs. 1-3.)

Asterias cordifera Bosc. Hist. Nat. des Vers, I. p. 113 (1802), II. p. 138 (1830).
Ophiura elongata Say. Journ. Phil. Acad., V. p. 146. 1825.

Ophiolepis elongata Stimpson. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IV. p. 225.
Ophiolepis uncinata Ayres. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IV. p. 250.
Hemipholis elongata AGAss. MS.

Amphiura elongata LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 115.

Amphiura cordifera LYMAN. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII. p. 258.

Special Marks. — Arms eight or nine times as long as diameter of
disk. One tentacle-scale. Three or four papillz at base of arms; and
a row of fleshy papille along genital slits.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 8.3"; from outer

side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 83" ; width
18

138 HEMIPHOLIS CORDIFERA.

of arm without spines, 1.7""; length of arm, 81"; distance from outer
side of mouth-shields to mner points of teeth, to that between outer
corners of mouth-slits, 1.6: 1.8. Mouth-papille small, flattened, rounded,
situated at the very base of the jaw-frames. Teeth nine, blunt, squarish,
much thickened at the middle point of their cutting edge ; uppermost
one sharp, and much longer than the rest; lowest one projecting less
inward than the others. Mouth-shields irregular oval, more strongly
curved without; length to breadth, .6:.9. Side mouth-shields long,
narrow, meeting within. Under arm-plates regular, broader than lone,
with rounded corners, so as to be nearly oval; length to breadth
(twenty-fourth plate), .6:1. As the side mouth-shields meet on the
middle line of the arm, the first under arm-plate is reduced to a little
papilla at the outer corner of the mouth-slit. Side arm-plates small,
with but a small ridge; encroaching slightly on upper arm-plates.
Upper arm-plates much broader than long, outer side nearly straight,
and broader than the inner ; lateral corners ending in a rounded point ;
length to breadth (twelfth plate), .6: 1.5; the first two or three plates
are enclosed by the notch in the disk, and are rudimentary. Scales of
disk small, rather thick, more or less rounded; among them may be
distinguished the primary plates; on the middle line of each interbra-
chial space is a raised, radiating row of scales, each overlapped by its
predecessor, but with its other edges free ; on either side of this row
the scales are smaller, and overlap each other like those of a fish.
Radial shields pear-seed shaped, with the poimt mward; large ; length
to breadth, 1.9: 1.2; set back a little from the margin of the disk, sepa-
rated by a wedge of three scales, whereof the outer is long and narrow,
the inner nearly round, and the middle one intermediate ; on each side
of the notches in the disk, three or four little, slender papilla, like
small arm-spines. The scaly coat extends over the disk margin, and
there ceases abruptly. Under surface covered with a naked, somewhat
wrinkled skin; along edges of genital slits a row of small, tapering,
fleshy papille. Arm-spines equal, rounded, tapering, sharp ; lengths to
that of under arm-plate, .7, .7,.7:.6. Tentacle-scale one, small, flat, a
little longer than broad, rounded, standing well clear of lower arm-plate.
Color, in alcohol: above, ground color greenish gray (sap-green and
neutral tint), radial shields and some of the disk-scales much lighter ;
arms rather darker than disk, growing lighter towards their tips, but
banded with dark rings, each including one or two joints ; below, inter-
brachial spaces brownish flesh-color; under arm-plates same color as
upper surface, but much paler; arm-spines nearly white.

Variations. — According to Professor Agassiz’s colored drawings, the
tints vary very much; the ground color of the disk may be dull indigo-
blue, various shades of greenish, yellowish brown, yellow, gray, or

HEMIPHOLIS CORDIFERA. 139

brownish flesh-color ; the radial shields are usually different from the
disk, and may be bright or dull green, dark brown, lake-red, bluish, dull
brown, or gray; the arms also commonly differ from the disk, and are
commonly banded; one specimen had them sap-green, another lake-red,
and a third brownish flesh-color, banded with black. The disk seems
never to be uniform, but always speckled or mottled with two or more
colors. The tentacles are red. In other respects this species seems to
be singularly uniform. The young, when very small, differ extremely

g;
from the adult; they are found clinging to the arms and disk of the
parent. A specimen with a disk of .5™", had arms 1.5" in length, and
with eight joints; the whole upper surface of the disk was occupied by
six primary plates, of which the middle one was regularly pentagonal,
the other five surrounding it regularly hexagonal; the upper arm-plates
were reduced to a small oval plate at the outer end of each joint, while
most of the upper surface was occupied by the side arm-plates, which
met along the middle line; they met also below, but the under arm-
plates were longer than the upper, and had the form of a long, sharp
wedge, with the outer side a little curved; the arm ended in a three-
lobed papilla, evidently the beginning of a new joint; the arm-spines
were only two in number, and the lower one had two or three hooks
along its edge; the mouth occupied more of the under surface than in
the adult ; on each side of the mouth-shields appeared a squarish papilla
(side mouth-shields) ; the jaw, with its three teeth, was prominent, and
outside of it were the two mouth-papille, already well formed. Another
young one, with a disk of 1™, showed already great advancement ; the
arms were 7.3" long, and had twenty-two joints; the upper arm-plates
were large and heart-shaped, with the point inward, resembling much
the adult shape of Amphiura tenera; the under arm-plates were long,
with straight outer and lateral sides, and an angle within; the side
arm-plates had become much more restricted ; there were three arm-
spines, rather blunter than those of the adult; only at the tip of the
arm did the lowest spine have hooks; the mouth-parts were nearly as
in the grown animal, but with wider mouth-shields ; the whole centre
of the upper disk surface was still occupied by six primary plates, but,
in addition, there was a radiating row of three primary plates in each
interbrachial space, and in each brachial space a single additional plate,
between which and the base of the arms were the beginnings of two
radial shields; all these plates were connected, and made an elegant
mosaic ; in the grown animal they may be recognized by their greater
size, but they are then quite separated by numerous smaller scales. A
specimen with a disk of 2.3"™ had the primary plates a good deal
rounded ; the radial shields were fully formed, and a few of the smaller
scales had begun to appear.

This species “is gregarious, living in companies of twenty or thirty.

140 OPHIONEREIS.

The existence of these groups is indicated at low water, by spaces of
about a foot mm diameter, covered with small holes, looking very much
as if a charge of shot had been fired into them. If these spots are
watched as the tide rises, from each hole an arm of one of the star-
fishes will be seen to protrude, and wave about in the water. Gener-
ally each individual sends up one of its rays in this manner” (Stimpson).

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number - When A Nature of
Number. | Number.| of Spec. Locality. Collected. Ruhencelobtained: Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
199 12+ | Charleston, S.C. | ...... Prof. Agassiz. Alcoholic.
200 12 Charleston, S. C. 1852. Prof. Agassiz. ce
201 12 Charleston, S. C. 1852. Prof. Agassiz. te
202 12+- | Charleston, 8. C. 1852. Prof. Agassiz. “
Smithsonian Institution.
1009 12+ | South Carolina. | ...... Mr. Cassidy. Alcoholic.
1201 12+ | South Carolina. .....«. | Wm. Stimpson. cc

OPHIONEREIS Lirken.

Tyre or THE GeENuts, O. reticulata Liitken.

Disk covered with flat scales, varying little in size, overlapping,
rounded. ‘Teeth. Mouth-papille. No tooth-papille. Smooth spines
(commonly three) along the sides of the side arm-plates. One large
tentacle-scale. Each upper arm-plate furnished with a supplementary
piece on either side. Two genital slits beginning outside the mouth-
shields.

SPECIES HEREIN DESCRIBED.

O. reticulata.
O. annulata.
O. Xantusit.
O. porrecta.

O. dubia.

OPIIONEREIS RETICULATA. 141

Ophionereis reticulata Lirxern.

Ophiura reticulata Say. Journ. Phil. Acad., V. p. 148. 1825.
Ophiolepis nereis LUTKEN. Vidensk. Meddelelser. March, 1856.
Ophionereis reticulata LUtKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 110.

Special Marks. — Disk yellowish brown, with a network of five |
brown lines. Middle arm-spine about twice as long as the under arm-
plate.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 11.5"; outer edge
of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 4.4"; greatest
width of arm without spines, 2.2"; length of arm, 90™; distance
from outer edge of mouth-shield to inner points of tooth-papill, to that
between outer corners of mouth-slits, as 2: 2.2. Ten mouth-papille to
each angle of mouth ; outermost one small and sharp; the rest short,
flat, and stout ; the two innermost ones point to centre of mouth, and
are shortest and most rounded. Teeth five, flat, square, and thin, the
lowest one smallest. Mouth-shields long heart-shaped, point imward,
varying somewhat in size; length to breadth, 1.4:1.2; madreporic
shield broader. Side mouth-shields very long triangular, varying some-
what, connecting first under arm-plate with mouth-shield; length to
breadth, .8:.4. Under arm-plates have general form of squares with
rounded corners ; first plate very small, narrowest at inner end ; length
to breadth, .4:.4; second plate, mner side nearly straight, outer side
curved, lateral sides nearly straight ; length to breadth, .6:.8; twelfth
plate, outer side a little re-entermgly curved, mner side slightly curved,
lateral sides a little re-entermgly curved, outer corners well rounded,
inner corners slightly peaked; length to breadth, .8:1; this is the
typical form; about two thirds out on arm, length to breadth, .8:.8 ;
at tip of arm, plates long heart-shaped, point inward, longer than broad.
Side arm-plates small, bemg reduced to a ridge, bearing arm-spines ;
this is very low, so that bases of arm-spines stand almost directly on
arm proper. Upper arm-plates have at base of arm the shape of a
pointed, distorted oval; first three plates very small, like scales (some-
what as in Ophiocoma crassispina), each larger than its successor ;
fourth plate, inner side slightly curved, outer side short, lateral sides
long and sloping ; length of plate, .6 ; outer corners much rounded, so
that outer side and lateral sides may be said to form one curve ; this is
the typical shape; twelfth plate larger; length to breadth, .8: 1.6;
about two thirds out on arm, outer side and laterals not forming one
curve, but quite distinct ; length to breadth, .6: 1.2. Here the supple-
mentary plates become much smaller, and finally disappear close to the
tip of the arm; and, on the other hand, the true upper plates begin to

142 OPHIONEREIS RETICULATA.

approach the hexagonal form ; the inner side and inner laterals become
distinct from each other, as do the outer side and outer laterals. Close
to tip, length to breadth, .4:.8; at tip of arm, plates heart-shaped, the
point inward. Supplementary upper plates fill the space between true
upper arm-plates and upper arm-spine ; they are nearly triangular, with
two angles directed sideways, and one inward ; side next upper arm-
plate, nearly straight; other two a little curved; length of sides at
‘tenth joint, outer side 1, other two .8. Disk: radial shields small and
narrow, blunt at outer end, sharp at inner end, placed just opposite out-
side line of each arm; length about 1"; breadth, .4™™; starting from
each radial shield, and running along edge of disk, is a row of about
seven scales, much larger than the rest, largest having a length of .4™™;
scales just round and between radial shields somewhat larger than those
toward centre of disk, which are very minute, about 250 to a square mm.;
on under surface of disk, similar scales; starting at mouth-shield, and
running along edge of genital slit for about half its length, is a narrow
ridge, bearing a single row of smali papilla. Arm-spines: second joint,
two; length to that of under arm-plate, .6, .6:.6; third joint, three
spines; fourth joint, three spines, .6, .8, .8:.6; seventh joint, three
spines, .8, 1.2, .8:.6; all other joints, to very near tip of arm, three
spines ; twenty-second joint, 1.2, 1.6, 1.4:.8; about two thirds out on
arm, .8, 1, .8:.8; it is only at extreme tip of arm that there are only
two spines. Tentacle-scales near base of arm having a length of .4™™,
in form short oval. Color, in alcohol: general tint of upper parts very
light grayish-brown (vandyke-brown and a little neutral tint); upper
surface of disk irregularly reticulated with lines of light brown ; upper
surface of arms barred with greenish black ; bars usually the width of
a joint, seldom more; their dark color not uniform, but concentrated
round edges of upper arm-plates; general tint of under surface like that
of upper, but lighter; mouth-shields, tentacle-scales, larger arm-spines,
and some of under arm-plates, faintly marked with light brown ; towards
end of arm some faint bars on its under surface ; just outside mouth-
shield, the interbrachial space is dark umber-brown.

Variations. — A young one, with a disk of 5", differed from the
adult principally as follows: the disk had the primary plates still
large and distinct, although they were smaller, and the other scales
more numerous than in the young O. annulata of the same size ; the
under arm-plates were longer ; the mouth-shields were pointed at their
imner end, and the side mouth-shields were so large as nearly, or quite,
to meet within. The proportions of the disk to the arms range as fol-
lows: 5.1:23, 8:47, 10:60, 11.5:90. The colors vary but little.

This species is distinguished fiom O. annulata by having the middle
arm-spine shorter; from O. porrecta, by longer arm-spines ; and from
O. Xantusii, by sharper arm-spines and longer arms.

OPHIONEREIS ANNULATA.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.
6 | Driginal 1 | /
NanneES ‘Nuh as Locality. | Collected, Whence obtained. | SPecimens
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

12 12+ Cape Florida. Apr. 1858. | G. Wurdeman. Alcoholic.
13 Dearie 8 Weaker ater ss Prof. Agassiz. us:
14 | 4 | Tortugas, Fla. Mh.15,17,’58.| J. E. Mills. a
15 4 Key West, Fla. Mar. 6, 1858.| J. E. Mills. “
16 1 | Tortugas, Fla. Feb. 1856. | T. Lyman. a
17 1 Tortugas, Fla. Ap. 13, 1858.) J. E. Mills. “
18 | 3 Key Biscayne, Fla. Feb. 1856. | 'T. Lyman. «
19 1 | Near Cape Florida. Feb. 1856. | T. Lyman. “
20 Re NPS EN Sts Anema Nios! I 5 ano ec A. H. Riise. “
21 SO) || Sisk 9 - i eoedgue Univ.Mus.Cop’hagen. ©
22 56% AS ENVestelndies-a ke Wai enmeie ene | Univ.Mus.Cop’hagen. a
23 12+) Cape Florida 8 | ...... G. Wurdeman. c
24 || tioineas Nh 9 | sade Capt.D.P. Woodbury. “
25 | 2 | Bay of Cumana, South

| AT ORIC As oe ele lip stuck. 1a aways Capt. Couthouy. c

Smithsonian Institution.

1010 @ | Caositombs. - il ecosdcs G. Wurdeman. Alcoholic.
993 i |) Wormers ME = I a olan Capt. Woodbury.
992 Pe WE lonidaneermer ceva) Wile age We cet) ili batee tae eters oe se

1003 iL | Si A Uorery Woda J) ic5 a6 o University Museum,

Copenhagen. G

1194 le eH ovic at memmccmney wee al frney toa! = Dr. Cooper. a

1079 Qe leStawbhomassavWiewle eral) so ceieia ene A. H. Riise. “

1114 3 Gis norma, WGI. de a oo SG A. H. Riise. “

1158 8 | Cie noma AWoels + || eecte es A. H. Riise. “

Ophionereis annulata Lyman.

Ophiolepis annulata LECoNTE.

Proceed. Phil. Acad., V. p. 317.

Ophiolepis triloba LUTKEN. Vidensk. Meddelelser.

Ophiolepis triloha LUTKEN.
Ophionereis annulata LYMAN.

1851.
March, 1856.

Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 112.
Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII. p. 203.

Special Marks. — Disk ash-gray, white, or purplish brown, spotted

with light ; arms banded.

long as the under arm-plate.

The middle arm-spine about three times as

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 11.5"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 5° ; width

of arm without spmes, 2.2™" ;

length of arms, 84"; distance from

outer side of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papilla, to that
between outer corners of mouth-slits, 2: 2.5. Mouth-papilla nine or
ten, small, rounded, blunt, except outer one, which is minute and sharp-

144 OPHIONEREIS ANNULATA.

pointed ; the one next to the outer is the largest of all. Teeth five,
squarish, a little swelled at the cutting edge ; lowest one much shorter
than the rest, and somewhat thickened. Mouth-shields nearly rounded,
with a slight peak outwards ; length to breadth, 14:14. Side mouth-
shields rather larger than usual in this genus; triangular, rounded with-
out, pointed within. Under arm-plates squarish, outer side with a notch,
inner side curved, lateral sides re-enteringly curved, outer corners cleanly
rounded ; length to breadth (twenty-second plate), .7: 1.1. Upper arm-
plates wider within than without; outer side either forming a single
curve, or broken into three sides, an outer and two lateral; inner side
broken into three parts, an inner and two inner laterals, all of them
lying almost in the same line ; length to breadth (twenty-ninth plate),
.7: 1.7. Supplementary pieces as long as the joints, triangular, with
the outer side somewhat rounded. Disk-scales very fine above and
below ; coarser along edge of disk; where they are finest, about 170
to a square mm. Radial shields small, narrow, sharp at both ends;
length, 8°". Arm-spines rounded, tapering, a little flattened, regular ;
middle one longest ; lengths to that of under arm-plate (twenty-fourth
joint), 1.2, 2.2, 1.6:.7. Tentacle-scale large, rounded oval; length to
that of under arm-plate, .5:.7. Color, in alcohol: above, disk dull ash-
gray (burnt umber and neutral tint), ground color of arms pale yellow-
ish-gray, with broad bands of dark ash-gray; even the lighter rings
have usually markings of darker ; three joints of light usually alternate
with three of dark ; below, interbrachial spaces veined with fine brown
lines ; a patch of nearly black just outside the mouth-shields ; rest of
under surface nearly white, with a few under arm-plates brown.

Variations.— The commonest pattern of color seems to be a purplish-
brown disk, with numerous light spots, and light-greenish arms, with
rings of purplish brown ; sometimes the disk is white. A young one,
with a disk of 5", had arms 15.5" in length. The upper surface of
the disk was chiefly occupied by the large primary plates, of which
there was a rosette of six in the centre, and these did not overlap each

ther; other primary plates were arranged about them, and between

these were a few small, overlapping scales. The radial shields were
separated by three scales, and were larger proportionately than in the
adult. The upper arm-plates were nearly circular, the supplementary
pieces comparatively small. Below, the parts were pretty much as
in the adult, except that the under arm-plates were proportionately
longer, and the side mouth-shields and interbrachial spaces larger.

This species has longer arms and sharper spines than O. Xantusii ;
and the middle arm-spine is longer than in O. reticulata, or in O. por-
recta. The following table will show their proportions : —

OPHIONEREIS XANTUSII. 145

Disk. Arms, Lower Arm-plate. Middle Arm-spine.
ONreHCulgas vojere wane « - OY De rent omen (AUS BRO oO oie SLs. alsin) sys 1.6
OM SGI “OO EO Coc elanemteln i ike MO) 6 pg OLB LINGO S Rate wee 12
OMpornectanewene tele or QO. sod ae DlOiepere et eke MEO eae es ev
O) Ci onto ermoed ¢ MES. eens tH Dy Pulau luc Sars rea aoe 2.2

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

|
Catalogue | Original | Number one When : re Nature of
Number. ae | of Spec. Locality: Collected. Whence obtained. Specimen!
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
28 ae iene, ee Alex. Agassiz. Alcoholic.
29 57 1 West Coast of Central] ...... University Museum,
America. Copenhagen. s
30 ave 8 lees 9 9 Wate Ravaliows Dr. J. LeConte. Dried.
Smithsonian Institution.
1038 1 anamiase 6 lieceme cca | Rev. T. Powell. Alcoholic.
1096 1 Pananiasenee ee eee ler heer ales! mace aiemch cen ee “
1097 > | Tere NNR 5 OI) oo ae oo Go OD 3:
1200 5 [an amaseee Smeee ||| ac sears Dr. J. LeConte. Dried.
1191 1 Cape St. Lucas, Cal. | ...... J. Xantus. Alcoholic.
|

Ophionereis Xantusii Lyman.

Ophionereis Xantusii LyMAN. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII. p. 258. 1860.

Special Marks. — Brownish straw-color, arms banded with dark
purple. Arms about five times as long as the diameter of the disk.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 7.7°"; from outer
side of mouth-shield -to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 35°™ ; width
of arm without spines, 1.2"; length of arm, 40™" ; distance from outer
side of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papillz, to that between
outer corners of mouth-slits, 1.2: 1.5. _Mouth-papille, ten or eleven to
each angle of mouth, small, rounded, somewhat flattened. Teeth four,
thin, flat, squarish ; lowest one thicker, and with a rounded cutting
edge. Mouth-shields much rounded heart-shaped, with narrow end
inward ; length to breadth, 1:.9. Side mouth-shields short triangular,
widely separated within. Under arm-plates squarish, a little longer
than broad ; outer side slightly curved; lateral sides a little re-enter-
ingly curved ; inner laterals and inner side of about the same length,

and lying nearly in the same line; length to breadth (seventeenth
19

146 OPHIONEREIS XANTUSII.

plate), .5:.4. Upper arm-plates triangular, with a rounded angle
‘directed outward, and a sharp angle directed towards each side ;
length to breadth (eleventh plate), .5:.9. Supplementary pieces as
long as the joints, triangular, with outer side curved ; near the end of
the arm they become proportionately smaller, and the upper arm-plates
gradually take on a more hexagonal shape. Disk-scales very close and
fine, about 200 to a square mm. Radial shields very small and narrow,
about .7"™ long. The usual comb of papillae along the edges of the
genital slits is not much developed. Arm-spines rather short, flattened,
and cut off square at the end; middle one longest ; lengths to that of
under arm-plate (seventeenth joint), .7, 1.2, .9:.5. Tentacle-scale large,
round, thin; length to that of under arm-plate, .5:.5. Color, in alcohol :
above, disk faint greenish-gray, finely lined with brownish ; above the
base of each arm a dark-purple fork, of two converging lines ; some-
times a few other veins of dark purple; arms brownish straw-color,
with a faint, broken line of whitish running lengthwise ; at intervals
of from five to twelve joints, a dark purple jomt, making a cross
band ; below, interbrachial spaces same as upper surface ; other parts
light straw-color.

Variations. — The color seems pretty uniform; the dark markings
at the base of the arms may differ somewhat in shape and size, and the
arm bands may either go entirely round, or be confined to the upper
surface. A small specimen, with a disk of 4.2", had arms of 22"™.
The number of disk-scales to a square mm. was about the same as in
larger ones. The lower arm-plates were longer, and more concave on
their lateral sides; the teeth had all round cutting edges; the spines
were more rounded and tapering than in the adult ; length of the long-
est to that of under arm-plate, .5:.5; the radial shields could hardly
be distinguished. The mouth-shields vary a little in being more or less
rounded.

O. Xantusii differs from O. annulata in having shorter and blunter
arm-spines, and shorter arms; the color is also different ;— from O.
reticulata, in blunter arm-spines, shorter arms, and a different pattern
of color.

OPHIONEREIS PORRECTA. 147

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

a" = -
Catalogue | Original | Number ae | When “ha Prey Nature of
Number. aa of Spec. Locality. | Collected. Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
31 |/1164 | 1 || Cape St. Lucas, Cal. | ...... | J. Xantus. | Alcoholic.
Smithsonian Institution.
1164 | mts | 5 | Cape St. Lucas, Cal. | ...... | J. Xantus. | Alcoholic.

Ophionereis porrecta Lyman. (Figs. 14, 15.)

Ophionereis porrecta LYMAN. Proceed. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., VI. p. 260. 1860.

Special Marks. — Dull reddish-brown. Arms, in adult specimens,
nine times as long as the diameter of the disk. Arm-spines short.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 12"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 4.5™™ ;
width of arm without spines, 2.5"; length of arm, 113™™; distance
from outer side of mouth-shield to inner points of mouth-papille, to
that between outer corners of mouth-slits, 2:2.2. Mouth-papille ten,
short, stout, the outermost but one broadest. Teeth four or five, stout,
squarish, rather long, a little tapering, lowest one shortest. Mouth-
shields oval; length to breadth, 1.6:1. Side mouth-shields very small,
triangular, sometimes almost obliterated. Under arm-
plates squarish, broader without than within ; outer side
curved, inner side nearly straight, lateral sides re-enter-
inely curved; length to breadth (twentieth plate), 1: 1.2;
(fortieth plate), 1: 1.4. The first plate is wedge-shaped,
with a curved outer side. Upper arm-plates varying in
proportionate breadth according to the width of the arm,
usually broader than long; inner side much longer than
outer one ; outer and lateral sides sometimes distinguished,
and sometimes confounded in a common curve ; length
to breadth (sixth plate), .8:1.5; (thirty-fifth plate), 1:1.6. Scales of
disk rather stouter than usual in the genus; about 80 to a square mm.
Radial shields 1.2™" long. Scales on edge of disk larger than the rest.
Papille along edges of genital slits stout and prominent. Arm-spines
short, rounded, tapering ; lengths to that of under arm-plate (twenty-

Ophionereis porrecta.
(Upper side.)
Pp, arm-spines

148 OPHIONEREIS PORRECTA.

third jomt), 1, 1.7, 13:1. Tentacle-scale oval, large ; length to that of
under arm-plate, .6: 1. Color, in aleohol: above, disk minutely mottled
and lined with reddish brown (vandyke brown and red chalk) and dirty
white ; arms the same, but darker, with occasionally a light-colored
joint; arm-spines pale brown, with one
or two darker rings; underneath inter-
brachial spaces tawny brown; darker
along the genital slits; mouth-parts and
under arm-plates white; the arm-plates
and mouth-shields with a few specks of
various tints of brown.

Variations. — A young one, with a
disk 8™" in diameter, had arms 18™™

long. The disk-scales were large, about

Ophionereis porrecta. (Lower side.)

d, mouth-papillz ; ¢, inner point of mouth angle ; 40 to a square mm., and among them

q, tentacle-scale.

could plainly be recognized the primary
plates; the radial shields were conspicuous, though small, and were
separated by a wedge of two or three scales; the upper arm-plates
were very nearly circular, and overlapped each other; the lower arm-
plates were shield-shaped, with an angle within, and a wide, straight
outer side, and were entirely separated by the encroachment of the
side arm-plates. The other parts were as in the adult, except that the
side mouth-shields were proportionately larger. In a specimen with a
disk of 5°", the upper arm-plates were shaped nearly as in the adult ;
the under arm-plates were tawny red. Among the young the radial
shields were commonly bordered with dark brown, with a white centre.
The other colors varied chiefly in intensity.

The locality of these specimens has unfortunately been lost; but
they are believed to be from the Atlantic coast of America, and are
therefore included here. The species is distinguished from others by
the great length of the arms, the shortness of the arm-spines, and the
general robustness of the structure.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

=

Nature of

Number. Number. of Spec. Collected. Specimen.

Catalogue | Original | Number ocality? When Whence obtained.
| |

Museum of Comparative Zoology.

11 | ane | 7 Pat | Pere | Se Cet G | Aleotolhe.

OPHIOPSILA. 149

Ophionereis dubia Lyman.

Ophiolepis dubia Muu. & Troscn. Syst. Asteriden, p. 94.
Savieny. Descer. de /Egypte (Audouin). 1809. Pl. 1, Figs. 3! 31.

The plate of Savigny is most excellent, and gives all the details of
the genus and species. The specimen doubtless came from the Red
Sea, as the species is not found in the Mediterranean.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number When * Nature of
Number. |Number.| of Spec. Locality. Collected, | Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
434 | Pa | 2 RedtSeas Gaen 8 | sats cay. Jardin des Plantes. | Alcoholic.
|

OPHIOPSILA Forsss.

Type or THE GENUs, O. aranea.

Disk covered with very minute, overlapping, smooth scales. Radial
shields small, or else quite covered. Teeth. Tooth-papillea. <A few
side mouth-papillz. Arm-spines short, flattened, rather rough, numer-
ous, arranged along sides of side arm-plates. Inside tentacle-scale very
long, like a spatula. Lower arm-plates faintly indicated and sunken,
making a groove in which lie the long tentacle-scales. Two genital
slits beginning outside the mouth-shields.

SPECIES HEREIN DESCRIBED.

O. Riiset.
O. aranea.

150 OPHIOPSILA RIISEI.

Ophiopsila Riisei Lirxry. (Figs. 16, 17.)
Ophiopsila Riisei LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 136. 1859.

Special Marks. — Arm-spines, six or seven. In the adult, many of
the upper arm-plates split in two. Color, in alcohol: gray, with fine
black specks.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 8.6"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 3"; width
of arm without spines, 2™. For length of arm, see Variations. Dis-
tance from outer side of mouth-shields to inner points of tooth-papille,
to that between outer corners of mouth-
slits, 1.6: 1.6. Mouth-papille, six to each
corner of the mouth, of which the outer
one is a minute tubercle, scarcely percep-
tible ; the two inner ones on either side
large, flat, and square. Tooth-papille in an
irregular bunch, about nine in number ;
lowest ones smallest, and placed more out-
ward. Teeth five, four upper ones broad,
short, thick, even, squarish ; lowest one narrower, and more like a large
tooth-papilla. Mouth-shields broader than long, oval diamond-shaped,
with a peak within; the outer side curved, and the lateral ends more
or less truncated ; length to breadth, .7:1. Side mouth-shields scarcely
to be seen, even in dried specimens. They seem to run along the inner
side of the mouth-shield, but are extremely narrow, and are often quite
confounded with the surrounding parts. Un-
der arm-plates broader than long, slightly
separated, nearly rectangular, but a little
wider without than within; length to
breadth (fifteenth plate), .5:.7. Upper
arm-plates broader than long, nearly oval,
somewhat angular, however, at the corners ;
many of them broken lengthwise in two
pieces; the first six or eight plates are
proportionately smaller, narrower, and more
rounded than those just beyond ; length to
breadth (third plate), .5:.7; (twenty-third
plate), 6:1. Disk-scales covered with a thick skin, so that they are
not easy to see, even in a dried specimen ; about 150 to a square mi.
where they are finest ; over the places of the radial shields, somewhat
coarser, Arm-spines usually six, near the disk seven ; cut square off at

Ophiopsila Riisei. (Upper side.)

Ophiopsila Riisei. (Lower side.)
q, tentacle-scal+ 5; 0, genital opening.

OPHIOPSILA ARANEA. 151

the end; lengths to that of under arm-plate (thirteenth joint), .5, .4, .4,
4, .5,.8:.5. Outside tentacle-scale minute, flattened, spiniform ; length of
inside scale to that of under arm-plate, 1:.5. Color, in alcohol: nearly
uniform pale brownish-eray, with numerous specks of black pigment on
the back and interbrachial spaces of the disk, and on the upper arm-
plates; mouth-parts nearly white, with a black speck on each mouth-shield.

Variations. — The coloration in alcoholic specimens is nearly uni-
form, and the other characters vary little. A specimen with a disk of
8™™, had arms 100" long. This may be considered an average pro-
portion. Almost always the tips of the arms are broken off The
largest specimens have a disk of over 11".

O. Riisei has been found at St. Thomas by Mr. Riise, but is appar-
ently not very common there; and the same remark is true of the
Tortugas Islands, of Key West, and of some other parts of Florida; but
at Cape Florida it has been taken in the greatest abundance.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Sealer eae Loctty cltten, | whence otanea, | ature
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
1 12+) Cape Florida. Apr. 1858. | G. Wurdeman. Alcoholic.
2 i Bill? = 5 a olote. Prof. Agassiz. 6
3 2 | Key West, Fla. Jan. 1858. J. E. Mills. 6
4 i) [iis 9) We a be ee Prof. Agassiz. «
5 2 | Cape Florida. Ip recomepteuaels G. Wurdeman. 6
6 TN | ioe =) te oe Prof. Agassiz. %
Smithsonian Institution.
995 aes 12+) Cape Florida. 8 | ...... G. Wurdeman. Alcoholic.
1177 ae | ior, i logs Gin |] So oo ero Gos &
Ophiopsila aranea Forees.
Ophiopsila aranea Forses. ‘Trans. Linn. Soc., XIX. p. 149.
Ophianoplus marmoreus? Sars. Nyt. Mag. for Naturvid., X. p. 23.
Ophiopsila marmorea LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 136.
LIST OF SPECIMENS.
l 1
SNES [RAG Sapte) ta. cliten, | whence ovainea, | Satur

Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
424 | AG | ve | Alger. | Bee cea eae des Plantes. | Alcoholic.

152 OPHIOCNEMIS.

OPHIOCNEMIS Mutt. & Troscn.

Miller and Troschel made a most singular mistake in examining the
original specimen of Lamarck’s Ophiura marmorata, on which is
founded this genus, The specimen having shrunk in drying, a small
crack appeared between the arm-joints and the genital plate, and this
was taken for a second genital slit, lymg beside the usual one. I had
an opportunity of closely examining this specimen in the Jardin des
Plantes. Nevertheless the genus is a good one, on other grounds, and
stands between Amphiura and Ophiothria.

Ophiocnemis marmorata Mutt. & Troscu.

Ophiura marmorata LAMARCK. An. s. Vert., II. p. 543.
Ophiocnemis marmorata MUuu. & Troscu. Syst. Asterid., p. 87.

The original, in the Jardin des Plantes, is stated to come from the
“Mers Australes,” and was brought by Peron and Lesueur, in 1803.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number | When inede Nature of
Number. | Number.| of Spec. Locality. | Collected. Whence obtained Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

409 12-5 hZianzibary ae ee | edemeneton C. Cooke. Alcoholic.
410 124- Zanzibar. | ...... C. Cooke. a:
428, ) Tri eeuGesl ( Jardin des Plantes,
fv ,
young? {| *- 6% rincomalee, Ceylon. | ...... (Reynaud, 1829. &

OPHIOTHRIX. 153

OPHIOTHRIX Mitt. & Troscn.

Tyre or THE GeENUs, O. rosula Forbes.

Disk with thorny grains, very short spines crowned with thorns, or
spines with thorns at the sides and top. Radial shields large, triangu-
lar swellings, each bounded on its two inner sides by ridges in the skin
of the back. Tooth-papilla. Teeth. No mouth-papille. Spines nu-
merous (often three times as long as the joints), flattened, glassy,
thorny, having a central tube with slender side tubes from it. A
small, spine-like tentacle-scale. No radial scales. The base of the jaw
pierced with a hole, from a want of perfect union between the two
pieces of the mouth-frames. Interbrachial spaces swelled out like
lobes. Two genital slits beginning outside the mouth-shields. Outer
arm-joints with hooks.

GROUPING OF SPECIES HEREIN DESCRIBED.

. rosula.
. Orstedii.
. Swensonii.

. magnifica.
. virgata.

Disk closely beset with stout, longer and shorter spines,

Disk with long, slender spines,

. angulata.
: , : ; . volacea.
Disk usually beset with short, forked, and with long, slender spines, sohoriine
. dumosa.

. lineata.

(855)
SESESESES SSESISIS

Disk with fine, thorny grains ; upper arm-plates regularly hexagonal,

Disk and radial shields closely beset with spiny cylinders ; thorny grains ) 0.
on upper arm-plates,

Disk scaled, and sparsely beset with thorny grains, O. propinqua.

Disk beset with thorny stumps; radial shields closely covered with grains, O. Cheneyi.

Disk and radial shields as in the last; upper arm-plates regularly angu- ) O. longipeda.
lar ; arms very long, ij

demessa.

154 OPHIOTHRIX ORSTEDIL

Ophiothrix rosula Forsss.

STELLA SCOLOPENDROIDES ; Rosula scolopendroides Linck. De Stel. Mar., p. 52, Pl. XXVI.
Fig. 42. 1733.

Asterias fragilis O. F. Mitier. Zool. Dan., p. 28, Pl. XCVUI. 1789.

Ophiura fragilis et O. tricolor LamK. Hist. Anim. s. Vert., II. p. 546. 1816.

Ophiocoma rosula Forses. Brit. Starfishes, p. 60. 1841.

Ophiothrix rosula Forses. Linn. Trans., XTX. p. 151. 1842.

Ophiothrix fragilis, O. echinata, O. tricolor, et O. Férussacii Miu. & TRoscu. Syst. Asteriden,
pp- 110-112. 1842.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number . When Ps F Nature of
Number. | Number. of Spec. Locality. | Collected. | Whence obtained. Sheciaten’
Museum of Comparative Zoology.
142 See |e North Europe. fe Seca cese rites | Prof. Sars, 1852. Alcoholic.
143 A || 2B @resund! “ee RY a MASA ees University Museum,
> Copenhagen. co
417 .. | .. | St. Va-est-la-Hougue,
| Hrance’se 0 16 A Gill Sree ne Jardin des Plantes. Gs
392 Sine || aun ol@ettesmtrancenwes | 7) Smear ces T. Lyman. 6
418 oo || o6 | Oram, Neem 9 Poaic co core Jardin des Plantes. as

Ophiothrix Orstedii Lirxen.

Ophiothrix Orstedii LitKeN. Vidensk. Meddelelser. Jan., 1856.
Ophiothrix Orstedii LU1KEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 149.

Special Marks. — Bluish or greenish, with cross lines of white on
arms, above. Spimes on disk slender and rather long.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 8"; outer edge of
mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 3.6"; width of
arm without spines, 2.7"; leneth of arm about 58"; distance from
outer edge of mouth-shield to the points of the tooth-papille, to
that between the corners of the mouth-slits as 1.6: 1.6. Tooth-
papille arranged in six horizontal rows, three in each row, except the
lowest one, which has usually only two; they have the appearance of
a bundle of small spines, soldered compactly side by side ; the papillz
on the sides of each row project towards the centre of the mouth more
than the middle one does. Teeth five, the highest small and somewhat
pointed ; lowest evidently made of soldered tooth-papilla. The mouth-
shields are closely soldered with the surrounding parts, so that it is

OPHIOTHRIX ORSTEDII. as

hard to distinguish their true outlines; they are nearly oval, with a
slight peak towards the mouth; length to breadth as .6:1 or .8: 1.
Madreporic mouth-shield longer, larger, and more swelled than the
others ; length to breadth as 1:1. Side mouth-shields soldered closely
with surrounding parts, slender and wedge-shaped, their broadest end
being toward the arm; they run along the inner sides of the mouth-
shield, and nearly meet at its immer points; leneth to breadth, .6 :.4, or
.8:.4; as the madreporic mouth-shield extends inwards, the side mouth-
shields are here reduced to small triangular pieces on each side. Gen-
eral form of under arm-plates square, but broader than long ; the first,
second, third, and fourth somewhat compressed sideways, and varying a
little in their proportions ; the rest of the plates, even near the tip of
the arm, nearly uniform in shape, each separated a little from its neigh-
bors, the outer side a slightly re-entering curve, the lateral sides curved
a little, the inner side not well defined, but nearly straight ; leneth to
breadth (ninth), .7: 1; about two thirds the length of arm, .6: .6.
Upper arm-plates covered, like those on the sides, with skin ; their out-
lines can only be seen in dried specimens; there are four sides, of
which the outer is curved, the two lateral straight, and the inner
straight, but so short that the plate looks like a short wedge, with the
point towards the disk ; the first three or four plates vary in size, but
are all small, the imnermost often so small that the side arm-plates
nearly or quite meet above; the plates beyond larger; length to
breadth as follows: second plate, .6:.8, or .4:.6; seventh, .8:.8; inner
side of seventh plate, .4™" ; the outer edge of each is slightly higher
than the next plate, but does not overlap it. Disk, above, the large
radial shields are nearly or quite naked ; the rest of the back takes the
form of a ten-rayed star, with a small centre; the brachial rays are
narrow, and separate each radial shield from its mate ; the interbrachial
rays are wider, and separate the pairs of radial shields ; both are beset
with spines; the measures are as follows: diameter of centre of star,
2.4™; length of brachial ray, 3"™; breadth of same, .4™™ ; breadth of
interbrachial ray close to centre, 1", or 1.2"; width of radial shield
at outer edge, 1.4™™ to 1.8™"; length of the same, 2™ to 2.2™; the
brachial rays are of even width till near the base of the arm, where
they contract; each bears a single row of about five long, tapering
spines ; the interbrachial rays are of even width till near the edge of
the disk, where they grow wider, and pass over the edge to the under
surface of the disk ; the spines long and tapering, irregularly placed in
three longitudinal rows, each of seven or eight; radial shields quite
smooth, sometimes with a single spine. The spines of the brachial rays
have a length of 1.2" to 1.6™™ ; those of the interbrachial rays, 1”™ to
12°". The second jomt bears only two small, nearly equal, slender
spines, having a length to that of the under arm-plate as .8:.8. Third

156 OPHIOTHRIX ORSTEDII.

joint, four small, slender spines, whose length to that of the lower arm-
plate is as .8:.8; fourth joint, five spines, 1, 1, 1, 1, .8:.8; fifth joint,
five spines, the upper ones much the longest ; sixth joint, nine spines,
four upper ones, 2.8, 2.6, 2.2, 1:.8. Arm-spines of the seventh jomt
have a length, compared with that of the under arm-plate, as follows :
(beginning above), 2.8, 2.8, 2.8, 2.8, 2.2, 1.6, 1, .8, .6:.8; there may also
be a short supplementary spine on one side above the upper long one.
Seventh joint may also have only eight spines; eighth, eight spines,
four long, four short; ninth, seven spines, two long, two middling, three
short; tenth, eight spines, viz., 2, 2.8, 2.8, 1.6, 1.2, .8, .6, .4:.8; eleventh,
seven spines, three long, four short; fifteenth joint, 2.4, 3.8, 3.8, 1.6, 1.2,
8, .5:.8. In the neighborhood of the twenty-fifth joint, the spines are
only six, and have a length to that of the lower arm-plate as follows:
3.6, 3.6, 1.2, 1, .6,.4:.8. The longer spines, near the base of the arm,
have on either edge from four to nine sharp thorns. The spines on the
disk are rather less flattened and more slender, and have one or two
thorns on each edge. The spinous rays of the back of the disk m an
alcoholic specimen are dark cobalt blue, with a greenish hue ; radial
shields the same, but lighter; tooth-papille white ; mouth-shields, side
mouth-shields, under arm-plates, and side arm-plates, very light cobalt
blue, with a greenish tinge, irregularly edged and speckled with white.
Upper arm-plates bluish green mottled with white ; between the joints
a triple line, consisting of a dark line, with an irregular white one on
-each side. Arm-spines transparent greenish-blue, with purplish ends.
Interbrachial spaces underneath similar to upper surface.

Variations. — The color in alcohol is about the same as that of the
living animal; it is either bluish or greenish. The young show the
oblong scales of the disk very distinctly.

The white cross lines on the arms easily distinguish this species
from O. magnifica, which, moreover, is larger, and has much stouter
spines. It is the most abundant species of Florida and the West
Indies.

OPHIOTHRIX SUENSONII. ls i7¢

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

|
ed i a | Wnence obtaaea, | at of
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
116 if 5 | Tortugas, Fla. Feb. 1856. | T. Lyman. Alcoholic.
117 06 7 | Key Biscayne, Cape
Florida. Feb. 1856. | T. Lyman. Bs
118 WA WMeCes I oa oan Prof. Agassiz. ee
119 12=F-|(CapenBloridas 9) jl) je ees a G. Wurdeman and
J. E. Mills. Us
120 on 12+} Key West, Fla. Feb. 1856. | T. Lyman. %
121 bie 9 | Key West, Fla. Jan. 28,1858.) J. E. Mills. “
122] .. 5 | Tortugas, Fla. Mh. 10, 1858.) J. EK. Mills. Gs
123 oe 12+! Tortugas, Fla. Feb. 1856. | T. Lyman. a5
TP We ane 12+| Key West, Fla. Mh. 6, 1858. | J. E. Mills. &
125 te 12+] Tortugas, Fla. Apr. 24,58. | J. E. Mills. us
126 5. Pea MoS | hacia pie | G. Wurdeman. oe
127 ete NYE isin none, Wel | cGogcas A. H. Riise. “
128 Bee 3 | Bay of Cumana. - | ...... Capt. Couthouy. re
17)? | coe 12+] Cape Florida. Apr. 1858. | G. Wurdeman and
J. E. Mills. &
130 65%» @ | Weslo, Hol oa pe University Museum,
Copenhagen. ie
131 whe De a|Elorida asc eu tie Sias Prof. Agassiz. Dried.
Smithsonian Institution.
1014 12=-| Tortugas, Bla, |) ww. . Capt. Woodbury and
Dr. Whitehurst. | Alcoholic.
1005 12" | GardenuMeysortucass |Nto i omer -ud |p tier lanl mire) ome! (ol te &
1006 12+) Cape Florida. May, 1858. | G. Wurdeman.
1012 IDA} ork, 9 aie orate ocarste ll) aeososie ovo ope oe
1160 Ho Wiis Wich Weibel) Sac oo A. H. Riise. fe
1090 i | Ste Wino Welk 9 6 bo Siols A. H. Riise. Dried.

Ophiothrix Suensonii Lirxen.

Ophiothriz Suensonii LUTKEN. Vidensk. Meddelelser. Jan., 1856.
Ophiothrix Suensonii LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 148.

Special Marks. — Arm-plates as long as broad. Only about five arm-
spines ; upper one very long and slender. Color reddish, with a stripe
of dark purple along arms.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 7.5"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 3.5™™ ;
width of arm without spines, 1.5"; length of arm, 68"; distance
from outer side of mouth-shield to inner points of tooth-papille, to
that between outer corners of mouth-slits, 1.7: 1.7. Tooth-papille,
eighteen, arranged in an oval figure, those outside longest, those in
middle shorter ; each outside row has six. Teeth four, upper one long-

158 OPHIOTHRIX SUENSONII.

est; rather thick, with rounded cutting edge. Mouth-shields very wide,
short heart-shaped, with outer side straight, and a little peak within ;
length to breadth, .5:1. Side mouth-shields short triangular, with cor-
ners rounded, meeting within. Under arm-plates as long as broad,
outer side longer than inner, corners rounded, a re-entering curve on
lateral sides, where tentacle-scale comes; length to breadth (eighth
plate), .7:.7. Side arm-plates strongly developed, and bearing stout
projections to carry the arm-spines. Upper arm-plates about as lone
as broad; outer side strongly curved; inner side straight, and much
shorter than outer; laterals straight and sloping; length to breadth
(seventh plate), .7:.7. Disk with naked radial shields ; brachial rays
very narrow; on them and on the interbrachial rays and centre are
scattered spines, long, thin, flattened, usually ending in a rather sharp
point, about 2.2" in length, with about eight thorns on each edge.
Radial shields presenting without an acute angle, terminating in a
rounded peak ; length to breadth, 2.5:1.4. Interbrachial spaces below
with a few spines of same character as those above, but much shorter.
Arm-spines five, sometimes six, upper one commonly much the longest ;
slender, sharp, somewhat flattened, with about nine thorns on each
edge ; ninth joint, five spines; lengths to that of under arm-plate, 4.5,
3.5, 2.8, 1.5, .2:.7; the minute lowest spine becomes a hook very near
base of arm. The spines near the end of the arm are extremely long
and slender. Tentacle-scales flat, rounded at point, of about same size
as lowest arm-spine. Color, in alcohol: above, disk pale purplish, with
outer ends of radial shields yellowish ; along outer side of radial shields
a narrow, raised edge of white ; a broad band of very dark purple run-
ning along each arm, continued along brachial rays, and ending at
centre of disk; side arm-plates mixed yellowish and purple ; below,
interbrachial spaces purplish, with fine cross lines of white; a broad
band of light purple, bordered on either side by light, running whole
length of arm; arm-spines white.

Variations. — In a specimen with a disk of 4°”, the spies on the
disk were fewer, and were mostly confined to the centre ; those on the
interbrachial spaces below were merely minute points; the lower arm-
plates were longer, and their corners less rounded. In better preserved
specimens the ground color was a dull lake-red (yellow ochre and red).

This species is very distinct from others of America in having the
arm-plates as long as broad, and only four or five very long, slender
arm-spines.

OPHIOTHRIX MAGNIFICA. 159

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

— =
Catalogue | Original | Number Be ae When The. rigees Nature of
Number, | Number. of Spec. Locality. Collected. Whence ‘obtained: Specimen.

Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
144 ae 3 shin Aone, MYoIG 9 Il oan oo A. H. Riise. Alcoholic.
145 64 || Wes lbealesh = 6 6 o bun University Museum,
Copenhagen. “
146 991 1 | Carthagena, New Gre-
| Dadar evan’ Ly WER 5 shh A. Schott. “
Smithsonian Institution.
991 ia 4 | Carthagena, New Gre-
nada, Pee ere | POer Chott Alcoholic.
1112 os 2 Stn Mores, MWolG | 66 aac A. H. Riise. “

Ophiothrix magnifica Lymay.

Ophiothrix magnifica LyMAN. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIL. p. 254. 1860.

Special Marks. — A large species ; back of disk closely spined ; arm-
spines stout, round, somewhat tapering ; color bluish.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 12.5" ; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 5.6"; width
of arm without spines, 2.7°™; length of arm, 70™; distance from outer
side of mouth-shield to inner points of tooth-papille, to that between
outer corners of mouth-slits, 2.4: 2.4. Tooth-papille about thirty-six,
arranged in two rows of about ten each, which diverge from above
downward, and are filled in between by smaller papillz ; the papille
grow shorter and smaller from above downward. Teeth six, squarish,
moderately stout, with rounded cutting edge ; uppermost one thin, and
so tapering as almost to be sharp. Mouth-shields small, almost circular ;
length to breadth, 1: 1.2. Side mouth-shields meeting within. Under
arm-plates covered with thick skin, and closely joined, so that their
outline is indistinct ; im form irregular oval; outer side longer than
inner, and slightly re-entering; lateral sides well rounded; length to
breadth, .7: 1.3. Upper arm-plates small, with a strong median ridge ;
diamond-shaped, with outer angle much rounded, lateral angles sharp,
and inner angle very slightly truncated ; length to breadth (thirteenth
plate), .7: 1.2. Brachial and interbrachial rays of disk closely beset
with round, stout, tapering spines, of very even length; they are coy-
ered with minute thorns, and terminate in a rather blunt crown of
them; these spines have usually a length of about 1.37". Radial

160 OPHIOTHRIX MAGNIFICA.

shields much obscured by surrounding spines, but bearing only a few
small spines themselves; length to breadth, 3.5: 1.7. Arm-spines stout,
rather blunt, rounded, slightly and regularly taperimg, deeply corru-
gated lengthwise, bearing many small, blunt thorns; upper spines
scarcely flattened at all; second and third spines usually longest and
stoutest ; eleventh joint, eight spies; lengths to that of under arm-
plate, 2.4, 2.6, 3.1, 2.1, 2.1, 1.5, .9, .5:.7. Tentacle-scales distinct, flat,
rounded at their outer end. Color, in alcohol: above, disk dull indigo-
blue (cobalt and indigo-blue) ; arms the same, but banded with lighter ;
usually two or three joints to each band ; arm-spines faint blue ; below,
interbrachial spaces a little hghter than upper surface ; under arm-plates
variegated with cross lines and specks of white, and of darker and
lighter blue, giving the arm a banded appearance.

Variations. — The general color may incline more to greenish-blue,
or, on the other hand, to purplish-blue ; and the marking of the under
arm-plates may form more or less distinct bands. The largest specimen
had the disk 14™™ in diameter, and some of the spines on the disk as
long as 2.1". Many of the arm-spines were tipped with white.

This very beautiful Ophiothriz belongs to the group which has only
long spines on the back of the disk; it differs from O. Orstedii in
greater stoutness and shortness of the disk-spimes, and in more cylin-
drical arm-spines; it has more and shorter spines than O. Suensonii,
and is larger than either of these species.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number 3 When . Nature of
Number. | Number.| of Spec. Locality. | Collected. | Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zoélogy.
150 | 1043 | 1. | Peru. Meteote eicosc | Mr. Raymond. | Alcoholic.

Smithsonian Institution.
1043 Bie | | {<1 1 a metres eee | Mr. Raymond. | Alcoholic.

OPHIOTHRIX VIRGATA, 161

Ophiothrix virgata Lymay.

Ophiothrix virgata LyMAN. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. THist., VIL. p. 82. 1861.

Special Marks. — Disk beset with slender spines. Arms twelve times
as long as the diameter of the disk; alone their upper side, a clear
white line, bordered by a narrow blue one on each side.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 6"; width of arm
without spines, 1"; length of arm, 75"™. Tooth-papill thirteen, in
horizontal rows of two or three ; lowest ones the smallest. Teeth four,
very thick and stout, standmg close together. Mouth-shields heart-
shaped, with a pretty distinct pot inward, broader than long ; length
to breadth, .8:1. Side mouth-shields meeting nearly, or quite, within.
Under arm-plates four-sided, with cleanly rounded corners ; length to
breadth (twelfth plate), .6:.7. Upper arm-plates wider without than
within, outer side cleanly curved, lateral sides a little re-enteringly
curved, and sloping towards the centre of the arm; length to breadth
(eighth plate), .7:1. Disk above and below pretty closely covered
with short, tapering, thorny spines, the longest 1™ in length, which
nearly obscure the scaling of the disk, which may be distinguished
through the skin. Radial shields nearly naked, separated by a single
line of spmy scales ; length to breadth, 1.8: 1.2. Arm-spines six, slen-
der, not swelled at the point, upper one commonly longest ; lengths to
that of under arm-plate, 1.7, 1.7, 1.4, .9, .6,.5:.6. Tentacle-scales very
distinct, round. Color, in alcohol: above, pale blue on the disk, the
radial shields with a speck of white at their outer ends; arms obscurely
banded with paler and darker blue; along the middle of the arm, a
clear line of white, bounded by a narrow blue line on each side ; below,
interbrachial spaces pale blue, the rest nearly white.

Ophiothrix spongicola must be quite near this species, but its arms
are much shorter, and the pattern of color different.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original Number A When a Nature of
Number. | Number. of Spec. Locality. | Collected. | Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodloyy.
337 | one | 1 | Kingsmills Islands. | rages | A. Garrett. | Alcoholic.

21

162 OPHIOTHRIX ANGULATA.

Ophiothrix angulata Ayres. (PI. Il. Figs. 1-3.)

Ophiura angulata Say. Journ. Phil. Acad., V. p. 145. 1825.
Ophiothrix angulata AYRES. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IV. p. 249.
Ophiothrix hispida AyRES. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IV. p. 249.

Special Marks. — Pale bluish, with a white line along arms, and
bands across them. Disk about 6.5"™. Arm-spines numerous; often
ten or eleven near base of arm. About eighteen tooth-papille.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 6.4"™ ; outer side of
mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 2.8°™ ; width of arm
without spines, 1.5"; length of arm, 38.4"; distance from outer side
of mouth-shield to inner point of tooth-papille, to that between outer
corners of mouth-slits as 1.6: 1.4. Tooth-papille like a bunch of short,
stout, blunt spines, soldered by their sides ; arranged in five horizontal
rows, of which the three highest have each four spines, the lowest one
or two, and the other three; papillz often irregularly placed, not in
rows ; the papillae on the sides of the rows project more towards centre
than do the middle ones. Teeth four, highest smallest, all thickened so
as to touch, or nearly touch, each other. Mouth-shields closely soldered
with side mouth-shields and with surrounding parts; in shape nearly
oval, with a slight peak towards mouth; length to breadth, .6:1;
madreporic shield larger. Side mouth-shields closely soldered with sur-
rounding parts, in shape elongated triangular. Under arm-plates some-
what square; outer side a little re-enteringly curved ; laterals rather
strongly curved; inner side nearly straight; plates pretty closely sol-
dered with each other and with surrounding parts; innermost. plate
small, nearly heart-shaped, with its joint imward ; second plate contracted
at its inner end; general form of other plates square, till near tip of
arm, where they gradually get more elongated, their lateral sides
straighter, and their outer sides more strongly re-entering ; length to
breadth (seventh plate), .5:.6 ; about two thirds the length of the arm,
4:.2; close to tip of arm, same proportion, but plates smaller, the
breadths as above given ; show also the lengths of the outer sides ; the
breadth of the inner side of the seventh plate is .4™. Side arm-plates
covered with skin, so that their outlines are obscured, ridge bearmg
arm-spines, hieh, narrow, and of even width. Upper arm-plates pretty
clearly marked, at base of arm; each has four sides, an outer, much
curved, an inner, very short, and two lateral, nearly straight ; inner side
very short, so that plates seem like wedges, with their pomts turned
inward ; first two or three plates shorter than those that follow ; plates
near point of arm much elongated ; length to breadth as follows : first
plate, .6 :.6 ; sixth plate, .6:.8; about two thirds the length of the arm,

OPHIOTURIX ANGULATA. 168

.6:.4; close to tip of arm, plates longer in proportion. Along the mid-
dle of each plate runs a ridge, and there is therefore a continuous ridge
from the base to the point of the arm. Disk, above, with a raised star
of ten rays and a small centre ; interbrachial rays high and broad, with
a width of 1.2" near centre of disk, and of 1.6™™ at its edge ; closely
beset with very small, short spines, ending in a triple fork ; about 34
spies to a square mm.; interbrachial rays, meeting in middle of disk,
make a centre to the star, having a diameter of 2™ ; brachial rays very
low and narrow, and tapering to a point before reaching edge of disk ;
greatest width, .2"™ ; each bears a single row of forked spines. Radial
shields, length 1.6", greatest width 1™™; each has about twelve scat-
tered, forked spines. Besides short, forked spines, there are on the
back of the disk a few longer, thorny spines, having a length of .8"", or
1™™, Jnterbrachial spaces below have a triangular patch of close-set
spines, which is a continuation of the interbrachial ray from above,
this patch is bounded by a stripe of bare skin, .8"", which runs along
the edge of the genital slits to the mouth-shields. _Arm-spines, number
of spimes and lengths compared with those of the under arm-plates:
second joint, two spines, .4, .4:.6; third joint, four spines, .4, .4, .6,.6:.6;
fourth joint, six spines, .4, .6, .6, .8, .8, .8:.6; fifth joint, eleven spines,
1.6, 1.6, 1.6, 1.2, 1.2, .8, .8, .8, .6, 4, .2:.6; sixth joint, ten spines, longest
one 2™ ; seventeenth joint, six spines, 1.4, 2.8, 1.4, .6, .4,.2:.6; three
fourths out on arm, five spines, 1.4, 2, .8, .4,.4:.4; the lowest spine has
here the form of a heavy knife, bearing two or three hooks on its edge ;
these hooks continue inwards to about the fiftieth joint from the tip,
where they gradually take on the form of true spines; at the tip of
arm, four spines, the lowest a hook. The longer and stouter spines,
near base of arm, have usually a thorny, rather blunt end, and twelve
or fifteen thorns on each edge. Tentacle-scales, from base of arm quite
to the tip there is a small, stunted spine, with two or three thorns at its
end, which answers to the tentacle-scale. Color, in alcohol: general
tint, a faded, grayish cobalt blue; under arm-plates and mouth appa-
ratus yellowish-white ; arms banded with darker blue; interbrachial
spaces on back of disk darker than brachial spaces; a light lne run-
ning along upper side of arm.

Variations. — The differences in color of this species, when living,
are very great. According to colored drawings of about twenty varie-
ties, belonging to Professor Agassiz, the disk may be various shades of
vermilion, pink, purple, blue, dull green, brown, and yellow ; the radial
shields seem always to differ from the rest of the disk; the ground
color of the arms, also, is usually different from that of the disk, and
varies quite as much; the arms are always banded. In alcohol the
color has always a faded look, the specimens being either whitish, or

164 OPHIOTHRIX VIOLACEA.

else dull green or blue. The young, with a disk of 3™™, have arms
16™- in length ; the disk is already closely covered with small spines,
each bearing a crown of three long, sharp thorns; the arm-plates are
proportionately longer than in the adult, and the arm-spines have rather
longer thorns. Very often the adult has only spines of the smaller sort
on the disk. Some specimens have the disk as large as 7"™.

O. angulata bears some resemblance to O. violacea ; the latter, how-
ever, has not banded arms, and has no such variety of coloration when
living; moreover, O. angulata is smaller, has under arm-plates pro-
portionately longer, arm-spines commonly more numerous, and about
eighteen tooth-papille, while O. violacea has as many as thirty. It
differs from O. spiculata and O. dumosa in fewer tooth-papillz, shorter
arm-spines, and in being a smaller species.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

|
Catalogue | Original | Number F When F Nature of
Number. Number. | of Spec. Locality. Collected. Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
32 12+ | Charleston, S. C. 1851. Prof. Agassiz. Alcoholic.
133 IPH || Chemaeson Ss Co? | cougoo | so9 odo oc 06 us
134 12+ | Charleston, S. C. 1852. Prof. Agassiz. 6“
135 ano 1 Waccamaw, S. C. 1853. Prof. Agassiz. of
390 2% 5 Noun (Chw@lings — || gaedio || googedgo0000 “
Smithsonian Institution.
O82hanl wm 12+ | South Carolina. liveeee aero Mr. Kurtz. Alcoholic.

Ophiothrix violacea Mit. & Troscu.

Stella marina minor echinata purpurea? SLOANE. Voy. to Jamaica, p. 272, pl. 244, f. 8,9. 14725.
STELLA SCOLOPENDROIDES ; Jamaicensis purpurea? Linck. De Stel. Mar., p. 51. 1733.
Ophiothrix violacea Mii. & Troscu. Syst. Asterid., p. 115. 1842.

Ophiothrix caribaea LUTKEN. Vidensk. Meddelelser. Jan., 1856.

Ophiothria Kréyeri LUvKeN. Vidensk. Meddelelser. Jan., 1856.

Ophiothrix violacea LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 150 1859.

Special Marks. — Dark-purplish blue, with a white line along the
arm. Small, forked spines on the disk, with a few long ones.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 10"; from outer
a ? )
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 4"; width

of arm without spines, 2.3"; length of arm, 62"; distance from outer

side of mouth-shield to inner points of tooth-papille, to that between

—

outer corners of mouth-slits, 2: 1.7. Tooth-papillae arranged in an oval

OPHIOTHRIX VIOLACEA. 165

figure, about thirty in number; those on sides larger and longer than
central ones; lowest ones smaller, and more rounded and spine-like ;
upper ones larger and more flattened. Teeth three, thin, delicate, flat-
tened, squarish. Mouth-shields diamond oval, with an angle inward
and a curve without; length to breadth, 7: 1.2; madreporice shield
larger than others, and rounded. The two plates that joim the outer
side of the mouth-shield, making thus a bridge between the inner ends
of the genital slits, are quite conspicuous. Side mouth-shields triangu-
lar, elongated, nearly meeting within mouth-shield proper; they are
closely soldered with surrounding parts, and are hard to see except in a
dry specimen. Under arm-plates broader than long, with a strongly
re-entering curve on outer side; inner side nearly straight; lateral
sides curved, or shghtly angular; plates near base of arm have their
outer side raised a little above succeeding plate ; plates within margin
of disk narrower, and more closely soldered to each other than those
beyond ; length to breadth (fourteenth plate), .7: 1; about two thirds
out on arm, plates nearly square, a little longer, however, than broad,
with a re-entering curve in outer side, though less strong than in the
plates near base of arm. Side arm-plates encroaching so much above
as nearly to meet each other, even near base of arm. Upper arm-plates
short diamond-shaped, with a slight median ridge; outer and inner
angles more or less rounded ; length to breadth (seventh plate), .7 : 1.2;
about two thirds out on arm, plates have same general form, but are
about as long as broad. Disk, above, closely beset with short spines
without lateral thorns, each, however, crowned with three or four thorns ;
less numerous on radial shields ; about 56 to a square mm., where they
stand thickest. Towards centre of disk a few longer spines, like those
of arms, but more slender and shorter. Below, interbrachial spaces
covered with spines somewhat longer than the short ones above. Ra-
dial shields beset with scattered spies; length to breadth, 2.4:1;
their interbrachial side is strongly curved; their brachial side nearly
straight, or a little re-enteringly curved ; where they meet, just at their
outer end, they have a slight protuberance ; for the rest of their length
they are separated by a tapering brachial stripe. Arm-spines about
eight, long and slender; largest ones with fifteen to twenty thorns on
each edge; lengths to that of under arm-plate as follows: (seventh
joint,) 2.5, 3, 2.7, 2.3, 1.6, 1.6, .5:.7. Sometimes there are as many as
eleven spines, but the additional ones are very short, and are the low-
est. About half-way out on arm six spines, lowest one broad and flat,
with hooks on its edge ; four upper ones long. Tentacle-scale minute,
sharp, conical, usually simple, sometimes with a crown of two or three
microscopic thorns. Color, in alcohol: above, bluish purple; along
median line of arm, a narrow stripe of clear white, bounded each side
by a dark stripe ; two fine white spots on lateral corners ; arm-spines

166 OPHIOTHRIX VIOLACEA.

with a purplish tint ; below, chewing apparatus yellowish, mouth-shields
white, speckled with purplish blue ; under arm-plates the same, but, in
addition, bordered with pale purplish-blue ; interbrachial spaces finely
mottled with white and purplish blue.

Variations. — The color differs chiefly in being darker or paler; in
the former case, the white spots on the upper arm-plates may be oblit-
erated, and even the longitudinal white line become quite faint. Often
the under arm-plates are white through the centre, while the lateral
sides are dark blue. The proportions of disk to arms present such
differences as the following: 9:55, 10:44, 7.5:42,5:23. Dr. Liitken
gives a measurement as high as 10:80. The average of seven meas-
urements of the length of under arm-plates compared to that of longest
arm-spines, near base of arm, was .7: 3.1; the extremes were .6:3 and
.8: 3.2. The spines on the upper surface of the disk vary somewhat m
number and also in the length of their thorns; those below vary very
much in number, being sometimes closely set, sometimes almost want-
ing, sometimes thorny, sometimes smooth. The side mouth-shields
sometimes quite meet within.

This species is apparently much more common at St. Thomas and the
neighboring islands than in Florida. Certainly in Key West it is com-
paratively very rare. It is distinguished from other species as follows:
from O. Orstedii, by short, forked spines of disk, and different pattern
of color in alcohol; from O. Swensonii, by short, forked spies of disk,
and a white median line along arm, instead of a dark one ; from O.
lineata, by more slender and numerous arm-spines, and by short, forked
spines of disk ; from O. angulata, by greater size (7™" diameter of disk,
corresponds in O. angulata to about 10" in O. violacea), by fewer
long spines on disk, and by a much darker pattern of color, when in
alcohol.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

| y
Catalogue | Original | Number : When f . Nature of
Number™ NGIaber: of Spec: Locality. | Collected. Whence/obtained: Specimen.

Museum of Comparative Zoology.
137 4 || Jeremie, Hayitin yg 4) ve ore Dr. D. F. Weinland. | Alcoholic.
138 ae 7 StaBhomas:iWeele ilieeees chee A. H. Riise. G
139 66" Y WIR dames, ~ I a a 6 done Univ. Mus.Cop’hagen. Ge
140 66° AW A\Wesmaiiess | cedacs Univ.Mus.Cop’hagen. as
(?) 141 12+) Charlotte’s Harbor, Fla.) ...... G. Wurdeman. ce
Smithsonian Institution.
1017 iW AWeSbinohas, ~~ = |) aod Univ.Mus.Cop’hagen.| Alcoholic.
1016 ts 1 RO damit, | | soen0n Univ. Mus. Cop’hagen. ce
1159 oe Bye Cie Wienges Wied 9 |! G5 dv oho A. H. Riise.
1088 OF Sis WN, WWeolb 9 IW 6 a 65% 0 A. H. Riise. | Dried.
1111 2 Sis Wome MoI || So a aes A. H. Riise. | Alecholic.

OPHIOTHRIX SPICULATA. 167

Ophiothrix spiculata LeConre.

Ophiothrix spiculata J. L. LreConte. Proceed. Phil. Acad., V. p. 318. 1851.
Ophiothrix spiculata LUrKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 151. 1859.

Special Marks. — Pale cobalt-blue in alcohol ; longest arm-spines to
under arm-plates as 3.1:.6. Disk sometimes as large as 11.5" ; speci-
mens variable.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 9"; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 4" ; width
of arm without spines, 2"; length of arm, 51"; distance from outer
side of mouth-shield to inner points of tooth-papillx, to that between
outer corners of mouth-slits, 2:2. Tooth-papille, lowermost ones
rounded, small, stout, making a cluster of about twelve ; between this
cluster and the teeth there are six very large, stout papille arranged
in pairs. Teeth five, flattened, squarish, with rounded edge unusually
stout and thick; uppermost one smaller and more tapering. Mouth-
shields broader than long, with a slight peak inward ; without, rounded ;
length to breadth, .8: 1.4. Side mouth-shields meeting within. Under
arm-plates broader than long, inner side shorter than outer, outer side
a little re-enteringly curved, inner side nearly straight, lateral sides
irrecularly curved, outer corners strongly rounded ; length to breadth
(eleventh plate), .6:1; first four or five plates smaller and more square.
Upper arm-plates with a median ridge, diamond-shape, with lateral cor-
ners acute, outer corners rounded, and inner corner truncated ; length
to breadth (third plate), .6:1. Brachial and interbrachial rays of disk
closely beset with small and large spines, the small being usually about
4™™- Jong, surmounted by a crown of from three to six thorns, and some-
times with one or two thorns on their sides ; the large ones are some-
times as long as 1.7™™, similar in shape to arm-spines, but more slender,
and bearing from five to eight fine thorns on each edge, and three or four
at the tip. In interbrachial spaces below, only a few short, scattered
spines; none at all close to mouth-shields. Radial shields large ; length
to breadth, 2.5:2; though obscured by the surrounding spines, they
are themselves nearly naked, bearing only a few short spines, which
are chiefly on the inner angle ; they touch each other with their outer
end, which is a little swelled, and has a short, narrow, raised edge.
Arm-spines near base of arm, usually seven, rather slender, slightly
tapering ; longest ones with from fourteen to twenty-four fine thorns
on each edge, and a cluster of still finer ones at the end; upper spine
most tapering; second one longest, and cut off pretty square at the
end, as are also the third and fourth spines; second spine often has a

168 OPHIOTHRIX SPICULATA.

length as great as 3.5"™, and sometimes even 3.8""; eighth joint, seven
spines ; lengths to that of under arm-plate, 3, 3.2, 2.3, 1.5, 1.6, .4:.6.
Tentacle-scale, instead of being spiniform, is flat and square, ending in
four or five microscopic points. Color, in alcohol : above, faded cobalt-
blue, with a brownish tinge towards centre of disk; along centre of
arm a faint line of lighter; below, interbrachial spaces pale cobalt-blue ;
other parts the same, but lighter. In the living animal “the body is
dark fuscous above, and pale beneath ; every fifth ventral plate on the
arms is sometimes red or brown,” and the apex of the arm-spines is fre-
quently black (LeConte); or the main color may be greenish, the upper
arm-plates violet, and every fourth joint red (Dr. Orsted).

Variations. — Either this species is very variable, or else there are
two or more species at present confounded under it. The specimen
above described may be considered as the type ; from which, however,
there are considerable deviations, both in the armature of the disk and
the length of the arm-spines. <A specimen with a disk of 8"™ had the
disk closely covered with short spines, bearing each a crown of from
three to six thorns; there were no long spines on the disk; the seventh
arm-joint bore eight spines, whose proportions to that of the lower arm-
plate were as follows: 1.8, 2.2, 1.8, 1.2, .7, .6, .5, .4:.6. The second spine
was remarkably flat, and was cut square off at the end; it had thirteen
thorns on each side. Another specimen, with a diameter of disk of
11.5"", had from seven to nine spines on the basal joints; the length
of the three upper ones to that of the lower arm-plates being about
4.7, 4.5, 4.1:.7. This specimen had the radial shields nearly naked, but
the rest of the disk pretty closely covered with short and long spines.
A comparison of the length of the longest arm-spines with that of the
lower arm-plates gave, in eight well-grown specimens, an average of
3.1:.6, the extremes being 5:.7 and 2.4:.6. In other words, the disk
may have many or few spines, and may have either one or two sorts ;
and the arms may have spines of from four to seven times the length
of a lower arm-plate, and differmg more or less in shape. A young
specimen had the disk 2™, arms 10"™, arm-spines .7™", under arm-
plates .2"™ ; the arm-spines had five thorns on each edge ; the disk was
thinly covered with short spines; the under arm-plates were longer
than broad, widest without, and had a notch in their outer side.

O. spiculata resembles O. violacea and O. angulata, but differs from
both in the greater proportionate length of the arm-spines ; from OQ.
Orstedii it is distinguished by different armature of the disk, different
pattern of coloration, and longer arm-spines. It is further remarkable
as a variable species.

OPHIOTHRIX DUMOSA. 169

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number all When “ha By gta Nature of
Number. | Number.) of Spec. Locality. Collected. Wihencejcbtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

147 a0 (Ze iPRanamase i ee Oy ipl lll ee ec Alex. Agassiz. Alcoholic.
148 Pe 12S | Ranaman fl ss cee ie Dr. John LeConte. | Dried.
391 et ANS Rananrass 4 8 9 Perea aera Dr. Sternberg. Alcoholic.
Smithsonian Institution.

1019 1 Ranamast pee) ee lille ce keen cess Dr. Sternberg. Alcoholic.
1045 Qe iipanamas ) eer Sha Site ae Rev. T. Powell. us
1183 BR ene = = WT soon Dr. LeConte. Dried.
1091 Ome bananas = = Mae eni|tmees sre eine Mr. Edwards. i
1095 1 Panama = 26 etn e Bienetwas sions Mr. Akhurst. Ms
1187 1 | West Coast Nicaragua.| ...... Capt. Dow. a

Ophiothrix dumosa Lyrmay.

Ophiothrix dumosa LYMAN. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII. p. 252. 1860.

Special Marks. — Upper arm-spine longest. Spines on disk of sev-
eral sizes; stout. Color dull blue.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 11.5"™ ; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 5";
width of arm without spines, 2.2"; length of arm, 72™"; distance
from outer side of mouth-shield to inner points of tooth-papille, to
that between outer corners of mouth-slits, 2.5:2.5. Teeth six, squarish,
thick ; cutting edge a little rounded, sometimes split in two ; upper one
rather narrower and more tapering. Tooth-papille about thirty-eight,
arranged in two diverging, principal rows, between which are included
some smaller ones; these two rows start, just below the teeth, with
a pair of large, flat papillae, like a tooth split in two; these are followed
by a similar pair, after which the two rows diverge, growing smaller as
they pass lower down, and ending in papille no larger than those which
serve to fill in the middle space ; in each of these principal rows there
are about nine papille. The arrangement is the same in O. spicu-
lata. Mouth-shields oval heart-shaped, with a decided peak directed
inward ; length to breadth, 1.3: 1.8. Side mouth-shields rather nar-
rower than is common in the genus, meeting within. Under arm-plates
much broader than long, hexagonal, with angles more or less rounded ;
first four plates smaller than those beyond, and much more rounded ;
most of the plates on the first third of the arm are hexagonal, with

22

170 OPHIOTHRIX DUMOSA.

pretty acute angles ; outer side sometimes a little re-enteringly curved ;
other sides straight ; length to breadth (twelfth plate), .7: 1.2. Upper
arm-plates diamond-shaped, with inner angle truncated, lateral ones
usually acute, and outer one more or less rounded ; on the median line
a ridge; length to breadth (fifth plate), .7: 1.3. Brachial and interbra-
chial rays of disk closely beset with stout spines, of several sizes, most
of them long; the longest 1.7", the shortest .5°". There seem to be
no such short spines, bearing a crown of slender thorns, and remaining
permanently small, as in O. spiculata ; but the smaller spines seem only
partly-grown large ones. The largest are stout and round, and have
rows of five or six thorns on their sides; they usually end in three
blunt thorns ; the smaller ones usually are very thick at the base, but
above the first thorn grow suddenly smaller, and taper to a somewhat
blunt, thorny end; these have rows of three or four thorns on their
sides ; the smallest spines are little, stout cylinders, ending in a conical
clump of nine or ten short thorns; rarely this clump has an even top,
and not more than six thorns. Radial shields nearly bare, with only a
few spines on their inner ends and sides; outer ends touching each
other ; where they overhang the arm there is a short, narrow, raised
edge, which is white ; length to breadth, 3.2: 1.6. Spines on interbra-
chial spaces below more slender and scattered, not extending quite to
mouth-shields. Arm-spines rounded and stout at their bases, tapering
regularly to a blunt point, but little flattened, ending in a crown of
short, blunt thorns; thirteenth joint, eight spines; lengths to that of
under arm-plate, 3.5, 2.2, 2.5, 2.5, 1.8, 1.5, 1, .6:.7. Upper spine always
longest and stoutest, with rows of about twenty-four minute thorns on
its sides; it sometimes has a length of 4.5; near base of arm usually
about 3.8. Tentacle-scales unusually large, though varying somewhat
in size ; instead of being like rudimentary spines, they commonly have
the regular oval form of a true scale ; length, .2"™. Color, in alcohol :
above, disk dull cobalt-blue, approaching lead color; radial shields
lighter, each with three or four large dark spots; upper arm-plates
faint bluish, with a darker spot on each side ; along median line of arm,
an indistinct stripe of whitish ; arm-spines dark at tips; below, inter-
brachial spaces similar to upper surface ; mouth-shields and under arm-
plates irregularly edged with whitish, and spotted with dark blue.

Variations. — Another specimen had but few of the longest spines
on the disk, most of them being of the second or of the smallest size ;
the radial shields had no distinct spots, and the under arm-plates were
bright blue, with some bandings of whitish. The side mouth-shields
sometimes do not meet within.

This species might be called a coarse edition of O. spiculata, from
which it is distinguished chiefly by the armature of the disk, which is

OPHIOTHRIX LINEATA. 171

coarser, and of a different character ; the arm-spines, also, are rather
stouter, and the under arm-plates more regular and angular. It is a
larger species than O. violacea or O. angulata, and differs from them in
coarser spines on the disk, and proportionately longer arm-spines.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

| |
Catalogue | Original, Number . When - Nat f
Number. | eee || of Spec. LOC ay: Collected. Whenoe!obtained- aueeien!
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
149 1049 1 sein Whe, Cab 8 || sooaoe Mr. Cassidy. Alcoholic.
338 1 Guayamas, Gulf of Cal-
moyen WN Bo oboe Capt. Stone. cc
Smithsonian Institution.
Mr. Cassidy. | Alcoholic.

1049 | a | 2 hes Diego, Cal. | eoitenne

Ophiothrix lineata Lymay.

Ophiothrix lineata LyMAN. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII. p. 201. 1860.

Special Marks. — Brownish red, with a black line along the upper
side of the arm. Arm-spines usually six, stout.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 10"; from outer
edge of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 4.5™™ ;
width of arm without spines, 2"; length of arm, 63". Tooth-papilla
fine, numerous, cylindrical, resembling short, blunt spines. Mouth-
shields broad oval, with a slight peak toward mouth; length to
breadth, 1: 1.5. Disk, above, with large radial shields, which are
smooth, or very nearly so, shaped like an elongated triangle, the acute
angle being turned inward, separated by a distinct stripe; length to
breadth, 2.8: 1.7; the narrow brachial and broad interbrachial spaces
form ten stripes, radiating from the centre ; both centre and stripes are
covered with elongated scales (only to be seen on dried specimens),
and these again bear many little grains, each with a crown of thorns ;
below, interbrachial spaces quite naked. Upper arm-plates broad hex-
agonal, with corners a little rounded, the two side angles more acute
than the others; length to breadth, .7:1.5. Under arm-plates nearly
oval, but with some indications of angles; length to breadth, .8: 1.2.
Arm-spines rather stout, flattened, cut off square at the end, varying in
length ; about six in number on joints close to disk ; two upper ones

172 OPHIOTHRIX DEMESSA.

much the stoutest and longest, and of about equal length, viz. 2.7™ ;
sometimes, however, the upper one is very short and stout; three
lowest spines minute and slender, the longest not longer than .8"™ ; a
little farther out on arm only five spines, two large, one medium, and
two small. The large spines have on their flat sides diagonal rows of
smooth, microscopic tubercles, which give them a wavy or corrugated
appearance. One tentacle-scale, represented by a microscopic thorn.
Color, in alcohol: above, disk uniform light Indian-red; arms dull
purplish, with a very distinct longitudinal line of black, bounded on
each side by a clear white line; spines glassy, with a pink hue ; below,
mouth apparatus and under arm-plates white ; interbrachial spaces In-
dian red without, but yellowish toward the mouth.

Variations. — The number of spines sometimes rises to nine, of which
five are large, and four very small. The mouth-shields, instead of being
recularly oval, may have their lateral corners quite sharp.

This species may be readily distinguished from all others of Florida,
by the granulation of the disk, the character of the spines, and the
regular form of the upper arm-plates.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number ali When A Nature of
Number Spo of Spec. Tacality. | Collected. | Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
136 | = | 1 Florida. | SVs Bese es | Prof. Agassiz. | Alcoholic.
|

Ophiothrix demessa Lyrmay.

Ophiothrix demessa LYMAN. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VUI. p. 82. 1861.

Special Marks. — Upper surface of disk, with radial shields closely
covered with minute spines, bearing a crown of thorns. Arms about
nine times as long as the diameter of the disk. Little thorny spines on
the upper arm-plates.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 10.5"; width of
arm without spmes, 1.9"; length of arm, 97°". Tooth-papillee fifteen,
unusually stout, standing on a level with each other, arranged in hori-
zontal rows of from two to four, according to size ; upper ones stoutest.
Teeth four, thick, stout, standimg well apart. Mouth-shields much

OPHIOTHRIX DEMESSA. iis

broader than long, oval, with a faint point inward ; length to breadth,
.7:1.1. Side mouth-shields very small and narrow, not meeting within.
Under arm-plates small, squarish, with rounded corners, rather broader
without than within ; length to breadth, .6:.6. Upper arm-plates regu-
lar and well marked, much wider than long, wider without than within,
lateral corners unusually sharp, outer side cleanly curved ; length to
breadth, .6: 1.2; their surface is closely covered with minute thorny
spines, like those of the disk, but smaller. Disk closely beset with
short, minute spines, which are smooth on the sides, but have a crown
of four to six thorns; the radial shields also are covered so as to look
like the rest of the disk ; below the spines are smaller, more scattered,
and more pointed. Arm-spines very slender and elegant, tapering,
pointed, uppermost and lowest ones shortest ; on the basal jomts com-
monly eleven; lengths to that of under arm-plate, .6, 1, 14, 1.6, 1.6,
1.6, 1.6, 1.2, .9, .6, .3:.6. Tentacle-scale small and rounded. Color, in
alcohol: above, faint purplish-blue, arms banded with darker, and a
broken stripe of the same running along the middle line ; interbrachial
spaces below same as above ; the rest lighter.

Variations. — In specimens that have the disk-spines less closely set,
the disk is seen to be covered with thin, small, rounded scales; the
outlines of the radial shields, also, may be seen. The upper arm-plates
are hexagonal, having the outer side in three lines. The arms in some
specimens attain a length twelve times that of the disk diameter.

Ophiothrix demessa has a very soft, puffed disk, which commonly
wrinkles in alcohol ; it somewhat resembles O. longipeda and O. para-
sita, but has little thorny spines on the upper arm-plates, and is other-
wise distinguished.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number ai When * Nature of
Number. Senet of Spec. Locality. Collected. Whence obtained. Specimen.
I
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

151 1 Hilo, Sandwich Islands.| ...... A. Garrett. Alcoholic.

334 2 French Frigate Shoal. | ...... A. Garrett. “

335 ae, 3 Maui, Sandwich Islands; ...... A. Garrett. ue

336 Po .. | Kingsmills Islands. | ...... A. Garrett. co

174 OPHIOTHRIX PROPINQUA.

Ophiothrix propinqua Lymay.

Ophiothrix propinqua Lyman. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII. p. 83. 1861.

Special Marks. — Disk sparsely granulated, and covered above with
narrow scales, which form five to seven radiating rows in the interbra-
chial spaces. Radial shields naked.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 11™; width of arm
without spines, 1.6"; length of arm, 125"". Tooth-papille standing
nearly on a level with each other, thirteen to fifteen, in horizontal rows
of two, or more commonly three; the lowest ones smallest. Teeth
four, very thick and stout, the highest one smallest. Mouth-shields
small, irregular oval, or oval heart-shaped, broader than long ; length
to breadth, .7: 1.2. Side mouth-shields short and wide, not meeting
within. Under arm-plates oval, broader than long, the outer side a
little re-enteringly curved; length to breadth (twelfth plate), .6:.8.
Upper arm-plates pointed oval, much broader than long; length to
breadth, .6:1.5. Disk covered above with narrow, elongated, rather
indistinct scales, arranged in parallel, radiating rows; from five to
seven such rows in each interbrachial space, and a single row of three
or four scales between each pair of radial shields; these scales bear
a few rough grains; outside each radial shield a row of roundish
scales; interbrachial spaces below covered with very short spines.
Radial shields smaller than usual, regular triangular, quite naked ;
length to breadth, 2.8: 1.6. Arm-spines near base of arm, from five
to seven, the two or three lowest very small, the larger ones swelled
at the tip; lengths to that of under arm-plate, 2.2, 2.5, 2.2, 1.1, .6:.6.
Tentacle-scale very small, somewhat pointed. Color, in alcohol : above,
disk bright Prussian-blue, varied with whitish; outer tips of radial
shields white ; arms obscurely banded with paler and darker blue; a
longitudinal stripe of dark blue along the middle, and a small white
spot between each pair of upper arm-plates ; below, interbrachial spaces
dark blue ; mouth parts and under arm-plates nearly white.

Variations. — Another specimen had the disk of a more intense blue,
and the white spots on the arms were nearly wanting.

This species approaches O. nereidina, but has more rows of scales on
the back of the disk ; the arms, also, are proportionately shorter.

OPHIOTHRIX CHENEYI. Wie

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number alt When Tainan hentia Nature of
Number, |Number.| of Spec. mocali tye Collected. Mnecoeiobtained: Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogqy.

18 |} 6a |) 06 | Kingsmills Islands. | Sioa sex | A. Garrett. Alcoholic.

Ophiothrix Cheneyi Lyman.

Ophiothrix Cheneyi Lyman. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII. p. 84. 1861.
Ophiothrix hirsuta? Mt. & Troscu. Syst. Asteriden, p. 111.

Special Marks. — Radial shields closely granulated ; disk beset with
thorny stumps. Length of arms about nine times the diameter of disk.

Description of a Specimen.— Diameter of disk, 21™™; width of arm
without spines, 3.6"; length of arm, 170°". Tooth-papillz very close
set; they form, as usual, a vertical oval, bordered by a projecting mar-
gin of about twenty-six papilla, the centre being filled in with smaller
and lower papillae. Teeth four or five. Mouth-shields nearly as long
as broad, heart-shaped, with a pretty acute point inward; length to
breadth, 2.3:2.5. Side mouth-shields somewhat variable, more or less
closely soldered to the mouth-shields. Under arm-plates partly sepa-
rated by transverse furrows, rectangular, broader than long, re-enter-
ingly curved outside ; length to breadth (tenth plate), 1: 1.3. Upper
arm-plates much broader than long, oval, well marked, with a distinct
longitudinal rib, sometimes a dent in the outer side, surface bearing
microscopic granulations; length to breadth (twelfth plate), 1.1: 2.8.
Disk, above, closely beset with little stumps, thorny on their tops and
sides, the longest of them .5™™ long ; below, interbrachial spaces with
scattered stumps, which near the mouth-shields are more pointed and
fewer. Radial shields indistinct, from beg covered with large, rough
grains, about 35 to a square mm. Arm-spines nine; the third, fourth,
and fifth longest, pretty stout, somewhat thickened at the point; the
three under ones very small, as also the upper one, which is not always
found ; lengths to that of under arm-plate, .5, 2.9, 3, 3.1, 5.1, 2, 1.5, 1.2,
9: 1.2. Tentacle-scales oval; small, but distinct. Color, in alcohol :
above, disk rich Prussian blue, speckled with white; a light spot on
each radial shield; arms indistinctly banded with darker and lighter
blue ; along the middle a fine white line, bordered on each side with

176 OPHIOTHRIX LONGIPEDA.

a band of blue ; below, disk pale blue, arms mottled and speckled with
dark and light blue; arm-spines transparent, nearly white ; the points
of the larger ones brownish.

Ophiothrix Cheneyi stands near O. longipeda, but has arms only
about half as long, and the upper arm-plates are oval, while in O.
longipeda they are cleanly angular and quite smooth. It is distin-
guished by its large size and its broad, flat arms, bearing regular and
well-marked upper arm-plates.

An examination of the original in the Berlin Zodlogical Museum
(No. 1000) has shown me that Miller’s O. hirsuta stands much nearer
the present species than his description would indicate. This specimen
is in alcohol, and was brought from the Red Sea by Hemprich and
Ehrenberg. It has the large, puffy disk usual in O. longipeda. Two
other specimens, dry (No. 1002), also from the Red Sea, are likewise
labelled O. hirsuta, and, according to my notes, agree well with
O. Cheneyi ; but are not clearly the same species as the original above
mentioned. The point must therefore stand in doubt till the speci-
mens can be compared side by side. In the Jardin des Plantes is an
Ophiothrix which seems the same as the original of O. hirsuta. It
has the same puffy disk, and was brought from the same locality by
Botta.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number 6 When " a6 Nature of
Number. | Number.| of Spec. Locality. | Collected | pubencelobiined: Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
152 hs Oy Avalos I Ga a ae G. A. Cheney. Alcoholic.
386 ot ae Hemi NW a eo E. Ropes. ce
387 She Lie Wt Zanzibare #8) © alee aeaaes Capt. Webb. te
388 one sao \eZanzibars | 90h) elpeateetoncke C. Cooke. us
389 oats .. | Zanzibar, = = | ...... C. Cooke. ‘

Ophiothrix longipeda Mtr. & Troscu.

Ophiura longipeda LAMK. Hist. Anim. s. Vert., II. p. 544.
Ophiothrix longipeda Mixx. & Troscu. Syst. Asteriden, p. 113.

The original of Lamarck, in the Jardin des Plantes, is a dried
specimen from the Ile de France. The arms are eighteen times the
diameter of the disk. This species is a near relation of O. hirsuta
and O. Cheneyi, with similar flat arms and horizontal spines. But

OPHIOMYXA. U7

the angular form of the upper arm-plates readily distinguish it from
these latter, which have the plates considerably curved.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

|
Catalogue | Original | Number A When Ane Nature of
Number. pete of Spec. Tocality. | Collected. Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
383 59 |[stworay slacks ~ | obs boc A. Garrett. Alcoholic.
384 Society Islands. = #8 | ...... A. Garrett. &
385 Zancibarive it © gyrate oie s i s0 Salem Norm. School. “

OPHIOMYXA > Mitt. & Troscu.

Tyre OF THE GENUS, O. pentagona Miill. & Trosch.

Disk and arms wholly covered with a thick, naked skin. No tooth-
papille. Mouth-papille and teeth im the form of flattened lobes, with
saw-like cutting edges. Arm-spines stout, bulging at the base, thorny
at the point, covered round the base with thick skin ; near the tip of
the arm, the lower arm-spine has hooks along its edge. Arms rounded ;
arm-plates imperfectly developed. No tentacle-scales. Two genital
slits, beginning outside the mouth-shield.

SPECIES HEREIN DESCRIBED.

Ophiomyra flaccida.
Ophiomyxa pentagona.

23

178 OPHIOMYXA FLACCIDA.

Ophiomyxa flaccida Lirxen. (Pl. Il. Fig. 6; Figs. 18, 19.)

Ophiura flaccida Say. Journ. Phil. Acad., V. p. 151. 1825.
Ophiomyxa caribewa LUTKEN. Vidensk. Meddelelser. March, 1856.
Ophiomyxa flaccida Lu1Ken. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 138.

Special Marks. — Color, alive, lake-red or orange ; in alcohol, olive
green or bright green, sometimes mottled with lighter. Four to six
arm-spines. Arms four or five times as long as diameter of disk.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 22™>; from outer
side of mouth-shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 10" ; width
of arm without spies, 4.5"™; leneth of arm, 102"; distance from
outer side of mouth-shield to inner points of teeth, to that between
outer corners of mouth-slits, 4.2: 4.6. Mouth-papille, four to each side
of the angle of the jaw; the outer one is,
however, rudimentary, and has no saw-like
edge ; the others are of about equal size, but
the two inner ones have their saw-like edge
more coarsely divided than the second one.
Teeth eight, closely resembling mouth-papil-
le; the upper ones with the cutting edge
more rounded and nearly smooth. Mouth-
shields and side mouth-shields without dis-
tinct outline, except in dried specimens ; the
former are rounded diamond-shape ; length
to breadth about 2: 1.7. Side mouth-shields
long triangular, nearly meeting within. Under
arm-plates, in dried specimens, are faintly indicated by an oval outline,
with a notch in the outer side ; length to breadth about 1: 1.5. Upper
arm-plates, in dried specimens, appear as transverse, elongated, oval
ridges, with sharp lateral corners. Skin of the disk somewhat wrinkled.
Arm-spines four, short, flattened, conical, covered nearly to the tip with
skin; their thorns numerous; second joint,
one spine; third joint, two spines; fifth joint,
three spines; ninth joint, four spines; lengths
3 to that of the joint (twelfth jomt), 1.5, 1.1,

Pea er anaes 1.1, 11:2. The under arm-spine, near the
tip of the arm, has four or five little hooks

along its edge. Genital slits short, reaching only one half or two thirds
the distance to the margin of the disk, furnished with a small lobe near
the mouth-shields. Color, in alcohol: above, dirty olive-green, with a
few irregular rings of yellowish towards ends of arms; centre of disk

Fig. 18.

Ophiomyxa flaccida. (Upper side.)

Fig. 19.

OPHIOMYXA FLACCIDA. 179

inclining to yellowish green; below, interbrachial spaces like upper
surface ; the other parts pale sap-green.

Variations. —The number of arm-spines varies from four to six, or
even seven; and this does not seem entirely to depend on size. The
color, in alcohol, is usually some shade of green, either plain sap or
olive green, or bright green mottled and banded with yellowish. Occa-
sionally the color of the upper parts is deep brownish-green. Liitken’s
ficure, which is not correctly drawn, gives the color as red (burnt-lake).
A colored drawing of the living animal, belonging to Professor Agassiz,
is yellowish orange (yellow ochre and orange chrome), with a few
lighter bands near the ends of the arms. Probably the color varies
through several tints of red and of orange.

This species has been taken, in from three to five fathoms of water,
at Santa Cruz and St. Thomas (Orsted, Riise). At the latter place Mr.
Riise has found it in the holes made in corals by boring mollusks. It is
not uncommon on the coast of Florida, near low-water-mark.

Say’s description was evidently from a dried specimen, as he mentions
the row of overlapping scales along the upper margin of the disk.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

|
Sse || Ses clita, | wnence tatnet, |. Bart
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
404 lblagin. =~ 5 ae PE elec o.6 Dr. Weinland. Alcoholic.
155 1 | Key West, Fla. Mh. 6, 1858. | J. E. Mills. os
156 Sine eEplOvidasyg | ce) |e ctu taeae scene Prof. Agassiz. a
157 1 Tortugas, Fla. Apr. 24,58. | J. E. Mills. 6
158 1 | Key West, Fla. Jan. 28,1858.) J. E. Mills. — 6
159 2 | Cape Florida. Apr. 1858. G. Wurdeman and
J. E. Mills. &“
160 @ |Sie Wome, Welb ~~ || sé6 050 A. H. Riise. oe
161 Se IE) Wihomels dW SG a G. Wurdeman. “
162 ae SielNVestelndiesss Selman i ccen- tone University Museum,
| Copenhagen. xc
163 oar leeel@Aloridas: listers une esis G. Wurdeman. Dried.
AG Aetna h Duala ace lees Fell echoes al eee “
353 | ee citeee || JamiaiCas, eee meee en iP meet vis on Amherst College. Ww
Snuthsonian Institution.
1044 A Cre ion i! gacena G. Wurdeman. Alcoholic.
988 1 Cape Florida. BRIS 7 Tl = bs Gots lao Soro WS
1042 1 TRO | li Be Sct If eo aligtat stand iollbto Ws
983 ee | ortuoass Ei atee ween wn|eeas uence Dr. Whitehurst.
1076 2D \ Sits Bonny Nivel i) 6 4%5-6 oc A. H. Riise. i
1087 1 Sto IU WotG Nl &sis.o oo A. H. Riise. tf
1103 2» || Shin INromesh, Vive 1b = 68d dal alts A. H. Riise. e
1155 Ata tStsebhomasWolsy © 0 |) sec eas = A. H. Riise. Dried.
|

‘

180 ASTROPHYTON.

Ophiomyxa pentagona Mir. & Troscn.

Ophiura pentagona LAMK. An.s. Vert., I. p. 546.
Ophiomyxa pentagona Miu. & Troscn. Syst. Asterid., p. 108.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

|
Catalogue | Original Number A When ° Nature of
Number. | Number. of Spec. Locality. | Collected. | Whence/obtained: Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

429 | wee | Bus | Alger. | Pen GOS jagargis des Plantes. as

ASTROPHYTON Linck.

Type or tHE Genus, A. arborescens.*

Disk and arms covered with thick skin, without scales. Radial
shields extending nearly or quite to the centre of the disk, and form-
ing more or less elevated radial ribs. Two short genital slits in each
interbrachial space, lyimg close to the margin of the disk. Teeth,
tooth-papilla, and mouth-papille all similar and spiniform. Arms
forked many times. No arm-spines, except at the tips-of the branches,
where they have the form of microscopic hooks. Tentacle-scales. Un-
der and side arm-plates very small, and buried beneath the skin of the
under side of the arm.

SPECIES HEREIN DESCRIBED.

Disk entirely granulate above ; grains flat; ribs low, A. arborescens.
Disk entirely granulate above ; ribs distinct, A. Lamarchii.
Only ribs closely granulate, { 2 eee
A, Caryi.

Ribs with a few short, irregular spines, A. Agassizit.
Disk above closely beset with thorny stumps, A. Linckii.
Disk closely beset above with little thorny spines, A. clavatum.
Iligh ribs bearing a few clavate stumps, A. costosum.

* As the specific identification of Linck’s plates cannot now be made, I have taken the oldest
described species, Stella Arborescens Rond., as the generic type.

ASTROPHYTON EUCNEMIS. 181

Astrophyton arborescens Mir. & Troscn.

Stella arborescens RONDELET. De Pisce. Mar., p. 121. 1554.
Euryadle costosum LamxK. Hist. Anim. s. Vert., If. p. 538. 1816.
Astrophyton costosum AGAss. Mém. de la Soc. Sciences Nat. Neuchatel, p. 11. 1839.

Astrophyton arborescens Muu. & Troscu. Syst. Asterid., p. 124. 1842.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalog Original | Number P When . Nature of
NuniReES Nariber| of Spec. Locality. Collected. Whence obtained. specie’
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
472 as i, || Wiesner -- ll o 6 oS “Wewtorease 6-656 4 Dried.
437 ia il |Weetieumrcm | se e6o6 Jardin des Plantes. | Alcoholic.
Astrophyton Lamarckii Mutt. & Troscu.
Asterias caput-meduse ? Linn. Fauna Suecica. 1761. No. 2115.
Astrophyton Lamarckii Mtxiu. & Troscu. Syst. Asterid., p. 123. 1842.
LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number - Whe 3 Nature of
Nae Nasben chSpes: Locality. callestaa | Whence obtained. Susciinen®
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

463 #4 | 1 North Europe. | Sedona sets : | Prof. Sars. Alcoholic.
|

Astrophyton eucnemis Mitt. & Troscu.

Zottenkopf KNorr. Delicia Nat. Select., II. p. 34, Pl. G, figs. 1 and 2. 1787.
Asterias caput-meduse Fapricius (non Linn.). Fauna Grenlandica, No. 367.
Asterias caput-meduse DewuurRst. Nat. Hist. Ord. Cetacea.

Astrophyton eucnemis Mt. & Troscu. Syst. Asterid., p. 123. 1842.
Astrophyton eucnemis LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 70.

Special Marks. — Disk granulated. Radial ribs more or less closely
granulated ; the grains, in the adult, being about the size of those on
the upper surface of the arms, but larger in younger specimens. Be-
low, interbrachial spaces either apparently naked, or with very few
scattered grains.

182 ASTROPHYTON EUCNEMIS.

a

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 87"; from outer
side of madreporic shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 23™™ ;
breadth of arm inside the first fork, 20". Distances from each fork to
the next beyond : —

First fork to RECON 5 5.96 6 5 JIG
Second Ge (lve Rsa eG ken aihel?
Third oy fourth) sei) seuss ues Ons
Fourth Ge fifth, .2.o.5, how cba aaa oe
Fifth ao Sotho 6 5 oo oe ee
Sixth Gh Red Go 6 ap o ail)
Seventh ie GE, oo 6 5 o Be
Eighth Bo minty eee eee seem eace
Ninth cece Gerth; ca eycigswetom <n eter — ee, wee
Tenth GG eleventh; pate ence el Ons
Eleventh Bats maddy 5 jo 5 6 1b May SG
Twelfth ao (Amores 5 5 g og oily &
Thirteenth “ “ HOI, oo 9 go 4) @
Fourteenth “ “ aK, ooo 6 o o lp} &
Fifteenth cece CO. Meoud cemuse xt ee e pe

280%

Distance from outer side of madreporic shield to inner points of tooth-
papillx, to that between outer corners of mouth-slits, 15:8. Mouth-
papillx, tooth-papille, and teeth, about twenty in all; sharp, rather
slender, spine-like ; the longest 2.5 long; those near the outer corners
of the mouth-slits smaller. Madreporic shields three (there is com-
monly but one), like irregular, raised scars, broader than long, often
broken. Under sides of arms covered with microscopic granulation,
which looks smooth to the naked eye. Upper surface and sides of
arms covered with distinct grains, which are pretty closely set on the
upper surface, but more scattered on the sides; on the fine terminal
branches they appear as a regular double row of large, prominent grains,
each grain bearing a little hook; the tendency to arrange themselves
in vertical rows may be noticed even at the base of the arm. Inter-
brachial spaces of disk above, and brachial spaces between the radial
ribs, covered with scattered grains; in the centre of the disk, grains
closer and rather larger; round the margin of the disk a sort of belt
of close-set grains; interbrachial spaces below apparently naked, but
really covered with microscopic grains. Radial ribs moderately raised,
rounded, and without sharp edges, reaching not quite to the centre ;
length to breadth, 43:9; pretty closely covered with fine grains,
which are about the size of those on the arms, and are more numerous
along the margins of the ribs; on the outer end, grains larger, and
almost like small, blunt spines; just over the arm the end of the rib is
naked. Tentacle-scales spiniform, much like the teeth in shape and
size ; within the disk only two or three to each pore, and on the one or

ASTROPHYTON EUCNEMIS. 183

two innermost pores, none at all; outside the disk, on the chief stems
and branches, usually four scales at each pore. Color, in alcohol: dark
brown.

Variations. — In smaller specimens the disk granulation is more dis-
tinct and better defined ; the radial ribs are very closely covered with
large, rounded, regular grains, which are larger than those of the
interbrachial spaces or of the upper surface of the arms. A specimen
with a disk of 24™", had arms with eight forks. A young one, havy-
ing a disk of 5.5", had arms 17"™ long; distance from disk to first
fork, 4°"; first fork to second, 6"; second to third, 5"; third to end,
Qmm. The back of the disk was covered with smooth, close-set, rounded
grains, whereof some were larger than others. The radial ribs were
faintly indicated, and only at their outer end. The upper surface of
the arms is covered with large grains also. Each mouth-angle carried
three or four stout, conical teeth, but there were no papille on the
sides of the mouth-angle. The tentacle-scales were also very stout.
The sides of the arms bore no grains, but little, flattened spines, ar-
ranged in a row; all of them, except those at the base of the arms,
bearing little hooks. A specimen with a disk of 38™™ had the follow-
ing proportions of the arms : —

First fork to second, 6 wv. © oy 2mm:
Second Gg Chiang sees athe Wath cs) Be lee
Third Ge Houma, 6 o o of 6) eb
Fourth Oo TiC mer iy matters wares esse
Fifth eR eee SPEC; Ge ctivaeeh Hetemewh coils 6
Sixth B® Reyes 6 o o oo 1G &
Seventh ce Grama; 5 5 6 » o I}
Eighth Go Minth Spec sie eae he eons
Ninth Gb tenth tds cs, ter typ hoes
Tenth Ge 6 Gyan se os 5 o OS
Eleventh G GiGhs “s eo eae no RULE

gs

This species has been dredged in four hundred and fifty fathoms,
and, according to Dewhurst, even as deep as one thousand fathoms.
It has been found on the coast of Greenland (Olric and Hollbdll) and
at Newfoundland. A. ewenemis resembles A. Caryi, but the latter has
the space at the base of the mouth-angle distinctly granulated, as also
the edges of the genital slits; the tentacle-scales, also, are shorter and
stouter.

184 ASTROPHYTON CARYI.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number ‘ When F Nature of
Number. | Number.} of Spec. Locality. | Collected. | Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
461 ats 38 Greenland ly aera Prof. Eschricht. Alcoholic.
462 1 Greenland.) /)/ shi!) MIR eee Prof. Sars. “
Smithsonian Institution.
1067 m0 1 Gheademth I ooocos University Museum, | Alcoholic.
Copenhagen.

———

Astrophyton Caryi Lymay.

Astrophyton Caryi Lyman. Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII. p. 424. 1860.

Special Marks. — Disk very distinctly granulated above, without
spines. Finer granulation at the outer side of the mouth-angle, and
along the edge of the genital slits.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 35"™ ; from outer
side of madreporic shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 16™™- ;
width of arm at base, from 9" to 13™. Distance of the different
forks from each other : —

First fork to Re@MNL 5 6 0 5 o dJigees
Second GG (mh o oo eo 6 o LG
Third ae ON G6 o A o o Bye
Fourth a midi, 6 o o & oo LG
Fifth GG sixth; fy ns ees separa ae
Sixth Ge Rye 6 6 o 6 o ie ®
Seventh Gs Gn “so o co o 5
Eighth se mimi 56 6 oo ou BY
Ninth BG: tenth; camsseey) seem et O nce
Tenth CG eleventh, . ¢
Eleventh Gio end, ts

116™™

Distance from outer side of madreporic shield to inner points of mouth-
papilla, to that between outer corners of mouth-slits, 11:5. Madre-
poric shield very indistinct, oval, irregular, longer than broad. Teeth,
tooth-papille, and mouth-papill stout, regular, conical, about twenty-
pay ? pay » Tes ? p :
four in number ; those near the outer corners of the mouth-slits rather
>)

ASTROPHYTON CARYI. 185

smaller; most of them are clustered near the point of the mouth-angle.
Arms covered above and on the sides with fine grains, which are
erouped near the base of the arm in irregular vertical ridges ; these
ridges become more regular and distinct towards the end of the arm,
and on the smaller branches take the form of a double vertical row of
grains ; along the middle le of the arm runs a very obscure narrow
furrow, in which the grains are rather more scattered. Under side of
the arms covered with a smooth skin, beset with fine, scattered, smooth
grains ; the joints are indicated by very faint cross limes. Interbrachial
spaces above, and brachial spaces between the radial ribs, sprinkled
with a few fine grains, like those of the arms, but coarser. The upper
and lower surfaces are separated by a raised edge, which is slightly
granulated. Radial ribs extending quite to the centre, closely beset
with coarse, rounded grains; length to breadth, 17:5. Interbrachial
spaces below covered with a very smooth skin, which is sprinkled with
fine rounded grains. Genital slits bordered on the side next the inter-
brachial space by rows of fine grains. The granulation of the interbra-
chial space extends to the base of the mouth-angle. Arm-spines all
hooked, microscopic, the lowest one largest, arranged in two vertical
rows; they are abundant on the end twigs, but are not found on the
main trunks within the seventh fork from the disk. Tentacle-scales
three, sometimes four, and within the disk commonly two; spiniform,
like the teeth, but blunter; they extend within the inner end of the
interbrachial space. Color, in alcohol: above, light vandyke-brown ;
interbrachial spaces darker ; below, under surface of arm nearly white ;
interbrachial spaces same as above.

A single specimen has been sent from San Francisco by Mr. T. G.
Cary, to the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

Astrophyton Caryi is distinguished from A. ewcnemis, which it re-
sembles, by more regular granulation of the disk, by having blunter
tentacle-scales, and by close rows of grains along the edge of the
genital slits.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number - When a Nature of
Number. | Number.) of Spec. Locality. | Collected. Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
445 | | 1 | San Francisco, Cal. | Reis. tients T. G. Cary. Alcoholic. |

186 ASTROPHYTON AGASSIZII.

Astrophyton Agassizii Srueson.

“The Basket Fish.” Philosophical Transactions, IV. p. 1152. 1670. (J. Winthrop.)
ASTROPHYTON SCUTATUM; scuto rotato? Linck. De Stel. Mar., p. 65, Pl. XXIX. & XXX. 1733.
Euryale scutatum GouLd (non De Blainville). Invertebrata of Mass., p. 345.

Astrophyton Agassizii Stimpson. Inverteb. Grand Manan, Smithson. Contrib., VI. p. 12. 1854.

Special Marks. — Radial ribs yellowish ; interbrachial spaces brown-
ish. Numerous short, conical spines irregularly disposed on the radial
ribs. Interbrachial spaces above naked, or with very few blunt, short
spines.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 75"; outer side of
madreporic shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 24" ; width
of arm at base, 24"; length of arm, measured along the branches to
the tip of the longest branch, 260". The distances from one fork to
the one beyond it along the longest branch, were as follows (two
branches from different arms are compared) : —

From first fork to eeeoth 5 oo OE 5 4 6. Jase
* second iy G Wel co 8g ol Gg
«third! ccc OUI, 5 6 oo SLB |G ow 4S
“ fourth i iis 6 6 o o ee & a7
Oe fitth: GS & Sb var le vor DP gang con OD
SPsixth DO Pins 5 6 Oe 34 +
* seventh mes Gel Gg 5 6 US 5 5 oo is ©
“eighth Go MiTithis, yy ceo eo lt Ome erie LO ce
“ninth G tenth, thet pres aed 1 Migr pelts arc
“tenth Gg Geren a oo SO 5 4 6 Jn)
“eleventh Go & twelfth; ("ce i SRR eons
“twelfth GG end, 42) ae Be 19 AO Pe aie

244m. 260™™

Distance from outer side of madreporic shield to inner points of mouth-
papilla, to that between outer corners of mouth-slits, 15:8. Mouth-
papillz, tooth-papille, and teeth, about twenty-four in all, cylindrical,
tapering, thorn-like ; mouth-papille forming a row of about ten, of
which those near corners of mouth-slits are smallest ; length of tooth-
papilla about 1.8™™. Madreporic shield broad heart-shape, with the
point outward; irregular, indistinct; length to breadth, 4.2: 6.2.
Under surface of arms smooth and polished, with faint cross lines
between the joints. Top and sides of arms nearly naked as far as the
second fork of the arm, but beyond that granulated. Grains smooth,
rounded ; above, crowded; on the sides more scattered; as they ap-
proach the end of the arm they become more confined to vertical
ridges, and more regular in arrangement; and at the tip of the arm

ASTROPHYTON AGASSIZIL. 187

each joint has its double vertical row of large, close-set grains ; along
the upper surface runs a sunken line or furrow. Disk with interbra-
chial spaces below nearly naked, though bearing a few points not easy
to see; above smooth, with a few scattered conical points; on the
margin a raised edge, separating the upper and lower surfaces. Radial
ribs large, prominent (particularly without), running nearly to the centre,
and bearing a number of irregular grains, and low, conical points ; length
to breadth, 50:8; height (above upper surface of arm), 8"™. Genital
slits with two to four large flat grains along the edge next the inter-
brachial space, and ending without in a blunt, conical point. Arm-
spines microscopic, hooked; most numerous at the tips of the branches ;
found in numbers as far as the fifth fork from the disk, within which
point they speedily disappear; at tips of branches arranged in two
vertical rows, each spine standing on a rounded grain as a base. Ten-
tacle-scales spiniform, resembling mouth-papille, standing in a close
row; commonly three, sometimes four, near the mouth only two or
one; they extend, though fewer and smaller, as far as the inner end of
the interbrachial spaces. Color, in alcohol: arms and radial ribs light
yellowish-brown (near raw sienna); disk and interbrachial spaces below
dark purplish-brown. The living animal has the radial ribs yellow, and
the interbrachial spaces brown (Stimpson).

Variations. — A smaller specimen, with a disk of 31", had arms
with nine forks, of the following proportions : —

From first fork to COG =~ 5 6 o 6 apis
“ second Gee iwirl 6 9 o ao ext) we
“third ca MOUIN 5 5 56 o o wey
“ fourth G & tidy wee to. melee
“fifth Gy Sediin a5 6 a oo dle
« sixth eas Fevent, Aa o 56 6 IG ®
“ seventh fog Geilo o 6 5 o eo
“eighth eg & mim ¢ 6 o o oa LO %
“ ninth ost Gh ‘5s 6 so pio JMO)

133™™-

The radial ribs were more regularly covered with short, conical spines,
than in the adult. In the interbrachial spaces above there were scarcely
any grains, but below and on the edge of the disk there were numerous
fine grams. The granulation of the arms was not so close as in the
adult, and was more confined to vertical ridges. A very young speci-
men, with a disk of 2™™, had arms 4.3" long; there was but one fork
in the arm, and this was at a distance of 2.2™" from the disk. Except
for this fork, the specimen might have almost been mistaken for the
young of Ophiopholis bellis. The hack of the disk was covered with
about a dozen angular plates, which were separated by single rows of

188 ASTROPHYTON AGASSIZII.

large, rounded grains. The armature of the mouth consisted only of a
single vertical row of conical teeth, whereof the lowest seemed some-
times to be split in two. The joints of the arms were constricted at
the base, just as in a simple armed Ophiuran, and bore but a single row
of small, hooked spies; the upper surface was clothed with large,
round grains ; the lower with a small, diamond-shaped under arm-plate,
and side arm-plates, which met on the middle line. Two specimens,
with disks of 3" and 4™", had arms with two forks, and the disk
pretty closely covered with grains, so that the plates were no longer
distinct.

Astrophyton Agassiz has been obtained from the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence (Captain Atwood), from Grand Manan Island (Stimpson),
and from Cape Cod (Captain ate It is distinguished re eadily
from A. ewcnemis and A. Caryi by the short, blunt, conical spies
on the radial ribs.

The following letters of Governor John Winthrop deserve notice,
as showing that this smgular animal early attracted the attention of
our forefathers. The descriptions themselves are quite worthy of a
regularly educated naturalist : —

PurtosornicaLt Transactions, Vol. IV. Page 1152. 1670.

An Extract of a Letter written by Joun WinturRor, EsQ., Governor of Connecticut in
New England, to the Publisher, concerning some Natural Curiosities of those Parts,
especially a very strange and very curiously contrived Fish, sent for the Repository of
the Royal Society.

“ There is, besides, in a large round Box, a strange kind of Fish, which was taken by a
Fisherman when he was fishing for Codfish in that Sea which is without Massachuset Bay
in N. England. It was living when it was taken, which was done, I think, by an hook.
The name of it I know not, nor can I write more particularly of it, because I could not yet
speak with the Fisherman who brought it from Sea. I have not seen the like. The
Mouth is in the middle; and they say that all the arms you see round about were in
motion when it was first taken.

“We omit the other particulars here, that we may reflect a little upon this elaborate
piece of Nature. ‘The Fish, which, since it is yet nameless, we may call Piscis Echino-
Stellaris Visciformis ; its Body (as was noted by M. Hook) resembling an Echinus or
Egeg-fish, the main Branches a Star, and the dividing of the branches the Plant Missel-toe.
This Fish spreads itself from a Pentagonal Root, which incompasseth the Mouth (being in
the middle) into 5 main Limbs or branches, each of which, just at issuing out from the
Body, subdivides itself into two, and each of those 10° branches do again divide into two
parts, making 20 lesser branches ; Each of which again,divide into 2 smaller branches,
making in all 40. These again into 80, and those into 160 3, and they into, 32 20 ; they into
640; into 1280; into 2 560; ; into 5120; ; into 102f0 ; ; Into 20480; into 40960 ; into 81920;
beyond which the further expanding of the Fish could not be certainly trac’d, though
possibly each of those 81920 small sprouts or threds, in which the branches of this Fish
seem’d to terminate, might, if it could have been examined when living, have been found
to subdivide yet farther. The Branches between the Joynts were not equally of a length,
though, for the most part, pretty near ; but those Branches which were on that side of the

, 1 |

ASTROPHYTON AGASSIZII. 189

Joynt on which the preceding Joynt was placed were always about a 4th or 5th part
longer than those on the other side. Every of these Branchings seemed to have, from the
very mouth to the smallest twigegs or threds in which it ended, a double chain or rank of
pores. The Body of the Fish was on the other side, and seems to have been protuberant,
much like an Kchinus (Egg-Fish or Button-Fish), and, like that, divided into 4 ribbs or
ridges, and each of these seemed to be kept out by two small bony ribbs.”

Vol. VI. Page 2221. 1671.
A further Accompt of the Stellar Fish formerly described in Numb. 57, p. 1153.

This Accompt was communicated by the same Gentleman that imparted the former, in a
letter written from Boston, New England, Oct. 26, 1670, as followeth : —

“Since my former I found out the Fisherman who brought that Stellar fish from Sea.
T asked all the questions I could think needful concerning it. I understood from him that
he never saw nor heard of any but those few that were taken by himself, which were not
above six or seven in all, and those at several times, not far fromthe Shoals of Nantucket
(which is an Island upon the Coast of New England) when he was fishing for Cod and
such like Marchantable fish. This Stellar Fish, when it was alive, and first pull’d out of
the water, was like a basket, and had gathered itself round like a Wicker-basket, having
taken fast hold upon that bait on the hook which he had sunk down to the bottom to catch
other Fish, and having held that within the surrounding brachia, would not let it go, though
drawn up into the Vessel; until, by lying a while on the Deck, it felt the want of its
natural Element; and then voluntarily it extended itself into the flat, round form in which
it appear’d when present’d to your view.

“ What motion these fishes had in the water could not be known to him, for the water
was deep, and they could not be seen in any other form than so gather’d up together to
hold fast the bait. The only use that could be discerned of ull that curious composure
wherewith Nature had adorned it, seems to be to make it as a pursenet to catch some
other fish, or any other thing fit for its food, and as a basket of store to keep some of it for
future supply, or as a receptacle to preserve and defend the young ones of the same kind
from fish of prey; if not to feed on them also (which appears probable the one or the
other), for that sometimes there were found pieces of Mackerel within that concave. And
he told me that once he caught one, which had within the hollow of its embracements a
very small fish of the same kind, together with some piece or pieces of another fish, which
was judged to be of a Mackerel. And that small one (‘tis like) was kept either for its
preservation, or for food to the greater; but, being alive, it seems most likely it was there
lodged for safety, except it were accidentally drawn within the net, together with that piece
of fish, upon which it might be then feeding.

“Té told me further, that every one of those smallest parts had motion when it was
alive, anda tenacious strength ; but after it was dead, and extended to a flat round, it was
so brittle that it could not be handled without breaking some parts of it; but by carefully
laying of it to dry, it was thereby somewhat hardened.

“ Te added, that he had taken one of this kind of fish the latter end of this Summer, but
had left it with a friend at another port where he had been. Meantime he promised to
procure it for me when he should sail thither again, if it were not broken or defaced.
I hope I shall engage him for the future to take better notice of what may be remarkable
about it. Upon occasion I have inquired of divers other Fishermen and Mariners, but can
meet with none other that ever have taken any of these fishes. This Fisherman could not
tell me of any name it hath, and ’tis in all likelihood yet nameless, being not commonly
known as other Fish are. But, until a fitter Hnglish name be found for it, why may it not
be called (in regard of what hath been before mentioned of it) a Bushket-Fish, or a Net-Fish,
or a Purs-net-Lish ?”

190 ASTROPHYTON LINCKII.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

=
Ceategue |vtet| Numer] ay. | omy | wens ois. | Nat
Museum of Comparative Zoélogy.
446 2) | EuryalepBank-y 9) | iinet Prof. Agassiz. Alcoholic.
447 3 Eastport, Me. July, 1851. | Prof. Agassiz. a
448 1 WeElastpor tse Cosme aiennnnl | Nereeciuennr U.S. Treat. a
449 7 | Gulf of St. Lawrence. | ...... Capt. Atwood. w
450 7 Provincetown, Mass. | ...... Capt. Atwood. “
451 4 EBuryale:Bankey > |) ae Rone lp Nee ee ee io
452 4 | Provincetown, Mass. 1852. Capt. Atwood. ce
453 Qe WaperCotln= We ull seecetuascaee ||| tence ee ae a
454 US a bctaicy co scree oo Cy omcaiie sll een oecrdwoede lls doe yo: ono ee oe ou8 oe
455 2 hCapesGodsh wag “MOLL ser Sikes ted ces aan eee Dried
456 ee Mccann, oo) Seo. one) Woeoy dar tose ill Go. Bode oan Gc oc YY
457 6 Capen Codie 7 8 alli nas rsrtovrs icine! al seeguesras mortar ante fe
458 1 Capel Codes fereieu-ient ie Prof. Agassiz. a
459 ci ES BG es Sno mo I ogoog eo || oo toto 6.0 on sd
438 * .. | Swampscott, Mass. | ...... Essex Institute. Alcoholic.
439 ae go | Cae Cod 8 = || banoce Aquirial Gardens. oe
440 a0 ovo | BESO WG | Goaccn Mr. Beale. Kc

Astrophyton Linckii Mii. & Trosca.

Asterias caput-meduse ? Linn. Fauna Suecica. 1761. No. 2115.
Astrophyton Linckii MULL. & Troscu. Syst. Asterid., p, 122.

The citations of Martens, Linck, and Knorr, as synonymes of this
species, are all mistakes on the part of Muller and Troschel. It is
impossible to say whether the Asterias caput-meduse of Linnzeus is
this species or A. Lamarckii.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number P When 4 : Nature of
Number. | Number.) of Spec. Locality. | Collected. | Whence obtained. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zoology.

473 1 North Europes) amen |e nemcn-msirens Prof. Sars, 1852. Dried.
474. 1 WON Wu — || ao ocad G. A. Cheney. Alcoholic.

ASTROPHYTON CLAVATUM. 191

Astrophyton clavatum Lyrmay.

Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII. p. 85. 1861.

Special Marks. — Radial ribs closely beset with minute, thorny
stumps or spines.

Description of a Specimen. — Diameter of disk, 30" ; width of arm
at first fork, 12"; length of arm, 231"™.

First joint (within the disk) to second, . . . . . 8™™
Second Us CCM hinders sty sh tet oy) aboiae®
Third ts G our oo 5 © 0 o ©
Fourth i As TTR go Gs tel ou cor enh
Filth 03 CORP Cixi wey ts, bream pe dase
Sixth 5 ; GB wyenilt o oo o o dil &
Seventh & S @elen o «7 0 0 9 wo
Eighth “ “ ninth, ED te PU nome, LOS
Ninth ce G& famtys 6 0 0 0 o Ie
Tenth (S “ eleventh, OME
Eleventh w “ twelfth, il &
Twelfth as “ thirteenth, al
Thirteenth ce “ fourteenth, ial &
Fourteenth o “fifteenth, Y &
Fifteenth Ke “ sixteenth, G) &
Sixteenth ae “ seventeenth, @) &
Seventeenth ff “ eighteenth,. ... 9
Eighteenth ss “ nineteenth, co}
Nineteenth, ce “ twentieth, . fa},
Twentieth 0 “ twenty-first, 8
Twenty-first cs “ twenty-second,. . . G.&
Twenty-second “ “ twenty-third, g)
Twenty-third “ twenty-fourth, 5
Twenty-fourth “ “twenty-fifth, 8a
Twenty-fifth « “ twenty-sixth, by
Twenty-sixth “ “ twenty-seventh, ay
Twenty-seventh * “ twenty-eighth, . 6) &
Twenty-eighth “ & onl, Olmes

ANE ene, 6 6 6 6 oo Zee

Tooth-papille and teeth about thirteen, regular, cylindrical, tapering,
sharp, the upper ones largest, the longest 1.5". Mouth-papille about
four on each side, very small, somewhat irregular. Madreporic shield
lying at the corner of the interbrachial space, broader than long, plainly
made up of irregular, short, thickened tubes, soldered side by side.
The space occupied by the tentacle-pores and the covered under arm-
plates is sunken, forming a shallow trench, the joints being indicated
by obscure cross lines. Beyond the disk the joints are marked by
depressions between them, their outer and inner ends are thickened on
the sides, making a series of very distinct double ridges along the sides
of the arm. The under side of the arm, within and near the disk, is

192 ASTROPHYTON COSTOSUM.

covered by a close pavement of flattened grains; it is very distinct
from the sides and upper surface, which are beset with fine rounded
grains, and are separated from the lower surface by a sunken line.
Along the upper surface of the arm runs a distinct median furrow.
Radial ribs running quite to the centre of the disk, prominent, their
outer ends cut abruptly off, making a concave scar; length to breadth,
17:4; they are closely beset with microscopic, thorny stumps or grains,
some of which end in three or four distinct thorns. The same thorny
grains are found, but smaller and more scattered, on the interbrachial
spaces below, and a few also on the depressed parts of the upper sur-
face of the disk. At the tips of the arms and on the smaller twigs
there are, as usual, double vertical rows of grains, bearing hooks.
Tentacle-scales one or two, small, and difficult to see, extending inward
as far only as the fourth fork of the arm. Color, in alcohol: above,
dark purplish-brown, varied with black ; below, interbrachial spaces the
same ; under surface of arms much lighter.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number a When ne Nature of
Number. |Number.| of Spee. Locality. Collected. | Mittence[obEined. Specimen.
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

M03 Woeo || wo | Zanzibar | yeleesnsie | G. A. Cheney. Alcoholic.
| |

Astrophyton costosum Scena.

Astrophyton costosum SeBa (non Linck). III. Pl. EX. Fig. 1, p. 16. 1758.

Euryale muricatum LAMK. An. s. Verteb., II. p. 538. 1816.

Astrophyton muricatum AGAss. Mém. de la Soe. des Sciences Nat. Neuchatel, p. 12. 1839.
Astrophyton muricatum Mtuu. & Troscu. Syst. Asteriden, p. 122.

Astrophyton muricatum LUTKEN. Addit. ad Hist. Oph., p. 156.

Special Marks. — Disk purplish brown. Radial ribs sharply and
much raised, bearing a few large fleshy spines, whose sides are often
fluted.

Description of a Specimen.— Diameter of disk, 58"; from outer
side of madreporic shield to outer corner of opposite mouth-slit, 28™™ ;
width of arm at base, 24°". Length of arm and distances of its forks
from cach other, —

ASTROPIYTON COSTOSUM. 193

First fork to second, fe} ae
Second Sires third, 11 “
Third ob fourth, 14 “&
Fourth Yb! Mh fifth, Tames
Fifth @ sixth, 14 «
Sixth is & seventh, 16 “
Seventh CS Pa eighth, (s &
Eighth Od ninth, . 16 “
Ninth 0b tenth, . TiGiacs
Tenth Gig eleventh, . 19 «
Eleventh et twelfth, 18 “
Twelfth (Bi fo thirteenth, 19
Thirteenth oe fourteenth, 20
Fourteenth Ge fifteenth, . ily ©
Fifteenth oO} sixteenth, Wp
Sixteenth G3 seventeenth, . Ife) ©
Seventeenth GG eighteenth, 21 %
Eighteenth Ce nineteenth, 18 *
Nineteenth a twentieth, ifs}
Twentieth CoS twenty-first, . Igy &
Twenty-first wn twenty-second, . ile
Twenty-second ae twenty-third, 15 “
Twenty-third og twenty-fourth, 1G)
Twenty-fourth “© twenty-fifth, . 1S)
Twenty-fifth oe twenty-sixth, 20) “
Twenty-sixth Go twenty-sevent'). ils}
Twenty-seventh “ twenty-eighth, 12
Twenty-eighth Wt twenty-ninth, 2)
Twenty-ninth ub thirtieth, 1]
Thirtieth Soares thirty-first, TONS
Thirty-first OG thirty-second, Sie
Thirty-second, 6 & end, We

Total length, 489mm.

Distance from outer side of madreporie shield to inner points of teeth,
to that between outer corners of mouth-slits, 19:9. Teeth, tooth-
papille, and mouth-papille sharp, conical, of different sizes; about
eight, which occupy the place of teeth, are the largest, and attain the
length of 2.8°"; those which represent the inner mouth-papille are
smallest ; the outer mouth-papille extend quite to the outer corner of
the mouth-slit. Madreporie shield irregular oval, broader than long,
rather indistinct ; placed at the inner angle of the interbrachial space.
Arms covered above, below, and on the sides by a close, fine, smooth
coat of microscopic grains. Below and on the sides the joints are
plainly indicated by cross lines. On the upper side runs a distinct,
longitudinal, sunken line ; here also are scattered round spots, which,
under the microscope, appear a little raised, and are made up of con-
centric rings of oblong grains. On the tip branches most of the grains
are brought together to form a double vertical row of grains, which

25

194 ASTROPHYTON COSTOSUM.

bear the arm-spines, in the form of single microscopic hooks. These
hooks seem only to be found on the fine twigs. Disk, above and below,
covered with the same granular coat as the arms; above, also, are
found the round spots in the interbrachial spaces. Radial ribs very
large and prominent, ending without im a smooth, concave cicatrix ;
on their upper surface are numerous irregular spines, about 1.5"” long,
with deeply striated or fluted sides. Interbrachial spaces below very
small, in consequence of the great breadth of the arms. Genital slits
small, without margin of grams; length, 4.5"". Tentacle-scales very
fine, slender, spiniform ; they are not found at all within the ninth fork
of the arm on its main trunk; beyond this point there are one, two,
three, and even four to each pore, the number being greatest on the
smaller side branches; on the fine twigs, however, the number de-
creases, and the finest have them replaced by a single hook. Color, in
alcohol: above, a fine purplish umber, with fine, indistinct spots of
lighter ; below, pale umber.

Variations. — Instead of being uniform, the upper surface is often
spotted with darker. The teeth in younger specimens are often com-
paratively shorter and blunter, and the spines on the radial ribs are
smooth, and not so numerous as in the adult. The young of this spe-
cies have, on the basal part of the arm, a few short spmes or large
grains. The radial ribs are low and faintly marked, and bear at their
outer end a large spine, like a horn; besides these there are only one
or two small spines on the disk ; the first fork of the arms is not at the
margin of the disk, but a little way from it; on the under side of the
arms the tentacle-scales, two in number, extend inward as far as the
first fork. A small specimen had a disk of 10", and twelve forks to
the arms, as follows : —

Disk to first fork, Ses a OR
First fork to second; “= a a a Aime
Second ob iinegl, @ 6 56 6 o o @O
Third eG owe 6 o o o o Gy) ©
Fourth i ule oe lo 6 a oo) Chay
Fifth 8 SERUM) 1 euromersy. co, ot AeA
Sixth i yam 5 6 so s -¢ GO &
Seventh oe © Gia 6 a o o o 2h) 4
Eighth coma’ Mg o Gio eo o Shy &
Ninth Ga tenths):, “ssury eae eso
Tenth G & GEyvGnij se co 6 o o 2h
Eleventh Gow Telit 50 6 o 6 dy
Twelfth a CCK inheen Doe al tek gama las

60.0™

Astrophyton costosum has been found in the West Indies (Orsted,
Riise, Suenson, Benzon), on the coast of Florida, at the Tortugas Isl-

ASTROPHYTON COSTOSUM. 195

ands, and at Charleston, 8. C. It is fond of twining round Gorgonia,
in which situation I have taken it on the mud flats of Key West, just
below low-water-mark. When taken out of the water, it rolls up its
many branches compactly. Its color, when alive, is similar to that of
the alcoholic specimen, but is more brilliant, and the color of the back
is more decidedly purplish.

It is very readily distinguished by the high radial ribs and their
coarse spines, the long, evenly branching arms, the absence of tentacle-
scales within the margin of the disk, the position of the madreporic
shield at the inner angle of the lower interbrachial space.

The original “Astrophyton costosum, costis conicis,” &e., of Linck, is
not to be recognized as any species now known. Lamarck identified it
with A. arborescens, the Mediterranean species, and was followed in the
mistake by Agassiz. J. Miiller considered it the same as his A. muri-
catum, and was equally wrong. Seba gives an excellent plate of the
present species, and calls it Astrophyton costosum, which name I have
kept, because it can be identified with certainty, and because it is
strictly bimomial.

In the Jardin des Plantes is the original of Huryale costosum of La-
marck (not Seba), brought by Maugé, in 1799, from the Antilles. There
is a second specimen brought from Guadeloupe, in 1837, by Beauper-
tuis. What is most extraordinary, is, first, that this is neither the true
A. costosum (Euryale muricatum Lamk.), nor A. cacilia, nor A. Krebsii,
the only species of the Antilles which the careful research of Dr. Liitken
has brought to light ; and, secondly, that this particular species bears so
close a resemblance to A. arborescens as readily to pass for it. If it
should really turn out to be a distinct species, it must receive a new
name, as that of costosum is already taken.

LIST OF SPECIMENS.

Catalogue | Original | Number é When = Nature of
Number. | Number.) of Spec. Locality. Collected. Wibencetobtained- Specimen.
Musewmn of Comparative Zodlogy.
464 1 Blorida.yy . een [Per Mercy. Prof. Agassiz. Alcoholic.
465 1 Tortugas, Fla. Apr. 2, 1857. | Capt. Woodbury. aH
466 1 Tortugas, Fla. Mar.23,1857.| J. E. Mills. a
467 2 Chemleswo, $5 Wo - |) Sscacn Prof. Agassiz. us
468 il Elliotts: Mey, Blas |) 5. 2 Lieut. T. A. Crane. | Dried.
469 4 EOriciat age gle Sree Mitre. aes Prof. Agassiz. ie
470 1 Ihde, ce ate. | obs a okongioamo~o Alcoholic.
471 2 ING” NVR IMS | on 6 eo T. Lyman & C.Curtis. te
442 [Balvandas aes seen Wee Paste ret Mr. Sargent. ts
443 ey WNWesp Ns = I Goo ao | Dr. Holder. ss
Smithsonian Institution.
1065 3 Garden Key, Tortugas.| ...... | Capt. H. G. Wright. | Alcoholic.
1066 2 | Garden Key, Tortugas.| ...... hea ihe Renee Po a

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

All the figures give a dorsal view, and are taken from the colored drawings in the
collection of Professor AGAssIz, made from living specimens by J. Burkuarpr and
A. GARRETT.

PLATE I.

Figs. 1, 2. _Hemipholis cordifera Lyman,
ad 3. Hemipholis cordifera Lyman,
5. Ophiopholis bellis Lyman,

« 6. Ophiopholis bellis Lyman,
7. Ophiura Holmesii Lyman,

Nk ba

tuk No eto
. . e

PACERS Tale

Figs. 1, 2. Ophiothrix angulata Ayres, about 7.
Ophiothrix angulata Ayres, 3.
Ophiolepis Garretti Lyman, ?.
Ophiolepis elegans Liitken, 3.
Ophiomyxa flaccida Liitken, 3.

Gp Sa b> $9

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Amphiura,
atra,
abyssicola,
Balti,
Chiajii,
chilensis,
cordifera,
elongata,
florifera,
filiformis,
« geminata,
gracillima,
Goodsiri,
‘ hispida,
Holbolli,

‘limbata,
marginata,
microdiscus,
neapolitana,
Orstedii,

* occidentalis,

\ pugetana,
perplexa,
punctata,
puntarene,
Riisei,
scabriuscula,
septa,
Stimpsonii,
squamata,
tenera,

x

tenuis,

urtica,

violacea,

~ Wurdemani,
Ander Sternfisch,
Asterias
aculeata,
brachiata,
caput-medusee,
cordifera,
Siliformis,
“fragilis,
nigra,

a)

[Synonymes are in Italics. ]

PAGE

115

1?, 115, 127
12

12

12, 115, 119
12

12, 137

137

12

12, 115, 116
12, 115, 120
12, 115, 116
12

133

12, 115, 118
12

12

12

TOA ABI

12

12, 115, 130
12, 15, 115, 125
12

12

12)

WP}

12, 135

12

12

12, 14, 115, 121
12, 115, 123
121

12, 115, 128
12

12, 132

14

96

12

181, 190
13, 137

12, 116, 119
154

11, 81

Asterias
oligactes,
selosa,
squamata,
Asterochema
oligactes,
Asteromyx
Loveni,
Asteroporpa
affinis,
annulata,
dasycladia,
Astrophyton,
Agassizii,
arborescens,
asperum,
Caryi,
chilense,
clavatum,
‘Cacilia,
costosum,
costosum,
costosum costis conicis,
eucnemis,
exiguum,
Krebsii,
Lamarckii,
Linckii,
muricatum,
scutatum scuto striato,
scutatum scuto rotato,
verrucosum,
Basket Fish,
Erste Sternfisch,
Euryale
asperum,
costosum,
exiguum,
muricatum,
palmiferum,
scutatum,
verrucosum,
Hemipholis,
cordifera,

PAGE

14
11, 95
12, 121

14
13

14

14

14

180

14, 15, 180, 186
14, 180, 181
14

14, 180, 184
14

14, 180

14

181

14, 180, 192
14, 195

14, 15, 180, 181
14

14

14, 180, 181
14, 180, 190
192

14

14, 186

14

186

14

14

181, 195

14

192

14.

181

14

137

13, 137, 196

198

Hemipholis (continued)

elongata,

Ophiacantha

gronlandica,

“ seabra,
setosa,

< spinulosa,

Ophiactis,
arenosa,

» asperula,
Ballii,
Kroyeri,
Krebsii,
Miilleri,
Orstedii,
Reinhardtii,
simplex,
virens,
virescens,

Ophianoplus

annulosus,
marmoreus,

Ophiarachna,

gorgonia,
incrassata,

‘ infernalis,
septemspinosa,
vestita,

Ophiarthrum,

elegans,

Ophioblenna

antillensis,

Ophioceramis,

Januarii,

Ophiocnemis,

marmorata,

Ophiocnida,

abyssicola,
Ball,
brachiata,
hispida,
neapolitana,
scabriuscula,

Ophiocoma,

zthiops,
Alexandri,
~ arctica,
Ballii,
bellis,
bidentata,

' brevipes,
crassispina,
dentata,
echinata,
echinulata,
erinaceus,
Goodsiri,

INDEX OF GENERA AND

137

93

11

11, 93, 95
11, 14, 93
105

12, 105, 107
12

12

12, 105, 108
12, 105, 111
12, 105, 109
12, 105, 107
12

12, 105

12

12, 105, 113

13
151
25, 39
11, 39
11
11
11
11
92

11, 92

oa a
CT ed

H
mH eo om
Ot)

wo we

(5
bo

12, 133

12, 133, 137
12, 133, 135
70

11, 71, 78
11, 71, 74
93

12

96

Ophiocoma (continued)

granulata,
insularia,
lineolata,
molaris,

neglecta,
nigra,
Nilssonii,
pica,
picta,
placentigera,
pumila,
punctata,
Riisei,
rosula,
sannio,
Scheenleinii,
scolopendrina
serpentaria,
squamata,
tartarea,
tumida,
variabilis,
Valenciz,
Wendatii,
Ophiocten,
abyssicola,
Kroyeri,
Ophioderma,
antillarum,
brevicauda,
cinereum,
Elaps,
guttata,
Januari,
longicauda,
olivaceum,
panamensis,
rubicunda,
serpens,
squamosissima,
variegata,
variegatum,
virescens,
Wahlbergii,
Ophioglypha,
aflinis,
albida,
carnea,
lacertosa,
Liitkenii,
«nodosa,
~robusta,
Sarsii,
Stuwitzii,
Ophiolepis,

annulata,

SPECIES.

81
11, 71, 89
90, 91

87

121

11, 71, 81
11, 70
11, 71, 90
11

71

iil, Fil

12

lily Til, 7
154

90, 91
11, 70
11, 70, 71, 87
81

11

85

11, 70

70

11, 71
11, 70

53

10

10, 53

16

27

10, 16
10, 27

10

10

10, 25

26

10, 23

10, 32
10, 30

18

10

10

21

34

10

40

10, 40, 52
10, 40, 49
10

10, 40
10, 40, 47
10, 14, 40, 49
10, 14, 40, 45
10, 14, 40
10, 40, 51
55, 62, 64
13, 143

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 199

Ophiopholis (continued)

Ophiolepis (continued)

annulosa, 10, 55, 58 aculeata, 96
asperula, 12 bellis, 11, 14, 96, 196
<alra, 127 Caryi, 12, 96, 101
atacamensis, 10 Kennerlyi, 12, 96, 100
chilensis, 12 Ophiophragmus, 131
ciliata, 41 marginatus, 12
cincta, 10, 55, 60 septus, 12
dubia, 13, 149 Wurdemani, 1125132
elegans, 10, 55, 58, 196 Ophiopeltis
elongata, 137 securigera, 13
Jfiliformis, 116 Ophiopsila, 149
Garrett, 10, 55, 61, 196 annulosa, 13
“ geminata, 12, 120 aranea, 13, 149, 151
gracillima, 12, 116 marmorea, 151
hispida, 12, 133 Riisei, 13, 15, 149, 150
imbricata, 11, 69 Ophioscolex
impressa, 11, 64 glacialis, 13
Januarii, 10, 62 Ophiostigma, 103
limbaia, 12 isacanthum, 12, 103
nereis, 140 moniliforme, 103
pacifica, 11, 67 tenue, ip)
paucispina, 10, 55 Ophiothrix, 158
robusta, 10, 45 alba, 13
Schayeri, 13 angulata, 13, 153, 162, 196
scolopendrica, 96 aspidota, 13
sexradia, 12 caribea, 164
simplex, 12, 105 Cheneyi, 13, 153, 175
stenura, 10 ciliaris, 13
Sundevalli, 119 comata, 13
squamata, 121 demessa, 13, 153, 172
~ tenuis, 121 dumosa, 13, 153, 169
triloba, 149 echinata, 154
. uncinata, IBSL/ Ferussaci, 154
variegata, 10 Sragilis, 154
virens, 12 fumaria, 13
Ophiomastix, 92 hirsuta, 13, 175, 176
annulosa, ne 92) hispida, 162
— venosa, 11, 92 Kroyeri, 164
Ophiomyxa, 177 lineata, IB} dee} weil
caribea, 178 longipeda, 13, 153, 176
“ flaccida, 18} Were Wes. TOG magnifica, 13, 153, 159
pentagona, 13, 177, 180 nereidina, 13
Ophionereis, 140 Orstedii, 13, 15, 158, 154
annulata, 13, 140, 143, 145 ~< parasita, 13
dubia, 13, 140, 149 planulata, 13
porrecta, 13, 140, 145, 147 propinqua, 13, 153, 174
reticulata, 13, 140, 141, 145 \ Rammelsbergii, 13
Schayeri, 13 rosula, 13, 14, 153, 154
Xantusii, 13, 140, 145 spiculata, 13, 153, 167
Ophiopeza, 39 spongicola, 13, 161
fallax, 10, 39 Suensonii, 13, 1538, 157
* Yoldii, 10 triglochis, 13
Ophioplocus, 68 violacea, 13, 153, 164
imbricatus, 11, 69 virgata, 13, 153, 159
tessellatus, 69 Ophiozona, 64
Ophiopholis, 96 impressa, 11, 64

200 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Ophiozona (continued)
pacifica,
Ophiura,
abyssicola,
acufera,
affinis,
albida,
angulala,
annulosa,
appressa,

“ arctica,
bellis,
brevispina,

* brevicauda,
carnea,

“cinerea,

< coriacea,
crassispind,
cuspidifera,
echinata,
elongata,

~ Elaps,
Sasciculata,
flaccida,
Siliformis,
Sragilis,
Grubii,
guttata,
Holmesii,
incrassata,
isacantha,
Januari,
lacertosa,
levis,
longipeda,
marmorata,
neglecta,
nereidina,
nodosa,
Normani,
olivacea,

Cambridge : Electrotyped and Printed by Welch, Bigelow, & Co.

11, 67
16, 40

10

41

10, 52
10, 49
13, 162
10, 11, 58
10, 15, 16, 34
41, 44

96

10, 16, 18
10, 16

10

10, 16, 27
Al, 44

81

14

11, 81
137

10

45, 47
13, 178
116

154

10

10

16, 21, 196

52
10, 15, 16, 23

Ophiura (continued)
y panamensis,

10, 16, 32

( paucispina, 10, 55
~ pentagona, 13, 180
picta, 11
reticulata, 13, 141
rosularia, 95
» rubicunda, 10, 16, 30
Sarsit, 10, 41
“ scolopendrina, 11, 87
septemspinosa, 11
sericea, 53
“ squamosissima, 10
“ squamosa, 45
squamata, 11
Stuwitzit, 10, 51
teres, 10, 16, 37
texturata, 40, 49
tricolor, 154
variegata, 10
Wahlbergii, 10
Pectinura
Forbesit, ait
‘ vestita, 11
Stella
arborescens, 14, 181
lacertosa, 10, 40
levis, 10, 26
lumbricalis ; stella levis, 26
lumbricalis longicauda, 26
marina minor echinata purpurea, 164
scolopendroides granulata, 14
‘ scolopendroides rosula scolopendroides,
13, 154
scolopendroides bellis scolopendrica, 11,96
scolopendroides Jamaicensis purpurea,
164
Trichaster
palmiferus, 14
dasycladia, 14
Zottenkopf, 181

Burkhardt & Sonrel

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Burkhardt & Sonrel

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