Soecia\ Couecuu^^

HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

LIBRARY

OF THE

MUSEUM or COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

U]^-

iMXMrmj.

S^ktMnlov It IQIQ

SEP 18 1919

ll

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

r\j^'A

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIYB.Di

\f J

(I I ' I

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.

Published by order of tlie Legislature of Massachusetts.

No. III.

MONOGRAPH OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ASTACIDiE.

DR. HERMANN A. HAGEN.

CAMBRIDGE:

FOR SALE BY SEVER AND FRANCIS.

18 70.
s

\

\

\

/.HGU

HAHV

CA?

HCZ LIBRARY

■ -r t,",;\ USA

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.

Published by order of the Legislature of Massachusetts.

No. III.

MOXOGRAPn OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ASTACIDiE.

DR. HERMANN A. HAGEN.

CAMBRIDGE:
FOR SALE BY SEVER AND FRANCIS.

1870.

University Press : Welch, Bigelow, & Co.,
Cambridge.

NOTE.

It is but justice to Dr. Hagen to state that this monograph was
completed by him and handed to me for publication as early as
October, 18G8. Circumstances over which I had no control have
delayed its passage through the press till now.

LOUIS AGASSIZ.

Cambridge, February 21, 1870.

CONTENTS.

Introduction, 1.

History, 5.

On the Constancy of the Specific Characters, 12.

abnormal gigantic specimens, 13; accidental variations, 14; differences of age, 14; diUVr-
ent shape of the head, 14 ; differences in sculpture, 15 ; hairiness, 15 ; older specimens, 15;
retrograde development, 15; postabdomen, 15; hands, 16; colors, 16; on the sexual dif-
ference, 17; the abdominal legs of the male, 17; the purpose of their structure, 18; the
females, 18; annulus ventralis, 19; eggs, their attachment and bin-sting, 2i> ; development
of the first pair of abdominal legs in the male, 20; second forni of the male, 21 ; first form
of the male, 21 ; dimorphism or perhaps a sterile form, 22 ; inner sexual parts of the Cinn-
barus male : of C. acutus, 22 ; of C. t'jViVw, 23 ; of C. Barlonii, 23 ; inner sexual parts of the
Cambarus female: of C acutun, 24; of C Barlonii. 24; no dimorphism in the true Astaci,
24 ; dimorphism in other Crustacea, 24 ; dimorphism in insects, 25 ; the rarity of varieties
an important character of Camharus, 26.

Cambarus, 27.

is Cambarus a distinct genus or not? 27 ; embryological confirmation as yet wanting, 29 ;
further division of the genus Camharua, 29 ; hooked legs of the male, 30; rostrum, 31 ; first
pair of abdominal legs, 32.

Cambarus ; Description of the Genus and Species, 32.
Group I., 32.
Group II., 57.
Group III., 74.

AsTACus ; Description of the Genus and Species, 89.
On the Gf.ograpiiical Distribution, 97.

distribution of the species, 97.

distribution in every State or Territory, 99.

number of species in the States and Territories as yet known, 103.

our knowledge is at present very imperfect 103.

strict limitation of the habitat of Aslacus and Cambarus, 104.

limitation of Cambarus to Xorth America and Cuba, 104.

distribution of the three groups of Cambarus, 105.

species associated, 106.

geographical distribution according to the river systems, 107.

distribution of the species, 109.

number of the AstaciiJce known in the whole world, 109.

Explanation of the Plates, vii.
Index to the Species, 111.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plate I. First abJominal legs of the male.

C. aculiis. Form I., fig. 1 in front; fig. 2 outside. Form II., fig. 4 in front; fig. 3 the same en-
larged ; fig. 5 outside.

C. ClarHi, Form I., fig. 7 in front: fig. 8 outside. Form II., fig. 9 in front; fig. 10 outside.

C. trogMyte.i, Form I., fig. II in front; fig. 12 outside. Form II., fig. 13 in front: fig. 14 outside.

C. Lecnnici, Form I., fig. 1.5 in front; fig. IG outside. Form II., fig. 17 in front; fig. 18 outside.

C. affinis, Form I., fig. 19 in front ; fig. 20 outside. Form II., fig. 21 in front ; fig. 22 outside.

C. ririlis, Form I , fig. 23 in front; fig. 24 outside ; figs. 25, 20 varieties outside. Form II , fig 27
in fi-ont ; fig. 28 outside.

C. Jueenilii, Form I., fig. 29 in front; fig. 30 outside; fig. 31 viewed more outwardly. Form II.,
fig. 32 in front; fig. 33 outside.

C. prnpinqtiu.'^, Fomi I, fig. 34 in front; fig. 35 variety; fig. 3G outside. Form II., fig. 37 in front;
fig. 38 outside.

C. obesus, Form I., fig. 39 in front; fig 40 outside. Form II., fig. 41 in front; fig. 42 outside.

C lalimanus, Form I., fig. 43 in front; fig. 44 outside. Form II., fig. 45 in front ; fig. 4G outside.

C. Biirlonli, Form I., fig. 47 in front ; fig. 48 outside. Form II., fig. 49 in front ; fig. 50 outside.

C. Carolliuis, Form I., fig. 51 in front; fig. 52 outside. Form II., fig. 53 in front; fig. 54 outside.

C. versutiit:, Form I., fig. 55 in front; fig. 5G outside. Form II., fig. 57 in front; fig. 58 outside.

C. spiculijlr, Form I., fig. 59 in front ; fig. GO outside. Form II., fig. Gl in front ; fig. G2 outside.

C. Blandinrjii CT}pe), Form I., fig. G3 in front ; fig. G4 outside.

C. angustatus (Type), Form I., fig. G5 in front ; fig. 66 outside ; fig. G7 inside.

C. peUucUhix, Form I., fig. 68 in front; fig. 69 outside. Form II., fig. 70 in front ; fig. 71 outside.

C. obscuru!:, Form I., fig. 72 in front; fig. 73 outside. Form II., fig. 74 in front; fig. 75 outside.

C. placiilus, Form I., fig. 76 in front; fig. 77 outside. Form II., fig. 78 in front; fig. 79 outside.

C. rusticu/:, Form I., fig. 80 in front ; fig. 81 outside. Form II., fig. 82 in front; fig. 83 outside.

C. affinis, very old (C. Pealei), Form I., fig. 84 in front; fig. 85 outside.

C. lancifer, Form I., fig. 8G in front; fig. 87 outside.

C. extraneux, Form II., fig. 88 in front ; fig. 89 outside.

C. adcena. Form I., fig. 90 in front; fig. 91 enlarged in front; fig. 92 outside.

C. penicillatus. Form I., fig. 93 in front ; fig. 94 outside. Form II., fig. 95 in front ; fig. 9G outside.

A. Gambelii, fig. 97 in front; fig. 98 outside.

C. Clarkii (Type), young. Form II., fig. 99 in front; fig. 100 outside.

C. imiminis, Form I., fig. 101 in front; fig. 102 outside.

C. fallal, Form I., fig. 103 in front; fig. 104 outside; fig. 105 inside.

Plate II.

C. acutus, Form I., fig. 106 in front; fig. 108 outside. Var. A, Form. I., fig. 107 in front; fig.
109 outside.
Form II. (young 1.7 inch long), fig. 110 outside ; (2.7 inch long) fig. Ill outside.
Form II. (2.7 inch long) fig. 112 outside, imperfectly articulated.
Form II. (4.4 inch long), fig. 113 outside, not articulated.

Ventre between the fourth legs of the female, fig. 114 ; the same iu var. A, fig. 115.
Rostrum from above, fig. 116 ; var. A, fig. 117.
Epistoma, fig. 118; var. A, fig. 119.

vili EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

C. acutus, Transverse line of the thorax, fig. 124; var. A, fig. 125.

Inner sexual parts of the Male Form I., fig. 120; testicules viewed from above, fig: 121.

Form II., fig. 122.
Inner sexual jiarts of the female, fig. 123.

Annulus veutralis of the female, fig. 12G ; the same, inner side, fig. 127.
C. Clarlc'd, development of the first abdominal leg in the male, 0.3 inch long, fig. 133; the knob

enlarged, fig. 1 34.
C. virilis, inner se.xual parts of the Male Form I., fig. 128; side, fig. 129 ; testicules viewed from
above, fig. 132.
The same, in Form II., fig. 130; side, fig. 131.
C. Bartonii, inner sexual parts of the Male Form I., fig. 135 ; side, fig. 136.
The same in Form II., fig. 137 ; side, fig. 138.
Inner sexu.al parts of the female, fig. 139.

Plate III. a, lamina antcnnalis ; 6, epistoma ; c, the exterior spine of the second joint of the exterior
antenna. (The letters are onlv indicated in tig. 140.)

C.\Mn.\iu's. Group I.

C. Blandingii (Type), fig. 140. C. tro//h,/yle^, fig. 141. C. ClarUi, fig. 142. C. acutus, fig. 143.
C. aculus, var. B, fig. 144. C. Leconlei, fig. 145. C. an<juslalus (Type), fig. 146. C fpicu-
lifer, fig. 147. C. pellucidus, fig. 148. C. jycnicillalua, fig. 149, C. versutus, fig. 150. C,
Wiei/maimi, fig. 151.

Cambahus. Group II.

C. ajjinis, fig. 152. C. prnpinquun, fig. 153. C. ohscurus, fig. 154. C. virilis, fig. 155. C. exlra-
neus, fig. 156. C. Juvenilis, fig. 157. C. placidus, fig. 158. C. lancifer, fig. 159. C. immuni.'i,
fig. 160 ; fig. (/, var. of the epistoma. C. rusticus, fig. 161.

C.^MBARUs. Group III.

C. latiinanus, fig. 162. C. nbesus, fig. 163. C. advena, fig. 164. C. Carolinus, fig. 165. C. Bar-
tonii, fig. 1G6. C. robustus, fig. 167.

ASTACUS.

A. nir/rcsccns, fig. 168. A. Klamathensis, fig. 169. A. Gambelii, fig. 170. A. Ti-owbridgii, fig. 171.

Plate IV.

Cambarus Clarkii, Male Form I. (nat. size).

Plate V.

Cambarus njffinis, Fem. (nat. size).

Plate VI.

Cambarus pellucidus, Male Form I. (nat, size).

Plate VII.

Cambarus adoena, Male Form I. (twice enlarged).

Plate Vill.

Cambarus virilis, Male Form I. (nat. size) ; a hand of var. A. Cambarus immunis, hand.

Plate IX.

Cajiibarus obesus, Male Form I. (nat. size).

Plate X.

Aslacus Trowbridijii, Fem. Type (nat. size).

Plate XI.

Aslacus Gambelii, Male. Type (nat. size).

INTRODUCTION.

THE following monograph of the Fresh-water Crawfishes of North
America is intended to form the first step in a scientific examina-
tion of the rich crustacean materials contained in the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology at Harvard College, in Cambridge. The excellent
monograph of the genus Callinectes, published by Mr. A. Ordway in
1863, is the onl^" work about Crustacea, based jjrincijDally ujjon the
Camljridge collection.

Arriving in Cambridge in October, 1867, in order to take care of the
articulated animals belonging to the Museum, I was charged first to
arrange and put in order the Crustacea. Because of the almost total
lack of room and of working hands (the rich collections from Brazil
procured b}^ the Thayer Expedition having occupied all working time
for the last two years), but a small part had been as yet determined
and arranged in the rooms opened for public exhibition. The greater
portion of them had been stored for several years in the cellar, and
therefore was so situated as not to be readily accessible for a scientific
examination.

The part exhibited comprised a series of three hundred and twenty-
seven determined species in a systematical collection, also three hun-
dred and thirty-seven detennined species in several faunal collections,
and a few types of the United States Exploring Expedition. Nearly all
the latter species being represented also in the systematical series, the
number of named species (determined mostly by Mr. Dana and Mr. W.
Stimpson) did not perhaps exceed five hundred. With the exception
of several boxes already separated, with duplicates for exchange, they
answered to a catalogue of nearly sixteen hinidred number's, contain-
ing the names of the respective localities and collectors, the dates of
capture, and, in some cases, the scientific determinations by Mr. W.
Stimpson.

2 INTRODUCTION.

The whole collection is now in a safe condition, mostly unpacked and
arranged in new alcohol. The division of the entire assemblage has
been carried as far as the families, that of the greater part as far as the
genera, while several families have been critically identified. There are
over four thousand two hundred jars. The number of specimens, per-
haps, exceeds sixty thousand ; the additions during the years 1863 -
1866 were fourteen thousand specimens. According to Professor L.
Agassiz's estimate, the collection comprises more than two thousand
species, the entire number of species as yet known being about five
thousand. A closer examination of several families verifies this esti-
mate, or rather indicates that it is probably too small. Nearly one half of
the collection is formed by the Brachyura, one fourth by the Macroura.

The value of the collection is the greater from the circumstance that
most of it has been secured and formed, in view of a definite plan
adopted by Professor L. Agassiz for the purpose of examining and de-
fining the different faunte in the gigantic water-area spreading between
the coast of Eastern Africa and Western America. Several persons
have been charged with the collecting of the fishes, the Crustacea, and
the polyps at chosen points, — at Zanzibar, Mr. C. Cooke ; at Kingsmills,
Sandwich and Society Islands, Mr. Garrett ; on the West Coast of Amer-
ica, Messrs. A. Agassiz, and T. G. Cary. At the same time rich collec-
tions have been received from additional intermediate localities, —
Rangoon, Singapore, China, New Holland, and others, chiefly through
Captain W. A. Putnam. The Museum is also very rich in specimens
from the shores of the United States, from the Antilles, and from
Brazil ; it likewise possesses valuable materials from the European and
Mediterranean fauna.

The materials examined Ijy me for this monograph of the North
American Astacidaj are, I think, as yet unrivalled. They consist of the
following assemblages : 1. The AstacidtB of the Cambridge Museum,
twenty-five species, represented by nearly two thousand alcoholic speci-
mens from one hundred and fifty different collectors and as many differ-
ent localities, besides some dry specimens, j^artly types of Dr. Gibbes.
2. The Astacidns of the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, kindly
communicated to me by Professor Leidy, containing types of Messrs.
John LeConte and Girard. 3. The Astacidaj of the Museum of the
Natural History Society in Boston, containing tj-pes of Professor W.
Stimpson. 4. The Astacida^ of the Museum of the Peabody Academy
in Salem, which, with the last, were kindly communicated to me by Dr.

INTRODUCTION. 3

A. S. Packard. 5. Tvpos of nine .species of Mr. Giraixl and Professor W.
Stimpson, kindly communicated to mc by Professor W. Stimpson.

The Astacidaj in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution I have
not yet seen.

I have described thirty-eight species, — thirty-two Cambari and six
Astaci. Eleven species, all Cambari, are new. There are six species
— four Cambari and two Astaci — which I have not seen.

Among the twenty-eight species of Cambarus which I have examined
I have seen the two forms of the male, and the female of twenty-three
species, the first form of the male and the female of one species. There
are two species, of which I have seen only the first form of the male ;
of one species I have seen only the second form ; of five species I have
seen but single specimens ; of all others, a considerable number.

Among the four species of Astacus which I have examined I have
seen of one species both the male and female ; of another species, the
male only ; of the other two species, the female only ; and in all cases
only a few specimens of each species.

This monograph, as I am convinced, is very far from embracing the
entire number of species living in North America. May new explora-
tions soon render my work incomplete.

HISTORY OF THE AMEHICAN ASTACIDil.

179S. The first North American sj^ecies made known was described
by Fabriciiis, in his Suppknienium Eniomolo(j}(v HijHtcmaiicce. It was
called A-sfaciis Bariomi, and communicated by Professor Smith Barton.
The description is very short, and the locality not given, but it is prob-
ably the species more recently determined as ^1. Barfouii by American
naturalists. Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Crust., Suites a Buftbn an x. (1802),
descriljes in few words, repeated by Latreille, Hist. Nat. des Crust., VI.
240, Astacus Barfouii, which he collected in America. The figure given
by him is very bad, and it is impossible to identify his species.

1817. Eafinesque, in the American Monthly Magazine, II. 42, Novem-
ber, describes four species, — Astacus limosim, fossor, ciUaris, and jmsiUus.
His descriptions are likewise very short, but the locality is given,
and it will therefore be possible to determine them exactly by further

mvestigations.

A. limosiis is perhajis A. affinis Say, and A. fossor the species de-
scribed by me as A. obscurus, if it has burrowmg habits. A. ciliaris is
apparently A. Bartonii, but the dimensions given by Eafinesque are, as
for the foregoing species, excessive. The ciliated legs do not belong
exclusively to this species. I think A. pusillits does not dift'er from A.
ciliaris. The difterences given are not im2Dortant, — "the rostrum oval
acute," " the hands oblong, dotted," " entirely fulvous brown " ; in A.
ciUaris, " the rostrum short, acute," " the hands short, thick dotted,"
" entirely olivaceous brown." Perhaps A. pusi/lus is the second form of
the male ; still, cilige always occur on its second pair of legs, and Eafi-
nesque would have mentioned the fact in this instance no less than in
A. ciliaris.

One month after the appearance of the account of Eafinesque, Th.
Say, m Journ. Acad. Phil., I. Part I. 1G7, December, described two
species, — A. BaHonii and affinis. His descriptions are good, and suf-
ficient to designate the species. A supplement is given, 1. c. 443, con-
cerning the variation of their armature and the proportion of the
hands in A. Barionii ; but here perhaps Mr. Say speaks of a different
species. Astacus Barionii Say is probably the species described by
Fabricius, and Astacus affinis seems to be Astacus limosus Eafinesque.

6 ASTACID.E.

The better description authorizes us to prefer a name published one
month later.

1830. R. Harlan, in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila. III. 464. gives
the description of Asfaciis Bhuidingn from South Carolina, repeated in
183o in his Medic, and Pliys. Research. 229, with the addition of short
specific characters of Astaciis Bartonii and affinis, and the figures of the
three species. But the numbers of two species are erroneously changed
in the drawings. The specimen types preserved in the collection of
the Philadelphia Academy have been kindly communicated to me by
Professor Leidy.

1833. John D. Godman, in Rambles of a Naturalist, Philadelphia,
pp. 40, 41, has communicated his observations upon the burrowing habits
of Cambarus Diogenes. I have not seen this work, which is quoted by
Mr. Ch. Girard.

1837. Professor Milne-Edwards, of Paris, in his Hist. Nat. des Crust., H.
331, describes xUtacus Bdrfonii, affinis, and Chilcmis. The change of the
numbers in Harlan's figures has apparently induced him to reverse the
names of the two species.

1839. Mr. J. W. Randall, Journ. Acad. Phila., VIII., Part I. 138,
describes Astacus Orcffciniis from the Columbia River, figured in pi. 7.
The description is very short and the figure apparently very erroneous.
The type was lost by the artist, and it is still impossible to identify the
species.

1842. De Haan, in Faun. Japonic. Crust., 164, has observed the
interesting fact that A^facns Bartonii and A. affinis possess one gill less
than ^4. fluricdilis and Jajjouicm. The gill on the fifth pair of legs is
wanting.

Professor Z. Thompson, in his Natural History of Vermont, 170,
notes the occurrence of Asfaciis Bartonii in that State.

1844. In J. Mueller, Archiv. 383, Dr. Tellkampf describes the re-
markable blind species from the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, A.
pdhwidus.

James E. De Kav, in his ZoiJloijv of New York, Part VI., Crustacea,
22, gives the description and figure (pi. 8, fig. 25) of Astacus Bartonii,
and the diagnoses of A. affinis, Blandingii, and Oreganus.

1845. I. E. Gray published in Journals of Exped. of Discovery in
Central Australia, by E. J. Eyre, a paper on some Astaci from New
Holland, in which he suggests that the genus Astacus may be divided
into three sections, characterized by the texture of the caudal segment,
in being calcareous or not to its top. Mr. James D. Dana has jiroved
that this character cannot be of much value in classification.

1846. Erichson, in Wiegmann's Archiv. Jahrg., XII. 86, and supjjle-
ment, 375, gives an elaborate monograph of the whole genus Astacus.
Ho describes from America, Astacus jjellucidus, affinis, Curoliniis, Bar-

ASTACID^E. 7

ioiiii, B/«ii(I/ii(/n (after Ilarliui's doscriplion and figure), Wicgniaiiiu,
Mcvicanits, Cubotsk, Chikiisis (after M. Edwards's description), and
Om/mms (after Eandall's description and fignre). His materials were
few ; of A. pfUncidiis and ((ffinis he saw but one specimen, l)ut his de-
scriptions are largely comparative. The observation first made by Do
Haan, that the American species possess no gills at the base of the fifth
pair of legs, is repeated and verified in the other species described by
Erichson, and taken for the formation of a jiarticular subgenus, Ctoiikt-
rits. Erichson's monograph is still unrivalled, comprising all the species
of the whole world. Still, there is no certainty in the determination of
the species which he described, since so many similar species have been
more recently found. But it is jDOSsible to arrange them in my groups,
as Erichson has noted the number of hooked legs of the males. His
types are preserved in the Berlin Museum, and an examination of them
will prove, perhaps, that in the case of some species my determinations
are erroneous.

1850. Mr. LcAvis R. Gibbes, in his work "On the Carcinol. Collect, in
the U. S.," 31, quoted Astacus Bartvmi, affinis, Blumlincjii, and pdlucidm.
But the localities given by him are doubtful, as I have seen very differ-
ent species presented by him, under the same name, to the Philadelphia
and the Cambridge Museums.

18-54. The richness of the materials preserved at the Smithsonian
Institution in Washington, and chiefly collected by Professor S. F. Baird,
led Mr. Cli. Girard to examine them critically in "A Revision of the
North American A^faci, with 01)servations on their Habits and Geo-
graphical Distribution," Proc. Acad. Phil., VI. 87, and to characterize
them briefly, deferring to another opportunity more full descriptions,
accompanied by the necessary illustrations. Mr. Girard enumerates
twenty species, eleven of which are new. Two, C. Orc(/anus and
fossor, he had not seen. Professor Stimpson has kindly' communicated
to me the types of five of the eleven new species, namely, C. Clurkii,
propiiiqmis, mnntanus, rusticus, lonyiilus, and the types of two species
described before, namely, A. Bartonii and affinis. The Museum of the
Philadelphia Academy possesses also some species labelled with Mr.
Girard's names, which were kindly communicated to me by Professor
Leidy. I do not know whether these specimens are types, since some
are marked with a ? ; but as they are mostly from the localities quoted
by M. Girard, their identity is probable. These species are : C. Pmlci?
from the Potomac, C. rusiicus ?, C. vwnfmms ?, C. Dm/om ? from the Dis-
trict of Columlna, C. (icutissinms from Kemper County, Missouri, C. Blan-
dlngii from South Carolina, C. robustm from the Humber River at To-
ronto, C. propiwpnis? from Garrison Creek, Sackett's Harbor, C. moii-
iamts ? from the James River, Virginia. Also, of the twenty species
enumerated ]jy Mr. Ch. Girard I have certainly not seen his types of

8 • ASTACID^.

the five following : C. pelliicidus, CaroUmis, pusiUns, Nehrascensis, cwnhts,
nor the two species which he had not seen himself, C. Oreganm and
foxsor.

Mr. Ch. Girard has adopted the generic name Canibarus Ericlison for
the American sj^ccies described by him. The introduction to Mr. Ch.
Girard's Revision, etc., " according to recent investigations (Erichson is
here quoted alone), the crawfishes, or Asfaci, have been distributed
into several genera," does not agree at all with Erichson's words.
Erichson, in his monograph, p. 86, in dividing the old genus jUincus,
expressly says : " The five groups quoted seem to have a higher value
than merely subdivisions. Perhaps hereafter they will constitute gen-
era. They may provisionally be regarded as sul)genera." Mr. Girard
added that Mr. James D. Dana had reclaimed the genus Astacus for
Noi'th Amei'ica by a species from the Columbia River, — A. lenmsciihts.
Subsequently, Proc. Acad. Phil., VI. 375, Professor Agassiz stated that
C. GuDibdii, described as Cumhants by Mr. Ch. Girard, possesses six
pairs of gills like the crawfishes of Europe, and does not belong to
Cambanis at all. This statement is the more striking, as Erichson only
gives as the character of Cambarns, " no gills on the fifth legs." The
reply of Mr. Ch. Girard, 1. c, p. 381, that he was not satisfied that this
peculiarity is of generic value, and consequently that he described C.
GiuiibcUi as Camburus with the same propriety as he might have placed
it in the genus Astacus, gives no more light upon the characters of
generic value which induced Mr. Ch. Girard to separate Camhurus as a
distinct genus. In his Revision, etc., nothing more is said concerning
this point, and he has not given any other character for his genus Cuin-
harus, including C. GamhcUi and Oreganus.

It is to be regretted that Mr. Ch. Girard has not fulfilled his plan of
giving more full dcserii^tions, accompanied with the necessary graphic
illustrations. His short descriptions are not sufficient to indicate his
new species with certainty, and for the species previously published the
synonymy alone is given, for which reasons it is impossible to prove
that his determinations are unquestionable. It is to be acknowledged
as a fact of value, that Mr. Ch. Girard first used in his descriptions the
specifically different shape of the first pair of abdominal legs in the
male, and the different breadth of the dorsal area.

He has divided the species into three groups, with the following char-
acteristics : I. Rostrum suljquadrangularly elongated, terminated ante-
riorly by three conical and acute spines, the two latei'al smaller than
the middle one, which forms the tip. Extremity of the anterior pair
of abdominal legs in the male straight and acute. (7 spec.) II. Ros-
trum generally broad, conical, and short, with margins entire and tooth-
less, terminated anteriorly by an acute and comparatively short j^oint.
Anterior pair of abdominal legs in the male recurved at their extremity,

ASTACID.E. 9

the tip of ■\vliicli is roiiiidcd. (!) spoo.) III. Eostnim vcm'v imtcli clou-
gated, conical, taperiiiL;-, ])i()vide(l on both sides and rather near the ex-
tremity with a small and acute spine, sometimes, however, but very
slightly developed. (4 spec.)

Conoerniui;- the species descril)ed l)y Mr. Ch. Girard, — I have given
my opinion at some length in my descriptions, — I may here make the
following remarks: C. Peulei I consider as a full-grown C. affiiiis; C.
n/oitf(ii»ii^. Dio//i'ucs, and piisillKS I am not ahle to separate from C. Bnr-
touii ; and C. hiu(/ulus is possibly an abnormal specimen of the same
species. C. BlaiHlin(jii is not the species described by Harlan, ])ut is C.
irorfhnli/ies, Le Conte. C. acidissimiis is the second form of the male of
C. aciifiiii. Some of my determinations may be incorrect ; I hope here-
after to be al)le to compare the typical specimens preserved in the col-
lection of the Smithsonian Institution.

The description and the detailed account of the burrowing habits of
C. DiogcDcs given by Mr. Ch. Girard are very interesting, and, so far as
I know, they are still the most complete description of this peculiar
manner of living. Besides the remarks by Mr. John D. Godnian, which
I have not seen, Professor Erichson has mentioned the burrowing habits
of some Australian species, and in the last edition of Cuvier's " Regne
Animal," the burrowing habits of an American species which severely
damages the rice-fields of the Southern States are quoted from a com-
munication by Dr. John Le Conte.

1855. Dx'. John Le Conte has given, in the Proc. Acad. Pliila., VII.
400, " Descriptions of new Species of Asfaciis from Georgia." Of the
species described by Mr. Ch. Girard all but one are from the South, the
others are from the Northern, and mostly from the Eastern States.
Therefore Di". John Le Conte's monograph is far more intei'esting. He
describes nine species from Georgia, eight new ; and there are two
more, only seen by him. He remarks that he has preferred the old
generic name Astucm, because the very slight and not very apparent
differences which has been adopted to distinguish these two genera ap-
pear to him of little moment. Their color, says Dr. John Le Conte, is
generally lost with their life, so that it is of little value in the descrip-
tion. '■' All that 1 have ever seen wei*e much of the same color, — a red-
dish Ijrown, inclining to dark olive." 1 do not find that any marks can
be definitely pointed out by Avhich we can distinguish those which are
subterranean from those which are aquatic. It is possible to determine
the species by the elaborate descriptions, especially by the shape of
the rostrum and the hands, and the breadth of the areola. The types
of six species, contained in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy,
have been kindly communicated to me by Professor Leidy, viz. A.
tro(/lodi/tcs, spicidifcr, foumvum, luujudidm, hdiiiKtmt^, adrcna.

Concerning his species, I would remark that A. troglodi/tes is s}--

10 ASTACID^.

nonymous with C. Blumlingii Girard, and that from this species I am
not able to separate A. fossariim. But having seen only one female type,
the identity must be proved by further investigation. A. Blandingii
Le Conte is identical with C. Lecontei Hagen, or perhaps with Harlan's
species. A. spiculifer is without doubt a new and good species, but I
am not able to separate it decisively from the type A. angiistatus. A.
Mimanus and advena are new species ; A. mamcidatus is entirely unknown
to me.

After these reductions, we find the number of different species in the
United States to be twenty, — fifteen given by Mr. Ch. Girard and five
by Dr. John Le Conte.

1852. Professor James D. Dana, in his Synopsis Familiarum Crus-
taceorum, in the Proc. Acad. Phila., VI. 15, divided the old genus
Asiacus into two genera, Asfacoides (segmentum abdominis maris
primum appendicibus carens) and Asiacus (segmentum abdominis
maris primum appendicibus instructum). With Astacoidcs are united
Engceus and Clwraps, with Asfacus Camhants. He describes (p. 20)
Astacus lenimculus from the Columbia River "pedesquinti branchias
parvas gerentes." In his celebrated work, United States Expl. Exped.,
Crustacea, I. 522, he says : " Among the distinctions subdividing the ge-
nus Astacus, that of the presence or absence of prehensile appendages
to the first abdominal segments in males, fitted for use in coition,
appears to be of the first importance. But the texture of the caudal
segment, whether calcareous or not to its tip, cannot be of much value
in classification, for it varies in the same sjiecies with age, and must
therefore be somewhat dependent on the size of the species. The
presence of a branchia to the posterior pair of legs may prove to be a
characteristic of importance, requiring a subdivision accordingly ; but
of this we doubt. In the American species without this branchia, which
the author has examined, the medial posterodorsal region of the carapax
is nari'ow linear, while in the European species and that from Oi'egon,
having the full number of branchia?, this region is quite broad. But we
cannot say how far this is generally true. For the reasons stated, we
accept of Astacoidcs as a distinct genus, separated from Astacus by the
absence of appendages from the first segment of the abdomen, and we
imite with it Chcmps and Engceus of Erichson. The occurrence of the
Engcd in holes in moist earth is not peculiar to that group, for the
same habit has been observed by Professor S. P. Baird in an American
species. Chcraps may perhaps be retained as a subgenus under Asta-
coidcs, on account of the absence of the posterior branchia3 ; and, on the
same ground, and no other of importance, Cambarus may be retained as
a subgenus under Astacus." For this reason the author has retained
Cambarus as a subgenus imder Astacus, in his Synopsis, I. 523, and in
the revision and emendation, II. 1433,

ASTACID.T:. 11

Astacus leniuscnlus is described, p. 524, and figured, pi. 33, fig. 1. I
have never seen this s])ccies. Astacus BurUmii, locality uncertain, pos-
sibly from Brazil, is described, p. 525, and figured, pi. 33, fig. 2. The
figure differs from all V. Baiiuiiii Avhich I have seen, even from the
types communicated by Professor Stimpson and Professor Leidy. The
rostrum, the antennal lamina, the areola, and the hand are so different in
shape that evidently there must be a mistake. The patria, " possibly
from Brazil," is another stumbling-block. In the Museum of the Phila-
delphia Academy are two' Astaci labelled Potamobius spec. West Indies,
and one labelled Bahia. But all three are undoubtedly the European
Astacus Jimvitllis. Perhaps the labels have been changed. Another
small specimen, labelled Brazil, agrees in the shape of the rostrum with
the figure given by Dana, but this curious species is neither an Astacus
nor a Cambarus, but perhaps a Cheraps. It is a male, without the first
pair of abdominal legs. Astacidaj must be very rare in Brazil, as it was
impossible for Pi'ofessor Agassiz and the members of the Thayer Expe-
dition to obtain any specimen, or even to ascertain the existence of any
Astacus species, in the vast country investigated by them. It must be
remarked that Erichson has never seen the Astacus Chilem-is mentioned
by him; perhaps it is not a Cambarus at all.

1857. Professor W. Stimpson, in '' The Crustacea and Echinodermata
of the Pacific Shores of North America," Journ. Boston Soc. N. H., VI.
(and separate, Cambridge, 1857-58, p. 93, pi. 6), gives detailed de-
scriptions of three new species, — A. vigrcsccns, from San Francisco ;
A. Trowbridgii, from Astoria, and A. Klaniathensk, from the Klamath
Lake. Also shorter notices of A. Gurnbelti, A. leniusculus, and A. Ore-
ganiis. He has kindly communicated to me the types of the new
species. They are apparently a very valuable addition to the North
American faima, as is also the negative fact that as A'et not a single
species of Cambarus has been found in the States of the Pacific shores.

1866. Spence C. Bate, in " A'^ancouver Island Crabs," in the Natural-
ist in Vancouver's Island and British Columbia, by J. Keast Lord, Lon-
don, II. 278, sa3-s that A. Klumathcnsis is to be found m all streams
east of the Cascades.

1864. Mr. H. Lucas has given a Note on Astacus i^ellucidus, which I
have not seen, in the Bullet. Soc. Entom. Paris, ^. iv.

1857. Mr. H. de Saussure, in Geneva, describes in his "Note carcino-
logique zur la famille des Thalassides et sur celle des Astacides," Rev. et
Magas. de Zoologie, IX. pp. 99 - 102 et 503, three new species of Cam-
barus from America, C consobrinus fi'om Cuba, C. Montezuma' and C.
Aztccus, both from Mexico. The descriptions are too short for a cei'-
tain judgment, especially as I have not seen any species from Cuba, and
but one female from Mexico. It is impossible, from the descriptions
alone, to separate C. consobrinus from C. Cubemis, and the two other
species from C. Mexicanus.

12 ASTACID^.

1858. Mr. H. de Saussure, in Mem. cle la Soc. Phys. de Geneve, T. 14,
Pars II., pp. 450-461, Tab. III. f. 21-23, gives detailed descriptions
and fio-ures of the three before-mentioned species. His remark, that
the Camharm prefer the marshes and muddy waters, is apparently not
of general value. Many sj)ecies of Cinnbarus, perhaps the greater part,
live in piu-e running Avater ; for some species it is directly stated by Dr.
LeConte.

I find it impossible to separate the species described by Mr. De Saus-
sure from the species described by Mr. Erichson, but a judgment from
two descriptions (I have seen o\\\j one female) is ahvays doubtful. I
am not sure that the hooked legs described )jy Mr. De Saussure corre-
spond with those of Mr. Erichson. I think Mr. De Saussure's second and
third pairs of legs are the third and the fourth of Erichson, the latter
commencing the numbering of the legs with the great claws, Mr. De
Saussure beginning with the pair next after the great claws. I think
the Avords in the Note by C. 3Ioiifcziii)ia\ "son C. Mcxicamts en est
bien distinct par le troisieme article inerme de la quafritme paire des
pattes," is otherwise not intelligible. In C. comobn'uiis the second joint
of the legs is said to be hooked ; if this be not a typographic error, it
is a strange exception.

C. comobrinus is not at all compared with C. Cuhcmis Erichs. ; per-
haps it is unknown to Mr. De Saussure. The two descriptions show no
difference. The lamina of the antennae, £ 21, b., has no apical external
spine, — perhaps an error.

C. Jfoiifcciiiiur does not differ from C. 3fe.ricaiim, and C. Aztccus seems
identical Avith C. Wicgmaniu. But I confess that my materials are too
imperfect to decide this question.

ON THE CONSTANCY OF THE SPECIFIC CHARACTERS
AMONG ASTACID^.

The examination of the constancy of the specific characters was a
chief point in my labor, especially Ijecause Mr. Gerstfeldt, in his excel-
lent monograph concerning the fresh-water Crustacea of Europe, has
reduced the number of described species to only two, by proving that
the characters i-elied on in their separation are far from being constant.

The exceedingly rich mass of material before me, thus far unrivalled
for such a labor, has permitted a very extensive and careful examina-
tion of the constancy of the characters. OtherAvise vicAved, it could not
be denied that this rich material — there being more than a hundred
specimens of some species — Avould rather serve to obstruct the judg-
ment of the Avorker.

Dr. J. Le Conte, in his careful monograph of the Astaci of Georgia,
says : " Tlie shape of the rostrum and of the clielaj and the size of the

ASTACID.E. 13

areola vortebralis affords the best characteristic marks. I have never
known this last character to vary in any degree. In the two othei's
there may occur slight difterences of development, not, however, so
great as to be of any moment." According to these remarks. Dr. J. Le
Conte seem-< to l)e convinced that tlie size of the areola vertebralis is
alone constant and always identical, and thus confirms the result of the
lalior midertidvcn some years afterward for the European species l)y Mr.
Gerstfeldt. I have to add that Mr. Gerstfeldt does not speak at all of
the areola vertebralis, because it is not so well marked in the true
Astacus. and that Mr. Gerstfeldt also has proved all the other charac-
ters to be variable in some degree. I am obliged to go a little farther,
and to state that, according to my observations, even the areola verte-
bralis varies to a greater or less extent.

Ahiiormal Gigantic Specimens. — It is very necessary to give up the idea
that specific characters should bear a mathematical identity. Crustacea,
as is well known, grow continually, and possibly become very old.
Therefore we sometimes find of a species, which commonly has certain
and smaller dimensions, some old and gigantic individuals, differing in
many characters (viz. in sculpture, armature, relative size of parts and
members) from the common examples of the same species. As pro-
gress is made in the cultivation of the land, and the improvement of
the rivers, and especially as the population of the country increases,
these giants become more and more rare in the species used as food, as
in ^4. fiuviafilis of Europe. Perhaps the extraordinary dimensions given
by Eafinesque fifty j'ears ago — for A. limoms nine inches, for A. fossor
six inches, while at this time the specimens seen by me are only half as
large — are explicable in this way. I remark, however, that the Amer-
ican species are not commonly used as food, except by the French i^op-
iilation of the Southern States.

But even aside from these abnormal instances, other younger and
older specimens present quite a variable material for com^ijarison and
description. If you state, for instance, that the specific characters
should 1)6 only taken from the full-grown specimens, this statement is not
at all decisive, because it is impossible to determine whether a specimen
be full grown or not. In Norway it is against the law to sell lobsters
not fall grown ; and the law considers every lobster over eight inches
long as full grown, because it is supposed to have spawned three times.
But tlie lobster may become twice that size ; it would then differ in
sctilpture, annature, and the relative size of its members, as mentioned
before. The real difference is fiir greater, as it is reasonable to con-
sider every lobster after its first spawn, although then much smaller,
as a full-grown animal.

Although a good and complete description of a species should enable
us to determine both the young and the full-grown specimens, still the

14 ASTACID^.

careful and right choice of the siDccific characters seems to depend
largely upon the taste of the describer and upon the richness of the
materials at his command.

Accidental Variations. — In the first place, all accidental variations are
to be excluded. Crustacea are known very easily to reproduce parts
damaged or accidentally lost ; but these regenerated parts do not often
reach the size or form of the old j^ortions. Of course I do not here
speak of variations, which are very easy to be recognized, as when one or
more limbs are reproduced on one side. But I have seen specimens
with the same limbs renewed on both sides, and such specimens,
especially if one do not have before him more examples, are some-
times very difficult to recognize, and they often occasion errors (c£ A.
Ganit)clii). The most prominent parts of the Crustacea are easily dam-
aged and reproduced, as the claws, the antennae and their basal lamina,
the rostrum, and the caudal lamellae. But sometimes the more pro-
tected parts are found affected in the same manner, as the first pair of
abdominal legs, and even the epistoma.

Differences of Age. — The differences of age are of vast importance, and
have a great influence on the right understanding of any species. The
very young and newly hatched animals are, without douljt, recognizable
by anybody. Afterward, as stated, there is more difficulty. The rich
materials of the Museum allow the following remarlvs : —

Though generally the body has a constant form, I agree with Mr.
Gerstfeldt, that even here there is no mathematical identity. The oval
shape of the body, its greater or less convexity, its compression or de-
pression, the abrupt or gradual curving of its sides, are somewhat
variable. These variations, it is true, do not exceed certain limits ;
but they are here more troublesome, as in the great number of species
they seem sufficient to obliterate the specific characters. I say ex-
pressly '' seem sufficient," as the greatest difficulty consists in expressing
these differences clearly and definitely by words, while the worker, who
sees the species before him, separates them more easily.

Differences in the Shape of the Head. — A more essential difference in
the shape of the head and the great claws is to be found in specimens
of different ages. Here these difierences are more striking and more
troublesome than the relations of the different parts. Their length and
breadth, their thickness, compared with that of the bod}^ and its limbs,
undergo marked fluctuations, and these fluctuations are fiir from being
of the same kind in all the groups of our fresh-water Crustacea. In the
several species of the group, of which Cambarns acidtis is the type, the
young animals always have a three-toothed rostrum, though in the older
individuals the lateral teeth are often nearly or entirely obliterated.
In the group of Cand>arus Bartonii, on the contrary, the younger ani-
mals do not difler in the shape of the rostrum from the older, although

ASTACIDiR. 15

tho limb^ of the claw-logs are in tlioir proportions somotinios very dit-
feront in older individuals, the brachiinn longer even comparatively,
llie I'Lnv longer and thicker, the fingers more curved and furthermore
separated from each other at the bases, while other similar diflerences are
to be seen in the antenna^ and their appendages, in the shape of the
rostrum, and the front margin of the cephalothorax.

Difcrcnccs in Sculpture. — The differences in the sculpture and arma-
ture are naturally much more considerable. The punctation, the gran-
ulation, the flat scales, the thorns, the spines, and the teeth, the margins
of the thorax and of the great claws, are little or not at all developed in
the younger specimens ; they are a little more visible in the middle-
ao-ed animals ; even those that are old and full grown sometimes differ
considerably in the degree of development.

ILdr/jims. — On the contrary, the hairyness of some parts seems a
constant character for species, even in the younger animals. But this
character is to be found only in few species, and is not generally
important.

Older Specimens. — On the whole, it may be said that in the older
Astacidas the form and the sculptui'e are more strongly exarated ; the
claw of the first legs is larger and heavier. But, besides the dimorphism
of the males described further on, individuals are to be found in a so-
caUed retrograde or arrested development.

Bet rofp-ade Development. — Older and larger animals are fomid, which
in the degree of sculpture and armature are considerably behind speci-
mens of similar or even smaller size, and these have apparently stopped
at a lower stage of development. Naturally, these individuals are to be
found mostly in the group in which the development of the sculpture
and of the great claws is greatest, as in the group of Caniharus acidus.

Postabdomcn. — The form of the postabdomen is constant in the differ-
ent species ; in the females it is usually broader. The external angles
of the postabdominal segments are differently shaped, more or less
rounded or acuminated. These differences are specific and constant,
but usually they are not very remarkable, and they are difficult to
describe. The "lamina analis," especially the middle lamina, offers
specific characters. Its basal part always has two or three teeth on
each side of its front margin. But I must remark, that in shape and
size, and even in number, the teeth are often variable. Nevertheless,
when rich materials are at hand this character is useful. The form and
especially the margin of the apical part of the middle lamina are like-
wise in some species different, and in some degree constant. I remark,
as an example of the difficulty of i-ecognizing occasional accidental
variations, that I have seen of Astacus Ckunhelii but two males, one
with the apical margin of the middle lamina exactly rounded, the other
exactly notched. I consider the latter as perhaps accidentally altered.

16 ASTACIDiE.

Hands. — The hand^, or great claws, are, in every description, care-
fully used as one of the best specific characters. No doubt their form
and sculpture are quite different in many species, and ofter characters
most easy of recognition. Nevertheless, these characters become more
and more uncertain as the materials in hand are richer. As I have
stated before, the development, the size, and the sculpture of the hands
vary considerably between the first and second form males and the
females, between the young, middle-aged, full-gi'own, and gigantic speci-
mens. Even the relative length and breadth differ ; the In-achinm sur-
passes the eyes or not ; the fingers are equal or unequal in length,
longer than the rest of the hand or not, straight or curved, denticulated
at the margins or not ; the carpus has the spines more or less numerous,
more or less developed. In the full-grown specimens the hands are
surely a constant and good specific character, but even here they vary
to a certain degree, and finally it is not at all easy, with scanty mate-
rials, to determine with certainty whether a specimen be full grown or
not. Therefore I have never given in the diflerent species the exact
and detailed measurements of these parts, which are noted by some
authors, as I have found these measurements of very little value. The
measurements given by me are average measurements, generalh- of the
most full-grown specimens. But I have always been careful to record
all the different forms of the hands which I have observed in each
sjjecies.

The hairyness of the hands, which, like a beard, a brush, or a pencil,
is found in some species [A. Gambdii, C. j)cuicillatus imnmms, etc.),
seems constant and a very good specific character ; the same is true of
the partial hairj-ness on the first pair of maxillary legs (outside and
below, or outside only).

On the l}asal joint of the fourth and of the fifth pair of legs there
occurs a little knob (capitulum), differing in its shape in given sj^ecies
in a constant manner.

Colors. — The colors are apparently of no value. I have not seen liv-
ing specimens, but Dr. John Le Conte saj's directly : " All that I have
ever seen were much of the same color," and " their color is generally
lost with their life, so that it is of little value in the description." All
the alcoholic sj^ecimens have a similar color, — reddish brown, inclining
to a more or less dark olive or dirty yellow. In certain species red
sjjots are occasionally to be found in some sjiecics, as noticed in my
descriptions. I should remark that the color is apparently altered in
alcohol as time advances. The specimens of C. Bartonii received Avith-
in a few weeks are reddish brown, the older ones nearly yellow.

Dr. John Le Conte says expressly that the burrowing species do not
differ from those that are aquatic.

ASTACID^.. 17

THE SEXUAL PECULIARITIES OF THE ASTACID/E.

The sexual ilifterences, aside fi-om the genital parts, are often very
considerable. In the female the great claw is shorter, smaller, and not
so well developed. The soidpture and armature are less, the posta))do-
men mostly broader, and its legs stronger. Apparently the females
have, in many parts, retained the characters of the younger animals.
But sometimes there are females with a development not at all inferior,
or with one even superior, to that of the males. I am not certain
whether, as in the males, any dimorphism is to be found.

Abnormal Feniaks. — It is not impossible in this way to explain, and
thus indeed may be explained, many apparent anomalies in females.
In these females we find a tendency to a more masculine development,
as in the aforesaid males a tendency to a feminine development. Never-
theless, even the rich materials of some species now in my hands are
not rich enough to enable me to solve by anatomical examination this
interesting question.

The Abdomiitnl Legs of ihe 3Iaks. — The sexual parts of the Astacidaj,
especially in the North American Camharus, offer very good and con-
stant specific characters. The abdominal legs of the Astacidse possess a
short, transverse, inwardly situated basal article, and a longer doubled
flagellum, consisting of two approximated narrow bands of a more mem-
braneous consistency, flexible, and sprinkled with hairs on the outside.
In the males, the first and the second pair are partly transformed. The
second pair has the basal half of the inner flagellum corneous and thick-
ened, but the apical half retains the same membraneous shape as the
external flagellum and the flagellum of all the following legs. The
corneous basal half is dilated at the end and rolled from the inside out-
ward, forming a channel. The first pair of abdominal legs is even more
transformed. The articulation between the basal limb and the flagel-
lum is gone, and also the whole external flagellum, as well as the mem-
braneous apical part of the inner flagellum. The remains of the first
abdoramal leg form a corneous limb, with the apical half dilated and
rolled from the outside inward, forming also a channel. This kind of
shape is most easily understood in the true Asiacus from Europe and
from California. In the American species of Camharus we find the
modificatians and different exarations forming, as stated before, very
good specific charactei's. The dilated apical half is so closely rofled
together that the channel no longer exists, except very superficially,
and the closely rolled part is transformed into two approximate cor-
neous solid cylinders, united above, while below there is an apparent
suture, constituting the rest of the channel before described. The tip
in each of the two cylinders is not simply truncated, as in the European
and Cahfornian Asiacus, but transformed into more or less corneous

3

18 ASTACIDvE.

hooks and teeth. We find also in Camhariis the tip ci the first abdom-
inal legs bifid, and the two branches more or less elongated, equal or
not in length and breadth, straight or curved, and very well adapted to
form specific characters. Having examined a very great number of
specimens, I am able to state that these different fonns are very con-
stant in the same species. Naturally here, as elsewhere throughout the
group, it is not possible to find an exact mathematical identity, but a
constancy within certain limits, and I was able to observe and figure
some variations.

The rolled part of the second pair of abdominal legs — I have re-
marked before that it is rolled in the opposite direction — is apparently
analogous to this formation in the first pair, and is formed in the Euro-
pean species exactly in the same manner as in the first abdominal legs.
In the Camharus the apical end of the dilated plate is considerably more
rolled than the jjasal end, assuming in this manner a triangular shape.
It is interesting to find the same arrangement in the true American
Astacus.

The Purpose of f/iis Structure. — The purpose of this structure of the
first two pairs of abdominal legs is easily explained. The seminal fluid
coming out of the basal part of the fifth legs by an open circular aper-
ture, must be conveyed to the sexual aperture of the female, situated
fiirther forward in the inner basal part of the third legs. The first pair
of the abdominal legs of the male, being situated closer to the venter, is
very well adapted by its channelled shape (represented in the Camharus
by the shallow suture) to direct the seminal fluid to the designed part in
the female. It is likewise well to notice that the transformed shape of
the second alidominal legs gives a considerable help for this purpose in
two ways. First, the dilated part, especially in the Cuiiibarus, is well
adapted to be inserted into the sutured part of the first legs, and
mechanically to support the first legs in a horizontal position. The
rolled part also serves to complete the channel made by the first legs
for the direction of the seminal fluid, and it is well to remark that the
inverse manner of rolling, as before stated, serves more completely to
prevent any of the ejected seminal fluid from taking a wrong direction.
In the Madagascar and most of the Australian Astacida^ these modified
abdominal legs, fitted for use in coition, are entirely wanting, and the
conveyance of the seminal fluid is perhaps more simple and imperfect.

The Females. — Regularly in the articulated animals, especially in
the insects, we find in the genera or fiimilies in which the organiza-
tion of the sexual parts differs specifically in the males, that the
females also exhibit differences more or less adapted to the male or-
gans. The striking differences in the male organs of the Q/iubari
made the presence of analogous differences in the females probable.
But these are not to be found. The female sexual aperture is n,hyaya

ASTACID.E. 19

oval, closed by a thick membraneous plate, firmly attached ])y the out-
side half, movinif and opening inwardly. The oviduct is a simple hole,
and, as far as 1 know, there are no specific difierences. In a new gigan-
tic Australian species of Asfaconks, very near .1. noli/'lk Dana the female
aperture is more elongated and surrounded by a circular barljc of hairs,
apparently designed for the better conveyance of the seminal fluid in a
species without first abdominal first legs.

The manner of coition of the Astacidai has been as yet i-arely ol)-
served (Cuvier Regne anim., T. IV. p. 89, says: " L'accouplement
s'opere ventre centre ventre ") ; but, on comparing closely the situation
of the sexual parts of the male, it is evident that the first abdominal
legs jjartly enter into the oviduct, and certainly no more than with
their corneous tips. The length and situation of the parts, and the cir-
cumstance that the second pair of legs is apparently firmly fitted in
coition to the first legs so as to prevent a farther entrance, seems to
prove that perhaps this arrangement only serves to open the mem-
braneous plate of the female parts at the right time. In all the species
of Camharus the part of the first abdominal legs of the male, which may
and which can only enter into the female aperture, is well marked and
separated by a transverse superficial suture.

It is well known that the females of the Astacida; possess no recepta-
culum seminis, and so the introduction of the seminal fluid seems without
purpose. But as it is stated by Milne-Edwards that he once discovered
spermatophores in the female aperture of Carclmis, which also has no
receptaculum seminis, perhaps the same may occur in the Astacida3.

Aiiituliis Vcntralis. — The female sexual ajicrture offers no sjiecific char-
acters, but we find some in the ventral, or rather sternal, plates between
the last two pairs of thoracic legs, especially between those of the fourth
pair. These difterences not being very remarkal)le in the true Astaciis,
although they exist, I never find them mentioned by the authors. But
the American Catnbunts shows well-defined characters, although difficult
to describe.

Between the fourth legs we find a broad trapezoidal plate, more or
less excavated and elongated in the difterent species. The posterior
end of this plate is ordinarily dilated and on every side angularly pro-
tracted. Its surface is smooth or tuberculated. Behind this plate is a
supernumerary corneous organ (repeated even between the fifth legs),
which gives specific characters. This organ — named annulus in my
descriptions — generally forms a short cone, with a transverse oval Ijase
and a depressed tip. This cone is divided in the medial line of the
body by a denticulated suture, with inflated margins. The tip is often
more or less depressed, or even impressed, forming a deep, transverse
hole, crossing the denticulated suture. Tab. II. f 126.

We find inside two approximated, inflated, or vermiform ridges, fol-

20 ASTACIDiE.

lowing exactly the outside suture. The size of this corneous cone, and
the shape of the suture and apical hole, differ considerably in the difter-
ent species, and seem, to some extent, constant in the same species.
The structure and shape of this organ seem to be for some sexual
purpose. The ridges (in C. aciifus, Clarkii, Bartonii, etc.) have an inner
open entrance on the front mai'gin, and seem opened between the suture
outside on the hind margin. In the annulus I found fat and fibrous
matter imbedded, and perhaps a glandular mass, which it was not easy
to determine in the old alcoholic specimens. Nevertheless, the whole
apparatus seems to be fitted for some secretion. Tab. II. f 127.

The corneous cone in the species of Camhanis is well separated from
the ventral plate, being only united to it by a membrane, movable in
the young and sometimes even in the full-grown individuals. This is a
specific character ( C. troghdi/tcs).

In the true Astacus this organ exists; still it is not separated from the
ventral plate, except by an external channelled space ; it forms a slen-
der transverse ridge, varying in shape in different species, but not so
conspicuously, and having no denticulated suture or secretional apjiaratus.

I have sometimes thought that this apparatus might perhaps serve
for gluing the eggs to the abdominal legs ; but as this does not exist in
the true Antaeus, it seems improbable. By what is possibly a singular
coincidence, I have failed to find, among specimens from more than
thirty localities and among several hundred females of all sizes, a single
female, in the Cumiuri of the group C. afidus, with the eggs attached.
Two females have young between the abdominal legs, but no remains
of the egg-cases. Do the females of the group of C. acutus lay their
eggs in a manner different from the other Cumhari? I presume not.

EijrjH : their Attachment and Burstincf. — The eggs in the Astacida^ are
always attached, as in some insects (in Chr//sopa, Hcmerotnus, Maiitispaj,
by a short stem. Before the appearance of the egg the glue is excreted
from the female sexual aperture, fixed, and drawn out into a stem ;
finally the egg is fixed upon it. It is also to l)e presumed that the
Astacidai fix their eggs in the same manner. I should remark that the
stem in the Astaci is always much stronger than in the Cumhavi.

It is, perhaps, interesting to notice that the eggs in the true AstacidiB
are alwaj-s burst in the same manner, viz. into two parts perpendicu-
larly, the segments remaining attached to the stem. This condition
makes its prol>able that the Astacus embryo has a particular egg-burster
similar to that in the insects, although these interesting parts are little
observed or known even by entomologists.

Development of the First Pair of Atidominal Legs in the Mute. — It is easy
to discriminate between the sexes of very young individuals of Cam-
harus Clarkii. This is the case with those only O.o inch long, and
while they still occupy the postabdomen of the mother. In the females

ASTACID^. 21

the sexual aperture is visible at llic base of the third set of legs. The
fust abtlouiinal seguieut is without auy appearauce of abdominal legs ;
iu all the other seguieuts the al)doiuiual logs are well developed, their
length being nearly two thirds of the breadth of the postal:)douieu, the
basal artiele being oblong, while the length of the doubled flagelhun is
a little greater.

In the males the first segment has on each side a little knob, some-
what longer than broad, turning inward. In the interior the developing
leg is visible, and its articulation seems marked. This oval knob, with
rounded tip, is the beginning of the first pair of abdominal legs. I have
seen the same form of the first abdominal legs in the young of (7. Bar-
tonii, even 0.55 inches long. Tab. II. Figs, loo, 134.

Second Form of the Mitks. — I have examined the further development
in Cumharus acuins. In the younger specimens, 1.7 inch long, the legs
are more developed, the basal third articulated. The shape of the legs
is nearly the same as in the full-grown animal, l^ut narrower, more
cm'ved, the tij) a little broader, the teeth more obtuse. In the older
specimens, 2.7 inches long, the legs are the same as in the full-grown
animal, which is over four inches long. Occasionally, both in younger
and in full-grown specimens, the articulation is partly gone, but its
remains are still visible on the upper margin; in some cases the
articulation has entirely disappeared.

This form, which is always visible in the ver}^ young and in middle-
aged specimens, ordinarily with an articulation, I have described as the
second form of the male.

First Form of the 31alcs. — In all species seen and examined by me,

many old, full-grown males have the first pair of legs of a 2:»articular

shape, analogous in a certain view to the form before described, and

•always found in the young animals, but differing in the following

particulars.

The articulation is entirely gone ; the tip of the leg is more dis-
tinctly finished and not so membraneous ; the hooks are horny ; the
teeth or bifid ends longer and more se2)arated ; the hairyness, if any
exists, more profuse. I have figured these parts in nearly all the
species, and described them as the first form of the male. I think it is
well to observe that, in the second form of the males, they are always
developed in a manner visibly less complete than in the first form.

The males of the second foi'm differ also in another way from those
of the first form. The hooks on the third article of the third, or in some
groups of the third and of the fourth, pair of legs are smaller and less
developed. The whole body has less size and Avidth, the sculpture is
not so well finished, while the claws are shorter, narrower, and more
like those of the female.

A closer examination of the rich materials at the Museum shows that

22 ASTACID^.

all the young male specimens of Cambants, without exception, pertain
to the second form. But there are also not a few large males belonging
to the second form, which have retained the articulation and the shape
of the tip of the first abdominal legs j'l'oper to the young specunens.
The articulation is sometimes entirely or partially gone. Among nearly
fifty full-grown males of Camhanis acutus, about twenty-five belong to
the second form ; while among fifty j'oung males, nearly a dozen have,
for the most part or entirely, lost the articulation. Tab. II. Figs. 112,
113.

The discovery that every species of Cambants possesses two different
forms of males was made by Professor L. Agassiz,* and kindly communi-
cated to me.

Dimorphorism, or perhaps a Sterile Form. — The existence of a second
form of the male, if it were no more than a passage or metamorphotic
form, would not be extraordinary. But the great number of fidl-grown
second-form specunens in every species, which ai'e often even larger
than the first-form males, seems to prove that they are individuals
which have remained in a sexual stasce that does not ao-ree with their
corporal development, — in short, that they are perhaps sterile.

The objection that these second-form males may be individuals
shortly before or shortly after the casting of the skin I can surely
refute, as I have seen many specimens at this stage of growth ; the
Museum collections exhibiting the animal in all the different phases of
its existence.

Another objection, that the males of the second form, or perhaps
those of the first form, are abnormally developed individuals, is refuted
by the great number of the two forais existing and living together.

The conjecture, on the other hand, that the second-form males may
be sterile, is really supported by the anatomical examination of the two
forms in the i^rincipal groups of Ca/iibarus.

Internal Sexual Parts of Cambarus 3fak. Of C. acutus. Tali. II. Figs.
120-123. — In two full-grown males of Cambarus acutus, first and
second form, both four inches long, the testicles are trilolate, as in
Astacus Jtuviutilis, but much smaller, the vasa deferentia shorter. In
the first>form males the two superior lobes are pyriform, truncated
above, united below in a membraneous hole a little shorter than the
testicles, and connected with the third inferior lobe. Where the two
superior are united, the vas deferens begins on each side, being vermi-
form and shorter than the body. The testicles in a Cambarus acutus,
four inches in length, are but 0.3 inch long ; while in an Astacus fu-
viatilis, two inches in length, they are 0.6 inch long, thus much larger,

* Intending many years ago to describe the North American Astacida;, he made a close inspec-
tion of tlie material he had collected for that purpose. Observing the diHerent shape and organi-
zation of the first pair of abdominal legs, he was led to this important discovery.

ASTACID^. 23

and there is no nienil)raneous hole, as the three lol)es are closely
approximated ; the vasa rleferentia are also stronger, more cnrved. and
have greater length than the body. Their end is visibly more dilated
than in Cauifxini-s ((cutit-s.

In the second-tbrm male of Cioulntrus acidus the testicles are similar
but smaller, the superior lobes narrower, oval ; the inferior lolje is
acuminated, narrower, and not jjiirii-er than the connecting; hole of the
superior lobes. The vasa deferentia are shorter. The microscopic ex-
amination of the contents of the testicles oft'ers no further argument, as
the specimens have remained too long in alcohol.

OfC.virilis. Tab. II. Figs. 128-132. — In the first-form male of
Cambanis virilk, 3.2 inch long, the testicles are somewhat similai', but
longer, being in length 0.7 inch. The superior lobes have a prismatic
form, with diverging acuminated ends. The prismatic part is exca-
vated above, and much separated from the smaller and compressed
hole. The inferior lobe is long and compressed, seen sidewise, oval,
and truncated behind. The vasa deferentia are longer than in Camha-
rus acutus, while their ends are not visibly dilated.

In the second form of Cumbariis virilis, 2 inches long, the testicles are
shorter, the superior lobes prismatic, but the superior part is not much
separated ; the inferior lobe is shorter, beginning with a narrow hole,
laterally more compressed ; the vasa deferentia are shorter and nar-
rower.

Of C. Bartonu. Tab. II. Figs. 135-138. — In the first form of the
third principal group in Cimiharus Bartonii, 2 inches long, the sexual
parts are more similar to those of Asfacus fumdilis. They are 3.5
inches long, the superior lobes oval and large, while their suj^erior tip is
a little contracted. Connected by an inferior, well-separated, smaller
membraneous hole with the equally long hole of the inferior lobe, there
is to be found behind the connecting joint an inflated tubercle, while
lower down there is another which is similar but smaller. The inferior
lobe is pyriform, inflated behind, somewhat compressed laterally. The
vasa deferentia are stronger and longer, the ends being visibly dilated.

In the second-form male of Cnmhanis Bartonii, 2 inches long, the
testicles are shorter, the superior lobes more trigonal, the inferior nar-
rower, elongated, much more compressed, acuminated behind, the
connecting holes not so well separated and finished, without tubercles
behind, while the vasa deferentia are narrower and shorter, the ends
not being visibly dilated.

I may remark, that in the firstrfonu males of Camharus acidus and
Ba)ionii the three loljes of the testicles exhibit the same granulated
contents as in Asiacus fliwiatilis. But in Cambanis virilis they are white
and have a fatty appearance, similar to those always found in the second-
form males.

24 ASTACIDiE.

The sexual parts of the second-form males are so much less devel-
oped that it would be allowable to consider them as sterile. An ana-
tomical examination of the second-form males without articulation in
the first a):)dominal legs was not possible, as the materials were not
sufficiently abundant.

As before stated, I surmise the presence of similar sterile females ;
which as viragoes show more of a male type.

An anatomical examination of the females of Cambarns aciifns and
Bartoiii reveals some difference in the shape of the ovarium.

Internal Sexual Parts of the Cambarns Female. Of C. acntns. Table II.
Fig. 123. — In Cambarus acutus the ovarium is nearly an inch in length,
elongated, narrow. The two superior loljes are shorter, cylindrical, a
little inflated at the base ; the inferior lobe is elongated, conical. The
connecting part is more enlarged, and gives on each side a large oviduct.
Above this part is situated a strong membrane, which jjasses with an
acuminated tip between the superior lobes ; it is provided laterally with
some bands of '• musculi alati," while the fibres are strongly striated
transversely. This memlu'ane also shows several nerves, apparent!}^
belonging to the nervus sympathicus.

Of a Bartoni. Table II. Fig. 129. — In Cambarns Bartoni, 2 inches
in length, the ovarium is 0.0-5 inch long, and larger. The superior
lobes are shorter and oval ; the inferior a large cone. The oviduct is
even broader. The membrane is similar to that in Cambarns acntns.
In both species examined, the ovarium was filled with eggs of different
sizes and degrees of development.

No Dimorphism in the true Astaci. — The existence of two forms of
males in the Cambarus of North America has been proved by me in all
species in which I was able to examine a large number of specimens.
In five species, represented only by single specimens of firstrform males
or females, I have not seen the second form. But the existence of
this second form will be by far the more interesting, since it seems that
in the Astacidce only the Cambarns possesses two forms of the male.
I have examined nearly two hundred specimens of Astacits fluviatilis
from different European localities (Germany, Switzerland, France, Scot-
land), without finding a difference in the nuiles. I must add that I
have not seen very young specimens, and do not know at all whether
the young have the first pair of abdominal legs articulated as in the
Cambarus. The smallest specimen seen by me is 1.5 inch long. Of
the Californian Astaci I have not seen more than a dozen males. All
these were quite full grown, and without any differences answering to
the second form of Cambarns. Of the Amur species I have seen but
one female.

Dimorphism in other Crustacea. — Perhaps this fact of the existence in
the Crustacea of two forms, one always sterile, is not unique. In the

ASTACID.E. 25

genera Lupa and Callinectes there are not rarely females witli a very
narrow and acute postabdonien. These it is very easy to separate from
the ordinary females, with large and circular postabdonien. Professor
L. Agassiz informs me that he has satislied himself, by an anatomical
examination of living specimens, that these females ai'c sterile. I have
found similar females with a narrower triangular abdomen in some
other genera of Brachi/ura.

I am indebted to Mr. Alexander Agassiz for the information that F.
MUUer, Fiier Darwin, 18G4, has described two forms of the male in
Orchcstia Darwimi and in Tanais dubius. He remarks that when found
upon the shore the form of the second pair of gnathopoda varies fi-om
that of specimens found at a distance iidand, where it lives under moiddy
leaves in loose earth. In 0. Danviuii, intermediate forms between the
males with large and those with small hands are not to be detected, but
in two other sjiecies, 0. tnciirauna and 0. tucuratimja, the shape of the
antenna^ and of the hands changes even in the full-ffrown males.

The supposition that the first-form males only in Cantharus possess
large hands for burrowing purposes is to be rejected, as the females also
have the same burrowing habits.

The existence of two different forms of males in Camhants is very
important in the description of the species, and the ftict that these
forms are not recognized by all preceding authors may explain some
erroneous determinations in their works.

DimorpJusm in Insects. — The discovery of a dimorphism in the Crus-
tacea is all the more interestina;, since as yet in the whole animal king-
dom dimorphism was kno\vn only in the insects. There are many facts
and communications scattered through entomological literature, of which
a general review is very desirable. An anatomical examination of these
dimorphic forms is still wanting, only the external differences having
been thus ftir marked.

The dimorphism seems to be represented in two different ways ; a
difference only in the colors (dichroic forms of Brauer), or a difference
in size and shape, and mostly in the female. I should remark that
dimorphism, as observed in insects, occurs only in one sex of the same
species, and mostly in the female. Perhaps in the ants and in the
white ants — it seems more natural to range all the socially living
insects, viz. the ants bees, wasps, and white ants under the same law
— a dimorphism is to be found in l)oth sexes.

Dimorphism consisting in different colors w\as long since observed,
especially in Lepidoptera, in the hind wings of many Orthoptera, and in
the females of Agrion. In the latter genus the well-known orange-
colored females are probably sterile.

Dimorphism with difference in shape and size is also often observed.
A very common case is the difference in the development of the wings.

4

26 ASTACID.E.

The wings are either long and well developed, or short, or entirely
wanting. The short-winged Orthoptera (Gryllns, Locnsta, Blatta, Perla,
Termes, Psocns) have been carefully described by Messrs. Fischei', Von
Siebold, Lucas, Braner, and myself; the short-winged or apterous
Hemiptera, by Westwood and Uhler (Amphiljiocorisiaj, Gerrida^, etc.) ;
the shortrwinged Diptera by Schaum ( Ornithobia and Lipopteru). Mi-.
Brauer has recently given an interesting paper upon dimorphism in the
genus Neurothemis, which belongs to the Odonata. The dimorphic
females have wings with a less complicated neuration and different
colors. There is even a case of trimorphism in some butterflies, accord-
ing to the observations of Mr. Wallace. Papilio Onnenus, from Celebes,
has three distinct forms of females, and in some cases the number of
female forms appears to be four. Dimorphism consisting in diflerent
shape and size is observed in the Lepidoptera (Equites, etc.), in the
Coleoptera, in the Lamellicornia, and in the Longicornia, and perhaps in
the Lymexylon and Hylecoetus ; in the Hymenoptera (Cynips) ; in the
Diptera (Phasia). The dimorphism in the Dipterous genus Phasia, dis-
covered by Loew, is very remarkable. Having seen his specimeas, I
may be permitted to add here a written communication by Mr. Loew,
sent to me some years ago and still unpublished : " Li the genus
Phasia every species has two male forms ; one similar to the female,
and another much larger, with the wings broader and more colored,
and usually the body more colored. The two forms fly at the same
time and unite with the same form of females. The genital parts of the
larger males are in shape and size identical with those of the smaller
males. There exist some intermediate forms of males, and it is some-
times, in certain species, possible to form a complete series, which seems '
to unite the two different forms. I say seems, because I have never
seen a male which I hesitated to place in one of the two forms."

I have noticed here the occurrence of dimorphism in the insects to show
how variable in the different families and genera is the mode of dimor-
phism, even from that oljserved in the Astacidcc. Perhaps a closer
examination will disclose even some difference in the sexual jiarts in
certain dimorphic insects, and it now seems probable that some forms,
heretofore described as distinct species, will be hereafter recognized as
only dimorphic variations. Still, it is possible that very diflerent facts
are to-day united under the same name of dimorphism.

Certainly the discovery of a dimorphism in another part of the A.rtic-
ulata, viz. in the Crustacea, leads us to suj^pose that it will be found
also among the worms.

The Rarifi/ of Varieties is an Imporiani Character for Camhanis. ■ — The
rarity of varieties in the genus CamJjurus is worthy of remark, and may
be considered as an important character of this genus. In the true
A'jtacus, the two species living in Europe vary so mucli that even by

ASTACID.E. 27

eminent naturalists these varieties have been taken for nine (lillereut
species. In the genus Camharus, the thirty-two known species show
comparatively very few varieties. But of three of these, viz. C. acutm,
C. I'ir/'/is, and C. Bnrtoni the described varieties differ in a more consid-
cra1)le manner ; while perhaps some of them, especially of G. Bartoiii,
Avill be hereafter recognized as diflcrent species. Indeed, the fact is
too striking to be overlooked ; here there are few species and many
varieties, there many species and few varieties.

CAMBARUS Erich.

The question. Is Camharus a peculiar genus different from Astacus
or not, is one of great importance to me as monographer. The his-
torical statements already quoted are all that have been made, so far as
I know, upon the subject. It would no doubt have been more easy for
me to judge of the importance of the generic characters if I had been
able to study in the same manner all the species of the old genus Asia-
cus. But the materials before me, except for North America, are not
sufficient ; some genera are entirely mirepresented, of others only a few
specimens are at my disposal. I therefore confess that my judgment
upon a division' of the old genus Adacus into more genera is not com-
pleted ; still, after a rather close examination, I am convinced that
Camharus forms a very good and natural genus, and that, if it be not
accepted, a very great part of the actually adopted genera must be
equalh' rejected.

The differences between Asiacus and Camharus are as follow : —

1. The general form of Asfaci is clumsier, coarser, and more oval.
The Camhari are more elongated and more cylindrical.

2. The absence of the gill on the fifth j)air of legs in Camharus is
first quoted by De Haan. Camharus has seventeen, Asfacus eighteen
gills. But there is also another diflerence, not before noticed. In
Asfacus each pair of gills, except the single one on the fifth set of legs,
has a bi'oad, deeply folded membrane, closely fixed behind the most
external gill lol:)e. In Camharus this membrane is always wanting in the
gills on the fourth pair of legs, but exists, as in Asfacus, in all the others.

In the true Asfacus all the gills with a folded membrane behind have
a basal external ])undle of shorter but broader and irregularly placed
gill tubes ; these are never to be found in Camlxirus. The superior ex-
ternal plate of the fifth pair of legs in Camharus is suri'ounded Ijy longer
featherlike hairs ; in Asfacus w^e find but few on the posterior border ;
C. pellucidus is similarly organized to the true Asfacus.

I may remark that the breadth of the areola or the medial postdor-
sal region (Dana) seems not to depend, as it would be easy to suppose,
upon the presence or absence of the gills on the fifth pair of legs. We

28 ASTACID^.

find in some Camhari ( C. spiculifer, versidus) this areola even as broad as
in nvAwy true Astaci with gills {A. Kkmafhensis, Gambeli), but in general
the areola is never so well marked in Asiacm as in Camhanis.

3. The inner antenna? in A-sfacus have a peculiar structure and shape.
They are alwaj's very short and more conical (the basis thicker) ; the
inner flagellum is considerably more slender and shorter, while the
joints of the flagellum are more spherical, calcareous, and more fragile.
Of course the inner antenna? are easily broken in the preserved speci-
mens. In Cajiibarus the inner antenna? are visibly longer, the flagellum
is equally long, and of the same structure as the outer antennae.

The lamina of the outer antennas has a prismatic shape in Astacns, the
external border is much thickened. In Camharus the lamina is visibly
more memljranous.

The basal article of the inner antennfe has an anteapical sjiine be-
neath in Astacus ; in Cambarus this spine is always situated in the middle
of the article, or more basally.

4. The epistoma in the true Asfacus is more solid, conical, a little con-
tracted before the tip. It is in Camhanis more flattened, often exca-
vated beneath, always larger, and never contracted before the tip.

5. The ear, or what is considered the auditory organ, forms in Cam-
hanis (as in Astacoides, Hoinanis, and perhaps in Chcraps) a very short cone
or a slightly elevated ring, closed above by a membrane, considered as
tlie tympanum. The true Astaci are an excejition, and have this organ
differently shaped, with a more elevated cone, rounded on the top, and a
narrower tympanum behind.

6. The 25'11'ts which serve for sexual purposes in Camhanis difl:er
essentially from those in Astacus. In Camhanis these parts are organ-
ized in a pai'ticular mannei", and differently in every species. This is
very important, as it is well known that in the Articidata very nearly
allied genera often differ constantly in such a manner. This difference
seems a criterion for separating two genera in forms otherwise nearly
related.

These differences are as follow : Dimorphism is to be found in the
males. The first pair of abdominal legs is differently formed ; the api-
cal half is not simply rolled as in Astacus, but transformed into two solid
approximated parts, with the tips more or less protracted and differ-
ently finished.

In the females is to be found behind the sternum, between the fourth
(and fifth) pair of legs, a particular separated part, — annulus, — differ-
ently shaped in the different species. In Astacus this part exists in-
deed, but it is never separated from the sternum, and is represented by
a ridge, either straight and transverse or curved and broken jjehind.
The particular shape of the annulus in Camlxinis, with its denticulated
median sutm'e and its transverse hollow impression, is evidently anal-

ASTACID.E. 29

ogous to the form in Astaciis, but ]iro(luco(l in a different and exagger-
ated manner. The himk'r part of tlie sternum is separated and curved,
not backward, as in AstKcus, but forward and entirely rolled.

I may remark tliat, according to my anatomical investigations into
some species, the internal sexual parts in males and females of C(im-
kinis differ from those in Asfacus\ The three lobes of the testicles and
the ovarium are larger, rounded, and closely approximated in Asiacu^,
the vasa deferentia longer than the l^ody. In Cd/jtba/iis the three lobes
are small, elongated, and separated ; the vasa deferentia shorter than
the body.

It would be very interesting to prove that the young of the genus
Ciimharus are hatched from the eers-s in a similar but more advanced
stage of development than the young of the genus Ai>U(cus, described l^y
Professor Rathke. But the materials in my hands are not sufficient for
this purjjose, the smallest seen by me being 0.3 inches long, and be-
longing to C. Clarlcii. The rostrum is incurved, but always tridentate ;
the interior antennae have the tlagellum short, and the exterior branch
visibly thicker than the interior. The three anterior pairs of legs have
nearly the same shajje, the first pair is a little longer. The appendage to
the legs of the young loljster, described by Thompson, Rathke, and others,
does not exist at all. The abdominal legs do exist. The hooks on the
third and the fourth pair of legs of the males are not developed. It is
easy, as I have before intimated, to discriminate between the two sexes.
The eyes are visibly more developed than in the more advanced ani-
mals.

With reference to the further division of the genus Cambarus, it was
especially important to decide whether all North American Cambari be-
longed to the same genus or to different genera. I am now convinced
that all the species I have seen form only one genus, containing several
more or less well-defined groups. In this manner the genera Camharus
and Astacits seem very natural and of equal value. But I have no
doubt that some time the genus Antaeus will be divided into three gen-
era (for the European, North American, and Asiatic species), and Cam-
barus into three or it may be into six genera as Prof Agassiz thinks.

The division of Cambarus into groups is not difficult, except in a cer-
tain view : first, as the most striking characters are to be found only in
one sex, in the males ; and secondly, as some species seem to form a sort
of medium uniting the different groups. The first objection is only of
value to the naturalist who works with few materials, perhaps mostly
females, and is therefoi-e not able to determine the groups to which his
specimens belong. But here the fiiult lies only in the scantiness of his
materials, and not in the princijile of classification. The second objec-
tion would be more important if it were quite certain that there are
intermediate species. Perhaps these species only seem to be inter-

30 ASTACID^.

mediate, and if not, finally, Nature never agrees with the strict prin-
ciples of a particular scheme, so that apparently capricious aberrations
are to be found everywhere the stumljling-blocks of the naturalist who
wishes to arrange everything in a regular series.

A principal character suggesting the division of Camlarus into groups
is to be fomid in the hooked legs of the males. This character divides
all the species into two great groups, one with hooks on the third and
the fourth pair of legs, the other with hooks only on the third pair of
legs. This characteristic seems preferable to the later mentioned one,
because it unites forms which are related in all other respects, while the
groups divided according to the form of the rostrum unite species which
are otherwise quite unlike.

In number and situation the hooks are always identical and very sure.
Among nearly a thousand males I have found only one abnormal male
with no hooks at all. I have never observed any aberration in the
group with hooks on the third and on the fourth pair of legs, excei^t a
few second-form males of C. peUucidus, with the hooks on the fourth legs
very small, even in one case not at all developed. In the other group,
Avith hooks on the third set of legs, sometimes, but very rarely, males
are to be found with hooks more or less developed on the second pair
of legs, but never on the fourth pair. I may add, that the second-form
males always have less develo23ed hooks, and that all show the hooks
except the very young and newly hatched males.

It is worthy of remark, and seems to prove the importance of this
character, that the hooks are situated on the same joint and at the
same place as the embryonal appendages of the legs in the young lob-
sters {Hoimints), described by Professor Eathke and others. These
afterward disappear, and ai'e not to be found at all in the young of
Asfaeus Jiiwiatilk. Indeed, these hooks do not exist in the young Cam-
bari ; their development is later ; but the analogy is too striking to be
overlooked, and suggests the great desirableness of an accm-ate ac-
quaintance with the embryological development of Caiuharus.

According to the number of hooked legs, Cambarus is also divided
into two groups : —

I. Third and fourth legs hooked, — group of C. acutus.

II. Third legs hooked, — all the rest.

The second important character for the division of Cambants into
groups is the shape of the rostrum. Mr. Girard has employed this
character as a principal one, and forms three grou25S, with the following
characters : —

Rostrum subquadrangularly elongated, tridentated at the tip, — C.
affinis and allied species.

Rostrum short, broad, conical, toothless, — C. Barioni and allied species.

Rostrum vei*y much elongated, conical, with a small and acute spine

ASTACIDiE. 31

near the extremity, sometimes, however, but very slightly developed, —
C. acufus and allied species.

This character is indeed good, but sometimes not so striking as to
prevent a mistake, which even Mr. Girard himself made, in placing C.
pdlucidiis in his first group. There arc some species in every group,
the exact place of which is uncertain. At first sight the C. spiculifcr
and C. vcrsutus would be placed in the first group, and not in the third ;
C. pcnicilhdits and G: Wicr/iiiaiuii near C Barfuui in the second group, and
not in the third ; C. immunis in the second, and not in the first ; C. ad-
vena and C. CaroUiim in the third, and not in the second, — to Avhich in
reality they respectively belong. But generally, I repeat, this charac-
ter is good, if not prima vida, at least in connection with the other
characters.

Nevertheless, in the rostrum is to be found another important char-
ter. In one group the rostrum never has lateral teeth at the tip, in all
others these lateral teeth are to be found, if not in the full-grown speci-
mens, yet always in the young. But the latter fact renders this mark
evidently less useful than the character taken from the hooked legs.
In the last case only the newly hatched specimens have no hooks and
are doubtful; but in the other instance only the newly hatched speci-
mens always have teeth, while the full grown are sometimes toothless.
C. acitfits and the allied species always have in the young specimens
well-developed teeth, and the form of the rostrum is therefore altered
in such a manner as to place them prima vista in Mr. Girard's first
group, near C. affinis. C. pmkillatm, though toothless when fall grown,
has well-developed teeth when young. C. immunis, and in some degree
C. virilis, C. propincpms, and other.^, are in the same condition.

According to the absence or presence of the lateral apical teeth of the
rostrum, Camharus is divided into two other groups, not coinciding with
those already mentioned : —

I. Always toothless, — C. Bartoni and allied species.

II. With teeth, at least in the young, — all the rest.

Combining the two principal characters mentioned, — the number of
the hooked legs and the toothless or toothed rostrum, — we find three
well-defuied groups : —

I. Third and fourth legs hooked, rostrum toothed, — C. aciihis and
allied species.

II. Third legs hooked, rostrum toothed, — C. affinis and allied species.

III. Third legs hooked, rostrum toothles.s, — C. Bartoni and aUied
species.

These groups coincide with those established by Mr. Girard, after re-
moving his erroneously placed species, viz. C. pellitcidus, C. Orcganus, 0.
Gamtjeli.

Some other characters serve to evince more or less clearly the natu-
ralness of these groups.

32 ASTACID.E.

The first abdominal legs of the males show three different forms : —

I. The exterior jjart is nearly trmicated at the tip, with three little
partly dilated corneous incurved teeth ; the interior part has a short
acute tip, for the most part outwardly directed, — C. acidus and alhed
sjiecies.

II. The two parts have elongated, straight, acute tips, — C. affinis and
allied species.

III. The tips of the exterior part forms a larger tooth, Avhich is
strongly recurved ; the tip of the interior jjart is broken, short, and
conical, — C Baiioni and allied species.

I may remark that there are three exceptions to this character : C.
exirmmis, belonging to the group of C. aji)us, has the abdominal legs
formed as in the group of C. Baiioni; C. advena and C. Cctrolinus,
belonging to the group of C. Barfoni, have the abdominal legs similar
to the group of C. acutiis.

Tlie other characters examined by me are not so striking. Tlie
antenna} are more slender, as long as, or longer than, the body in the
group of C. acutus ; they are thicker and mostly shorter in the others.
In C. acutus and the allied species the flagellum of the inner antenna^ is
longei", while its branches are equally long. In all the other species
the tlao-ellum is shorter, and the external branch somewhat lonojer, than
the inner. The antennal lamina is more elongated and enlarged before
the middle in the group of C. acutus ; shorter and enlarged near to tlie
tip in the group of C. Bartoni ; longer and enlarged in the middle in
the group of C affinis. But here are to be found more numerous ex-
ceptions, — C. fcllmidus, C. Wicgnianni, C. Carolinus, C. lancifcr, etc., lack
the form characteristic of their group.

Cambarus. — Corpore elongato ; pcdihiis quint is branchiis nullis ; antcnnis
intcrnis ffiifjcllo lonjiori ; auro annularis apicc oporto ; pcdil/us maris tcrtiis,vcl
tertiis ct cpiartis articuh iertio uncjuiculatis ; pedibus at)doniinidibus maris
hifidis ; fcmina annido ventrali conico, pcrforato, separata.

I. GROUP. (Type, C. acutus.)

The third and the fourth pair of legs of the males hooJced ; rostrum trian-
gular, elongated, tvith an ante-apical tooth each side, at least in the young ; first
pair of atxhminal legs with the exterior part truncaied at the tip niih several
somewhat dilated incurved corneous teeth, occasionalhj covered with a pencil of
hairs ; the interior part terminated in a short, acute, and for the most part out-
xmrdly directed spine.

This group seems very natural, if we except some abnormal species,
viz. C. peniciUatns, C. Wiegnianni, and esj^ecially C. pcUucidus.

The body and the hands are more slender and elongated. The fla-
gellum of the inner antennJB has the branches of equal length. The

ASTACID.E. 33

longtli of the .11110111105 equals tliat of the body, or exceeds it; their
lamina is elongated, and dilated near the base ; tlie basal joint of the
inner antenna? has an inferior spine before the middle. The foreborder
of the eephalothorax is ang-ulated behind the antenna).

In C. inyihujiilwi burrowing habits are observed.

It is worthy of remark that in the considerable number of females
seen by me, eggs are in no instance attached to the abdomen. Perhaps
the females live more retired now than formerly, and are not easily se-
ciu'ed. I have seen many females of various species of the other groups
with eggs attached to the abdomen.

The species contained in this group arc divided into four natural
sections, having the following characters : —

1. The rostrum is broad, very long, triangular, with a small spine
near the extremity, somewhat, but very slightly, develojDed (always
strongly developed in the young) ; the postabdomen is as long as the
thorax ; the hands are elongated ; the antenna! lamina is long, and
enlarged near the base, — C. acutus and allied species.

2. The rostrum is broad, very long, triangular, with a strong and
acute apical tooth on each side ; the postabdomen is longer than the
thorax ; the hands are elongated ; the antennal lamina is long, and en-
larged near the base, — C. spiculifcr and allied species.

3. The rostrum is broad, triangular, not so much elongated, without
ante-ajiical teeth (always developed in the young) ; the postabdomen as
long as the body ; the hands are shorter, broader ; the antennal lamina
is shorter, and enlarged near the tip, — C j)eiiiclU((fiis and allied species.

4. The rostrum is broad at the base, very long, with a strong and
acute tooth each side ; the postabdomen is longer than the thorax ; the
hands are elongated ; the antennal lamina is long, and much enlarged
near the tip, — C. pdlucidus.

The most aberrant species is C. jiclhicidus. Like the other animals
living in caves, it is blind. The eyes are atrophied, smaller at the base,
conical, instead of cylindrical and elongated, as in the other species.
The cornea exists, but is small, circular, and not faceted ; the otitic
fibres and the dark-colored pigments surrounding them in all other
species are not developed. The shape of the rostrum is somewhat
analogous to that of C. affinis, the margins are more parallel at the base.
The lamina of the antennae is long, but strongly dilated nearer to the
tip ; the epistoma is shorter and l^roader than in the other species ; the
basal joint of the inner antenn':e has a spine at the tij), which in the
other species is always nearer to the base ; the foreborder of the
eephalothorax is not angulated behind the antenna) as in all other
sjiecies.

Nevertheless, the number of the hooked legs, the form of the abdom-
inal legs, and the elongated body and hands, exclude C. jjellucidus from

34 ASTACID^.

the other groups. Some, no doubt, will prefer to regard C. i^elhicidus as
a distinct group or genus, still, as I am convinced, without foundation.
The most striking differences consist in the al^errations in the shape of
the fore parts and of the limbs of the head. But it seems to be a soriie-
what well-recognized law in nature (Rathke, Metamorph. Retrograd.,
p. 125) that if any part is atrophied, or stojjped in development, the
nearest parts show an abnormal increase of development. This is
apparently the case in C. peUucidiis ; the eyes are atrophied, and the
rostrum, the fore border of the cephalothorax, the antennal lamina,
the basal joint of the inner antenna?, and the ejDistoma are altered
or largely developed.

Similar alterations are not rarely noticed in the insects. The blind sol-
diers of Termes have the head and the mandibles more developed, the
maxilljB and the labium atrophied. Analogous facts are observed in the
ants and in the two very nearly related Coleopterous species, ID/kcoetus
dennestoides and flahelUcornis. In // dcnncstoidcs the antenna? are simple,
the maxillary palpi extraordinarily developed ; in // flahelUcornis the
antenna? are much developed and the maxillary palpi simple. It would
not be difficult to give a greater number of similar examples.

The two species of the third section are not as abnormal as C. pel-
lucidus, and they differ only in the two characters before mentioned.

Synopsis of the Species.

1st Section. (See p. 33.)

a. Epistoma rounded in front : C. acutus, C. Blandingii.

b. Epistoma truncated in front : C. Clarkii, C. troglodytes.

2d Section. (See p. 33.)
a. Areola narrow : C. fallax, C. LeContei.
h. Areola broad : C sp>iculifer, C. angustatus, C. versutus.
(Incertce sedis.) : C. manicidatus.

3d Section. (Sec p. 33.)
C penicillatus : C. Wiegmanni.

4th Section. (Sec p. 33.)
C. pellucidus.

ASTACID^E. 35

1. Cambaeus acutus Girard.

Camharus acudts Ginml, Proo. Acad. PUilail., T. 6, p. 91.

Fijriires on PI. T., II., ami III.
First abdominal logs of the inali' :

first form, fig. 1 in front; fig. 2 outside; fig. 108 outside viewed more laterally; fig. 106

inside,
second form, fig. 4 in front; fig. 3 tip augmented; fig. 5 outside.
fig. 110 outside, voung, 1.7 inch long; fig. Ill outside, 2.7 inches long,
fig. 11 2 outside, 2.7 inches long, not articulated; fig. 113 outside, 1.4 inch long, not articu-
lated,
var. A, first form, fig 107 inside; fig. 109 outside.
Venter between the fourth pair of legs of the female, fig. 114, C. acutus; fig. 115, var. A.
Rostrum, fig. 116, C. acutus ; fig. 117, var. A.
Epistoma, fig. 118, C. acutus ; fig. 119, var. A.
Thoracic line, fig. 124, C. acutus; fig. 125, var. A.
Inner sexual i)arts of the male :

first form, fig. 120; testicles viewed from above, fig. 121.
second form, fig. 1 22.
Inner sexual parts of the female, fig. 1 23.
Annulus ventralis of the female, fig. 126 outside; fig. 127 inside.

Antennal lamina, fig. 143, a ; epistoma, ft ; spine of the second joint of the exterior antennae, c ;
fig. 144, the same parts for var. B, from New Jersey.

Mas. Rostro triaiigulari, lato, dimidio longiori, subdeflexo, ante api-
cem brevem acutum utrinque subsiniiato, margine pimctato-lineato ;
supra Itevi, subexcavato, basi late foveolato ; cretis basalibus extus
sulcatis, apice subacutis, fere parallelis, postice callosis convergentibiis.
Antenni.s externis corpore a?qualibus vel longioribus, articiilis diiobus
basalibiLS dente externo brevi, subacuto ; antemiis internis articiilo
basali ante medium dente infero, acuto ; lamina externa rostro longiori,
antennarum pedunculo a?quali, lata, apice rotundata ; margine externo
inflato, apice brevi-spinoso. Epistomate brevi lato, excavato, antice
rotundato. Pedibus maxillaribus externis intus et siil)tus barbatis.
Thorace postice latiori, densius tuberculato ; cejilialothorace supra fere
laevi, parce-pimctato, postice obsolete bicalloso ; linea jirofunda, sinuata,
lateribus divisa, spina infera ad antennarum basin apicali, modica ;
areola angusta, carinata, postice latiori, plana, interdum transverso-
impressa ; margine postico subexciso. Postabdomine lato, apicem ver-
sus subangustiori, Itevi, parce-punctato, segmentis utrinque macula
obsoleta rubra ; segmentis pennltimis angulo externo postico recto ;
lamina media parte apicali breviori, apice rotundata, margine medio
exciso ; parte basali apice utrinque liispina. Pedibus anticis valde
elongatis, corpore interdum longioribus ; cliela longa, angusta, modice
tumida, squamoso-tuberculata ; margine interno longo, subrecto, forti-
ter dentato ; digitis longioribus, interno sublongiori, supra plani.s, sub-
tus medio elevatis ; externo recto, interno sinuato; digitis basi tubercu-
latis, externo tuberculo medio et basali interno ; interno basi intus
exciso, margine externo basi tuberculato. Carpo longo, latere interno

36 ASTACID^.

tuberculato, margine intemo spinis cluabus, antica majori ; subtus spinis
majoribus cluabus anticis, aliisque minoribus internis. Brachio elongate,
rostro longiori, extus laavi, intus ante apicem et margine supero tuber-
culato, spinis flual)us anteapicalibus oljlique positis ; subtus biseriatim
spinoso. Pcdibus tertiis et quartis articulo tertio unguiculato ; pedibus
quartis et quintis capitulo basali, quartis elongato-ovali, quintis com-
presso, laminato. Pedibus abdominalibus brevibus, rectis, validis, apice
vix-bitidis ; parte externa majori, apice barbata, dentil:)us tribus fusco-
corneis, subincui'vis ; parte interna dente apicali acuto, obliquo, partem
externam fere superanti.

Fomia II. difFert unguiculis pedum minoribus ; pedibus abdominali-
bus basi articulatis, parte externa fere obtusa, dentibus obsoletis ; parte
interna dente apicali crassiori, conico.

Mares formee secundiie variant sa?pe bracliio rostro breviori, inter-
duni clielis brevibus, valde angustis, digitis rectis, laevibus ; rostro
forma variabili, latiori, marginibus rectis vel subincurvis, acumine
angustiori, utrinque magis sinuato.

Femina differt pedibus anticis chelisque breviorilnis, extus laavioribus;
ventre inter pedes quartos antice tuberculo majori, postice bi-vel bisbi-
tuberculato ; annulo ovato, fissura longitudinali, labiis alternato-inflatis.
Chela interdum basi rubro-maculata.

Variet. A.

A great number of specimens from Illinois (LawTi Ridge, Basson
Ridge, Evanston, Athens, and Peoria) and from Indiana (Mus. Salem),
comprising both forms of the male and the female, which difter as
follows: The rostrum has the margins not so arcuated at the base, the
margins are more straight ; the epistoma is often more pointed ; the
transverse line of the thorax is less sinuated, but usually with a lateral
spine. The shape of the first pair of alKlominal legs is different ; seen
sidewise the apex more dilated, not hooked behind, the apical teeth
are a little larger, and pointed. The female has the ventral segment
between the fourth pair of legs not bituberculated, but with a slightly
elevated carina ; the ventral segment between the fifth pair of legs is
more sharply pointed, its articulation-membrane reaching farther to the
tip of the base of the abdominal legs. The hands often have large red
basal spots.

I have seen very full-grown females, the males not so full grown as
those from New Orleans.

Varietas ? B.

I have seen six adult females from Essex, New Jersey ; New York ;
and Beaufort, North Carolina. At first they seem to belong to an-
other species. The lamina of the antenna3 is much smaller at the tip ;
all liave a lateral thoracic spine ; the rostrum appears narrower in front

ASTACID.E. 37

of the tip ; the tip is more sinuatcd, with sliarpor lateral teetii ; the
hands are smaller and smoother ; the femur is not tuberculated on the
inner side. But a closer examination of many young and old speci-
mens from the South shows so many analogous forms, that it is im-
possible, at least as yet, to separate them with certainty. But I con-
fess that they seem, in many respects, to belong to a different species
(viz. C. BlamVmgu). Long. corp. 3 ad 4 inch.

Mas maximus long. corp. 0.3 ; antenn. o.l; ped. ant. 6.2 ; chela', 3.9.

Patria : New Orleans and Milliken's Bend, Louisiana ; Mol)ile ;
Charleston, South Carolina ; St. Louis, Mississippi bottom ; James
Eiver, Virginia (Mus. Philad.) ; Mobile River; Kemper Co., MississijDjn
(Mus. Philad.).

Var. A. Lawn Ridge, Basson Ridge, Evanston, and Peoria, Illinois ;
Indiana (Mus. Salem).

Var. B. New Jersey ; New York ; Beaufort, North Carolina.

Vidi specimina plurima, adulta et juniora.

I have not seen the type of C. acutus Gir., but I have no doubt that
it is the first form of the species described above. The Museum of
Philadelphia possesses two young dry second-form males, labelled
" C. acutissimus Gir. ? " from Kemper Co., Mississippi, the locality men-
tioned by Mr. Girard for the type. There is no doubt that these males
are the young of the species above described, and I think also the
veritable C. acutissimus Gir., I. c. T. 6, p. 91.

Cambarus acutus is the largest North American species. The most
important chai\acters are : the rostrimi is one and a' half times as
long as broad, with a distinct large mipression, surrounded by a
little elevated part at the base ; the thorax is strongly tuberculated,
posteriorly dilated, without lateral spine ; the areola is impressed, very
little carinated in the middle ; the external lobes of the two penulti-
mate segments of the postabdomen with the external posterior angle
finished in a sharp right angle ; the lamina in the middle of the apex is
large, the basal part longer than the apical, the tenninal margin of
which is not very deeply excised in the middle. The antenna3 are as
long as the body, or longer ; their lamina much enlarged in the middle ;
the external maxillary legs always barbate ; the epistonia is transversely
elliptical, rounded in front ; the anterior legs are very long ; the
brachium is longer than the rostrum ; the hand has large and flat
tubercles, wdiich in front are a little hairy; the external margin of the
hand and finger is straight ; the internal margin nearl}- straight,
strongly denticulated ; the mobile finger is sinuated, a little longer
than the exterior ; the brachium is tuberculated above and inside near
the carpus. The female has the venter between the fourth legs behind
bi- or bisbituberculated, and a larger flat tubercle near the third legs.

The four species, C. acutus, C. ClarJcii, C. troglodytes, and C. Blandinyii

38 ASTACID^.

are very similar in size and forms. For C. Bland'mgii see the descrip-
tion of this species. Of the three other species, the thorax is more
ovoid, more dilated in C acid us ; laterally more compressed in C. Clarldi;
between the two in C. troglod/jtcs^ nearly as dilated as in the first, but a
little more depressed. The areola is the broadest, but very narrow in
C. acutus, the narrowest and the most shallow in C. Clarldi; in both
species the areola is posteriorly much more dilated than anteriorly ; in
C. tror/loihjics the areola is nearly as broad posteriorly as anteriorly.
The thorax is strongly tuberculated in C. acutus and C. Clarldi, granu-
lated in C. troghdijies. The rostrum is most sinuated, and often
clearly dentated in C. Clarldi; less sinuated and dentated in C. troglodi/-
tcs. The ro?trum is nearly plain in C. Iroglodi/tes, most excavated, with
the margins more elevated, in C. Clarldi; C acutus is intermediate.
The base of the rostrum shows a different structure, but a little obscure.
There is in C. acutus and C. Clarldi a circular depression, terminated in
front by a somewhat rounded elevation in C. acutus ; in C. Clarldi by
two oblique straight elevations, united in an obtuse angle ; in C. trocjlo-
di/tcs there is in the circular depression a very flat, central, round eleva-
tion or tubercle. The postabdomen is the narrowest and laterally most
compressed in C. Clarldi ; the apical part of the lamina is longer in
C trnc/lod//tcs than in the other species. The hands are the shortest
and l)roadest in C troglodj/tcs ; the fingers nearly as long as the hands,
in the other species much longer, in C. Clarldi they are deflected. The
movable annulus in the female of C. Iror/lodt/tcs is striking ; it is very
finnly united with the venter between the fourth legs in the two other
species.

Cat. No. 1161, New Orleans, La., L. Agassiz. Mas. Form I. Fem.
Specimens, 12.*

Cat. No. 1843, New Orleans, La., L. Agassiz. Mas. very large. Form I.
Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 1844, New Orleans, La., L. Agassiz. Mas. Form I. and II.
Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1845, New Orleans, La., L. Agassiz. Mas. Form II. ; first pair
of abdominal legs articulated or not articulated. S^jec. 12.*

Cat. No. 291, Mobile, Ala., L. Agassiz. Mas. Form I. and II. Fem.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1846, Mobile, Ala., L. Agassiz. Mas. Form L and IL Fem.
var. thorace la^viori. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 182, Charleston, S. C, L. Agassiz. Fem. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 274, St. Louis, Mo., Dr. Engelmann. Mas. young. Sjiec. 1.

Cat. No. 151, St. Louis, Mississippi bottom, Dr. Engelmann. Mas.
Form I. Fem. Spec. 6.

Var. A. Cat. No. 214, Lawn Ridge, 111., Mr. 0. Ordway. Mas. Form L
and II. Fem. Spec. 12.*

* The star signifies that the Museum possesses more tliaii 12 specimens.

ASTACIDyE. r,9

Cat. No. 14G0, Evanston, HI., Prof. 0. Marcy. Mas. Form I. and II.
Spec. 2.

Cat. No. 1820, Ba.«;son Pudge, 111., Mr. Bulten. Mas. Form I. Spec. 1.

Var. B. Cat. No. 191, Essex, N. J. Fem. Spec. 3.

Cat. No. 202, New York. Fein. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 1821, Beaufort, N. C, Mr. T. Shute. Fem. Spec. 2.

Dry Spec. Mobile, Ala., L. Agassiz. Male Form I. Spec. 1.

Peoria, III, Mr. 0. Ordway. Male var. A., Form I. Spec. 2.

2. Cambarus Clarkii O'hwd.

Camhanis Clark-ii Girard, Proc. Acad. Pliilad., T. G, p. 91.

Figmvs on PI. I., II., III., and IV
First abdominal leg of tlie male :

first form, fig. 7 in front ; fig. 8 outside,
second form, fig. 9 in front; fig. 10 outside,
young, type of C. Clarlii, fig. 99 in front; fig. 100 outside,
development of tlie first alidominal leg in tlie young male 0.3 incli long, fig. 133.

more augmented, to show tlie structure of the knoli, fig. 134.
Antennal lamina, fig. 1 37, n ; epistoma, h ; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna;, c.
Tab. IV. mas., first form, New Orleans.

Mas. Rostro triangulari, lato, dimidio longiori, ante apicem acutum
brevem utrinque sinuato vel subdentato, margine vix punctato lineato ;
supra la3vi, excavato, basi foveola antice leviter triangulari ; cretis
basalibus extus sulcatis, apice extus acutis, fere parallelis, postice
tuberculoso couvergentibus. Antennis externis corpore cequalibus, arti-
culis duobus basalibus dente externo brevi subacuto ; antennis internis
articulo basali dente infero medio acnto ; lamina externa rostro lon-
giori, artieulo antennarum tertio tequali, lata, apice rotnndata, margine
externo inflato, apice brevi-spinoso. Epistomate brevi, duplo latiori,
antice truncato, bisinuato, lateribus oblique productis, subsinuatis.
Pedibus maxillaribus externis intus et subtus barbatis. Thorace ntrin-
que subcoinpresso, densius tuberculato, cephalothorace supra lani,
parce punctato, postice obsolete bicalloso ; linea profunda, modice sul-
cata, lateribus fissa, spina infera, ad antennarum basin apicali, acuta ;
areola angustissima, medio lineari, profunda, postice dilatata, triangidari,
plana. Postabdomine lato, compre.sso, apice subangustiori, la?vi, vix
punctato, utrinque obsolete rubro, segmentis penultimis angulo externo
postico obtuso ; lamina media parte apicali vix breviori, basi subattenu-
ata, apice subsinuata; parte basali apice sinuata, utrinque bispinosa.
Pedibus anticis elongatis, longitudine corporis. Chela longa, crassiori,
squamoso-tuberculata, margine interno longo, subincurvo, fortiter den-
tato ; digitis clielas longitudine, planioribus, apice subdeflexis, subsinua-
tis, apicibus acutis, incurvis, la3vibus, intus apice spongiosis, basi siib-
dentatis, digito externo tuberculo medio et basali intus majoribus ;
digito mobili sublongiori, basi intus exciso. Carpo longo, Itevi, intus

40 ASTACID.E.

tuberculato, spina media majori ; subtus spiiiis duabus majoribus anticis,
aliisque minoribus internis. Brachio rostro longiori, extus la?vi, intiis
ante apicem et margine supero tuberculato, spinis duabus anteapicali-
bus oblique positis ; subtus biseriatim spinoso, spinis internis ajiicali-
bus validis. Pedibus tertiis et quartis articulo tertio unguiculato ;
pedibus quartis et quintis capitulo basali, quartis oblongo-ovali,
quintis compresso, laminato.

Pedibus abdominalibus brevibus, rectis, cylindricis, basi et ante
apicem attenuates, vix bifidis ; parte externa margine postico dente
medio obtuso, apice dentibus brevil)us duabus compressis, cornels, latis,
rotundato-incurvis ; parte interna apice spina fusiformi, acuta.

Forma II. difFert antennis clielisque brevioribus, imguiculis pedum
minoribus ; pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis, minus attenuatis,
parte externa apice fere obtuso, bituberculato, dentibus obscurioribus,
nee fusco-corneis ; parte interna spina conica breviori.

Mares formfc secundte variant brachio rostro breviori, lateriljus
ceplialothoracis minus tuberculatis ; spina laterali ad lineam transversam
(semper fere nulla in Forma I.) ; forma et latitudine rostri et acuminis
variabili, vel margiuibus rectis, vel subrotundatis ; acumine basi dis-
tinctius dentato.

Femina differt antennis clielisque brevioribus, minoriljus, minus tuber-
culatis ; ventre inter pedes quartos nudo, non tuberculato ; annulo ovali,
obtuse conico, fissura longitudinali, labiis antice inflatis, sulcatis, fere
bitul)erculatis.

Long. 3 and 4 unc. Mas maximus; long. 4.2; ped. ant. 4.7 ; antonn.
4.5 ; chelaj, 2.6.

Patria : New Orleans. Between San Antonio, Texas, and El Paso
del Norte. Vidi specimina multa, adulta et juniora.

This species is very similar to C. acidm, but it differs surely ; the
rostrum is more evidently dentated before the acumen, and the obso-
lete impression at its base is tei'minated anteriorly by two oblique
elevated lines ; the epistoma is truncated and sinuated anteriorly and
laterally; the thorax is laterally compressed, the areola linear in the
middle ; the penultimate segments of the postabdomeu with the ex-
terior angle are more obtuse; the apical part of the intermediate
lamina is as long as the basal, a little attenuated at the base ; the
chela3 are shorter and broader ; the legs of the postabdomeu different ;
the venter of the fourth legs in the female is without tubercles.
There is rarely one spine at the sides of the thorax.

C. Clai'Jdi Gii'ard. I have most carefully compared male and female
types collected by the U. S. Mexican Boundary Commission, commimi-
cated by Professor StimjDSon. They belong, without doubt, to this
species. The male is a young specimen of the Forma II. (1.8 unc.

ASTACID.E. 41

long) ; the foinalo is sinallor. The first abdominal leg of the male,
figured by me after the type, shows exactly the shape of tlie male
full-grown Forma 11., but not as well finished as it is always found
in the young specimens. I have not seen a similar young specimen
from New Orleans ; the snuillest is 2.6 unc. long, )jut agrees very well.
The 3'oung of C iiw/hHh/fvs, of which I have seen specimens 0.6 unc.
long, are very similar; but C. C/wyM' differs in having the rostrum exactly
triangular and a little attenuated at the tip (it is more dilated, with the
margins curved, in C. ini</lu(h/tcH) ; the acumen is longer, wore acute
(in C. Clarkii iy^Q ^s^ unc. left side, 3^ right side) ; the basis of the ros-
trum has two obsolete elevations connected in an obtuse angle ; the
lamina of the antennas is more elongated, smaller at the tip.

In the Museum of the Natural Histoiy Society of Boston are two
females, together with a great number of apparently very young ani-
mals, before described by me.

Cat. No. 1162, New Orleans, La., L. Agassiz. Mas. Form I. and II.
Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 166, New Orleans, La., L. Agassiz. Mas. Form I. Fem. Spec. 5.

Cat. No. 264, New Orleans, La., Mr. Allen. Mas. Fem., young. Spec. 3.

Cat. No. 1822, Mobile, Ala., L. Agassiz. Mas. Form II., young. Spec. 2.

3. Cambarus troglodytes LeCoide.

Astaciis troglodytes LeC, Proc. Acad. Philad., T. 7, p. 400.

Figures on PI. I. and III.
First abdominal legs of the male :

first form, fig. 1 1 in front, fig. 1 2 outside.

second form, fig. 13 in front, fig. 14 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 141, o; epistoma, h; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Mas. Rostro triangulari, lato, tertia parte longiori, suljdeflexo, ante
apicem acutum, brevem, paulo barbatum, utrinque leviter sinuato ; supra
fere piano Itevi, utrinque subtiliter marginato, tuberculo obsoleto piano
in foveola basali orbiculari ; cretis basalibus extus sulcatis, apice
subacutis, suliparallelis. Antennis gracililjus, corpore paulo breviori-
bus, articulis duobus basalibus dente externo parvo subacute ; antennis
internis articulo basali dente infero medio acuto; lamina externa
rostro longiori, articulo antennarura tertio vix breviori, lata, apice vix
rotundata, margine externo inflate, apice brevi spinoso. Epistomate
lato, antice et utrinque subsinuato (forma variabili, semper brevi,
lateriljus obliquis). Pedibus maxillaribus iiitus et basi sul^tus villosis.
Thorace postice latiori, postice subdepresso, granuloso, cephalothorace
medio fortius punctato, postice obsolete bicalloso, linea modice pro-
funda et sinuata, lateribus fissa, spina infera ad antennarum basi apicali
acuta ; areola media angusta, suljcarinata, postice latiori, transverse

6

42 ASTACID^.

impressa. Postabdomine snbangustiori, lasvi ; segmentis penultimis
angulo externo obtuso ; lamina media parte apicali vix breviori, antice
subrotundata ; parte basali apice sinuata, utrinque bi-(vel tri)-.spinosa.
Pedibus anticis elougatis, corpore vix brevioribus ; cbela longa, crassi-
ori, squamoso-tuberculata, margine interno longo, su1)recto, densiiis
tuberculato et fortiter dentato ; digitis paulo longioribus, arcuatis, sub-
costatis, leviter punctato-lineatis, apicibus acutis, incurvis ; intus apice
squamosis, basi serratis ; digito externo tuljerculo medio et basali inter-
nis majoribus obtusis ; digito mobili sublongiori, basi sinuata, tuberculo
majori. Carpo longo, l^evi, intus subtuberculato, spina media interna
majori ; subtus spinis duabus anticis majoribus. Bracbio rostro longiori,
extus b^evi, intus ante apicem tul:)erculis nonnullis minoribus; margine
supcriori leviter tuberculoso, spinis duabus majoribus oblique positis ;
subtus biseriatim spinoso, spinis apicalibus validis. Pedibus tertiis et
quartis articulo tertio unguiculato ; pedibus quartis capitulo basali,
latiori ; quintis lamina quadrangulari, parva elevata. Pedibus alxlomi-
nalibus brevibus, rectis, parte interna intus lata, plana, spina media
posteriori, apice bifida ; ramo antico brevi, fusiformi, acuto ; ramo postico
longiori, laminato compresso ; parte externa cylindrica, valde bi-attenu-
ata, dente apicali brevi, fusco corneo, triangidari.

Forma II. differt cbelis brevioribus, unguiculis pedum minoribus;
pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis, parte interna ramo interno fere
obtuso ; parte externa dente apicali minori nee fusco corneo ; sj)ina
thoracis laterali interdum distincta.

Femina differt antennis chelisque brevioribus, minoribus ; ventre
inter pedes tertios tuberculato, inter pedes quartos nudo ; annulo
obovali, fissura longitudinali, dentibus alternis, modice inflatis ; annulo
mobili, nee ventre prajcedenti connate.

Long. 3. Mas maximus ; long. 3.8; ped. ant. 3.7; antenn. 3.5.

Patria : Charleston, South Carolina; Lawn Ridge, IlUnois; Rocky
River, Olmsted, Ohio ; Georgia.

(Habitat in Georgia3 oryzaceis, ubi spiracula 4 unc. alta format.
LeConte.)

I have seen many very young specimens O.G inch long.

From Georgia I have seen but four specimens, two males (Forma I.),
and two females. The first abdominal legs in the male are a little
difterent in shape. The tip is more recurved, not straight as in the
others. Apparently this is the veritable A. troc/lodijtes LeC, and the
intermediate lamina is always trispinose.

A. iroghdf/tes male type LeConte (Mus. Philad.), with the dimensions
given by Mr. LeConte, is identical with tlie males from Charleston.
The abdominal legs are (Forma I.) similar ; the lamina ia trispinos^,

ASTACIDiE. 43

The specimens before mentioned, from Georgia, are not essentially
dillereut, though the thorax is more compressed. The female has the
areola larger. Some females from Charleston have the lamina also
trispinose. It seems not prudent to separate the two species, for the
materials are insuliicient.

A single male, the largest seen by me, was in the same bottle with
A. obcsiis, from Lawn Ridge, Illinois.

The posterior hooks of the al)doniinal legs of the male exist in the
young males. Forma II. ; in tlie very young they are sometimes ab-
sent ; sometimes they disajipear. The fingers are not arcuated in
the younger male and female specimens.

A large female (dry), in the Cam))ridge Museum, communicated by
L. R. Gibbes, as A. Blanduiffii Harl. from Soutli Carolina, is A. troghdutes.

A. fossanim LeConte. A dry specimen (Mus. Philad.), a female,
agreeing very well with the description, does not differ from A. irogh-
di/tes. It possesses the same compressed thorax, like the specimens
from Georgia.

C. Blanding'd (Mus. Philad.), from Charleston, is a male, Forma II., of
C. froghdi/tes, and perhaps a type of C. Blandingii Girard.

Cat. No. 182, Charleston, S. C, L. Agassiz. Male Form I. and II. Fem.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 283, Charleston, S. C, Mr. Crady. Male Form I. and II. Fem.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 197, Lawn Ridge, Illinois, Mr. 0. Ordway. Male Form I.
Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 1823, Georgia. Male Form I. and II. Fem. Spec. 4.

Dry spec. South Carolina, L. R. Gibbes. Male, labelled "A Blan-
dingii.'' Spec. 1.

Rocky River, Olmsted, Ohio, L. Agassiz. Male. Spec. 1.

Charleston, S. C, L. Agassiz. Male. Sjiec. 1.

4. Cambarus Blandingii Harlan.

Astacus Blandmgii Ilarl, Trans. Amcr. Philos. Soc, T. 3, p. 464. Harlan. Med. and Physic.

Research, p. 22a, fig. 1.
Figures on PI. I. and III.
First abdominal legs of the male :

first form, fig. 63 in front, fig. 64 outside.
Antcnnal lamina fig. 140, a ; epistoma, b ; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

]VL\.s. Rostro triangulari, lato, la^vi, excavato, marginibus summa
basi parallelis, lineato-punctatis ; acumine brevi, angusto, acuto, utrin-
que subsinuato ; cretis basalibus validis, extus sulcatis, apice subacutis
parallelis, postice calloso-convergentibus. Antennis validis, corpore
brevioribus (? secundum Harlani figura), articulis duobus basalibus
dente acuto externo ; antennis interuis articulo basali dente medio

44 ASTACIDiE.

t

infero ; lamina rostro paulo loiigiori, pedunculo antennarum tequali,
ante medium latiori, apice angusta, margine externo inflate, apice
brevi-spinoso. Epistomate longitudine vix latiori, antice rotundato,
lateribus obliquis, angulis lateralibus rectis. Pedibus maxillaribus intus
et subtus barbatis. Thorace leviter ovali, grosso-punctato, lateribus
granulosis ; cephalothorace medio la^viori, rarius punctato, postice
bicalloso ; linea ordinaria profunda, sinuata, utrinque fissa, spina laterali
niediocri, spinaque infera apicali ; areola angusta, profunda, postice
paulo latiori, punctata. Postabdomine thorace vix angustiori, lajvi,
segmentis penultimis angulo externo postico recto ; lamina media
parte apicali vix breviori, margine apicali medio vix exciso ; parte
basali apice utrinque bispinosa. Pedibus anticis valde elongatis, sub-
cvlindricis ; chela longa depresso-cylindrica, dense squamoso-tubcrcu-
lata, margine interno longo recto, subdentato ; digitis margine interno
chela3 a^qualibus, intus curvatis, gracilibus, carinatis, punctato-ciliatis,
intus squauiosis ; digito interno paulo longiori ; carpo longo, angusto,
antice oblique truncato, intus tuberculato, spina interna media, aliaque
antica minori, spinis duabus inferis anticis ; brachio rostro longiori,
extus Icevi, intus ante apicem et margine supero tuberculato, spinis
duabus anteapicalibus oblique positis. Subtus Inseriatim spinoso, spina
utrinque antica ad articulationem. Pedibus tertiis et quartis articulo
tertio valde unguiculato ; pedibus quartis capitulo basali ovali, com-
presso ; quintis perbrevi, acuto. Pedibus abdominalibus validis, rectis ;
parte interna breviore, recta (dente apicali fracto) ; parte externa
latiori, subcontorta, apice non angustiori ; dentibus trilms fusco-corneisj
medio longiori, antico lato, contorto, postico parvo, angusto, fere recto.

Long. Corp. 3.8 inch ; ped. ant. 3.9.

Patria : Camden, South Carolina (mas. Form I.)

I have only seen the type desciibed and figured by Mr. Harlan, pre-
served dry in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, and labelled,
M. Blandingii Harlan, Camden, S. C, Dr. Blanding." Camden is situated
in the mountains, but Mr. Harlan (in the Trans. Amer. Pliilos. Soc. 1. c.)
says: "All the crawfish which I have seen from the Southern States,
and I have received specimens from New Orleans and South Carolina,
are the same species with that now described." I have most carefidly
examined several hundred specimens from New Orleans and South
Carolina, (the collection in the Museum of Cambridge being very rich
for these localities,) but I have not found a single specimen of C Blan-
dingii The description and the figure given by Mr. Harlan agree very
well with his type ; but the hand is no broader at the base than seen
in the right hand of the figure. The hand is two inches long ; the
inner finger seems when open 0.1 inch longer than the external, it is
as long as the hand, 1 inch.

Cambarus Clurkii and C. troglodi/tes are very similar, but instantly sepa-

ASTACID.E. 45

rated since the epistoma is truiieatod at the tij). C. Clarhii diflcrs in
havinL!: the thorax strongly tubercuhited, the areohi linear or none; the
base of the rostrum with two linear elevations joined in obtuse angle;
the second article oi' the exterior antenniv, with the teeth shorter than
its tubercle (as long as in C. BldmTiiui'n and very acute) ; the lamina
is more enlarged at the tip ; the hands broader, shorter, the fingers
more arcuated and deflected, more tuberculated (one tubercule on
the inside of the external finger in the middle in C BhmVnijU) ; the
abdominal legs dillcr also. C. tro(/lod//tcs diflers by the same characters.

C. acutus Gir. is very near in the shape and sculpture of the rostrum
and epistoma, but the lamina is much larger at the tip ; the teeth of
the second article are shorter than the tubercle, the hands jjroader and
shorter, the abdominal legs diilerent. I have seen some hundred males
of all sizes, but never a male with the abdominal legs analogous to
C. Blamlingii. The body is more tuberculated.

The females from Essex, New Jersey, quoted under C. acuhis (but it
is always difficult to identify females with males) are more similar, the
body is not very strongly tuberculated, the lateral spine is evident, the
lamina smaller at the tip.

C. LeContci is very near, but the abdominal legs are different; the
shape of the hand is most similar, but the fingers are shorter and
straight ; the rostrum strongly dentated at the tip, the areola broad.
The typical specimen of G. Blandingii is very well developed and it does
not seem to me to be an aliuormal specimen of C. acuhis with abnormal
hands, abdominal legs, and lamina. I cannot help regarding it a good
species, perhaps (?) identical with the New Jersey females described
provisionally as C. acutus.

It is not impossible that C. Blandingii LeConte, 1. c. p. 400 (Georgioe et
Carolinte regionibus intermediis), is this species, but in this the linea
ordinaria is sulcated as in C. troglodytes, and not sulcated in Lc Conte's
species. Erichson gives but a copy from Mr. Harlan's description.

C. Blandingii Gir., 1. c. p. 91, without description, is probably C.
troglodi/tes, which the Museum possesses from the same locality, Sum-
merville, South Carolina, given by Mr. Girard. (Vide C. Lccoidei.)

5. Casibarus Fallax Hagen.

Figures on PI. I.
First abdominal leg of tlie male :

first form, fig. 103 in front, fig. 104 outside,
second form, fig. 105 inside.

Mas. Rostro elongate triangulari, Itevi, excavate ; acumine suba-
cute, ciliato, spina utrinque acuta ; cretis basalibus validis, parallelis,
extus vix sulcatis, apice acutis. Antennis gracilibus, cerpore breviori-
bus, articulis duobus basalibus dente acuto externo ; antennis internis

46 ASTACID^.

articulo basali clente medio infero ; lamina rostro pedunculoque anten-
narum longiori, ante medium latiori, margine cxterno latins inflato,
spina apicali acuta longiori. Epistomate lato, rotundato, antice medio
subacuto ; pedibus maxillaribus externis intus barbatis. Thorace an-
gusto, compresso, punctato, lateribus scabris ; linea profunda, sinuata,
lateribus fissa ; spina brevi valida, postice leviter barbata, aliaque infera
acuta ad antennarum basin ; areola plana, punctata, angusta, postice
latiori. Postabdomine lato, compresso, thorace longiori, parcepunctato,
segmentis penultimis angulo externo subrecto ; lamina media parte
basali quadrangulari, apice utrinque trispinosa; parte apicali requali,
apice angulis rotundatis. Pedibus anticis longis, gracilibus, angustis ;
chela elongata, angusta, depresso-cylindrica, leviter squamoso-tuljcrcu-
lata ; margine interno longo, recto, subdentato ; digitis paulo breviori-
bus, rectis, subcostatis, intus squamosis ; digito mobili margine externo
subdentato. Carpo longo, angusto, parce tuberculato, spina antica et
media interna breviori ; subtus spina antica externa ; brachio longiori,
subla!vi, spinis duabus anteapicalibus oblique positis ; subtus biseriatim
spinoso, utrinque ad articulationem spina antica acuta. Pedibus se-
cundis chela pai'ce villosa; pedibus tertiis et quartis articulo tertio
unguiculato ; pedibus quartis et quintis capitulo basali, quartis oblongo
majori, quintis compresso, triangulari, erecto. Pedibus abdominalibus
validis, brevibus, rectis ; parte externa spina anteapicali acuta, obliqua ;
parte externa dentibus perparvis fusco cornels adpressis.

Forma II., diifert pedibus tertiis et quartis unguiculo minori ; chela
Iteviori ; pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis, parte interna spina
anteapicali fortiori ; parte externa apice rotundato ; intus ad apicem
fortiter sulcatis.

Femina junior difFert chela brevi, minori ; ventre inter pedes quartos
la3vi ; annulo transversali, valido, fissura longitudinali antica recta,
postica dentato-tuberculata.

Long. Corp. 2.9; antenn. 2.4 ; ped. antic. 1.9.
Patria : Florida. Museum Boston Natural History Society.

I have seen only one male of each form (the male of the second
form is even a little larger), and two very young females. This species
is very near C. LcCoiifei,hut difters in the longer thorax, the hands, and
the abdominal legs. The legs, especially in the second form, are strongly
sulcated on the inner side.

ASTACIDiE. 47

6. Cambarus LeCoktei Ilagcn.

Fij^uros on PI. I. and III.
First abdominal log oftho male:

first form, fig. 15 in fi-ont ; fig. IG outside.

second fonn, fig. 17 in fi'ont ; fig. 18 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 145, a; cpistoma, b\ spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Mas. Rostro triangulari, lato, la^vi, excavato, margiiiiljus basi fere
parallolis, lineato-ciliatis ; acumine acuto, ciliato, utrinque spina acuta ;
crotis basalibns validis, parallelis, extus sulcatis, apice aciitis. Antennis
corpori.'^ fore longitiuline, articulis duobus basalibiLS dente acuto ex-
terno ; antennis internis articulo basali dente media infera ; lamina
rostro pedunculoque antennarum sublongiori, ante medium latiori,
margine externo latius inflate, spina apicali breviori. Epistomate lato,
antice rotundato, angulis externis fere rectis ; pedibus maxillarilnis
externis intus barbati.s. Thorace subcompresso, ijunctato-pubescente,
lateribus scabris ; linea profunda, vix sinuata, lateribus fissa, sj^ina brevi
valida, aliaque apicali infera acuta ad antennarum basin ; areola
angusta, plana, punctata, postice subito latiori, ante marginem tlioracis
posticum excisum transverso-impressa. Postabdomine lato, tliorace
longiori, parcepunctato, segmentis penultimis angulo externo rotundato ;
lamina media parte basali quadrangulari, apice utrinque tri-(vel quadri-)
spinosa ; parte apicali breviori, apice leviter emarginato. Pedibus
anticis longis, gracilibus, angustis ; chela longa, angusta, depresso-
cylindrica, ubique squamo.so-tuberculata, ciliata; margine interno longo,
recto, subdentato ; digitis paulo brevioribus, rectis, subcostatis, dense
ciliatis, intus squamosis; digito externo dente medio interno minori.
Carpo longo, angusto, leviter squamoso-tuberculato, spina antica interna
et media majoribus ; intus spinoso, spinis duabus anticis validis ; brachio
longiore, extus sublrevi, margine supero et intus ad apicem tuberculato,
spinis duabus oblique positis anteapicalibus ; subtus spinis nonnuUis
biseriatis ; utrinque ad articulationem spina antica acuta. Pedibus
secundis chela intus villosa ; pedibus tertiis et quartis articulo tertio
unguiculato ; pedibus quartis et quintis capitulo basali, quartis oblongo,
majori, quintis triangulari, compresso, erecto. Pedibus abdominalibus
validLs, brevibus, rectis, parte interna apice dente fusco corneo incurvo,
spinaque anteapicali longiori transversali ; parte externa, a?quali, sub-
contorta medio crassiori, apice dentibus tribus incurvis acutis.

Forma II. differt pedibus tertiis et quartis unguiculo minori, chela
angustiori, breviori fere lan'i ; pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis,
dentibus apicalibus non fusco corneis, condunatis, latioribus.

Femina differt chela breviori, obsolete tuberculosa ; ventre inter
pedes quartos apice bituberculato ; annulo transversali, valido, fissura
lougitudinali, labiis alternatim crassioribus.

48 ASTACIDiE.

Long. coqi. 3.8 ; antenn. 3.5 ; ped. antic. 3.2.

Patria : Mobile, Alabama ; Pensacola, Florida- ; Beaufort, North
Carolina ; Milledgeville, Georgia ; Root Pond, Mississippi ; vidi 30 spe-
cimina.

I had previously considered this species as C. angusiatiis LeConte ; but
the type in the Philadelphia Museum is surely different (viz. C. .spicii-
lifcr). This species is separated from the similar ones by the short
mesothorax, the longer abdomen, and the long, small, and nearly cylin-
drical hands.

I consider A. Blandingii LeConte, 1. c. T. 7, p. 400, as probably identi-
cal with C. Lecontci The words " linea ordinaria non sulcata " do not
agree very well ; the transverse line is as sulcated as in C. tro(jlod//tcs.
The lamina of the postabdomen is bispinose in Mr. LeConte's sjDecies,
trispinose in C. Lecontci. Still it seems probable that the two species
are as likely to be identical with each other as with C. Blandingii
Harlan.

Cat. No. 201 and 217, Mobile, Ala., L. Agassiz. Male Form L and IL
Fern. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1824, Beaufort, N. C, Mr. T. Shute. Fem. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 24G, Milledgeville, Ga. Fem., and young. Spec. 4.

Cat. No. 307, Root Pond, Miss., Mr. Wailes. Male Form II. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 249, Pensacola, Fla. Male, Fem., young. Spec. 3.

7. Cambarus spiculifer LeConte. '~«^

Aslacus spicidifer LeConte, Proc. Acad Philad., T. 7, p. 401.

Figures on PI. I. and III.
First abdominal legs of the male :

first form, fig. 59 in front ; fig. 60 outside.

second form, fig. Gl in front; fig. 52 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 147, a ; cpistonia, h ; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Mas. Ro.stro longo, lajvi, excavato, basi obsolete imprcsso, margini-
bus punctato-ciliatis, basi parallelis, delude subconvergentibus ; acumine
longo, angusto, triangulari, acuto, utrinque spina breviori acuta ; cretis
validis, modice elevatis, parallelis, extus obsolete sulcatis, apice brevi-
ter acutis, postice obsolete inflatis, convergentibus. Antennis validis,
corpore paululum brevioribus, articulis duobus basalibus dente externo
acuto ; antennis internis articulo basali dente medio infero acuto ;
lamina rostro fere longiori, medio latiori, apice angusta, margine ex-
terno latius inflato, spina modica acuta apicali. Epistomate lato, antice
triangulari, angulis lateralibus rotundatis ; pedibus maxillaribus ex-
ternis intus barbatis. Thorace levitcr ovato, punctato, lateribus leviter
granulatis, vel partim tuberculosis ; cephalothorace postice obsolete
bicalloso ; linea profunda, lateribus fissa, utrinque spinis duabus validis
acutis ; spina antica infera breviori ad antennarum basin ; areola lata.

ASTACIIM?. 49

ad nuirtiinom nnticiim utrinque improssa, postice latiori, calloso-inflata ;
margiiio thoracis postico sinuato. Postalxloinine thorace longiori, lato,
siibooinprcsso, parce-punctato, segiucntis aiitcpenultinus angulis late-
ralibus fore rootis ; lamina media parte basali apicc iitrin((ue hispiiiosa
(interdum trispinosa), parte apieali breviori, angulis rotundatis. Pedi-
bus anticis longis, validis ; chela longa, lata, siibdepressa, nbique tnl)er-
culis majoribus obtusis, subtus rarioribus, margine intenio subrecto,
fortiter dentato; digitis vix brovioribiis, planis, subcostatis, punctato-
ciliatis ; digito interno recto, sublongiore, utrinque dentato; externo
ineurvo, intu.s dentato, dente anteapicali majori. Carpo longo tuber-
cnlato, extus nudo, spina media interna valida ; siibtns spinis duabns
apicalibus validis, intus bi-vel triseriatim spinoso ; brachio longo, mar-
gine supero tuberculato, spinis duabns anteapicalibus acutis, sul)tus
spinis biseriatis, anticis utrinque ad articulationem validis. Pedibus
tertiis et quartis articulo tertio unguicvdato ; pedibus quartis et quintis
capitulo basali, quartis ovato majori, quintis minori, laminato, erecto.
Pedibus abdominalilnis validis, apice paululum divisis, parte externa
ante apicem angustiori, apice extus barljata, dentibus duolnis fusco-
corneis incurvis, supero longiori; parte interna fusiformi, apice spina
longiori, gracili, subrecta, partem externam non superante.

Forma II. differt chelis minori])us, minus tuberculatis ; nnguiculis
articuli tertii minoribus ; pedibus abdominalibus basi articidatis, parte
interna fortiori, spina apieali mobili, extus curvata; parte externa
apice dentibus conicis, nee fuscocorneis, subincurvis; capitulo basali
pedum 250sticorum minus expresso.

Feniina difiert antennis brevioribus, chela minori ; ventre inter pedes
quartos la^vi, postice utrinque tul)ercalo compresso ; annulo transverse,
sulco antico longitudinali, lumine transverse, profundo, postico.

(Maxim.) Long. corp. 3.6 ; antenn. 3.3 ; ped. antic. 3.2.

Hal)itat : Athens, Georgia ; Koswell, Georgia. Vidi multa specimina.

The females from Roswell differ a little in having the venter be-
tween the fourth legs not so much tuberculated, and the annulus less
open. The males (Fonna II.) seem to be identical.

I have seen the male type. Forma II., in the Mus. Philadelphia.

Cat. No. 172, Athens, Ga., Dr. J. LeConte. Male Form I., Fern.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 222, Roswell, Ga., Mr. N. A. Pratt. Male Form I., Fem.
Spec. 5.

50 ASTACID^.

8. Cambarus angustatus LeConte.

Aslactis angustatus LcConte, Proc. Acad. Philad., T. 7, p. 401.

Figures on PI. I. and III.
First abdominal legs of the male.

First form, fig. 6.5 in front, fig. fiS outside, fig. 67 inside.
Antcnnal lamina, fig. 14G, a ; epistoma, h ; spine of the second joint of the exterior antennse, c.

A little dry typical specimen, communicated to the Museum of the
Philadelphia Academy by Mr. LeConte, is very difficult to identify
Avith any specimen before me. It is a male (Forma I.), 1.95 inch long,
hands 1.2 long, and agrees with the~ description. It seems to be a
young male of C. spiculifcr or a new species. The differences quoted
in the descriptions of C. spiculifcr and C. angiisiatus are not decisive.
The rostrum in C. (ingustatus is described : " valde acuminatum, utrin-
que versus apicem fortiter et acute unidentatum " ; in C. spiciilifer :
" longissime acuminatum, denticulo parvo utrinque ad acuminis basin."
The two tyi^es show no diiference, except that in C. anc/usfatus the
rostrum is not so narrow before the acumen. I have seen similar
differences in C. spiculifcr. C. cingustahis is " linea ordinaria apice spina
armata," but the same spine exists in C. spiculifcr. The thorax has but
one lateral spine (not at all noticed in the description), and two in
C. spiculifcr. But I have seen C. spiculifcr with two, with three, and
even with one spine. The lamina intermedia of the postabdomen has
sometimes three apical spines in C. spiculifcr as well as in C. auguslatus.
I should not hesitate to unite the two species (C. spiculifcr as Forma II.,
and C. anc/uslatus as Forma I. of the male), did I not find two differences
not so easy to explain.

1. The hands are longer and narrower, not so tuberculated in C
angusfafus ; the fingers a little shoi'ter than the hands, and inside always
spongiose. I have seen hands nearly of the same shape in young C.
spiculifcr, but the fingers were always as long as the hands or longer,
and not always spongiose, although sometimes a little so at the tip.

2. The first jiair of abdominal legs are a little more obtuse at the
tip, with the posterior border a little more dilated, and are sulcated on
the inside. I confess that these differences are perhaps rather too
minute, but the two together seem more important. I should ex-
pressly remark, that the type of C. cmguslalus seems well developed,
and the hooks in the third and fourth legs strong. Finally, as Mr.
John LeConte has seen and observed the species alive, and I have only
two single specimens, I prefer to separate C unguslatus ; a further ex-
amination ma}' perhaps bring out more strongly the differences of the
two nearly allied species.

" C. angustatus is found in Georgia inferiore, in aqiise purje rivulos
inter colliculos arenosos, C. spiculifcr in Georgia superiore."

ASTACID.E. 51

9. CiVMBARUS VERSUTUS Ilagcn.

Figures on PI. I. and III.

Fir.«t aboniinal lofr of the male :

first form. fig. 55 in front ; fig. 5C outside,
.second tbrm, fig. 57 in front; fig. 58 outside.

Antonnal lamina, fig. 150, a ; epistoma, h ; .spine of the second joint of the exterior an-
tenna^, c.

Mas. Rostro longo, Itevi, excavate ; marginibus nudis, basi fere
parallelLs, deinde subconvergeiitibu.s; acumine angiisto triangulari, acuto,
iitrinqiie spina valida subrejecta ; ci'etis basalibus validis, fere parallelis,
extus suleatis, apice spina acuta longiori. Antennis corporis fere
lono-itudine, articulis duobus basalibus dente externo acuto lonyiori ;
antennis internis articulo basali dente medio infero longiori, acuto ;
lamina i-ostro pedunculoque antennarum longiori, media latiori, mar-
gine externo lato inflato, spina apicali longiori. Epistomate brevi, lato,
antice obtuso triangulari, angulis lateralil:)us rotundatis ; pedibus luaxil-
laribus externis intus barbatis. Thorace fei'e cylindrico, lajvi, utrinque
antice subscabro ; linoa profunda, lateribus breviter fissa, spinis utrinque
duabus validis, acutis ; areola lata plana, antice posticeque latiori ;
margine thoi'acis postico excise. Postabdomine thorace vix angustiori,
paulo longiori, l^vi, segmentis antepenultimis angulo externo subrecto ;
lamina media parte basali elongato-quadi'angulari, apice utrinque tri-
(interdum bi-vel quadri)-spinosa ; parte apicali breviori, antice rotim-
data. Pedibus anticis modicis, gracilibus ; chela angusta, media inflata,
deusius tuberculato-squamosa ; margine interno subrecto, dentate ; chela
subtus laeviori, ad marginem internum distincte sulcata ; digitis chelaj
longitudine, angustis, subcarinatis, subsinuatis, intus vix leviter serratis.
Carpo longo, Itevi, intus tuberculato, apice oblique truncate, spina antica
et media internis acutis, lengieribus ; subtus sjDinis duabus anticis majori-
bus ; brachie breviori, Isevi, spinis duabus anteapicalibus oblique pesitis ;
subtus spinis validis biseriatis, utrinque ad articulationem spina antica
acuta ; jiedibus tertiis et quartis articulo tertie unguiculate ; pedibus
quartis capitule basali ovate, quintis mineri laminate, erecto. Pedi-
bus abdominalibus brevibus, medicis, partim intus ciliatis ; parte in-
terna cylindrica, spina anteapicali acuta ; parte externa ante apicem
angustiori, apice ebtusieri, dentibus tribus internis fusce-cerneis, in-
curvis.

Forma II., differt chelis angustioribus, depresse-cylindricis, rostro
interdum magis triangulari ; pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis,
apice obtusioribus, parte interna ante apicem angustiori, spina ante-
apicali transversali ; parte externa apice obtuse, dentibus obseletis,
nee fusco-comeis ; pedibus tertiis unguiculo minori.

52 ASTACID^.

Vidi marem majorem (Forma II.) pedibus abdominalibus basi non
articulatis.

Femina difFert chelis minoribus ; ventre inter pedes quartos apice
exciso, tiiberculis conicis diiobus apice approxinatis ; aniiulo transver-
sali angusto, longitudinaliter fisso.

Maximus. Long corp. 2.6 - 3 ; antenn. 2.5 ; ped. antic. 2 - 2.5.

Patria : Spring Hill, Alabama ; ten miles west of Mobile. — Vidi
specimina multa.

Sometimes in the larger examples the thorax is more punctulated,
and more granulated on the sides.

This species is very similar to C. Lecoiitei, but it differs in having a
smaller and more parallel rostrum, a shorter mesothorax, twice as broad
an areola, two spines on each side, somewhat shorter but broader
hands, its inner margin slightly curved, sulcated beneath, the fingers
a little curved, and the sexual parts.

C. versiitus, spknlifer, Lecontei, and auffustahis (if it be not identical
■v\ith C. spicuVfer) form a single group. The mesothorax is short;
the abdomen a little longer than the thorax ; the areola is broader ; the
lamina is longer than the pedunculus, and the rostrum long and slen-
der ; the spines of the antennal joints are well developed. Besides
the differences taken from the sexual organs, C. Lecontei and an-
gustcdus have one lateral thoracic spine, while C. spiculifer and vermius
have two lateral thoracic spines. C. Lecontei is separated by long
and nearly cylindrical hands; C. spiculifer, by strongly tuberculated
hands.

Cat. No. 190, Spring Hill, Ala., L. Agassiz. Male Form I. and II.
Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1825, ten miles east from Mobile, Ala., L. Agassiz. Male
Form I. and II. Fem. Spec. 12.*

10. Cambarus maniculatus LeConte.

Astacus maniculatus LeConte, rroc. Acad. Philad., T. 7, p. 401.

I have not seen this species, which is described by Mr. LeConte as
follows : —

Rostrum subplanum, vix concavum, obtusum cum acumine, versus
apicem utrinque unidenticulatum. Lamina antennalis peduneulum
a?quans. Cephalothorax supra punctatus, lateribus sparsim granulosis.
Areola suturalis angustissima, stria solum. Dorsum sicut in prioribus.
Chela parva, angusta, tuberculato-punctata, margine interiore dentata,
digiti recti, carinati, punctati. Carpus intus paucidentatus, dentibus
tribus superioribus majoribus spiculajformibus. Brachium punctatum,
latere superiore vix serrato, duabus tamen spinis brevibus anterioribus,

ASTACID^. 53

iiilbrioro scricbus lUuibus spinulaniiii. Lamella; caudalis intermedia)
pars anterior trispinosa.

Long. eorp. 2.3 inch ; antonn. L3 ; elieloe, 0.5.

Patria: Habitat emu ])riore [C. fossaruni) in fossi.s Georgia) inferioris.

The number of the hooked legs is not mentioned, and perhaps this
species belongs to the group of C. affinis. The " areola suturalis angus-
tissima, stria solum," is a very striking character, suggesting more or
less agreement with C. Clarkii, C. Wicgmunni, C hmcifcr, C. obcsus, C.
adi'eiHi, and C. Caroliims. C. adrciia is otherwise described by LeConte ;
in C. Cuniliinis, C. ohcms, and C. Clarkii the hands are different; in C.
lancifer and C. Wiegmanni the rostrum differs.

11. Cambarus penicillatus LcConte.

Aslacus pcnicillalus LeConte, Proc. Acad. Philad., T. 7, p. 401.

Fijiures on PI. I. and III.

First abdominal legs of the male :

first form, fig. 93 in front ; fig. 94 outside.

second form, fig. 9 J in ti-ont ; 96 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 149, a; epistome, l>; spine of the second joint of the exterior an-

tenna% c.

Mas. Rostro lato, longo, piano, lajvi, apice subdeflexo, marginibus
ad acuminis brevis acuti apicem elevatis, convergentibus, antice subito
incurvis; cretis vix elevatis, subparallelis, lineato-impressis, muticis.
Antennis modicis corpore brevioribus ; articulis basalibus duobus dente
parvo externo ; antennis internis articulo basali dente infero submar-
ginali ; lamina brevi, lata, apice fere truncata, margine externo inflate,
spina apicali acuta. Epistomate brevi, lato, antice obtuse-triangulari ;
pedibus maxillaribus externis intus et subtus barbatis. Thorace e^lin-
drico, compresso, punctato, lateribus granuloso ; linea niodice profunda,
subsinuata, lateribus divisa, apice mutica ; areola punctata, modica,
postice valde dilatata. Postabdomine thoracis longitudine ac latitudine,
lateraliter compresso ; lamina media parte basali apice utrinque bi-
spina, parte apicali elliptica, vix breviori ; segmentis anteapicalibus
angulis externis posticis obtusis, rotundatis. Pedibus anticis modicis ;
chela, latiuscula, punctato-granulosa, margine interno recto, serrato,
longe barbato ; digitis chelie ajqualibus, rectis, costatis, punctato-ciliatis,
intus spongiosis, digito mobili basi extus serrato. Carpo parcepunctato,
longiore, extus ol^lique truncato, margine interno serrato, spina media
majori ; subtus Igeviori, spina antica media. Brachio Itevi, spinis ante-
apicalibus parvis ; subtus biseriatim spinoso. Pedibus tertiis et quartis
articulo tertio nnguiculato ; pedibus quartis capitulo basali conico,
quintis spina basali obtusa. Pedilnis abdominalibus rectis, brevibus,
apice contortis, subtus medio excisis, apice fere coadunatis ; parte in-

54 ASTACID^.

terna cleiite apicali acuto erecto ; parte externa apice incnrva, internam
tegente, dentibus duabus apicalibus corneis perparvis, coadunatis.

Forma II. differt chela non barbata ; pedibus abdominalibus magis
cylindricis, basi articulatis, parte interna dente apicali extrorsum re-
curvo, parte externa dentibus non fusco corneis, majoribus, distantibus.

Feniina diflfert chelis minoribus ; ventre inter pedes quartos Itevi,
annulo majori, ovali, sulco longitudinali, alternatim fisso.

Long. 1.8 ; antenn. 1.3 ; ped. ant. 1.2.

Habitat : Georgia ; Charleston, South Carolina.

Animal paulo villosum. Vidi juniore.s rostro acutiori, ante apicem
utrinque dente acuto, pedibus maris abdominalibus dentibus magis ex-
pressis.

The description of C. pcmcillutus LeConte differs somewhat. The
words, " Thorax lateribus granulatis," "brachio jjunctato, spinoso, tuber-
culato," do not answer very well to the single male. Forma I., which I
have seen. But I think the species the same. The tuft of hairs along
the inner margin of the hand is very striking.

Cat. No. 250, Charleston, S. C, L. Agassiz. Male, female, young.
Spec. 8.

Cat. No. 254, Charleston, S. C, Professor Baird. Male Form I. Fem.
Spec. 2.

Cat. No. 279, Georgia, Dr. Jones. Male, young. Sjjec. 1.

12. Cambarus WlEGMANNi Erichsou.

Astacus Wiegmanni Erk-hson, Wiegm. Arch., T. 12, p. 99, n. 19.

Figures on PI. III.
Anteimal lamina, fig. 151, a ; epistoma, h ; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Fem. Rostro lato, modice longo, articulum antennarum secundum
vix superanti, piano, punctato, antice sensim angustiori, acumine subito
ac breviter triangulari, latitudine fere dimidio breviori ; marginibus
usque ad apicem elevatis ; cretis modice elevatis, postice divergentibus,
extus obsolete lineato-impressis, antice muticis. Antennis validioribus,
corpore brevioribus ; articulis basalibus dente parvo externo ; antennis
internis dente infero medio acuto ; lamina brevi, antice latissima, mar-
gine externo inflato, spina apicali brevi, acuta. Epistomate brevi, lato,
antice triangulari, acutiori ; pedibus maxillaribus intus dense, subtus
minus barbatis. Thorace elongato ovato, uljique punctato, lateribus
mesothoracis granulosis ; linea modica profunda, subsinuata, lateribus
divisa, apice mutica ; areola punctata, angusta, postice subito latiori.
Postabdomine thoracis longitudine, basi thorace latiori, subcompresso,
Itevi, postice angustiori ; segmentis anteapicalibus angulis externis ob-
tusis, subrotundatis ; lamina media parte basali apice utrinque bisijina

ASTACIDJ^. 55

parte apicali aiitieo rotundata (? margo doest). Podibus anticis niodi-
cis. dense squainoso-tuI)eieidatis ; chela latiuscula, modice iiiHata, ubiqiie
squamoso-tubereulata, margine interno recto serrato; digitis \ alidis, rec-
tis, costatis et punctato-lineatis, extus squamoso-tuberculatis, intus den-
tatis. tuberculis basalibus validioril)us. Carpo sqiiamoso-tvi])eroulato,
iiiargine interno dentuto ; subtus spinis duabu.s anticis. Brachio kevi,
snpra et antice tubercnlato, subtus biseriatim dentato. Ventre inter
pedes quartos nudo, annulo niajori, obovato, indiviso, antice subexciso,
medio transverso-elevato, postice depresso.

Long. 2.G ; antenn. ; ped. ant. 1.7.

Hab. : Mexico. Acad. N. Sc. Philadelphia.

I have seen only one female, which was found by Mr. Pease. Pro-
fessor Erichson has described a little smaller male (two inches long) ;
the description agrees very well. Erichson remarks that the third
pair of legs and the fourth possess a hook.

This species is apparently of the same group as C. penicillatus. It
differs in the strongly- tuberculated hands, the much enlarged lamina
of the antenna?, and the small areola. This species and A. pellucidus
have the lamina of the antennte most dilated near the tip, all other
species of this group have the greatest dilatation behind the middle
and nearer the base.

Cambarus Aztecus Saussure, Revue et Magas., T. 9, p. 503, and Mem.
Soc. Phys. Geneve, T. 14, P. II. p. 4G0, fig. 23, from Tomatlan (ruis-
seaux dans les Terres-Chandes), seems to be identical with C. Wieffmanni,
at least with the female described by me.

13. Cajibarus pellucidus Tellhampf.

Astacus pellucidus ToUkampf, Mueller Archiv. 1844, p. 383. — Erichson, Wiegin. Arcliiv.,

T. 12, p. 95, n. 14.

Figures on PI. I., III., and VI.
First abiloininal legs of the male :

first form, fig. 68 in front, fig. 69 outside.

second form, fig. 70 in front, fig. 71 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 148, o; epistoma, 6 ; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Mas. Rostro lato, longo, Itevi, subexcavato, foveola basali, latiori,
marginibus modice elevatis, subconvergentibus, utrinque valde excisis,
spina valida, acuta, subrejecta ; acumine longo, angusto, acuto ; cretis
perparvis, fere parallelis, extus impressis, antice spina valida acuta.
Antennis corpore longioribus, articulis duobus basalibus dente externo
valido ; articulo basali internarum dente infero subapicali acuto ; lamina
rostro fere longitudine, sat lata, ante apicem latiori ; margine externo
paulo rotundato, inflato, spina apicali acuta. Epistomate brevi, lato,
subexcavato basi vix angustiori obtuse triangulari, dente medio antico
interdum producto. Pedibus maxillaribus externis intus barbatis.

56 ASTACID^.

Thorace fere cylindrico ; mesotliorace longiori, postice paulo angustiori ;
parce pimctato, la3vi, lateribus subgranulosis ; cephalotliorace utrinque
spinis nonnullis acutis ; linea profunda, nou sinuata, serie postica spina-
riun acutarum, spinaqiie acuta antica infera ad antenuarum basin ;
areola sat lata, plana, lajvi. Postabdomine latitudine tlioracis, compresso,
laevi, apice non angustiori, angulis segmentorunx extemis rectis ; lamina
media parte apicali longa elliptica, parte basali apice utrinque bispinosa.
Pedibus anticis longis gracilibus, chela longa, angusta, depresso-cylin-
drica, subpunctata, margine interno longo, recto, dentato ; margine ex-
terno subdentato ; digitis vix longioribus, rectis, gracilibus, subcostatis,
basi subdentatis. Carpo longo, subcylindrico, intus tuberculato, spina
media acuta; subtus spinis duabus anticis acutis, serie interna tubercu-
losa. Brachio longo, mai'gine supero tuberculoso, spinis duabus ante-
apicalibus, oblique positis ; subtus spinis acutis biseriatis. Pedibus
tertiis et quartis articulo tertio unguiculato; pedibus quartis capitulo
basali compresso, dilatato. Pedibus abdominalibus modicis, rectis, apice
contortis ; parte interna fortiori, cylindrica, apice membrauacea, triangu-
lari, acuta, subincurva ; parte externa vix breviori, apice cornea, subre-
curva, triangulari. Oculis occultis, cornea parva, indivisa.

Forma II. Pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis, similibus, aj^ice ob-
tusis, nee corneis.

Femiua diflert clielis minoribus ; ventre inter pedes quartos nudo^
annulo rotundato, clauso, medio carinato.

Long. corp. 2.6 and 3.2; antenn. 3.2 and 3.4; ped. ant. 2.1.

Hab. : Mammoth Cave, Kentucky.

I have seen thirty-eight specimens, old and ^oung.

The Museum possesses a fidl-growu female of C. Bartonii, with the
eyes well developed, found in the Mammoth Cave.

I have given the peculiarities of this abnormal species in the intro-
duction to this genus. I remark that in the second-fonn males the
abdominal legs are often not articulated, and that the hooks on the
third and the fourth set of legs are less developed. I have seen a
few specimens with the hooks on the fourth pair of legs much less
developed; in one specimen, even, they ai'e entirely wanting. This
observation justifies me, perhaps, in placing C. i)ellucidm as the last
species of this group, and as somewhat alUed to the following group of
C. affinis.

Cat. No. 193, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Male Form I. and II. Fem.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 225, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, Professor Baird. Male
Form I. and II. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1826, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Male. Fem. Spec. 5.

Cat. No. 1827, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Male, very large. Spec. 1.
. Dry Spec. Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Male. Fem. Spec. 2.

ASTACID^E. 57

II. GROUP. (Type, C. affinis.)

Tlie third legs of ihc males hooked ; rostrum suhquadranyularhj elongated,
frith an aiiteapical tooth on caeh side, at least in the jjonng ; first pair of ahdnm-
inul legs bifid, elongated, straight and acute at the tip.

This group seems very natural, if we except two abnormal species,
C. immunis and C. extraneus. C. laneifer is to be considered in some de-
gree as an exaggerated form of this group.

Well-developed hooks always appear on the third pair of legs of the
male ; on the fourth pair they are never to be found ; in very rare
instances the second pair shows similar incipient hooks more largely de-
veloped (as in C. viritis).

The rostrum is exceedingly long, more than three times longer than
broad, in C. laneifer. In all the other species the rostrum is twice, or
less than twice as long as broad, of a more subquadrangular form ; ex-
cavated, the margins thickened and parallel ( C. affinis), or concave on
the sides ( C. juvenilis and C. plaeidus), or flattened, more or less straight
on the sides, in the other species. The apical tooth and the two la-
teral teeth are all well developed, at least in the young. In C. immunis
alone the shape of the rostrum is very different in the full-grown
species. The rostrum is conical, short, and toothless, as in the third
group ( C. Bartonii) ; nevertheless, according to the form of the abdom-
inal legs, it belongs to the gi'oup of C. affinis.

The foreborder of the cephalothorax is strongly angulated behind the
antenna? in C. laneifer, C. extraneus, C. immunis, and C. affinis, straight or
slightly notched in all the other species. This character serves to sep-
arate the species otherwise related to C. affinis into two sections of equal
value.

The first pair of abdominal legs is always strongly bifid, the tips
much elongated and acute. In C. laneifer, while the tips are not so
much elongated, they are somewdiat flattened, but apparently of the
shape characteristic of this group. A remarkable exception is to be
found in C. extraneus, which has the first pair of abdominal legs of the
shape peculiar to the third group ( C. Bartonii) ; but the rostrum and
other characters prevent me from placing them otherwise than in the
group of C. affinis.

The body and the hands in the species of the second group are shorter
and broader, except in C. laneifer, which more nearly resembles the spe-
cies of the first group. The flagellum of the inner antenna? has the in-
ternal branch visil^ly narrower, and sometimes even a little shorter,
than the external branch. The lamina of the antennae is smaller,
shorter, and dilated in the middle, except in C. laneifer, the lamina of
which has exactly the foi'm described in the first group. The epistoma

58 ASTACIDiE.

is mostly truncated before in front. The basal joint of the inner an-
tennae has a spine beneath, in the middle, or nearer the tip.

As yet burrowing habits have not been observed in the species be-
longing to this group. But perhaps C. obsciiriis is identical Avith Astaciis
fossor Rafinesque, which burrows in meadows and milldams.

The species contained in this group are divided into four sections, or
perhaps they more fitly form one natural group and three abnormal or
exaggerated species, which may be described in the following terms : —

1. The I'ostrum is very long and acute ; the lamina of the antennro
elongated, dilated near the base ; the hands are narrow and elongated ;
the first abdominal legs somewhat flattened at the tip. (C. lancifer.)

2. The rostrum is more subquadrangular ; the lamina of the an-
tennas small, short, dilated in the middle ; the hands are shorter and
broader ; the first abdominal legs acute at the tip. ( C. ajfinis and allied
species.)

3. The rostrum is short, conical, toothless ; the other characters are
as in the foregoing groups. ( C. immmiis.)

4. Characters as in the groups of C. qffini-s, but the first abdominal
legs recurved at their extremity, the tip of which is rounded (as in C.
Bartonii).

Synopsis of the Species.

1st Section. •

1. C. lancifer.

2d Section.

2. A. Tlio margins of the excavateil rostrum tliiokt'iied.

a. The margins straight, front border of the replialothorax angulated : C. affinis.

b. The margins concave, front border of tlie cephalothora.\ not angulated : C. Juvenilis and

C. pkicidus.
B. The margins of the flattened rostrum not thickened, front border of the cephalothorax not
angulated.
a. The rostrum carinated at the tip : C. propinquus.
h. The rostrum not carinated : C. virilis, C. ruglicus, C. obsciirus.

3d Section.

3. C. inununis.

4th Section.

4. C. exlraneus.

I have already mentioned that the species more closely related to C.
affinis are separated into two sections, one with the front border of the
cephalothorax angulated, — C. affinis, C. lancifer, C. immunis, C. extmnens ;
the second with the front border straight or slightly notched, — C. juve-
nilis, C. placidus, C. jiropinquus, C. virilis, C. rusticus, C. obscurm. The lat-
ter section is very natural, and perhaps it would be preferable to follow
this arrangement in the separation of the species described.

ASTACID.E. 59

14. Cambarus lancifer Hagcn.

'• Figures on PI. I. ami III.
First abilnminal li\!is of tlio male :

first forin, fit;. 80 in front; fig. 87 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 16!), n; opistonia, /; ; sj)ine of tlie second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Mas. Eostro lato, longo, lani, profiinde excavate, longissime acumi-
nato, marginibiis parallelis, ad acuininis apiceni ciliatis ; acuinine ro.stro
longiori, angu.sto, acuto, recto, antennarum pedunculo longiori, basi
iitrin([ue spina valida ; cretis basalibus ro.stro coadunatis parallelis,
modicis conicis, extus vix sulcatis, apice acutis. Antennis corpore paulo
brevioribus, gracilibiis, articulis basalibus elongatis, articulo primo dente
externo longiori, acute, articulo secundo dente parvo acuto ; antennis
internis articulo basali dente medio infero acuto. Lamina longa, rostro
ajquali, angusta, ante medium latiori, deinde sensim attenuata, margine
externo sinuato, inflate, apice acuto. Epistemate brevi, lato, antice
obtuso-triangidari, angulis lateralibus rotundatis. Pedibus maxillari-
bus intus barbatis. Thorace cylindrico, ceplialotborace supi'a longi-
ori, laevi, sub-pubescente ; linea profunda, nen sulcata, lateribus fissa,
spina valida, acuta, intus barbata ; spina antica infera ad antennarum
basin jiarva ; areola media nulla, antice spatio triangulari parvo, postice
majori plana. Postabdomine thoracis latitudine, sul^tiliter punctate, seg-
mentis antepenultimis angulo externo acutieri ; lamina media parte api-
cali breviori, antice leviter retundata, media subsinuata; ^^arte basali
apice utrinque spina unica valida. Pedibus anticis longis, gracilibus,
depresso-cylindricis, sul)pubescentibus ; chela lenga, angusta, subdepres-
sa, marginibus parallelis, interne longo, recto ; digitis brevioribus, rec-
tis, intus squamosis ; carpo longo, leviter oblique truncate, spina interna
antica brevi, acuta ; subtus spina antica externa valida, acuta ; brachio
longo, spina anteapicali acuta ; subtus spina interna antica, aliaque ex-
terna media brevioribus. Pedibus tertiis articulo tertio unguiculato ;
pedibus quartis tuberculo perparvo basali, quintis capitulo basali annu-
lari. Pedibus abdeminalibus brevibus, validis, apice bifidis, centertis ;
parte intei'na cylindrica, apice subito subangustiori, extus curva, lami-
nata, obtusa ; parte externa fortiori, apice subito subangustiori, fusee
cornea, intus curva, laminata, obtusa.

Long. Corp. 2.8 ; antenn. 2 ; ped. antic. 2.

Patria : Root Pond, Mississippi.

Species valde insignis ; vidi marem unicum, Forma I., pedibus
abdeminalibus basi nen articulatis, apice fusee cornels, rostro acumine
lengissimo.

Cat. No. 306, Root Pond, Miss., Mr. Wailes. Male Form L Spec. 1.

60 ASTACID^.

15. CiUIBARUS AFFINIS Say.

Astacus offiiiis Say, Joiim. Pliilad. Acad., T. 1, p. 168, n. 3. — Harlan., Med. Physic. Researches,

p. 230, fig. 2.
Figures on PI. I., III., and V.
First abdominal legs of the male (full-grown C. Pealei) :

first form, fig. 84 in front, fig. 85 outside.
Common size :

first form, fig. 19 in front, fig. 20 outside,
second form, fig. 21 in front, fig. 22 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 152, a; cpistoma, h; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.
PI. V. Full-grown female (C. Pealei) from Maryland, Havre de Grace.

Mas. Corpore pubescente ; rostro lato, parallelo, basi media late ex-
cavata, utrinque ad marginem linea impressa, ciliata ; acumine angiLsto,
triangiilari, acuto, parti dilatatre fere fequali, marginato, apice siibre-
curvo, basi utrinque spiua acuta longiori ; cretis validis, extus sulcatis,
jiarallelis, spina apicali longiori. Antennis validis thoracis longitudine ;
articulis duobus basalibus dente externo acuto longiori ; antennis in-
ternis articulo ba.sali dente infero medio acuto longiori ; lamina longa,
rostri longitudine, lata ad apicem attenuata, margine externo late in-
flato, spina apicali valida. Epistomate lato eliptico, basi angustiori.
Pedibus maxillaribus externis intus, basi subtus villosis. Thorace ovoi-
deo, punctato-pubescente, lateribus leviter, antice magis granulosis ;
cephalothoracis lateribus spinis nonnulis minoribus ; linea profunda, vix
sinuata, utrinque fissa, spina acuta, valida ; sjDina apicali, infera, acuta ;
areola modica, plana, antice posticeque »que latiori. Postabdomine
thorace longiori, lato, fere la?vi, segnientis penultimis angulis externis
subrectis ; lamina media parte apicali breviori rotundata ; parte basali
utrinque apice bispina ; lamina laterali usque ad marginem costata ;
lamina externa toto margine intermedio dentato. Pedibus anticis bre-
vibus, chela brevi, angusta, depressa, punctato-ciliata, margine interno
subrecto, serrato, margine externo lineato ; digitis paulo longioribus,
rectis, subcostatis, margine interno recto, spongioso ; chela subtus parce
punctata, digitis magis ciliatis. Carpo longo, oblique truncato, punc-
tato-ciliato, spina media aliaque antica minoi'i, internis acutis; subtus
spinis duabus acutis validis. Brachio brevi, lajvi, spinis duabus ante-
apicalibus acutis validis, oblique positis ; subtus spinis nonnullis validis,
acutis, Ijiseriatis. Pedibus tertiis articulo tertio articulato; pedibus quin-
tis cajiitulo liasali annulari. Pedibus a1>dominalibus, brevibus, validis,
rectis, subcontortis, apice breviter bifidis ; parte interna cylindrica,
apice cornea, laminata ; parte externa a?quali, apice recurva, cornea,
acuta.

Forma II. differt pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis, apicibus nee
fusco cornels, parte interna conica, acutiori, externa obtusiori recurva.

Femina diflfert ventre inter pedes quartos Isevi; annulo obovato,

ASTACIDaE. CI

valido, luminc postieo transvcrsali, sulco autico longitudinali, fero bi-
tuberculato.

Long. Corp. 3; autenn. 1.4; ])0(1. antic. 1.9.

Yory old specimens : Long. corp. 4.7 ; antenn. 2.8 ; ped. ant. 3.5.

Patria : Reading, Sclinyllvill Kiver, Philadelphia ; Pittsbnrg, Pennsyl-
vania ; New Jersey. Many very young specimens from the Niagara
and Lake Erie. The very old specimens from New York ; Havre de
Grace, Maryland ; from the Potomac at Washington ; Carlisle, Penn-
sylvania.

The abdominal legs of the first form of the male vary a little in the
shape of the interior tip, which is more or less acute. I have fig-
ured both ; the more acute one is taken from the largest specimens, but
it is also found in the younger. The obtuse tip is figured from one
of intermediate age.

The young are similar to A. jvopinqiius {vide that species).

The full-grown and very old specimens, described by Mr. Girard as
Canihurus PcaJei, differ in the following points : —

Mas. Corpore densius punctato-pubescente; rostro latitudine duplo
longiori, leviter excavato, basi foveola lata, profundiori ; marginibus late-
ralibus inflatis, spinis anteapicalibus validis, subrejectis ; lamina anten-
narum margine externo subsinuato. Epistomate brevi, lato, antice o1>
tuso-rotundato, angulis lateraliljus acutioribus. Thorace lateribus magis
granuloso ; cephalothoracis spinis acutioribus ; linea profunda, uti'inque
fissa, spina duplici valida acuta aliisque minoribus ; spina antica infera
rejecta ; areola punctato-ciliata. Pedibus anticis validis ; chela forte
ciliato-punctata, margine interno subincurvo, dentato, supra et subtus
sulcato, digitis vix longioribus, planis, intus et digito mobili extus den-
tatis ; carpo spina interna media valida ; brachio spinis nonnuUis ante-
apicalibus, nonnullisque minoribus anticis, omnibus acutis ; subtus
utrinque spina ad articulationem valida. Annulo feminai utx'inque
tuberculo ad sulcum longitudinalem valido.

Six very old and full-grown specimens from Havre de Grace, Mary-
land, agree so very well with the description given by Mr. Thomas Say,
that they are doubtless Astacus ((ffiuis Say. A full-grown male from the
Potomac, communicated by the Philadelphia Academy and labelled
" C. Peaki Girard?" is identical with the specimens from Havre de
Grace. Girard's species was from the Potomac, and " the fingers fasci-
ate Avith green near the tips " are also described hy Mr. Thomas Say.
I have seen male and female from Reading, Schuylkill River, collected
by Professor Baird, labelled as C. affinh Girard, and communicated as
types from the Smithsonian collection by Professor W. Stimpson. The
male belongs to the second form ; the specimens are young, with only
one lateral thoracic spine ; in other respects they do not differ. I have
no doubt that they are young of the species described above ; Mr. Gi-

62 ASTACID^.

rard's description of C. affinis being made from specimens from Reading,
and of C. Pealei from those of the Potomac, he was perhaps induced by
this difference (though he does not say so) to refer the individuals to
two species. The other differences given by him, namely, the longer
antenna^ the broader area, the much less developed lateral spine of the
rostrum, have no decisive value.

The AsfacKS limosus Eafinesque, Amer. Monthl. Mag., T. 2, p. 42, from
the muddy banks of the Delaware, is apparently the same species, as
quoted before by Mr. Girard. Eafinesque describes " a thorn of each
flank " and gives the extreme dimensions " three to nine inches." I
have seen specimens three inches long with only one thorn upon a
side, and I have no doubt about their identity. The lai'gest specimen
seen by me is about five inches long. • Nearly all younger specimens
(three inches long) are bearded at their articulations, as quoted by
Eafinesque ; the larger specimens show much less hair. The descrip-
tion of il. liiuosiis was published in November, 1817, of A. affinis in De-
cember, 1817, one month later. But the description of A. affiitis is so
perfect, that of A. limosus so imperfect, that it would be more suitable
to retain the name given by Mr. Thomas Say, although the other lias
the priority.

The identity of A. affinis Erichs., Wiegm. Archiv. T. 12, p. 96, n. 15, is
probable. His description contains no different indication, but gives no
security. A. Bartonii Milne Edw., Hist. Crust., T. 2, p. 331, n. 2, is appar-
ently C. affinis. The typographical error in the quotation of the figures
by Mr. Harlan has misled Mr. Milne Edwards, as Erichson remarks.
The tj'pes of ^4. Bartonii Gibbes, in the Philadelphia Academy, are C.
affinis.

Cat. No. 164, Havre de Grace, Md., Mr. T. R. Williams. Male Form I.
Fern. Spec. 4.

Cat. No. 180, Havre de Grace, Md., Mr. T. E. Williams. Male Form I.
Spec. 2.

Cat. No. 163, New Jersey, Mr. Abry. Male. Fem., young. Spec. 3.

Cat. No. 162, SchuylkilfEiver, Pa., Mr. J. II. E. Male. Fern., young.
Spec. 6.

Cat. No. 179, Niagara, N. Y., L. Agassiz. Male. Fem., young.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 177, Carhsle, Pa. Male. Fem., young. Spec. 2.

Cat. No. 270, New York, Mr. Pike. Fem."^ Spec. 1.

ASTACID^. • 63

16. Cambakus virilis Ilagen.

Fi.auros on PI. I., II., III., ami VIIT.
Antonniil lamina, fig. 155, a ; t-pistoma, h; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.
First abdominal legs of the male :

first form, fig. 23 in front ; fig. 24 outside ; figs. 25, 26 variety, outside,
second form, fig. 27 in front; fig. 28 ontslde.
Inner sexual parts of the male :

first form, figs 128, 129 side; fig. 132 viewed more from above,
sot-ond form, figs. 130, 131 side,
n. VIII. Male, first form: a variety A.

Mas. Rostro lato, fere duplo longiori, siibexcavato, marginibus paral-
leli.-^, aiitice vix convergentibus, punctato-lineatis ; ante apicem utrinqne
subito sinuato, acumine triangulari, acuto, rostri latitudine non longiori,
aiigusto, aiigulo basali laterali corneo, obtuso vel subacuto ; cretis basa-
libus extus sulcatis, parum elevatis, parallelis, antice trnncatis, subacutis.
Antennis corpore brevioribus, articulis tluobus basalibus dente externo,
parvo, subacuto ; antennis internis articulo basali dente infero medio
acuto interno ; lamina ro.>tri longitudine, lata, margine externo in-
tlato, apice brevi spinoso. Epistomate longitudine dimidio latiori, an-
tice truncato, angustiori, acumine medio brevi, lateribus obliquis, sub-
exoavato. (Forma epistomatis variabili, antice lateribusque margine
vel recto, vel sinuato, vel excise ; angulis obtusis vel rotundatis.) Pedi-
bus maxillaribus externis intus et subtus villosis. Tliorace leviter ovato,
subdepresso, parce sed distincte punctato, lateribus scabris, ceplialo-
thorace medio fere Itevi; linea profunda modice sinuata, utrinqne fissa,
spina brevi, valida ; spina antica infera subnulla ; areola jilana, punctata,
medio angusta, postice magis dilatata. Postabdomine lato, tboracis
longitudine, parcepunctato, segmentis penultimis angulo externo ob-
tuso; lamina media parte apicali breviori, angulis rotundatis; parte
basali apice sinuata, utrinque spinis duabus validis. Pedibus anticis
brevibus, validis ; cbela lata, planiori, obsolete punctata, intus tuberculis
biseriatis dentata ; digitis dimidio longioribus, latis, planis, costato-line-
atis, fortiter punctatis ; interno recto, basi extus et intus tuberculoso-
dentato ; externo basi margine interno tuberculoso, subtus barbato,
margine externo Irevi, apice subincurvo ; carpo latitudine vix longiori,
extus oblique truncato, sublasvi, spina interna media majori, aliaque
basali minori ; subtus spinis duabus anticis validis ; brachio brevi, la3vi,
spinis duabus anteapicalibus oblique positis, obtusis ; subtus spinis bi-
seriatis acutis. Pedilms tertiis articulo tertio unguiculato ; pedibus
quintis capitulo basali brevi. Pedibus abdominalibus longis, subcon-
tortis, longe bifidis, apice acutis, incurvis ; parte externa longiori, basi
crassiori ; parte interna apice compresso-dilatata, acuta vel obtusion.

Forma II. Pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis, apicibus paululum
divisis, crassioribus, cylindricis, minus incurvis.

64 ■ ASTACID.E.

Femina cliffert chelis minoribus ; ventre inter pedes quartos Icevi, an-
nulo magno, fere cordiformi, fissura transversa, lata, profunda, margine
tumido, antice fisso.

Yariat interdum angulis rostri ad acuminis basin longioribus brevi-
spinosis ; rostri interdum angustiori, acumine longiori ; lamina anten-
narum rostro longiori.

Long. 3.2 ; long, antenn. 2.4 ; long. ped. antic. 2.7.

Patria : Lake Superior ; Lake Winnipeg ; Saskatchavan and Red
River, British America, and Toronto, Canada ; Quincy, Illinois ; Daven-
port and Burlington, Iowa; Miami River, Dayton, Ohio ; Osage River,
Missouri; Sugar River, Wisconsin (Mus. Salem) ; Texas.

I have seen the male of both forms from Lake Superior and from
Illinois.

Var. A.

I have seen many full-grown male (Forma 11.) and female examples
from the Osage River, Missouri, and male and female from the Miami
River, Dayton, Ohio, in the Philadelphia Museum, which I cannot yet
separate sj^ecifically. The rostrum is smaller anteriorly, the thorax
seems not so much dilated and less punctated, the areola is a little
smaller ; the fingers are more separated, the exterior more notched at
the base interiorly ; the carpus is trispinose beneath at the apex, the
third .spine is between the great middle interior spine and the two or-
dinary apical spines ; the legs composing the third pair are not so much
hooked, and those of the abdomen are similar to those of the second
form described.

The male (Forma I.) and female from Davenport, Iowa, are in form
and specific character doubtless identical with the examples from Lake
Superior ; but they agree more nearly with the specimens from the
Osage River in the form of the rostrum and the greater development
of the .spines ; the third spine on the carpus is more or less visible.

It is likewise impossible to separate the males and females from
Texas. The rostrum is intermediate, but more similar to the Osage
examples; the abdominal legs (Forma I.) are of the typical form; the
carjms is trispinose, but in some examples from Lake Superior there is
a similar third spine very little developed. One male is larger : Long,
corp. 4.1 ; long. ped. antic. 3.7 ; long, chela?, 2.2. In this male the
fingers are more elongated.

The examples from Burlington, Iowa, are similar to the Texas ex-
amples. The male has a little hook at the third joint of the second
pair of legs, but a similar monstrosity is not very uncommon. Acci-
dentally the spines on the rostrum are more or less obliterated.

Cat. No. 1151, Lake Superior, L. Agasslz. Male Form I. and U.
Fern. Spec. 12.*

ASTACIDiE. G5

Cat. No. 19 J:, Lake Superior, L. Agassiz. Male Form I. and 11. Fom.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 203, Lake Superior, L. Agassiz. Male Form II. Fein.
Spec. 6.

Cat. No. 1828, Lake Winnipeg, British America, Mr. S. H. Scudiler.
Male. Feni. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1829, Red River, British America, Mr. S. H. Scudder. Male.
Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1830, Saskatchavan River, British America, Mr. S. II. Scud-
der. Male. Fem. Spec. 4.

Cat. No. 196, Quincj, 111., Dr. Watson. Male. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Var. A.

Cat. No. 1831, Osage River, Dr. StoUey. Male Form II. Fem.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1832, Osage River, Dr. Stolley. Male Form II. Fem.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 192, Osage River, Dr. Stolley. Male Form I. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 171, Burlington, Iowa. Male Form I. Fem. Spec. 3.

Cat. No. 200, Texas, Dr. Stolley. Male Form I. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 207, Texas, Dr. Stolley. Male Form I. Fem. Spec. 4. •

Cat. No. 1833, Davenport, Iowa. Male Form L Fem. Spec. 3.

Dry Spec, Lake George, L. Agassiz. Male. Spec. 1.

17. Ca3ibarus placidus Ilagen.

Figures on PI. I. anfl III.
First abdominal legs of the male :

first form, fig. 76 in front; fig. 77 outside.

not articulated second form, fig. 78 in front; fig. 79 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 158, n; epistoma, 6 ; spine of tlie second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

This species is intermediate between C. vinlis and C. juvenilis. It
lives in the same localities, — Texas, Temicssee, and Quinc}^, Illinois.
In its general form, more cylindrical thorax, smaller and more deeply
sulcated rostrum, with the margins more thickened, it resembles C juve-
nilis; the abdominal legs of the male (Forma I. and II.) are very sim-
ilar to those of C. rin'lis, though in one male the posterior hook is.
slightly evident ; nevertheless, the forehands are very dissimilar, more
.slender, much longer, not so much punctated, especially on the finger.s,
which are flattened ; the inner marcrin of the hands is verv little tuber-
culated ; the fingers are more separated at the base, while the external
one is not barbated ; a few females from Tennessee have little hairs,
and are scarcely tuberculated at the inner margin, though sometimes
they are much elongated ; the carpus is bispinose beneath, the spines
often being very obtuse, especially the interior ones ; the biseriated

66 ASTACIDvE.

spines beneath the brachium, except the two apical ones, are nearly or
quite obliterated, as in C. juvenilis. The external maxillary legs are
not barbated beneath.

The largest male : Long. corp. 3.5 ; long. ped. antic. 2.5.

Patria : Lebanon, Tennessee ; Qviincy, Illinois ; Texas.

I have seen more than twenty examples, male (Forma I. and II.) and
female. In the males, Forma II., the abdominal legs are not articulated
at the base.

Cat. No. 289, Lebanon, Tenn., Mr. J. M. Saiibrd. Male Form L and
II. Fern. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 296, Quincy, III, Dr. Watson. Male Form I. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 170, Texas, G. Stolley. Male Form I. and II. Fern. Spec.
12.*

18. Cambarus juvenilis Ilagen.

Figures on PI. I. and III.
First abdominal less of tlie male :

first form, fig. 29 in fi-ont; fig. 30 (Tab. II.) viewed more ontwardly ; fig. 31 outside,
second form, fig. 32 in front; fig. 33 outside.
Antcnnal lamina, fig. 157, a ; cpistoma, h ; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Mas. Rostro angusto, longiori, sulcato, marginibus basi divergentibus,
crassioribus, costato-lineatis ; acumine triangulari, angusto, acuto, sinu-
ato, spina utrinque brevi fusco-cornea, subrejecta ; cretis suljparallelis,
vix elevatis, sulcatis, spina antica brevi, fusco-cornea. Antennis corpora
paulo longioribus, articulo basali dente externo brevi, articulo secundo
dente subnullo; articulo antennarum internarum basali dente infero
acuto, magis apicali ; lamina parva, rostro fere longiori, angusto, mar-
gine externo late intlato, apice longius sjjinoso. Epistomate lato, antice
obtuso-angustiori, lateribus sinuatis, angulis basalibus paulo prominenti-
bus. Pedibus maxillaribus externis intus summaque Ijasi subtus villosis.
Thorace fere cylindrico, suljdepresso, punctato, punctis ad rostri basin
profundis crebrioribus, lateribus leviter granulosis ; linea modice pro-
funda, vix sinuata, utrinque fissa, spina parva acuta; spina antica infera
nulla ; areola angusta, plana postice paulo latiori. Postabdomine tho-
racis latitudine, fere Itevi, segmentis penultimis angulo externo obtuso ;
lamina media parte apicali breviori, rotundata, parte basali apice angus-
tiori, sinuata, utrinque bispina. Pedibus anticis latis, brevibus ; chela
lata, depressa, ubique grosso-punctata, margine interno brevi, incurvo,
tuberculis squamosis serrato ; digitis longioribus, recti.s, costatis, ad
marginem internum lineato-punctatis, externo subtus basi barbato ;
carpo lato, extus oblique truncato, sublajvi, spina interna media obtusa,
subtus antice spinis duabus obtusis ; brachio brevi, lajvi spinis duobus
obtusis anteapicallbus, oblique positis, subtus fere nudo, spinis duabus
anticis. Pedibus tertiis articulo tertio unguiculato ; pedibus quintis

ASTACIDiE. 67

capitulo basali brevi. Po(ril)us alHloininalilnis long^is, sii1)contortis. longe
bifidis, (lonto medio «upero, partibus a])icalibiis gracilibus, spinilbnuibus,
mterna breviori, ante apiceiu sul)latioi-i.

Forma 11. Diftert pcdibus abdominabbus In-evioribus, basi articu-
latis, apice modo bifidis, partibus apicalibus inflatis, cylindrici.s, dente
medio supero nullo.

Vidi mares adultos similes, scd pedibus abdominalibus basi non articu-
latis.

Femina differt abdominc latiori, cholis angustioribus, minus pimcta-
tis, sublasvibus ; venter inter pedes quartos nndo, fere piano ; annulo
magno, transverso, fissura transversa lata, profunda, antice bitubercu-
lata.

Long. Corp. 2.5 ; antenn. 2.6 ; ped. cbel. 1.8.

Patria : Little Hickman, Kentucky Kiver ; Osage Eiver.

Vidi mares utriusque formaj, ac feminas, permultos.

This species is very similar to C. virilis Hag., but smaller, the thorax
nearly cylindrical, more flattened above ; the rostrum is smaller, deeply
sulcated, with the margins thickened and laterally not so sharply rec-
tangular, but more oblique ; the three apical teeth are more developed ;
the antennal lamina is smaller, the hands throughout are punctated and
more flattened, the spines of the carpus and brachium obtuse ; the or-
dinarily biseriated spines beneath are not at all developed, except the
two anterior.

Cat. No. 213, Little Hickman, Kentucky Eiver, Mr. A. Hyatt. Male
Form I. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1834, Little Hickman, Kentucky River, Mr. A. Hyatt. Male
Form H., first pair of abdominal legs articulated or not articulated.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 271, Osage River, G. Stolley. Male. Spec. 1.

19. Cambarus propinquus Girard.

Cambarus propinquus Giranl, Procccil. Acad. Pliilad., T. YI. p. 88.

Figures on PI. I. and III.
Antennal lamina, fig. 158, a; cpistoma, b ; spine of the second joint of the extci-ior antenna, c.
First abdominal legs of the male :

first form, fig. 34 in front; fig. 35 variety; fig. 3G outside.

second form, fig. 37 in fi-ont; fig. 38 outside.

Mas. Rostro angustiori, elongato, subexcavato, marginibus paral-
lelis, punctato-lineatis, apice utrinque sinuatis, spinis lateralll)us per-
parvis fusco-corneis ; acumine triangulari, acuto, latitudine rostri longi-
ori, supra leviter carinato ; cretis basalibus In-evibus, margine distantibus,
parallelis, vix elevatis, sulcatis, antice truncatis. Antennis corpore bre-
vioribus, dentibus articulorum basalium brevibus acutis; antennis inter-
nis dente anteapicali infero interno acuto j lamina rostri longitudine.

68 ASTACID^.

apicem versus latiori, margine externo sinuato, modice inflato, aj^ice
spina longiori. Epistomate antice angustiori, truncato, climidio latiori,
lateribus excisis. Pedibus maxillaribus externis intus parum villosis, sub-
tus nudis. Thorace subovoideo, parum-punctato, laterilms subtilissime
granulosis ; liuea j^rofunda, subsinuata, lateribus divisa, spina laterali
acuta; areola plana, paulo latiori, antice posticeque a^quo dilatata.
Postabdomine thorace subangustiori, fere liBvi, segmentis penultimis
angulo externo mutico ; lamina media parte apicali breviori, subangus-
tiori, rotundata ; parte basali quadrangulari, antice utrinque bispinosa.
Pedibus anticis brevibus, chela modice lata, suljdepressa, punctata, sub-
tus la3vi, margine interno brevi, recto, paululum serrato ; digitis fere
duplo longioribus, rectis, margine interno costato-lineatis, basi intus
subdentatis. Carpo lato, oblique truncato, sublajvi, spina media in-
terna, subtus spina solum externa antica valida. Brachio brevi, Vxv'i,
spinis duabus anteapicalibus oblique positis, spinis inferis biseriatis, dua-
bus anticis exceptis subnullis. Pedibus tertiis articulo tertio unguicu-
lato. Pedibus quintis capitulo basali cjlindrico. Pedibus alxlominali-
bus brevioribus, subcontortis, apice modo bifidis, partibus cylindricis,
crassioribus, a^qualibus, parte interna, apice subacuta paulo introrsus
curvata, parte externa fusco-cornea, tenuiori, acuta.

Forma 11. differt chela angustiori, crassiori, la?viori ; pedibus abdonii-
naliljus, basi articulatis (interdum non articulatis) partibus apicalibus
ajqualibus, parte externa non fusco cornea.

Femina diftert chelis minoribus; ventre inter pedes quartos ItBvi,
annulo oljovato, subdepresso, fissura longitudinali dentata, apertura
transversali nulla.

Long. corp. 2.6 ; long. ped. ant. 2.3.

Ordinarily, long. corp. 1.5 at 2.

Patria: Lake Oneida; Lake Superior; Niagara; Ogle County, Illi-
nois ; Delphi, Lidiana ; Rochester, N. Y.

I have seen many examples. In one abnormal male the third pair
of legs are not hooked ; some males have the third joint of the second
pair of legs hooked.

A male type (Forma I.) found by Professor Baird on Grass River, St.
Lawrence County, N. Y., and communicated by Professor Stimpson, is
identical with the specimens from Lake Superior. Mr. Girard has seen
specimens of this species from Lake Ontario, Garrison Creek, Sackett's
Ilarljor, Four-Mile Creek, Oswego.

In one abnormal male the first pair of the abdominal legs are not
developed, but they have the same shape as those of the females.

One male, Delphi, Indiana, is larger, long. corp. 3.2 ; ped. ant. 3.1,
but very similar. The hands are more developed, as is commonly the
case in old males ; the abdominal legs are similar in form, but the pos-
terior margin is a little hooked in the middle, and more emarginated

ASTACIDiE. 69

before the base. The rostrum is carinated as in the tvpe. The iden-
tity is rendered much more prol)able, since I have seen from the same
locality male and female types, both full grown and young, and the
two forms of the male. In one male, nearly fidl grown, the rostrum
is scarcely carinated at all.

Two males, Forma I., from Kochester, N. Y., were mixed Avith C.
obsciinis.

The very young and small specimens much resemble those of C af-
fiiik. The rostrum is more acute, the thorns at the base of the acumen
long and acute, the extei'ior nuirgin of the antenna! lamina sinuated,
but the acumen is always a little carinated, and the hands are broader
and shorter.

C. propbtquus Gir. differs from C. ririlis in having its rostrum carinated
and narrower, with the acumen longer than broad ; the cephalothoracic
carina} more distant from the margin ; the lamina of the antenna) nai'-
rower, more acute ; the maxillary legs without hairs externally ; the
carpus below with only one anterior spine, the brachium externally
smooth ; the inner margin of the chela straight ; the areola broader,
but not so much enlarged behind ; the lamina media of the postalxlo-
men more rounded. The angle of the cephalothoracic margin behind
the eyes is almost obliterated.

Cat. No. 202, Lake Superior, L. Agassiz. Male Form II. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1835, Lake Superior, L. Agassiz. Male Form I. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 206, Lake Superior, L. Agassiz. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1836, Ugle County, 111. Male. Fem. Spec. 6.

Cat. No. 1837, locality unknown. Male Form II., first pair of ab-
dommal legs not articulated. Spec. 3.

Cat. No. 268, Delphi, Indiana, Mr. F. C. Hill. Male. Fem. Spec.
12.*

Cat. No. 205, Niagara, L. Agassiz. Male. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 247, Niagara, L. Agassiz. Fem. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 185, Niagara, L. Agassiz. Male. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1838, Rochester, N. Y., Professor C. Dewey. Male. Spec. 2.

Cat. No. 1839, Lake Oneida. Male. Spec. 3.

Dry Spec, Niagara, L. Agassiz. Male. Fem. Spec. 2~

20. Cambarus obscurus Hagen.

Figures on PI. I. and III.
First abdominal legs of the male.

first form, fig. 72 in front; fig. 73 outside.

second form, fig. 74 in front ; fig. 75 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 1.54, a; epistoma, 6 ; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Male. This species is very similar to C. projiiiiquus, and I have seen
the males from the same locality mixed in the same bottle. But hav-

70 ASTACID7E.

ing compared many full-grown individuals, I find the following dif-
ferences : —

Rost-ro non carinato, antice piano, vix angustiori ; cretis basalibus
brevioribus ; lamina apice acutiori, margine externo non sinuato ; episto-
mate antice magis truncato ; chela latiori, planiori, margine interno in-
curvo, distincte biseriatim tuberculato, linea tuberculosa alia paululum
distante versus basin mediam digiti mobilis ; digitis brevioribus, latio-
ri))us, externo incurvo, basi magis distantibus; carpo subtus spiiiis anticis
distlnctis ; pedibus abdominalibus margine postico medio dentato ; parte
interna lata recta, fere carinata, apice obtusa; postabdomine lamina?
media; parte apicali breviori.

Forma II., pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis, margine postico
non dentato ; partilnis magis inflatis, externa cylindrica obtusa.

Femina differt annulo apertura transversali antice bituberculata ;
tuberculo ventrali inter pedes secundos.

Long. corp. 3.5 ; antenn. 2.5 ; ped. antic. 2.5.

Patria : Genesee River, Rochester, N. Y.

Vidi 30 specimina.

This species is perhaps A. fossor Rafinesque, Amer. Monthl. Magaz.,
T. II. -p. 42. The description is very short, and contains nothing con-
tradictory, while the granular " gaping " toothed hand seems to desig-
nate this sjiecies rather than C. 'propinqiins.

^^ A. fossor. Antennae as long as the liody, rostrum short, one-toothed
on each side, a thorn behind the eyes ; three pairs of spiniferous feet,
hands of the first pair very large, granular-gaping-toothed, with a fur-
rowed and bispinous Avrist. Obs. Vulgar name, burrowing lobster, —
communicated to me by Dr. Samuel L. Mitchell, — native of Virginia,
Pennsylvania, and New York ; size from four to six inches ; it burrows
in meadows and milldams, which it perforates and damages."

The dimensions are greater than in the specimens before me. Among
the seven species known from New York, this species and C. jfi'opii/quns
are the only ones answering to Mr. Rafinesque's desci'iption. From
Pennsylvania I know only C. affink and Bartonii, from Virginia only C.
Bartonii and C. obcsus.

I do not know whether C. ohscunis burrows in dams; should this pecu-
liarity be made out, the name proposed by Mr. Rafinesque must be
restored.

Cat. No. 181, Genesee River, Rochester, N. Y., Mr. H. A. Ward.
Male. Fern. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1840, Genesee River, Rochester, N. Y., Mr. H. A. Ward.
Male Form I. Fem. Spec. 12.* li)Ct.3353

Cat. No. 1841, Genesee River, Rochester, N. Y., Mr. H. A. Ward.
Male Form II. Spec. 3. '"^^c:- 'ip357

ASTACID^E. 71

21. Cambarus rusticus Girard.

Cambarus rHs:lcHs Girard, I'roc. Acail. riulaiL, T. G, p. 88.

Fijjiiros on PI. I. ami III.
First abcliiiuiual logs of tho male :

first form, tig. 80 in front ; fig. 81 out.sido.

second form, fig. 82 in front ; fig. 83 outside.
Antcnnal lamina, fig. IGl, a ; cpistoma, b ; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

I HAVE heretofore considered the males and females from Cincinnati,
Ohio, which belong to C. rusiicus Gir., as a variety of C. propinqims ; the
rostrum, however, is never carinnted. The specimens are very closely
allied to C. placidus ; still, the apex of the abdominal legs is nearly
straight, while in C jilmkhis it is slightly incurved.

They are very similar to G. propinquus, though the rostrum is nar-
rower and concave on the sides, the acumen shorter, the inner margin
of the hand is incui'ved, the intei'ior spine of the carpus less developed,
while there are two apical spines beneath, the inner one being the
smaller ; the brachium is more biseriated spinose beneath ; the fingers
are more separated at the base ; the rostrum has the acumen exca-
vated, not carinated ; the external part of the abdominal legs is a little
longer ; the posterior margin hooked as in C. obscurus ; in the female
there is a triangular lumen in the annulus ; the external parts of the
two antepenultimate segments of the postabdomen are nearly rec-
tangular.

Long. Corp. 3 ; long, antenn. 2.6 ; long. ped. antic. 2.5.

Patria : Cincinnati, Ohio. I have compared a male type, Fonna II.,
communicated by Professor W. Stimpson. I have seen nine examples,
male, Formai I. and II., and female. Tlie abdominal legs in the Forma
II. are not articulated at the base. One male from Lake Superior seems
not to diffei'.

While this species is very near to C. jilacidus, the apical parts of the
a1)dominal legs are shorter and more nearly straight. Nevertheless, the
identity is not impossible. C. ohcunis is very similar, but instantly sep-
arated hy the truncated epistoma.

Cat. No. 285, Cincinnati, Ohio. Male. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 187, Lake Superior, L. Agassiz. Male Form L Spec. 1.

22. Cambarus immunis Hagen.

Figures on V\. I., Ill, and VIII.
First abdominal legs of the male.

first form, fig. 105 in front; fig. lOG outside.
Antcnnal lamina, fig. ICO, a; epistoma, 6; variety, d; spine of the second joint of tho exterior

antenna^, c.

ri. VIII. Hand.

Mi^s. Rostro lato, dimidio longiori, supra excavato, loevi, basi foveola,

9 ASTACIDiE.

IZ

antice vallata, dense punctata, marginibus ad acuminis apicem elevatis,
vix punctato-lineatis, antice convergentibus, apice leviter sinuatis, acn-
niine brevi, triangulari, acuto, dentibus lateralibus nullis ; cretis basali-
bus sul)divergentibus, vix elevatis, extus siilcatis, antice muticis. An-
tennis gracilibus, tliorace paulo longioribus, articulo basali dente extcrno
parvo acuto, articido secundo dente perparvo ; antennis internis dente
medio articuli basalis infero ; lamina rostro vix longiori, lata, apice sub-
truncata, margine externo inflato, brevi-spinoso. Epi.stomate lato, apice
exciso (vel ti'uncato, spina media perparva), lateribus obliquis, angulis
rotundatis. Pedibus maxillaribus externis intus et subtus villosis. Tlio-
race subcylindrico, compresso, supra fortiter punctate, lateribus la^viori-
bus ; linea profunda, sinuata, lateribus divisa, spina utrinque parva,
aliaque antica ad antennas infei-a minori ; areola plana, punctata, angusta,
postice valde dilatata. Postabdomine thoracis latitudine, liBvi, segmen-
tis antepenultimis angulo externo rotundato ; lamina intennedia parte
apicali vix breviori, rotundata, medio subexcisa ; parte basali utrinque
bispina. Pedibus anticis modicis, brevioribus ; chela modice lata, de-
pressa, leviter punctata, subtus lasvi, extus marginata ; mai'gine interno
brevi, subrecto, tuberculato-serrato ; digitis longioribus, rectis, apice
corneis, incurvis, supra costatis et punctato-lineatis ; digiti mobilis mar-
gine externo serrato, interno basi exciso, tuberculato ; digito externo
tuberculo medio et basali minoribus, basi subtus valde barbata. Car^^o
lato, extus valde oblique-truncato, spina interna media majori, aliisque
brevioribus ; subtus antice et intus multispinoso, duabus anticis majori-
bus. Brachio brevi, la^vi, margine supero parce tuberculoso, sjiinis dua-
bus parvis anteapicalibus minoribus; subtus spinis obtusis biseriatis,
anticis nonnuUis majoribus. Pedibus secundis intus ante apicem valde
barbatis. Pedibus tertiis articulo tertio unguiculato ; pedibus quintis
capitulo basali annulari. Pedibus abdominalibus modicis, contortis,
longe bifidis, margine postico medio subito latiori, parte interna cylin-
drica, apice acuta, depressa, incurva, subdilatata; parte externa paulo
longiori, acuta, incurva,

Femina difFert chelis minoribus, pedibus secmidis minus barbatis ;
ventre inter pedes quartos la3vi, annulo obovali, fissura denticulata,
apertura magna transversa ; ventre inter pedes tertios tuberculo apicali
jilaniori.

Long. Corp. 2.6 ; long, antenn. 1.5 ; ped. antic. 2.

Vidi marem (ex Alabama) paulo majorem, chelis medio magis dila-
tatis, digito externo intus curvo.

Patria : Lavm Ridge and Belleville, Illinois ; Huntsville, Alabama.

I have not seen the second form of the male.

A female from Beaufort, N. C, is a little smaller, the antennal lamina
not so broad at the tip, the areola a little narrower, the hands are very
small, the moving finger has its inner margin straight, without basal

ASTACID.E. 73

excision; the oxamplo is otherwise similar to C.mmunis; nevertheless,
it possibly belongs to a dillerent species.

C. immitnis is a very interesting species; l)y its conical, short, and

toothless rostrum it is allied to the group of C. Barionii, by the alj-

dominal legs of the male to the group of C. affiiiis. I have not i-een

young specimens ; they, perhaps, possess lateral spines.

'^'Cat. No. 188, Lawn Ridge, 111., Mr. C. Ordway. Male. Fem. Spec. 5.

^Cat. No. 18-il, Belleville, 111. Male. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 301, Huntsville, Ala. Male. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 1842, Beaufort, N. C, Mr. Bickmore. Fem. Spec. 1.

23. Cambarus extraneus Hagen.

Figures on PI. I. and III.

First abilominal legs of the male :

second form, fig. 88 in front ; fig. 89 outside.

Antennal lamina, fig. 156, a; epistoma, h; spine of the second joint of the exterior an-
tenna, c.

]\Lvs. Rostro lato, duplo vel triplo-longiori, losvi, excavato, margini-
bus punctato-lineatis, subparallelis vel subconvergentibus, utrinque ad
apicem fortiter sinuatis ; acumine longo, acuto, utrinque dente brevi,
acuto ; cretis parum elevatis, parallelis, sulcatis, spina acuta antica.
Antennis validis (basis modo exstat), articulis duobus basalibus dente
externo acuto, antennis internis articulo basali dente infero acuto ; la-
mina rostri longitudine, modice lata, margine externo late inilato, apice
spina acuta longiori. Epistomate brevi, lato, antice obtuso, rotundato,
angulis lateralibus acutioribus ; pedibus maxillaribus externis intus
barbatis. Thorace leviter ovato, densius punctato-ciliato, laterilnis
granulosis, scabris ; linea jirofunda, subfissa, ntrinque sjjina valida acuta ;
spina antica infera ad antennarum basin ; areola lata, jjlana, punctata,
antice posticeque paulo dilatata, cephalothorace margine antico ad basin
antennarum loco anguli dente parvo acuto. Postabdomine thoracis lati-
tudine, paulo longiori, parce punctato, segmentis antepenultimis angulo
laterali subrecto ; lamina intermedia ntrinque bispinosa, parte apicali
breviori, rotundata. Pedibus anticis modicis ; chela magna, lata, dejires-
sa, densius punctato-ciliata; margine interno longo, subrecto, biseriatim
tuberculato-dentato; digitis validis, planis longioribus, costato-lineatis,
intus dentatis, basi subtus barbatis. Carpo lato, oblique truncato, parum-
punctato, spina interna media majori, aliaque basali brevi; subtus spinis
duabus anticis validis. Brachio longiori, la?vi, spinis duabus anteapicali-
bus validis, oblique positis, subtus spinis acutis biseriatis, spina ad arti-
culationem utrinque valida. Pedibus tertiis articulo tertio unguiculato ;
pedibus quartis capitulo basali ovato, parvo. (Forma I. mihi invisa.)

Forma II. Pedibus abdominalil:)us basi articulatis, validis, brevibus,
contortis ; parte interna cylindrica, brevi, apice acutiori recurva ; parte

10

74 ASTACID.E.

externa valida, antice impressa, apice compressa, clente valido recurvo,
obtiiso, iiitiis duplici.

Yidi marem majorem pedibus abdominalibus non articiilatis.

Femina difFert abdomine latiori ; ventre inter pedes quartos lievi,
annulo transverse, lumine posteriori piano, sulco antico longitudinali,
utrinque tuberculo rotundato.

Long. corp. 3.3; ped. antic. 2.

Habitat : Tennessee River, Georgia. The label is no doubt in part
erroneous, as no portion of the Tennessee Eiver tlows through Georgia.

I have seen six specimens (three males, three females), of which the
largest was a female. The males belong to Forma IT., though the largest
have the abdominal legs unarticulated. Apparently the males, Forma I.,
have larger hands and a more finished sculpture. In all the specimens
the whole animal is punctuous-ciliated. The thorax is a little shorter
than the abdomen.

A. affinis Say diflers in having a double spine on each side of the tho-
rax, in the very unlike forms of the abdominal legs, in the absence of
the thoracic marginal spine behind the eyes, and in its larger areola. I
cannot discover this species in Mr. LeConte's monograph.

It is possible that the larger female belongs to a different, species ;
the five others are identical, the rostrum being visibly attenuated be-
fore, the acumen shorter, and the area broader. This female seems
very near C. affinis Say. The species itself is very remarkable in hav-
ing the abdominal legs formed exactly as in the group of C. BaHoni.

Cat. No. 175, Tennessee River, (near the borders of?) Georgia, Colonel
Jones and Dr. Daniell. Male Form I. and II. Fern. Spec. 6.

m. GROUP. (Type C. BartoxXii.)

Tlic third legs of the males hooked ; rostrum short, toothless ; first pair of
ahdominal legs with the tip of the exterior part recurred, the tip of the interior
part short.

This group, perhaps, unites two groups of co-ordinate value. It is, of
course, possible that an examination of a greater number of sj^ecimens
of C. Carolinus and other allied species would allow us to place them in
another different group.

1. C. Bartomi and the allied species (except C Carolinus and C. advena)
form a very natural group. Hooks only occur in the males on the third
pair of legs. The rostrum is short, broad, obtuse at the tip and tooth-
less, even in the young animals. The antennte are shorter than the
body ; their lamina is short and dilated near the tip ; the spine beneath
the first joint of the inner antennae is more apical ; the flagellum is
short, the inner branch a little more slender, shorter, and the joints
are sometimes more calcareous and fragile, similar to those of the true

ASTACIDiE. 75

Astacus. The forebordtn* of the oephalothorax is utrongly angulated.
The body, especially the postabdomen and the hands, is broader. The
first pair of abdominal legs of the male has a peculiar and striking de-
velopment. The tij) of the exterior part forms a larger and more
strongly recurved tooth ; the tip of the interior part is broken, short,
.and conical. The second pair of legs and the third are ciliated with
hairs. Burrowing habits are observed in C. Dior/cncs (united by me
with C. Bi(rto)iii).

2. The other group, C. CaroUmis and C. advcna, differs in having the
front border of the oephalothorax not angulated, the very narrow postr
abdomen, and principally in the form of the first abdominal legs, sim-
ilar to those described in C. acufiis.

Synopsis of the Species.

1st Section.
Front border of the ccphalotliorax .angulated ; first abdominal legs strongly hooked.

A. Areola linear: C. obcsu.i, C. Kebrasccnsis.

B. Areola broad : C Barlonii (with C. pusillus, C. 7nontanus, C. loiir/ulus, C. Diogenes'), C.

robuslus, C. latimanu.i.
InccrtiB sedis : C. Mexicanus, C. Cuhensis.

2d Section.

Front border of the cephalothorax straight; first abdominal legs not hooked: C. adoena, C.
Carolinua.

The determination of the species in this group is not so certain as
in the foregoing groups. In some species the entire lack of typical
specimens, or the insufficiency of materials, has perhaps misled me
and occasioned errors.

This is es^DCcially the case in the species imited by me with C. Bar-
tonii, viz. in C. pusillus, C. montanus, C. lougidus, and C. Diogenes. More
ample material will either confirm my views or correct my errors.

24. Cambarus Bartonii Fahidus.

Astacus Bartomi Fabr., Supplem. Ent., p. 407, n. 3. — Bosc., Hist. Nat. Crust., T. II. p. 40. — Latr.,
Hist. Xat. Crust, T. VI. p 240. — Say, Journ. Acad. N. Se. Philad., T. I. p. 167, 2. — Har-
lan, Med. and Phys. Research., p. 230, fig. 3. — Erichson, Arcliiv. T. XII. p. 97, n. 17. — De-
Kay, X. Y. Zoology, VI. 22, PI. 8, fig. 25.

Figures on PI. I., II., and III.
First abdominal legs of the male :

first form, tig. 47 in front; fig. 48 outside.

second form, fig. 49 in front ; fig. 50 outside.
Inner sexual parts of the male :

first form, fig. 135; side, fig. 13G.

second form, fig. 137; side, fig. 138.
Inner sexu.al parts of the female, fig. 139.
Antennal lamina, fig. 166, a; epistoma, ft; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Mas. Rosti'o brevi, lato, fere quadrangulari, ante apicem utrinque

76 ASTACID^.

suljito sinuato, acumine latitudine rostri breviori, acuto ; supra fere
piano, marginibus antice ad acuminis apicem elevatis ; basi foveola la-
tiori, punctata ; cretis basaliljus jiarvis, vix rostro separatis, jiarallelis,
extus linea punctata impresses, antice subacutis. Antenuis corpore bre-
vioribus ; articulo basali dente parvo, acuto ; antennis internis articulo
basali spina infera antica acuta. Lamina brevi, angusta, I'ostro sub-
longiori, apice angustiori, margine externo latins inflato, apice spina
longiori, acuta. Epistomate semicirculari, spina media antica ; pedibus
maxillaribus externis intus barbatis. Thorace subcylindiico, paulo de-
presso, postice subangustato, punctato, lateribus granulate ; cephalotho-
race medio \x\'i ; linea profunda, sinuata, spina parva infera antica ad
antennarum basin; areola modica, plana, punctata, postice latiori. Post-
abdomine vix angustiori, punctato, segmentis antepenultimis angulis
rotundatis ; lamina media bispina ; parte apicali requali elliptica. Pedi-
bus anticis brevibus, modicis ; chela lata, subinflata, punctata ; margine
brevi dentato, interdum biseriatim tuberculato, recto, subtus sulcato ;
digitis validis basi non claudentil^us, costatis, fortiter punctato-lineatis,
dimidio longioribus, rectis, paululum subtus curvatis, intus dentatis.
Brachio brevi, la3vi, ante apicem supra obsolete-tuberculoso, subtus
spinis biseriatis acutis. Carpo lato, oblique truncate, rarius punctato,
spina media interna majori, aliaque basali minori ; subtus spinis duabus
anticis obtusis. Pedibus secundis densius ciliatis ; j^edibus tertiis arti-.
culo tertio unguiculato ; pedibus quartis capitulo basali ovali. Pedibus
abdommalibus )jrevil>us, validis, contortis, subtus medio depressis, parte
interna cylindrica, apice acuta, incurva ; j^J^i'te externa longiori, latiori,
intus plana, apice dente sejjarato, compresso, longo, incurvo, margine
externo fusco-coi'neo, striate.

Forma II. differt chela angustiori, digitis longioribus, sn?pe basi clau-
dentibus. Pedibus abdeminaliljus brevibus, validis, contortis, basi arti-
culatis, pai'te interna brevi, cylindrica, apice extus curvata ac subito
acuminata; parte externa latiori, intus plana, apice dente magne, ob-
tuse, recurve, compresso, intus duplici. Variat pedibus basi non articu-
latis, chela perparva, digitis fere cjlindricis ; carpo interdum spina in-
terna media singula.

Femina differt chelis minoribus ; ventre inter pedes quartos lajvi ;
annulo cordiformi, lumine transverse postice, sulcoque angusto antice
iongitudinali ; al)domine latiori, summa basi angustato.

Long. Corp. 2.8 -.3.6; antenn. 1.5-3.8; ped. antic. 2-2.5

Patria: Lake Superior; Lake Chamjslain, Burlington, Vermont (Salem
Museum) ; Elizabeth town, Essex County, and Berkshire, Tioga County,
Fishkill and Newburg (Rafinesque), N. Y. ; Schooley's Mount, New Jer-
sey; Schuylkill River, PhOadelphia, and Berwick, Pennsylvania; Cin-
cimiati, Scioto River, Columbia, Ohio ; Hickman's Landing, Kentucky
River; Georgetown, D. C. ; Osage River, Missouri; Georgia; Greenbrier
River, Virginia.

ASTACIDiE. 77

I have seen more than four hmuh-od speciiuons, both very young and
very old. The shape of the rostrum is variable, sometimes broader and
quadrangular; the sculpture is different, the oldest individuals are most
strongly tuberculated ; the auteuna3 are shorter than the aljdomen,
though in one male (the largest seen by me) they arc a little longer
than the abdomen. The hands are variable in form, often very broad,
and the fingers much separated at the base ; the abdominal legs in the
second form are often not articulated.

It is possible that ^1. Baiion'd Fabr. belongs to this species ; the de-
scription contains no contradictory characters. The description by
Bosc is too short, and his figure too imperfect to afford any help. The
species of Say, Harlan, Erichson, are apparently identical. DeKay's (N.
Y. Fauna, T. 6, p. 20, T. 8, fig. 25) description is very brief and the fig-
ure poor, still I think the species the same. A. affiuis M. Edwards seems
to be the same (Crust. II. p. 332, ii. 3). A. Bartonii M. Edwards is C.
affinis. I do not know whether M. Edwards has seen the type of Bosc.

Girard gives (Proc. Acad. Philad., No. 8, T. 6, p. 88) no description
of his Burtoidi, but he quotes the works above-mentioned. Girard cites
as identical A. ciliaris Rafinesque (Amer. Month. Mag. II. No. 3, \). 42),
and this is po.ssibly true of very large specimens.

Girard describes (1. c. p. 90, n. 13) A. piisillus Rafin. The description
by Rafinesque (1. c. No. 4, p. 42) is too short, "the rostrum oval acute,"
and " wrist smooth," being the only important characters given. The
comparative description by Girard is not sufficient, though the Cam-
bridge Museum possesses one female from Lake Champlain by Professor
Baird, possibly the A. pusillus Rafinesque.

I suppose that C. pitsilli(s does not differ from A. Bartonii, because
the examples from the North, Lake Superior, and other localities are
always very small. The external lamina of the postabdomen has the
inner third of the apical margin of the basal part not denticulated ; in
C. ohcms it is entirely denticulated. Cilia evidently occur on the second
pair of leg,s, and justify the name given by Rafinesque. The basal in-
ner angle of the hand is nearly rectangular.

I have seen a female from the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, with the
eyes well developed, and a female from Georgia.

In the largest male from Ohio the antennae are longer than the body,
— a character given for C. montanus Girard, — but the areola is not
broader.

I have compared a female type from Berwick, Pennsylvania, labelled
C. Bartonii Er., and communicated by Professor Stimp.son. The speci-
men is from the locality mentioned by Mr. Girard and identical with
the specimens described by me from Schuylkill River.

I have also compared Caintjanis montanus Girard, 1. c. p. 88, male type
from Greenbrier River, Virginia, commmiicated by Professor Stimp-

78 ASTACIDiE.

son. It is a young male of the second form, with the abdominal legs
articulated. The animal is identical with C Barimii, and the shape
of the epistoma forbids us to regard it as a young C. htimanus. The
external lamina of the postabdomen has the inner third of its margin
not denticulated. A diy male specimen from Virginia, C moiitaims,
Acad. Philad., is identical with the foregoing, the abdominal legs ex-
actly resemble those of C. Bartonii. In the Cambridge Museum there
is a jar with alcoholic specimens labelled, Isle of Pico, Azores, presented
by Mrs. Dabney. It contains one Alphciis and three C. BurtonU. It
seems very doubtful at present that these Camhari are from the Azores.
The types in the Cambridge Museum of A. Burtomi Gibbes, mentioned
in his Fauna of South Carolina, belong to C. Mimanns. The types of
C. Bartonii in the Mus. Acad. Philadelphia, from Pennsylvania and Pitts-
burg, also determined by Mr. L. R. Gibbes, are C uffiim Say.

A female type of C. lowjulm Gir., Proc. Acad. Philad., T. 6, p. 90, com-
municated by Professor Stimpson, is from the Middle States ; it differs
from C Bartonii in having its hands smooth, very large, and apparently
deformed. The fingers are small and unusually far separated at the
base. In the space between them is a large bunch of hairs. I have
not found such a bunch of hairs in any specimen of C. Bartonii ; per-
haps there was more room for the growth of these hairs in this de-
formed specimen. But I should remark that specimens of C. Bartonii,
with the fingers about as widely separated, are destitute of any such
tufts. I have sometimes found hairs in this place, but never so many
in C. htimanus. Nevertheless, the other characters show that it must
be C. Bartonii or a new species. I think it is C. Bartonii.

C. Bartonii is the most variable species ; as yet I cannot find stable
and constant characters for dividing them into three or four species, as
Mr. Girard has done. The rostrum is often nearly quadrangular, with
a little tooth in the middle of its front border, and varies in being more
elongated, more attenuated before, with the angles more or less rounded
and the apical tooth longer or shorter, l)roader or narrower. The lamina
of the antenna? varies in breadth, principally in front, and in the length
of the apical spine. The epistoma is often triangular, acute, often more
rounded laterally, sometimes more obtuse at the tip and nearly trun-
cated in front. The dorsal areola varies in specimens from the same
locality (Cincinnati from {--^ to /„ inches). The form of the hand is
exceedingly variable, the fingers being often broadly separated at their
base, frequently nearly contiguous.

The type of C. montanus does not differ from the typical form. The
length of the antennse quoted by Girard is variable. One male from
Cincinnati, with the most quadrangular rostrum, has the antennaj oven
longer than the body.

I have seen more than one hundred specimens from Lake Superior,

ASTACIDyE. 79

Lake Clianiplain, and from the Aqiiarial dardcns in Boston (locality
uncertain, but perhaps from the Northern Lakes), which belong un-
doubtedly to C. jnisi/hit> ; still the differences given by Mr. (iii'ard are
not sufficient for separating C. pusillus from C. Ihtrlunii.

The type of C. loiH/idns is, as I think, merely an accidental variety of
C. Barioiiii. The fingers are cylindrical, very widely separated at the
base, and bearded in this place and inside of the external finger, along
the basal half The shape of the finger is unusual and, I think, acci-
dental. Broadly separated fingers are sometimes seen ; the Museum
possesses a specimen having the fingers on the right hand separated
and those on the left hand contiguous ; but I have never seen the space
between the fingers bearded with hairs. The other differences quoted
by Mr. Girard, and taken from the shape of the rostrum and the breadth
of the areola, are not important enough to warrant a specific separation.

Mr. Say, Journ. Acad. Philad., T. 1. p. 443, says : " A. Buiionii has the
hands differently proportioned with respect to the thumb, and more
or less muricated. They are extremely connnon in the pine barren
marshes of the Southern States, and particularly in those of Georgia
and Florida." I have not seen specimens from there, but they perhaps
belong to A. laiimamts.

Cat. No. 1847, Aquarial Garden, Boston, L. Agassiz. Male Form I.
and II. Fern. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 284, Berkshire, Tioga County, N. Y., L. Agassiz. Male
Form I. and II. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 278, Schooley's Mount, N. Y., Mr. A. Mayor. Male. Fem.,
young. Spec. 8.

Cat. No. 290, Elizabethtown, N. Y., Professor Baird. Male Foma II.
Fem. Spec. 3.

Cat. No. 231, Lake Champlain, Professor Baird. Fem. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 227, New Jersey, L. Agassiz. Male Form I. and II. Fem.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 235, Schuylkill River, Penn., L. Agassiz. Male. Fem. Spec.
12.*

Cat. No. 238, Philadelphia, Penn., Dr. Leidy. Male Form I. and II.
Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 244, Lake Superior, L. Agassiz. Male Form II. Fem.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 243, Cincinnati, Ohio. Male Form IL Fem. Spec. 3.

Cat. No. 267, Cincinnati, Ohio. Male Form II. Fem. Spec. 3.

Cat. No. 288, Cmcinuati, Ohio, L. Agassiz. Male. Fem., young.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 295, Scioto River, Columbia, Ohio, Mr. J. Sullivan. Male
Form II. Fem. Spec. G.

Cat. No. 280, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Fem. Spec. 1.

80 ASTACID^.

Cat. No. 240, Hickman's Landing, Kentucky River, Mr. A. Hyatt.
Fem. Si^ec. 1.

Cat. No. 183, Osage Eiver, Mr. StoUey. Male Form II. Fem.
Spec. 8.

Cat. No. 237, Georgetown, D. C, Lanman. Male Form II., the
first pair of abdominal legs not articulated. Spec. 1.

?Cat. No. 1101, Pico, Azores, Mrs. Dabney. Male. Fem. Spec. 4.
(The last locality is apparently erroneous.)

Dry spec, Niagara, L. Agassiz. Male. Spec. 1.

25. Cambarus robustus Girard.

Camharus robustus Girard, Proc. Acad. Philad.. T. 6, p. 90.
Antennal lamina, fig. 156, a ; epistoma, b ; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

C Bartonii similis, sed difFert : rostro excavato, longiori, antice angus-
tiori, acumine triangulari, rostri latitudine longiori; lamina antennarum
lono-iori, antice latiori ; articulo antennarum secundo dente externo
acuto ; epistomate triangulari, lateribus paulo rotundatis ; thorace sub-
ovato ; linea thoracica spina utrinque laterali ; chela margine interno
serie duplice tuberculorum serrata, digito externo supra ac subtus im-
presso, excavato ; carpo tuberculo parvo inter spina antica et ilia ante-
riori marginis interni.

Long. 3.2 ; antenn. 2.5 ; ped. ant. 2.

Habitat: Toronto, Humber Eiver; Genesee River, Rochester, and
Lake Regis, N. Y. Two females from Fredericksburg, Virginia (Salem
Mus.).

I have seen one typical male, second form, from Toronto, in the
Philadelphia Academy, and some specimens from New York, both forms
of the male and female, all fiUl grown. The alxlominal legs of the
male have somewhat more resemblance to those of C. latimaius. The
rostrum and the hands, the external finger of which shows a very visi-
ble impression, separate this species from C. Bartonii.

C. ohcms differs constantly in the linear areola. C. latimamis has no
lateral thoracic spine, a more rounded thorax, the carpus beneath
strongly tuberculated on the inner side ; besides the difierent and more
elongated rostrum, and the rounded not impressed under side of the
external finger.

Cat. No. 176, Genesee River, Rochester, N. Y., Mr. H. A. Ward.
Male Form. II. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1176, Western New York, L. Agassiz. Male. Spec. 4.

ASTACID^. 81

26. Cambarus obesus Hagcn.

Fijcuivs on PI. I., III., ami IX.
First abiloiniiial loj;s ot'tlio luak' :

first torni, lii;. 39 in tVont ; fi^. 40 oiitsiile.
scoond tbriu, not articnlatoil, fi^. 41 in front ; fip;. 42 onlside.
Anfonnal lamina, li;i 1 G.'?, a ; i.'j)istoma, h ; sjjine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.
PI. XI. Male, first form.

Mas. Rostro lato, brevi, latitudine paululmn longiori, anticc angus-
tiori, aeumiiie brevi, late triangulari, acuto ; rostro supra excavate, la3vi,
marginibus subito elevatis, ad acnminis apicom non interriiptis ; foveola
basali latiori ; cretis subdivergentibus, obsoletis, extus puiictato-sulcatis,
antice muticis postice calloso-inflatis. Antennis validis, thorace vix
longioribus, articulis basalibus dente externo subniillo ; antennis inter-
nis articulo basali dente medio infero parvo ; lamina brevi, angusta,
intus non dilatata, margine externo latins inflato, spina apicali longiori.
Epistomate longitudine vix latiori, elliptico, angulis externis obtnsis ;
pedibus maxillaribus externis intus barbatis. Thorace valido, ceplialo-
tliorace supra punctis profundis rarioribu.'*, lateribus sparsim granulosis;
mc.sotliorace compresso, supra depresso, subtilissime punctato, punctis
profundis rarioribus sparsis, lateribus vix granulato ; linea profunda,
sinuata, antice spina ad antennarum basin infera nulla ; areola nulla,
linea intermedia profunda ; spatio triangulari postico latiori. Postab-
doniine lato, segmentis anteapicalibus angulis externis rotundatis ; la-
mina media bi-(vel tri-) spinosa, parte apicali aaquali elliptica. Pedibus
anticis longis, validis ; chela magna, latissima, subdepressa, laevi, punctis
rarioribus; margine interno brevi, incurvo, forte biseriatim tuljerculato;
margine externo incurvo, punctato-lineato ; digitis plus duplo longiori-
bus, latis, costatis, profunde bilineato-punctatis ; interno basi intus ex-
ciso, dimidio basali extus et intus tuberculato ; externo triangulari, basi
forte depresso, acutiori, tuberculis majoribus basalibus inteiniis ; supra
ad mai'ginem externum dense exsculpto. Carpo lato, ol>lique truncato,
la3vi, punctis nonnullis profundis, tuberculis internis rarioribus, suljantico
majori ; snbtus lasvi, spinis duabus anticis obtusis. Bi'achio valido ; hvvi,
tuberculis nonnullis anteapicalibus, duabus oblique positis majoribus;
subtus spinis obtusis biseriatis. Pedilnis tertiis articulo tertio ungui-
culato ; pediljus quartis capitulo basali compresso ovali, quintis siib-
nullo. Pedibus abdominalibus brevibus, validis, contortis; intus latis,
planis ; parte interna breviori, apice conica, extus curvata ; parte ex-
terna longiori, apice intus curvata compressa, dente lato, fusco corneo,
striato, intus duplici, valde incurvo.

Forma II. Diifert chelis minoribus, unguiculis parvis ; jjedibus ab-
dominalibus non articulatis, parte interna conica, longiori ; parte ex-
terna apice nee fusco cornea, nee striata, obtusa incurva.

Femina difFert antennis brevioriI)Us, chelis minoribus, ventre inter
11

82 ASTACID^..

pedes quartos losvi, annulo transverso inflato, apertura media profunda
ti'ansversali ; postabdomine latiori, basi summa angustiori.

(Maxim.) Long. corp. 4.5; antenn. 2.6; ped. antic. 4.

Habitat : Evansston, Lawn Ridge, and Belleville, Illinois, and the
prairies near Chicago (Philad. Acad.); Petersburg, Va. ; Monticello,
Miss. ; Arkansas ; New Orleans ; Kelley's Island, Ohio ; Lake Erie ; Lake
Michigan ; Garrison Creek ; Sackett's Harbor ; Lake Ontario.

Vidi 16 specimina. The Salem Museum contains a full-grown male
and a very young male of the second form, the abdominal legs not
beino; articulated.

C. obcsus is very similar to C. latimamis, but the " areola nulla " always
separates them instantly. The thorax is more ovoid than in C. laUmamis.
The epistoma is not pointed anteriorly, the second joint of the external
antennae has no spine ; the carina3 are posteriorly calloso-inflatae.

One female (Garrison Creek, Philad. Acad.) was labelled C. propin-
quiis f but the type of C. propiiKjuus, communicated by. Professor Stimp-
son, is a different species.

I have not seen the C. dio(jcnes Girard. Although he treated of it
at some length, he left it witliout an accurate description. The dorsal
lines of the carapace are almost contiguous, so that the areola is almost
Avanting. I am in doubt whether it can be referred to C. ohcsiis. The
only specimen, from Georgetown, D. C, in the Museum is C. Bartonii.
Perhaps C. Diogenes is also C. Bartonii.

A specimen from the District of Columbia, labelled C. Diogenes, in
the Museum of the Philad. Acad., does not agree at all with the descrip-
tion of Mr. Girard, and is C. j)rnpinquns.

A single female from New Orleans differs in having a narrower ros-
trum, with the margins parallel and the tip more acute. The first pair
of abdominal legs, ordinarily bearded at the margins and flattened, are
singularly transformed. They are thicker, cylindrical, with the tip
narrower and twisted, as is tlie case with the abdominal legs of A.^iacus
fluviafilis. The postabdomen is narrower at the base. Possibly this
specimen is a sterile female.

Another female, in shape and size similar to the foregoing (3.2 inch,
long) has the rostrum broader, the margins not so much thickened as
in the type, the acumen more acute. The hand is more flattened and
not so strongly dotted, the inner margin more rounded, with six strong
and separated teeth, giving to the specimen a very peculiar aspect.
The two anterior spines of the inner margin of the carpus are long and
more developed. The annulus between the fourth pair of legs has its
anterior margin irregularly tuberculated. The right hand is wanting ;
I regard the specimen as abnormal and deformed.

Cat. No. 165, Belleville, III, Dr. Engelmann. Fem. Spec. 2.

Cat. No. 1461, Evanston, 111. Male. Spec. 1.

ASTACID.E. 83

Cat. No. 195, Lawn Ridge, III, Mr. A. Ordway. Feiii. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 197, Lawn Ridge, 111., Mr. A. Ordway. Male. Fern. Sjwc. 6.

Cat. No. 1848, Petersburg, Va. Feni. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 229, Arkansas, Mr. G. StoUey. Male. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 242, New Orleans, INIr. Lawrence. Fern. Spec. 1.

Dry Spec. Lake Michigan, Professor C. Marey. Fern. Spec. 1.

27. CjVmbarus Nebrascensis Girard.

Camharus Nehrascensis Girard, Proc. Pliilad. Acad. N. Sc, No. 10, T. G, p. 91.

" Rostrum intermediate in form between that of C. rohustus and C.
Dio{/ciics" '- Dorsal lines of suture of the carapace in close contiguity.
Large claw nearly conical, giving to the species a very peculiar aspect."

"Fort Pierre, Nebraska; collected in 1850 by Thaddeus Culvertson."
— Girard.

I have never seen any Camhanm agreeing with the description given
by Mr. Girard, and I have not seen a typical specimen of C. D'mjcncs,
the species compared with C. JVehnisccnsis. I have spoken of all the
species of Camharus with a linear areola under C. manicukdus. None of
these several species agrees with the description given of C. Ne-
hrascensis.

28. C.OIBARUS LATIMANUS LeConte.

Aslacus hitimanus LeConte, Proc. Acad. Philad. N. Sc, T. 7, p. 402.

Figures on PI. I. and III.

First abdominal lof; of the male :

first form, fig. 4.3 in front ; fig. 4» outside,
second form, fig. 45 in front; fig. 4G outside.

Antennal lamina, fig. Iii2, a ; cpistoma, b ; spine of the second joint of the exterior an-
tenna, c.

Mas. Rostro brevi, basi lato, turn sensim angustiori, fere triangulari,
ante apicem leviter sinuato, acumine brevi, acuto ; rostro supra ex-
cavato, basi foveolato ; marginibus lineato punctatis ; acumine vix mar-
ginato ; cretis parvis, postice subdivergentibus, extus linea imprcssa,
antice obtusis. Antennis gracilibus, thorace longioribus, articulis duo-
bus basalibus dentibus externis parvis acutis ; antennis internis articulo
basali dente infero anteapicali parvo ; lamina brevi, angusta, apice lati-
ori, inargine externo inflato, spina acuta apicali. Epistomate latiori,
antice truncato, spina parva media ; laterilms obliquis, angidis obtusis ;
pedibus maxillaribus externis intus barbatis. Thorace leviter ovato,
parce punctato, lateribus granulosis vel tuberculosis ; linea profunda,
sinuata. spina utrinque laterali modica vel obsoleta ; spina antica infera
sul)nulla; areola modica, plana, antice paululum carinata, postice latiori.
Postabdomine vix angustiori, loevi, segmentis anteapicalibus angulis ex-

84 ASTACID^.

terms obtusis ; lamina media parte utrinque bispina, parte apicali, sub-
loiigioi'i, elliptica. Pedibus anticis brevibus, latis; chela lata plana,
ciliato-jDunctata ; subtus ItBvi, ad marginem internum sulcata ; margine
interno 1)revi, incurvo, tuberculoso-serrato ; digitis duplo longioribus,
latis, rectis, bicostatis, lineato-punctatis, ciliatis ; digito mobili extus et
basi intus tuberculato ; digito externo basi intus tuberculato, extus mar-
ginato, punctate. Carpo lato, oblique truncato, parce pimctato, intus
subtuberculoso, spina interna media valida, interdum alia basali pai'va ;
subtus spinis duabus obtusis anticis, tertia minori interna. Bracliio
brevi, la3vi, spinis duabus anteapicalibus oblique positis, subtus spinis
biseriatis acutis. Pedibus tertiis articulo tertio unguiculato ; quartis
capitulo basali, ovoideo, quintis subnullo. Pedibus abdominalibus bre-
vibus, validis, contortis ; intus latis, planis ; extus medio crassioribus ;
parte interna breviori, cylindrica, apice inflexa, conica, acumine parvo,
compre.sso ; parte externa dente longo apicali subito incurvo, extus
fusco-corneo, sti'iato.

Forma II. difFert chela plerumque lajviori ; pedibus abdominalibus
basi articulatis ; parte interna apice obtusiori ; jjarte externa dente
apicali latiori, vix separato, breviori, obtuso, extus nee fusco-corneo nee
striato.

Marem vidi magnum pedibus abdominalibus similibus sed basi non
articulatis ; chelis magnis, lasvioribus, digitis angustioribus.

Femina difFert abdomine latiori, basi angustato ; ventre inter pedes
quartos nudo ; annulo transverso, modice crasso, lumine denticulato pos-
teriori, sulco anteriori longitudinali.

(Maxim.) Long. corp. 2.9; anteun. 2.5; ped. antic. 2.3.

Habitat : Athens, Georgia ; South Carolina.

Vidi specimina multa et juniora.

Juniores lajviores, acumine variabili, rostro interdum longiori.

I have examined a female type in the Mus. Acad. Philad. of C. luti-
mamis LeConte. It is the largest seen by me, and has the dimensions
given by Mr. LeConte, long. corp. 3.3.

Cat. No. 236, Athens, Ga., Dr. J. LeConte. Male. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1849, Milledgeville, Ga. Male. Spec. 1.

Dry Spec., South Carolina, Mr. L. R. Gibbes. Male. Spec. 1 ; la-
belled A. Burtonii Gibbes.

29. Cambarus Mexicanus Erichson.

Cambarus Mexicanus Erichson, Wiegmann's Arcliiv, No. 20, T. 12 p 99.

" Chelis granulatis, gracilibus, subcylindricis, carpis muticis, rostro
lato, apice obtusiusculo."

'* Thorax somewhat compressed, always densely punctulated ; cretas
prominent, divergent behind ; rostrum nearly flat, broad, obtuse at the

ASTACID.E. 85

iqjox, with sharply rocurvod margins; lamina of tlio anlonn;\) broad,
with a little ajiical external spine. Hands narrow, nearly cylindrical,
densely scabrons ; the fingers a little shorter than the hands, thin ;
carpns longer than broad, scabrous, without spines on the inner side
and beneath. Postabdomen nearly as broad as the thorax. The third
pair of legs in the male hooked. Long. corp. nearly 2 inch. Mexico."
— Erichson.

I have not seen this sjiecies. The hands resemble in shape those of
C. Nchrascemis.

G. Montezumce Saussnre, Revue et Magas. Zool., T. 0, p. 102, and Mem.
See. Phys. Geneve, T. 14, PI. II. fig. 22, p. 459, from the marshes of the
valley of Mexico, Chapultepec, seems to be the young of C. 3Ic.ricaiius.
It is always difficult to identify or to separate species by the descrip-
tions, but I cannot find any difference in the description given by Mr.
DeSaussure. It is said that the males of C. Montezumce have hooks on
the second and the third pair of legs, and I have seen the same aberra-
tion in some species of this group.

30. Cambarus Cubensis Erichson.

Cambarus Cubensis Erichson, 'V^'icgmann, Arcliiv, T. 12, p. 100, n. 21.

" Chelis granulatis, gracilibus, subcjdiudricis, carpis muticis, rostro
lato, apice acuminato.

'' Very similar to C. Mexkamis. Thorax punctulated ; cretse visible, a
little divergent behind ; rostrum nearly flat, broad, sliarpl^^ notched on
each side in front. Lamina of the antenna) very broad, nearly truncated
before in front, with a little apical external spine. Hands shorter, nar-
roAv, nearly cylindrical, delicately scabrous ; fingers slender ; carpus
scabrous, with sharp spines on the inner side ; postabdomen nearly
as broad as the thorax. The third pair of legs in the male hooked.
Long. corp. 2.3 inch. Cuba." — Erichson.

I have not seen any species or specimen from Cuba. Perhaps this
species belongs to the first group. The words in Erichson's description,
literally '• rostrum on each side notched in a sharp spine," translated by
me "• sharply notched," are doubtful. C. consoliriitus Saussure, from the
same locality, has the rostrum with anteapical sjiines. I know nothing
moi'e about these tw'O species.

C. comobrimis Saussure, Revue et Magas. Zool., T. 9, p. 101, and Mem.
Soc. Pliys. Geneve, T. 14, PI. 11. fig. 21, p. 458, from the marshes in
the interior parts of Cuba, cannot be separated from C. Cuhcnsis by the
description. Apparently Mr. DeSaussure has seen the two forms of the
male ; this suj^position would explain his remarks concerning the differ-
ences in the hands. But not having seen any specimens from Cuba, I
am unable to give a definite judgment.

36 ASTACID^.

31. Cambarus advena LeCoiite.

Astacus advena LcConte, Proc. Acad. Philad., T. 7, p. 402.

Figures on PI. I., III., and VII.
First abdominal Ifgs of the male :

first form, fig. 90 in front; fig. 91 augmented; fig. 92 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 1G4, a; cpistoma, &; si^inc of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

PI. VII. Male, first form.

Mas. Rostro lato, paululmn longiori, fere triangulari, ajjice subito
acuminato breviori ; supra excavato, sparsim punctato, basi foveola la-
tiori ; marginibus obliquis, ad acuminis apicem non interruptis ; cretis
vix separatis, pariun elevatis, extus obsolete sulcatis, aiitice obtusis, pos-
tice subdivergentibus. Antennis thorace paulo brevioribus, articulis
duobus basalibus dente nuUo ; antennis internis articulo basali dente
infero acuto medio ; lamina brevi, rostri longitudine, angusta, margine
externo inflate, spina apicali acuta; margine cephalothoracis angulo
oculari nullo. Epistomate latiori, margine antico recto, spina media
parva lateribus obliquis ; pedibus maxillaribus externis intus longe bar-
batis. Thorace angusto, compresso-cylindrico, lajvi, parce sed profunde
punctato, lateribus granulis rarioribus; linea profunda, sinuata, lateribus
fissa, spina antica infera ad antennarum basin ; areola profunda, media
fere nulla, lineari, antice posticeque profunda, triangulari, dilatata.
Postabdomine angusto, Isevi, lateribus parallelis, segmentis antepenulti-
mis angulis externis subrotundatis ; lamina media antice utrinque bi-
spina, parte apicali breviori, rotundata, lamina laterali costa media usque
ad marginem Integra, spina marginali. Pedibus anticis modice longis
validis; chela lata, inflata, parce punctata, margine externo obsolete
dentato ; margine interno longo, incurvo, subtus paulo sulcato, for-
titer et acute serrato-dentato ; margine externo obsolete dentato
digitis vix longioribus, validis rectis, costatis, intus dentatis, digito
mobili basi extus tuberculato. Carpo lato, oblique truncato, intus tu-
berculato, spina interna, subantica majori ; alia minori basali (in adultis
spinis nonnullis minoribus internis) ; subtus spinis duabus anticis obtu-
sis ; brachio modice longo, oculos superanti, la^vi, margine supero tuber-
culato, spinis duabus anteapicalibus oblique positis acutis ; subtus bi-
seriatim spinoso; pedibus tertiis articulo tertio unguiculato ; pedibus
quartis capitulo basali nullo. Pedibus abdominalibus longis, gracilibus,
contortis, parte interna cylindrica recta, apice acuta, longiori, extus
curva ; parte externa sublongiori, apice dentibus duobus fusco cornels
incurvis coadunatis, lamina compressa ovali, externa recurva.

Femina diiFert, chelis antennisque brevioribus, abdomine lato, basi
thorace fere latiori ; ventre inter pedes quartos Icevi ; annulo transver-
sali lumine profundo, obcordiformi.

Long. Corp. 2.2 ad 2.9; antenn. 1.4; ped. antic. 1.7 ad 2.

ASTACIDiE. 87

Habitat : Charleston, S. C. ; Georgia ; Mobile, Ala.

I have seen male ami female.

This species is remarkable for the lateral lamina of the postabdomen.
In the allied species the middle rib terminates in a spine before the mar-
gin ; in this species the rilj ends exactly on the margin, and the spine
is acute and marginal.

I have compared a female type in the Philadelphia Musemn. Tliis
is the largest specimen I have seen.

It differs from the C. Carolimis in the short and anteriorly dilated
lamina of the antenna, with a short external spine ; in the teeth of the
first joint of the interior antennae, in the anterior spine at the end of the
thoracic line. In the larger specimens the hand is more sulcated beneath
at the inner margin, and the carpus more spinulose.

I have seen many young specimens, but only one very young male
of the second form. The abdominal legs are in their first stage of de-
velopment. The tip is cylindrical, simple, and a little incurved.

Cat. No. 282, Georgia, Dr. Jones. Male. Fem. Spec. 6.

32. Cambarus Carolinus Erichson.

Cambarus CaroUnus Erichson, Wiegm. Arch., T. 12, p. 96, n. 16.

Figures on PI. I. and III.

First abilominal logs of the male :

first form, fig. 51 in front; fig. 52 outside.

second form, fig. 53 in front; fig. 54 outside.
Antcnnal lamina, fig. 1G5, a; epistoma, 6; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Mas. Rostro longiori, lato, triangulari, antice deflexo, excavato,
parce punctato, serie punctorum marginali, marginiljus elevatis ad
acuminis acuti apicem iion interruptis; cretis parvis, sulcatis, antice
muticis, subdivergentibus, postice callosis, convergentibus. Antennis
gracililjus, thorace paulo longiori1)us, dentibus articulorum basalium
nullis ; lamina parva, angusta, margine externo infiato, spina apicali
lono-iori. Epistomate lato, antice obtuso triangulari, lateribus obliquis,
subsinuatis ; pedibus maxillaribus exteniis intus barbatis. Thorace com-
presso, supra subdepresso, sparsim sed profunde punctato, lateribus
granulosis ; linea profunda, sinuata, laterilnis fissa, spina antica infera
nulla ; areola angusta, plana, media subnulla, lineari, postice triangulari
majori punctata. Postabdomine angusto, thorace sublongiori, parce
punctato ; segmentis antepenultimis angulis lateralibus rotundatis ; la-
mina media utrinque bispina, parte apicali breviori, rotundata. Pedibus
anticis brevibus, latis, chela brevi, lata, subintlata, paulo lanuginosa, punc-
tata ; margine interno curvato, serrato dentato, subtus sulcato ; margine
externo obsolete dentato ; digitis fere jequalibus, validis, nee longiori-
bus, rectis, costatis, lineato-punctatis, intus tuberculato-dentatis ; digito
mobili basi extus tuberculato. Carpo lato, oblique truncato, parce punc-

88 ASTACID^.

tato ; latere iiiterno tiiberculato-spinoso, spina media major! ; subtus
.spinis duabus anticis modicis. Brachio brevi, margine supero spinoso,
spinis duabus anticis oblique positis majoribus ; subtus biseriatim spi-
noso. Pedilnis tertiis articulo tertio unguiculato ; podibus quartis capi-
tulo basali orbiculari. Pedibus abdoniinalibus gracilibus, rectis, parte
interna angustiori cylindrica, apice acuta elongata ; parte externa apice
subinflata, dente fusco-corneo, extus striate, triangulari, compresso, acu-
minato.

Forma II. Pediljus abdominalibus basi non articulatis, parte interna
apice crassiori, breviori ; parte externa apice magis inflata, brevi, conica,
subacuta, nee fusco-cornea.

Femina abdomine vix latiori, ventre inter pedes quartos nudo ; an-
nulo fere orbiculari, antice subbituberculato, lumine centrali.

Long. Corp. 2.1 ; antenn. 1.3 ; ped. antic. 1.4.

Habitat: Georgia; Carolina (Erichson).

I liave seen twenty specimens ; the males are younger, the male
Forma II. is very young ; its aljdominal legs are not articulated, never-
theless it has the shape commonly observed in the second form.

This species is similar to C. advena, but differs as follows : the rostrum
is more triangular, the thorax strongly punctulated, the areola not im-
pressed ; the apical part of the median lamina is longer, the rib in the
lateral lamina ends before the margin ; there are no spines at the basal
joints of the smaller antenna; ; the carpus beneath and on the inside
has numerous spines ; the lateral margins of the postabdomen are not
straight, but eveiy segment is more rounded on the outside ; the sexual
parts differ visibly.

I think this species is the C. CaroUmis Erich. The description seems
to agree very well ; the obviously small postabdomen, the more pointed
lamina of the antennae, and the linear areola are the chief characters
mentioned by Erichson. The subsequent addition, that the males have
only the third pair of legs hooked, places the C. CuroUims without doubt
in this group. All the other species of the group, except C. ohesiis, are
immediately seen to differ in having a lai-ger areola, but the enlarged
postabdomen separates them from the species desci'ibed by Erichson.

Cat. No. 232, Charleston, S. C, Professor L. Gibbes. Male. Fern.
Spec. 2.

Cat. No. 1850, Georgia. Male. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 230, Mobile, Ala., Mr. Forbes. Male. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 275, Mobile, Ala., L. Agassiz. Male. Spec. 1.

Dry Spec, Georgia, L. Agassiz. Male. Spec. 1.

ASTACID^. 89

ASTACUS.

Corpore rohisfo ; jicdlhits quiniis bnaichiis ffcrcniibns ; antcnnis infcrnk
fdfidh hrci'iori, ina'qudJi ; aurc c<inlc<> post ice apcrto ; pcdihus maris toiiis d
(jiKir/is iuermihus ; jjcdidtis ubduiuiiuUibus maris si)iiplicibiis ; fvmimi ai/iiido
veufrali solido.

Having already given the differences of the genera Asfacus and 0am-
hariis, I need not here repeat them.

In its general form the species of Asiacus are clumsy and oval. The
fifth pair of leg.s has a gill, but without the broad, dee2:»ly folded mem-
brane peculiar to the gills of all the other legs, which possess also a basal
external bundle of shorter and irregularly placed gill-tubes. The inner
antennae are short, their bases thick, the joints more spherical and cal-
careous. The exterior antenna? are shorter than the bodj-; their lamina
is prismatic, being more thickened on the external border. The epistoma
is solid, conical, a little contracted in front of the tip. The ear forms an
elevated cone, rounded at the top, with a narrower circular tympanum
behind. The areola is broad and slightly marked. The postabdomen
is always broad, the exterior angles of the segments are often elongated
and acuminated. The third and the fourth pair of legs in the males
never differ from the other legs, and are never hooked. The first ab-
dominal legs in the nrale form a corneous, not articulated limlj, with the
apical half dilated and rolled from the outside inward, forming also a
channel. The shape of these legs seems not to vary in the different
species, at least no difference is as yet known. In the second pair of
abdominal legs the inner flagellum with the dilated basal half is rolled
from the inside outward, or it has exactly the form of that of the first
abdominal leg.s, as in the European species, or it is of a more triangu-
lar shape, similar to the Cambarus, as in the American species. The
separated and perforated annulus ventralis behind the fourth pair
of legs of the females, described in Cambarus, is not to be found in
Astacus. In fact, the same part exists here, though in the European
species it is never separated, but forms only a slender transverse ridge,
which in the American species is curved l^ehind like a horseshoe. In
the American species it is far more dilated behind in a triangular man-
ner, excavated beneath, and apparently more similar to Camiarns, but
neither separated nor perforated. As yet no dimorphism of the males
is known, and nothing of jjurrowing hal)its in the species. It seems
striking, as already mentioned, that the species of Asiaciis, esjiecially
those from Europe, offer so many varieties, which are rarely found, con-
sidering the great number of species in the American Cambarus. At the
same time I expressly remark, that none of the characters set forth as
variable in the European species is used by me to characterize and to
separate the American species.

12

90 ASTACIDiE.

Concerning the further division of the genus Astacus into groups, I
am not able to give a final judgment, being entirely ignorant of the
Australian sjjecies, and having before me of the Amur species but one
female, and of the European species only Astacus fl.uvkdiUs.

The European species, or more precisely Astacus Jiiivkdilis, differ from
all the others in having the apical part of the intermediate lamina of
the postabdomen separated from the basal half, although not so strongly
as in Caiiibaiiis ; in the American and Asiatic sj^ecies this part is only
more or less separated at each side, it is most so in A. Trowhrutgii.

A. flnviatilis has a basal tooth on the exterior margin of the antenna!
lamina, which is never to be found in any other species. This appar-
ently very striking character is never mentioned for A. flnviatUis.

The Asiatic species, A. Dawicus, differs in having a rostrum similar
to that of C. Bartoiiii, the front border of the cephalothorax strongly
angulated, a narrower and more elongated thorax, with a nearly straight,
transverse suture and the above-mentioned form of the annulus ventralis.

The American species are divided according to the following char-
acters : —

I. Margins of the rostrum denticulated ; front border of the cephalo-
thorax slightly angulated.

1. Rostrum not notched in front of the tip ; creta3 visible ; hands
barbated : A. Gamhelii.

2. Rostrum strongly notched before the tip ; no cretae, but two spines
on each side ; hands without beard : A. nigrescens.

IT. Margins of the rostrum not denticulated ; front border of the
cephalothoi'ax straight.

1. Rostrum long, margins parallel, strongly notched in front of the
tip : A. Troivbridgii.

2. Rostrum short, tapering, slightly notched before the tip : A. Kla-
mcdhcnsis.

I have not seen A. knmsciihis, which differs from both the preceding
species in the acute angles of the segments of the postabdomen.

My knowledge is too limited and fragmentary to autliorize my say-
ing more respecting the geographical disti'ibution of the species.

1. Astacus Gambelii Gimrcl.

Camharus GamheUi Gir., Proc. Acarl. N. S. Philail., T. G, p. DO ; p. 375 ; p. 380. — Stimpson, Proc.
Boston Sue. N. II., T. 6, p. 87 (separat. p. 52).

Figures on PI. I., III., and XL

Pirst abdominal leg of the male :

first form, fig. 97 in front; fig. 98 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 170, a\ epistoma, h; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.
PI. XI. Male type from California.

Mas. Pallidus obesus, rostro modico triangulari, subplano, medio

ASTACID^E. 91

calloso-carinato, inarginiljus subcallosis 10-dcntati.s, acumine parvo, acuto,
recurvo ; cretis brevibus, impressis, antice subacutis. Antennis modicis
(apex deest) ; articulis duobus basalibus dente externo brevi acuto ; an-
tennis internis articulo basali dente infero anteapicali acuto ; lamina
valida trigona, rostri suljlongiori, angusta, margine externo siniiato,
crasso, apice spina acuta breviori. Epistoinate parvo, acute triangular! ;
pedi1)us maxillaribus externis intus barbatis. Tliorace ovato, depresso,
parce piuictato, la^vioi'i ; linea sinuata, inodice profunda ; areola lata.
Postabdomine tliorace non latiori, la^vi, segmentoruui angulis externis
subacutis ; lamina media parte basali quadrangular! apice utrinque bi-
spina ; parte apicali breviori, rotundata, margine ajiicali rotundato in-
tegro (mas alter parte basali aj^ice angustiori, utrinque unispinoso ;
parte apicali brevi rotundata, margine medio exciso) ; lamina lateral!
costata. Pedibus anticis validis, longis, spinulosis ; chela magna, elon-
gata, subplana, marginibus subacutis, rectis ; supra ad marginem inter-
num et externum sulcata ac densius barbata ; digitis validis, rectis,
couicis, chela non-longioribus. Carpo lato, truncate, intus scabro ; sub-
tus spina media antica parva. Bracliio supra ante apicem spinuloso,
subtus biseriatim spinuloso, spinis ad articulationem obsoletis. Pedibus
abdominalibus brevibus, rectis, dimidio apicali circumvolutis, apice
truncatis.

Long. Corp. 3.2"; ped. antic. 3".

Habitat : California.

I have seen two males taken by the late Dr. Gambel in California,
and communicated by the Academy of Philadelphia ; these same males
Avere examined at an earher day by Professor L. Agassiz (Proc. Acad.
Philad., T. 6, p. 375).

This species is very remarkable in having tufts of fine erect hair on
each side of the hands, giving to the species a very peculiar asjDCct.
The triangular rostrum with dentated margins and the acumen only
repi-esented by a similar, ])ut little stronger tooth, instantly separate A.
Gambelii from the other Western species. In the second pair of abdom-
inal legs the palpus of the penultimate joint is not longer than the leg,
though this palpus m A. nir/rescens is much longer.

Mr. Girard, 1. c. p. 91, says : " Anterior pair of abdominal legs elon-
gated resembling somewhat in shape those of C. robusius, to which it
bears a close relationship." But the type of C. rohustus in the Phila-
delphia Academy is very near C. Bartonii, while its abdominal legs are
very diiferent. Also C. ruhudus possesses no gills on the fifth pair of
legs, and is quite unlike A. Gambelii.

Of the two males seen by me, one has the intermediate lamina of
the postabdomen rounded at the tip, the other strongly and regularly
iiotched. I regard the last as an accidental variety.

92 ASTACID^.

2. ASTACUS NIQRESCENS Stimjjson.

Astacus nigrescens Stimpson, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., T. 6, p. 87 (Separat p. 52).

Figures on PI. III.
Antcnnal lamina, fig. 168, a; epistoma, b ; spine- of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Mas. Obesus, obscure olivaceus ; rostro longo, valido, basi latiori,
antice fere parallelo, acumine triangulari, longiori acuto, subrecurvo ;
supra medio canaliculato basi callo obsolete in fovea antice angulata;
mar"-inibus calloso-iuflatis, sex vel octo-dentatis ; loco cretarum denti-
bus ntrinque tribus acutis. Antennis validis, corpore brevioribus, ar-
ticulis duobus basalibus dente extemo acuto ; antennis internis articulo
l)asali dente infero anteapicali acuto ; lamina valida trigona, rostri
longitudine, modice lata, margine externo crasso, inflato, apice spina
longa acuta. Epistomate lato, subtus carinato, antice triangulari ; pedi-
bus maxillaribus externis subtus sjiinulosis, intus barbatis. Thorace
ovato, depresso, densius et fortitcr punctato, lateribus granulosis ; linea
lata profunda, ntrinque subsinuata; areola lata, plana, antice latius
dilatata. Postabdomine lato, fere la^vi, segmentorum angulis externis
elongatis acutis ; lamina media parte basali quadrangulari ; apice ntrin-
que spinis duabus validis, subrejectis ; parte apicali minori, angustiori,
elliptica, margine antico exciso; lamina laterali vix costata, spina media
anteuiarginali, externaque marginali. Pedibus anticis validis, longis,
corpore paulo brevioribus ; chela magna, elongata, subplana, margini-
l3us subacutis, densius punctata, margine interno fere recto, subtus
paulo depresso ; digitis validis, rectis, cliela^ longitudine, conicis, apice
spinulosis. Carpo lato, granuloso, antice truncato, subtus spina media
valida. Brachio Itevi, margine antico et superiori spinoso, spina apicali
majori, subtus biseriatim spinuloso, spina antica aliaque ntrinque ad
articulationem majori])us. Pedibus alxlominaliljus, brevibus, rectis,
dimidio apicali cylindrico circumvolutis, apice truncatis.

Femina differt ventre inter pedes quartos la3vi, canaliculato ; anuulo
bifido laminato.

(Maxim.) Long. corp. 4.6; antenn. 3; ped. antic. 4.2.

Habitat : San Francisco, California.

I have seen eight males and one female ; the fifth pair of legs has
branchiae. Male and female type communicated by Professor Stimpson.

This species and A. Gambelii are separated fi'om the others by the
denticulated rostrum.

Cat. No. 228, San Francisco, Cal., Mr. T. G. Cary. Male. Spec. 4.

Cat. No. 1851, California, Mr. T. G. Cary. Male. Spec. 1.

ASTACID.E. 93

3. AsTACUS TuowBRiDGii Sfhupson.

A.ilacus Trowhriilgii Stimpsoii, Proo. Boston Soc. N. II., T. 6, p. 87 (Separat. p. 53).

Fi^'ures on V\ III. and X.

Antcnnal lamina, li^. 1 "1, a ; cpistoma, b ; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.
ri. X. Female tvpc.

Fem. Obosa, olivacea, chclis obscurioribus ; rostro lato loiigo, excavate,
parce pimctato. medio obsolete cantiliculato, lateribus jiarallelis, mar-
ginatis, cras.-^ioribus ; acumine triangiilari, longo, angusto, acuto, fiisco-
corneo, spinis lateralibus validis ; cretis brevioribus, antice spina rejecta;
aliaque ad basin cretas spina. Antennis corpore brevioribus modicis, ar-
ticiilis duobus l)asalil)us dente externo valido ; antennis internis articulo
basali dente inl'ero apieali, lamina valida, trigona rostro breviori, modice
lata, margine externo crasso, apice spina longa, acuta. Epistomate tri-
angulari ; pedibus maxillaribus externis intus barbatis. Thorace ovato,
antice angustiori, densius punctato, lateribus subla^viljus ; linea profiuida,
siuuata ; areola lata. Postabdomine thorace latiori, apicem versus dc-
crescente, la3vi, angulis segmentorum externis rotundatis; lamina inter-
media quadrangular!, apice, angustiori, utrinque spinis duabus validis,
rejectis ; parte apieali breviori, fere orbiculari ; lamina laterali vix cos-
tata, spina media antemarginali, externaque marginali. Pedibus anticis
validis, longis, corpore brevioribus ; chela magna, lata, punctata sub-
plana, marginibus subacutis, margine interdum recto subtus excavate ;
digitis validis, sub.sinuatis, chela paulo longioribus, apice spinulosis ; digi-
to mobili intus basi exciso ; externo digito l>asi intus producto ; utroque
intus dentato. Carpo lato, truncato, pnnctato, spina antica interna
acuta ; subtus spina media antica. Brachio, subla^vi, margine antico
et superiori spinoso, spina anteapicali majori ; subtus biseriatim forte
spinoso, utrinque ad articulationem spina valida. Ventre inter pedes
quartos la3vi ; annulo transverso, cylindrico.

Long. Corp. 4; antenn. 3; ped. antic. 3.

Habitat : Astoria, Oregon ; " near Astoria it occurs sometimes abun-
dantly in brackish water."

I have seen two female types of Mr. Stimpson's, communicated by
the Museum of the Soc. Nat. Hist, in Boston.

This species differs from A. nigresccns in the broad, rounded lateral an-
gles of the abdominal segments.

4. AsTACUS KL.VilATUEXSIS Stinipson.

Astacus KlamatTiensis Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. II., T. G, p. 87 (Separat. p. 52). — Bate
Spence. Naturalist in Vancouver's Island and Brit. America, 18G6, T. 2, p. 278.

Figures on PI III.
Antennal lamina, fig. 1C9, a; epistoma, h; .spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Fem. Rostro longo, densius punctate, subplano, medio obsolete

94 ASTACIDJE.

canaliculato, antice angustiori, utrinque marginato, acumine modico,
acuto, spinis lateralibus parvis ; cretis brevioribus, spina antica perparva,
postica nulla. Antennis corpore brevioribus (apex deest) articulo primo
dente valido, secundo subnullo ; antennis internis articulo basali dente
infero subapicali, lamina valida, trigona, rostro breviori, lata, margine
externo crasso, apice spina brevi, acuta. Epistomate triangulari ; pedi-
bus maxillaribus externis intus barbatis. Thorace ovato, antice angus-
tiori, densius punctato, lateribus granulosis; linea profunda, sinuata;
areola lata. Postabdomine thorace latiori, apicem vei'sus decrescentc,
Isevi, angulis segmentorum externis rotundatis, lamina intermedia qua-
drangulari, apice subangustiori, utrinque spinis duabus validis rejectis ;
parte apicali breviori, rotundato ; lamina laterali vix costata. Pedibus
anticis modicis, brevibus ; chela modica, punctata, subplana, marginibus
subacutis, margine interno recto, subtus excavato ; digitis validis, sub-
rectis, chelae non longioribus, apice spinulosis, non dentatis. Carpo lato,
truncato, punctato, intus mutico ; subtus spina media antica parva.
Brachio sublajvi, spina anteapicali majori, subtus biseriatim spinoso,
utrinque ad articulationem spina interna valida. Ventre inter pedes
quartos laevi, annulo transverse, cylindrico, bipartite.

Long. Corp.' 3"; ped. antic. 2.1".

Habitat : Klamath Lake, California ; in all streams east of the Cas-
cades. Sp. Bates.

I have seen only one female type, in bad condition, communicated
by Dr. W. Stimpson.

It may be distinguished from A. Troivhridgii by its stronger and more
punctulated thorax, its tapering rostrum, with less developed spines,
the shortly spined antennal lamina, the smaller hands, the carpus with-
out internal apical spine; the annulus between the fourth pair of legs
divided in the middle.

The accurate determination of this species requires the examination
of more specimens; the antennal lamina on the right side is accidentally
abnormal, perhaps the other is also a little changed in shape.

5. AsTAcus LENiuscuLus Dana.

Aslacus leniusculus Dana, Proc. Acad. N. 11. Philad , T. 6, p. 20. — U. S. Exploring Expcd.
Crustac, T. 1, p. 524, t. 33, fig. 1. — Stimpson, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., T. C, p. B7.

" Rostrum tridentatum, dentibus acutis, medio tenuiter elongate.
Carapax lajvis, punctulatus, lateraliter pone rostrum utrinque bi-spi-
nosus ; areola inter suturas longitudinales postdersales lata. Pedes an-
tici cempressi, inermes, non tuberculati, manu laevi, punctulata, carpo
paulo ol)longo, intus recto, inermi, apice interno acuto excepto ; brachio
antice denticulate, apice interno elongate acuto, dorse unispinose. Pedes
sequentes uudiusculi. Segmentum caudale parce oblonguni, lateribus

ASTACID.E. 95

fore parallelis. Pedes 5" branchias parvus gerentes. Hab. llumiue Co-
luinbiaV Oregonias. Long. 4". — Dana.

In the description Mr. Dana says, " arm with anterior margin den-
ticulate, and a longer tooth at apex, on outer margin, short distance
from apex, unispinous."

" May be recognized by its -well-developed thoracic spines, and light
color. Has a general resemblance to A. Trowhridgii ; differs from that
species in having more prominent thoracic spines ; the rostrum is some-
what shorter and liroader, the dorsal area broader." — Stinipsou.

Habitat: Columbia River; Puget Sound.

I have not seen this species, which seems to be very similar to A.
nifjresccHs, except in the non-denticulated margin of the rostrum. The
description and the figure given by Mr. Dana are not sufficient.

6. AsTACUs Oregaxus BandaU.

Astacus Oregamts Randall, Journ. Acad. N. S. riiilail., T. 8, PI. I., p. 138, t. 7. — Erichson,
WiefTiu. Arch , T. 12, p. 37,5. — Girard, Pioc. Acad. N. S. Pbilad., T. 6, p. 87. — Stimpson,
Proc! Boston Soc. N. II., T. 6, p. 87 (Separat. p. 5.5).

" Body fuscous, granulated, carpus with a sharp spine at the interior
angle ; arm produced into a spine on each side anteriorly ; thorax l)e-
hind the front with five spines, placed three before and one on each
side behind the lateral ones ; a large reddish spot on each side posteri-
orly ; front little reflected on the sides, terminating in a very long, slen-
der spine, and having a short, marginal spine on each side. Long. 4".
Columbia River.

" Testa granulata, bimaculata, fronte valde producta." — Bandall.

Erichson, in his translation of this description, makes a mistake, " das
Magenfeld an jeder Seite mit fuenf Dornen, naemlich drei vor und zwei
liintcr den Seitendornen"; Randall by no means says that there are five
spines on each side.

" Dr. Randall's single specimen of this species was unfortunately lost
by the artist employed in delineating it. No other example has been
since found, although its locality has been since repeatedly searched.
If the figure in the eighth volume, etc., is correct, this is a veiy remark-
able species, differing from all others known, in possessing a median
thoracic spine as well as in the length of the terminal rostral tooth, and
above all in the singular lateral appendages of the abdominal seg-
ments." — Stimpmn.

The figure published by Randall is without doubt very incorrect, giv-
ing one segment too much in the postabdomen, and a little claw at the
tips of the fourth pair of legs. The curious lateral appendages to the
segments of the postabdomen are prol)ably its lateral angles, acute as
in A. nigrescem, or the artificially protruded abdominal legs. Mr. Ran-

96 ASTACIDiE.

dall would have mentioned these very curious organs in his description
if they had really existed. The tail is apparently very poorly figured,
but the strong spines at the apex of the intermediate lamina are di-
rected outward as well as in the lateral lamina and the base in the
same manner as in A. nic/resccns and Trowhrkhju. I think the spine in the
middle of the base of the beak is not at all a spine, but merely a car-
inated elevation very badly figured. A. nic/rescens has a similar but not so
well produced elevation; the spines could not have been very prominent,
as the painter did not figure them at all. It is possible that the form
of the carpus and brachium is as badly exaggerated. The exterior an-
tennae are apparently too short, and the length of the rostrum, so much
longer than the peduncle of the antenna^, is probably erroneous ; the
lamina of the antennae is figured as inarticulate ! I think the characters
quoted make it evident that the figure is without scientific value.

It is impossible to recognize this species, from an incomplete descrip-
tion and a very inadequate figure. The general appearance (although
the mesothorax is very short) seems to point to a species near A. Icni-
tisciihis and Trowhridyii, both being from the same locality, while the out-
wardly directed spines on the tail are truly characteristic of this group.
The rostrum has the shape of A. leiiiusailus. The position of the five
spines behind the front is very doubtful, and probably Erichson intended
to give by the figure, which shows the little marks on each side, a more
correct view of their position. The apparent incorrectness induces me
to think that A. Orcganus can be no other than A. Icniusciilus, or else is to
be struck out entirely.

ASTACID^E.

97

ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

The several different species mentioned have the following distribu-
tion:—

Genus CAMBARUS.

GROUP I.
1. C. acutus.

Louisiana : Now Orleans, Milliken's Bend.

Alaljania : Mobile.

South Carolina : Charleston, Snninierville.

Missouri : St. Louis.

Mississippi : Kemper County.

Virginia : James River.

Var. A.

H. C. penicillatus.

South Carolina : Charleston.
Georgia.

12. C. Wiegmanni.

Mexico.

13. C. pellueidus.

Kentucky : Mammoth Cave.

anston, Peoria, Athens.
Inilian,a.

Var. B.

North Carolina : Beaufort.
New Jersey : Essex.
New York.

2. C. Clarkii.

Louisiana : New Orleans.
Te.xas : between San Antonio and El Paso
del Norto.

3. C. troglodytes.

South Carolina : Charleston.
Illinois : Lawn Ridge.
Georgia.

4. C. Blandingii.

South Carolina: Camden.

5. C. fallax.

rioriila.

6. C. Lecontei.

Alaliania: Mobile.
Florida : Pensacola.
North Carolina : Beaufort.
Georgia : Milledgeville.
Mississippi : Root Pond.

7. C. spiculifer.

Georgia: Athens, Roswell.

8. C. angustatus.

Georgia : Cieorgia inferior.

9. C. versutus.

Alabama : Mobile, Spring Hill.

10. C. maniculatus.

Georgia : Georgia inferior.
13

GROUP n.

14. C. lancifei'.

Jlississippi : Root Pond.

15. C. affiuis.

Pennsylvania : Delaware, near Phila-
delphia, Pittsburg, Carlisle, Reading,
Schuylkill River, Erie.

ISIarvland : Havre de Cirace.

District of Columbia : Potomac at Wash-
ington.

New Jersey.

New York : Niagara.

16. C. virilis.

British America: Lake Winnipeg, Sas-
katschavan, Red River, Lake Superior,
Toronto.

Illinois : Quincy.

Iowa : Davenport.

Wisconsin : Sugar River.

Var. A.
Iowa : Davenport, Biu-lington.
Missouri : Osage River.
Ohio : Dayton, Miami River.
Te.xas.

17. C. placidus.

Illinois : Quincy.
Tennessee : Lebanon.
Te.xas.

18. C. juvenilis.

Kentucky : Little Hickman, Kentucky

River.
Missouri : Osage River.

19. C. propinquus.

Canada : Lake Superior.

98

ASTACID^.

C. propinquus — Continued.

New York : Lake Oneida, Rochester, Ni-
agai-a, Grass River, Lake Ontario, Four-
Mile Creek, Oswego, Garrison Cieek,
Saekett's Harbor.

Illinois : Ogle County.

Indiana: Delphi.

20. C. obscurus.

New York : Genessee River, Rochester.

? Virginia : (A. fossor Raf.)

? Pennsylvania : (^4. fossor Raf.)

21. C. rustieus.
Ohio ; Cincinnati.
Canada: Lake Supeiior.

22. C. immunis.

Illinois : Belleville, Lawn Ridge.
Alabama : Huntsville.
North Carolina: Beaufort.

23. C. extraneus.
Georgia : Tennessee River.

GROUP IIL

24. C. Bartonii.

Canada : Lake Snperior.

Vermont : in most of the small streams in
the western part of the State.

New Y''ork : Lake Champlain, Elizabeth-
town, Berkshire, Fishkill, Newburg,
AVestern New York.

New Jersey : Schooley's Mountain.

Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, Schuylkill
River, Berwick, Hammetstown.

Ohio : Cincinnati, Sciota River, Columbia.

Kentucky : Hickmann's Landing, Ken-
tucky River, Mammoth Cave.

District of Colmnbia : Georgetown.

a ,<is

C. Bartonii — Continued.
Missouri : Osage River.
Virginia : Greenbrier River.

25. C. robustus.

Canada : Toronto, Humber River.

New York : Genessee River, Rochester,

Lake Regis, Adirondack Region.
Virginia : Fredericksburg.

26. C. obesus.

Illinois : Prairie near Chicago, Evanston,

Lawn Ridge.
Missouri : Belleville.
Ohio : Kelley Island, Lake Erie.
New York : Garrison Creek, Saekett's

Harbor, Lake Ontario.
Arkansas.

Virginia : Petersburg.
Mississippi : Monlicello.
Louisiana : New Orleans.

27. C. Nebrascensis.
Nebraska.

28. C. latimanus.

Georgia : Athens.
South Carolina.

29. C. Mexicanus.

Mexico.

30. C. Cubensis.

Cuba.

31. C. advena.

Georgia.

South Carolina : Charleston.

Alabama: Mobile.

32. C. Caroltaus.

Georgia.

Carolina (or South Carolina ?).

Genus ASTACUS.

33 (1). A. Gambelii.

California.

34 (2). A. nigreseens.

California : San Francisco.

35 (3). A. Trowbridgu.

Oregon : Astoria.

36 (4). A. Klamathensis.

Oregon : Lake Klameth, Cascades.

A. Klamathensis — Continued.

British Columbia : all streams east of the
Cascades.

37 (5). A. leniuseulus.

Oregon : Columbia River.
Washington Territory : Puget Sound.

38 (6). A. Oreganus.

Oregon : Columbia River.

ASTACID^. 99

DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES OF CMIBARUS

IN EVERY STATE OR TERRITORY ACCORDING TO LOCALITIES YET ASCERTAINED.

1. JLuNE. — None.

2. New Hampshire. — None.

3. Vermoxt. — C. Bartonii, Burlington, Shelburne, Colchester, Chitr
tenden County, in ailluents of Lake Champlain.

4. Massachusetts. — None. I am told by Mr. S. H. Scudder that
fre.sh-watcr crabs (C. Bdjionii) have been collected in the western parts,
at Willianistown. Lewis R. Gibbes cites, on the authority of Dr. Gould,
C. Bartonii from Massachusetts.

5. Connecticut. — None.

6. Rhode Island. — None.

7. New York. — Seven species : C. acutiis var. B., C. affinis, C. pro-
pinqmis, C. ohscurus, C. Bartonii, C. robustus, C. ohcsus.

C. Bartonii lives in the western part of the State, on the Hudson
River and its affluents ; in the southern, at Newburg and Fishkill ; in
the northeastern, along Lake Champlain, and particularly at Elizabeth-
town, Essex County ; also in the Tioga affluent of the Susquehanna at
Berkshii'e, Tioga County. Rafinesque also mentions Lake George, Sar-
atoga, Utica, and Oswego, but perhaps the latter locality belongs to C
j)roj)riiiqui(s.

C. jvopinqims lives in the northern part of the State, in Lake Ontario,
in its affluents, the Genesee River at Rochester, Garrison Creek near
Oswego, Lake Oneida, Four-Mile Creek near Sackett's Harbor, and in
Grass River, a branch of the St. Lawrence River.

C. obscurus and C. robustus also live in the Genesee River at Roches-
ter, C. obesiis lives in Garrison Creek.

C. affinis hves in the western part, at Niagara. For C. acutits the
locality is not given.

Our knowledge of the gi^eat State of New York is mostly conhned to
the northern and the western bordei". The remainder, with the excep-
tion of a small portion of the southern limits, is unknown.

8. New Jersey. — Three species : C. acvtus var. B., G. affinis, C. Bartonii
The first species is from Essex ; of the second the locality is not

given ; the third is from Schooley's Mountain, Morris.

Of the State of New Jersey our knowledge is limited to two points
in two counties very near New York, and to the rivers Avhich empty
into the outlet of the Hudson River.

9. Delaware. — None.

100 ASTACID^E.

10. Pennsylvania. — Three siDccies: C. affinis, C. obscunis (1), C.
Barfoini.

The first and the third species are known from the Delaware River
(Philadelphia) and from the Schuylkill River (Carlisle, Reading), from
the Susquehanna and its affluents (Hummelstown, Berwick), and from
the Ohio (Pittsbui'g). C. ohscunts (if it be the A. Jmsor Raf ) is from
Philadelphia.

In the great State of Pennsylvania, which consists of sixty-five coun-
ties, we are acquainted with only a few single localities in six counties.
Of these, one is on the eastern border, another on the western, while
the four others lie near together in the middle of the State.

11. Maryland. — One species: C. affinis.

Only one locality, Havre de Grace, at the mouth of the Susquehanna,
is known.

12. Virginia. — Five species : C. acutus, C. BaHonii, (j. robustus, C.
obesus, and C obscurus (if it is the A.fossor Raf).

Out of one hundred and sixty-five counties our knowledge extends
to only four, — the James River and its affluents, at Petersburg, the
Rappahannock (Fredericksburg), and Greenbrier River in the western
part.

13. District of Columbia. — One sj^ecies : C. Baiionii, at George-
town.

14. North Carolina. — Three species: C. acutus var. B., C. LccoiUci,
C. immitnis ; all from Beaufort, on the southeastern border.

15. South Carolina. — Seven species: C. acutus, C. trofflod^tcs, C.
Blaiul/iiffii, C penicillatus, C. latimaiius, C. adrcna, C. CaroJinus.

C. Btandinyii is from the northern border, Wateree River ; all the
others are from Charleston and Summerville, on the southern border.

16. Georgia. — Ten species: G. tro(/Iodi/tes, C. Lccontci, G. spiculifer,
G. ancjustatus, G. maniculattis, C. penicillatus, G. extmneus, G. latin/aims, G.
adrcna, G. Gandinus.

Georgia, thanks to the monograph of Mr. John LeConte, is as yet still
the Ijest explored State. He describes nine species ; one, G.fossannu, is
perhaps identical with G. troyhdijtcs. A. Blandimjii I have not been able
to determine with certainty. Two other species have been seen by
him, making in all ten species, exactly the number I have marked. It
is a pity that he never gives the exact localities. G. sjneulifcr, G. lati-
manus are noticed as living " in Georgia superiore " ; G. trof/hnh/tes, G.
fossarum, G. maniculatus, G. anr/ustatus, G. advcna, "in Georgia inferiore " ;
G. Blandimjii, " in regionibus intermediis."

Our knowledge of localities enables us to credit G. spiculifer and G.
lafimamis to Athens, G. Lccontci to Milledgeville, and C. spiculifer to Ros-
well ; also to two points in the northern parts and to one in the middle
of the State. C. extrancus is cited from the Tennessee River, Georgia,
but this river does not touch the limits of Georgia.

ASTACID^T3. 101

17. Florida. — Two species : C. f(dl((.r and C. Lccon/ci.

The only locality given is Pensacola, on the northwestern border, near
Alabama. Onr knowledge of Florida also is very scanty. Lewis R.
Gibbes qnotes C. affinis from Florida, but his determinations are not at
all trustworthy.

18. Alabama. — Five species: C. acufus, C. Lccontei, C. rcrsidus, C.
miiunik, C. aih'cna.

C. mnmnis lives in Huntsville, on the northern border ; all the other
species occur at Mobile, in the southwestern limits of the State. Nearly
the whole State remains unexplored.

19. Mississippi. — Four species: C. acuhts, C. obesus, C. Lccontei,
C. hdiclfcr. The fir.st from the Mobile River, Kemper County, the mid-
dle of the eastern border of the State ; C. ohcsns from Monticello ; the
two others from Root Pond, a locality unknown to me.

20. LouisiAXA. — Three species : C. acittus, C. ClarJcii, C. obesus.

The species are from the southeastern border from New Orleans, one
also from the northeastern border, from Milliken's Bend ; all from the
Mississippi. Nearly the whole State remains to be explored.

21. Tennessee. — One species: C. placidits, from Lebanon, nearly in
the middle of the State.

22. Kentucky. — Three species : C. pclhicidus, C. juvenilis, C. Badonii.
Besides the celebrated species from the Mannnoth Cave, C. peUucidus,

the others are from Little Hickman and Hickman's Landing, near the
Kentucky River, in the middle of the State.

23. Indiana. — Two species : C. acutus, C. 'propinqims.

Only one of the ninety-two counties gives a species ; this is from
Delphi, on the Wabash River, in the middle of the State.

24. Ohio. — Four species: C. virilis, C. rusticus, C. Bartonii, C. obes^iis.
Onlv in the southwestern part of the State, from Cincinnati and Co-

lumliia, and a little farther, from Dayton, Miami River, Montgomery
County, are species noticed. C. obesus is from Kelley Island, Lake
Erie. We know of species from only two of the eighty-eight counties.

25. Michigan. — None. I am told that fresh-water crabs occur in
Lake St. Clair ; species are also noticed from Lake Superior.

26. Wisconsin. — C. virilis, from the Sugar River. I am told that
fresh-water crabs are found near Milwaukee.

27. Minnesota. — None. Professor Agassiz has found a species of
Cumharus at Minnehaha Falls, above St. Paul. I have not seen the
si^ecimen.

28. Iowa. — One species: C. virilis is found in the Mississippi at
Davenport and Burlington, along the southeastern border. The State
is unexplored.

29. Illinois. — Seven species : C. acuhis var. A., C. troghdytcs, C.
virilis, C. placidus, C. propinquus, C. immunis, C. obesus.

102 ASTACID^.

This State is one of the best explored, for I have seen in the Museum
of the Chicago Academy sixty glasses with Cambams, mostly from the
different localities of Illinois, but I was not able to ascertain the species.
There are known from the northern border, as at Chicago and Evans-
ton, C. acufiis var. A., and C. obesiis ; from the middle northern parts
(Illinois Kiver and affluents), Ogle County, Lawn Eidge, Basson Pudge,
Peoria, Athens, C. acutus var. A., C. iroghdi/tes, C. propinquus, C. wimnnis,
C. ohcsuf!, and from the western border from the Mississij:)pi, from Quincy
and Belleville, C. virilis, C. placidus, and C. immunis.

30. Missouri. — Five species : C. acutus, C. virilis, C. juvenilis, C.
Bartonii, C. obesiis. All are from St. Louis and from the Osage River,
near the centre of the State.

31. Arkansas. — One species : C. obcsus, locality unknown.

32. Texas. — Three species: C. Clarldi, C. virilis, C. jjlacidus ; the
first occurs near the middle of the State, between San Antonio and El
Paso del Norte ; of the others the localities are unliiiOAvn.

33. Indian Territory. — None.

34. Kansas. — None. I have seen only one species in the Chicago
Museum.

35. Nebraska. — One species : C. Nebrascensis, without locality.

36. Dakota. — None. I have seen only one specimen in the Chi-
cago Museum.

37. Wyoming. — None.

38. Montana. — None.

39. Idaho. — None.

40. Colorado. — None.

4 1 . Utau . — None .

42. Arizona. — None.

43. New Mexico. — None.

44. Nevada. — None.

45. Washington Territory. — One species: A. leniuscidus, at Puget
Sound.

46. Oregon. — Three species : A. Trowbridgii, A. leniuscidus, A. Kla-
mathemis. From Astoria, from the Columbia River and Lake Klamath.
The locality of A. Oreyanus is doubtful.

47. California. — Two species : A. Gambclii and A. nigrescens. From
San Francisco.

British America. — Five species: C. virilis, C. propinquus, C. Bartonii,
C. robustus, C. Klamathensis.

In Canada from the Humber River near Toronto is noticed C. robus-
tus. In Lake Sujierior C. Baiionii, C. propinquus, C. virilis occur, the
latter also in Lake Winnipeg, Saskatschavan, and the Red River. A.
Klamathensis is found in British Columbia.

Mexico. — Two species: C. Wicgmanni, C. Mexicanus. One from the
marshes of the valley of Mexico, the other without known locality.

ASTACID^E. 103

Cuba. — One species : C. Cuboms, from the marshes in the central
part of Cuba.

Accordinjf to the list given above, we know nothing upon the geo-
graphical distribution or even the existence of species in the following
nineteen States and Territories : —

1. Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island,
Delaware, Michigan, Minnesota, Indian Territory, Kansas, Dakota, Wy-
oming, Montana, Idaho, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada.

2. From nine States and Territories we know one species, the local-
ity l)eing definitely known in only one half of them, viz., Vermont,
Maryland, District of Columbia, Tennessee, Iowa, Arkansas, Wisconsin,
Nebraska, and Washington Territory.

3. From three States we know two species, viz., Florida, Indiana,
California.

4. From eight States we know three species, viz.. New Jersey, Penn-
sylvania, North Carolina, Louisiana, Kentucky, Texas, Oregon.

5. From Ohio and Mississippi, four species.

6. From three States we know five species, viz., Virginia, Alabama,
Missouri.

7. From three States we know seven species, viz., New York, Illi-
nois, South Carolina.

8. From one State we know ten species, viz., Georgia.

The first step to take, and the best way if we would make progress
in knowledge, is always to ascertain how limited it is ; and for this pur-
pose it is evidently profitable to show that the undoubtedly unrivalled
materials before me represent a very limited part of the gigantic terri-
tory comprised in the United States. Besides more than the western
half, noticed before as not represented in our catalogue, it is surprising
that the much-explored New England States are nearly wanting. Per-
haps the multitude of manufactories and the consequent spoiling of the
water, especially of the running streams, has some influence on the rar-
it}' of the fresh-water crabs ; but a more careful exploration is doubt-
less necessai-y to prove the existence or the absence of Astuckkc.

At the same time some of the other States, seemingly better repre-
sented in our catalogue, are fiir from being well explored ; even some,
furnishing the largest number of species, are in reality to a great ex-
tent unexplored.

Of the great State of New York we are only acquainted with the
eastern border, and in New Jersey with a single locality in the vicinity
of New York City. In Maryland and the two Carolinas we know only
a small area, along the eastern limits. In Florida, Alabama, and Louisi-
ana, only the localities very near to each other are noticed, while all
the rest of these States are unexplored. The number of species in

104 ASTACID^.

Georgia, the best explored portion of the country, suggests how much
may be found in the adjacent States. The Middle States are in parts
better explored, but without doubt they will furnish many new species
or show a wider disti'ibution of the known species, as is stated m our
catalogue.

It would be very interesting to ascertain whether the extensive table-
lands between the Sierra Nevada of California and the Kocky Moun-
tains, as well as the great American desert, possess species of the genus
Astacus or of the genus Canihurus or not. As yet nothing is known
about these regions.

Perhaps under these circumstances a detailed exposition of the geo-
graphical distribution of the North American Astackkv would be prema-
ture and incorrect, but some facts arc too striking and too apparent to
be overlooked, even at this stage of our knowledge.

The first and chief point ascertained as yet is the strict limitation
of the genera Astacus and Cambarus, Avhicli completely exclude each
other. In the parts west of the Sierra Nevada, and perhaps of the
Rocky Mountains, lives the genus Astacus, in all the eastern parts the
genus Cumhanis. At present no exception is known. This fact is all
the more interesting, as the only species known from the eastern parts
of Asia, Astacus Dauricus Patias, which is proljably identical with Astacus
leptorJdiius Fisher, from the Amur River, seems to he a grouji interme-
diate between the European and North American species of Astacus, and
more nearly related to the species of the latter country.

Our knowledge of the geographical distribution of the North Amer-
ican species of Astacus is as yet too limited for us to say anything more
respecting them.

The second fact, which seems to be ascertained, is that the genus
Cambarus is confined to the other parts of North America and perhaps
to the Antilles. I have not seen the species described by Erichson and
de Saussure from Cuba, but it doubtless belongs to the genvis Camlarus.
The asserted presence of the genus Cambarus in South America is to he
disci-edited, unless further and more trustworthy evidence be produced
in its favor. C. Chilensis, mentioned by Erichson as a species of Cam-
barus, was never seen by him, and seems from the description to be
more nearly related to Cheraps, or perhaps to represent some distinct
genus. I have seen one and only one specimen of Astaciclce from Brazil,
— if there be no error as to the habit, which was appai-ently the case
with some Astacus JiuviatUis communicated to me as Brazilian sjiecies, —
a male in a very bad state of preservation, and evidently nearly re-
lated to C. Chilensis. As the specimen is dry and very old, it is impos-
sible to ascertain whether it have gills or not on the fifth pair of leg.:.

The C. Bartonii, figured and described as perhaps from Brazil hy IVh-.
Dana in his excellent work, is certainly not identical with the C. Bur-

ASTACID.E. 105

toiiil from North America. The lialjitat Ls uncertain, and so not of de-
cisive value.*

Concerning the geographical distrihution of the genus Camhanis, Ave
find the interesting fact that the most distinct group, containing the
species related to C. acutus, seems to he confined to a Umited territory.
Its houndaries answer for tlie most part to the Soutliern fiiuua, traced
by Professor L. Agassiz for the Cheloniam, but is somewhat more exten-
sive, as some species are observed to live also in the upper parts of the
rivers and their afllucnts. Beginning on the Atlantic coast in Virginia
(also farther north, as with the Chcloiiiuiis), it extends through the Caro-
linas, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas.

Some species follow up the Mississippi and its tributaries for a great
distance, while a peculiar variety, described by me as C. acutus var. A,
has its habitat far to the north, and is not to be found in the southern
parts. It is very interesting to remark that the same species is to be
found farther north on the Atlantic coast, forming also a peculiar va-
riety, described by me as C. acutns var. B, from New Jersey and Nevv^
York. It was impossible for me to give an adequate account of it, as
I have not seen the male.

Our knowledge of the Mexican fauna is very meagre, but it seems
probable that a few species at least belong to the same group. Still
more interesting is the fact that some sjiecies of the other Camharus
groups, living within the limits noticed for the species for the first
group, have an analogous appearance and shape of body, viz., C. lancifer,
C. immunis, C. extraneus, C. advcna, and C. Carolinus.

I have heretofore stated that these species, even when viewed under
other relations, constitute aberrant forms. But it should be remem-
bered that several species, viz., 0. pluddus, C. obesvs, C. latimanus, which
also live in the same southern country, belong in all their characters
to ver^' different groups. The groups of Caiiibarus, as defined by me,
do not apparently coincide with certain fiiunal regions.

The species of the second group, except the aberrant forms before
mentioned, especially the sj^ecies related to C. viriUs, belong to the
northern and middle parts of North America. These species occur es-
pecially in the Northern Lakes and their affluents, also in the Missouri,
Mississippi, Ohio, and their tributaries, and in Texas.

C. uffiuis, a somewhat peculiar species, alone lives in the rivers run-
ning eastward to the Atlantic coast, in the Hudson, Delaware, Potomac,
Susquehanna, and their affluents.

* Von Martens, in Trosehfl Arehiv, 1869, T. 35, p. 15 sqq., describes two species of fresh-
water crabs fi-om Brazil, Astacus pilimanua, p. 15, Tab. 2, fig. 1, from Porto AUegrc and Santa Cruz,
in tlie affluents of tlie Rio Pardo Kiver, wliicli is an affluent of tlie Jaeuhy River, witli burrowing
habits, Aslacus BraxUiensh, p. 16, Tab. 2, fi». 2, from Porto Alegre and from Roedersljerg, in
ponds and small rivers. The latter is perhaps the species fi'om Brazil mentioned by me, p. 11.

Professor II. Burmeister writes to me that he has seen a species of Astacus from the Banda
oriental.

14

106 ASTACIDyE.

Evidently the founal area of the second group of species coincides
Avith that of the first group in the vast regions watered by the Missis-
sippi and its branches, without touching, except in some aberrant forms,
the southeastern regions.

The third group occurs in the whole country inhabited by the two
others, in the Northern Lakes and their aifluents, in the rivers running
both to the Atlantic coast and to the Mississippi ; in short, equally in the
northern and southern, in the eastern and western parts of the United
States. C. Bartonii and the next allied species are to be found in Lake
Superior and in the St. Lawrence River, in Nebraska, Arkansas, Louisi-
ana, and along the Atlantic coast from Vermont to South Carolina, and
perhaps to Florida.

An interesting fact in the geographical distribution of the animals is
the association or exclusion of certain species, also the representation
of given species in different localities by others that are closely allied.

Concerning the association of particular species, I would remark that
the materials before me give for two localities four species. I have
seen from Charleston, C. acutus, C. imr/lod/jtes, C. j)eniclU(dus, and C. ad-
vcna ; from Mobile, C. acidus, C. Lecontei, C. versidiis, and C. adrcna.

From six localities three species are cited : from New Orleans, C.
(tciitus, C. ClarJiii, C. obesus ; Lawn Ridge, C. acufiis, C. immituis, C. ohesus ;
Beaufort, C. acidus, C. Lecoidei, C. immuuis ; Lake Superior, C. virUis, C.
jvopinqnns, C. Bartonii ; Rochester, 0. propinqmts, C obscurus, C. robus-
iiis ; Osage River, C. virilis, C. juvenilis, C. Bartonii.

Two species are quoted from more localities : from St. Louis, C. acidus,
C. obesus ; Root Pond, C. Lecontei, C. lancifcr ; Athens, Ga., C. spiculifer,
C. latiniamts ; Quincy, 111., C. virilis, C jdacidus ; Niagara, C. affinis, C.
propinquus ; Philadelphia, C. affinis, C. Bartonii; the Mammoth Cave, C.
pclulcidus, C. Bartonii; Cincinnati, C. rusticus, C. Badonii ; Evanston,
111., C. acutus, C. ofjesus.

The list given shows no regularity, at least I am not able to find any ;
still, this is perhaps because of the incompleteness of the material.
Looking over the species that occur together, we find the most nearly
related living with those that are evidently different ; those of the
first group with others of the second, some of the second with others
of the third, and even all three groups in the same locality.

No more regularity is to be found in association of the different sj^e-
cies. C. acutus lives in seven difterent localities together with eight
different species, the half belonging to the other groups. C. adrena is
found in the same localities with five other species, none belonging to
its own group. C. Lecontei, C. obesus, C. virilis, C. Bartonii live together
with four, C. projnnqnus with five different species, partly belonging to
different groups.

The uncertainty already referred to prevents my dwelling upon the

ASTACID^. 107

exclusion or representation of jiartieular species. New explorations
would no doubt very soon and i)erhaps entirely alter any views we
might form from incomplete materials.

C. (ick/us, C. virilis, C. Bartonii, and C ohcsus are the most widely
spread species.

The geocjnqMcal distribution according to the river systems is as fol-
lows : —

The rivers west of the Mississippi, running to the Gulf of Mexico, are
little explored. From Texas, perhaps from the branches of the Colo-
rado, C ClarJcii, C. virilis, and C. ptacidus are cited ; the two latter were
collected by Mr. Stolley, the locality not being given.

The Mississippi and its numerous well-known affluents contain a great
number of species. In the lower part of this river, and in its inferior
affluents, especially near its mouth, as at New Orleans, occur C aciitiis,
C. ClarJcii, C. obcsus ; a little higher np in the branches on either side
are found C. Clarkii, C. Lecontei, C. lancifer, C. obesns.

The Ohio River and its affluents furnish C. virilis, C. jylacidiis, C. juve-
nilis, C. rusticns, C. Bartonii ; while in the Wabash River, one of its lower
branches, occur C aciitus and C. j^i'opinquus. The fauna of the Ohio
River is also quite different from that of the Lower Mississij^pi, if we ex-
clude from consideration C. acutus and the two species C. virilis and
C. placidus, which are found in the Colorado River.

The middle jjart of the Mississippi, the Missouri, with the Osage River
and their several branches, contain C acutus, C ohesus, C. Nebrascensis,
C placidus, C. virilis, C. juvenilis, C. BaHonii ; the three latter species
being from the Osage River ; also nearly the same species as are cited
in the Ohio fauna.

In the Upper Mississippi and its affluents, especially in the Illinois
River, are found C. acutus var. A., C. troglodytes, C. virilis, C. placidus, C.
j)ropinquus, C. immunis, C. obcsus. It is worthy of remark that a channel
unites the Illinois and the Chicago Rivers, and that perhaps in this
way may be explained the occurrence of the southern species C. acuttts
and C. obesus at Evanston, on Lake Michigan. Among the several rivers
and their branches lying to the east of the Mississippi, it may be added
that the Mobile River contains C. Clarkii, C. Lecontei, C versutus, C
immunis ; while in the Florida rivers occur C. Lecontei and C. falla.r.
Two of them, C versutus and C. fallax, are not as yet known fiirther
to the west.

The rivers east of the Alleghany Mountains furnish in Georgia, O.
troglodytes, C. Lecontei, C. spiculifer, C. angustatus, C. nianiculatus, C. penicil-
latus, C. exlraneus, C. latimanus, C. advena, C. Carolinus ; also besides the
first two a quite different and new fauna. Farther north, in South
Carolina, live C. acutus, C. troglodytes, C. Blandingii, and C. penicillatus ;
in North Carolina, C. acutus, C. Lecontei, and C. immunis, — species which

108 ASTACID^.

are nearly all, except C. Blandingii and the Georgian C. penicillatus, rep-
resented at the mouth of the Mississippi.

In Virginia, in the James River and its affluents, we find C. Bartonii
and C. rohusfus, with the southern form C. aciihis. The first-named
species descends no farther than to the middle of the Mississippi ; the
second is of a decidedly northeastern type, more properly belonging to
the fauna characteristic of the waters that empty into the St. Lawrence.
In the more northern rivers, especially in the Potomac, Susquehanna,
Delaware, and their tributaries, we find C. Bartonii and C. affinis, and
perhaps C. ohscurus.

In the Hudson River, also in the other streams as far north as Vex'-
mont, and in Lake Champlain, occurs C. Bartonii. But the mouth of
the Hudson River in New Jersey and New York is the extreme limit
of a peculiar variety of the southern species C, aciitus, which is well
represented in North Carolina.

The fauna east of the Alleghany Mountains is also very peculiar.
Perhaps the most peculiar part is the well-explored and striking fauna
of Georo'ia. But we find farther to the north — besides C. acutus,
Avidely extended in the South, and C. Bartonii, a species to be found
in the whole middle part of the United States, — the exclusively north-
eastern species C. affinis and C. ohscurus.

The northern fauna, comprised in the immense water-basin of the
St. Lawrence and its triljutaries, fui'nishes in Lake Superior, C. virilis,
C. -propinquus, C. rusticus, C. Bartonii ; in the Niagara, C. affinis and C.
jvopinrpius ; in Lake Ontario and its affluents, especially Genesee River
and Lake Oneida, C. propinquus, C. ohscurus, C. Bartonii, C. rohustus, C.
ohesus. Some of these species, and in fact all those found in Lake Su-
perior, as C. virilis, C. propinquus, C. rusticus, C. Bartonii, C. ohesus, are
also represented in the regions watered by the Uj^per Mississippi and
its branches ; C. ohscurus, C. affinis, and C. rohustus are the only species
peculiar to the northern fauna. The remarkable habitat of C. acutus
and C. ohesus in Lake Michigan has been before mentioned.

C. virilis occurs in the more northern waters, which empty into Hud-
son's Bay, especially in Lake Winnipeg, Saskatschavan, and Red River.
I am told that these waters are connected in the summer time through
marshes with the_ affluents of the Upper Mississippi.

We also find true, especially for the genus Camharus, that the United
States are divided into three great fauna! regions, — the region traversed
by the Mississippi ; the eastern region, lying between the Alleghany
Mountains and the Atlantic coast ; and the northern region, which is
watered by the Northern Lakes and the St. Lawrence. I have not
spoken of the Mexican and Cuban species, my acquaintance with them
Ijeing as yet very imperfect.

The three great regions just mentioned, particularly the first and the

ASTACID^. lOD

second, doubtless comprise several subordinate faunal districts. The
region watered l)y the Mississippi apparently divides itself into two
jiarts, a southern and a northern, the latter beginning near the mouth
of the Ohio River. The eastern region has a decided and peculiar
soutliern fauna, which is perhaps to be united with that of Cuba, and a
northern fauna beginning in Pennsylvania. In the northern region
there seems hardly any difference between the eastern and western
parts. Nevertheless, it is certain that some species belong to more
than one rea-ion, and that these rejj-ions do not coincide with the three
principal groups of the genus Canibarus. The first group, as has been
already stated, prevails in the southern parts of the western and eastern
faunal region ; the second group prevails jjartly in the northern part of
the eastern faimal region.

The examination of the distribution of single species, or rather the
exact determination of the circle in which every species lives and the
central point which is to be taken as its most proper habitat, would
be very interesting, if the materials at command were sufficiently abun-
dant. The greatest impediment to such an examination is the scanti-
ness of our knowledge, I may say our almost entire ignorance, of the
great country comprising the Alleghany Mountains and circumjacent
regions.

A detailed examination of the questions suggested being as yet im-
possible, I may be permitted to offer a few words ujjon some of the most
Avidely spread species.

The central point of C. aciifiis seems to be the southern shore around
the mouth of the Mississippi ; of O. uffinis, the Lower Potomac ; of C.
virilis, Lake Superior ; of C. projnnqum, Lake Ontai'io ; of C. ohesus, the
middle part of the Mississippi ; of C. Bartonii, perhaps the middle of the
eastern part of the United States. Some of these so-called central
points are in fact not at all central, they being either near the shore of
the sea or not far from the limits, so far as we yet know, of the distri-
bution of the sj^ecies. I accordingly attach no great value to them, as
they are liable very soon to l)e greatly modified by new explorations.

The number of species now known to belong to the old genus Asiavus
is 56. Of these there are in America, 40 (two in South America) ; New
Holland, 11; Asia, 2; Em-ope, 2; Africa, 1.

As now distributed, there belong to the genus Cambanis, 32 ; Astaciis,
13 ; (AsTACOiDEs) Astacoides, 4 ; Chcrups, 1 ; Eiujccm, 2. The systematic
position of the other species is not yet ascertained.

INDEX.

Astactis, 89.

Gambelii, 90.
Klaiiiathciisis, 93.
leniusculus, 94.
nigrescens, 92.
Oreganus, 95.
Trowbridgii, 93.

Cambariis, 27.

aciills.fU7ius, 3 7.

acutus, 35.

advena, 86.

aflinis, 66.

affinis M. Edw., 77.

angustatus, 60.

Azlecuf, 55.

Bartonii, 75.

Barlonii M. Edw., 62.

Bartonii Gibb., 62.

Bland ingii, 43.

Blantlingii Gibb , 43.

Blandingii Gir., 45.

Blanilinyii LeConte, 45, 48.

Carolinus, 87.

ciliaris, 77.

Clarkii, 39.

coiisultrinus, 85.

Cubcnsis, 85.

Diogenes, 82.

extraneus, 73.

C'anibarus— Continued.

fallax, 45.
fossarum, 43.
fossor, 70.
immunis, 71.
juvenilis, 66.
lancifer, 59.
latimanus, 83.
Lecontei, 47.
liniosux, 62.
lonr/utus, 78.
maniculatiis, 52.
Mcxiranus, 84.
montanus, 77.
Monlczumie, 85.
Nebrascensis, 83.
obesus, 81.
obscurus, 69.
Peaici, 61.
pelliuidus, 55.
penicillatus, 53.
placidus, 65.
propinquus, 67.
piisillus, 77.
robustus, 80.
rusticus, 71.
spiculifer, 48.
troglodytes, 41.
versutus, 51.
Tirilis, 63.
Wiegmanni, 54.

*

P'"Kascn del - C Roeltpr on storn-

NewEn^.LiihCo Boston

^ ^

Cacutus.f. 106-1-27.
: Clarkii f, 133-134
CViniis, 1J28-13?.
CBartonii.f 135-139

DT,Haf^,en.del-?.HoeUeconslont:

Ne.wEne; Lith Co BoLtcit.

PI. II!

Cainbarus Gr 1

mi

'^/'■^i 144(^1 W-V-Ji '«i

/^ ^^ ^A ^fy

Blandin^ii troglodyles. Clarku. acutus^ acutusvarh Lecontei. an^ustatus

^ambarus Gi j

^A <^k *^^ ^k ^i

spiculit'er. peJlucidus. penicillatus, versutus. Vi/iejmaimi.

Cambarus Gr II

li^V Jl Hi (

affinis. propinquus.

Zamliarus Cr.]!

A

If4 1 ,; «:

7.-7. 1 if 1S7 t il JJSkU ISStil '60

f^L 0tkf\

161

\^^Kf^»4atf\

obscurus. virilis. extj-aneus. juvenilis, plaadus. lancifer. immunis, rusticus

Cam'baru.s Gr. lii

162

m

m

m

i

i^f \:\\ 161

r\ ^ ^i

k

laiuiiaiius

ob°ru.s. advena, Carolinus Barlonii. robustus

Astacus.

M

/»!

no

a, lamina antenn
b- epistoma.
e spma externa
artic 2 antenii

<^ ^ ^K M 4i

r:i$rescer:i; Klarnairiensis Gambelii. TrowlDTid^ii-

Dr Hajen det.-FRoetter on stone

If ev/Eji^. Lull. Co Boston.

PI IV

CClarkii.
Male TorTtil

P Rcelter. on slunefrom nat.

NewEn§ Lith Co.Boston

!'! V

P.Rcelter, on stone from nat

NewEn^-Lith Co Boston

Fl. VI

P Ro etter. on stone from n a t

Nev.'En^ Lith CoBoston

PI. VII

PRoetter, on stone f rom nat

New Eng.Lilh. Co Boston

PL vi::

C. viriiis^
Male Form l
a. Hand var.A. Male,
b. Ciminunis Hand.

HRoetter on stone from nai.

NewEngLilhXo Boston

/■'/ IX

C obesus

Maieform i

PRoetter. on stone fromnat.

NewEi\g,Lil>i.Co.Bo5toii.

PI X

P.Roetter. on stone from nat.

NewEng.Lilh.Co.Boston.

PI XI

jSJ"- "^iSg^

Sls^^,. ..'*■"'

A Gambelii. Male.

i* Roetter m stone Iromnat

NewEn* Lit>i-Co Boston.

PUBLICATIONS

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.

ANNUAL REPORT of tbe Trustees, together with the Report of the Director for 1859,
1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864,1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869.

DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING objects of Natural History.

BULLETIN. The first volume contains the following papers : —

No. 1. List of the FISHES sent by the !Museum to different Institutions, in Exchange
for other Specimens, with Annotations by F. W. Putnam, pp. 16. April, 1863.

No. 2. List of the ECHINODERMS, by Alex. Agassiz. pp. 12. August, 1863.

No. 3. List of the POLYPS and CORALS, by A. E. Verrili^ pp. 32. January,
1864. ,/

No. 4. List of BRACHIOPODS from the Island A Anticosti, by N. S. Shaler.
June, 1865.

No. 5. The FOSSIL CEPHALOPODS of the Mji,3um of Comparative Zoology, by
Alpheus Hyatt, pp.31. Deer -ibei, 1807.

No. 6. Contributions to the FAUNA of the Gulf S»ream at great Depths, by L. F. de
PouRTALES, Assist. U. S. Coast Survey. Communicated by the Superintendent of
the United States Coast Survey, pp.17. December, 1867.

No. 7. Do. Second Series, pp.21. December 10, 1S68.

No. 8. Catalogue of the MAMMALS of Massachusetts, vith a Critical Revision of the
Species, by J. A. Allen, pp. 111. October, 1869.

No. 9. Preliminaiy Report on the ECHINI and STAU-FISHES dredged in deqp
water between Cuba and the Florida Reef, by L. F. de Pourtales, Assist. U. S.
Coast Survey. Prepared by Alexander Agassiz. Communicated by the Super-
intendent of the United States Coast Survey, pp. 56. October, 1869.

No. 10. Preliminary Report on the OPHIURID^ and ASTROPHYTID.E dredged in
deep water between Cuba and the Florida Reef, by L. F. de Pourtales, Assist.
U. S. Coast Survey. Prepared by Theodore Ltman. Communicated by the
Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey, pp. 46. November, 1869.

No. 11. List of the CRINOIDS obtained on the Coasts of Florida and Cuba, by the
United States Coast Survey Gulf Stream Expeditions, in 1867, 1868, 1869, by
L. F. de Pourtales, Assist. U. S. Coast Survey. Communicated by the Superin-
tendent of the United States Coast Survey, pp. 4. November, 1869.

No. 12. List of HOLUTHURID^ from the Deep-Sea Dredgings of the United States
Coast Survey, by L. F. de Pourtales, Assist. U. S. Coast Survey, pp. 3.
November, 1869.

No. 13. Report upon the Deep-Sea Dredgings in the Gulf Stream, during the Third
Cruise of the U. S. Ste.-imer Bibb, addressed to Professor Benjamin Peirce,
Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey, by Louis Agassiz. Communi-
cated by Professor Peirce. pp. 24. November 16, 1869.

The second volume, soon to be published, will contain : —

No. 1. On the OTARIiE or EARED SEALS of the North Pacific, by J. A. Allen
and Charles Bryant, pp. 50. With a Plate. May, 1870.

No. 2. A Catalogue of the MAMMALS and WINTER BIRDS of E.ist Florida, with
Annotations, and an Inquiry concerning the Value of certain assumed Specific Char-
acters among Birds, by J. A. Allen. With 5 plates.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

No. 1. OPHIURID^ AND ASTROPHYTID^E, by Theodore Lyman, pp. 200.

19 Woodcuts and 2 Colored Plates. October, 1864.
No. 2. NORTH AMERICAN ACALEPH^, by Alexander Agassiz. pp. 284.

360 Woodcuts. February, 1865.
No. 3. Monograph of the NORTH AMERICAN ASTACID.S;, by Dk. Hermann A.
Hagen. pp. 111. 11 Plate.s. April, 1870.
The fourth number, containing a Monograph of the Corals of Florida, by L. Agassiz and
L. F. i>E Pourtales, is in press.

*4(* The Museum of Comparative Zoology soHcits exchanges of books for the above. _

L. AGASSIZ, Director.

Date Due

SEP 2 9 7n05

Harvard MCZ LIbrai

iiiiH

3 2044 066 300 625