•-',

White, best quality, early, good grower, very productive, hardy, good keeper. Is a
native seedling with no foreign blood. Sells wholesale in New York at 15 to 18 cents per pound.
Flesh tender, sweet, melting, juicy, with a pleasant musky aroma. Quality the best.
Ripens with Concord.

COLLEGC OF >.

AGRICULT'

I LLUSTR ATBD

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

-OF —

— BY —

, fo U.

BUSH & SON c& MEISSNER,

VITICULTURISTS AND PROPRIETORS

THIRD EDITION. COPYRIGHT SECURED.

ST. LOUIS:
K. I'. STUDLEV & Co., PKINTEUS, LITIIOORAPHEUS .VXD MANUFACTUKING STATIONERS.

1883.

Wain

Xniereil according to Act of Congress, in the year 1SS5, by KUSH & SON & MEISSNKK, Bnshberg, -Mo.,
in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C.

'

•-•

PR B FACE

TO THIRD REVISED EDITION, 1883.

The BUSHBERG CATALOGUE has become a rade mecum
•of American Grape-growers ; it has also been translated
into French* and Italian, f- an honor probably never
before bestowed on any Nurserymen's Fruit Catalogue.
Its reprint has long been demanded, but we could not
consent thereto until we had leisure to thoroughly re-
vise it. The great favor with Avhich it was received,
made us the more feel our duty to perfect it as far as was
in our power. The experience and reseai'ches of these
eight years, since the issue of the second edition, enable
us to rectify some of its defects, to speak more definitely
of the merits and demerits of many varieties, then new
and untried, and to add a very large number of NEW
GRAPES Avhich have since been produced or introduced.

The AMERICAN GRAPE has also become of greatei-and
more comprehensive importance by virtue of its now
well established Phylloxera-resisting qualities, and.
though grown in Europe chiefly as a grafting stock 'for
their favorite kinds, every variety has been tested
there ; — some few, as the Lenoir (Jacques) , Herbemont,
etc., are largely planted for direct production,— thus
enabling us to add to our own opinion that of the best
foreign connoisseurs. Xor have we neglected to consult
the views of other grape-growers, and to avail our-
>rlves of the many valuable essays on the grape, written
by eminent Horticultural authors, and scattered in
books, newspapers and reports.

DR. GEORGE ENGELMANN, the celebrated Botanist has
enhanced the value of our Catalogue by revising for it
his CLASSIFICATION OF THE TRUE GRAPE-VINES OF THE
UNITED STATES. He has, in fact, entirely re-written it,
and many illustrations, expressly made for this valuable
treatise, have been added thereto. He has also favored
us with a short essay on THE DISEASES OF THE GRAPE—
Mildew and Rot, which were but briefly and deficiently
treated in the previous edition, and which now occupy

* LES VIGNES AMF.IUCAINES, Catalogue illustre et de-
scriptive par MM. Bush et fils et Meissner; ouvrage
traduit de 1'anglais par Louis Bazille. Revu et annote
par J.-E. Planchon, Montpellier, C. Coulet. Paris, V.-A.
Delahaye et Cie.

t LE VITI AMERICANS, Catalogo illustrate e descritti vo
per Bush & Son & Meissner, Opera tradotta dall'inglese
da Farina e comp. Viticoltori m Castellanza, 1881.

several pages, entirely devoted to this sad but most im-
portant subject. We are well aware that this chapter is
still very defective, nor can the subject be satisfactorily
treated until scientific researches and experiments may
have found some practical means of curing or protect-
ing our vineyards from these pests, not less destructive
to our vineyai'ds than the Phylloxera to those of Europe.

In this revised edition will also be found a far more
exhaustive article on GRAFTING than was presented in
the former, wherein we promised to publish the results
of our experiments which were then but just com-
menced. Our experience in this now so important
operation, and the excellent work of AIME CHAMPIN, on
the same subject, enable us to furnish a chapter which
to many may be both valuable and interesting.

Assisted by Prof. C. V. KILEY, Chief U. S. Entomologi-
cal Commission, we have been enabled to amplify the
chapter on INSECTS by a brief account of the beneficial
species, useful to the grape- grower.

At the repeated request of a large number of grape -
growers, we have added a few hints on the subject of
WINE-MAKING, which may not be quite useless to begin-
ners, though we have not changed our opinion (ex-
pressed in former edition) as to the impossibility of
furnishing a valuable guide in a few pages, or as to tin-
necessity of practical knowledge and experience, in
order to succeed.

But far more than the GRAPE MANUAL has the DE-
SCRIPTIVE part of this Catalogue been augmented.
Many new varieties and good illustrations of the same
have been added, and every line of the Descriptive por-
tion of the former publication has been carefully re-
vised.

The favorable and highly complimentary opinions
voluntarily expressed by our most prominent Horti-
culturists, with regard to the previous edition (1S75),
permit us to hope that this new one will meet with a
still more favorable reception.

That it may be useful to our grape- growers and en-
hance their love of the noblest fruit and its culture, is
the wish of

HUSH & SON & MEISSNKK.

Bushberg, Mo., October, 1883.

374241

[FROM FIRST EDITION, 1869.]

Our success in grape growing, and in the propagation
of grape vines, has been highly satisfactory, in fact, far
beyond our expectations. In view of the very great
competition of even large, well-known and long-estab-
lished nurseries, this success is. highly flattering, and
has encouraged us to increase our efforts so as to pro-
duce, for next season, a large stock, not excelled in
quality by any other establishment in the country, and
embracing almost every valuable variety.

We do not pretend to furnish "better and cheaper vines
than can be afforded by any other establishment." We
do not pretend that "money-making is secondary with
us," we leave this to others; all we do claim is, that we
hope to merit a reasonable share of patronage, the con-
tinued confidence of our customers, and a fair profit.

In this connection, we cannot refrain from referring
with a certain pride to the voluntary assurances of sat-
isfaction we have received. Desiring to return our
thanks to our customers in an appropriate and tangible
form, and to respond to a desire often expressed by our
correspondents, we concluded to present them with a
fine Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue, wherein the
characteristic and relative merits of our different varie-
ties are clearly stated.

We leave it to others to judge of its merits. We tried
to produce something better than a mere price list,
something that will be interesting and useful to pro-
gressive grape eulturists, and have not spared time,
labor or money in preparing it.

It has become customary to prefix to a Descriptive

Catalogue of fruits and flowers some brief directions for
their cultivation, and we have been urged to do the same.
We are aware, however, that some short and very
incomplete directions, "a few hints," do more harm
than good. They generally serve only to confuse the
tyro or misrepresent grape growing as a very easy mat-
ter, requiring no larger outlay of capital, nor any more
knowledge, skill, and labor than is necessary to produce
a crop of corn. This we do not wish to do. But on the
other hand we are also aware that the excellent but
somewhat costly books on grape culture, by Fuller, Hus-
mann, Strong, and others, are not purchased by every
grape grower, and that many of these are somewhat
afraid of reading whole books. Moreover, considerable
progress has been made in grape culture since these
books were written; their very authors, indefatigable
horticulturists as they are, have by study and experi-
ence, modified their views on some points, but have not
had time or encouragement enough from their publish-
ers to rewrite their works for new editions. Thus we
came to the conclusion that a short manual, containing
plain but full directions in regard to the planting,
culture, and training of grape-vines, and offered for less '
than its cost, would be welcome. We have availed our-
selves of the writings of our friend and teacher, Hus-
mann, and of the works of Downing, Fuller, and many
others, to whom due credit is given in the proper places ;
and while we lay little claim to originality, we hope that
this Catalogue may afford pleasure and profit to some
of those at least into whose hands it may come.

[INTRODUCTION TO SECOND EDITION, 1875.]

six years, embracing the most disastrous and the
most favorable seasons to grape culture, have elapsed
since the first edition of this Catalogue. Our experience
has been enriched, observations have been made on old,
and on then untried varieties, and some very promising
new varieties have since been added to our list, but above
all, one circumstance, the discovery of the Grape Root-
louse, the Phylloxera, has led to a new, RADICAL study
of the American Grape Vines.

Our business as grape growers and propagators
assumed such large dimensions that we discarded the
culture and propagation of small fruits, etc., and de-
voted all the space of our grounds, all our means, cares
and attention to GRAPE CULTURE ONLY AND EXCLUS-
IVELY, for which we have unusual facilities, and a most
favorable soil and location. This enables us to raise a
superior stock, and to make it more advantageous to
the public, and even to the leading nurseries of other
branches of Horticulture, to deal with us, whose grape-
nursery business is now admitted to be the first and
most extensive of its kind in the United States of
America.

We owe our reputation to our determination to give
complete satisfaction, and to deserve the entire con-
fidence of our customers, furnishing none but good,
healthy, genuine plants, unmixed, and true to name,
packed in the best manner, at as low prices as possible.

We have no seedlings of our own, and impartially
recommend such varieties only, new or old, as have
real superior merit, and while the demand compels us

to disseminate some inferior varieties (Hartford Prolijic
for instance) and untried novelties, over-praised, per-
haps, by their originators, our Descriptive Catalogue
shall save the reader from some of the bitter disappoint-
ments which grape growers have so often experienced.
For the sake of completeness, and in the interest of
science, we have added (in smaller type) the description
of nearly all the old discarded varieties, and of many
new ones not yet tested and not propagated by us ; thus
adding, we think, to the value of this Catalogue (though
also to its cost).-

We have carefully endeavored to avoid all undue
praise, and to mention the shortcomings of even our
best varieties; we especially desire to warn against
the error of considering ANY" variety fit for universal
cultivation. To this end a study of the CLASSIFICATION"
of our grapes in the Manual, is earnestly recommended.
Many failures will thus be avoided which have blasted
the hopes, so prevalent ten years ago throughout the
country, with regard to grape culture ; and its success,
now aided by a higher tariff on imported wines, by in-
creased demand for the fruit and its products, by less
sanguine expectations, and, above all, by better knowl-
edge as to the selection of varieties, locations and
proper mode of culture, will be comparatively certain.

Finally we beg to state that WE HAVE NO AGENTS to
solicit orders for our Grape Vines. Persons who desire
to obtain plants from us will kindly favor us with their
orders by mail, direct, or through reliable Nurseries or
dealers who get them from us.

TESTIMONIALS,

We could fill a book with voluntary testimonials of prominent Horticulturists, Grape-groivrrs
and Nurserymen, who favored us with their command*, and to whom we may confidently refer;
but we flatter ourselves that our name is so ividely known, and our reputation so well establislicd,
that testimonials are unnecessary.

GKAPE MANUAL.

CLIMATE, SOIL AND ASPECTS.

Whether the Grape-vine is a native of Asia,
and has followed the footsteps of man from the
shores of the Caspian Sea, and "intertwined its
tendrils with civilization and refinement in
every age," or whether the hundreds of varie-
ties that now exist spring from different pri-
mordial forms or species, certain it is that, al-
though the Grape-vine may be found in Europe
from the Tropic of Cancer to the Baltic Sea, and
in America from the Gulf to the Lakes, the vine
is nevertheless peculiarly the growth of defi-
nite climatic conditions ; s ) much so that even
in its most adapted climate there are often
seasons if not of actual failure, at least of an
imperfect development of its fruit. From long
and careful observations of temperature and
moisture, in years of success and failure, we
have finally arrived at same definite conclu-
sions respecting the meteorological influences
affecting the grape.*

1st. No matter how excellent the soil, if
there is a less average than fifty-five degrees
of temperature for the growing months of April,
May and June, and a less average than sixty-
five degrees for the maturing months of July,
August and September, there can be no hope
of success ; and where the temperature aver-
ages sixty-five degrees for the former months
and seventy-five for the latter, other conditions
being equal, fruit of the greatest excellence
can be raised, and wine of the greatest body
and finest quality can be produced.

2d. When there is an average rainfall of six
inches for the months of April, May and June,
and an average of 5 inches for the months of
July, August and September, though other con-
ditions were favorable, we cannot succeed in
raising grapes. When the average rainfall for
the first months is not more than four inches,
and the average for the latter is not more than
three inches, other conditions favorable, the
hardy varieties can be cultivated with suc-
cess. But where there is less average rainfall

* James S. Lippincott : Climatology of American
Grapes.— Id. Geography of Plants— U. S. Agr. Reports,
1862 and 186a— Dr. J. Stayman: The MeteorologicaJ Infra -
ences affecting the Grape.

than five inches for April, May and June, and
a less average than two inches in July, August
and September, all other conditions being fav-
orable, fruit of the best quality can be raised,
and wine of the greatest body and excellence
can be made. The humidity of the atmosphere
in some countries, the dryness of the air in
others, will, of course, materially change the
proportion of rainfall required for, or injurious
to the grape. Here, a clear sky and dry at-
mosphere, high temperature and very little
rainfall for the latter three months, and a
less change of temperature than 50 degrees
in twenty-four hours, any time of the year, are
favorable conditions for success.

With regard to the necessity of attention to
the most advantageous climatic conditions,
says Mr. William Saunders (the eminent su-
perintendent of the Experimental Gardens of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture), " It is
enough to remark, that where these are favor-
able, good crops of fruit are the rule, and that
too, even in the absence of experience in culti-
vation ; but in unfavorable locations the ap-
plication of the highest attainments in the art
and science of grape culture, so far as relates to
pruning manipulations or culture and manage-
ment of soil, will not insure success. Grape
culture has now reached a point from which
but little further progress can be made without
a close recognition of the requirements of the
plant, in connection with local climatic
conditions, the most important being that of
freedom from heavy dews (freedom from those
cryptogamic diseases — mildew and rot). The
topographical configuration of a locality is of
far more importance than its geographical
formation. Where the atmospheric conditions
are favorable, satisfactory results may be ob-
tained, even from poor soils, but in ungenial
climates the very best soils will not guarantee
success."

Moreover, with our present and increasing
facilities of transportation, grape culture on a
large scale cannot be remunerative, except in
favorable localities which will produce the
beet quality almost every year with certainty.
Where the production is low in quality and

Climate, Soil, etc.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Grape Localities.

quantity, and oftcm entirely .fairs, gra^e culture
may exist on a small scale for home use and
market, but on a'lacge sc'al'e.it will not re ward
the vintner'** labor, and \v'ou^d -finally b& aban-
doned. As California in the West, so does
Virginia in the East, and parts of Texas and
Arkansas in the South, seem to possess the
best localities for grape culture on a very large
scale.

There are only a few countries where the
grape will, in favorable seasons, grow to
perfection, and there is no country in the
world where all kinds of grapes would suc-
ceed. Species found in the lower latitudes
will not flourish if removed further north ; the
natives of higher altitudes will not endure the
southern heat ; the Scuppernong cannot ripen
north of Virginia ; the Fox grape of the North
will scarcely grow in the lower regions of Car-
olina and Georgia ; a vine which produces
delicious grapes in Missouri may become very
inferior ia the most favored localities of New
Hampshire.

Thus the climate, the mean temperature as
well as the extremes, the length of the growing
season, the relative amount of rain, the ameli-
orating influence of lakes and large rivers, the
altitude as well as the soil, have an almost
incredible influence on various varieties of
grapes ; and a judicious choice of locations
adapted to the grape, and of varieties adapted
to our location, its climate and soil, is there-
fore of the first importance.

" No one grape is suited to all localities ; nei-
ther is there any one locality which is suited
to all grapes."— £. W. Campbell.

Notwithstanding that over 1500 varieties are
cultivated in Europe, yet the number of kinds
especially adapted to the different localities is
very limited for each of them, and we sel-
dom find more than three or four varieties
to form the main bulk of the vineyards of the
different sections ; each province, county or
township even, having its own special favor-
ites. This question of adaptability to soil and
local climate is one of the greatest importance,
and should be closely studied by the intelligent
grape grower if he would make its culture a
success. No existing variety, and probably
none that will ever be produced, is well adapt-
ed to general cultivation in more than a limited
portion of this vast country. This limitation
is not determined by isothermal lines. Success
or failure of a variety depends not only on
degrees of heat and cold ; not only on earliness
or lateness of seasons, however important fac-
tors these may also be, but on numerous
causes, some of which we cannot, PO far, suffi-
ciently understand and explain. We need but

remember that the grapes we cultivate in the
United States have originated from one or the
other of several distinct species, or from crosses
between some of their varieties, and that each
of those native species is found growing wild
in certain limited portions of our country, and
not at all in others. Thus the wild Labrusca
is a stranger to the lower Mississippi Valley
and westward. By observing what species
grows in a locality, we may safely assume that
cultivated varieties of the same sp3cies will
thrive best in that locality or its vicinity uuder
otherwise proper conditions. Where the na-
tive species does not exist, its cultivated varie-
ties may for a time promise excellent success ;
but in many localities this promise will prob-
ably, sooner or later, end in disappointment.
This has been our sad experience even with
the Concord, which is generally considered
the most reliable, healthy and hardy Ameri-
can grape.

On the other hand this proposition seems to
conflict with the fact that American vines of
different species have been successfully trans-
planted even to Europe. But it would be a
great mistake to believe that they would suc-
ceed in all parts of that continent. It was
found, on the contrary, f»hat there also some of
our varieties which succeed well in one portion
of France, for instance, entirely failed in oth-
ers ; and this only proves that we may find in
far-off foreign lands localities which exactly
correspond in soil, climate, etc., with certain
localities in our own country, and where this
is the case, well and good ; but where these are
different the results are unsatisfactory. In
evidence we quote from the report of the com-
mission, composed of some of the best French
authorities, to the International Phylloxera
Congress, in Bordeaux (Oct., 1882). After giv-
ing a detailed report of their observations in the
principal vineyards of France where American
vines have been planted, they say, " But they
(these resisting American vines) do by no means
succeed equally well in all locations. The na-
ture of the terrain and the climate must be
taken into serious consideration. But was it
not one of the great difficulties with the French
vines to know which variety suited such or
such soil or aspect? How many failures were
the consequence of bad selection ! It is, of
course, the same with American vines, coming
from widely different conditions of tempera-
ture, humidity and altitude.'

Unfortunately, this has been and is even now
but insufficiently understood.

Indigenous wild grapes were found at the
discovery of this new world ; the legend tells
us that when the Norsemen first discovered

The European Grape.

GRAPE MANUAL.

7's Failure. 7

this country " Hleif Erickson " called the land
Vineland. As early as 1564 wine was made by
the first colonists in Florida from the native
grape. The Pilgrim fathers saw vines in
abundance at Plymouth. "Here are grapes,
white and red, and very sweet and strong
also," wrote Jos. Edward Winslow in 1621.
Rev. Fr. Higginson, writing in 1629 from the
Massachusetts Colony says " Excellent vines
are here, up and down in the \Yoodes: Our
governor has already planted a vineyard, with
great hope of increase." Thus, during the
previous centuries grapes were cultivated, and
wine has occasionally been made in America
from native grapes ; (the French settlers near
Kaskaskia, Ills., made, in 1769, one hundred
and ten hogsheads of strong wine from wild
grapes) — " but neither the quality of the wine
nor the price obtained for it offered sufficient
inducement to persevere." — Buchanan.

The European grape, Vitis Vinifera, was,
therefore, considered the only true wine grape.

In 1630, a London company sent French
vignerons into the Virginia Colony to plant
grapevines which they had imported for the
purpose; the poor vignerons were blamed for
their failure. In 1633 Wm. Penn vainly tried
to introduce and cultivate European varie^-
ties in Pennsylvania. In 1690 a Swiss Colo-
ny, grape growers from Lake Geneva, tried
to raise grapes and make wine in Jessamine
County, Kentucky, but their hopes were soon
frustrated; their labor and fund— $10,000, a
large amount in those days — were lost ; and
only when they commenced to cultivate an
indigenous grape, which, however, they sup-
posed to be from the Cape (see description of
Alexander), they had somewhat better success.
The attempts with German, French and Span-
ish vines, made again and again, proved
failures. Hundreds of thousands (comprising
many different sorts) of the best European
vines were imported, but they all perished
" from the vicissitudes of the climate." Thous-
ands of failures are recorded ; not one of dura-
ble success; and Downing was fully justified
in saying (Horticulturist, Jan., 1851), "The
introduction of the foreign grape into this
country for open vineyard culture is impossible.
Thousands of individuals have tried it — the
result in every case has beea the same — a sea-
son or two of promise, then utter failure."*

* Always excepting California, which was then almost
unknown, but which is now thegreatest wine-producing
State of this country. There, from the counties border-
ing the Bay of San Francisco down to Colorado river,
several hundred varieties of- the best European grapes
are successfully cultivated; and even since the appear-
ance of the Phylloxera, evidently introduced from
Europe on imported vines, Amaricaii grapes are not in
demand there, except for the purpose of grafting there-
011 European varieties. (,J lite recently the Soudan grape,
a, vine discovered on the banks of the Xiger, in Africa,

While this fact could not be denied, the
cause remained a mystery. All pronounced
the European grape as " unsuited to our soil
and climate ; " all attributed its failure to that
cause. But we, and doubtless many others
with us, could not help thinking that "soil
and climate" cannot be the sole causes; for
this vast country of oars possesses a great
many locations where soil and climate are
quite similar to those of some parts of Europe
where the Viuifera flourishes. Is it reasona-
ble to suppose then, that none of the many
varieties which are grown in Europe under
such varied climatic conditions, from Mainz
to Naples, from the Danube to the Rhone,
should find a congenial spot in these United
States, embracing almost every climate of
the temperate zone? If soil and climate were
so unsuited, how is it that the young, ten-
der European vines grow so well, so prom-
ising of success, for a few seasons ; in large
cities SDmatimas even for several years ? How
explain the fact that the finest European va-
rieties of other fruits, the poar for instance, are
successfully grown here in poms localities, and
that, but for the curculio, tha Reine Claude
and German Prunea would flourish here as
well as there? Slight differenced of soil and
climate might well produce marked differencas
in the constitution of the vine, perhaps also
somewhat change the flavor and quality of
the grapes, but could not sufficiently account
for their absolute failure. Nevertheless our
learned horticulturists looked for no other
cause ; they even went so far as to teach that
"if we really wished to acclimate the foreign
grap3 here, we must go to the seeds, and raise
two or three new generations in the American
soil and climate." In obedience to these teach-
ings, numerous fruitless attempts have been,
made here to raise seedlings of the European
grape that will endure our climate. Like their
parents they seemed successful for a timef —
to be soon discarded and forgotten. But, in

has been introduced into California; a few plants are
now growing from seed received by C. A. Wetmore, and
may also succeed there, in Los Angeles and San Bernar-
dino counties. This peculiar vine is an annual, but has a
tuberous perennial root. The seeds are much like those
of other grapes; the leaves resemble some liotundifoli.i
varietes of tne S. A. S.

All our remarks on grape culture refer only to the
States east of the Kocky Mountains, unless otherwise
expressly stated.

f Among the seedlings of foreign grapes raised in the
U. S., which obtained a name and fame, are: Brinkle and
Emily, raised by Peter Raabe of Philadelphia; Brandy -
wine, originated near Wilmington, L(el. ; Katarka and
Montgomery, or Merritt's Seedling, raised by Dr. W. A.
Royce, of Newburg, X. York. To these belong also
Clara and Weehawken (see description). N.Grein, of Her-
mann, Mo., introduced, about ten years ago, some very
good new grapes, which he claimed (and honestly be-
lieved) to have raised from seed of the German Riesling.
Taey proved to be not seedlings of the European Riesling
as all, but of the American Taylor grape, and are now
known as Missouri Kiesling, Grein's Golden, &c. (^ee
these varieties.) George Haskell, a most persevering

8 The Phylloxera.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Am. Species.

absence of any satisfactory reason for these
failures, it is quite natural that renewed at-
tempts were and are continually made.* In
the spring of 1867, we ourselves imported from
Austria about 300 rooted vines (Veltliner,
Blue Baden, Riesling, Tokay, Uva Pana,
&c.), not with expectations of success in open
air culture, but with a view to discover, by
careful observation, the real cause of failure,
and knowing the true cause, to be then, per-
haps, able to obviate it. The vines grew
splendidly, but during the summer of 1839,
though bearing some beautiful fruit, their fol-
iage began to wear a yellow, sickly appear-
ance. In 1870 many were dying and we almost
despaired of discovering the cause, whan Prof.
C. V. Riley, then our State Entomologist, in-
formed us that the. discovery had just been
made in France, by Planchon and Lichten-
stein, that the serious grape disease which had
attacked their noble vineyards was caused by
a root-louse (Phylloxera), which bears a close
resemblance to our American grapeleaf gall-
louse, an insect long known here. In 1871 and
since, Prof. Riley often visited our vineyards,
as we gave Ijim full permission and cheerfully
assisted him to unearth both diseased and
healthy vines, native and foreign, of every
kind, in order to examine their roots and to
study the question. By his observations and
those of Prof. Planchon, mide by both in this
country as well as in France, and afterwards
confirmed and verified by all prominent nat-
uralists, the identity of the American insect
With the one discovered in France, and of the
two types, the gall and the root-lice, has bean
substantiated. Thus, the principal cause of
the absolute failure of European vines in this
country has been discovered, but no satisfac-
tory remedy has been found. So far, it seems
impossible to destroy or to guard against this
insect enemy ; while the vigorous roots of our

experimenter, says " I raised many hundred vines from
seeds of different foreign grapes. These seeds were
planted under glass, and the vines remained in the
house two years, when they were removed to the open
air. Xone of them proved healthy * * * * they all died
in a few years, though well covered in winter."

*Thos. Rush, a German, planted (in 1860) varieties of
the Vinifera on Kelley's Island; they seemed to succeed
the first three years remarkably well, then they died
and were replaced by Catawba vineyards.

As late as 1872, M. J. Labiaux, at Ridgway, North Car-
olina, undertook to plant vineyards with 70,000 cuttings
(principally Aramons), imported from Southern France.
In the same vicinity, Bug. Morel, a pupil of Dr. Jules
Guyot (the best authority on French grape culture), and
others, were also cultivating several thousands of Euro-
pean vines — without success.

The only satisfactory method of obtaining the fine
foreign grapes in this country is under glass, by the use
of the grapery. This, however, so far, is done on a very
limited scale only, as a luxury for the table; and even
there the roots of the vines in the outside border are ex-
posed to the danger of being infested by the Phylloxera;
so that vines grafted on American roots shoiild be used.
Those who desire and can afford to enjoy this luxury
we refer for information to Peter Henderson's excellent
nooks on gardening.

American vines enjoy a relative immunity front
its injuries, the pest thrives on the tender roots
of the European vines, which readily succumb.
The French Commission, in its report to the
Viticultural Congress, held atMontpellier, Oct.
1874, came to the conclusion that " In presence
of the non-success obtained from all attempts
made since 1868, with a view to preserve or
cure our vines, and feeling that after six years
of efforts in this direction, no process except
submersion has been found effective, many
persons are quite discouraged, and 863 in the
American vines, whether justly so or not, the
only plank of safety." Since that time, where-
soever the most careful, practical grape-grow-
ers and most scientific naturalists met and
exchanged their views, as at the International
Congress held at Lyons, France, and at Sara-
gossa, Spain, in 1880 ; at Bordeaux in 1881, the
leading principle established has been : "that
the Phylloxera cannot be exterminated where
it once infests the vineyards, nor can its intro-
duction be prevented by any precautionary
measures ; but that there are some means
whereby, in spite of the insect, we may yet
save our vineyards from destruction, and enjoy
their richly paying returns ; and that the most
practical, the simplest, cheapest and* surest
means is by planting the resisting American
grapas." Already millions of American grape-
vines are growing in France, hundreds of
thousands in Spain, Italy, Hungary, etc.
How much more, then, must WE look to spe-
cies which we find indigenous here, and to
their descendants, for success in grape culture.
A knowledge of the distinctive permanent
characters of our species, and a proper classifi-
cation of our varieties, referable to them, is of
far more importance than is generally sup-
posed.* And while many grape-growers may
skip over the following pages as useless, we
hope that some of them will thank us for em-
bodying in this catalogue the valuable treatise
on this subject by the best living authority —
Dr. G. Engelmann (who has also kindly re-
vised— aye, almost entirely re- written it for this
new edition). Twenty-five years ago Robert
Buchanan wrote in his book on the culture of
the grape: "The perfection of a definite ar-
rangement of all our varieties must remain for
future labors, but it is to be hoped an end so-
desirable will not be lost sight of."

*Even A. S. Fuller, in his excellent Treatise on Grape
Culture, written in 1866, said " Practically it is of little
consequence what view is taken of these unusual
forms (of distinct species, or marked varieties of the
species), as the cultivator is interested in them only
as varieties, and it is of no particular moment to him
whether we have one hundred or only one native spe-
cies." We are satisfied that he considers it of far more
consequence now.

Dr. Engelmann.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Classification. 9

THE TRUE* GRAPE-VINES OF THE UNITED STATES.

BY DK. G. ENGELMANN.

The Grape-vines are among the most varia-
ble plants, even in their wild state, in wh^ch
•climate, soil, shade, humidity, and perhaps
natural hybridization, have originated such a
multiplicity and such an intermixture of forms,
that it is often difficult to recognize the original
types and to refer the different given forms to
their proper alliances. Only by carefully study-
ing a large number of forms from all parts of
the country, in their peculiar mode of growth
and especially their fructification, or rather
their seeds, are we enabled to arrive at any
thing like a satisfactory disposition of these
plants. (Table of Grape Seeds; fig. 1-33, page 13.)

Before I proceed to the classification of our
Grape-vines, I deem it necessary to make a
few preliminary remarks :

The grape-vines cultivated in that part of
the United States lying east of the Rocky
Mountains are all natives of the country, most
of them picked up in the woods ; some, per-
haps, improved by cultivation ; and a few the
product of natural or artificial hybridization.
In that- part of the country the wine grapes of
the Old World can only be cultivated under
glass ; but in New Mexico and California they
have been successfully introduced by the Span-
iards, and in the latter State a great many va-
rieties are now extensively cultivated, and
promise to make one of the great staples of
that region ; but eastward and north ward they
have entirely failed, owing to the destructive
effects of that now so well known and dreaded
insect, the Phylloxera, of which more, further on.

All the true Grape-vines bear fertile flowers
on one stock, and sterile flowefs on another
separate stock, and are, therefore, called poly-
gamous, or, not quite correctly, dioecious. The
sterile plants do bear male flowers with abor-
tive pistils, so that while they never produce
fruit themselves, they may assist in fertilizing
the others ; the fertile flowers however, are
hermaphrodites, containing both organs — sta-
mens and pistils — and are capable of ripening
fruit without the assistance of the male plants, f
Real female flowers, without any stamens, do
not seem ever to have been observed Both

* We treat here only of the true grape-vines, with edi-
ble berries. In the flowers of these the small green pet-
als do not expand, but cohere at the top, and separating
from their base, fall away together as a little five-lobed
hood. The flowers, and consequently the fruit, are ar-
ranged in the well-known clusters (thyrsus). Thus they
are distinguished from the false grape-vines (botanically
known as Ampelopsis and Cissus), which often resemble
the true grape-vines very much, but bear no edible ber-
ries. Their flowers expand regularly, opening at top,
and ai%e arranged in broad, flat-topped clusters
(corymbs).

t These fertile plants, however, are of two kinds ; some
are perfect hermaphrodites, with long and straight sta-

forms, the male and hermaphrodite, or if pre-
ferred, those with sterile and those with com-
plete flowers, are found mixed in tbeir native
localities of the wild plants, but of course,
only the fertile plants have been selected for
cultivation, and thus it happens that to the
cultivator only these are known ; and as the
Grape-vine of the Old World has been in cul-
tivation for thousands of years, it has resulted
that this hermaphrodite character of its flow-
ers has been mistaken for a botanical peculiar-
ity, by which it was to be distinguished, not
only from our American Grape-vines, but also
from the wild grapes of the Old World. But
plants raised from the seeds of this, as well as
of any other true Grape-vine, generally furnish
as many sterile as fertile specimens, while
those propagated by layering or by cuttings,
of course, only continue the individual charac-
ter of the mother-plant or stock.*

The peculiar disposition of the tendrils in,
the Grape-vines furnishes an important char-
acteristic for the distinction of one of our most
commonly cultivated species, Vitis labrusca,
its wild and its cultivated varieties, from all
others. In this species — and it is the only true
Viiis exhibiting it — the tendrils (or their equiv-
alent, an inflorescence), are found opposite each
leaf, and this arrangement I designate as con-
tinuous tendrils. All the other species known,
to me exhibit a regular alternation of two
leaves, each having a tendril opposite it, with
a third leaf without such a tendril, and this
arrangement may be named intermittent ten-
drils. Like all vegetable characters, this is
not an absolute one ; to observe it well it is
necessary to examine well-grown canes, and
neither sprouts of extraordinary vigor, nor

mens around the pistil ; the others bear smaller stamens,
shorter than the pistil, which soon bend downward and
curve under it; these may be called imperfect hermaphro-
dites, approaching females, and they do not seem to be
as fruitful as the perfect hermaphrodites, unless other-
wise fertilized.

It is proper here, to insist on the fact that nature has
not produced the male plants without a definite object;
and this object, without any doubt, is found in the more
perfect fertilization of the hermaphrodite flowers, as it
is a well .established fact that such cross fertilization
produces more abundant and healthier fruit. Vine
growers might take a hint from these observations, and
plant a few male stocks in their vineyards, say 1 to 40 or
50 of their fertile stocks, and might expect from such a
course healthier fruit, which would probably resist rot
and other diseases better than fruit grown in the ordi-
nary way. I would expect such beneficial influence es-
pecially in all varieties that have short stamens, such as
the Taylor. Male stocks can be easily obtained, either
in the woods or from seeds. It is of course understood
that the males ought to belong to the same species (or
better, to the same variety) as the fertile plants to be
benefltted by their pollen. European vine growers may
also profit by this suggestion.

* Some observations (rather loose, to be sure) seem to
point to the possibility of the sexual characters of the
grape-vines becoming changed under certain circum-
stances; and, though I have not seen a case of this kind
myself, nor heard of an instance where fertile vines in
cultivation began to bear sterile (male) flowers, there is
no absorate impossibility in it, as we know that other
plants (willows for example) occasionally sport in this
manner.

10 Dr. EngeJmann.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Classification.

stunted autumnal branchlets. The few lowest
leaves of a cane have no opposite tendrils, but
after the second or third leaf the regularity in
the arrangement of the tendrils, as above de-
scribed, rarely fails to occur. In weak branches
we sometimes find tendrils irregularly placed
opposite leaves, or sometimes none at all.

It is a remarkable fact, connected with this
law of vegetation, that most Grape-vines bear
only two inflorescences (consequently two
bunches of grapes) upon the same cane, while
in the forms belonging to Labrusca there are
often three, and sometimes, in vigorous shoots,
four or five, or rarely, even more in succession,
each opposite a leaf. Whenever in other spe-
cies, in rare cases, a third or fourth inflorescence
occurs, there will always be found a barren
leaf (without an opposite inflorescence) be-
tween the second and third bunches.

Another valuable character, discovered by
Prof. Millardet, of Bordeaux, is found in the
structure of the branches (" canes," as they are
usually called). These contain a large pith,
and this pith is transversely separated at each
node (point where a leaf is or has been insert-
ed), by what is called a diaphragm. These
diaphragms consist of harder, solid pith, of the
appearance of wood, and are examined best in
canes 6 to 12 months old, when the pith has
turned brown and the diaphragm is whitish ;
A longitudinal section through the cane will
best exhibit them. They are, in most species,
1 to 2 lines thick ; but in the Riverbank grape,,
Vitis riparia, the diaphragm is not more than
£ to J- line thick ; and in the Sand, or Rock
grape, Vitis rupestris, it is very little thicker.
For us here, the distinction of these species is
of no great practical importance ; but, as a con-
siderable demand for them has sprung up in
Europe, it is well to characterize them accur-
ately ; and this character holds good in winter,
when all others of foliage or fruit have disap-
peared. There is only one American Grape-
vine, also in other respects an aberrant form,
the Southern Muscadine grape, Vitis vulpina,
which is entirely destitute of such diaphragms.

The cut represents the diaphragms of differ-
ent species. Fig. 34, Vitis riparia, with the
thinnest, and fig. 36, Vitis cordi/olia, with a
thick diaphragm ; Vitis cestivalis, is similar to
this last, and Vitis labrusca scarcely thinner ;
but fig. 35, Vitis rupestris, has a diaphragm not
much thicker than the first. Fig. 37 shows
Vitis vulpina without any partition.

It is well known that some species of Vitis
grow well from cuttings, while others are diffi-
cult to propagate in this way.

Easy to propagate are Labrusca, Monticola
Siparia, Rupestrts and Palmata. Almost im-

Fig. 34.

Fig. 35. Fig. 36. Fig. 37.

V. riparia. V. rupestris. V. cordifolia. V. vulpina.
possible to propagate by cuttings are Candi-
cans, JEstivalis, Cinerea, Cordifolia, Vulpina,
and probably Californica. Arizonica and Car-
ibea I do not know in this respect. That the
southern cultivated forms of JEstivalis grow
more or less readily from cuttings is stated
further on (page 16).

The structure of the bark of the young canes
shows also differences in the different species,
but as the characters are to some extent of
microscopical detail they are here omitted.
The bark of the mature canes is ashy gray
( V. cordifolia, V. Cinerea), to red or brownish
V. cestivalis); it peels off after the first season
in large flakes, or in narrow strips or shreds ;
only in the Muscadine grape the dark gray
bark does not peel off at all, at least not for a
number of years.

Young seedlings of all the Grape-vines are
glabrous or only very slightly hairy. The
cobwebby or cottony down, so characteristic of
some species, makes its appearance only in the
more advanced plants ; in some of their varie-
ties, and not rarely in the cultivated ones, it is
mainly observed in the young growth of spring
and is apt to disappear in the mature leaf; but
even then such leaves are never shining as
they are in the glabrous species, but have a
dull or unpolished, or even wrinkled surface.

The form of the leaves is extremely variable,
and descriptions must necessarily remain
vague. They are usually cordate at base,
either with an acute and narrow sinus ( V. car-
data, and many other species), or with a broad
and wide one ( V. riparia and V. rupestris).
Leaves of seedling plants are all entire, i. e.
not lobed ; young shoots from toe base of old
stems, as a rule, have deeply and variously
lobed leaves, even where the mature plant
shows no such disposition. Some species (V.
riparia}, or some forms of other species (forms
of V. labrusca and V. cestivalis), have all the
leaves more or less lobed, while others exhibit,
on the mature plant, always entire, or, I should
rather say, not lobed leaves ; the leaves of V.

Dr. Engelmann.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Classification. 11

rupestris and V. vulpina are never lobed.
Only the leaves of flower-bearing canes ought
to be considered as the normal ones.

The surface of the leaves is glossy and shin-
ing, and mostly bright green, or in rupestris
pale green ; or it is dull above and more or less
glaucous below. The glossy leaves are per-
fectly glabrous, or they often bear, especially
on the nerves of the lower side, a pubescence
of short hair. The dull leaves are cottony or
cobwebby, downy on both or only on the under
side, and this down usually extends to the
young branches and to the peduncles, but, as
has been stated above, often disappears later
in the season.

On both sides of the insertion of the petiole
or leafstalk into the branchlet, we find on very
young, just developing shoots, small acces-
sory organs, which soon disappear ; they are
the stipules. In most species they are thin,
membranaceous, rounded, at the top somewhat
oblique, smooth in some, downy or woolly in
other species. They are most conspicuous and
elongated in Vi/is riparia, in which I find
them 2J-3 lines long; in V. rupestris they are
lJ-2£ lines in length; in V. eandicans and Cal-
ifornica scarcely shorter, in V. labrusca 1J-2
lines long ; in V. ces'tivalis, cordifolia, and most
others, they are only one line long or less ; in
very vigorous young shoots they may some-
times be larger, just as their leaves are also
larger than the normal.

Not much of a distinctive character can be
made out of the flowers. It is observed, how-
ever, that in some forms the stamens are not
longer than the pistil, and very soon bend
.under it, while in other forms they are much
longer than the pistil, and remain straight till
they fall off. It is possible that those with
short stamens are less fertile than the others.*

The time of flowering is quite characteristic
of our native species, and it seems that the
cultivated varieties retain herein the qualities
of their native ancestors. The different forms
of Riparia flower first of all ; soon afterwards
comes -Rupestris, next Labrusca and its rela-
tives, and later JEstivalis comes iL bloom.
One of the last flowering species is Cordifolia,
and still later, Cinerea. Vinifera seems to
flower soon after Labrusca, but it is not culti-
vated here, nor is Vulpina, which is probably
the latest of all. V. eandicans apparently
blooms about the same time that Labrusca
does.

Riparia begins to open its flowers about St.
Louis three to five weeks earlier than the first
blossoms of ^Estiva Us are seen in the same

* Compare note on page 9.

locality. In favorable situations and in early
seasons they make their appearance in this
vicinity as early as April 25th, at other seasons
sometimes as late as May 15th, or even 20tb,
on the average about May 10th, and generally
about the time when the Acacias (Black Lo-
custs) bloom, both filling the atmosphere with
the sweetest prefumes. Cordifolia, and, after
this, Cinerea, on the contrary, bloom from the
last days in May to (in late seasons) the mid-
dle of June, when that weed among trees, the
fetid Ailantus (misnamed the tree of Heaven),
exhales its nauseous odors and the beautiful
Catalpa expands its gorgeous bunches of flow-
ers. V. palmata (Vahl), of which we do not
yet know much, seems to be the latest flower-
ing Grape-vine with us, flowering even after
Cinerea. Thus we are not likely to have any
Grape-vines in flower here before April 25th
or after June 20th.

One of the botanical characters of the Grape-
vine is found in the seeds. The bunches may
be larger or smaller, looser or more compact,
branched (shouldered) or more simple, condi-
tions which, to a great extent, depend on vari-
ety, soil and exposure ; the berries may be
larger or smaller, of different color and consist-
ency, and contain fewer or more seeds (never
more than four), but the seeds, though to some
extent variable, especially on account of their
number* and mutual pressure, where more
than one is present, exhibit some reliable dif-
ferences. The big top of the seed is convex or
rounded, or it is more or less deeply notched.
The thin lower end of the seed, the beak, is
short and abrupt, or it is more or less elon-
gated, On the inner (ventral) side are two
shallow, longitudinal irregular depressions.
Between them is a ridge, slight where there
are one or two seeds, or sharper where the
seeds are in threes or fours ; along this ridge
the raphe (.the attached funiculus or cord) runs
from the hilum, at the beak, over the top of
the seed, and ends on its back in an elongated,
oval or circular well-marked spot, called by
botanists chalaza. This raphe is on that ridge
represented by a slender thread, which on the
top and back of the seed is entirely indistinct,
or scarcely perceptible, or it is more or less
prominent, like a thread or a cord. In our
American species these characters seem pretty
reliable, but in the varieties of the Old World
Grape-vine ( Vinifera), several thousands of
years removed from their native sources, the
form of the seed has also undergone important

*A single seed is always thicker, plumper, more
rounded; two seeds are flattened on the inner, rounded
on the outer side; three or four seeds are more slender
and angular; these different variations may often be
found in berries of the same bunch.

12 Dr. Engelmann.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Classification.

modifications, and can no longer be considered
so safe a guide as in our species.

But different as these seeds are among them-
selves they have a character in common, which
distinguishes them from all our American
Grape seeds ; their beak is narrower and usu-
ally longer, and their large chalaza (the area
on the back of the seed) occupies the upper
half and not the centre of the seed ; in the
American species the beak is shorter and more
abrupt ; the chalaza, usually smaller, and often
not circular, but narrower, is placed in the
centre of the back. Any one who wishes to
satisfy himself of this need only compare a
raisin seed with any of our grape seeds, if the
following cuts are not plain enough.

The size and weight of the seeds varies
greatly in the different species, thus Labrusea
and Candicans have the largest, Cinerea and Ri-
paria the smallest seeds, but even in the wild
state we find variation, e. g.f in ^Estivalis, still
more in Cordifolia, and most in Riparia. In
Vinifera, the European grape, however, the
variations are much greater, greater even some
times than our figures show. Some have laid
stress on the color of the seeds, which varies
between brown and yellowish, but that seems
to me to go too far for our purposes.

The cuts of 33 Grape seeds, here represented,
illustrate the different characters which have
been mentioned above. The figures are mag-
nified four times (four diameters), accompa-
nied by an outline of natural size. They all
represent the back of the seed.

Fig. 1 and 2, Vitis Labrusea, seeds of wild plants ;
fig. 1 from the District of Columbia, and tig. 2 from
the mountains of East Tennessee. The seeds of the
cultivated varieties do not differ from these ; they are
all large, notched on top ; chalaza generally depressed
and no raplre is visible in the groove which extends
from the chalaza to the notch.

Pigs. 3 to 5 represent seeds of cultivated forms,
which all show evident signs of hybridity and acknowl-
edge the parentage of Labrasca by the form and size of
the seed as well as by the irregular arrangement of
the tendrils. Fig. 3 is the seed of the Taylor Grape,
which stands near Riparia. Fig. 4 is the seed of the
Clinton, which has, perhaps, the same parents. Fig. 5,
seed of the Delaware Grape, which possibly may be a
hybrid of Labrusea with Vinifera.

Figs. 6 to 8, Vitis Candicans ; seed similar to those of
Labrusea, but broader, generally with a shorter beak,
and less distinctly notched. Figs. 6 and 7 are from
Texas, the latter broader and with a broader beak;
fig. 8 comes from South Florida, and is still broader
and shorter.

Fig 9, Vitis Caribxa, similar to the last, but smaller ;
seeds short and thick, and deeply notched.

Figs. 10 and 11, Vitis Galifornica, seeds often smaller,
scarcely or not at all notched, raphe indistinct or quite
invisible ; chalaza narrow and long. Fig. 10 represents

a single seed (one only in a berry) from near San Fran-
cisco ; fig. 11 is one of four seeds from San Bernardino,
in Southern California.

Fig. 12, Vitis Monticola ; seed very similar to those of
the last species, thick, notched, without a distinct
raphe, and with a long and narrow chalaza.

Figs. 13 and 14, Vitis Arizonica, from the Santa Rita
Mountains1; seeds small, slightly notched, with a more
or less distinct but flat raphe.

Figs. 15 to 17, Vitis ^stivalis ; seeds rather larger,
cord-like raphe and more or less circular chalaza
strongly developed ; all the seeds are from wild grapes
gathered about St. Louis ; the seeds of the cultivated
forms, Northern and Southern, are similar. Figs. 15
and 16 are from berries with only one or two seeds ;
fig. 17 is narrower, and from a larger four-seeded berry.

Fig. 18, Vitis Cinerea, a seed similar to the last, with
the same strong raphe, but smaller in size, and often
single.

Figs. 19 and 2», Vitis Cordifolia ; seeds also similar to
the two last, but raphe not quite so prominent, mostly
single or in twos, rarely more in a berry ; fig. 19 comes
from a larger berry, with more seeds, found near St.
Louis; fig. 20 is a single seed, from the District of
Columbia.

Fig. 21, Vitis Palmata; seed large, almost globose,
with a very short beak, a narrow chalaza, no raphe
visible, top slightly depressed.

Figs. 22 to 25, Vitis Riparia; seeds similar to the
last, but smaller, though quite variable in size. The
seeds all come from wild plants ; figs. 22 and 23, from
Goat Island on the Niagara' Falls ; fig. 22 a single
broad seed ; fig. 23 from a three-seeded berry ; fig. 24
from a two-seeded berry from the shores of Lake
Champlain, in Vermont ; fig. 25, seed of the June
grape from the banks of the Mississippi below St.
Louis. The seeds are obtuse, or very slightly de-
pressed on top, chalaza rather flat, el ongated and
gradually lost in a groove which encloses the scarcely
prominent raphe.

Figs. 26 and 27, Vitis Rupestris ; fig. 26 from a two-
seeded berry from Texas, and fig. 27 from a four-
seeded one from Missouri. The top of the seed is
obtuse, not notched, and the raphe very inconspicu-
ous in the Texan seed, or invisible in that from Mis-
souri.

Figs. 28 to 32, Vitis Vinifera, from the Old World.
Different forms are introduced here for comparison
with the American species, and to show how much
they differ among themselves. Fig. 28 represents a
seed out of a lot of grapes (or raisins) found with
an Egyptian mummy, and probably now 3,0:)0 years
old, or older. The specimens are preserved in the
Egyptian Museum of Berlin. The berry obligingly
donated to me was as large as the larger European
cultivated grapes, and enclosed three seeds. It will be
seen that it is the largest of the Vinifera seeds figured
here, showing perhaps a slight modification of the seed
in the ages that intervened between its and our times.

Fig. 29, Brusca, the native species of Tuscany
(Northern Italy) , fig. 30, Riesling, cultivated on the
banks of the Rhine ; fig. 31, Gutedel (Chasselas), from
the same region; fig. 32, Black Hamburg, from a
grapery near London. All these seeds are easily dis-
tinguished from all American grape seeds, by the nar-
rower and usually longer beak (or lower part), and

TABLE OF GRAPE SEEDS.

V. LABRUSCA.
Fig. 1. Fig. 2.

TAYLOR. CLINTON. DELAWARE. V. CANDICANS.

Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6.

, V. CANDICANS. V. CARIBEA. V.CALIFORNICA. V. MOXTICOLA. V. ARIZONICA.

Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13.

V. ARIZONICA. V. ^ESTIVALIS. CINEREA. V. CORDIFOLIA.

Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. Fig. 19. Fig. 20.

V. PALMATA.
Fig. 21.

V. RIPARIA.

Fig. 22. Fig. 23.

V. RIPARIA.

Fig. 24. Fig. 25.

V. RUPESTRIS.

Fig. 26. Fig. 27.

V. VINIFERA. VITIS VIXIFERA. V. VULPINA.

Fig. 28, Mummy Grape. Fig. 29, Brusca. Fig. 30, Riesling. Fig.31,Chasselas. Fig.32,Bl.Hamb'g. Fig.33.

14 Dr. Engilmann.

BUSH BERG CATALOGUE.

Classification.

especially by the large circular, though not very prom-
inent, chalaza, which occupies the upper, and not the
middle part of the seed. These five specimen seeds
represent the principal forms, but not all European
grape seeds entirely agree with them.

Fig. 33, Vitis Vulpinn (or RvtundifoUa), from the
South Carolina Muscadine grape, different from all
other grape seeds, just as the plant differs from all the
other Grape-vines ; seed very flat, with straight sides,
very short beak, wrinkled, or rather folded, on both
surfaces, notched* on top, with very narrow chalaza
and no visible raphe.

The North American Grape-vines may be
systematically arranged in the following order:

I. True Grape-vines, with loose, shreddy bark,
climbing by the aid of forked tendrils, or sometimes
(in No . 12) almost without tendrils.

>. Grape-vines with more or less continuous tendrils.

1. VITIS LABRUSCA, Linnxus, the northern Fox grape,

the mother of a great many cultivated varie-
ties and hybrids.
B. Grapevines with Intermittent tendrils.

a. Leaves pubescent or floccose, especially on the under

side and when young, often becoming glabrous with
age.

* Ranhe on seed indistinct.

2. VITIS CANDICANS, Engelmann. The Mustang grape

of Texas.

3. VITIS CARIBJSA, De Candolle. The West India

grape ; rare in Florida.

4. VITIS CALIFORNIA, Bentham. The California

grape.

5. VITIS MONTICOLA, Buckley, The Mountain grape

of West Texas.

6. VITIS ARIZONICA, Engelmann. The Arizona grape.

** Raphe on back of seed very conspicuous.

7. VITIS VESTIVALIS, Michaux. Summer grape of the

Middle and Southern States, with several va-
rieties.

8. VITIS CINEREA, Engelmann. The Downy grape of

the Mississippi Valley.

b. Leaves glabrous, or sometimes short, hairy, especially

the ribs beneath ; mostly shining.

* Raphe on bick of seed conspicuous.

9. VITIS CORDIFOLIA, Michaux. Frost grape of the

Middle and Southern States.
** Raphe indistinct.

10. VITIS PALMATA, Vahl. Red grape of the Missis-

sippi Valley.

11. VITIS RIPARIA, Michaux. Riverside grape of the

United States and Canada.

12. VITIS RUPESTRIS, Scheele. Rock or Sand grape of

the Western Mississippi Valley and Texas.
VITIS VIXIFERA. £i-nn<eiw. The Wiue-grape of the Old World
and California; would find its systematic place here.

II. M uscadine grape , with (on the younger branches)
firmly adhering bark, which only in the older stems
scales off; aerial roots from inclined trunks in damp
localities ; tendrils intermittent, simple ; berries very
large (7-10 lines thick), very few in a bunch, easily
detaching themselves at maturity ; seeds with trans-
verse wrinkles or shallow grooves on both sides.

13. VITIS VULPINA, Linnxus (ROTUNDIFOLIA, Mi-

c.7.iuz). The Southern Fox grape or Muscadine.

Rafinesque, Le Conte and others, have in
times gone by attempted to distinguish and
characterize a good many more species, while
on the other hand, Director Regel, of the St.
Petersburg botanical garden, has lately tried,
rather unnaturally, to contract them and unite
them with Old World species. Vitis vinifera
has resulted according to his views, from the
hybridization of several of these species.

I now propose to give a short botanical ac-
count of the 13 species enumerated above, leav-
ing to the author of this treatise the task to
add the important practical remarks which
the subject calls for.

1. VITIS LABRUSCA, Linnaeus. Usually not
large ; climbing over bushes or small trees,
occasionally reaching the tops of the highest
trees ; distinguished from all the oiher
species, as has been stated above, by its con-
tinuous tendrils and consequently by its con-
tinuous (two to often four or six) clusters of
flowers and fruit; stipules middle-sized, about
two lines long, or less ; leaves large (four to
six inches wide), thick, of firm texture, entire
or in some forms deeply lobed, very slightly
dentate, coated when young with a thick
rusty, or sometimes whitish down, which
in the wild plant persists on the under
side, but almost disappears in the mature leaf
of some cultivated varieties ; berries large in
middle sized, or, in many cultivated forms,
rather large bunches, bearing 2 or 3 or even 4
seeds, large, notched, without visible raphe.
(See table of seeds, page 13, figs. 1 and 2.)

This species, usually known as the Fox
grape, or Northern Fox grape, is a native of
the Alleghany Mountains, and of their eastern
slope to the sea-coast, from New England to
South Carolina, where it prefers wet tliickets
or granitic soil. Here and there it descends
along streams to the western slope of the
mountains, but is a stranger to the Missis-
sippi Valley proper.

As the Labrusca generally grows on granitic
soil or granitic detrities, which may favor
the vine, I would suggest to plant Catawba
vineyards in the granitic regions of our Ozark
Mountains, and would expect favorable results
there.

By far the largest number of varieties of
Grape-vines now cultivated in our country are
the offspring of this species ; a few produced
by nurserymen, but most of them picked up in
the woods ; they are easily recognized by the
characters above given, and most readily by
the peculiar arrangements of the tendrils as
above described. Large and downy-leaved
varieties of V. cestivalis are, in the West and
South-west, not rarely mistaken for Labrusca,

Dr Engdmann.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Classification.

but the two may always be distinguished by
the characters indicated.

It is also the species which has most gen-
erally been used as one of the parents (mostly
the mother) in artificial hybridization, and as
it is the most individualized or specialized of
all our (perhaps of all known) Grape-vines, its
characters unmistakably prevail in the hy-
brids, and rarely leave a doubt as to where to
refer the questionable form ; of which I shall
have to add a few words below, under the
head of Hybrids.

2. VITIS CANDICANS, Englemann. (F.
mustangensis, Buckley.) The Mustang grape
of Texas ; a tall climber, with rather large,
rounded, almost toothless leaves, white cot-
tony on the under side, bearing large berries,
which, like those of the wild Labrusca, show
different colors, greenish, claret and bluish-
black ; and which, in its native country, are
made into wine. In young shoots and sprouts
the leaves are usually deeply and elegantly
many-lobed, which, with the contrast of the
deep green upper and pure white under sur-
face, would make this species a most elegant
vine for arbors, if it could be protected from
severe frost. This may be done by laying it
down and covering it with soil. In Texas it
grows in the lower country, as well as on the
calcareous hills, and extends even into the
granitic region. It has also been found in
Florida, where many Texas plants are again
met with. The Florida form, at one time taken
for Vitis caribsea, but quite distinct from it,
has shorter and comparatively thicker seeds.
(Fig. 8.)

3. VITIS CARIBJEA, De Candolle, is a West
Indian species which has lately found its
way, with other tropical plants, into southern
Florida. It has a downy, cordate leaf, not
lobed, but characterized by the small but very
sharp, distant teeth. Its black berries are small
and mostly bear but one or two seeds. I find
the Florida seeds (fig. 9) which were kindly
sent to me by Mr. A. H. Curtiss, the discoverer,
larger than those of the West Indian type.

4. VITIS CALIFORNICA, Bentham. The
only wild grape of our Pacific coast ; a low
bush a foot or two high, in dry beds of streams
in southern Oregon ; it becomes a tall climber
in southern California, with a stem 3 inches or
more in ' diameter ; it is distinguished by its
cordate, rounded, whitish, downy leaves and
small black berries in large bunches ; the ob-
tuse but scarcely notched seeds (figs. 10 and 11),
without or with only a trace of a raphe,
and with a narrow, long chalaza. No
use is made of this species, but it has lately
oeon recommended as a grafting stock for Eu-

ropean vines in California vineyards which
have bean attacked by the Phylloxera. For
even this Grape-vine, which is a native of a
country originally entirely free from the insect,
is as proof against it as any of our Mississippi
Valley vines.

5. VITIS MONTICOLA, Buckley. Usually a
small bushy vine, rarely climbing over higher
trees ; branchlets angled ; young stems, peti-
oles and leaves cottony, downy, the down grad-
ually disappearing, remaining only here and
there in flocose bunches ; stipules very short
(J line long); leaves deeply cordate, with a
rounded sinus, very shortly three-lobed, edged
with small but broad teeth, rather wrinkled
on the upper surface, but the older ones very
smooth and often conspicuously shining below
(especially in the dry specimens); usually
small, not more than three inches across, only
on vigorous shoots three or four inches wide;
tendrils intermittent, in the smaller, bushy
forms, often withering away ; bunches of fruit
compact, short ; berries 4, or rarely 5 lines in
diameter ; seeds obtuse or slightly notched,
chalaza rather narrow, extending upward into
a broad groove, but without a visible raphe.

This is one of the smaller species and is pe-
culiar to the hilly, cretaceous region of western
Texas, not extending to the lower country nor
to the granitic mountains ; common about San
Antonio, New Braunfels, Austin, etc. ; also oc-
casionally cultivated about San Antonio, when
the bunches, as well as the berries, become
larger. This plant has given rise to a great
deal of speculation and controversy. About
fifty years ago, the Swiss botanist, Berlandier,
collected it in West Texas,* but it was not till
twenty-five or thirty years later that Prof.
Buckley named and published it. Unfortun-
ately his description was so insufficient that
no botanist could recognize the plant ; only the
Texans of those regions, who well knew " the
little mountain grape," understood what he
meant. Buckley's mention of a middle sized
green, very palatable berry has misled French
botanists to look for this plant among the
numerous forms of Labrusca, and Prof. Plan-
chon therefore changed the name to Vitis Ber-
landieri. In justification of Buckley's descrip-
tion it is now said that there exists a form of
this species, especially about Fredericksburg
and on the borders of the Llano Estacado, with
somrwhat larger, green berries, which I under-
stand Mr. J. Meusebach is trying to find out,

* On his specimens I found the first Phylloxera galls,
which, thus accidentally preserved, prove the existence
of the insect in America (doubted, however, by no
one now) long before it became known to science here
or in the Old World, and also prove its existence as far
south as Texas.

16 Dr. Engelmann.

BU8HBERG CATALOGUE.

Classification.

and to introduce into cultivation. The species
will readily grow from cuttings.

6. VITIS ARIZONICA, Engelmann, is closely
related to the last, and has similar seeds,
but the flat raphe, though rarely prominent,
is broad and sometimes inconspicuous ; branch-
lets angular ; leaves cordate, with a rather
open, rounded sinus, not lobed, or with two
short latent lobes ; floccose, cottony when
young ; glabrous, thick, very rigid, and (espe-
-cially on the upper surface) rough, when older ;
berries small or middle sized, reported to be of
luscious taste.

7. VITIS ^ESTIVAUS, Michaux. Climbing
over bushes and small trees by the aid of
forked, intermittent tendrils ; branchlets
rounded, bark of the mature ones mostly
red, and scaling off in large flakes; leaves
large (4 -5 or 6 inches wide), of firm texture,
entire, or often more or less deeply and
obtusely 3-5 lobed, with rounded sinus and
with short and broad teeth; when young
always very woolly or cottony, mostly bright
red or rusty ; at last smoothish but dull, pale
or glaucous beneath, and never shining ; stip-
ules very short and rounded, mostly rusty-
•downy ; berries middle-sized, black, 5-7 lines,
in Southwestern forms even 8-9 lines in diame-
ter, co'ated with a bloom, when well grown in
compact, often cylindrical bunches ; seeds
rather large, mostly two or three in each
berry, rounded on top, showing a very promi-
nent, cord-like raphe, and more gradually at-
tenuated into the beak than is common in our
species.

This is the well known summer grape, com-
mon throughout the Middle and Southern
States, usually found on uplands and in dry,
open woods or thickets, maturing its fruits in
September. It is one of the most variable of
our Grape-vines, and hence has seduced many
into the establishment of numerous nominal
species, while others, and among them myself,
have assumed too wide limits for the species,
and have classed under it forms which now,
since we know them better, have to be kept
separate. Among the latter I mention V. mon-
ticola and V. cinercea, which are described
in their proper places. Among the former I
must still retain with V. cestivalis the form
that had been distinguished by Buckley as V.
lincecumi. This latter, often more bushy than
climbing, has larger berries, leaves often deeply
three-to-five lobed, and coated with a thick
rusty down, or tomenturn, which is often quite
persistent. Forms with very large, woolly
leaves have often been taken for Labrusca,
and this species, abounding in the sandy post-
•oak (Quercus stellata) woods of Eastern Texas,

and there known under the name of Post-oak
grape or Sand grape, but extending also to
Arkansas and Missouri, has thus been quoted
i for the Western and Southwestern States, to
which the true Labrusca is an entire stranger.

This species is one of the most important
ones for us, and in the West at least, has al-
ready taken the place once accorded to the La-
brusca forms in our cultures, not only for their
greater, aye absolute, resistance to the Phyl-
loxera, but also for their intrinsic value as

j wine (and even table) grapes, notwithstanding
the superior size of the Labrusca berries. Un-

, fortunately the typical forms cannot be propa-
gated by cuttings, and there are a number of

| varieties which, originating from a Southern
home, are not quite hardy here, but, on the
other hand, have the advantage of being
readily propagated by slips, in some favor-
able localities. Their leaves are thinner than
those of our type, and woolly only in the first
youth ; the bunches are larger, more shoul-
dered ; the berries, though small, are much
sweeter and more juicy. They comprise
among others the Cunningham, with less di-
vided, and the Herbemont and the Lenoir with
deeply lobed leaves, the two former with
lighter colored, the latter with deep black
berries. Unfortunately no wild plant from
which these varieties might have sprung is
yet known, but must be looked for in the
mountains or hills of the Carolinas and Geor-
gia, and only when found in a wild state can
we correctly judge of their botanical status.
About their viticultural relations, the body of
this work has to be consulted. I will only
state here that a slight suspicion exists of
their being hybrids between V. cestivalis and
some form of vinifera, though the seeds are
entirely those of the former, and also the re-
sistance to Phylloxera. The variety Lenoir,
often named Jaquez, and in Texas Black Sj^an-
ish, has been introduced by millions into
Southern France, and is there found to furnish
not only an excellent stock whereon to graft
their own vines, but also to make a superior
wine directly, and one very rich in the deep
coloring matter so highly prized there.

8. VITIS CINEBEA, Engelm., closely allied
to jEstivalis, with which I had formerly united
it as a variety, of pretty much the same size,
rarely taller. It is distinguished by its white-
ish or grayish pubescence, which, especially
on the branchlets, is quite persistent, even
into winter ; by the angular branchlets, the
hair being especially developed on the angles ;
the cordate often entire, or slightly three-
lobed, more or less gray-downy leaves, which

Dr. Engelmann.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Classification. 17

often resemble a Lindenleaf, with a rounded
but usually rather narrow sinus ; by the large;
loose inflorescence, which opens its flowers
rather later than any other of our species ; by
the small black berries, about four lines in
diameter, without a bloom, of a pleasantly
acid taste, until frost sweetens them, and by
the small, plump seed with a short beak.

This species is found in rich soil in the Mis-
sissippi Valley from Central Illinois to Louisi-
ana and Texas, especially in bottom lands and
along the banks of lakes, in situations where
we scarcely ever meet with JRstivalis. It is
quite abundant in such localities near St.
Louis.

9. VITIS CORDIFOLIA, Michaux. This is
the tallest of our climbers at home in our deep
bottom woods, but often also a low trailer over
bushes and hedges, well known as the Win-
ter, or Frost grape, flowering late and matur-
ing late its strongly flavored, shining black
berries.

The plant is glabrous, or the branchlets and
lower surface of leaves somewhat hairy ;
branchlets indistinctly angular (in this re-
spect intermediate between the last two
species) ; diaphragm at the nodes of the
brandies thick, rarely, at the lower nodes,
wanting ; leaves rather large, three to four
inches wide, or more, not lobed at all, or slight-
ly three-lobed, cordate, with a deep narrow, or
wider, but always sharp sinus, margined with
conspicuous, rather large sharp-pointed teeth ;
stipules short ; flowers in large, usually loose
clusters, blooming rather late ; berries small
(three to four lines through), black and shin-
ing, with a peculiarly disagreable and strong
flavor ; edible only after frost ; seed, with slight
or strong raphe.

A common plant from the Middle States
southward to Texas ; not known, I believe, in
northern New York or New England, but not
rare in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and
found also near the city of New York ; very
common in the deep soil of the western river
valleys, where it takes its fullest development.
There the trunk sometimes reaches thirty to
thirty-eight inches in circumference (southern
Missouri, along the Iron Mountain Railroad) ;
whether the trunk found by Mr. Ravenel at
Darien, Georgia, measuring forty-four inches
around, belongs to this species, I cannot tell,
but his supposition that it was ^Estivalis is
quite improbable ; the statement of newspa-
pers that a Grape-vine in Gulf Hammock, in
Florida, had a circumference of sixty-nine
inches, is considered a " fish story " by Florida
botanists.

The acute, mostly narrow sinus of the leaves,

the small stipules, the broad diaphragms, the
character of the seeds, the circumstance that it
don't grow from cuttings, and the late flower-
ing time, abundantly distinguish this species
from Vitis riparia, with which it has been
thrown together so long and so obstinately.

10. VITIS PALMATA, Vahl, has been culti-
vated in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris for
perhaps one hundred years or more, and has
thence found its way into other European
gardens, without, however, as it seems, having
attracted the attention of botanists, since its
first publication, in 1794.

Vahl's description is accurate enough, with
the exception of its native country, which he
gives as "Virginia," a negligence or igno-
rance which we must not criticise too severely
in botanists of a century ago. The seed was
originally brought to Paris probably by French
missionaries, who, as is well known, roamed
about in the Mississippi Valley one and two.
hundred years ago. Soon after the publica-
tion of Vahl's description of this grape, above
mentioned, Michaux discovered this interest-
ing species " growing abundantly on the banks
of the streams in Illinois," and named it V.
rubra. He don't seem to have recognized the
vine which he might have seen growing under
his eyes in Paris, and eventually he merged
his specimens of this Vitis in his herbarium
under V. riparia.

Last fall Mr. H. Eggert, of St. Louis, re-dis_
covered this long neglected plant on the banks
of the Mississippi, opposite Alton, and collected
it there again this summer, when it proved to
be the latest blooming of all our species (far
from blooming yet to-day, June 10th). There
can be no doubt of the identity of this plant
with Vahl's V. palmata and Michaux's JRubra*
nor of its entire distinctness from Riparia. It
is found, with this last one, covering willow
thickets and other bushes in low grounds,
overflowed during high water. Its bright
red branches, from which the bark sepa-
rates in large flakes, conspicuous between the
smooth but dull, darkish foliage (much darker
than Riparia~), show at once how appropriate
Michaux's name is. The diaphragms are
thick. The leaves have a broad sinus, and
are shallow or often deeply three, rarely five,
lobed, the lobes usually drawn out into long
and slender points; the under side is often
somewhat hairy along the nerves ; stipules
middle sized, \\ to 2 lines long ; flower bunches
large and loose, on long stems ; berries rather
small (4-5 lines through), black, without
bloom; seeds one or two, very large and
plump, rounded, with very short beak,
notched on top, without a visible raphe.

18 Dr. Engelmann.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Classification.

Our plant is readily distinguished from
Riparia by the thick diaphragm, the red
branches, its late flowering and its bloomless,
late ripening berries ; from Cordifolia th,e
form of the leaves and of the seeds, and its
ready growth from cuttings, easily separate it.

11. VITIS RtPARiA, Michaux, the Grape-vine
of the river banks, has lately acquired a great
deal of importance, as it has now becom3 the
principal Grape-vine relied on in France for
the renovation of their failing vineyards for
which its vigorous growth, adapted to almojt
all climates, its perfect resistance to the insect,
its easy growth from cuttings, and its ready
taking of grafts, seem to peculiarly fit it.

This species climbs o/er bushes and small
trees, or trails over the rocks on our river
banks. It is also found inland, always near
water, on larger trees, where its trunk may
become six inches thick. The branchlets are
rounded, not angled ; the diaphragms very
thin (£ to \ line thick) ; the stipules large (2-3
lines long) and very thin, and persist longer
than in m>st other species ; leaves of a light
green, shining, glabrous or often hairy below,
with a wide, rounded, or even truncate sinus ;
they are more or less tri-lobei, margined with
large, sharp-pointed teeth. The bunches are
mostly small and compact ; berries small (four
or rarely five lines in diameter), black, with a
bloom, sweet and very juicy, scarcely pulpy;
seeds (figs. 22 to 25) obtuse or slightly notched,
with a narrow chalaza, raphe indistinct or very
thin.*

It has the widest geographical distribution
of any of our Grape-vines, and is the hardiest
of them all. It extends northward to Lake St.
Jean, ninety miles north of Quebec, and to the
banks of the Upper Mississippi in Minnesota,
and the shores of Lake Superior ; in the South
it is common on the banks of the Ohio and in
Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri and Arkansas,!

* The French now distinguish several types of Ripa-
ria, differing somewhat in their minor characteristics.
See our Viticultural Remarks.

t A peculiar form of Riparia is a plant which I found
fifteen years ago in the botanic garden of Berlin, under
the name of Vitis Solonis, and about the history of which
nobody seems to have known any thing. Lately this
plant has been taken up in France with that zeal so char-
acteristic to that nation, as something possibly of par-
ticular interest for their yiticultural pursuits. It is
distinguished from the ordinary form by the long and
narrow, almost incised, crowded teeth of the scarcely
three-lobed leaves. The name is undoubtedly a corrup-
tion of "Long's," and the plant comes from the Upper
Arkansas river, where Major Long, on his return from
his expedition to the Rocky Mountains, found, as he re-
ports, such excellent grapes. Seeds may have been
brought home and the plant raised as "Long's." A
manuscript of the viticulturist Bronner, preserved in the
Carlsruhe libi'ary, speaks of a certain grape-vine as
" Longs, from Arkansas," and it is reported that Long's is
still growing in the late Mr. Bronner's garden at Wisloch,
near Heidelberg, and that it is identical with Solonis. As
an example of curious speculative interpretation it may
be stated that some viticulturist had read Solonis for
Zanis (an oriental grape), and Arkansas for Caucasus.

and in the Indian Territory. 1 have not seen
it from Louisiana or Texas, but a form of it is
found in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and
New Mexico, and perhaps in southern Utah.
It is the earliest flowering species about St.
Louis, according to season, between April 25th
and May loth, and matures earlier than any
other. In St. Louis it used to be brought
to market, before we had cultivated grapes,
sometimes as early as July 1st, from the rocky,
sun-exposed banks of the river below town,
and was, indeed, known as the " June Grape."
From that time on ripe fruit is found, ac-
cording to locality, through .August and Sep-
tember. It is singular that our vintners, as
far as I can learn, have never made wine from
this species, nor tried to cultivate and improve
it. The berries probably seem too small, and
they may have expected better results from
the larger fruits of ^Eitivalis ; but the experi-
ment might yet be made, and our woods might
be examined for larger-fruited varieties, which
really d) occur, e. g., along the Lakes and on
Niagara, near Detroit, etc.

As has been stated above, this species has
been confounded with Vitis cordifolia, to which
indeed, it bears a certain resemblance; but the
characters enumerated, especially those of the
diaphragms, the stipules, the form of the le;if
and its base, its flowering timje, and above all
the seeds, distinguish them as well as any two
species can be distinguished, even if the diffi-
culty of one and the readiness of the other to
grow from cuttings be not taken into account.

12. VITIS RUPESTRIS, Scheele, mostly a
low, bushy plant, often without any, or with
weak, deciduous tendrils, and not climbing,
under favorable circumstances becoming
stouter and climbing pretty high ; branchlets
rounded, diaphragm thicker than in Riparia,
but thinner than in other species ; leaves
rather small (about three inches wide), broadly
cordate, rarely very slightly lobed, mostly
broader than long, usually somewhat folded
together, with broad, coarse teeth, and com-
monly with an abruptly elongated point, gla-
brous, shining, of a very pale green color ;
stipules almost as large as in last sp3Cies, 2-2|
lines long, thin ; berries small or middle-
sized, sweet, and in very small bunches ; seed;!
obtuse, with a slender or almost invisible
raphe.

This Grape-vine, of very peculiar aspect, is
a native of the hilly country west of the Mis-
sissippi river, from the banks of the Missouri
to Texas, and is also found on the Cumberland
river near Nashville ; its favorable localities
are gravelly banks or bars of mountain streams,
overflowed in spring, more rarely (in Texas)

Dr. Engelmann.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Hybridity. 19

on rocky plains. In Missouri it is called. Sand
grape, in Texas often, on account of its lus-
cious fruit, Sugar grape ; with us it flowers
soon after Raparia and ripens in August, and
is said to make a good wine. In France the
V. liupestris is used, like the last species, as a
grafting stock for French vines' ; it grows
easily from cuttings, and is said to make vig-
orous plants, perfectly resistant to the insect.

VITIS VINIFERA, Linnseus. Here would be the
place to introduce the Grape-vine of the Old World, as
it is most nearly allied to the last enumerated species,
especially to V. riparia. Though many of its culti-
vated varieties bear berries as large, or even larger,
than those of any of our American Grape-vines, other
cultivated forms, and especially the true wine-grapes,
those from which the best wines are obtained, and
also the wild or naturalized ones, have fruit not much
larger than that of the above named native species.

This plant, together with the wheat, belongs to
those earliest acquisitions of cultivation, the history of
which reaches beyond the most ancient written rec-
ords. Not only have the sepulchres of the mummies
of ancient Egypt preserved us its fruit (large sized
berries) and seed, but its seeds have even been discov-
ered in the lacustrian habitations of Northern Italy.
It is a mooted question where to look for the native
country of this plant, and whether or not we owe the
different varieties of our present Vinifera to one or to
several countries, and to one or to several original
wild species, which, by cultivation through uncounted
ages, and by accidental and repeated hybridization,
may have produced the numberless forms now known.
These remind us forcibly of the numerous forms of
our dog, which we cannot trace, either, but wrhich can
scarcely be derived from a single (supposed) original
wild species. Director Hegel, of St. Petersburg, as-
cribes them to the intermingling of a few species, well
known in their wild state at this day. The late Prof.
Braun, of Berlin, suggested that they are the offspring
of distinct species yet found wild in many parts of
Southern Europe and Asia, which thus he consid-
ered not the accidental offspring of the cultivated
plants, as is generally believed, but the original parent
.stock. I may add, from my own investigations, that
the Grape-vine which inhabits the native forests of th
low banks of the Danube, " bottom-woods," as we
would call them, from Vienna down into Hungary,
well represents our V. cordifolia, with its stems three,
six and nine inches thick, and climbing on the highest
trees, its smooth and shining, scarcely lobed leaves,
and its small, black berries. On the other hand, the
wild grape of the thickets of the hilly countries of
Tuscany and Rome, with its lower growth, somewhat
cottony leaves, and larger and more palatable fruit,
which " don't make a bad wine," as an Italian botan-
ist expressed himself to me, reminds us, notwithstand-
ing the smaller size of the leaves, of the downy forms
of Riparia, or perhaps of some Estiva li*. It was
known to the ancients as Labrusca, a name improp-
erly applied by science to an American species, and is
called by the natives to this day Brusca. The Grape-
vines of the countries south of the Caucasus Moun-
tains, the ancient Colchis, the reputed original home

of these plants, greatly resemble the Italian plant just
described.

The European Grape-vine is characterized by
smoothish, and, when young, shining, more or less
deeply, five or even seven-lobed leaves ; lobes pointed
and sharply toothed ; seeds mostly notched at the
upper end ; beak elongated ; raphe indistinct ; chalaza
broad, high up the seed. In some varieties the leaves
and branchlets are hairy and even downy when young ;
the seeds vary considerably in thickness and length,
less so in the shape of the raphe. It is well known
that the plant grows readily from cuttings . and that
it easily and almost invariably succumbs to the attacks
of the Phylloxera, which, accidentally introduced into
France, probably with American vines, has done such
immense damage in that country and in the rest of
Europe, probably since 1863 (though only discovered
as the virulent enemy in 1868), and is spreading more
and more. In California, where thus far the Vinifera
has been successfully cultivated, the insect also begins
to make its appearance in some localities. That it
was the cause of the complete failure in all the efforts
to plant the European vine east of the Rocky Mount-
ains, is now well known.

13. VITIS VULPINA, Linnaeus (known also
as V. rotundifolia, Michaux), the Southern Fox
grape, Bullace or Bullit grape, or Muscadine
of the Southern States, is entirely different
from all our other Grape-vines, and is men-
tioned here only to complete the list of our
species. It is too tender for our climate, and
never flowers or fruits here. It is found in
damp thickets or on mountain slopes, so-ne
times a low bush, and again climbing very
high, with entire, never forked, tendrils;
branchlets without any diaphragm (see fig. 37);
leaves small (two, or at most, three inches
wide), rounded, heart-shaped, firm and glossy,
dark green, smooth, or rarely slightly hairy
beneath, with coarse and large or broad and
bluntish teeth. The bunches are very small,
of few very large berries, which fall off singly,
like plums. The peculiar seed has been fig-
ured and described above (page 13, fig. 33). In
the South some of the varieties are highly
esteemed, especially the White Scuppernong.

HYBRIDITY.

Plants, which are so intimately related
among themselves, are apt to hybridize, and
their offspring is usually fertile, not like many
hybrid animals (the mule) or plants incapable
to propagate. We have a number of artificial
hybrids among Grape-vines, whose history is
well known, and which bear as well as the
true species, and their seeds are fertile. But
we also find other vines in the woods or in
vineyards, which, from their characters, we
must conclude to be spontaneous hybrids.
There is, of course, a good deal of experience
and judgment necessary to decide what may be

20

Dr. Engelmann.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Hybridity.

justly claimed to be a hybrid, and what only a
variety within the limits of some variable spe-
cies, and the opinions of different persons may
honestly vary on these points. But whoever
has studied the great variability of many
plants will hesitate long before he calls to his
aid the often fanciful help of hybridity in the
explanation of doubtful forms. Where species
are so well marked as e. g. Labrusca is, it is
not difficult to recognize some of its characters
in a hybrid off-spring, though the general
looks of the questionable plant otherwise may
not conform to our idea of Labrusca at all ; but
in other cases, where species already stand
near one another, the matter becomes much
more difficult. But there is another way,
unfortunately a very tedious one, to assist
in such investigations, viz : to sow the seeds
of hybrids and study their offspring ; for it is
a fact that seedlings of hybrids are apt to
revert to, or at least to approach to, one or the
other of the parents. One of the most striking
examples of both positions here taken is fur-
nished by the well-known Taylor or Bullit
grape. The vigorous growth of this form, its
thin diaphragms, its glossy, glabrous fol-
iage, its small clusters of rather small berries
entirely destitute of foxy taste, all seem to
point to it as a cultivated variety of JRiparia ;
but when we come to examine the tendrils we
find that they are irregular ; sometimes inter-
mittent, sometimes more or less continuous
(I have seen six in succession, which can only
point to Labrusca), and just so the seeds differ
from Biparia seeds by their great size and their
form (see page 13, fig. 3). Now it so happens
that Taylor seeds have baen planted by the
million in Europe, in order to raise resistant

stock for grafting, and the general experience is
that one cannot find two seedlings in a hund-
red alike, and similar to the mother-plant ;
some approach the Riparia type, and others
show the Labrusca parentage distinctly.
Thus, to give only one example, one of such
seedlings— the now frequently cultivated El-
vira— is a Taylor seedling with a close approach
to Labrusca.

It would further the study of our Grape-
vines considera bly if some of those that have
the zeal, the leisure and the opportunity,
would institute such experiments with doubt-
ful forms.

Pursuing this interesting subject further, I
may add that where nearly allied species grow
near together, and bloom about the same time,
they are rtnre likely to hybridize than such
species that are separated by wide space or
different period of flowering. With all these
considerations we must not forget that with
the innumerable opportunities given every
where for hybridization we find comparatively
so few spontaneous hybrids in the vegetable
world. Hybridization is an abnormal, I may
say, an unnatural process, which is usually
prevented by countless obstacles. If it were
not so, we would meet with more hybrids in
our woods and prairies than with genuine spe-
cies ; but how rare are they, and what a find
it is for a botanist to discover one! And this
is the more to be wondered at, because the
genital organs of the plants, though mostly
united in one flower, are usually so organized
that self-fertilization is made difficult, or i&
excluded, and that cross-fertilization is the
rule. We may put it down as a law that
honest nature abhors hybridization.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

21

Fig. K9. JEsTivALis FOLIAGE. (Cunningham.)

VITICULTURAL REMARKS

ON OUR AMERICAN SPECIES, WITH LISTS OF THEIR
CULTIVATED VARIETIES.

The varieties which we cultivate in this country,
east of the Rocky Mountains, and over in Europe, un-
der the name of American Grapes, all belong to either
one or other of the following four species :

(I) VITIS LABRUSCA, (7) V. J^STIVALIS,

(II) V. RIPAEIA, (12) V. RUPESTKIS, and

(13) V. VULPINA Or ROTUNDIFOLIA,

or are HYBRIDS (crosses between these or with Vitis
vinifera).

While a study of the preceding treatise, by Dr. G.
Engelmann, is sufficient to enable every careful ob-
server.and especially the botanist, to distinguish them,
the following "viticultural remarks," with lists of varie-
ties for each species, and containing observations of
practical grape-culturists, may assist in that important
study and may prove of some value.

V. LABRUSCA, the species of which the largest num-
ber of our cultivated varieties and those most exten-
sively cultivated in our country are the offspring, is
still the most limited local species, its home being con-
fined to the region between tthe Atlantic Ocean and
the Alleghany Mountains.

Dr. Engelmann desires local botanists to assist in
more accurately denning the geographical limits of our
species of Vitis ; but there is no doubt about the wild
Labrusca being unknown in the Mississippi Valley.
"Whatever has been called so there, or in Louisiana or
Texas, is a large and downy-leaved form of jEativalis,
always readily distinguished by its ' intermittent ' ten-
drils, while Labrusca has more or less 'continuous' ten-
drils." (Compare Figs. 39 and 42.)

"For table use, this species, in its improved varieties,
will probably always occupy a prominent position in
a large portion of the Eastern and Northern States as
well as in the northern sections of the Western States ;
and in those regions where the climate will not favor
the maturity of the best varieties of this class, the in.
ferior kinds will occupy their place."

"As a wine grape the V. Labrusca has
been over-estimated ; the tough, musky
pulp of even the best varieties requires a
long and favorable season of growth to re-
duce the acid center so as to produce a
proper ratio of the ingredients necessary for a pas-
sable quality of wine."

Fully endorsing the above quoted views of William
Saunders, Superintendent of the Experimental Gardens
at Washington, we do not wish to be understood as ad-
vocating the discontinuance of planting and using La-
brusca grapes for wine-making ; we are well aware that
the Catawba and Concord still furnish the bulk of our
most popular wines. But for wines of finest quality
we recommend the JDstivalis, where its varieties suc-
ceed, as far superior to the Labrusca. Moreover, we
fecognize in this species a Northern and a Southern
form (same as in the Riparia and ^Estivalis), with dis-
tinct characteristics.

The Northern Labrusca — a plant of great vigor, hard-
iness and productiveness ; abundant, heavy, branching
and fibrous roots, thick pith, and firm liber ; with a
fruit of superior size, but also of a disagreeable rough-
ness and foxiness in taste or flavor. In some of its
new cultivated varieties, however, this foxiness has
become less marked, and is far from disagreeable.

The Southern Labrusca — a far more tender plant,
very sensitive to casualties from unfavorable atmos-
pheric changes of climate, with few and feeble roots,
of only moderately firm texture ; but also with a much
more delicate fruit of an agreeable musky flavor. The
first will not do well at the South-west, the second will
be found subject to fungoid and other diseases, and will
not ripen well at the North, except under the bene-
ficial influences of large lakes, or in some peculiar,
well-protected localities and favorable seasons.

Both are subject to rot, and do not continue to
thrive well in. those parts of the country where both
types of Labrusca do not seem to feel at home.*

* G. Onderdonk writes us ; "After all, our grapes in
Texas must come from the yEstivalis family. No La-
brusca has given us good, permanent satisfaction here."
This same view is obtaining ground in Arkansas and
south-west Missouri, after full trial and dearly-bought
experience.

22 Labrusca.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

^Estivalis.

of this species, thus classi-

[6] Southern Group.
ADIEONDAC,
CASSADY,
CATAWBA,
DIANA,
IONA,
ISABELLA,
ISKAELLA,
LYDIA,
MAXATAWNY,
MILES,
MOTTLED,
PRENTISS (new),
REBECCA,
TO-KALON,
UNION VILLAGE.

The principal varieties
fied, are :

[a] Northern Group.
BLACK HAWK,
CONCORD,
COTTAGE,
DEACDT AMBEE,
EABLY VICTOE (new),
HAETFOBD PEOLIFIC,
IVKS,
LADY,
MAETHA,
MOOEE'S EAELY,
NORTHERN MUSCADINE,
PERKINS,
RENTZ,
TELEGRAPH,
VENANGO,
VERGENNES (new),
WOEDEN'S.

This subdivision of Labrusca into a northern and
southern form is a new idea of our own, and may be a
mistake. It was presented for the first time in our Cat-
alogue, not as an established fact, already accepted or
endorsed by any botanical authority, but as an hypoth-
esis worthy of consideration and further research. In
some few varieties (Creveling, North Carolina, &c.) we
as yet find it difficult to determine to Avhich group
they should be assigned ; but this difficulty also exists
in some with regard to the species.

The large size of the fruit, the vigor and productive-
ness of the vine, and its easy propagation from, cuttings,
made the varieties of this species preferable to others for
hybridizing with European grapes; and it was expected
to thereby ameliorate, if not to remove, their foxiness.
While this improvement in flavor has been thus accom-
plished, the process has diminished the hardiness and
has increased the sensitiveness to climate and to fun-
goid diseases in the varieties thus produced. It has
proven far more successful to grow seedlings from pure
Labrusca varieties, selecting the best, as in Early Vic-
tor, Pocklington, &c., or seedlings from crosses between
the coarser and more tender varieties of this species, as
the Niagara (cross between Concord and Cassady), the
Jefferson (cross between Concord and lona). Moreover
the much decried "foxy taste" becomes much less ob-
jectionable by habit. Lovers of the Concord and of
the Catawbafind the Chasselas insipid, and even Euro-
peans learn to eat the foxy grape with pleasure.

The hardy varieties of the Labrusca are also excel-
lent as a grafting-stock for its own tender varieties, and
for those of the Vinifera, in locations suitable to this
species. They were largely imported for this purpose
into southern France, but in some localities there they
did not prosper ; the conditions of soil and climate
did not suit them, and were far more suitable to the
Riparia; hence it was supposed by some, and soon re-
peated by others, both grape-culturists and botanists,
that the Labrusca, though exhibiting a larger degree of
resistance than the V. Vinifera, suffers from the insect
(the Phylloxera). This, however, is incorrect. Even
the most tender Labr. varieties, whose enfeebled roots,
caused by their mildew-diseased tops, look as if de-
stroyed by the insect, revive during favorable seasons
and again become vigorous and fruitful — as no Phyl-

loxera-infested vine ever does. We have seen very fine
and healthy Catawba and Isabella vines in full bear-
ing, in phylloxera-infested localities of France. We
could quote hundreds of testimonials proving our posi-
tion. For want of space let the following suffice :

From the official report of the Commission on American
Vines — signed by MM. Lespiault, Pres't; Piola, Vice
Pres't ; Laftte, Sec. ; and by such members, well known
in the scientific world, as Millardet, Skavinshi, Debruck,
&c. — to the International Phylloxeric Congress, held
at Bordeaux, Oct., 1882.

''It is almost useless to insist on the resistance of the
American vines. It cannot any longer be contested.
Everywhere the proofs thereof are numerous. While
the French vines succumb, the American vines, planted
from 10 to 15 years ago, present a vegetation of perfect
health. Even the LABEUSCA, reputed as less resistant —
the Concord, for instance — are still largely cultivated
by certain wine-growers, MM. Guirand, Moline, Lu-
got, the Duchess of Fitz-James, &c., who are well satis-
fied with them."

VITIS ^ESTIVALIS. — This species is preeminently the
WINE grape of the South Atlantic States, and of the low-
er Mississippi Valley and Texas. Owing to the fact that
none of the varieties except the Elsinburgh and Eumelan
will ripen north of the parallel of 40°, unless it may be
in some peculiarly favored situation,* they have not
been extensively planted, and their superior qualities
are but little known. The berries are destitute of pulp,
and the juice contains a larger percentage of sugar
than any other improved American species. The foli-
age is not so liable to disease as that of the fox grape,
and in the berries rot is also less prevailing, while in
some varieties of this class, as Norton's Va. and Cyn-
thiana, it is comparatively unknown. Some of the best
wines made in this country are produced from varie-
ties of this family. ' ' Requiring a long season and ge-
nial climate for their perfection, they have not yet been
extended so widely as the varieties of Vitis Labrusca.
Their range of successful growth not reaching into
high latitudes, their culture has been limited," — ex-
cepting Norton's Va. Seedling, of which hundreds of
acres are now planted around Gordonsville and Char-
lotteville, Va. — "I am convinced that neither the wine-
producing capabilities of the country nor the highest
excellence of the product can be decided until vine-
yards of these varieties are established in the best loca-
tions of favorable climates."— Wm. Saunders.

" The most genial home of this species is the coun-
try of the Ozark hills, Missouri, S. Kansas, Arkansas,
Texas and Indian Territory ; probably also the moun-
tain slopes in Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennes-
see. And these must be looked upon as the great
producing regions of this continent, east of the Rocky
Mountains, for a certain class of fine wines. In western
Texas, also, the varieties belonging to this class seem
'to succeed better than any other class of grapes,'

* Their proper climate is south of the isotherm of 70°
Fahrenheit for June, July, August and September; they
require a longer season to attain maturity. The more
tender varieties may be properly placed between the
isothermal lines of 70° and 75*. [Isothermal lines denote
localities of equal mean temperature, and, by careful
observation, have been delineated upon maps indicat-
ing the various belts of climate, the limits where certain
important plants thrive, by far more accurately .than
by zones and geographical degrees. The latter have
long been in vogue, but have really no place in nature. X

jEstivalis.

GJRAPE MANUAL.

Lincecumii. 23

though we have never yet seen, or heard of either, an
undoubted JSstivalis (wild) or a Labrusca in our part
of Texas (S. W.)"— Q. Onderdonk, Victoria, Texas.

The following varieties of this most valuable species
(omitting new untried and discarded varieties) are now
cultivated :

Northern Group.
CYNTHIANA,
ELSINBURG,
EUMELAN,
HERMANN,

Southern Group.

CUNNINGHAM (Lonpr),
DEVEREUX t Black July),
HERBEMONT (Warren),
LENOIR (Jaquez),

NORTON'S VIRGINIA, LOUISIANA or RULANDER(?)

(Several new varieties of this species, some chance
seedlings selected in the forests of Arkansas, others
raised from seeds of cultivated varieties, are on trial.)

The quality of these varieties is so excellent that
even the French taste seems quite satisfied. Only their
•size is unsatisfactory. " Dans ce group se trouvent les
raisins dont le goAt se rapproche le plus des ndtres, et
•qui donnent desvins colores, corses, & bouquet souvent
•delicat, et en tout cas non foxe." — «7. E. Planchon, Les
Vignes americaines.

Mr. Herman Jaeger, of Neosho, south-west Missouri,
writes us : " In south-west Missouri, southern Illinois,
Arkansas, western Texas, (also in Tennessee and Ala-
bama,) the Labrusca, or Fox grapes, bring two healthy
•crops of fine grapes, and of the most vigorous varieties,
with proper culture and favorable seasons, a few more ;
then they rot to such an extent that they are entirely
worthless. The JDstivalis never rots, and is the only
truly reliable grape for these States. It was believed
that no large summer grapes were existing — but this is
a mistake; summer grapes (JEstivalis), nearly of the
size of Concord, are found growing wild in Arkansas,
and I am confident that superior table grapes will be
obtained from their seed. The wild large JSstivalis are
not as juicy nor as aromatic as the small ; but by cross-
ing the one with the other we may obtain large grapes
for the south-west as juicy as Herbemont, and as
healthy, vigorous and productive as Norton's Virginia,
as free from rot and mildew as no Labrusca ever will
"be with us."

The exemption from rot however, unfortunately
refers only to the JSstivalis of the Norton family ;
those of the Herbemont class or southern -^Estivalis are
often affected by rot, and on this account their cultiva-
tion has been abandoned in the south-eastern States,
Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, and even in parts
of Arkansas.

In southern and central Texas the Herbemont and
its group of grapes seems free from rot, so far. Mr. G .
Onderdonk writes : "Every year demonstrates more
clearly that in southern Texas we must have Southern
jEstivalis grapes, or have none, except varieties of Vini-
iera, in localities where the Phylloxera will not work,
as in the sands of the immediate coast, or, as these
European varieties may be preserved, by grafting on
stocks of th-e Rupestris."

A very intelligent and reliable vine-grower writes
us from Texas : " I have been investigating the grape
question for two years in southern and central Texas.
On the Rio Grande the Mexicans have been culti-
vating the European grapes for many years, but al-
ways where the land can be irrigated ; but the area

susceptible of irrigation is very limited. All the varie-
ties of the V. vinifera and other grapes that ripen as
late as September, are liable to fail in Texas on account
of the summer rains, which come in August, causing
the grapes to mildew and rot. But the cultivated varie-
ties of .<EsTiVALis ripen here in July, and do well when
planted in the right soil. I have seen bunches of LE-
NOIE, called here " Black Spanish," grown in sandhills
of Bastrop county, that were as fine as any Zinfandel,
which they much resembled, being long and compact,
and very prolific. Yet nobody thinks it worth while to
plant a vineyard. Grapes sold in Austin last summer
at from 10 to 40 cts. per pound.

" Land suitable for grapes can be bought in Bastrop
county, convenient to the Texas Central railroad, for
from $2.50 to $10.00 per acre, with a market for all the
grapes and wine within a few hours' travel by rail."

The varieties of this group generally prefer a dry,
poor soil, intermingled with lime and decomposed
stones, with a southern and south-eastern exposure ;
they seem to endure the severest drouths without flag-
ging. Although we have seen some of them, especially
the Norton and Cynthiana, bear immense crops on the
deep, rich, sandy loam of our river bottom, their fruit
does not reach the same perfection as on the hills.
The wood of the true JEstivalis is very solid, hard, with
small pith, and firm outer bark ; so that it is almost
impossible to propagate this species from cuttings. The
bark on the one year old wood is of a dark gray color,
bluish around the eyes. The roots are wiry and tough,
with a smooth, hard liber, penetrating deep into the
ground, successfully defying the attacks of Phylloxera.
Their resistive power has been fully tested, and estab-
lished beyond a doubt. As a stock for grafting they
are far superior to Clinton — but we think they are too
good and valuable to serve merely as a grafting stock.

Another form of the Vitis ^Estivalis is the
VITIS LINCECUMII, or Post-oak grape. — Grows in
Texas throughout the post-oak region of the tertiary.
There are already two or three esteemed varieties of
this class in cultivation. One of these, called McKee's
Everbearing grape, because it is said to have ripe fruit
during several months of summer, is considered an ex-
cellent table grape and good for wine. Mr. S. B. Buck-
ley, State Geologist of Texas, writes: "At the place of.
the Wilkins, in the north part of Lamar county, I saw
a Post-oak vine which, the family said, bore one of the
best grapes, if not the very best, they had e^ver seen ;
and they had a large variety of grapes in cultivation.
Mrs. Wilkins gave me some Post-oak grape wine which
was excellent, the grape being considered the best for
wine of any they had."

VITIS RIPARIA.— This most widely diffused and now
most important American species of grapevines was
but imperfectly known, up to within a few years, even
to botanists ; so that they could not clearly distin-
guish V. Riparia from V. Cordifolia ; and in the
works on practical grape-culture they were generally
united under the one designation, " Cordifolia." The
preceding treatise by Dr. Engelmann has now shown
their absolute specific difference ; but the circumstan-
ces whereby this knowledge was acquired are s,o inter-
esting and instructive, that we, who have almost provi-
dentially led thereto, deem it our doity to record them.

24 Riparia.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Eiparia.

In the winter of 1875 we received from M. Fabre de
Saint Clement, in France, an order for several hundred
thousand long cuttings, mostly of the "Taylor, "which
variety he had recognized as the best grafting stock
among those with which he had experimented. In
view of the impossibility to furnish more than 100,000
Taylor cuttings (as this variety is, on account of its de-
ficient productiveness, but little cultivated), our G. E.
Meissner proposed to M. Fabre (as also to MM. Blou-
quier & fils & Leenhardt, and others) to send him wild
Riparia or Cordifolia cuttings, which bear the greatest
resemblance to the Taylor, one of its cultivated varie-
ties, and which, we had every reason to believe, would
prove equally satisfactory, if not more so, as a Phyllox-
era-resisting grafting stock, for the reconstruction of
their devastated vineyards. Fabre consented, and the
success was beyond our most sanguine expectations. In
October, 1877, Fabre first published the result in the
"Journal d' Agriculture," and since that time this spe-
cies was more and more recognized as the great reme-
dy for the Phylloxera-destroyed vineyards of France.
It was then called Riparia Fabre.in France, but might
more properly have been called Riparia Meissner.

Very large quantities were then ordered from us,
and we had to look about for them far and near ; nor
was it an easy matter to avoid the admixture of Cor-
difolia, Cinerea, .^Estivalis, and other wild grapes, which
would not answer.

The careful, observing French vintners to whom
these Riparias were so very valuable for their vigorous,
rapid development in almost every soil, their great
adaptability to rooting and grafting, and their almost
perfect immunity from the Phylloxera, soon recog-
nized that the so-called " Riparia or Cordifolia " em-
braced quite a group of somewhat deviating forms, of
larger and smaller foliage, more or less hairy, more or
less dark in color of wood, &c., some making stouter
canes than others — differences resulting, very natural-
ly, from the various soils and localities from which they
were derived, and also from their frequently being
mixed in the same locality ; — they found, besides, that
some cuttings (Cordifolia) would fail to root, though
they arrived and were planted in the best condition.
This, naturally, led to the study of their botanic cha-
racter, now so fully established that we can at sight
recognize and distinguish the true Riparia from Cor-
difolia; aye, in the mere cutting, in winter, as well
as in the young plant and in the seed.

Besides these valuable characteristics, given by Dr.
Engelmann, we have discovered some additional indi-
cations which will aid the non-botanist in distinguish-
ing them. On the young shoots of Cordifolia the very
small terminal leaves open as soon as formed (the same
as in .iEstivalis) ; those of the Riparia, on the contrary,
remain folded for some days after they are formed
and become larger, then expand, but only gradually.
This is shown in our table of grape leaves (Figs. 40 to
43), which however do not show the more heart-shaped,
roundish form of the Cordijolia ieo/when fully grown,
nor the form of the fully developed Riparia leaf, in
which the sinus of the leaf-stalk is more widely open
(truncated), often broad. Another very characteristic
sign of Riparia is found in the shreddy character of
the bark, which is underlaid by filaments resembling
coarse yellow threads. We find a similar characteristic
only in the Rupestris ; but its filaments or threads are

finer and not as strong as those of the Riparia. The
bark of these two species will be found to peal off in
shreds, whilst the bark of the Cordifolia and others-
will peal off in flakes.

We are just in receipt (July, 1883) of the first num-
ber of the "A mpelographie Americaine." an Album of
American Grapes, now being published in France —
price 75 francs — by Em. Isard, which will contain from
80 to 90 Plates (phototypes) and descriptive text by'
Gustave Foex and Pierre Viala, all of the celebrated
National Schoorof Agriculture of Montpellier.* Of
Vitis Riparia three forms will be figured and minutely
described.

Dr. Despetis, who made the Riparia a special study ,
says that he knows 380 varieties or subvarieties of
Riparia ; some are tomentous (downy-leaved), others
glabrous (smooth-leaved) ; some have light red wood,
others dark, and some even white (gray) wood. But
they all resist everywhere and succeed generally well ;
on limestone hills, however, they do not as well as the
Jacquez (JEstivalis).

Many a grape-grower will ask : Of what practical
importance is it to know the botanic characteristics of
any species? The answer is, that it enables us to de-
termine to which species a cultivated variety belongs,
and to know thereby, beyond doubt, which qualities,
common to all descendants of such species, it will have ;.
what kind of soil or location is most suitable ; whether
it will easily grow from cuttings, be more or less
subject to certain diseases, be more or less hardy, etc.
The Vitis Riparia comprise the "most healthy and
hardy grapes of the North Central States (N. C. S.),.
formerly designated as the North-west, extending to
the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming, Colorado and New
Mexico, and is found equally healthy and more pro-
ductive at the south, in Arkansas and Texas. Hence we
may also judge, from its geographical extension, as to
its rare adaptability to various climates.

Alex. Hunger, an intelligent amateur grape-grower,
native of Switzerland, now at Sauk City, Wis., writes
us : "The woods and hills of Wisconsin are full of wild
vines, and they grow also along the streams and creeks-
The fruit of the Creek-grape (?) ripens late, tastes very
harsh and sour ; but the Sand-grape, (by which the
Riparia is evidently meant) ripens with us in August
already, is not disagreeable for eating, and makes a
wine of fine aroma. It grows often in almost pure
sand, and no cold can kill it. From the Sand-grape
the North-wresjt must get the proper varieties for its
sandy plains and hills. If I were not too old I would
cross the Sand-grape with those European grapes
which grow in my native home (canton Graubunden),
on the boundary line of wine-culture, where 'with one
hand we may touch the glaciers and with the other
pluck the noble grape.' The bunches of the Sand-
grape are of the size of the Delaware; its foliage is simi-

* The " Ecole nationale d' agriculture" at Montpellier has
not improperly been called the " Phylloxera University."
In its experimental garden, of about fifty acres, were
planted nearly all the various grape-vines of the world,
probably the most complete collection ever existing..
And when we consider that its ground is thoroughly in-
fested by the Phylloxera, thus affording the opportun jty
to test and study all the species and their varieties, with
regard to their resistibility to the disease and in other
respects, under most eminent investigators, we may well
understand what a fund of information has been added
during the last decade concerning the subject of this-
Catalogue.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Fig. 40. CORDIFOLIA.

Fig. 41. CORDIFOLIA.

Fig. 42. LABRUSCA.

Fig. 43. RIPARIA.

26 Eiparia.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Bupestris.

lar to the Taylor, darker green on its upper, lighter on
its lower face, and more glossy ; every third leaf is
without a tendril. Crosses of this northern (Riparia)
grape would seem desirable for our North-western
States."

The CLINTON is the most prominent of its cultivated
varieties, and the AUGHWICK, BURROUGHS, CHIPPEWA,
FRANKLIN, HUNTINGDON, MARION and OPORTO belong
to the same group or family. The BACCHUS is a seedling
of Clinton, and probably also SchraidV s seedling BLACK
PEARL, £icketts' PEABODY, &c. The TAYLOR was held
to belong to a somewhat different form of the Riparia,
found growing along the Alleghany range, from south-
ern New York to Alabama ; it certainly has a close re-
semblance to this form of the Riparia, but botanists
have lately discovered and established that the Taylor
is an accidental cross with Labrusca, which is con-
firmed by the character of many of its seedlings. This
variety, much esteemed for its vigorous growth, health
and hardiness, as also for its superior quality for wine,
was, however, generally unproductive on account of
its more or less deformed stamens, with short or rather
curved filaments ; a defect exhibited also in most of
the wild Riparias, which are the most profuse bloom-
ers of any grape-vines. FULLER, in his old book on
grape culture, first expressed the opinion that some
individuals of this group (Taylor, Othello, &c.) pos-
sess excellent qualities, which, when properly devel-
oped, and their defects remedied, will make the best
wine grapes in the country.

Following this suggestion of Mr. Fuller, already
quoted in the former editions of this Catalogue, a
large number of experiments have been made with
raising seedlings from Taylor and Clinton, and these
are now crowned with eminent success, having pro-
duced some of the most valuable and promising new
wine grapes, especially adapted to the wide range of
the Riparia Class. See Amber, Bacchus, Elvira, Grime's
Golden, Missouri Riesling, Montefiore, Noah, Pearl,
Transparent, Uhland, &c.

The foliage is rarely attacked by mildew, but the
leaves, possibly owing to their smoothness, are occasion-
ally injured by insect punctures. The Phylloxera pre-
fers the foliage of this class of vines to that of all others —
so that, in some seasons, it is covered with leaf-galls
made by this formidable insect. The fruit is less sub-
ject to rot, and is noted for keeping well after being
gathered from the plant. That of the northern form
is late in maturing, and seems to reach its greatest per-
fection by remaining on the vine until the thermome-
ter indicates proximity to the freezing-point, when,
even in northern localities, it proves to be a fruit of fair
quality either for table or wine. The greatest objection
to it as a wine grape is that of having too much acid.
The fruit is not so deficient in sugar as is generally
supposed, having enough of this important ingredient
for a good wine. Nor has it any foxy or musky taste
whatever, the judgment of our friends in France to
the contrary notwithstanding. The peculiar flavor in
some varieties may displease them — tastes differ ; we,
ourselves, do not admire the Clinton goflt, but it has
certainly no resemblance to what we call "foxiness,"
as the characteristic of Labrusca. The flavor of Taylor
and its seedlings seems to us unexceptionable. The
Marion and other varieties of this class may also be

preferable to Clinton in this respect. Analysis shows
that they have a sufficiency of sugar, and it seems
probable that the wines only require age to develop
their qualities.

It is known that wines of the Clinton variety, when
kept in a suitable cellar from four to six years, assume
a fine character.

The mode of management and culture has also a
decided influence upon the productiveness of this spe-
cies. The shoots on young plants in good soil grow
with much vigor during early summer,frequently form-
ing canes from 14 to 20 feet in length before the end of
the season. On these canes the best developed buds
are some distance from the base, or point of growth
on the stem ; consequently, if cut back closely at the
fall or winter pruning, the best buds for fruit-bearing
are removed, and a luxuriant growth of wood, with a
minimum crop of fruit, will be the result. The varie-
ties of this group should be planted on rather poor soil,
deeply and well cultivated, as they are naturally ram-
pant growers, and. when planted in rich soils, are al-
most uncontrolable.

The Riparia is more accommodating to various soils
than any other grape-vine ; it grows well almost every-
where, except on heavy yellow clay soil, and on lime-
stone hills it does not as well, of course, as the JSstiva-
lis : it is in name and in fact a river-bank grape.

The wood of the cultivated varieties is soft, contain-
ing a thick medulla ; cuttings will, therefore, grow very
readily. The roots are wiry and tough, with a thin,
hard liber, growing rapidly. They also possess full
powers of resistance to the Phylloxera, which is usu-
ally found in small numbers on their roots even while
their foliage is densely covered with its galls. The
roots have so much vitality that new rootlets push out
from the swellings more rapidly than the insect can
destroy them.

V. RUPESTRIS has, of late, already become of very
great value as stock for grafting. In southern Texas
some experiments are being made with Vinifera graft-
ed on Rupestris, and we predict for the same a com-
plete success. Wheresoever the Lenoir (Jacques or
Black Spanish) and Herbemont will flourish without
covering in winter and without mildew and rot in
summer, the finest European varieties will, we think,
succeed, if protected from the root-louse (Phylloxera)
by grafting on Rupestris or other resisting native stock,
best adapted to the soil and climate. In France, also,
the Rupestris is now used to some extent as a Phyl-
loxera-proof grafting stock, and is found especially
valuable on poor, rocky soil, and hot, dry, exposures,
where other sorts are less adapted. Some promising
hybrids between Rupestris and Vinifera have lately
been produced in France.

VITIS VULPINA, Linmeus. — Southern grape-growers
generally designate this species as Vitis Rotundifolia
(Michaux).

This name seems to us more appropriate. V. Rotundi-
folia signifies "round-leaved, "as this species has leaves
which are nearly round, unlike those of any other spe-
cies. V. Vulpina signifies "Fox-grape;" but it has less
resemblance than any other species with the Labrusca,
which is generally known as the Fox-grape, and, while
the name "vulpina," as the translation of or synonym
with "fox," has sometimes been applied to the "La-

Rotundifolia.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Hybrids. 27

ftrwsca" and even toother species, no other species
has ever been designated by the name "Rotundi folia."
This latter designation would avoid confusion in the
grape nomenclature and is therefore preferable. Many
botanists, including Bertram, Le Conte, Rafinesque,
Ravanel, and Buckley, followed Michaux in calling it
" Rotundifolia," and we may be excused for not fol-
lowing Linnseus in this instance, and feel justified in
thus designating this southern species as it is known
among southern people, southern grape cultivators,
and their writers. The V. Rotundifolia is strictly con-
fined to the southern States, and in foliage and wood is
very unlike any other grape, either native or foreign,
distinguishing itself by its small, roundish, shining
leaves, never lobed, and green on both sides ; by its
bright, smooth bark, never scaly or shaggy ; by its
fruit, which forms no bunches, but grows in large,
thick-skinned and pulpy berries, only about 2-4-6 in
number on a stem ; by its tendrils, which are never
forked like those of other grape-vines. The varieties
of this type cannot be grown from cuttings. Pruning
does not benefit them ; on the contrary, they must be
left to grow free, without any trimming, except cutting
off smoothly the shoots and suckers from the ground
to the lath-work or scaffold which may have been
erected to support them. Without care or labor, save
some good cultivation of the soil, they produce annu-
ally large and sure crops, being entirely free from rot
and mildew, and, it seems, also from the attacks of
insects. The Vitis Rotundifolia, so far, enjoys perfect
immunity from Phylloxera, (some galls have been
found on their leaves, but no trace of the insect on
their roots, which are of an astringent, acrid taste).
This immunity caused them to be exported into
France, but their fruit is so deficient in grape sugar
(although it tastes sweet, containing scarcely any acid)
and it is so rich in musky flavor, that it cannot satisfy
the refined French taste ; and, as a grafting stock, the
hardness of the wood and different construction of the
bark make the Rotundifolia unfit for this purpose.

P. J. Berkmans, of Augusta, Georgia, who makes
the propagation of this species a specialty, enumerates
seven varieties : SCUPPERNONG, FLOWERS, THOMAS,
MISH, TENDER PULP, PEDEE, and RICHMOND (there
exists also an Isabella-seedling under the name of
Richmond).

HYBRIDS.

Besides the varieties referred to either the one or the
other of these species, we now cultivate many grapes
which originated by cross-breeding, either through the
agency of wind or insects, or through the efforts and
skill of man.

The former or natural hybridization is no doubt of
very frequent occurrence, but, as neither the act can
well be observed, traced or recognized, nor the character
of these young seedlings thus produced be ascertained,
they are generally passed unnoticed in the vineyard, or
are destroyed. Judging from the great tendency to
variation in seedlings of cultivated varieties, we are
inclined to believe that most varieties, generally called
pure seedlings, yet so very dissimilar to their parents,
are produced by natural hybridization. But the ques-
tion arises, how are grapes thus cross-fertilized by
nature without the aid of man? " By insects " seems
scarcely a sufficient explanation ; and we venture the

the DELAWARE,

following ne\f hypothesis, viz., that the stigma of the
grape does not receive the pollen of its own individual
blossom, as probably the two are not ready for fecun-
dation at the same moment. Thus a mere kindly
breeze may be sufficient to bring about cross-fertiliza-
tion where different varieties, blooming at the same
time, are growing in proximity to each other.

Without discussing the subject any further, we state '
that we believe to recognize in

the ALVEY, a Hybrid between JE*tiv, and Vinifera:
the CREVELING, " " Labr. " Riparia;

,, ) Labr. " Vinifera, or

) Vinif. " Riparia;
the ELVIRA, " " Ripar. " Labrusca,

and so in a few others (as will be mentioned in their
description) possessing certain distinct characteristics
ot two distinct species; and, while vre do not claim
to be botanists, we are glad to find our observations
endorsed by the botanists of both this country and of
Europe.

From later observations (since the issue of our Cata-
logue, second edition) we are led to consider also the
LOUISIANA or RULANDER as hybrids between jEstivalis
and Vinifera'; and the HUMBOLDT, which the late Fr.
Muench supposed a pure seedling of the LOUISIANA, as
the result of an accidental cross between this and some
other variety.

It has already been mentioned (page 20) that the
TAYLOR is now considered a cross produced by na-
tural hybridization between a Labrusca and a Riparia.
Characteristics of both species are quite distinct in the
Taylor-Seedlings of Rommel : the AMBER, ELVIRA,
ETTA, FAITH, MONTEFIORE, PEARL ; as also in Wasser-
zieher's Taylor-Seedling NOAH, &c. Accidental crosses
between different varieties of the same species must be
more frequent, though admitted but in few varieties,
such as BEAUTY (Catawba crossed with Maxatawny),
and NIAGARA (Concord crossed with Cassady), and ge-
nerally claimed to be "pure seedlings."

The second class, hybrids produced by artificial
cross-fertilization, though of but recent date, are now
very numerous, and very interesting and important re-
sults have been attained through this agency. When
the supposition that the seedlings from foreign spe-
cies, raided in our own soil and climate, would be more
hardy, proved fallacious, efforts were made to secure
hybrids between the native grapes and Vitis Vinifera,
as it was hoped thus to combine the superior excel-
lence of the foreign with the Health and vigor of our
native plants, and in the opinion of some eminent hor-
ticulturists this desirable result has already been very
nearly or quite accomplished.

But for practical grape-culture on a large scale, all
hybrids produced by crossing the foreign on our native
grapes have generally given unsatisfactory results in
this country. It is a remarkable fact that some of these
hybrids are very successful in Europe, as the TRIUMPH,
a cross between Concord and Chasselas mosquee by
Campbell ; the OTHELLO, a cross between V. Riparia
and Black Hamburg by Arnold ; BLACK EAGLE and
BLACK DEFIANCE, crosses between Concord and Black
St. Peters by Underbill.® These and some other hy-

* CROTON, a cross between Delaware and. Chasselas;
suffers from Phylloxera almost as badly as its parent,
the Chasselas de Fontainbleau.

28 Hybrids.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Location,

brids have evidently inherited from the American pa-
rent the Phylloxera-resisting root, but also from the
European parent the non-resistance to our climatic in-
fluences and the great sensibility to mildew and rot.
In localities of this country where these destructive
influences and diseases do not prevail, most of these
hybrids will prove highly satisfactory ; they are —

A. Hybrids between Labrusca and Vinifera:

ADELAIDE,

AGAWAM,

ALLEN'S HYBRID,

AMINIA (R. 39),

BARRY,

BLACK DEFIANCE,

BLACK EAGLE,

BURNET,

CLOVER STR. BLACK,

CLOVER STR. RED,

CONCORD CHASSELAS,

CONCORD MUSCAT,

DIANA HAMBURG,

DON JUAN,

DOWNING,

EARLY DAWN,

ESSEX,

EXCELSIOR,

GARTNER,

GOETHE,

HERBERT,

HIGHLAND,

IMPERIAL,

IRWING,

LlNDLEY.

MASSASOIT,

MERRIMAC,

PLANET,

REQUA,

ROGERS' HYBRIDS,*

SALEM,

SENASQUA,

TRIUMPH,

WILDER,

and many more, less known.

B. Hybrids between Riparia and Vinifera :

ADVANCE, NAOMI,

ARIADNE, NEWARK,

AUGUST GIANT, OTHELLO,

AUTUCHON, PlZARRO,

BRANDT, QUASSAIC,

CANADA, SECRETARY, •

CORNUCOPIA, WAVERLEY.

C. HYBRIDS between Varieties of American species and
Hybrids, especially Delaware.

ALMA (Bacchus with Hybr.)
BERCKMANS (Clinton with Del.)
BRIGHTON (Concord with Diana Hamb.)
CENTENNIAL (Eumelan with Del.)
DUCHESS (w. Concord with Del.)
EL DORADO (Cone, with Allen's Hybr.)
GOLDEN GEM (lona with Del.)
LADY WASHINGTON (Cone, with Allen's Hybr.)
MONROE (Concord with Del.)
POUGHKEEPSIE (I0na with Del. or Walter).
PURITY (? on Del.)
RARITAN (Concord with Del.)
ROCHESTER (Diana with Del.)
WALTER (Del. with Diana),
and others ; mostly new.

These are considered very promising, and some, as
the BRIGHTON, the DUCHESS, the LADY WASHINGTON,
are already highly esteemed ; it is supposed that they
will become more successful, their origin being three-
fourths native. But for localities where the Delaware,
or other hybrid parent, does not succeed, mainly on
account of mildew., we cannot share the high expecta-
tions for any of them expressed by others. The efforts
of hybridizers therefore have been, of late, wisely direc-
ted to the producing of crosses between purely native

* Not named.

varieties; most remarkable among the new grapes thus
produced are the JEFFERSON (white Concord with lona)
and the EMPIRE STATE (a seedling of the Hartford
Prolific fertilized with the Clinton), both by Ricketts.
And it seems that in these, fine quality and beauty of
fruit are united with a strong vigorous growth of vine
and thick, mildew-resisting foliage.

In the former editions of this Catalogue we alrea-
dy expressed our conviction that the production of
healthy, successful Hybrid grapes from tender, unreli-
able natives, such as the lona, with the here still more
unhealthy Vinifera, is highly improbable, especially
when some glasshouse-grown variety of the latter is
used for that purpose. European horticulturists are
now largely engaged there in producing new hybrids
between American and their own varieties ; but it is
doubtful whether even these will prove a great gain for
American grape culture here. Its progress depends,
we think, on the production of grapes from the seed of
our native species, and from cross-breeding their best
varieties, carefully selecting those most adapted to our
own locality.

LOCATION.

The only general rules we can give to guide
in the selection of a proper, desirable location
for vineyards, are :

I. A good win e-gro wing region is one where
the season of growth is of sufficient length to
ripen to perfection our best wine grapes, ex-
empt from late spring frosts, heavy summer
dews, and early frosts in autumn. Do not at-
tempt, therefore, to cultivate the grape in low,
damp valleys, along creeks ; high table-lands
and hillsides, with their dry atmosphere and
cool breezes, are preferable to rich bottom lands;
low situations, where water can collect and
stagnate about the roots, will not answer; wher-
ever we find the ague an habitual guest with
the inhabitants, we need not look for healthy
grape-vines ; but on the hillsides, gentle slopes,
along large rivers and lakes, on the bluffs over-
hanging the banks of our large streams, where
the fogs arising from the water give sufficient
humidity to the atmosphere, even in the hot-
test summer days, to refresh the leaf during
the night and morning hours, there is the lo-
cation for the culture of the grape. Shelter
has also an important bearing on the healthy
growth of the vines ; some well-located vine-
yards have not proven lucrative for the want
of proper shelter ; where it is not afforded by
woods growing near by, it shoud be provided
for by planting trees ; large trees, however,
should not be planted sc near the vines as to
interfere with their roots. One of our vine-
yards has been thus protected by an arbor
vitae fence from the north and west winds.
This fence is now 15 years old, over 8 feet high,
and is considered one of the finest ornaments
to our grounds. There are some locations so

Preparing.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Planting. 29

favored that no artificial protection is needed.
Remember, however, that no one locality is
suited to all kinds of grapes. (See page 6).

2. A good soil for the vineyard should be a
dry, calcareous loam, sufficiently deep (say 3
feet), loose and friable, draining itself readily.
A sandy, yet moderately rich soil is better
adapted to most varieties than heavy clay.
New soils, both granitic and limestone, made
up by nature of decomposed stone and leaf-
mould, are to be preferred to those that have
long been in cultivation, unless these have been
put in clover and rested a few years. If you
have such a location and soil, seek no further,
ask no chemist to analyze its ingredients, but
.go at once to

PREPARING THE SOIL..

" The preparation of the soil is undoubtedly
one of the most important operations in the
•establishment of a vineyard, and one of its
objects should be to get the soil of a uniform
texture and richness throughout, but not over-
rich. This deep stirring of the soil puts it very
much in the condition of a sponge, which ena-
bles it to draw moisture from the soil beneath
And from the atmosphere above, and hold it for
the wants of the plant ; hence, soils that are
drained and deeply stirred, keeping the good
soil on the surface, are less subject to the evils
that accompany and follow a drought than
those that are not so treated. It is of the first
importance, therefore, that vineyards and or-
chards at least should be put in the best condi-
tion for the reception of the vines and trees, if
the best results are aimed at." Pet. Henderson.

The old system of trenching is no more prac-
ticed, except upon very hard, stony soil, and
upon steep hillsides, being too costly and of
very little, if of any, advantage. The plow has
taken the place of the spade, and has greatly
lessened the expense. While we would urge a
thorough work in the preparation of the soil
before planting the vine, and warn against
planting in ditches, or, still worse, in square
holes, we believe that by careful grubbing (in
timber lands), leaving no stumps, which would
only be continual eyesores and hindrances to
proper cultivation, and then, using a large
breaking plow, followed by the subsoil plow,
the soil will be stirred as deeply (say 20 inches)
.as is really necessary to insure a good and
healthy growth of vines. This will require two
to three yoke of oxen to each plow, according
to the condition of the soil. For old ground a
'Common two-horse plow, with a span of strong
horses or cattle, followed in the same furrow

by a subsoil stirrer, will be sufficient to stir the
soil deeply and thoroughly, and will leave it as
mellow and as nearly in its natural position as
desirable. This may be done during any time
of the year when the ground is open and not too
wet. Most soils would be benefited by under-
draining; the manner of doing this is the same
as for other farm crops, except that for vines
the drains should be placed deeper ; it is less
important on our hillsides, and too costly to
be here practiced to a great extent ; wet spots,
however, must, be drained at least by gutters,
and, to prevent the ground from washing, small
ditches should be made, leading into a main
ditch. Steep hillsides, if used at all, should be
terraced.

PLANTING.

The soil being thus thoroughly prepared and
in good friable condition, you are ready for
planting. The proper season for doing this here,
is in the fall, after the 1st of November, or in
the spring, before the 1st of May. Seasons dif-
fer and sometimes make later planting advisa-
ble, but never during frost nor while the ground
is too wet. If you have been delayed with your
work of preparing the soil in spring, the young
plants from the nursery should be hilled in
some cool, dry place and covered, so that their
vegetation be retarded ; if they have already
made shoots, be specially careful to guard
against their roots getting dry. Most vine-
yards are planted ^n spring; in northern and
very cold localities, this may be preferable.
We prefer fall planting ; the ground will gen-
erally be in better condition, as we have better
weather in the fall, and more time to spare.
The ground can settle among the roots in win-
ter ; the roots will have healed and calloused
over, new rootlets will issue early in spring be-
fore the condition of the ground would have
permitted planting, and the young plants,
commencing to grow as soon as the frost is
out of the ground, will start with full vigor
in spring. To prevent the roots from being
thrown to the surface by alternate freezing and
thawing, a mound of earth hoed up around the
plants, or a ridge thrown up with a plow so as
to elevate the ground somewhat in the rows,
will be found to afford all the protection neces-
sary. By no means delay planting till late in
spring, and, if your ground is not ready in time,
you had much better cultivate it with corn or
hoed crops or some kind, and postpone plant-
ing until next fall. Planting in rows, six feet
apart, is now the usual method ; it gives
sufficient space for a horse and man to pass
through with plow or cultivator ; the distance

30 Planting.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Seed Culture.

in the rows varies somewhat
with the growth of the different
varieties and the richness of the
soil. Most of our strong vigorous,
growers, the Concord, Ives,
Hartford, Clinton, Taylor, Nor-
ton, Herbemont, will need 8 to
10 ft. in the rows ; Scuppernongs
are planted 20 to 80 feet apart ;
while the Delaware, Catawba,
Creveling, lona, may have suffi-
cient room when planted 6 feet
apart. The dwarfing treatment practiced with
European varieties, especially by German vint-
ners, will not do for American vines, which
must have ample room to spread and a free cir-
culation of air. The number of vines required
to set an acre (containing 43,560 square feet)
will be —

One acre = 41 ares French measure, or one hectare
nearly equal to two and a half acres.

Having determined the distance at which you
desire to plant the vines, mark off the rows,
running them parallel, and with the most level
lines of your slope or hillside, so that you may
easily plow between the rows and that the
ground may not wash. (On an eastern slope
the rows will therefore run in a direction from
north to south, which most vine-dressers pre-
fer.) Be careful, on sloping ground, to leave
spaces for surface drains ; the steeper the hill-
sides the more frequent must these surface
drains be. Then divide the rows into the de-
sired distances by the aid of a stretched line,
and put small stakes where each plant is to
stand. Now, if the ground is sufficiently dry
so as to pulverize easily, make the holes to re-
ceive the vines as shown in Fig. 44. The depth
of those holes must necessarily vary somewhat
with the nature of the soil. On very steep hill-
sides, and especially on southern slopes, with
naturally warm, dry soil, you must plant deep-

Dixtanre, feet.

Metres.

Number.

6 ft. by 6 ft

.... 1 '» 85 by 1 m 85 ....

1,210

6 ft. by 7 ft. .

.... 1 m 85 by 2 m 15

1,037

6 ft. by 8 ft

. . . 1 m 85 by 2 m 46

. ... 907

6 ft. by 9 ft

1 ra 85 by 2 m 75

807

6 ft. by 10 ft.

... 1 m 85 by 3 ra

725

7 ft. by 7 ft

... 2 m 18 by 2 m 15 . .

889

7 ft. by 8 ft

2 ni 15 by 2 m 46 . .

. ... 777

7 ft. by 9 ft

.... 2 m 15 by 2 m 75 ...

690

7 ft. by 10 ft. ...

. 2 m 15 by 3 m

622

8 ft. by 8 ft.

2"' 46 by 2m 46

680

8 ft. by 9 ft. . .

. . 2 ra 46 by 2 m 75 .

605

8ft. by 10 ft, ...

.. 2m46by3m

545

9ft. bv 9ft. ...

.... 2 ra 75 by 2 m 75

537

9 ft. by 10 ft.

... 2 ra 75 by^3 >»

. ... 484

10 ft. by 10 ft.

3 m by 3 ra

435

Fig. 44.

er than on gentle slopes with deep, rich soil,,
or on bottom land and rich prairies. Eight
inches will be deep enough on the latter*; on the
former we should plant from twelve to fourteen
inches deep.

Having made the holes — and it is best not to
make too many at a time, as the ground will
dry out too quickly — you can go to planting. In
planting it is important to give the roots their
former position, and to have them each and all
firmly surrounded with good fine soil, press-
ing it down with the hands or foot ; then fill up
the hole with earth, forming a very small hill
over the head of the plant, so that no part of it
may dry up, yet so as to permit the young ten-
der shoot to penetrate easily.

Every beginner in Grape culture knows that
young rooted vines are used for planting, wheth-
er it be for whole vineyards or merely for the
garden or arbor, and that such young vines are
usually raised in the nursery from cuttings or
layers. But the reason why they are not grown
from seeds is not generally so well known, and
even among old experienced grape- growers
some erroneous ideas prevail with regard to
seed culture and questions connected with this,
now more than ever important and interesting
subject. It is scarcely necessary to mention
that the wild grape grows and propagates itself
from seed only. This wild grape constant-
ly reproduces itself ; i. e., its seedlings do
not materially differ from their parent vines.
Transplanted into richer soil, and receiving
care and cultivation, its berries may increase
in size, and in the course of years may some-
what improve and change its character ; if,
then, we take the seed of this cultivated vine,
especially if it was grown in proximity to other
different grapes, the seedlings of these will
more materially differ. So great is this tend-
ency to variation, that of a hundred seedlings
of one cultivated vine scarcely two will be
found exactly alike ; some will differ widely ;
nearly one-half will be male plants and will not
produce any fruit at all, while most of th&
others will retrograde to their wild origin, and

Planting.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Seed Culture. 31

scarcely one, perhaps, be an improvement on
the cultivated parent.

The layer or the cutting of a grape-vine will,
on the contrary, exactly reproduce the parent
vine from which it was taken, and even any
transplanting of the same, into a widely differ-
ent locality, cannot change it. The differences
in soil and climate may improve or impair the
vigor of the vine and its foliage, the size and
quality of its fruit ; in other words, they may
be more or less favorable to the development
of its inherent qualities, to the good or ill suc-
cess of the variety ; but they will never materi-
ally change it in appearance, form, taste, color —
much less in its botanical characteristics.* The
practical grape-grower, therefore, who desires
to plant certain varieties, all fruit-bearing, will
not plant seeds, nor young plants raised from
seeds — although some theorists pretend that
the long continued propagation and culture of
the grape from the wood was the cause of its
recent failures to withstand diseases, insects,
and other parasites. Careful and unprej udiced
investigation and reasoning as well as practical
experiments have fully established the facts :
that seedlings resist no more successfully than
plants from cuttings, nor are they much less
sensitive to the vicissitudes of climate ; and that
the long continued culture and propagation
from wood has nothing to do with the greater
or less resistance to diseases, nor has their cel-
lular tissue been softened thereby.

For practical grape culture we should use
none but the best rooted plants of those kinds
which we wish to produce. Some vintners, from
supposed economy, use only cuttings to plant
their vineyards, placing two cuttings where
one vine is to grow ; but the result generally is
unsatisfactory, especially with American va-
rieties, most of which do not root as easily as
those of the European Vinifera class, and make
much replanting necessary ; and where both
cuttings do grow, one must be pulled out.
Those vintners would do better, by far, by
first growing their cuttings one or two years in
nursery rows, and afterwards transplanting
the best of them to their intended vineyard.

But if we desire to obtain NEW varieties we
must plant seed. This is a far more uncertain,

* The erroneous opinion that a grape transplanted
to other countries may become entirely changed by in-
fluences of climate and soil was often supported by errors
or deceptions in transplanting a vine or culling, not true
to name. Thus the famous Tokay grape was supposed to
have been transplanted to the Rhine 150 years ag_o, and,
as it was there found to be a miserable grape, quite dif-
ferent from the noble Tokay, this was ascribed to the
influence of the different soil. But lately it has been
discovered that the grape transplanted from Tokay (in
Hungary), and known in Germany under the nickname
" Putzsi'here" (Snuffers), is the same grape which also
grows at Tokay and is known there under the name
" Qyonyszulo" (white pearl) , and that it is there also of
poor quality, and is not the excellent variety "Prumtnt"
of which the celebrated Tokay wine is made.

slow and difficult operation than most people
imagine, and but very few have been successful
in it. Just as some careful breeders of animals
have succeeded in raising improved kinds, on
which they engrafted certain qualities by cross-
ing, so have horticulturists endeavored to reach
the same end by hybridizing the best varieties
of grapes and planting their seeds, having due
regard to tb.e characteristics of the parents
from which they breed. (See "Hybrids, "p. 28.)

But of late still another very important func-
tion has been assigned to seed planting, name-
ly, to produce in Europe (especially where the
import of our cuttings and rooted plants has
been prohibited) American vines, which resist
the Phylloxera, as grafting stocks. For, how-
ever great the tendency to variation is in seed-
lings, still, under all circumstances and changes
of soil and climate, they retain the Phylloxera-
resisting root as well as other botanical charac-
teristics of their parents.* During the last few
years w'e have furnished several thousands of
pounds of grape-seed to Austria, Italy, Spain,
and Portugal. The reports of their germina-
tion were generally favorable, while seeds sent
by others mostly failed. The following report
of v. Babo, kindly furnished us this spring
(1883) is certainly both reliable and interesting
in this respect : " Of the grape-seeds received
from you last year, the Riparia sprouted best ;
so well, indeed, that we can scarcely manage
the innumerable small seedlings. All the other
seedlings (from cultivated sorts) show great
variety in fruit, color, foliage, &c. Most varia-
ble are those from Taylor seed ; from the 2,500
bearing vines raised from seed of this one va-
riety, a hundred distinct sorts can easily be
selected. The young plants from Riparia seed
seem not to vary much, as we can find but very
little essential difference in their foliage."

We do not intend here to discuss the vari-
ous modes of multiplication or propagation of
grape-vinus from cuttings, layers or single eyes
(buds), still less the methods of producing new
varieties from seed and of hybridizing, as this
would far exceed the scope of this brief manual,
nor do we desire to say whether plants grown
from cuttings, from single eyes or from layers,
are preferable. Propagators and nurserymen
are not considered disinterested, impartial
judges on this question. But we may reasona-
bly suppose that those who read this catalogue
are either our customers or desire to purchase
rooted vines from us, and want to get the best
plants. Vines raised from layers were in for-
mer years held to be superior, and are still pre-

*For this purpose it is best to use the seed of the wild
grape, especially of JEstivalis and of Riparia ; the seed of
hybrids should not be used.

32 Planting.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Grafting.

ferred by many, but unprejudiced and observ-
ing cultivators have found that they only look
stronger and finer, but are not as goo./ as plants
properly grown from cuttings or single-eyes, of
mature, healthy wood. The disposition to ra-
pidly multiply the new varieties of grapes has
led to the production of vast numbers of vines
from summer layers, or, still worse, from
green cuttings. The plants so produced usually
prove a disappointment to the planter, and
injure the reputation of new varieties.

Our German and French vine-dressers gene-
rally practiced growing vines from long cut-
tings, but short (two or three eyej cuttings will
usually make stronger and better ripened roots.
Others again have obtained the best results
from single-eye plants, and consequently pre-
fer them. The celebrated French ampelograph
Dr. Jules Guyot praised single-eye cuttings as
physically and physiologically most approach-
ing to those raised from seed. We have tried
all, and find that it makes very little difference
how the vine has been produced and raised,
provided it has strong, firm, healthy, well-
ripened roots, and wood, with plump and per-
fect buds. (We never found any grown from
green or unhealthy wood that had them.) As
a general rule, a well grown vine is in its best
condition for planting when one year old.
Fuller and some other good authorities prefer
two-year old transplanted vines ; vines older
than two years should not be planted, and so-
called extra large layers " for immediate bear-
ing" are a humbug.

There is, however, one method of propagat-
ing the grape, namely, by GRAFTS, which be-
longs more properly to the sphere of the culti-
vator, the vineyardist, than the nurseryman
or propagator, and which presents itself under
aspects almost entirely new.

GRAFTING.

Grafting the grape-vine is now practiced on
a gigantic scale in Europe, where the contin-
ued inroads of the Phylloxera have carried
devastation and destruction over an immense
area of vineyards, once thrifty and blooming.
Many methods have been tried ; untold sums
of money have been expended in vain attempts
to check the march of this terrible enemy of
the European grape; but, alas ! these attempts
have practically proved to be failures. By the
application and continued use of chemical in-
secticides some vineyards have been kept up
in a state of comparative health and produc-
tiveness ; but, unfortunately, the cost of these
annual applications is too high for general use,
and can only be afforded by the proprietors of

the most renowned vineyards, the "grand
crus," whose products command such extraor-
dinary prices as to cover the extraordinary
expenses of preserving them by this means.
Vineyards which can be entirely submerged
in water every winter, for a period of at least
fifty days, can also be maintained in spite of the
Phylloxera. And, finally, vines planted in soil
containing at least 60 per cent, of pure sand
(silica) offer also a comparative resistance to
the insect.

These three means of maintaining the Euro-
pean grape in spite of the Phylloxera apply
themselves only in such exceptional cases, how-
ever, that European grape culture would be
doomed to an almost entire destruction were
it not for the American vine coming to the aid
of its European sister. The American vine,
with its strong, robust system, and its tough,
vigorous root, resists the Phylloxera, and by
lending its root to the European vine makes
the reconstruction of the devastated vineyards
possible.

When the last edition of our catalogue was
published (1875) this matter was stil a problem,
and many then doubted whether the solution,
p< tsitively and practically, would be a satisfac-
tory one. To-day this problem is solved, and
it is placed beyond all doubt that the use of the
American resistant vine as a grafting stock for
the European grape (V. Vinifera) is the true
solution of the Phylloxera question for the Eu-
ropean vintner — that solution which. alone has
so far been found generally applicable, gener-
ally practical, and generally satisfactory.

Millions upon millions of vines are now
grafted in Europe every spring, some on simple
cuttings, some on nursery plants, and others
in vineyard plantations ; but in all cases the
grafting stock is of American descent. The
stocks most generally employed for this pur-
pose are types of our wild Vitis Riparia,
which probably constitutes four-fifths of the
grafting stocks now employed, having been
found to adapt themselves to nearly all kinds
of soils and exposures, and uniting the greatest
powers of resistance to the insect with a re-
markable facility of rooting from cuttings and
of receiving the graft of the V. Vinifera.

We will be pardoned for mentioning here
with a certain degree of pride and satisfaction,
that we were the first to recommend and to
bring this valuable grafting stock to the notice
of the French grape-growers (in Dec., 1875) and
to place it in their hands in sufficient quanti-
ties to test its merits, which merits they soon
learned to appreciate. Since then the French
vintners have propagated and increased the
stock in a wonderful degree, and last winter

Grafting.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Grafting. 33-

the single Department of Herault alone fur-
nished not less than twenty millions of plants
and cuttings of lUparia, all to be grafted with
the European grape.

The results obtained by grafting the V. Vini-
fera on American roots have generally been
found so satisfactory, not only as the means of
resisting the Phylloxera, but also as imparting
greater vigor and productiveness to the Euro-
pean grape, that the practice of grafting on
American stocks would probably be continued
even if the dreaded Phylloxera were to sud-
denly and entirely disappear. Unfortunately,
the very reverse, the increase and spread of the
insect, is far more probable; and the sooner
those grape-growers of southern Europe whose
territory is not yet infested by this scourge
reconcile themselves to the idea of reconstruct-
ing their precious but doomed vineyards by
the means of grafting on American Phylloxera-
resisting stocks, the better it will be for them.

We hope our American readers will excuse
these rather lengthy remarks about " grafting
in Europe"; but some of them, especially our
friends in California, where the European grape
forms the main basis of grape culture, may find
them of some practical interest.

The question of grafting the grape-vine has
many other points of interest for us, aside from
the object of placing a variety which is subject
to the Phylloxera beyond the pernicious influ-
ence of this insect. Thus another object for
which grafting is very desirable is the early
testing of new varieties. By grafting on a vig-
orously bearing vine we will generally obtain
bearing wood, and sometimes even fruit, at
the first season. We are also enabled, by graft-
ing, to turn old vigorous vines of perhaps some
worthless variety to good account, as with a
little trouble and care and the loss of only one
year we can change them into some choice and
valuable variety. Before we enter into the de-
tails of the modus operandi of grafting, we will
first speak of the conditions generally consid-
ered essential to the successful performance of
the operation.

First. THE STOCK. Judging from our own
experience, we cannot side with those who
claim that in all cases the stock and scion
should belong to the same class in order to in-
sure perfect success.

A point which is of far more importance is
the perfect health and vigor of the stock. We
should never select a sickly or diseased vine,
nor one subject to the attacks of the Phyllox-
era, as a stock to graft upon. Even if the graft
should live it will thrive but poorly, unless in-
deed it belongs to some very vigorous variety
and is grafted deeply enough below the sur-

face, to form its own roots ; these will then sup-
port it entirely, and it will soon dissolve its
union with the unhealthy stock. But even in
this case it will require years to overcome the
effects of the uncongenial partnership. If the
object in grafting is to guard a variety subject
to the Phylloxera against the ravages of this
insect, we should select for the stock a vine of a
strong and vigorous variety, which possesses
recognized powers of resistance to the insect.
The graft should then be inserted as near the
surface of the ground as possible, and, where
practicable, even above it. Some have asserted
that the stock and scion should be of varieties
as near alike in vigor of growth as possible,
but with this we cannot agree. We should
invariably prefer to graft a weak grower on a
strong one.

Second. THE SCION. This should come from
a healthy and short-jointed cane of last sum-
mer's growth, and of moderate size (a little
stouter than an ordinary lead pencil is the
thickness that we prefer). It should be cut
from the vine before very hard-freezing weath-
er, and kept in a cool cellar, either in damp
moss, sand, or sawdust, or buried in the ground.
In case the grafting is to be performed late in
spring, the scion may be kept dormant in an
ice-house.

Third. WHEN TO GRAFT. The best time, as
far as days and months are concerned, varies,
of course, with the locality and latitude; but,
as a rule, we would state that the vine cannot
be grafted with good success, either while the
sap is running so freely as to cause the vine
when cut to bleed heavily, as it is termed, nor
yet (except by the process of inarching, of which
hereafter) from the time in the spring, or ra-
ther in the early summer, when the young
shoots begin to turn hard and fibrous ; this pe-
riod generally commences about the time of the
bloom, and lasts until after the fall of the leaf.
This reduces the time for successful grafting to
two periods, the first one lying between the fall
of the leaf , and the rising of active circulation
in the spring, and the second one commencing
after this exceedingly strong flow of sap has
abated and lasting until the full development
of the first young growth.

In the more southern States grafting may be
successfully and practically performed during
the first period. In fact, the late Dr. A. P. Wy-
lie, of Chester, S. C., considered the fall or early
winter, in that latitude, as the proper time for
grafting. Farther north, and even in the lati-
tude of St. Louis, fall grafting is not quite as
certain, for even when protected by a mulch
of straw or leaves the graft is in danger of be-
ing thrown out by the heaving of the ground

34 Grafting.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Grafting.

caused by the frost. In this latitude, however,
we often have fine days in February and early
in March, when the ground is open and before
the active flow of sap has commenced, which
should be improved for the operation. Still
farther north, where the ground opens late
and spring comes in abruptly, these days are
generally so few that they can seldom be made
of any use. For these latitudes the best oppor-
tunity lies in the second period, or during the
time in which the sap has ceased its active flow
and exudes from the wound in a gummy state.
Some even claim good success in mid-summer
with scions of the same season's growth.

In describing the operation proper, of graft-
ing in the several different methods, we do not
think that we could give better directions than
by following largely an excellent new French
work, " Traite the'orique et pratique du Greffage de
la Vigne," by AIME CHAMPIN, an eminent and
most intelligent practical vineyardist, and a
most spirited and elegant writer, who has
treated the subject in an exhaustive work.
His book has also been translated into the Ger-
man language by Dr. ROESLER. (" Der Wein-
bau, seine Cultur und Veredlung, von Aime
Champin. A. Hartleben & Co. : Wien, 1882.")
To Mr. Champin we are also indebted for the
cuts relating to grafting, which are part of the
seventy excellent illustrations embellishing
Mr. Champin's work. These cuts were drawn
from Nature, with rare accuracy and skill, by
Miss Aim^e Champin. To all who are inter-
ested in the question of grape grafting, we nan
recommend this work as one of the very best
on the subject.

Fig. 45.

The method of grafting most generally ap-
plied for larger stocks, or for plants which are
already established in the open ground, is
"CLEFT GRAFTING." After clearing away the
soil around the collar of the stock to be oper-
ated upon,, to the depth of 3 or 4 inches, select
a place below the surface with a smooth exte-
rior around the collar ; just above this place
cut the vine off horizontally with a tine- toothed
saw, or, in the case of smaller stocks, with a
sharp knife ; , then split the stock with a com-
mon grafting chisel, or other sharp instrument,
so that the cleft will run down about 1 \ or 2
inches. Insert the small end of the grafting
chisel, or a narrow wedge, in the centre of the
cleft in order to keep it open, and then with a
very sharp knife cut your scion — which may be
3 to 4 inches long and have one or two eyes —
to a long wedge-shape at the lower end, so as
to fit the cleft, leaving the outer side a trifle
thicker than the inner one ; insert it in the
cleft so that the inner bark of both stock and
scion may as much as possible make a close fit
on each other ; then withdraw the wedge in the
centre, and the scion will be held firmly in its
place by the pressure of the stock. If the stock
is a large one two scions may be inserted, one
on each side. This mode of grafting answers
for stocks varying from one-half to three inches
in diameter. (See Figs. 45 and 46.)

Though not absolutely necessary with large
stocks, it is best to wind the grafted plant
tightly with some strong coarse string, or other
suitable material, in order to bind stock and
graft together. Then cover it with a grafting-
clay ; this clay is best made by thoroughly mix-
ing one part fresh cowdung with four parts of
ordinary tenacious clay. Grafting- wax, such as

Fig. 40.

Grafting.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Grafting. 35

is generally used for tree and other grafting,
cannot be recommended for the grape, as the
tallow and rosin seem to have a deleterious
influence.

To complete the operation, replace the soil,
filling it up so that the upper bud on the scion
will be level with the surface. A shade placed
so as to protect it from the noonday sun, or a
slight mulch, is very desirable.

This method of grafting may also be em-
ployed for small stocks ; when the stock is
nearly the same size as the scion a perfect con-
tact of the, bark (liber) can be obtained on
both sides. (See Fig. 47.)

Or two scions may also be inserted in a stock
of a little larger size (see Fig. 48).

It can also be employed for grafting cuttings
on cuttings (as figured in Fig. 49), though for
this, and in fact for all small stocks grafted
out of the ground, we would prefer the WHIP-
GRAFT, or, better yet, the " CHAMPIN-GRAFT,"
of which we will speak later.

Another mode of cleft-grafting, which, though
a little more tedious, is perhaps also that much
more certain, is to saiv a slit in the stock about
one and a half inches deep with a thick-bladed
or wide-set saw, instead of using the chisel.
The cleft thus made must be spread open suffi-
cient only to receive the scion, which must be
cut to fit nicely in the slit, with its upper por-
tion resting, with a square shoulder each side,
on the stock. In this instance we prefer to graft
with two buds, the lower one of which should
be the point where to cut the shoulders. In
other respects the same rules apply to this mode
as those given before. The greatest advantage
is that we can always make a clean straight
cleft, even when the stock is gnarly or twisted.

As the slit cut by the saw is always of a
uniform thickness, the scions may be prepared
beforehand in the house during a rainy day/ or
in the evening, and kept in damp moss until
wanted.

We spoke before of the "WHIP-GRAFT" and
the "CHAMPIN-GRAFT" as being preferable
for small stocks or for cuttings grafted upon
cuttings. The ordinary whip-graft (the greffe
anglaise of the French) is well known to our
horiculturists, and, probably, to most of our
readers ; it is this graft which is most gener-
ally employed by our nurserymen in the propa-
gation of all small fruit trees, in making root-
grafts, and it is especially convenient for graft-
ing in-doors, for the "graft on the table" or for
the "graft by the hearth-stone," as the French
designate it.

In France millions of this grape-graft are
made every winter, mostly on rooted plants of
one year's growth, but very many also on sim-
ple cuttings of Phylloxera-resisting varieties.

The stocks and scions should both be pro-
vided in good season and kept well-preserved
in sand, sawdust, moss, or other suitable ma-
terial, and stowed away in a convenient place in
the cellar. For this
method of grafting
it is very desirable,
though not really es-
sential, that the stock
and scion should be as
nearly as possible of
a uniform size. The
ordinary whip-graft,
as employed for the
grape, is best ex-
plained by the ac-
companying Figs. 50
and 51.

Fig. 47.

Fig. 48.

Fig, 49.

Fig. 50.

Fig. 51.

36 Graftinrj.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Grafting.

The improved whip-grafting, or the "Cham-
pin-graft" (la greffe Champin), we will de-
scribe by a free translation of that chapter of
his book treating thereon :

Let us operate first on a rooted plant or a
rooted internode ; with the pruning shears, or
better still with the knife, cut off the top as
close as possible below an eye or joint at the
collar. After the top has been taken off there
remains but little difference between a plant
and a rooted joint.* With a coarse rag wipe
off all sand and grit from that portion of the
shoot to be grafted. Then with a grafting-
knife, which should be simple and strong, with
a very thin, but wide, and not too long blade
(see Fig. 52), make a nice, straight and regular

G

Fig. 52.

slit or cleft, from above downwards, and at one-
third or one-fourth of the diameter (1£ to 2J
inches in length), according to the size of the
subject (Fig. 53). Then, holding the stock in
your left hand in the manner shown in Fig. 54,
with the palm of the hand turned up, cut the
thickest part of the split end to an exact smooth
level, of equal length as the cleft, as shown in
Fig. 55.

Fig. 54.

Fig. 53.

• By "rooted joints " (inerithulle rncine* Mr. Chauj-
pin designates portions of a cane, layered the previous
summer, which has sent out roots from itsdifferent eyes
or nodes. For grafting purposes, it will be seen, these
rooted internodes answer all purposes ii they have good
strong roots, even though no top growth has pushed
from the eyes which were buried iu the ground.

Fig. 55. Fig. 5H.

This operation is not at all difficult ; but, in
order to perform it easily, it requires a very
sharp knife, ground to a fine edge from the
upper side only.

The graft or scion, which should be selected
as nearly as possible corresponding in size or
thickness with the stock, and generally with
two eyes, is prepared, split and cut precisely in
the same manner as the stock, except only, of
course, that the cleft and level will be at the
lower extremity instead of at the upper. (See
G, Fig. 55.)

Having thus prepared both stock and scion,,
it is a very easy matter to unite and adjust
them, as shown by Fig. 56, taking care that
the bark of both fit together exactly and snug-
ly, at least on one side.

The graft is now ready for the tie, which
should be of some st»ong pliable material. Lin-
den-bass is very good, but any small, strong
twine will answer. In France, " Raphia," the
product of a palm leaf, is used very extensively
for this purpose. The tie should be adjusteoL
firmly.

Grafting.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Grafting. 37

Fig. 57 shows a well-
made "Champin-graft."

It now remains to be
covered with a thin but
well-applied coating of
grafting-clay,* and after
that will be ready for
planting out ; or, if the
operation is performed in
winter, before the planting
season, it may be stored
in the cellar, or some other
suitable place, carefully
packed away in sand or
sawdust.

The operation of graft-
ing upon simple cuttings
is performed in precisely
the same manner. A
grafted cutting is shown
in Fig. 58.

The grafted cutting
should be planted out in
nursery rows and grown
there for one season before
they are set out for per-
manent vineyard planta-

Fig. 57.

tion. This plan is now pursued on
a very extensive scale in France.

It may sometimes be desirable to
graft on a layered cane ; for instance,
in filling a vacancy in a vineyard-row,
or in cases where no good place can
be obtained for inserting a graft at
the collar of an old vine to be operated

* A narrow strip of tin -foil, wound around
the graft, makes an excellent substitute for
grafting clay or wax If well put on, it will
exclude all air and moisture. Narrow strips
or bands of elastic india-rubber are also used
very extensively in France ; these are wound
around the graft and serve at once as tie and
mastic. They offer besides the great ad-
vantage that they will expand with the growth of the
stock and consequently will not strangle the graft, as
it is sometimes the case with other ties when not re-
moved in time. These rubber bands should be about %
to yt inch in width.

upon ; in such cdses, a thrifty young cane is
grafted at some desirable point near its end.
The graft may be either an ordinary
cleft-graft, a common whip-graft,
or a Champin-graft, or, as the
illustration Fig. 59 shows, a saddle-
graft. The saddle-graft is noth-
ing else than an inverted cleft-
graft, the cleft being made in the
scion, while the tongue or wedge is
cut on the stock. Fig. 59 shows the
layered cane and graft, and will
make the operation plain to the
reader. One great advantage of
grafting a layered cane is, that the
stock is not sacrificed in case the
graft should fail to grow; it also
enables us to obtain a number of
such grafts from one vine. In this
case the layered canes should be
separated from the parent stocks in
the latter part of summer, and may
be taken up in the fall like any
other ordinary layers.

When the object of grafting is to
place a European variety or a
hybrid, s ubject to
the attacks of' the
Phylloxera, beyond
reach of harm by
the insect, it is
very important to
place the graft as
near the surface of
the soil as possible,
so as to prevent the
scion from making
ts own roots. Dur-
ing the first sum-
mer, the grafts
should be carefully
examined about once

Fig. 58.

Fig. 59.

a month, and any roots which may have formed
from the scion should be cut off. Where the

38 Grafting,

BUSHBEHG CATALOGUE.

Grafting.

scion is itself of a phylloxera-resisting variety,
this precaution is, of course, unnecessary.

It frequently happens that the buds of the
grafts swell rapidly within a few days after the
operation, and then, after having given great
promise for a week or two, they turn brown
and apparently die off, Do not let this dis-
courage you too quickly, and above all make
no rash examinations of the cause of this seem-
ing failure, by pulling out the scion or other-
wise loosening it. A graft will often remain
in this state for a period of five or six weeks,
and then start up all at once with a vigor that
will push young wood to the length of twenty
or more feet the same season. Keep the young
growth well tied up, and carefully remove all
suckers from the parent stock as soon as they
appear.

A method of "Green or Herbaceous graft-
ing," which is said to give excellent results,
and is extensively practiced in some parts of
Hungary, especially in the grape regions around
BUDA-PESTH, is described in the Ampelogra-
phische Berichte, January 1880, as follows : ' In
the month of May, when the young shoots
have not yet become woody but have already
well-developed eyes at the base of the leaf, the
shoot which is to be grafted is cut off close be-
low an eye ; it is then split nearly up to the eye
below the cut. The scion, which has been
taken from a suitable young shoot, is cut to
one eye with a long, thin wedge, below which
it is fitted nicely into the split. The graft is
then wrapped with woolen yarn. After a few
days the eye will begin to swell and grow, and
after a complete union has taken place will
develop shoots of a yard (over 90 centim.) or
more in length, the same season. During the
first winter the grafted canes should be laid
down and covered, to protect them from in-
jury by frost. The advantages of this method
of grafting are, that fruit may often be ob-
tained the first season, that several grafts can
be made on the same stock, and that the opera-
tion is a very easy one ; a skilled hand can
easily graft one hundred and fifty or more in
a day ; and that it is performed at a time when
other work in the vineyard is, comparatively,
not very pressing.'

Another method of grafting, above the
ground, is by

GRAFTING BY APPROACH OR INARCHING.

For this method it is desirable that two
plants, one each of the variety which is to
form the stock, and one of the scion, are plant-
ed close together, say about one foot apart.
In June (the first year, if the plants make a

sufficiently strong growth, if not, the second
year), or as soon as the young shoots become
sufficiently hard and woody to bear the knife,
a shoot is taken from both the stock and the
scion vine, and at a convenient place, where
they may be brought in contact, a shaving is
taken out from each of these, on the side next
to the other, for a length of two or three inches.
This must be done with a smooth cut of a sharp
knife, a little deeper than the inner bark, so as
to obtain on each a flat surface. They are then
fitted snugly together, so that the inner bark
j joins as much as possible, and are wrapped
securely with some old calico strips, or with soft
bass strings. Besides this, it is well to place
one tie a little below, and one above the grafted
point, and also to tie the united canes to a stake
or trellis to insure against all chances of loosen-
ing by the swaying of the wind. The rapid
swelling of the young growth at this period of
the year makes it desirable that the grafts be
looked over after a few weeks, replacing such
ties which may have burst, and loosening
others which may bind so as to cut into the
wood. A union will generally be made in the
course of two or three weeks, which will be
further consolidated in the course of six to
eight weeks, when the bandages may be re-
moved and the grafted portion left exposed to
the sun, to thoroughly harden and ripen it.
The shoots themselves are to be left to grow
undisturbed for the rest of the season. In the
fall, if a good union has taken place, the cane
forming the scion is cut close below its union
with the stock cane, which in its turn is cut
close above the connection. Supposing the
stock to have been a Concord and the scion 'a
Delaware, we now have a vine of the latter en-
tirely on the strong, vigorous root of the
former. Of course constant vigilance must be
exercised to prevent suckers from starting out
of the stock. It is well to protect the grafted
joint the first few winters by a slight covering
of straw or soil to prevent the frost from split-
ting it apart.

Another mode of grafting above ground
(copied from "The Gardner's Monthly" by
W. C. Strong in his valuable work, "The Cul-
tivation of the Grape ") is not merely interest-
ing in itself, but also illustrative of many othe
modifications in grafting : (See Fig. 60.)

"After the first four or five leaves are formed,
and the sap is flowing, you choose the place
on the vine where you intend to graft. At that
point wrap a twine tightly several times
around the vine. This will, in a measure, pre-
vent the return sap.

Grafting.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Planting. 39

Below the ligature make a slo-
ping cut down, as shown at a;
also, a similar reversed one above
the ligature, as at 6, about one
inch in length. In selecting a
scion prefer one that has naturally
a bend. Cut it so that it shall be
wedge-shape at both ends, and a
little longer than the distance be-
tween the cuts in the vine at a
and 6. Insert the scion, taking
care to have the barks in direct
contact, securing it with a string,
c, bound round both scion and
vine sufficiently tight to force the
scion-ends into their places. If
the work is done well, no tie will
be required at a and 6, but the
joints should be covered with
grafting wax. In a short time, the bud at d
will commence its growth, after which you can,
by degrees, remove all the growing shoots not
belonging to the scion, and in course of the
summer you may cut off the wood above 6, and
in the fall remove all above a on the stock, and
above c on the scion."

We refrain from speaking of other methods
of grafting, as we believe that the modes of
CLEFT-grafting as well as the wmp-graft and
CHAMPiN-graft, which we have described
and illustrated by plain figures, are those
which give the best results, generally. The
extensive grafting operations of France are
mostly confined to these methods, and practi-
cal experience is the best teacher in such mat-
ters.

We also deem it unnecessary to speak of the
many machines and tools lately invented for
grafting ; as a good pruning knife, as de-
scribed, is the tool most in use, and quite satis-
factory in skilled hands.

We should here mention that, generally
speaking, our American varieties do not take
the graft as readily and surely as the Euro-
pean species. A graft of V. vinifera on an
American stock will rarely fail to grow if the
operation has been properly performed ; while
success is not quite as certain when both, stock
and scion, consist of American varieties, espe-
cially if of the hard wooded kinds. Neverthe-
less, when well done, at the proper season and
with well conditioned wood, the operation will
show a far greater percentage of success than
of failure.

In our former edition we promised to experi-
ment more largely with the grafting of Euro-
pean varieties on our native stocks here. We
have made these experiments, and in Septem-

ber, 1880, we, exhibited in St. Louis, at the
meeting of the Mississippi Valley Horti-
cultural Society, a number of fine foreign
grapes, raised in open air, on grafted vines,
in our own vineyards. But while success,
in so far as protecting the European grape
from the Phylloxera, has been highly satisfac-
tory, we have found our climate, in this lati-
tude, too unfavorable for the V. vinifera to en-
courage us for more extensive operation. Not
only are our winters too severe for the V. vini-
fera, but the tendency of the latter to mildew
makes their success too doubtful in all but the
most favorable seasons. For our section of the
United States, therefore, we would not recom-
mend anything further than limited trials in
this direction. But we think that there is a
valuable field of operation for the enterpris-
ing grape-grower in some sections of the
Southern States, where, under more favorable
climatic conditions, the V. vinifera, grafted
upon Phylloxera-proof native stocks, would
most likely give excellent results.

PLANTING ("Continued).

But now let us return to the modus operandi
of planting. Take your vines, in a pail with
water, or wrapped in a wet cloth, from the
place where they were heeled-in,* to the holes ;
when planting, let one person shorten the
roots, with a sharp knife, then spread them
out evenly to all sides, and let another fill in
with well pulverized earth. The earth should
be worked in among the roots with the fingers,
and pressed to them with the foot. Lay the
vine in slanting, and let its top come out at the
stake previously set. Then, with your knife,
cut back the top to a bud just above, or even
with the surface of the ground. Do not leave
more than two buds on any one of the young
vines which you are planting, however strong
the tops, or however stout and wiry the roots
may be. One cane is sufficient to grow, and
merely to be prepared for possible accident,
both buds are allowed to start. The weaker
of the two shoots may afterwards be removed
or pinched back.

*On receiving your vines from, the nursery, they
should be taken out of the box, without delay, and
heeled-in, which is done as follows: In a dry and well
protected situation, a trench is made in the soil 12 to 15
inches deep, wide enough to receive the roots of the
plants, and of any required length, the soil being thrown
out upon, one side. The plants are then set thickly
together in the trench, with the tops in a sloping direc-
tion and against the bank of soil thrown out of the
trench ; another trench is made parallel to the first, and
the soil taken from it is thrown into the first, covering
the roots carefully, filling in all of the interstices be-
tween them. Press down the soil, and smooth off the
surface, so that' water shall not lodge thereon. When
one trench is finished, set the plants in the next, and
proceed as before. When all this is completed, dig a
shallow trench around the wliole, so as to carry off the
water and keep the situation dry.

40 Planting.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Trellis.

When planted in the fall, - raise a small
mound around your vine, so that the water
will drain oft, and throw a handful of straw or
any other mulch on the top of the mound, to
protect it ; but do not, under any circumstances,
cover the vine with manure, either decomposed
or fresh.

It is a well-authenticated fact that, under
the action of nitrogenous agents, the grape
grows more luxuriant, its leaves are larger, its
product increases in quantity. But the pro-
ducts of vineyards so manured have an ac-
knowledged defect— they impart to the wine a
flavor which recalls the kind of manure ap-
plied. What is gained in size of bunch and
berry is lost in quality and flavor. Overfeed-
ing produces a sappy growth of soft and
spongy wood, with feeble buds or eyes, which
are in far greater danger of being winter-
killed. Moreover, nitrogenous substances ex-
clusively used hasten the decay of vineyards
and the exhaustion of the soil, and even those
authorities who favor manures in preparing
certain grounds, or long after planting, mean
a compost made of old barn-yard manure, leaf
mould, broken bones, etc., laid up to rot and
frequently turned ; but do not allow any de-
composing organic matter to come in contact
with the newly planted vine.

During the first summer little else can be
done than to keep the ground mellow, loose
about the plants and free from weeds ; stirring
the ground, especially in dry weather, is the
best stimulant, and mulching (spreading over
the ground a layer of tan-bark, sawdust, straw,
salt-hay, or the like, to maintain a more uni-
form state of temperature and moisture for the
roots) is far better than watering. Do not tie
up your young vines ; do not pinch off the lat-
erals ; by allowing them to lie on the ground,
during the first season, more vigorous stems
will be obtained. A fair growth is about four
feet the first summer. Borne grape-growers
prefer, however, to allow but one shoot, the
strongest, to grow, and break the others off,
then tie this one shoot to a stake, and pinch
back the laterals to one or two leaves each.
In the fall, after the foliage is all off, cut back

to two or three buds. Cover the short cane left
with a few inches of earth before the ground
freezes. If any vacancies have occurred, fill
out, as soon as possible, with extra strong
vines, of the same variety.

During the following winter, the TRELLIS
should be built. The plan adopted by most of
our experienced grape growers, as possessing
some advantages over other plans, especially if
grapes are grown in large quantities, is as fol-
lows: Posts of some durable timber (red cedar
is best) are split 3 inches thick and about 7 feet
long, so as to be 5 feet in height after being
set ; these posts are set in holes 2 feet deep, 1&
to 18 feet apart in the rows (so that either 2
vines 8 feet apart, or 3 vines 6 feet apart, are
between two stakes); three wires are then
stretched horizontally along the posts, being
fastened to each p*ost with a staple n, which is
driven in so firmly that the wire is prevented
from slipping through. The two end posts
should be larger than the others and braced
(Fig. 61), so that the contraction of the wire (in

Fig. 61.— (Four wires, 15 inches apart.)

cold weather) will not loosen them. The first
wire is placed about 18 inches from the ground
and the others 18 inches apart; this brings the
upper wire about 4 feet 6 inches from the
ground. The size of the wire used is No. 10
annealed iron ; No. 12 wire is strong enough.
At the present prices of wire the cost per acre
will be from $40 to $60, according to distance of
rows and number of wires used.

In place of the wire, slats or laths may serve
the same purpose (as seen in Fig. 62), but they

Fig. 6-2.

Trellis.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Training. 41

are not durable, and the posts must then be
put in much closer. Another mode of making
wire trellis (the Fuller plan) is with horizontal
bars and perpendicular wires, as shown in a
following illustration (Fig. 63). Posts of good,
hard, durable wood, 3 inches in diameter and

mode is apt to crowd foliage and fruit too
much ; others therefore use two, and, where
timber is plenty, even three stakes, placed
around each vine, about ten inches from it,
and wind its canes around them spirally
until they reach the top. The disadvantage
of training on s.takes is, that these soon
rot in the ground, and must be almost annu-
ally taken out, repointed and driven into the
soil, consequently require more labor, and are
not as durable as trellis, unless cedar poles,
or other very durable timber is used. A very
simple combination of the trellis and stake sys-
tem (as shown in Fig. 65) is also highly recom-
mendable, requiring but one wire for the bear-
ing canes and much lighter stakes, which need

Fig. 63.

6J to 7 feet long, are placed between the vines,
at equal distance from each vine, and in a line
with them, 2 feet deep in the ground. When
the posts are set, nail on strips about 2J inches
wide and 1 inch thick, one strip or bar being
placed one foot from the ground, and the other
at the top of the posts. Then take No. 16 gal-
vanized iron wire and put it on perpendicu-
larly, twisting it around the lower and upper
bar, at a distance of about 12 inches apart.
Galvanized wire is preferable, and as a pound
of No. 16 wire gives 102 feet, the additional ex-
pense is but very small. This trellis will prob-
ably cost less than one with horizontal wires,
and is preferred by some. Practical experience,
however, speaks in favor of horizontal wires,
and a method with only two horizontal wires,
the lower about 3 feet high and the upper
about 5£ feet high, is
gaining the good opinion
of vineyardists, East and
West. A good many
grape growers train their
vines to stakes, believing
it to be cheaper; and the
decline in the price Of
grapes and wine induces
many to adopt the least
costly plan.

This method has also
the great advantage of al-
lowing us to cultivate,
plow and cross-plow the
ground in all directions,
leaving but little to hoe
around the vines. Some
use one stake only, as
shown in Fig. 64, but with
our strong growers this

Fig. 64.

Fig. 65.

not be set as deeply into the ground as where no
wire is used to hold them, and will consequent-
ly last longer ; but this method does not afford
the advantage of cross-plowing.

To secure this advantage and at the same
time to give to our strong growers more space
and the benefits of high training, we made a
kind of " Arbor Trellis11 in one of our vineyards
(Fig. 66) , the construction of which is more ex-
pensive on account of the necessary high posts
(of which the end-posts only need be quite
strong) and of the wire ; but the productiveness
and probable exemption from diseases is also
•greater in proportion. By this method the
ground might also be used for grass culture, and
summer-pruning and tying is almost entirely
dispensed with. The fruit-gathering is, how-
ever, less convenient, and none but quite hardy,
vigorous varieties should be thus trained.

Fig. 66.

42 Training.

BU8HBERG CATALOGUE.

Training.

Some people believe that we could even dis-
pense with both trellis and stakes entirely, and
urge the adoption of the " Souche" or " Buck
Pruning" plan, used in parts of France and
Switzerland, but quite impracticable for our
strong growing species in this climate.

Another mode of cultivation, which our G. E.
Meissner had occasion to see in Italy, seems
more applicable to many of our hardy Ameri-
can varieties : it is the cultivation of the vine
on living trees instead of trellis or stakes. The
tree principally employed for this purpose is
the Acer campestris, a species of maple. The
trees are planted at the age of two to four years,
when they are about four to five feet high.
They are planted in vineyards at a distance of
about 12 feet each way, some planting also with
a wider space between the rows, and cultivat-
ing the intervening space with other crops.
At the same time with the trees are planted
the vines, which are set in the rows about mid-
way between the trees. The vines and trees
are both well cultivated, so as to induce a
rapid and healthy growth. At the end of .the
season the vines are cut down to two eyes above
the ground, and the second season one or two
strong canes are grown from them and care-
fully tied up to temporary stakes. At the end
of the second season, or as soon as the vine has
attained a sufficiently strong growth of cane,
it is laid down in a trench, about eight or ten
inches deep, to the tree ; the trench is cov-
ered in, and the canes shortened back, so
that only two eyes of the vine project at the
immediate base of the tree. It is now ready
for training up on the tree, the roots of which
do not interfere with its growth, as the main
feeding-roots of the vine are at a sufficient
distance therefrom. The layered cane will
also throw out new roots on its entire length
and thus induce an extra strong growth. The
trees are generally allowed to branch out at
a height of five to six feet, and it is at this
height, also, that the new head of the vine
will be formed on one or more permanent
main stems trained up from the bottom. The
after-system of pruning and cultivation differs
but little from ordinary vineyard culture. The
trees alsoTeceive an annual cutting
back, so as to keep the head open
and within bounds, and, if neces-
sary, some shoots and leaves are
removed in the summer to admit air
and light. Once that the vine has
reached its hold among the forks of
the tree, but little tying is necessary
afterwards, the branches and twigs
affording plenty of support and
holding to the tendrils.

Those who know the cost of grape-stakes and
trellis, and the constant expense and trouble of
repairs and renewals which their entertainment
requires, will appreciate the advantages which
such a plan would offer, if it can be success-
fully applied in this country. The main diffi-
culty seems to be in finding the proper kind of
tree to use in place of Acer campestris, which
we do not find here. The important points to
be observed in the selection of the tree seems
to us to be a quick growth in the first years,
yet not a naturally large grower — a tree that
will shed its foliage tolerably early in the fall,
and especially one that is not a gross feeder.

If you have covered your young vines last
fall, remove the earth from over them at the
approach of spring, as soon as danger from
frost is past ; then cultivate the whole ground,
plowing between the rows from four to six inches
deep, and carefully hoeing around the vines
with the two-pronged German hoe or Karst,
or Hexamer's pronged hoe. The ground should
thus be broken up, inverted, and kept in a
mellow condition continually ; but do not work
the ground when wet !

During the second summer a cane or shoot is
produced from each of the two or three buds
which were left on the young vine last fall. Of
these young shoots, if there are three, leave
only the two strongest, tying them neatly to
the trellis, and let them grow unchecked to
the uppermost wire.

With the strong-growing varieties, especially
where we intend to grow the fruit on laterals
or spurs, the two main canes are pinched off
when they reach the second horizontal wire,
whereby the laterals are forced into stronger
growth, each forming a medium-sized cane,
which is shortened in the fall from four to six
buds. One of the two main canes may be lay-
ered in June, covering it with mellow soil,
about an inch deep, leaving the ends of the
laterals out of the ground. These will gener-
ally make good plants in the fall for further
plantations ; with varieties which do not grow
easily from cuttings, this method is particu-
larly desirable. Fig. 67 shows the vines
tied and pruned, accordingly, at the end of the

GRAPE MANUAL.

Pruning. 43

second season (the cross lines through the canes
showing where they are cut off or pruned).

Another good mode of training, recommended
by Fuller, is to bend down in fall, at the end
of the second season, the two main canes of the
vines (the laterals of which have been pinched
back to concentrate the growth into these main
canes) in opposite directions, laying and tying
them against the lower wire or bar of the trel-
lis, as shown in Fig. 63, and shortening them
to four feet each. Then let five or six of the
buds on the upper side of the arms be grown
into upright canes. (See Fig. 68.) All buds
and shoots not wanted for upright canes should
be rubbed or broken off. This latter method is
not well adapted for varieties which require
covering in winter. Where the canes are
started lower, near the ground, and cut loose
from the wire, they can be easily covered with
earth.

Fig. 68.

At the commencement of the third season (un-
cover and) tie the canes to the trellis. For
tying, any soft string or stout woolen yarn, the
shreds of old gunnies, may be used ; some ob-
tain their tying material from bass wood-bark,
soaked for two weeks or longer in running
water. Others plant the Golden Willow, and
use its small twigs for tying purposes. Tie
closely, and as young canes grow keep them
tied, but, in all cases, take care against tying
too tightly, as the free flow of sap may be ob-
structed.

The ground is now plowed and hoed again,
as before. One (6'') deep plowing in spring,
taking care, however, not to cut or tear the
roots of the vines, and two more shallow (3'' or
4") plo wings in summer. From each of the
buds left at the last pruning (as shown in the
preceding figures), canes can be grown during
the third year, and each of these canes will
probably bear two or three bunches of fruit.
There is danger of their being injured by over-
bearing, on which account the bunches should
be thinned out by taking away all imperfect
bunches and feeble shoots. In order to secure
future fruitfulness of the vine, and at the same

time to keep it in our convenient control, we
should allow no more wood to grow than we
need for next seasons' bearing, and for this
purpose we resort to spring pruning, generally,
though improperly, called

SUMMER PRUNING.

The time to perform the first summer pruning
is when the young shoots are about six inches
long, and when you can plainly see all the
small bunches — the embryo fruit. We com-
mence at the two lower spurs, having two buds
each, and both started. One of them we intend
for a bearing cane next summer, therefore
allow it for the present to grow unchecked,
tying it, if long enough, to the lowest wire.
The other, which we intend for a spur again
next fall, we pinch with the thumb and finger
to just beyond the last bunch or button, taking
out the leader between the last bunch and the
next leaf, as shown in Fig. 69,
the cross line indicating
where the leader is to be
pinched ofF We now come
to the next spur, on the op-
posite side, where we also
leave one cane to grow un-
checked, and pinch off the
other.

We now go over all the
shoots coming from the arms
or laterals tied to the trellis,
and also pinch them beyond

Fig. 69.

the last bunch. Should any of the buds have
pushed out two shoots, we rub off the weakest ;
we also take off all barren or weak shoots
which may have started from the foot of the
vine.

The bearing branches having all been
pinched back, we can leave our vines alone
until after the bloom, only tying up the young
canes from the spurs, should it become neces-
sary. Do not, however, tie them over the bear-
ing canes, but lead them to the empty space on

44 Pruning.

BUSH BERG CATALOGUE.

Pruning.

both sides of the vine, as our object must be to
give the fruit all the air and light we can
without depriving it of the necessary foliage,
which is of greatest importance for the forma-
tion of sugar in the berries. To do so the
leaves must be well developed and healthy.
Diseased, mildewed foliage, however, will not
promote the sugar formation, but rather im-
pede the same.

By the time the grapes have bloomed, the
laterals will have pushed from the axils of the
leaves on the bearing shoots. Now go over
these again, and pinch each lateral back to one
leaf, as shown in Fig. 70. In a short time the
laterals on the fruit-bearing branches which
have been pinched, will throw out suckers
again. These are again stopped, leaving one
leaf of the young growth. Leave the laterals
on the canes intended for next years' fruiting
to grow unchecked, tying them neatly to
the wires with bass or pawpaw bark, or with
rye straw.

If you prefer training your vines on the hori-
zontal arm system (Fig. 68) the mode of sum-
mer pruning will in the main be the same.
Pinch off the end of each upright shoot as soon
as it has made two leaves Jbeyond the last
bunch of fruit ; the shoots after being stopped
will soon start, and after growing a few inches
should be stopped agaiu, as we wish to keep
them within the limits of the trellis, and the
laterals should be stopped beyond its first leaf
Thus we try to keep the vine equally balanced
in fruit, foliage and wood. It will be perceived
that fall pruning, or shortening-in the ripened
wood of the vine, and summer pruning, short-
ening-in and thinning out of the young growth,
have one and the same object in view, namely,
to keep the vine in proper bounds, and concen-
trate all its energies for a two-fold object,
namely, the production and ripening of the
most perfect fruit, and the production of
strong, healthy wood for the coming season's
crop. Both operations, in fact, are only differ-
ent parts of one and the same system, of which
summer pruning is the preparatory, and fall
pruning the finishing part ; but while the vine
will bear, without apparent injury, any rea-
sonable amount of pruning during its dor-
mant state, in the fall or winter, any severe
cutting during the summer, is an unmitigated
evil. G. W. Campbell, the well-known horti-
culturist says: "All the summer pruning I
would recommend, would be the early rub-
bing out of superfluous shoots, upon their first
appearance ; leaving only what is required for
next year's bearing wood. This with the pinch-
ing or stopping the ends of such shoots or canes
as were disposed to be too rampant in growth,

would be all I would ever consider necessary.
Some of the most successful grape growers
within my knowledge carefully prune their
vines in fall or early spring, and then leave
them entirely without summer pruning." The
importance of this matter is so great that we
subjoin —

HUSMANN'S METHOD OF SUMMER PRUNING.

[Extract from the " Grape Culturist," Xov., 1870.]

Without proper and judicious summer prun-
ing, it is impossible to prune judiciously in the
fall. If you have allowed six to eight canes to
grow in summer where you need but two or
three, none of them will be fit to bear a full
crop, nor be properly developed. We prune
longer in fall than the majority of our vintners,
which gives a double advantage ; should the
frost of winter have injured or killed any of
the first buds, we still have enough left ; and
should this not be the case, we still have our
choice to rub off all imperfect shoots, to re-
duce the number of bunches at the first pinch-
ing, and thus retain only strong canes for the
next years' fruiting, and have only large, well
developed bunches.

But to secure these advantages we have cer-
tain rules, which we follow strictly. We are
glad to see that the attention of the grape
growers of the country is thoroughly aroused
to the importance of this subject, and that the
old practice of cutting and slashing the young
growth in July and August is generally dis-
countenanced. It has murdered more prom-
ising vineyards than any other practice. But
people are apt to run into extremes, and many
are now advocating the " let-alone " doctrine.
We think both are wrong, and that the true
course to steer is in the middle.

1. Perform the operation EARLY. Do it as
soon as the shoots are six inches long. At this
time you can oversee your vine much easier.
Every young shoot is soft and pliable. You do
not rob the vine of a quantity of foliage it can
not spare (as the leaves are the lungs of the
plant and the elevators of the sap). You can
do three times the work that you can perform
a week later, when the shoots have become
hardened, and intertwined by their tendrils.
Remember that the knife should have nothing
to do with summer pruning. Your thumb and
finger should perform all the work, and they
can do it easily if it is done early.

2, Perform it thoroughly and systematically.
Select the shoots you intend for bearing wood
for next year. These are left unchecked ; but
do not leave more than you really need. Re-
member that each part of the vine should be
thoroughly ventilated, and if you crowd it too

Pruning.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Pruning. 45

much none of the canes will ripen their wood
as thoroughly nor be as vigorous as when each
has room, air and light. Having selected these,
commence at the bottom of the vine, rubbing
off all superfluous shoots, and all which appear
weak and imperfect. Then go over each arm
or part of the vine, pinching every fruit-bearing
branch above the last bunch of grapes, or, if
this should look weak or imperfect, remove it
and pinch back to the first perfectly developed
bunch. Should the bud have pushed out two
or three shoots, it will generally be advisable
to leave only the strongest, and remove the
balance. Do not think that you can depart
of it a little later, but be unsparing in taking
away all you intend to take this time. Destroy
all the caterpillars and all. the insects you find
feeding on the vines, and the steel-blue beetle,
as it will eat into tbe buds. But protect the
lady-bug, manti?, and all the friends of the
vine.

After the first pinching, the dormant buds
in the axils of the leaves, on fruit-bearing
shoots, will each push out a lateral shoot oppo-
site the young bunches. Our second operation
consists in pinching each of these laterals r.ack
to one leaf as soon as we can got hold of the
shoot above the first leaf, so that. we get a young
vigorous leaf additional opposite to each bunch
of grapes. These serve as elevators of the sap,
and also as an excellent protection and shade
to the fruit. Remember, our aim is riot to rob
the plant of its foliage, but to make two leaves
grow where there was but one before, and at
a place where they are of more benefit to the
fruit. By our method, our rows of vines have
the appearance of leafy walls, each bunch of
the fruit properly shaded, and yet each part of
the vine is properly ventilated.

After the second pinching of the fruit-bearing
branches, as described above, the laterals will
generally start once more, and we pinch the
young gi-owth again to one leaf, thus giving
«ach lateral two well-developed leaves. The
whole course should be completed about the
middle of June here and whatever grows
afterwards should be left. In closing, let us
glance at the objects we have in view :

1. To keep the vine within proper bounds,
so that it is at all times under the control of the
vintner, without weakening ifs constitution by
robbing it of a great amount of foliage.

2. Judicious thinning of the fruit at a time
when no vigor has been expended in its devel-
opment.

3. Developing strong, healthy foliage by forc-
ing the growth of the laterals, and having two
young, healthy leaves opposite each bunch,

which will shade the fruit and serve as conduc-
tors of the sap to the fruit.

4. Growing vigorous canes for next year's
fruiting and no more, thereby making them
stronger ; as every part of the vine is thus ac-
cessible to light and air, the wood will ripen
better and more xmiformly.

5. Destruction of noxious insects. As the
vintner has to look over each shoot of the vine,
this is done more thoroughly and systematic-
ally than by any other process.

FALL, OB WINTER PRUNING.

This may be performed at any time, during
mild days, while the vine is in a dormant state,
generally from November to March, but should
be done at least a week before vegetation is
likely to commence. Tender varieties should
not be allowed to pass through our sometimes
severe winters without the protection afforded
by a mulch of litter, leaves, earth, or other cov-
ering, to prevent injury from alternate freezing
and thawing; the vines which are not hardy
must therefore be pruned in November, when
they are simply laid down on the ground and
mulched lightly, to be uncovered again in
spring, just before they are ready to put forth
new growth from their swelling b'.:ds. Far-
ther north, the practice of covering up the vines,
both tops and roots, is recommendable also
with the hardy varieties.

Different varieties will require somewhat dif-
ferent treatment; some varieties (strong grow-
ers 1 will fruit better if pruned to spurs on old
wood than on the young canes, retaining the
old canes and pruning the healthy, strong
shoots or laterals they have to two buds,
whereas others (only moderate growers) will
flourish and bear best when pruned short and
to a cane of last year's growth.

The observing vintner will find some hints in
our descriptive catalogue, but only by practice
and experience can he learn the best method
for each variety.

The following correct views on this subject
are from the "Grape Culturist," Nov., 1870 :

" Some varieties will bear more readily and
larger bunches upon the laterals of the young
canes, some upon the spurs of a few eyes on old
bearing branches, and some will fruit readily
upon the principal canes. This should govern
you in pruning.

" Most of the strong groirers of the Labrusca
species (Concord, Hartford, Ives, Martha, Per-
kins, etc.), as well as some of its more vigorous
hybrids (Goethe^ Wilder, etc.), and especially
some JEstivalis (Herbemont, Cunningham,
Louisiana, Rulander), will fruit best on the late-

46 Pruning.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Pruning.

rals of the young canes of last summer's growth
provided they are strong enough, which they
will be if they have been pinched according to
our directions ; the fruit-buds at the base of the
principal canes are seldom well-developed, and
will not bring much fruit. We therefore grow
the fruit on the laterals, which can be shortened
in to from two to six eyes each, according to
their strength. All these rank growers should
have plenty to do — that is, they should be
pruned long, much longer than is generally
done. Should too many bunches appear, y.ou
can easily reduce the number at the first pinch-
ing. All the Cordifolia*, and some of the JEsti-
valis class (Cynthiana and Norton's Virginia),
produce best on spurs on two or three year old
canes ; they will also bear better on spurs on
laterals than on main canes, but do not pro-
duce their best fruit until they can be "spurred
in" on old arms. For this purpose, select for
your spurs strong, well-ripened shoots ; cut
them back two to three eyes each, and cut out
all the small and imperfect ones. You may
leave from thirty to fifty buds, according to
the strength of your vine, aud always bear
in mind that you can reduce the number of
bunches when summer-pruning.

"A third class produces readily and abund-
antly from the main canes. This comprises
the varieties which do not grow very strong, the
more tender Labrusca, and all of more or less
Vinifera characteristics, viz. : the Alvey, Cas-
sady, Creveling, Catawba, Delaware, lona, Ee-
becca. These will produce best on short canes
of say six eyes ; short pruning and the old re-
newal plan may be as good as any for them.
There is also much more danger of overtasking
this class than both of the others, and they
should never be allowed to bear too much."

From the above it will be seen that different
methods apply to different varieties, and we
may add that they ought also to be modified
according to other circumstances. Those, there-
fore, who have recommended various and con-
tradictory systems of training and pruning may
each have been right ; but were wrong in be-
lieving their preferred method the only correct
method in all cases, or equally well adapted for
all species and varieties of grapes. Bearing this
in mind, the intelligent vintner will soon learn
how far one or the other system is best appli-
cable in his case.

SUBSEQUENT MANAGEMENT.

We may now consider the vine as fully estab-
lished, able to bear a full crop, and, when tied

* Xow classified as Riparia, or its crosses, as Taylor, &c.

to the trellis in spring, to present the appear-
ance as shown in Fig. 71.

(Fig. 71.)

The operations are precisely the same as in
the third year, with this important difference,
however, that the plowing should be shallow ;
as soon as vines have become established, the
cultivator should be used for the destruction
of weeds and keeping the surface-soil mellow.
The hoe will be needed to kill the weeds imme-
diately around the plants, as before. At the
last plowing in the preceding fall the furrow-
slice should have been thrown TOWARDS the
vines, thus affording additional protection to
the roots — also facilitating the laying down and
covering of the canes, if necessary Top dress-
ings of lime, ashes, bonedust, &c., may, if
needed, be best applied at the same time. In
the following spring, therefore, the first plow-
ing should be reversed, and the ground will be
level.

Plowing in the vineyard should never be so
deep as to injure the roots of the vines.

If you train your vines on the horizontal sys-
tem, the upright canes, which were pruned
back to two buds each, will now produce two
shoots each. If more than one shoot should
proceed from each of these two buds, or if other
shoots should start from small buds near the
arms, only the strongest one should be allowed
to grow, and all others rubbed off. Instead of
ten to twelve upright canes, you will have
twenty to twenty-four, and, allowing three
bunches to each, you may get seventy bunches
to every vine the fourth year after planting.
These canes are now to be treated the same, as
regards stopping, pinching laterals, etc., dur-
ing each subsequent year of their growth.

There are many other modes and systems of
training, but the same general rules and prin-
ciples prevail in nearly all.

There is one well authenticated fact in the
fruiting of the grape, viz : that the finest fruit,
the best, earliest and largest crops are pro-
duced upon the strongest shoots of the pre-
vious years' growth. The only proper system
of pruning will therefore be that which encour-

ing.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Diseases. 47"

ages and secures an abundance of such shoots.
By this general principle all new systems, so
called, should be proved, and beginners in
grape culture may be able to guard against
receiving false impressions with reference to
any mode which may fall under their observa-
tion ; and this caution is the more necessary as
young vines will bear good crops for a few
years, even under very indifferent treatment.
In all sytems of training which involve the
retention of wood beyond five or six years, as
in the case of spur pruning, and the methods
with permanent horizontal branches, it is ab-
solutely essential to remove the older wood at
certain periods, and replace it With younger
wood from near the base of the plant. Fixed
rules can hardly be given for an operation
which requires so much thought and such
close acquaintance with the growth and bear-
ing habits of the different varieties.

If you desire to train your vines for arbors or
on walls, set an extra strong young plant, in
rich, well-prepared soil ; leave but one shoot to
grow during the first summer, arid if necessary
even during the second, so that it may get very
strong. Cut back to three eyes in fall, these will
each throw out a strong shoot, which should L/e
tied to the arbor they are designed to cover,
and allowed to grow unchecked. These three
canes wilJ be cut back in the fall following, to
three buds each, which will give us three prin-
cipal branches, each producing canes the third
or fourth season ; of each of these branches, cut
next fall one cane to two eyes, and the others
to six or more buds, according to the strength
of the vine, then gradually increase the num-
ber of branches and cut back more severely
those which fruited. In this manner a vine
can be made in the course of time to coyer a
large space, produce a large quantity of fruit,
and get very old.

Those who desire further information and
directions on various modes of pruning and
training, or on the culture of grape vines in
glass houses, we refer to Ohorlton's Grape
Growers' Guide; Fuller's Grape Culturist;
Hoare's Cultivation of the Grape-vine on open
Walls, and other books o,n Grape Culture,
especially to an article on Pruning and Train-
ing the Grape-vine, by Wm. Saunders, U. 8.
Department of Agriculture. .Report, 1806.

DISEASES OF THE GRAPE-VINE.

The vine, with all its vigor and longevity, is no less
subject to diseases than all other organic bodies, and
as we cannot remove most of their causes, and can
even with the best care prevent and cure but few, our
first attention must be given to the selection of healthy
plants and hardy varieties. You have already been
warned against planting the Grape-vine in heavy, wet
soil, where water stagnates, or in places exposed to
early and late frosts. You have been impressed with
the necessity of clean cultivation, stirring the soil,* of
proper training, and "of thinning the fruit. If you dis-
regard these points, even the healthiest and most vig-
orous varieties of vines will become diseased.

But some of the diseases infesting our American
grapes do not result from defects in the soil or want of
cultivation ; their causes are in fact unknown, except
that they are produced by fungi — microscopic para-
sitical plants, producing mildew, etc., of which there
exist a great many different kinds, and about
which our knowledge is as yet very deficient. We do
know, however, — alas, too well, — that these diseases
exist, are promoted by atmospheric influences — un-
favorable state of the weather — and seem as much
beyond our control as the weather itself. The most
formidable of these diseases, most prevailing in this
country, and most disastrous to American grape cul-
ture, are, THE MILDEW (Peronospora viticola) and THE.
ROT or BLACK ROT (Phoma uvicola).

[The first scientific description and proper distinc-
tion of the two kinds we find in the Transactions of the
Academy of Science of St. Louis, 1861, by Dr. Geo.
Engelmann (Vol. 2, p. 165). See also Am. Pomological
Society, Session 1879. p. 41-48.]

Just before going to press we are favored by DR.
GEO. ENGELMANN, with the following article on this
most important subject :

THE DISEASES OF GRAPE-VINES

are principally occasioned by animal or vegetable
parasites. I leave others, who are more conversant
with the subject, to treat of the former, and will mere-
ly state here that our species have all grown up with
the Phylloxera, and would long ago have been extin-
guished, or rather never could have lived, if that insect
had siicli power over them ; but they as well as the
insect live on, the latter having no other nourishment
than the grape-vines and their roots : you may call it
an accommodation between them.

More important for us in America are the fungus-
diseases, which do our grape crops more harm than the
Phylloxera. It is said that in Europe they have dis-

* We are awarn of the fact that in certain seasons and
peculiar soils neglected vineyards, tilled with grass and
weeds, have escaped diseases and borne full crops, while
•well hoed and cultivated vineyards suffered severely,
especially from rot; but the rule, nevertheless, holds
good in general. After a season of severe drouth, for
instance, fall plowing may cause the evaporation ot the
scanty remaining moisture in the loosened soil and ren-
der the exhausted roots a prey to severe frosts, while
the unplo wed, baked surl'uce would serve .is a protection
against both. Such exceptions have misled some grape-
growers to advocate non-cultivation, or even grass-
sowing, i:\ their vineyards; but after a few years a
stunted growth and unproductiveness of their vines was-
the result.

48 Mildew.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Eot.

•covered over 200 kinds of fungi which live on the differ-
ent parts of vines, but fortunately only a few of them
are really injurious. These are, above all, the mildew of
the leaves and the black rot of the berries. In Europe
besides our mildew, which has lately been introduced,
they have the Oidium and the Anthracnose.

The Mildew, Peronospora viticola, appears in frost-
'like white spots on the under side of leaves, hairy as
well as glabrous ones, and may generally be observed
here in Missouri from the beginning of June, fostered
by the sultry and damp or wet weather, usual at that
season ; in the Eastern States it seems to come on later
in summer and in the fall. Though most common on
the leaves, it sometimes also infests the petioles of the
leaves, the stems of the bunches, and the very young
berries. But, even if it does not attack the latter, the
effect on the leaves alone, which turn brown in spots
and are eventually partially or completely killed, de-
stroys the fruit, the berries shrivelling from the base,
turning light brown without falling off. This is here
sometimes termed " brown rot."

The fungus at first pervades the cellular tissue of the
leaf | then, a few days later, the minute fungus stems
protrude through the stomats (breathing pores) of the
lower surface, forming little upright branching plant-
lets, which might be compared to a miniature spruce
tree, singly not visible to the naked eye ; at the end of
the branch-lets they bear the summer spores (conidia),
wrhich mature, are discharged, spread by wind or other-
wise, and, when moistened, germinate with astonishing
rapidity. Late in the season the fungus produces what
are called the resting spores (oospores) in the interior
of the leaf-tissues, and, while the others propagate the
parasite in summer, these larger and more enduring
ones keep alive through winter and insure its growth *
in the following summer. Thus it is seen that the dead
mildewed leaves, containing the resting spores, really
do preserve the.germs for the next season's mildew.
These leaves ought to be destroyed by carefully ga-
thering and burning them , or by burying them deeply
in the ground. The direct destruction of the fungus
has been often attempted, and by different means,
-especially by sulphur -sprinkling, but without any
marked effect ; a dry spell of weather, however, arrests
it most effectually for the time being.

The Peronospora has since 1878 made its appearance
in Europe — like the Phylloxera, accidentally intro-
duced from this country — and has added another terri-
ble infliction on the wine-growers there, threatening
to be worse than the Oidium, which years ago \ised to
decimate the grape crops of Europe.

A few words about this O'idium may be in place
here. This is a mildew-like fungus which appears on
the outside of the upper surface of the vine-leaves, and
bears its fewer spores on smaller, not much branched,
stemlets ; it destroys the vitality of the leaves, and
with it the crop, just as our mildew does. Its resting
spores are unknown and with its life-history we are
not so well acquainted, but we know that sulphur
sprinkled over the leaves will destroy it. It made its
first appearance, as far as it is known, about 1845, in
graperies at Margate, near London, and spread rapidly
and destructively over a great part of Europe and
the islands, especially Madeira, where grape culture
was almost annihilated by it ; but it seems now to be
less common or less injurious than it was years ago,

and may possibly have run its course, just as other epi-
demics are apt to do. It is unknown where it origi-
nally came from ; some suppose that it originated in
America, but it has never appeared here in the form
under which it is known in Europe ; whether in
another form, is still questionable among our best
mycologists ; at all events we have thus far only one
destructive form of mildew here, the Peronospora.

The second great fungus pest of our vineyards is the
Black Rot, Phoma uvicola. On the berries, but never
on the leaves or stems, generally about the time that
they are full grown, in July or August, very rarely on
half-grown berries in June, a light brown spot with a
darker central point is observed on the side and not
near the stem ; this spot spreads, and darker, shining
nodules or pustules, plainly visible with the naked
eye, begin to protrude above the epidermis ; at last the
whole berry shrivels up, turns bluish-black, the pus-
tules roughen the surface, and each one opening at
its top emits a whitish worm-like thread, which con-
sists of innumerable spores glued together with a mu-
cilaginous coating. In this condition the spores are
inert, but rain will dissolve the mucilage and liberate
and wash down the spores, or they will fall to the
ground with the dead berries. What then becomes of
them, whether they enter the soil, or how they propa-
gate the fungus, is as yet unknown. At all events it
seems advisable to gather all the affected berries, if
such a thing can be done, and destroy them.

In Europe they have another fungus disease of the
grape, called in Germany Brenner, in France Anthrac-
nose, and described under the name of Sphaceloma am-
pelinum, which by some authorities has been supposed
to be another form of development of our Black Rot,
above described ; this, however, seems very doubtful.
We have, as it seems, never had the Sphaceloma,* nor
they the Phoma. The former attacks all the green
parts, leaves, young stems, or green berries, and forms
open wounds which might be compared to ulcers ;
while our Phoma is restricted, as far as known, only to
green berries, without breaking up the tissues or form-
ing ulcers. The Sphaceloma seems to be an old disease
in Europe, already known in the last century. Mycol-
ogists are now carefully studying these questions.

Had we known that we would be favored with the
above article on the Diseases of the Grape-vine by so
great an authority as Dr. Engelmann, we would have
omitted some of the following lines, previously written
by ourselves, in preparing this new edition of our Cata-
logue. This circumstance and the importance of the
subject will excuse what may seem a repetition ; and
while the preceding will stand as the description of
the fungus diseases by the scholar, the following may
not be unwelcome as the practical grape-growers'

* Unfortunately we have of late, also, the Sphaceloma
in our vineyards. How or whence it c.ime, we do not
know; but, having observed the Anthracnoxe iti Prance,
we could not help recognizing the same here;— for-
tunately, so far, to no serious extent.

Mildew.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Peronospora.

VITICULTURAL REMARKS.

The American* MILDEW (Peronospora viticola) first
presents itself in the form of spots resembling a small
accumulation of powdered sugar, not larger than a
lentil, on the underside of the leaf; but imperceptibly
these spots extend and join until they cover a larger
portion of the entire lower face of the foliage. Later
still, the centers of attack dry up and take the color of
brown or dead leaves, so that these mildewed, shriv-
elled, dried-up leaves are often confounded with or
taken for "sun-scald"; but on closer observation mil-
dew can easily be distinguished from sun-scald. If
the effect of the latter, there is no white powdery
mushroom vegetation visible on the lower face of the
leaf. Mildew mostly attacks the foliage, sometimes
also the young green stems ; rarely the small, young,
never the full-grown, ripening berries.

The important difference between Perenospora (the
Am. mildew) and Oidium (the European mildew) is
not only that Perenospora appears on the lower, while
Oidium appears on the upper surface, but that the
former penetrates the entire tissue of the leaf, while
Oidium grows on its upper surface only. Humidity
and dryness exert a preponderating influence on the
development of the disease; rain, dew, even fog, favor
the spread and germination of the spores, while a pro-
longed drouth restricts and kills them.

As a Remedy sulphurizing was long and strenuously
recommended. In France and Germany mildew is
successfully combatted with sulphur, early and often
applied; why should it not be the remedy here?(!)
Many articles were published in all our horticultural
magazines representing flour of sulphur as an infalli-
ble cure of mildew, prescribing quantity, time, and
mode of using it. Bellows were specially manufactured
for this purpose. Wine-growers were found to testify
to the efficacy of this panacea ; none contradicted ;f
so that we ourselves, failing to see its good effect after
repeated trials, merely ventured to say in the former

* To distinguish this from the O'idium (the European
mildew) we call the Peronospora -'American mildew";
but this dangerous fungus is by no means unknown in
Europe; and we doubt that it has come there from
this country, though it showed itself here much soon-
er. In Italy and also in Africa it has appeared in
many places where no American vine had ever
been grown, and it has been discovered even on wild
European vines. Rudolph Goethe, Director of the
Royal Horticult. Inst. at Geisenheim, on the Rhine, calls
it "false mildew.'" Victor Palliat, editor " Vigne Amer.",
has shown that it was known in France, long ago, under
the name of " melin."

t The first honest testimony about the results of sul-
phurizing, in this country, we found in the " Vineland
Weekly " of Nov. 24, 1877, in an excellent study of THE
GKAPE ROT, by col. A. W. Pearson, from which we clip
the following :

" Many, if not all, of those here who have used sulphur
this year for the first time are much disappointed in the
result. They either report no benefit whatever, or else
positive injury. Those who were more zealous than
prudent, and used sulphur liberally undiluted, of course
burned up their foliage, doing harm instead of good;—
those, on the other hand, who used the preventive mo-
derately, and, asjthey considered, thoroughly, will un-
derstand, if this description of the disease has enabled
them to appreciate it, that "thoroughly," under the
atmospheric conditions of this summer, would almost
require that a sentry should be posted by each vine,
ready to scatter another sprinkling of the mixture be-
tween showers.

" As already stated, I sulphured mine thirteen times,
and saved about one-third of the crop. Possibly by going
over them twenty-six times I might have saved another
third."

edition of this Catalogue, that "with our prices of labor
it would scarcely be practicable — and it is best not to
plant largely of those varieties which are very liable to
this disease."

Not until this mildew (Peronospora) had also been
observed and studied in France, where it was. first
noticed in 1878, and only within these last four years,
during which it has spread all over Europe and parts-
of Africa, has it been recognized and fully established
that sulphurizing is quite ineffective against Perono-
spora, owing to the fact that this parasite, unlike the
Oidium, lives not merely on the surface of the leaf, but
permeates its tissue.

Nevertheless we are not without hope that some
remedy will be found. Eminent scientists will now
occupy themselves with this serious question, which
concerns European grape culture the more as their
varieties (Vinifera) are all more subject to this disease
than our Americans. We have now before us an "Es-

SAI SUB LE MlLDIOU, PAR A. MlLLAKDET, ProfeSSCUr il

la Faculte des Sciences a Bordeaux," Paris, 1882 ; he
suggests, as a remedy, a mixture of powdered sulphate
of iron, copperas (4 Ibs.), with plaster of Paris, gyp-
sum (20 Ibs.), which, according to reports, was applied
(compte-rendu du congrfes international phylloxerique
de Bordeaux), with marked success. Remedies of this
kind must be used very cautiously ; and until their
efficiency and proper mode of appliance are estab-
lished, our grape-growers will do best to select those
varieties which are generally less liable to this disease.
To aid in doing so, the following table,* based on many
years' experience, may be of service :

TABLE OF AMERICAN VINES (PRINCIPAL VARIETIES) WITH
REGARD TO THEIR RESISTANCE TO MILDEW (PeronOS-

pora) .

I. CATEGORY : almost entirely exempt, even in unfa-
vorable seasons and localities.

jEstivalis, Northern Division ; Cynthiana, Nor-
ton's Virginia.

Labrusca, Northern Division : Concord, Hartford,
Ives, Perkins ; also, Champion, Cottage, North
Carolina, Rentz, Venango.

Riparia and its crosses with Labr. : Elvira, Mis-
souri Riesling, Montefiore, Noah, Taylor.
II. CATEGORY : suffering somewhat, but not seriously,
in exceptionally unfavorable seasons and local-
ities.

JEstivalis, Southern Division: Cunningham;.
Northern Division : Hermann, Neosho.

Labrusca, Northern Division: Dracut Amber,
Lady, Martha, N. Muscadine, Telegraph, Ma-
son's Seedling.

Riparia and in its crosses with Labr, : Black
Pearl, Blue Dyer (Franklin), Clinton.

Sybr., Labr. and Vinifera. Goethe.
III. CATEGORY : suffering seriously in unfavorable
seasons, and not recommendable for localities
usually exposed to> mildew.

Mstivalis, Southern Division ; Devereux, Herbe-
mont, Lenoir, Louisana, Rulander.

JEstivalis crossed with Vinifera (?) Alvey.

Labrusca, Southern Division: Catawba, Diana,
Isabella.

» " Quelques Observations sur le Mildew, par G. &
Meissner," at the (Jongres international de Bordeaux.

50

Mildew.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Rot.

Riparia crosses with Labr. : Amber (Rommel's),
Marion, Uhland.

Hybr., Labr. and Vinifera, Labr. and Hybr., and
Vinif. with Rip.: Black Eagle, Brighton,
Brandt, Herbert, Lindley, Triumph, Wilder.
IV. CATEGORY: suffering seriously even in normal
seasons ; entirely unreliable, except in some few
favored localities, which are free from mildew.

JEstivalis, Elsinburg, Eumelan.

Labrusca, South. Division : Adirondac, Cassady,
Creveling, Isabella, lona, Mottled, Maxataw-
ney, Union Village, Rebecca, Walter.

Undetermined Class: DELAWARE.

Hybr. of Vinif. and Labr,: Agawam, Allen's
hybr. Amenia, Barry, Black Defiance, Croton,
Irving, Massasoit, Merrimack, Salem, Sen-
asqua.

Hybr. of Vinf. and Rip. Autuchon, Canada.
Cornucopia, Othello.

Varieties not sufficiently tried, and especially new
varieties, we would not presume to classify ; but one
may safely judge of their resistance to mildew by their
parentage. The seedlings of the Concord, such as
Moore's Early, Pocklington, Worden's Seedling; or of
the Taylor and Clinton, such as Bacchus, Montefiore,
Pearl, will most probably suffer very little, if at all,
.from mildew, while the seedlings of the Catawba, the
Delaware, the Eumelan, or the Isabella, and all hy-
brids (of Vin.) give but faint hopes for their success in
localities usually infested by mildew. It is further
noteworthy that all Grape-vines, planted in city-gar-
dens, especially if trained to buildings, under the
shelter of their projecting roofs, are generally exempt
from mildew, even in unfavorable seasons.

It is supposed that this immunity from the disease
is due to the sulphuric coal-smoke-laden atmosphere
in our cities, which may prevent fungoid growth, and to
the shelter which protects the vines from heavy dews,
consequently from the development of the parasite.
Wm. Saunders, the eminent Superintendent of the
Experimental Gardens of the United States Depart,
ment of Agriculture at Washington, D. C., long ago
demonstrated and reported that varieties inclined to
mildew can be grown to perfection, when they are
protected from heavy dews, either by artificial or nat-
ural expedients, such as those of covering the trellis
upon which they are tied by a canopy of boards, can-
vas or glass . But grape growers will rarely resort to
such expedients, and generally prefer to select varie-
ties which are less subject to mildew.

The black ROT (Phoma uvicola) makes its appearance
on the nearly full grown berries, exhibiting, in the first
stage, a small discolored (whitish) round spot, which
soon expands in circumference, surrounded by a dis-
tinct aureole of darker hue and shading off to a light
Thrown ; the surrounding berry turns darker brown, and
exhibits (under a magnifier) a pustulous surface ; then,
gradually, the berry shrivels, dries up and turns black.
In midsummer, when the weather is sultry and oppres-
sive, thunder storms and rain showers frequent, the
horizon at evenings illumed by continuous flashes of
lightning, and when th8 vines are dew-drenched in the
morning, then rot appears, and often disappears (or is

rather interrupted in its progress) and re-appears with
these phenomena. We imay look and wonder, power-
less, yet knowing

" That the bright hopes of to-day
May be dispelled by next morn !"

The disease is generally preceded by the appear-
ance of numerous ^pots of brown color on the surface
of the grape leaves ; later these spots turn to a deeper
brown, and finally holes appear in then- places. In
this respect-it is quite similar to the disease known as
Anthracnose or Charbon in France, as the Schivarze
Brenner (black burner) in Germany, Switzerland, etc.
But while, there, this disease attacks the young shoots
and stems, leaving wounds as if eaten out by insects,
causing the drying up of the epidermis, producing a
deep slit on one side of the berry and leaving the other
half of the same apparently healthy, fully coloring
and ripening ; the brown spots preceding our Rot rarely
attack the shoots or stems of our grape-vines, and the
black Rot of this country never produces mere slits,
bnt always completely destroys those berries which
are once touched by it. While the Anthracnose weak-
ens the vine and causes the foliage to turn yellow
and dry up, the black Rot seems not to affect the
vigor of the vine nor its foliage in the least. Of late,
however, it attacks not rarely from one to three-
fourths of all the grapes in the vineyards of the
Ohio, Mississippi and lower Missouri valleys, and
is . there the great obstacle to successful grape-
culture. Thirty years ago it was supposed that the
Catawba, more than any other grape, was subject to
rot, but now nearly ALL varieties (except Delaware,
Cynthiana, Nortons) are often more or less attacked by
this baneful parasite. It infests the most vigorous
vines as much, if not more than weak growers. The
Concord has of late proved as unresisting to the black
Rot as the Catawba. The theory that a plant can be
attacked by fungoid diseases only when in a debilitated
condition, does not hold good as to Rot ; nor has the
exhaustion of the soil any influence upon this scourge.
Rot is found as much in vineyards planted on rich soil
as in those growing on poor land. The theory that
Rot is induced by Phylloxera (root lice) is entirely un-
founded.

Atmospheric electricity, humidity and dryness, may
materially influence the spreading or stopping of the
disease. The nature of the soil and the exposure of
the vineyard may have something to do with the ap-
pearance of this malady, which especially rages on
low, damp places, with a cold, compact soil ; but rot
sometimes also commence'd during very dry weather,
and stopped, strangely enough, after the first rains of
the same season, and it was also sometimes found in
elevated positions, with a warm, dry soil. As a rule,
however, dry seasons and localities, blessed with a
purer atmosphere and superior drainage, are more
exempt from rot.

The late M. B. BATEHAM (died August 5, 1880),
wrote in his last report to the Ohio Hort. Society, re-
ferring to an essay read at the Am. Pomol. Society
meeting, 1879, as follows : " As to Grape Rot, my ob-
servations of more than twenty years have led me to
the same conclusions, in the main, as those of my
friend, Mr. Bush. The difficulty is certainly not in
soil or cultivation, or in the vine, or in the effect of

Hot.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Rot.

insect ravages. * * * This disease commenced
in Southern Ohio more than twenty years ago,* and
in a short time ruined the noted Catawba vineyards
of Nicholas Longworth and those of a score of other
planters. Then, for a time, it was thought that the
Ives grape, and especially the Concord, would prove
exempt from the destroyer; hence these were exten-
sively planted. But now scarcely any variety is found
able to resist attacks of the rot, or if any chance to do
so, like the Delaware, they suffer badly from mildew.
Many different theories have been held respecting the
nature and causes of rot, each pointing to different
measures for its prevention, but with little benefit
as to results. Not deeming other theories worthy of
space, I will say that, after twenty years of careful
observation and experiments, the following facts and
deductions are the result : 1. The disease is not pe-
culiar to any variety or class of vines, though some
are more liable to it than others, and such as have
been some years in bearing are more liable than
younger ones. 2. The kinds of soil and culture have no
effect in causing the rot ; but a rich soil, or too much
fertilizing, by producing luxuriant growth of the vines,
increases their liability to the disease, and wet soil or
lack of drainage has a similar effect. 3. Methods of
pruning and training, whether long or short, do not
cause the rot ; but it is mostly prevented by training
against buildings where the vine is largely sheltered
from rain and dew. 4. The disease is of a fungus na-
ture, generating from minute spores which float in the
atmosphere, where they are quickened into life and
growth by heat and moisture, combined with a plethora
of sap, which is at the time in a morbid condition,
owing to the stoppage of evaporation and assimilation
by the leaves. * * * * * Such being the nature
and causes of the disease, it is easy to see that the
means of its prevention are not largely within human
control. It is found, however, that something can be
done in the way of avoiding the malady."

Bateham's suggestions to avoid the rot, however, are
partly not very practicable, except on a very small
scale, such as training vines against buildings, on poles
twenty feet high ; and partly, they need further experi-
ments before they can be recommended as remedies.
To plant vineyards on as high and open a position as
possible, with perfect drainage ; to allow plenty of
room on the trellis by planting the vines apart, or
cutting out every alternate one when they begin to
crowd, are, of course, necessary, in order to keep the
-soil and roots as dry as possible in summer, and to
secure the free access of sun and air, so as to dimin-
ish, at least, if not to prevent the disease.

Mulching the soil, preventing an excess of heat, is
recommended by some, to lessen the liability to rot.
Mulching the ground beneath the vines with bitumin-
ous coal-slack is said to have been tried with much
advantage. We have tried other materials as mulch
with no particular results. Some recommend sul-
phuring, others a board nailed over the trellis, as
protectons from rot ; but both are of no avail against
this cryptogam. SAUNDEKS himself said that he had
recommended a coping as a protection against mildew
only— not against rot.

* Should read, "more than thirty years ago." Evi-
dently a typographical error, as Bateham certainly
. knew that Longworth wrote about it in 1848.

We are still hoping that some more practical mode
to prevent rot, or to hinder the development of the
disease, may be discovered ; but until that is found we
should plant only varieties which are less subject to
rot, unless we are fortunate enough to be in localities
which are exempt from the disease. Vineyards which
are yet free from rot this year, may become infested
the next. Who can tell ?

We trust, however, that this disease, like other epi-
demics, may cease, or at least temporarily disappear,
as it has already done in some localities. There are,
no doubt, several kinds of grape-rot, variously desig-
nated by botanists. For the practical grape grower,
the one kind here described is the only one of great,
sad importance, whether they call it black rot or
brown rot.

[Those who desire to read more exhaustive descrip-
tions and observations on this subject, we refer to Dr.
E. C. Bidwell's and Col. Pearson's articles in the Vine-
land Weekly, and lately, also, in the New York Sun,
copied by various horticultural journals, and deserving
to be published in pamphlet form. But after study-
ing them all, we arrive at the conclusion that we know
very little, practically, to our advantage about the
subject.]

For those who desire to grow fine grapes, on a small
scale, for table use, for the market, or for exhibition,

THE BAG METHOD OF PROTECTING GKAPES

should be mentioned. Common manilla paper bags,
as used by grocers, about six inches wide and nine
inches deep, are put over the bunches before they are
half grown, and are fastened by two pins. They should
also have a small slit in the bottom, to let water run
through it. The cost of bags, pins and labor is about
half a cent per bag, and is well repaid by the result.
Others found a better protection from insects, birds
and diseases, in covering each bunch of grapes with a
bag made of cheap crossbar mosquito netting. This
kind of bag is slipped over the bunch and tied around
the stem with a string ; it interferes less with the nat-
ural coloring and perfect ripening of the fruit. In
France a specially prepared net bag is made for this
purpose, which is stronger than mosquito net. keeps
its shape better, and is far more durable— sufficiently
open to admit air and partial sunlight, affording
perfect protection against birds, and with all other ad-
vantages, which paper bags could have, without their
objections. We used the latter and found them excel-
lent, but not a perfect protection against rot.

52 Insects.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Insects.

INSECTS.

[Our limited space only permits us to briefly refer to
a few of those insects which we have found most inju-
rious in our own vineyards. These are, however, for
the most part unnoticed in any of our standard treati-
ses on the Grape-vine, and for the facts regarding them
we are indebted to Prof. C. V. Eiley's valuable " Ento-
mological Reports of the State of Missouri.]"

THE GRAPH PHYLLOXERA.

(Phylloxera vastatrix.)

Among the insects injurious to the Grape-vine none
have ever attracted as much attention as the PHYL-
LOXERA, which, in its essential characteristics, was
unknown when the first edition of this little work on
American Grape-vines was written. The gall-inhabit-
ing type of this insect, it is true, was noticed by our
grape-growers many years ago (especially on the Clin-
ton) , but they knew nothing of its root-inhabiting type.
Even Fuller — who informs us that in Mr. Grant's cele-
brated grape nurseries (as far back as 1858) the men
were in the habit of combing out, with their fingers,
the roots of young vines to be sent off, in order to get
rid of the knots — never mentions anything of this, nor
of any root-infesting insect, in his excellent Treatise on
the Cultivation of the Native Grape, though 16 pages
are devoted to its Insects. In the spring of 1869 M. J.
Lichtenstein, of Montpellier, first hazarded the opinion
that the Phylloxera, which was attracting so much
attention in Europe, was identical with the American
Leaf-gall Louse (first described by Dr. Asa Fitch, State
Entomologist of New York, by the name of Pemphigus
vitifolias) ; and in 1870 Prof. C. V. Riley succeeded in
establishing the identity of their gall insect with ours,
and also the identity of the gall and root-inhabiting
types. The correctness of his views is confirmed by
the subsequent researches of Professor Planchon, Dr.
Signoret, Balbiani, Cornu, and other scientists in
France ; lately also of Prof. Roessler, in Klosterneu-
burg in Austria.

After visiting France in 1871, and then extending his
observations here, some of which were made in our
Bushberg vineyards, Prof. Riley first gave us every
reason to believe "that the failure of the European
vine ( V. vinifero) when planted here, and the partial
failure of many hybrids with the European Vinifera
are mainly owing to the injurious work of this insidi-
ous little root-louse ; also, that some of our native
varieties enjoy relative immunity from the insect's
attacks" — M. Laliman, of Bordeaux, having previously
noticed the remarkable resistance of certain American
vines in the midst of European vines dying from the
effects of Phylloxera. The importance of these dis-
coveries to grape culture cannot be too highly appre-
ciated. The French Minister of Agriculture commis-
sioned Professor Planchon to visit this country in
order to study the insect here — the harm it does to
our vines, or the power of resistance which these pos-
sess. His investigations not only corroborated Prof.
Riley's conclusions regarding the Phylloxera, but
gave him, and through him the people of Europe,
a knowledge of the quality of our native grapes and
wines, which dispels much of the prejudice against
them that has so universally prevailed heretofore.

Prof, Riley's recommendations to use certain Amer-
ican vines, which he found to resist Phylloxera, as
stocks on which to grow the more susceptible Euro-

pean vine, has induced us to send a few thousand
plants and cuttings, gratis, for testing, to Montpellier,
France, and the success of these has resulted in an im-
mense demand for the resistant varieties.

To discuss this subject as it deserves ; to give a his-
tory of the Grape Phylloxera — the progress and extent
of its ravages — the experiments made to prevent these ;
to review the influence which it had and probably will
have on American grape culture, would far exceed the
scope of this brief manual. The literature of this sub-
ject would fill a respectable library. We can here
merely mention a few facts, and give some figures, which
may enable the grape-grower to recognize and observe
this minute, yet so important insect; and we refer
those who desire full and reliable information to Prof.
Riley's Entomological Reports, from which we cull
largely. It will be understood that the figures, which
are from the same Reports and which were made by
Prof. Riley from nature, are generally very highly
magnified, and that the natural sizes are indicated by
dots within circles, or by lines.

The following figure of a grape-leaf shows the galls
or excrescences produced by the gall-inhabiting type
of the insect. On carefully opening one of the galls, we
find the mother louse diligently at work surrounding
herself with pale yellow eggs, scarcely (.01) the one-
hundredth part of an inch long, and not quite half as

Under side of Leaf covered with Galls, nat. size.

thick. She is about .04 inch long, of a dull orange color,
and does not look unlike an immature seed of the com-
mon purslane. The eggs begin to hatch, when 6 or 8
days old, into active little beings, which differ from
their mother in their brighter yel-
low color, more perfect legs, etc.
Issuing from the mouth of the
gall, these young lice scatter over
the vine, most of them finding
their way to the tender terminal
leaves, and commence pumping
up and appropriating the sap,
forming galls and depositing eggs
TYPE GALLIC OLA : c, as their immediate parent had
%enU»ed;?, done before. This process con-
swelHng of tendril) tinues during the summer, until
the fifth or sixth generation.
Every egg brings forth a fertile female, which soon be-
comes wonderfully prolific.

Insects.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Phylloxera. 53

Fig. 75. MOTHER GALL-LOUSE :
ventral and dorsal views.

By the end of Sep-
tember the galls are
mostly deserted and
those which are left ap-
pear as if infected with
mildew, and eventu-
ally turn brown and
decay. The young lice
attach themselves to Fig. 74

the roots, and thus hi- NEWLY HATCHKD GALL-LOUSE:
bernate. It is an im- a> ventral ; -6, dorsal view,
portant fact that the gall-inhabiting insect occurs only
as an agamic and apterous female form. It is but a
transient summer state,
not at all essential to
the perpetuation of the
species, and does, com-
pared with the other or
root - inhabiting type,
but trifling damage. It
flourishes mostly on the
Riparia, more especial-
ly on the Clinton and
Taylor; its galls have also been noticed on many
other varieties. In some seasons it is even difficult to
find a few galls on the very vines on which they were
very abundant the year before.

The root-inhabiting type of the Grape Phylloxera
hibernates mostly as a young larva, attached to the
roots, and so deepened in color generally as to be of a
dull brassy brown, and therefore perceived with diffi-
culty, as the roots are often of the same color. With
the renewal of vine-growth in the spring, this larva
moults, rapidly increases in size, and soon commences
laying eggs. These eggs, in due time, give birth to
young, which soon become virginal, egg-laying moth-
ers like the first, and, like them, always remain wing-
less. Five or six generations of these egg-bearing
mothers follow each other, when, about the middle of
July, in the latitude of St. Louis, some of the individu-
als begin to acquire wings, and continue to issue from
the ground until vine-growth ceases in the fall. Hav-
ing issued from the ground while in the pupa state,
they rise in the air and spread
to new vineyards, where they
lay from three to five eggs, and
then perish. In the course of a
fortnight these eggs, which are
deposited in the crevices on the
surface of the ground, near the
base of the vine, and upon the
•*— X *H^* OVl leaves, especially on the under
\~Jz • ^•'&\<$K~\ side, produce the sexual indivi-
* duals, which are born for no
other purpose than the repro-
duction of their kind, and are
without means of flight or of
taking food. They are, however, quite active and
couple readily.

The female lays a single egg, which has been called
the ''winter egg," from the fact that it generally
passes the winter unhatched. It may, however, hatch
the same season that it is laid. It is generally hidden
in the crevices and under the loose bark of the older
wood, but may also be laid in other situations, and
even on old leaves on the ground. There hatches from

Fig. 76.

MALE PHYLLOXERA ;
ventral view.

it the "stem-mother," which either goes directly on
to the roots to found a root-feeding colony, or, under
favorable circumstances, founds a gall-inhabiting
colony on the leaf.

Every piece of root having rootlets taken from an
infected vine during August or September will pre-
sent a goodly proportion of pupse, and a glass jar filled
with such roots and tightly closed will daily furnish,
for some time, a dozen or more winged females, which
gather on the side of the jar toward the light. We
may gather some idea from this fact, of the immense
number that disperse through the air to new fields
from a single acre of infected vines, in the course of the

Fig. 77.

TYPB RADICOI.A: showing the tubercles by
which it is distinguished from Sallicola.

late summer and fall months. We have, therefore, the
spectacle of an underground insect possessing the
power of continued existence even when confined to
its subterranean retreats. It spreads in the wingless
state from vine to vine and from vineyard to vineyard,
when these are adjacent, either through passages in the
ground itself, or over the surface ; at the same time it
is able, in the winged condition, to migrate to much
more distant points.

If to the above account we add that occasionally in-
dividuals, under certain conditions, abandon their nor-
mal underground habit, and form galls upon the leaves
of certain varieties of grape-vines, we have in a general
way the natural history of the species.

The annexed figure (78) shows the abnormal swelling
of the rootlets which follows the puncture of the root-
louse ; they eventually rot, and the lice forsake them
and betake themselves to fresh ones. As these decom-
pose, the lice congregate on the larger parts beyond,
until at last the root-system literally wastes away.

During the first year of attack there are scarcely any
outward manifestations of disease; only the second
and third year — when the fibrous roots have vanished,
and the lice not only prevent the formation of new
ones, but settle on the larger roots, which also eventu-
ally become disorganized and rot — do the outward
symptoms of the disease become manifest in a sickly,
yellowish appearance of the leaf, and a reduced growth
of cane ; and the vine dies. When the vine is about
dying, it is generally impossible to discover the cause
of the death, the lice having previously left for fresh
pasturage.

As is frequently the case with inj urious insects, the
Phylloxera shows a preference for and thrives best on
certain species, and even discriminates between varie-
ties, or what amounts to the same thing, practically,
some species, or varieties, resist its attacks, and enjoy
relative immunity f.om its injuries. A knowledge of
the relative susceptibility of different varieties to the
attacks and injuries of the insect is therefore of para-
mount importance.

54

Insects.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Phylloxera.

TYPE RADICICOLA : a, shows a healthy root ; b, one on
which the lice are working, representing the knots
and swellings caused by their punctures ; c, aroot that
has been deserted by them, and where the rootlets
have commenced to decay ; d, d, d, show how the lice
are found on the larger roots ; e, female pupa, dorsal
view; g, winged female, dorsal view.

The editors of this Catalogue could not help, how-
ever, to doubt the theory of a relative susceptibility,
or a greater or less power of resistance, in various va-
rieties of our American vines. The Catawba, the Dela-
ware, were among those considered most sensitive to
the attacks of the insect. But their very existence
after so many years of their cultivation in the home of
the Phylloxera, and their vigorous and healthy growth
in some Phylloxera-infested localities in France, con-
tradict this assumption. And now most of those who
gave special attention to this question, and have had
the opportunity to test it both here and in Europe,
are firmly of the opinion that all purely American varie-
ties completely resist the Phylloxera, and can succeed
in spite of the insect, provided they are placed in loca-
tions suitable as to soil and climate.

We see in the general resistibility of our purely na-
tive American vines against the Phylloxera, a remark-
able verification of that law which Darwin has so ably
established and aphoi istically expressed, as "THE SUR-
VIVAL OF THE FITTEST."

Prof. Riley, in explaining "why the insect is more
injurious in Europe than here," says: " There exists
a certain harmony between the indigenous fauna and
flora of a country ; and our native vines are such as,
from their inherent peculiarities, have best withstood
the attacks of the insect. The European vine, on the
contrary, succumbs more readily, not only because of
its more tender and delicate nature, but because it

has not been accustomed to the disease — there being,
doubtless, a parallel between this case and the well-
known fact that diseases and parasites which are com-
paratively harmless among peoples long accustomed
to them, become virulent and often fatal when first
introduced among hitherto uncontaminated peoples.
Then the particular natural enemies of the insect which
belong to its own class, and which in this country
help to keep it within bounds, are lacking in Europe ;
and it will require some time before the closely allied
European predaceous species will prey upon and check
it there to the same extent. The Phylloxera will, also,
all other things being equal, have an advantage in those
countries where the mildness and shortness of the win-
ter allow an increase in the annual number of its gen-
erations. Finally, the differences in soil and in modes
of culture have no insignificant bearing on the ques-
tion in hand. Though Phylloxera, in both types, is
found on our wild vines, it is very doubtful if such
wild vines in a state of nature are ever killed by it.
With their far-reaching arms embracing shrub and
tree, their climbing habit unchecked by the pruner's
knife, these vines have a corresponding length and
depth of root, which render them less susceptible to
injury from an under-ground enemy. Our own method
of growing them on trellis approaches more nearly
these natural conditions than that employed in the
ravaged French districts, where the vines are grown
in greater proximity and allowed to trail upon the
ground, or are supported to a single stake."

Again, after speaking of the large numbers of winged
females rising from the ground during late summer
and fall, he adds : " The winged female Phylloxera is
wafted about, and will lay her eggs, or, in other words,
deliver herself of her progeny, wherever she happens
to settle. If this be upon the grape-vine, well and
good — the young live and propagate; if upon other
plants, they perish. We thus have the spectacle of a
species annually wasting itself away to a greater or
less extent, just as in the vegetable kingdom most
species produce a superabundance of seed, the larger
portion of which is destined to perish. Thus in the
thickly planted wine districts of France few winged
insects would fail to settle where their issue could sur-
vive, while in America an immense number annually
perish in the large tracts of other vegetation interven-
ing between our vineyards."

Under the stimulus of a large reward (300,000 francs)
appropriated for the purpose by the French Govern-
ment, innumerable plans have been proposed and
experiments made, but no remedy has yet been discov-
ered which gives entire satisfaction, or is applicable to
all conditions of soil.* Submersion is an efficacious
remedy, but to be effective the field must be covered
with water one foot deep during eight weeks, Novem-
ber and December being considered the proper period ;
a less complete submersion is useless, and on most
and especially on the best hilly vinelands such sub-
mersion is impracticable. A large admixture of sand
in the soil is also of service, as the root-louse does not
thrive on sandy soils. This was first discovered by

* La lutte centre le phylloxera. (The straggle against
the Phylloxera) by J. A. Barral, 1 vol., Paris, 1883, is the
latest and most complete work on this subject.

Insects.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Phylloxera. 55

LICHTENSTEIN ; and as a result of this discovery the
sandy borders of the Mediterranean coast (Aigues-
mortes), where formerly scarcely poor grass grew, are
now, in many places, changed into beautiful vineyards,
of great value. Sulpho-carbonate of potassa and coal-
tar are mentioned as capable of destroying the Phyl-
loxera, and Mr. Mares as President of the Ministerial
Commission, in his report on the various (140) modes
of treatment tried in 1872 to 1874, stated that manures
rich in potash and nitrogen, mixed with alkaline or
earthy sulphates, refuse of salt-works, soot, wood
ashes, ammonia, or fat-lime, have given the best re-
sult. Prof. Roessler also believed in fighting the insect
with manure and phosphates, ammonia and potash,
which treatment succeeds in porous soils ; and to ob-
tain this porosity he made use of dynamite, raising
the soil from a great depth without injuring the vines.
But the grape-growers seem not to believe in these
medicinal insecticides, or considered them impractical,
too costly, and their application too laborious. Many
preferred to resort to planting American vines, mostly
with a view to graft thereon their own varieties. And
now the American vine has penetrated into all the
vineyards of France — notwithstanding its many oppo-
nents, both honestly and otherwise; nothwithstanding
the ill-favor of the Government, where subventions
had been reserved for the insecticides and the submer-
sion. And this result is not a passing one, but has
gained a stronghold by the exceptional and growing
vigorof the American vines themselves, undervarious
conditions of soil and in the midst of the most intense
ravages of the Phylloxera. The Medoc even opens
now its doors to the most meritorious grafting stocks,
the Riparia, Solonis, York Madeira, being now con-
vinced that their celebrated Medoc wines will not be
in the least changed by grafting their varieties on
American roots. It is the same in other famous wine
districts, and even in the regions of the great white
wines (Sauterne, Bommes, Barsac, &c.) which are as
yet but little attacked by the Phylloxera. It will be
the same in other countries, wherever the insect shall
make its appearance, in spite of all precautionary mea-
sures to protect them from infection. Already it has
been disc overed in Italy (first in 1879 in the Lombardy
and Porto Mauritzio, then in Sicily) , and is spreading
rapidly over all the Mediterranean countries, and over
Hungary.

Riley and Planchon have established the fact that
the insect is indigenous to the North American conti-
nent east of the Rocky mountains, and there is little
doubt but that it was first imported into Europe on
American vines. Yet it must not be supposed that
our American vines are all necessarily infested with
Phylloxera, or that the insect has been introduced in
every locality where our vines have been planted. On
the contrary, there are localities where, from the iso-
lated position of the vineyards, or the nature of the
soil, it is difficult to find the insect, and, like many
other indigenous species, it is in some years very nu-
merous and injurious, in others, scarcely to be seen.
There is comparatively little danger of its being im-
ported from one country to another on cuttings. It
should be recollected also that vines imported in late
winter, or early spring, cannot possibly carry the in-
sect, even if infected, in any other than the egg or larva

form, as no winged insects are then in existence, to
escape on the way, or upon opening the cases ; and all
danger of importing the insect would be avoided if the
plants or cuttings, upon being unpacked, were placed
in a bath of strong soapsuds.

Prof. V. MAYET, of the National Agricultural School
at Montpellier, advises the following precaution: —
(Vignes Am., Dec., 1882.) " 1. Never to keep the cut-
tings in the soil, in whatever else we may preserve
them for exportation ; clear fine sand would be prefer-
able. 2. To fumigate the cuttings on arrival with sul-
phur smoke, as the sulphuric acid infallibly kills all
insects, without injuring the buds or vegetation ; ten
minutes are fully sufficient for that. An old large box
may serve as a receptacle for the fumigation." In an-
swer to inquiries whether this would be sufficient also
to destroy the eggs of the Phylloxera, the Professor
emphatically declares (Vignes Am., May, 1883), that
" we need not trouble ourselves about the eggs — none
of these have ever been found on canes of one year's
wood. And if ever any live insects were transported
with cuttings, less than a quarter of an hour's fumiga-
tion with sulphur would kill them on arrival."

The greatness of the evil, however, seemed to justify
the adoption of extreme measures, and the importation
of both American vines and cuttings was strictly pro-
hibited by the governments of Europe (except as to cer-
tain already invaded districts of France). Thus they
excluded — not the insect, but the best remedy. And
whilst it is now recognized and fully established that
Phylloxera-destroyed vineyards can be reconstituted
only by replanting with resisting American vines, be
it for direct production or for grafting on them other
preferred varieties, it is yet very difficult to get the
prohibitions and restrictions repealed. V. Babo, the
celebrated Director of the Oenol. Institute of Austria,
Klosternenburg, near Vienna, writes us (April, 1883)
that " notwithstanding the unanimous declaration of
the Commission in favor of American Grape-vines, the
Government refuses to listen ; we shall tarry until the
Louse will have spread as a great calamity. Sulpho-
carbonates are contiually used — at Government's ex-
pense. The moment it shall have to be done at private
expense nobody will use it, as the annual cost is out
of proportion to the effect. In spite of my own most
careful and thorough treatment with sulpho-carbon-
ates my success is incomplete. Much as I was at first
in favor of sulpho-carbonates, I am now fully convin-
ced that our grape-culture cannot be carried on except
by using proper Phylloxera-resisting stocks."

The Revue des Deux Mondes of June 1, 1883, contains
a very interesting article on the Phylloxera question
by the Duchess of Fitz- James, in which she says : —
"While the Philloxera continues to extend her sinister
veil over beautiful France, the American Vine throws
over it here and there a ray of hope. Happy the soil
which, in receiving it, lays hold of its good fortune. It
is this ray before which the desert will vanish. Those
who are unconscious of it, try in vain to defend a past
which has escaped ; for the chemical remedies, even if
they were useful, are only exceptionally practical ; and
while thus many persevere in their ruin, pursuing a
chimera, the American Vine covers with her verdant
waves the last trace of our misfortunes."

56 Insects.

BUSHBEKG CATALOGUE.

Insects.

Fig. 79.

THE GBAPE LEAF-HOPPER.

(Erythroneura vitis.)

Fig. 80.

GKAPK LEAF-FOLDER : 1, larva; 2, head and thoracic joints,
enlarged; 3, chrysalis; 4,5, male and female moths.

V ery generally but erroneously called Thrips. This is
one of the most troublesome insects the grape-grower
has to deal with. It is a very active little thing, run-
ning sideways like a crab, and dodging round quickly
to the other side when approached. It jumps with
great vigor, and congregates in great crowds upon the
under side of the leaf, pumping up the sap, and thus
causing numerous brown dead spots, and often killing
the leaf entirely. A vine badly infested with these
leaf-hoppers wears a speckled, rusty and sickly appear-
ance, while the leaves often drop prematurely and the
fruit in consequence fails to ripen. There are several
species which attack the vine — all belonging to the
same genus, however, and only differing in color. The
natural history of this insect is not recorded by ento-
mologists, but Prof. Riley informs us that the eggs are
thrust into the leaf-stems, and particularly along the
larger veins of the under side of the leaves. Tobacco-
water and soapsuds, to be syringed on the vines, are re-
commended in the books as a remedy. Syringing the
vines with the following mixture — one gill kerosene,
two pounds whale-oil soap, one pound tobacco soap,
and eighty gallons water — is said to destroy the green
fly and thrip, and to be also a good remedy against the
red spider and the mealy bug. Fumigations of tobacco
stems will also be found effectual for destroying aphis
and thrip. But we would recommend passing between
the rows with a torch in the evening, smearing the
stakes in the spring with soft soap or other sticky sub-
stance, and burning, the leaves in the fall. The hop-
pers fly to the light of the torch ; and as they pass the
winter under leaves, loose bark of the stakes, &c.,
cleanliness in and about the vineyard is of the first
importance in checking their ravages. The torch re-
medy is most effectual when three persons work in
company, one between two rows with the torch, and
one on the further side of each of the rows to give the
trellis a slight shake and disturb the hoppers. Tobacco
stalks or waste thrown on the ground
in a grapery effectually protect the vines.

THE GRAPE LKAF-FOLDER.

(Desmia maculatis.)

This is a worm of grass-green color,
very active ; wriggling, jumping and
jerking either way at every touch. It
folds rather than rolls the leaf, by fasten-
ing two portions together by its silken threads. The
chrysalis is formed within the fold of the leaf. The moth
is conspicuously marked with black and white, all the
wings being bordered and spotted as in the annexed

figures. The male is distinguished from the female by
his elbowed antennae, thickened near the middle, while
those of the female are simple and thread-like, The
moths appear in early spring, but the worms are not
numerous till mid-summer. A good method to destroy
the worm is by crushing them suddenly with both
hands, within the leaf. The last brood hybernates in
the chrysalis state within the fallen leaves, and much
may be done towards checking the ravages of this worm,
which during some years are very severe, by raking up
and burning the dead leaves in the fall.

THE GRAPE-VINE FIDIA.

(Fidia viticida.)

This beetle, often miscalled the
Rose-bug, is one of the worst foes of
the grape-vine in Missouri. It makes
its appearance during the month of
June, and by the end of July has.
generally disappeared. When nu-
merous, it so riddles the leaves as to
Fig. 81. reduce them to mere shreds. Luck-

ily this beetle drops to the ground upon the slightest
disturbance, and thus enables us to keep it in check,
by taking a large basin with a little water in it, and
holding it under the insect. At the least jar the bugs
will fall into the dish. When a quantity have thus
been caught, throw them into the fire or pour hot water
upon them. M. Poeschel of Hermann, raised a large
brood of chickens, and had them so well trained that all
he had to do was to start them in the vineyard, with a
boy in front to shake the infested vines, and he himself
behind the chicks. They picked up every beetle that
fell to the ground ; and next season he could scarcely
find a single Fidia.

THE GIGANTIC ROOT-BORER.

(Prionus laticollis.)

Fig. 82.

This large borer is often met with in and about the
roots of several kinds of plants, such as the Apple, the
Pear, and the Grape, to which it is very destructive.
It follows the roots, entirely severing them in many

Insects.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Insects. 57

instances, so that the vines soon die. When fully
grown it leaves the roots it was inhabiting, and forms
a smooth, oval chamber in the earth, wherein it
assumes the pupa form. If the roots are larger, it
remains within them to undergo its changes. The
perfect insect is a large, dark brown beetle, which
first appears towards the end of June, and is very
• commonly found during the summer and fall months,
rushing (often with a heavy, noisy flight) into lighted
rooms. Prof. Riley has shown that this borer not only
attacks living trees and vines, but that it also breeds in
dead oak stumps, and can travel through the ground
from one place to another ; from which fact he draws
the important corollary that it will not do to leave oak
stumps to rot on ground which is intended for a vine-
yard— a fact which our experience corroborates. Lit-
tle can be done in the way of extirpating these under-
ground borers, their presence being only indicated by
the death of the vine. Wherever you find vines sud-
denly dying from any unknown cause, search for this
borer, and upon finding one (in each case we have
found but one at each tree or vine), put an end to its
existence.

THE GRAPE-VINE FLEA-BEETLE.

(Haltica chalybea.)

Fig. 83.

a, larva, natural size; 6, do. magnified: c, cocoon; d, beetle,
enlarged.

Like all Flea-beetles, this insect has very stout
swollen high thighs, by means of which it is enabled to
jump about very energetically, and is consequently
very difficult to capture. The color of the beetle
varies from steel-blue to metalic green and purple.
The beetles hibernate in a torpid state under any
shelter, such as loose bark, crevices of stakes, etc., and
they are roused to activite quite early in the spring,
doing the greatest damage at this early season by
boring into and scooping out the unopened buds.
As the leaves expand, they feed on these, and soon
pair and deposit their small orange eggs in clusters
on the under-side of the leaf. These eggs soon hatch
into dark colored larvae, which may be found of all

sizes during the latter part of May and early part of
June, generally on the upper-side of the leaf, which
they riddle, devouring all but the largest ribs. A
dusting of dry lime kills the larvne, but the beetle
has to be caught and killed.

THE GRAPE-BERRY MOTH.

(Lobesia botrana.)

Fig. 84.

«, moth; fc, worm; c, hole made In berry; d, rotting berry,
caused by worm.

This insect first attracted attention about fifteen years
ago. About the first of July, the grapes that are at-
tacked by the worm begin to show a discolored spot
at the point where the worm entered. Upon opening
such a grape, the inmate will be found at the end of a
winding channel. It continues to feed on the pulp of
the fruit, and upon reaching the seeds generally eats
out their interior. As soon as the grape is touched
the worm will wriggle out of it, and rapidly let itself to
the ground by means of its ever-ready silken thread,
unless care be taken to prevent it from so doing. The
cocoon is often formed on the leaves of the vine, in a
manner essentially characteristic : the worm cuts out
a clean oval flap, leaving it hinged on one side, and,
rolling the flap over, fastens, it to the leaf, and thus
forms for itself a cozy little house, in which it changes
to a chrysalis. In about ten days after this last change
takes place, the chrysalis works itself out of the cocoon
and the little moth represented in the figure (hair-lines
showing natural size) makes its escape. As a remedy
we recommend picking up all fallen berries and con-
verting them into vinegar, as, upon racking off the
juice and water, countless numbers of these worms are
found in the sediment. This insect was named Penth-
nia vitivorana, by Dr. Packard, in this country ; but
Prof. Riley informs us that it is an importation from
Europe, where it is known as Lobesia botrana.

THE ROSE-CHAFER.

(Macrodactylus subspinosus .)

This is the true "Rose-bug," injurious to
many plants, but especially hard on grape-
vines during some years. In Prof. Riley's
words : " It is one of those species whose
larva develops under ground, and cannot be
very well dealt with in this stage of its life.
We must contend with it in the beetle form, and there
is no other effectual means than by hand-picking, or
by shaking into vessels and on to sheets. This work
can be greatly facilitated by taking advantage of the
insect's tastes and preferences. It shows a great predi-
lection for the Clinton, and its close allies, of all other

58 Insects.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Insects.

varieties of the grape-vine, and will gather upon that
variety and leave others unmolested, where it has a
chance. Those who are troubled with this beetle will
no doubt take the hint."

THE GRAPE-CURCULIO.

(Cxliodes insequalis.)

Fig. 86. a, berry, infested; 6, larva; c, beetle— the hair-line
showing natural length.

The larva of this curculio infests the grapes in June
and July, causing a little black hole in the skin, and a
discoloration of the berry immediately around it, as
seen in the above figure. From the middle to the last
of July this larva leaves the berry and buries itself a
few inches in the ground, and by the beginning of Sep-
tember the perfect insect issues from the ground and
doubtless passes the winter in the beetle state, ready
to puncture the grapes again the following May or
June. This curculio is small and inconspicuous, being
of a black color with a grayish tint. It is represented
above, the hair-line underneath showing the natural
size. This insect is very bad some years, at others
scarcely noticed, being doubtless killed by parasites.
It is thus that nature works : " Eat and be eaten, kill
and be killed," is one of her universal laws; and we
never can say with surety, because a particular insect
is numerous one year, therefore it will be so the next.

All infested berries should from time to time, as
they are noticed, be collected and destroyed, and the
beetle may be jarred down on sheets as with the Plum
Curculio.

There are several CUT-WORMS which eat the young,
tender shoots of the vine, and draw them into the
ground below ; they have destroyed, or kept back at
least, many a young vine. The little rascals can be
easily found and destroyed by digging for them under
the loose clods of ground beneath the young vine.

There are many other insects injurious to the Grape-
vine— large solitary worms — insects which lay eggs in
the canes — others which make curious galls, etc., but
the reader who desires an acquaintance with these,
must refer to Prof. Riley's reports.

It will be more useful to the grape-grower to close
this chapter on insects with a brief account of some of

THE BENEFICIAL SPECIES

which he will meet with, and which he should cherish
as his friends.

Insects which are beneficial to man by feeding upon
other insects that are injurious, may be divided into
those which simply prey upon such injurious insects,
without however being otherwise connected with them
— the predaceous insects ; secondly, into those which in
their earlier stages live in or on their prey — the true
parasites. This last class is represented only by two
Orders, viz., the Diptera, or Two-winged flies, and the
Hymenoptera (especially the families Ichneumonidse

and Chalcididse). The egg is deposited by the mother
parasite on or into the body of its victim, which is
usually in the larva state, the parasitic larva feeding
upon the fatty parts of its victim, and causing its death
only after it has itself reached fall growth.

The most important
parasites among the
Diptera are the Tachi-
na-flies, which in gen-
leral appearance are
not unlike our com-
mon House-fly. Those
among the Hymenop-
tera are by far more
Fig. 87,— TACHINA-FLY. numerous in species

and more varied as to general appearance and mode
of development. We select for illustration one of the
most common forms, viz., a MICEOGASTER of the family
Ichneumonidse, a small inconspicu-
ous insect which is known to prey
upon a large number of worms, and
among others, also on the Hog-cater-
pillar of the vine. By means of her
ovipositor the female Microgaster in-
serts a number of eggs in the body of
the caterpillar while this is still young.

Fig.i

MlCROGAS'TEIl.

The Microgaster larvse develop within the caterpillar,
and when full grown they pierce the skin of the latter,
and work themselves so-
far out that they are held
on only by the last joint
of the body. They
Fig. 89. then commence spinning

Shrunken larva of CHCEROCAMPA, small white c o c o o n s

With MICKOGASTEK COCOOnS. st&nding Qn ^ ag rep.

resented in Fig. 89, the caterpillar having by this time
died and greatly shrunk. A week or thereabout later
the Ichneumon flies begin to hatch from the cocoons.

The Predaceous Insects include numerous species
of all Orders, and we can here only select a few of the
more important ones which have been observed in
connection with the insects injurious to the grape-
vine,

LADYBIRDS.— The Coleopterous family Coccinellidse,
or Ladybirds, comprises in the United States more
than a hundred species, the larger of which may be
readily distinguished by their round, convex form,
the upper side being usually red or pink, handsomely
variegated by black spots,
which greatly vary in number
and position ; also a few spe-
cies that are black with red
spots, while the numerous
smaller species are mostly of
a more uniform dark color.
With the exception of a few species which constitute
the genus Epilachna, and a few allied genera, all Lady-
birds are insectivorous, and, considering that many
species occur in a large number of specimens and that
the larvae are very voracious, an idea may be formed
of the great service performed by the Ladybirds in
lessening the number of injurious insects.* The Lady-
bird larvse are especially fond of preying on the plant-
lice, but they also feed extensively on the eggs and

Fig. 90.— LADYBIRD.

Insects.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Insects.

59

young larva; of all insects. Whenever other food fails,
they will even devour the helpless pupae of their own
kind.

We select for illustration one of our commonest
species of Ladybirds, viz., the Convergent Ladybird
(Hippodamia convergens), Fig. 90, a representing the
larva, b the pupa, and c the beetle itself. The eggs of
Ladybirds greatly resemble in appearance those of the
Colorado Potato-beetle : they are orange-yellow, and
laid in small groups on the under side of leaves. The
larvae are very active and most of them very hand-
somely colored, those of the Convergent Ladybird be-
ing blue, orange, and black. When full grown, they
hang by the tail to the under side of a stalk or leaf and
change to chrysalids. The perfect beetle is orange-red
marked with black and white, as represented in the
figiire. It derives its name from the two convergent
lines on the disc of the thorax. The larvae of some of
the smaller Ladybirds excrete a cottony matter, and
one of them (belonging to the genus Scymnus) has
been found to live underground, preying upon the
root-inhabiting form of the Grape-phylloxera.

THRIPS. — These are yellow or black insects, hardly
visible to the unpracticed eye, but with the aid of a
small magnifying glass at once recognizable by their
narrow wings, beautifully fringed with long, delicate
hair. The larvae resemble in general form their pa-
rents, but differ not only in lacking wings, but in being
of blood-red color. We refer to the Thrips and figure
herewith given (Fig. 91), a black species with white
wings (Thrips phylloxeras, Riley), because it is one of

the most efficient enemies of the Grape-phylloxera,
living within the leaf-galls caused by that pest, and
doing more than any other species to keep the gall-
inhabiting form of the Phylloxera within bounds.
According to the recent classification the Thrips form
a separate family, Thysanoptera, of the Order Pseudo-
neuroptera.

LACE-WING FLIES. — These play a very important
rdle in the destruction of injurious insects, but here
it is only the larva which does the beneficial work,
the imago not being predaceous. These flies may be
easily known by their delicate, greenish or yellowish
wings, their brilliantly colored eyes; as well as by
the peculiar, offensive odor emitted by them. The
species represented herewith (Fig. 92) is the Weeping
Lace-wing (Chrysopa pluribunda, Fitch), but there are
many other species of this and allied genera which form
the family Hemerobiidse of the Order Neuroptera.

Fig. 92.
LACE wise FLY: a, eggs; 4, larva; c, cocoon.

The eggs (Fig. 92, a) are adroitly deposited at the tip
of long, silk-like stalks fastened to leaves and twigs.
Sometimes these eggs are deposited singly, sometimes
as shown in the figure, in little groups. The larvae
(Fig. 92, b) are very rapacious and move actively about
in search of prey, which consists of soft-bodied insects
and eggs of insects. When ready to transform, the
larva winds itself up into a wonderfully 'small cocoon
(considering the size of the insect which makes it and
issues from it), as shown in Fig. 92, c. The imago
issues through a neatly cut circular opening of this
cocoon, also represented in the figure.

SYRPHUS- FLIES. — Associated with the Lace-wing
larvae wefrequently find another class of larvae or mag-
gots of quite different appearance. They are blind and
without legs, slowly moving about by means of stiff
hairs with which they are covered, while others adhere
to the leaves by means of a slimy secretion and move
by alternately contracting and stretching out their
bodies. In coloration these larvae vary greatly, some
being dirty- white or brown, while others are green or
striped like caterpillars. Their prey is the same as
that of the Lace-wing larvae and their work is just as
thorough. These are the larvae of a large family of
Two-winged flies, called Syrphidas, very numerous in

Fig. 93.
Root-louse SYRPHUS-FLY: a, larva; 6, pupa; c, fly.

species as well as in individuals. When ready to
transform the larva becomes rigid, with the outer skin
hardening and forming what is called a puparium,
while the real pupa lies within this outer covering. In
due time the fly issues from this puparium. The spe-
cies figured in the accompanying cut (Fig. 93) is Pipizct
radicum, Walsh & Riley), a representing the larva, b
the puparium from which the imago has escaped, c the
fly itself. This species lives, in the larva state, under-
ground feeding both on the Apple-tree Root-louse and
on the Grape-root-louse.

THE INSIDIOUS FLOWER-BUG. — This insect, of which
we represent herewith a highly magnified figure (Fig.
94), is quite commonly met with on all sorts of plants
infested by injurious insects ; and anyone who cares to

60 Fruit Gathering.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Preserving Grapes.

observe this tiny, handsomely
colored liug, or its larva, will
have no trouble in convincing
himself of its usefulness. It is
really amusing to see how this
small bug, and its still smaller
larva, not only assiduously
suck plant-] ice and insect eggs
of all sorts, but also pounce
upon worms much larger than
themselves and pierce them
with their short, three-jointed
beak. They roam about every-
INSIDIOUS FLOWEB-BUG. where on the plants in search of
prey, and are frequently found within the Phylloxera-
galls playing havoc with the lice. The Insidious
Flower-bug (Authocoris insiduosus, Say) belongs to the
Order Heteroptera, or True Bugs, and may be known
by its handsome coloration, being black, reddish-brown
and white above. Its larva is orange-colored, and
closely resembles in general appearance that of the no-
torious Chinch-bug.

Besides the insects, you will still have other enemies
to combat ; foxes and birds, and, worst of all, some
two-legged beings in human shape — thieves, who will
steal your grapes if you do not watch and threaten to
keep them off with powder and shot. We do.

GATHERING THE FRUIT.

Whether it be for the table or for wine, do not pick
the grape before it is fully ripe. livery grape will color
before ripe ; some do so several weeks before, but when
thoroughly ripe the stem turns brown and shrivels
somewhat. The finest qualities, the sweetness and
aroma of the grape juice are fully developed only in
the perfectly matured grape ; and we consider the late
ripening varieties as far superior, especially for wine,
to the early kinds, but, of course, only in such locali-
ties where late grapes will mature. This noble fruit
does not ripen, like some other fruit, after being ga-
thered. Always gather the grapes in fair weather, and
wait till the dew has dried off before commencing in
the morning. Cut off the clusters with a knife or grape-
scissors, and clip out the unripe or diseased berries, if
any, taking care, however, that the bloom be not rnb-
bed off, nor any of the berries broken, if they are to be
-sent to market, or to be kept into winter. The bunches
should be placed in shallow drawers or baskets, in
which they are to be taken to the packing-shed, or
some place under cover, and there assorted and packed.

For packing grapes for market, shallow baskets or
boxes, holding from three to ten pounds, and especially
manufactured for the purpose in all the principal grape ,
regions, costing about one cent per pound, are used.
In packing in boxes, the top is first nailed on and a
sheet of thin white paper put in ; whole bunches of
grapes are first put in ; the vacant places left are filled
with parts of bunches, of same kind and quality, so
that all the space is occupied and the whole box pack-
ed, as closely and full as possible, without jamming.
Another sheet of paper is now laid on and the bottom
nailed down. By this means, when the boxes are
opened, only entire bunches are found at the top. The
boxes are put in crates, or light large boxes, for ship-
ment. Do not ship mixed inferior fruit— it will never

pay ? while uniform, good grapes will establish a repu-
tation and command the best prices. Skill in hand-
ling and packing is only acquired by practice.

Grapes could easily be preserved for months by
means of a cool room or cellar, where the temperature
could be kept between 35° and 40° F. In a warm, damp
atmosphere grapes will soon rot. Fuller recom-
mends, for preserving grapes, to bring them first into
a cool room, spread them out and let them remain
there for a few days until all surplus moisture has
passed off; then pack them away in boxes, placing the
bunches close together, and thick sheets of paper be-
tween each layer. When the boxes are filled, put them
away in a cool place ; examine them occasionally and
take out the decayed berries, from time to time, as
they appear. If the place is cool and the fruit ripe and
sound, they will keep from three to four months.

Another method by which grapes are sometimes
successfully preserved till late in March, especially in
France, is this : Cut a branch having two bunches of
fruit attached and place the lower end, threugh a per-
forated cork, in a small bottle of water ; seal the upper
cut end of the branch and also the cork with sealing-
wax. A little charcoal in the water preserves its pu-
rity. The bottles are then placed in a dry, cool room
where the temperature is pretty even and never falls
below freezing point, and are kept in an erect position
(usually by a rack made for the purpose), care being
taken that the clusters do not touch each other, and
that every imperfect grape be removed as soon as it
shows signs of failing. But very few persons, however,
can bestow this care, and still less have a fruit room
or cellar that can be kept so cool (40°).

A simpler method to preserve grapes is the follow-
ing, lately recommended by a practical grape-grower,
which seems to us well worth trying : — About a week
before the grape is fully ripe, the bearing cane with
its clusters is bent down to the ground and laid into a
ditch, about one foot (30 cm.) deep, made for this pur-
pose, without separating the cane from the vine. The
bunches are dusted with flour of sulphur, then covered
with soil to protect them from frost, and so made that
the rain will run off. Grapes thus preserved were
shown in March, which had retained their natural
color and freshness, and tasted better than grapes of
the same kind preserved in any other manner.

We have seen and tasted Concord grapes kept fresh
and beautiful in a porous, unglazed earthen jar, manu-
factured for this purpose by T. J. Price, Macomb, 111.,
who says : The clusters are to be laid carefully in them
as soon as.picked, and then taken to the cellar or base-
ment, or some cool place where they can have both
ventilation and moisture. The pores of these jars are
filled with a salt solution as they corne from the kiln,
then the inside coated with a common thick limewash.
The salt solution in the pores is intended to absorb the
moisture and thus to produce a cool and even tem-
perature inside the jar, and the lime is to prevent
mould. These jars can be used again from year to
year, only they should be first soaked in strong brine,
and then whitewashed inside, before they are filled
again with grapes."

Various other methods of preserving grapes fresh
until late in winter have been recommended, but ex-
periments have generally not been as satisfactory as

Wine-making.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Wine-making. 61

•could be wished. Some varieties are found to keep
better and longer than others, and in our Descriptive
Catalogue the superior keeping qualities of our best
kinds are always mentioned. In ice-houses, specially
•constructed for preserving fruit, grapes will keep in
apparent good condition nearly all winter; but the
appearance is deceptive — they are almost always unfit
to be eaten.

The best mode of preserving the delicious juice of
the grape, with its delightfully nutritious constituents,
in a concentrated and almost imperishable form, is by

WINE-MAKING.

We have been urged to embody in this manual a
chapter upon this subject, and, notwithstanding the
assurance that, within the limited scope of this Cata-
logue, we think it impossible to furnish anything
that would be valuable, either as a guide to the inex-
perienced or as a vade mecum to the wine-maker, we
have been called upon, again and again, by many of
our customers for some concise information which
might aid the intelligent farmer and the amateur
grape-grower to transform their surplus fruit into that
health-giving beverage, " wine." The books on wine-
making to which we have referred were either not
accessible, or too costly, and contained so much that
was unnecessary, to say the least, that 'we finally
•concluded to write this brief treatise, which, however,
should be regarded as a collection of mere hints, being
only intended to give the inexperienced a correct idea
of the general principles of wine-making, and to con-
tain some plain directions that may guard against
false theories and wrong practice.

Those who intend to make wine, as a business, on a
large scale, and who desire full information on all its
branches, cannot expect to find it in this brief manual.
Moreover, wine-making is an art which, however sim-
ple, cannot be acquired from books only, but must be
learned PRACTICALLY ; and we can only repeat our ad-
vice, given in the former editions of this Catalogue,
viz., to engage some experienced "wine-cooper" who
knows how to make and treat wines, who has learned
and has been accustomed to attend to wines from his
youth, and who will watch over and nurse them with
the care and cheerfulness of a mother to her infant,
until you or your son may have practically learned
from him. Such a man you may have to pay well,
and you may think you 'cannot afford it ; but to learn
from sad experience, unless on a very small scale,
would prove, by far, more costly and unprofitable.

Thus, without presuming to present anything new
in this chapter, we hope that the grape-growers of this
country may find therein as much information of
practical value on so vast a subject as could be con-
densed in so limited a space.*

I. Wine, its nature and substances, its formation and

classification.

Wine is the properly fermented juice of the grape ;
its unfermented juice is called must. The product of

* There are but few books on wine-making written in
the English language. HARASZTHY'S " Grape Culture
and Wine-making" was published (by Harper & Bros.,
New York, 1862) more than twenty years ago. Among
the many scientific German works on this subject, the
new "Handbuch des Weinbaues und der Kellerwirth-
schaft, von Frhr. A. v. Babo, &c., Berlin, 1883," is proba-
bly the best and most complete.

vinous fermentation of other saccharine juices of plants
and fruits is also often called wine, but none contain
the life-giving, restorative qualities, the exquisite taste,
the delicate bouquet, that harmonious combination of
substances that we enjoy in the properly fermented
juice of the grape. At all events we, as grape-growers,
have to deal with the product of grape-juice only, and
it is of this alone that we intend to speak.

However important it is to fully know the nature
and chemical substances of wine and the law of fer-
mentation, we must restrict ourselves to the absolutely
necessary ; it may alsb suffice, for most practical pur-
poses, to know that the juice of the grape contains,
chemically speaking :

1. Sugar, which afterwards, by fermentation, is trans-

formed into alcohol. Most of the cellular sub-
stances in the unripe grape have transformed
themselves, during the process of ripening, into
sugar ; the residue of these are thrown out during
fermentation and sink to the bottom. The less
ripe the grapes, the more of these substances and
the less sugar will be contained in the must.

2. Acids, — tartaric, tannic, and other acids, more or

less, according to the degree of ripeness and the
character of the grapes.

3. Albumen— a nitrogenous substance, plainly visible

in the white scum of the must. Also : some resin-
ous substances, gum, affecting the body and taste
of the wine; .coloring matter, adhering to the
skin, giving the color especially to red wines ;
and so-called extractive matter. All the«e sub-
stances, and many more, which have been chem-
ically analyzed, are combined and dissolved in
about three to four times their quantity of WATER
in the juice of the grape.

As long as this juice is inclosed in the skin, which
protects it from contact with the oxygen of atmospheric
air, so long no fermentation can take place. As soon as
the grapes are mashed, the influence of the air begins
to act thereon. Spores of ferment are contained every-
where in our atmosphere and develop themselves
under certain conditions ; they grow and augment in
the must (as can be seen by the aid of a microscope),
decomposing the sugar, setting the fluid in motion,
and forming alcohol ; at the same time the other sub-
stances combine, transform, and form new substances.
Thus, however clear the unfermented juice may be, it
becomes turbid by fermentation ; the albumen com-
mences to oxydize ; the alcohol, while forming, sepa-
rates the coloring matter from the skin ; carbonic acid
gas is formed in the mass, pushing up the firm parts
and forming a dense cover over the liquid : the gas is
developed in increasing quantities and escapes with a
bubbling noise, and the heat of the fermenting mass
is augmented. Gradually all these phenomena dis-
appear, fermentation becomes less stormy, and the
undissolved substances and new-formed matter fall
to the bottom. The new wine is formed ; by degrees
it becomes almost clear, but fermentation still con-
tinues, slowly, almost imperceptibly ; there are still
substances of the must, finely distributed, floating
in the young wine, and these substances, under an
increased temperature, create anew a stronger fer-
mentive motion, until the wine is clear and fully de-
veloped.

62 Wine-making.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Wine-making.

The more sugar grapes contain, the more alcohol
will be developed in the wine under proper fermenta-
tion, and the more durable will it be, from the fact
that the floating yeast more effectually settles. The
durability of a wine depends largely on the quantity
of the remaining undissolved substances in the same ;
it is therefore necessary to free it from those substances
as soon as possible. The more regular, uninterrupted
and complete the first fermentation, the more of the
dregs or lees will have settled and the better the wine
will become ; particles of the sugar, however, remain
floating undecomposed until after the second fermen-
tation, usually during the time of the next blooming
of the vines. Some of the acids, tannin, and albumen,
are also generally precipitated and settle only during
the second summer ; and not till then can most wines
be considered completely developed. Even after that
period there is a further change perceptible in most
wines ; they become milder, and not only their taste
but also their effects change. Old wines are considered
less intoxicating and more beneficial ; but there is a
limit to this improvement by age, and very old wines
become rougher, and less palatable, unless younger
wine is added from time to time.

It is self-evident that the qualities of wine depend
on the combination and proportion of the above
mentioned substances in the must, and their proper
development during fermentation. From analysis of
the best wines we find that a good wine should contain
from 10 to 12 per cent, of alcohol, from 1 to 3 per cent,
extractive substances, and >£ per cent. (5 to 6 pr. mille)
acids, bouquet and aroma in proper proportions (which
cannot be expressed or measured by any scale) .

The alcoholic strength of wines can NOT be measured
by any of the so-called wine-scales ; these show the spe-
cific gravity, but never the alcoholic strength. A small
distilling apparatus, Alambic Salleron, would be re-
quired for this purpose. (Instructions in its use
accompany this instrument.) The wine-maker may,
however, know in advance, from the sugar percentage
of his must, how many per cent, of alcohol his wine
will have, after complete fermentation, calculating 1
percent, of alcohol for every 2 per cent, of sugar, mea-
sured by Oechsle's well known must-scale. For a cor-
rect examination, of the must, it should be clear
(filtered), not yet fermenting, and its temperature
about 65° F. (14° R. or 17° 0.) Tables showing the
percentage of sugar for the various degrees of
Oechsle's scale may be obtained with the instrument.
To determine the acidity of wines, as well as of must,
we have now in Twichell's acidometer a safe and
practical instrument.

Wines are generally classified (according to their sac-
charine substances) as follows :

(1) DRY WINES, in which all the grape sugar has
been absorbed or transmuted by fermentation.

(2) SWEET WINES, which still contain a considera-
ble quantity of sugar.

The former might be called the Wines of the North ;
the latter, the Wines of the South. The northern wines
contain more acidity, and are consequently of a richer
perfume, bouquet ; the southern wines lack acidity ;
the spirituous element, sweetness, is predominating ;
they generally have no bouquet, and even the strong

muscadine flavor of some southern grapes disappears-
in a few years.

With regard to color, wines are classified as WHITE
and RED wines, though there are many shades between-
the two extremes, from the pale greenish-yellow of the
Kelly Island Catawba to the deep dark red of our Nor-
ton's Virginia. The intermediate shades are generally
not as well liked. Sometimes wines are also classified
as STILL and SPARKLING wines, a merely artificial
classification, as the sparkling is simply the result of a
peculiar mode of manipulation (by fermentation in
closed bottles, so as to retain and hold the carbonic
acid gas) — a manipulation too complicated to be here
described, or to be of any practical use to most wine-
growers.

We shall now endeavor to proceed to the modus oper-
andi of the grape-grower as a producer of still wines.

II. — Gathering the Grapes — Mashing and Pressing.

Some are impatient to gather their grapes for wine-
making as soon as they color, others delay until they
are over-ripe. Both are wrong. Not until the grapes
have reached their full sweetness, the berries separate
easily from the stem, the stems have lost their freshness
and have become harder, dryer, brown or woody, are
they ripe ; but when they have reached that state of ma-
turity gathering should not be delayed. It is impossi-
ble to describe or determine with exactness the point of
full maturity ; some varieties, especially those deficient
in acidity, will reach it sooner than others, and in bad
seasons grapes will not reach a perfect degree of ma-
turity. In such seasons it would be even more useless
than in favorable years to wait for an improvement by
"after-ripening," as, aside from the danger of their en-
tirely spoiling by late rains and frost, the loss in quan-
tity would be far greater than the gain in quality.
Grape-growers cannot afford to risk a large portion of
their crop for a little better quality, especially as long
as the latter is not sufficiently appreciated and paid for
in this country. The dangers of loss are, of course,
greater in the northern than in the more southern
States, and in some localities the fall season is so con-
stantly dry and warm that the above rule is thereby
modified ; moreover, some varieties improve more than
others by getting over-ripe, and are far better adapted
for late gathering. As such, we would especially name
the Norton's Virginia.

To obtain a wine of superior quality it is necessary
to SELECT the best and most perfectly ripened grapesr
of varieties best adapted for wine, and to press them
separate from those which are poor in quality or im-
perfectly ripe. But, instead of sorting the gathered
grapes, it is generally considered more advisable— *
especially in seasons when the grapes do not ripen
evenly — to sort them while gathering ; that is to say,
to pick first the best and ripest grapes, and let the
others hang on the vines several days to ripen more
fully ; thus making two gatherings from the same
vines. We here desire also to caution wine-growers
not to plant too many varieties. A few kinds, suited
to their locality, will pay best and make better
wine. By this we do not wish to discourage the test-
ing of different and new varieties, in small quantities,
with a view to progress and improvement; but the
planting of a great many varieties, each insufficient in

Wine-making.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Wine-making. 63-

itself, would necessitate the gathering of their grapes
while some are not sufficiently ripened, others over-
ripe, and these mixed together, cannot produce good
wine. It almost seems unnecessary to say, that white-
wine grapes and red-wine grapes should each be gather-
ed and pressed separately. Grapes should be gathered
with knives or scissors adapted to the purpose, and not
torn from the vines merely by the hand. Some gather
in baskets, others in hods, made for the purpose ; but,
whatever kind of vessels may be used, it is important
that these as well as all vessels used in wine-making
should be PERFECTLY CLEAN. Plenty of fresh water for
washing them is, therefore, an essential requirement.
Some first use hot water, to which some lime and salt
have been added, in order to remove every trace of
fungus which may have formed, and, after leaving
such water in the vessels about 24 hours, rinse the
same with plenty of pure cold water.

The grapes being gathered, we now come to —

THE MASHING or CRUSHING, which is generally done
in a press-house. For this purpose we use a WINE-MILL,
consisting of two roughly notched rollers, so arranged
as to be moved by a crank and cog-wheels in opposite
directions, and having a hopper over them. Its con-
struction is so simple that no explanation is required.
The mashers should be so adjusted as to avoid the
laceration of the stems and combs of the grapes, yet
close enough to break each berry without crushing the
kernels. Some wine-makers believe that the stems
should be removed from the berries before mashing,
which is done by the aid of sieves or rasps ; others con-
tend that the wines are not materially improved there-
by, and that for red wines especially it is better not to
remove the stems; owing, probably, to the tannin
which these contain. But when the grapes have
ripened poorly, and had to be gathered in that con-
dition, it is necessary to remove the comb, which,
being green, would still more increase the acidity and
roughness.

The press-house or press-room need not be in or
near the vineyard, but should always be close to, and,
best, immediately above the wine-cellar. It might be
divided into two parts — one for mashing and pressing,
the other for the fermenting-room. The press and
mill should be placed in the centre of the press-room,
leaving space enough to go all around the press in
turning the screw with the press-beam.

THE PRESSING, whereby the must is separated from
the mashed grapes, called the marc or pommace, can
be done with any kind of a cider-press ; for large quan-
tities, however, good screw-presses, specially made for
wine, are generally used ; and the principal qualities
of a good press are — to require but little force, and to
afford abundant means of outflow to the juice.

The mode and method of using the press, before
and after iernlentation, differs widely, according to the
kinds of wine we intend to make. Before speaking of
these, it is necessary to remark that the temperature
of the room, while fermentation is going on, should be
kept uniform without interruption : here in Southern
Missouri at about 70° Fahrenheit (about 17° Reaum.);*
in the South, where wine-making commences in Au-
gust, it should be so arranged that it can be kept as

* In Noi-thern wine regions a lower temperature
(about 6u° F. =1-2° R.) will favor a slower fermentation.

cool as possible, and farther North so as to KEEP IT
WARM — by the aid of fire, if necessary. A fireplace and
kettle may also otherwise prove very useful in the
Press-house.

To the necessary furniture of the press-house fer-
menting-vats also belong, and may be ordered of any
suitable size (not less than 100 gallons) from any expe-
rienced cooper ; these are best made of poplar-wood ;
then good pine or cedar tubs and pails, not forgetting-
the must-scale, heretofore mentioned ; and, finally,
sufficient hose to run the fermented wine down the
cellar. A good comm'on house-cellar, cool in summer
and safe against frost in winter, will fully answer the
purpose.

For those, however, who intend to make wine on a
large scale, a separate WINE-CELLAR will, of course, be-
come a necessity. A good wine-cellar should be dry ;
in damp cellars the casks become mouldy, the wine
gets a bad taste and spoils. The cellar should be well
drained, that it may be daily washed, for which pur-
pose it must be amply supplied with water ; it should
have a sufficient number of air-holes to regulate venti-
lation and temperature. The temperature of a wine-
cellar should not rise above 60^ F. (12° R.) in summer,
nor fall below 50° F. (8° R.) in winter. Such a cellar,
with press-house and fermenting-room, store-room for
casks, pumps and other tools, costs thousands of dol-
lars, and the additional expense of having plans and
specifications made by an able architect or builder,
well informed as to the requirements of a good wine-
cellar, will be money well spent; it will protect you from
great losses , which are the inevitable result of poorly
and incorrectly constructed wine-cellars. In places
where deep cellars are impracticable or too costly,
good wine-cellars can also be built above ground, on
the system of the American ice-houses, whose double
frame walls are tightly stuffed with straw, sawdust,.,
ashes, or other substances which are non-conductors
of heat; the roof should be well projecting and heavily
covered with straw.

As necessary fur niture andtools of a producer's wine-
cellar must be mentioned: supports and layers of
sound timber on which the casks rest, about 18 inches
above the floor and at least 15 inches from the wall, so
as to enable you to examine and to clean the casks at
all times. The CASKS should vary in size from 160 to*
500 gallons (the capacity to be distinctly marked on
each). Very large establishments will, of course, also
use larger casks. They should be made of good, well
seasoned white oak wood. The larger sized casks
should have so-called '' man-holes," through which a
man can slip in and clean them thoroughly; also,
wooden funnels, pails and tubs, which can be obtained-
from any cooper ; faucets, funnels ; thieves for draw-
ing samples out through the bunghole ; rotary pumps
with rubber hose, to facilitate the drawing off from,
one cask into another ; bunghole-borers, wooden ham-
mers, and various kinds of other tools ; sulphur-strips
and hooks . candles and candlesticks, gauge sticks and
measures, wine-glasses for tasting ; small step-ladders,,
and other utensils which are demanded in the course
of operations, and may be seen in any properly fur-
nished wine-cellar.

New casks, however, are not ready and fit to receive
wine ; they must first be rinsed with boiling hot water

64 Wine-making.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Wine -making.

— the casks must, however, be emptied again before
the water gets cold — they are then filled with fresh
water daily during several days, then again a few gal-
lons of hot water, in which common salt (two ounces
to each gallon) has been dissolved, are to ba poured
into the empty cask, the bung firmly put in, and the
cask rolled or turned until every part has been in
contact with the hot salt water. After this operation
(considered unnecessary by some) the cask is treated in
like manner with two to four gallons of fermenting or
boiling hot young wine. This is called making new
casks wine-green. Another process much in use, is to
put in the cask a hot lime- wash . made of unslaked
lime and hot water, forming a kind of milk ; the cask
is turned about, so that its entire inside becomes
coated with the mixture ; after which the cask is
washed with clean water, and finally rinsed with hot
wine, as before. If this last operation is not conven-
ient, pour in a pint of pure alcohol, or brandy, and
ignite it, leaving the bung slightly open. The fumes
of the burning brandy will free the wood from its un-
pleasant taste, which would otherwise taint the wine.
In large modern wine-houses steam is used to great
advantage in this important operation.

When a wine-cask is emptied, and not at once refilled
with other wine, it should be cleaned, and when dry
a small piece of sulphur (about 1 inch square) should
be burnt in the cask, which is then to be closed tightly
by the bung ; when it is again to be used, it must be
examined as to tightness, by pouring water into it,
and, if leaking, is to be made tight by filling it with
water and driving the hoops until it ceases to leak.
It must also be examined as to the purity of its air,
which can be tested by a small piece of burning sul-
phur strip or paper. If extinguished when brought
into the cask, this indicates the impurity of its air,
from which it may be freed by the common small bel-
lows, and by then washing it thoroughly, as above in-
dicated. Old casks and barrels which are to be used for
wine must be watered and treated in like manner as
new casks to be made wine-green ; but never use a
mouldy or sour cask; better burn it up than to at-
tempt its cure.

WHITE WINES.

The white wine grapes — and as a rule, no black or
blue grapes should be used for white wine — are to be
mashed, as soon as they are hauled to the press-house.
This is best done in a grape-mill, placed above the fer-
menting vat. The vat is covered with a board or cloth,
as soon as filled, and the mashed grapes are there
allowed to ferment from 24 to 48 hours. The juice which
may then run off through the faucet inserted in the
spigot hole near the lower end of the vat, is put into
a well prepared, clean cask ; then the entire balance
of the mashed grapes is pressed, and the juice which
comes off from the press is added to that obtained
without pressing.

The cask into which the juice has thus been put
should not be completely filled, nor the bung hole
closed, as long as violent fermentation lasts. Dur-
ing that time the (carbonic acid) gas which rises and
fills that space, prevents any access of air, and the old
method of closing the bung-hole by a grape leaf, over
•which a small sand-bag is placed, is still preferable to
any complicated syphon. Care must be taken that the

sand-bags remain clean, for if soaked by the must or
by wine, vinegar would form in them ; some, there*
fore, use a cork stopper, holding a doubly bent glass-
or rubber-pipe leading into a small glass jar, half-
filled with water, through which the gas escapes with-
out admiting the outer atmosphere. A funnel-shaped
bowl with an air tube or chimney in the centre, cover-
ed by an inverted cup or tumbler, which forces the
escaping gas to pass through the water in the bowl,
combines the same advantages and is less apt to break
or get out of order. When the principal fermentation
has ceased, or is no more perceptible, the cask should
be filled up with similar young white wine, and then
closed with a tight fitting wooden bung. Mohr re-
commends a cork bung perforated by a glass tube
filled with cotton, whereby the atmospheric air would
be admitted without any germs of fungi. Babo re-
commends an ordinary wooden bung, perforated by a
few small air holes, so arranged that an india-rubber
ring will close it against the air, yet permit the escape
of any carbonic-gas by the elasticity of the ring.

White wine can also be made from black or blue
grapes, as the coloring matter is merely in the skin
and is dissolved only during fermentation ; conse-
quently, by pressing the grapes at once, as soon as
mashed (or even without first mashing), and before
fermentation commences, thus separating part of the
juice of the husks, a white or light-colored wine is ob-
tained. The pressings, still containing a greal deal of
juice, are then thrown into the fermenting-vat, some
sugar-water is added to replace the portion of the juice
heretofore withdrawn by a light pressing, and, after
fermenting for several days, they are pressed again, and
a red wine is produced from the same grapes. While
we do not recommend this method, and consider both
the white wine and red wine thus made as inferior to
what could have been produced from the same grapes
had their juice been allowed to ferment altogether on
the husks, it certainly does not deserve that vituper-
ation which has been heaped on our producers, who,
in view of the failure of the Catawba and other white-
wine grapes, resorted to that method with the Con-
cord. Hereafter it will scarcely be practiced by any,
since there are a number of productive white-wine
grapes planted, and especially since grape-juice is
cheaper than sugar-water.

After the main or violent fermentation the must
will have become clear young wine, provided that
fermentation has been uninterrupted and complete ;
having become clear, in - December or January, it is
drawn off, from its sediment into clean, properly pre-
pared wine casks. By this drawing off the young wine
again becomes cloudy, only to become clearer in March
or April following, when it is again drawn off before
its second fermentation. As soon as it is apparent
that, with the rise of temperature, in May, this second
fermentation approaches, the bungs must be opened,
some wine drawn off from the full casks to make room
for the inevitable expansion, and the sandbag or other
apparatus is placed on the bung-holes until the term-
ination of this second fermentation, when the yeast
and other impurities will have been precipitated and
settled, and the finished wine must be drawn off again
into clean, well-prepared casks. The proper and fre-
quent drawing off is one of the most essential opera-

Wine-making.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Wine-making. 65-

tions in wine-making. The object thereby aimed at
is not merely to separate the young wine from its sedi-
ment, the dregs or lees, but to bring it in contact with
the atmospheric air — while in older wines such contact
must be carefully avoided. In drawing off the young
wine we use a vulcanized rubber hose, one end of
which is placed in the wine, so as not to touch the bot-
tom of the cask,' and from the other end the air is
drawn, by the mouth, until the wine flows through it
into wooden pails or tubs below. By a mere pressure
of the two fingers the hose is closed and the flow stop-
ped at will ; the clear wine is filled into fresh casks by
the aid of the wooden funnel, heretofore mentioned
among the necessary tools. Rotary pumps, specially
made for wine, are now generally used for drawing off
older wines ; but, as long as the wine is not quite and
permanently clear, contact with the air during the
drawing-off process is necessary. Permanent clearness,
however, is often reached only after the wine has
passed six or more times through this process.

This slow process of clearing or finishing the wines
is accelerated by fining (with isinglass, gelatine, eggs,
&c.), by filtering, by aerating, by heating (Pasteuriz-
ing), and other artificial methods, which require spe-
cial skill and apparatus, and which belong more to the
manipulations of the wine-dealer's cellar than to those
of the producer.

BED WINES

differ from white wines not merely in color, derived
from the black or dark blue grape-skins, but these
also contain other valuable ingredients, especially
more tanin, which gives to red wines a peculiar char-
acter and important hygienic qualities.

The red-wine grapes need not be crushed as soon
after picking as the white-wine grapes. Many author-
ities recommend that their stems be first removed, as
these contain and impart more acidity than is desira-
ble in red wines. The grapes are usually fermented
from one to two weeks in upright, firmly closed fer-
menting vats, in which a perforated double or false
bottom is placed, at about one-fourth the space from
the top. This false bottom is to prevent the rising of
the husks to the top of the liquid, as they would do in a
fermenting tub without such double bottom, when they
would have to be pushed down into the liquid several
times each day, to prevent the formation of acetic acid
in those husks, and to extract from them all the color
and other valuable substances. The vat is, of course,
first filled with the crushed grapes, then the double
bottom is put in, so that it will be covered by about
three inches of pure juice, which may be drawn off by
the opening or faucet below, and poured in again after
the double bottom is placed over the grape-mash.
The fermenting bung or funnel is used the same as in
white wines, to exclude the air and permit the escape
of the carbonic acid gas. In various wine countries
somewhat different methods are in use, but in all and
every one of them success depends on a rapid, com-
plete and uninterrupted fermentation, and this de-
pends on the temperature of the fermenting room,
which should be kept at about 75° P. (18-20° R.) by
artificial heating if necessary.

The further treatment of red wines is entirely the
same as that of white wines, and red wines are gener-
ally much sooner ripe and finished if at first well fer-

mented ; but if this has not been well done, its after
fermentation and cure will be the more difficult ; such
red wines will receive a disagreeable sweetish-sour
taste, and all the fining will sooner be harmful than
beneficial.

All wine-books contain more or less voluninous in-
structions upon various methods of improving the
must which is to be made from sour grapes, gathered
during unfavorable seasons, and of curing wines
which have suffered -either from defective fermenta-
tion, or through errors and neglects in their treatment.

We do not pretend to condemn all these meth-
ods, as many others do ; but while we consider it
justifiable that the producer endeavor to improve his
wine by an addition of pure sugar to the must, if it has
been insufficiently developed in the grape, or to add a
little pure spirits to the wine, to make it more dura
ble ; and while we cannot see anything reprehensible
in the fact that wine-producers will try to extract from
the pressed husk the large portion of wine-making
properties which they still contain, to make a very
good, wholesome and cheap domestic wine, — especi-
ally as the revenue laws make their distillation im-
practicable,— we do condemn the use of any and all
foreign deleterious substances, and of all others, so-
called, cellar mysteries. We would also warn the inex-
perienced against the use of any and all other attempts
to improve or to add anything to their wine, as these
manipulations require scientific accuracy and practical
skill, otherwise the result will surely be NO imrovement,
aye, will most likely prove ruinous. Moreover, the
knowledge of the chemistry of wine is as yet very im-
perfect. Quite lately Adolph Reihlen, of Stuttgart,
invented a process which upsets former scientific
doctrines. He demonstrated that the fermenting
properties exist exclusively in the grape-skins, and
that old wines can be readily brought to a new fer-
mentation and restored by the use of clean and pure
grape-skins and by the action of heat, applied to
the wine. But his method is patented, and, there-
fore, cannot here be described. Neither is the
manufacture of sweet wines, cordials or liqueurs, nor
that of sparkling wines, within the scope of this brief
manual.

A natural wine, the pure juice of the grape, pro-
perly fermented and educated, will always be superior
to any artificially improved wine, and the only neces-
sary conditions to obtain such superior natural wine
are:

1. Good ripe grapes.

2. Clean vessels and utensils.

3. A proper, uninterruped high temperature dur-

ing fermentation.

4. Drawing off, as herein described, in December

or January.

5. Drawing off again in March or April.

6. Drawing off after second fermentation.

7. Keeping the casks full, by refilling from time to

time with good similar wine.

If these essential conditions are strictly complied
with — and they are neither many nor very difficult —
wine making will be a success.

•66 Wine-making.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Wine-making.

Some, however, say that American wines are very
inferior, " scarcely fit to drink" ! This was the precon-
ceived opinion of foreigners and of a great many Amer-
icans too; also, most American hotels and restaurants
keep none but foreign wines — or else native wines under
foreign names and labels; — and we are often asked
whether we hoped ever to produce as good wines here
as in Europe? How, while we are far from presum-
ing that "we can make wines which will rival and sur-
pass the best wines of France, Germany, and Spain,"*
we do claim that we are producing some very good
wines, and shall before many years, by planting our
best varieties and by progressing in the art of wine-
making, fully equal the average production of the wine-
countries of Europe. This is no idle boast, no mere
opinion of our own. The good qualities of American
wines are now appreciated by the best and most impar-
tial judges. Prof. St. Pierre, the late celebrated Director
of the Agricultural School of Montpellier.f says in his
"Memoir" (Extract from his Rapport) :

" The study of wines furnished by American varieties

•has engaged my whole attention since 1875

The musts of the following varieties — Jacquez, Rulander,
Cynthiana, Black July, Elvira, and many others, are found
to be sweeter and richer than the musts of our best

southern varieties The fine mountain wines of

the south of France find their equivalents in the Black
July, Jacquez, Norton., and Cynthiana; color, alcohol, sa-
vor, body, and keeping qualities, none are missing, and
their products are equal to the good wines of the Pro-
vence or of Roussillon Trade will also find Ameri-
can wines for blending, similar to those of the Narbonne;
the color and richness of the Jacquez, Norton, Clinton,
&c., do not yield in the least to the deep-color wines of
France. Of those named, none except the Clinton wines
have a disagreeable taste ; and even of the Clinton we
shall obtain, by blending, age, clarification, &c., a wine
that is fit to enter into general consumption.

In the category of white wines, some American varie-
ties offer equally valuable types. The wines of Diana
and Elvira remind us of our good Piquepouls; the Cun-
ningham, made as a white wine, presents characteristics

approaching our Grenache wine It is thus evident

that besides grafting, which enables us to obtain our
French wines on American stocks, the direct cultivation
of many American varieties can give us wines of true

value I hope that the prejudice against these

wines by persons who never tasted any others than
Concord and Isabella wine, will finally fall before the evi-
dence of experience."

May we not hope that the prejudice of our own Amer-
ican people will finally yield, and will rather trust to
their own palates than to foreign labels and high prices?

But we are aware that there exists still another pre-
judice— one which condemns all wines, both native and
foreign, from fear of their intoxicating effects. And we
cannot close this chapter without a few words on

* Am. Wine and Fruit Grower, August, 1882, page 75,
t He died December, 1881.

THE TEMPERANCE QUESTION.

Wine is itself an apostle of temperance. The best
medical authorities, such as Dr. Lunier, Medical Inspec-
tor of the Insane Asylums and Prisons of France, and at
the same time Secretary of the Temperance Society, has
shown by able researches and reliable statistics that the
ratio of percentages of disease and crime, attributable to
alcoholic excesses, DECREASED in proportion as in each
district the consumption of wine and beer increases ;
that the evils of intemperance are worse in the districts
where wine and beer are scarce; that natural wine and
beer cures the thirst for distilled spirits instead of
exciting it. The French Temperance Society aims to
repress entirely the circulation and sale of bad spirits —
discovering modes of detecting them, punishing adul-
terations, and encouraging the use of pure, cheap wine,
beer, tea, and coffee, as the best means of curing the
thirst for distilled alcohol.

American travellers, returning from Southern Europe,
who were strong opponents of wine before they visited
those countries, now testify that where wine is most
abundant, cheap, and generally used by the people,
drunkenness does not exist. The French Temperance
Society receives the hearty support of all the leading
physicians, scientists, legislators, and of all intelligent
men. Such a Society in America, if properly organized,
would receive similar support from all intelligent citi-
zens of our country ; but our Temperance Societies here,
aiming after absolute prohibition, regardless of the
principles of personal liberty, injure the very cause
which they advocate with more zeal than wisdom.

From time immemorial the art of making wine and
its uses have existed all over the world; and whereso-
ever the attempt has been made to suppress it (as in
China) , the use of enervating opiates has taken the place
of invigorating wine. Let wine and beer drinking be
prohibited, and the use of opium, the secret tippling of
strong drinks, the increase of vice and intemperance,
would be the consequence. In all civilized countries
there is scarce a festive board Avithout wine. The church
uses it in her sacred service as the symbol of God's
choicest gifts; the physician prescribes it as a health-
restoring tonic to the sick and convalescing. We do
not deny that wine is intoxicating if used to exces ; but
" good wine is a good familiar creature if it be well
used."

Grape culture extends over hundreds of thousands of
acres, the annual production of wine has reached hun-
dreds of millions of gallons; a mere insignificant pro-
portion of the grape production can be utilized for the
table and culinary purposes ; none of our American va-
rieties are adapted for making raisins: thus, grape cul-
ture is and will ever remain inseparable from making
WINE — "that makes glad the heart of man." — Ps. civ. 15.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

NOTE TO THE READER. — The following Descriptive List of American Grapes includes all varieties which have
ever received the attention of Viticulturists, and even all novelties of which we could obtain any reliable infor-
mation. The descriptions are probably the most complete that have so far appeared, and are the best we could
give with the resources at our command. We are well aware, however, of their incompleteness, compared with
the exact method of European Viticulturists.

'The international ampelographic formula for such descriptions demands —

1. The name, synonyms, origin, home of the variety, and where mostly cultivated.

2. History, literature of the variety, and its illustrations.

3. Vine, its general characteristics ; vigor of growth ; fertility, hardiness ; resistance to frost, to parasitic dis-

eases, to insects ; requirements of climate, soil, culture, &c.

4. Wood, heavy or light, long or short-jointed; color of wood; character of eye or bud.

5. Shoots, pushing early or late, smooth or hairy, color, &c.

6. Leaves— foliage, its size, shape, sinuosity, (lobed), upper and lower surface, (smooth, glossy, hairy, wooly.)

7. Petiole— stem of the leaf, long or short, hairy or smooth, green or red.

8. Leaf -fall, early or late, change of color, (to yellow or red, proceeding fall,) &c.

9. Bunch, size, shape, shouldered or not, compact or loose.

10. Stem, peduncles, tendrils, long or short, smooth or warty, intermittent or continuous, &c.

11. Berries, size, shape, skin, color, pulp or flesh, taste and use; for table or for wine, or both; keeping quality.

12. Period of ripening, early, medium, late, — and other characteristics.

AMPELOGRAPHY, the description of grape-vines, is comparatively a new science, and a complete description of
American varieties according to this international formula is as yet impossible, and must be left to the future,
to abler hands, to botanists. It would require large subventions, such as the Governments of Europe and her
rich patrons of viticulture have bestowed on Ampelographic Works, illustrating them with large, fine, colored
Plates, which are very costly. We have tried to famish the best possible at a mere trifling cost, within reach of
even the humblest grape-grower.

Moreover, we consider all description by words inadequate, and even " figures" seem but insufficient aids. It is
only by familiarizing one's self with the CHARACTERISTICS or THE SPECIES to which a variety respectively
belongs that descriptions become thoroughly intelligible ; knowing the distinct characteristics which, by com-
munity of descent, all varieties of a certain class possess, their minute description according to the European
formula becomes almost unnecessaiy, as will be found by studying the excellent treatise of Dr. G. ENGELMANN
on the classification of the true Grape-vines of the United States, written for our Catalogue (pages 9-20).

We have, therefore, coupled with each variety the species to which it is (or seems) most closely allied, or from which
itorignated. First is given the STANDARD NAME in FULL-FACE type; then the SYNONYMS in SMALL CAPITALS;
then the SPECIES in italics, abbreviating them thus : (^Est.) for ^Estivalis, (Labr.) for Labrusca, (Rip.) for Riparia,
stating the parents from which it originated, as far as known or supposed.

The description of leading varieties and of the most promising novelties is printed in larger type (Bourgeois) ; the
description of varieties which are generally discai'ded, or planted only in some particular localities, and not
very desirable except for amateur culture, also of new varieties but little known and not yet disseminated, are
printed in smaller type (Minion).

The descriptions of the more important varieties contain also some notes on their roots and wood-growth, based
on our observations only ; under different conditions of soil, climate, &c., these may vary materially ; as also the
weight of must, which is intended to show the sugar in degrees on Oechsle's scale, and the acid in mills by Twich-
ell's acidometer, in favorable seasons, in our own vineyards.

Of new varieties not yet sufficiently tested, we have given the descriptions as received from their originators, omit-
ting what may in future prove to be undue exaltations, as several years of observation are necessaiy to deter-
mine with accuracy the character and value of a variety; and even the praises by impartial authorities, which
we quote in the description of promising new varieties, must be received with some allowance.

In order to bring the Illustrations of Grapes on the same or adjoining pages with their descriptions, slight deviations
from the exact alphabetical order were unavoidable. If any variety is not immediately found, please refer to
the Index.

Adirondac. (Labr.') Originated at Port Hen-
ry, Essex Co., N. Y. (first noticed 1852). Prob-
ably a seedling of the Isabella, being much
like it in growth and foliage. Ripens very ear-
ly, about the same time as the Hartford Pro-
lific. Bunch large, compact, rarely shouldered ;
berry roundish-oval, large, oblong, black, cov-
ered with a delicate bloom, transparent, with
a tender pulp ; thin skin ; juicy and vinous ;
quality best "when you can get it."

Reports generally unsatisfactory. A slow,
tender grower. Young vines have mildewed,
and older ones need protection. Blooms early,

and fruit destroyed by late frosts. Roots very
weak and tender. An amateur grape only.

Advance. (Hybr.~) One of Rickett's* earlier seed-
lings, a cross between Clinton and Black Hamburg.
" A superior grape, and at that time (1872), perhaps in
advance of all his others. The berry is black, with a
slight blue bloom, roundish-oval; bunch large, long
and shouldered ; flesh too good to describe, except
pomologically, and then I think it would read ' best.' "
— F. R. Elliott, N. Y.

Bunch large, berry medium, thin skin, scarcely any
pulp ; sweet and very sprightly — decidedly one of the

* See Rickett's Seedling Grapes.

68

Adelaide.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Alvey.

best very early grapes we have yet met with. Vine
healthy,- vigorous and productive, but the fruit rots
badly. Fully ripe July 30. — Sam. Miller, Bluffton. Mo.

Foliage much inclined to mildew in unfavorable sea-
sons, more so even than others of the hybrids. Fruit
much inclined to rot ; consequently not recommended
where these diseases prevail.

Adelaide. One of Jas. H. Rickett's new grapes ;
a hybrid between Concord and Muscat Hamburg. It
is described as of medium size ; berry of oval shape,
black, with light blue bloom ; of a sweet but sprightly
flavor ; purpled red flesh.

Alexander. Syns.: CAPE, BLACK CAPE, SCHUYL-
KILL MUSCADELL, CONSTANTIA, SPRINGMILL - CON,
STANTIA, CLIFTON'S CONSTANTIA, TASKER'S GRAPE,
VEVAY, WINNE, ROTHROCK of PRINCE, YORK LISBON.
(Ldbr.) This grape was first discovered by Alexander,
gardener to Gov. Penn, on the banks of the Schuyl-
kill, near Philadelphia, before the war of the revolu-
tion. It is not unfrequently found, as a seedling from
the wild Fox Grape, on the borders of our woods.
American grape culture proper began with the plant-
ing of this variety, at the beginning of our century, by
a Swiss colony, at Vevay, in Switzerland Co., Indiana,
on the Ohio River, 45 miles below Cincinnati. It was
for some time supposed to be the famous grape of the
Constancia colony, on the Cape of Good Hope.

Whether John James Dufour, the respected leader
of that Swiss colony, shared that error, or whether he
deemed it necessary to leave them in this error — while
he had the sagacity to discover that their former fail-
ures (in Jessamine Co., Ky., 1790-1801) were caused by
planting foreign grape-vines, and intentionally substi-
tuted a native variety— we do not know ; certain it is
that this was the first successful attempt to establish
vine-yards in our country. A very good wine, resem-
bling claret, was 'made from the Cape, and it was the
favorite of former days until displaced by the Catawba.
(The White Cupe is similar to the above, differing only
in its color, which is greenish-white.) Downing de-
scribes it as follows: "Bunches rather compact, not
shouldered ; berries of medium size, oval ; skin thick,
quite black; flesh with a very firm pulp, but juicy;
makes a very fair wine, but is quite too pulpy and
coarse for table use, though quite sweet and musky
when fully ripe, which is not till the last of October.
Leaves much more downy than those of the Isabella."

W. R. Prince, in his Treatise on the Vine (N. Y.,
1830), enumerates eighty-eight varieties of American
grapes, but " for profit can only recommend the Ca-
tawba and the Cape ; one-tenth of the latter variety
would be enough. Of the two recommended above; the
Catawba is much the most productive, but the Cape is
less subject to rot. Both make good wines."

Aletha. (Labr.) A seedling of Catawba, originated
at Ottawa, 111. ; said to ripen ten days in advance of
Hartford Prolific. "Bunches medium size, stem long;
berries hanging rather loosely ; skin thick, color dark
purple ; juice nearly black, staining the hands and
mouth. Flesh quite pulpy, with a decided foxy
aroma; in foxiness and astringency it is much the
same as a well ripened Isabella." Said to promise
well as a wine grape for northern localities. Not dis-
seminated, which is not to be regretted, judging from
the above desription.

Albino. Syn: GARBER'S ALBINO (Labr.) Raised
by J. B. Garber, Columbia, Pa., (supposed to be a
seedling of Isabella). Bunch small ; berry nearly round,
slightly oval ; yellowish or amber color. Flesh acid •
tough ; too late for the north. — Chas. Downing.

Allen's Hybrid. Raised by John Fisk Allen,.
Salem, Mass.; across between the Golden Chas-
selas and. the Isabella; the first of American
hybrid grapes, exhibited Sept. 9, 1854, at the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society meeting.
Ripens early, abou t with the Concord. Bunches
large and long, moderately compact; berries
full medium to large; skin thin, semi-trans-
parent ; color nearly white, tinged with amber ;
flesh tender and delicate, without pulp, juicy
and delicious ; has a mild, muscat flavor ;
quality best. The leaves have a peculiar
appearance, and partly foreign character It
is apt to mildew and rot, and can not be recom-
mended for general culture, though it is worthy
a place in amateur collections. From a union
of Allen's Hybrid with Concord, the Lady
Washington was produced.

Alvey. Syn: BAGAK (Hybr.) Introduced
by Dr. Harvey, of Hagerstown, Md. Generally
classed with ^Est., but its characteristics point
to a different species. Its erect growth, soft
and short jointed wood, rooting very easily
from cuttings; the exquisite quality, pure
vinous flavor — all point to the Vinifera, and
force us to the conclusion that Alvey originated
from an intermixture of Vinifera and ^Estivalis,
crossed by natural hybridization. Bunches
medium, loose, shouldered ; berries small,
round, black ; sweet, juicy and vinous, without
pulp ; a slow grower, making a stout short-
jointed wood; moderately productive; roots
medium thick, more inclined to the wiry
character of the -ZEstivalis class, with a me-
4ium smooth liber. Canes remarkably straight
and upright, gradually tapering, and not in-
clined to ramble like most American varieties.
Tendrils short and thin, often three-forked;
buds covered with slight hairy down; the
dark, medium sized foliage has also a slightly
downy, whitish lower face ; the tender young
leaflets are very thin and almost transparent.
Laterals few and feeble ; wood rather soft,
with large pith and coarse bark. These char-
acteristics, together with its thin skin and
total absence of pulp, strongly indicate a
foreign character. Excellent in quality, but
apt to drop its leaves on southern slopes ; it
makes a fine red wine, but too little of it, as it
sets its fruit badly ; seems to prefer the deep
rich, sandy loam of our northeastern or even
northern slopes. Reports generally unfavor-
able.

Agawam.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Rogers' No. 15. 69

AGAWAM. (Rogers' No. 15.)

Agawam. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 15.) Raised
by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass., and consid-
ered by him as his best variety before the in-
troduction of the Salem, It is a brownish-
red or maroon grape, of the Hamburg cross ;
bunches medium to large, compact, often shoul-
dered ; berries very large, somewhat globular;
skin thick ; pulp soft ; sweet, sprightly, of pe-
culiarly aromatic flavor and a little of the
native aroma; productive, and of great vigor
of growth ; prefers long pruning ( " let the

branches run as far as they will go" — Rev. E.
Surnet, of Ontario); 'roots stout, fleshy and
moderately fibrous, with a thick, smooth liber.
Canes very stout, moderately long, with com-
paratively few but strong laterals. Wood
rather long-jointed, of average hardness and
medium sized pith. Buds large and prominent.
Ripens soon after the Concord. Reports gen-
erally satisfactory ; succeeds well. In many
localities it is inclined to mildew and rot, in
others a decided success.

70 Alma.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Aminia.

AMBER

Alma. (Miparia-Hybr.} A seedling of the
Bacchus fertilized with a hybrid seedling from
a cross between a hardy native variety and the
"Purple Constantia," from the Cape of Good
Hope(?), produced by JAS. H. RICKETTS, who
says, in presenting this new seedling grape :
"I feel confident that it^willmeet the approval
of the grape and wine-growers of America, as
it is a pleasant dessert grape, and makes a
splendid wine, with a rose and wintergreen
flavor most delicately blended. This variety
is a fine healthy grower ; foliage large, lobed,
slightly tomentose on the under side ; perfectly
hardy and has never shown the least trace of
disease. The must has stood by the scale 100-
107; acid, 5-7." Ripens^with or soon after the
Hartford Prolific. Bunch medium, compact,
seldom shouldered ; berry medium, black with
blue bloom ; spicy and, very sweet. Vine vig-
orous and healthy. How this will do in other
sections and soils remains to be proved; at
Rickett's place it does well and is very fine.

Amanda. (Labr.) Description in our former edi-
tion, copied from Catalogue of Bluffton Wine Co. (and
Hort. Annual, 1868) totally.diifers from the fruit which
we obtained from plants ot^same source. " It is a large
black, thick-skinned, hard-pulped grape ; in taste and
aroma somewhat similar to Ives and^Rentz ; the bunch
is of medium size, compact, quite showy ; the vine a
most vigorous, healthy Labrusca. Esteemed for red
wine by some; — may be the.same^as "August Pioneer."

Amber (Kiparia X). A sister of the
Elvira, raised by Jacob Rommel, of
Missouri, seems to be a cross between
Riparia and Labrusca, having some
eharacteristics of both species. Vine
hardy, vigorous and moderately pro-
ductive; Rommel says it should be
fruired on spurs from old wood; a
rather long-jointed strong grower;
dark brown wood, with large fo-
foliage, some-what downy beneath.
Bunches long, shouldered, moderately
compact ; berry medium, oblong, pale
amber when ripe, skin thin; pulp
tender ; sweet, juicy and of fine flavor.
Ripens later than Concord, and some-
what earlier than Catawba. A table
grape combining good quality with
attractive appearance, but too tender
for shipping to distant markets ; may
also make a very good white wine. It
seems, however, not to hold its leaves
as firmly as other Taylor Seedlings .

Amber Queen (Hybr.). Described in
Ellwanger & Barry's catalogue (by the
originator) as follows : " Bunch large, shoul-
dered like the Hamburg; berry large, fre-
quently oblong ; holds persistently to the
bunch ; amber colored at first, but grows
darker till it becomes a purple grape ; flesh
tender, rich, and seeds small ; plant a strong grower,
with thick leaves, somewhat downy on the under side.
Fruit always eatable in August, and with proper care
will keep all winter." (We have never seen this
grape. B. & S. & M.)

Aminia. (Supposed Rogers' No. 39.) In Fall
of 1867 we tried to get those of Rogers' un-
named hybrids, which we had not yet tested,
and aware of the confusion existing as to their
numbers, we obtained a few of each number
from different sources at the same time. Of
those which we planted as No. 39 three sur-
vived, but not two of them were alike. One
of them proved especially valuable. To ascer-
tain whether this was the true No. 39 we ad-
dressed Mr. Rogers, to let us have a plant or
a graft of the original No. 39, but were in-
formed that the original stock was lost !

One of our vines No. 39 proved so valuable,
that we determined to propagate it, and
planted fifty vines thereof, while we destroyed
the other two. From the commendation given
to No. 39 at the quarter-centennial session of
the Am. Pomol. Society, by its president, the-
Hon. M. P. Wilder, we have the more reason
to suppose that ours is the true No. 39 ; but to
avoid confusion with others which may be sent
out by other propagators, under this number r
and which may or may not be the same, we
gave ours the name Aminia ; Mr. Rogers as-

Anna.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Autuchon. 71

senting thereto. Hunches medium, slightly
shouldered, moderately compact, more even,
and better on an average than Rogers' grapes
generally make ; berries full medium to large,
dark purple, nearly black, with a fine bloom.
Flesh melting, with but little pulp, sweet and
of fine flavor, ripening very early, about with
the Hartford Prolific. We consider it one of
our earliest good grapes. Vine moderately
vigorous, quite hardy, productive, but fruit
inclined to rot. Deserves to be extensively
cultivated as a table grape in rot-free localities.

Anna. Seedling of Catawba, raised by Eli Has-
brouck, Newburgh, N. Y., in 1852. G. W. Campbell, of
Delaware, Ohio, describes it as very hardy and healthy
and of a moderate growth. Bunches rather loose, of
medium size ; berries medium ; color light amber, with
small dark specks, covered with thin, white bloom.
Rather pulpy. Ripens with the Catawba. Not worth
planting here ; unhealthy and feeble.

Antoinette (Labr.), one of Miner's seedlings. A
handsome, large white grape of the Concord charac-
ter, with long, moderately compact bunches ; a strong
growing, healthy vine, and very productive ; ripens
earlier than Concord ; flavor sweet, rich, with little
pulp, few seeds, and but little of the foxy aroma. May
prove valuable as a good early white grape.

Ariadne (or Areadine, incorrectly spelled.) (Ripa-
ria.) One of Ricketts' Clinton Seedlings, promising
for red wine ; vine vigorous and healthy, immensly
productive, much inclined to overbear ; bunch com-
pact, resembling Clinton, but much better in quality ;
very juicy, sweet ; producing a light red, heavy wine
of fine flavor. These notes, taken at J. H. Ricketts'*
Experimental Grounds several years ago, are some-
what modified by his List of March, 1882, wherein he
describes it as a Seedling of Clinton and a Newburgh
Vinifera ; the wood short-jointed and only moderately
vigorous ; foliage medium, coarsely serrated ; bunch
small to medium, compact ; berry small, round, black,
with a light blue bloom ; flesh soft, tender, juicy and
sweet. It makes a very dark and rich wine, of good
body, with the old Sherry flavor. Mr. Ricketts is
quite confident that this grape will become popular
for wine purposes, as soon as known.

Arnold's Hybrids.* See Othello (No. 1.) Cor-
nucopia (No. 2.) Autuchon (No. 5.) Brant
(No. 8.) Canada (No. 16.)

Arrot (or Arcott?) (Labr.) Philadelphia; bunch
and berries medium, white ; resembling the Cassady
in appearance, but not as good. " Sweet and good,
with a thick skin, good grower, and productive." —
Husmann.

* Charles Arnold, of Paris, Canada, has been success-
ful in his experiments in hybridizing the native Clinton
with the pollen of foreign varieties. His seedlings seem
to be of decided promise in some localities. The Com-
mittee of the Paris Horticultural Society say in their
report: "We find the most prominent characteristics
of them as a class are: first, perfect hardiness and vig-
orous growth ; second, early ripening both of the fruit
and wood, and as yet remarkable freedom from disease,
with large, handsome foliage of a veiy distinct char-
acter and not wooly ; bunches large on the average ; the
berries larger than medium; skin thin, and in all the
numbers we tested, free from pulp, with a full, pleasant,
sprightly flavor; our judgment being based not on a
cursory examination, but from having known them for
the last two seasons."

AUTUCHON.

Autucnou. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 5.) A seedling
of Clinton, crossed with Golden Chasselas. Leaves
dark green, very deep lobed and sharp pointed serra-
tures; the unripe wood is very dark purple, nearly
black. Bunches very long, not heavily shouldered,
rather loose ; berries medium size, round, white (green),
with a moderately firm, but readily melting flesh, and
an agreeable, sprightly flavor, resembling the White
Chasselas. Skin thin, without astringency. Ripens
with the Delaware. Sam. Miller, the originator of the
Martha, bestowed the following high encomium upon
the new grape in 1869 :

" I have always considered Martha the best white
native grape, but since seeing and tasting the Autu-
chon, I haul down my colors. If it will ripen like
this in Canada, and if it improves by coming here like
Rogers' and other Northern grapes, then it seems to
me we have all that can be desired. It alone is a
treasure."

It is well that friend Miller qualified his encomiums
by " ifs," for the Autuchon did not come up to those
expectations ; it proved tender and unreliable, in the

72 Aughwick.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Berks.

West at least ; its fruit subject to rot and mildew, and
notwithstanding its fine qualities, it will remain but
an amateur variety and cannot be recommended for
profitable culture in vineyards.

We append an illustration which gives a truthful
view of the bunch as grown with us, for we have never
seen any so large as represented by the cut used in
our first edition, and which was obtained from the
originator. In localities and soils favorable to this
variety it may, however, attain more than twice the
size of the bunch here figured.

\nijii\vick. (Rip.) Introduced by Wm. A. Fra-
ker, Shirleysburg, Pa. Bunches shouldered, similar to
Clinton; berries larger than Clinton, black, juice very
dark, of spicy flavor ; said to make a very dark red
wine, of superior quality, and to be entirely free from
rot or mildew ; very hardy and healthy. We found it
not as good as Clinton, and less productive. Should
be discarded.

August Giant (Hybr.) A cross between Black
Hamburg and Marion, owned by Geo. A.
Stone's estate, and described as follows :
bunches very large with rather long and very
strong stem; when shouldered the shoulders
are very short and double ; berries very large,
somewhat oblong, often measuring 1J inch in
diameter. Placed in a basket beside Black
Hamburg, the August Giant can hardly be
distinguished from it. Fruit when well grown
has a decided Hamburg flavor ; quite tender
to the centre, very rich and fine ; leaf strong
and thick, and vine an enormous grower and
bearer. Fruit ripe in August ; vine perfectly
hardy.

August Pi«neer. (Labr.) Origin unknown ; one
of the coarsest of native sorts ; large, black, with a
firm, hard, pulpy flesh ; fit only for stewing. Middle
of August. — Downing.

Baldwin l,cnoir. (JSst.) Originated at West
Chester, Pa. ; said to be a seedling of the Lenoir ;
bunch small, rather loose ; berries small, quite dark,
almost black ; flesh somewhat rough, acid, brisk. Re-
ported the richest in grape-sugar of twenty-six varie-
ties tested by the chemist of the Agr. Department at
Washington. In foliage and habit of growth, it is
much like Lincoln. Bunch and berry similar to Nor-
ton's, but less harsh and sweeter, when well ripened ;
valuable for red wine.

Barnes'. (Labr.) Originated with Parker Barnes,
Boston, Mass. Bunches shouldered; berries medium,
oval, black, sweet and good ; nearly as early as Hart-
ford.— Strong. We have not seen the grape.

Bacchus. (Riparia.) A Seedling of the Clin-
ton, produced by James H. Rlcketts, of New-
burgh, N. Y. Resembles the parent in leaf,
bunch and berry, but is superior to it in qual-
ity and productiveness. Bunch medium, com-
pact, shouldered ; berry round, below medium,
black with blue bloom, juicy and sprightly.
Ricketts says : " With me it has stood all pos-
sible tests for the last fourteen years, as to

hardiness of wood, leaf and fruit. Its roots
also have proved Phylloxera proof and reliable
in every particular. Wherever tested, all
agree in ascribing to it the peculiar qualities
necessary in a perfect wine grape." The Bac-
chus makes a dark brownish-red wine of great
body. Must registered 95° to 110° for a num-
ber of years. Some regard the Bacchus, as a
wine-grape, with greater favor than any of
Ricketts' many other valuable seedlings ; it
grows well, and is free from mildew, even in
most unfavorable seasons.

The annexed cut of the Bacchus, specially
engraved for our Catalogue, shows this grape,
reduced to nearly one-half its natural size.

Beauty. (Labr. x) One of Jacob Rommel's
Seedlings ; a cross between Delaware and Max-
atawney ; a vigorous healthy grower ; foliage
heavy and healthy, yet subject to sunscald ;
resembling Catawba (and we suppose it to be
a cross between Catawba and Maxatawney
rather, than between Delaware and Maxataw-
ney) ; bunch small to medium, well filled, but
not too compact; berry in size and color be-
tween Catawba and Delaware, oblong, cov-
ered with lilac bloom ; thick skinned, and will
carry well ; ripens between Delaware and Ca-
tawba, and is of very fine quality, having ten-
der pulp, sweet, with delicate flavor. A
promising market and table grape, making
also an excellent wine. In fact a sample of
" Beauty " wine, at the Bordeaux Exposition,
in September, 1880, was pronounced by the
French Commissioners " the best American
whit«-wine on exhibition ; having a very
marked and agreeable bouquet. ' ' M. Lespiault.
Its parentage, however, justifies the fear that
it may be subject to mildew in seasons and
localities not exempt from this disease ; it is
also inclined to rot in wet seasons.

Belvidere. (Labr.) Originated by Dr. Lake, of
Belvidere, 111. Was expected to be a valuable market
variety, on account of extreme earliness ; large size
and fine appearance. In some localities was claimed
to be an improvement in bunch and berry upon Hart-
ford Prolific, but in quality is not much, if any better ;
like Hartford, it shows a tendency to fall from the
bunch, especially if a little over-ripe. Being in ap-
pearance much like Hartford Prolific, only not as
large, a description is unnecessary. It is a vine of
very vigorous growth, perfectly hardy and healthy,
very early and productive ; but so is the Hart-
ford also, and, we think, we have more than enough
in one variety of such poor quality.

Berks, or Liehigh. (Labr.) Bunch large, shoul-
dered, compact ; berry large, round, red, little pulp,
good quality ; vine vigorous grower, similar to Cataw-
ba, of which it is a seedling, and perhaps an improve-
ment in size and quality ; but also more subject to
disease.

Bacchus.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Bacchiis. 73

74 Barry.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Black July.

BARKY. (Rogers' No. 43.)

Barry. (Rogers' No. 43.) One of the most at-
tractive of Rogers' Hybrids, "as handsome as
the Black Hamburg." Bunch large, rather broad
and compact, short; often larger than repre-
sented on the annexed engraving ; berry large,
roundish ; color black ; flesh tender, of a sweet,
pleasant flavor ; skin thin, somewhat astrin-
gent. Vine as vigorous, healthy and hardy
as any one of Rogers' Hybrids. Very suc-
cessful in western New York and some other
localities. Very productive and early, earlier
than the Concord, and keeps remarkably well.
In this respect as well as in quality the
Rogers' Hybrids possess a great advantage
over the Concord.

Baxter. (^Est.) Bunch large and long ; berry
below medium, black ; very late in ripening, hardy

and productive ; not fit for table, but may be valuable
for wine. — Bluffton Wine Co.'s Catalogue.

Beauty of Minnesota. (Labr. X) Originated
(or introduced only) by J. C. Kramer, of La Crescent,
Minn. Described by him as a Seedling of Delaware
crossed with Concord ; a good grower and healthy ;
bunch equal to Concord, but more compact; berry
greenish yellow when ripe and of rich flavor ; recom-
mended by him, and endorsed by many testimonials
as the best grape for the climate of Minnesota, ripen-
ing there by the 1st of September. Not sufficiently
tried elsewhere.

Bird's Kg??. (Labr.) Probably a seedling of Ca-
taba, somewhat similar to Anna. Bunch long, pointed ;
berry oval, whitish, with brown specks ; flesh pulpy ;
only good ; a curiosity. — Downing.

Black July. See Devereaux.

Berckmans.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Slack Pearl. 75

Berckmaiis. A cross between Clinton and Dela-
ware, originated by the late Dr. A. P. Wylie, Chester,
S. C. Vine very vigorous and prolific; growth and
foliage almost similar to Clinton. Bunches and berries
larger than Delaware, of same color and quite equal in
quality to this favorite variety. We were growing it
under restrictions, not to propagate nor to sell or give
any wood of same. It proved healthier, freer from
mildew, than Delaware, and deserves dissemination.
We are happy to learn that P. J. Berkmans, in whose
honor it was named, has propagated it, and vines are
now growing and fruiting in several localities North
and South, fully sustaining our good opinion of it.

Black Defiance. (Underbill's 8-8 Hybr.) A
splendid, late table grape, about the best black
table grape we have, with us more desirable
than Senasqua. If we are rightly informed, it
is a cross between Black St. Peters and Con-
cord. Bunch and berries large, black, with a
fine bloom; three weeks later than Concord,
and much better in quality. Succeeds well,
and pleases also in France.

Black Eagle. (Underbill's 8-12.) A Hybrid
of Labr. and Vinifera. A fine, early table
grape, of best quality. The leaf is one of the
most beautiful we know of, very firm, dark
green, deeply lobed, of the shape of the foreign, j

The vine is of very erect and vigorous growth,
hardy and healthy, yet subject to rot, as all
other Hybrids of Labr. and Vin., in unfavor-
able seasons and localities ; roots straight and
smooth, almost tough, with a medium liber;
canes remarkably straight and upright, with
numerous, but small laterals ; wood firm with
medium pith ; bunch large, moderately com-
pact; berries large, oval, black, with blue
bloom ; flesh rich and melting, with little pulp.
With Underhill the fruit set imperfectly, but it
does not always show that fault, and may have
been due to unfavorable weather during its
florescence at Croton Point. We consider it
one of the most promising varieties. Camp-
bell, of Delaware, considers it as "among the
best of the hybrid varieties." Berckmans, of
Georgia, Chairman of Fruit Committee, said :
" Black Eagle we find to be unsurpassed in
quality, productiveness and vigor. I have
seen bunches that weighed a pound and three-
quarters, grown at Macon, Georgia, three
years ago."

We give on the following page a full size
figure of its bunch and leaf (the ribs of the
latter incorrectly drawn, as usual).

Black Hawk. A seedling from the Concord,
raised by Samuel Miller. Bunch large, rather
loose ; berry large, black, round, juicy, sweet ;
pulp very tender ; ripens full as early as the
Concord, and seems to be healthy and hardy.

We find it sometimes a little earlier than Con-
cord. It has the remarkable peculiarity that
its leaf is of so dark a green as to appear
almost black.

Black King-. (Labr.) A hardy and vigorous
early grape, of medium size ; sweet but foxy. — Strong.

Black Pearl. (Riparia.} Syn. SCHRAIDT'S
SEEDLING. Origina-tor, Caspar Schraidt, of
Put-in-Bay, O. Probably from seed of Clinton
or Taylor. Vine a vigorous, healthy grower,
similar in appearance of growth and foliage to
Elvira and Noah. It succeeds admirably on
the islands and shores of Lake Erie, where it is
very productive. In our heavier clay soils and
warmer climate it is less satisfactory both in
quality and productiveness ; the bunch is not
as large and handsome as on the islands and
on the lake shore, where it far surpasses the1
Clinton in appearance, and makes a valuable
DARK-RED wine.

Dr. Warder considered it "an exceedingly
promising grape, of the Clinton class." (Am.
Pom. S. 1877.) So did we also consider it, after
examining it for several seasons in Schraidt's
vineyard ; and after transplanting a few vines,
obtained from him, into our Bushberg vine-
yard, and admiring its luxurious, healthy
growth there, we secured from Mr. Schraidt a
thousand cuttings, and disseminated this new
variety, in 1877, with his consent, under the
name of Black Pearl. (He first intended to
call it "Burgundy11 or "Schraidt's Burgundy,"
and claimed it to be a seedling from the Dela-
ware.) Geo. W. Campbell, of Ohio, who is
good authority and had opportunities to ob-
serve this grape in his own State, says : " It*is
a strong growing and very productive vine,
and is probably a valuable addition to the
quite limited number of red-wine grapes."
And as such only we recommend it for certain
localities.

In August, 1882, a season of unparalled de-
struction through mildew and rot in the Miss-
issippi Valley region, E. Baxter, of Nauvoo,
reports the Black Pearl grape as exceptionably
fine, leaf extra good. — A. Wehrle, of Middle
Bass, the leading wine producer of Ohio, wrote
to us last fall that he finds this wine grape un-
surpassed in color ; must of good saccharine
weight and proper degree of acidity ; but adds :
" It suffers with us sometimes during the flow-
ering season, otherwise it is a most valuable
grape, and pays well to the producer."

Black Taylor. (Riparia X or Rommels No. 19.)
In many respects similar to his No. 14, or MONTEFIOKK,
has not been sufficiently tried, and should not be dis-
seminated unless it should prove sufficiently distinct
or superior to this valuable novelty.

76

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

BLACK EAGLE. (Underbill's 8-12.)

Bland.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Brant. 77

Bland. (Labr.f) Syn. ELAND'S VIBGINIA. ELAND'S
MADEIRA, ELAND'S PALE RED, POWELL. It is said to
have been found on the eastern shore of Virginia, by
Col. Bland, of that State, who presented scions to Bar-
tram , the botanist, by whom it was first cultivated.
Bunches rather long, loose, and often with small, im-
perfect berries ; berries round, on long stalks, hanging
rather thinly ; skin thin, at first pale green, but pale
red when ripe; flesh slightly pulpy, of a pleasant,
sprightly, delicate flavor, and with little or no musk
scent, but a slight astringency ; ripens late ; foliage
lighter green than that of Catawba, smoother and
more delicate. This vine is quite difficult of propaga-
tion by cuttings. The above description of this old
variety is from " Downing'' s Fruits of America." The
Bland did not succeed or ripen well in the North, and
has been lost and abandoned South.

Blood's Black. (Labr.) Bunch medium, com-
pact ; berry medium, round, black, somewhat harsh
and foxy, but sweet. Very early and productive.
(Resembling Mary Ann, and has often been con-
founded with it.

Blue Dyer. (Rip.) Bunch medium ; berries small
black, very dark juice, promises well for wine. — Hus-
mann. (One of many unfulfilled promises !)

Blue Favorite. (jEst.) A Southern grape. Vine
vigorous, productive ; bunch above medium ; berries
medium, round, blue-black, sweet, vinous ; much
coloring matter; ripe South in September (does not
ripen well North) ; said to be esteemed for wine making.
— Downing.

Blue Imperial. (Labr.) Origin uncertain. Vine
vigorous, free from mildew, not productive. Bunches
medium, short ; berry large, round, black ; flesh with a
hard acid centre or pulp ; ripens with Hartford. In-
ferior.— Downing.

Brant. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 8.) Seedling
of Clinton crossed with Black St. Peters. The
young leaves and shoots dark blood-red ; leaves
very deeply lobed, smooth on both sides.
Bunch and berry resembling the Clinton in ap-
pearance, but greatly superior in flavor when
perfectly ripe; skin thin, free from pulp, all
juice, sweet and vinous ; seeds small and few ;
perfectly hardy; vine a strong, healthy
grower and sufficiently productive. The bunch
hangs firmly to the vine till fall, and the ber
ries adhere well to the bunch. Our illustration
of this variety is from a specimen of average
size and shape. A very early and desirable
grape, in fact the earliest of all with us, and it
would be the most profitable if the birds would
not destroy the bunches as soon as they ripen.
For localities where grapes ripen later than
with us, and where birds are less destructive,
it is worthy of the attention of grape-growers.

Our friend Champin gives us a very favora-
ble report of this variety in Northern France
(Dr6me), where the Brant and its sister the
Canada deserve to be cultivated extensively.

They resist so far the Phylloxera, although,
one of their parents is undoubtedly of the Vi-
nifera class, and during the six years that he
cultivated them they have increased from year
to year in vigor and fruitfulness. These two
varieties have often been confounded with each-
other, and the following may serve to distin-

BRANT.

guish them : The Brant has the most sinuousr
deeply-cut and indented-lobed foliage of any-
American variety, while that of the Canada is
mostly but little indented and lobed, while-

78 Brant.

BUBHBERG CATALOGUE.

Brighton.

BRIGHTON.

.young. But the form of leaves is very varia-
ble, and 110 reliable distinctive character can be
made of them ;" a more reliable characteristic
is their color : that of the Brant is of a deeper
green with a reddish tinge, while that of the
Canada is a lighter green with a whitish tinge ;
and so are the tendrils of the latter of a paler
green and only two-forked, while those of the
Brant are darker, longer, and often doubly bi-
forked. The Brant has long-jointed red-wood ;
the Canada's wood is rather short jointed, of
less vigorous growth, green, brownish towards
the sun. The bunches of the Canada are usu-

ally shorter and more compact ; those of the
Brant are not loose either, but not so very com-
pact as to flatten the berries. The seeds of the
Brant are very small, and rarely more than
two in a berry. Both ripen very early, and
give a wine of excellent quality and of very
handsome red color.

Brighton. (Labr.X)- This handsome and
fine grape, raised by Jacob Moore, of Brighton,
N. York, is a cross of the Concord and Diana-
Hamburg. Vine hardy, a rapid and vigorous
grower, with medium to long-jointed shoots,
which ripen early ; leaves large, thick, dark

Bottsi.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Canada. 79

green, glossy, coarsely serrated, occasio
lobed. Very productive, and, if the small
bunches were taken off early in the season, it
would be a great benefit to the others.

"Bunch medium to large, shouldered, moder-
ately compact ; berries medium to large, round,
light red at first, changing to a dark crimson
or maroon when fully matured, sometimes
almost black, and covered with a thick lilac
bloom. The berries adhere well to the pedun-
cle; skin thin but tough; flesh tender, very
slight pulp, sweet, juicy, slightly aromatic,
very slightly vinous, and of very good quality
for an early grape. It has its best flavor when
it is first ripe, but becomes pasty and loses its
sprightly flavor when fully ripe. Ripens nearly
as early as the Hartford Prolific and before the
Delaware." — A. J. Downing.

One of the most promising and successful
new varieties, largely cultivated in the Eastern
States, where it is NOW THE LEADING TABLE
GRAPE. It is worthy of extensive planting
wlierever any of the hybrid grapes can be
grown successfully and early grapes for table
or market are desired ; requires protection in
severe winters. The cut is a faithful copy of a
photograph from a medium size bunch of the
Brighton grape. In general beautiful appear-
ance the Brighton closely resembles the Ca-
tawba, which ripens a month later.

Bottsi. (jEst.) The local name for a very remark-
able grape, grown in the garden of a gentleman of that
name, in Natchez, Miss. It is said to throw all other
grapes ever grown there (including the Jacquez) com-
pletely in the background, and is claimed to be the
true Herbemont brought some fifty years ago from
South Carolina. It differs from our Herbemont in
color, being of a light pink in the shade, a dark pink
in the full sun. The impartial, trustworthy testimony
of H. Y. Child, an amateur horticulturist, as to its ex-
cellent quality and rapid growth, enormous fruitful-
ness and freedom from rot, made us procure and plant
some wood of this variety. — After several years' test-
ing we found it unsuited to our locality, too tender
and liable to mildew. In Texas it is found " a splen-
did thing," but, as Mr. Onderdonk assures us, "just
like the Herbemont."

it ii met . (Hybr,) The Burnet grape, raised by P.
C. Dempsey, of Albany, Prince Edwards Co., Ont.,
from seed of the Hartford Prolific, fertilized by Black
Hamburg. The vine is vigorous and healthy, hardy
and productive ; leaves deeply lobed, thick, downy be-
neath ; bunches large, well shouldered and well filled ;
the berries large, oval, purplish-6£ac& / flesh aud flavor
resembling Black Hamburg, without any trace of fox-
iness ; ripening earlier than Concord. — Burnet.

Burroughs'. (Rip.) From Vermont. Vine allied
to the Clinton. Bunch small ; berry round, black, thick
bloom ; flesh harsh, acid, austere. — Downing.

Burton's Early. . (Labr.) A large, early, poor
Fox grape Unworthy of culture. — Downing.

CANADA.

Canada. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 16.) Raised
from seed of Clinton, crossed with pollen of
Black St. Peters. Resembles the Brant (No. 3)
in appearance. [For characteristic differences
see Brant, p. 77.] It is justly praised for its rich
aromatic flavor and delightful bouquet by all
who taste it. Bunch and berry above medium ;
color black, with a fine bloom ; skin thin, free
from harshness and from the acidity common to
other native grapes. A moderate grower, with
peculiar foliage; hardy, and matures its wood
well. Valuable for wine in some localities.

Like all of Arnold's Hybrids, it proves ten-
der and unreliable in the United States, in
most localities, while in France it is very suc-
cessfully grown and proves Phylloxera-resist-
ing. -But this is not to be construed as a gen-
eral and absolute condemnation for all parts of
our country, nor as a recommendation for all

80 Cambridge.

BUSH BERG CATALOGUE.

Catawba.

the different regions of viticulture in France.
The Cornucopia and the Canada have perished
at Nimes, while they have been growing and
succeeding finely during the last eight years in
the valley of the Sa6ne. The principle of adap-
tability to certain soils, aspects and localities,
and not to others, applies to hybrids in a
greater degree even than to varieties of our
native species.

Cambridge. (Labr.) Originated in the gar-
den of Francis Houghton, Cambridge, Mass.,

CATAWBA.

and introduced by Hovey & Co., of Boston, as
" of the highest merit." They described it as
follows : " It is a black grape, somewhat resem-
bling Concord, but with more oval berries.
Hunches large and shouldered; berries large,
with a very thin skin, covered with a delicate
bloom, and adhering firmly to the bunch ; flesh
rich, brisk, and refreshing; without pulp, and
more nearly approaching the Adirondac in
quality than any other native grape. Period
of ripening a few days before the Concord.
The vine has the luxuriance of
growth and handsome foliage of
the Concord, while it is quite as
hardy, if not hardier, than that
grape.

In some favorable seasons, as in
1880, the Cambridge produced in
our vineyards much finer, larger
bunches than the Concord ; gener-
ally, however, it is nearly identical
in taste and appearance with this
popular variety.

Camdcn. (Labr.) Bunch medium :
berry large, greenish-white ; flesh with a
hard centre ; acid ; poor.

Canby's August. See York Ma-
deira.

Catawba. Syn. : BED MUNCY,
CATAWBA, TOKAY, SINGLETON.
(Labr.) This old and well-known
variety is a native of North Caro-
lina, and has its name from the
Catawba river. It was transplanted
to a garden at Clarksburg, Md., and
introduced to notice sixty years ago
by Major John Adlum, of Georg-
etown, D. C. It has been for many
years the standard wine grape of
the country, and thousands of acres
have been planted with it ; but
owing to its uncertainty, on account
of the mildew and blight, and
its too late ripening in the Eastern
and Northern States (in October),
it is now discarded in many sec-
tions, and other reliable kinds are
planted instead. In localities where
it will fully mature, and where it
seems less subject to disease, there
are very few better varieties.

Contrary to the heretofore pre-
vailing belief that the Phylloxera
was the main cause of the failure
of the Catawba in many sections,
and contrary to the opinion of
some eminent scientists who still
hold this view, we have now come

Catawba.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Centennial. 81

to the conclusion, based upon careful ob-
servation, that the diseased and enfeebled roots
of the Catawba are caused by the disturbed
development of the mildewed tops, and not by
the Phylloxera. Where mildew does not pre-
vail, as on the islands of Lake Erie, on the lake
shore, &c., the Catawba is still and will de-
servedly remain for years to come the leading
variety for market and for wine.

The late Dr. Warder truly said, that the
beautiful banks of the Ohio might again be
covered with vineyards, if we could only dis-
cover a grape, equal in quality to the Catawba,
that would not be subject to mildew or rot.*

Bunches large, moderately compact, shoul-
dered ; berries above medium, round, deep red,
covered with lilac bloom. Skin moderately
thick ; flesh slightly pulpy, sweet, juicy, with
a rich, vinous, and somewhat musky flavor.
Vine a vigorous grower ; in favorable seasons
and localities very productive. Clay-shale soil,
also gravelly or sandy soils seem best adapted.
Roots light, in comparison to the naturally
strong growth of the vine, when in a perfectly
healthy state, with a texture below average
hardness ; thick liber, and not inclined to push
young fibers as rapidly as other varieties;
canes straight and long, with few laterals ;
wood of average hardness, with a pith a little
more than the average size. Must ranges from
86° to 95° by GEchsle's scale.

The Catawba has quite a number of SEEDLINGS ; of
lona and Diana, its two best, and of Aletha, Anna,
Hine, Mottled, &c., we give descriptions in their alpha-
betic order ; but some are actually the same as Ca-
tawba, and only pretended seedlings, to sell under a
new name ; others are so nearly identical as not to re-
quire description. To this class belong:
Fancher, claimed to be an early Catawba.
Keller's White; Mead' s Seedling ; Merceron.
Mammoth Catawba of Hermann, very large in bunch

and berry, but otherwise inferior to the parent.
•Omega, exhibited in 1867 at the Indiana State Fair.
Saratoga, the same as Fancher.
Tekomah, a Missouri seedling of Catawba.
White Catawba, raised by John E. Mottier, and aban-
doned by himself as being inferior to its parent.

Cassady. (Labr.) Originated in the yard of H. P-
•Cassady, Philadelphia, as a chance seedling. Bunch
medium, very compact, sometimes shouldered ; berry
medium, round, pale green, covered with white bloom ;

* At the moment that we are reading the proof of this,
we notice in the Messager Agricole (Aug., 1883), the fol-
lowing, which we translate :

Certain Remedy against the Mildew (Peronospord) . Jean
•Gazotti, a modest Italian grape- grower, had the happy
idea to sprinkle the foliage of mildew infected vines
with a solution of soda (2 kilos of soda in one hectolitre
of water =4J pounds dissolved in '26 gallons of water),
and he had the good fortune to find, on the day after
Much treatment, that the filaments of the peronspora
were consximed.

While we scarcely venture to hope that this will he a
certain remedy, it is well worth trying. May the results
.be satisfactory!

when very ripe- its color changes to light yellow;
skin thick and leathery, pulpy, but with a peculiar
honeyed sweetness which no other grape posseses in
the same degree. Ripens with the Catawba. Vine a
moderate grower; a true Labrusca in habit and foliage ;
immensely productive, so much so that nearly every
fruit-bud will push out several branches, with from
three to five bunches each. But after thus over-bearing
it becomes exhausted for several seasons, the leaves
drop prematurely, and the fruit will not ripen.

This grape is now generally discarded, 'being re-
placed by new and better varieties. It is said to be the
parent of the "Niagara" grape.

The "Arrott" resembles the Cassady very much.

Catawissa. See Creveling.

Centennial.* — A promising new grape, raised by
D. 8. Marwin, Watertown, N. Y., by him supposed to
belong to the northern type of Vitis JEstivalis (a seed-
ling of the Eumelan, fertilized by pollen from some La-
brusca grape, probably lona or Delaware, certainly from
NO foreign grape), and kindly sent to us for testing.

No plants of this variety were as yet offered for sale.
(First figured in Rural New Yorker, 1882.)

Vine described as a vigorous grower, with heavy,
durable foliage ; very fertile, inclining to overbear; has
sometimes mildew on its leaf, but no signs of rot in
the berries. The clusters are large, of fine conical
shape, always compact; the berries are above medium,
round; skin firm, of a peculiar handsome color, almost
white with a light pink shade; flesh juicy, veiy sweet,
vinous, resembling the Delaware in flavor. It ripens
about the same time with or a few days later than Con-
cord and keeps well for winter use. The Centennial prom-
ises to be valuable both as a table grape and also for
wine, its only apparent fault being that the seeds are
rather large and numerous.

When first introducing the Centennial (in fall of 1882)
Marwin said :

"I do not approve of multiplying varieties unless
"they are improvements. During my many experi-
" ments I have thrown away many seedlings superior to
" many of our old sorts. * * * I do not claim that the Cen-
" tennial is perfect, * * * but for a winter grape I deem it
" superior to all others*** The vine is about as vigorous
" here as the Concord, and seems about as exempt
" from mildew, suffering much less than the Delaware.
" * * * The reproductive organs seem perfect, there
" being no emasculated clusters, so the vines bear
" heavy crops. * * * Persons who desire a higher
•' quality of fruit, will be gratified with the Centen-
" nial ; and if, upon trial, it be found to succeed generally
" as well as it does in Northern New York, real progress
" in grape culture will follow its introduction.

" The grape was awarded silver medals, certificates,
" money - prizes, and favorable mention, at many
" fairs. * * * At the end of the season I shall be
" able to give further proofs, but I feel like protesting
" against this kind of proofs. Each new grape should
" stand upon its own merits and the character of the
" introducer. Horticulturists should be exempted
" from giving certificates as to fruits that, from the na-
" ture of the circumstances, they know little about."

These remarks of the originator, so modest and un-
assuming, give us greater confidence than we usually
have in new varieties, and we recommend the Centen-

* Not Continental, as it Is erroneously named in the Am. Po-
mol. Society-Report on new fruits, 1681.

82 Challenge.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Clinton.

nial, with our best wishes for its success, for trial in
localities where its parent, the Eumelan, does not suf-
fer from mildew.

Challenge. Supposed cross between Concord
and Royal Muscadine, grown by Rev. Asher
Moore, N. Jersey. Very early and prolific;
short compact bunches, shouldered ; large,
round berries, pale red, with flesh slightly
pulpy; very sweet and juicy. Extra hardy
wood and leaf. We consider it purely native,
yet an excellent dessert and wine grape.

Champion. Syn. : EAELY CHAMPION, TALMAN'S
SEEDLING, BEACONSFIELD. (Labr.) Ten years ago (1S73)
President Wilder asked, ''Does anyone know anything
about the Champion?" And the late Dr. Swasey of
Louisiana then informed us that it was a new grape,
extra early, and one of the best in cultivation (Am.
Pom. Soc. 1873, page 66), just sent out for the first time
by some New Orleans nurserymen. In our Catalogue,
edition 1875, we gave the best description we could then
obtain, and said, ''We shall try to obtain this new, ex-
traordinary grape for testing," &c. But while it was
said that the Champion had originated in one of the
city gardens of New Orleans, La., an accidental seed-
ling, "where it has so magnificently flourished and
borne its splendid fruit," and "evaded the notice of
our grape-growers for a number of years," we found
that this was not so ; that R. J. Donnelly at Rochester,
N. Y., and J. I. Stone at Charlotte, Monroe Co., N. Y.,
propagated and disseminated the "Early Champion,"
apparently the same grape, before 1873, and that un-
der the name of TALMAN'S SEEDLING, or TALMAN,
this identical variety had been grown for many years
around Syracuse and other N. Y. localities. It has
now been fully and largely tested, and, while it has
actually proven the earliest market grape, and has been
a very sure and profitable one to some growers, it is
so poor in quality, that, the better known it is, the less
saleable does it become ; and it should be, and probably
soon will be, discarded for better varieties. A few years
ago it was shipped to Montreal and other Canada mar-
kets, commanding there high prices, and, as the vine
was found to succeed well and to bear abundantly in
the neighborhood of Montreal, young Donnelly, who
was then manager of the Beaconsfield vineyards, plant-
ed there several thousand of his father's Champion
vines, and caused them to be planted quite extensively
in the vicinity. Thus it became known* as the Bea-
consfield grape. It was decidedly a profitable grape,
selling at high prices on account of its earliness, before
other grapes could be had — and until people became
more appreciative of quality.

The Vine is a strong grower, thrifty, arid perfectly
hardy, with healthy foliage, entirely free from mildew,
and very productive. Bunches large, handsome, com-
pact, and shouldered. Berry round, bluish-black, near-
ly as large as Hartford Prolific ; skin thick, firm, and
adhering well to the stem. Ripens nearly one week
earlier than Hartford, but is as poor, if not poorer, in
quality.

This grape does the best on a warm, sandy, not very
fertile soil.

* Or was so named by the proprietors of that vineyard
against Donnelly's protest.

Under the name of Champion, as also the Golden
Champion, another grape was introduced in California,
which proves there a miserable failure.

Charlotte. Identical with Diana.

Charter Oak. (Labr.) A very large, coarse, na.
tive Fox grape, quite worthless, except for size, which
makes its appearance as attractive as its musky flavor
is repulsive.

Christine. (Telegraph.}

Claret. (?) A seedling of Chas. Carpenter, Kelly
Island, 0. Bunch and berry medium ; claret red ; acid ;
vine vigorous ; not valuable. — Downing.

Clara. Supposed
to be from foreign
seed. A white (or
pale amber) grape ;
very fine for the ta-
ble ; somewhat like
Allen's Hybrid.
Bunch long, loose;
berry medium round,
yellowish green,
transparent, without
pulp, sweet and deli-
cious, but very un-
certain. Rather ten-
der and requires pro-
tection in the winter.
Not worthy of culti-
vation since we have
so many superior va-
rieties. Nevertheless
we I irjii- it praised in
France as one of the
American varieties
doing remarkably
well there, being vig-
orous and produc-
tive, apparently Phyl-
loxera-proof in the
midst of badly infec-
ted vines (in the
vineyard of M. Borty,
at iRocLuemare). We
are ^inclined to be-
lieve that the name is-
incorrect. The above
figure of the Clara

grape is reduced to one-fourth of natural size (one-half

diameter).

Clinton. Syn., WOKTHINGTON. (Riparia.)
Strong says that, in the year 1821, the Hon.
Hugh White, then in Hamilton College, N. Y.,
planted a seedling vine in the grounds of Prof.
Noyes, on College Hill, which is still remain-
ing, and is the original Clinton. Bunches me-
dium or small, compact, not shouldered ; berry
round, below medium size, black with a blue
bloom ; skin thin, tough ; flesh juicy, with lit-
tle pulp, brisk and vinous; somewhat acid;
sweeter the farther south it grows ; colors early,
but should hang late (until after the first frost)
to become thoroughly ripe. Vigorous, hardy,
and productive ; healthy, but an exceedingly
rank, straggling grower, and one of the hard-

CLARA. (% SIZE.)

Clinton.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Concord.

est vines to keep under control ; it requires a
great deal of room and spur-pruning on old
wood to bring forth its best results. Being one
of the first to bloom in spring, it suffers some-
times from late frosts.

The leaf of the Clinton is in some seasons
quite infested by the gall-louse (the Gallicola
form of the Phylloxera), but its root enjoys a
remarkable immunity from the puncture of
this dreaded insect. The root-lice are found
thereon, sometimes abundantly, but the vine
does not suffer therefrom, while European
vines by their side are quite destroyed. The
Clintorj was therefore recommended by us to
Phylloxera-invaded France, and has been
largely used there for several years, until the
Taylor and, even more so. certain types of
wild Riparia were found better adapted.

L. Giraud, Pres't of the Syndicat Pomerol.
(Gironde), writes May 4, 1883: "My grafts of
1876, on the poor decried Clinton, give promise
this year also of the most satisfactory returns.
I have abandoned the grafting on Clinton, and
prefer now the Riparia, on account of the large
quantity of root-lice on the former, which
makes it a bad neighbor for our French vines."

The fact that Clintons, even when teeming
with Phylloxera, are comparatively free from
mildew and rot, while other varieties much
less infected by the insect suffer either by rot
or mildew, and some even by both, refutes the
theory that these diseases might be caused by
the Phylloxera.

Roots thin and wiry, but very tough, with a
hard, smooth liber, rapidly forming new fibers,
or spongioles, and, though much infested by the
Phylloxera, the insect seems to have little effect
on the hard texture of the main roots. Canes
rather slender, but long and rambling, with a
full complement of laterals and strong tendrils.
Wood rather soft and with a large pith.

Makes a fair, dark red wine, resembling
claret, but of somewhat disagreeable taste,
which, however, improves with age ; must 93°
to 98° and sometimes exceeding 100°.

CHnton-Via.Ua. (Rip.) By some supposed to be
identical with franklin,- others say that the foliage of the
Vialla is larger and darker, and that it is more produc-
tive and of a somewhat better quality. It is not known
here at all, but it is esteemed in France as a superior
grafting stock.

Clover-street Black.. A Hybrid raised by Ja-
cob Moore, from Diana, crossed by Black Hamburg.
Bunches large, compact, shouldered; berries large,
roundish, black, with a dark violet bloom ; flesh ten-
der, sweet. Vine moderately vigorous. Ripens with
Concord. — Hovey's Mag.

Clover-street Red. Same origin as the preced-
ing. Bunches larger than the Diana, loose, occasion-

ally with a similar long stalk or shoulder appended to
the top ; berries large, roundish oval, crimson when
fully ripe, with a slight Diana flavor. Vine a strong
grower. Ripens with Diana. — Hovey's Mag.

Coe. The Coe grape originated in Washington Co.,
Iowa. G. B. Brackett, chairman fruit committee, con-
siders it as belonging to the Labrusca type, and kindly
describes it for this Catalogue as follows :

"Vine a strong and free grower; withstands the
vicissitudes of our climate well ; it may be called an
iron-clad; canes rather short-jointed, with healthy,
durable leaf. Bunches small, compact, rarely shoul-
dered; berries small to medium, black, rather fleshy
than juicy. Ripens a week to ten days before Concord.
While berry and bunch are smaller than Hartford,
the berries of the Coe are sweeter, and do not crack
nor drop prematurely. Brackett considers it valuable
mainly for a northern climate.

Columbia. (Rip.) This grape is said to have been
found by Maj. Adlum on his farm at Georgetown, D.
C. A vigorous grower, productive ; bunch small, com-
pact; berry small, black with a thin bloom, with very
little hardness or acidity in its pulp ; not high-flavored,
but pleasant and vinous ; ripe last of September. —
Downing.

Concord. (Labr.) This most popular Ameri-
can grape originated with E. W. Bull, Con-
cord, Mass., who exhibited it for the first time
on the 20th of Sept., 1853, at the 25th annual
exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, on Boston Common.

Bunch large, shouldered, rather compact ;
berries large, globular, black, thickly covered
with a beautiful blue bloom; skin thin, tender,
cracks easily; flesh sweet, pulpy, tender; col-
ors about two weeks before the Catawba, but
should be allowed to hang late, to develop all
its good qualities, none too good at best. Not a
good keeper, becoming insipid soon after being
gathered. In some localities, however, espe-
cially in East Tennessee and parts of Virginia,
the Concord becomes so very sweet and rich as
scarcely to be recognized. Roots numerous,
stout, above average hardness in texture, with
medium liber, read^y pushing new fibers un-
der the attacks of Phylloxera. One of the best
resistants among the Labrusca class, and was
therefore exported as a grafting stock to South-
ern France, but proving ill-suited to some lo-
calities in that climate it was soon generally
rejected ; the Taylor and other Riparia varieties
being much preferred as stocks for grafting.
Canes of average thickness, long, rambling,
with numerous and well developed laterals.
Wood of medium hardness and pith. Vines
very strong, rampant growers ; coarse, strong
foliage, dark green above, rusty beneath ; has
proved very hardy and healthy, and is im-
mensely 'productive. This is well illustrated

•84

Concord.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Concord Seedlings.

CONCORD.

in the above engraving, from a photograph of
a Concord grape-vine (cut from Jordan's vine-
yard and exhibited at the St. Louis Fair). In
some localities, however, the Concord is often
subject to rot on old vines. Its beautiful ap-
pearance makes it one of the most attractive
market grapes; and, although its quality is not
first rate, the popular taste has become so used
to this variety that it is very much liked, and
sells better than superior grapes of less attrac-
tive appearance. More vines of this one variety
are plan ted than of all other varieties together.
The fruit catalogue of the Am. Pomol. Society
says of the Concord, "successful over a wider
range of soil and climate than any other varie-
ty" (in 35 States of this Union) ; but it is now
generally discarded in the SOUTHERN CENTRAL
STATES, being found " unsuited to hot and dry
climates."

The Concord makes a light red wine, which
is effectually becoming the laboring man's
drink ; can be produced cheap enough, is very
palatable, and has a peculiar, refreshing effect
upon the system. A white wine may also be
made of it by pressing the grapes without
mashing them. Specific gravity of must varies
from about 70° to 80°, according to location and
soil, and in the S. A. S. its peculiar character
(foxy taste) seems vastly improved.

M. Lespiault, in a report on
American wines at the Bor-
deaux Congres, 1881, says, "the
Concord makes a popular wine
which in France also, at M.
Guiraud's, has the approbation
of the working men. By sep-
arating the juice from the resi-
duum (marc) before fermenta-
tion, neuter (less foxy) wines
can be obtained which resemble
some French white wines."

The hardiness, productiveness
and popularity of the Concord
induced many attempts to raise
seedlings therefrom with a
view to further improvements.
Among those which have been
named, some will remain almost
unknown, except to their origin-
ators, being neither sufficiently
distinct, nor yet superior in
quality to their parent. But
it is the duty of a complete
Catalogue to mention the fol-
lowing :

The BLACK HAWK and COT-
TAGE are both earlier. (See
their description.)
BURR'S SEEDLING CONCORD,

orignated with John Burr, of Leavenworth,

Kans.

BALSIGER'S CONCORD SEEDLING No. 2 resem-
bles the best Concords and ripens later.

The EATON'S SEEDLING, originated by the late
Galvin Eaton, of Concord, Mass., ; attracts
much attention at the northern fruit limits,
producing very large, handsome bunches re-
sembling Concord, but with much larger ber-
ries and less of the native odor.

The LINDEN, by T. B. Minor, of Linden, N. J.,
is said to be better in quality, and keeping
longer than the Concord, but smaller in berry
and cluster.

The MAIN grape was claimed to be earlier, but
proved to be a Concord, only under another
name.

The MODENA, raised by A. J. Caywood, of
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., known to us by name
only.

MOORE'S EARLY, raised in 1872 by John B.
Moore, of Concord, Mass., has taken the $60
prize of the Mass. Horticult. Society as the
best new early seedling in fall of 1877 ; it is
from one to two weeks earlier than Concord,
bunches not as large nor as weil shaped, ber-
ries larger but quality no better than Con-
cord, nor as strong a grower. (See descr.}

Concord Seedlings.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Concord Chasselas.

85

MCDONALD'S ANN ARBOR, originated with A.
McDonald, Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1877, from
Concord seed ; is also black, and ripens with
Hartford Prolific. Vine said to be an extra
strong grower, perfectly hardy and healthy.
Bunch very large, shouldered ; berry extra
large.

'NEW HAVEN, by J. Valle, of New Haven, Mo.,
resembling Concord in wood and foliage,
ripens a week earlier. Bunch and berry
medium, of very good quality. Deserves to
be better known.

The PAXTON, by F. F. Merceron, of Catawissa,
Penn., is said to be quite similar to Concord.
ROCKLAND FAVORITE, mentioned in El wanger
& Barry's Catalogue as a new seedling of the
Concord ; claimed to be earlier and better
than its parent, and a splendid bearer.
STORM KING, originated by E. P. Roe, Corn-
wall, on the Hudson, N. Y. ; is a sport of a
Concord vine, said to bear since many years
large, heavy-shouldered bunches resembling
Concord in every respect, but with berries
nearly twice as large, black, round, with but
little foxiness.

WORDEN'S SEEDLING (see description).
YOUNG AMERICA, by Sam. Miller, of Bluffton,
quite resembles Concord.
See also COTTAGE (page 86) and UNA (white),
raised by E. M. Bull, himself, from Seedlings
of his Concord — its grandchildren, as it were.
By these experiments it was found that the
Concord shows a strong tendency to produce
white seedlings, of which Martha was the ear-
liest, and became one of the leading varieties.
EVA and MACEDONIA, both raised by Sam.
Miller from Concord seed, were similar to Mar-
iha, and therefore abandoned by him ; though
in some localities, as about Louisville, the
EVA is considered much superior to Martha.

GOLDEN CONCORD, by John Valle, of New *
Haven, Mo., is a poor grower, inferior to Mar-
tha ; we do not think that it deserves propa-
gation as a distinct variety.

MASON'S SEEDLING is of far greater merit (see
description).

F. Muench, F. J. Langendcrfer, J. Balsiger,
and many others, have raised white Concord
seedlings ; some of them may prove superior
to Martha in quality. BALSIGER'S No. 32 has
liardly any foxiness about it ; its must, weigh,
ing 84°, was ripe on the 15th of August in our
latitude, and hanging freely to the vine in good
condition till October.

The bunches and berries of these white Con-
cord seedlings are smaller in size, about like
3Io,rtha ; but less subject to rot, it seems.
'The LADY (see description) is an improve-

ment on the Martha in quality, and is recom-
mended as such by good authority.

Among the many pure Concord seedlings
claimed to have better qualities than the pa-
rent and to prove of great value, is also that
large and showy new white grape named

POCKLINGTON (see this variety). Also, the

WHITE ANN ARBOR, raised from Concord
seed by C. H. Woodruff, of Ann Arbor, Mich.,
in 1870. It is said to come nearest to the Pock-
lington in size and to be a very fine white
grape, perfectly hardy, and earlier than Con-
cord ; but it has the fault of dropping from the
stem, and the committee on new native fruits
of the Am. Pomol. Society, 1881, pronounced it
too acid. The sample then exhibited may not
have been fully ripe.

Greater improvements, however, have been
achieved by hybridizing the Concord with Eu-
ropean varieties ; but, while grapes of superior
quality were thus produced, their hardiness,
health and productiveness is generally doubt-
ed. See "Hybrids," in Manual ; see, also,

"TRIUMPH" and "LADY WASHINGTON," in
description of these varieties.

Conqueror. A seedling raised by Rev. Archer
Moore, N. J., and by him supposed to be a cross
between Concord and Royal Muscadine. Very
early ; bunches long, loose, shouldered ; ber-
ries medium, glossy black with a bloom ; flesh
slightly pulpy, juicy, sweet. Vine a free grow-
er, hardy, healthy, and prolific. With us the
Conqueror is doing remarkably well, proves
less subject to rot than any other hybrid ; nor
can we see any trace of foreign blood in either
foliage, growth, or appearance ; it seems to be
rather a cross between Concord and some Ri-
paria variety, and is worthy of more extended
cultivation.

Corporal. (Hybr.) A new grape, originated by
D. S. Marwin, Watertown, N. Y. Bunch and berry medi-
um; loose; color black; a showy, good grape. (Amer.
Pomol. Society, Report on New Fruits, 1881.)

Concord Chasselas. — A Hybrid grown from
Concord seed, by Geo. W. Campbell, of Delaware, 0.,
who described it as follows :

" Bunch rather long, usually shouldered, handsomely
compact without being crowded ; berries large, round ;
skin very thin but tenacious and semi-transparent;
seeds few and very small ; color, when fully ripe, a rich
amber with a thin white bloom, almost identical in ap-
pearance with the foreign Golden Chasselas ; flesh per-
fectly tender and melting, just enough vinous acid to
prevent cloyingthe most delicate palate ; wholly free
from any vestigPof foxiness, and a grape that will sat-
isfy the most fastidious taste formed upon the foreign
standard. Ripens same time as the Concord. The vine
is very vigorous in growth; large foliage, thick and
abundant, resisting mildew in fully exposed locations
here as well as the Concord.

86 Cornucopia.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Cottage ,

Concord Muscat. (Hybr.) Also grown from
Concord seed by Geo. W. Campbell, of Delaware,
O., who gives the following description of it:

" Bunch long, moderately compact, sometimes
shouldered; berries very large, oval; skin thin,
rather opaque ; seeds few and small ; color light
greenish-white with delicate bloom ; flesh entire-
ly tender and melting, with no pulp or astrin-
gency next to the seeds; flavor rich, sugary,
slightly sub- acid, with the peculiar high flavor
which is the distinguishing charm and excellence
of the foreign Muscats and Frontignans. There
are really few grapes among the most admired
foreign kinds which equal this variety in pure
flavor and high quality. Vine very vigorous;
foliage large and moderately thick ; resists mil-
dew, except in very unfavorable seasons. In this
respect it is better than Eumelan, Delaware, or
Rogers' Hybrids, but not equal to Concord."

Cornucopia. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 2.)
A seedling of Clinton crossed with Black
St. Peters. Vine much resembling the
Clinton in appearance, but superior in
size of berry and bunch, and greatly su-
perior in flavor ; a healthy grape and a
great bearer. The Paris (Canada) Hor-
ticultural Society reported on it as fol-
lows:

" This is undoubtedly one of the best
grapes in the whole collection of Arnold's
hybrid grapes — a very promising grape."
Bunch large, shouldered, very compact ;
berry above medium size, black with a
beautiful bloom, flavor excellent, very
sprightly and pleasant ; skin thin ; seeds
large, bearing nearly the same proportion
to size of berry as in Clinton ; flesh melt-
ing, with very little, if any, pulp — seems
to burst in the mouth ; all juice, with a
little acid and astringency ; very produc-
tive. Ripens with Concord. A good mar-
ket grape and "a good keeper"; also
valuable for wine.

Cottage. (Labr.) A seedling of the
Concord raised by E. W. Bull, the origi-
nator of that variety. A s trong, vigorous
grower, with remarkably large and
leathery leaves, and abundant strong,
branching roots ; bunch and berries
about the size of Concord, but of a somewhat
darker shade ; ripens before Concord ; quality
better than the parent, with less of the foxiness
peculiar to the other, but also less suited to
some soils and localities than the Concord. In
the Bushberg vineyards it is giving better sat-
isfaction than most other Labrusca varieties
while in some other localities it it not as strong
a grower nor as heavy a bearer as Concord, and
in some places even does poorly.

Mr. Bull, in his successful efforts to improve our na-
tive grapes, began by sowing the seeds of a wild grape

CORNUCOPIA.

(V. Labrusca) , from which he raised seedlings. He then
sowed the seed raised from these and obtained others,
among which was the Concord. He then raised 2,000
seedlings before he got any that surpassed the Concord.
In the fourth generation, or grandchildren of the Con-
cord, he obtained seedlings far superior to the Concord
and nearly equal to the European grape (V. Vinifera).
There seems to be no reasonable doubt that, as Mr. Bull
thinks, the wild: grape can, in a few generations, be made
equal in quality to the European vine. — U. S. Agr. Report
for 1867.

Mr. Bull's experimental garden is a sandy hiUside,
soil poor in organic matter but rich in iron. He uses no
rich manures; his vines get a little ashes and bonedust,
and good culture. Mr. Bull has not succeeded in rate-

Croton.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Cunningham. 87

in some localities, and it is certainly
one of the most delightful grapes,
when well grown, that I have ever
raised."

Bunch often 8 to 9 inches long,
moderately compact, and shoul-
dered ; the shoulder often nearly as
large as the bunch, and the clusters
frequently winged ; berries of me-
dium size, of light yellowish-green
color, translucent, and remarkably
delicate in appearance ; flesh melt-
ing and sweet throughout ; quality
best, with much of the flavor and
character of the Chasselas. Ripens
early. Some very prominent pomol-
ogists say that it is one of the best
hardy grapes they have tasted, and
report the vine as hardy, vigorous,
and productive ; others, that it does
not succeed at all; — even grafted
on strong roots, it remained unpro-
ductive and worthless with western
growers. Our own experience has
been very unfavorable, as the vine is
very tender, a weak grower, with a
tendency to mildew and rot. We
cannot recommend it for general
cultivation, but only as a valuable
amateur fruit, one of the most beauti-
ful in appearance and exquisite in
flavor.

THE CROTON GRAPE.

ing another seedling which would fulfill his sanguine
hopes, though thirty years hare elapsed since he raised
the Concord. But to have raised this one is sufficient cause
for satisfaction ; and it is so much more to the credit of
Mr. Bull that he continued his efforts, as they were never
rewarded by any pecuniary profits.

Cowan, or McCowan. (Rip.) Bunch and ben-i/
medium ; hlack; rather harsh and austere. Not desira-
ble. — Downing.

Croton. Hybrid cross between Delaware and
Chasselas de Fontainbleau, originated .by S.
W. Underbill, of Croton Point, N. Y.; bore its
first fruit in 1865. In 1868 and following years
it obtained prizes at the New York, Pennsylva-
nia and Massachusetts Horticultural Societies
and other grape exhibitions, attracting marked
attention. The late H. E. Hooker, of New York,
said: "The Croton succeeds very well indeed

Cunningham. Syn., LONG.
A southern grape, of the Herbemont
class ; it originated in the garden of
Jacob Cunningham, Prince Edward
Co., Va. Dr. D. N. Norton, the same
who introduced to notice our in-
valuable Norton's Virginia grape,
made wine from the Cunningham
in 1855, and furnished to the Elder Prince,
of Flushing, Long Island, the stock from
which this grape has been disseminated. In
this latitude and FARTHER SOUTH, the Cun-
ningham is VERY valuable for southern slopes
with poor, light limestone soils. Transplanted
to southern France, it was there considered
as one of the most valuable American grapes,
the quality of which was admitted to be equal
to that of some of their own favorite varieties.
Bunch very compact and heavy, medium, long,
not always shouldered ; berries small, purple-
brownish black, juicy, and vinous. Vine a very
strong grower, HEALTHY, and productive ; to
be so, however, it needs spur-pruning on later-
als, and light winter protection. It should be
planted only in favorable locations, where the
Herbemont succeeds best. Boots of medium

88 Cunningham.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Cynthiana.

THE CUNNINGHAM GRAPE.

thickness, inclined to be wiry, straight, tough,
with a smooth, hard liber. The Cunningham
is one of the best resistants to the Phylloxera.
Canes not numerous, but very stout and vigor-
ous, often attaining a length of 30 or 40 feet
in one season ; wood hard with a medium
sized pith, and a hard, thick outer bark adher-
ing closely even on the ripe wood, a character-
istic common to all the ^Estivalis class. Ripens
its fruit very late, and makes one of the most

aromatic and delightful wine?, of dark yellow
color. Must 95° to 112°.

Cynthiana. Syn., RED RIVER, ARKANSAS.
(^Est.) Received by Husmann, in 1858, from
William R. Prince, Flushing, Long Island,
N. Y. Origin, Arkansas, where it was proba-
bly found growing wild. It is a true ^Estivalis
in all its habits, and resembles Norton's Vir-
ginia so closely that it is impossible to distin-
guish the wood or leaf, although the bunch is

Cynthiana.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Cynthiana. 89

THE CYNTHIANA GRAPE.

perhaps somewhat more shouldered, the berry
more juicy and somewhat sweeter, and the
season for its ripening earlier. This difference,
however, and other points hereinafter men-
tioned, are attributed by many viticulturists
to difference of location, soil, and aspect, and
are not deemed sufficient by them to justify its
being considered a separate and distinct variety
from Norton's Virginia Seedling. We are not
fully prepared to decide, but are inclined to
side with those who consider the Cynthiana
different from and superior to Norton's.

Bunch of medium size, moderately compact,
shouldered ; berry below medium, round, black
with blue bloom, sweet, spicy, moderately
juicy. Juice very dark red ; weighs very heavy
on the must scale, even higher than Norton's
Virginia, and, so far, makes our best red wine.
It has as much body as Norton's Virginia, is of
exquisite flavor, more delicate than Norton's,
and can safely enter the lists with Burgundy
wines. The Norton's, however, seems to pos-
sess medicinal ingredients (tannin) in a higher
degree. Vine vigorous and healthy, free from

90 Creveling.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Diana Hamburg.

rot, productive, and as sure here in its crops of
well ripened fruit as any variety we know, but
very difficult to propagate, as its wood is very
hard, with a small pith and closely adhering
outer bark. The fruit ripens some few days
earlier than Norton's. Specific gravity of must
from 98° to 112°, according to the season. We
can confidently recommend the true Cynthiana
as the best grape for red wine which we have
tried.

Our Cynthiana wine was awarded the First
Medal of Merit at the World-Exposition, Vi-
enna, 1873, and is gaining the "blue ribbon"
at every test. The commission at the Con-
gres de Montpellier, France, 1874, reported :
" Cynthiana of Mr. Bush, a red wine of fine
color, rich in body and alcohol, reminding us of
old Roussillon wine." It says the same of
Cynthiana exhibited by Poschel & Sherer.
Nuesch, formerly of Dr. Lawrence's Ouachita
vineyard, near Hot Spring, Ark., who got his
plants from us, says : "We find the Cynthiana
hardier than the Norton, and a few days ear-
lier in ripening." Muench wrote us: "Too
much cannot he said in praise of the Cynthi-
ana ; its wine, two or three years old, cannot
be excelled by the best red wines of the old
world." We look upon it as our BEST AND
MOST VALUABLE grape for red wine, and have
bestowed special attention on its propagation.

Creveling. Syn., CATAWISSA, BLOOM. (La-
brusca, X) Columbia County, Pennsylvania.
Bunches long, loose on young vines, but on
old ones sometimes as compact as Concords ; at
other times very loose, by imperfectly setting
its fruit. Berries medium to large, slightly
oval, black with blue bloom ; flesh tender,
juicy, and sweet; quality best. Ripens early, a
few days later than Hartford, and before Con-
cord. Vine a fair grower, healthy, and hardy,
but not free from rot and mildew; may be
planted 6 by 6 feet apart, on northern and
northeastern hillsides. Roots thick and warty,
and comparatively few; texture soft, with a
thick liber, forming young fibers rather slow-
ly ; canes long and rambling, slender, long-
jointed, and with few laterals; wood soft, of a
reddish color, with a large pith.

In all these characteristics there is scarce a
trace of the .ZEstivalis, for which class some
would claim the Creveling.

This grape for a time was rapidly growing in
favor ; this it has not deserved, as it is often
very unproductive, setting its fruit imper-
fectly.

Mr. Knight, proprietor of a vineyard of fifty
acres near Philadelphia, is reported to have
lately dug up five acres of the Creveling, be-

cause he has found it unsatisfactory as a mar-
ket grape; it would be still more unprofitable
as a wine grape, and can only maintain its
place as a fine family grape for garden culture.
Rev. Burnet, of Ontario, who has planted and
cultivated the Creveling intermingled with
Concord, says that he found it "everything
that could be desired, both in regard to the
bunch and the berry" — ascribing it to impreg-
nation by the Concord.

Cuyahogra. Syn., WEMPLE. (Labr.) A chance

seedling found and grown by Wemple, of Collamer,

CuyahogaCo., Ohio. Vine a strong grower ; requires a
warm, sandy soil, and exposure, to make it desirable at
the north; but when well grown it is of fine quality.
South it casts its foliage and is not valuable. Bunch
medium, compact; berry medium, dull greenish-amber
when fully ripe; flesh tender, juicy, rich,- vinous, sweet,
liipens with the Catawba or a little later.

Dana.. A seedling grown by the late Francis Dana,
of Roxbury, Mass., and described in the " Massachu-
setts Horticultural Transactions." Bunch medium,
shouldered, compact, with a peculiar red stem ; berries
rather large, round, red with a rich, heavy bloom, so
that when fully ripe they appear almost black ; flesh
as free from pulp as Delaware ; not so sweet, but more
spirited and vinous, yet not an acid grape.

John B. Moore & Son, Concord, Mass., who own the
parent vine, say further of this grape, that the
vine is a strong grower and perfectly hardy, the foliage
clean(?) and healthy. Bunch as large as the Concord at
its best ; similar to the Red Chasselas in quality and
color, and supposed to be a pure native seedling. Ri-
pens with Concord.

Dempsey' s Seedlings, see BUKNET (p. 79.) There
are others designated by numbers only, and very little
known outside of Ontario.

Detroit. (Labr) This variety is supposed to be
a seedling of Catawba. It was found in a garden in
Detroit, Mich. Not having seen the fruit, we copy from
description in the Horticulturist: "Vine very vigorous
and hardy. Foliage resembling Catawba ; wood short-
jointed ; bunches large, compact ; berries very dark
rich brown claret with a light bloom, round and regu-
lar ; flesh with very little pulp, rich and sugary. Ri-
pens earlier than the Catawba."

Diana Hamburg, (Hybr.) Said to be a cross
between the Diana and Black Hamburg, originated
by Jacob Moore, of Rochester, N. Y. ; bunches gener-
ally large, sufficiently compact, well shouldered ; ber-
ries above medium, slightly oval, of a rich fiery-red
color when fully ripe ; flesh tender, of very sweet fla-
vor, equal to some of the finer foreign sorts. Vine a
weak grower, with short-jointed, firm wood, very ten-
der ; leaves of medium size, crimped, and sometimes
rolled in ; subject to mildew. Its fruit ripens after the
Concord, but before its parent the Diana. We may as
well state that at least three independent parties are'
reputed to have made this hybrid, and several crosses
of the foreign Black Hamburg on the Diana may
exist. Ours is from J. Charlton, Rochester, N. Y.,
but it proved worthless. We might as well attempt to
grow the Black Hamburg hi open air. Its propagation
should be given up — at least we have done so.

Delaware.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Delaware. 91

Delaware. Origin unknown. It was
found many years since in the garden
of Paul H. Provost, Frenchtown, Hun-
terdon Co., N. J., who had immigrated
from Switzerland, and brought with
him many varieties of foreign grapes,
which he cultivated in his garden. It
was first known as the " Italian Wine
Orape," then it was supposed to be the
"Red Traminer," or a seedling from
this variety. We have strong reasons
to believe it a hybrid between the Vilis
Labrusca and V. Vinifera.

This variety, first brought to notice*
by A. Thompson, Delaware, O., is con-
sidered to be one of the best, if not the
best, of all American grapes. It seems
ENTIRELY FREE FROM ROT in all seasons,
and its perfect hardiness and unsur-
passed quality and popularity, both as
a table fruit and for wine, places this
variety at the head of American grapes.
Unfortunately and from various causes,
it does not, succeed well in many locali-
ties ; it should be planted in deep, rich
«oil, open and well-drained, here on
northeast and eastern slopes, and re-
quires good cultivation (thinning the
crop) and pruning to short laterals. Its
roots are slender, and not inclined to
branch out much ; of medium tough-
ness, with a rather soft liber. Canes
proportionate, in length and thickness,
with an average number of laterals.
"Wood hard, with a small pith. It is a
slow grower. Fourteen hundred and
fifty vines may well be planted to the
acre, 5 to 6 feet being a sufficient dis-
tance. The Delaware is exceedingly
hardy, enduring uninjured the sever-
est winters, if the vines are healthy.
In some localities it yields a sure and
abundant crop, and is entirely without
a rival for the production of a fine white wine.
In some parts of Michigan (St. Joseph, Benton
Harbor), for instance, it annually produces
{since 1864 to this day) as many pounds to the
vine as the Concord, and is even more certain.
In Maine also it is considered." altogether the
test grape we have." In other localities, how-
ever, it has been found subject to mildew or
leaf-blight, and this tendency is greatly aggra-
vated by allowing the vines to overbear, which
the Delaware, if permitted, is sure to do. Good
authorities recommend a slight coping over the
vines as a protection against mildew. Its root

* Am. Pomol. Society, 1855.

DELAWARE.

was supposed to be sensitive to Phylloxera,
and its leaves are often covered with galls pro-
duced by this insect ; but Reich of Armeill&re,
the eminent grape-grower of the Rhone-Delta,
has furnished proof that this variety also is
successfully resisting the attacks of Phyllox-
era. He artificially infected them with the
insect, three times each year, without doing
them any harm.

Bunch small to medium, compact; clus-
ters usually shouldered ; berries below medi-
um, round; skin thin, but tenacious; pulp
sweet and tender ; juice abundant, rich, vinous
and sugary, sprightly and refreshing ; color a

92 Delaware.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Downing.

beautiful light red or purplish-maroon, covered
with a thin whitish bloom, and very translu-
cent. It is without harshness or acidity in its
pulp, exceedingly sweet, but sprightly, vinous
and aromatic. Ripens early, about eight days
later than Hartford Prolific. Quality best, for
the table as well as for wine. Must 100°- 118°.
Acid 5 to 6 per mill.

When the former editions of this Catalogue
were published, seedlings from Delaware and
its crosses with other varieties were but little
known, though Innumerable attempts had been
made to raise them. Expectations to pro-
duce therefrom a grape of superior value, larger
only in size of bunch and berries, yet of the qua-
lity of the Delaware, seemed doomed to disap-
pointment. Most of its seedlings showed more
or less of the " Fox grape.1'1 This fact and other
characteristics (see Manual — Table of Grape
Seeds, &c.) convince us of its origin, in part,
from this species, although many eminent hor-
ticulturists and botanists class the Delaware
with ^Estivalis (others with Riparia). It is
true that the Delaware leaf seems more closely
allied to ^Estivalis ; its wood is harder, more
difficult to propagate, and the tendrils are not
continuous (nor are they regularly intermit-
tent) ; but we find a remarkable parallel case
in " Sheppard's Delaware," raised from seed
of Catawba by J. N. Sheppard, in 1852. From
him Charles Downing received it, with its
history, and says, "the vine and fruit are simi-
lar in all respects to Delaware." The "WHITE
DELAWARE," raised by G. W. Campbell from
seed of Delaware, has large, thick foliage
"resembling Catawba more than Delaware."
Another White Delaware seedling raised by
H. Jaeger, of Neosho, shows the same charac-
teristics, and the fruit has a musky flavor ;
probably it has not proved valuable, or else
more would have been heard of it. Of late,
however, several very promising hybrids of
Delaware crossed with Concord and other
Labruscas have been produced, especially the
DUCHESS. (See Descr. of this Far.; also List C
of Hybr. in Manual, p. 28.)

J. Rommel has lately produced a BLACK
DELAWARE seedling which is very early, of
fine quality, and may become valuable, as it
seems to do well in localities and soils where
the old Delaware fails. Two White Seedlings
of Delaware, one named KALISTA, the other
LACCBISSA, are reported by J. Sacksteder, of
Louisville, Ky.; they are said to be of superior
quality, rich in flavor, better growers than
their parent and to hold their foliage until fall.

Devereux. (^Est.) Syn., BLACK JULY, LIN-
COLN,? BLUE GRAPE, SHERRY, THURMOND,
HART, TULEY, MCLEAN, HUSSON (LENOIR,
incorrectly; the name BLACK JULY is also-
objectionable, being used by English ampelo-
graphs for the ISCHIA NOIK, or NOIR DE JUIL-
LET, a PINEAU variety — Vinifera — with which
the DEVEREUX has no resemblance.) A south-
ern grape ; belongs to the same class as Herbe-
mont and Cunningham. Where this variety
will succeed it is one of our best wine grapes,
producing a white wine of exquisite flavor. It is
somewhat subject to mildew, very tender, and
requires covering in the winter. North of Mis-
souri it should not be tried, but here it suc-
ceeds admirably on southern slopes, in very
favorable seasons ; never on wet, cold soils.
Our southern grape-growers especially should
plant some of it. Bunch long, loose, slightly
shouldered ; berry black, below medium, round;
skin fine, tender ; flesh meaty, juicy, without
pulp, and vinous ; quality best. Vine a strong
grower, and, when free from mildew, moder-
ately productive ; wood long-jointed, purplish-
brown at first, of deeper purplish-red when
ripe ; with bi-forked, intermittent tendrils —
these, as also the leaf-stalk, are tinged on their
base with a purplish-brown hue, like the young
canes ; the buds are covered with a russet
down, unfolding with that rosy complexion
peculiar to the young downy leaves of most
.33stivalis. The developed foliage is of medium
size, entire (not lobed), considerably wrinkled,
turgid, with somewhat abundant hair-tufts on
the lower veins.

Don Juan. One of Rickett's Hybrid Seedlings,
much like its parent lona. F. R. Elliott says: ''It
is better than any known hardy grape of its color ; is
about the size, in berry, of Rogers' 15, a deeper color,
and a larger and better bunch ; the flesh is vinous,
sweet and sparkling." (See "Rickett's Seedlings.")

Downing-, or Charles Downing. A Hybrid ob-
tained by James H. Ricketts, Newburgh, N. Y., from
the Croton fertilized by Black Hamburg. "Bunches
large, sometimes shouldered ; berries large, slightly
oval, nearly black with light bloom ; flesh tender,
breaking somewhat like the foreign sorts ; in flavor it
is first rate, being sweet, with just enough sprightli-
ness to prevent cloying the palate." — Fuller.

The vine is said to be a vigorous grower, with healthy
foliage. Its parents forebode the reverse. According
to other reports, it was produced from Israella crossed
with Muscat-Hamburg. It has an unusually long
bunch and large, oblong berries — a remarkable grape.
Mr. Ricketts must have valued it highly, else he
would not have given it the name of our revered great
Pomologist. But it is not disseminated.

Diana.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Dunlap. 93

Diana. (Labr.) A seedling of
Catawba, raised by Mrs. Diana
Crehore (who still lives, at the
age of 87!), Milton, Mass.; first
exhibited in 1843, before the Mas-
sachusetts Horticultural Socie-
ty. Fuller j ustly remarks :

"There is probably no one va-
riety of grape in cultivation in
regard to which there is a greater
diversity of opinion, and its vari-
ableness fully warrants all that
is said about it. In one section
it is really excellent, while in
another, perhaps near by it, it is
entirely worthless. This differ-
ence is often observable in the
same garden, and from no ap-
parent cause."

The Diana seems to do best in
warm, rather dry and poor soil ;
gravelly clay or sandy loam
seems best suited to its wants.
Is reported to do remarkably
well in Georgia. Bunches me-
dium, very compact, occasional-
ly shouldered ; berries medium
size, round, pale red, covered
with a thin lilac bloom; flesh
tender, with some pulp, sweet,
juicy, with a musk flavor that
is very strong until the fruit is
fully ripe, and then often offen-
sive to some tastes. Colors its
fruit early, but does not really
mature much earlier than the
Catawba. Vine a vigorous grow-
er, requiring much room and
long pruning, and increases in
productiveness and good quality
as the vines get age ; roots few,
but long and thick, soft in tex-
ture, and with a thick liber;

canes heavy and long, with few~laterars, alid
a very large pith. It is not as productive,
nor quite as large in bunch and berry, as its
parent, but some think it superior in quality ;
unfortunately it is just as frequently suffering
from mildew and rot as the Catawba. Its
berries hold well, and its thick skin enables it
to withstand changes of temperature better ;
hence the Diana improves by being left upon
the vine until after pretty severe frost. As a
variety for packing and keeping, it has no su-
perior. Eastern grape-growers claim it to
be valuable also for wine. Must 88°-90°;
acid 12.

DIANA.

Dracnt Amber. (Labr.} Originated by J. W.
Manning, Dracut, Mass. Vine very vigorous.
Regarded by us as but a slightly improved
wild Fox grape; very early and productive.
Bunch large and long, compact, often shoul-
dered ; berries large, round ; skin thick, of pale
red color, pulpy and foxy ; too foxy for our
taste, and should be discarded, when so many
better varieties can be grown. Yet some new
varieties, quite similar, and but very little, if
any better, are continually introduced. (See
Wyoming Red.)

Dunlap. One of Rickett's Hybrids, a fine red
grape. Not disseminated.

94 Duchess.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

El Dorado.

Dunn. (jEst.) A new grape obtained from a Mr.
Dunn in W. Texas, and named after him by G. Onder-
donk, Mission Valley, Texas. Vine a vigorous grower,
in habit and foliage precisely like the Herbemont, but
bunches generally not shouldered, and berries above
Herbemont in size and paler in color ; ripens about
when the Herbemont is gone, which is a valuable feat-
ure for southern Texas and similar southern climates,
but makes it unfit for our northern and even for the
central States.

Further experiments make it doubtful whether this
variety is sufficiently distinct from the Herbemont,
and whether the difference in size and time of ripen-
ing may not have been due to other circumstances,
conditions of soil, &c. No plants will be sent out until
this has been determined.

Duchess, a new, fine white table-grape, raised
near Newburgh, N. Y., by A. 8. Cay wood & Son,
who states that "it was produced by crossing
a WHITE COXCORD Seedling with DELAWARE
or WALTER, the pollen of both being applied
at the same time.'' The vine is a vigorous
grower, with moderately short-jointed shoots ;
leaves large, light green, rather thick, coarsely
serrated, adhere to the vine very late in the
season; vine abundantly productive. Bunch,
medium to large (from | to f Ibs. each), shoul-
dered, occasionally double-shouldered, com-
pact; berries medium, roundish, inclining to
oval; skin rather thick, light green at first,
but pale greenish-yellow when mature, some-
times a golden yellow where fully exposed and
gathered late, and covered with a thin whitish
bloom; flesh tender, free from pulp, juicy,
sweet, spicy, rich, and of excellent quality ;
the berries adhere strongly to the peduncle,
and the fruit keeps a long time after being
gathered. Ripens soon after the Concord.
— Charles Downing.

JohnJ. Thomas, recognized as good authority
among pomologists, says: In quality, it is
unquestionably one of the most delicious of
all out-door varieties, and in growth the vines
possess great vigor and hardiness, withstand-
ing our winters uninjured. President Wilder,
says: "The Duchess is as well adapted to
exportation as the White Malaga, and is of
much better quality; I think it is the begin-
ning of the production of grapes for export."
In a discussion on the new grape, at the Am.
Pomol. Society meeting, 1881, Mr. Cay wood re-
marked "that the Duchess will not endure
high feed. It grows rampantly, making thirty
feet on the vines at three years old. It is a
grape for the poor man. It will grow without
obliging him to spend all the money the grapes
bring for fertilizers." He assures us also, that :
"It ripens with Concord and carries better
than any other known variety, having been
sent to California and back again in good con-

dition, and five weeks afterward the same
clusters were sent to the exhibition at Atlanta,
Ga. It keeps without difficulty until spring.
All grapes that carry well keep well from the
same general cause." Testimony as to the
excellence of the Duchess grape has been re-
ceived from many of the most eminent author-
ities in the country. It is, in our opinion, one
of the best white grapes and second to none
for family use.

Early Dawn. (Hybr. ) An early black grape of
fine quality which originated with Dr. Wm. A. M.
Culbert, of Newburgh, N. Y., being a cross of Muscat-
Hamburg & Israella ; vine healthy, vigorous, and very
productive ; wood moderately short-jointed ; leaves
large, thick and firm, roundish, broadly but not deep-
ly serrated, sometimes slightly lobed. Bunch medium
to large, long, shouldered ; berry medium, round, black
with a thick blue bloom ; skin thin but firm ; flesh
tender, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous, rich, and of very
good quality ; the fruit adheres well to the peduncle,
keeps well, and is a valuable addition to the early
grapes; either for the table or market. Ripens a week
or more before the Hartford Prolific. — Chas. Downing.

P. M. Augur of Connecticut, O. B. Hadwen of Mas-
sachusetts, and some others, consider it one of the best
early varieties ; a moderate grower, with a moderately
good bunch. So far, it has not been tested in the west,
and its parentage gives us no confidence in its value.

Hudson(?). An early, round, black grape,
of little value, except as a curiosity, inasmuch as some
of the berries contain no seed.

Edinburgh. Syn., ELSINBORO, SMART'S En>
SINBOROUGH. (^Est.} Supposed to have origin-
ated in Elsinburgh, Salem county, N. J. An
amateur grape, of fine quality ; ripens early.
Bunches medium to large, rather loose, shoul-
dered ; berries small, round ; skin thick, black
covered with a thin bloom ; flesh without pulp,
sweet, vinous. Leaves deeply five-lobed, dark
green, smooth ; wood long-jointed and slender.
Subject to mildew.

Elizabeth. (Labr.) Originated on the farm of
Joseph Hart, near Rochester, N. Y., and described in
the Rural New Yorker : Bunches large, compact ; ber-
ries large, roundish-oval, greenish white with a purple
tinge in the sun ; flesh rather pulpy, acid.

El Dorado. Another of Ricketts' seedlings, pro-
duced by crossing Concord with Allen's hybrid. Vine
partakes strongly of the parent Concord in every par-
ticular, while in fruit the bunch is very regular and
much larger. Berry large, round, clear golden yellow
with a thin white bloom, and few seeds. It is & full
sister to the Lady Washington (between which there
exists a strong resemblance), ripens early, and is per-
haps the highest flavored grape, either hardy or exotic,
in existence — possessing a delicate though decided
aroma resembling pineapples ; foliage and habit of
growth good, so far as tested.— Not tested by us.

Duchess.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Duchess, 95

96

Early Victor.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Early Victor.

Early Victor. (Labr.) A chance seedling of
the Labrusca class, originated with John Burr,
of Leavenworth, Kansas, about 12 years ago
(1871). Fine very hardy, healthy, vigorous, and
very productive ; wood dark gray, rather long-
jointed; foliage thick, medium, dark green,
deeply lobed, partaking somewhat of the char-
acter of the Delaware and Hartford Prolific —
not as pubescent as the latter. The original
vine has not been injured by the severe cold

and sudden changes of our climate, and has
shown no rot or disease.

"Bunch above medium, compact, often shoul-
dered, sometimes double shouldered; berry me-
dium, round, black with a heavy blue hloom ;
adheres to the peduncle until it shrivels; flesh
slightly pulpy, juicy, sprightly, and vinous ;
agreeably sweet, without foxiness. Season at
least a week EARLIER THAN HARTFORD PRO-
LIFIC.'"— Dr. J. Stayman.

The above description
is from the Third Appen-
dix to Downing's "Fruits
and Fruit-trees of Amer-
ica" (1881J. This variety
was not disseminated be-
fore the year 1881, but has
been tested in various
localities. Geo. W. Camp-
bell says: "I know of no
black grape so well fitted
to take the place of all
the foxy abominations
(Hartford, Ives, Talman
or Early Champion, Janes-
ville, Belvidere ) which
have been tolerated on
account of their earliness.
I am glad to recognize in
this variety a really good,
very early black grape,
with a vine evidently of
the healthiest and hardi-
est type of the Labrusca
class."

The Early Victor is
expected to take a high
position as a popular and
profitable grape for the
market grower, as well
as for the vineyard and
garden, wherever vines of
the Labrusca class can be
grown successfully. In
growth and general habit,
as well as in the size and
general appearance of the
clusters, it resembles the
Hartford; but, unlike the
Hartford, it is a grape of
excellent quality, slight
pulpiness, small seeds,
free from foxiness, and
the berry does not fall
from the cluster even
when overripe.

EARLY VICTOR.

4-

ELVIRA

F1U)M NMUBEFORTHEBHSHBERG CATALOGUE,

Elvira.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Elvira. 97

Elvira, a seedling of the Taylor, raised by
Jacob Rommel, of Morrison, Mo., first intro-
duced and disseminated by us in 1874-75, is
now one of the leading white-wine grapes.
The accompanying illustration was made for
this Catalogue from a photograph of a medi-
um cluster. Bunches small to medium, shoul-
dered, very compact ; berry medium, considera-
bly larger than Taylor, its parent, round, pale
green with white bloom, sometimes tinged with
red streaks when fully ripe ; skin very thin,
almost transparent ; it sets so very closely and
the skin is so thin as to cause some of the ber-
ries to crack ; pulp sweet, very tender and

juicy, fine flavor. Ripens about ten days later
than Concord.

Vine a most vigorous, stocky grower, emi-
nently productive, often bearing four to six
consecutive bunches from one eye ; exceeding-
ly healthy and hardy, having stood the hard
winter of 1872-73, and even that of '1880-81,
without protection. No rot to speak of, so far;
foliage free from mildew in most unfavorable
seasons. Roots like those of Clinton and Tay-
lor, with the same immunity from attacks of
the Phylloxera. Canes stout and long with
well-developed laterals. Wood harder than
the Taylor, with a medium pith. Foliage large

98 Etta.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Eureka.

and strong, somewhat rusty and woolly on
the lower side. Since it has been established
that the Taylor is itself a cross between
Eiparia and Labrusca, the characteristics of
the Elvira are fully explained by its parent-
age. (See page 20.)

The Elvira makes a very good white wine,
and is now extensively grown for this pur-
pose, but is unfit for marketing on account
of its thin, easily-bursting skin. This dis-
position to crack and a tendency to over-
bear, thereby injuring the health and vigor
of the vine for future years, made its origin-
ator wish to produce some still better grape,
without these faults ; and he may have suc-
ceeded in his "Etta."

Etta. (Rip.) Understood to be a descendant
from Taylor in the third generation, a daughter of
Elvira, raised by Jacob Rommell (first exhibited
in 1879 as Elvira Seedling
No. 3); resembles Elvira,
but has larger berries with
firmer skin, not disposed
to crack, and is superior in
quality. It ripens later.
The vine is of very vigor-
ous growth with strong,
healthy foliage, hardy, and
productive. This grape was
awarded the premium "for
the best bearing Cane of
New Seedlings for Wine,
quality and productiveness
to rule," at the Mississippi
Valley Horticultural Society meeting in
St. Louis, September, 1880.

We consider this the best of Rommel's
white grapes, a great improvement over
Elvira. The annexed illustration, copy of
a photograph of this variety, may not do
it full justice, as it was selected only for
the peculiarity of often producing dou-
ble bunches, or rather small bunches
with shoulders equal in size with the
main bunch; the natural size is also
fully one-third larger than in the en-
graving.

KureKa. (Labr.) A seedling of
Isabella, originated by S. Folsom,
of Attica, Wyoming Co., N. York,,
similar to its parent in appearance,
but claimed to be earlier, hardier
and healthier, also of better flavor,
and to keep better than Isabella.
Folsom has since raised eight seed-
lings of the Eureka, which are said
to be remarkable for earliness, few.
ness of seeds, and other good
qualities. Unknown in the
West.

Eva. (See Concord Seed*
lings, page 85.)

Empire State.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Eumelan. 99

Empire State. (Ldbr. X Rip.) A new
Seedling originated by JAMES H. RICK-
ETTS from seed of the Hartford Prolific,
fertilized with the Clinton. We have
seen and admired both its beauty and
excellence of quality at the Am. Pomol.
Society's Exhibition at Boston, in 1881.
The following letter of the originator
to Geo. A. Stone, who bought the entire
stock of this grape gives its description,
and will otherwise be found interesting :

GEORGE A. STONE, Nurseryman, Rochester,
N. Y.

Dear Sir : In regard to the Empire State, I
will say that I believe it will satisfy a want
which has long been felt — that of a good,
very early white grape for home use as well
as for market. The Empire State is a seed-
ling of the Hartford Prolific fertilized with
the Clinton ; fruited for the first time in 1879,
and its first crop was 38 bunches, which it
carried through in fine order. Its crop of
1880 was 48 bunches of most magnificent fruit.
Grafts inserted in two-year old vines in 1880
produced in 1881 from 20 to 30 bunches per
vine, ripening with the Hartford Prolific and
Moore's Early. Nearly all of the bunches
shouldered, and the finest shade of white ever
seen in fruit. A good grower and fruiter in
every respect.

Bunches large, from 6 to 10 inches long,
shouldered ; berry medium to large, roundish-
oval ; color white with a very light tinge of
yellow, covered with a thick white bloom ;
leaf thick, smooth underside ; flesh tender,
juicy, rich, sweet and sprightly, with a slight
trace of native aroma, continuing a long time
in use ; vine very hardy. Its great pro-
ductiveness, beautiful color, fine quality, extreme
hardiness, vigor and healthfulness of vine and foliage,
size and compactness of cluster, and good shipping
qualities, make it the best grape, all things considered,
that I have yet produced.

None of these vines have been disseminated, and
consequently in making the purchase you have secured
the control of the entire stock ; and although it is true
as you state, so far as I know, that $4,000, the price
you have paid for it, is the highest price I have ever
heard being paid for a new grape in this country, I
consider it cheap at that price, and believe you will
find it a profitable investment.

Very respectfully, JAMES H. RICKETTS.

Vines, young plants, of the Empire State will not
be ready for distribution until the spring of 1884.

Essex. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 41.) Bunch of me-
dium size, compact, shouldered ; berry reddish
black with blue bloom, round, somewhat flat-
tened, in this respect resembling its native pa-
rent ; flesh tender and sweet, with a high aro-
matic flavor. Ripens early, with Concord. Vine
vigorous, healthy, and prolific.

EUMELAN.

Enmelan. ("Good black" grape.)
This variety was found as a chance seedling at
Fishkill, N. Y., where it has been in cultiva-
tion (in the garden of Messrs. Thorne) for many
years, yielding abundant crops of grapes, re-
markable both for goodness and earliness. The
original vines were purchased by Dr. C. W.
Grant in 1866 (now Hasbrouck & Bushnell,
lona Island), from whom we obtained plants
of this valuable variety. We give the descrip-
tion from the circular of its propagator, Dr_
Grant, leaving out, however, all excessive
praise, which, in our opinion, has damaged his
success more than all his opponents. Bunches
of good size, elegant form, and proper degree
of compactness ; berries large medium sizer
round, black with fine bloom, adhering firmly
to the bunch long after ripening ; flesh tender,
melting, all going to wine-like juice under
slight pressure of the tongue; ripening very

* By a mere typographical error in our first edition
(1869) the Eumelan was designated as Labr., and to our
regret this error has ever since been copied and repeated
by many others who ought to have known better.

100 Excelsior.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Flower of Missouri.

early (even before the Hartford Prolific) and
evenly to the center. Flavor very pure and
refined, very sugary, rich and vinous, with a
large degree of that refreshing quality that be-
longs distinctively to the best foreign wine
grapes. Hoots abundant, thick, spreading, and
of medium toughness ; liber thick but firm.

Vine a strong grower, producing remarkably
short-jointed wood, with numerous and strong
laterals ; buds large and prominent ; wood hard
with a small pith ; leaves large, thick, dark
colored, firm in texture (it strikingly resembles
Elsinburg), and, though subject to mildew in
unfavorable seasons, we can recommend it as
a very fine early grape.

The American Horticultural Annual for 1869
says of the Eumelan : "This variety has been
tested in several localities. It has proved with
us, near New York, remarkably healthy in fo-
liage, and has taken several premiums as the
best black (/rape at several exhibitions. " Then
again reports came from many localities, that
it had failed to meet public expectations. In
our vineyards at Bushberg, it has proved, in
favorable seasons, all that was claimed for it,
being early, productive, and of very fine quality;
but, alas, unfavorable seasons came, and the
Eumelans suffered severely from mildew, and
since then they have not fully recuperated.

Perhaps with no other variety is it so import-
ant to set out only good and strong plants in the
first place, as with this one ; and we think that
the great diversity of opinion now existing in
regard to this grape is partly due to the fact
that poor and feeble plants of this variety
have been sent out which never came to any
good thereafter, and never will do so.

The Eumelan makes a superior red wine (ac-
cording to Mottier, North-East, Pa., must 93°,
and at the test held at Hammondsport as high
as 104°, with only 4 per mille acid).

We give a figure of a bunch and leaf reduced
in size, and a single berry of full natural size.

Excelsior. (Hybr.) A seedling of the lona fer-
tilized with pollen oi Vinifera, originated by Jas. H.
Ricketts; first offered in autumn of 1882. The vine is
moderately vigorous, short-jointed; leaves medium,
moderately thick, lobed, coarsely serrated ; bunch large
to very large, shouldered, often doubly shouldered,
moderately compact ; berry medium to large, round-
ish inclining to oval, skin pale red, sweet, slightly
vinous with a rich aromatic muscat flavor ; the berries
adhere well to the peduncle, and continue a long time
in use. Ripens a little before the Catawba.

Ricketts says that this is the finest grape in his col-
lection ; that it withstood the winter of 1880-81 without
any protection, but gives better results if protected. It
is inclined to overbear, so much so, that every other eye
of the fruiting-cane should be rubbed out ; to produce
bunches of the highest quality and beauty, the fruit
should be thinned to one bunch to a shoot.

Faith. (Rip. X ) One of Jacob Rommel's very
promising Taylor Seedlings. Vine a vigorous,
healthy grower, sufficiently productive of long-
shouldered medium size bunches ; berries small
to medium, white or pale amber colored ; juicy,
sweet, and purely flavored. Ripens very early,
with or before the Hartford. Regarded by Rom-
mel as one of his best varieties, and as not sub-
ject to mildew and rot.

Far West. (JEst.) The Nestor of Western grape
culture, the late Frederick Muench (died in 1881), re-
ceived from time to time grafts for testing of Mr.
Herman Yaeger (Neosho, Mo.), who makes it his task
to explore the forests of south-west Missouri for
wild vines. Among these was a feeble graft which
fruited after several years, and astonished him by the
delicacy of the aroma of the wine made from same, so
much so that he considered it the most valuable acqui-
sition, one "likely to inaugurate a new era of viticul-
ture." He honored it by the name '• Far West," his
own literary name de plume.

Muench described it as follows : "VINE of most vigor-
ous growth, with unusually large, healthy foliage, per-
fectly hardy, resisting (in my experimental vineyard)
all diseases in the most unfavorable seasons. Bunches
shouldered and of good size. Berries somewhat larger
than Norton's ; skin very tough, black with fine blue
bloom. The pulp, or rather the flesh of its berries is
soft, meaty, melting ; is of dark rich color, with few
seeds, very sweet and spicy ; making a wine so mild,
and yet at the same time fiery and aromatic, as to sur-
pass (to my taste) all other known wines. Requires a
long season, blooming and ripening its fruit very late,
contemporaneously with Norton's; — wherever this
standard variety succeeds the Far West may be confi-
dently planted. Its propagation from cuttings seems
almost impossible, but should be done by layering ;
the layers, however, not to be separated from the
mother-vine until after the second summer."

Flora. (Labr.) Origin Philadelphia, Pa. Bunch
small, compact ; berry small, roundish, oval, purplish-
red. Flesh somewhat pulpy, acid at centre, juicy,
vinous. Ripens about with Isabella. Vine hardy and
productive. — Downing.

Florence. (Labr.) Probably a cross between Un-
ion Village m. and Eumelan/., originated by Marine.
A very handsome showy grape, of good quality; bunch
large, with some of the Isabella character. Discarded.

Flowers. Syn., BLACK MUSCADINE. (V. Rotund.)
A variety of the Scuppernong type. Berries large,
growing in clusters of 10 to 20; black, sweet. Ripens
very late ; hangs upon the vine until frost. Said to
make a rich, red, and delicious wine. Never fails to
produce a crop, and perfectly free from any kind of
disease. It is much esteemed (in Georgia, Alabama,
and South Carolina) on account of its lateness, as it
does not come in until the Scuppernong is gone.

Berckmans, of Georgia, says it is not quite as good
as the Scuppernong and of about the same size.

Flower oi Missouri. A Delaware seedling,
*rown by Wm. Poeschel, Hermann, Mo. Not dissem-
inated, and probably never will be. It possesses both
the excellence and the defects of " Walter."

Goethe.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES/, • \*

Goethe. 101

GOETHE.

102 Goethe.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Golden Drop.

iramingliam. Perhaps not identical with, but
only a reproduction of, the Hartford Prolific — at least
so closely resembling it that it should not have been
introduced as a new variety.

Franklin. (Rip.) ' Vine has much the habit and
growth of Clinton ; not as good a bearer. Bunch small,
not very compact ; berry small, black, juicy, quite acid,
austere ; unworthy. — Downing.

Gaertner. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 14.) Hybrid
between White Chasselas and a wild Labrus-
ca. The Hon. Marssall P. Wilder described it
as follows: bunch good size; b"rry medium to
large; color light brown or red; skin thin;
flavor pleasant and aromatic; season rather
early ; vine healthy and productive. '

Gazelle. One of Rickett's hybrids, produced
many years ago but neglected, and remaining
unknown until about a year since. Sam. Miller,
to whom he gave a plant or graft of this his
almost forgotten child, says it is SPLENDID.
Bunch large ; berry about the size of Herbemont ;
color white or as nearly white as any grape
could be, almost translucent ; sweet and deli-
cious. Its growth last summer pleased us
very much.

Goethe. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 1.) This very
valuable variety is, perhaps, more unique and
shows in its fruit more of the character of the
European species than any of Rogers' other
sorts, and yet its vine is one of the hardiest,
healthiest, and most productive we have.
Late in ripening for northern localities, it does
not always mature there; but here with us it
produces and perfectly ripens a large crop of
beautiful clusters and berries, free from imper-
fections of any kind, provided it has a good rich
soil, and has not been permitted to overbear,
which would ruin its health and productive-
ness for years to come, if not forever. A sandy
soil seems also favorable for its continued
health, as the roots of the Goethe, though thick
— generally of a scraggy and warty exterior —
are feeble, and in clayey soil may. perhaps, be-
come a prey to the Phylloxera. The vine is a
most vigorous grower, making stout and long
canes, with well-developed laterals. Wood
rather soft, with a moderate pith.

At the Fall meeting of the Mississippi Val-
ley Grape-growers' Association, Sept. 9, 1868,
we exhibited for the first time a few branches
of the vine, each with several perfect clusters,
which were much admired, and would proba-
bly have astonished the originator, could he
have seen them." The smallest of them, being
of a good average size, we had photographed,
and an exact copy of it expressly engraved for
this Catalogue. The bunches are medium to
large, not quite compact, occasionally shoul-

dered ; b- tries very large, oblong, of a yellowish-
green, sometimes blotched, with a pale red to-
ward the sun and entirely red when fully ripe ;
skin thin, translucent ; flesh tender and melt-
ing throughout ; few seeds ; sweet, vinous, and
juicy, with a peculiar, delicious aroma. Spe-
cific gravity of must 78° ; altogether a MOST
DESIRABLE grape for the Middle Atlantic States,
the Ohio and lower Missouri valleys, both
for the table and for wine.

Golden Clinton. Syn.,KiNG. (Rip.) A. seedling
from the Clinton closely resembling it, but with this
difference, that its berries are greenish-w/t/te, and that
it is far less productive. Campbell is perfectly correct
in saying: "It does not sustain the character given by
those who first introduced it. Bunches small, scanty,
and irregular ; berries small and of inferior quality.
Not desirable."

GolAen Drop. (Hybr.) A grape of recent intro-
duction, described as an early white grape, raised by
Pringle in 1869, from the Adirondac, fertilized by the

Delaware. In
size of bunch
and berry it re-
sembles Dela-
ware. Col. yel-
lowish-white,
with a tinge of
red when in
the sun ; bunch
cylindrical,
seldom shoul-
dered, small,
close ; berry
smallish,
round ; flesh
tender, though
slightly p u 1-
py, juicy, very
sweet and pure
flavored, with-
out the slight-
est foxiness.
The vine is a
good grower,
yearly loaded
with fruit;
leaves small,
obscurely lob-
ed, tomentose
beneath, show-
in g superior
-*v capacity to

resist mildew
and thrips.

This purely
native and
hardy variety
is admired by such as are fond of the sweet andj deli-
cate flavor of some of the foreign sorts. Its surpassing
earliness makes it valuable for planting in our north-
ern districts where none of the varieties in cultivation
are sure to ripen thoroughly every year.— Bliss & Son.

GOLDEN DROP. (Actual size.)

Golden Gem.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

HaskelVs Seedlings. 103

Golden Berry. (Hybr.) A white seedling of the
Hartford Prolific and Gen. Marmora, originated by Dr.
Culbert, Newburg, N. Y. ; hardy and a free bearer.
Exhibited 1877. Not disseminated.

Golden Gem. (Hybr.) A seedling of the Dela-
ware and lona, a superb table grape, of golden color,
produced by J. H. Ricketts ; first exhibited at the Am.
Pomological Society meeting in 1881, and first offered
for sale in the autumn of 1882. Vine moderately vig-
orous ; wood short-jointed ; leaf small to medium,
slightly serrated ; bunch small and sometimes shoul-
dered ; berry small and of a rich golden color ; flesh
tender, juicy and rich, with a fine rose flavor ; quality
"best. The fruit ripens very early, even before Hartford
Prolific, and continues a long time in use without
losing any of its good qualities. Wherever either of its
parents, the Delaware or the lona, can be successfully
grown, this superior novelty deserves special attention
and trial.

Graham (?). An accidental seedling, introduced
hy Wm. Graham, of Philadelphia; bunch of medium
size, not compact; berry half an inch in diameter,
round, purple, thickly covered with a blue bloom, con-
tains little or no pulp, and abounds in juice of agrea-
fole flavor. A poor grower and bearer. — Downing.

Grein's Seedlings. A lot of Taylor Seedlings
raised by Nicholas Grein, near Hermann, Mo.,
a,nd by him supposed to have been pro-
duced from seed of the European Riesling
-which he had sown :

No. 1 — MISSOURI RIESLING.* Vine hardy and
very healthy; a moderate grower, compara-
tively short-jointed ; with healthy, thick
leaves ; very productive. Bunch medium,
moderately compact, slightly shouldered ;
berry medium, round, greenish-white, but
light red when fully ripe ; very Render
pulp, juicy, sweet, of fine quality, making
an exquisite white wine ; and on this ac-
count it is now largely planted by the wine-
growers of Missouri and Illinois. Ripens
ten days after the Concord. Subject to rot
in wet seasons.

~No. 2 — GREIN'S GOLDEN. Somewhat similar
to the former, but a stronger grower; bunch
medium, not very compact, handsomely
shouldered ; berries larger than most other
Taylor seedlings, of a deep yellow golden
color, bronzy toward the sun; sweet, juicy,
with little pulp. Ripens with Concord. A
very promising grape for family use, table,
and market.

No. 3 — much resembles his Missouri Ries-
ling in bunch and berry ; said to contain
more sugar and to make a still better wine.
No. 4 — also resembling the former, and said
to make a very fine wine of a deep golden
color and delightful flavor.

* Pronounce: tteesling.

No. 7, or Grein's extra early. Vine a vigor-
ous grower, moderately productive; bunch
and berry resembling Delaware in size and
shape but not in color, which herein is a
beautiful greenish-yellow, with a distinct
star-like speck on each berry. Ripening
about same time as Concord.

Hartford Prolific. (Labr.} The standard
for earliness among grapes. Raised by Steel,
of Hartford, Conn., over thirty years ago. It
is well-known, and generally planted as a very
prolific early market variety ; ripens here early
in August, about ten days in advance of the
Concord ; but as soon as ripe it generally drops
its fruit, and is of poor quality. The vine is
very healthy and hardy, and produces im-
mense crops. Bunches large, shouldered, rather
compact ; berries round, full medium, black ;
flesh pulpy, juicy, with a perceptible foxy fla-
vor ; roots very abundant, branching and
fibrous, of average thickness and toughness,
and tolerably firm liber. Canes stout, with
strong crooks at the joints, laterals well devel-
oped, and having considerable down on the
young growth. Wood hard, with a small pith.
Wine has also been made from it, but it could
not be recommended by us for that purpose.
Only as a market grape is it considered valu-
able by some, on account of its earliness and
great productiveness, but even as such it is
inferior to several others.

FRAMINGHAM and SENECA are almost iden-
tical with HARTFORD ; the PIONEER is also
similar to it, but considered as a better grape
in all respects. N. H. Lindley, of Bridgeport,
Conn., says, " we have discarded the Hartford
and grow the Pioneer in its place." Let all
grape-growers discard the Hartford, which
only destroys the appetite for grapes, and thus
injures the sale and price of all sorts ; while a
really good very early market grape would in-
crease the demand for all later varieties.

HasKell's Seedlings. Of the very large number
of hybrids produced by the long-continued and expen-
sive labors of George Haskell, of Ipswich, Mass., he
has selected forty varieties, designated by numbers
only, which he offered for sale in 1877 ; but as he would
not sell less than thirty vines to any one grape-grower
or nurseryman at a price which, though low, consider-
ing their cost to the originator, yet exceeds the ability
of most grape-growers, — and as they are all hybrids
between the foreign (Black' Hamburg, White Fron-
tignan and White Chasselas) and native (the Black-
fox, Amber-fox and Pigeon), and had not been tested
in other localities, very few ol them have been distrib-
uted.

Our proposition to take five of these varieties, two
plants of each kind, for trial, and to pay for them at
the rate asked for the 30 vines, was declined, although
Haskell says himself in his very interesting "Account

104 Harwood.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Herbemont.

of various Experiments for the Production of new
and desirable Grapes," published by himself, that it
cannot be desirable to propagate so many varieties in
any locality. Thus the results of his long and meri-
torious labors will probably forever remain in obscu-
rity ; and while a pecuniary recompense was not, for-
tunately for Haskell, "by any means a matter of ne-
cessity" with him, it is to be regretted that the results
he obtained, which might have been a benefit to the
public and of value • to this country, were thus lost.
The fruit committee of the Amer. Pomological Society,
and other authorities to whom Haskell sent some of
these grapes for judgment; pronounced several of ex-
cellent quality.

II;ir\vood. (JEst.) Syn., Improved Warren; ob-
tained from Major Harwood, of Gonzales. Tex. ; simi-
lar to Herbemont in every respect except size of berry,
which is nearly double the size of that of Herbemont ;
it also varies in color, sometimes being no darker than
Diana ; ripens four or five days earlier than the Warren
or Herbemont. It originated in the garden of Colonel
Harwood, at Gonzales, Texas. This grape has short-
jointed heavy canes, is not as rank a grower as Herbe-
mont, and does not grow readily from cuttings.

ll:ti ( ic or Jlctt ie. There are three grapes under
this name, or under conflicting descriptions. One
originated with Mrs. N. R. Haskel, Monroe, Mich.; de-
scribed as a bright, clear red, translucent grape ; the
other, introduced by E. Y. Teas, of Richmond, Ind.,
as a large, oval, black grape — " earlier, larger and bet-
ter than Concord and Isabella"; and another of un-
known origin. Bunch small ; berry black ; flesh some-
what pulpy ; a poor grower and bearer, but ripens early.
All three are here unknown.

Herbemont. Syn: WARREN, HERBEMONT'S
MADEIRA, WARRENTON, NEIL GRAPE. (jEst.)
Origin unknown ; as early as 1798 it was pro-
pagated from an old vine growing on thevpian-
tation of Judge Huger, Columbia, 8. C. Nicho-
las Herbemont, an enterprising and enthusi-
astic cultivator of the grape, found it there,
and from its vigorous growth and perfect ac-
climation at first correctly supposed it to be a
native; he afterwards, in 1834, was informed
that it had been received from France, and
he believed this. But the same grape was also
found growing wild (?) in Warren County, Ga.,
and is there known as the Warren grape. The
best authorities now class it as a member of
the JSstivalis family of the south — a native
grape, truly called by Downing, "Bags of
Wine." One of the very best and most reli-
able grapes for both table and wine, especially
adapted for hill-sides on limestone soil. It
nourishes in Texas, Georgia, South Carolina,
and Florida, but generly only on poor hill-land
Should not be planted further north than the
Ohio and lower Missouri river, and even there
should be covered in winter. For those who
have gone to this trouble it has nearly always
produced a splendid crop, and has been so

enormously productive that it richly repaid
the little additional labor, except where rot
destroyed the crops, and it may be mentioned
that the rot on the Herbemont and its family
is different from the rot which attacks the La-
brusca. To some of our Southern States this
grape will be a mine of wealth. In southern
Texas, where the Herbemont is a perfect suc-
cess, grape culture is gradually but steadily
extending, so that, at no distant future, vine-
culture will become one of the leading in-
dustries of its people. M. Lespiault reports :
" Le vin de 1'Herbemont fait en blanc est excel-
lent et peut rivaliser avec les vins blancs de
nos meilleurs crus." At the exposition of the
international Congress at Bordeaux, Oct., 1881,
M. Lepine exhibited a Herbemont vine, whose
two arms had forty bunches on the one and
sixty bunches on the other, all perfectly
ripened. The sight of this superb and im-
mensely productive sample made many con-
verts of former opponents of the American
vine. Bunches very large, long, shouldered
and compact ; berries small, black, with a
beautiful blue bloom; skin thin, flesh sweet,
without pulp, juicy and high-flavored ; ripens
late, a few days after Catawba. Hoots of me-
dium thicknes, with a smooth, hard liber, re-
sisting to the Phylloxera in France as well as
here. Canes stout, heavy and long ; laterals
well-developed. Wood hard, with a medium-
sized pith, and firm outer bark. Vine a very
vigorous grower, with the most beautiful foli-
age ; not subject to mildew, and but little to
rot ; • in rich soil it is somewhat tender, makes
too much wood, and seems less productive,
while in warm and rather poor limestone soil,
with southern exposure, it is generally healthy,
and enormously productive, except in very un-
favorable seasons, when all half-tender va-
rieties fail. Werth, of Richmond, Virginia,,
says : I have found the most uniformly
abundant, healthy, and thoroughly ripened
crop, for successive seasons, on low, imper-
fectly drained , and rather compact soil. Eisen-
meyer, of Mascoutah, 111., finds summer prun-
ing, promptly performed at the close of the
flowering season, very effective in preventing
rot and in securing a fine crop of Herbemont
grapes. The accompanying illustration gives
an idea of the beauty and richness of the bunch.
Specific gravity of must about 90°. The pure
juice pressed, without mashing the grapes,
makes a white wine, resembling delicate Rhen-
ish wines ; if fermented on the husks about
forty-eight hours, it will make a very fine pale
red wine. The French wine-judges at Montpel-
lier, pronounced it "assez agreable, rappellant.
le gout des vins de Pest de la France."

Herbemont-

DESCBIPTION OF VARIETIES.

-Seedlings. 105

THE HERBEMONT GRAPE.

It seems that but very few seedlings of the
Herbemont have been raised ; at least we know
-of none that were disseminated. One Herbe-
mont seedling is mentioned by Dr. Warder in
his description of the " Longworth School of
Vines." The Pauline (see description) may
by a seedling of Herbemont, as also the Katfs
• Seedling, from Kentucky, and the Muskogee,
'but little is positively known of these varieties.

The McKee was looked upon as a Herbemont seed-
ling, with fruit larger than Herbemont and bearing

about a week earlier, but now, after careful compari-
son, it is pronounced as identical in every point with
Herbemont. Onderdonk does not pronounce it to be
the Herbemont itself, showing some difference between
the two, such as by starting later in spring ; but even if
this difference were permanent, and not produced by
local circumstances or conditions of soil, it would not
be sufficient to make it a distinct variety.

If WE intended to raise new seedlings (which
we do not), we would select the Herbemont as
one parent in preference to almost any other
variety.

106 Hayes.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Hayes.

Hayes. Syn., FRANCIS B. HAYES — formerly
Moore's No. 31. (Labr.) This is out of the same lot
of seedlings as the Moore's Early. It is a very early
white grape, raised by John B. Moore, of Concord,
Mass.; smaller than Martha, but better in quality;
was awarded a first-class certificate of merit by the

Mass. Hort. Society ,^Sept. 14, 1880. Vine claimed to
be hardy and a vigorous grower, prolific, free from
mildew: "wood short-jointed; bunch longer than
Prentiss, moderately compact, partly shouldered;
berry medium, globular, with a fine amber-yellow
color ; skin very firm ; flesh tender, juicy, of a delicate
texture and fine flavor, free
from all foxiness. Ripens
from 7 to 8 days before
Concord, yet holds its leaves
after those of most other
varieties are killed with
frost."

This new white grape will
be offered for sale for the first
time in the fall of 1884, al-
though it was first fruited in
1872, and was first exhibited
in 1874 at Boston, where it
has attracted special notice
for excellent quality and
earllness. The originator
now introduces it with the
following remarks: ''It is
our endeavor to place before
the fruit growers of the
country, a grape of quality,
possessing certain desirable
and distinct characteristics
which are rare exceptions in
grapes of this class. This
grape is a pure native, pos-
sessing hardiness and vigor
to a degree seldom attained
by other white varieties, and
• especially adapting it for cul-
tivation in northern and east-
ern sections.."

" It seems proper at this
time to offer a word of warn-
ing to purchasers of new va-
rieties of fruits, etc. Since
1876 thousands of vines of
the Concord have been sold
throughout the country for
the Moore's Early.

"The like thing was done at
the time of the introduction
of the Worden, and such has
been the case with other new
varieties of fruits, and un-
doubtedly will occur here-
after.

" Therefore it is absolutely
necessary that purchasers,
to avoid disappointment,
should send directly to the
introducer for new fruits, or
else to long-established and
reliable nurserymen."

THE HAYES (OK FRANCIS B. HAYES).

Hermann.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Hermann. 107

Hermann. (^Est.)
A seedling of Nor-
ton's Virginia, rais-
ed by F. Langen-
doerfer, near Her-
mann, Missori. In
1863 the original
vine fruited abund-
antly with its origi-
nator, and grafts of
it bore a large crop
in 18b4. It has been
fully tested in vari-
ous places & proved
as to growth, foliage
and fruit. On trying
the must on Oech-
sle's scale it showed
94° to 105°. Bunch
long and narrow,
seldom shouldered,
compact, often nine'i
inches long; the
shoulders, if there
are any, having the
appearance of a sec- S
ond bunch ; berry
small, about same
size as Norton 's,
round, black with
blue bloom, moder-
ately juicy, rarely
rots or mildews, and
ripens very late,
several days later
than the Norton's.
The juice is of a
brownish -ye How,
making a wine of
the color of Brown
Sherry or Madeira,
of great body, and
of fine flavor ; satis-
factory in the south
central States. Our
friend Sam. Miller
says : There is a pe-
culiar fragrance
about the wine of
the Hermann that
no other American
grape possesses;
and, were I a teeto-
taler in drinking, I

should like to have wine of it just for the
pleasure of smelling it." The French judges
at the Congres Montpellier pronounce the Her-
mann " bien droit de gotit, particulierement
bon et corse."

THE HERMANN GRAPE.

Vine a strong grower and very productive,
resembling the Norton's in foliage ; but the
leaves are of a lighter color, the stems covered
with peculiar silvery-white hair-like threads,
and the leaves somewhat more deeply lobed.

108 Highland.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

// ffhlaiirl.

Hermann.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Highland. 109

It is, like its parent, very difficult to propa-
gate from cuttings in the open ground. Boots
wiry, very tough, with a smooth, hard liber,
defying all attacks of the Phylloxera. Canes
of medium thickness, great length and vigor,
and a moderate number of laterals ; the canes
often branch off with a fork, having a double
bud at the base — a freak of more frequent oc-
currence with this, than any other variety we
know of. Wood very hard, with a small pith.

The Hermann was considered an important
addition to our list of wine grapes. If produc-
tiveness, general hardihood and health, can
entitle a variety to consideration, this variety
certainly deserves it at the hands of our vint-
ners. Its wine is entirely different and distinct
from anything else we have ; but the predic-
tion "that it will produce a true American
sherry, equal if not superior to anything the
old world can produce," has proven idle talk
and bombast. So far the Hermann has not
grown in favor or popularity, and it will never
be extensively planted.

For our locality and farther south it may be
desirable, but much farther north it will hard-
ly attain the perfection requisite to make a
superior wine, as it ripens so very late. It will
be found specially adapted, we think, to south-
ern slopes and limestone-soil. It is a true .53s-
tivalis in leaf and habit.

Langendoerfer has also raised a a white feed-
ling of the Hermann, which is very vigorous and
productive, resembling its parent in growth,
and in form of bunch and leaf ; the latter, how-
ever, is of lighter green. It is one of the first of
that class ( JSstivalis) with WHITE berries. The
wine made from this variety is as excellent
in quality as the grape is remarkable for its
color. Some good judges who tasted the wine
said, "it is exceedingly smooth and fine, in
bouquet plainly showing Hermann origin."

The originator does not intend to disseminate
this new variety, and has not decided upon a
name for this grape, as the very small size
and very late ripening of its berries would be
unfavorable to its introduction. In south-west
Missouri and Arkansas, however, it seems to
have given satisfactory results, and H. Jaeger,
of Neosho, is now propagating it.

Herbert. (Rogers' No. 44.) Labrusca impreg-
nated by Black Hamburg. This is probably
the best of the black varieties of Rogers. Among
all the hybrids none proved of greater merit
than this one. The vine is very vigorous,
healthy, and hardy ; bunch -large, beautifully
shouldered, rather long, and moderately com-
pact ; berry large size, round, sometimes a lit-
tle flattened, black ; flesh very sweet and ten-

der, purely flavored and free from coarseness
or foxiness either as to the taste or smell. Early
and productive.

Campbell says : " It has so many good qual-
ities, it should be better known and more ex-
tensively planted both for home use and for a
showy and excellent market grape. If I were
asked to name another black grape, hybrid or
native, that I consider equal in all respects to
the Herbert, I could not do it !"

Highland. (Ricketts' No. 37.) One of the
largest and finest looking of Ricketts' Seedling
Grapes ; a hybrid produced by fertilizing the
Concord with Jura-Muscat ; resembling the
Concord in vine and foliage. A vigorous grow-
er, with short-jointed, dark brown wood ; large,
thick, coarsely serrated leaves, and very pro-
ductive. Bunch large, long, moderately com-
pact and heavily shouldered ; well-grown clus-
ters sometimes weigh one pound. Berry large,
round, black with a thick blue bloom ; flesh
soft, slight pulp, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous,
and very good. A promising market grape.
Ripens between Concord and Catawba.

Its foliage has so far been free from mildew,
and, considering the superior quality and
beauty of this grape, it is justly regarded as
one of the most promising hybrids.

II inc. Labr.} A seedling of the Catawba, raised
by Jason Brown (son of John Brown, the abolitionist),
at Put-in-Bay, Ohio. It makes a good sized, compact,
slightly shouldered bunch ; berry medium, of a dark
rich claret brown with a purplish bloom ; skin of me-
dium thickness ; flesh juicy, sweet, and almost without
pulp ; leaf large, thick, and whitish underneath ; canes
reddish-brown, short-jointed; buds prominent. Ri-
pens with the Delaware, which it somewhat resembles.
It took the first premium as the best new seedling
at the Ohio State Fair, 1868. We cannot recommend
it except as an interesting grape to amateurs.

Holmes. A new chance seedling (Hybr.) which
appeared in a garden in Galveston, Texas. Onder-
donk kindly furnished us with the following descrip-
tion of this grape for the Bushberg Catalogue : "The
Holmes combines, in its growth and appearance, both
jEstivalis and Labrusca blood. Its fruit is about the
size and color of Lindley. I believe it to be a cross
between the Southern JEstivalis of the Herbemont
Division and a Labrusca, and that it will , possibly,
combine the hardiness of our JEstivalis with the pulp
of the Labrusca" — just the combination we have been
looking for. The original vine is enormously produc-
tive and has been so for many years. It has not, so far,
been propagated.

Howell. (Labr.) Origin unknown. Bunch and
berry medium ; oval, black ; skin thick ; flesh with
firm pulp, pleasant. Good. Middle of Septenber. —
Downing.

Huberts Seedlings. T. Huber, at Rock
Island, 111., an amateur grape-grower, has sent

110 Humboldt.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Isabella*

us a number of new grapes, of fair quality,
said to be perfectly hardy and good bearers ;
he named them Margerith (No. 6), Illinois City
(No. 8), and Braendly (No. 14).

Humboldt. (Rip. X) A very interesting seed-
ling of the Louisiana, raised by Fr. Muench,
who observed himself that it has no resem-
blance to Louisiana ; it has much more of the
Riparia character, and most probably is an
accidental cross between a Louisiana and some
belated Riparia blossom. Fine of very vigor-
ous growth, healthy and hardy, free from rot
or leaf blight ; bunch below medium; berries
medium, of light green color, changing to a rose-
tint, almost like Delaware, when fully ripe and
exposed to the sun. It is sufficiently produc-
tive and of fine quality.

I.JYINC.

Huntingdon. ( Rip.) A grape of the Clinton
class. Bunch small, compact, shouldered ; berry
small, round, black, juicy and vinous. Ripens
early. Vine a vigorous grower, healthy, hardy
and productive, but unworthy of propagation.

Hyde's Eliza. See "York Madeira."

Imperial. (Hybr.) A white seedling* from lona
and Sarbelle-Muscat, by Ricketts, of Newburgk, X. Y.
Bunch large with slight shoulder; berry very large,
white with considerable bloom ; no pulp ; no seeds(?) ;
splendid flavor with traces of the lona-Muscat aroma.
Vine a vigorous grower, hardy ; ripens about time of
the Isabella. The finest white grape of Ricketts' col-
lection, according to Williams, editor Horticulturist.

Irving. (Underbill's 8-20.) (Hybr.) A fine,
most showy and attractive white grape,
grow-n from Concord seed crossed with White
Frontignan, which was planted by
Steph. W. Underbill, of Croton Point,
N. Y., in the spring of 1863; fruited
first in 1866.

The character of the very large clus-
ter is seen by the engraving (about
one-half reduced in size). The berry
is large, considerably larger than
Concord, of a yellowish-white color,
slightly tinged with pink when very
ripe. The vine is a moderately vigorous
grower ; has large, thick foliage, with
"down" on the under-side. Fruit
ripens rather late, between the Isa-
bella and Catawba, and keeps well in
winter ; it has a vinous flavor, and is
quite fleshy when perfectly ripe. We
consider this far more deserving of
dissemination than his "Croton."

Isabella. Syn., PAIUN'S ISABELLA, WOOD-
WARD, CHRISTIE'S IMPROVED ISABELLA,
PAYNE'S EARLY, SAKBORTOX(?). (Labrusca.)
Probably a native of South Carolina. About
the year 1816 it was brought to the north and
introduced to the notice of cultivators by
Wm. Prince, who obtained it from Mrs. Isa-
bella Gibbs, in honor of whom it was named.
In the East, its great vigor, hardiness, and
productiveness have caused it to be widely
disseminated , but in the West it was found
to ripen unevenly, and to be very liable to
mildew, rot and leaf-blight. It has justly, we
think, been discarded by our western grape-
growers since better and more reliable varie-
ties have taken its place. Bunches large,
loose, shouldered ; berries oval, large, dark
purple, nearly black when fully ripe, and
covered with a blue-black bloom. Flesh
juicy, with a rich, musky aroma; tough
pulp, and a great deal of acidity. Ripens
irregularly, and the leaves seem to fall just
at the time when they are needed to aid in
ripening the fruit.

lona.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Ives. Ill

In some localities it is still a favorite market grape.
Must at Hammondsport 600-79°; acid 12)^ to 8 per m.

The Isabella has a host of children, few of whom,
it seems, have survived her. Those of her seedlings
which acquired some repute are described under their
proper names in this Catalogue — see Adirondac, Eure-
ka, Hyde's Eliza, Israella, Mary Ann, To-Kalon, Union
Village.

Many of her seedlings differ so little in form, size, or
quality of fruit, in growth and productiveness (some
differ only in name), that we prefer to class them as
sub-varieties. They are Aiken, Baker, Hague's Eureka,
Brown, Cloanthe, Carter(t), Hudson, Louisa, Lee's Isa-
bella, Payne's Early, Pioneer, Nonantum, Sanbornton,
Trowbridge, Wright's Isabella, &c.

J 011:1. Originated by Dr. C. W. Grant, of lona
Island, near Peekskill, N. Y. It is a seedling
of the Catawba, and the leaf somewhat resem-
bles that variety. Wood soft, short-jointed,
with a pith above average size ; vine a strong
grower, but not very hardy ; roots very few,
straight, of medium thickness, and of no very
firm texture. Canes straight, not inclined to
ramble, and of medium thickness, with few
laterals. Here it is subject to mildew and rot,
and requires careful protection in winter.

The lona is a fine grape for the garden, and
suited only to specially sheltered and protected
localities ; it requires rich soil and good cultiva-
tion ; in regions which are not subject to mil-
dew (or leaf-blight, as it is sometimes called),
the lona will yield a fine crop of large, splendid
and well-developed clusters, especially when
trained against buildings. We ar«j sorry to
know that in open-field culture it does not ripen
uniformly, and in some years entirely fails, in
many localities. Wherever it will succeed, it
is a most desirable variety, also for the vine-
yard.

Bunch usually large, long, and shouldered,
not very compact ; berries medium to large,
slightly oval; skin thin, but tenacious ; pale
red, with numerous deep red veins, which be-
come quite dark when fully ripe ; fine bloom.
Flesh tender, with uniform character and con-
sistence to the centre. Flavor rich, sweet,
vinous ; quality BEST, equalling the Delaware.
Ripens with or a few days after Concord,, con-
tinues a long time in use, and does not dete-
riorate in keeping as most other grapes will ;
with proper care it can be kept until spring,
and still be good. Magnificent specimens
were grown in a cold-house by Saunders, at
the Experimental Gardens at Washington.
Must 88° to 92°, and some recorded as high as
101°; acid 6r%.

Iowa-Excelsior(?). Raised by Prof. Mathews,
of Iowa, six or eight years ago. Sam. Miller
describes it to us as "a LARGE BED grape, fair-

sized bunch, ripens before Concord, and to
my taste as good as Rogers No. 15 (Agawam),
which it slightly resembles." This grape
might become valuable for the West, and we
are surprised that no effort has been made to
introduce it.

Israella. Originated with Dr. C. W. Grant, who
claimed for it that it was ' ' the earliest good grape in
cultivation"; but later he himself admitted that it was
not as good as his " Eumelan." With us it proved
later than Hartford Prolific. Vine a moderate grower ;
foliage subject to mildew ; bunches large, shouldered,
compact, and very handsome when well ripened: berry
black with beautiful bloom, rather large, slightly oval,
pulpy, not above second-rate in quality. It is now
generally discarded.

The Israella is probably a seedling of the Isabella,
which it resembles in habit of growth and character
of fruit.

Ithaca. A Hybr. seedling, raised by Dr. S. J. Par-
ker, Ithaca, N. Y.; described by its originator as larger
than Walter in bunch and berry ; a pure greenish-
yellow ; a rose-like smell, a high, Chasselas-Musque-
like flavor, and claimed to be a cross of Chasse-
las on Delaware, ripening before Delaware. Said
to be hardy, healthy and vigorous. Not disseminated.
We only place it on record as one of the new varieties
likely to be brought forward.

Ives. Syn., IVES' SEEDLING, IVES' MADEIRA,
KITTREDGE. (Labr.) Raised by Henry Ives, of
Cincinnati (probably from the seed of a Hart-
ford Prolific, certainly not from a foreign
grape as supposed). Col. Waring and Dr. Kit-
tredge were the first to make wine from it —
about eighteen years ago (1865) — and now it is
a popular red wine in Ohio. While we do not
deem it entitled to the first prize "as the best
wine-grape for the whole country" (awarded
to the Ives at Cincinnati, Sept. 24, 1868), we do
accord to it the great merit of having given
a new impulse to grape-growing in Ohio, at a
time when the repeated failures of the Catawba
vineyards made it most desirable that a more
reliable and productive grape should be in-
troduced.

Bunches medium to large, compact, often
shouldered ; berries medium, slightly oblong,
of a dark purple color, quite black when fully
ripe. Flesh sweet nnd juicy, but decidedly
foxy, and rather pulpy. Not desirable as a
table grape, being of very poor quality, but
nevertheless a popular mai ket grape, as it bears
transportation better than most other kinds.

It colors very early, but its period of ripening
is later than the Concord. The vine is remarka-
bly healthy and hardy ; generally exempt from
mildew and rot ; a strong, coarse grower, in
general habit and appearance closely resem-
bling the Hartford Prolific. Hoots abundant,

112 Ives.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Janesville.

THE IVES GRAPE.

thick-spreading, and of tolerably hard texture.
Liber thick but firm ; pushes new spongioles
rapidly and offers good resistance to the Phyl-
loxera ; it nevertheless did not succeed at all
in southern France. It does not seem to be an
early bearer, four-year old vines of this variety
producing the first crop ; however, it bears
profusely when older. The Ives wine has a
most beautiful deep red color, but a foxy taste
and odor. Must 80°.

Jaeger's selected. i;stiv;ilis varieties. Fif-
teeA years ago, Herman Jaeger, of NEOSHO, southwest
Missouri, sent to Frederick Muench some grafts of
V. .ZEstivalis which he had selected from among those
growing wild in that region. Encouraged by the favor
with which our late friend Muench viewed them (espe-

cially the NEOSHO and the FAR WEST), and desirous of
finding or producing some superior varieties of this
hardy and healthy class of grapes (belonging to what
we call the northern group of V. jEstivalis), Jaeger
continued to select some wild vines remarkable for
their quality or size, and to cultivate them, as also to
grow vines from their seed. They are as yet only desig-
nated by numbers ; and he has kindly furnished us
(Aug., 1883) the following brief notes on those which
he considers the most promising :

No. 9 — bunch large ; berry below medium, fine,
juicy, pure sweet; very prolific; rots in sultry
weather.

No. 12 — medium sized bunch and berry, very sweet,
with a peculiar, very fine flavor ; fruit healthy,
so far.

No. 13 — size of bunch and berry like Ives ; a marvel
of health and productiveness; fruit of peculiar fla-
vor and not pleasant to eat, yet, with same treat-
ment that will make a fair wine from Concord
grapes, a decidedly better wine can be produced
from this (No. 13).
No. 17 — bunch large ; berries medium, good, sweet,

and healthy.

No. 32 — bunch and berry of medium size, very sweet,

healthy ; dark brown wine, of Sherry character.

No. 42— bunch of Norton size, berry larger; best in

quality; very sweet, and juicier than most

. JSstivalis, with a delicious vanilla-like aroma.

The finest flavored grape I know; productive

and healthy.

No. 43 — bunch and berry of Concord size ; very pro-
ductive and healthy ; may prove a valuable wine
and market-grape.

No. 52— of still larger size ; promising.
H. Jaeger, in a letter to V. Pulliat (July, 1883), writes
that he also cultivates some hybrids of Cordifolia
crossed with Rupestris; and that he succeeded in cross-
ing the wild jEstivalis with Rupestris, which promises
some meritorious varieties; He thinks that by cross-
ing the sweet Cinerea with a well-selected Rupestris, a
grape could be produced which, though small in size
of the berries, would be good enough in quality to sat-
isfy even the European taste, and at the same time
would be perfectly resisting to the Phylloxera.*
We wish him best success.

Jacques. Syn., Jack, Slack Spanish (Ohio,
Cigar Sox, &c.) See LENOIB.

Janesville. (Labr. X Rip.), by some supposed to
be a cross of Hartford and Clinton.) An early black
grape, largely planted in Iowa and Wisconsin, but
now generally discarded for better varieties. Vine a
vigorous grower, hardy, healthy, and productive;
bunch medium, compact; berry medium to large, black ;
skin thick ; flesh pulpy ; quality about like Hartford ;
colors even earlier than this variety, but fully ripe at
about same time.

* M. Mares, a distinguished member of the French
Phylloxera Commission, reports that among his Rupes-
tris he found one which the third season produced 1 kil.
grapes, of magnificent color, ripe on the 2d of August,
the must of which had an excellent taste, weighing 11°
Beaume (83° Oechsle) scale, and made a very good wine.
This variety may become the starting-point for many
interesting seedlings or hybrids; it is of remarkably
vigorous growth and unharmed by Phylloxera. The
fibrous roots of the Rupestris are long and strong, and
defy drought even in less than ordinary soils.

Jefferson.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Lama.

Jefferson. (Labr. X) This new, haiidsome,
and excellent red grape was raised by James
H. Ricketts, Newburgh, N. Y. It is a cross
between the Concord and lona. The foliage
seems strong and healthy, not liable to mil-

lona grape upon a Concord vine, it
is an achievement whose value can
hardly be over-estimated."

Jessica. A new very early white grape
mentioned in Gardner's Monthly, Nov. 1882,
coming from D. W. Beadle ; apparently
promising well. Not yet known.

dew ; the vine is vigor-
ous in growth and
very hardy ; wood
rather short-jointed ;
leaves large, thick and
downy ; said to be
very productive.

Bunch large, shouldered, some-
times double-shouldered, com-
pact ; berry above medium,
roundish-oval; skin rather thick;
LIGHT BED with a thin lilac
bloom; flesh meaty yet tender,
juicy, sweet, slightly vinous,
aromatic. The berries adhere
strongly to the peduncle, and
the fruit maintains its freshness
long after being gathered. It is
of fine quality ; clusters large,
handsome, closely resembling
the lona, which variety it also
equals in quality and flavor. The annexed
illustration shows the form of the bunch, con-
siderably reduced in size.

It is one of the finest red grapes, and VERY
PROMISING either for market or for home use.
It ripens about the time of the Concord or soon
after. Its beauty and very high character make
it worthy of extensive trial. M. P. Wilder,
in hi& address, as President of the Am. Pomol.
Society, session of 1881, said, "the Jefferson of
Ricketts might with propriety be denominated
and may yet be distinguished as the Muscat
of America." Campbell, of Ohio, wrote in his
paper on the '•'•Improvement of our native Grapes
by Crossing,1' "Concord and lona are said to be
the progenitors of this grape, which has all the
beauty, and I think more than the excellence,
of the charming lona. If we really have the

JEFFERSON. Reduced

Kalamazoo. (Lair.) Raised from
seed of Catawba by a Mr. Dixon, an
Englishman, at Steuhenville, Ohio.
The fruit is larger than the Catawba,
and grows in bunches larger than
those of that variety, and more
marked in the peculiar richness of its
deep blue bloom ; skin thick ; flesh
soft, not quite tender all through;
sweet, but not as rich as Catawba.
According to the Amer. Pomological
Society Report (1871), it is said to
ripen ten days earlier, and according
to the Dep't of Agriculture Report,
1872 (p. 484), it is said to ripen ten
days later than the Catawba ! We do
not know which is correct, as we did
not try this variety ourselves. The
vine is said to be a vigorous grower,
hardy, and very productive.

Kay's Seedling. See Herbe-
mont.

Kilvitigtoii(?). Origin unknown. Bunch medium,
tolerably compact ; berry small, round, dark red with
abloom; flesh pulpy, half tender, vinous.— Downing.

Kingsessing. (Labr.) Bunch long, loose, shoul-
dered; berry medium, round, pale red with abloom;
flesh pulpy.— Downing.

Kitcben. (Rip.) Seedling of Franklin; bunch,
and berry medium ; berry round, black ; flesh acid,
j uicy . — Downing.

l,abe(?). Bunch rather small, short, oblong; berries
medium, loosely set, black ; flesh] half tender, pulpy,
sharp, sweet. — Downing.

Lama. A cross between Eumelan and some va-
riety of the Labrusca, lately originated by D. S. MAR-
VIN, Watertown, N. Y. Berries black ; clusters small ;
of fine high flavor, vinous. A vigorous grower, with
strong, healthy foliage ; ripens about same time as
Delaware. Not yet disseminated.

114 Lady.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Lady.

'LADY.

"Lady." (Labr.) A fine early white grape,
purchased by Geo. W. Campbell from a Mr.
Imlay, of Muskingum county, O. ; first offered
to the public in the fall of 1874, and now de-
servedly popular as a grape to be planted for
family use and for near markets. It is unsuited
for distant shipping or rough handling.

It is a pure Concord seedling, and has almost
the vigor, health and hardiness of its parent ; is
like it free from mildew, but also subject to rot.
The vine, in its habit of growth, foliage, and
general appearance, is very similar to the Con-

cord. It is unquestionably an improvement
on the Martha grape, being larger in size, ear-
lier, more productive, and better in quality,
having less of that foxiness which renders the
Martha objectionable to many. It will succeed
perfectly in all localities where the Concord can
be grown with good success. By reason of its
early ripening it will be found specially adap-
ted to northern localities where Concord does
not always mature.* In size of berry it is some-

* The vines endured without injury the severe cold of
the winter of 1872-73, 32° below zero.

Lenoir,

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

or Jacques. 115

LENOIR. (Syn., Black-Spanish, Jacques, etc.)

times even larger than Concord ; in size of clus-
ter, rather small. In quality it is better flavored
and more delicate than Concord. In color, light
greenish-yellow, covered with white bloom.
Seeds few and small ; skin thin ; pulp tender ;
flavor sweet and rich, slightly vinous, and the
foxy aroma of its class considerably chastened
down. Although very early in ripening, it is
late in starting its buds in spring, and thereby
escapes the evil effects of late spring frosts.

Lenoir. Syn., BLACK
SPANISH, EL PASO, BUB-
GUNDY, JACK or JACQUES.
(^Est.) A southern grape of
the Herbemont class, from
Lenoir Co., N. C. Bunch me-
dium to large, shouldered ;
under unfavorable circum-
stances, or on badly pruned,
overloaded vines the bunch-
es are loose and not shoul-
dered ; berries small, round,
dark bluish-purple, nearly
black, covered with light
bloom; flesh tender, no pulp,
juicy, sweet and vinous ;
very rich in coloring matter ;
a magnificent grape for the
south, but too tender and
too late in ripening for the
north. In favorable locali-
ties it will be found desira-
ble for wine and table. Vine
a fine grower, but a tardy
bearer; foliage deeply lobed.
This variety is mainly
cultivated in Texas under
different names, as BLACK
SPANISH, EL PASO. BURGUN-
DY. Many years ago (about
1859), some few vines, under
the name of JACQUEZ or
Jacques, were sent to France
by Berckmans, of Georgia.
In 1869 and following years,
when the Phylloxera com-
menced to devastate the
vineyards of south 'n France,
these few Jacques vines con-
tinued in luxuriant growth
and perfect health. This
caused a great demand for
Jacques vines, the more so
as its grape, on account of
its pure vinous taste and
deep rich color, pleased very
much the French vignerons.
But in vain did they apply
to American grape-growers
and nurseries for vines of this variety. Berck-
mans himself stated (in 1871) that he had none,
and that, so far as he knew, the culture of this
variety had been entirely abandoned in this
country. No one then knew that the Lenoir
and the Black Spanish, cultivated in Texas,
were identical with the Jacques.

After considerable research for this variety,
WE found that G. Onderdonk, describing in his
Catalogue the Lenoir, made the following re-

116 Lenoir.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Lady Charlotte.

mark: "the leaf and habit exactly resemble
those of the Black Spanish." From this re-
mark, and from the description of the " Ohio"
in Downing^ "Fruits and Fruit-trees of Amer-
ica," we were strongly inclined to believe "Le-
noir," "Black Spanish," "Ohio," "Jacques"
identical, and the very variety which our
friends in France were looking for. We so de-
clared in the former edition of our Catalogue
(1874-5, p. 70), although even Berckmans and
Onderdonk then considered them distinct va-
rieties, as may be seen from the following,
written to us in August, 1876, by Onderdonk :

"I had been diligently collecting every ^Esti-
valis grape of promise I could find or hear of,
believing that from this family must come our
grapes in Texas. I had a grape called LENOIB.
I found that Berckmans had a different grape
under the same name, and that he insisted
upon my Lenoir being the "Black July" (or
Devereux) ; so I sent for his Lenoir, and found
that it resembled in growth and habit the
Black Spanish — so much so, that I supposed a
mistake must have been made and that he
had sent me the Black Spanish instead of the
Lenoir."

"I had somehow got the idea that the Lenoir
originated in Lenoir county, S. C. I wrote to
Berckmans for further information and re-
ceived his reply under date of Aug. 17, 1875, in
which he says : 'The Lenoir and Black Span-
' ish are both native seedlings of the ^Estivalis
' type ; both have colored juice. The Lenoir
' has its bunches compact and shouldered ; the
' Black Spanish, on the contrary, has the bunch
' very loose, cylindrical, growing to a length of
' 18 inches. Of the two, it makes the darkest
' colored wine. Both are, perhaps, the best
' red-wine grapes we have. * * * The Lenoir

I originated in South Carolina, the Black Span-
' ish in Natchez, Miss.'

"I would say," continues Mr. Onderdonk,
" that here (in S.W. Texas) the bunches of the
Black Spanish, though remarkably long, have
never yet reached a length of more than 10 or

II inches. I also found that, under a care-
ful system of summer pruning, the bunches
became shouldered and grew as compact as
the Lenoir ; and I have sometimes thought
whether the difference in the fruit between
these two varieties, on my premises, is, after
all, any greater than even my Black Spanish
differs from itself, or rather that the crops of
different years differ as much from each other
as they do from the Lenoir itself."

But while we announced the identity of these
varieties as a probability only, a well-known
French importer, less cautious and merely on

the strength of our supposition, at once ordered
thousands of cuttings from the Black Spanish,
and offered them in France, at an exhorbitant
price, as the Jacques, claiming its discovery for
himself. Hundreds of thousands of cuttings
of this variety were then sent to France and
planted there since 1876, and their success,
their immunity from Phylloxera, productive-
ness, and quality, gave great satisfaction. The
identity of the Jacques, Slack Spanish and Lenoir
was there also fully established by Prof. Plan-
chon, Pulliat, and other eminent ampelographs.

As this variety cannot be successfully grown
in our vineyards on account of its non-resist-
ance to mildew and to frost, we requested our
friend Onderdonk to test and observe it, and
he now writes us (August, 1883), "I am solid
on this Lenoir matter now, and have at last be-
come settled in the belief that Jacques, Leiioir
and Black Spanish are identical beyond doubt :
this variety is capable of very great variations
under various special conditions."

In France, also, the success and especially
the productiveness of the Jacques varies very
much ; in dry soils it yields far less wine, un-
less irrigation is resorted to. Of late years, the
Jacques (as it is there still called) has suffered
in some sections from the anthracnose. France
has now more bearing-vines of this variety
than can be found growing in the United States,
and there is no more demand for cuttings of
this variety from that country.

Jacques wine now sells in France at 60 to 70
francs per hectolitre, while their Aramon wine
brings only 30 francs at the same places. It is
very rich in alcohol and in color.

Of late, however, California grape-growers
have directed their attention to this remarkable
grape, and are now planting thousands of the
same variety, under its proper name " Lenoir."
It succeeds there very well, and is much liked
both on account of the fine dark color of its
vinous juice and for its Phylloxera-resisting
roots. This old, almost abandoned grape seems
destined to become one of the leading varieties
of both hemispheres.

The annexed engraving represents a medium
sized bunch of the Lenoir, rather smaller than
usual, especially much shorter.

Lady Charlotte. This promising white grape
was raised by Pringle, of Vermont, in 1869, from the
Delaware fertilized by the lona. It is described by the
originator as follows: "Color light green, becoming
amber or golden, with a reddish tinge in the sun ; bunch
large, very broadly shouldered, narrow and pointed
below, compact ; berry of medium size, globular. Flesh
with some pulp, but juicy and very sweet, without the
least acidity in the centre or harshness or foxiness
in its flavor. Vine a rampant grower and a great

Lady Washington.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Lindley. 117

bearer, healthy : leaves very large, bearing much re-
semblance to those of the lona. Time of maturity
about with the lona."

Lady Dunlap. One of Ricketts' new Seedlings,
first exhibited in 1881. Berry medium, amber, vinous,
quality very good. (Report on New Fruits, Am. Pom.
Society, 1881.)

Lady Washington. (Hybr.) One of Ricketts'
choicest and most promising seedlings (% for-
eign), produced by crossing Concord (/) with
Allen's hybrid (m). Vine very vigorous, short-
jointed; leaves large, roundish, coarsely ser-
rated, occasionally lobed, thick and downy,
luxuriant and healthy. Bunches very large,
shouldered, often double-shouldered, moder-
ately compact; berries fully medium in size,

round ; skin pale amber, yellowish with a deli-
cate rosy tint where exposed to the sun, having
a thin whitish bloom ; flesh tender, juicy, sweet,
of very good quality and delicate aroma. The
berries adhere well to the peduncle, and the
fruit continues a long time in use. Ripens
about the same time as Concord, or soon after.
A most beautiful and promising variety.

We have some vines of the Lady "Washing-
ton fruiting for the first time this season. We
found it a strong grower, hardy, the foliage
very good ; but the fruiting season was very
unfavorable for all varieties.

Laura. (Hybr,) One of Marvin's new grapes,
hardly as good as most of his other seedlings. Bunch
small, not very compact ; berry small, light amber,
pulpy. (Am. Pomol. Society, New Fruit Rep., 1881.)

Lindley. (Rogers' No. 9.) This
beautiful and valuable grape
originated by hybridizing the
wild Mammoth-grape of New
England with the Golden Chas-
selas. Bunch medium, long,
shouldered, somewhat loose;
berries medium to large, round ;
color quite peculiar, and distinct
from any other variety, rather
more of a brick-red than Cataw-
ba color ; flesh tender, sweet,
with scarcely a trace of pulp,
possessing a peculiar, rich, aro-
matic flavor. Pres't Wilder de-
nominates this and the Jefferson
grape the Muscats of America. It
resembles the Grizzly Frontig-
nan in appearance of bunch, and
is regarded by some as fully
equal to the Delaware in quality.
The engraving represents a me-
dium sized bunch of this variety.

Soots long and straight, with
a smooth liber of medium firm-
ness ; canes slender for their
length, with few laterals, and
large, prominent buds ; vine of
very vigorous growth, making
rather long-jointed wood, medi-
um in hardness and size of pith.
The foliage when young is of a
reddish color; the fruit ripens
very early and drops from the
bunch. It makes a splendid
white wine. Specific gravity of
must 80°.

We recommend It as a fine
table grape — one of the best of
the red Hybrids.

LINDLEY. (Rogers' No. 9.)

118 Lincoln.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Mariners Seedlings.

Lincoln. Syn., HART-GRAPE. Has been supposed
to be identical with DEVEREUX, but J. F. Hoke, of
Lincolnton, N. C., where it has been largely grown for
many years, emphatically states that it is not the Dev-
ereux or Black-grape (Le Noir), but was formerly
known as the Hart -grape. Sam. Miller, who got cut-
tings of this variety from Col. Hoke, tried it and re-
ported that it is different from Devereux, and, to his
taste, superior. We could not get a proper description
sufficiently clear to distinguish it from Lenoir, of which
see description and figure.

Linden. (Labr.) One of Miner's Seedlings (see
page 121), described as a black grape ripening
several days before Concord, with very large bunches,
which hang on the vine a month after ripening.

Logan. (Labr.) A wilding of Ohio. Supposed
to be a great acquisition, on its introduction, and
recommended by the Am. Pomological Society as
promising well ; but it has sadly failed to meet public
expectation, and is now more generally discarded
than the Isabella, to which it was deemed preferable.
Bunches medium, shouldered, compact; berries large,
oval, black'; flesh juicy, pulpy, insipid in flavor. Vine
a slender grower, early and productive.

Long. See Cunningham.

Louisiana. Introduced here by that eminent
pioneer of western grape culture, Frederick
Munch, of Missouri. He received it from M.
Theard, of New Orleans, who asserts that it
was imported from France by his father, and
planted on the banks of Pontchartrain, near
New Orleans, where for thirty years it has
yielded abundant and delicious fruit. Miinch
firmly believed it to be of European origin. Fr.
Hecker was just as positive that it was nothing
else than the Clavner-grape of his native coun-
try, Baden, Germany. Husmann and others
hold that it is a true native American, belong-
ing to the southern division of the ^Estivalis
class, of which the Herbemont and Cunning-
ham may serve as types, and of which they
consider it a valuable variety, yielding a most
delicious fruit, and making a very fine wine.

After many years' experience with this va-
riety, we feel unable to form a decided opinion
as to its proper classification. It may be an
accidental cross between an imported and a
native grape ; between JEstivalis and Vinifera.

Bunch medium size, shouldered, compact,
very fine; berry small, round, black; flesh with-
out pulp, juicy, sweet and vinous ; quality best.
Vine a good grower, moderately productive ;
canes very stout, of moderate length, short-
jointed, having few large laterals, with heart-
shaped (not lobed) foliage; requires winter
protection. Ripens late. Roots wiry and very
tough, with a hard liber ; wood very hard, with
a small pith and firm outer bark.

The Louisiana and Rulander (or rather what
we here call Rulander) so closely resemble each

other in general appearance, growth, and foli-
age, that we are unable to distinguish them.
If not identical, they are undoubtedly closely
related to each other. It is claimed that there
is a difference in the wine of these two varie-
ties ; that Louisiana makes the better of the
two — in fact, the finest white wine, of Hock
character, that we have.

ROBESON'S SIEEDLING so closely resembles Louisiana
as to consider it identical. CASPER, said to be a new
Seedling, raised by Caspar Wild, of New Orleans, also
resembles Louisiana, and if not identical, belongs
certainly to the Rulander division of the Southern
jEstivalis class.

l.y<li;i. (Labr.) Originated by Carpenter, of Kel-
ley's Island, Lake Erie; supposed to be an Isabella
seedling. Bunch short, compact ; berries large, oval,
light green, with salmon tint where exposed to the
sun ; skin thick ; pulp tender, sweet, of fine flavor,
slightly vinous. In habit of growth the vine is not
unlike the Isabella, but is much less productive. Ri-
pens a few days later than the Delaware.

Lyman. (Rip.) Origin unknown. A northern va-
riety, said to have been brought from Quebec upwards
of 40 years ago ; hardy and productive. Bunch small,
rather compact; berry round, medium, or below;
black, covered with a thick bloom ; similar in flavor to
Clinton, and ripens about the same time.

Sherman and McNeil are varieties grown from the
above, but hardly to be distinguished from it.-Downing.

Luna. (Labr.) One of Marine's beautiful seed-
lings; probably lost by the decease of its originator.
It was the largest hardy white grape we had seen be-
fore the appearance of the Pocklington and Niagara.

Maguire is like Hartford, but more foxy. — Strong.

Manhattan. (Labr.) Originated near New York.
A poor bearer. Bunches small ; berries medium, round,
greenish-w/u'te with a bloom ; flesh sweet, rather pulpy.
— Downing.

Mansfield. (Labr. x). Raised in 1869 by C. G.
Pringle, of Vermont, a well-known and successful hy-
bridizer, from seed of Concord fertilized by pollen of
the lona ; said to combine the more valuable charac-
ters of both these popular sorts. Vine a rampant grow-
er, with broad and thick leaves, densely woolly be-
neath ; bunch large, often shouldered, sufficiently
compact ; berry of purplish-black color under a slight
bloom ; large, somewhat oval ; flesh tender, with but
little pulp of a remarkably rich flavor. Season earlier
than Concord. It is predicted that {his will prove a
valuable acquisition to the northern parts of our coun-
try as a very early variety.

Marine's Seedling's. These grapes are crosses be-
tween purely native varieties claimed to be produced
by a new and very simple process : diluting the pollen
of the male flower with rain water and then applying
it to the pistils of the variety which he selects as the
female parent. Among the seedlings thus raised there
are some which are quite peculiar and very interest-
ing ; some are of the JEstivalis family, but with berries
of quite a large size: 1. Nerlutvn — line large bunch;
berries above medium, black ; leaf very large and
leathery, strong. '2. Gfeencastle—same as the former,

Martha.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Martha. 119

THE MARTHA GRAPE.

berries even larger. 3. Luna — white, in appearance al-
most like Martha, but the gain in size seems to be cou-
pled with a loss in quality, compared to our delicious,
juicy, small ^Estivalis grapes. A larger number of his
seedlings are of the Labrusca type, and among these
his " U.S.," black ; Mianna and King William, white,
•seemed to us well worthy of trial.

In fall of 1874, a year or two before his death, Marine
wrote : "Now that I have reached my three score years
a nd ten, I am admonished to yield the further prosecu-
tion of this branch of progress to others, more skilled,
and to those coming after our time, believing as I do
that much greater results are looked for in the future."
His seedlings were not disseminated.

Martha. (Labr.} A white seedling of the
€oncord, raised by our friend Samuel Miller,
formerly of Lebanon, Pa., now of Blufffcon, Mo.
One of the most popular among the WHITE varieties.

Bunch medium, smaller than the Concord,
moderately compact, shouldered ; berry medi-
um, round, greenish- white — when fully ripe
pale yellow covered with white bloom ; skin
thin ; flesh very tender, and of a remarkable
sweetness unmixed with acidity and without
vinous flavor ; somewhat pulpy, often contain-
ing but a single seed. Odor decidedly foxy,
but this character is much more apparent in
the fruit than in its wine.

The vine is very healthy and hardy, resem-
bling the Concord, but not quite as vigorous a
grower, and the leaf is of a somewhat lighter
green, yet quite as healthy and the fruit less
liable to rot than the Concord. Roots of aver-
age texture and liber, throwing out young
spongioles readily. Canes generally more up-

120 Marion,

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Maxatawney.

right than Concord, with fewer laterals, but not
so much inclined to ramble. Wood firm, with
a medium pith. Very productive, and the ber-
ries hang well to the bunch. Ripens earlier
than the Concord and will therefore suit even
northern localities. In New York, New Jer-
sey, Pennsylvania and Connecticut it is grown
largely for market, succeeds well, is profita-
ble, though not very good in quality, and is
far surpassed in appearance by some new va-
rieties. Must 85° to 90°, at least 10° higher than
Concord. The wine is of a light straw color, of
delicate flavor.

The French commission at the Exposition of
Amer. wines at Montpellier, 1874, pronounced
the Martha as "approaching the wines of Pique-
poul, produced in the He"rault."

Seedlings have of late been raised from the
Martha, but are not disseminated.

(See also "Lady.")

Marion. (Rip.) A variety brought to us from
Pennsylvania by that indefatigable horticul-
turist, Sam'l Miller, who got it from Dr. C. W.
Grant. It probably came from "Longworth's
famous school of vines"; valuable for a dark
red wine. Bunch medium, compact ; berry me-
dium, but considerably larger than Clinton,
round, black, juicy, sweet when fully ripe ; ri-
pens late, long after coloring, but hangs firmly
to the bunch. Blooms early, with Clinton,
which variety it resembles, yet, in our opin-
ion, far surpasses — so much so, that it almost
appears a transition from the Riparia to the
JEstivalis species. Vine a very vigorous grower,
rambling but not so straggling as the Clinton.
Wood firm with a medium pith. Foliage large,
strong and abundant ; when young, of a pecu-
liar golden hue, and the branches of a beauti-
ful red color. Roots wiry and firm, with a
smooth, hard liber, enjoying in the fullest de-
gree the immunity from Phylloxera belonging
to its species.

Our recommendation of this variety for the
French wine-grower had been long overlooked.
The Vigne Americaineof March, 1883, contains
the following : " With regard to intense color-
ing, without any foxy taste, nothing equals the
wine made of the Marion grape ; one-twentieth
partis sufficient to give to water even a su-
perior wine color ; the somewhat violet shade
is easily transformed into a lively red by add-
ing some acid wine or a very small quantity of
tartaric acid. This grape is a loyal Fuchsin."
One vine-grower of Bordeaux reports that he
is about to plant 500 Marion vines this year.

OTary(?), raised by Chas. Carpenter, Kelly Island.
Vine hardy, strong grower. Fruit ripens too late for
the north. Bunch medium, moderately compact; ber-

ries medium, round, greenish- white with a bloom.
Flesh tender, slight pulp, juicy, sweet, brisk flavor. —
Downing.

Another Mary, an early grape, is described by Fuller*

Mary Ann. (Labr.) Raised by J. B. Garber, Co-
lumbia, Pa. Bunch medium, moderately compact,
shouldered ; berry medium, oval,, black, pulpy, foxy,
resembling the Isabella. Very early, ripening a day
or two before the Hartford Prolific, and therefore for-
merly esteemed as an early market grape, though of
an inferior quality. Now superseded.

Mason Seedling. (Labr.) A new white grape
raised by B. Mason, of Mascoutah, Ills., from
Concord seed. Bunch medium to large ; berry
nearly as large as Concord, round, greenish-
white, becoming yellowish when fully ripe,
with a fine white bloom ; skin thin ; flesh melt-
ing, with little pulp ; sweet with just sufficient
acid to give it a sprightly, vinous, refreshing
taste ; almost entirely free from foxiness. In
quality this is one of the best of all the White
Concord seedlings. Vine a«moderately vigor-
ous grower, perfectly hardy, with heavy and
healthy foliage; not subject to mildew. While
it has not proved free from rot, this variety has
suffered less from this disease than Concord
itself, proving decidedly more healthy and of
better quality than MARTHA, which is gener-
ally taken as a standard of the White Concord
varieties. The Mason grape ripens a few days-
before Concord ; it hangs a long time and keeps
remarkably well on the vine. The foliage of the
Mason resembles that of its parent, but is of a
lighter green and has a more whitish down on
the under side of the mature leaves. We confi-
dently recommend this grape for testing in all
regions where the Concord succeeds.

Massnsmt. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 3.) A fine-
early grape for table and market. We copy the
following description by Mr. Wilder, our cele-
brated veteran of American pomology :

Bunch rather short, medium size, shouldered;
berry medium to large, color brownish -red.
Flesh tender and sweet, with a little of the na-
tive flavor when fully ripe. Season very early,
same as the Hartford Prolific. Sufficiently vig-
orous and productive. In favorable localities
(free from rot) this is a very profitable grape.

Maxatawney. (Labr.) A chance seedling,,
originated in Montgomery Co., Pa., in 1844.
First brought into notice in 1858. Bunch me-
dium, long, occasionally compact, not usually
shouldered ; berry above medium, oblong, pale
yellow with slight amber tint on the sunny
side. Flesh tender, not pulpy, sweet and deli-
cious, with fine aroma, few seeds ; quality best
both for table and wine. Ripens rather late*

Maxatawney.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Missouri. 121

MAXATAWNEY (half diameter).

for northern localities ; but where it fully ri-
pens, as here in Missouri, it is one of the finest
of our native white grapes, much like the Eu-
ropean white Chasselas. Boots slender, soft in
texture and liber. Canes light and of moder-
ate length, with average number of laterals.
Wood soft with a large pith. Vine healthy and
hardy, needs no protection in winter, but not
a strong grower nor very productive, and in
bad seasons subject to mildew and rot ; foliage
large, deeply lobed.

We recommend it only for garden culture, in
good rich ground.

Medora. (JEst.) A seedling of the Lenoir probably
crossed with the Croton, as the clusters from which the
seed was taken came from a Lenoir vine interlaced
with the branches of a Croton vine in Onderdonk's
experimental vineyard. Dr. Thomas R. Cocke, an old
esteemed amateur horticulturist and friend of Onder-
donk, living about twenty miles below Victoria, Tex. ,
towards the Gulf, carefully planted that seed, and se-
lected this one as the most promising of those seed-
lings. The foliage is like the Lenoir, except that its
young terminals show little or no pink tinge, which is
almost characteristic in the Lenoir ; the berries are
white, medium, round, translucent enough to see the
seed, and of delicious flavor — pronounced by good
judges "the nicest and sweetest grape they had ever
tasted"; the bunches are medium to large, about the
same as the Warren ; the vine not a very vigorous
grower and inclined to over-production.

Onderdonk thinks this will prove the happiest
acquisition to the grapes of the Gulf States since the

Herbemont and Lenoir ; he is now propagating it, and
suggested the name MEDORA., being that of a daughter
of Dr. Cocke.

Merrimack. (Rogers' No. 19.) Regarded by
some as the finest grape in the collection of
Rogers' hybrids. M. P. Wilder says :

It is one of the most reliable varieties in all
seasons. Vine very vigorous, free from disease ;
bunch usually smaller than his other black
sorts ; berry large, sweet, tolerably rich. Season
about the 20th September (in Massachusetts).

We prefer his No. 4, the "Wilder"; it is like
it in quality, with by far larger and heavier
bunches, and mt>re profitable.

Miles. (Labr.) Origin Westchester Co., Pa. Vine
a moderate grower, hardy and productive ; bunch
small, rather compact; berry small, round, black.
Flesh tender, slight pulp at centre ; brisk, vinous,
pleasant. Ripens among the earliest, but does not hang
long. We cannot recommend it for vineyard culture
as a profitable market grape, but rather for family use
as a good early table grape, especially lor the North.

Minor's Seedling-. (See Venango.)

Miner's Seedling's. (Not to be confounded with
Minor's Seedling or Venango.) Produced by the late
T. B. Miner, at Linden, Union Co., N. J. The follow-
ing have been selected out of 1500 seedlings grown by
him in central New York : Adeline, Antoinette, Augus-
ta, Belinda, Carlotta, Eugenia, Ida, Lexington, Linden,
Luna, Rockingham, and Victoria. Most of them are
white grapes.

Minnesota. Mammoth. Origin unknown ; in-
troduced in fall of 1879 by L. W. Stratton, Excelsior,
Minn. ; said to be a very prolific and hardy native
grape, the berries of which are as large as pigeons'
eggs, and to have a fine delicate flavor. We have been
unable to obtain any definite information about it.

Mrs. McLure. One of Dr. Wylie's hybrids ; a
cross between Clinton and Peter Wylie. Bunch
medium, not very compact, shouldered ; berries
medium, white, very vigorous, quality good as
a table variety, and probably valuable also as
a white- wine grape. Foliage resembling Clin-
ton, growth very rampant. — Berckmans.

Missouri. Syn., MISSOURI SEEDLING. Mentioned
by Buchanan and Downing, but now unknown even in
Missouri. According to Downing : Probably a seed-
ling from one of the Pineau or Burgundy grapes, which
— about forty years ago — was considerably cultivated
in the vineyards of Cincinnati. It was received there
from the East under this name. It has short-jointed,
grayish wood, spotted with dark brown specks ; buds
in clusters, double and triple; leaves deep-cut, tri-
lobed.

Bunches loose and of moderate size ; berries small,
round ; skin thin, almost black, with little bloom ;
flesh tender with little pulp, sweet and pleasant;
not very productive nor of vigorous growth.

It certainly never came from Missouri.

Missouri Riesling.

page 103.)

(See Grein's Seedlings,

122 Monroe.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Mottled.

Monroe. A cross between
the Delaware and the Concord;
raised by Elwanger and Barry
and described by them as fol-
lows:

" Bunch medium to large,
shouldered, — something like
Concord : berries large, round ;
skin rather thick ; black cover-
ed with a white bloom ; very
handsome. Flesh juicy, sweet
(sub-acid), vinous, sprightly ;
a pleasant, refreshing table
grape. The vine is vigorous,
with firm, short-jointed, hardy
wood, which always ripens
well; fine, healthy foliage,
which has never shown a trace
of mildew. Ripens with Hart-
fordProlific." "TheMoNKOEis
likely to prove one of 'our best
table sorts, prolific and excel-
lent."— P. J. Berckmans.

Moore's Early. (Labr.} Ori-
ginated at Concord, Mass., by
John B. Moore, from Concord
seed. The illustration is an
exact copy from a' photograph
of the bunch, and it could not
be better described than by
calling it an Early Concord.
(See "Concord," page 68.)

Bunch smaller and rarely
shouldered, but berries some-
what larger. It is, in similar
soils and localities, as healthy
and hardy as its parent ; it is
equal to the Concord in qual-
ity, but ripens about two
weeks earlier. Being better
than "Hartford," "Champi-
on," or " Talmau," and quite
as early, it is recommended to
supersede these undesirable
varieties. It has been awarded k
first premiums at many horti-
cultural exhibitions.

~M»I 1 1 <><i . Originated with Chas.
Carpenter, Kelly's Island. A seed-
ling of the Catawba. Earlier in
ripening and less disposed to mil-
dew and rot than its parent. Charles Downing says :

"A profuse bearer, ripening with Delaware. It will
hang a long time after ripe, and keeps unusually well."

Bunch medium size, very compact, slightly shoul-
dered ; berries medium to large, round, distinctly mot-
tled when held to the light, with diiferent shades of red
or maroon while ripening, but nearly a uniform dark
Catawba color when fully ripe. Flesh sweet, juicy,
vinous; of brisk, sprightly flavor, always rather pulpy
and acid at the centre. Skin thick. Season late, ripen-

MOORE'S EARLY.

ing with Norton's Virginia. Hangs well to the bunch,
and improves by being left long on the vine ; more
desirable as a wine than as a table grape. Vines
healthy, hardy, moderately vigorous, and productive ;
foliage abundant ; wood short-jointed.

It is recorded by three competent judges, George
Leick being one, that its must weighed 94°, with acid
4 per mille.

We, in Missouri, as well as Dr. E. Van Kewren, at
Hammondport, found it a poor grower and bearer.

Montefiore.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Neosho. 123

Monteflore. Rommel's Taylor-Seedling
No. 14. The most promising red -wine
grape of this class. Vine moderately vig-
orous in growth, but very healthy and
hardy ; sufficiently productive. Both
wood and foliage show considerable ad-
mixture of Labrusca with Riparia. Bunch
small to medium, compact, sometimes
shouldered as in annexed engraving ;
berries of small medium size, round ; skin
thin but firm, black with a delicate blue
bloom, and rich in coloring matter ; flesh
melting, vinous, sweet, with a delicate
aroma and a delicious flavor ; ripening (a
few days) after Concord, and before Nor-
ton's Va. Seedling.

This unostentatious grape attracted
the attention of our senior when Rommel
first exhibited it at Rochester, New York,
where the Am. Pomol. Society met, Aug.
1879, and we at once secured the wood of
the original vine for the next three years.
With consent of the originator, we have
given it the name of the great Jewish phi-
lanthropist MONTEFIORE, which name
denotes at the same time a " Mountain-
flower.'1'1 It has fruited for several years,
in various localities, with quite satisfac-
tory results. The demand for vines of
this new variety is far in advance of the
supply.

At the Hermann fair, 1882, this grape
was awarded an extra premium as the
best new Seedling for Red Wine.

Must 80°.

Mount Lebanon. (Labr.) Originated by
George Curtis, of the United Society of Mount
Lebanon, Columbia Co., N. Y. ; supposed to
be a cross of Spanish Amber and Isabella.
Bunch larger than Northern Muscadine ; berry
round, reddish. Flesh pulpy, tough, thougli sweet,
perhaps a little better than Northern Muscadine.
Not tried here.

Neoslio. (JEst.) Pound growing wild on the farm
of E. Schoenborn, near Neosho, S.W. Missouri. In
18C8, Herman Jaeger sent grafts of this (and other va-
rieties of wild summer grapes) to that pioneer of Mis-
souri vintners, Hon. Fred. Munch, who, finding it to
be of superior quality, recommended it, and called it
the " Neosho." Cultivated since that time in Warren
and Newton counties, it never failed at either place to
produce large and healthy crops, and gained in Papa
Miinch's favor every year.

S. Miller wrote in 1873 : "The fragrance of the Neosho
grape is unsurpassed by any grape that ever tickled my
olfactory nerves. Neosho is a treasure to the land,"
So also thought our enthusiastic, now lamented, friend
Munch ; but in other localities it produced unsatis-
factorily, and the flavor and bouquet of its wine found
no favor. Munch described it as follows :

MONTEFIORE.

*

Bunch and berries are of the same size as Norton's —
the bunches compact, shouldered, heart-shaped. The
skin of the berries is thin, black with blue- bloom, very
dark, yet contains but very little coloring matter and
less tannin ; the pulp is meaty, very sweet and spicy,
with but little acidity. Seeds rather large. The wood
of the Neosho is extremely hard and tough ; it cannot
be propagated from cuttings. The vine is a most vig-
orous grower when once established 011 its own roots,
or successfully grafted ; requires plenty of room, and
prefers spur-pruning on old wood. It is so hardy
that it may be said to resist all the extremes of our
changeable climate in Missouri. The roots are strong,
wiry, and exempt from injury by Phylloxera. The
foliage is coarse, but of beautiful color — dark and
glossy green — and retains its freshness till frost sets
in. The must, though fermented on the husk for two
days, produces a wine of a beautiful greenish-yellow
color, and has a most peculiar aroma. It ripens with
Norton's Virginia.

124

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Niagara.

Naomi, Ja"* hybrid of
Clinton and one of the
Muscats produced by
J. H. Ricketts. Down-
ing describes it as fol-
lows :

Vine very vigorous,
very productive, long-
jointed; leaves very large,
deeply lobed, coarsely
serrated ; bunch large,
shouldered ; berry me-
dium, roundish-oval,
pale green, often with
a tinge of red in the
sun, covered with a thin
whitish bloom ; flesh
juicy, melting, rather
crisp, sweet and spright-
ly, and with a trace of
muscat flavor ; quality
very good. Ripens with
Concord.

Ricketts pronounces
it one of the most mag-
nificent grapes for the
table that ever grew.
With us it does not suc-
ceed, suffering, as most
hybrids do, from mildew
( Peronospora ) ; where
this disease is unknown,
or but seldom prevails,
this grape is certainly
most desirable.

The annexed illustra-
tion is reduced to two-
thirds its natural size.

Ne*f. (Ldbr.) Syn., KEF-
KA. Origin on the farm of
one Mr. Neff, near Keuka,
on Crooked Lake, N. Y.
Bunch medium ; berry me-
dium, dark, copper-red.
Flesh pulpy and somewhat foxy. Good native, early.

Newark:. A hybrid of Clinton and Vinifera, raised
in Newark, N. J. Vine of vigorous growth, hardy and
very productive. Bunches long, loose, shouldered ;
berries medium, dark, almost black, sweet, juicy and
vinous, of pleasant taste; but, however promising for
a few years, it becomes soon diseased, its fruit subject
to rot, and perishes, like its European parent. It can
not be recommended.

Newport. (JEst.) Said to be a seedling from and
similar to Herbemont.

Niagara. (Labr. X) This new grape, " heralded
like Niagara herself as one of the wonders of the world, "
originated in 1868-72 with Hoag & Clark, of Lockport,
N. Y., who gave the following description of it :

Vine a cross of Concord andCassady, hardy, healthy,
very vigorous and very productive ; wood rather long-

THE NAOMI GRAPE. Reduced

jointed; leaves large, thick, leathery, downy, lobed,
sometimes double-lobed, much like Hartford Prolific.
Bunch medium to large, from 8 to 14 ounces in weight,
compact, occasionally shouldered ; berry large, round-
ish slightly inclining to oval, quite uniform in size ;
skin thin but .tough, pale green at first, but changing
to pale yellow when fully ripe, with a thin whitish
bloom ; flesh soft, tender, sweet, pleasant, and in qual-
ity about the same as Concord, ripening with it or
soon after ; it has quite a foxy odor when first gath-
ered, but loses much of this when fully ripe, and has
then a flavor and aroma much liked by those who
have tasted this grape.

The proprietors of this new grape refused, until
lately, to sell any vines thereof, and still jealously
guard against its being propagated by others. They
expect that, from the fine appearance of its fruit at

Niagara.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Noah. 125

Exhibitions and on the markets of great cities, a desire
"will spring up to grow the same, and thus enable
them to introduce it 011 a large scale, at a high price,
with far greater success. For this purpose, and to still
further test this grape, the proprietors now propose to
furnish vines for vineyard planting on special terms,
"payment for 95 per cent, of the cost of such vines
made contingent on one-half the net sales of fruit
therefrom, and all the wood to be returned to them up
to and including 1888." While these terms are, in
one point of view, very liberal, we doubt that they will
have the desired result. We believe that the Pockling-
ton, which equals the Niagara in quality, size and
beauty, and is now liberally disseminated without
restrictions, promises to become a more popular grape
and to make the introduction of the Niagara hereafter
less called for.

Noah. (Rip.X) Raised from TAYLOR seed
by Otto Wasserzieher, Nauvoo, Ills., in 1869;
then twice transplanted, sent to us for testing,
and fruited first in 1873.

Bunch medium, shouldered, compact (yet not
too closely compact, well-filled, but not over-
crowded) ; berry medium to above medium in
size, being but slightly smaller than Con-
cord ; of green color, turning yellowish when
fully ripe;, skin thin but firm, transparent;
not very juicy, pulp firm yet melting, and of
excellent quality. Its must-weight is 10° above
that of Concord grown and pressed in same lo-
cality ; time of ripening about ten days after
the Concord. Foliage large and firm, glossy,

126 Noah.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Norton.

with a very slight down underneath and ad-
hering well teethe vine until frost.

From this description it will be seen that it
resembles Elvira in many respects, which is
quite natural, being of same parentage (but is
not a seedling of Elvira, as incorrectly stated in
several Nursery Catalogues). It is quite dis-
tinct even in appearance, and there is no diffi-
culty in distinguishing the two in foliage and
fruit. The originator of the Noah claims for
his seedling greater firmness of the bud or eye,
which enables it the better to resist severe
cold in winter ; a firmer skin, which will not
crack as that of the Elvira. These character-
istics may be inherent, or may be modified by
growing in a more southern latitude. Both
grapes are excellent for white- wine.

The Noah was first disseminated by us in
1876, and has now already gained great popu-
larity and a place on the Catalogue of the Am.
Pomol. Society. At a test of the must, made
by impartial experts, the Noah stood 100° on
Oechsle's scale with 7.50 per mille acid, whilst
at the same time the Elvira weighed 88° with
5 per mille acid.

Reports from most parts of this country, in
regard to growth, health, &c., are very favora-
ble, while in some localities the fruit mildews
in unfavorable seasons ; it is, so far, less liable
to rot than other varieties.

In the fall of 1881, E. A. JRiehl, of Alton, 111.,
after a long tramp among the vineyards of Illi-
nois and Missouri, wrote : "Of the NOAH, I
predict that it will grow well, bear well, keep
well on the vines, ship well, sell well, and
make lots of money for its growers. In fact, it
will be a white grape for the million."

J. Balsiger, of Highland, Ills., gladdens us
with the following lines: "I am very thank-
ful to you for having sent me this valuable
variety. Too much cannot be said of its good
qualities, according to my observations."

In France, also, the Noah has become a fa-
vorite, and is largely planted. Louis REICH,
the eminent viticulturist at Armeillier, Bouche
du fihone, who has cultivated the "Noah" since
1878, finds it more vigorous and productive
than Elvira, but thinks that the strawberry-
taste of its grapes is not very pleasant, and that
it makes no good wine ; others find that most
of the foxiness disappears soon and the wine
improves, and that its strawberry- taste is quite
acceptable.

The accompany ing illustration is copied from
a photograph taken during the very unfavora-
ble fruiting season of 1882, and represents
two bunches, below average size, of this valua-
ble variety. The size is reduced ; the single
berry shows the full natural size.

Norfolk. (Labr.) A new grape, originated by
White, of Norwood, Mass. It so nearly resembles the
Cataivba that it would be taken for nothing else, if it
did not ripen even before the Concord. At least, the
originator showed to a committee of the Mass. Horti-
cultural Society that the Norfolk was fully ripe on his
place while his Catawbas had barely begun to color.
The vine is said to be an abundant bearer of remarka-
bly showy fruit, heavily covered with lilac bloom, and
to have withstood a temperature of 18 degrees below
zero without protection and without' injury.

North America. (Labr.) Bunch medium, shoul-
dered ; berry round, black, juicy but foxy. Ripens
about with Hartford Prolific. Vine vigorous, unpro-
ductive.

Northern Muscadine. (Labr.) A seedling raised
by the Shakers of Xew Lebanon, N. Y. Opinions dif-
fer widely about its value. Papa Munch (as we called
our venerable friend, the Hon. Fred'k Munch), placed
it as a table grape next to the Diana, and as a wine grape
far above the Venango. Bunch medium, very com-
pact, almost round ; berry medium to large, dark am-
ber-colored or brownish-red, flesh pulpy and foxy,
sweet, skin thick. Berries apt to drop from the bunch
when ripe. Ripens early, about two weeks before Ca-
tawba. Vine of luxuriant growth, hardy and produc-
tive. Its must will probably be found valuable to-
mix, in small proportion, with some other variety, to
which it would impart, we believe, a fine Muscat flavor.

North Carolina. (Labr.) This seedling origina-
ted with that veteran pomologist, J. B. Garber, of Co-
lumbia, Pa.; it belongs to the Isabella type, and is a
showy market grape of poor quality ; not recommend-
ed. Bunch medium to large, occasionally shouldered,
moderately compact ; berries large, with a slight blue
bloom ; flesh pulpy but sweet ; skin very thick ; hangs
well to the bunch, and will keep well and carry to mar-
ket in good condition. Ripens early, coloring a few
days before the Concord. Vine a rambling grower,
hardy and very productive ; requires long pruning and
"plenty to do." Roots abundant, thick, firm, with
a tolerably hard liber ; is a good resistant to Phyl-
loxera, but much subject to rot. Canes of medium
thickness, long and rambling, with an average com-
plement of laterals. Wood firm with a medium pith.
The initiated can also make a good Muscatel wine of
it, Must 84°:

Norton or Norton's Virginia. A native wild
grape found on Cedar Island, James river,
about four miles above Richmond ; discovered
there in 1835 by Dr. F. A. Lemosq and recom-
mended as a wine grape by Dr. D. N. Norton,
an amateur horticulturist, and one of the pio-
neers in horticulture near Richmond, Va., who
transplanted layers from the original vine to
his garden and introduced it to public notice.
It made but little progress until about thirty
years ago, when Mr. Heinrichs and Dr. Kehr
brought it (each a few sprigs) to our Hermann
vine-dressers.

This little insignificant-looking grape, pro-
nounced worthless by Long worth, the father
of American grape culture, has, nevertheless.

Norton.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Ohio. 127

become the great and leading variety for red [
wine not merely in Missouri, where its superior
qualities were first appreciated and brought |
out in full splendor, and in its native State,
Virginia, where it is of late receiving great at-
tention, hundreds of acres being planted in
the years 1880-83, with this most valuable va-
riety for wine, — but, far and near, in many sec-
tions of this country, and even in some parts of
France where American vines are planted.

The Norton, with its twin-sister, the Cynthi-
ana, is now recognized by all experienced
grape-growers as the most reliable and best red
wine grape of America. It is alao found excel-
lent in some parts of France ; in others it does
not succeed as well, and its yield is considered
insufficient. Except in size of berry, it has also
most qualities of a very good table grape ; it is
sweet and spicy, and is unexcelled as a long
keeper.

The illustration of the Cynthiana, page 89,
equally serves as a good representation of the
Norton-grape.

The bunch of the Norton is long, compact,
and shouldered; berry small, black, with dark
bluish-red juice, almost without pulp when
fully ripe ; sweet and brisk. Ripens late, in
October. Vine vigorous, healthy, hardy, and
productive when well-established, but very
impatient of transplanting, and exceedingly
difficult to propagate. Boots tough and wiry.
Liber thin and^hard, of great resistance to the
Phylloxera. Canes vigorous, of medium
thickness and good length. Wood very hard,
with a small pith and firm outer bark.

Whenever the season will admit of a thor-
ough and perfect ripening of its fruit, the Nor-
ton will succeed here in almost any soil ; but,
when the wood and buds have not fully ripened
in the fall, the vine is liable to suffer from se-
vere cold during the succeeding winter. In
rich bottoms it comes early into bearing and is
enormously productive ; on high hills with
rather poor soil and southern aspects it is tardy
in coming into bearing, but produces there the
richest wine, of great body and superior medi-
cal qualities.* It has quite a peculiar coffeine
flavor, which at first seems unpleasant to
many, but which, like coffee, endears itself to
our taste. Must 105°-110°.

From Norton's seed two promising white
grapes have been raised almost simultaneous-
ly : one by Langendorfer, sen., at Hermann,
Mo.; the other by J. Balsiger, of Highland, 111.
These and the white Hermann seedling (see
Hermann) are the first white ./Estivalis we
know of ; Balsiger's seems a cross with La-

* It is the fjreat remedy here for dysentery and dis-
eases of the bowels.

brusca. They are very late, ripening even later
than Norton's, and thus will not be adapted
to locations north of St. Louis, but may be
the more valuable for the south.

Norwood. (Labr.) A new grape, owned by Rev.
J. W. TALBOT, of Norwood, Mass., but originated, we
believe, by Mr. White, of same place ; first exhibited
in the fall of 1880, before the Mass. Horticul. Society ;
it received a first-class certificate of merit for some
very fine bunches. It is said to make a larger
cluster and larger berry and to ripen a little earlier
than Concord ; is claimed to be a strong grower, more
hardy than any of Rogers' hybrids, and in quality
from good to best, much superior to the Concord. Not
yet tested by us.

Ohio. Syn., SEGAR-BOX, LONGWORTH'S OHIO,.
(BLACK SPANISH ALABAMA?), is now supposed to be
identical with the "Jacques" or "Jack" introduced
and cultivated near Natchez, Miss., by an old Span-
iard of the name of Jacques. It used to be grown in
Ohio, where the stock originated from a few cuttings
left in a segar-box. by some unknown person, at the
residence of Longworth, of Cincinnati, Ohio. This va-
riety attracted a good deal of attention for some time
on account of its large, long bunches (often ten to fif-
teen inches long, rather loose, tapering, shouldered),
and its good quality ; its berries are small, round; skin
thin ; purple with a blue bloom ; flesh tender, melting,
without pulp, brisk and vinous. The wood is strong,
long-jointed, lighter red than that of the Norton's
Virginia, and smooth, with peculiarly pointed buds.
Leaves large, tri-lobed. At first it was also a good
bearer, but soon mildew and rot affected it so badly
that it was of no use, even when grown upon walls
with protection. Downing ( " Fruit & Fruit-trees of
Am.") said, " it is most likely a foreign sort, and, ex-
cept in a few locations, a sandy soil, and a mild cli-
mate, it is not likely to succeed." Geo. W. Camp-
bell, whom we have to thank for valuable information
on this and many other varieties, says, "I always con-
sidered the Ohio or Segar-Box, from its fruit, habit of
growth, and foliage, as of the same FAMILY as Herbe-
mont, Lenoir, Elsinburgh, and that class of small,
black, southern grapes." Samuel Miller, of Bluffton,
Mo., writes us : "The Segar-box, or Longworth's Ohio,
I had in the East for years, but never grew a perfect
bunch. It was not hardy in vine, and the fruit both
mildewed and rotted."

When ripe it is an excellent grape. A few vines sent
years ago, under the names of il Jacques or Ohio," to
France, by P. J. Berckmans, of Georgia, proved very
fine and valuable, perfectly resisting Phylloxera,
having remained healthy in the midst of vineyards
destroyed by the root-louse. (See Lenoir.)

In Aug., 1876, G. Onderdonk gave us the subjoined
information concerning the supposed identity of the
Black Spanish, Ohio, and Jacquez :

"There lived at Natchez, in Mississippi, an old
Spaniard by the name of Jacquez. He originated a
grape to which he gave no name. Some persons got
hold of it and called it the Jacquez grape, not as a name
but simply to designate it as old Jacquez's nameless
grape; others called it the Spanish or Slack Spanish
grape, as it came from the old Spaniard's garden. Then

128 Ohio.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Othello.

.a traveler, whose name was never obtained, carried
some cuttings of this grape to Cincinnati, where he
left them with a nurseryman (Mr. Longworth !) there,
packed in a cigar-box ; thus it came that they were de-
signated as the ' Cigar-box grape,' not as a name, but
to designate it till its true name would be known.
This nameless variety circulated about Ohio, and, car-
ried from that State without yet a name, took the name
-of Ohio with those thus obtaining it. Finally, as no
authoritative name appeared, each called it the Black
Spanish. Jacquez, Cigar-box, or Ohio, according to the
several temporary designations.

" I at first got it from a neighbor, who obtained it
from Berckmans, in Georgia, as the Cigar-box. I af-
terwards heard of the Black Spanish as a wonderful
grape, and procured it from Gonzales, Texas, and sev-
eral other Texan sources. I soon found it identical
with the Cigar-box. I got afterwards information from
different sources that these four names represented the
same grape. I cannot now remember from whom I
got the history of the old Spaniard Jacquez and of the
various names having originated as I have stated ; but
I am altogether satisfied (from examining the matter
for several years) of the identity of Black Spanish,
Jacquez, Cigar-box, and Ohio.

" If there is any valuable difference between the
Black Spanish and Lenoir, it is in favor of the latter."

In August, 1882, however, Onderdonk wrote us that,
having obtained from Campbell a plant of the "Ohio"
or "Cigar-box," he can testify that his " OHIO" is dis-
tinct from the variety cultivated in Texas under the
names of Black Spanish, El Paso, Jacquez, &c.

Oneida. Said to be ahybr. seedling of MEREIMACK
{Rogers' No. 19), raised by Thacker, of Oneida Co., N.
Y., who states that the vine bore its first fruit in the
fall of 1875, when four years old, and is a strong, healthy
grower, free from disease of any kind thus far ; wood
short-jointed, and ripens well; a good bearer; bunches
medium size, evenly shouldered, sufficiently compact ;
berries large, twice the size of Delaware, which it re-
sembles in color ; skin brittle, with a delicate bloom.
It ripens on the original vine gradually from the 10th
to the 25th September. Keeps well and does not drop
from the stem. A. M. Purdy, Palmyra, N. Y., who in-
troduces this new sort on subscription, to be delivered
in the spring of 1884, thinks that the Oneida will prove
the best and longest winter-keeping grape yet introduced.

Onondaga. A seedling originated in Fayette-
ville, OnondagaCo., N. Y. ; a cross between the Diana
and the Delaware ; said to combine in some degree the
flavor of both, ripening at the same time as Delaware,
and to be a late keeper. Its appearance is certainly
very fine, resembling Diana. Should it prove as good
and healthy as its originator claims, it would indeed
be a valuable acquisition as a market grape. Not dis-
seminated.

Oporto. (Rip.) Of the same character as Clinton ;
a true native with a foreign name. Bunches small, usu-
ally very imperfect ; berries small, black, harsh, and
very acid. Considered a very poor variety by Fuller.
"Of no value, a complete humbug." — Husmann.

Regarded as a valuable wine grape by Gov. R. W.
Furnas of Nebraska, who says (Report to Am. Pomol.
Society, 1871), " My vines (of Oporto) have never failed

to give a fine crop ; last year I picked eleven hundred
good bunches from one vine five years old. It is an
exceedingly rampant grower, and, as a rule, the bunch
not compact, bearing the fruit on until after first frosts
in fall. I have found the Oporto to give a first-class
yield of very good wine — greatly improved by age."

The difference of opinion is attributable, no doubt,
to differences in soil,&c.; in a granitic, shistose (slaty)
soil the Oporto flourishes best, while in alluvial soil it
loses its foliage. In some parts of France it is used as
a Phylloxera-resisting grafting stock.

Othello. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 1.) A cross
from Clinton, or what is called Clinton in Ca-
nada, fertilized hy the pollen of Black Ham-
burg. Described as follows : "Bunch&nd. berry
very large, much resembling the Black Ham-
burg in appearance. Black with a fine bloom.
Skin thin, the flesh very solid but not pulpy;
flavor pure and sprightly, but in the specimens
we have seen rather acid. Ripening with the
Delaware."

The " Ampelographie Americaine," of which we
have just received the first number, describes the
OTHELLO as follows : (Translation,)

Vine vigorous, of half-erect growth. Cane of medium
length, somewhat slender, round, shining, and but lit-
•tle wrinkled ; of yellowish-brown color when the wood
is ripe, darker on the nodes and portions exposed to
the sun ; with elongated internodes, heavily striated ;
intermittent 2-forked tendrils. Buds covered with rus-
set hair, not numerous and falling early. In opening
the buds become whitish and show the flower-bunches
fringed by a fine wooly down with a carmine border
on the surrounding foliage, which opens and expands
rapidly ; these leaves are distinctly three-lobed, some-
times five-lobed, whitish on their lower face with iso-
lated rosy points on their outline, deeply dentate and
glandular. Foliage large when full grown, three-lobed
with a narrow bay at the leaf-stalk (sinus petiolaire),
the borders of the lobes overlapping; with two series
of very sharp teeth ; upper face dark green, lower face
of a whitish-green with a wooly down arranged in
small tufts on the lower veins. Leaf-stalk very short,
robust, and forming an obtuse angle with the plane of
its limb or cane.

Then follows a description of the flowers or blossoms
in terms which we are scarcely able to translate ; then
qfthe bunch with its peduncles and pedicels; of the
berries, their size, shape, color, skin, pulp, juice, taste,
aroma, &c. , with a minuteness and exactness which
may interest the scientific specialist, but for which we
have not the space, nor, as practical grape-growers,
the time to study them. To us it would be more im-
portant to know the conditions of soil and climate
which the variety demands, whether it inclines to or
resists diseases, where and how it succeeds, &c.

Our experience with it has not been as favor-
able as we expected. The vines proved good
growers, with beautiful, large, deeply-lobed
smooth foliage, but not very productive, and
what fruit it produced was often destroyed by
rot. Here the bunches by no means resemble
the Black Hamburg in appearance, nor are

Othello.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Poughkeepaie. 129'

they with us as good in quality as Arnold's
other hybrids.

In France, however, the Othello does exceedingly
well, is enormously productive, and pleases so well in
quality and appearance that it is largely propagated
and in demand; at Nimes, with M. Guiraud, it has
resisted for the last eight years in the midst of a Phyl-
loxera-infested district, and wherever tried it has so far
proved sufficiently resistent to the insect.

At a meeting of the Agricultural Society of the He-
rault, held on the 5th, 6th and 7th of March, 18^3, at
Montpellier, M. SABATIER stated, that eight years pre-
viously he had received from Bush & Meissner one
dozen OTHELLO plants (for $5) ; his neighbors had
taken some, which also had succeeded admirably, and
of those which he kept for himself he was offered last
year 1500 francs per 1,000 cuttings ; such offers he could
not well refuse, and the purchasers thanked him be-
sides !

M. PIOLA also stated that his Othellos were prosper-
pering ; 300 vines, the third summer, gave him 200
litres wine. Some consider the Othello wine the most
remarkable of American wines ; that it is destined to
take the place of the Malbec in the Bordelais ; others
say that the wine made of Othello, though at first too
acid, becomes very refreshing and agreeable, equal to
the best ordinary wines of the lowlands of France.

M. GAILLAKD states : the Othello succeeds well not-
withstanding a little mildew ; the great wine mer-
chants compare its wine to the mountain wines. As
soon as the young plants could be obtained at 50 fr.
the mille, our vintners would not plant 'anything but
Othello. M. FOEX and IM THUEN think this variety
not yet sufficiently tested ; it commences to fail at the
experimental gardens of the former and are weaken-
ing at GUIKAUD'S. The very high pi ice paid for them
is not justifiable, and caution is advisable.

Owasso. (Labr.) A chance seedling, supposed to
be from the Catawba. Goodhue, the originator of this
grape, claims that it combines the following desirable
qualities, viz.: hardiness, size, beauty, quality, produc-
tiveness, and adaptation to the climate of the northern
States. Fruit clusters large and compact ; quality ex-
cellent ; has a sprightly taste. A good keeper. Color
dark amber. Ripens with the Delaware. — Monroe Co.
Nurseries.

Pauline. (JEst.) Syn., BURGUNDY OF GEORGIA,
RED LENOIR. A southern grape, of the Lenoir family.
Said to be superior for both wine and the table. Of
little value here and at the north, where it does not
ripen or grow well. Bunch large, long, tapering, shoul-
dered ; berries below medium, compact, pale amber or
violet with a lilac bloom ; flesh brisk, vinous, sweet
and aromatic. " The most delicious grape we have
seen." — Onderdonk.

Growth moderate and peculiar ; comes late into
bearing ; sometimes sheds a part of its leaves too early.
Onderdonk believes it to be a hybrid and not a pure
JCstivalis. (See also Bottsi.)

Pearl. (Rommel's Taylor Seedling No. 10.)
A promising new variety both as a table and
a wine grape. Bunch larger than his Elvira,
shouldered, compact ; berry medium, round,

pale yellow covered with a delicate bloom;
skin thin and transparent ; pulp soft and melt-
ing, juicy, sweet and high-flavored. Vine a
very strong grower, of short-jointed, grayish
wood, with bright green leaves ; very produc-
tive, healthy and h'ardy. Ripens immediately
after Hartford.

Peabody, a seedling of Clinton, fruited by Jas. H.
Ricketts for about 12 years, but not offered for distri-
bution until lately. He says, "it is hardy in vine
and fruit ; bunch medium to large and quite com-
pact ; berry the size and shape of lona, black with blue
bloom ; flesh tender, juicy, rich, and sprightly, The
fruit is unlike that of any other grape now cultivated;
first-class in every respect."

Peter Wylie. See Dr. Wylie's New Grapes.

Pizarro. (Hybr.) One of Ricketts' Clinton seed-
lings crossed with foreign (Vinifera) ; foliage resem-
bling the Clinton ; productive. Bunch long, rather
loose ; berry medium, oblong, black, very juicy and
spicy, with a very fine aroma.

J. H, Ricketts says : " I have fruited the Pizarro
many years and thoroughly tested it for wine-making
purposes. It makes a light red summer -wine of great
richness."

Planet. (Hybr.) Mentioned by Prof. Husmanrt
as one of the foremost of Ricketts' seedlings, otherwise
entirely unknown to us. Described in his <k Amer.
Grape-growing" as follows: Concord and Black Mus-
cat of Alexandria — healthy and productive ; bunch
large, loose, shouldered ; berry large intermixed with
smaller ones which have no seed, oblong, very tender
pulp, juicy, sweet, fine flavor with slight taste of the
Muscat.

Pouglifeeepsie-Red. This grape originated by
A. J. Caywood & Son, from lona crossed with mixed
pollen of Delaware & Walter. It is an admirable grape
both for its beauty and fine quality ; and those who
have seen it growing at Caywoods' place at Marlboro',
N. Y., testify to its vigorous growth. Cluster above
medium, compact and well -shouldered ; resembles
Delaware more than any other variety, but is about
one-third larger, rather darker red with less bloom ;.
quality best ; no pulp, melting like lona. Claimed to
be very valuable as a wine grape. It ripens very early,
with Hartford Prolific, and keeps a long time after
being removed from the vine, tasting like raisins when
shrivelled. As a dessert fruit, it is considered by good
judges as equal to fine European grapes.

Although known on the Hudson for over twenty
years, and exhibited at New York State fairs, it has
been but little tested and not disseminated outside.

Its parentage does not give confidence of success
except where the Delaware and lona can be success-
fully grown, and that is— in localities few and far
between.

Putnam, or Ricketts' Delaware Seedling No. 2.
Cross between Delaware and Concord; very early,
sweet, rich and good. Must stood 80Q saccharometer ;.
4}£ per mille acid. Not disseminated, we believe.

130 Perkins.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Pocklington.

Perkins. (Ldbr.) Origin, Massa-
chusetts. A valuable, very early
market grape, as it is showy, which
is more important for our markets
than fine quality; besides, tastes
differ, and to many tastes its strong
fox or musk flavor is not disagree-
able. Bunch medium to large,
shouldered ; berries medium, ob-
long, often flattened by their com-
pactness ; greenish-.white at first,
then of a fine, pale lilac or reddish
color when fully ripe, with a thin,
white bloom ; flesh rather pulpy,
sweet, juicy; skin thick; ripens a
few days after Hartford Prolific
and before Delaware ; vine a vigor-
ous grower, with thick leathery
leaves, healthy and productive.

It is one of the surest grapes we
cultivate, succeeding remarkably
well south as well as north, and is
more free from rot than most other
Labrusca varieties. It is also not
without value as a wine grape ; its
foxy taste and odor grow less the
older the wine becomes, and can be
improved by gallizing, or, better
still, by blending with other white
•wines.

Pollock. (Labr.) Raised by Mr. Pol-
lock, Tremont, N. Y. Bunches large as
Concord, compact; berries large, dark
purple or black ; flesh free of pulp, vi-
nous, not too sweet. — Strong.

Purple Bloom, a seedling of Hart-
ford Prolific crossed with Gen. Marmora,
raised by Dr. Culbert, Newburgh, N.Y.
Vine hardy and vigorous, a prolific hear-
er ; its bunches are large and showy ; ber-
ries of fair size and good quality. Well
.adapted to become a good market grape.
Exhibited 1877. Not disseminated.

Pocklington. (Labr.) A seedling from Con-
cord, originated by Jno. Pocklington, at Sandy
Hill, Washington Co., N. Y.; the largest and
most attractive white grape of purely native
origin yet introduced. Vine a strong grower
and very hardy, with large, leathery, pubes-
cent foliage similar to Concord ; free from mil-
dew. Clusters large and showy, weighing
sometimes as much as one pound each. Ber-
ries large, pale green with yellow tinge, round
and thickly set on the bunch ; flesh tender,
juicy and sweet, with very little pulp. Seeds
small for so large a grape. Ripens with the
Concord, and when fully ripe is better than
Concord. It has less of the Labrusca charac-
.ter (foxiness) in the taste than in the smell,

PERKINS.

and seems to have better keeping and ship-
ping qualities than the parent. Being consid-
erably larger in bunch and berry than Martha,
more attractive to the eye and better in quality
(though not best), and very productive, this is
one of the most promising new varieties for vine-
yard culture ; a splendid grape FOB MABKET.
Samuel Miller says : "It will also make good
wine without doubt ; it will, however, be some
years before much wine will be made out of
Pocklington, for it will be in too great demand
for the table." He adds : " While the Martha
has done nobly — thousands of acres are planted
with it, and I need not be ashamed of having
originated it — I now resign and give the palm
to Mr. Pocklington."

Prentiss.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Purity. 131

Branch 20 inches. Weighing 7
pounds. Exhibited at meeting of
Am. Pom. Society, Rochester, N. Y.

From a Photograph by

G. W, Godfrey,

Rochester, N. Y

P. J. Berckmans, on the other hand, consid-
ers it worthless in his locality. He writes us :
"It may do well north, but is so far of no \alue
here" (in Augusta, Ga.)

It was first exhibited at the New York State
fair held in Rochester in 1877, and has been
justly awarded FIRST premiums at various
exhibitions every year since. From what we
have seen and heard of this new grape, we
are satisfied that it will rapidly become a fa-
vorite among grape-growers, for market and
family use, wherever the Concord is success-
fully grown.

"The Pocklington, in size and beauty, is an
approach to the Canon Hall or other Mus-
cats.— Marshall P. Wilder.

(See the chromo-lithograph illustration op-
posite the title page.)

Prentiss. (Labr.) One of the best native
white grapes, where it succeeds ; raised about
16 years ago, by J. W. Prentiss, Pultney, N. Y.,
from seed of Isabella. Vine hardy, endur-
ing uninjured down to 20° below zero, and a
good grower, very productive, inclined to over-
bear; wood rather short-jointed. Leaves large,
yet tender here ; slightly downy ; as healthy
as those of Catawba, Isabella, or Diana, re-
sembling the latter. Bunch medium, not often
shouldered, compact. Berry medium round,
inclined to oval ; skin not very thin, but very
firm ; greenish-white, pale yellow when fully
mature, sometimes with a slight rosy tint on
side most exposed to the sun, with a thin whi-

tish bloom ; seeds few, small, dark ; flesh with
a slight pulp, tender, juicy, sweet and pleasant;
a musky aroma, free from coarse foxiness ;
fruit very similar to Rebecca, and Hubbard
himself "thought it had traces of Rebecca
blood in it." The berries adhere well to the pe-
duncle and keep well. Ripens at same time as
Concord. A valuable and profitable market
grape where it succeeds. Selling in large quan-
tities at 15 cents per pound in New York mar-
kets when Concords were selling at 4 to Gets.

T. S. Hubbard, Fredonia, N. Y., who intro-
duced this grape, says : " We do not expect it
will succeed everywhere, nor do we claim it to
be a grape that will succeed over as wide a
range of territory as the Concord, but we re-
commend it as a VERY PROFITABLE market
grape for good grape localities."

How it will succeed in vineyards of the lower
Missouri and Mississippi valleys we cannot
tell, as it has not been sufficiently tested, and
its parentage does not encourage extensive tri-
als in this section. Testimonials as to the
growth and health of tbis variety are, so far,
favorable.

The annexed beautiful chromo-lithograph of
the Prentiss was furnished us for this Illustra-
ted Catalogue by Mr. Hubbard.

Purity — a cross upon Delaware, produced by
Geo. "VV. Campbell, is a small white grape of the finest
quality. It is claimed to be a stronger grower and to
have healthier foliage than the Delaware. It ripens
its fruit a few days earlier than that variety. Camp-
bell gave it that name on account of the Qiirity of its

132 Quassaick.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Riesling.

flavor, which he pronounces as even more exquisite
than that of the Delaware. He says : so far as quality
is concerned it is probably unexcelled by any variety
grown, its only fault being its sma'l size. The vine
seems to have inherited from its parent, the Delaware,
its remarkable exemption from rot. We recommend
this new variety for trial to all who plant for their own
use and pleasure, and are willing to compromise size
for fine quality.

Quassaick. A hybrid of Clinton and Muscat-
Hamburg, by J. H. Ricketts, of Newburgh, N. Y. It
has a large bunch shouldered ; berries above medium ,
oval, black with a blue bloom ; flesh very sweet, juicy
and rich ; vine healthy and productive. — F. R. Elliott.

One of the prettiest vines ever seen, filled with large
bunches. — Husmann.

Raabe. Some say it is a hybrid between Labrusca
and JEstivalis or Vinifera, but Strong describes it as a
cross between Elsinburg and Bland, which ^is probably
correct. Raised by Peter Raabe, near Philadelphia ;
thought to be hardy, but was only moderately vigor-
ous, and proved quite unprofitable. Bunches small,
compact, rarely shouldered ; berry below medium size,
round, dark red, thickly covered with bloom ; flesh
very juicy, with scarcely any pulp; flavor saccharine
with a good deal of the Catawba aroma ; quality
"best." — Ad. Int. Rep.

Racine. (^Est.) Of similar origin as Neosho, and
at first supposed to be the same grape, but afterwards
recognized as distinct. We cannot admire either of
these two varieties. They are both healthy and hardy,
and have a beautiful durable foliage which makes them
desirable for arbors, but we find neither of them very
productive or desirable in quality. Its wine has a me-
dicinal taste and flavor ; the small berries are pulpy
and full of seeds. They may be better in quality and
sufficiently productive in some other localities.

Raritan. Ricketts' Delaware Seedling No. 1. A
cross of Concord and Delaware. Plant moderately vig-
orous, hardy, short-jointed ; bunch medium, shoulder-
ed, nearly the same form as Delaware ; berry small me-
dium, round, black; leaves of medium size, lobed,
veined or corrugated ; flesh juicy and vinous ; ri-
pens about the time of Delaware, and commences to
shrivel as soon as ripe. Its originator, J. H. Ricketts,
of Newburg, N.Y., claims that this is a superior wine-
grape, its must coming up to 120° on Oechsle's scale in
1881, and 7i mille by Twichell's acidometer. In 1871
Ricketts reported to the Am. Pomol. Society, 105°
saccharometer, 9>£ acid ; "of course, too much acid."

The vine does not grow vigorously on its own roots,
and, according to Ricketts' experience, it grows best
when grafted on the Clinton ; but, according to our
experience, the invigorating effect of the stock is not of
many summers' duration (see Manual, page 37) unless
care is taken to prevent the graft from making its own
roots.

Bay's Victoria. See Victoria.

Rebecca. (Lab.) An accidental seedling,
found (1856) in the garden of E. M. Peake, of
Hudson, N. Y. It is a very fine white grape,
but unfortunately very tender in winter and

subject to mildew in summer, of weak growth,
deficient foliage, not productive. On south
walls, in well protected situations, with dry
soil and good culture, it succeeds very well,
and produces most delicious white grapes in
some localities.

Bunches medium, compact, not shoulder-
ed ; berries medium, obovate ; skin thin, pale
green, tinged with yellow or pale amber color
at full maturity, covered with a thin white-
bloom, considerably translucent. Flesh tender,
juicy, free from pulp, sweet with a peculiar
musky and luscious aroma distinct from any
other grape ; seeds small ; leaves of scarcely
medium size, very deeply lobed, and sharply
serrated. Suited to amateur culture, but, when
tried on a large scale, in ordinary vineyard
culture, as a hardy profitable grape, great dis-
appointment followed and produced a decline
in grape-growing.

Reliance. Parentage unknown. Exhibited in
fall of 1881 by J. G. Burrows, Fishkill, N. Y. Resem-
bles Delaware in size and color.

Rentz. (Labr.) A Cincinnati seedling, produced
by the late Sebastian Rentz, a most successful vintner.
Claimed to be equal, if not superior, to Ives. A large,
rather coarse black grape, very vigorous and healthy
in vine, and foliage, free from mildew, and very produc-
tive. Bunch large, compact, often shouldered ; berry
large, round, black; flesh rather pulpy and musky,
with abundant sweet juice. Ripens earlier than Ives
.Seedling, but is not good enough to be recommended.
Berries drop from stem when ripe. Valuable as a stock
for grafting. Roots thick, with a smooth, firm liber,
readily pushing young rootlets, of strong resistance to
Phylloxera; canes thick, but not very long, nor ram-
bling.

Requa. (Rogers' No. 28.) A fine table grape. M.
P. Wilder, who had a better opportunity than most
men to form an accurate opinion of the merits of these
hybrids, described it in the Grape Culturist as follows :

" Vine tolerably vigorous and quite productive ;
bunch large, shouldered; Jerry medium size, roundish ;
skin thin ; flesh tender and sweet with a trace of the
native flavor; color bronzy-green, assuming a dull
brown red at maturity ; season middle of September.
A grape of fine quality, but subject to rot in unfavora-
seasons."

Riesenblatt. (Giant-leaf.) A chance seedling of
some ^Estivalis grape that grows on M. Poeschel's
vineyard at Hermann, Mo. The vine is hardy, healthy
and productive ; a strong grower, with a truly gigantic
leaf. A small quantity of wine made from its grapes
by Poeschel & Sherer has a Madeira character resem-
bling Hermann ; color dark brown.

This variety has not been disseminated, and conse-
quently has not been extensively tried outside of Her-
mann, Mo.

Riesling or Missouri Riesling (not Reissling,
as some incorrectly spell it). See Grein's Seed-
lings. Page 103.

Hicketts\

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Rammers. 133

Ricketts' Hybrids. Our Index contains a list cf
the very remarkable seedlings raised by J. H. Ricketts
at Newburg, N. Y,, as far as named and disseminated
by him. He has given his attention, for nearly twenty
years, to raising new varieties by crossing, and by his
long-continued, carefully and skillfully conducted
labors has produced the most wonderful collection
of hybrid grapes, embracing many hundred different
sorts, mostly as yet unnamed and designated only by
numbers. The American Pomological Society repeat-
edly awarded him its " WILDER SILVER MEDAL." At
the Centennial Exhibition, 1876, he was awarded me-
dal and diploma with a most flattering report of the
judges ; and hundreds of premiums, from Horticultu-
ral Societies all over the country, have been awarded
to Mr. Ricketts for his seedling grapes.

There is no question about the beauty or the excel-
lence of many of these grapes, and, though some have
proved entire failures with us and others, especially in
the Mississippi valley, the very fact that he brings
for exhibition every year his magnificent specimens is
evidence that they can be grown successfully in great
perfection. His location may be specially favorable,
but there must be other places equally so, where the
same care and attention will produce the same splen-
did results. The soil of his vineyard is a medium
loam, possessing a moderate degree of fertility, facing
the east, sloping towards north-east, and sheltered by
hills on the west. His vines are not pampered nor
covered with glass, as some suppose, but merely laid
down without covering for winter, pruned long and
cultivated with but ordinary care. We have therefore,
no reason to doubt that some of these excellent new
varieties will become valuable acquisitions to our
finest and most useful grapes, especially those which
have the Concord for the pistillate parent, as the LADY
WASHINGTON, EL DORADO, JEFFERSON, for the Atlantic
and north central States ; and those which are crosses
on the Clinton, as the BACCHUS and EMPIRE STATE, for
the middle and south central States, usually (though
wrongfully) called the " western States."

Geo. W. Campbell justly remarks : " While much
improved over the purely native varieties and suc-
ceeding well in some places — as' Mr. Ricketts has
abundantly demonstrated — in other and less favored
localities they were injured by severe winter-freezing
and suffered, in common with many of our natives, by
mildew and rot in variable and unfavorable seasons.
I have always hoped and believed that some of these
remarkable grapes, or their successors, would be found
adapted to general cultivation ; and, even if they re-
quire a little more careful treatment than our hardiest
natives of coarser mould, they are well worth the extra
trouble, and their greater value will abundantly pay
for it. A judicious selection of soil and situation, and
perhaps protection during winter, and care as to train-
ing and pruning adapted to the habits of different va-
rieties, may be necessary for complete success. Mri
Ricketts claims that his later productions are crosses
between hardy natives, leaving out the foreign ele-
ment.1'

Rochester. (Labr.) One of Ell wanger & Bar-
ry's seedlings. Not having as yet any vines
in bearing of this new variety, we give their

description of it : " Vine a remarkably vigorous
grower ; wood short-jointed and hardy ; foli-
age large, yet resembles that of Delaware ; the
habits of the vine are similar to those of the
Diana, and it requires ample room and rather
long pruning. Bunch large to very large,
shouldered, frequently double -shouldered,
very compact; berries medium to large size,
round, dark purple or purplish-lilac ; peculiar,
with thin white bloom ; flesh very sweet, vi-
nous, rich, and aromatic. Ripens usually the
first week in September; has never failed to
ripen well in the worst of seasons since it first
bore." This description refers, of course, to
the locality of Rochester, N. Y., where it was
raised. We admired the fruit there, and con-
sider this variety a valuable addition to the
grapes of the Labrusca class.

Rommel's Seedlings. No person has been more
successful in the production of valuable hardy and
healthy seedling-grapes, adapted to general cultiva-
tion in a very large section of this country, than Jacob
Rommel, of Morrison, Mo. His grapes cannot rival
those of Rogers or Ricketts in beauty and in fine qual-
ity as a fruit for the table or for family use, but they
far surpass them in vigor and productiveness, and are
of fair to very good quality, especially for wine and
brandy. Those named and disseminated are described
in this Catalogue. See AMBER, BEAUTY, BLACK DELA-
WARE, ELVIRA, ETTA, FAITH, MONTEFIORE, PEARL,
TRANSPARENT, WILDING.

But, besides these, he has raised and fruited for sev-
eral seasons quite a large number of seedlings, from
which he selects and recommends the following as
fully tested and worthy of cultivation and dissemina-
tion :

(A) TAYLOR SEEDLING No. 9— Vine vigorous, healthy

and hardy, moderately productive, free from
mildew and rot ; bunch medium, shouldered;
berry medium to above medium, round ; color
black ; ripens early, before Concord ; quality
excellent for a dark red wine.

(B) TAYLOR SEEDLING No. 18— Vine vigorous, healthy

and hardy, very productive ; bunch meflium ;
berry above medium, amber color ; quality ex-
cellent ; ripens at same time as Catawba.
(c) TAYLOR SEEDLING No. 16— Vine a moderate
grower, but healthy and sufficiently produc-
tive; bunch small; berry medium, very firm,
of cream color; quality very good ; ripens ear-
ly, before Concord.

(D) ELVIRA SEEDLING No. 5— Vine vigorous, healthy

and hardy, very productive ; bunch above
medium ; berry medium, straw-color ; quality
good ; ripens later, soon after Concord.

(E) ELVIRA SEEDLING, No. 6— Vine healthy and har-

dv, very productive ; bunch medium to large ;
berry medium, color yellowish tinctured with
red ; of very fine quality.

(F) ELVIRA SEEDLING No. 8— Vine vigorous, healthy

and productive ; bunch large ; berry medium ;
red, transparent, and of good quality ; ripens
just after Concord.

134 Rogers' Hybr.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Rulander.

(G) DELAWARE SEEDLING No. 3 — Vine very healthy,
free from mildew and rot, perfectly hardy;
bunch above medium, very compact; berry very
firm, round, above medium in size, black;
quality very good ; promises to be a valuable
early market grape, ripening before Hartford.
(H) DELAWARE SEEDLING No. 4 — Vine a moderate
grower, quite healthy and hardy ; bunch and
berry medium in size ; in color like Delaware ;
quality very good ; ripens before Hartford.
Rutland. Probably a cross between Eumelan
and Adirondac. A new grape originated by D. S. Mar-
vin, Watertown, N. Y. Berry and bunch medium, com-
pact, not shouldered ; color blue-black; fleshy, spright-
ly, vinous ; skin thin ; very good. — Am. Pomol. Society
Reports on New Fruits, 1881.

Rogers*' Hybrids. These were produced
in a small garden in Roxbury, near Boston,
Mass. When first fruited (in 1856), and long
afterwards, they were designated by numbers
only. Those of Rogers' valuable seedlings to
which he has given names in place of num-
bers, by which they have hitherto been desig-
nated, have been placed, in alphabetical or-
der, in their appropriate places,* but there
are some remaining numbers yet unnamed
which deserve a name.

TVo. 2. One of the largest of all his hy-
brids. Bunch and berry very large, dark purple,
nearly black ; thick-skinned and somewhat
acid (ripening imperfectly with us, from loss
of foliage, before maturing its fruit) ; late in
ripening, and in flavor somewhat like the Ca-
tawba. Vine a vigorous grower and very pro-
ductive, but here subject to rot.

No. 5. One of the finest of Rogers' hybrids,
and deserving to be better known. Bunch me-
dium to large, moderately compact ; . berries
large, round, red, sweet and rich ; free from
foxiness, ripens early, and in quality one of
the very best. Vine hardy and heal thy, hardier
and healthier than SALEM, which it resembles,
but not as strong a grower as some others.

No. 8. Considered by us as one of Rogers'
best, and valuable for wine-making purposes.
Bunch and berry large ; color pale red, but the
fully matured berries a coppery-red with fine
light gray bloom ; flesh sweet, juicy, with
pleasant flavor, and almost entirely free from
pulp. Skin about the same thickness as Ca-
tawba. Vine a strong, vigorous grower, with
broad, thick and coarse foliage ; hardy and
productive. Its fruit is ripening later than
most of his other varieties, and its foliage, un-
der good culture, less inclined to mildew ; for
these reasons it is the more appreciated and
largely planted by some experienced wine-
growers in Illinois, directly east of St. Louis.

No. 3O. Light red ; bunch and berry very
large ; flavor very fine, much like the foreign
Chasselas ; pulp very tender. Vine vigorous and
healthy. One of the best flavored of all the Rogers'
grapes. Ripens early.— Geo. W. Campbell.

Roenbeck. (Hybrid.) Parentage unknown. A
chance seedling, originated on the grounds of Jas. W.
Trask at Bergen Point, N. J. First fruited in 1870.

Bunches long, compact, well - shouldered ; berries
medium size ; color pale green ; skin thin and trans-
parent; flesh melting and very sweet, no pulp. —
Ripens about same time as the Concord. Wood short-
jointed and light-colored ; large fruit-buds. Vine
hardy and prolific ; fruit needs thinning out, as the
vine, like Delaware, has a tendency to overbear. The
foliage as well as other characteristics indicate Vinlfera
parentage, but its roots have, so far, not been attacked
by the Phylloxera.

Fred. Roenbeck, of Centerville, Hudson Co., N, J.,
is propagating this variety, to sell after it may have
been tried and proven satisfactory.

* No. 1, Goethe;
N'o. 3, Massasoit:
No. 4, Wilder;
No. 9, Llndley;

No. 14, Gaertner;
No. 15, Agawam:
No. 19, Merriiuac;
No. 28, Requa;
No. 39, Aminla;

No. 41, Essex:
No. 43, Barry;
No. 44, Herbert;
No. 53, Salem.

ROGERS' HYBRID. (No. 8.)

Rulander or St.Genevieve. Syn., AMOUREUX.
RED ELBEN. (JEst. X ) What we call here the
Rulander is not the same vine known by that
name in Germany, but is claimed to be a seed-
ling from a foreign grape (Pineau) brought by
the early French settlers to the western bank

Rulander.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Salem. 135

of the lower Mississippi (Ste. Genevieve).
Others consider it as a native belonging to the
southern division of the yEstivalis class ; and,
while we ourselves incline to this view, we
must admit that its short-jointed growth, ten-
derness, and liability to suffer from diseases
and Phylloxera, support the claim of its hav-
ing originated from foreign ( Vinifera) seed.

Bunch rather small, very compact, shoulder-
ed ; berry small, dark purplish-black, without
pulp, juicy, sweet and delicious. Vine a strong,
vigorous, short -jointed grower, with heart-
shaped, light green, smooth leaves, hanging

THE SECRETARY GRAPE.

on till late in November ; very healthy, but re-
quires covering in winter. It has very tough,
strong roots, with a firm, smooth liber, but
seems nevertheless subject to injury by Phyl-
loxera ; wood hard, with a small pith and firm
outer bark ; and although it will not bear big
crops, it makes up in quality as a wine grape
what it may lack in quantity. It makes an
excellent pale red or rather brownish wine
closely resembling sherry, which was repeat-
edly awarded a first premium as "the best light
colored wine. Must 100°-110°.
(See also LOUISIANA, page 118.)

St. Catherine. (Labr.) Raised by Jas.
W. Clark, Framingham, Mass. Bunch large,
rather compact ; berries large, chocolate col-
or, rather sweet, toygh, foxy. Not of much
value . — Downing.

Secretary. Obtained by J. H. Ricketts,
Newburgh, N. Y., by crossing the Clinton
with Muscat-Hamburg. It was considered
the finest new grape at the Massachusetts
Horticultural Exhibition of 1872, and pro-
nounced by Downing to be one of Ricketts'
best in quality : but, being very much in-
clined to mildew, it will remain a superb
amateur variety only.

Vine vigorous, hardy ; bunch large, mod-
erately compact, shouldered, with a large,
roundish-oval berry, black with handsome
bloom ; its peduncle red at the base when
drawn from the berry ; flesh juicy, sweet,
meaty, slightly vinous. Must 93° sacchar-
ometer ; 7}^ per mille acid. Foliage like
Clinton but thicker, and of about the same
size.

Salem. (Rogers' No. 53.) Like
Agawam (No. 15) and Wilder (No. 4),
this is a hybrid between a native
(Wild Mammoth), the female, and
the Black Hamburg, the male pa-
rent. This is the most extensively
planted and probably one of the
finest among the Rogers hybrids; it
has proven satisfactory where the
hybrid grapes succeed, and, under
favorable circumstances, produces a
fine grape of excellent quality.
* Bunch full medium to large, compact,
and shouldered ; berry large as Ham-
burg, f inch in diameter, of a dark
chestnut or catawba color ; flesh toler-
ably tender, sweet, with rich aroma-
tic flavor ; a little foxiness to the smell,
which is not perceptible to the.
taste ; considered in quality one of the
best ; skin rather thick ; seeds large ;
ripens nearly as early as Concord ;

136 Salem.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Scuppernong.

SCUPPERNONG.

it also keeps well. Vine very vigorous and
healthy ; foliage large, strong, and abundant ;
wood of lighter color than most of the Rogers
grapes. The roots are of medium thickness,
branching, with smooth, firm liber, and have
more of the native character than most other
hybrids ; they seem to resist the Phylloxera as
well as most Labrusca varieties. The Salem
can be propagated from cuttings with remark-
able ease, and its vigor of growth in the shoots
has hardly a parallel among hybrids ; it, nev-
ertheless, generally fails in the valley of the
Mississippi and wherever mildew prevails.

The SALEM grape was originally numbered
22 ; a spurious sort having been put into mar-
ket under that number, it was changed by the
originator to No. 53. But this did not help the
confusion, and, to make it worse, he was report-
ted to describe it once as of black color (Journal
of Hort. vol. 5, page 264), and at another time
as of chestnut or Catawba color, the latter
generally adopted as the color of the true
Salem.

Schiller. One of Muench's seedlings of the
Louisiana. Vine hardy, a vigorous grower, healthy,
and productive. Fruit of a purplish-blue color, but
light juice ; otherwise quite similar to his Humboldt.
Not disseminated.

Seneca. Very similar to Hartford, if not identical
with it. First exhibited at Hammondsport, N. Y.,
in October, 1867, by R. Simpson, of Geneva, N. Y.
Not recommended.

Scuppernoiifr. Syn., YELLOW MUSCADINE,
WHITE MUSCADINE,* BULL, BULLACE or BUL-
LET, ROANOKE (Vitis Rotundifolia) . This is
purely and exclusively a southern grape ; in
South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Alabama,
Mississippi, and in parts of Virginia, North
Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas, it is quite
a favorite, producing annually large and sure
crops, requiring scarcely any care or labor. It
is entirely exempt from mildew, rot, or any of
the diseases so disastrous to the northern
species — entirely exempt also from Phylloxera ;
but it cannot be grown north of the Carolinas,
Tennessee*, and Arkansas, nor even in Texas.

G. Onderdonk, whose nurseries are farther
S south than any other in the United States, says
about the Scuppernong grape, "wehaverepeat-
\ >^ edly tried it, and as frequently failed."

In California also the Scuppernong refused to
respond favorably. There "the vine makes a
good growth, blossoms abundantly in June and
July without setting a berry, and late in the
season the leaves get rusty."—/. Strenzel.

We are aware that southerners deem it
unjust partiality, if not an insult, to say any-
thing against their favorite, the Scuppernong —
"o Divine gift,"

" Sent in the night time of sorrow and care
To bring back the joy that the South used to wear,"

Most heartily wishing that joy be brought back to our
afflicted South, we would therefore refrain from any
remarks in derogation of this Divine gift, and shall
quote none but southern authorities and cultivators
of the Scuppernong.

P. J. Berckmans, of Georgia : "I could not say
too much in praise of the Scuppernong as a wine-
grape. Jt is one of those things that never fail. O/
course I do not compare it with the Delaware and other
fine flavored grapes ; but the question is — where, where
shall we find a grape that will give us a profit ? We
have it in the Scuppernong. It cannot be grown as
far north as Norfolk."

J. H. Carleton, El Dorado, Ark.: "The fruit is
so healthy that it has never been known to make
anyone sick, unless he swallowed the hulls, which
are very indigestible. I made some Scuppernong
wine last year with very little sugar (lj^ Ibs. to
the gallon must), and although the grapes were not
near so ripe as they should have been, it has a fine
•body. * * * It is called by some the 'lazy man's
grape.' I admit the charge,- and prize it the more on
that account."

JohnR. Eakin, Washington, Ark.: "I scarcely know
what to say of this nondescript which is called a grape.
It is a coarse, tough-skinned berry, with a sweetish,
musky flavor. The vine takes care of itself ; does not
require and will not suffer pruning ; bears abundantly
and has no diseases. I scarcely think it a grape, but
still a most useful fruit sui generis, and I hope will be
cultivated by those who have no inclination for the
more troublesome, and, I must say, the more exqui-
site ' bunch grapes,' as it is the habit of its friends to

* The black or purple grapes of this class are often
incorrectly called "Black Scuppernong." Southern hor-
ticulturists designate them by different names : Flowers,
Mish, Thomas, etc.

Scvppernong.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Scuppernong Hybr. 137

call the Herbemont, the Catawba, and others. Each to
his taste."

The Scuppernong grape was discovered by the col-
ony of Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1554, on the Island of
Roanoke, N.C., and the original vine is said still to
exist there, being over 300 years of age. In appear-
ance, wood, fruit, and habit, it is entirely distinct, or ,
'• unique " as Mr. Van Buren calls it, saying: " There
is a resemblance between the V. Vinifera, Labrusca,
^Estivalis, Cordifolia ; they will all intermingle, pro-
ducing hybrids, but none of them can ever(?)ibe crossed
with the V. Rotundifolia, which blooms two months
later than either of the foregoing varieties. The odor
of the Scuppernong when ripeYiing is delicious, and en-
tirely distinct from the nigger-stink of the Fox-grape
family." The growth of the vine, or rather the space
over which its branches extend in a series of years,
is almost fabulous. The bark of the Scuppernong is
smooth, of a grayish-ashy color, variegated with many
small, dot-like specks of lighter hue ; the wood is hard,
close-textured, firm •, the roots white or creamy. The
leaves, before dropping in autumn, become of a bril-
liant yellow.

Bunch or cluster consisting usually of only about 4
to 6, rarely more, large, thick-skinned, pulpy berries;
these are ripening in August and September, not all
at the same time, but fall off successively, when ripe,
by shaking the vine, and they are thus gathered from
the ground. Color yellowish, somewhat bronzed when
fully ripe. The pulp is sweet, juicy, vinous, with a
musky scent and flavor — a delicate perfume to some
tastes, repugnant to others. The French wine judges
at the Congres held in 1874 at Montpellier, pronounced
all the Scuppernong wines there "fort peu agreable,"
some even " d'un gotit desagreable." It has, however,
its warm advocates among American grape-growers,
as will be seen by the following, from a letter of S. I.
Matthews, of Monticello, Ark., written for this Cata-
logue :

'• The Scuppernong makes a splendid white wine ;
its fruit, though ordinarily deficient in sugar, is very
sweet to the taste, owing to its having but very little
acid. The saccharine deficiency may also be accounted
for, in a measure, by the fact that this grape has been
hitherto, for the most part, grown upon arbors, a plan
of training that more effectually than any other ex-
cludes the sunlight and heat from the fruit, which it
is the practice to gather by shaking down from the
vines, whereby a considerable proportion of but par-
tially ripe fruit is obtained. And yet, according to
some tests, the Scuppernong has registered 88° on the
(Oechsle) must scale, which would give 9 per cent, of
alcohol.

'• A. C. Cook, who was quoted in your Catalogue
(ed. 1875) as saying that ' the Scuppernong is deficient
in both sugar and acid, as it rates at about 10 percent,
of the first and 4 mills of the latter,' wishes to correct
this, as he found since that time its saccharine proper-
ties to range occasionally as high as 18 per cent., and
now thinks ' the Scuppernong is emphatically the grape
for the South.' Its juice is capable of being converted
into the finest of Muscatelle sweet wines, or in supe-
rior light dry wines."

Mr. Matthews writes: "When it shall be planted
on dry south hill-sides instead of on low moist bot-

toms ; when it shall be trained on trellises, where the
sun-heat, both direct and reflected from the ground,
shall bathe the fruit and foliage, instead of upon tall
umbrageous arbors through which the sun's rays can
scarcely penetrate ; and when only the perfectly ripe
fruit shall be carefully hand-picked, instead of being
rudely shaken and all berries that will fall gathered
and pressed together, there will be little, if any, lack
of sugar."

" But, even admitting this deficiency, it is the only
demerit of this variety, and can be remedied either by
adding pure sugar to the must, or by evaporating the
water from a portion of the must and adding so much
of the resulting syrup to the other as is needed to
bring it up to the proper standard. Moreover, the
true Scuppernong is the most productive and reliable
grape for the south, and its cultivators plant therefore
mainly of the Scuppernong and its class (the THOMAS,
FLOWERS, MISH, TENDERPULP), and of other grapes
only a few, for variety or as'an experiment."

Mr. Van Buren was evidently mistaken in suppos-
ing that Rotundifolia could not be hybridized with
any of the other specie*, as the experiments of Dr. Wy-
lie, of South Carolina, have proved. And it is an-
other, though an oft repeated mistake, that the Scup-
pernong will not unite with grafts of other species. It
is true that the Rotundifolia, imported to Southern
France as a grafting-stock, on account of its phyllox-
era-free roots, did not succeed there ; but several at-
tempts to graft French vines on the Scuppernong (also
on Tenderpulp and Thomas) were successful. The union
may not be quite as perfect nor of as long durability
as in other species with more affinity ; but the legend
of the anti-union character is dispelled— as many other
viticultural and political legends.

Scuppernong Hybrids. (See Wylie's Seedlings.)
At the meeting of the Am. Pom. Society held in Balti-
more, 1877, Dr. A. P. Wylie exhibited his remarkable
hybrids for the last time before his death; among
them, the fruit committee — consisting of Chas. Down-
ing of N. Y., Robert Manning of Mass., Dr. John A.
Warder of 0., Josiah Hoopes of Pa., P. J. Berckmans
of Georgia, &c. — noticed "a most promising and pro-
lific Scuppernong-hybrid (No. 4), from whose seedlings
valuable results may derive." Its originator, Dr. A.
P. Wylie, Chester, S. C., made of same the following
note, Aug. 10, 1877 :

"Prolific Scuppernong Hybrid Xo. 4. Grows in
pipe-clay soil. Wood peculiarly slender, bears in clus-
ters at each of its joints, never rots or mildews. Bunches
medium, compact ; produced in wonderful profusion ;
berry round, greenish -white, pulp half - dissolving ;
much juice, sprightly vinous with a peculiar musky
aroma, unlike the Scuppernong; quality good. Matu-
rity middle of August."

Solonis. A peculiar form of Riparia, somewhat
distinguished from the ordinary form by the longer,
sharply incised teeth of its foliage. Its home is proba-
bly in Arkansas ; it is not and never was known or
cultivated in this country, but is highly esteemed in
France as an excellent grafting-stock for the reconsti-
tution of their phylloxera-destroyed vineyards. (See
the foot note on page 18.) Of late it seems much sub-
ject to that French rot, the anthracnose. It is mainly
adapted for a moist sandy soil.

138 Senasqua.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Taylor.

Senasqua. A hybrid raised by
Stephen Underbill, Croton Point, N.
Y., from Concord and Black Prince.
Seed was planted in 1863 and the vine
bore its first fruit 1865. Bunch and
berry varying from medium to large ;
the bunch is very compact, so much
so as to cause the berries to crack ;
color black with blue bloom ; quality
best. The fruit has the peculiar fleshy
character of certain foreign grapes,
with a brisk, vinous flavor. The vine
is vigorous and productive in rich soil ;
moderately hardy. It is one of the
latest to open its buds in spring, and
thereby less subject to injury from
late frosts; it nevertheless ripens
early enough (here a few days later
than Concord). The leaf is very large
and firm, and shows no trace of foreign
origin, except when it ripens, at which
time, instead of the yellow of the Con-
cord it takes on the crimson color of
the mature leaf of the Black Prince.
With us, at Bush berg, it did not suc-
ceed so well, and is not near as desira-
ble as Underbill's other grapes, the
Black Eagle and Black Defiance. Clay
soil is not the best for Senasqua ; it
requires a light, deep soil. The origi-
nator himself does not recommend
the Senasqua as a profitable grape for
market purposes, but only as a fine
and valuable amateur fruit. As such
it is of first rank, "of the highest
quality to those who appreciate life
and brilliancy in a grape." In France
(Drome and Lot-et-Garonne) this variety is
considered one of the most recommendable
of American Hybrids, provided it be planted
in the right soil and that it continues to resist
the Phylloxera. We give in annexed figure,
the likeness of a medium-sized cluster.

Sharon. A fine new grape, originated with D. S.
Marvin, Watertown, N. Y. Probably also a cross be-
tween Eumelan and Adirondac. Said to be unsur-
passed for a table-grape. Not yet disseminated nor
known outside of its originator's place.

Silver-Dawn. (Hybr.) A seedling of Israella
fertilized by pollen of Muscat-Hamburg, a brother of
the Early Dawn out of the same bunch raised by Dr.
W. A. M. Culbert, Newburgh, N. Y. A fine white
grape of best quality ; vine hardy and vigorous.

Not disseminated.

Stelton. (Hybr.) Raised by Thompson, of New
Brunswick, and referred to in Gardeners' Monthly of
Nov., 1882, as one of the many late brilliant appear-
ances in the viticultural sky. The bunches are about
eight inches long, well-shouldered, rather loose ; ber-
ries white, about the size of Croton, and " not hard to

SEXASQUA.

take"; in flavor comparing favorably with Lady Wash-
ington. We have never seen it.

Talman's Seedling-, or Tolnian. Syn : CHAM-
PION. (Labr.) Grown in Western New York, as an
early market grape. Bunch medium to large, com-
pact, shouldered ; berry large, black, adheres to the
stem. Skin thick and firm ; flesh sweet, juicy, some-
what pulpy, with foxy flavor ; vine a very rank vigor-
ous grower, perfectly hardy and healthy, and very
productive ; said to ripen a week earlier than Hart-
ford; quality not good. The same variety was sent
out under the name of '• Champion" as a new variety,
but the two are identical. (See Champion, page 82.)

Taylor or Bullit, often called Taylor's Bullit.
(Riparla, accidentally crossed with Labr.)

The often continuous tendrils, or rather irregular
alternation of more than two leaves with tendrils, with
often only a third or fourth leaf without such a ten-
dril— further, the more prominent Labrusca character
in many of the Taylor seedlings — make it almost cer-
tain that the Taylor is a cross between Riparia and
Labrusca.

This old variety was first introduced to

Taylor.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Transparent. 139

notice by Judge Taylor, of Jericho, Henry
County, Ky. It is generally considered very
unproductive ; it seems that the vines require
age, and spur pruning on old wood, to make
them produce well.

Samuel Miller suggests to plant the Clinton
among Taylor to fertilize them, but we find
the benefits resulting from this system also in-
sufficient to balance its many inconveniences ;
and yet we have seen Taylor vines grown by
themselves on the "Souche" plan (trained in
the shape of a small weeping-willow tree, al-
lowing the canes to grow from the short top of
the main trunk, spur pruning in winter but not
suppressing the growth by summer pruning)
produce from 5 to 10 Ibs. per vine. The bunches
are small but compact, and sometimes shoul-
dered; berry small, white to pale amber, turn-
ing even to pale red, like Delaware when per-
fectly ripe, round, sweet and without pulp.
Skin translucent, very thin but tough. Vine a
very strong, rampant grower, healthy and very
hardy. It is now largely and most success-
fully used, in France, as grafting- stock for Eu-
ropean vines, as a protection against the phyl-
loxera ; lately also in California. The Duchess
of Fitz-James has 200 hectares (about 500 acres)
in Taylor grafted with different varieties, all
doing well. In some clayish limestone soils
it seems not to do as well as in sandy clay, and
especially in cool, moist grounds. Boots com-
paratively few, wiry and very tough, with a
thin, hard liber. The young spongioles will
push as rapidly as the Phylloxera can destroy
them ; hence this variety possesses great
power of resistance to the insect. Its wine is
of good body and fine flavor, resembling the
celebrated Riesling of the Rhine. Some very
valuable and promising seedlings of the Tay-
lor are now introduced. See Elvira, Noah,
Grein's Golden, Amber, Pearl, Transparent,
Monteflore, Missouri Riesling, Uhland, &c.

Telegraph. (Labr.} A seedling raised by a
Mr. Christine, near Westchester, Chester Co.,
Pa., named and introduced about 1865 by P.
R. Freas, editor of the Germantown Telegraph
(then one of the best agricultural papers in
the East). An attempt was afterwards made
to change its name to Christine, but did not
prevail. Sam. Miller, of Bluffton, once con-
sidered it one of the most promising of all the
new EARLY grapes, and we still consider it as
far better than Hartford Prolific. Bunch
medium, very compact, shouldered; berry
medium, round to oval, black with blue
bloom; flesh juicy, with very little pulp, spicy
and of good quality ; ripens almost as early as
Hartford Prolific. A constant 'and reliable

bearer, but often lost by rot, especially in the
southwest ; and when the rot spares our
crop, the birds destroy it in preference to
other varieties ripening at same time. Vine a
healthy, vigorous grower in rich soil, and very
hardy. Deserves more extensive planting in
northern States, where rot is less destructive.
Roots very abundant, heavy, with thick but
rather firm liber. Canes stout, of average
length, crooked at the joint, with the usual
number of laterals. Wood hard with medium
pith.

Xlieodosia,. A chance seedling in the grounds of
E. S. Salisbury, Adams, X. Y., said to be an ^Estivalis.
According to Mr. S. the bunch is very compact ; berries
black, in size between Delaware and Creveling, quite
tart, very early, and claimed to be a good wine grape.
But at a grape test held at Hammondsport, October 12,
1870, the report showed for Theodosia the lowest
amount of sugar, G3%° by Oechsle's scale, with over
11 per mill. acid.

Thomas. (Rotund.) A variety of the Scuppernong
species, discovered and introduced by Drury Thomas,
of South Carolina, and thus described: "In color it
varies from reddish purple to deep black ; has a thin
skin ; sweet and tender flesh ; is less in size than the
Scuppernong, makes a fine wine, and is superior for
the table. Ripens with the Scuppernong." Berckmans,
of Augusta, Ga., describes it as follows: "Bunches
from six to ten berries ; berries slightly oblong, large,
of a slight violet color, quite transparent ; pulp tender,
sweet, of a peculiar vinous flavor, quality superior to
any of the type. Maturity middle to end of August.
Has but little musky aroma and makes a superior red
wine. A spurious variety is sold under the name of
Thomas ; this is inferior in quality and produces a
deep black colored fruit of no merit whatever."

To-lvaloii. Syn.: WYMAN, SPOFFORD SDLG., CAR-
TKR. (Labr.) Originated at Lansingburg, N. Y., by
Dr. Spofford, and was at first supposed to be identical
with the Catawba. C. Downing showed that it was
entirely distinct and at first highly recommended it
for general cultivation, but soon afterwards found that
it drops its fruit, is inclined to rot, does not ripen well,
and mildews badly, an'd so stated ; admitting, how-
ever, that " this grape is very fine, when you can get
it." Bunch medium to large, shouldered, compact;
berries varying in form from oval to oblate, nearly
black in color, and profusely covered with bloom ;
flesh sweet, buttery and luscious, without foxiness in
its aroma and with but little toughness or acidity in
its pulp. An early but a shy bearer.

Transparent. One of Rommel's Taylor Seed-
lings. Bunch small, compact and shouldered.
Berry same size as Taylor, round, pale, green-
ish-yellow, transparent, gray spotted; skin
thin, no pulp, very juicy, sweet and of fine
flavor. Vine a very strong, rather long-jointed
grower, resembling its parent in leaf and
growth, but sets its fruit well ; supposed to be
free from mildew and rot, and promises to
become a wine-grape of high character.

140 Triumph.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Triumph .

Triumph.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Una. 141

Triumph. (Campbell's Concord Hybrid No.
6.) Was justly pronounced by Samuel Miller,
to whom Campbell confided this new variety
for testing and propagation in Missouri, as the
most promising of all the white grapes. It is a
cross between Concord and Chasselas Musque.
(Syn., Joslyn's St. Albans.) It has retained,
the vigor and general habit of foliage and
growth of its parent; its fruit, however, is
wholly free from any vestige of coarseness or
fox flavor, or smell. Bunch and berry are very
large ; color white, or, more correctly, pale
green to golden -yellow, nearly transparent
with delicate bloom ; skin thin, no pulp ; flesh
sweet, meaty; in unfavorable weather the
berries are apt to crack (like Elvira) ; small
seeds and few of them ; ripens later than Con-
cord, nearly as late as Catawba, and on that
account not recommended for the North or for
any locality where the season is too short to
ripen the Catawba or Herbemont, but the
more valuable farther South; quality first
rate ; vine healthy and hardy, very productive
and free from disease, showing no rot when
even Concord rotted more or less. Unfortu-
nately the vines of this variety proved some-
what tender with us, suffering during severe
winters if left unprotected. In the favorable
season of 1880 the "Triumph" fully justified
its name in our vineyards ; it is by far the most
attractive of all our white table grapes. Its
bunches, grown by us in open air, with ordi-
nary vineyard culture, are very heavy, and
those exhibited at the great Miss. Valley
Fruit Exhibition, held in Sept. 1880, at the
St. Louis Merchants' Exchange, were so much
admired as to be honored with the premium
for " the best plate of grapes for the table,11 and
there were over 200 varieties on exhibition !
This created such a demand for plants of this
splendid variety that it was impossible for
several seasons to fill the orders. Samuel
Miller, of .Bluffton, Mo., writes that it is the
finest table grape we have for open air cultiva-
tion, and his vines of "Triumph" stood the
hard winter 1880-81 without injury. Yet we
cannot recommend it for general cultivation in
our variable climate, but only for those who
will give it proper care and attention. We
know of no grape more worthy of it than the
" Triumph."

P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga., writes us:
" Triumph is truly well named ; for four years
past it has proven to be the handsomest white
grape we have, and of very good quality."

T. V. Munson, of Denison, Texas, pronounces
it a great acquisition to the grapes of the
south. "Had bunches weighing one-and-a-half

! pounds each, fine as Golden Chasselas in qual-
| ity, vigorous and productive." One of these
j bunches was drawn from nature and painted
i by his sister, Miss M. T. Munson, an excel-
lent amateur artist, and kindly presented to
us. The annexed illustration is an exact copy,
slightly reduced in size, showing also partly
two leaves, one upper and the other lower
face. But, excellent as the engraving is
(which we had made for this Catalogue in the
celebrated art establishment of A. Blanc, at
Philadelphia), it can give but a faint idea of
the beauty of this most beautiful American
grape. The Triumph has lately also been
tested in France ; it succeeds there and pleases
very much, while the Concord, one of its
parents, does not succeed at all, and displeases
the French taste.

T. V. Munson has a number of ye;»rling
hybrids between Triumph and Herbemont, of
which he expects to get something fine for the
south.

Uhland. (Riparia X) A seedling of Taylor,
grown by William Weidemeyer at Hermann,
Mo. Vine a strong grower; long-jointed, gray-
ish wood, with foliage resembling Taylor, but
less vigorous ; in some seasons of defective in-
florescence, in others abundantly productive
of excellent fruit, richer in sugar and flavor
than most other Taylor seedlings, thus making
a superior wine ; but also considered more
delicate, less robust, and requiring better soil
and culture to obtain best results. Bunch
medium, compact, sometimes shouldered ;
berry medium, slightly oblong, greenish-yel-
low in the shade, pale amber in the sun ; skin
thin, almost transparent, pulp tender, juicy,
very sweet, of fine flavor. Ripens a few days
after Concord.

Ulster Prolific. (Labr. X) A new grape, origin-
ated by A. J. Caywood, of Marlboro, Ulster Co., N. Y..
which attracted a great deal of attention at the meet-
ing of the Am. Pomol. Society just held (Sept. 1883) at
Philadelphia. The one branch there exhibited held
fifty bunches and weighed' twenty-two pounds. We
received no description from the originator, and he
does not offer any plants for sale.

Una. (Labr.) A white seedling, raised by E. W.
Bull, the originator of the Concord. Not as good nor
as productive as Martha. Bunch and berry small, of
a very foxy flavor ; not desirable.

But the more desirable is the

Uno or Juno, a new grape which Geo. W. Camp-
bell has just favored us with. It is not yet to be sent
out, and we -do not know whether we are permitted to
say more than, that "it is really unii/ue, richer in
sweetness and better than any grape i/ou know"; and
that it seems to us a most valuable addition to our fine
table grapes and a new TRIUMPH for friend Campbell.

142 Underhill.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Vergennes.

Underhill. Syn: UNDERBILL'S SEEDLING, UN-
DERBILL'S CELESTIAL. (Labr.) Originated at Charl-
ton, Saratoga Co., N. Y., by Dr. A. K. Underhill; pro-
nounced as "of no more value than many other Fox-
grapes" by Fuller, but considered by G. W. Camp-
bell to be "of more value than the lona for general
cultivation." Now discarded by him also. Bunch
medium to large, moderately compact ; berries full
medium, round, of Catawba color ; pulp tender, sweet,
rich and vinous, slightly foxy ; ripens early, about
with the Concord ; vine a strong grower, hardy,
healthy and productive. Not recommended by us.

Union Village. Syn., SHAKER, ONTARIO.
(Labr.) Originated among1 the Shakers at Un-
ion Village, O. One of the largest of the native
grapes we have, and one of the strongest grow-

ing vines. It is said to be a seedling of the
Isabella, scarcely better in quality, but the
bunches and berries are of the size of the Black
Hamburgs. Bunches large, compact, shoulder-
ed ; berries very large, black, oblong ; skin
thin, covered with bloom ; flesh quite sweet
when fully ripe, and of tolerably good quality.
Ripens late and unevenly. Should be used as
parent for new varieties in preference to Isa-
bella. Vine is a coarse grower but tender ;
requires protection in severe winters ; often
unhealthy.

Urbaiitt. (Labr.) Bunch medium, short, shoulder-
ed ; berry medium to large, round, white-yellowish in
the sun, juicy, vinous acid, hard centre, aromatic skin.
Ripens about with Isabella. — Downing.

Yergennes. (Labr.) A
chance seedling, originat-
ed in the garden of Wm.
E. Green, Vergennes, Vt.;
fruited for the first time
in 1874. Clusters large ;
berries large, round, hold-
ing firmly to the stem ;
color light amber, covered
with a beautiful bloom ;
flavor rich, free from hard
pulp ; ripening very early
and possessing superior
keeping qualities. A most
promising New England
grape.

General Wm. H. Noble
gives the following recom-
mendation to the Ver-
gennes : — " For hardiness,
vigor of growth, large
bounteous fruitage, a fruit
of richest tint of blended
pink and purple bloom;
for its yield of wine with
the most delicate aroma ;
for its early maturity of
wood and fruit ; for its
long-keeping quality, I
think this the equal of
any American grape yet
grown."

The Vergennes grape
was exhibited at various
horticultural meetings in
Dec. and Jan., 1880 and
1881, and was yet in good
condition and highly com-
mended as possessing valu-
able qiialities, an excellent
keeper, and well worthy
of further attention.

THE VERGENNES GRAPE.

Venango.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Wliite. 143-

This variety is, so far, untried and unknown
in the West. It seems worthy of a trial, as it is
very early, of good quality ; the vine a hardy,
strong grower ; the leaf large, downy, and free
from mildew.

The accompanying engraving is a true copy
from a photograph of a medium sized bunch.

Venango, or Minor's Seedling1. (Labr.) An
old variety, said to have been cultivated by the French
at Fort Venango, on Alleghany river, more than 80
years since, but should be discarded now, when so
many superior grapes can be grown. Bunch medium,
compact ; berries medium, round, often flattened by
their compactness ; color pale red, a fine white bloom ;
skin thick and tough ; flesh sweet but pulpy and foxy.
Vine a vigorous grower, very hardy, healthy and pro-
ductive.

Vialla. (Rip.) A Franco- American variety,
recommended as a grafting-stock ; resembles
the Franklin, and is by some supposed to be
the same variety ; others contend that it is dis-
tinct from and superior to Franklin, as also to
Clinton- Vialla, the foliage Of which is smaller,
not as dark green, and that the Vialla produces
more and better fruit. We incline to ascribe
these differences to the effects of location, soil,
&G. The president of the Agricultural Society
of the Herault, in whose honor M. Laliman
gave it that (his) name, does by no means claim
the Vialla nor the Clinton-Vialla as his pro-
ductions.

Victor. See Early Victor.

Victoria, Ray's. (Labr.) This variety has been
introduced (1872) by M. M. Samuels, of Clinton, Ky. ,
who describes it as follows : "Bunches and berries me-
dium size, round, light amber color ; skin thin ; pulp
tender, sweet, and highly flavored ; vine perfectly
healthy, an abundant bearer, and a good but not ram-
pant grower." This grape has now been tested for a
number of years in diiferent parts of the south, and
has, even under adverse circumstances, been free from
both mildew and rot ; it ripens there about the mid-
dle of August j and has been pronounced by some an
excellent table grape, making also a good wine.

It resembles Venango, and belongs to the same form
of Labrusca as that variety and Perkins.

Vivie's Hybrid, produced by M. Vivie in France,
and by some called Vivie's Hartford ; said to be of very
vigorous growth, very productive, and its grape of good
quality, making a very good wine.

Warren. See Herbemont.

Watertown. (Hybr,.) Originated at Watertown,
N. Y., by D. 8. Marvin ; a very good new white grape,
of medium size in bunch and berry ; slightly oblong ;
flesh breaking, sweet.— Am. Pom. Society Report, 1881.

Waverley. (Hybr.) One of Ricketts' first efforts
in the production of seedling grapes ; he has fruited it
for twelve years, but has not propagated it, and now
offers only grafts of same, wishing it tried in different
localities. It is a seedling of the Clinton and one of

the Muscats. Vine very vigorous, hardy, healthy and
very productive ; leaves moderately large, rather thick,
slightly lobed, coarsely serrated ; wood short-jointed;
bunch medium, long, shouldered, compact ; berry me-
dium to large, oval, black with thin blue bloom ; flesh
crisp, juicy, sweet, vinous, refreshing. The bunches
want thinning out considerably.

Ricketts considers it one of the best black grapes
for amateur and family use.

Weehawken. Raised by Dr. Charles Siedhof, of
North Hoboken, N. J., from a seed of a grape from the
Crimea, V. Vinifera. A white grape of fine quality.
Its foliage is very handsome, and decidedly foreign in
character ; its fruit fine ; but only by grafting it on
native roots, and careful nursing and covering in win-
ter, can we obtain some of it in favorable seasons.

Welcome. (Vinifera Hybrid.) An exotic grape,
raised by James H. Ricketts, being a cross between
Pope's Hamburg and Canon Hall-Muscat. Here it can
be grown in a cold or hot grapery only ; for southern
California, however, it may prove very successful. A
vine planted at San Saba for testing shows a very vig-
orous growth, and the fruit is pronounced the very
best ; the bunch large, compact ; the berry large, round-
ish-oval, black with a thick grayish bloom ; flesh very
tender, juicy, sweet, refreshing, vinous, rich, aroma-
tic. A first-class grape in every respect.

White Delaware. A pure Delaware seedling,
originated with George W. Campbell, of Delaware, 0.
The vine is in some localities more vigorous and ro-
bust in habit than the Delaware under the same condi-
tions and circumstances; its foliage is large, thick and
heavy, resembling that of Catawba more than Dela-
ware. In flavor it seems equal to the old Delaware.
Its main fault is want of size and productiveness ; the
berries and bunches will both rather fall below than go
above the size of Delaware. Inform of bunch and berry
it is like the Delaware, compact and shouldered ; color
greenish-white with thin white bloom. Ripens early.
Not very productive.

Another "White Delaware" seedling has been raised
by Herman Jaeger, of Neosho ; while the bunch and
berries closely resemble the Delaware in shape and
size, it has otherwise every characteristic of a Labrusca.

Whitehall. (Labr.) An early black grape, sup-
posed to be a chance seedling, originated on the
grounds of Geo. Goodale, in Washington Co., N. Y.,
and said to be nearly three weeks ahead of the Hart-
ford Prolific. Merrell & Coleman, who have intro-
duced this grape, describe the fruit to be of the size of
the Isabella ; bunch large and moderately compact,
color dark purple ; berries thin-skinned and adhering
well to the stem ; pulp tender, melting, and sweet.
The vine is a good grower and hardy.

This variety may be worthy the attention of grape-
growers in search of very early sorts. With us, here, it
has proved neither very productive nor as early as was
claimed for it.

White Muscat of Newburg-. (Labr. X) A seed-
ling of Hartford Prolific fertilized by pollen from lona,
raised and exhibited in 1877 by Dr. W. A. M. Culbert,
Newburg, N. Y. Vine hardy and a vigorous grower ;
bunch and berry of fair size. It has a fine Muscat aro-
ma, or, rather, a toned-down foxiness.

144 Walter.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Walter.

THE WALTER GRAPE.

Walter.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Woodriver. 145

Walter. (Labr. X) Raised by that enthusi-
astic horticulturist, A. J. Caywood, of Pough-
keepsie, N. Y., crossing the Delaware with the
Diana. From the many premiums awarded to
this grape, from the favorable reports by all
who have seen or tested it for wine, it might
well claim to be a first-class grape, and to
merit a trial. It labors yet under the disad-
vantage of having been represented as the cli-
max of perfection by its originator. In justice
to the latter, however, it must be admitted
that he honestly believed all he claimed for
his seedling, and has distributed the same with
a liberality and a disinterestedness scarcely
ever equaled by any originator of a new va-
riety. It is now growing in almost every soil
and location of this Union, and the opinions on
•its true merits and adaptability for general
cultivation widely differ according to localities.
In those where vines are much subject to mil-
dew, the Walter cannot flourish, it drops its
foliage, and is far from desirable ; but in favor-
able localities, especially where the Delaware
succeeds well, there the Walter may also prove
desirable — a fair grower and a good bearer.
Even in less favored localities it proved healthy
and gave, for a few seasons, splendid results
when grown on Concord or other vigorous
roots, while on its own roots it failed.

In general appearance the characters of both
parents, the Diana and Delaware, are discerni-
ble. The bunch and berry are in shape and
color similar to Delaware, somewhat larger in
size. The illustration was made after a perfet
bunch, rarely equaled, exhibited by the origin-
ator. Flesh tender, rich, and sweet, with an
agreeable spicy flavor, strongly reminding one
of the Diana. The fruit is possessed of a most
exquisite and delicate aroma, and a bouquet
equaled by no other American grape that we
know of. Quality best, both for table and for
wine. Ripens very early, about the same time
as Delaware. Vine, in moderately rich sandy
soil, where free from mildew, a very fair grow-
er, with dark brown short-jointed wood ; large
tough leaves, green on the upper and lower
surface, not perceptibly woolly. Must 99° to
105C ; acid 5 to 8 per mill.

Wilding. (Rip. X Labr.) One of Rommel's
new seedlings, quite different from all his other
grapes. . Vine of a vigorous growth, hardy and
healthy ; bunch small to medium in size, loose,
shouldered ; berries very pale green, almost
white, transparent, round, of full medium size,
juicy, very sweet, no pulp ; skin very thin and
tender. Ripens with Concord. It is an exqui-
site grape for family use, yet unfit for market-
ing ; it makes a very good wine.

Willis. Claimed to be from Delaware seed by its
originator. W. W. Jones, Camargo, Ills., who sent this
new grape to the 13th Ann. Meeting of the Ohio State
Horticul. Society, Dec. 1879. The bunches of fair to
good size, very compact, often conspicuously shoul-
dered, and the berry of full medium proportions, round,
and from pale green to amber yellow ; flavor good ;
flesh very tender, no pulp, rich and sweet. It was con-
sidered promising, though as yet nothing is known,
experimentally, of its behavior as to growth and pro-
ductiveness in different soils.

On the fruit farm of the originator it has now yield-
ed the tenth crop without rot or mildew, and went
through the severe winter of 1880-81 unprotected ; and
in September, 1881, Prof. T. J. Burrill testified that not
the least appearance of injury could be found. He de-
scribed the Willis, as there seen : '* of vigorous growth,
not so rampant as Concord but producing about an
equal amount of fruit ; wood hard, joints inclined to be
short ; leaves remarkably thick and leathery, with a
dense, dark-colored tomentum beneath. The vine has
nothing of the appearance of foreign parentage — the
fruit certainly has."

Wilmington (?). A white grape, originated near
Wilmington, Del. Vine very vigorous, hardy ; bunches
large, loose, shouldered ; berries large, round inclining
to oval, greenish-white, or, when fully ripe, yellowish ;.
flesh acid, pungent. Not desirable at the north ; may
be better south. Ripens late. — Downing.

Wilmington, Red. Syn., WYOMING, RED. (La-
brusca.) Raised and disseminated by Dr. S. J. Parker,
Ithaca, N. Y., and, according to Fuller, ' nothing
more than an early red Fox-grape, but little better
than the old Northern Muscadine." The Horticultu-
rist, of Nov. 1874, speaks of the Wyoming Red (probably
the more correct name of Dr. Parker's red Fox-grape
seedling) as being rapidly diffused and much in de-
mand there as an early profitable grape. Said to be
double the size of Delaware, which it resembles in ap-
pearance. Bunch small, compact, and handsome.
Berry small to medium, bright red ; skin thin and firm;
flesh sweet, a little foxy, but not enough to be objec-
tionable. Vine good grower, and very healthy and
hardy. Unknown in the west.

Winslow. ( Rip, ) Originated in the garden of
Charles Winslow, Cleveland, O. The vine resembles
Clinton, is hardy and productive ; the fruit mature*
very early , and is less acid than Clinton ; bunch medi-
um, compact; berry small, round, black. Flesh red-
dish tinge, some pulp, vinous, juicy. — Downing.

Woodriver Grape. Said to have originated near
Woodriver, in Washington Co., R. I., by Mr. Brown.
(See letter of Chas. A. Hoxie, Carolina, R. I., Sept, 13,
1880.) White, very early, fine quality.

Woodruff's Red. (Labr. X) Originated with C.
H. Woodruff, Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1874; a chance
seedling, supposed to be a cross between Catawba and
Concord. Ripens a little ahead of Concord. Vine a
very strong grower, healthy and hardy ; leaf as large
as that of any known variety(?), leathery ; free from
disease in its original location ; but little tried outside ;
bunch large, shouldered ; berry in color and size similar
to Salem. Said to be very promising.

146 Wilder.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Wilder.

WILDER. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 4.)

Wilder. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 4.) This is one
of the most profitable and popular varieties for
the market, its size and beauty being equaled
by its vigor, hardiness and productiveness, —
where rot and mildew are yet unknown, and
admit of the successful culture of any hy-
brids.

Bunch large, often 'shouldered, sometimes
weighing a pound ; berry large, globular ; color
dark purple, nearly black, slight bloom. Flesh
tolerably tender, with a slight pulp, juicy, rich,
pleasant and sweet. Ripens with and some-
times earlier than the Concord, keeping for a

long time. The vine is vigorous, healthy, hardy
and productive; roots abundant, of medium
thickness, straight, with a smooth, moderately
firm liber. Canes heavy and long, with well-
developed laterals. Wood firm, with a me-
dium pith. The character of the cluster and
leaf is shown in the annexed figure.

Many seedlings of the Wilder were raised
and exhibited in 1879 by Hulkerson & Co.,
Oriel, Mich., which showed considerable vari-
ation in size and color of berries, ranging from
deep blue-black to red; but none were consid-
ered improvements upon the parent.

Warden.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Wglie's Seedlings. 147

Worden. Syn.,WoRDEN's SEEDLING. (Lab'.}
Raised by 8. Worden, Minetta, N. Y., from
Concord seed. In character and appearance
like its parent, only a few days earlier in ripen-
ing1, and in quality distinct from Concord, with
a peculiar flavor ; bunch large, shouldered ;
berry large, black ; skin thin, flesh sweet,
much like Concord, but generally regarded as
a better grape. It is doing poorly in the south,
but desirable in the north-eastern or north At-
lantic States, where it seems less subject to
rot than the Concord. It is now increasing in
popularity. (See Concord, p. 83.)

AVylie's New Grapes. " Too much can scarcely
be said in praise of Dr. VVylie's persevering efforts in
the improvement of the grape." — P. J. Berckmans,
Chas. Downing, 'Thomas Meehan, W. C. Flagg, P. T.
Quinn, Committee on Native Fruits, of the Am. Pom.
Society. (Proceedings 1871, p. 54.)

This testimony, and the excellent character of these
hybrids as regards flavor and general appearance, enti-
tle them to special attention, and, although they have
not been sufficiently tested, we give them a place in
our Catalogue ; most of them may never be dis-
seminated, as their originator died in the fall of 1877.
Few persons can appreciate the immense labor and
perseverance which his experiments have cost. As
early as 1859 he had raised many seedlings of Delaware
and foreign ; all have proven failures. Other hy-
brids which he produced by crossing Catawba, Isa-
bella, Halifax, Union Village, Lenoir, Herbemont,
with foreign, have nearly all failed — most of them
from mildew and rot. In 1863 he had over one
hundred promising seedlings; gave Rob't Guthrie, of
York Co., S. C., about 65, mostly hybrids of Halifax
and Delaware. These flourished, and never missed a
full crop ; but during the war, owing to the quartering
of troops adjoining his lot, his vines were ruined. Thus
there exist now but a few of those Halifax and Delaware
hybrids, saved again by Mr. Guthrie.

In 1868 Dr. Wylie planted again one hundred seed-
lings, and, after many failures to produce seedlings of
hybrid Scuppernongs, he finally succeeded ; but, ow-
ing to a little hot-house being over-heated, he again
lost nearly all of them. He commenced anew with his
experiments and had hundreds of new seedlings grow-
ing, when they were cut down by a severe frost on the
27th of April, 1872— a frost which killed all kinds of
grape-vines in that section. Again, in November,
1873, his residence was burned (no insurance), and con-
sequently he had to leave his place to depredations
from broken fences, &c. But it was soon rebuilt, and
Dr. Wylie went back again to his old place, experi-
menting and working with the same zeal and enthu-
siasm as ever, wishing '' if I were only young again —
with the experience I have!' '

We extract the following Description of some of his
Hybrids from Mr. Wylie's letters to us :
Jane "Wylie. (Parentage, Clinton and Foreign.)
Bunch and berry very large ; berries nearly one inch
in diameter ; quality best, resembling foreign in tex-
ture and flavor ; ripens early and hangs long ; might
require winter covering in your climate and farther
north.

OTary Wylie. (Hybr.) (Parentage, Clinton and
Foreign.) (Red Frontignac) White, slightly red
on cheek ; resembles White Chasselas; bunch large :
berries above medium ; not as early as Jane Wylie ;
wood and foliage NATIVE ; seems quite hardy, and
is of highest quality.

No. 4. A cross between two hybrids. Bunch

somewhat larger than Lenoir; berry medium, of a
clear transparent golden color; finest texture and
flavor, resembling White Frontignac ; ripens as early
as Concord ; native foliage, but ahead of all Ameri-
can grapes in quality ; considered of the highest ex-
cellence by Downing, Saunders, Meehan, and others.

No. 5. (See "Berckmans," page 75.)

Garnet. (Red Frontignac and Clinton.) Bunch and
berry larger than Clinton; of a beautiful deep garnet
color ; flavor and texture foreign, but native foliage.

Concord and Foreign (Bowood Muscat) No. 8. —
Black ; bunch and berries very large and loose ; skin
thick ; texture foreign ; flavor slightly musky. A
strong grower, with large Labrusca foliage. Ripens
as late as Catawba.

Halifax and Hamburg No. 11. Black ; bunchand
berry medium size ; skin thick ; only valuable on ac-
count of its extreme productiveness and health ; has
never rotted in ten years.

Peter Wylie No. 1. (Parentage,/. Halifax and For-
eign, m. Delaware and Foreign.) White ; transpa-
rent, becoming golden-yellow when fully ripe; bunch-
es and berries above medium size, between Delaware
and Concord, excellent in quality and meaty, with a
peculiar delicate Muscat flavor. A vigorous, short-
jointed, rapid - growing vine, with thick native
leaves ; holds its leaves until fall and ripens its wood
thoroughly. (Also Peter Wylie No. 2, produced from
seed of P. W. No. 1.)

Robert Wylie. Blue; bunch large and long ; berry
large; skin thin; rich and juicy ; ripens as late as
Catawba. . A great bearer, one of my best ; but it
may not be quite hardy, as the wood is not very hard.

Gill Wylie. (Concord and Foreign.) Blue; bunch
large, loose, and much shouldered ; berry large, ob-
long; texture soft and rich. Ripens with Concord,
but altogether superior. Intensely Labrusca in fo-
liage, which has much red pubescence, is laciniated, **
and clear of all disease. Considered of great promise.

Del aware and Concord No. 1. Dark red ; bunch
and berry -medium ; skin tolerably thick ; juice ri'-h
and sweet, slightly musky. Vine very hardy, with
Labrusca foliage: a great bearer, never fails, and
may make a fine wine grape.

Hybrid Scuppernong No. 4. (See Scuppernong.)

Hybrid Scuppernong No. 5. (Parentage,/. Bland
Madeira and Foreign No. 1, m. Staminate Hybrid
Scuppernong ; produced by impregnating Black
Hamburg with Scuppernong.) So, you see, it is only
a quarter-blood Scuppernong. I have never yet had
a half-breed Scuppernong to bear perfect fruit. The
vine is healthy and hardy here ; it bears a white,
transparent fruit. Bunch medium ; berries large ;
skin thin but tough; almost pulpless, rich, sweet,

143 Wylie's Hybr.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

York Madeira.

with a peculiar flavor ; appears to ripen its berries
together (as early as Concord) and adhere well,
which some of the hybrid Scuppernong do not. I
think it may suit your climate ; it is certainly wor-
thy of a full trial.

Halifax and Delaware No. 3O. Color of Dela-
ware; bunch about same size ; berries one-half larger ;
texture and flavor also much like Delaware, but
holds (here) its leaves better, and is healthier gener-
ally, with leaves somewhat hoary underneath. A
great bearer.

Halifax and Delaware No. 38. Of deeper red
color than the former and of superior flavor, but not
as strong a grower as No. 30. Wood hard, leaves
hoary, and ferruginous (rusty) underneath. Mr.
Guthrie tells me that this variety was the most pre-
ferred among about 80 Hybrids he had bearing.

Halifax and Hybrid No. 55. Blue, like Halifax,
but high-flavored, tender and very sweet ; bunch and
berry larger than Nos. 30 and 38. I think it will prove
a great acquisition.

I have sent you nearly all of my hybrids that may
be sufficiently hardy for your climate. • I still con-
tinue to hybridize, more or less, every year.

A. P. WYLIE.
Wyoming-Red. See WILMINGTON-RED.

York Madeira. Syn., BLACK GERMAN, LARGE GER-
MAN, SMALL GERMAN, MAEION PORT, WOLFE, MON-
TEITH, TRYON. An old variety, generally supposed
to be a seedling of Isabella; originated at York, Pa.
French viticulturists classify it as a hybrid. MARES
finds in the structure of its roots great analogy with
the JEsti valis, and that it is difficult to classify. Bunch
medium sized, compact, and generally has a small
shoulder; berry of medium size, roundish-oval, black
thickly covered with a light bloom ; juice slightly
reddened, sweet, vinous, not very rich ; skin some-
what pungent, and not much toughness in its pulp
when fully ripe, which is about same time with Isa-
bella. The vine is not very hardy, short-jointed,
moderately vigorous and productive, but often losing
its leaves, and consequently failing to ripen its crop.

Charles Canby, of Wilmington, Del., introduced
the same variety as Canby's August. Hyde's Eliza
(Catskill, N. Y.) is probably also the same grape.

The "York Madeira" is now almost entirely dis-
carded and but rarely found in its native land, Amer-
ica, but in FRANCE it has obtained a certain import-
ance and celebrity. M. Lalirnan, of Bordeaux, first
recommended it as remarkably free from phylloxera
and worthy of propagation, and it was found to adapt
itself very well to various soils. Though its fructifi-
cation is not satisfactory in quantity, its grapes gain
under that climate in richness of color and sweet-
.ness, and its vigorous growth recommends it as a
grafting-stock ; but as such also it is inferior to the
Riparia.

CONTENTS

1. GRAPE MANUAL.

Page.

Climate, Soil and Aspect; Atmospheric Conditions and other influences affecting the Grape 5

Historical Notes. Attempts to Cultivate the European Grape ; their failure. The Phylloxera 7, 8

Classification of the True Grape-vines of the United States, by Dr. G. Engelmann, of St. Louis, Mo., with a

table of Grape-seeds and figure of diaphragms 9 — 19

Hybridity, by Dr. G. Engelmann 19—20

Viticultural Remarks 011 our American Species, with lists of their Cult ivated Varieties 21 — 26

" onHybrids 27, 28

Location. Preparing the Soil ; Planting ; Number of Vines per Acre 28 — ?0

Seed Culture. Tendency to Variation, &c 30, 31

Crafting. Various Methods, with many Illustrations 32—39

Planting. (Continued.) Training. Treatment during first year. Trellis or Stakes. Cultivating 39—41

Treatment during Second and Third Seasons. Tying 42

Pruning ; Spring or Summer-pruning ; Fall or Winter-pruning, &c 43 — 46

Diseases of the Grape, by Dr. G. Engelmann 47, 48

Vitlcultural Remarks on Mildew (Peronospora) and liot ( I'homa vivicola) 49 — 51

Insects Injurious to the Grape, after Prof. C. V. Riley's Reports 52—57

" Beneficial, by feeding upon Injurious Insects, by same 58 — 60

Gathering, Packing, Preserving, &c W

Wine Making 61—66

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF CONTENTS.

149

II. INDEX TO DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

The Standard names are in SMALL CAPITALS, (the most prominent or leading varieties in LAKGE CAPITALS) ;
the Synonymous names in Italics; Discarded old varieties and undissemiiiated novelties are in ordinary Koman
type. Varieties marked by a * are illustrated.

The columns explain as follows:
1st. SEASON and USE: e., early; v. e., very early; m., medium; l.,late; v.l., very late; — T., table; M., market; W.,wine.

a, for amateur-culture; gr., for grafting stock; d., discarded; «.,new; §, not disseminated or but little known;

x, EXTRA, recommended for its proper location and soil.
2d. .SJZE and COLOR, with reference to the berry, are designated as follows:

0 • • black, or nearly so, when fully ripe.
' (U <§ reddish, or coppery brownish ; amber.

O O ° greenish white, or yellowish.
:!d. NAMES of Varieties with their classification, referring to their species, or whether they are crosses, or hybrids.

The size of these signs being large, medium
or small, to denote the size of the berry.

Season,
Use.

Size,
Color.

NAME. Class or Refer. Page.

Season,
Use,

Size.
Color.

O

• -

o
•

0

•

•
•

•

•

• .

•

• .

•

•

. .* '.

.D

•

•

! ID

NAME. Class or Refer. Page.

e. T. 71.

v. e. T- a-
v. e. T. a.
m. T. M.

1. M. §
v. e. T. §
1. W. d.
m. T. a.
e. T. W. n.
m. T. W.
1. r. W.
in. T. n.
v. e. T. n.
v. e. T. M.

1. T. d.
v. e. T. n.
e. T. n.
e. T. n.

111. W. 71.

1. ? d.
m. W. d.
e. T. ».
1. M. d.

e. T. a.
m. W. n.

1. W. §
I.T. §

e. T. W. §

v. e. T. §
e. T. a.
v. 1. W. d.
m.T.W. n.

*.

©

•

.'(3D
<§>

0

o
.0 .

o

1

iH '

ADELAIDE Hybr. . . 68
Adeline, see Miners Seedl.... 121
ADIRONDAC Labr ... 67
ADVANCE Hybr. . . 67
AG A W AM Hybr. . . *69
Aiken • -see Isabella Ill

m. T. §

v. e. M.
m. T. a.
1. T. a.
1. T. §

1. T. x.
v. e. T. M.
m. T. x.

e. T. M
e. M. §
m. W. x.

m. W. n.

1. §d.

v. e. M. d.

1. W. d.
1. W. d.

v. e. d.
1. W. a,
v. e. T. x.

C.;T. x.

e. T. n.

m. ?§

ft. d.

Beauty of MinnesotaLabr. X 74
Belinda, see Miner's Seedl . . 121
Belvidere Labr. . . 72
BERCKMANS . - . Clint. X Del. 75
Berks Labr. . . 72
Bird's Egg Labr. . . 74
Black Cape, see Alexander . 68
BLACK DEFIANCE . .Hybr. . . 75
BLACK DELAWARE.Del.Sdl. 92
BLACK EAGLE. ..Hybr.. 75*76
Black German, see York Mad. 148
BLACK HAWK Labr. . . 75
Black July, see Devereux. . . 92
Black King Labr. . . 75
Blak Muscadine, see Flowers 100
BLACK PEARL Rip 75
Black tip 'ntsft,seeLenoir.ll5*116
BLACK TAYLOR — Rip. X- 75
Bland Labr. ? 77

Albino Labr... 68
Aletha Labr... 68
Alexander Labr. . . 7, 68
ALLEN'S HYBR .•••Labr X 68

ALMA Hybr. . . 70
ALVEY Hybr. . . 68
AMANDA Labr ... 70
AMBER Rip X *70

AMBER QUEEN Hybr. . . 70
AMINIA Hybr... 70
Amoureux, see Rulander 134
Anna Labr ... 71
Ann Arbor, black . -Labr ... 85
Ann Arbor, white ..Labr. .. 85
Antoinette Labr 71 121

Bland's Madeira, see Bland. 77
". Pale Eed, " .77
" Virginia, " . 77
Blood's Black Labr. . . 77

ARIADNE Rip X 71

Arkansas, see Cynthiana. . .88*89
Arnolds'1 Hybr No 1 128

•' No. 2 *86

Blue Dyer Rip.... 77
Blue Favorite M&t 77
Blue Grape, see Devereux . . 92
Blue Imperial Labr ... 77
Bogue's Eureka, see Isabella. Ill
BOTTSI JEst. ... 79
Brar,dywine Vin. Seedl. 7
BRANT.- Hybr.. Clint. XViri. *77
BRIGHTON Labr. X *78

" " No. 5 *71

" " No 8 *77

«' " No. 16 *79

Arrot Labr ... 71
Aughwick Rip 72

AUGUST GIANT Hybr... 72
August Pioneer Labr. . . 72
Augusta, see Miner's Seedl. . 121
AUTUCHON Hybr. . . *71

BACCHUS Rip 72*-73

Brinkle Vin Seedl. 7

Bullace, see Scuppernong ..*136

Baker see Isabella 111

Baldwin Lenoir ^Est 72
Balsiger's Concord Seedling
No. 2 Labr... 84
Balsiger's Concord Seedling
No. 32 Labr... 85
Barnes Labr. . . 72
BARRY Hybr... *74
Baxter ^Est. ... 74
BEAUTY . , . . Labr. v 72

Burgundy Schmidt's see

Burgundy of Ga., see Pauline 129
BURNKT Hybr... 79
Burroughs Rip 79

Burr's Seedl., see Concord

fippfU 84

Burton's Earlv Labr ... 79

150

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Season,

Use.

e. T. M.
m. §
e. T. W.

1. T. W. d.
1. T. W.

in. T. n.

v. e. T. a.

v. e. M.

in. M. d. §

m. T. a.

m. a. §

m. W.

m. grjt. n.

m. T. a.
1. T. a.
e. T. 7i.
1. W. §
m. T. W. x.

m. T. a.
m. T. a.
v. e. T.

m. T. W.

a. T. §

v. e. T. M.

el'T. §

m. T. a.

v. 1. W. x.

1. T. §

1. W. x.

m. T. n.
e. T. W. x.

m. T. §
1. T. W.
1. T. W.
m. T. a.
m. T. a.
m. T. a.
e. M.

m. T. M. n.
§
§

v. e. T.
e. a.

Size,

0

XAME. Class or Refer. Page.

o

o

CAMBRIDGE ....... Labr. . . 80

Camden ........... Labr. . . 80

CANADA ........... Hybr... *79

Canby''sAug''t.&ee York Mad. 148
Cape ......... see Alexander 68

Carlotta.. see Miner's Seedl. 121
Carter ......... see Isabella. Ill

Cassady ........... Labr. . . 81

Casper ........ see Louisiana 118

C ATAWBA ........ Labr. 80*81

(The illustration is not very accurate;
the bunches of Catawba are generally
shouldered as shown in Brighton, p. 78.")

Catawba Seedlings ......... 8l

Catawba Tokay. see Catawba 80
Catawissa ..... see Creveling 90

CENTENNIAL ....... ^Est. X 81

CHALLENGE ....... Labr. X 82

CHAMPION ........ Labr... 82

Chas. Downing. see Downing 92
Charlotte ---- . . see Diana 82*93

Charter Oak ....... Labr. 82

Christie's Impv'd.. see Isabella 110
Christine ..... see Telegraph 139

Cigar-box .......... see Ohio 127

Clara ........ Vinif. Seedl. 7*82

Claret ................... (?) 82

i Clijtoris Constamia. .see Al-
exander ................. 68

CLINTON ......... Rip.. . 82-83

CLINTON VIALLA ..Rip. 83

Cloanthe ....... : see Isabella 111

Clover-street BPk. .Hybr. . . 83
Clover-street Red.. Hybr. .. S3
COE ............... Labr... 83

Columbia .......... Rip. .. 83

CONCORD ........ Labr. 83*84

Concord Seedlings ....... 84-85

CONCORD-CHASSELAS-Hybr. 85

CONCORD-MUSCAT — Hybr. 86
CONQUEROR ....... Hybr. ?. 85

Cvnstamia . . .see Alexander 68
CORNUCOPIA ...... Hybr... *86

Corporal .......... Hybr. . . 85

COTTAGE ........ Labr. 86-87

Cowan ............ Rip. .. 87

CREVELING ........ Labr. x 90

CROTON ........... Hybr. .. *87

CUNNINGHAM . . .^Est. . 87*88
Cuyahoga .......... Labr... 90

CYNTHIANA ..... .Est. 88*89

DANA .............. Labr.?. 90

DELAWARE ...... Hybr. 91 *92

DELAWARE SEEDL ..92, 134, 143
DELAWARE HYBRIDS,
see Wylie's Grapes ....... 147

Dempsey's /See^..seeBurnet 79, 90
Detroit ............ Labr... 90

DEVEREUX ........ ^Est. .. 92

DIANA ............ Labr. .. *93

DIANA-HAMBURG. .Hybr. . 90
DON JUAN ......... Hybr. .. 92

DOWNING ......... Hybr. . . 92

Dracut Amber ----- Labr. . . 93

DUCHESS .......... Hybr. 94*95

Dunlap ............ Hybr... 93

Dunn .............. ^st. .. 94

Season,
Use.

Early Amber. see Dracut Amb. 93
Early Champion, -see Champ. 82
EARLY DAWN ...... Hybr. . . 94

EARLY HUDSON — (?) — 94

v. e. T.M. n

e. T. a. n.
§
e. T. W.

m. "W. x.

v. e. T. n. x.

m. T. a.
m. T. W. n.

v. e. T.W. a.
m. 1. T. §
e. M. *
m. T. n.

v. e. T.W. n.

1. W. §

m. a. §

d.

v. 1. M. W.

m. W. §

v. e. M. §

m. gr. d.
e. T. a.

a. §
T. n.

m. 1. T.W. x.

§
d.

e. d.

e. T. n.

v. e. T. n.

a. §

x.

m. W.
m. T. M.

m. W.
e. T. W.

a. §

v. e. M.
1. W. T. n.

§

§

e. T. M. n.
1. W. T.

e. T. M, x.
v. 1. W.
v. 1. W.
m. T. M. n.
e. a.
1. § n.

Size,

NAME. Class or Refer. Page.

EARLY VICTOR.. Labr. .. *96
Eaton's Seedl, see Conccod

1 Seedl 84

'EL DORADO Hybr. . . 94

Elizabeth Labr. . . 94

ELSINBURG ^Est. . . 94

\JSlsinboro, same as Elsinourg 94

ELVIRA Rip. x *97

'Elvira Seedl. see Rom. Seedl. 133

Emily Vinilera Seedl. 7

EMPIRE STATE Labr. X 99

ESSEX Hybr... 99

ETTA Rip. x *98

Eugenia, see Miner's Seedl. 121

EUMELAN ^Est. 99*100

Eureka Labr. . . 98

Eva Labr. .85,98

EXCELSIOR Hybr. . . 100

i

FAITH Rip. x 100

Fancher, see Catawba 81

Far West .^Est 100

Flora Labr. 100

Florence Labr. X 1"0

FLOWERS Rotund. UO

Flower of Mo. .. Del. Seedl. 100

Framingham Labr. .. 102

Francis B. Hayes, see Hayes *106
Franklin Rip. . . . 102

O

O

O

102
68
147
102
148
132

GAERTNER Hybr. . .

\Garber's Albino, see Albino.
Garnet, see Wylie's Hybr. . .

GAZELLE Hybr. . .

German, see York Madeira. .

Giant Leaf, see Riesenblatt.

GOETHE Hybr. 101 * 102

Golden Berry Hybr. . . 103

Golden Clinton Rip. ... 102

'Golden Concord Labr. . . 85

^ GOLDEN DROP Del. X *102

GOLDEN GEM Hybr... 103

: Golden Pocklington, see Pock-

lington

Graham ..(?) 193

Green Castle, see Marine's

i Seedl us

Grein's Seedl Rip. x 7,103

" No. 1 Mo. Riesling.
" " No. 2 Golden.
" " Nos. 3 & 4, not named
'• " No. 7, extra earJy.

Hagar, see Alvey 68

Halifax Hybrid, see Wylie's

! Seedl 148-

Hart or Hart Grape, see Lin-
coln and Devereux 92, 118

HARTFORD PROL.. Labr. 103

HARWOOD ^Est. .. 104

HaskelTs Seedl Hybr. . . 103

Hattie or Hettie . . . . (?) 104

IHAYES Labr. . .*106

iHERBEMONT ....^Esi. 104* 105
Herbemont Mad., see Herb't. 104

Herbemont Seedl ./Est. . . 105

SHERBERT Hybr. . . 109

HERMANN ^Est. 107*109

Hermann Seedl. . . .^Est. . . 109

HIGHLAND Hybr. 108*109

jHine Labr. .. 109

Holmes xEst. X 109

BUSH BERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF CONTENTS.

151

Season,

Use. Color.

m. T. W.
e W. d.

1. T. a.

m. T. W. a.
e. n. §
1. T.
1. M. W.

e. T. M. d.

v. e. n. §
e. M. W.

e. M. d.
m. T. M. n.

v. e. n. §

§ n. x.

1- §
e. n. §

d.

§ «.

e. T. M. x.
e. T. n. a.

?T. a.

m. T. M. x.

n. §

m. a. §
1. W. x.

l.W.

e. M. §

v. e. T. x.

e. M. d.

1. W.
T. §

O

6

G

O

O

O

N \ M E. Class or Refer. Page.

Howell Labr. . . 109

Huber's Seedl Lab. 109-110

Hudson, see Isabella Ill

HUMBOLDT Kip. X HO

Huntingdon Rip. •- 110

Hussnn. see Devereux 92

Hyde's Eliza, see York Mad. 148

Ida. see Miner's Seedl .Labr. 121
IMPERIAL Hybr... 110

Improved Warren, s. Harwood 104

ION A

Iowa Excelsior . .

IRVING

ISABELLA

. Labr.
.(?) ...
.Hybr.,
.Labr. ,

ISABELLA SEEDL. . .Labr.
Labr.

Ill
111
110
110
111
111
91

Israella

Italian Wine G-rape, see Del

Ithaca Hybr... Ill

IVES Labr.lll*112

Ives' Madeira, see Ives Ill

Ives' Seedling, see Ives Ill

Jack, see Lenoir 115*116

Jacques or Jacquez 115*116

Jaegers1 Varieties of ^Eslivalis.
'•• Nos. 9, 12. 13, 17, 32,

42, 43. 52 112

Janesville Labr. XRip- 112

JEFFERSON Labr. X *1 1 3

Jessica (?) 113

JUNO Hybr. . . 141

Kalamazoo Labr. . . 113

Kalista .... Del. Seedl . 92

Katarka Vinifera Seedl . . 7

Kay's Seedling, see Herbem't

Seedl 105

Keller's White, see Catawba-

Seedls 81

Keuka, see Neff. 124

Kilvington (?) 113

King, see Golden Clinton. .. 102

Kingsessing Labr. . . 113

King William, see Marine's

Seedls 119

Kitchen Rip .... 113

Kittredge, see Ives *111

Labe (?) 113

LACRISSA, Del. Seedl 92

LADY Labr. 114*115

LADY CHARLOTTE.. Del. X-- 116

LADY DUNLAP Hybr... 117

LADY WASHINGTON. Hybr. .. 117

Lama ^Est.X- 113

Large German, see York

Madeira 148

Laura - Hybr . . . 117

Lee's Isabella, see Isabella - . 110

Lehigh, see Berks 72

LENOIR JE&t,. 115*116

Lexington, see Miner's

Seedls 121

LINCOLN (Devereux) . ^Est. 92. 118

LINDEN Labr. 118, 121

LINDLEY Hybr. . . *117

Logan Labr... 118

Long, see Cunningham *87

Louisa, see Isabella 110

LOUISIANA JEst. X • 118

ILuna Labr. 118, 119

Season,

m. a.
in. W.

e. T. a.

e. M. d.

d.
e. T. §

1. W.

e. M. x.
e. M. n. x.
v. e. T. M.

1. T a.

1. T. a.
v. e. M. d.

m. T. a.

1. W. T. n.

m. T. x.

§
v. e. T. a.

1. W.

x.

e. T. n.
m. W. n. x.

v. e. M. T.
1. W. M. a.

m. I', a.

e. M.

1. W.

§

§

v. e. M.
l.W. §
m. M. n.
m. W. T. x,
e. M. §
1. W. x.

e. d.

m M. W.
e. W. T.
e. T. n.

1. W.

tn. T. n.
e. M. §

m. W. gr.

XAMK. Class or Refer. Page.

O JLYDIA

• LYMAN

Labr. .. 118

Rip .... 118

O Macedonia ......... Labi... 85

• Maguire ........... Labr... 118

^Mammoth Catawba, see Catb. 81

O [Manhattan ......... Labr... 118

• Mansfield .......... Labr. X 118

Marine's Seedlings, Labr. &

Aest .................. 118, 119

MARION ......... : . Rip. x • 120

Marion Port, see York Mad. 148

O IMARTHA .......... Labr. ..*ii9

O MASON'S SKEDLING. Labr. .. 120
0 MASSASOIT ......... Hybr... 120

O M AXAT AWNEY ...... Labr. . . *120

O MARY .............. Labr.(?) 120

Mary Ann .......... Labr. . . 120

McCowan, see Cowan ...... • 87

McDonald's Ann Arbor, see
Ann Arbor, black ......... 85

McKee, see Herbem't Seedl.. 105
McLean, see Devereux ...... 92

I O McLiiRE. MRS ...... Hybr. . . 121

(Mead's Seed!., see Catawba-
Seedls ................... 81

O MEDORA ........... Aest ____ 121

i Mercfron, see Catawba ...... 81

• MERRIMAC ....... Hybr... 121

Merritt's - Seedling, Vinif.

Seedl ................... 7

O Mianna, see Marine's Seedl.. 119

• !MILES .............. Labr... 121

; Miner's Seedlings. . .Labr. . . 121
{Minor's See^l.* see Venango. 143
MINNESOTA MAM. -.Labr.(?) 121
MISH, Rotundifolia ...... 27, 137

Missouri ........... Rip ---- 121

Missouri Eiesling, see Grein's

Seedl ................... 7, 103

Mnd?na, see Concord Seedl. . 84
MONROE ............ Labr. .. 122

MONTEFIORE....Rip.X.-*123

Monteith, see York Madeira. 148
Montgomery, Vinif. Seedl... 7
MOORE'S EARLY.Labr.. 84*122
MOTTLED .......... Labr. . . 122

Mount Lebanon — Labr. X 123
Muscogee, see Herbem. Seedl 105

O NAOMI ............ Hybr...*124

• NEFF ......... +••• Labr. . . 124

NEOSHO ........... ^Est ---- 123

Nerluton, see Marine's Seedl 118
Newark ............ Hybr. . . 124

NEW HAVEN, see Con. Seedl 85

• [NEWPORT ......... ^£st ---- 124

O NIAGARA .......... Labr. X 124

O NOAH .......... Rip. X 125,*126

Norfolk ............ Labr ... 126

NORTON'S Va . . . . Mst. 126, 127

North America ---- Labr. . . 126

NORTH CAROLINA. Labr. .. 126
NORTH'N MUSCADINE. Labr. 126
NORWOOD ......... Labr. . . 127

OHIO .............. ^Est ---- 127

Omega, see Catawba ........ 81

ONEIDA ........ Hybr. Seedl. 1 28

Onondaga ......... Hybr. . . 128

Ontario, see Union Village.. 142

OPORTO ........... Rip. ... 128

152

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Season,
Use.

Size,
Color.

NAME. Class or Refer. Page.

Season,
Use.

Size,
Color

NAME. Class or Refer. Page.

e. W. T.
e. M. W. n.

1. W. T.

m. T. W. n.
e. W. T. n.
v. e. M.
m. T. a.

m. W.

a. §
m. M. n x.

m. W. T.
v. e. W. T.

m. T. M.

e. T. a.
M. §
v. e. §

m. T. a.

d.
1. W.
e. W. a.

m. T. a.

§ n.
e. M. gr.
m. T. a.

1. W. §

•

•

©
•

o
o
o

•

9

6

•

c

0

c

9

p

•

•

•

•

0

©

•
•

1

•

OTHELLO Hybr 128 129

m. § n.

1. W.

e. § n.

m. T. M.

m. a. §
1. M. W.

m. § a.

m. W. a.

m. T. a.
v. e. M. d.

T.n. §
a. §
m. gr. §

m. a. d.

a.$.j

m. T. M.

v. e. M.
m. W. gr.

O

•
•

•
(UK

•

o

o

•

•
•

9

O

•

Q
0

•

•

o

Rockland Favorite, see Con-
cord Seedl 85

OWASSO Labr. . . 129

PAULINE JEst 1 29
Paxton, see Concord Seedl . . 85
Payne's Isabella, see Isabella 110
PEABODY Rip X 129

Roenbeck Hybr. . . 134
ROGER'S Hybrids, Nos. 2,
5 s 30 *134

See No 1, GOETHE . #101

No. 3, MASSASOIT 120

PIT AT? i T?in V 1 9Q

No. 4, WILDER #146

PERKINS Labr. ..*>30
PETER WYLIE ..Hybr... 147
Pioneer (Hartford 9), see Isa-
bella Seedl 103. Ill

No. 9, LINDLEY #117

No. 14, GAERTNER 102

No. 15, AGAWAM . . . #69

No. 10, MERRIMAC 121

No 28 REQUA 132

PIZARRO Hybr. . . 129
Planet Hybr. . . 129
POCKLINGTON ..Labr. ..*130

Clironio-litliogr. opposite title page.

POLI OCK . Labr 130

No. 39, AMINIA 70

No. 41, ESSEX 99

No. 43, BARRY . #74

No. 44, HERBERT 109

No. 53, SALEM 135

Poughkeepsie-Red -Del. X- 129

ROMMEL'S Seedl., yet un-

PRENTISS Labr. . .*131

Also Chromo-Mthogr. with title page.

PURITY Del X 131-132

See AMBER #70

BEAUTY ... . . . . 72

BLACK DELAWARE 92

Purple Bloom Hybr... 130
Putnam Labr. . . 129

QUASSAICK Hybr. . . 132
Raabe .^Est X • 132

BLACK TAYLOR 75

ELVIRA . *97

ETTA . *98

FAITH 100

MONTEFIORE #123

PEARL 129

TRANSP \REXT 139

Racine ^Est 1 32
RARITAN Hybr. . . 132
Ray's Victoria, see Victoria. 143
REBECCA Labr. . . 132
Eed Elben, see Rulander 134
Bed Lenoir, see Pauline 129
Eed Muncy, see Catawba *SO
Red River, see Cynthiana. .. *88
RELIANCE (?) 132
RENTZ Labr. . . 132
REQUA Hybr. . . 132
HICKETTS' Seedl .Hybr. .. 133

WILDING 145

Rothrock, see Alexander .... 68
RULANDER ^Est X • 134

Rutland Hybr. . . 134

SALEM Hybr. . . 135
Sanbornton, see Isabella 110
Saratoga, see Catawba Seedl. 81
Schiller ./Est.XC9) 136

SCUPPERNONG, Rotundif.
136,*137
SCUPPERNONG-HYBRTD. Dr.
Wylie's 137,147

ADVANCE 67

Schuylkill Muscat, see Alex. 68
SECRETARY Hybr. . . *135

ALMA 70

ARIADNE 71

BACCHUS *72

SENASQUA... Hybr. . .*138
Seneca Labr. 103, 136

DON JUAN 92

DOWNING 92
DUNLAP 93

Shaker, see Union Village . . 142

CV,arnn /^Ftet V 138

ELDORADO 94
EMPIRE STATE 99

Sheppard Delaware, see Del • 92

EXCELSIOR 100

GAZELLE 102

GOLDEN GEM 103

Silver Dawn Hybr. . . 138
Singleton, see Catawba *80
Small German, see York Mad 148
Smart's Elsinb. , see Elsinb . . 94

Glnr r»\TT<s TJin 18 1^7

> HIGHLAND *109

IMPERIAL . 110

JEFFERSON #113

LADY DUNLAP 117

LADY WASHINGTON 117
NAOMI . #124

SOUDAN -GRAPE, Afric. tu-

PEABODY 129

PIZARRO 129

Spofford Seed/., see To-Kalon 139
Spring Mill Const., see Alex. 68
St.. Catherine Labr. . . 135
St. Genevieve, see Rulander . 134
Stelton Hybr... 138
Storm King, see Concord
Seedl 85

PLANET 129

PUTNAM 129

QUASSAICK 132

RARITAN 132

SECRETARY. #135

WAVERLY 143

\VELCOM17 143

Riesenblatt ^Est 132
Riesling of Mo., see Grein's
Rie«lino- -. 103

TALMAN Labr... 138

Tasker Grape, see Alexander. 68
TAYLOR Rip X -20. 138

Roanoke, see Scuppernong .*136
Robeson's Seedl., see Louisi-
ana 118

Taylor BulHt, see Taylor 138
TAYLOR SEEDLINGS 27, 139

Rockinaham see Miner's
Seedl.. . 121

Taylor-Seedlings, Rommel's 133
Tekoma. see Catawba Seedl. 81

BUSH BERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF CONTENTS.

153

Season,
Use.

v. e. M. T.

e. W. \
1. W. T.

1. T. W.

in. W. n.
1. T. M. x.

m. W.

«. §
e. M. d.
m. T. §

1. T. a.
n. § x.
1. T. §

m. M d.
v. e. T. n.

in. gr.

m. T.
in. W. n.

e. T. a.

in. T. a. n.
m. T. a. §

Size,
Color.

NAME.

Class or Refer. Pa^e.

TELEGRAPH Labr. i. 139

Tender-pulp...Rotundif. 27. 137

Theodosia ^Est.... 139

THOMAS Kotundif. 139

Thurmond, see Devereux 92

TO-KALON Labr. . . 139

Tolman, see Talman 138

TRANS PARENT...... Rip. X-- 139

TRIUMPH Hybr. 140*141

Trowbridge, see Isabella Ill

Tryon, see York Madeira 148

Tuley, see Devereux 92

U. B., see Marine's Seedl 119

UHLAND Rip.X-- 141

Ulster Prolific ...... Labr. X 141

Una Labr. 85, 141

Underbill Labr. . . 142

Underhill's Celestial, see Un-
derbill 142

UNDERBILL, (STEPHEN) Hybr. :
See BLACK DEFIANCE & BLACK

EAGLE 75*76

CEOTON *87

IEVING *110

SENASQUA *138

UNION VILLAGE — Labr. . . 142

Uno or Juno Hybr. . . 141

Urbana Labr. . . 142

Venango Labr. . . 143

VERGENNES Labr. . . *142

Vevay, see Alexander 68

Vialla Rip .... 143

Victor, see Early Victor *96

Victoria, see Miner's Seedl. . 121
VICTORIA, Ray's. ..Labr. .. 143
Vivie's Hybr Labr. X 143

[WALTER Labr.X 144,«145

Warren, see Herbemont *104

Warrenton, see Herbemont. . 104

WATERTOWN Hybr. . . 143

WAVERLY Hybr. . . 143

Season,
Use.

m. T. a. §
Grapery.

e. M. n.

d.

d.

e. T. a.

v. e. T. a.

a. §

e. m. T. M.

m. T. W. n.

n. §

d.

e. M. §

e. W. §

v. e. T. §
e. T. n. §

e. T. M. W

e. T. §
m. T. §
m. T. a.
m. T. §
m. T. §

e. M. §

1. gr. d.
d.

Size,
Color.

XAMK. Class or Refer. Page.

Weehawken. Vinif. Seedl. . . 143

WELCOME, Vinif. Hybr 143

Wemple, see Cuyahoga 90

WHITE ANN ARBOR.Labr. . . 85

White Cape Labr.... 68

White Catawba Labr. . . 81

WHITE DELAWARE, Del.

Seedl 143

WHITE HALL Labr. . . 143

White Muscadine, see Scupp.*136
White Muscat of Xewburg.

Li or.X 143

WILDER Hybr. . .*146

WILDING Rip. X Labi. 145

Willis Del.X-- 145

Wilmington ( ?) 145

Wilmington-red Labr. . . 145

Winne, see Alexander 68

WINSLOW Rip . . . . 145

Wolfe, see York Madeira .... 148
Woodriver-grape . ..Labr. ?. 145
Woodruffs Red . . . .Labr. X 145

Woodward, see Isabella 110

WORDEX Labr... 147

Warden's Seedl., see Worden. 147

Worthington, see Clinton 82

Wright's Isabella, see Isabella 111
WYLIE'S SEEDL'GS. Hybr. 147, 148
Wylie, Jane Hybr. . . 147

Wylie, Marie.
iWYLiE, PETER.

Wylie. Robert .
Wylie, Gill...

, Hybr.
.Hybr.
.Hybr.
.Hybr.

147
147
147
147

Wyman, see To-Kalon 139

WYOMING-RED Labr . . . 145

Yellow Muscadine, see Scup-
pernong *136

York Lisbon, see Alexander. 68

YORK MADEIRA ...Labr.

(Hybr.?) 148

Young America, see Con-
cord Seedl 85

ABBREVIATIONS.

Sometimes used in the text of Descriptions, to designate those divisions of our country where the Variety

is at home or believed to succeed.

N. A. S. for North Atlantic States, viz.: Me., N. H., Vt., Mass., R. I., Ct., also X. Scotia.

M. A. S. " Middle Atlantic States : X. Y., X. J.. Penna., Del., Md., Va., W. Va.

S. A. S. " South Atlantic States: X. C., S. C., Ga., Fla.

X. C. S. " Xorth Central States: Mich., Wis., Minn., Iowa, Dak., Xebr., also Ontario.

C. S. " Central States: Ohio, Ky.. Tenn., Inda., Ills., Mo., Kans.
S. C. S. " South Central States: Ala.. Miss.. La., Tex., Ark.

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und Bienenzucht und den Familienkreis

erscheint zweimal monatlich.

Preis $1.25 per Jahr.

Bestellnngen sind zu Addressiren an

W. W. COLBMAX,

Milwaukee, Wis.

Vol. 2O.

1884.

The Best

Two Dollars.

FLORISTS' SUPPLIES. Vemorest's Illustrated Monthly.

OFFICE AND STORE,

No. 1O7 North Fifth Street,

GARDEN,

Magnolia and Tower Grove Ave.,
8T. LOUIS, MO.

Sold by all Newsdealers and Postmas-
ters. Send twenty cents for one copy ; it
will satisfy you that you can subscribe
Two Dollars for a year and get ten times
its value. W. JENNINGS DEMOREST,

Publisher, 17 E. 14tb St., New York.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— ADVERTISEMENTS.

BOTsTFORT'S

JOURNAL AND PRICE CURRENT

FOR THE UNITED STATES.
Published at 46 Beaver Street, - NEW YORK.

per

, $5.OO.

oxrcrw

BOINTKORT'S

,#

FOR THE UNITED STATES.

Price,

Published by PHILIP BONFORT and CHARLES McK. LEOSER,

No. 46 BEAVER STREET, NEW YORK.

WINE SCALES, THERMOMETERS, SACCHAROMETERS, BAROMETERS, ftc.,

ALOE, HERNSTEI^" & CO.,

3OO North Fourth Srteet, ST. LOUIS.

The

Fountain Cold Pen Co.

Patented Oct. 24, 1882. Patented Jan. 30, 1883. SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CIRCULAR.

Principal Office, 314 Olive Street, ST. LOUIS, MO.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— ADVERTISEMENTS.

BLATTKEK & ADAM,

KEEP CONSTANTLY IN STOCK THE MOST APPROVED INSTRU-
MENTS IN WINE MAKING, VIZ:

OECHSLE'S MUST and WINE SCALES TWITCHELL'S ACIDIMETERS,

(of Glass and Silver), THERMOMETERS, HYDROMETERS

MINIATURE STILLS (for ascertaining and BAROMETERS (reliable weather

the Alcohol in Wines), indicators),

22O North Fourth Street, ST. LOUIS.

JAMES VICK STRAWBERRY. (FROM LIFE.)

Another test proves that the James Vick Strawberry is the most productive and profitable of all Srawberries.
.John J. Thomas says it outblossomed and outgrew anything he has, and that he picked at the rate of 80
bushels per acre at one picking, after two-thirds of them had been destroyed by continuous storms, and more
green berries remained on the vines. The Rural New Yorker reports 283 blossoms on one plant, and 288 ripe ber-
ries picked from four plants only ten months after planting. John T. Lovett says the James Vick Strawberry
has exceeded his expectations ; that it must occupy a high position for market ; that it keeps long on the vines
before picking; is as productive as Crescent but more firm, and that the plant is perfection in vigor and every
•other respect. Reports from all sections pronounce the James Vick to be the market strawberry for the million.
It is of fine color and form, exceedingly firm, and of good quality.

We are the introducers, and shall have a large stock of strong Plants to offer at reduced prices.

Full page Electrotypes, $1.00 ; smaller ones, 50 cts. Do not fail to give it a good position in your Catalogue.

;' HINTS ON FRUIT CULTURE," sample copy of GREEN'S FRUIT GROWER, sent free to all who

e have a general line of Plants, Vines, and Trees, for sale.

GREEN'S NURSERY CO., Rochester, N. Y. ~ (Box 562.)

Pomona Nurseries.

ESTABLISHED 1838.

PEDIGREE BLACKBERRY, WILSON JUNIOR,

The largest, best, and most productive Early Blackberry, 3K inches around, from seed of ssle;t3d WILSON'S EAELY.

— HEADQUARTERS FOR —

KIEFFER'S HYBRID PEAK TllEES; 100,000 liudded PEACH TREES, (jrmvn from
TENNESSEE NATURAL PITT; STRAWBERRIES, RASPBERRIES, GRAPES, ^c.

j8t£"Catalogue with Colored Plates

WM. PARRY, Parry P. 0., N. J.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— ADVERTISEMENTS.

ENGRAVER

-FOR-

FLORISTS, SEEDMEN

-AND-

314 N. Eleventh St., PHILADELPHIA.

I have in stock 2,000 Electros of Flowers,
Fruits, Trees, Vegetables, and Ornamental Cuts
suitable for the trade, for sale at 1-lOth
to l-2Oth of the original out.

Large Catalogue, •weighing nearly \%
pounds SENT FREE to those -who send
me their Catalogue or Price List; to
others the price is 5O Cents.

Send princs of any cut that you -want.

WITTEMAM BROS.

15 Murray Street, NEW YOBK,

SUPPLIES

For the "Wine and Liquor Trade.

LABELS, large stock and made to order.'
CAPS, fine imported.

TINFOIL, > Ready -cut for Wines and
GOLD FOIL, S Champagnes.

BOTTLES, imported, Hocks, Clarets, Bran-
dies, Tokay, Amber-and Golden- Whiskies,
etc.

DEMIJOHNS.

STRAW COVERS, all sizes and shapes.

CORKS, imported hand-cut.

Tissue Paper, Filtering Paper, and
Filtering Bags.

Russian Isinglass, Sulphur Sheets, Span-
ish Clay, etc.

Capping and Corking Machines.
Wooden Faucets, Rubber Hose, etc., etc.

S^SEND FOR PRICE LIST.

Books on Grape Cultures Wine-Making

PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE BY

c.

ST. LOUIS, MO.

Mueiicli, Frederick., School for American Grape
Culture. Brief but thorough guide to the laying
out of Vineyards, the treatment of Vines,and the
production of Wine in North America.

Mueiicli, F , Amerikanische Weinbauschule und Wein- '
bereitungslehre, etc.

Either one of these books will be mailed free of post-
age on receipt of one dollar.

Fringes, Chas. H., Die Behandlung der Amerikan-
ischen Weine, die Krankheiten derselben und
deren Heilung; eine Praktische, Leichverstandli-
che, Anleitung junge Weine in kurzester Zeit
ohne Kellereinrichtung Glanzhell und Flaschen-
reif zu machen.

On receipt of 50 cents this book will be mailed post-
paid to any address.
II 11 sin a 11 ii. George, The Cultivation of the Native

Grape and Manufacture of American Wines.
On receipt of $1.50 this book will be mailed post-paid
to any address.
The Rational Manufacture of American Wines, pub-

lished by Oesterreisher & Co.

This book will be sent free of postage on receipt of
one dollar.

JSSTC. WITTER keeps a large assortment of Books
treating on the Culture of Grapes and Manufacture of
Wines. Catalogues sent on application.
Please address

O. WITTER, 21 SOUtHtll St., St. LOUlS, MO.

THE

(ORGANIZED 1845.)

PURELY MUTUAL. DIVIDENDS AMUALLY.

346 & 348 Broadway, New York.
MORRIS FRANKLIN, WILLIAM H. BEERS,

President. Vice President and Actuary.

Assets, January 1, 1883, over $5O,OOO,OOO

Surplus, " " " " 10,000,000

Income, 1882, nearly - . - 12,OOO,OOO

THE NEW YORK LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY has been in business for
thirty-eight years. It has issued over 170,000 policies, and received over $109,000,000
in premiums. It has paid over $26,400,000 in death claims, and over $41,000,000 to
living policy-holders. The amount of assets still held in trust for policy-holders is over
$50,800,000. Its interest earnings have therefore paid all expenses of management, and
placed over $9,000,000 to the credit of policy-holders.

The condition and prospects of the Company are such as to give the best possible
guarantee to incoming policy-holders. About one-fifth of its entire assets is surplus by
the State valuation of its policies. Its funds are so well invested that its interest earn-
ings average nearly six per cent, per annum, and only a very small percentage remains
due and unpaid at the close of the year. In 1882 interest receipts exceeded death-claims
by over $800,000.

The liberality of the Company toward policy-holders has been a marked feature in
its management. It originated non-forfeiture policies in 1880, and this featuae, since
adopted in some form by all other companies, and enacted into law by State Legislature,
saves millions of dollars to policy-holders every year. The NEW YORK LIFE'S
policies are notable for their freedom from VEXATIOUS AND DANGEROUS RESTRiCTioNSr
and, in the settlement of losses, nothing is allowed to invalidate a claim except OBVIOUS
FRAUD.

Every approved form of policy issued on the purely mutual plan. The Company
has no stockholders, but is managed in the interest of policy-holders alone, and the sur-
plus is divided among them exclusively.

I An in in.- the "TONTINE INVESTMENT POLICY" of the NEW YORK LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY.
It combines advantages not obtainable in any form of annual investment.

Under the conditions of the contract SMALL SUMS of money afford the LARGEST POSSIBLE CASH RETURNS.
Estimates made, and book showing "Actual Results," free, on application.

WM. L. HILL, } (No. 417 Pine Street,

FRANK BLOCK, General AgentS' ST. LOUIS.

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