^^^^^
	PRESENTED BY

AN

Illustrated Flora

Northern United States. Canada

AND THE

BRITISH POSSESSIONS

From Newfoundland to the Parallel of the southern Boundary of Virginia, AND from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the io2D Meridian

BY

NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, Ph.D.

Emeritus Professor of Botany in Columbia University, and Director-in-Chief J OF THE New York Botanical Garden

and

HON. ADDISON BROWN

President of the Torrey Botanical Club

THE DESCRIPTIVE TEXT Chiefly prepared by Professor Britton, with the assistance of Specialists in several Groups; the Figures also drawn under his Supervision

IN THREE VOLUMES

Vol. I

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE TO AIZOACEAE

FERNS TO CARPET-WEED

NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS I 896

Copyright 1896

BY

Charles Scribker's Soks SCIENCE

f in

1

The New Era Printing House, Lancaster, Pa.

}

4-'

Contents of Volume L

Introduction

PTERIDOPHYTA

I.	Ophioglossaceae	I	5-	POLYPODIACEAE	8	9-	Lycopodiaceae	39
2.	OSMUNDACEAE	4	6.	Marsileaceae	33	lO.	Selaginellaceae	44
3-	Hymenophyllaceae	6	7-	Salviniaceae	34	II.	Isoetaceae	45
4-	SCHIZAEACEAE	7	8.	Equisetaceae	35

I. Pinaceae

SPERMATOPHYTA 49

Gymnospermae 49 49 2. Taxaceae

61

			Angiospermae	61
			Monocotyledones	62
I.	Typhaceae	62	II. Mayacaceae	367	20. CONVALLARIACEAE	427
2.	Sparganiaceae	63	12. Xyridaceae	368	21. Smilaceae	438
3-	Naiadaceae	65	13. Eriocaulaceae	371	22. Haemodoraceae	442
4-	SCHEUCHZERIACEAE	82	14. Bromeliaceae	374	23. Amarylwdaceae	443
5-	Alismaceae	84	15. COMMELINACEAE	374	24. DiOSCOREACEAE	446
6.	Vallisneriaceae	92	16. PONTEDERIACEAE	379	25. Iridaceae	447
7-	Gramineae	94	17. JUNCACEAE	381	26. Marantaceae	454
8.	Cyperaceae	234	18. Mei^anthaceae	399	27. BURMANNIACEAE	455
9-	Araceae	360	19. LlLIACEAE	410	28. Orchidaceae	456
10. IvEMNACEAE	365

Saururaceae

juglandaceae

Myricaceae

Leitneriaceae

Sai,icaceae

Betulaceae

Fagaceae

482

483 487

489

490 506 513

Dicotyledones Choripetalae

8. Ul<MACEAE

9. MORACEAE

4S2

523 14. Poi,ygonaceae

527 15. Chenopodiaceae

530 16. Amaranthaceae

534 17. Phytolaccaceae

536 ! 18. Nyctaginaceae

13. Aristolochiaceae 537 i 19. Aizoaceae

10. Urticaceae

11. Loranthaceae

12. Santalaceae

541 569

586

593 594 597

ENGLISH FAMILY NAMES.

FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES

1. Adder's Tongue Family i

2. Royal-fern Family 4

3. Filmy-fern Family 6

4. Climbing-fern Family 7

5. Fern Family 8

6. M.\RsiLEA Family 33

7. Salvinia Family 34

8. Horsetail F.a.mily 35

9. Club-moss Family 39

10. Selaginella Family 44

11. QuiLLWORT Family 45

iv

CONTENTS.

SEED-BEARING PLANTS 49 Seeds naked 49 I. Pine Family— Conifers 49 2. Yew Family 61

		Seeds enclosed	01
			Cotyledoti one 62
I. Cat-tail Family	62	11.	Mayaca Family	367	19.	Lily Family	410
2. Bur-reed Family	63	12.	Yellow-eyed Grass		20.	Lily-of-the-Valley
3. PoNDWEED Family			Family-	368		Family
4. Arrow-grass Family	82	13-	PiPEWORT Family'	371	21.	Smilax Family
5. Water-Plantain		14.	Pine-apple Family	374	22.	Bloodwort Family-
Family	84	15-	Spiderwort Family	374	2%.	Amaryllis Family	AA 1
6. Tape-grass Family	Q2	16.	Pickerel-weed		22.	Yam Family
7. Grass Family'	Ql		Family-	379	2S	Iris Family
8. Sedge Family		17-	Rush Family	381	26.	Arrow-root Family-
9. Arum Family	360	18.	Bunch-flower		27	BuRMANNi.\ Family
10. Duck weed Family			Family	399	28.	Orchid Family
			Cotyledons two 482
		Petals distinct, or iione	482
I. IvizARD's-TAiL Family-	482	8.	Elm Family	523	14-	BucKWHE.\T Family	541
2. Walnut Family	483	9-	Mulberry Family	527	15-	Goosefoot Family	569
3. Bay'berry' Family-	487	10. Nettle Family	530	16.	Amaranth Family	586
4. Cork-wood Family	489	ir.	Misletoe Family-	534	17-	Poke-weed Family	593
5. Willow Family-	490	12.	Sandalwood Family	536	18.	Four-o'clock Family-	594
6. Birch Family	506	13-	Birthwort Family	537	19-	C.arpet-weed Family	597
7. Beech Family	513
	I,ATiN Index of Names	599
	English Index of Names	608

I

Introduction.

THE present work is the first complete Illustrated Flora published in this country. Its aim is to illustrate and describe every species, from the Ferns upward, recognized as distinct by botanists and growing wild within the area adopted, and to complete the work within such moderate limits of size and cost as shall make it accessible to the public general!}-, so that it may serve as an independent handbook of our Northern Flora and as a work of general reference, or as an adjunct and supplement to the manuals of systematic botany in current use.

To all botanical students, a complete illustrated manual is of the greatest service; alwa3's useful, often indispensable. The doubts and difficulties that are apt to attend the best writ- ten descriptions will often be instantly solved by figures addressed to the eye. The greatest stimulus, moreover, to observation and study, is a clear and intelligible guide; and among the aids to botanical enquiry, a complete illustrated handbook is one of the chief. Thou- sands of the lovers of plants, on the other hand, who are not botanists and are not familiar with botanical terms or the methods of botanical analysis, will find in the illustrations of a complete work the readiest means of comparison and identification of the plants that grow around them; and through the accompanying descriptions they will at the same time acquire a familiarity with botanical language. By these facilities, not only will the study^^of our na- tive plants be stimulated and widened among all classes, but the enjoyment, the knowledge and the scientific progress derivable from these studies will be proportionately increased.

Though most European countries have complete illustrations of the flora of their own territory, no similar work has hitherto been attempted here. Our illustrated works, some of them of great value, have been either sumptuous and costly monographs, accessible to com- paratively few, or confined to special groups of plants, or have been works of a minor and miscellaneous character, embracing at most but a few hundred selected species, and from in- completeness, therefore, unsuited for general reference. Scarcely one-quarter of the species illustrated in the present work have ever been figured before. That no such general work has been previously attempted is to be ascribed partly, perhaps, to the imperfect exploration of our territory, and the insufficiency of the collections to enable such a work to be made approximately complete; partly to the great number of species required to be figured and the consequent difficulty and cost of the undertaking, and partly to the lack of any apparent demand for such a work sufficient to warrant the expense of the enterprise.

The increased accumulations of material in our largest herbaria, the result of multiplied explorations, and the widely extended interest in the study of our native plants, seem now to justify the endeavor to supply a complete illustrated work adapted to general use.

The enterprise, projected by Judge Brown, and maintained and supervised by him throughout, has been diligently prosecuted for the past six years. Its execution has been mainly the work of Dr. Britton. The text, founded upon a careful examination of living or herbarium specimens, has been chiefly prepared by him, with the assistance, however, of specialists in a few groups who have contributed the descriptions for certain families as stated in the footnotes. The figures also have been drawn by artists under his immediate supervision; except those of most of the grasses, drawn by Mr. Holm, under the eye of Prof. Scribner; while the work in all its parts has been carefully revised by both authors. ' The keys to the genera and species, based upon a few distinctive characters, will, it is believed, greatly facilitate the determinations. (

In preparing a new work of this character, the authors have felt that there should) be no hesitation in adopting the matured results of the botanical studies of the last half century here and in Europe, so as to bring the work fullj' abreast of the knowledge and scientific conceptions of the time, and make it answer present needs. Although this involves changes in systematic order, in nomenclature, and in the division of families and genera, such as may

(5)

vi

INTRODUCTION.

seem to some to be too radical, no doubt is entertained that time will fully justify these changes in the judgment of all, and demonstrate that the permanent advantages to Botanical Science will far outweigh any temporary inconveniences, as has. been already so fully shown in Ornithology and other zoological sciences.

The work will be completed in three volumes and will be issued as rapidly as it can be printed, the text being alread\- written and the figures drawn.

Area.

The area of the work extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the io2d Meridian, a little beyond that of Gray's Manual, so as to include the whole of the State of Kansas; and northward from the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia and Kentucky to the north- ern limits of Labrador and Manitoba. For convenience, the whole of Nebraska has been in- cluded, thus permitting the illustration of practically the entire Flora of the northern por- tion of the Great Plains.

The Flora of Canada and the British possessions not being distinguishable by any well marked features from that of the adjacent parts of the United States, and not embracing more than about 300 additional species, it was deemed best to include this more northern ter- ritory, in order to present a manual of the whole Flora of the northeastern part of the con- tinent, with the exception of that of Greenland and the Arctic Circle, which is much the same on both continents; nearly all the Arctic plants are, however, included, as but very few of them are strictly confined to the Arctic Zone.

Figures.

within the above area there are over 4,000 recognized species, more than three times the number in Bentham's Illustrated Handbook of the British Flora. To illustrate all these in a work of moderate size and cost, only parts of each plant could usually be figured, and these mostly below life-size. To exhibit full-page illustrations would have added fourfold to the bulk of tlfe work, and the consequent more limited sales would have necessarily increased the price in a much greater proportion, and thus have thwarted the primary object, viz., to supply a work adapted to general circulation and use. On the other hand, it was found that any considerable further reduction of the figures in order to reduce the size of the work, would be at the sacrifice of the clearness and usefulness of the illustrations.

In the general plan adopted and in giving parts only of the larger plants, it has been the constant aim to make the reduction of each figure as little below life-size as possible, to select the most characteristic parts for illustration and to preserve the natural proportions. In these respects, it is believed, the present work will be found to be at least not inferior to that above named and often superior.

The cuts are all from original drawings for this work, either from life or from herba- rium specimens, though reference has constantly been made to published plates and figures. All have been first drawn life-size from medium-sized specimens, and afterwards reduced to the proportion indicated by the fraction near the bottom of each cut, most of them being from % to -/'i oi medium life-size. By this method the illustrations do not suffer from the use of a magnifier, but are improved by it and regain their full expression.

Enlargements of special parts are added in most of the illustrations in order to show more clearly the floral structure, or minute organs, or the smaller flowers. These are in vari- ous degrees of enlargement, not deemed necessary to be stated. The figures are uncolored, because coloring, except in costly work, obscures the fineness of linear definition and injures the cuts for descriptive and educational uses.

The Classification of Plants.

The Plant Kingdom is composed of four Subkingdoms, or primary groups:

1. Thallophyta, the Algae, Fungi and Lichens.

2. Bryophyta, the Mosses and Moss-allies.

3. Pteridophyta, the Ferns and Fern-allies.

4. Spermatophyta, the Seed-bearing plants.

The subkingdoms are divided into Classes, the Classes into Orders, the Orders into Fam- ilies, the Families into Genera, and the Genera into Species, a species being composed of all the individuals of a kind capable of continuous successive propagation among themselves, and being the only group marked out by nature bj' such a definite and positive boundarj'.

INTRODUCTION.

vii

In addition to these main ranks, subordinate ones are sometimes employed, when further division is desirable: thus a Class may be separated into Subclasses, as the Class Angio- spermae into the Subclasses Monocotyledones and Dicotyledones; Faiiiilies maybe separated into Tribes, as in the treatment of Gramineae in the following pages; Genera are often separ- ated into Subgenera; and in the case of Species, where certain individuals are found to ex- hibit features of structure or aspect differing more or less constantly from the majority of the kind, these are set off as Varieties or Subspecies. Often the varieties or subspecies are subsequently found to be distinct species.

The variability of some species, caused by the operation of the forces collectively known as the factors of organic evolution, is so great, and the variation being often toward a re- lated species, that it is sometimes very difficult to determine whether certain individuals be- long to one or to the other, or to a variety of one or the other. This leads to different opin- ions. The actual fact, whether of the same species or not, may usually be ascertained by the close examination of a large number of specimens, or by growing the forms in question side by side, when, if they are the same, their rapid approximation will be manifest; though if their natural habitats are in different soils, this latter experiment may not be a satisfactory test.

The grouping of Species into Genera, and of Genera into Families, though based upon natural characters and relationships, is not governed by any definite rule that can be drawn from nature for determining just what characters shall be sufficient to constitute a Genus or a Family. These divisions are, therefore, necessarily more or less arbitrary and depend upon the judgment of scientific experts, in which natural characters and affinities, as the most im- portant and fundamental factors, do not necessarily exclude considerations of scientific con- venience. The practice among the most approved authors has accordingly been various. Some have made the number of genera and families as few as possible. This results in as- sociating under one name species or genera that present marked differences among themselves. The present tendency of expert opinion is to separate more freely into convenient natural groups, as genera and families, according to similarity of structure, habit, form or appearance. While this somewhat increases the number of these divisions, it has the distinct advantage of decreasing the size of the groups, and thus materially facilitates their study. This view has been taken in this work, following in most instances, but not in all, the arrangement adopted by Engler and Prantl in their recent great work, " Natiir- liche Planzenfamilien," * not yet quite completed, in which all known genera are described.

Systematic Arrangement.

The Nineteenth Century closes with the almost unanimous scientific judgment that the order of nature is an order of evolution and development from the more simple to the more complex. In no department of Natural Science is this progressive development more marked or more demonstrable than in the vegetable life of the globe. Systematic Arrangement should logically follow the natural order; and by this method also, as now generally recog- nized, the best results of study and arrangement are obtained. The sequence of Families adopted 50 or 75 years ago has become incongruous with our preseAt knowledge ; and it has for some time past been gradually superseded by truer scientific arrangements in the later works of European authors, f

The more simple forms are, in general, distinguished from the more complex, (i) by fewer organs or parts; (2) by the less perfect adaptation of the organs to the purposes they sub- serve; (3) by the relative degree of development of the more important organs; (4) by the lesser degree of differentiation of the plant-body or of its organs; (5) by considerations of antiquity, as indicated by the geological record; (6) by a consideration of the phenomena of embryogeny. Thus, the Pteridophyta, which do not produce seeds- and which appeared on the earth in Silurian time, are simpler than the Spermatophyta; the Gymnospermae in which the ovules are borne on the face of a scale, and which are known from the Devonian period onward, are simpler than the Angiospermae, whose ovules are borne in a closed cavity, and which are tmknown before the Jurassic.

In the Angiospermae the simpler types are those whose floral structure is nearest the

"■■•Berlin, 15 vohmies, 1S90-1896.

tEnglerund Prantl, " Natiirliche Pflanzenfamilien;" Warming, "Systematic Botany, 1895;" Vines, "Student's Handbook of Botany, 1895;" Richter, " Plantae Europeae, 1890;" Thome, "Flora von Deutschland, OEsterreich und der Schweiz, 1886-1889;" Potonie, " Ilhistrirte Flora von Nord- und Mittel-Deutschland, 1887;" Schlechtendahl, Langethal und .Schenck, " Flora von Deutschland," fifth edition by Hallier, 1880-1885.

viii

INTRODUCTION'.

structure of the branch or stem from which the flower has been metamorphosed, that is to say, in which the parts of the flower (modified leaves) are more nearly separate or distinct from each other, the leaves of any stem or branch beinj^ normally separated, while those are the most complex whose floral parts are most united. These principles are applied to the arrangement of the Subclasses Monocotyledones and Dicotyledones independently, the Monocotyledones being the simpler, as shown by the less degree of diff'erentiation of their tissues, though their floral structure is not so very different nor their antiquitj- much greater, so far as present information goes. For these reasons it is considered that Typhaceae, Spar- ganiaceae and Naiadaceae are the simplest of the Monocot\'ledones, and Orchidaceae the most complex; Saururaceae the simplest family of Dicotyledones, and Compositae the most complex.

Inasmuch as evolution has not always been progressive, but some groups, on the contrary, have clearly been developed by degradation from more highly organized ones, and other groups have been produced by divergence along more than one line from the parent stock, no linear consecutive sequence can, at all points, truly repre.sent the actual lines of descent.

The sequence of families adopted by Engler and Prantl, in " Natiirliche Pflanzenfam- ilien " above referred to, has been closely followed in this book, in the belief that their sys- tem is the most complete and philosophical yet presented. The sequence of genera adopted by them has for the most part also been accepted, though this sequence within the family does not attempt to indicate greater or less complexity of organization.

It was originalh' intended to present a conspectus of the orders and families included in this work in the Introduction, as is indicated upon page 62 of this volume. But as the printing proceeded it was deemed better to place this at the end of the third volume.

Nomenclature.

The names of genera and species used in this work are in accordance with the Code of Nomenclature devised by the Paris Botanical Congress in 1867, as modified by the rules adopted by the Botanical Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at the meetings held at Rochester, New York, in August, 1892, and at Madison, Wisconsin, in August, 1S93. These names were mostly elaborated in the "List of Pteridopliyta and Spermatophyta growing without Cultivation in Northeastern North America," prepared by the Committee of that association and published in 1894 as the fifth volume of Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club. The synonyms given under each species in this work include the recent current names, and thus avoid any difficulty in identification.

The necessity for these rules of nomenclature arose from the great confusion that has ex-, isted through the many different botanical names for the same species or genera. Some species have had from 10 to 20 different names, and, worse still, different plants have often had the same name. For about 200,000 known species of plants there are not fewer than 700,000 recorded names. Such a chaotic condition of nomenclature is not only extremely unscientific, burdensome and confusing in itself, but the difficulty and uncertainty of identi- fication which it causes in the comparative study of plants must make it, so long as it con- tinues, a serious and constant obstruction in the path of botanical inquiry.

The need of reform, and of finding some simple and fixed sj-stem of stable nomenclature, has long been recognized. This was clearly stated in 18 13 by A. P. De Candolle in his Theorie Elementaire de la Botanique (pp. 228-250), where he declares priority to be the fundamental law of nomenclature. Most systematists have acknowledged the validity of this rule. Dr. Asa Gray, in his Structural Botany, says (p. 348): " For each plant or group there can be only one valid name, and that always the most ancient, if it is tenable; consequently no new name .should be given to an old plant or group, except for necessity."

This principle was applied to Zoology in the " Stricklandian Code," adopted in 1842 as Rules of the British .\ssociation, and revised in i860 and 1865 b}' a committee embracing the most eminent English authorities, such as Darwin, Henslow, Wallace, Clayton, Balfour, Huxley, Bentham and Hooker. In American Zoology the same difliculties were met and satisfactoril}' overcome by a rigid system of rules analogous to those here followed and now generally accepted by zoologists and palaeontologists.

At an International Botanical Congress held at Paris in 1867, in which unfortunateh- the English botanists did not participate, A. DeCandolle presented a system of rules which, with modifications, were adopted, and, as above stated, are the foundation of the present rules of the botanists of the American Association. These rules were in part adopted also by the In- ternational Botanical Congress held at Genoa in 1892, and by the Austro-German botanists at

INTRODUCTION.

IX

their meeting in September, 1S94; while in the 9th Edition of the London Catalogue of Brit- ish Plants published in 1S95, these rules as respects the names of genera are largely followed; out of 440 genera in common with ours, all but 18 bear the same names as here given.*

It cannot be too often repeated that the object of these rules is not to introduce new names, but to restore the old and the true ones. The rules of the botanists of the American Association, adopted as above, are as follows. A brief explanation of the objects attained by them is appended:

Rule i. Priorit)- of publication is to be regarded as the fundamental principle of botani- cal nomenclature.

This has been generally acknowledged in theory as the guiding principle for determining which name should be borne by an animal or plant differently named by diiferent writers. Various causes have retarded its application in practice. Its adoption is the only practicable way of securing stabilit}- to the original names. It has also been generally considered that the author who first defines or describes an animal or plant is entitled to the distinction of having his own name permanently associated with the name assigned to it; and this is also necessary for reasons of accuracy, because in numerous instances different plants have been called by the same name. In most cases the synonyms given in this work, with the date of publication, indicate the original name and the reason for its restoration under this rule.

Rule 2. The botanical nomenclature of both genera and species is to begin with the pub- lication of the first edition of Linnaeus' " Species Plantarum " in 1753.

Some past date must of necessity' be taken, in order to fix the limits within which prior- ity shall be reckoned. Prior to the publication of "Species Plantarum" in 1753, the ab- sence of any general binomial nomenclature, and the meagre, uncertain and inadequate de- scriptions by most prior authors, make any earlier date beset with difficulties. The result of much discussion has been to fix that work, with which modern nomenclature substantially begins, as the ' ' point of departure. ' ' That date received the endorsement of the International Botanical Congress at Genoa in 1892, and has since been accepted by most botanists in Amer- ica and Europe. Under this rule, no reference is made to names used prior to that work.

Rule 3. In the transfer of a species to a genus other than the one under which it was first published, the original specific name is to be retained.

From different views of the limits of genera, or from further knowledge of a plant, it often happens that it must be transferred to a different genus from that to which it was first assigned. Upon such a transfer. Rule 3 requires the original name of the species to be con- tinued, and preserves its stability. Thus, out of the genus Palypodiuin of Linnaeus, three other groups have been since carved, viz., Dryoplerts [Aspidinm ], Cystopteris and Phegop- teris. The Long Beech Fern (p. 19), called Polypodium Pliegopteris hy Linnaeus, belongs to the generic group named Pliegopteris by Fee in 1850. Rule 3 forbids the use of the new specific name, polypodioides, ^\\'^r\ to this plant by Fee, and requires the former specific name of Linnaeus to be preserved, and the plant thus becomes Pliegopteris Pliegopteris, an acci- — dental re-duplication that occurs in but few instances in the whole field of nomenclature. The Twin-leaf was called Podophyllum diphylluni hy Linnaeus in 1753, and Jeffersonia binata by Barton in 1793; Persoon in 1805 restored the Linnaean specific name, making the plant Jeffersonia diphylla, the correct binomial under the rule, and the one which the plant has borne for nearly one hundred years.

Rule 4. The original name is to be maintained, whether published as species, subspecies or variety.

Plants and animals are continually described as species which subsequent authors con- clude are but varieties, and those first understood as varieties prove by subsequent study to be entitled to specific rank. Rule 4 maintains the first designation as the proper one, and avoids much confusion. Examples are numerous: See Figs. 28, 38, 61 et seq.

Rule 5. The publication of a generic name or a binomial invalidates the use of the same name for any subsequently published genus or species, respectively.

Thus in the case of the Long Beech Fern, above cited, though the specific name polypodi- oides is held to have been improperly given to it by Fee, the binomial, Phegopteris polypodi- oides, cannot be applied to any different plant; for if the earlier name should for any reason be lost or discarded, the name polypodioides must remain available as the next lawful substi- tute, and thus the principle of nomenclature — once a synonym alwaj's a synonym.

This rule operates to maintain one name only for a genus or species, and that, the first one applied to it, unless this was properly the name of another, in which case the next oldest

■■•■For a fuller discussion of this subject see articles by Professor Lester F. Ward, in " Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club," 22: 308-329, from which the above summary is mostly taken; by Professor C. E. Bessey, in "American Naturalist," 29: 666-668; by Professor W. A. Kellerman, in "Journal of the Columbus Horticultural Society," 10: 7-10, and in " Botanical Gazette," 20: 468-470; bj^ Professor Conway MacMillan, in " Metaspermae of the Minnesota Valley," 17; by Dr. B. L. Robinson, in " Botanical Gazette," 20- 97-103, 261-263; by Mr. F. V. Coville, in " Botanical Gazette," 20: 162-167, 320-322, 428. 429; by Dr. F. H. Knowlton, in " Botanical Gazette, 21: 82-85.

X

INTRODUCTION.

is to be used. By mistake or inadvertently the same name has frequentlj' been given to sev- eral different genera or species, and it has repeatedly occurred that a name believed by the author to be a synonym is shown by another to be a valid designation.

Rule 6. Publication of a genus consists only, ( i ) in the distribution of a printed descrip- tion of the genus named; (2) in the publication of the name of the genus and the citation of one or more previously published species as examples or types of the genus, with or without a diagnosis.

Rule 7. rublication of a species consists only, ( i ) in the distribution of a printed de- scription of the species named; ( 2 j in the publishing of a binomial, with reference to a pre- viously published species as a type.

Rule 8. Similar generic names are not to be rejected on account of slight differences, except in the spelling of the same word.

T\\\\s Epidendriim and Epidendron are but different spellings of the same word; only one of them can therefore be used; the same of Elodes and Elodea.

Rule 9. In the case of a species which has been transferred from one genus to another, the original author must alwaj's be cited in parenthesis, followed by the author of the new binomial.

Thus Dryopteris Lonchites (L. ) Kuntze ( Fig. 26 ) is so cited, because Linnaeus first gave the plant the specific name Lonchites, while Kuntze first combined that name with the accepted genus Dryopteris.

Rule 10. In determining the name of a genus or species to which two or more names have been given by an author in the same volume, or on the same page of a volume, preced- ence shall decide.*

The Latin names of families have mostly been adopted as currently used, without refer- ence to priority or terminations, as no rule on that subject has yet been formall)' adopted by botanists. It seems desirable, however, that the scientific names of families should also fol- low some uniform system, and as aver}' large proportion of botanical family names have long been formed by the termination aceae affixed to some prominent genus of the group, that this rule should be applied to the few remaining families otherwise named. All would thus be brought into a harmonious system of nomenclature, as the zoologists have done by the adoption of the ending idae for all zoological families. The English common names of fam- ilies are similarly adopted from some characteristic genus of the group; as Pink Family, Mustard Family, Mint Family, etc. The Carophyllaceae, in the absence of any genus Cary- ophylluin, might thus become Alsinaceae; the Cruciferae, Brassicaceae; the Labiatae, Men- thaceae or Lamiaceae.

English Names of Plants.

The general desire for some English name to the different plants described has been met so far as possible. All names in common use have been inserted, so far as they have come to the authors' knowledge, except such as were merely local, or where they were too numerous for insertion. An exception has also been made in a few instances where a common name, from its false suggestion, as in the name of Dog's-tooth Violet (p. 4201 for Adder' s-tongue, is calculated to mislead as to the nature of the plant. Where no previous names in common use could be found, the names given are founded on some characteristic circumstance of de- scription, habitat, site or author. Names used in England have been freely availed of, but the use of the same common name for different plants there and here has occasionally re- quired the omission of one or the other. The use of the same name for different plants has been rejected, except where there is no such close affinity or resemblance between them as is likely to cause confusion.

Pronunciation.

In botanical names derived from Greek or Latin words, their compounds, or derivatives, the accent, according to the ordinary rule, is placed upon the penultimate syllable, if it is long in Latin quantity; otherwise, upon the antepenult. Many names, however, have been given to

-The rules have been closely followed in the publications of The United States National Mu- seum; the Divisions of Botany and Forestry of the United States Department of Agriculture; The Missouri Botanical Garden; The Torrey Botanical Club; The University of Nebraska; The Botan- ical Survey of Nebraska; The Department of Botany of Columbia University; The Geological and Natural Historj' Survey of Minnesota; The Botanical Survey of Indiana, and many other societies and institutions. Also in Professor Sargent's " Silva of North .\merica;" Professor Underwood's "Native Ferns and their Allies;" Professor Kellerman's "Plants of Ohio;" Mr. Newhall's "Shrubs of Northeastern America;" and by a large number of other authors in less extensive writings.

INTRODUCTION.

xi

plants in honor of individuals, which, having nothing Latin about them except the terminal form, and the pronunciation given to them by botanical authors being diverse, are here ac- cented like the names of the persons, so far as euphony will permit. This rule is followed because it is believed to agree with the prevailing usage among botanists in ordinary speech; because it is in accord with the commemorative object of such names, which ought not to be obscured by a forced and unnatural pronunciation; and because the test applied to words properly Latin, viz., the usage of the Latin poets, cannot be applied to words of this class. We therefore give Torreyi, Vaseyi, Careyi, Jamesii, Alleni, rather than Torreyi, Vaseyi, Careyi, Jamesii, Alleni.

The acute accent is used to denote the short English sound only; as in bdt, bet, bid, not, n6t; the grave accent, to denote either of the other English sounds, whether long, broad or open; as a in bale, ball, bar, bare, laud; ^in eve, there; / in pine, pique, machine; o in note, move; u in pure, rude. The accent for the short or longer English sound is based upon cur- rent English usage, as given in the chief English dictionaries from Walker's to the most re- cent, and without reference to the supposed ancient pronunciation.

Much diversity has been found in botanical works in the accented syllable of many mod- ern Latin adjectives ending in -inus, -ina, -inum, derived from Latin words. As these adjectives are derived from Latin roots and are regularly formed, their pronunciation should properly follow classical analogies. When signifying, or referring to, time, material, or in- animate substances, they should, therefore, according to Andrews & Stoddard's rule, have the penult usually short, and the accent on the antepenult; as in gossipina, cannabina, secalina, salicina, amygdalina, and other adjectives derived from plant names, like the classic nard- inus, cyprinus, faginus. When these adjectives have other significations than those above referred to, the penult under the ordinary Latin rule is usually long and accented; as in lupulina, leporina, hystricina, like the classic ursina, canina.

The Use of Capital Letters.

In accordance with the recommendations of the Committee on Nomenclature of the Botanical Clnb of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, specific or var- ietal names derived from persons or places, or used as the genitive of generic names or as substantives, are printed with an initial capital letter. There is much diiTerence of opinion as to the desirability of this practice, many botanists, and almost all zoologists, following the principle of writing all specific names with a small initial letter. Should this custom pre- vail, much information concerning the history and significance of the specific names would be lost. Thus in the Tulip-tree, Liriodendron Tulipifera, the specific name Tulipifera was the ancient generic name; and the same with Lythyum Salicaria, L. Hyssopifolia. L. Vul- neraria, and many other species. In all other forms of writing, personal adjectives such as Niittallii, Efigelmanni or Torreyi are printed with capitals. We adhere to the ordinary literary usage.

Varieties

are printed as trinomials, e. g., Rytichospora glonierata paniculata, the contraction var. or the Greek letters a or commonly inserted between the specific and varietal name being dispensed with. The comma sometimes placed between the specific or varietal name and the name of the author is omitted, in accordance with the opinions of the same committee.

Assistance.

Cordial acknowledgment for assistance and advice is hereby tendered to Professor Thomas C. Porter, who has continuously, from the inception of the enterprise, cooperated in its exe- cution by suggestion, information and the contribution of specimens, and who has read all the proofs; to Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell, who has supplied many specimens and read the proof- sheets; to Professor Lucien M. Underwood, for the text of the Pteridophyta; to Mr. Frederick V. Coville, for the text of the Juncaceae; to Dr. John K. Small, for the text of Polygonaceae and Euphorbiaceae, and for assistance and critical notes on many other families; to Mr. Geo. V. Nash, for the text of the Gramineae; to Professor F. Lamson-Scribner, for supervising the drawings of Gramineae, and for manuscript notes on man}' genera and species of that family; to Mr. Arthur Hollick, for supervision of the drawings; to Mr. Edmund P. Sheldon, for the text of Lemnaceae; to Mr. Charles E. Smith, for critical examination of the final proof-sheets, and to many others who by the contribution of specimens or notes have facili- tated the production of the work.

xii

INTRODUCTION.

The text for the famihes Typhaceae, Sparganiaceae, Naiadaceae, Scheuch/eriaceae, Ara- ceae, Eriocaulaceae, Pontederiaceae, Sniilaceae and Orchidaceae, was prepared by the late Rev. Thomas Morong, and has been printed with ver}- little change from his manuscript.

Draughtsmen.

Most of the drawings have been executed by Mr. F. Emil; he has made all the figures of the Pteridophyta, G}' mnospermae, and nearly all of the IMonocotj-ledones, with the exception of those of Graniineae, Melanthaceae, Liliaceae and Convallariaceae; also nearly all of the apetalous Choripetalae, and a considerable portion of the Sympetalae. Miss Millie Timmer- man (now Mrs. Heinrich Ries) drew the bulk of the polypetalous Choripetalae, the enlarged parts being mostly inserted by Mr. Arthur Hollick; she also did some work on several of the sympetalous families. Mr. Joseph Bridgliam drew the Melanthaceae, Liliaceae and Conval- lariaceae; also the Ericaceae, Primulaceae and several related families. Mr. Theodor Holm drew most of the Gramineae. INIr. Hollick has made some drawings and numerous enlarge- ments of special parts throughout the work. Miss ]Mary Knight and Mr. Rudolph Weber have also contributed drawings.

Symbols Used.

° is used after figures to indicate feet. ' is used after figures to indicate inches.

" is used after figures to indicate lines, or twelfths of an inch.

r over syllables indicates the accent, and the short English sound of the vowel.

> over syllables indicates the accent, and the long, broad, open or close English sound.

New York, August 15th, 1S96.

ILLUSTRATED FLORA.

Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA*

FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES.

Plants containing woody and vascular tissues in the stem and producing spores asexuall}^ which, on germination, develop small flat mostly green struc- tures called prothallia (gametophyte). On these are borne the sexual repro- ductive organs, the female known as archegones, the male as antherids. From the fertilization of the oosphere of the archegone by spermatozoids produced in the antherids, the asexual phase (sporophyte) of the plants is developed ; this phase is represented by an ordinary fern, lycopod or horsetail.

This subkingdom comprises about 4000 liviug species, of which more than three-fourths are confined to tropical regions. The number of extinct species known probably exceeds those living. They appeared on the earth in the early part of the Palaeozoic Era, reached their greatest abundance in Carboniferous Time, but have since been mainly replaced by plants of higher organization, so that at present they form only about one-fiftieth of the total flora. The time of year noted under each species indicates the season at which the spores are mature.

Family i. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Presl, Pterid. 6. 1836.

Adder's-tongue Family.

More or less succulent plants consisting of a stem and leaf growing from a fleshy root. Sporanges formed of the interior tissues, naked, borne in a spike or panicle and opening at maturity by a transverse slit. Spores copious, yellow. Prothallium subterranean, devoid of chlorophyll.

Three g^enera, the following represented on both continents ; the third, Helniintliostachys is native of southern Asia.

Veins reticulate ; sporanges cohering in a distichous spike. i. Ophioglossinn.

Veins free ; sporanges distinct, borne in spikes or panicles. 2. Botrychium.

I. OPHIOGLOSSUM L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753.

Low plants from a small fleshy rootstock, with slender fleshy roots, the bud for the following year formed at the side of the base of the stem. Leaves solitary, borne on the stem, simple in our species. Spike terminal, formed of the two rows of large coalescent sporanges. Veins of the leaf reticulate. Spores copious, sulphur-yellow. [Name from the Greek, signifying the tongue of a snake, in allusion to the narrow spike of sporanges.]

About 10 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, three others are found in the southern United States, one of them extending to California.

* Text contributed by Professor Lucien M. Underwood.

I

2

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE.

2

I. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Adder's- tongue. (Fig. i.)

Ophioglossuui I'ldgaluDt I.. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753.

Rootstock short, oblique ; stem slender, erect, sim- ple, glabrous, 2'-i2' high, bearing the sessile thin ovate or elliptic-oblong leaf (sterile segment) near its middle; sterile segment i'-3' long, jz'-i^' wide, rather firm in texture, distinctly reticulated; spike solitary, long, erect, the axis extending beyond

the sporangcs into a point.

In moist meadows and thickets, or sometimes on dry hillsides. Prince Udward Island to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Kentucky and Arizona. Also in Europe, Asia, .\frica and Australia, May-Aug.

2. BOTRYCHIUM S\v. vSchrad. Joimi. Bot. 2 : 8. 1800.

Fleshy plants with short erect rootstocks, and clustered flesh}' roots, the bud for the succeeding year imbedded in the base of the stem. Sterile portion (leaf) pinnately or ter- nately divided or compound, the fertile portion pinnate or tripinnate with sessile distinct sporanges in rows on either side of its branches, forming large panicles in some specits. Veins free. Spores of various shades of yellow. [Greek, in allusion to the grape-like clusters of sporanges.]

About 10 species, mostly natives of the northern hemisphere, one or two occurring in Australia. Besides the following, another, B. boreale, occurs in Alaska.

Bud for the following year enclosed in the base of the stem ; plants mostly smill.

Vernation wholly .straight ; sterile portion simple or 2-5-lobed. i. B. simplex.

Vernation partlj- inclined in one or both portions.

Buds glabrous ; sterile portion pinnate ; small plants, mature in early summer. Sterile portion alone bent in vernation, its segments fan-shaped.

2. B. Lunaria.

Both portions bent in vernation ; .segments of sterile portion narrow.

3. B. malricariaefoliniii . Bud pilose ; sterile portion ternate, long-stalked ; larger plants, mature in autumn.

4. B. tcrnatu »i.

Vernation wholly inclined, recurved in the fertile portion ; sterile portion triangular, sessile.

5. B. laiiceolatuni.

Bud enclosed in a cavit}- at one side of the base of the stem ; sterile portion ternate and compound ; plant large. 6. B. Virgiiiianuni.

I. Botrychium simplex E. Hitchcock. Little Grape-fern. ( Fig. 2.)

Boirychitini shnfilc.v E. Hitchcock. .\mer. Journ. Sci. 6 : 10^. 1823.

Plant 2'-~' high, slender, verj' variable. Sterile por- tion ovate, obovate or oblong, entire, lobed or pinnatclj- parted, borne near the base of the stem or higher, some- times above the middle; fertile portion a simple or slightly compound spike, sometimes reduced to only a few sporanges ; spores large for the genus, minutely tuberculate; bud for the following year enclosed in the base of the stem ; apex of both fertile and sterile portions erect in vernation.

In moist woods, meadows or swamps. Prince Edward Island to Marylmd, w;st to Wyoming and California. Also in northern Europe. May-June.

ADDER'S-TONGUE FAMILY.

3

2. Botrychium Lunaria (L.) Sw. Moonwort. (Fig. 3.)

Osmiinda Lunaria L,. Sp. PI. 1064. 1753.

Botrychium Lunaria Sw. .Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2: no. 1800.

Plant ver}' fleshy, 2^-12' high. Sterile portion usually sessile, borne at or above the middle of the stem, pinnate with 2-8 pairs of lunate or fan-shaped lobes which vary from crenate to entire and are either close and imbricated or distant ; fertile portion 2-3- pinnate, often dense, \'-2' long, often about the height of the sterile ; bud for the following year glab- rous, enclosed in the base of the stem ; apex only of the sterile portion bent over the nearly straight fertile portion in vernation.

Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Connecticut, central New York, Michigan, British Columbia and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, mostly in fields. Also in north- ern Europe and .'Vsia. June-July.

3. Botrychium matricariaefolium A. Br.

Matricary Grape-fern. (Fig. 4.)

Botrycliiuin ina/ricariacfolitnn A. Br. in Doell, Rheiu. Fl. 24. 1843.

Plant 2'-i2' high, often very fleshy. Sterile portion borne above the middle of the stem, short- stalked, ovate or oblong, 1-2-pinnatifid or rarely 2-piunate, with obtuse divisions and narrow toothed segments ; midveins disappearing by continued branching; fertile portion 2-3-pinnate, often much branched ; spores tuberculate ; bud for the follow- ing year glabrous, enclosed in the base of the stem : apex of both sterile and fertile portions turned down in vernation.

In grassj' woods and swamps, Nova .Scotia to New Jersey, west to Ohio. Also in Washington and in Eu- rope. May-June.

4. Botrychium ternatum (Thiinb. ) Sw. Teniate Grape-fern. (Fig. 5.)

Osmunda iernala Thunb. Fl. Jap. 329. 1784. Boliychiitm ternaitim Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2: iii.

1800.

Plant 4'-i6^ high, very fleshy, often slightly pubes- cent. Sterile portion long-stalked from near the base of the stem, broadly triangular, ternate, variously compound, the divisions stalked ; ultimate segments varying from round-reniform to ovate-lanceolate, their margins entire or finely incised ; bud for the following year pilose, enclosed in the base of the stem; apex of both portions bent down with a slight inward curve in vernation.

In moist meadows, woods and on hillsides. Nova Scotia to Florida, west to California. Also in Europe, eastern Asia and Australia. The sterile portion is persistent through the winter. Sept. -Dec.

Varies greatlj' ; the large forms are known as var. aus- tralt\ smaller forms with obliquely lanceolate segments as var. obliqiaiin. similar forms with finely dissected seg- ments as var. dissei/ii »/, and small forms with roundish- reniform segments as var. liuiarioides.

4 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE.

5. Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Angs. Lance-leaved Grape-feru.

(Fig. 6.)

Osiiiunda lanceolala S. G. Gmel. Nov. Comment. Acad. Petrop. 12: 516. 1768.

Bolrychiiini lanceolatum Angs. Bot. Notiser, 1854: 68. 1854.

Plant 3'-9' high, somewhat fleshy. Sterile portion closely sessile at the summit of the stem, i' or more wide, 3-lobed or broadly trian- gular and 2-pinnatifid, the ultimate segments lanceolate, acute, oblique, entire or dentate ; midveiu continuous, with forking veinlets ; fer- tile portion slightly overtopping the sterile, short-stalked, 2-3-pinnate ; bud for the follow- ing year glabrous, enclosed in the base of the stem ; fertile portion recurved its whole length with the shorter sterile portion reclined upon it in vernation.

In meadows, woods and swamps, Nova .Scotia to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Ohio and in the Rock}' Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. June-July.

6. Botrychium Virginianum (L,. ) S\v. Virginia Grape-fern. (Fig. 7.)

Osmunda Virginiana L. Sp. PI. 1064. 1753. Botrychium Virginianum Sw. Schrad. Journ.

Bot. 2 : III. 1800. Botrycldum gracile Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 656.

i8"i4-

Plant 4'-2° high, the stem slender. Sterile portion nearly or quite sessile above the middle of the stem, spreading, thin, teruate with the primary divisions pinnate to 2-pin- nate and the segments 1-2-pinnatifid ; ulti- mate segments oblong, more or less toothed near the apex ; epidermal cells flexuous ; fertile portion long-stalked, 2-3-pinnate ; bud for the following year pilose, enclosed in a glabrous cavity at one side of the lower part of the stem ; fertile portion recurved its whole length, the sterile reclined upon it in vernation.

In rich woods. Nova Scotia to Florida, west to British Columbia and Arizona. Also in Eu- rope and .A.sia. June-Julj-.

Family 2. OSMUNDACEAE R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i : 161. 1810.

Rov.\i, Fern Family.

Large ferns with stout often erect rootstocks, 1-2 pinnate leaves coiled in vernation, the veins free, mostly forked, rtinning to the margins of the pin- nules or lobes. Sporanges large, globose, with mere traces of an elastic ring of cells or none, borne on modified contracted pinnae in the tj'pical gentis ; in Todea, a genus of the southern hemisphere, in clusters (sori) on the lower sur- faces of the pinnules.

Two living genera, Osmunda and Todea.

ROYAL FERN FAMILY.

5

I. OSMUNDA L. Sp. PI. 1063. 1753.

Tall swamp ferns, growing iu large crowns, with the fertile (spore-bearing) portions very much contracted, the short-pedicelled naked sporanges on the margins of their rachis- like divisions, which are destitute of chlorophyll. Veins forked, very regular and prom- inent. Sporanges thin, reticulated, opening by a longitudinal cleft into two halves, a few parallel thickening cells near the apex representing the rudimentary transverse ring. Spores copious, green. [From Osmunder, a name for the god Thor. 1

Six species, mostly of the north temperate zone. Only the following occur in North America.

Leaves bipinnate, fertile at the apex. i. O. regalis.

Sterile leaves bipinnatifid.

Pinnae of sterile leaf with a tuft of toinentiini at base ; fertile leaf distinct from sterile.

2. O. ciiniaiiiDiiica.

Pinnae of sterile leaf without a tuft of tomentum at base ; leaves fertile in the middle.

3. O. Clayloiiiana.

I. Osmunda regalis L. Royal Fern. (Fig. 8.)

Osmunda regalis L- Sp. PI. 1065. 1753.

Rootstock stout, bearing a cluster of several tall bipinnate leaves, 2°-6° high, and i°or more wide. Sterile pinnae 6'-i2' long, 2'-^' wide, the pinnules oblong-ovate or lanceolate-oblong, sessile or slightly stalked, glabrous, finely ser- rulate, especially near the apex and occasionally crenate towards the base which is truncate, oblique or even cordate ; fertile pinnules linear- cylindric, panicled at the summit, withering and shrivelling with age, greenish before ma- turity, but becoming dark brown after the spores have fallen.

In swamps and marshes, New Brunswick to Florida, west to the Northwest Territory and Mis- sissippi. Also in Mexico, Europe and Asia. As- cends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-July.

2. Osmunda cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Fern. (Fig. 9.)

Osiiitcnda ci nnainoinca L. Sp. PI. 1066. 1753.

Rootstock very large, widely creeping, bear- ing a circular cluster of sterile leaves with one or more fertile ones within. Stipes 1° or more long, clothed with ferruginous tomentum when young, glabrous when old ; sterile leaves i°-5° long, glabrous when mature, except a small tuft of tomentum at the base of each pinna ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid into oblong obtuse segments ; fertile leaf contracted, bipin- nate, soon withering ; sporauges cinnamon-col- ored after the copious green spores have been discharged.

In wet places, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Mexico. Forms occur with leaves variously intermediate between the fertile and ster- ile; some being sterile at the apex, others in the middle, others on one side only. Ascends to 5600 ft. in Virginia. May-June.

6

OSMUNDACEAE.

3. Osmunda Claytoniana L. Cla3'toii's Fern. (Fig. 10.)

Osmunda Claytoniana L. Sp. PI. 1066. 1753. Osmutida inlerrupla Miehx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 273. 1803.

Rootstock stout, bearing a circle of 2-pinnat- ifid leaves 2°-6° high, 6'-io' wide ; sterile piunae without tufts of tomeutum at the base, linear- lanceolate, deeply cleft into oblong obtuse seg- ments, some of the leaves contracted in the middle and bearing 2-5 pairs of fertile pinnate pinnae with dense, cj'lindric divisions w-hich are greenish at first, afterwards dark brown, finally withering ; leaves clothed with tomentum when young, glabrous when mature, the fertile ones taller than the sterile, and finally widely re- curving. .

In swamps and moist soil, Newfoundland to Min- nesota south to North Carolina and Missouri. As- cends to siXKD ft. in Virginia. Also in India. May- July.

Family 3. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. 262. 1826.

Filmy-kern Family.

Membranaceous, mostly small ferns with filiform or .slender creeping root- .stocks. Leaves usuall}' mtich divided. Sporanges .se.s.sile on a filiform, usually elongated receptacle, surrotmded by a transverse ring which opens vertically.

Two genera, Hymeuopliyllum L,., and the following-, comprising some 200 .species, very abund- ant in tropical regions, a few occurring in the temperate zones.

I. TRICHOMANES L. Sp. PI. 1097. i753- Delicate filmy ferns, the leaves usually much divided. Sporanges flattened, surrounded by a broad entire transverse ring opening vertically, sessile on the lower part of the slender filiform receptacle. Receptacle surrounded by a tubular or funnel-shaped indusium which is truncate or slightly 2-lipped. [Greek, in allusion to the thin hair-like segments of some species.]

About 100 species, mostly of tropical regions. Besides the following, another occurs in Alabama.

I. Trichomanes radicans Sw.

Bri.stle-fern. ( Fig. 11.)

Trichomanes radicans 'S>w. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1736. 1806.

Rootstock filiform, w'iry, tomentose, creep- ing. Stipes (petioles) ascending, i'-3' long, naked or nearly so ; leaves 2'-S' long, 8"-i)4' wide, membranaceous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-3-pinnatifid ; pinnae ovate, obtuse, the upper side of the cuneate base parallel with or appressed to the nar- rowly winged rachis ; segments toothed or cut into linear divisions ; iudusia terminal on short lobes, 1-4 on a pinnule, the mouth slightly 2 lipped ; receptacle more or less exserted, bristle- like, bearing the sessile sporanges mostly near the base.

On wet rocks, Kentucky- to Florida and Ala. bima. Also in the West Indies, ISIexico, trop. ic.il America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Summer.

CLIMBING FERN FAMILY. 7

Family 4. SCHIZAEACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 39. 1828.

Ferns of various habit, with simple or pinnate leaves. Sporanges borne in spikes or panicles, ovoid, .sessile, provided with an apical ring, opening verti- cally bj' a longitudinal .slit.

Five g-enera and about 75 species, the following genera represented in the north temperate zone, the others tropical in distribution.

Sporanges in close 2-ranked spikes ; leaves filiform. i. Schizaea.

Sporanges in ample panicles ; pinnules palmate. 2. Lygodiiim.

I. SCHIZAEA J. E. Smith, Mem. Acad. Tor. 5 : 419. pi. 19. f. 9. 1793.

Small slender ferns -with filiform or linear leaves, the fertile distinct from the sterile. Sporanges sessile in close distichous spikes along the single vein of the narrow divisions of the fertile leaves, provided with a complete apical ring. [Greek, in allusion to the cleft leaves of some species.]

A genus of 16 species, of wide geographic distribu- tion, mostlj' in tropical regions.

I. Schizaea pusilla Pur.sh. Curly-grass. (Fig. 12.)

Schizaea pusilla Pursh, Fl. Am. vSept. 657. 1814.

Sterile leaves linear, very slender and tortuous. Fertile leaves longer, s'-s' high, the fertile por- tion terminal, consisting of about 5 pairs of •crowded pinnae, forming a distichous spike ; sporanges ovoid or pyriform, sessile in two rows along the single vein of the narrow incurved linear divisions of the fertile leaf, partially concealed by its incurved margins which are hooded at the apex and ciliate ; ring apical, the sporanges opening by a vertical slit.

In wet soil, pine barrens of New Jersey and in Nova Scotia. Rare and local, Aug. -Sept.

2. LYGODIUM Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2 : 106. 1800.

Twining or climbing ferns, the lower divisions sterile, variousl}^ stalked and lobed, the fertile terminal, panicled. Sporanges ovoid, solitary or two together in the axils of imbri- cated scale-like indusia, provided with an apical ring, opening vertically. Indusia fixed by their broad bases to short oblique veinlets. [Greek, in allusion to the flexible stipes.]

Sixteen species, mostly of tropical distribution.

I. Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. Climbing Fern. Hartford Fern. (Fig- 13-)

Gisopleris palmata Bernh. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2: 129. 1800.

Lygodium pahtiatum Sw. Syn. Fil. 154. 1806.

Rootstock slender, creeping. Stipes slender, flexible and twining ; leaves i°-3° long, their short alternate branches 2-forked, each fork bearing a nearly orbicular 4-7-lobed pinntile which is more or less cordate at the base with a narrow sinus ; surfaces naked ; fertile pinnules contracted, sev- eral times forked, forming a terminal panicle ; sporanges solitary, borne on the alternate veins which spring from the flexuous midvein of the segments, each covered by a scale-like indusium.

In moist thickets and open woods, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, south to Florida and Tennessee. As- cends to 2100 ft. in eastern Pennsylvania. Summer.

8 POLYPODIACEAE.

Family 5. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i : 145. 1810,

Fern Family.

Ferns of various habit, the rootstocks horizontal, often elongated, or short and erect, the leaves simple, pinnate, pinnatifid or decompound, coiled in ver- nation. Sporanges borne in clusters (sori ) on the lower side or margins of the leaves or their segments, stalked, provided with a vertical ring of cells, open- ing transversely. Sori with or without a membranaceous covering (indusium). Prothallium green.

About 70 g^enera and 3000 species of very wide seogfraphic distribution. The family includes by far the greater number of living ferns.

Spore -bearing leaves closel}' rolled together, with necklace-like segments.

I. Onodea.

I/Caves all flat or their edges only slightlj- revolute.

Sori dorsal or marginal, provided with special indusia.

Sori roundish, indusia less than twice as long as broad. Indusium wholly inferior.

Indusium roundish or stellate. 2. Woodsia.

Indusium cup-shaped or somewhat 2-valved. 3. Dicksoitia.

Indusium partly inferior, fixed by a broad base and enclosing the sori like a hood.

4. Cystopleris.

Indusium superior, fixed bj' its centre or sinus. 5. Dryoptcris.

Sori linear or oblong ; indusia more than twice as long as broad.

Sori in chain-like rows parallel to the midribs or rachises. 7. Woodwardia.

Sori all oblique to the midrib or rachises ; veins free.

Sori confluent in pairs with an apparently double indusium opening in the middle ;

leaf simple. 8. Scolopendriiioi.

Sori single on the upper side of a veinlet or rarely crossing it.

10. Asplenium.

Sori partly parallel to the midrib, partlj^ oblique; veins united, q. Caniptosorus. Sori with marginal indusia formed of the more or less altered edge of the leaf. Sporanges at the ends of veins, borne on a refle.xed portion of the leaf.

11. Adiantnm .

Sporanges borne on a continuous vein-like receptacle which connects the apices of the

veins. 12. Plei is.

Sporanges at or near the ends of unconnected veins.

Leaves of two forms ; stipes pale. 13. Cryp/ograninia.

Leaves uniform ; stipes usually dark colored.

Sori mostly forming a continuous indusium around the segment.

14. Pellaca.

,Sori minute ; indusium usually interrupted, if continuous the segments small and bead-like. 15. Clu'ilaiillws.

Sori without indusia.

Sori linear and marginal. 16. N'o/Iiolaena.

Sori roundish or not more than twice as long as broad.

Stipes articulated to the rootstocks ; leaves in our species pinnatifid.

17. Polypod i II III.

Stipes not articulated to the rootstocks ; leaves in our species 2-3-pinnatifid or ternate.

6. Pliegopleris.

I. ONOCLEA L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753.

Coarse ferns with the fertile leaves closely rolled up into uecklace-like or berry-like segments, and entirely unlike the broad pinnatifid sterile ones. Sori round, borne on the back of the veins. Indusium very thin and membranous, hemispheric or hood-shaped, fixed at the inferior side of the sorus. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a dorsal ring, burst- ing transversely. Fertile leaves unrolling at maturity, allowing the spores to escape, and remaining long after the sterile leaves have been killed by frost. [Name ancient, not originally applied to these plants.]

Three species, natives of cold and temperate regions. Only the following are known to occur in North America.

Fertile leaf bipinnate ; veins anastomosing. Fertile leaf simply pinnate ; veins free.

1. O. sen si hi I is.

2. O. Strulliiopteris.

FERN FAMILY.

9

1. Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern. (Fig. 14.)

Onoclea sensibilis L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753.

Rootstock rather slender, copiously rooting ; fer- tile leaves i°-2^° high, persistent over winter, much contracted, and with short pinnules rolled up into berry-like closed involucres forming a nar- row panicle ; sterile leaves i°-4>i° high, broadly triangular, deeply pinnatifid, the segments lanceo- late-oblong, entire, undulate, or the lower pairs sinuate-pinnatifid ; veins freely anastomosing ; low- est segments tapering both ways from the middle ; veins forming a somewhat regular series of semi- elliptic areoles next the niidvein and numerous smaller areoles between this series and the margin.

In moist soil, Newfoundland and Ontario to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida, Louisiana and Kansas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virg-inia. Various in- termediate forms between the sterile and fertile leaves occur. Sensitive to early frosts. Aug.-Nov.

2. Onoclea Struthiopteris (L. ) Hoffm. Ostrich Fern. (Fig. 15.)

Osmiinda Struthiopteris L. Sp. PI. 1066. 1753.

Onoclea Struthiopteris Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2:11. 1795-

Rootstock stout, ascending, bearing a circle of sterile leaves with one or more fertile ones within. Fertile leaves high, simply

pinnate with necklace-shaped pinnae which are formed of the closely revolute margins ; sori crowded and confluent ; sterile leaves 2°-7° high, 6'-i5^ wide, broadly lanceolate, pin- nate, much the broadest above the middle and gradually tapering below, the lower pinnae being gradually much reduced ; veins pin- nate, free and simple ; texture firm ; rootstocks stoloniferous.

In moist thickets, especially along streams, Nova Scotia to New Jersey, west to British Columbia and Illinois. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Vermont. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Oct.

2. WOODSIA R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. ii : 170. 1812.

Small or medium-sized ferns, growing in rocky places, with 1-2-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and round sori borne on the backs of simply forked free veins. Indusia inferior, thin and often evanescent, roundish or stellate, either small and open or early bursting at the top into irregular lobes or segments. Stipes often jointed above the base and separating at the joint. [Name in honor of Joseph Woods, 1776-1864, English architect and botanist.]

About 15 species, natives of temperate and cold regions. Besides the following, another oc- curs in the southwestern United States.

Indusium minute or evanescent, flat, concealed beneath the sorus, its margin cleft into slender hair-like segments.

Stipes obscurely jointed near the base; cilia of the indusium inflexed over the sporanges.

Leaves with more or less rusty chaff underneath. i. IV. Ilvensis.

Leaves glabrous or nearly so.

Leaf lanceolate, not tapering below; pinnae cordate -ovate, 5-7-lobed. 2. W. alpina. Leaf linear or linear-oblong, often tapering both ways; pinnae deltoid. 3. W. glabella. Stipes not jointed; cilia of the indusium very short, hidden by the sporanges.

Puberulent; indusium deeply cleft, ending in hairs with cylindric cells. 4. W. scopiilina. Leaves and stipes glabrous ; indusium divided to centre into beaded hairs. 5. W. Oregana. Indusium distinct, at first enclosing the sporanges, splitting into jagged lobes. 6. W. obtusa.

lO

POLYPODIACEAE.

I. Woodsia Ilvensis (L. ) R. Br. Rusty Woodsia. (Fig. i6. )

Acrosliclium Ili'eiise'L,- Sp. PL 1071. 1753.

Woodsia Ilzrnsis R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 1S12.

173-

Rootstock short, caespitose. Leaves lanceolate, 4'- 10' long, pinnate, glabrous above, more or less covered with rusty chaff beneath, as are also the slender stipes ; pinnae crowded, sessile, piunately parted, the crowded segments oblong, obscurely crenate ; stipes jointed near the base ; sori borne near the margins of the segments, somewhat confluent when old ; indusium minute, concealed beneath the sorus, its margin cleft into filiform segments which are inflexed over the sporanges and inconspicuous, especially when the latter have scattered their spores.

On exposed rocks, Labrador and Greenland to the Northwest Territorj', south to North Carolina and Ken- tucky. Ascends to 5000 ft. in New Hampshire. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug.

2. Woodsia alpina ( Bolton) S. F. Gray. Alpine Woodsia. (Fig. 17. )

Acrosliclium alpiniim Bolton, Fil. Brit. 76. 1790. AcrosHchum hyperboreitm Liljeb. Act. Stockh. 201. 1793-

Woodsia liyperborca R. Br. Trann. Linn. Soc. 11 : 173. 1812.

Woodsia alpina .S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 17. 1821.

Rootstock short, caespitose. Leaves narrowly ob- long-lanceolate, 2'-6' long, 8"-i 2''' wide, scarcely narrower below the middle ; pinnae cordate-ovate or triangular-ovate, pinuately 5-7-lobed, glabrous or very nearly soon both surfaces; stipes jointed near the base ; sori somewhat scattered on the seg- ments ; indusium as in the preceding species.

On moist rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to Maine, northern New York and western Ontario. Ascends to 4200 ft. in Vermont. JuU'-Aug.

3. Woodsia glabella R. Br.

Woodsia. (Fig. 18).

Smooth

Woodsia glabella R. Br. App. Franklin's Journ. 754. 1823.

Rootstock small, caespitose. Stipes obscurely jointed at the base ; leaves linear or narrowly lan- ceolate, 2'-5' long, 4" 8" wide ; pinnae deltoid to ovate, the lower remote, obtuse, crenately lobed, often somewhat smaller than the middle ones, glabrous or nearly so ; sori scattered on the seg- ments ; indusium minute, membranous, with 6-10 radiating segments, covered by the sporanges, its filamentous segments only inflexed over them when young as in the two preceding species.

On moist rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to New H impshire, Vermont, northern New York and the north shore of Lake Superior. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer.

FERN FAMIIA'.

II

4. Woodsia scopulina D. C. Eaton. Rocky Mountain Woodsia. (Fig. 19.)

IVoodsia scopulina D. C. 1865.

Eaton, Can. Nat. 2 : 90.

Rootstock short, creeping, densely chaffy. Stipes 2'-4' long, not jointed, puberuleut like the rachis and lower surface of the leaf with minute flattened hairs and stalked glands; leaves lanceolate, long, tapering from about the middle to both ends ; pinnae numerous, oblong-ovate, pinnatifid into 10-16 oblong toothed segments ; indusium hidden beneath the sporanges, very deeply cleft into short cilia with cylindric cells

In crevices of rocks, northern Minnesota and west- ern Ontario to Oregon, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and in the Sierra Nevada to California. Summer.

5. Woodsia Oregana D. C. Eaton. Oregon Woodsia. (Fig. 20.)

]Voodsia Oregana D. C. Eaton, Can. Nat. 2 : 90. 1865. Woodsia obtusa var. Lyallii Hook. Syn. Fil. 48. 1868.

Rootstock short. Stipes and leaves glabrous throughout; stipes not jointed, brownish below; leaves 2'-io' long, elliptic-lanceolate, the sterile shorter than the fertile ; pinnae triangular-oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid ; lower pinnae reduced in size and somewhat remote from the others ; rachis straw-colored ; segments oblong or ovate, dentate or crenate, the teeth often reflexed and covering the submarginal sori ; indusia minute, concealed by the sporanges, divided almost to the centre into a few beaded hairs

On rocks, northern Michigan and Minnesota and Manitoba to British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and in the Sierra Nevada to Cal- ifornia. July-Aug.

6. Woodsia obtiisa (Spreng. ) Torr.

Polypodium obtusiim Spreng. Anleit. 92. 1804.

Hypopeltis obtusa Torr. Comp. 380. 1824.

Woodsia obtusa Torr. Cat. PI. in Geol. Rep. N. Y. 195. 1840.

Rootstock short, creeping. Stipes not jointed, pale green, 3'-6' long ; leaves broadly lanceolate, 6'-i5' long, minutely glandular-pubescent, nearly 2-pinnate ; pinnae rather remote, triangular-ovate, or oblong, pinnately parted into obtuse oblong crenate-dentatc segments ; veins forked and bear- ing the sori on or near the minutely toothed lobes ; indusium conspicuous, at first enclosing the spor- anges, at length splitting into several jagged lobes, which are much wider than those in any of the pre- ceding species.

On rocks. Nova Scotia (according to Macoun) and Maine to northern New York, Wisconsin and British Columbia, south to Georgia, Alabama, the Indian Ter- ritory and Arizona. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. July-Aug.

Blunt-lobed Woodsia. (Fig. 21.)

12

POLYPODIACEAE.

3. DICKSONIA L'Her. Sertum Aiigl. 30. 1788.

Large ferns with 2-vpinnatifitl leaves, and creeping or erect rootstocks, many tropical species arborescent. Sori small, globular, marginal or subniarginal. Sporanges borne in an elevated globular receptacle, enclosed in the membranous cup-shaped inferior indusium which is open at the top and on the outer side adherent to a reflcxcd toothlet of the leaf. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. Veins always free. [Name in honor of James Dickson, English nurseryman and botanist, 1738-1822.]

.\bout 50 species, of wide distribution, the greater number in tropical America and Polynesia.

I. Dicksonia punctilobula (Michx. ) A. Gray. Hay-scented Fern. (Fig. 22.)

NeplirodiKvi pum titobuluin Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 268. 1803.

Dicksonia pilosiuscula Willd. Enum. 1076. i8og. Dicksonia punclilubiila A. Gray, Man. 628. 1848.

Rootstock slender, extensively creeping, not chafiFy. Stipes stout, chaffless, pale green and sweet-scented ; leaves i°-3° long, s'-g' wide, ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, frequently long- attenuate, usually 3-pinnatifid, thin and delicate; rachis and under surface minutely glandular and pubescent ; sori minute, each on a recurved tooth- let, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe ; sporanges few; indusium cup-shaped with a delicate membranous irregular margin.

In various situations, most abundant on open hill- sides. New Brunswick and Ontario to Indiana and Min- nesota (according to Upham), south to .\labama and Tennessee, .\scends to 5600 ft. in Virginia. Aug.

4. CYSTOPTERIS Bernh. Schrad. Neues Journ. Bot. i: Part 2, 26. 1806.

Delicate rock ferns with slender stipes, 2-4-pinnate leaves, and roundish sori borne on the backs of the veins. Indusium membranous, hood like, attached by a broad base on its inner side and partly under the sorus, early opening and somewhat evanescent. Veins free. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a transverselj^ bursting vertical ring. [Greek, signifying Bladder-fern, in allusion to the inflated indusium.]

Five species, natives of the north temperate zone. Only the following known in North .\nierica.

leaves ovate -lanceolate or lanceolate, 2-3-pinnate.

Leaves broadest at base, long-tapering, bearing bulblets beneath. i. C. btilbi/cra.

Leaves scarcely broader at base, short-pointed; no bulblets. 2. C. frag il is.

Leaves deltoid-ovate, 3-4-pinnate. 3. C. rnontana.

I. Cystopteris bulbifera (X.) Bernh. Bulblet Cystopteris. (Fig. 23.)

Poly podium bulbifcrum L. Sp. PI. 1091. 1753.

Cystopteris bulbifera Bernh. Schrad. Neues Journ. Bot. i: Part 2, 26. 1806.

Rootstock short, copiously rooting. Stipes 4'-6' long, light colored; leaves elongated, lanceolate from a broad base, i°-2>2° long, 2-3-pinnatifid or pinnate ; pinnules crowded, toothed or pinnatifid ; rachis wingless, commonly bearing underneath in the axils of the pinnae and segments, large fleshy bulblets which fall away aud propagate the plant; indusia short, truncate on the free side, early thrown back and withering so that the sori appear naked at maturity.

On wet rocks and in ravines, especially on limestone, Quebec to Wisconsin, south to Tennessee and .\rkansas. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. July-.'^ug.

FERN FAMILY.

13

2. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Brittle Fern. (Fig. 24.)

Polypodiuni fragilc'U. Sp. PI. 1091. 1753.

Cyslopleris fraffilis Bernh. Schrad. Neues Journ. Bot. i : Part 2, 27. 1806.

Rootstock .short. Stipes 4'-8' long ; leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, only slightly taper- ing below, 4'-io' long, 2-3-pinnatifid or pin- nate ; pinnae lanceolate-ovate, irregularly pinnatifid, with a broad central space and bluntly or sharply toothed segments decur- rent along the margined or winged rachis, without bulblets ; iudusia narrow or acute at the free end, early withering and exposing the sori which finally appear naked ; texture membranous.

On rocks and in moist grassy woods, New- foundland to Alaska, south to Georgia and Ari- zona. Also in South and Central America, Europe, Asia and New Zealand ; almost cosmo- politan in distribution. Ascends to 5000 ft. in New Hampshire. May-July.

3. Cystopteris montana (Xam. ) Bernh. Mountain Cystopteris. (Fig. 25.)

Polypodium nionta)iiirn Lam. Fl. France, i : 23. 1778.

Cysiopleris montana Bernh. Schrad. Neues Journ. Bot. i : Part 2, 26. 1806.

Rootstock slender, widely creeping. Stipes 6'-9' long, slender ; leaves deltoid-ovate, 3-4- pinnate, about d' long and broad, the lowest pinnae deltoid-lanceolate and much larger than the upper, their inferior pinnules I'-i long ; segments deeply divided into oblong lobes, deeply toothed ; sori numer- ous ; indusia acute, soon withering, expos- ing the sori and causing them to appear naked at maturity.

On rocks, Labrador and Quebec to British Columbia, south to the north shore of Lake Su- perior, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Furope and Asia. Aug.

5. DRYOPTERIS Adans. Fam. PL 2: 20. 1763. [AsPiDiUM Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2 : 4. 1800.] Ferns with 1-3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and round sori usually borne on the backs of the veins, the fertile and sterile leaves similar in outline. Indusium flat or flattish, orbicular and peltate or cordate-reniform, superior, fixed by its sinus or depressed centre. Stipe con- tinuous, not jointed with the rootstock. Sporanges abundant, pedicelled, the vertical ring bursting transversely. Veins free in the northern species, uniting occasionally or even freely in some of the southern. [Greek, signifying Oak-fern, in allusion to the forest habitat of most species.]

About 350 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following some 10 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The first three species are sometimes -separated as a distinct genus. {Polystichum Roth, 1797.)

14

POLYPODIACEAE.

1. D. Loncltilis.

2. D. acrosliclioides.

3. D. Brattnii.

leaves piniiatifid.

4. D. Noveboracensis.

5. D. Thelypteris.

6. D. simiilala.

D. fi agrans.

8. D. crislata.

9. D. Goldieana.

10. D. marginalis.

11. D. Filix-mas.

Indusium orbicular, entire, peltate, fixed by the depressed centre. Leaves once pinnate.

Stipes short ; lower pinnae much reduced. Stipes longer ; lower pinnae usually little reduced. Leaves bipinnate. Indusium cordate-reniform or orbicular, fi.xed by the sinus. Texture thin-membranous ; veins simple or once forked : Lower pinnae verj- much reduced. Lower pinnae little smaller than the middle ones.

Veins 1-2-forked : sori crowded, 10 12 to a segment. Veins simple ; sori larger, distinct, 4-10 to a segment. Texture firmer, sometimes subcoriaceous ; veins forking freely. Leaves 2-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate ; segments not spinulose. Leaves small, narrowly lanceolate. Leaves larger, mostly i '2°-5° high. Indusia large, thinnish and flat. Pinnae widest at the base. Pinnae widest at the middle. Indusia convex, without marginal glands. .Sori near the margin. Sori near the midvein. Leaves 2-pinnate or 3-pinnatifid : segments spinulose-toothed.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, usuall3- not narrowed below ; scales of stipes usually with a

dark centre. 12. D. spinulosa.

Leaves elongated-lanceolate, usuallj- narrowed at the base ; scales of the stipes pale brown. 13. D. Bootlii.

I. Dryopteris Lonchitis ( L,. ) Kuntze. Holly-fern. fFig. 26.)

Polypoditivi Loiichilis L. Sp. PI. 1088. 1753. Aspidium Loiichilis ,Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2: 30. 1800. Dryopteris Lonclii t i sV^nw'a.t, Rev. Gen. PI. 813. 1891.

Rootstock short, stout, densely chaffy. Stipes i'-5' long, bearing large dark brown scales with some smaller ones ; leaves rigid, coriaceous, ever- green, narrowly lanceolate in outline, once pinnate; pinnae broadly lanceolate-falcate, i'-2' long, acute or acuminate at the apex, strongly auricled on the upper side at the base and obliquely truncate on the lower, densely spinulose-dentate, the lowest commonly triangular and shorter ; sori large, at length contiguous, borne nearer the margin than the midrib, commonly quite close to the margin ; indusium orbicular, entire, fixed by its depressed centre.

On rocks. Labrador to Alaska, south to Ontario and British Columbia, and in the Rockj' Mountains to Utah. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Aug.

2. Dryopteris acrostichoides (Michx. ) Kuntze. Christmas Fern. (Fig. 27.)

Nephrodiitm acrostichoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 267. 1803.

Aspidium acrostichoides Sw. Syn. Fil. 44. 1806. Dryopteris acrosticlioides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 812. 1891.

Rootstock stout, creeping. Stipes long, densel}- chaffy; lea\'cs lanceolate in outline, 6'-2° long, 3'-5' wide, rigid, evergreen, subcoriaceous, once pin- nate; pinnae linear-lanceolate, somewhat falcate, i'-3' long, acutish at the apex, half halberd-shaped at the base, bristly with appressed teeth, the lower little smaller, sometimes deflexed ; fertile fronds contracted at the summit, bearing the large contiguous sori near the middle, which soon cover the whole lower sur- face ; indusium orbicular, entire, fixed by its depressed centre, persistent.

In woods and on hillsides, most abundant in rocky places. Xew Brunswick and Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Ontario, Wisconsin and Mississippi. Ascends to 2700 ft. in Maryland. July-.\ug.

Fonus with cut-lobed or incised pinnae are known as var. Scliiveinitzii ; occasional forms are 2-pinnatifid.

FERN FAMILY.

15

3. Dryopteris Braunii (Spenner) Underw. Braun's Holly-fern. (Fig. 28.)

Aspidiinii Braiinii Spenner, Fl. Frib. I : 9. 1825. Aspiditnii aciilealuni var. Braunii Doell, Rhein. Fl. 21. 1843.

Dryopteris aculeala var. Braunn Undenv. Native I^erns, Ed. 4, 112. 1893.

Rootstock stout. Stipes 4'-5' long, chaffy with both broad and narrow brown scales ; leaves ob- long-lanceolate, not coriaceous, 2 pinnate, the rachis chaffy, at least below ; pinnae numerous, close together, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, broadest at the base, cut to the midvein into ovate or oblong pinnules ; middle pinnae -zYz'-i/ long, the lower gradually shorter ; pinnules truticate and nearly rectangular at the base, acute or obtuse, sharply toothed and beset with long soft hairs and scales ; sori small, mostly nearer the midvein than the margin ; indusium orbicular, peltate, entire.

In rocky woods, Quebec to Alaska, south to Maine, the mountains of Pennsylvania, and to Michipran and British Columbia. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Vermont. Aug.

4. Dryopteris Noveboracensis (L. ) A. Gra}-. New York Fern. (Fig. 29.)

Poly podium Noveboracense I,. Sp. PI. 1091. 1753. Aspidiiim Noveboracense Sw. Syn. Fil. 55. 1806. Dryopteris Noveboracensis K. Gray, Man. 630. i8j.8.

Rootstock slender, widely creeping. Leaves lanceolate, tapering both ways from the middle, i°-2° long, 4'-6' wide, membranous, long-acumi- nate at the apex, once pinuate ; pinnae lanceolate, sessile, long-acuminate, deeply pinnatifid, ciliate and finely pubescent beneath, 1/4 '-3' long, tlie two or more lower pairs gradually shorter and de- flexed, commonly distant ; segments flat, oblong, obtuse, the basal ones often enlarged ; veins simple or those of the basal lobes forked ; sori not con- fluent, borne near the margin ; indusium minute, reniform, delicate, gland-bearing, fixed by its sinus.

In moist woods and thickets, Newfoundland to On- tario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Arkansas. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Sometimes sweet-scented in di->'ing. July-Sept.

5. Dryopteris Thelypteris (I^.) A. Gray. Marsh Shield-fern. (Fig. 30.)

Acrostichitm Thelypteris \,. Sp. PI. 1071. 1753. Aspidiiim Tfielypteris Sw.Schrad. Journ.Bot.2: 40. 1800. Dryopteris Tlielypteris K. Gray, Man. 630. 1848.

Rootstock slender, creeping. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, scarcely narrower at the base than at the middle, i°-2j^° long, 4'-6' wide, short- acuminate at the apex, membranous, once pin- nate ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, short -stalked or sessile, mostly horizontal, acuminate at the apex, nearly truncate at the base, i/^'-3' long, slightly pubescent beneath, deeply pinnatifid ; segments ob- long, obtuse or appearing acute from the strongly revokite margins ; veins regularly once or twice forked; sori crowded, 10-12 to each segment; indusia reniform, slightly glandular or glabrous.

In marshes and wet woods, rarely in dry .soil, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Florida, Louisiana and Kansas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Vermont. Also in Europe and Asia, Summer.

i6

POLYPODIACEAE.

6. Dryopteris simulata Davenp. Massachusetts Shield-fern. (Fig. 31.)

Aspidiuiii siiiinlalum Davenp. Bot. Gaz.19 : 495. 1894- Dryoplcris simulata Davenp. Bot. Gaz. 19 : 497. 1894. As synonym.

Rootstock wide-creeping, slender, brownish ; stipes 6'-2o' long, straw-colored, dark brown at base, with deciduous scales; leaves S'-2c' long, 2'-~' wide, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to an acu- iiiinale apex (abruptly tapering in the fertile leaf), little or not at all narrowed at the base; pinnae 12- 20 pairs, lanceolate, pinnatifid, the segments ob- liquely oblong, obtuse, entire, slightly revolute in the fertile leaf; surfaces finely pubescent, especi- ally near the midribs; texture rather thin; veins simple, nearly straight ; sori rather large, .somewhat distant, 4-10 to each segment ; indusia finely glan- dular at the margins, withering-persistent.

In woodland swamps, New Hampshire to the Indian Territorj-. Close to the preceding species. Summer.

7. Dryopteris fragrans ( L. ) Schott. Fragrant Shield-fern. (Fig. 32.)

Polypodinvi fragrans L,. Sp. PI. 1089. 1753. Aspidium fragrans Sw. Schrad. Joum. Bot. 2 : 35. 1800. Dryopteris fragrans Schott, Gen. Fil. 1834.

Rootstock stout, chaffy with brown shining scales. Stipes 2'-4' long, chaffy ; leaves lanceolate, firm, glan- dular and aromatic, pinnate or nearly 2-pinnate, acuminate at apex, narrowed to the base, 3'-i2' long ; pinnae deeply pinnatifid, numerous, lanceolate, acute, long; segments oblong, obtuse, dentate or nearly entire, nearly covered by the large sori ; in- dusium thin, nearly orbicular, persistent long after the sporauges have matured, its margin ragged and sparingly gland-bearing, the sinus narrow.

On rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to Maine, Vermont, the Adirondack Mountains and Wisconsin. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Vermont. Also in Greenland, Europe and .A.sia.

8. Dryopteris cristata (L. ) A. Gray. Crested Shield-fern. ( Fig. 33. )

Polypodiu i?i c? istatiim L- Sp. PL 1090. 1753. Aspidium cristatuni Sw. Schrad. Joum. Bot. 2: 37. 1800. Dryopteris cristata A. Gra5-, Man. 631. 1848.

Rootstock stout, creeping, densely chaffy. Stipes of the sterile leaves 1'-^' long, those of the fertile 6'-io' long ; leaves liuear-oblong or lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, gradually and slightly nar- rowed to the base, rather firm, i°-2'/2° long, 4^-6' wide, pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate or triangular- ovate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid or the lower pinnate, the segments 6-10 pairs, serrate or incised; sori about midway between the margin and midrib; indusium thin, orbicular-reniform, glabrous.

In wet woods and swamps, Newfoundland to Mani- toba, south to Kentucky and .\rkansas. Ascends to 2700 ft. in Marj-land. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug.

Dryopteris cristata Clintoniana (D. C. Eaton) Undenv. Native Ferns, Ed. 4, 115. 1893. Aspidiiiin cristatuni var. Ct i ntoii ianum D. C. Eaton in A. Gray, jNIan. Ed. 5, 665. 1S67.

Leaves 2 '2°-4° long:, with oblongr-lanceolate pinnae, which are broadest at the base and 4'-6' long- ; segments 8-16 pairs, linear-oblong;, obscurely serrate : veins pinnately forking, bearing the sori near the niidvein. Maine and Ontario to New'jersey, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin.

FERN FAMILY.

17

9. Dryopteris Goldieana (Hook.) A. Graj-. Goldie's Fern

^spidium Goldieaniini Hook. Edinb. Pliilos. Journ. 6: 333. 1822.

Dryopteris Goldiana A. Gray, Man. 631. 1848.

Rootstock stout, widely creepiug, chaffy. Stipes io'-i8' long, cliafFy at least below ; leaves broadly ■ovate, rather firm, 2°-4° long, usually 1° or more wide, glabrous or nearly so, dark green above, pin- nate or nearly 2-pinnate ; lower pinnae broadly lanceolate, widest at about the middle, 6^-9' long, \'-2' wide, pinnately parted into about 20 pairs of oblong-linear subfalcate segments which are serrate with appressed teeth ; sori very near the midrib, close together but distinct, large ; in- dusium orbicular, fixed by its narrow sinus, glab- rous, persistent.

In rich woods, New Brunswick to Minnesota, soutli to North Carolina and Tennessee. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virg-inia and to 2500 ft. in Vermont. Julj'-Aug.

10. Dryopteris marginalis (L,. ) A. Gray. Evergreen Wood-fern

Polvpodiiitn niarffiiiale 'Li. Sp. PI. 1091. 1753. As'pi'd i mil iiiarginale Sw. Syn. Fil. 50. 1806. Dryiiptcris iinirginalis A. Gray, Man. 632. 1848.

Rootstock stout, ascending, densely chaffy with dark brown shining scales. Stipes 3'-8' long, chaffy below; leaves borne in a crown, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceo- late in outline, subcoriaceous, 6'-2^° long, pinnate or 2-pinnate, acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed at the base ; pinnae numerous, lanceolate, nearl}' sessile, glabrous, 2'-^' long, the lower broader and shorter than the middle ones, the upper pinnatifid, the lower pinnately parted into oblong, sometimes slightly fal- cate obtuse entire dentate or pinnately lobed pinnules ; sori distinct, close to the margin, covered by the glab- rous indusium which is fixed by its sinus.

In rocky woods and on banks. Prince Edward Island to the Northwest Territory, south to Alabama and Arkansas. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. A hybrid with D. cristata is described. Leaves evergreen. July-Aug.

II, Dryopteris Filix-Mas (I» Schott. Male Fern. (Fig. 36.)

Polypodium Filix-mas L. Sp. PI. 1090. 1753. _j{spidium Filix-mas Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2: 38. 1800. Dryopteris Filix-mas Schott, Gen. Fil. 1834.

Rootstock stout, ascending or erect, chaffy. Stipes 4'-6' long, very chaffy below ; leaves broadly oblong- lanceolate, acute, or acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed to the base, i°-3° long, rather firm, half .evergreen, pinnate or partly 2-pinnate ; pinnae lanceo- late, broadest at the base, gradually acuminate to the apex, 3'-6' long, pinnatifid almost to the rachis or pinnately divided into oblong glabrous lobes or pin- nules ; pinnules slightly dentate, incised or nearly en- tire; sori large, borne near the midvein, more numerous • on the lower halves of the segments ; indusium firm, convex, glabrous, orbicular-reniform, fixed by its sinus.

In rocky woods, Labrador to Alaska, south to northern Michigan and British Columbia, and in the Rockj- Moun- tains to Arizona. Also in Greenland, Europe and Asia, and in the Andes of South America. Aug. The rootstock ■.of this and the preceding species furnish the drug Filix- mas, used as a vermifuge.

2

l8 POLYPODIACEAE.

12. Dryopteris spinulosa (Retz) Kuntze. Spinulose Shield-fern. (Fig. 37.)

Polypodiion spiiiiilosi<»i Retz, FI. Scand. Ed. 2, 250. 1795. Aspidittni spiiinlosuDi S\v. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2:38. i8cxd. Dryopteris spiuulosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 813. 1891.

Rootstock stout, chaffy. Stipes 6'-i8' long, bearing a few pale brown deciduous scales ; leaves ovate-lan- ceolate, 2-piunate, the pinnae oblique to the rachis, elongated-triangular, rather thin, the lower pairs broadh^ triangular, slightly shorter than the middle ones ; pinnules oblique to the midrib, connected by a very narrow wing, oblong, incised or pinnatifid with spiuulose-toothed lobes; indusium glabrous, orbicular- reniform, fixed by its sinus.

In rich woods, Newfoundland to Alaska and Washing- ton, south to Kentucky and Michigan. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug.

Dryopteris spinulosa intermedia (Muhl.) Underw. Native Ferns, Ed. 4. 116 (1893).

Aspidiitm intermedium Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 5: 262. 1810. Dryopteris intermedia A. Gray, Man. 630. 1848. Aspidium spinulosum var. intermcdiiitn D. C. Eaton in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 665. 1867.

Scales of the stipes few, brown with a darker centre ; leaves oblong-ovate, 2-3-pinnate, the pinnae oblong-lanceolate, spreading, the lowest unequally triangular-ovate ; pinnules crowded,' pin- nately divided ; indusium delicate, beset with stalked glands. Labrador to Alaska, south to North Carolina and Missouri. (?) We have chosen this commonest American form for illustration.

Dryopteris spinulosa dilatata \ Hoffm. ) Underw. Native Ferns, Ed. 4, 116. 1893. Polypodiutn dilatatum Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 7. 1795. Aspidium spinulosum var. dilatatum Hook. Brit. Fl. 444. 1830. Dryopteris dilatata A. Gray, Man. 631. 1848.

Scales of the stipe large, brown with a darker centre; leaves broadiv ovate or triangular-ovate, commonly 3-pinnate ; pinnules lanceolate-oblong, the lowest often much elongated ; indusium glab- rous. Newfoundland to Washington and Alaska, south along the Alleghenies to North Carolina and Tennessee and to Ohio and Nebraska. Also in Europe and Asia.

13. Dryopteris Boottii (Tuckerm.) Underw. Boott's Shield-fern. (Fig. 38.)

Aspidium Boottii Tuckerm. Hovey 's Mag. 9: 145. 1843. Aspidium spinulosum var. Boottii D. C. Eaton in A.

Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 665. 1S67. Dryopteris Boottii Underw. Native Fems, Ed. 4, 117. i'893-

Rootstock stout, ascending. Stipes long, covered, at least below, with thin pale-brown scales ; leaves elongated-oblong or elongated- lanceolate in outline, thin, acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed at the base, nearly or quite 2-pinnate, i°-2}4° long, 3^-5' wide ; pinnae lanceo- late, long-acuminate, broadest at the nearly sessile base ; pinnules broadlj' oblong, very obtuse, the lower pinnatifid ; sori distinct, borne about half way between the midvein and margin ; indusium orbicular-reniform, minutely glandular.

In woods. Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to south- em New York, Delaware and Marv'land. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Vermont. Also in northern Europe and Asia. July-Sept.

6. PHEGOPTERIS Fee, Gen. Fil. 242. 1850-52.

Medium sized or small ferns with 2-3-pinnatifid or ternate leaves and small round sori borne on the backs of the veins below the apex. Stipe not jointed with the rootstock. Indusium none. Fertile (spore-bearing) and sterile leaves similar. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring, bursting transversely. [Greek, signifying Beech-fern.]

About 100 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the followitig another occurs in western North America.

Leaves triangular, 2-pinnatifid ; pinnae sessile, adnate to the winged rachis.

Leaves longer than broad, usually dark green. i. P. Pliegopteris.

Leaves as broad as long, or broader, usually light green. 2. P. hexaffo>ioptera.

Leaves ternate, with the three divisions petioled ; rachis wingless. 3. P. Dryopteris.

FERN FAMILY.

19

I. Phegopteris Phegopteris (L,. ) Underw. Long Beech-fern

Po!ypodii<))i Pluxop/i ris L. Sp. PI. lo8g. 1753. Phegopteris polypaduiides F6e, Gen. Fil. 243. 1850-52. Phegopleris PfugnpUris Underw.; Small, Bull. Torr. Clnb, 20 : 462. 1893.

Rootstock slender, creeping, somewhat chaffy at least when young. Stipes 6'-9' long ; leaves trian- gular, thin, mostly longer than wide, 4^-9' long, 3'- 6' wide, acuminate at the apex, pubescent, especi- ally on the veins beneath ; pinnae lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sessile, broadest above the base, pinnately parted very nearly to the rachis into oblong obtuse entire seg- ments, the lower pair deflexed and standing for- ward ; basal segments, at least those of the upper pinnae, decurreut and adnate to the winged rachis ; sori small, borne near the margin.

In moist woods and on hillsides, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to the mountains of Virginia, and to Michigan and Washington. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Vermont. Also in Europe and Asia. Aug.

2. Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx. ) Fee. Broad Beech-fern. (Fig. 40. )

Polypodiuvi hexagonopteriim Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.

2: 271. 1803. Phegopteris hexagonoptera F6e, Gen. Fil. 243. 1850-52.

Rootstock slender, creeping, chaffy, some- what fleshy. Stipes 8'-i8' long, straw-colored, naked ; leaves triangular, as broad as or broader than long, 7^-12' wide, slightly pubescent and often slightly glandular beneath, acuminate at the apex ; uppermost pinnae oblong, obtuse, dentate or entire, small, the middle ones lance- olate, acuminate, the very large lowest pair broadest near the middle, pinnately parted nearly to the midvein into linear-oblong obtuse segments ; sori mostly near the margin.

In dry woods and on hillsides, Quebec to Minne- sota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. Leaves fragrant. Aug.

3. Phegopteris Dryopteris (L. ) Fee. Oak-fern. (Fig. 41.)

Poly podium Dryopteris L. Sp. PI. 1093. 1753. Phegopteris Dryopteris Fee, Gen. Fil. 243. 1850-52.

■ Rootstock slender, creeping. Stipes slender, 4^-12' long, chaffy at least near the base ; leaves thin, broadly triangular, almost glabrous, 4'-8' wide, ternate, the three primary divisions stalked, pinnate or partly 2-pinnate, the terminal one slightly larger, all spreading more or less at right angles to the stipe ; pinnules lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, sessile ; segments oblong, obtuse, entire or crenate, close together.

In moist woods, thickets and swamps, Newfound- land to Alaska, south to Virginia, Minnesota, Oregon, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Ascends to 2400 ft. in the Catskills. Also in Europe and Asia. Aug. Phegopteris Dryopteris Robertiana (Hoffm.) Davenp.

Cat. Davenp. Herb. Suppl. 47. 1883. Polypodium Robertiamivi Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 1795. Phegopteris calcarea Fee, Gen. Fil. 243. 1850-52.

Stipes 6'-io' long, straw-colored when dry ; leaves 6'-8' long, mostly erect, 5'-7' wide, deltoid- ovate, 2-pinnate, the lowest pinnae much the largest, pinnatifid or again pinnate ; upper pinnae smaller, pinnatifid, lobed or entire; sori numerous. Labrador to Iowa and Idaho. Also in Europe.

20

POLYPODIACEAE.

1. /f. J''irgitiica.

2. W. areolala.

7. WOODWARDIA J. E. Smith. Mem. Acad. Tor. 5: 411. 1793.

Large and rather coarse ferns of swamps or wet woods, with pinnate or nearly 2-pinnate leaves and oblong or linear sori, sunk in cavities of the leaf and arranged in chain-like rows, parallel to the margins of the pinnae. Leaves all alike or the pinnae of the fertile ones much narrower than those of the sterile. Indusia subcoriaceous, fixed by their outer margins to a veinlet and covering the cavity like a lid. Veins more or less reticulated. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring, bursting transverseh-. [Name in honor of Thomas Jenkinson Woodward, 1745-1S20, English botanist.]

Six species, mostly of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs on the Pacific coast of Xorth America.

Leaves uniform : veins free between the sori and the margin. Leaves of two kinds ; veins ever>-where anastomosing.

1. Woodwardia Virginica (L.) J. E. Smith. Virginia Chain-fern. (Fig. 42.)

Blechuum I'iiginicum L. Mant. 2: 307. 1771. Wooduardia Virginica J. E. Smith, Mem. Acad. Tor. 5 : 412. 1793.

Rootstock long, stout, horizontal, subterra- nean or creeping, chafify. Stipesstout, i2'-iS' long, nearly or quite naked, dark-colored be- low ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, i°-2° long, 6'-9' ■wide, pinnate ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, usu- ally alternate or some of them opposite, coria- ceous, glabrous, acuminate at the apex, ses- sile, 3'-6' long, deeply pinnatifid into ovate or oblong obtuse segments, their margins minutely serrulate ; veins forming a single series of areolae on either side of the mid- vein, the sori borne ou -the outer curving veinlels ; sterile and fertile leaves similar in outline.

In swamps, often in deep water. Xova Scotia to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas. Ascends to 1300 ft. in Pennsylvania. Also in Bermuda. June-Julj-.

2. Woodwardia areolata (L.; Moore. Xet-veined Chain-fern. (Fig. 43.)

Acrostichuvi areolatuni L. Sp. PI. 1069. 1753. Woodwardia angusti/olia J. E. Smith, Mem.

Acad. Tor. 5: 411. 1793. Woodwardia areolata Moore, Index Filicum,

xlv. 1857.

Rootstock slender, widely creeping, chaflFj'. Leaves of two kinds, the fertile taller than the sterile and borne on longer stipes, i°-2° high, their pinnae much con- tracted, narrowl}- linear, 3'-5' long, 2"-3" ■wide, distant, their bases connected \>y a verj' narrow wing to the rachis or quite dis- tinct ; sterile leaves deltoid-ovate, membran- ous, broadest at the base, or sometimes with one or two small pinnae below, the apex acuminate, the segments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, minutely serrulate, sometimes undulate, their bases connected by a rather broad rachis-wing ; veins forming numerous areolae.

In swamps and moist soil, Maine to Florida. Tennessee, Louisiana, and Arkansas: also in Michigan, .\scends to 3000 ft. in Xorth Caro- lina. Aug. -Oct.

FERN FAMILY.

21

8. SCOLOPENDRIUM Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 20. 1763.

Large ferus with obloug or strap-shaped mostly entire leaves, and linear elongated sori which are almost at right angles to the midrib and contiguous in pairs, one on the upper side of a veinlet, the other on the lower side of the next contiguous veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening longitudinally along its middle. Sporanges pedicelled, the ring vertical, bursting transversely. [Greek, in allusion to the centipede, Scolopendra.'\

Five species, mainly of temperate regions. Only the following is known to occur in North America.

I. Scolopendrium Scolopendrium

(ly. )Karst. Hart's-tongue. (Fig. 44.)

Aspleniuin Scolopendrium L. vSp. PI. 1079. 1753. Scolopendri !( Ill vnlgarc J, E. Smith, Mem.

Acad. Tor, 5 : 421. 1793. Scolopendri II III Scolopciidriiiin Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 278. 1880-S3.

Rootstock short, erect or ascending, chaffy with light brown scales. Stipes I'-d' long, fibrillose-chaffy below or sometimes up to the base of the leaf ; leaves simple, bright green, firm, 7'-iS' long, I'-iYz' wide, cor- date at the base, the margins entire or un- dulate, the lower surface of the midrib some- times chaffy; pairs of sori distinct, i"-"!" long ; conspicuous on the lower surface, the sporanges dark brown at maturity ; veins free, usually once forked near the midrib.

On shaded cliffs of the corniferous limestone, Chittenango Falls and Jamesville, N. Y,; near South Pittsburg, Tenn. ; Owen Sound, Ont., New Brimswick and Mexico. Widely distrib- uted in Europe, Asia and Africa. Very variable in form in the Old World.

9. CAMPTOSORUS Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 69. 1833.

Slender ferns with tapering simple entire or undulate leaves, bearing linear or oblong sori several times longer than broad, irregularly scattered on either side of the reticulate veins or sometimes crossing them, partly parallel to the midrib and partly oblique to it, the outer ones more or less approximate in pairs. Indusium membranous. Sporanges pedi- celled, provided with a vertical ring which opens transversely. [Greek, referring to the bent or curved sori.]

Two species, the following of eastern North America, the other of northern Asia.

I. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L. ) lyink. Walking-fern. (Fig. 45.)

1753- Berol.

Aspleiiimn rhizophylla L. Sp. PI. 1078. Camptosorus rhizopliyllus Link, Hort, 69. 1833.

Rootstock short, usually creeping, somewhat chaffy. Stipes light green, i'-6' long, tufted, spreading ; leaves rather thin, lanceolate, sim- ple, long-acuminate at the apex, cordate, has- tate or rarely narrowed at the base, 4'-9' long, sometimes with a more or less elongated pair of basal auricles ; tip of the leaf and sometimes the tip of one or both of the basal auricles root- ing and forming a new plant by the ultimate withering away of its tissue, but commonly two or sometimes as many as four plants are found connected ; sori usually numerous, very irregularly scattered on the lower surface.

On dry rocks, preferring limestone, Quebec to Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Kansas, Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia, Aug. -Oct.

22 POLYPODIACEAE.

lo. ASPLENIUM L. Sp. PI. 1078. 1753.

Large or small ferns with simple lobed piunate 2-3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, and linear or oblony sori oblique to the midribs or rachises. Leaves uniform, or the fer- tile sometimes different from the sterile. Veins free in our species. Indusia straight or curved, opening towards the midribs when single. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with an •elastic ring, bursting transversely. [Ancient Greek name ; some species were supposed to be remedies for diseases of the spleen.]

A genus of some 350 species, of verj- wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, five otliers occur in Florida and three in the western parts of the United States.

Sori straight or rarely slightly curved, attached to the upper side of a vein ; leaves mcstly small (except in No. 7). Leaves pinnatifid or pinnate below, tapering to a point.

Stipes blackish below: lobes rounded or the lowest acuminate. I. A. piiiiiatifidum.

Stipes blackish throughout ; lobes acute or acuminate. 2. A. ebeiioidfs.

Leaves once pinnate.

Pinnae ,^ -12" long, mostly blunt.

Rachis chestnut-brown or blackish.

Pinnae auricled at the upper side of the base.

Pinnae opposite, oblong ; rachis dark brown or black. 3. A. pari'uhini. Pinnae partlj- alternate, lanceolate ; rachis chestnut-brown.

4. A. plalvneuron.

Pinnae not auricled, partly alternate, partly opposite. 5. A. Trichonianes.

Kachis green ; pinnae not auricled. 6. A. viride.

Pinnae 2' -5' long, acute or acuminate. 7. A. angtistifolitim.

Leaves 2-3-pinnatifid.

Stipes green ; leaves ovate-deltoid ; pinnules fan-shaped, veins flabellate.

8. A. Rnta-mni'aria.

Stipes dark at the base, green above.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, broadest near the base. 9. A. montanum.

Leaves lanceolate, broadest above the middle. 10. A. fontannni.

.Stipes chestnut-brown throughout, as also the lower part of the rachis.

II. A. Bradleyi.

Sori usually more or less curved, sometimes horseshoe-.shaped, often crossing to the outer or lower side of the veinlet ; large ferns. ( No. 7 niaj' be looked for here. ) Leaves 2-pinnatifid ; segments blunt, scarcelj- crenate. 12. A. acrostichoides.

Leaves 2-pinnate ; pinnules acute, toothed or pinnatifid. 13. A. Filix-foct)iina.

I. Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt. Pinnatifid vSpleenwort. (Fig. 46.)

Asploiiiivi pinnalifidiim Nutt. Gen. 2 : 1818.

251-

" Rootstock short, creeping, branched, chaffj-. Stipes tufted, polished, blackish be- low, green above, 1'-^' long, somewhat chaffy below, at least when young ; leaves broadly lanceolate in outline, 3'-io' long, firm, tapering upward to a long narrow point, pinnatifid or the lower parts pinnate ; lowest pinnae or occasionally several pairs sometimes tapering to a point like that of the apex of the leaf; lobes or pinnae rounded or the lowest acuminate; sori commonly numerous, straight or slightly curved.

On rocks, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Illinois, south to Georgia, Alabama and Arkan- sas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in North Carolina. The end of tlie long tip of the leaf sometimes takes root as in the Walking-fern. Julv-Oct.

FERN FAMILY.

23

2. Asplenium ebenoides R. R. Scott. Scott'.s Spleenwort. (Fig. 47.)

Asplenhim ebenoides R. R. Scott, Jouni. Roy. Hort. See. 87. 1866.

Rootstock short, chaffy. Stipes blackish through- out, tufted, long; leaves lanceolate in out- line, variable in size and length, 3'-9' long, ■wide at the base, firm, tapering into a very long narrow acuminate apex, piunatifid, or commonly pinnate below, the segments or pinnae lanceolate from a broad base, acute or acuminate, irregular in length, the lower sometimes shorter than those just above; sori several on each segment, straight or slightly curved ; indusium narrow, reflexed when the sporanges are mature.

On limestone, Connecticut to Indiana, south to Ala- hama. Rare and local except in the last named local- ity. Ascends to 1400 ft. in Virginia. The plant usually occurs with Canipjosorus rhizopliyllus Asplenium platyneiiron and is suspected of being a hybrid between them.

Asplenium parvulum Mart. & Gal. Spleenwort. (Fig. 48.)

Smal

Aspleniuiii pai-viiluni Mart. & Gal. Mem. Acad. Brux. 15: [reprint 60.] 1842.

Rootstock short, creeping, chaffy with black stiff scales. Stipes tufted, blackish and shining, \'-2' long; leaves rather firm, linear-oblong or linear-oblanceolate, 3^-10'' long, wide, once pinnate ; pinnae long,

mostlj' opposite, oblong, obtuse, entire or creuulate, auricled on the upper side and nearlj^ sessile, the middle ones the longest, the lower gradually shorter and re- flexed ; rachis dark brown or black ; sori oblong, short, borne about midway between the midrib and the margin of the pinnae, nearly or quite straight.

On limestone, Virginia to Florida, west to Missouri, Texas and New Mexico. Ascends to 2400 ft. in Virginia. Also in Mexico. June-Oct.

4. Asplenium platy neuron (L. ) Oake.s. Ebony Spleenwort.

Acroslicinim platynenros L,. Sp. PI. 1069. 1753. Aspleniiivi cbcneum Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 462. 1789. Asplenium plafyneuron Oakes ; D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. A. i: 24. 1879.

Rootstock short. Stipes densely tufted, pur- plish-brown and shining, i'-4' long; leaves lin- ear, 8^-15' long, wide, firm, once pinnate, the rachis chestnut-brown ; pinnae 20-40 pairs, lanceolate, subfalcate, alternate or partly so, ses- sile, crenate, serrate or incised, auricled on the up- per side at the base and occasional!}' also on the lower ; lower pinnae gradually smaller and oblong or triangular ; sori S-12 on each side of the midrib of the pinnae, becoming crowded at maturity.

On rocks and banks, preferring limestone soil, Maine and Ontario to Florida, west to Colorado, the In- dian Territory, Louisiana and Texas. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. July-Sept.

24

POLYPODIACEAE.

5. Asplenium Trichomanes L. Maiden- hair Spleenwort. (Fig. 50. )

Asplenium Trichomanes L. Sp. PI. 1080. 1753.

Rootstock short, nearly erect, chaffj' with blackish scales. Stipes densely tufted, commonly numerous, I'-S' long, purplish-brown and shining; leaves linear in outline, 3'-S' long, ()"-\o" wide, rather rigid, once pinnate, evergreen ; pinnae oval or rouudish-obloug, inequilateral, parth- opposite, partly alternate, or nearly all opposite, cuneate at the base, the point of attachment to the dark brown rachis narrow, their margins slightly crenate ; sori 3-6 on each side of the forking and evanescent midrib, short, narrowed at either end ; sporanges dark brown when mature.

On rocks, preferring: limestone, througrhout nearly the whole of North .\nierica except the extreme north. .\scends to 2500 ft. in Vermont. .\1bo in Europe, Asia,. South .Africa and the Pacific Islands. July-,Sept.

6. Asplenium viride Huds. Green Spleen- wort. (Fig. 51.)

Asplenium viride Huds. Fl. .\ngl. 385. 1762.

Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy with brown nerve- less scales. .Stipes numerous, densely tufted, brown- ish below, green above ; leaves linear-lanceolate, I'-W long, \"-\q" wide, once pinnate, pale green, soft, herbaceous or almost membranous ; rachis green ; pinnae 12-20 pairs, ovate or rhomboid, deeply crenate, obtuse, unequal sided, their upper edges nar- rowed suddenly at the base, the lower obliquely trun- cate; sori oblong and numerous or scattered and fewer.

On rocks, New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to the Green ^lountains of Vermont. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer.

7. Asplenium angustifolium Michx. Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. (Fig. 52.)

Asplenium a)ig;uslifoliuni Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:265. 1803.

Rootstock stout, creeping, rooting along its whole length. Stipes growing in a crown, brownish or green above, chaffless, 8'-i2'' long, sometimes slightly scaly toward the base ; leaves lanceolate in outline, i°-2° long, once pinnate, glabrous ; pinnae 20-30 pairs, linear-lanceolate, or those of the sterile leaves lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, obtuse or truncate at the base, 2^-5' long, flaccid, the mar- gins entire or slightly crenulate ; fertile leaves com- monly taller than the sterile, narrower, their pinnae generally much narrower, often falcate ; sori 20-30 on each side of the midrib, linear, close together, the indusia at length concealed by the mature sporanges.

In moist woods and .shaded ravines, Quebec to Wis- consin, south to Virginia and Kentucky, .\scends to 1700 ft. in the .Adirondacks,to 2300 in the Catskills. Aug.

FERN FAMILY.

8. Asplenium Ruta-muraria L. Wall Rue Spleenwort. (Fig. 53.)

Asplenium Ru/a-iiiiiraria L. Sp. PI. loSi. 1753.

Rootstock short, ascending. Stipes tufted, naked, slender, green, 2'-^' long ; leaves ovate or deltoid- ovate in outline, 2'-^' long, glabrous, evergreen, 2-3- pinnate or pinnatifid above ; pinnae and pinnules stalked; pinnules rhombic or obovate, mostly obtuse, dentate or incised, cuneate at the base ; veins flabel- late ; sori few, linear-oblong, confluent when mature and covering nearly the whole pinnule, the indusium membranaceous and delicate.

On limestone, Vermont to Michigan, south to Alabama and Missouri. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe, Asia and northern Africa. July-Sept.

25

9. Asplenium montanum Willd. Mountain Spleenwort. (Fig. 54.)

Asploiiiim niontainim Willd. Sp. PI. 5 : 342. 1810.

Rootstock short, chaffy at the summit. Stipes tufted, naked, slender, blackish at the base, green above, 2'-3' long ; leaves ovate-lanceolate in outline, acuminate at the apex, rather firm, 1-2-pinnate ; lower pinnae longest, pinnate or pinnatifid, the lobes or seg- ments ovate or oblong ; upper pinnae less divided, merely toothed or incised ; veins obscure ; sori linear- oblong, short, the lower ones sometimes double, usu- ally abundant, often confluent at maturity and con- cealing the narrow membranous indusia.

On dry and moist rocks, Connecticut and New York to Georgia, west to Ohio and Arkansas. Ascends to 4500 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug.

10. Asplenium fontanum (L,. ) Bernli. Rock Spleenwort. (Fig. 55.)

Polypodium foii/aituni L. Sp. PI. 1089. 1753. Asplenium fonta)iuni Bemh. Sclirad. Jouni. Bot. i : 314- 1799-

Rootstock short, ascending, clothed with narrow dark scales at the apex. Stipes tufted, y'-j,' long, somewhat blackish at the base especially on the inner side, usually glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, broadest above the middle, thin, 2-3-pinnate, 3'-6' long, (>"-\yz' wide, acuminate at the apex, nar- rowed to the base ; pinnae 10-15 pairs, the seg- ments deeply dentate with spinulose teeth ; sori only I to 4 on each segment, covered with a mem- branous subentire indusium, rarely confluent.

On rocks, Lycoming Co., Pa., and Springfield, Ohio. The rarest North American fern ; common in Europe. Summer.

26

POLYPODIACEAE.

II. Asplenium Bradleyi D. C. Eaton, ley's Spleenwort. (Fig. 56.)

Brad-

Asplenium Bradleyi D. C. Eaton, Bull. Torr. Club, 4:11. 1873-

Rootstock short, chafF^' with brown scales. Stipes tufted, slender, 2'-3'long, chestnut-brown throughout; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, acuminate at the apex, not narrowed at the base, pinnate with 8-12 pairs of short-stalked or sessile, obloug-ovate pinnae, the lower again pinnatifid or pinnate with oblong obtuse lobes or pinnules, which are toothed at the apex, the upper pinnatifid with dentate or nearly entire lobes ; rachis brown ; sori short, borne near the midrib, covered with the narrow indusium until ma- turity.

On rocks, 'preferring limestone, New York to Georgia and Alabama, west to Arkansas. Local. July-Sept.

12. Asplenium acrostichoides S\v. Silvery Spleenwort. ( Fig. 57. )

Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2: 54. 1800.

Aspleniinn thelvptcroides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 265. 1803.

Rootstock slender, sinuous, creeping. Stipes 8'-i2' long, straw-colored, somewhat chaff}- below at least when j'oung ; leaves lanceolate iu outline, i°-3° long, 6'-i2'' wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, piuuate-pinnatifid ; pinnae linear-lanceo- late, sessile, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid into numer- ous oblong obtuse or subacute, slightly crenate seg- ments ; sori crowded, slightly curved or straight, the lower ones often double; indusium light-colored and somewhat shining when young.

In rich moist woods. Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Kentucky. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Also in eastern Asia. Aug. -Oct.

13. Asplenium Filix-foemina (L.) Bernh. Lady-fern. (Fig. 58.).

Polypodiu))i Filix-focniina L. Sp. PI. 1090. 17,53. Asplenium Filix-foemina Bernh. Schrad. Neues Journ. Bot. 1: Part 2, 26. 1806.

Rootstock creeping, rather slender for the size of the plant. Stipes tufted, 6'-io' long, straw-colored, brownish or reddish ; leaves broadlj' oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, i°-3° long, 2-pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, short-stalked or the upper ones sessile, 4'-8' long; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, incised or serrate, their lobes or teeth often again toothed, those toward the ends of the pinnae confluent by a very narrow margin to the secondary rachis ; sori short, the iudusia straight or variously cur\'ed, sometimes horseshoe-shaped.

In woods, thickets, and bj- walls and fences. Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to Florida, Louisiana and Ari- zona, thus throughout nearlj- all of North America. Ascends to 6000 ft. inNorth Carolina, and to 2000 ft. in Vermont. Also in Europe and Asia. June-.\ug.

FERN FAMILY.

27

II. ADIANTUM I,. Sp. PI. 1094. 1753.

Graceful ferns of rocky hillsides, woods and ravines, with much divided leaves and short marginal sori borne on the under side of the reflexed and altered portion of the pinnule which serves as an indusium. Stipes and branches of the leaves very slender or filiform, polished and shining. Sporanges borne at the ends of free forking veins, provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. [Name ancient.]

A genu.s of 80 or 90 species, mostly of tropical America. Besides the following another occurs in Florida, one in Texas and one in California.

Leaves 2-pinnate, ovate -lanceolate in outline. Leaves dichotoniously forked with pinnate branches.

1. A. Capilliis-\'cneris.

2. .-I. pcda/iini.

I. Adiantum Capillus-Veneris

Adiani7ini Capilhts- Veneris L- vSp. PI. 1096. 1753-

Rootstock creeping, rather slender, chaffy with light-brown scales. Stipes very slender, black, or nearly so and shining, 3^-9' long ; leaves ovate-lanceolate in outline, 2 pinnate below, simply pinnate above, membranous, commonly drooping, 6'-2° long, ^'-12' wide at the base ; pinnules and upper pinnae wedge-obovate or rhomboid, rather long- stalked, glabrous, the upper margin rounded and more or less incised, crenate or dentate- serrate, except where it is recurved to form the indusia ; main and secondary rachises and stalks of the pinnules black or dark brown like the stipe.

In ravines, Virginia to Florida, west to Mis- souri, Utah and California, Ascends to 1300 ft. in Kentucky. Also in tropical America, and widely di.stributed in the warmer parts of the Old World. June-Aug.

ly. Venu.s-hair Fern. (Fig. 59.)

2. Adiantum pedatum I,. Maiden-hair Fern. (Fig. 60. )

Adianlion pedaliiin L- Sp. PI. 1095. 1753.

Rootstock slender, creeping, chaffy, root- ing along its whole length. Stipes g'-iS' long, dark chestnut-brown, polished and shining, dichotomously forked at the sum- mit ; leaves obliquely orbicular in outline, 8'-i8^ broad, membranous, the pinnae arising from the upper sides of the two branches of the stipe, somewhat radiately arranged, the larger ones 6'-io' long, i'-2' wide ; pinnules oblong, triangular-oblong, or the terminal one fan-shaped, short-stalked, the lower margin entire and slightly curved, the upper margin cleft, lobed or dentate, bearing the linear-oblong, often short sori.

In woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Georgia and Arkansas, in the Rocky Mountains to Utah and to California. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Also in Alaska and west- ern Asia. July-Sept.

28

POLYPODIACEAE.

12. PTERIS L. Sp. PI. 1073. 1753.

Large, mostly coarse ferns, our species growing in sunny places, with variously divided or in some tropical species simple leaves, and marginal linear continuous sori which occupy a slender or filiform receptacle, connecting the tips of free veins. Indusium membranous, formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf. Sporanges pcdicelled, provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. Stipes continuous with the rootstock. [Greek name for ferns, from the fancied resemblance of their leaves to the wings of birds.]

About 100 species of verj' wide geographic distribution, mostly of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, three others occur in the southeasteni United States,

I. Pteris aquilina L. Brake. Bracken. (Fig. 61.)

Pleris aquilina L,, ,Sp. PI. 1075. 1753.

Rootstock stout, woody, horizontal, subterranean. Stipes i°-2° long, straw colored or brownish ; leaves 2°-4° long, i°-3° wide, usually glabrous, ter- nate, the three branches each 2-piunate ; upper pin- nules undivided, the lower more or less pinnatifid.

In drj' or moist sunny places, distributed over nearly the whole of Xorth .\merica, except the extreme north, and over nearly the whole of the Old World, .\scends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. Forms with pubescent lower leaf surfaces occur in southern New York and New Jersey. July-Sept.

Pteris aquilina caudata (L. ) Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 196. 1858. Pleris caudata L,. Sp. PI. 1075. 1753.

Pinnules sometimes linear and entire, or with the segments less crowded and the terminal lobe attenuate, narrow and entire. In sandy soil, New York to F'lorida and Texas, and in tropical America.

13. CRYPTOGRAM MA R. Br. App. Franklin's Journ. 767. 1823.

Light green, alpine and arctic ferns with leaves of two kinds, the segments of the sterile much broader than those of the fertile, the sporanges in oblong or roundish sori, which are at length confluent and cover the backs of the fertile pinnules. Indusium formed of the somewhat altered margin of the pinnule, at first reflexed to the midrib, so that the segments appear pod-like, at length opening out flat. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely, borne at or near the ends of unconnected veins, copious, light brown. [Greek, in allusion to the hidden sporanges.]

Two species, the following of northern North America, the other of boreal regions of Old World.

I. Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. American Rock-brake. (Fig. 62.)

Cryplogramma acrostichoides R. Br. App.

Franklin's Journ. 767. 1823. Allosorus acrostichoides Spreng. Syst. 4 : 66.

1827.

Rootstock rather stout, short, chaffy. Stipes densely tufted, straw-colored, 2^-6' long, chaffy below, very slender ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, thin, glabrous, 2-3-pinnate, the sterile shorter than the fertile, their ultimate segments and pinnules crowded, ovate, oblong or obovate, obtuse, crenate or slightly incised ; fertile leaves with linear or linear-oblong segments 3"-6" long, i" or less wide, the margins involute to the midrib at first, at maturity expanded and exposing the light brown sporanges.

Forming dense patches among rocks, Labra- dor and Hudson Bay to Alaska, .south to Lakes Huron and Superior, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and to California. Summer.

FERN FAMILY.

29

14. PELLAEA Link, Fil. Hort. Berol. 59. 1841.

Rock-loving small or medium-sized ferns with pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and intra- marginal sori borne on the ends of unconnected veins, at length confluent and forming a marginal line. ludusium commonly broad and membranous, formed of the reflexed mar- gins of fertile segments which are more or less modified and membranous. Fertile and sterile leaves similar. Stipes usually dark-colored. Sporanges provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely, pedicelled, copious, usually dark brown. [Greek, in allusion to the dark-colored stipes. ]

About 55 species, of wide g-eographic distribution. Besides the following, some 12 others oc- cur in the western and southwestern parts of North America.

Texture of the leaves thin; veins plainly visible. i. P. Stelleri.

Texture coriaceous ; leaves evergreen; veins obscure.

Leaves pinnate or 2-pinnate with large pinnules. 2. P. airopitrpjirea.

Leaves small, 3-pinnate, the pinnules narrow. 3. P. densa.

I. Pellaea Stelleri (S. G. Gmel.)

2. Pellaea atropurpurea fL.) Link. Purple-stemmed Cliff-brake. (Fig. 64.)

Pteris atropurpurea'Li. Sp. PI. 1076. 1753. Pellaea atropurpurea Link, Fil. Hort. Berol. 59. 1841.

Rootstock short, densely clothed with rusty slender hair-like scales. Stipes tufted, I'-d' long, dark purple or nearly black ; leaves coriaceous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- late in outline, 4^-12' long, 2'-6' wide, simply pinnate or 2-pinnate below ; rachis dark-brown or purple, glabrous or pubes- cent ; pinnules and upper pinnae long, glabrous, 3" or less wide, short-stalked or sessile ; indusium formed of the slightly al- tered incurved margin of the pinnules ; veins obscure, commonly twice forked.

On rocks, preferring limestone, Ontario to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Georgia, the Indian Terri- tory, Arizona and northern Mexico. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. June-Sept.

att. Slender Cliff-brake. (Fig. 63.)

Pteris Stelleri S. G. Gmel. Nov. Com. Acad.

Petrop. 12 : 519. pi. 12. f. i. 1768. Pteris gi'acilis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 262.

1803.

Pellaea gracilis Moo^L. Sp. Fil. 2: 138. 1858. Pellaea Stelleri Watt, Can. Fil. No. 2. 1869-70.

Rootstock slender, creeping, thread-like, somewhat scaly. Stipes scattered, 2^-3' long, straw-colored or pale brown, slightly chaffy below ; leaves thin-membranous, ovate in outline, 2'-^' long, wide, 2-3-pinnate or pinnatifid above, the fertile taller than the sterile and with narrower pinnules and seg- ments ; pinnae lanceolate-deltoid, cut to the rachis into a few blunt or subacute slightly lobed or entire segments ; indusium broad, continuous ; veins of the fertile leaves mostly only one-forked, everywhere apparent and conspicuous.

On rocks, preferring limestone, Labrador to British Columbia, south to Massachusetts, Penn- sylvania, Iowa, "Wisconsin and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Vermont. Also in Asia. Aug.-Sept.

30

POLYPODIACEAE.

3. Pellaea densa TBrack.) Hook. Oregon Cliff-brake. (Fig. 65.)

Oiiychiuni deiisum Brack. Fil. U. S. Expl. Exp. 120. 1S54.

Pellaea densa Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 150. 1858.

Rootstock rather slender, chaflfy with blackish scales. Stipes densely tufted, wiry, slender, light brown, 3^-9' long; leaves ovate or triangular-oblong in out- line, I '-3' long, densely 3-pinnate, the seg- ments 3"-6" long, linear, nearly sessile, acuminate or mucronate, those of the fer- tile leaves tapering at each end, with narrowly recurved margins ; apices of the rare sterile leaves sharph' serrate, these otherwise similar to the fertile ones.

Mt. Albert, Gaspe. Quebec. Also from British Columbia to Wyoming and California. Summer.

15. CHEILANTHES Sw. Syn. Fil. 126. 1806. Mostly pubescent or tomentose rock-loving and small ferns with much di\'ided leaves, the sori terminal on the veins, at first small, ultimately more or less confluent. ludiisium formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf, roundish and distinct or more or less conflu- ent. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with an elastic ring which bursts transversely, often much concealed in the scales or tomentum which covers the segments in many species. [Greek, in allusion to the lipped indusia of some species.]

About 65 species, of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 14 others

occur in the western and southwestern parts of North America and one in Florida. Leaves nearly glabrous, 2-pinnate. i. C. Alabamensis.

Leaves hirsute and glandular, not tomentose ; indusia not continuous. 2. C. lanosa. Leaves more or less tomentose : indusia mostl5' continuous.

Leaves a'-j' long ; stipes slender, at length nearly glabrous. 3. C. ,^racilis.

Leaves 6'-i5' long ; stipes stout, densel}' brown-tomentose. 4. C. tomentosa.

I. Cheilanthes Alabamensis (Buckl.) Kunze. Alabama Lip-fern. (Fig. 66.)

Pleris Alabamensis Buckl. Amer. Jouni. Sci. 45 : I//- 1843.

Cheilanthes Alabamensis Kunze, Linnaea, 20 : 4. 1847.

Rootstock creeping, rather stout and short, clothed with slender brown scales. Stipes black, 3'-7' long, slender, wiry, villous at least towards the base with rusty wool ; leaves lanceolate in outline, glab- rous, 2'-io'long, 2-pinnate ; pinnae numer- ous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, very short-stalked, the lowest usually smaller than those above ; pinnules oblong or tri- angular-oblong, mostly acute, often auricu- late on the upper side at the base, more or less toothed or incised ; indusia pale, mem- branous, interrupted by the incising of the pinnae.

On rocks, Virginia to Alabama, west to Illi- nois, Arkansas and Arizona. Aug.-Oct.

FERN FAMILY.

31

2. Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) Watt.

Nephrodiiim lanositin Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 270. 1803.

Cheilanthes vesiila Sw. Syn. Fil. 128. 1806. Cheilanthes lanosa Watt, Trimen's Jouni. Bot. 12 : 48. 1874.

Rootstock short, creeping, covered with pale rusty-brown scales. Stipes tufted, wiry, chestnut- brown, '2'-\' long, hirsute ; leaves herbaceous, oblong-lanceolate in outline, 4'-9' long, wide, gradually attenuate to the apex, 2-pinnate ; pin- nules somewhat distant, lanceolate-deltoid, acute, deeply pinnatifid or incised, more or less covered with almost bristly hairs and usually somewhat glandular, obtuse or subacute ; sori numerous, cov- ered by the infolded ends of the rounded or oblong lobes.

On rocks, southern New York to Georgia, west to Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. Ascends to 1900 ft. in North Carolina. July-Sept.

3. Cheilanthes gracilis (Fee) Mett.

Hairy Lip-fern. (Fig. 67.)

Cheilanthes tomentosa L,ink. Lip-fern. (Fig. 69.)

Slender Lip-fern.

Myi'ioptei'is gracilis Vee, Gen. Fil. 150. 1850-52. Cheilanthes lanugitiosa Nutt. ; Hook. Sp. Fil. 2; 99. 1858.

Cheilanthes gracilis Mett. Abh. Senck. Nat. Gesell. 3: [reprint 36]. 1859.

Rootstock short, covered with narrow brown scales lined with black. Stipes densely tufted, slender, about as long as the leaves, at first cov- ered with woolly hairs, at length nearly glab- rous ; leaves ovate-lanceolate in outline, 2''-4'' long, i'-2'wide, 3-pinnate or 2-pinnate with the pinnules pinnatifid, the upper surface slightly tomentose, the lower densely matted with whit- ish-brown woolly hairs ; upper pinnae oblong- ovate, the lower deltoid, the lowest distant ; ul- timate segments or lobes minute, the terminal ones slightly larger than the others, all roundish or obovate and much crowded ; indusium nar- row, formed of the inroUed unchanged margin of the segments.

On rocks, Illinois and Minnesota to British Columbia, south to Texas and Arizona. July-Oct.

Woolly

Cheilanthes tomentosa I<ink, Hort. Berol. 2: 42. 1833.

Rootstock stout, short, densely chaffy with slen- der light brown scales. Stipes tufted, 4^-8' long, rather stout, densely brown-tomentose even when mature ; leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline, 3-pin- nate, 6'-i8' long, densely tomentose, especially be- neath, with slender brownish-white obscurely artic- ulated hairs ; pinnae and pinnules ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the ultimate pinnules about long, the terminal ones sometimes twice as large as the others ; indusia pale, membranous, continuous.

On rocks, Virginia to Georgia, west to Missouri, Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Ascends to 1900 ft. in North Carolina. July-Oct.

32

POLYPODIACEAE.

i6. NOTHOLAENA R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Xov. Holl. i: 145. 1810.

Mostly small rock-loving ferus, with 1-3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and marginal roundish or obloug sori, which are at first distinct but soon confluent into a narrow band. Indusium none, but the sporanges are sometimes at first covered by the inflexed margin of the leaf. Veins free. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical transversely bursting ring. Lower surface of the leaf often covered with a white or yellow waxy powder, or in some species with a dense tomentum. [Greek, in allusion to the woolly lower surfaces.]

About 40 species, of wide distribution, most numerous in America. Besides the following, some 13 others are found in the mountainous portions of the southwestern United States.

I. Notholaena nivea dealbata

(Pursh I Daveiip. Powdery Xotholaena. (Fig. 70.)

Cheilauthes dealbata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 671. 1814.

Xot/iolaeiia dealbata Kunze, Amer. Joum. Sci.

(II.) 6: 82. 1848. Xotholaena nivea var. dealbata Davenp. Cat. Davenp. Herb. Suppl. 44. 1S83.

Rootstock short, chaffy with narrow

brown scales. Stipes tufted, wiry, very

slender, shining, dark brown, 1^-3' long;

leaves triangular-ovate in outline, acute,

broadest at the base, i'-4' long, 3-4-pinnate,

the rachis black and shining ; pinnae

ovate, the lower slender-stalked ; ultimate

pinnules ovate or obovate, obtuse, lobed,

crenate or entire, small, scarcely i"long,

white and powdery- on the lower surface.

On calcareous rocks. Missouri and Kansas to Arizona and Texas. June-Sept. The typ- ical form of the species occurs in the South- western States and in Central America.

17. POLYPODIUM L. Sp. PI. 10S2.

Pinnate or simple ferns with stipes articulated to the creeping rootstocks. Sori circular, dorsal, in one or more rows on either side of the midribs. Indusium none. Sporanges pedi- celled, pro%4ded with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. \'eins variously arranged. [Greek, in allusion to the branched rootstocks of some species.]

About 350 species, of verj- wide geographic distribution, mostly of tropical regions. Besides the following, 5 occur in Florida, i in Arizona and 3 on the Pacific Coast. Lower surface of the leaf glabrous: plant green. i. P. viilgare.

Lower surface of the leaf denselj- scaly; plant grayish. 2. P. polypodioides.

I. Polypodium vulgare L. Com- mon Polypody. ( Fig. 71. )

Polypodium vulgare'L,. Sp. PI. 1085. 1753.

Rootstock slender, widely creeping, dense- ly covered with cinnamon-colored scales. Stipes light colored, glabrous, 2'-6' long; leaves ovate-oblong or narrowlj- oblong in outline, subcoriaceous, evergreen, glabrous on both surfaces, 3'-io' long, i'-3' wide, cut nearly to the rachis into entire or slightly toothed, obtuse or subacute, linear or linear- oblong segments ; sori large, borne about midwaj- between the midrib and margins of the segments ; veins free.

On rocks or rocky banks, almost throughout North America, Asia and Europe. Ascends to 5600 ft. in Virginia. The leaf varies much in serration. Forms with the ends of the segments enlarged, somewhat palmatelj- lobed, and the upper crested are known as var. cristatiim. Forms with the segments broad and deeply pin- natifid are called var. Canibriciim. Summer.

FERN FAMILY. 33

2. Polypodium polypodioides CL,.) A. S. Hitchcock. Gray Polypody. (Fig. 72.)

Acros/tc/ntni polypodioidesX,. Sp. PI. 1068. 1753. Polvpodiuni incaiium vSw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1645. 1806.

Polvpoditim polypodioides A. S. Hitchcock, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 156. 1893. Rootstock widely creeping, woody, cov- ered with small brown scales. Stipes dense- ly scaly, I'-y long; leaves oblong-lanceo- late in outline, acute, coriaceous, evergreen, i'-6' long, wide, cut very nearly or

quite to the rachis into entire oblong or lin- ear-oblong obtuse segments, glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, the lower densely covered with gray peltate scales with darker centres, as are also the rachises; veins indistinct, unconnected and usually once forked.

On trees or rarely on rocks, Virginia to Flor- ida, west to Illinois, Missouri and Texas. As- cends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. Widely distributed in tropical America. July-Sept.

Family 6. MARSILEACEAE R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 166. 1810.

Perennial herbaceous plant.s rooting in mud, with .slender creeping root- stocks and 4-foliolate or filiform leaves. Asexual propagation consisting of sporocarf)s borne on peduncles which rise from the rootstock near the leaf -stalk or are consolidated with it, containing both macrospores and microspores. The macrospores germinate into prothallia which bear mostly archegonia, while the micro.spores grow into prothallia bearing the antheridia.

Two genera and some 45 species of wide geographic distribution".

1. MARSILEA L. Sp. PI. 1099. 1753.

Marsh or aquatic plants, the leaves commonly floating on the surface of shallow water, slender-petioled, 4-foliolate, Peduncles shorter than the petioles, arising from their bases or more or less adnate to them. Sporocarps ovoid or bean-shaped, composed of two vertical valves with several transverse compartments (sori) in each valve. [Name in honor of Gio- vanni Marsigli, an Italian botanist, who died about 1804.]

About 40 species, widely distributed. Besides the following 2 or 3 others occur in Texas. Sporocarps glabrous and purple when mature. i. Jf. quadrifolia.

Sporocarps densely covered with hair-like scales. 2, AT. vestita.

I. Marsilea quadrifolia L,.

European Marsilea. (Fig. 73.)

Marsilea quadrifolia L,. Sp. PI. 1099. 1753.

Rootstock slender, buried in the muddy bot- toms of shallow lakes or streams. Petioles us- ually slender, 2^-5' high, or when submerged sometimes elongated to 1° or 2°. Leaflets mostly triangular-obovate, variable in outline, 3"-8" long, 2"-6'' wide, glabrous or rarely with scat- tered hairs when young, the margins entire ; sporocarps 2 or rarely 3 on a branching peduncle which is attached to the petiole at its base, covered with short yellowish-brown hairs when young, becoming glabrous and dark purple when mature ; sori 8 or 9 in each valve.

Along the shores of Bantam Lake, Litchfield Co., Conn., whence it has been introduced into various parts of the country, notably into eastern Massachu- setts. Native of Europe and Asia.

3

;

34 MARSILEACEAE.

2. Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. Hairy Marsilea. (Fig. 74. )

Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. Ic. Fil. pi. i^g. 1 831.

Marsilea niiicrotiata A. Br. Amer. Journ. Sci. (11. ) 3: 55- 1847-

Rootstock slender, creeping. Petioles slender, 2^-5' high ; leaflets similar to those of the preceding species, entire or toothed ; sporocarps 2"-4" long, 2"-3" wide, with a short raphe, a short and blunt lower tooth and an acute and sometimes curved upper one, densely covered with soft spreading narrow hair-like scales or (in the forms known as M. mncro7iata) these short and apprcssed or almost wanting; sori 6-11 in each valve.

In wet sand or in .shallow ditches, Florida to Kansas, Arizona and Mexico, north to British Columbia.

Family 7. SALVINIACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 30. 1828.

S.-vLviNiA Family.

Small floating plaiit.s with a more or le.s.s elongated and sometime.s branching axi.s bearing apparently 2-ranked leave.s. Sporocarp.s soft, thin-walled, borne 2 or more on a common stalk, i -celled, with a central often branched receptacle, which bears macro.sporanges containing a single macrospore or microsporanges containing ntimerous microspores. The macrospores germinate into prothallia which bear archegones, the microspores into prothallia which bear antherids.

The family consists of two genera. Leaves 6" -9" long:, 2-ranked, on mostly simple stems. i. Salvinia.

Leaves minute, closely imbricated on pinnately branching stems. 2. AzoUa.

I. SALVINIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 15. 1763.

Floating annual plants with slender stems bearing rather broad 2-ranked leaves. Sporocarps globose, depressed, 9-14-sulcatc, membranous, arrangedjin clusters, i or 2 of each cluster containing 10 or more sessile macrosporanges, each containing few macrospores, the others containing numerous smaller globose pedicelled microsporanges with very numerous microspores. Leaves rather dark green, finely papillose on! the upper surface. [Name in honor of Antonio Maria Salvini, 1633-1729, Italian scientist.]

About 13 species of wide distribution. Only the following occurs in North America.

I. Salvinia natans (L. ) Hoifm. Salvinia. (Fig. 750

Marsilea natans L. Sp. PI. 1099. 1753. Salvinia natans Hoffm. Deutsch. fI. 2: i. 1795.

Leaves oblong, rather thick, obtuse or emargin- ate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, entire, spreading, 6'-i2' long, pinnately veined, bright green and papillose above, the lower surface densely matted with brown pellucid hairs ; sporo- carps 4-8 in a cluster, the upper ones containing about 10 macrosporanges, each containing a few macrospores, the remainder containing numerous microsporanges each with numerous microspores ; macrospores marked with 3 obtuse lobes which meet at the apex.

Bois Brule Bottoms. Perry Co., Missouri and near Minneapolis, Minn. Introduced into ponds on Staten Island, X. Y. Reported by Pursh in 1814 from central New York, but his exact station is unknown. Widely distributed in Europe and Asia.

SALVINIA FAMILY.

35

2. AZOLLA Lam. Encycl. i: 343. 1783.

Minute moss-like reddish or green floating plants, with pinuately branched stems covered ■with minute imbricated 2-lobed leaves, and emitting rootlets beneath. Sporocarps of two kinds borne in the axils of the leaves, the smaller ovoid or acorn-shaped, containing a single macrospore at the base and a few corpuscles above it whose character is not fully known, the larger globose, producing many pedicelled sporanges, each containing several masses of microspores which are often beset with a series of anchor-like processes of unknown func- tion. [Greek, signifying killed by drought.]

About 5 species of wide geographic distribution.

I. Azolla Caroliniana Willd. Carolina Azolla. (Fig. 76.)

Azolla Caroliniana Willd. Sp. PI. 5 : 541. 1810.

Plants greenish or reddish, deltoid or triangu- lar-ovate in outline, pinnately branching, some- times covering large surfaces of water. Macro- spores minutely granulate, with three accessory corpuscles; masses of microspores armed with rigid septate processes ; leaves with ovate lobes, their color varying somewhat with the amount of direct sunlight, the lower usually reddish, the upper green with a reddish border.

Floating on still water, Ontario and western New York to British Columbia, south to Florida, Arizona and Mexico. Also in .South .\merica. Naturalized in lakes on Staten Island, N. Y.

Family 8. EQUISETACEAE Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 281. 1803.

HoRSET.\iL Family.

Rush-like perennial plant.s, with mostly hollow jointed simple or often much- branched grooved stems, provided with a double series of cavities and usually with a large central one, the branches verticillate, the nodes provided with dia- phragms. Rootstocks subterranean. Leaves reduced to .sheaths at the joints, the sheaths toothed. Sporanges i -celled, clustered underneath the .scales of ter- minal cone-like spikes. Spores all of the same size and shape, furnished with 2 narrow .strap-like appendages attached at the middle, coiling around the spore when moist and .spreading, when dry and mature, in the form of a cross (elaters). Epidermis impregnated with silica, rough. Prothallium on the surface of the ground, green, usually dioecious.

The family consists of the following genus :

I. EQUISETUM L. Sp. PI. 1061. 1753. Characters of the family. [Name ancient, signifying horse-tail, in allusion to the copious branching of several species.]

About 25 species, of very wide geographic distribution. Stems annual ; stomata scattered.

Stems of two kinds, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile.

Fertile stems simple, soon withering; sheaths of branches of sterile stems 4-toothed.

I. E. arvense.

Fertile stems branched when old, only the apex withering.

Branches of the stem simple, their sheaths 3-toothed. 2. E. pratense.

Branches compound. 3. E. sylvaiicum.

Stems all alike; spores mature in summer; branches simple or none.

.Sheaths rather loose ; branches usually long ; stems bushy below, attenuate upwards. Central cavity very small ; spike long. 4. E. palustre.

Central cavit>' about one-half the diameter of stem; spike short. 5. E. liiiorale. Sheaths appressed ; branches usually short. 6. E. fliiviatile,

.Stems perennial, evergreen ; spikes tipped with a rigid point ; stomata in regular rows. Stems tall, usually many-grooved.

Stems rough and tuberculate, prominently ridged.

Ridges with i line of tubercles; ridges of sheath tricarinate; stem stout.

7. E. robustum.

Ridges of the stem with 2 indistinct lines of tubercles; ridges of sheath obscurely 4-carinate; stem slender. 8. E. hyeviale.

Stems not tuberculate; sheaths enlarged upward. 9. E. laevigaium.

Stems low, slender, tufted, usually 5-10-grooved.

Central cavity small ; sheaths 5-10-toothed. 10. E. variegaluvt.

Central cavity none ; sheaths 3-toothed. 11. E. scirpoides.

36

EQUISETACEAE.

Equisetum arvense L. Field Horsetail. (Fig. 77.)

Equiseluni ar i'ense L,- Sp. PI. 1061. 1753-

Stems annual, provided with scattered stomata, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile. Fertile stems 4'-io' high, not branched, soon wither- ing, light brown, their loose scarious sheaths mostly distant, whitish, ending in about 12 brown acuminate teeth ; sterile stems green, rather slender, 2'-2° high, 6-19-furrowed, with numerous long mostly simple verticillate 4-angled or rarely 3-angled solid branches, the sheaths of the branches 4-toothed, the stomata in 2 rows in the furrows ; central cavity one-fifth to one- fourth the diameter of the stem.

In sandy soil, especially along: roadsides and railways, Xewfoundland and Greenland to Alaska, south to Virgfinia and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Ascends to at least 2500 ft in Virginia. An occasional fomi in which the sterile stem bears a terminal spike is known as var. sero- liimni. Sterile stems sometimes verj- short and with long prostrate or ascending branches. May.

2. Equisetum pratense Ehrh. Thicket Horse- tail. (Fig. 78. J

Equiseluni pratense Ehrh. Hanov. Mag. 138. 1784.

Stems annual, S'-i6' high, with scattered stomata, the fertile appearing in spring before the sterile, branched when old, only its apex withering, the two becoming similar in age ; stems rough, S-20 ridged with narrow furrows and cylindric or cup-shaped sheaths ; branches straight, rather short, simple, densely whorled, 3-angled or rarel}' 4-5-angled, solid ; sheaths of the stem with about 1 1 short ovate-lanceolate teeth, those of the branches 3-toothed ; rootstocks solid, acutely angled.

In'sandy places, Xova Scotia and Rupert River to Minne- sota, and Alaska, south to New Jersey and Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept,

3. Equisetum

sylvaticum L. tail. ( Fig. 79. :

Wood Horse-

Equisetitm syli'alicuni L. Sp. PI. 1061. 1753.

Stems annual, provided with scattered stomata, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile, at first simple, at length much branched and resembling the sterile, only its naked apex withering. Stems usually i2-furrowed, producing verticillate compound branches, the branchlets curved downward ; sheaths loose, cylin- dric or campanulate, those of the stem with S-14 blunt- ish teeth, those of the branches with 4 or 5 teeth, those of the branchlets %vith 3 divergent teeth ; central cavity nearly one half the diameter of the stem ; branches and branchlets solid.

In moist sandy woods and thickets, Newfoundland and Greenland to Alaska, south to Virginia and Michigan. Also in Europe and Asia. May.

\

HORSETAIL FAMILY.

37

4. Equisetum palustre L. Marsh Horsetail. (Fig. 80.)

EqiiiscliDii paluslrc 'L. Sp. PI. 1061. 1753.

Stems annual, slender, all alike, io'-i8' long, very deeply 5-9-grooved, the grooves separated by narrow roughish wing-like ridges, the central canal very small ; sheaths rather loose, bearing about 8 subu- late-lanceolate whitish-margined teeth ; branches sim- ple, few in the whorls, 4-7-angled, always hollow, barely sulcate, more abundant below than above, their sheaths mostly 5-toothed ; spike rather long; stomata abundant in the furrows.

In wet places, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to Maine, western New York, Minnesota and Arizona. Also in Europe. July-Aug^.

Equisetum littorale KuehL

Shore Honsetail. (Fig. 8i.)

Equisetum littorale Kuehl. Beitr. Pflanz. Russ. Reichs, 4 : 91. 1845.

Stems annual, very slender, all alike, S'-iS' high, slightly roughened, 6-19-grooved, the ridges rounded, the central canal one-half to two- thirds the diameter ; sheaths sensibly dilated above, the uppermost inversely campanulate, their teeth herbaceous, membranous at the mar- gins, narrow, lanceolate ; branches of two kinds, simple, some4-angled and hollow, some3-angled and solid, the first joint shorter or a trifle longer than the sheath of the stem ; spike short with abortive spores, these commonly with no elaters.

On sandy river and lake shores, Maine and On- tario to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, west to Brit- ish Columbia. Also in Europe. Supposed to be a hybrid. Aug. -.Sept.

6. Equisetum fluviatile Swamp Horsetail. (Fig. 82.)

Equisetu\n fluviatile L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753. Equisetum limosuni L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753.

Stems annual, all alike, 2°-4° high, slightly io-30-furrowed, very smooth, usually producing upright branches after the spores are formed, the stomata scattered. Sheaths appressed with about 18 dark brown short acute rigid teeth, air cavities wanting under the grooves, small under the ridges ; central cavity very large ; branches hol- low, slender, smaller but otherwise much like the stems, short or elongated ; rootstocks hollow.

In swamps and along- the borders of ponds, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to Virginia, Nebraska and Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. May-June.

38

EQUISETACEAE.

7. Equisetum robustum A. Br. Stout Scouring-rush. (Fig. 83.)

Equise/iim robtislinii A. Sci. 46: 88. 1844.

Br.; Engelm. .\iner. Journ.

Stems perennial, stout, tall, evergreen, 3°-ii° high, sometimes nearly i' in diameter, 20-48-fur- rowed, simple or little branched. Ridges of the stem roughened with a single series of transversely oblong siliceous tubercles ; sheaths short, cylin- dric, appressed, marked with black girdles at the base, and at the bases of the dark caducous teeth ; ridges of the sheath 3-carinate ; branches ■when present occasionally fertile; spikes tipped with a rigid point.

In wet places, Ohio to Louisiana and Mexico, west to British Columbia and California. Also in Asia. May-June.

8. Equisetum hyemale L. Common Scouring-rush. ( Fig. 84. )

Equisehim hyemalc'L. Sp. PI. 1062. I753-

Stems slender, rather stiff, evergreen, 2°-4° high, with the stomata arranged in regular rows, rough, 8-34-furrowed, the ridges with two indistinct lines of tubercles, the central cavitj- large, from one-half to two-thirds the diameter ; sheaths rather long, cj'lindric, marked with one or two black girdles, their ridges obscurely 4-carinate ; teeth brow-n, membranous, soon deciduous ; spikes pointed ; stem rarely producing branches which are usually short and occasionally fertile ; forms are sometimes found with longer sterile branches.

In wet places and on banks, especially along rivers and lakes, throug^hout nearly the whole of North America. Europe and .\sia. The rough stems of this and related species are used for scouring floors. May- June.

g. Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. Smooth Scouring-rush. (Fig. 85.)

Equisetum laevigatum A. Br.; Engelm. Amer. Journ. Sci. 46: 87. 1844.

Stems i°-5° high, simple or little branched, pale green, persistent, •14-30-furrowed, the ridges al- most smooth. Sheaths elongated and enlarged upward, marked with a black girdle at the base of the mostly deciduous, white-margined teeth and rarely also at their bases ; ridges of the sheath with a faint central carina and sometimes with faint short lateral ones ; stomata arranged in single series ; central cavity very large, the wall of the stem very thin ; spikes pointed.

Along streams and rivers, especially in claj' soil, valley of the Delaware River in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania to North Carolina and Louisiana, west to British Columbia and the Mexican border. May-June.

2

HORSETAIL FAMILY.

39

10. Equisetum " variegatum Schleich. Variegated Equisetum. (Fig. 86. )

Equisctnm variegatum Schleich. Cat. PI. Helvet. 27. 1807.

Stems slender, perennial, evergreen, 6'-i8' long, rough, usually simple from a branched base, com- monly tufted, 5-10-furrowed, the stomata borne in regular rows. Sheaths campauulate, distinctly 4-carinate, green, variegated with black above, the median furrow deep and excurreut to the teeth and downward to the ridges of the stem, the teeth 5-10, each tipped with a deciduous bristle ; central cav- ity small, rarely wanting.

Labrador and Greenland to the Northwest Territorj^ south to New Hampshire, western New York, Nebraska and Nevada. Also in Europe and Asia. May-June.

II. Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Sedge- like Equisetum. ( Fig. 87.)

Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 281. 1803.

Stems perennial, evergreen, very slender or filiform, 3'-6' long, somewhat rough, flexuous and curving, growing in slender tufts, mostly 6-furrowed with acute ridges, simple or branching from near the base. Sheaths 3-toothed, distinctly 4-carinate, the central furrow broad, the lateral narrow, the bristly teeth rather persistent ; central cavity entirely wanting.

On moist or wet wooded banks, Labrador to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Illinois and British Columbia. Also in Europe and Asia. May-June.

Family 9. LYCOPODIACEAE Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 281. 1803.

Club-moss Family.

Somewhat moss-like, erect or trailing terrestrial herbs with numerous small lanceolate or subulate simple leaves, .sometimes oblong or roundish, arranged in 2-many ranks, the stems often elongated, usuall}^ freely branching. Sporanges 1-3-celled, solitary in the axils of the leaves or on their upper surfaces. Spores uniform, minute. Prothallia (as far as known) mostl}^ subterranean, with or without chlorophyll, monoeciovis.

Four genera and about no species. Besides the following-, Psilolu)ii occurs in Florida, the two -other genera only in Australia.

I. LYCOPODIUM L. Sp. PI. HOC. 1753.

Perennial plants with evergreen i-nerved leaves arranged in 4-16 ranks. Sporanges coriaceous, flattened, reniform, i -celled, situated in the axils of ordinary leaves or in those ■of the upper modified, bract-like ones, which are imbricated in sessile or peduncled spikes, opening transversely into 2 valves, usually by a line around the margin. Spores all of one kind, copious, sulphur-yellow, readily inflammable from the abundant oil they contain. [Greek, meaning wolf's-foot, perhaps in allusion to the branching roots of some species.]

About 100 species of wide geographic distribution, the largest occurring in the Andes of South America and in the Himalayas.

40

LYCOPODIACEAE.

Sporanges borne in the axils of leaves which are similar to those of the stem. Sporanges mostly wanting in the axils of the upper, mostly 8-ranked leaves.

Stems erect, rigid; leaves uniform, ascending. i. L. Selaffo.

Stems somewhat lax, spreading; leaves spreading or deflexed, alternately longer and shorter. 2. L. luiidnlioit.

Sporanges only in the axils of the upper leaves fonning terminal spikes; leaves many-ranked. Plant small; leaves acute, soft, mostly entire. 3. L. iiiuiida/um.

Plant stout; leaves narrow, spinulose-pointed, bristle-toothed below the middle.

4. A. alopecuroides.

Sporanges borne in the axils of yellowish ovate or cordate scale-like leaves, which are very unlike those of the sterile stems. Stems leafy up to the base of the spike or nearly so. Spikes erect, closely sessile.

Stems erect, tree-like. 5. L. obscnruiit.

Stems creeping with ascending branches.

Leaves uniform, spreading, 5-ranked. 6. L. annolimim.

Leaves of 2 forms, erect-imbricate, 4-ranked. 7. L. alpinuni.

Spikes erect, short-peduncled; leaves small, appressed, 4-ranked. 8. L. sahinaefolium. Fertile branches with minute leaves so that the spikes appear long-peduncled.

Leaves uniform, many-ranked; stems terete, 9. L. clavaluni.

Leaves of 2 forms, few-ranked; stems flattened.

Sterile stems entireh- creeping; spikes solitary. 10. L. Caroliiiiainon.-

Sterile stems with fan-like ascending branches; spikes clustered.

II. L. coniphinalum.

I. Lycopodium Selago L. Fir Club-moss. (Fig. 88.)

LycopodiioH Selago L. Sp. PI. 1102. 1753.

Stems '3 '-6'' high, thick, rigid, erect, 2-5 times- forked, the branches fastigiate, forming a level- topped cluster. Leaves crowded, uniform, ascend- ing, elongated-lanceolate, mucronulate, entire or spinulose-denticulate, nerved below, convex above, the upper mostly S-ranked, sterile, those below bearing the small sporanges in their axils, those of the lower half of the stem again sterile ; plant propagated also by bud-like organs which have a lower pointed bract and 2 or 3 upper fleshy and obovate ones.

On rocks, Labrador and Greenland to .Alaska, south to the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont and northern New York, on the summits of the higher Alleghenies to North Carolina, and to ^Michigan and Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. Autumn.

2. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Shining Club-ino.ss. ( Fig. 89. )

Lycopodium luciduhi 111 ;Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 284. 1803.

Stems somewhat lax, ascending or spreading, thick, 2-3 times forked, the branches 6'-i2' high. Leaves widely spreading or reflexed, dark green, shining, i- uerved, acute, minutely toothed, a series of longer ones alternating with a series of shorter, the latter more fre- quently bearing the sporanges at a short distance below the sttmmit of the stem ; sporanges of preceding years often persistent ; plant also propagated like the preced- ing species by gemmae, which fall to the ground and become new plants.

In cold, damp woods, Newfoundland to British Columbia, .south to North Carolina and Iowa. Ascends to nearly 5700 ft. in Virginia. Aug. -Oct.

CIvUB-MOSS FAMILY.

41

3. Lycopodium inundatum I,. Bog Club-moss. (Fig. 90.)

Lycopodium i nil iida/iitii L. vSp. PI. 1102. 1753.

Plants small, I's' long, with creeping flaccid forking brittle sterile stems closely appressed to the earth. Fer- tile stems erect, solitary, i'-6' high, terminated by a short thick spike ; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-subulate with hyaline margins, those of the spike similar to those below, acute, soft, spreading, mostly entire, those of the sterile stems curved upward; spikes rarely two together, g'^-iS" long, yellowish ; sporanges tranversely oval, splitting nearly to the base; spores large, reticulated.

In sandy bogs, Newfoundland to western Ontario and Mich- igan, south to Florida. Ascends to 2000 ft. in eastern Pennsj-1- vania. Also in Europe and Asia, Larger forms with fertile stems 5'-7' high and more pointed .serrate leaves have been separated as var. Bigeloini. Aug. -Oct.

4. Lycopodium alopecuroides L. Fox-tail Club-moss. (Fig. 91.)

Lycopodium alopecuroides L. Sp. PI. 1102. 1753.

Plant stout, densely leafy, the sterile branches flaccid, recurved and creeping, sometimes 10' long. Fertile stems stout, rigid, erect, 6'-2o' high, termin- ated by a spike ^"-\ Yz' long, and, including its leaves thick ; leaves narrowly linear-subulate, those of the spike similar to those below, spinulose-pointed, spreading, conspicuously bristle-toothed below the middle, those of the spike with long setaceous tips ; sporanges transversely oval, splitting to near the base.

In pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Florida, near the coast, west to Mississippi. Aug.-Oct.

5. Lycopodium obscurum L. Ground Pine. (Fig. 92.)

Lycopodium obscuruni L. Sp. PI. 1102. 1753.

Lycopodium dendroideum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 282. 1803.

Stems erect, 6^-12' high, bushy-branched, the branches fan-like, the rootstocks subterranean, nearly horizontal. Leaves lanceolate-linear, acute, entire, 8-ranked on the main stem, those of the branches 6-ranked, with the two upper and the two lower ranks shorter and appressed, or all alike and equally incurved-spreading, densely clothing the stems up to the bases of the spikes ; spikes i-io on each plant, Yz'-iYi' long, composed of many- ranked ovate scarious-margined bracts (scale-like leaves), each with a transversely oval sporange in its axil.

In moist woods, Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, south to the mountains of North Carolina and to Indiana. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. Also in Asia. July-Sept.

42

LYCOPODIACEAE.

6. Lycopodium annotinum L. Stiff Club-moss. (Fig. 93.)

Lycopodium annotinum L. Sp. PI. 1103. 1753.

Stems much branched, slender, prostrate and creeping, rather stifiF, i°-4° long, the branches sim- ilar, ascending, s'-S' high, sparingly forked. Leaves uniform, spreading, 5-ranked, rigid, linear- lanceolate, minutely serrulate, nerved below; spikes solitary or several at the ends of the branches, ob- long-cylindric, i'-2'/^' long, composed of ovate or ovate-cordate, short-acuminate and denticulate bracts, each with a sporange iu its axil ; spores smooth or spinulose-reticulated on the basal surface.

In woods and thickets, commonly in drj- soil. Lab- rador to Alaska, south to Xew Jersey, West Virginia, Michigan, Colorado and Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. Mountain forms with more rigid pointed leaves have been separated as var. pungens. Autumn.

7. Lycopodium alpinum L. Alpine Club- moss. (Fig. 94.)

Lycopodium alpi)ium L,. Sp. PI. 1104. 1753.

Stems elongated, creeping, with ascending densely clustered crowded dichotomous branches. Leaves 4-ranked, erect-imbricate, adnate-decurrent, of two forms ; those of the lateral rows lanceolate, falcate, acute, carinate, concave within, those of the interme- diate rows scarcely one-third as large, lanceolate-sub- ulate, the upper and lower rows alike ; spikes solitary at the apices of slightly elongated branches, erect, closely sessile, the stems leafy to their bases ; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, dentate ; spores reticulated.

In woods, Labrador to Lake Superior, Washingfton and Alaska. Sometimes united with cow/i/rt //a/?/ Also in Europe and Asia.

8. Lycopodium sabinaefolium Willd. Cedar-like Club-moss. (Fig. 95.)

Lycopodium sabinaefolium Willd. Sp. PI. 5 : 20. 1810.

Stems elongated, creeping, or more usually sub- terranean with short erect dichotomous clustered ascending branches, 2'-3' long. Leaves 4-rauked, small, appressed or slightly curved outward, lan- ceolate, mucronate, entire, apparently terete ; spikes short-peduncled, solitarj', cylindric, with cordate acuminate erose-deuticulate or entire bracts; sporauges transversely oval or somew"hat reniform, deeply splitting.

In cold woods, Labrador to New Jersey and British Columbia.

CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.

43

9. Lycopodium clavatum L,. Running Pine. Club-mo.ss. (Fig. 96.)

Lycopodiitm clavatum L- Sp. PI. iioi. 1753.

Stems extensively creeping, i°-4° long with simi- lar short irregular ascending or decumbent densely leafy branches. Leaves much crowded, many- ranked, incurved, linear-subulate, bristle-tipped, the lower denticulate, the upper nearly entire and slightly de- current on either side ; spikes 1-4 on long 8-striate peduncles ; bracts membranous, roundish, erose- deuticulate below, bearing iu the axil a transversely oval sporange which splits nearly to the base ; spores narrowly reticulate.

In woods, Labrador to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Michigan and Washington. Also in Europe, Asia and Central America. The spores of this species, and those of L. coiiiplanatmn, furnish the inflammable powder known as Lycopodium powder or vegetable sulphur, used in stage effects. Aug. -Oct.

10. Lycopodium Carolinianum I,. Caro- lina Club-moss. (Fig. 97.)

Lycopodium Caroliniamini L. Sp. PI. 1104. 1753.

Sterile stems and their few short branches entirely creeping, closely appressed to the earth, 1^-3' long, emitting numerous roots on the lower side. Leaves of fertile stems of two forms, the lateral ones broadly lanceolate, acute and somewhat oblique, i-nerved, widely spreading, in 2 ranks with a shorter, interme- diate row appressed on the upper side ; peduncles simple, slender, 2'-6' high, clothed with small bract- like leaves and bearing a single cylindric spike ; bracts cordate, short-acuminate, mostly entire with trans- versely oval .sporauges in the upper axils.

In moist pine barrens, New Jer-sey to Florida and Louisi- ana near the coast.

II. Lycopodium complanatum L. Trail- ing Christmas-green. (Fig. 98.)

Lycopodiu )ii complanatum L. f5p. PI. 1104. 1753.

Stems extensively creeping, with erect or ascend- ing reniform or fan-shaped branches several times forked above, with crowded flattened branchlets. Leaves minute, imbricate-appressed, 4-ranked, the lateral rows with somewhat spreading tips, the in- termediate smaller, narrower and wholly appressed, forming a flat surface ; peduncle slender, 2'-6' high, dichotomous, bearing 2-4 linear-cylindric spikes ; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, the margins pale and erose ; sporanges transversely oval, deeply splitting.

In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Michigan and British Columbia. Also in Europe and Asia. Forms with less distinctly dimor- phous leaves and narrower, more erect and bushy branches have been separated as var. Chamaecyparissus.

44

SELAGINELLACEAE.

Family lo. SELAGINELLACEAE Underw. Native Ferns 103. 1881.

Terrestrial, annual or perennial, moss-like plants with branching stems and scale-like leaves, which are many-ranked and uniform, or 4-ranked and of two t3'pes spreading in two planes. Sporanges i -celled, solitary in the axils of leaves which are so arranged as to form more or less quadrangular spikes, some containing 4 macrospores (macrosporanges ), others containing numerous mi- crospores ( microsporanges ) , which develop into small prothallia, those from, the macrospores bearing archegones, those from the microspores antherids.

The family consists of the following- genus :

I. SELAGINELLA Beauv. Prodr. Aetheog. loi. 1805. Characters of family. [Name diminutive of Selago, an ancient name of some. Lycopodiuin.']

About 335 species of very wide geographic distribution, most abundant and largest in tropical regions. In addition to the following some 5 others occur in western North America. Stem-leaves all alike, many-ranked.

Stems compact with rigid leaves; spikes quadrangular. i. S. rupeslris.

Stems slender; leaves la.x. spreading; spikes enlarged, scarcely quadrangular. 2. .S". selaginoides. Stem-leaves of 2 kinds, 4-ranked, spreading in 2 planes. 3. S. apus.

I. Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. Rock Selaginella. (Fig. 99.)

Lycopodijim ritpeslrc 'L,. Sp. PI. iioi. 1753. Selaginella rupeslris Spring in Mart. Fl. Bras, i: Part 2, 118. 1840.

Stems densely tufted, with occasional sterile runners and sub-pinnate branches, I'-T)' high, commonly curved when dry. Leaves rigid, appressed-imbricated, 1" or less long, linear or linear-lanceolate, convex on the back, more or less ciliate, many-ranked, tipped with a distinct transparent awn ; spikes sessile at the ends of the stem or branches, strongly quadrangular, 6''-J2'^ long, about i'' thick ; bracts ovate-lanceo- late, acute or acuminate, broader than the leaves of the stem ; macrosporanges and mic- rosporanges borne in the same spikes, the former more abundant.

On dr>- rocks, throughout the northern hem- isphere, and in .A^frica. Ascends to at least 2000 ft. in Virginia. Aug. -Oct.

2. Selaginella selaginoides (L,. ) Link. Low Selaginella. (Fig. 100. j

Lycopodium selagi)ioides L. Sp. PI. iioi. i753- Selao inella spinosa Beauv. Prodr. Aetheog. 112. 1805.

Selaginella selaginoides Link, Fil. Hort. Berol. 158. 1841.

Sterile branches prostrate-creeping, slen- der, Yz'-t' long, the fertile erect or ascend- ing, thicker, I'-j' high, simple; leaves lanceolate, acute, lax and spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate, \"-2" long; spikes solitary at the ends of the fertile branches, enlarged, oblong-linear, subacute, i' or less long, i"-iyi" thick ; bracts of the spike lax, as- cending, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, strongly ciliate.

On wet rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to New Hampshire, Michigan and Colorado. Also in northern Europe and .\sia. Summer.

SELAGINELLA FAMILY.

45

3. Selaginella apus (L.) Spring. Creeping Selaginella. (Fig. loi.)

Lycopodiitm apodum L,. .Sp. PI. 1105. 1753.

Selaginella apus Spring in Mart. Fl. Bras, i : Part. 2, 119. 1840.

Annual, light green, stems prostrate- creeping, I '-4' long, much branched, flac- cid, angled on the face. Leaves minute, membranous, of 2 kinds, 4 ranked, spread- ing in 2 planes ; upper leaves of the lower plane spreading, the lower reflexed, ovate, acute, serrulate, not distinctly ciliate ; leaves of the upper plane ovate, short-cus- pidate ; spikes 2>"~^" long, obscurely quad- rangular ; bracts ovate, acute, sometimes serrulate, acutely keeled in the upper half ; macrosporanges more abundant toward the base of the spike.

In moist shaded places, often among- grass, Maine and Ontario to the Northwest Terri- tory, south to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept.

Family 11. ISOETACEAE. Underw. Native Ferns, 104. 1881.

QuiivWORT Family.

Aquatic or marsh plants rooting in the mud, with a short buried 2-lobed or 3-lobed trunk ( .stem ) sending out abundant roots and sending up a compact tuft of rush-like leaves. Sporanges sessile in the axils of the leaves, some containing macrospores (macrosporanges), others microspores (microsporanges) ; the for- mer germinate into prothallia bearing only archegones, the latter into prothallia bearing usually only a single antherid.

The family consists of the following genus only.

I. ISOETES I,. Sp. PI. iioo. 1753.

Submerged, amphibious or uliginous plants with a cluster of elongated awl-shaped leaves rising from a more or less 2-3-lobed fleshy short stem, the leaves with or without peripheral bast-bundles, with or without stomata, bearing a small membranous organ (ligule) above the base. Sporanges sessile in the excavated bases of the leaves, orbicular or ovoid, the sides more or less covered with a fold of the inner side of the leaf-base (velum). The sporanges of the outer leaves usually contain spherical, mostly sculptured macrospores, those of the inner ones contain minute powdery usually oblong microspores. [Name Greek, taken from Pliny, apparently referring to the persistent green leaves.]

About 50 species, widely distributed. Besides the following 2 are known from the southern United States, 7 from the Pacific Coast and 2 from Mexico. Owing to their aquatic habitat and ap- parently local distribution, these plants are popularly little known. The spores mature in summer and autumn.

Submerged or rarely emersed in very dry seasons ; leaves quadrangular, without peripheral bast- bundles.

Stomata wanting ; macrospores crested.

Leaves stout, rigid, scarcely tapering. i. I. laciistris.

Leaves slender, tapering. 2. /. Tuckerniani .

Stomata present ; macrospores echinate. 3. /. ectiinospura.

Amphibious or submerged only in earlier stages ; stomata always present on the quadrangular leaves.

Peripheral bast-bundles wanting ; velum partial.

Leaves 2' -3' long ; macrospores with minute warts. 4. /. saccliarata.

Leaves 4' -8' long; macro,spores with jagged crests. 5. /. riparia.

Peripheral bast-bundles present ; macrospores honeycombed-reticulate. 6. /. Engelnia^mi. Terrestrial ; stomata abvmdant on the triangular leaves.

Leaves 15-60, usually black at the base. 7. /. vielanopoda.

Leaves 8-12, bright green, paler at the base. 8. /. Butleri.

46

ISOETACEAE.

I. Isoetes lacustris L. Lake Quillwort

Isoetes laaistris L. Sp. PI. iioo. 1753.

Isoeles macrospora Durieu, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 11: 101. 1864.

Submerged or rarely above water in dr)' seasons ; leaves 10-25, rigid, rather thick, scarce!}- tapering, dark or olive green, obtusely quadrangular, 2'-6' long ; stomata none ; peripheral bast-bundles want- ing ; sporange orbicular or broadly elliptic, un- spotted ; velum rather narrow ; ligule triangular, short or somewhat elongated ; macrospores 500- 800 in diameter, marked all over with distinct or somewhat confluent crests, and bearing three con- verging ridges ; microspores 35-46 long, smooth.

In i°-5° of water, Labrador to the Northwest Terri- torj', south to eastern Massachusetts and New Jersej- Also in Europe and Asia.

0 0 a

Q <y <^

2. Isoetes Tuckermani A. Br. Tiickerman's Quillwort. (Fig. 103.)

Isoetes Tuckermani A. Br. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 676. 1867.

Submerged or rareh' partly or wholly emersed during very dry seasons ; leaves 10-30, very slen- der, tapering, olive-green, quadrangular, ^'-'xf long, without peripheral bast-bundles, the outer recurved ; sporange oblong, mostly white, its upper one-third covered by the velum ; macrospores 440- 560 ,« in diameter, with wavy somewhat parallel and branching ridges on the upper half, separated by the three converging ridges, the lower covered with an irregular network ; microspores 26-32 u. long, nearly smooth.

In ponds, Newfoundland to Middlesex county, Mass- achusetts, clustered in shallow water.

3. Isoetes echinospora Braunii ( Durieu) Engelm. Braun ,s Quillwort.

(Fig. 104.)

Isoeles Braunii Durieu, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 11: loi. 1864.

Isoetes echinospora var. Braunii Engelm. in A. Graj', Man. Ed. 5, 676. 1867.

Submerged or in dry seasons emersed, leaves 12- 25, tapering, soft, reddish-green, 3^-6' long, with- out peripheral bast-bundles, bearing stomata onlj' toward the tip ; sporange orbicular or broadly elliptic, spotted, one-half to three-fourths covered with the velum; macrospores 400-500 // in diameter, covered with broad spinules which are often slightly confluent and incised at the tips ; micro- spores 26-30 fi long, smooth.

Labrador and Greenland to Alaska, south to New Jersej', Pennsylvania and Utah.

QUILLWORT FAMILY. 47

Isoetes echinospora robusta Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 4: 380. 1882.

Much largrer tlian the preceding, leaves 25-70 or even more, 5'-i2' long, with abundant stomata throughout. With the preceding.

Isoetes echinospora Boottii Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 676. 1867.

Leaves 12-20, soft, erect, bright green, 4' -5' long, with a few stomata near their tips; sporange nearly orbicular, with pale spots, two-thirds or more covered by the velum ; macrospores 390-500/^ in diameter, with longer and more slender simple spinules ; microspores 26-30/^ long. In ponds, Middlesex county, Massachusetts, usually submerged.

Isoetes echinospora muricata ^Duriev^) Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 676. 1867. Isoetes miiricaia Durieu, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 11: 100. 1864.

Leaves 15-20, flaccid, bright green, 6'-i2' long, bearing few stomata ; sporange broadly oval, with pale-spots, about one-half covered by the velum ; macrospores 400-580," in diameter, with shorter and more confluent, almost cre.st-like spinules ; microspores 28-32,", slightly rough on the edges. Submerged in running water in tributaries of Mystic Pond, Middlesex county, Mass.

4. Isoetes saccharata Engelm. Sugary Quilhvort. (Fig. 105.)

Isoetes saccharata Engelm. in A. Gray, Man Ed. 5, 676. 1867.

Amphibious or uliginous with a flat depressed trunk. Leaves 10-20, olive-green, pale at the base, spreading, I'-j,' long, quadrangular, bearing nu- merous stomata; sporange oblong, unspotted, with a narrow velum covering only one-fourth or one- third of its surface ; peripheral bast bundles want- ing ; ligule triangular, rather short; macrospores 400-470 II in diameter, vs^ith very minute distinct or rarely confluent warts as if sprinkled with grains of sugar; microspores papillose, 24-28// long.

In mud overflowed by the tides, Wicomico and Nan- ticoke Rivers, eastern Marj'land.

5. Isoetes riparia Engelm. River- bank Quill wort. (Fig. 106.)

Isoetes riparia Engelm.; A. Br. Flora, 29; 178. 1846.

Amphibious or uliginous, usually emersed when mature ; leaves 15-30, deep green, rather rigid, 4'-8' long, quadrangular, bearing numer- ous stomata ; peripheral bast-bundles wanting ; ligule rather short, triangular ; sporange mostly oblong, distinctly spotted with groups of brown cells, one-fourth or rarely one-half covered with the velum ; macrospores 450-650 in diameter, marked with distinct or anastomosing jagged crests or somewhat reticulate on the lower side; microspores 28-32 jj. long, more or less tubercu- late.

Borders of the lower Delaware River to Maine.

48

ISOETACEAE.

(Fig. 107.)

6. Isoetes Engelmanni A. Br. Engelmann's Quillwort

Isot'lfs ICitgilinaiuli X. Br. Flora, 29; 178. 1846.

Amphibious, usually partlj- emersed when ma- ture. Leaves 25-100, light green, quadrangular, tapering, 9'-2o' long, bearing abundant stomata ; peripheral bast-bundles present ; sporange oblong or linear-oblong, unspotted ; velum narrovv' ; ma- crospores 400-520 fi in diameter, covered with honej'comb-like reticulations ; microspores 24-28 ji long, mostly smooth.

In ponds and ditches, rooting: in mud, Elaine to Del- aware and Pennsylvania, Illinois and Missouri.

Isoetes Engelmanni valida Engelm. in A.. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 677. 1867. Leaves 50-200, keeled on the upper side, i8'-25' long ; sporange linear-oblong, 4"-9" long, one-third to two- thirds covered by the velum ; macrospores 320-480/' in diameter; microspores 24-27 " long, spinulose. War- riorsniark, Cornwall and Smithville, Pa., and Wilming- ton, Del.

Isoetes Engelmanni gracilis Engelni. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 677. 1867. Leaves 8-12, slender, 9' -12' long : bast-bundles often quite small or only two present ; spores as in the typical form. Southern New England to New Jersey.

7. Isoetes melanopoda J. Gay. Black-based Quillwort. (Fig. 108.)

Isoetes melanopoda J. Gay, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 11: 102. 1864.

Terrestrial with a subglobose deeply 2-lobed trunk. Leaves 15-60, slender, erect, bright green, with a blackish shining base, 5'-iS' long, triangular, bear- ing stomata throughout, well developed peripheral bast-bundles, thick dissepiments and small air cavities within; ligule triangular, awl-shaped; sporange mostly oblong, spotted, with a narrow velum ; polygamous ; macrospores 250-400// in diameter, with low more or less confluent tubercles, often united into worm- like wrinkles, or almost smooth ; microspores 23-28// long, spinulose.

In moist prairies and overflowed fields, Illinois to Iowa, Missouri and Texas.

8. Isoetes Butleri Engelm. Butler's Quill- wort. (Fig. 109.)

Isoetes Butleri Engelm. Coult. Bot. Gaz. 3:1. 1878.

Terrestrial from a subglobose trunk. Leaves S-15, bright green, paler at the base, triangular, 3^-7' long, bearing numerous stomata, and with well developed peripheral bast-bundles, thick dissepiments and small air cavities within; sporange usually oblong, spotted; velum very narrow or none ; ligule small, triangular ; dioecious; macrospores 500-630 « in diameter, with distinct or confluent tubercles; "microspores 28-34/' long, dark brown, papillose."

On rocky hillsides, St. Louis, Missouri, and on saline flats, Indian Territory.

PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS.

49

Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA.

SEED-BEARING PLANTS.

Plants producing seeds which contain an embrj^o formed of one or more rudimentary leaves (cotyledons), a stem (h^-pocotyl, radicle), and a terminal bud (plumule), or these parts sometimes undifferentiated before germination. Microspores (pollen-grains) are borne in microsporanges (anther-sacs) on the apex or side of a modified leaf (filament). The macrosporanges (ovules) are borne on the face of a flat or inroUed much modified leaf (carpel ) and contain ■one macrospore (embryo-sac); this develops the minute female prothallium, an archegone of which is fertilized hy means of a tube (pollen-tube), a portion of the male prothallium sprouting from the pollen-grain.

The Seed-bearing plants form the most numerous group in existence, not less than 120,- ■000 species being known. The subkingdom was formerly known as Phanerogamia, or Phae- nogamia and more recently as Anthophyta, this term signifying the presence of flowers, which characterizes most of the group. But the consideration that the spore-bearing organs of the Pine Family cannot well be regarded as flowers, and the fact that the production of seeds is the most characteristic difference between these plants and the Pteridophyta, are reasons which have led to the acceptance of the term here adopted.

There are two classes in the subkingdom, which differ from each other as follows: ■Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a scale; stigmas none. , Class i. Gymnospermae. •Ovules and seeds contained in a closed cavity (ovary). Class 2. Angiospermae.

Class I. gymnosp^rma:e.

Ovules (macrosporanges) naked, not enclosed in an ovary, this represented by a scale or apparently wanting. . Pollen-grains ( micrcspores ) dividing at maturity into two or more cells, one of which gives rise to the pollen-tube (male prothallium), which directly fertilizes an archegone of the nutritive endosperm (female prothallium) in the ovule.

The Gymnosperms are an ancient group, first known in Silurian time. They became most numerous in the Triassic age. They are now represented by not more than 450 species of trees and shrubs.

There are three orders, Coniferales, Cycadales and Gnetales, the first of which is represented in -our area by the Pine and Yew Families.

Family i. PINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 313. 1836. Pine Family. Conifers. Resinous trees or shrubs, mo-sth' with evergreen narrow entire or .scale-like leaves, the wood uniform in texture, without tracheae, the tracheids marked by large depressed disks, the pollen-sacs and ovules borne in separate spikes (aments). Perianth none. Stamens several together, subtended by a .scale; fila- ments more or less united ; pollen-sacs (anthers) 2-several-celled, variously de- hiscent ; pollen-grains often provided with two lateral inflated sacs. Ovules with two integuments, orthotropous or amphitropous, borne solitary or several together on the surface of a scale, which is subtended by a bract in most gen- era. Fruit a cone with numerous, several or few, woody, paperj^ or fleshy scales; sometimes berry-like. Seeds wingless or winged. Endosperm fleshy or starchy, copious. Embryo straight, slender. Cotyledons 2 or several.

About 25 genera and 240 species of wide distribution, most abundant in temperate regions. Scales of the cone numerous (except in Larix)-, leaf-buds scaly.

Cone-scales woody; leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 in a sheath. i. Pimts.

Cone-scales thin; leaves linear-filiform, scattered or fascicled, not in sheaths.

Leaves fascicled on very short branchlets, deciduous. 2. Larix.

Leaves scattered, persistent.

Cones pendulous; leaves jointed to short persistent sterigmata.

Leaves tetragonal, sessile. 3. Picea.

Leaves flat, short-petioled. 4. Tsiiga.

Cones erect; sterigmata inconspicuous or none. 5. Abies.

;Scales of the cone few (3-12); leaf-buds naked.

Cone-scales spiral, thick; leaves deciduous. 6. Taxodium.

Cone-scales opposite; leaves persistent.

Cone oblong, its scales not peltate. 7. Thuja.

Cone globose, its scales peltate. 8. Chamaecyparis.

Fruit fleshy, berry-like, a modified cone. 9. Juniperus.

4

50 PINACEAE.

I. PINUS L. Sp. PI. looo. 1753.

Evergreen trees with two kinds of leaves, the primary ones linear or scale-like, decidu- ous, the secondary ones forming the ordinary foliage, narrowly linear, arising from the axils of the former in fascicles of 2-5 (rarely solitary in some western species), subtended by the bud-scales, some of which are united to form a sheath. Staminate ameuts borne at the bases of shoots of the season, the clusters of stamens spirally arranged, each in the axil of a minute scale ; filaments very short ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovule-bearing ameuts solitary or clustered, borne on the twigs of the preceding season, com- posed of numerous imbricated minute bracts, each with an ovule-bearing scale in its axil, ripening into a large cone, which matures the following autumn, its scales elongating and becoming woody. Seeds 2 on the base of each scale, winged above, the testa crustaceous. [Name Celtic]

Leaves 5 in a sheath; cone-scales little thickened at the tip. i. P. Sli obus.

leaves 2-3 in a sheath; cone-scales much thickened at the tip. Cones terminal or subterminal.

Leaves 2 in a sheath; cones i}<'-2!4' long, their scales pointless. Leaves 3 in a sheath; cones 4' -10' long, their scales prickle-tipped.

Cones light, 6' -10' long; leaves io'-i6' long. 3. Cones ver>- heavy and woody, 4'-6' long; leaves s'-io' long. 4. Cones lateral.

Cone-scales with neither spine nor prickle; leaves in 2's. 5. Cone-scales tipped with a spine or prickle. Leaves some or all of them in 2's.

Cones i'/2'-2V2' long, their scales tipped with prickles.

Leaves stout, i^2'-2!'2' long. 6. Leaves slender, 3' -5' long. 7. Cones 3/^2 '-5' long, their scales tipped with verj' stout short spines

8.

Leaves in 3's (ver>' rarely some in 2's or 4's),

Leaves 6' -10' long; old sheaths 6"-io" long; cones oblong-conic. 9. Leaves 3'-5' long; old sheaths 3"-6" long; cones ovoid. 10.

2. P. 7-esiitosa.

3. P. paluslris.

4. P. ponderosa.

5. P. divaricala.

P. Virgiiiiana. P. ccliinata.

P. piingens.

P. Taeda. P. rigida.

I. Pinus Strobus L. White

ne. Weymouth Pine. (Fig. 110.)

Pinus Strobus Sp. PI. looi. 1753.

A large forest tree, reaching a maximum height of 175° and a trunk diameter of io^°, the bark nearly smooth except when old, the branches horizontal, verticillate. Leaves 5 in a sheath, very slender, pale green and glau- cous, 3'-5' long, with a single fibro-vascular bundle, the dorsal side devoid of stomata ; sheath loose, deciduous ; ovule-bearing ameuts ter- minal, peduncled ; cones subterminal, droop- ing, cylindric, often slightly curved, 4'-6' long, about i' thick when the scales are closed, re- sinous ; scales but slightly thickened at the apex, obtuse and rounded or nearly truncate, without a terminal spine or prickle.

In woods, often forming dense forests, Newfound- land to INIanitoba, south along the .\lleghenies to Georgia and to Illinois and Iowa. Ascends to 4300 ft. in North Carolina and to 2500 ft. in the Adiron- dacks. Wood light brown or nearly white, soft, compact, one of the most valuable of timbers; weight per cubic foot, 24 lbs. June.

PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS

2. Pinus resindsa Ait. Canadian Pine. Red Pine. ( Fig. iii.)

Pinus fcsiiiosa Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 367. 1789.

A tall forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about 150° and a trunk diameter of 5°, the the bark reddish, rather smooth, flaky when old. Leaves 2 in each sheath, slender, dark green, 4'-6' long, with 2 fibro-vascular bundles ; sheaths 6"-\2" long wheu young; staminate ameuts 6''-9" long ; cones subterminal, spread- ing, oval-conic, i>^'-2>^' long, usually less than i' thick while the scales are closed ; scales thickened at the apex, obtuse, rounded and devoid of spine or prickle.

In woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Minnesota. Wood compact, not strong, "light red; weight per cubic foot 30 lbs. May-June.

3. Pinus palustris Mill. Long-leaved Pine. Georgia Pine. (Fig. 112.)

Pinus pahislri^ Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 14. 1768. Pinus australis Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. i: 64. pi. 6. 1810.

A large tree, sometimes attaining a height of 100° and a trunk diameter of 5°, the bark nearly smooth. Leaves in 3's, slender, dark green, clustered at the ends of the branches, much elongated (io'-i6' long), with 2 fibro-vascular bundles; sheaths long; buds long ; staminate aments rose-purple, 2'-3 j^' long, very conspicuous ; cones terminal, spreading or erect, conic-cylindric, 6'-io' long, thick before the

scales open ; scales thickened at the apex, which is provided with a transverse ridge bearing a short cen- tral recurved prickle.

In sandy, mostly dry soil, often forming extensive for- ests, southern Virginia to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast. Wood hard, strong, compact, light red or orange; weight per cubic foot 44 lbs. This tree is the chief source of our turpentine, tar, rosin, and their deriva- tives. Also known as Southern Pine, Yellow Pine, Hard Pine and Virginia Pine. March-April.

4. Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Western Yel- low Pine. (Fig. 113.)

Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Lawson's Man. 354. 1836.

One of the largest North American trees, attaining a maximum height of nearly 300° and a trunk diam- eter of 15°, but commonly much smaller. Branches widely spreading or somewhat drooping ; bark light red, scaly ; leaves in 3's (rarely some of them in 2's), rather stout, 5'-io' long, slightly scabrous ; cones subterminal, very dense and heavy, ovoid-conic, 4'-6' long, ij'2'-2j4' thick; scales much thickened at the apex, the transverse ridge prominent, with a triangular subulate short stout recurved prickle.

Montana to British Columbia, south to western Ne- braska, Texas, Mexico and California; the shorter-leaved eastern form which reaches our area has been distin- guished from the western as var. scopuloruni. Wood hard, strong, light red; weight per cubic foot 29 lbs. One of the most important lumber-trees of the west. April-May.

52

PINACEAE.

5. Pinus divaricata (Ait.) Sudw. Labra- dor Pine. Gray Pine. (Fig. 114.)

Pinus sylveslris var. divaricala Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 366. 1789.

Pinus Banksmna Lamb. Pinus, 1:7. pi. 3. 1803. Pinus divaricala Sudw. Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 44. 1893.

A slender tree, usually 4o°-6o° high, but sometimes reaching 100°, and a trunk diameter of 3>^°, the branches spreading, the bark becoming flaky. Leaves in 2's, stout, stiff, more or less cur\-ed, spreading or oblique, light green, crowded along the branches, sel- dom over 1' long; fibro-vascular bundles 2; cones commonly very numerous, lateral, oblong-conic, usu- ally upwardly curv^ed, i'-2' long, <)"-i^" thick when mature ; scales thickened at the end, the transverse ridge a mere line with a minute central point in place of spine or prickle at maturitj'; young scales spiny- tipped.

In sandy soil, sometimes forming- extensive forests. New Brunswick to Hudson Bay and the Northwest Territory, south to Maine, northern New York, northern Illinois and ]\Iinnesota, Wood soft, weak, compact, light brown; weight per cubic foot 27 lbs. Also called Hudson Bay Pine and Northern Scrub Pine. Maj--June.

6. Pinus Virginiana Mill. Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine. (Fig. 115.)

Pinus I'ii o-iuiana Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 9. 1768. Pinus inops Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 367. 1789.

A slender tree, usually small, but sometimes at- taining a height of 110° and a trunk diameter of 3°, the old bark dark colored, flaky, the branches spreading or drooping. Leaves in 2's, dark green, rather stout and stiff, spreading when old, lYz'-'i.yz' long, with 2 fibro-vascular bundles ; young sheaths rarely more than 2;^" long ; cones commonly few, lateral, recurved when young, spreading when old, oblong-conic, \yi'-2yi' long, their scales somewhat thickened at the apex, the low transverse ridge with a short central more or less recurved prickle.

In sandy soil. Long Island, New York to South Caro- lina, west to southern Indiana and Kentucky, some- times forming forests. Ascends to 3300 ft. in Virginia. Wood soft, weak, brittle, light orange; weight per cubic foot 33 lbs. April-May.

7. Pinus echinata Mill. Yellow Pine. Spruce Pine. (Fig. ii6. )

Pinus echinaia Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 12. Pinus mitis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 204. 1803.

1768.

A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about 100° and a trunk diameter of 4^''2°, the branches spread- ing, the old bark rough in plates. Leaves some in 2's, some in 3's, slender, not stiff, dark green, 3^-5' long, spreading when mature ; fibro-vascular bundles 2 ; young sheaths 5"-8" long ; cones lateral, oblong- conic, about 2' long, usually less than i' thick when the scales are closed ; scales thickened at the apex, marked with a prominent transverse ridge and armed with a slender small nearlj' straight earl}- deciduous prickle.

In sandy soil, southern New York to Florida, west to Illinois. Kansas and Texas. Wood heavy, strong, orange; one of the most valuable timbers; weight per cubic foot 38 lbs. Also called Short-leaved Pine and Bull Pine. May-June.

PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS.

53

8. Pinus pungens Michx. f. Table- Mountain Pine. Hickory Pine. (Fig. 117.)

Piiitis fiuii^ens Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. i: 6i. />/. j- 1810.

A tree with a maximum height of about 60° and trunk diameter of the branches spreading, the old rough bark in flakes. Leaves mostly in 2's, some in 3's, stout and stiff, light green, 2)4^-4^ long, crowded on the twigs ; fibro-vascular bundles 2 ; young sheaths 5''-8" long ; cones lateral, usu- ally clustered, long-persistent on the branches, ovoid, 3)4 '-5' long, 2'-^' thick while the scales are closed, nearly globular when these are expanded ; scales very thick and woody, their ends with a large elevated transverse ridge, centrally tipped by a stout reflexed or spreading spine 2"-2j4'^ long.

In woods, sometimes fomiing forests, western New Jersey and central Pennsylvania to North Carolina and Tennessee. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. Wood soft, weak, brittle, light brown ; weight per cubic foot 31 lbs. May.

Pinus Taeda L.

Loblolly Pine. J

Old-field Pine. (Fig. 118.) Fill lis Taeda L. Sp. PI. 1000. 1753.

A large forest tree, reaching under favorable con- ditions, a height of 150° and a trunk diameter of 5°, the branches spreading, the bark thick and rugged, flaky in age. Leaves in 3's (rarely some of them in 2's), slender, not stiff, light green, as- cending or at length spreading, 6'-io' long ; fibro- vascular bundles 2 ; sheaths 8"-i2" long when young ; cones lateral, spreading, oblong-conic, 3'-5' long, I'-i '/i' thick before the scales open ; scales thickened at the apex, the transverse ridge promi- nent, acute, tipped with a central short triangular reflexed-spreading spine.

Delaware to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast, north through the Mississippi Valley to Arkansas. Wood not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light brown; weight per cubic foot 34 lbs. Springs up in old fields or in clearings. Also called Frankincense Pine. April-May.

10. Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch Pine.

Pinus rigida Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 10. 1768.

A forest tree reaching a maximum height of about 80° and a trunk diameter of 3°, the branches spread- ing, the old bark rough, furrowed, flak}' in strips. Leaves in 3's (very rarely some in ^'s), stout and stiff, rather dark green, 3'-5' long, spreading when mature ; fibro-vascular bundles 2 ; sheaths 4''-6" long when young; cones lateral, ovoid, i/4'-3' long, becoming nearly globular when the scales open, commonly numerous and clustered ; scales thickened at the apex, the transverse ridge acute, provided with a stout cen- tral triangular recurved-spreading prickle.

In dry, sandy or rocky soil, New Brunswick to Georgia, west to southern Ontario, West Virginia and Kentucky. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. This forms most of the "pine barrens" of Long Island and New Jersey. Wood soft, brittle, coarse-grained, light reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 32 lbs. Also called Sap Pine and Candle- wood Pine; produces numerous shoots from cut stumps. April-May.

Torch Pine.

54

PINACEAE.

2. LARIX Adans. Fam. PL 2: 480. 1763.

Tall trees with horizontal or ascending branches and small narrowly linear deciduous leaves, without sheaths, in fascicles on short lateral scaly bud-like branchlets. Aments short, lateral, monoecious, the staminate from leafless buds ; the ovule-bearing buds com- monly leafy at the base and the aments red. Anther sacs 2-celled, the sacs transversely or obliquely dehiscent. Pollen-grams simple. Cones ovoid or cylindric, small, erect, their scales thin, spirally arranged, obtuse, persistent. Ovules 2 on the base of each scale, ripen- ing into 2 reflexed somewhat winged seeds. [Name ancient, probably Celtic]

About g specie.s, natives of the nortli temperate and subarctic zones. Besides the following- 2 others occur in the western parts of North America.

I. Larix laricina (Dtt Roi) Koch. Ameri- can Larch. Tamarack (Fig. 120.)

Pinns laricina Du Roi. Obs. Bot. 49. 1771. I'iinis pendiila Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 369. 1789. Larix A)>iericaiia INIich.x. V\. Bor. Am. 2; 203. 1803. Larix laricina Koch, Dendrol. 2: Part 2, 263. 1873.

A slender tree, attaining a maximum height of

about 100° and a trunk diameter of 3°, the branches

spreading, the bark close or at length slightly scaly.

Leaves pale green, numerous in the fascicles, 5"-

12" long, about %" wide, deciduous in late autumn;

fascicles borne on short lateral branchlets about 1"

long ; cones short-peduncled at the ends of similar

branchlets, ovoid, obtuse, 6"-8" long, composed of

about 12 suborbicular thin scales, their margins

entire or slightly lacerate.

In swampy woods and about marg-ins of lakes, New- foundland to the Northwest Territorj-, south to New Jer- .sej', Pennsylvania, Indiana and Minnesota. Wood hard, strong, very durable, resinous, light brown; weight per cubic ft. 39 lbs. Called also Hackmatack. March- April.

3. PICE A Link, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1827 : 179. 1 827-1 830.

Evergreen conical trees, with linear short 4-sided leaves spreading in all directions, jointed at the base to short persistent sterigmata, on which the}' are sessile, falling away in drying, the bare twigs appearing covered with low truncate projections. Leaf-buds scaly. Staminate aments axiUar}-, nearly sessile; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent, the connective prolonged into an appendage; pollen-grains compound; ovule-bearing aments, terminal, ovoid or oblong; ovules 2 on the base of each scale, reflexed, ripening into 2 more or less winged seeds. Cones ovoid or oblong, obtuse, pendulous, their scales numerous, spirally arranged, thin, obtuse, persistent. [Name ancient.]

About 14 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic zones, 3 others occur in the northwestern parts of North America. Twigs and sterigmata glabrous, glaucous; cones oblong-cylindric. Twigs pubescent, brown; cones ovoid or oval.

Twigs stout; leaves niucronate; cones persistent.

Twigs slender: leaves verj- acute; cones deciduous,

I. Picea Canadensis Mill.) B.S.P. White Sprtice. (Fig. 121.)

Abies Canadensis Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 4. 1768. Finns alba Wt. Hort. Kew. 3; 371. 1789. Abies alba Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 207. 180^. Not Mill. 1768.

Picea alba Link, Linnaea, 15: 519. 1841. Picea Canadensis B..S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 71. 1888.

A slender tree, attaining a maximum height of about 150° and a trunk diameter of 3°, but usuallj- much smaller. Twigs and sterigmata glabrous, pale and glaucous; leaves light green, slender, 6"- 8" long, very acute ; cones cylindric or oblong- cylindric, pale, I ^'-2' long, 6"-S" thick before the scales open ; scales almost membranaceous, their margins usually quite entire; bracts incised.

Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and .\laska, south to !Maine. northern New York. Michigan, the Black Hills, Montana and British Columbia. Wood soft, weak, light yellow; weight per cubic foot 25 lbs. April-May.

Besides the following, I. P. Canadensis.

P. Mariana. P. rubra.

PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS.

55

2. Picea Mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce. (Fig. 122.)

Abies Mariana Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 5. 1768.

Pi /I lis uin'ra Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 370. 1789. Ahies nigra De,sf. Hist. Arb. 2: 580. 1809. Picea nigra Link, Linnaea, 15: 520. 1841. Picea Mariana B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 71. 1888.

A slender tree, sometimes 90° high, the trunk reaching a diameter of 2°-3°, the branches spreading, the bark only slightly- roughened. Twigs stout, pubescent ; ster- igmata pubescent ; leaves thickly covering the twigs, deep green, stout, straight or curved, rarely more than ]4' long, obtuse or merely mucronate at the apex ; cones oval or ovoid, long, persistent on the twigs

for two or more seasons, their scales with en- tire or merely erose margins.

Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and the Northwest Territorj-, south to New Jersey, along- the higher AUeghenies to North Caro- lina and to Michigan and Minnesota. Wood soft, weak, pale red or nearly white ; weight per cubic foot 28 lbs. May-June.

3. Picea rubra (Lamb.) Link. Red Spruce. (Fig. 123.)

Pinus rttbra Lamb. Pinus, i: 43. pi. 28. 1803. Picea rubra Link, Linnaea, 15: 521. 1841. Picea nigra var. rubra Engelm. Gard. Chron. (II-) 11: 334. 1879-

A slender tree, sometimes reaching a height of 100° and a trunk diameter of 4°, the branches spreading, the bark reddish, nearly smooth. Twigs slender, sparingly pubescent ; sterigmata glabrate ; leaves light green, slender, straight or sometimes in- curved, very acute at the apex, 5"-8" long; cones ovoid or oval, seldom more than 1' long, deciduous at the end of the first season or during the winter, their scales un- dulate, lacerate, or 2-lobed.

Nova Scotia to northern New York and along the higher Alleghenies to southern Virginia. Ascends to 4500 ft. in the Adirondacks. Wood similar to that of the preceding species. May- June.

4. TSUGA Carr. Trait. Conif. 185. 1855.

Evergreen trees with slender horizontal or drooping branches, flat narrowly linear scattered short -petioled leaves, spreading and appearing 2-ranked, jointed to very short sterigmata and falling away in drying. Leaf-buds scaly. Staminate aments axillary, short or subglobose; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehiscent, the connective slightly pro- duced beyond them ; pollen-grains simple. Ovule-bearing aments terminal, the scales about as long as the bracts, each bearing 2 reflexed ovules on its base. Cones small, ovoid or oblong, pendulous, their scales scarcely woody, obtuse, persistent. Seeds somewhat winged. [Name Japanese.]

About 7 species, the following of eastern North America, 2 in northwestern North America, 2 or 3 Asiatic.

Cones 6"-io" long, their scales remaining appressed. i. T. Canadensis.

Cones I ' -I }<' long, their scales widely spreading at maturity. 2. T. Caroliniana.

56

PINACEAE.

I. Tsuga Canadensis (L. ) Carr. Hemlock. (Fig. 124.)

Pinus Canadensis L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1421. 1763. Abies Canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 206. 1803.

Tsuga Canadensis Qatt. Trait. Conif. 189. 1855.

A tall forest tree, sometimes 110° high, the trunk reaching 4° in diameter, the lower branches somewhat drooping, the old bark flaky in scales. Foliage dense ; leaves ob- tuse, flat, 6"-9" loug, less than 1" wide, dark green above, pale beneath, the petiole less than one-half as long as the width of the blade ; cones oblong, obtuse, as long as or slightly longer than the leaves, their scales suborbicular, obtuse, minutely lacerate or entire, not widely spreading at maturity.

Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Delaware, along the Alleg:henies to Alabama and to Michi- gan and Wisconsin. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the Adirondacks. One of the most ornamental of evergreens when young. Wood soft, weak, brittle, coarse-grained, light brown or nearly white ; weight per cubic foot 26 lbs. Bark much used in tanning. April-May.

2. Tsuga Caroliniana Engelm. Carolina Hemlock. (Fig. 125.)

Tsuga Caroliniana Engelm. Coult. Bot. Gaz. 6:: 223. 1881.

Abies Caroliniana Chapm. Fl. S. .States, Ed. 2, 650. 1883.

A forest tree attaining a maximum height of about 80° and a trunk diameter of 4°, the lower branches drooping. Leaves narrowly linear, obtuse, rather light green above, nearly white beneath, "/"-lo" long, the peti- ole nearly as long as the width of the blade ; cones i'~i]4' long, the scales firm but scarcely woody, oblong, obtuse, widely spreading at maturity.

Southwestern Virginia to South Carolina in the Alleghenies. Wood soft, weak, brittle, light brown ; weight per cubic foot about 27 lbs. A more graceful and beautiful tree than the pre- ceding at maturity. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. April.

5. ABIES Juss. Gen. 414. 1789.

Evergreen trees with linear flat scattered sessile leaves, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked, but in reality spirally arranged, not jointed to sterigmata, and commonly quite persistent in drying, the naked twigs marked by the flat scars of their bases. Stam- inate aments axillary; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehiscent, the connective pro- longed into a short knob or point ; pollen-grains compound. Ovule-bearing aments lateral, erect ; ovules 2 on the base of each scale, reflexed, the scale shorter than or exceeding the thin or papery, mucrouate or aristate bract. Cones erect, subcyliudric or ovoid, their scales deciduous from the persistent axis, orbicular or broader, obtuse. [Ancient name of the firs.]

About 20 species, natives of the north temperate zone, chiefly in boreal and mountainous- regions. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the western parts of North America and i in Mexico.

Bracts serrulate, mucronate, shorter than the scales. Bracts aristate, reflexed, longer than the scales.

1. A. balsamea.

2. A. Fraseri.

PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS. I. Abies balsamea (L. ) Mill. Balsam Fir. (Fig. 126.)

57

2, Abies Fraseri (Pursh) Lindl. Fraser's Balsam Fir. (Fig. 127. )

Pinus Fraseri Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 6,39. 1814. Abies Fraseri L,indl. Penny Cycl. i: 30. 1833.

A forest tree, reaching a maximum size about that of the preceding species, the smooth bark bearing similar resin "blisters." Leaves, especially the younger, conspicu- ously whitened beneath, 5"-io''long, nearly 1" wide, emarginate or some of them ob- tuse at the apex ; cones oblong-cylindric or ovoid-cylindric, 2'-2,' high, about 1' thick, their scales rhomboid, much broader than high, rounded at the apex, much shorter than the papery bracts, which are reflexed, their summits emarginate, serrulate and aristate.

On the high Alleghenies of southwestern Vir- ginia, North Carolina and Tennessee. Wood similar to that of the northern species, but slightly lighter in weight. May.

Piiuis balsamea L. Sp. PI. 1002. 1753. Abies balsamea Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. S, No. i,. 1768.

A slender forest tree attaining a maximum

height of about 90° and a trunk diameter of

3°, usually much smaller and on mountain

tops and in high arctic regions reduced to a

low shrub. Bark smooth, warty with resin

"blisters." Leaves fragrant in drying, less

than i" wide, 6"-io'' long, obtuse, dark

green above, paler beneath or the youngest

conspicuously whitened on the lower surface ;

cones cylindric, 2^-4' long, 9"-i5'^ thick,

upright, arranged in rows on the upper side

of the branches, violet or purplish when

young ; bracts obovate, serrulate, mucronate,

shorter than the broad rounded scales.

Newfoundland and Labrador to Hudson Bay and the Northwest Territory, south to Massa- chusetts, Pennsylvania, along the Alleghenies to Virginia and to Michigan and Minnesota. .As- cends to 5000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Wood soft and weak, light brown; weight per cubic foot 24 lbs. Canada balsam is derived from the resinous exudations of the trunk. May-June.

6. TAXODIUM L. C. Rich. Ann. Mits. Paris, 16: 298. 1810.

Tall trees with horizontal or drooping branches, and alternate spirally arranged sessile linear or scale-like leaves, deciduous in our species, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked, some of the twigs commonly deciduous in autumn. Leaf-buds naked. Staminate aments very numerous, globose, in long terminal drooping panicled spikes, appearing before the leaves ; anthers 2-5-celled, the sacs 2-valved. Ovule-bearing aments ovoid, in small terminal clusters, their scales few, bractless, each bearing a pair of ovules on its base. Cones globose or nearly so, the scales thick and woody, rhomboid, fitting closely together by their mar- gins, each marked with a triangular scar at its base. Seeds large, sharply triangular- pyramidal. [Name Greek, referring to the yew-like leaves.]

Three known species, the following of southeastern North America, one Mexican, one Chinese.

58

PINACEAE.

I. Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Rich. Bald Cypress. (Fig. 128.)

Cxprcssiis dislicha L. Sp. PI. 1003. 1753. Taxodium dislichum L. C. Rich. Ann. Mus. Paris, 16; 298. 1810.

A large forest tree, attaining a maximum height

of about 150° and a truuk diameter of 14°, the old

bark flaky in thin strips. Leaves narrowly linear,

flat, thin, ^"-\o" long, Yz" or less wide, rather

light green, acute, those on some of the flowering

branches smaller, scale-like ; cones globose or

slightly longer than thick, pendent at the ends of

the branches, verj- compact, about \' in diameter;

surfaces of the scales irregularly rugose above the

inversely triangular scar ; seeds i,"-^" long.

In swamps and along rivers, Delaware (possibly in southern New Jersey) to Florida, west to Texas, north in the Mississippi Valley region to southern Indiana, Missouri and Arkansas. Wood soft, not strong, brown, very durable; weight per cubic foot 27 lbs. The roots develop upright conic " knees " sometimes 4° high and 1° thick. March-.A.pril.

7. THUJA L. Sp. PI. 1002. 1753.

Evergreen trees or shrubs with frond-like foliage, the leaves small or minute, scale-like, appressed, imbricated, opposite, 4-ranked, those of the ultimate branchlets mostly obtuse, those of some of the larger twigs acute or subulate. Ameuts monoecious, both kinds ter- minal, the staminate globose ; anthers opposite, 2-4-celled, the sacs globose, 2-valved. Ovule-bearing aments ovoid or oblong, small, their scales opposite, each bearing 2 (rarely 2-5) erect ovules. Cones ovoid or oblong, mostly spreading or recurved, their scales €-10, coriaceous, opposite, not peltate, dry, spreading when mature. Seeds oblong, broadly or narrowly winged or wingless. [Name ancient.]

About 15 species, natives of North America and eastern .\sia. Besides the following, another occurs from Idaho and Oregon to Alaska.

I. Thuja occidentalis L. White Cedar. Arbor Vitae. (Fig. 129.)

Thuja occidentalis L. Sp. PI. 1002. 1753.

A conical tree, reaching a height of 65° and a trunk diameter of 5°, the old bark deciduous in ragged strips. Scale-like leaves of the ultimate branchlets nearly orbicular, obtuse, \"-\yz" broad, the two lateral rows keeled, the two other rows flat, causing the twigs to appear much flattened ; leaves of the older twigs narrower and longer, acute or acuminate ; mature cones \"-(>" long, their scales obtuse ; seeds broadly winged.

In wet soil and along the banks of streams, form- ing almost impenetrable forests northward. New Brutiswick to James' Bay and ZSIanitoba, south to New Jersey, along the .\ileghenies to North Caro- lina and to Illinois and Minnesota. Ascends to 3500 ft. in the ."Vdirondacks. Wood soft, brittle, ■weak, coarse-grained, light brown; weight per cubic foot 20 lbs. May-June.

8. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach, Hist. Veg. 11 : 329. 1842.

Evergreen trees, similar to the Thujas, with minute opposite appressed 4-ranked scale-like leaves, or those of older twigs subulate, and small monoecious terminal aments. Staminate aments as in Thuja, but the filaments broader and shield-shaped. Ovule-bearing aments globose, their scales opposite, peltate, each bearing 2-5 erect ovules. Cones glo- bose, the scales thick, peltate, each bearing 2-5 erect seeds, closed until mature, each with a central point or knob. Seeds winged. [Greek, meaning a low cypress. ]

About 7 species, the following of the eastern United States, 2 in western North .\merica. 3 or 4 Japanese.

PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS.

59

I. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L. ) B.S.P. Southern White Cedar.

(Fig. 130.)

Ciipresstis thyoides L,. Sp. PI. 1003. 1753. Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea Spacli, Hist. Veg-. ii: 331. 1842.

Chamaecyparis thyoides B.vS.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 71. 1888.

A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about 90° and a truuk diameter of 4^°. Leaves of the ultimate branchlets ovate, acute, scarcely wide, those of the lateral rows keeled, those of the vertical rows slightly convex, each with a minute round discoid marking on the centre of the back, those of the older twigs narrower and longer, subu- late ; cones about 3'^ in diameter, blue, each of their closely fitting scales with a small central point ; seeds narrowly winged.

In swamps, Massachusetts to northern New Jersey, south to Florida and Mississippi, mostly near the coast. Wood soft, weak, close-grained, light brown; weight per cubic foot 21 lbs. April-May.

9. JUNIPERUS L. Sp. PI. 1038. 1753.

Evergreen trees or shrubs with opposite or verticillate, subulate or scale-like, sessile leaves, commonly of 2 kinds, and dioecious or sometimes monoecious, small globose axil- lary or terminal aments. L-af-buds naked. Staminate aments oblong or ovoid; anthers 2-6-called, each sac 2-valved. Ovule-bsaring aments of a few opposite somewhat fleshy scales, or these rarely verticillate in 3's, each bearing a single erect ovule or rareh^ 2. Cones globose, berry-like by the coalescence of the fleshy scales, containing 1-6 wingless bony seeds. [Name Celtic]

About 30 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, some of them extending into tropical re- g'ions. Besides the following, 4 or 5 others occur in the western parts of North America,

Leaves all subulate, prickly pointed, verticillate; aments axillary.

Small erect tree or shrub; leaves slender, mostly straight. i. J. conDiitinis.

Low depressed shrub; leaves stouter, mostly curved. 2. J. nana.

Leaves of 2 kinds, scale-like and subulate, mostly opposite; aments terminal.

Tree; fruit on short straight branches. 3. J. TirQiniana.

Depressed shrub; fruit on short recurved branches. 4. /. Sadi/ia.

I. Juniperus communis L,. Juniper. (Fig. 131.)

Jiiniperus coniniiDiis L- Sp. PI. 1040. 1753.

A low tree or erect shrub, sometimes attaining a height of 25° and a trunk diameter of 10', usually smaller, the branches spreading or drooping, the bark shreddy. Leaves all subulate, rigid, spreading, or some of the lower reflexed, mostly straight, prickly pointed, verticillate in 3's, often with smaller ones fas- cicled in their axils, 5"-io" long, less than \" wide, channeled and commonly whitened on the upper sur- face; aments axillary; berry-like cones sessile or very nearly so, dark blue, 3"-4" diameter.

On drj- hills. Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Michigan, western Nebraska and in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. Ascends to 900 ft. in Pennsylvania. Also in Europe and Asia. The fruit is used for flavoring gin. April-May. Fruit ripe Oct.

6o PINACEAE.

2. Juniperus nana Willd. Low Juniper. (Fig. 132.)

Jiiniperus Sibirica Burgsd. Anleit. n. 272. 1787.? Juniperus nana Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 854. 1806. Juniperus communis var. alpina Gaud. Fl. Helv. 6r 301. 1830.

A depressed rigid shrub, seldom over 18' high^ forming circular patches often 10° in diameter. Leaves similar to those of the preceding species, but stouter, similarly channeled and often whitened above, appressed-ascending, rather rigid, spiny- tipped, 4"-6" long, mostly incurved, densely clothing the twigs, verticillate in 3's ; amcnts axil- lary; berry-like cones blue, 4"-5" in diameter.

In dr^-, open places, Labrador to British Columbia, south to Massachusetts, New York, Michigan and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. Also in Europe and .\sia. The characteristic growth in a de- pressed circular patch gives the plant a very different aspect from the true Juniper. April-May.

3. Juniperus Virginiana L. Red Cedar. Savin. (Fig. 133.)

Juniperjis Virginiana L. Sp. PI. 1039. i75,3-

A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 100° and a trunk diameter of 5°, conic when young, but the branches spreading in age so that the out- line becomes nearly cylindric. Leaves mostly opposite, all those of young plants and commonly some of those on the older twigs of older trees subulate, spiny-tipped, 2^-4" long, those of the mature foliage scale-like, acute or subacute, closely appressed and imbricated, 4-ranked, causing the twigs to appear quadrangular ; aments terminal ; berrj'-like cones light blue, glaucous, about 3" in diameter, borne on straight peduncle-like branch- lets of less than their own length, 1-2-seeded.

In drj' soil. New Brunswick to British Columbia, .south to Florida, Texas, northern Mexico and Arizona. Also in the West Indies. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Vir- ginia. Wood soft, not strong, straight-grained, com- pact, odorous, red, the sap-wood white; weight per

cubic foot 31 lbs.; used in large quantities in the manufacture of lead pencils. Fruit ripe Sept.

.\pril-May.

-Oct.

4. Juniperus Sabina I,. Shriibb}- Red Cedar. (Fig. 134.)

Juniperus Sabina L. Sp. PI. 1039. 1753. Juniperus Sabina var. procuinbens Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept. 647. 1814.

A depressed, usually procumbent shrub, seldom more than 4° high. Leaves similar to those of the preceding species, those of young plants and the older twigs of older plants subulate, spiny -tipped, those of the mature foliage scale-like, appressed, 4-ranked, acute or acuminate ; aments terminal \. berrv-like cones light blue, somewhat glaucous, in diameter, borne on recurved peduncle- like brauchlets of less than their own length, 1-4-seeded.

On banks. Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to- Maine, northern New York, Minnesota and Montana. Also in Europe and Asia. April-Maj-.

YEW FAMILY.

6i

Family 2. TAXACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 316. 1836.

Trees or shrubs, resiii-bearing except Taxus. Leaves evergreen or decid- uous, linear, or in several exotic genera broad or sometimes fan-shaped, the pollen-sacs and ovules borne in separate clusters or solitary. Perianth wanting. Stamens much as in the Pinaceae. Ovules with either one or two integuments; when two, the outer one fleshy, when only one, its outer part fleshy. Fruit drupe-like or rarely a cone.

About 8 genera and 75 species, of wide geographic distribution, most numerous in tlie southern hemisphere. The Maiden-hair Tree, Ginkgo biloba, of China and Japan, with fan-shaped leaves, is an interesting member of the group, now much planted for ornament.

I. TAXUS L. Sp. PI. 1040. 1753.

Evergreen trees or shrubs, with spirally arranged short-petioled linear flat mucronate leaves, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked, and axillary and solitary, sessile or subsessile very small ameuts; staminate aments consisting of a few scaly bracts and 5-8 stamens, their filaments united to the middle ; anthers 4-6-celled. Ovules solitary, axillary, erect, sub- tended by a fleshy, annular disk, which is bracted at the base. Fruit consisting of the fleshy disk which becomes cup-shaped, red, and nearly encloses the bony seed. [Name ancient.]

About 6 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs in Florida, one in Mexico and one on the Pacific Coast.

I. Taxus minor (Michx.) Britton. American Yew. Ground Hemlock.

(Fig. 135-)

Taxus baccata var. minor Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 245. 1803.

TaxtiS Canadensis Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 856. 1806.

Taxus mi not- 'Britton, Mem. Torn Club, 5: 19. 1893-

A low straggling shrub, seldom over 5° high. Leaves dark green on both sides, nar- rowly linear, mucronate at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, 6''-io'' long, nearly i''' wide, persistent on the twigs in drying; the staminate aments globose, i'' long, usually numerous; ovules usually few; fruit red and pulpy, resinous, oblong, nearly 3'' high, the top of the seed not covered by the fleshy integument.

In woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to New Jersey, in the Alleghenies to Virginia, and to Minnesota and Iowa. Ascends to 2500 ft. in the Adirondacks. April-May. Very dif- ferent from the European Yew, T. baccata, in habit, the latter becoming a large forest tree, as does the Oregon Yew, T. brevifolia.

Class 2. ANGIOSPkRMAJE.

Ovules (macrosporanges) enclosed in a cavity (the ovary) formed by the infolding and uniting of the margins of a modified rudimentary leaf (carpel), or of several such leaves joined together, in which the seeds are ripened. The pollen-grains (microspores) on alighting upon the summit of the carpel (stigma) germinate, sending out a pollen-tube which penetrates its tissues and reaching an ovule enters the orifice of the latter (micropyle), and its tip coming in

62 TYPHACEAE.

contact with a <^erm-cell in the embryo-sac, fertiHzation is effected. In a few cases the pollen-tube enters the ovule at the chalaza, not at the micropyle.

There are two sub-classes, distinguished as follows:

Cotyledon one; stem endogenous. Sub-class i. Monocotyledones.

Cotyledons two; stem (with rare exceiitions) e-xogenous. Sub-class 2. Dicotvleuones.

Sub-class I. MONOCOTYI^EDONHS.

Embr\ o of the .seed with but a single cotyledon and the first leaves of the germinating plantlet alternate. Stem compo.sed of a ground-mass of .soft tissue ( parenchyma j in which bundles of wood-cells are irregularly imbedded ; no distinction into wood, pith and bark. Leaves usually parallel- veined, mostly alternate and entire, commonly .sheathing the stem at the ba.se and often with no di.stinction of blade and petiole. Flowers mostly 3-merous or 6-merous.

Monocotyledonous plants are first definitely known in Triassic time. They con.stitute between one-fourth and one-third of the living angiospermous flora. The families are grouped in about 10 orders (see Introduction).

Family i. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. i: 60. 1805.*

C.\T-TAii, Family.

Mar.sh or aquatic plants with creeping rootstocks, fibrous roots and glabrous erect, terete stems. Leaves linear, fiat, ensiform, striate, .sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious, densely crowded in terminal spikes, which are subtended by spathaceous, usually fugacious bracts, and divided at intervals b}' smaller bracts, which are caducous, the staminate .spikes uppermost. Perianth of bris- tles. Stamens 2-7, the filaments connate. Ovary i, .stipitate, 1-2 -celled. Ovules anatropous. Styles as many as the cells of the ovary. Mingled among the stamens and pistils are bristly hairs, and among the pistillate flowers many sterile flowers with clavate tips. Fruit nutlike. Endosperm copious.

The family comprises only the following genus:

I. TYPHA L. Sp. PI. 971. 1753. Characters of the family. [ Name ancient.]

About 10 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Besides those here de- scribed, another occurs in California.

Spikes dark brown or black, the pistillate and staminate usually contiguous, the former without

bractlets; stigmas spatulate or rhomboid; pollen 4-grained. i. T. latifolia.

Spikes light brown, the pistillate and staminate usually distant, the former with bractlets; stigmas

2. T. a)ignstifolia.

I. Typha latifolia L. Broad-leaved Cat- tail. (Fig. 136.)

Typha latifolia L. Sp. PI. 971. 1753.

Stems stout, 4°-8° high. Leaves 3"-! 2" broad; spikes dark brown or black, the staminate and pistillate portions usually contiguous, each 3'-! 2' long and often i' or more in diameter, the pistil- late without bractlets ; stigmas rhomboid or spatu- late ; pollen-grains in 4's ; fruit furrowed, bursting in water ; seeds with a separable outer coat.

In marshes, throughout North America except the extreme north. Ascends to 1600 ft, in the Adirondacks and to 2200 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and .^sia. June-July. Fruit, Aug.-Sept.

*Text contributed by the late Rev. Thomas Morong.

linear; pollen in simple grains.

CAT-TAIL FAMILY. 63

2. Typha angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved Cat-tail. (Fig. 137.)

Typha angustifolia L,- Sp. PI. 971. 1753.

Stems slender, 5°-io° high. Leaves mostly nar- rower than those of the preceding species, 2"-(i" wide; spikes light brown, the staminate and pistil- late portions usually distant, the two together sometimes 15' long, the pistillate, when mature, ■2,"-W in diameter, and provided with bractlets ; stigmas linear or linear-oblong ; pollen-grains sim- ple; fruit not furrowed, not bursting in water; outer coat of the seed not separable.

Abundant in marshes along the Atlantic Coast from Nova Scotia to Florida and Cuba, but also occurring- rather rarely inland. Also in Europe and Asia. June- July. Fruit, Aug. -Sept.

Family 2. SPARGANIACEAE Agardh, Theor. Syst. PI. 13. 1858.*

Bur-reed Family.

Marsh or pond plants with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots, erect or floating simple or branched stems, and linear alternate leaves, sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious, densely crowded in globose heads at the upper part of the stem and branches, the .staminate heads uppermost, sessile or peduncled. Spathes linear, immediately beneath or at a distance below the head. Perianth of a few irregular chaffy .scales. Stamens commonly 5, their filaments distinct; anthers oblong or cuneate. Ovary sessile, mosth^ i -celled. Ovules anatropous. Fruit mostly i -celled, nutlike. Embrj'O nearly straight, in copious endosperm.

The family comprises only the following genus.

I. SPARGANIUM L. Sp. PI. 971. 1753. Characters of the family. [Greek, referring to the ribbon-like leaves.] About 10 species, of temperate and cold regions. Besides the following, one occurs in California.

Fruit sessile. i. 5. eurycaypum.

Fruit stalked.

Inflorescence branching. 2. 5*. andi-ocladuni.

Inflorescence simple.

Staminate heads 4-6, pistillate 2-6, 5"-8" in diameter. 3. 5. simplex.

Staminate heads 1-2, pistillate 1-3, 2"-^" in diameter. 4. 5. minimum.

I. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Broad-fruited Bur-reed. (Fig. 138.)

Spargaiiiiini enrycaipuni Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 430. 1856.

Stenisstout, 3°-8° high, branching. Leaves linear, flat, slightly keeled beneath, the low- est 3°-5° long, the upper shorter ; staminate heads numerous ; pistillate heads 2-4 on the stem or branch, sessile or more commonly peduncled, hard, compact and \o"-\()" in di- ameter when mature ; style i ; stigmas 1-2 ; nutlets sessile, j/'-^" long, obtusely 4-5- angled, narrowed atthebase, thetop rounded, flattened or depressed, abruptly tipped with the style ; scales as long or nearly as long as the fruit and as many as its angles, often with 2 or 3 other exterior ones, somewhat spatu- late, the apex rounded, denticulate or eroded.

In marshes and along streams, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Virginia, Mis- souri, Utah and California. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia. May-Aug.

*Text contributed by the late Rev. Thomas

MORONG.

64

SPARGANIACEAE.

2. Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong. Branching Bur-reed. (Fig. 139.)

Spa7-ganiiim simplex var. androcladum Engelm. in A.

Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 481. 1867. Sparganium androcladum Morong, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 78. 1888.

Stem slender, more or less branching, io'-2° high. Pistillate heads 3-7, sessile or the lowest peduncled, axillary or the peduncles and liranches axillary; style I ; stigma i ( rarely 2 ) ; fruiting heads 6" -12" in di- ameter ; nutlets fusiform, 2"-2," long, lyi" thick, usuall}- even, often strongly contracted at the middle, tapering into the style ; scales oblong, as long as the nutlets or shorter, the exterior ones narrower ; stalk of fruit 1" long or more.

In bogs or shallow water, Nova .Scotia to Ontario and Brit- ish Columbia, south to Florida and Louisiana. June-Aug.

Sparganium androcladum fliictuans Morong, Bull. Torr.

Club, 15: 78. 1888. Spa rga Ilium simplex var. fluitaus Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 4S1. 1867. Not Sparganium fluitans Fries. Floating in deep water with long slender stems, and thin leaves \" --^M" wide; inflorescence ■usually sparingly branched; fruiting heads 4" -6" in diameter. In cold ponds. New Brunswick to Pennsylvania.

3. Sparganium simplex Huds. Simple- stemmed Bur-reed. (Fig. 140.)

Sparganium simplex Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 401. 1788.

Stem slender, i%'-2\' high, simple. Leaves more or less triquetrous, 2''-4" wide ; inflorescence io"-S' long ; stamiuate heads 4-6; pistillate 2-6, sessile or the lowest peduncled ; fruiting heads 5"-S" in diameter ; nutlets fusiform or narrowly oblong, obtuseh- angled at the apex, more or less contracted in the middle, smaller than those of the preceding species and more tapering at the summit ; scales denticulate, about one-half as long as the nutlets ; stigma linear, as long as the style or shorter, rarel}' 2 ; stalk of fruit about \" long.

Borders of ponds and streams, Newfoundland to British ■Columbia, south to Pennsylvania, IMontana and California. Ascends to 2500 ft. in the Catskill Mountains. June-Aug.

Sparganium simplex angustifolium (Michx.) Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 481. Spa?'gaii iu III angustifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 189. 1803.

Floating in deep water. Leaves verj- long, '2"-! ^2" wide, their sheaths often inflated at the

base; staminate and pistillate heads 1-4; fruiting heads 3"-7" in diameter. In mountain lakes and slow streams, Newfoundland to Oregon, south to New York and California.

4. Sparganium minimum Fries. Small Bur- reed. (Fig. 141.)

Sparganium minimum Fries, Sum. Veg. 2:560. 1846.

Floating, stems very slender, 4'-3° long. Leaves thin and lax, ^^''-^Yz" wide ; inflorescence x' or more long ; stami- nate heads 1-2 ; pistillate, 1-3, sessile, axillary, supra- axillary or the lowest on an axillary peduncle ; ripe fruit- ing heads 2"-^" iu diameter ; nutlets ovoid, slightly trian- gular, tapering abruptly into the style, i"-2" long, twice as long as the denticulate scales ; stigma oval, often oblique, about as long as the style; stalk of the nutlet yi"-yz" long, often apparentl}- none.

In ponds and streams, New Brunswick to Manitoba and Ore- gon, south to New Jersey. Michigan and Utah. Also in north- ern Europe. Dwarf forms, growing out of water, sometimes occur with stems 3' -6' high. June-Aug.

1867.

PONDWEED FAMILY. 65

Family 3. NAIADACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 366. 1836.

Immersed aquatic plants with slender, often branching, leafy stems, the leaves flat or filiform, and perfect, monoecious or dioecious spicate axillary or spadiceous flowers. Perianth of 4 segments, or a h3^aline envelope, or want- ing. Stamens 1-4 or occasionally more, distinct and hypogynous in the per- fect flowers, solitary or connate in the sterile. Anthers extrorse, 1-2 -celled. Ovaries 1-9, mo.stly distinct, i -celled, mostly i-ovuled. Carpels rarely dehis- cent. Seeds straight or curved. Endo.sperm none.

.\bout 10 genera and 100 species of wide greographic distribution, most abundant in temperate regions. The months noted in the descriptions indicate the fruiting period.

Flowers perfect.

Perianth of 4 distinct segments. i. Potamogelon.

Perianth none ; flowers naked. 2. Ruppia.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Leaves entire.

Leaves i-nerved, i'-3' long, or less wide. 3. ZatDiichellia.

Leaves manj'-nerved, i°-5° long, i"-4" wide. 4. Zostera.

Leaves spiny-toothed on the margins. 5. Naias.

I. POTAMOGETON L. Sp. PI. 126. 1753.

Leaves alternate or the uppermost opposite, often of 2 kinds, submerged and floating, the submerged mostly linear, the floating coriaceous, lanceolate, ovate or oval. Spathes stipular, often ligulate, free or connate with the base of the leaf or petiole, enclosing the 3'oung buds and usually soon perishing after expanding. Peduncles axillary, usually emersed. Flowerssmall, spicate, green or red. Perianth-segments 4, short-clawed (Fig. 154), concave, valvate. Stamens 4, inserted on the claws of the perianth-segments. Anthers sessile. Ovaries 4, sessile, distinct, i-celled, i-ovuled, attenuated into a short erect or recurved style, or with a sessile stigma. Fruit of 4 ovoid or subglobose drupelets, the peri- carp usuall}' thin and hard or spongy. Seeds crustaceous, campylotropous, with an unci- nate embryo thickened at the radicular end. [Greek, in allusion to the aquatic habitat.]

About 65 well-defined species, natives of temperate regions. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the southern parts of North America.

Stipules axillarj' and free from the leaf. With floating and submerged leaves. Submerged leaves bladeless.

Nutlets more or less pitted. i. P. iiataiis.

Nutlets not pitted. 2. P. Oakcsianns.

.Submerged leaves with a proper blade.

Submerged leaves of 2 kinds, lanceolate and oval or oblong.

Uppermost broadly oval or elliptical, lowest lanceolate. 3. P. aiiipli/oliiis. Uppermost lanceolate and pellucid, lowe.st oblong and opaque.

4. P. pulcher.

Submerged leaves all alike, capillary or linear-setaceous.

I -nerved or nerveless. 25. P. Vaseyi.

3-ner\'ed. 26. P. lateralis.

Submerged leaves all alike, linear.

Nearly the same breadth throughout, obtusely pointed, coarsely cellular-reticulated

in the middle. 5. P. Xutlallii.

Broader at base, acute, without cellular-reticulation. 9. P. hcto'opliylliis.

Submerged leaves all alike, lanceolate.

Uppermost leaves petioled, lowest sessile. 6. P. alpiiins.

All the leaves petioled.

Floating leaves large, broadlj- elliptic, rounded or subcordate at base.

II. P. Illinoensis. Floating leaves narrowly elliptical, tapering at base. 7. P. lonchites. Floating leaves mostly obovate or oblanceolate, tapering at base.

8. P. Faxoni:

All the leaves sessile or subsessile.

Fruit only i line long, obscurely 3-keeled. 10. P. spatlnilaeformis.

Fruit I ^ lines long, distinctly 3-keeled. 12. P. Zizii.

"With submerged leaves only.

Without propagating buds and without glands.

Leaves with broad blades, mostly lanceolate or ovate, many-nerved. Leaves subsessile or short-petioled, mostly acute or cuspidate.

13. P. hicens.

Leaves semi-amplexicaul, obtuse and cucuUate at the apex. 14. P. praelong us. Leaves meeting around the stem, verj- obtuse at the apex, not cucuUate.

15. P. pcrfolialus. Leaves with narrow blades, linear or oblong-linear, several-nerved.

Leaves oblong-linear, 5-7-nerved, obtuse at the apex. 16. P. Hfys/iCKS.^

Leaves narrowly linear, 3-nerved, acute at the apex. 21. P. fuliosus.

Leaves with narrow blades, capillary or setaceous, i -nerved or nerveless.

17. P. confervoides.

*Text contributed by the late Rev. Thom.\s Morong.

66

NAIADACEAE.

With propagating buds or glands, or both. With buds, but without glands. Leaves serrulate, 3-7-uerved,

Leaves entire, with 3 principal and many fine ner\-es. Commonly with glands, but no buds.

Stems long-branching from the base; leaves lax, flat, 3-ner\-ed cuspidate. 20, Stems simple; leaves strict, revolute, 3-5-nerved, acuminate. 24 With both buds and glands.

Glands large and translucent; buds rare. Glands small, often dull; buds common. Leaves linear, 5-7-nerved. Leaves linear, 3-nerved. Leaves capillary, i-nerved or nerveless. Stipules adnate to the leaves or petioles.

With both floating and submerged leaves.

Submerged peduncles as long as the spikes, clavate, often recurved Submerged peduncles none, or at most hardly a line long. With submerged leaves only. Stigma broad and sessile. Style apparent; stigma capitate.

Fruit without keels or obscurely keeled. Fruit strongly .3-keeled.

Leaves entire, 3-5-ner\-ed.

Leaves minutely serrulate, finely many-nerved.

18. P. crisptis.

19. P. zosteraefolius.

, abruptlv acute or P. Hillii. P. ritlihis.

22. P. oblKsi/olius.

23- 27- 28.

29. 30-

31-

32-

34.

P. Friesii.

P. piisillns.

P. gciiimtparus.

P. diversifolius. P. Spirillus.

P. fiUforiiiis.

P. peel i natns.

P. interruplns. P. Robbinsii.

I. Potamogeton natans L,.

Common Floating Pondweed. (Fig. 142.)

Po/aiiiogetoii nalaiis L. Sp. PI. 126. 1753.

Stems 2°-4° long, simple or sparingly branched. Floating leaves thick, the blade ovate, oval or ellip- tic, 2'-4' long, i'-2' wide, usually tipped with a short abrupt point, rounded or subcordate at the base, mauy-nerved; submerged leaves reduced to phyllodes or bladeless petioles which commonly perish early and are seldom seen at the fruiting period; stipules sometimes 4' long, acute, 2-keeled; peduucles as thick as the stem, 2^-4' long; spikes cylindric, very dense, about 2' loug; fruit turgid, 2"-2%" long, about 1%'' thick, scarcel}' keeled, narrowly obovoid, slightly curved on the face; st3'le broad and facial; nutlet hard, more or less pitted or impressed on the sides, 2-grooved on the back; embryo forming an incomplete circle, the apex pointing toward the base.

In ponds and streams, throughout North America ex- cept the extreme north, extending into Mexico. Also in Europe and Asia, July-Aug.

2. Potamogeton Oakesianus Robbins. Oakes' Pondweed. (Fig. 143.)

Potamogeton Oalcesiait us Robbins in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 485. 1867.

Stems very slender, often much branched from below. Floating leaves elliptic, mostly ob- tuse, rounded or slightly subcordate at the base, i'-2' long, s"-9" wide, 12-20-nerved; petioles 2'-6' long; submerged leaves mere cap- illar}^ phyllodes, often persistent through the flowering season ; peduncles 1^-3' long, com- monly much thicker than the stem, mostly soli- tary; spikes cylindric, j^'-i'long; stipules acute, hardly keeled; fruit obovoid, about ij^'' long, i" thick, nearly straight on the face, 3-keeled, the middle keel sharp; st3-le apical or subapical; sides of the nutlet not pitted, but sometimes slightly impressed; embryo circle incomplete, the apex pointing toward the base.

In still water, Anticosti to northern Pennsylva- nia and New Jersey, Summer,

PONDWEED FAMILY.

67

Large-leaved Pondvveed

3. Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm.

Poiamoo ftoH amplifolius Tuckerm. Am. Jouni. Sci. (II.) 6: 225. 1848.

Stems loug, simple or occasionally branched. Floating leaves oval or ovate, abruptly pointed at the apex, rounded at the base, 2'-\' long, 1X^-2' wide, man}'-nerved ; petioles 3'-5' long ; sub- merged leaves mostly petioled, large, the upper- most often elliptic or oval, 3^-6' long, V-iYz' wide, the lowest lanceolate, often 8' long, with about 25 nerves, often with the sides of the blade closed and assuming a falcate shape ; stipules tapering to a long sharp point, sometimes 4' long ; peduncles thickened upward, 2'-W long ; spikes cylindric, long ; fruit 2'^-2^'' long, 1%" thick, turgid, the pericarp hard, obliquely obovoid, 3-keeled ; face more or less angled ; style subapical ; embryo slightly incur\red.

In lakes, Ontario to Briti.sh Columbia, south to Connecticut, Kentucky and Nebraska. July-Sept.

4. Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm. Spotted Pondweed. (Fig. 145.)

Potamogcloii pulcher Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 38. 1843.

Stems simple, terete, black-spotted, i°-2° long. Floating leaves usually massed at the top on short lateral branches, alternate, ovate or round-ovate, subcordate, i'-A,yz' long, <^"- wide, many-ner\'ed ; peduncles about as thick as the stem, 2^-4' loug, spotted ; sub- merged leaves of 2 kinds, the uppermost pellu- cid, lanceolate, long-acuminate, undulate, 3^-8^ long, (>"-\%" wide, tapering at the base into a short petiole, io-20-nerved ; the lowest much thicker, opaque, spatulate, oblong or ovate, on petioles loug ; stipules obtuse or acumi-

nate, 2-carinate; fruit 2"-2X" long, i^'^ thick, turgid, tapering into a stout apical style, the back sharply 3-keeled ; face angled near the middle, with a sinus below ; embrj'o coiled.

In ponds and pools, Maine to Georgia and Mis- souri. July.

5. Potamogeton Nuttallii Cham. & Sch.

Potamogeton Nuttallii Cham. & Sch. Linnaea, 2:

226. pi. 6.f. 2S. 1827. Potamogeton Claytonii Tuckerm. Am. Journ.

Sci. 45: 38. 1843.

Stems slender, compressed, mostly simple, i°-6° long. Floating leaves opposite, elliptic, sometimes obovate, obtuse at the apex, short- petioled, 1^2'-^%' long, 4''-i2" wide, many- nerved; submerged leaves linear, 2-ranked, ■x'-']'- long, wide, 5-nerved, the 2 outer nerves

nearly marginal, the space between the 2 inner and the midrib coarsely reticulated ; stipules obtuse, hyaline, not keeled ; peduncles long; spikes yi'-\' long; fruit round-obovoid iX'^~2'^long, I'^-iyi" thick, 3-keeled, the sides flat and indistinctly impressed ; style short, apical ; embryo coiled one and one-third times.

In ponds and streams. Nova Scotia to Pennsyl- vania and South Carolina. June-Aug.

Nuttall's Pondweed. (Fig. 146. )'

68

NAIADACEAE.

6. Potamogeton alpinus Balbis. Northern Pondweed. (Fig. 147.)

PolaDioffelon alpinus Balbis, Misc. Bot. 13. 1804. Polamos:elon rufescens vSchrad. ; Cham. Adn. Fl. Ber. 4. 1815.

Plaut of a rudd}' tinge, stems simple or branch- ed, somewhat compressed. Floating leaves spat- ulate or oblauceolate, obtuse, many-uerved, taper- ing into petioles i'-5' long; submerged leaves semi-pellucid, the lowest sessile, the uppermost petiolcd, oblong-linear or linear-lanceolate, ob- tuse or rarely acute, narrowed at the base, 3'- 12' long, 2"-9" wide, 7-17-nerved ; stipules broad, faintly 2-carinate, obtuse or rarely acute; peduncles 2'-8' long ; spikes long ; fruit

obovoid, lenticular, reddish, i^" long, i" thick, 3-keeled, the middle keel sharp, the face arched, beaked by the short recurved style ; apex of the embryo pointing directly to the basal end.

In ponds, Nova vScotia to British Columbia, New Jersey and California. Also in Europe. July-Aug.

7. Potamogeton lonchites Tiickerm. Long-leaved Pondweed. (Fig. 148.)

Polanios:cton Jiuilans Roth, Fl. Germ, i: 72. 1788? Polatiios^eloii /o/n////ts Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 6; 226: 1848.

Stem terete, much branched, 3°-6° long. Float- ing leaves rather thin, elliptic, pointed at both ends, 2'-6' long, 6"-i4" wide, many-nerved, on petioles 2'-S' in length; submerged leaves pellucid, 4'-i3' long, 2"-i2" wide, rounded at the base or tapering into a petiole 1^-4' long; stipules i'-4' long, acuminate, acute or obtuse, strongly or faintly 2-carinate ; peduncles thickening upward, 2'-3'' long; spikes cylindric, I'-i' long; fruit about 2" long, j^" thick, obliquely obovoid, the face nearly straight, the back 3-keeled, the middle keel rounded or often with a projecting wing under the style, not impressed on the sides; embryo slightly incurved, apex pointing slightly inside of the base.

In ponds and slow streams, New Brunswick to Wash- ington, south to Florida and California. July-Oct.

Potamogeton lonchites Noveboracensis Morong-, ;Mem. Torr. Club, 3; Part 2, 20. 1893. Floating leaves thicker, ^'s'A' long, about 2' wide, 20-24-nerved, abruptly pointed or obtuse at the'apex ; peduncles sometimes 4' -5' and spikes 3' long. Lakes of central New York.

8. Potamogeton Faxoni Morong. Faxon '.s Pondweed. (Fig. 149. )

Potamogeton i^(Z.ro«/ Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 22. 1893.

Floating leaves numerous, mostly obovate or oblauceolate, blunt-pointed or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, often strikingly- like those of P. spal/tulac/onnis, 2'-3^' long, 8"-i2" wide, 13-17-uerved, on petioles 2'-6' long; submerged leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or sometimes obtuse, 3'-5' long, 6"-i2" wide, 5-13-nerved, often with an irregular areolation on each side of the midrib, borne on petioles %'-2' in length; peduncles slightl)' thicker than the stem, 2'-5' long; spikes dense, I'-i' long; fruit not collected.

Little Otter Creek and Lake Champlain, Ferris- burg, \'ermont.

PONDWEED FAMILY.

69

9. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Various-leaved Pondweed.

(Fig. 150.)

Potamogeton liflcrop/iyllus Schreb. Spicil. Fl.

Lips. 21. 1771. Pola iiii>L;floii /uit'iop/ivlliis var. nia.vimiis Mo-

rong, :\Iem. Torn Club, 3: Part 2, 25. 1893. Potamogeton. Iictcropliyllus var. longipeduncu-

tat us MoTong, Mem.' Torn Club, 3: Part 2, 24.

1893.

Stems slender, compressed, much branch- ed, sometimes 12° long. Floating leaves pointed at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, 8^-4' long, 4''-i4" wide, 10-18- nerved, on petioles 1^-4' long; submerged leaves pellucid, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, rather stiff, i'-6'/i' long, I ''-8" wide, 3-9-nerved, the uppermost often petioled ; peduncles often thickened upward, I'-y' long, sometimes clustered, stipules spreading, obtuse, 8"-i2^^ long; spikes 9"-iX' long; fruit roundish or obliquely obovoid, i^^-i^^' long, thick, indistinctly 3-keeled; style short, ob- tuse, apical; apex of the embryo nearly touch- ing the base, pointing slightly inside of it.

A very variable species, occurring- in different forms throughout almost all North America ex- cept the extreme north. Also in Europe. July-Sept.

Potamogeton heterophyllus graminifolius (Fries) Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 24. 1893. Potamogeton gramineiis v&r. grami/u'/ot/i/s Fries, Novit. Ed. 2, 36. 1828.

.Submerged leaves delicate, flaccid, linear, 2' -5' long, i"-3" wide. With the type. Potamogeton heterophyllus myriophyllus ( Robbins) Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 24. 1893. Potamogeton gramineits var. myriopliyllus Robbins in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 487. 1867.

Stems dichotoniously branching, very leafy; submerg:ed leaves delicate, about i' long and 2" wide, 3-5-ner\'ed, linear or the upper oblanceolate ; floating leaves elliptic or lanceolate-oblong; rootstock tuberous. Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut.

Potamogeton heterophyllus minimus Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 25. 1893. Stems long and almost capillary, the internodes 3' -4' long; submerged leaves densely clustered on short lateral branches, W -\' long, scarcely K" wide, acuminate, i-nerved; floating leaves 54'- I y-z long, 3"-9" wide, lanceolate, oval or ovate, usually clustered at the summit of the stem. Massa- chusetts and New Hampshire.

10. Potamogeton spathulaeformis (Robbim) Morong. Spatulate-leaved

Pondweed. (Fig. 151.)

Potamogeton gramineus var. (?) spattiutaeformis

Robbins in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 487. 1867. Potamogeton spattiutaeformis Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 26. '1893.

Stems many, branched, 2°-3° long. Floating leaves obovate or elliptic, abruptly acute at the apex, rather thin, 13-23-nerved, i'-2>^' long, wide, borne on slender petioles ; sub- merged leaves pellucid, spatulate-oblong or linear-lanceolate, 2'-4' long, 2>"-9" wide, 5-13- nerved, cuspidate or spinescent, sessile or sub- sessile, often reduced to phyllodes with a very narrow blade and a long acumination at the base and apex ; peduncles often thickening up- ward, i'-2'long ; stipules obtuse, faintly keeled, the apex slightly hooded ; spikes large ; fruit about \" long, roundish or obliquely ovoid, ob- scurely 3-keeled, with a curved or slightly angled face ; embryo with the apex pointing slightly inside of the base.

In Mystic Pond, Medford, Mass. Also in Europe. Summer.

70

NAIADACEAE.

II. Potamogeton Illinoensis Morong. Illinois Pondweed. (Fig. 152.)

Potamogeton Illinoensis Morong, Coult. Bet. Gaz. 5: 50. 1880.

Stem stout, much branched above. Floating leaves opposite, numerous, thick, 4^-5 '/i' 'oug, 2'-3>^' wide, many-ner\-ed, oval or broadly ellip- tic, short-pointed at the apex, rounded, suhcor- date or narrowed at the base; petioles i'-4' long; submerged leaves numerous, 4'-8' long, 1^-2' wide, 13-19-nerved, acuminate or the uppermost acute, mostly tapering at the base into a short broad flat petiole, rarely reduced to phyllodes; stipules 2'-3' long, obtuse, strongly 2-carinate; peduncles 2'-4' long; spikes i'-2' long; fruit roundish or obovoid, i}^"-2" long, i"-i)4'^ thick, dorsally 3-keeled ; style short, blunt.

In ponds, Illinois to Iowa and Minnesota. Aug.

Ziz's Pondweed. (Fig. 153.)

12. Potamogeton Zizii Roth.

Potanios;cton angustifoliiis Berch. & Presl, Rost.

19. "1821. Not DC. 1805. Potamogeton Zizii Roth, Enum. i: 531. 1827.

Stems slender, branching. Floating leaves

elliptic, Yyi'-i,' long, wide, niany-

ner\-ed ; petioles mostly short ; submerged

leaves mostly lanceolate or oblanceolate, thin,

acute or cuspidate, 2'-6' long, 3"-i5" wide,

7-17-nerved; stipules 6"-i8" long, obtuse,

2- keeled ; peduncles thicker than the stem,

2^'-6' long ; spikes long; fruit obliquely

obovoid, \%"-2" long, about \" thick, the face

dorsally 3-keeled; style short, blunt, facial; apex

of the embryo pointing directly to the base.

In lakes and stre;inis, Quebec to Montana, south to Florida and Wyoming. Also in Europe. Juls'-Aug.

Potamogeton Zizii Methyensis (A. Benn. ) Morong.

Potamogeton angusli/oli!is\a.T. Jl/etkj'ensis A. Ben- nett, Britten's Journ. Bot. 29: 151. 1891. Middle leaves narrow; upper leaves oval; stipules

long; fruit small. Methy I-,ake, Canada.

13. Potamogeton lucens L,. Shining Pondweed. (Fig. 154.)

Potamogeton lucens L. Sp. PI. 126. I753-

Stem thick, branching below and often with masses of short leafy branches at the summit. Leaves all submerged, elliptic, lanceolate or the uppermost oval, shining, acute or acuminate and cuspidate, or rounded at both ends and merely mticronulate, sessile or short-petioled, 2}^'-^' long, 8"-2o'' wide, the tips often serrulate ; stipules long, 2-carinate, sometimes very

broad ; peduncles 3'-6' long ; spikes 2'-2^' long, cyliudric, very thick ; fruit about 1%'' long and i%" thick, roundish, the face usually with a slight inward curve at the base ; apex of the embryo pointing transversely inward.

In ponds. Xova Scotia to Florida, west to Califor- nia and Me.xico. Local. Also in Europe. Sept. -Oct. Potamogeton liicens Connecticutensis Robbins in .A.. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 48S. 1867. Stems fie.Kuous; leaves acuminate: fruit larger than that of the type (about 2" long), distinctly

3- carinate and with a facial style. Saltonstall's Pond, Conn., and White Plains, N. Y.

PONDWEED FAMIIvY.

71

14. Potamogeton praelongus Wulf. White-stemmed Pondvveed. (Fig. 155,)

Polavwgclon praelongus Wulf. in Roem. Arch. 3 : 331- ' 1805.

Stems white, flexuous, flattened, much branched, growing in deep water, sometimes 8° long. Leaves all submerged, oblong or oblong- lanceolate, semi-amplexicaul, bright green, 2'- 12' long, y^'-iyi' wide, with 3-5 main nerves; stipules white, scarious, obtuse and commonly closely embracing the stem ; peduncles ^'-20' long, erect, straight, about as thick as the stem; spikes i'-2' long, thick, cj'lindric ; fruit dark green, obliquely obovoid, 2''-2^'' long, i^^'- Q." thick, the back much rounded, often with the upper curve nearly as high as the style ; the middle keel sharp ; style short, obtuse, facial.

Nova Scotia to British Columbia, .south to New Jer- sey, Minnesota and California. Also in Europe. Fruits in June and July, and usually withdraws its stems beneath the water as soon as the fruit is set.

15. Potamogeton perfoliatus I,. Clasp- ing-leaved Pondweed. (Fig. 156.)

Potavwgelon perfoliatus 1^. Sp. PI. 126. 1753.

Stems slender, much branched. Leaves all sub- merged, orbicular or ovate, sometimes lanceolate, usually obtuse and minutely serrulate at the apex, cordate-perfoliate at the base, ^'-i^' long, 3'^-i2'^ wide; peduncles long, usually erect or slightly spreading ; spikes W-i^" long, often flowering and fruiting under water ; fruit obliquely obovoid, long, \" thick, obscurely 3-carinate on the back, the face slightly curved outwardly to- ward the top, the sides with a shallow indentation which runs into the face; style nearly facial; em- bryo slightly incurved or with its apex pointing directly toward the base.

In ponds and streams, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Florida and California. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept.

Potamogeton perfohatus Richardsonii A. Bennett, Britten's Journ. Bot. 27: 25. 1889. Tolaniogeloii perfoliatus var. lanceolatus Robbins in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 488. 1867. Not Blytt i86i .

Leaves I'-^'A' long, 4"-8" wide at the broadened amplexicaul base, often curving inward at the apex, 13-23-nerved. Fruit somewhat larger than that of the type, about 2" long and i%" thick. Lake Cliamplain to Oregon, south to Delaware, Nebraska and California.

16. Potamogeton Mysticus Moroiig. Mystic Pond Pondweed. (Fig. 157.)

Potamogeton MysticMS Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 5; 50. 1880.

Whole plant very slender and delicate, stems irregu- larly branching above, nearly filiform, terete, i°-4° long. Leaves all submerged, scattered, oblong-linear, y'-iYz' long, i"-}," wide, 5-7-nerved, obtuse and rarely vvfith minute serrulations near the apex, abruptly narrowed at the base and sessile or partly clasping; stipules obtuse, about 6'^ long, hyaline and with many fine nerves, mostly •deciduous, but sometimes persistent and closely sheathing the stem ; spikes few, capitate, 4-6-flowered, borne on erect peduncles i'-2' long; immature fruit obovoid, less than long, about Yz" wide, obscurely 3-keeled on the back, slightly beaked by the slender, recurved style.

Mystic Pond, Medford, and Miacount Pond, Nantucket, Mass. Aug-Sept.

72

NAIADACEAE.

17. Potamogeton confervoides Reichb. Alga-like Pondweed. (Fig. 158.)

Pol<i»io!re/o)t confervoides Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. & Helv. 7: 13- i845-

Potamogeton trichoides A. Gray. Man. 457. 1848. Not Cham. Potamogeton Tuckcrmani Robbins ; A. Grav, Man. Ed. 2, 434- 1856.

Stems slender, terete, much branched, the upper branches repeatedly forking, 6'-i8' long. Leaves very delicate, flat, setaceous, i'-2^'/^' long, the broadest scarcely %" wide, tapering to a long hair-like point, 1-3-nerved and often with a few cross-veins, bright green or yellow- ish ; stipules delicate, obtuse, 2"-^" long; peduncles 2'-8' long, erect, somewhat thickened upward ; spikes capitate, 3"-4" long ; fruit rouudish-obovoid, V-iYz" long and about as thick, the back sometimes a little angular or sin- uate, 3-kceled, the middle keel sharp, the face notched near the base, the sides impressed with a shallow indenta- tion which runs into the notch of the face ; apex of the embryo nearly touching the base a little to one side.

In cold or mountain ponds, Maine and New Hampshire to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Also in Europe. Aug. -Sept.

18. Potamogeton crispus L. Curled-leaved Pondweed. (Fig. 159.)

Potamogeton o ispiis L. Sp. PI. 126. 1753.

Stems branching, compressed. Leaves 2-rauked, linear-oblong or linear-oblanceolate, sessile or semi- amplexicaul, obtuse at the apex, serrulate, crisped, yi'-A' long, 2>"-l" wide, 3-7-nerved, the midrib often compound and the outer nerves very near the margin ; stipules small, scarious, obtuse, early per- ishing ; peduncles i'-2' long, frequently recurved in fruit, sometimes very numerous ; spikes about Yz' long, appearing ver}' bristly with the long- beaked drupelets when in fruit ; fruit ovoid, about tYz" long, \" or more wide, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel with a small projecting tooth near the base, the face slightly curved, the style facial and nearly as long as the drupelet ; embryo sm ill, its apex pointing directly toward its base. T he plant is mainly propagated by peculiar winter buds.

In fresh, brackish or even salt water, JIassachusetts to Pennsylvania and Virginia. Also in luirope. .\ug-.

Potamogeton zosteraefolius Schum. Eel-grass Pondweed. (Fig. 160.)

Potamogeton zosteraefolius Schum. Enum. PI. Saell. 50. i8oi."

Potamogeton compressus Fries, Novit. Ed. 2, 44. 1828. Not L. 1753-

Stems much flattened, sometimes winged, widely brancbiug. Leaves linear, obtuse and mucronate or short-pointed at the apex, 2'-i2' long, i"-2" wide, with 3 principal nerves and many fine ones ; stipules scari- ous, obtuse, finely nerved, soon perishing ; peduncles lY'-A' long; spikes cylindric, about Y2' ^o^g, 12-15- flowered ; fruit obovoid with a broad base, about 2" long, i%"-iY" thick, 3-keeled on the back, the lateral keels rather obscure; face arched, beaked with a short recurved style ; embryo slightly incurved. The plant is propagated by the terminal leaf-buds, which sink to the bottoui, and rest during the winter.

In still or running water, New Brunswick to New Jer- sey, west to Oregon. Also in Europe. July-Aug.

PONDWEED FAMILY.

75

20. Potamogeton HiUii Morong. Hiir.s Pondweed. (Fig. i6i.)

Potamogeton Hillii Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 6: 290. 1881.

Stems slightly compressed, slender, widely branch- ing, i°-2° long. Leaves linear, acute or cuspidate, or often almost aristate, \'-2%' long, yz"-\)i" wide, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves delicate and nearer the margins than the midrib; stipules whitish, many- nerved, obtuse, 3"-5" long; peduncles about Yz' long, erect or slightly recur\^ed, more or less clavate; spikes capitate, 3-6-fruited; fruit obliquely obovoid, obtuse at the base, about 2" long, x^'-y^" thick, 3-cariuate on the back, the middle keel sharp and more or less undulate, flat on the sides, face slightly arched ; style nearly facial, short; embryo coiled.

In ponds, eastern New York to Michigan. There are two forms of the species, the one 2-g'landular at the base of the leaves, the other glandless. July-Sept.

21. Potamogeton foliosus Raf.

L,eafy Pondweed. (Fig. 162.)

I'olaniogeton foliosus Raf. Med. Rep. (II. ) 5: 354. 1808.

Potamogeton paiiciflorus'Pwrs.h, Fl. Am. Sept. 121. 1S14. Not L,am. 1789.

Stems flattened, much branched, i°-3° long. Leaves I'-i' long, yz"-!" wide, acute, 3-nerved, not glandular at the base; stipules white, hyaline, obtuse or some- times acute, 6"~io'' long; peduncles more or less clavate, erect, about ^'4' long; spikes about 4-flowered; fruit lenticular or nearly orbicular, about i" in diameter, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel winged, sin- uate-dentate, often with projecting shoul- ders or teeth at each end, the face strongly angled or arched, sharp, often with a pro- jecting tooth at the base; style apical.

In ponds and streams, New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to Florida, New Mexico and California. Jul}--Aug.

Potamogeton foliosus Niagarensis (Tuckerm. ) Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 39. 1893. Potamogeton Niagarensis Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 7: 354- 1849.

Larger. Stems 2°-3° long, leaves sometimes over 3' in length and i" wide, 3-5-nerved; stipules larger and occasionally acute; spikes 8-12-flowered. Niagara Falls to Michigan and California.

22. Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. & Koch. Bkmt-leaved Pondweed. (Fig. 163.)

Potamogeton <-ow/>rc.w«,f Wahl. Fl. ,Suec. i; 107. 1824. Not t. 1753-

Potamogeton obtiisi/ulius Mert. & Koch, Deutsch. Fl. 1:855. 1823.

Stems usually slender, compressed, widely branching, especially above. Leaves linear, 2^-3' long, yi."-^" wide, obtuse, often mucronate, usually 3-nerved with a broad midrib, sometimes 5-7-nerved, 2-glandular at the base, the glands large and trans- lucent; stipules white or scarious, many-nerved, ob- tuse, 6"-9" long, often as long as or longer than the internodes; peduncles numerous, I'-iJ'a' long, slen- der, erect; spikes 3"-4'' long, ovoid, 5-8-flowered; fruit obliquely obovoid, about i^" long and \" thick, 3-keeled ; style short, blunt, nearly facial.

In still water, Quebec to Pennsylvania, west to Min- nesota and Wyoming. Also in Europe. Jul}--Aug.

74

NAIADACEAE.

23. Potamogeton Friesii Ruprecht. Fries' Pondweed. (Fig. 164.)

Polamogelon co»i press us J. E. .Smith, Engl. Bot. 3:

p/. 41S. 1794. Not L. 1753- Potamogeton pnsillus var. major Fries, Novit. Ed. 2, 48. 1828.

Potamogeton /"/vV^// Ruprecht, Beitr. Pfl. Russ. Reichs, 4: 43- 1845-

Potamogeton major Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2,41. 1893. Not P. piisilitisya.T. major's!. &.K. 1823. Stems compressed, 2°-4° long, branching. Leaves i/^'-2>^' long, about i" wide, acute, obtuse or cus- pidate at the apex, mostly 5-uerved, rarclj' 7-nerved, 2-glandular at the base, the glands small ; stipules // ^ / / y^^^ white, hyaline, finely nerved, obtuse or acute, 6'''- ll ^^^^1/ V/^^^^^' loiig'' peduncles long, often thicker

^*-*-U \ than the stem and sometimes thickening upward;

spikes, when developed, interrupted; fruit quite sim- ilar to that of P. pusillus, but with a recurved style, usuall}' with a shallow pit on the sides, and with the apex of the embryo pointing toward the basal end.

In still water, New Brunswick to New York, west to British Columbia. Also in Europe. Propagating buds occasional. July-Aug.

24. Potamogeton rutilus Wolfg. Slender Pondweed.

Potamogeton rutitiisWoUg. ■ R. & ,S. IMant. 3: 362. 1827.

Stems very slender, 8^-24' long, compressed, sim- ple or nearly so. Leaves long, )i"-yz" wide, acute or acuminate, strict, nearly erect, 3-5- nerved, revolute, the nerves prominent beneath, often 2-glandular at base and bright green ; stipules acute, 6"-io'' long, often longer than the iuternodes and hiding the bases of the leaves above, persistent, becoming white and fibrous with age ; peduncles long; spikes long, usually dense, but sometimes interrupted ; fruit obliquely obovoid, about \" long and yi" thick, obscurely keeled or the back showing only 2 small grooves; apex of the drupelet tapering into a short facial nearly straight recurved style ; embryo circle not com- plete, the apex pointing a little inside of the base.

Anticosti and James Bay to Michigan and Minnesota. Also in Europe. Propagating buds usually wanting.

25. Potamogeton Vaseyi Robbins

166.)

Vasey'.s Pondweed. (Fig.

Potamogeton Vasevi Robbins in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 485. 1867.

Potamogeton Vasevi var. latifoluis Morong, Mem. Torr.' Club, 3: Part 2, 44. 1S93.

Stems filiform, widely branching below, and with man}' short lateral branches above, i°-i^°long, the emersed fertile forms in shallow water, and the more common sterile submerged forms in water from6°- 8° in depth. Floating leaves on the fertile stems onl}-, coriaceous, in 1-4 opposite pairs, oval oblong or obovate, 4"-5" long, 2"-3" wide, with 5-9 nerves deeply impressed beneath, tapering at the base into petioles 3"-4" long ; submerged leaves capillary, I'-i^' long; stipules white, delicate, many-nerved, acute or obtuse, 2"-3" long; pedun- cles 2>"~^" long, thickening in fruit; spikes i"-}," long, 2-6-fruited ; fruit roundisli-obovoid, about \" long and nearly as thick, 3-keeled, the middle keel rounded, tipped with a straight or recurved style.

Eastern Massachusetts to southern Ontario and Ohio. The plant is furnished with propagative buds. Jul y-.\ug.

i

PONDWEED FAMILY.

75

26. Potamogeton lateralis Morong. Opposite-leaved Pondweed. (Fig. 167.)

PolaniO!>iioii lateralis Morong, Coult. Bet. Gaz. 5: 51. 1880.

Stems filiform, much branched. Floating leaves on sterile shoots only, coriaceous, ellip- tic, obtuse, 4"-5" long, i''-2" wide, 5-7- nerved, the nerv'es deeply impressed beneath, usually in 1-3 opposite pairs which stand at right angles to the stem, on petioles t,"-io" loug; submerged leaves linear, acute, I '-3' long, wide, 1-3-uerved, 2-glandular at the base, but the glands small and often obsolete; stipules small, hyaline, man3--nerved, obtuse, deciduous ; peduncles and floating leaves lateral, with a peculiar appearance, widely spreading at maturity, sometimes recurved, thickening in fruit, 4"-i5'' long; spikes capitate or often in- terrupted, 3-4-flowered; fruit obliquely obovoid, about i" long, lenticular, the back much curved and 2-grooved, the face arched and surmounted by the nearly sessile stigma; curve of the em- bryo oval, its apex nearly touching its base.

In lakes and slow streams, eastern INIassachusetts to Michigan. Proliferous shoots at the sum- mit of the stem and on the upper branches appear late in the season, as the plants are beginning- to •decay. July-Aug.

27. Potamogeton pusiUus L. Small Pondweed. (Fig. 168.)

Polamogeton pusillus L,. Sp. PI. 127. 1753.

Stems filiform, branching, 6'-2° long. Leaves all submerged, linear, obtuse and mu- cronate or acute at the apex, 2-glandular at the base, 1^-3' long, about ]4" wide, 1-3-uerved, the lateral nerves often obscure; stipules short, hyaline, obtuse; peduncles usually z"-^" ^ or rarely 3' long; spikes 3-10-flowered; fruit ob- liquely ellipsoid, about \" long and y^" thick curved and 2-grooved on the back or sometimes with 3 distinct keels, the face slightly arched, beaked by a straight or recurved style; apex of the embryo slightl}' incur^-ed and pointing ob- liquely downward. Propagative buds occur in greater or less abundance.

In ponds and slow streams, New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to Virginia. Texas and California. Also in Europe. July-Aug.

Potamogeton pusillus Panormitanus (Biv. ) Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 46. 1S93.

Potamogeton Panormitanus Biv. Sic. PI. 1806-7.

Uppermost leaves subcoriaceous, spatulate, opposite, divaricate, 3-5-nerved, 4"-5" long, taper- ing into a broad petiole as long as the blade. Ottawa, Ontario. Also in Europe.

Potamogeton pusillus polyphyllus Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 5: 51. 1880.

Stem 3' -5' long, divaricatelj- branching from the base and very leafy throughout; leaves very obtuse, 3-nerved. Plant not known to flower, but abundantly provided with propagating buds which are thickened, hardened and closely invested bj' imbricated leaves. Eastern Massachusetts.

Potamogeton pusillus Sturrockii A. Bennettin Hook. .Stud. Fl. Ed. 3, 435. 1884.

A rare form with delicate bright green pellucid leaves, i'-3' long, obtuse or often apiculate at the apex, less than i" wide, sometimes 5-nerved; fruit much smaller than that of the tj-pe, short- beaked. Eastern Massachusetts. Also in Europe.

76

NAIADACEAE.

28. Potamogeton gemmiparus (Robbins) Morong. Capillary Pondweed.

(Fig. 169.)

Po/a»io<r('lon piisillusv&r. (?) gemmiparus Rob- bins in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 489. 1867.

Polamos^cton gemmiparus Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 5: 51. 1S80.

Stems filiform, terete, branching, 5'-4° long. Leaves capillar}', sometimes not as wide as the stem, often with no perceptible midrib, tapering to the finest point, i'-3' long, 2-glandular at the base ; stipules Yz'-i' long, acute or obtuse, mostly deciduous ; spikes interrupted, 3-6-flowered ; peduncles filiform or sometimes slightly thickened, yz'-2' long; fruit seldom formed, similar to that of P. pHsillus, except that it is flatter and somewhat impressed on the sides.

In ponds, eastern jNIassachusetts and Rhode Island. It is commonly propagated by its abun- dant buds, the leaves and stems are often alike in thickness so that the plant seems to consist of threads. Aug. -Sept.

29. Potamogeton diversifolius Raf.

In still water, Maine to Florida, west to Ne'

Rafine.sque'.s Pondweed. (Fig. 170.)

Potamogeton liybridus Mich.x. Fl. Bor. Am. ir

loi. 1803. Not Thuill. 1790. Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. Med. Rep. (II.)-

5 : 354- 1808.

Stems flattened or sometimes terete, much branched. Floating leaves coriaceous, the largest i' long b}' Yz' wide, oval or elliptic and obtuse, or lanceolate-oblong and acute ; petioles generally shorter, but sometimes longer than the blades, filiform or dilated : submerged leaves setaceous, seldom over X" wide, I '-3' long ; stipules obtuse or trun- cate, 3"-5" long, those of the floating leaves free, those of the submerged leaves some- times adnate ; emersed peduncles 2,"-!" loug ; submerged peduncles 2"-2," long, clavate, as long as the spikes ; emersed spikes ^"-5" long, occasionally interrupted; fruit cochleate, rarely over l4" long, 3-keeled, the middle keel narrowly winged and usu- ally with 7 or 8 knob-like teeth on the mar- gin, the lateral keels sharp or rounded ; embr\-o coiled ij^ times, ska and Texas. June-Sept.

Potamogeton diversifolius multidenticulatus Morong, Mem. Torr. Club. 3: Part 2, 48. 1893.

Differs from the typs in the numerous teeth of the fruit, as many as 12 being sometimes found on the middle keel, and each lateral keel with 6-8 more, the teeth often bristle-like and sometimes 2-pronged. Connecticut to eastern Pennsylvania and Delaware.

Potamogeton diversifolius trichophyllus Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: part 2, 49. 1893.

Plant about 6' long, without floating leaves, the submerged leaves as fine as floss silk and entirely nerveless. Lake Marcia, New Jersey.

PONDWEED FAMILY.

77

30. Potamogeton Spirillus Tuckerm. Spiral Pondweed. (Fig. 171.)

J'o/(7/)io<;f/oii Spirillus Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. {11)6:228. US48.

Stems compressed, branched, 6'-2o' long, the branches often short and recurved. Floating leaves oval or elliptic, obtuse, the largest about i' long and yi' wide, with 5-13 nerves deeply impressed beneath, their petioles often 1' long ; submerged leaves linear, iyi"-2"\ong, about wide, mostly 5-nerved ; stipules of the upper floating leaves free ; those of the submerged leaves adnate to the blade or petiole ; spikes above water 3"-5" long, contin- uous, the lower mostly sessile, capitate and i-io- fruited ; fruit cochleate, roundish, less than long, flat and deeply impressed on the sides, 3- keeled on the back, the middle keel winged and sometimes 4-5 toothed ; style deciduous; embryo spiral, about i Yz turns.

In ponds and ditches, Nova .Scotia and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Virginia, Missouri and Nebraska. June-Aug.

31. Potamogeton filiformis Pers. Fili- form Pondweed. (Fig. 172.)

Potamogeton filiformis Pers. Syn. i: 152. 1805.

Stems from a running rootstock, slender, 3°-2o°

long, filiform above, stout and thick towards the

base. Leaves numerous, 2'-i2' long, }i"-yz"

wide, i-nerved with a few cross veins ; sheaths

about \" long and the free part of the stipule j^'

long, scarious on the edges ; flowers on long, often

recurved peduncles, 2-12 in each whorl, the whorls

apart ; fruit long, slightly less than

\" wide, the sides even, the back not keeled, the

face nearly straight or obtusely angled near the

top ; stigma nearly or quite sessile, remaining on

the fruit as a broad truncate projection.

In ponds and lakes, Anticosti to western New York and Michigan. August.

Potamogeton filiformis Macounii Morong; Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 4: 88. 1888. Leaves i'-3' long, the largest '2" or more wide, obtuse, stiff, with a strong midrib and raised or slightly revolute margins; fruit rarely more than i" long; peduncles only 8"-io" long; plant commonly with a compact bushy habit. In brackish or salt water lakes, prairie region of Canada.

32. Potamogeton pectinatus L. Fennel- leaved Pondweed. (Fig. 173.) Potamogeton pectinatus L. Sp. PI. 127. 1753.

Stems slender, much branched, i°-3° long, the branches repeatedly forking. Leaves setaceous, attenuate to the apex, i-nerved, i'-6' long, often capillary and nerveless; stipules half free, Yz'-i' long, their sheaths scarious on the margins ; pe- duncles filiform, 2'-i2' long, the flowers in verti- cils ; fruit obliquely obovoid, with a hard thick shell, lYz''-^" long, wide, without a mid-

dle keel, but with obscure lateral ridges on the back, plump on the sides and curved or occasion- ally a little angled on the face ; style straight or recurved, facial ; embryo apex pointing almost directly toward the basal end.

In fresh, brackish or salt water, Cape Breton to Brit- ish Columbia, south to Florida, Texas and California. Also in Europe. July-Aug.

78 NAIADACEAE

33. Potamogeton interruptus Kitaibel. Interrupted Pondweed. (Fig. 174.)

Polamoi;cton inlerruptus Kitaibel in Schultes, OEst. Fl.

Ed. 2. 328. 1 814. Potamogeton flabellatus Bab. Man. Bot. Ed. 3, 324. 1851.

Stems arising from a running rootstock which often springs from a small tuber, 2°-4° long, branched, the branches spreading like a fan. Leaves linear, obtuse or acute, 3'-5' long, wide, 3-5-nerved with

many transverse veins; narrow, i-nerved leaves occur on some plants and these are acuminate, much like those of P. pedinatus ; stipules partialh- adnate to the leaf-blade, the adnate part Yz'-\' long, sometimes with narrowly scarious margins, the free part shorter and scarious, obtuse ; peduncles long ; spikes slightly interrupted ; fruit broadly and oblique!}- obovoid, ob- tuse at the base, the largest 2" long and nearly as broad, prominently keeled and with rounded lateral ridges on the back, the face nearly or quite straight ; style facial, erect.

In ponds and streams. Prince Edward Island to northern Indiana and ^Michigan. Also in Europe. August.

34. Potamogeton Robbinsii Oakes. Robbins' Pondweed. (Fig. 175.)

Potamogeton Robbinsii Oakes, Hovey's Mag^. 7: 180. 1841.

Stems stout, widely branching, 2°-4° long, from running rootstocks sometimes 1° long. Leaves linear, 2i'~h' long, i''-^," wide, acute, finely many-nerved, crowded in 2 ranks, minutelj- serrulate, auriculate at the point of attachment with the stipule ; stipules with the adnate portion and sheath- ing base of the leaf about Y^' long, the free part Yz'-i' long, acute, persistent, white, membranous, mostly lacerate ; peduncles i'-3' long, the inflorescence frequently much branched and bearing from 5-20 peduncles; spikes interrupted, ^'-I'long, flowering under water; fruit obovoid, about 2" broad and \ Yz" wide, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel sharp, the lateral ones rounded, the face arched, the sides with a shallow depression which runs into the face below the arch ; style subapical, thick, slightly recurved ; apex of the em- bryo pointing a little inside the basal end.

In ponds and lakes, Xew Brunswick to Oregon, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. The plant is freeU- propagated by fragments of the stems which throw out rootlets from each joint, but this is the rarest of our species to form fruit. Aug. -Sept.

2. RUPPIA L. Sp. PI. 127. 1753. Slender, widely branched aquatics with capillar}- stems, slender alternate i -nerved leaves tapering to an acuminate apex, and with membranous sheaths. Flowers on a capil- lary, spadix-like peduncle, naked, consisting of 2 sessile anthers, each with 2 large sepa- rate sacs attached by their backs to the peduncle, having between them several pistillate flowers in 2 sets on opposite sides of the rachis, the whole cluster at first enclosed in the sheathing base of the leaf. Stigmas sessile, peltate. Fruit a small, obliquely pointed drupe, several in each cluster and pedicelled ; embryo oval, the cotyledonary end inflexed, and both that and the hypocotyl immersed. [Name in honor of Heinrich Bernhard Rupp, a Ger- man botanist.]

In the development of the plants the staminate flowers drop off and the peduncle elongates, bearing the pistillate flowers in 2 clusters at the end, but after fertilization it coils up and the fruit is drawn below the surface of the water.

PONDWEED FAMILY.

79

Three or four species, occitrring^ in salt and brackish waters all over the world. The following are the only ones known to occur in North America:

Sheaths 3"-4" long; drupes about i" long. i. R. niaritima.

Sheaths 'A'-i'A' long; drupes il4"-2" long. 2. R. occiderUalis.

I. Ruppia maritima I,. Mari- time Ruppia. (Fig. 176.)

Ruppia maritima I,. Sp. PI. 127. 1753.

Stems often whitish, 2°-3° long, the internodes irregular, naked, i'-3' long. Leaves 1^-3' long, or less wide;

sheaths 3^-4'' long, with a short free tip ; peduncles in fruit sometimes 1° long; pedicels 4-6 in a cluster, yi'-iyi' long ; drupes with a dark hard shell, ovoid, about \" long, often oblique or gibbous at the base, pointed with the long style, but varying much in shape ; forms with very short peduncles and ped- icels, and with broad, strongly marked sheaths occur.

Common in brackish or salt water along the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North America and in saline districts in the in- terior. Widely distributed in the Old World and in South America. July-Aug.

2. Ruppia occidentalis S. Wats. Western Ruppia. (Fig. 177.)

Ruppia occidentalis S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25: 138. Sept. 1890.

Ruppia lacustris Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 5: 372. Nov. 1890.

Stems stouter, i°-2° long, the branching fan-like. Leaves 3'-S' long, their large sheaths long ; branches and leaves

often thickly clustered at the nodes, the sheaths overlapping each other ; drupes larger, lyi''-^" long, ovoid or pyriform, borne on pedicels about i' long, the pe- duncles bright red when fresh and some- times nearly 2° in length.

In saline ponds, Nebraska to British Co- lumbia. Summer.

3. ZANNICHELLIA L. Sp. PI. 969. 1753.

Stems, flowers and leaf-buds all at first enclosed in a hyaline envelope, corresponding to the stipule in Potamogeton. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same axil ; the stami- nate solitary, consisting of a single 2-celled anther, borne on a short pedicel-like filament ; the pistillate 2-5. O/ary flask-shaped, tapering into a short style; stigma broad, hyaline, somewhat cup-shaped, its margins angled or dentate. Fruit a flattish falcate nutlet, ribbed or sometimes toothed on the back. Embryo bent and coiled at the cotyledonary end. [In honor of J. H. Zannichelli, 1662-1729, Italian physician and botanist.]

Two or three species of very wide geographic distribution in fresh-water ponds and streams.

So NAIADACEAE.

I. Zannichellia palustris L. Zan- nichellia. (Fig. 178.)

Zainticliellia palustris L. vSp. PI. 969. 1753.

Stems capillary, sparsely branched, the rhizome creeping, the roots fibrous. Leaves long, )i" or less wide, acute, thin, i- nerved with a few delicate cross-veins ; spathe-like envelope separate from the leaves and fruits at maturity ; fruits 2-6 in a cluster, \"-2" long, sometimes sessile, sometimes pedicelled, sometimes the whole cluster peduucled ; style persistent, straight or curved, yz"-\" long; plant flowering and ripening its fruit under water.

In fresh or brackish ponds, pools or ditches, % ne irly throughout North America, except the extreme north, and widely distributed in the Old World. July-Sept.

4. NAIAS L. Sp. PI. 1015. 1753.

Slender, branching aquatics, wholly submerged, with fibrous roots. Leaves opposite, alternate or verticillate, sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, solitar}', sessile or pedicelled. Sterile flower with a double perianth, the exterior one entire or 4-horued at the apex, the interior one hyaline, adhering to the anther ; stamen sessile or stalked, 1-4-celled, apiculate or 2-lobed at the summit. Fertile flowers of a single ovary which tapers into a short st3-le ; stigmas 2-4, subulate. Mature carpel solitary, sessile, ellip- siod, its pericarp crustaceous. Seed conformed to the pericarp and embryo to the seed, the raphe distinctly marked. [Greek, a water-nymph.]

About 10 species, occurring in fresh water all over the world. The following are the only ones known in North America:

Sheaths broadly rounded, their margins entire or with a few large teeth. i. N. marina. Sheaths narrowly and obliquely rounded, each margin with 5-10 minute teeth; leaves linear.

2. N. flc.vilis.

3. N. Gitadalnpensis.

4. N. gracillinia.

1785-

Seeds shining, with 30-50 rows of faint reticulations. Seeds dull, with 16-20 rows of strongly marked reticulations. Sheaths auriculate; leaves delicately filiform.

I. Naias marina L. I^arge Naias. (Fig. 179.)

Naias viariiia L. Sp. PI. 1015. Naias major All. Fl. Ped. 2 : 221.

Dioecious, stem stout, compressed, commonly armed with teeth twice as long as their breadth. Leaves op- posite or verticillate, long, about 1" wide, with 6-10 spine-pointed teeth on each margin and fre- quently several along the back ; sheaths with rounded lateral edges ; fruit large, i"-2yz" long, the pericarp as well as the seed rugosely reticulated, tipped with a long persistent style and 3 thread-like stigmas ; seed not shining.

In lakes. Central New York to Florida, west to Califor- nia. Summer. Also in Europe.

Naias marina gracilis Morong. Coull. Bot. Gaz. 10: 255. 18S5 Internodes i'-3' long, with a few teeth on the upper pan leaves scarcely K" wide, with 15-24 large teeth on the mar gins and a few on the back ; sheaths with 2 or 3 teeth on each margin ; seed sculptured with about 25 rows of nearly square or irregularU- oblong reticulations. Central New York and Florida.

Naias marina recurvata Dudley, Cayuga Fl. 104. 1886. Branches and leaves recurved ; leaves 3"-6" long, narrow, with 2-4 large teeth on each margin and none on the back ; internodes short, naked, or with i or 2 teeth ; sheaths i -toothed on each side. Cayuga Marshes, N. Y.

PONDWEED FAMILY.

8i

2. Naias flexilis (Willd.) Rost. & Schmidt. Slender Naias. (Fig. i8o.)

^aulinia Jlc.vilis ^\\\A. Abh. Akad. Berlin, 95. 1803.

Naias flex His 'Rost. & Schmidt,Fl.Sed.384. 1824.

Stem slender, forking. Leaves linear, pel- lucid, acuminate or abruptly acute, Yi'-'i' long, yz"-\" wide, numerous and crowded on the upper parts of the branches, with 25-30 minute teeth on each edge; sheaths obliquely rounded with 5-10 teeth on each margin ; fruit ellipsoid with very thin pericarp, \"-2" long, ]i"-y2" in diameter ; style long, per- •sistent ; stigmas short; seed smooth, shin- ing, straw-colored, sculptured, though some- times quite faintly, with 30-40 rows of nearly square or hexagonal reticulations which are scarcely seen through the dark pericarp.

In ponds and streams throughout nearly all North America. Also in Europe. Summer.

Naias flexilis robiista Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 10 : 255. 1885.

Stem stout, few-leaved, 3°-6° long ; internodes long. Massachusetts to Michigan and Texas.

3. Naias Guadalupensis (Spreng. ) Morong. Guadaloupe Naias. (Fig. 181.)

Caulinia Guadalupensis Spreng. Syst. i : 20. 1825.

Naias Guadalupensis Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3 : Part 2, 60. 1893.

Stem nearly capillary, i°-2° long, widely branched from the base. Leaves numerous.

in fascicles of 2-5, frequently recurved, with sheaths and teeth like those of N. flexilis but generally with 40-50 teeth on each margin of the leaf ; fruit about \" long ; pericarp dark and strongly marked by 16-20 rows of hexagonal or rectangular reticulations which are transversely oblong ; seed straw-colored, not shining.

In ponds and lakes, Nebraska to Oregon and Texas, east to Florida. Also in tropical America. July-Sept.

4. Naias gracillima (A. Br.) Morong. Thread-like Naias. (Fig. 182.)

Naias Indica var. gracillima A. Br.; Engelm. in

A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 681. 1867. Naias gracillivia Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3:

Part 2, 61. 1893.

Dioecious, stem capillary, long, much

branched, the branches alternate. Leaves nu- merous, opposite or often fascicled in 3's-5's or more, setaceous, Yz' 2' long, usually with about 20 minute teeth on each margin ; sheaths auri- cled, with 6 or 7 teeth on each auricle, the teeth standing upon setaceous divisions of the sheath ; stigmas very short ; fruit obloug-cylindric, yi" long, y in diameter, slightly curved inwardly or straight, the pericarp straw-colored or pur- plish, marked by about 25 rows of irregularly oblong reticulations ; seed not shining.

In pools and ponds, eastern Massachusetts to Delaware, Pennsylvania and Missouri. July-Sept.

82

NAIADACEAE.

5. ZOSTERA L. Sp. PI. 968. 1753. Marine plants with slender rootstocks and branching compressed stems. Leaves 2- ranked, sheathing at the base, the sheaths with inflexed margins. Spadix linear, contained in a spathe. Flowers monoecious, arranged alternately in 2 rows on the spadix. Stamiuate flower merely an anther attached to the spadix near its apex, i-celled, opening irregularly on the ventral side ; pollen thread-like. Pistillate flower fixed on its back near the middle ; ovary i ; style elongated ; stigmas 2, capillary ; mature carpels flask-shaped, membra- nous, rupturing irregularly, beaked by the persistent style ; seeds ribbed ; embryo ellipsoid. [Greek, referring to the ribbon-like leaves.]

About 6 species of marine distribution. Besides the following one occurs in Florida and one on the Pacific Coast.

I. Zostera marina L. Eel-grass. Grass-wrack. (Fig. 183.)

Zostera marina 1,. Sp. PI. 968. 1753.

Leaves ribbon-like, obtuse at the apex, i°- 6° long, \"-\" wide, with 3-7 principal nerves. Spadix I'-iyi' long ; flowers about 3" long, crowded, usually from 10-20 of each kind on the spadix ; ovary somewhat vermi- form ; at anthesis the stigmas are thrust through the opening of the spathe and drop off before the anthers of the same spadix open ; the anthers at anthesis work themselves out of the spathe and discharge the glutinous stringy pollen into the water; seeds cylindric, strongly about 20-ribbed, about \yz" long and Yz" in diameter, truncate at both ends, the ribs showing very clearly on the pericarp.

In bays, streams and ditches along: the At- lantic Coast from Greenland to Florida and on the Pacific from Alaska to California. Also on the coasts of Europe and Asia. Summer.

Family 4. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE Agardh, Tlieor. Syst. PI. 44. 1858.*

Arrow-gr.'vss Family.

Marsh herbs with rush-like leaves and .small spicate or racemose perfect flowers. Perianth 4-6-parted, its segments in two series, persistent or decidti- ous. Stamens 3-6. Filaments very short or elongated. Anthers mosth^ 2-celled and extrorse. Carpels 3-6, i-2-ovttled, more or less united tmtil ma- tturit}^ dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds anatropous. Embryo straight.

Four genera and about 10 species of wide geographic distribution. Leaves all basal; flowers numerous on naked scapes, spicate or racemed. i. Triglochin. Stem leafy; flowers few in a loose raceme. 2. SchcKchzeria.

I. TRIGLOCHIN L. Sp. PI. 338. 1753.

Marsh herbs with basal half-rounded ligulatc leaves with membranous sheaths. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes on long naked scapes. Perianth-segments 3-6, concave, the 3 inner ones inserted higher up than the outer. Stamens 3-6 ; anthers 2-celled, sessile or nearly so, inserted at the base of the perianth-segments and attached by their backs. Ovaries 3-6, i-celled, sometimes abortive; ovules solitarj', basal, erect, anatropous. Style short or none. Stigmas as many as the ovaries, plumose. Fruit of 3-6 cylindraceous ob- long or obovoid carpels, which are distinct or connate, coriaceous, costate, when ripe sepa- rating from the base upward from a persistent central axis, their tips straight or recurved, dehiscing by a ventral suture. Seeds erect, cjdiudraceous or ovoid-oblong, compressed or angular. [Greek, in allusion to the three-pointed fruit of some species.]

.\bout 9 species, natives of the temperate and subarctic zones of both hemispheres. Only the following are known to occur in North America: Carpels 3.

Fruit linear or clavate, tapering to a subulate base. i. T. paluslris.

Fruit nearlj^ globose. 2. 7". striata.

Carpels 6 ; fruit oblong or ovoid, obtuse at the base. 3. T. maritima.

*Text contributed by the late Rev. Thomas Morong.

ARROW-GRASS FAMILY.

I. Triglochin palustris L,. Marsh Arrow- grass. (Fig. 184.)

Triglochin palustris I,. Sp. PI. 338. 1753.

Rootstock short, oblique, with slender fugacious stolons. Leaves linear, shorter than the scapes, 5'- 12' long, tapering to a sharp point ; ligule very short ; scapes I or 2, slender, striate, W-20' high ; racemes 5^-12^ long ; pedicels capillary, in fruit erect-appressed and 2yi"-j,yz" long; perianth-segments 6, greenish- yellow ; anthers 6, sessile ; pistil of 3 united carpels, 3-celled, 3-ovuled ; stigmas sessile; fruit 3^^-3/4'' long, linear or clavate ; ripe carpels separating from the axis and hanging suspended from its apex, the axis 3-winged.

In bogs, New Brunswick to Alaska, south to New York, Indiana and Montana. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept.

2, Triglochin striata R. & P. Three- ribbed Arrow-grass. (Fig. 185.)

Triglochin striata R. & P. Fl. Per. 3: 72. 1802. Triglochin triandra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 208. 1803.

Rootstocks upright or oblique. Scapes i or 2, more or less angular, usually not over 10' high; leaves slender, slightly fleshy, nearly or quite as long as the scapes, wide; flowers very

small, light yellow or greenish, in spicate racemes; pedicels Yz"-!" long, not elongating in fruit ; per- ianth-segments 3, stamens 3; anthers oval, large; pistil of 3 united carpels; fruit sub-globose or some- what obovoid, about \" in diameter, appearing 3- winged when dry by the contracting of the car- pels; carpels coriaceous, rounded and 3-ribbed on the back; axis broadly 3-winged.

In saline marshes, Maryland to Florida and Louisi- ana. Also in tropical America. June-Sept.

3. Triglochin maritima L,. Seaside Arrow-grass. (Fig. i86.)

Triglochin mai-itinia L. Sp. PI. 339. 1753- Triglochin data Nutt. Gen. i: 237. 1818. Triglochin viaritima var. elata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 437. 1852. In part.

Rootstock without stolons, often subligneous,

the caudex thick, mostly covered with the

sheaths of old leaves. Scape stout, nearly

terete, 6'-2° high; leaves half-cylindric, usually

about wide; raceme elongated, often 16' or

more long; pedicels decurrent, I'^-i}^'' long,

slightly longer in fruit ; perianth segments 6,

each subtending a large sessile anther ; pistil of

6 united carpels ; fruit oblong or ovoid, 'iyz"-2i"

long, \yz"-2" thick, obtuse at the base, with 6

recurved points at the summit ; carpels 3-

angled, flat or slightly grooved on the back, or

the dorsal edges curving upward and winged,

separating at maturity from the hexagonal axis.

In salt marshes, along- the Atlantic seaboard from Labrador to New Jersey, and in fresh or saline marshes across the continent to Alaska and California. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept.

84 SCHEUCHZERIACEAE.

2. SCHEUCHZERIA L. Sp. PI. 338. 1753.

Rush-like bog perennials with creeping rootstocks, and erect leafy stems, the leaves elongated, half-rounded below and flat above, striate, furnished with a pore at the apex and a membranous ligulate sheath at the base. Flowers small, racemose. Perianth 6-parted, regularly 2-serial, persistent. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth-segments ; filaments elongated; anthers linear, basifixed, extrorse. Ovaries 3 or rarely 4-6, distinct or connate at the base, i-celled, each cell with i or 2 collateral ovules. Stigmas sessile, papil- lose or slightly fimbriate. Carpels divergent, inflated, coriaceous, 1-2-seeded, follicle-like, laterally dehiscent. Seeds straight or slightly cur\-ed, without endosperm. [Name in honor of Johann Jacob Scheuchzer, 1672-1733, Swiss scientist.]

A monotypic gtnus of the north temperate zone.

I. Scheuchzeria palustris L.

Scheiichzeria. (Fig. 187.)

Scheuchzeria palustris Sp. PI. 338. 1753.

Leaves 4'-i6' long, the uppermost reduced to bracts ; stems solitary or several, usually clothed at the base with the remains of old leaves, 4^-10^ tall ; sheaths of the basal leaves often \' long with a ligule yi,' long; pedicels 3''-io'^ long, spreading in fruit ; flowers white, few, in a lax raceme ; per- ianth-segments membranous, i -nerved, i j^'^ long, the inner ones the narrower; follicles 2"-i^" long, slightly if at all united at the base ; seeds oval, brown, 2^"-3'' long with a very hard coat.

In bogs, Labrador to Hudson Baj- and British Co- lumbia, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

Family 5. ALISMACEAE DC. Fl. Franc. 3 : 181. 1805.

W.\ter-Plantain Family. Aquatic or marsh herbs, mostly glabrous, with fibrous roots, .scapose stems and basal long-petioled sheathing leaves. Inflorescence racemo.se or paniculate. Flowers regular, perfect, monoecious or dioecious, pedicelled, the pedicels ver- ticillate and subtended hy bracts. Receptacle flat or convex. Sepals 3, per- sistent. Petals 3, larger, deciduous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6 or more ; anthers 2-celled, extrorse or dehiscing by lateral slits. Ovaries nmnerous or rarely few, i -celled, usually with a single ovule in each cell. Carpels be- coming achenes in fruit in our .species. Seeds uncinate-curved. Embryo horse- shoe shaped. Endosperm none. I,atex-tubes are found in all the species, according to Micheli.

About 13 genera and 65 species, of wide distribution in fresh water swamps and streams.

Carpels in a ring upon a small, flat receptacle. i. Alisma. Carpels crowded in many series upon a large convex receptacle. Flowers perfect, staminate or polygamous.

Pedicels not recurved ; calyx spreading. 2. Echiiiodorus.

Pedicels recurved in fruit ; calyx appressed to the carpels. 3. Lopholocarpus.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 4. Sagittaria.

I. ALISMA L. Sp. PI. 342. 1753. Perennial or rarely annual herbs with erect or floating leaves, the blades several-ribbed, the ribs connected by transverse veinlets, or seemingly pinnately veined. Scapes short or elongated. Inflorescence paniculate or umbellate-paniculate. Flowers small, numerous on unequal 3-bracteolate pedicels, the petals white or rose-tinted. Stamens 6 or 9, subperigy- nous. Ovaries few or many, borne in one or several whorls on a small flat receptacle, ripen- ing into flattened achenes which are 2-3-ribbed on the curved back and 1-2-ribbed on the sides. [Greek, said to be in reference to the occurrence of the typical species in saline situations.]

About 10 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Only the following are known to occur in North .\merica.

Stamens 6, strongly compressed; flowers panicled. i. A. Plantago-aqualica.

Stamens 9, turgid; flowers umbelled. 2. A. lenelluni.

WATER-PI/ANTAIN FAMILY

I. Alisma Plantago-aquatica L.

Water Plantain. (Fig. i88.)

Alisma Plantago-aquatica I,. Sp. PI. 342. 1753-

Leaves ovate, acute at the apex, cordate, rounded or narrowed at the base, the blades 3-10-ribbed, or when floating sometimes lanceolate or even linear ; petioles \'-\o' long ; scapes occasionally 2 from the same root, usually solitary, ^2°-3°high; inflores- cence a large loose panicle, 6^-15' long; pedicels verticillate in 3's-io's, subtended by 3 striate acuminate bracts ; petals y2"-\" long ; styles deciduous, the base remaining as a small point or short beak on the inner curve of the achene ; stigma small, terminal; achenes obliquely obovate, nearly \" long, arranged in a circle, forming an obtusely triangular truncate head.

In shallow water or mud throughout North America. Also in Europe and Asia. June-.Sept.

2. Alisma tenellum Mart. Dwarf Water Plantain. (Fig. 189.)

Alisma tenellum Mart.; R. & S. Syst. 7:

1600. 1830. EchinodovHS parvtilus Engelm. in A.

Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 438. 1856. Echinodorus ienelliis Buchenau, Abh. Nat. Gesell. Bremen, 2: 18. 1869. Plant delicate, stoloniferous, i'-5^ high. Leaves lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, the blades acute at both ends, 4^'-i5'' long, i"-}," wide ; petioles longer or shorter than the blades, narrowly dilated at the base; scapes solitary, often surpassing the leaves, commonly reclined; umbel 2-8-flowered ; pedicels very unequal, often recurved in fruit ; bracts lanceo- late, more or less connate at the base; flowers white ; stamens 9 ; style much shorter than the ovary ; ovaries nu- merous ; achenes in several whorls, coriaceous, turgid, obovate, not Yz" long, enclosed by the erect persistent sepals, the beak short, sharp.

In mud, Massachusetts to western On- tario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Missouri and Texas. April-Aug.

2. ECHINODORUS Rich.; Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. 460. 1848.

Perennial or annual herbs with long-petioled, elliptic, ovate or lanceolate often cordate or sagittate leaves, 3-9-ribbed and mostly punctate with dots or lines. Scapes often longer than the leaves ; inflorescence racemose or paniculate, the flowers verticillate, each verticil with 3 outer bracts and numerous inner bracteoles ; flowers perfect ; sepals 3, distinct, per- sistent ; petals white, deciduous ; receptacle large, convex or globose ; stamens 12-30 ; ovaries numerous ; style obliquely apical, persistent ; stigma simple ; fruit achenes, more or less compressed, coriaceous, ribbed and beaked, forming spinose heads. [Greek, in allusion to the spinose heads of fruit.]

About 14 species, mo.stly natives of America. Only the following are known in North America. Scapes reclining or prostrate; style shorter than the ovary ; beak of achene short, i. E. radicans. Scapes erect ; style longer than the ovary; beak of achene long. 2. E. cordifolius.

86

ALISMACEAE.

1. Echinodorus radicans (Nutt. ) Engelm. Creeping Biir-liead. (Fig. 190. )

Sa<rilla ria radiians Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.

(II.) 5: 159. 1833-37. Echinodorus radicans Engelm. in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 2, 438. 1856.

Leaves coarse, ovate, obtuse, cordate, 2'- 8' long, i}4^-7/4' wide, marked with short pellucid lines, the nerves 5-9, connected by netted cross-veins. Petioles sometimes 20' long ; scapes creeping, 2°-4° long, slightly scabrous, often rooting at the nodes ; verti- cils distant ; bracts linear-lanceolate, acum- inate, dilated at the base ; pedicels 3-12, un- equal, 1^-2 long, slender or filiform; sepals persistent, much shorter than the heads ; petals larger, obovate, about 3" long ; sta- mens about 20; style shorter than the ovary ; achenes numerous, about 2" long, 6-10- ribbed, with 2-several oval glands on each side and beaks about one- fourth their length ; fruiting heads 4" in diameter.

In swamps, Illinois to North Carolina and Florida, west to Missouri and Texas. June-July.

2. Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Griseb. Upright Bur-liead. (Fig. 191.)

Alistna cordifolia I,. Sp. PI. 343. 1753. Echinodorus roslratus Engelm. in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 2, 538. 1856. Echinodorus cordifolius Griseb. Abb. Kon. Gesell. Wiss. Gott. 7: 257. 1857.

Leaves variable in form, often broadly ovate, obtuse, cordate at the base, 6'-8' long and wide, but in smaller plants sometimes nearly lanceolate, acute at each end and but i'-2'loug; petioles angular, striate, I'-io' high ; scapes i or more, erect, s'-i6' tall ; flowers 3-6 in the verticils ; pedicels long, erect after flowering ; bracts linear- lanceolate, acuminate, dilated at the base ; sepals shorter than the heads; petals 2"-2," long; stameus often 12; styles longer than the ovary ; fruiting heads very bur-like, 2"- 3'^ in diameter; achenes about lyi'^ long, narrowly obovate or falcate, 6-8-ribbed; beak apical, oblique, about one-half the length of the achene.

In swamps and ditches, Illinois to Florida, west to Missouri and Texas. Also in tropical America. June-July.

3. LOPHOTOCARPUS T. Diirand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 627. i! [LoPHioc.\RPUS Miquel, Fl. Arch. Ind. i: Part 2, 50. 1870. Not Turcz. 1843.]

Perennial, bog or aquatic herbs with basal long-petioled sagittate or cordate leaves, simple erect scapes bearing flowers in several verticils of 2-3 at the summit, the lower per- fect, the upper staminate. Sepals 3, distinct, persistent, erect after flowering and enclosing or enwrapping the fruit. Petals white, deciduous. Receptacle strongly convex. Stamens 9-15, hypogynous, inserted at the base of the receptacle. Filaments flattened. Pistils numerous ; ovule solitary, erect, anatropous ; style elongated, oblique, persistent. Achenes winged or crested. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. [Greek, signifying crested fruit.]

About 3 species, the following of eastern North America, the others of tropical America.

WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.

87

1. Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith.

(Fig. 192.)

Saffi/laria calycina Engelm.; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound.

Stirv. 212. 1859. Lof>liiocarpns calycinus Mieheli in DC. Monog. Plian.

3:61. 1881.

Lopholocar pus calycinus 1. G. Smith, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 25. 1894.

Annual, leaves floating or ascending, entire, has- tate or sagittate, the basal lobes spreading, ovate, acute or acuminate, the apex acute or obtuse, the blade varying from long, sometimes 12' wide at the base. Scape simple, weak and at length decum- bent, mostly shorter than the leaves ; verticils of flowers 1-5 ; bracts membranous, orbicular or ovate and obtuse, or those of stamiuate flowers lanceolate and acute ; fertile pedicels very thick, recurved in fruit, equalling or longer than the slender sterile ones ; petals '^"-i^" long ; stamens hypogynous ; fila- ments flattened, papillose, about as long as the an- thers ; achene obovate, \" long, narrowly winged on the margins, tipped with a short horizontal triangular beak.

In swamps, New Brunswick to Virginia and Louisiana, across the continent to California, thus occurring nearly throughout the United States. Foliage wonderfully vari- able in form. July-Sept.

lyophotocarpus.

4. SAGITTARIA I,. Sp. PI. 993. 1753.

Perennial aquatic or bog herbs, mostly with tuber-bearing or nodose rootstocks, fibrous Toots, basal long petioled nerved leaves, the nerves connected by numerous veinlets, and erect, decumbent or floating scapes, or the leaves reduced to bladeless phyllodia ■(figs. 197, 203). Flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne near the summits of the scapes in verticils of 3's, pedicelled, the staminate usually uppermost. Verticils 3-bracted. Calyx of 3 persistent sepals, those of the pistillate flowers reflexed or spreading in our species. Petals 3, white, deciduous. Stamens usually numerous, inserted on the convex receptacle ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits ; staminate flowers sometimes with imperfect ovaries. Pistillate flowers with numerous distinct ovaries, sometimes with imper- fect stamens ; ovule solitary ; stigmas small, persistent. Achenes numerous, densely aggre- gated in globose or subglobose heads, compressed. Seed erect, curved ; embryo horseshoe- shaped. [Latin, referring to the arrow-shaped leaves of some species.]

About 25 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, some lo others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.

Fertile pedicels slender, ascending, not reflexed in fruit. I,eaf-blades sagittate.

Basal lobes one -fourth to one-half the length of the blade. Beak of the achene more than one-fourth its length. Beak of the achene erect.

Fruiting pedicels shorter than the bracts ; leaves broad. Fruiting pedicels longer than the bracts ; leaves narrow Beak of the achene horizontal or oblique. Beak of the achene less than one-fourth its length.

Petioles rather short, curving ; bracts long ; bog species. Petioles elongated ; bracts short ; aquatic species. Basal lobes two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the blade. Leaves entire, or rarely hastate or cordate.

Filaments slender, tapering upward ; leaves seemingly pinnately veined.

Filaments glabrous ; bracts connate. 7. 5'. ambigua.

Filaments cobwebby-pubescent ; bracts mostly distinct. 8. S. lancifolia

Filaments abruptly dilated, pubescent ; veins distinct to the base of the blade. Fruiting heads sessile or very nearly so. 9. S. rigida.

Both staminate and pistillate flowers pedicelled.

Leaves reduced to terete nodose phyllodia, rarely blade-bearing

10.

Leaves rigid, blades elliptic-linear. 11, Leaves not rigid ; blades lanceolate or linear-oblong. 12. Fertile pedicels stout, reflexed in fruit ; filaments dilated.

Filaments pubescent ; leaf-blades ovate or ovate-elliptic. 13. S. plalyphylla

1. 5. longiroslra.

2. .S. Engelmannia.

3. .S. latifolia.

4. 5*. arifolia.

5. 5". cuneata.

6. 5. longiloba.

S. teres. S. cr is lata. S. graminea.

Filaments glabrous ; leaves linear-lanceolate or reduced to phyllodia. 14. 5". siibulaia.

88

ALISMACEAE.

I. Sagittaria longirostra fMicheli ) J. G. Smith.

Long-beaked Arrow-head. (Fig. 193.)

Sagittaria sagiltaefolia var. longirostra Mi- cheli in DC. Monog. Phan. 3 : 69. 1881.

Sao itlaria tou^iroslra J. G. Smith, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 26. ' 1894.

Monoecious, glabrous, scapes erect, rather stout, i>^°-3° tall. Leaves broad, sagittate, \'-\2' long, abruptly acute at the apex, the basal lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, one-third to one-half the length of the blade ; scape usually longer than the leaves, 6- angled belov? ; bracts triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, 7"-i5" long, longer than the fertile pedicels ; petals long ; fila-

ments glabrous ; styles curved, twice as long as the ovaries ; achene obovate, about 2'^ long, winged on both margins, the ventral margin entire or undulate, the dorsal eroded, its sides with a short crest, its beak stout, erect or somewhat recurved.

In swamps and along ponds. New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Alabama. July-Sept.

2. Sagittaria Engelmanniana J. G. Smith.

Engehiiann's Arrow-head. (Fig. 194.)

Sagittaria variabilis var. (?) gracilis S. Wats, in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 6, 555. 1889. Not Engelm. Sagittaria Engelmanniana J. G. Smith, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:

25. 1894.

Monoecious, glabrous, scape erect or ascending, slen- der, 8'-2o' high. Leaves narrow, i^'-8' long, wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, the basal lobes nar- ^ rowly linear, acuminate, one-third to one-half the length of the blade ; scape striate, about as long as the leaves ; bracts lanceolate, acute, shorter than the slender fertile pedicels, ^"-6'^ long; flowers ']"-i2'' broad; filaments glabrous ; style about twice as long as the ovaries ; achene obovate, 2" long, winged on both margins and with 1-3 lateral wing-like crests on each face, the beak short, stout, erect, about long.

In shallow water, Massachusetts to Delaware, near the coast, probably extending further south. Aug.-Sept.

Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Broad-leaved Arrow-head.

Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 409. 1806. Sagittaria variabilis Engelni. in A. Gray, Man. 461. 1848.

Monoecious or sometimes dioecious, glabrous or nearly so, scape stout or slender, 4^-4° tall, simple or branched. Leaves exceeding variable in form and size, sometimes linear-lanceolate and acuminate at the apex, sometimes^ wider than long and obtuse ; basal lobes from "4^ to as long as the blade ; bracts acute, acuminate or obtuse, the upper ones sometimes united; flowers I'-iYz' wide; filaments slender, glabrous; achene \"-2" long, broadly winged on both margins, its sides even or i-ribbed, the beak about one-third its length, horizontal or nearly so.

In shallow water, throughout North America, except the extreme north, extending to Mexico. Variable. July-Sept.

Sagittaria latifolia pubescens (Muhl.) J. G. Smith, Mem. Torr.

Club, 5 : 26. 1894. Sagittaria pubescens Muhl. Cat. 86. 1813.

Whole plant pubescent, varj'ing from merelj' puberulent to- densely hirsute. Ontario to New Jersey, Florida and Alabama.

WATER-PIvANTAIN FAMILY.

89

4. Sagittaria arifolia Nutt. Arum-leaved Arrow-head. (Fig. 196.)

Sagittaria sagittaefolia var. minor Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 395. 1814?

Sagittaria arifolia Nutt.; J. G. Smith, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6 : 32. pi. i. 1894.

Glabrous or nearly so, terrestrial or partially sub- merged, scape weak, ascending, 8'-2o' long. Leaves sagittate, broad, acute at the apex, about as long as the scape, their margins slightly curved, their basal lobes acute or acuminate, one-fourth to one-third the length of the blade ; petioles usually curving outwardly ; bracts lanceolate, acute, usually equalling or longer than the fertile pedicels, often reflexed ; filaments glabrous; petals long! achene cuneate-obovate,

about \" long, winged on both margins, the sides smooth, the beak short, erect.

Quebec to Minnesota and British Columbia, south to Michigan, western Kansas, New Mexico and California. Resembling in foliage the European .S. sagiilaefolia L., but distinguished from that species by its achenes.

5. Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon. Floating Arrow-head. (Fig. 197.)

Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon, Bull. Torr. Club, 20 : 283. pi. 159. 1893.

Aquatic, submerged, rooting in sand, scape very slender, simple, terete, i°-2° long, bearing the flowers at the surface of the water. Leaves long- petioled, the blade floating, sagittate, linear-lanceo- late, acuminate, 2^-4' long, the basal lobes acumin- ate, about one-fourth its length ; phyllodia of two kinds, one petiole-like and as long as the leaves, the other lanceolate, and clustered at the base of the plant ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, i''-^,'^ long, much shorter than the slender fertile pedi- cels ; flowers broad ; achene only y^" long, obovate-cuneate, its beak very short, erect.

In shallow water, Minnesota to Washington and British Columbia. Aug. -Sept.

6. Sagittaria longiloba Engelm. Long- lobed Arrow-head. (Fig. 198.)

Sagittaria longiloba Engelm. in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 212. 1859.

Monoecious, glabrous, scape slender, simple or rarely branched, i°-2° tall. Leaves long-petioled, the apex acute, the basal lobes linear-lanceolate, acuminate, about three-fourths the length of the blade ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 2>"~\" long, much shorter than the very slender fertile pedicels which are longer than the sterile ones ; stamens numerous, the filaments longer than the anthers ; achene about i^'long, quadrate-obovate, somewhat broader above than below, winged on both mar- gins, its beak exceedingly short.

In shallow water, Nebraska to Colorado, south to Texas and Mexico.

90

ALISMACEAE.

7. Sagittaria ambigua J. G. Smith.

Kansas Sagittaria. (Fig. 199.)

Sagil/aria ambigna J. G. Smith, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 6 : 48. pi. 17. 1894.

Mouoecious, glabrous, scape erect or ascending, simple or sparingly branched, i°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate, entire, loug-petioled, acute or acumin- ate at both ends, seemingly pinnately veined, really 5-7-nerved, 5'-8' long, equalling or shorter than the scape ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, ^"-W long, much shorter than the slender fruiting pedi- cels, connate at the base, papillose ; stamens 20- 25 ; filaments glabrous, longer than the anthers ; achene about \" long, oblong, curved, narrowly winged on both margins, its sides smooth and even, its beak short, oblique.

In ponds, Kansas and the Indian Territory.

8. Sagittaria lancifolia L,.

Sagittaria lancifolia 1,. Amoen. Acad. 5 ; 409. Sagittaria falcata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 397. 1814 Sagittaria lancifolia falcata J. G. Smith, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 25. 1894.

Monoecious, glabrous, scape rigid, erect, stout or rather slender, striate, branched or simple, longer than the leaves. Leaves lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, firm, entire, the blades 5-9-nerved, 8'-i^° long, gradually narrowed into the long petioles, appar- ently pinnately veined; flowers numerous, 5"-i2" broad; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, usually not united at the base, glabrous or nearly so, equalling or shorter than the fruiting pedicels ; stamens numerous ; filaments cobwebby-pubescent, equal- ling or longer than the anthers ; achene narrowly obovate-cuneate, i"-\yz" long, winged on both margins, its sides smooth, its beak tapering, oblique.

In swamps and shallow water, Delaware, to Florida and Texas, near the coast. Widely distributed in trop- ical America.

Lance-leaved Sagittaria. (Fig.

1760.

200.)

9. Sagittaria rigida Pursh. Sessile-fruiting Arrow-head. (Fig. 201.)

Sagittaria rigida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 397. 1814. Sae;ittaria heterophylla Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 396. 1814. Not iSchreb. 181 1.

Monoecious, glabrous, scape simple, weak, curving, ascending or decumbent, shorter than the leaves. Leaves very variable, linear, lanceolate, elliptic or broadly ovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, entire or with i or 2 short or slender basal lobes ; bracts ovate, obtuse, 2^-4'^ long, united at the base or sometimes distinct ; heads of fruit sessile or very nearly so ; pedicels of the sterile flowers Yz'-i' long ; filaments dilated, mostly longer than the anthers, pubescent ; achene narrowly obovate, i yz"-2" long, winged on both margins, crested above, tipped with a stout nearly erect beak of about one-fourth its length.

In swamps and shallow water, Quebec to Minnesota, south to New Jersey, Tennessee, Missouri and Nebraska. Petioles rigid when growing in running water. July-Sept.

WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.

91

10. Sagittaria teres S. Wats. Slender Sagittaria

Sag itlaria io cs S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 555. 1890.

Monoecious, glabrous, scape slender, erect, simple, long, bearing only 1-3 verticils of flowers. Leaves usually reduced to elongated terete nodose phyllodia or some of them short and bract-like, one or two of the longer ones occasionally bearing a linear blade ; bracts ovate, obtuse, about xyi." long, much shorter than the filiform fruiting pedicels which are longer than the ster- ile ones; flowers broad; stamens about 12, their dilated filaments pubescent, shorter than the anthers ; achene broadly obovate, \" long, the ventral margin winged, the dorsal 7-11-crested, the sides bearing several ■crenate crests, the beak short, erect.

In ponds, Massachusetts to South Carolina. Aug.-Sept.

II. Sagittaria cristata Engelm. Crested Sagittaria. (Fig. 203.)

Sagittaria cristata Engelm.; Arthur, Proc. Davenport Acad. 4 : 29. 1882.

Monoecious, scape slender, erect, i°-2>^° high, sim- ple, bearing 4 or 5 verticils of flowers at or above the surface of the water. Leaves long-petioled, spongy and rigid, reduced to slender phyllodia or bearing linear-lanceolate or elliptic blades long and

3"-i2'' wide ; bracts acute, '2"-\" long, much shorter than the slender fertile pedicels ; flowers W-\o" broad; stamens about 24; filaments dilated, pubescent, at least at the middle, longer than the anthers; achene obliquely obovate, the dorsal margin with a broad crenate wing, the ventral straight-winged, each side bearing 2 crenate crests, the beak short, oblique.

In shallow water, Iowa and Minnesota. Phyllodia are commonly developed from the nodes of the rootstock. July-Aug.

12. Sagittaria graminea Michx. Grass-leaved Sagittaria. (Fig. 204.)

Sagittaria graminea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 190. 1803.

Monoecious or dioecious, glabrous, scape simple, erect, 4^-2° tall. Leaves long-petioled, the blades linear, lanceo- late or elliptic, acute at both ends, 2'-6' long, ^''-3'' wide, 3-5-nerved, the nerves distinct to the base, some of them occasionally reduced to flattened phyllodia ; bracts ovate, acute, I Yz"-}," long, much shorter than the slender or fili- form fruiting pedicels, connate to the middle or beyond ; flowers i/'-W broad; stamens about 18 ; filaments dilated, pubescent, longer than or equalling the anthers ; achene obovate, Yi"-!" long, slightly wing-crested on the margins and ribbed on the sides, the beak very short.

In mud or shallow water, Newfoundland to Ontario and South Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. Early leaves often purplish. July-Sept.

92

ALISMACEAE.

13. Sagittaria platyphylla (Engelm.) J. G. Smith.

(Fig. 205.)

Ovate-leaved Sagittaria,

Sas^i/laria graminea var. platyphylla Engelm. in A.

Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 494. 1867. Sa^illaria plalyphylla J. G. Smith, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6 : '55. pi. 26. 1894.

Monoecious, glabrous, scape erect, simple, rather weak, mostly shorter than the leaves. Leaves rigid, the blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate- elliptic, short-acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded, gradually narrowed or rarely cordate or hastate at the base, seemingly pinnately veined, 2'-6' long; bracts broadly ovate, acute, connate at the base, 2"-j^" long ; flowers ?>"-i\" broad ; fer- tile pedicels stout, divergent in flower, reflexed in fruit, >^'-2^-^' long; filaments dilated, pubescent, rather longer than the anthers ; achene obliquely obovate, winged on both margins, the dorsal mar- gin somewhat crested, the sides with a sharp wing- like ridge.

In swamps and shallow water, southern Missouri tO' Mississippi and Texas. Phyllodia, when present, oblong or oblanceolate. July-Sept.

14. Sagittaria subulata (I,. ) Buchenau. Subulate Sagittaria.

Alisjna subulata I,. Sp. PI. 343. 1753. Sagittaria pusilla Nutt. Gen. 2 : 213. 1818. Sagittaria subulata Buchenau, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, 2 : 490. 1871.

Monoecious or rarely dioecious, scape very slen- der, 2'-6' high, few-flowered, about equalling the" leaves. Leaves all reduced to rigid phyllodia or sometimes bearing linear or linear-lanceolate blades, \'-\ Yz' long ; bracts united to the apex or becoming partly separated ; flowers ^"-W broad ; fertile pedicels reflexed and much longer than the bracts in fruit ; stamens about 8 ; filaments about equalling the anthers, dilated, glabrous ; achenes rather less than \" long, obovate, narrowly winged, with 2 or 3 crests on each side, the wings and crests sometimes crenate ; beak short.

In tide-water mud, southern New York and Penn- sylvania to Florida and Alabama. July-Sept.

Sagittaria subulata gracillima (S. Wats.) J. G. Smith, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 26. Sagittaria nutans var. (?) gracillima S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 556. i8go.

Submerged ; leaves 2°-4° long, bladeless or bearing small 3-nerved lanceolate blades, i'-2' long, 3"-4" wide ; scape simple, terete or compressed, about as long as the leaves ; flowers few, 8"- 10" broad. Eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Perhaps a distinct species. Fruit not seen.

Family 6. VALLISNERIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 54. 1829.

Tape-Grass Family. Submerged or floating aquatic herbs, the leaves various. Flowers regular, mostly dioecious, appearing from an involucre or spathe of 1-3 bracts or leaves. Perianth 3-6-parted, the .segments either all petaloid or the 3 outer ones small and herbaceous, the tube adherent to the ovary at its base in the pistillate flowers. Stamens 3-12, distinct or monadelphous. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary

1 - celled with 3 parietal placentae or 6-9-celled. Styles 3-9, with entire or

2 - cleft stigmas. Ovules anatropous or orthotropous. Fruit ripening under water, indehi.scent. Seeds numerous, without endosperm.

About 14 genera and 40 species of wide distribution in warm and temperate regions, Besides- the following, another genus, Halopltila, occurs on the coast of Florida. Stem branched ; leaves whoried or opposite. i. Philotria.

Acaulescent ; stoloniferous ; leaves grass-like, elongated. 2. Vallisneria.

Stem stoloniferous ; leaves broad, rounded, cordate, petioled. 3. Limnobium.

TAPE-GRASS FAMILY.

93

I. PHILOTRIA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 175. 1818. [Elodea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 20. 1803. Not Elodes Adans. 1763.] [Udora Nutt. Gen. 2 : 242. 1818.] Stems submerged, elnogated, branching, leafy. Leaves opposite or whorled, crowded, i-nerved, pellucid, minutely serrulate or entire. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, arising from an ovoid or tubular 2-cleft spathe. Perianth 6-parted, at least the 3 inner segments peta- loid. Staminate flowers with 9 stamens, the anthers oblong, erect. Ovary i-celled with 3 parietal placentae. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. [Name from the Greek, referring to the leaves, which are often whorled in threes.]

About 8 species, inhabitants of fresh water ponds and streams in temperate and tropical America.

I. Philotria Canadensis (Michx.) Britton. Water-weed. Ditch-moss.

Water Thyme. ( Fig. 207.)

Elodea Canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 20. 1803. Anacharis Canadensis Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. (III. 9 : 75. 1849.

Philotria Canadensis Britton, Science i,II. ) 2 : 5. 1895.

Stems 4'-3° long, according to the depth of water.

Leaves linear or elliptic, acute or obtuse, serrulate or

entire, verticillate in 3's or 4's or the lower opposite,

■2"-"]" long, yz"-i" wide ; flowers axillary, white, the

staminate minute, sessile, breaking off" at the time of

flowering and rising to the surface where they shed

their pollen around the pistillate ones ; pistillate

flowers expanding on the surface of the water which

they reach by means of the slender calyx-tube which

varies in length from 2'-i°, their spathes long;

stigmas spreading, papillose or pubescent.

Nearly throughout North America, except the extreme north. Naturalized in Europe. It has been maintained that there are four North American species. May-Aug.

2. VALLISNERIA L. Sp. PI. 1015. 1753. Aquatic dioecious submerged perennials, with long grass-like floating leaves. Stam- inate flowers with a 2-3-parted spathe on a short scape, numerous, nearly sessile on a conic receptacle ; perianth 3-parted ; stamens generally 2 (1-3). Pistillate flowers on a very long flexuous or spiral scape, with a tubular, 2-cleft, i-flowered spathe ; perianth-tube adnate to the ovary, 3-lobed and with 3 small petals ; ovary i-celled with 3 parietal placentae ; stigmas 3, nearly sessile, short, broad, 2-toothed with a minute process just below each sinus ; ovules numerous, borne all over the ovary-wall, orthotropous. Fruit elongated, cylindric, crowned with the perianth. [Named for Antonio Vallisneri, 1661-1730, Italian naturalist.]

A monotypic genus of wide distribution both in the Old World and the New.

I. Vallisneria spiralis L. Tape- grass. Eel-grass. (Fig. 208.)

Vallisneria spiralis Sp. PI. 1015. 1753.

Plant rooting in the mud or sand, stolou- iferous. Leaves thin, narrowly linear, 5- nerved, obtuse, sometimes serrate near the apex, >^°-6° long, i"-<^" wide, the 2 marginal nerves faint; the staminate bud separates from the scape at the time of flowering and ex- pands upon the surface of the water ; pistil- late flowers upon a long thread-like scape, the spathe Yz'-V long, enclosing a single white flower ; ovary as long as the spathe ; after receiving the pollen from the staminate flowers the scape of the pistillate contracts spirally ; ripe fruit 2^-7' long.

In quiet waters, New Brunswick to Florida, west to Minnesota, Iowa and Texas. The "wild celery" of Chesapeake Bay, and a favorite food of the canvas-back duck. Aug. -Sept.

94

VALUSNERIACEAE.

3. LIMNOBIUM L. C. Richard, Mem. Inst. Paris, 32: 66. pi. 8. 181 1.

Aquatic, stoloniferous herbs, the leaves fascicled at the nodes, petioled, broad, cordate. Flowers monoecious, white, arising from sessile or stipitatc, 2-leaved, membranous spathes. Perianth 6 parted, the segments petaloid, the 3 outer oblong-oval, the 3 inner oblong-linear. Staminate flowers 2-4 in a spathe, loug-pcduncled, the stamens imited in a column bearing 6-12 anthers at different heights, sometimes producing only 9-12 staminodia, the filaments tipped with abortive anthers. Pistillate flowers sessile or short-peduncled with 3-6 vesti- gial stamens ; ovary 6-9-celled with as many central placentae ; stigmas as many as the cells, each 2-parted. Fruit a many-seeded berry. [ Greek referring to the aquatic habitat.]

Three or four species, natives of America.

I. Limnobium Spongia (Bosc. ) L. C. Rich- ard. Frog's-bit. (Fig. 209.)

Hydrocharis Spongia Bosc, Ann. Mus. Paris, 9: 396. pi. JO. 1807.

Limnobium Spons:ia I,. C. Richard, Mem. Inst. Paris,

32:66. pi. S. i'8n. Hydrochai is cordifolia Nutt. Gen. 2 : 241. 1818. Limnocharis Spongia I/. C. Richard ; Steud. Nomencl. Ed. 2, Part. 2, 45. 1841.

Blades of the leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, cor- date or reniform, faintly 5-7-nerved and cross-veined, purplish and spongy beneath, io"-2' broad, on peti- oles I'-io' in length. Stolons rooting and sending up flowers and leaves at the nodes ; peduncles of the staminate flowers 3'-4' long, those of the pistillate flowers stouter, i'-2' long, nodding in fruit.

In shallow, stagnant water, Lake Ontario, to Florida, west to Illinois, Missouri and Louisiana. July-Aug.

Family 7. GR AMINE AE Jiiss. Gen. 28. 1789.* Grass Family.

Annual or perennial herbs, of various habit, rarely shrubs or trees. Culms (stems) generally hollow, but occasionall}' solid, the nodes clo.sed. Leaves sheathing, the .sheaths usuallj' split to the base on the side opposite the blade; a scarious or cartilaginous ring, naked or hairj', rarely wanting, called the ligule, is borne at the orifice of the sheath. Inflorescence spicate, racemose or panicu- late, consisting of .spikelets composed of two to manj' 2 -ranked imbricated bracts, called .scales (glimies j, the two lowest in the complete .spikelet always empty, one or both of these sometimes wanting. One or more of the upper scales, except sometimes the terminal ones, contains in the axil a flower, which is usually enclo.sed by a bract-like awnless organ called the palet, placed opposite the .scale and with its back toward the axis (rachilla ) of the spikelet, generally 2-keeled; .sometimes the palet is present without the flower, and vice versa. Flowers per- fect or staminate, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, subtended by 1-3 minute hyaline .scales called the lodicules. Stamens 1-6, usitally 3. Anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovarj' i -celled, i-ovuled. Styles 1-3, commonly 2 and lateral. Stigmas hairy or plumose. Fruit a seedlike grain (caryopsis). Endosperm starchy.

About 3500 species, widely distributed throughout the world, growing in water and on all kinds of soil. Those yielding food-grains are called cereals. The species are more numerous in tropical countries, while the number of individuals is much greater in temperate regions, often forming ex- tended areas of turf. The time of year noted is that of ripening seed.

KEY TO THE TRIBES AND GENERA.

A. Spikelets i or 2-flowered, when a-flowered the upper fertile, lower staminate; rachilla arti- culated below the scales or the subtending involucre, and not extending beyond the flowers. Spikelets not flattened laterally.

Flowering scale and palet hyaline; none of the scales spiny.

Spikelets monoecious; staminate and pistillate in the same panicle. I. Mavdeak. Spikelets perfect, or one staminate or rudimentar3', mostly silky. II. Andropogoneae. Flowering scale and palet membranous; second scale spiny (in ours). III. Zoysieae. Flowering scale and palet coriaceous or chartaceous; spikelets mostly glabrous, involucrate in- Nos. 13 and 14; scales 3 or 4. IV. P.aniceae.

Spikelets flattened laterallj-, i -flowered; scales 2. V. Oryzeae.

*This family has been elaborated with the assistance of Mr. Geo. V. Nash.

GRASS FAMILY. 95

B. Spikelets i-many-flowered ; racliilla generally articulated above the two lower scales (below them in Nos. 32, 40, 48 and 54) and frequently extending beyond the flower in i-flowered spikelets.

Culms herbaceous.

Spikelets upon pedicels in panicles, spike-like panicles or racemes, not in rows.

Spikelets with but i perfect flower, which is terminal except in 37 and part of 36. Empty scales 4 (except in No. 20); palet i-nerved. V'l. Ph.\larideae.

E;mpty scales 2; palet 2-nerved. VII. Agrostideae.

Spikelets with 2 or more perfect flowers (except that one is staminate in Nos. 40 and 45); upper flower often imperfect. Flowering scales generally shorter than the empty lower ones, usually with a bent

awn on the back. VIII. Aveneae.

Flowering scales generally longer than the empty lower ones, unawned or with'a straight awn from the apex. X. Festuceae.

Spikelets in two rows, forming a one-sided spike or raceme. IX. Chlorideae.

Spikelets in two opposite rows, forming an equilateral spike (unilateral in Nardus).

XI. Hordeae.

Culms woody, at least at the base; tall reeds. XII. Bambuseae.

Tribe I. Maydeae.

Fertile spikelets imbedded in the joints of the thick rachis. i. Tripsacum.

Tribe II. Andropogoneae.

Joints of the rachis not much thickened nor excavated for the reception of the spikelets. Spikelets alike, perfect, one sessile, one pedicelled. 2. Eiianthiis.

Spikelets not alike, the sessile perfect, the pedicelled staminate, empty or wanting.

Inflorescence composed of spike-like silky racemes. 4. Andropogon.

Inflorescence paniculate; spikelets silky.

Pedicelled spikelet wanting (in our species). 5. Chrysopogon.

Pedicelled spikelet present and usually staminate. 6. Sorghum.

Joints of the rachis greatly thickened and excavated for the reception of the spikelets.

3. Manisuris.

Tribe III. ZoYSiEAE. Spikelets in,a terminal spike ; second scale spiny. 7. Nazia.

Tribe IV. Paniceae.

Spikelets without a subtending involucre of bristles or valves. Scales 3.

Spikelets all alike in close i-sided spikes.

Spikelets with a swollen ring-like callus at the base. 10. Eriochloa.

Spikelets without a callus. 8. PaspaUini.

Spikelets of two kinds, one borne in loose linear panicles, the other solitary on subterranean peduncles and maturing seed. 9. Amphicarpon.

Scales 4, rarely 3 by suppression of the lowest one.

Spikelets in 2's or 3's on one side of a long and slender flat or 3-angled rachis ; spikes digi- tate or approximate in whorls. II. Syntherisma. Spikelets single, pedicelled, in panicles or raceme-like sessile and panicled spikes; first scale short, third empty or staminate, fourth fertile. 12. Panicum. Spikelets subtended by an involucre consisting of;

i-many persistent bristles; spikelets in dense spikes, deciduous. 13. Ixophoriis.

2 spine-bearing valves forming a bur enclosing the spikelets and deciduous with them.

14. Cenchriis.

Tribe V. Oryzeae.

Spikelets monoecious; tall aquatic grasses.

Pistillate spikelets ovate, borne at the base of each branch of the panicle.

15. Zizaniopsis.

Pistillate spikelets linear, borne on the upper branches of the panicle. 16. Zizania. Spikelets not monoecious; grasses of swamps or wet grounds. 17. Homalocenclirus.

Tribe VI. Phalarideae.

Third and fourth scales

small and empty or rudimentary, not awned; stamens 3. 18. Phalaris.

empty, awned upon the back; stamens 2. 19. Anthoxanlhum.

subtending staminate flowers with 3 stamens; fertile flowers with 2 stamens.

20. Savastana.

Tribe VII. Agrostideae.

Flowering scale indurated at maturity, of firmer texture than the empty scales, and closely enve- loping the grain. Rachilla not prolonged beyond the palet.

Flowering scale with a three-branched awn; stamens mostly 3. 21. Arislida.

Flowering scale with a simple awn.

Flowering scale narrow; awn persistent.

Awn tortuous or twisted, stout; callus evident. 22. Stipa.

Awn straight, very slender; callus minute. 25. Miihlenbergia.

Flowering scale broad; awn slender, straight, deciduous; callus obtuse.

23. Oryzopsis.

Flowering scale awnless. 24. Milium.

Rachilla with a pedicel-like extension beyond the palet; stamens 2. 26. Brachyelytrum.

96

GRAMINEAE.

Flowering scale hj-aline or membranous at maturitj'; emptj- scales coarser; grain loose.

Spikelets in a dense spike-like panicle. (Some species of No. 31 may be looked for here. ) Spikelets 3" or less long.

Spikelets readilj' deciduous at maturity.

Empty scales not awned. 29. Alopecurus.

Empty scales awned. 32. Polypogon.

Spikelets not deciduous; empty scales persistent.

Flowering scales slightly exceeding the empty ones. 27. Heleochloa.

Flowering scales much shorter than the empty ones. 28. Plileum.

Spikelets 5"-6" long; tall seashore grasses. 37. Ainmophila.

Spikelets variously panicled; panicle not spike-like, except in a few species of No. 31. Seed loosely enclosed in tlie pericarp, which opens readily at maturity.

Empty scales minute ; low arctic grass. 30. Phippsia.

Empty scales not minute; no callus, awns or hairs. 31. Sporoboltis.

Seed adherent to the pericarp.

Palet I -nerved; stamen i; flower plainly stalked: scales not hairy. 34. Cinna. Palet 2-nerved; stamens 3; flower not plainly stalked.

Flowering scale bifid, with a delicate awn on its back; rachilla prolonged into a

short bristle. 39. Apera.

Flowering scale entire; rachilla not prolonged into a bristle.

Callus with a tuft of long hairs at the base (except in species of genus 36).

Rachilla extended beyond the palet. 36. Calamagroslis.

Rachilla not extended beyond tlie palet. 38. Calamovilfa.

Callus naked, or with very short hairs.

Empty scales somewhat shorter than the flowering ones; arctic grass.

33. Atclagroslis.

Empty scales longer than the flowering ones; panicle open; spikelets small.

35. Agioslis.

Tribe VIII. Aveneae.

Spikelets deciduous; lower flower perfect, upper staminate, awned; plant velvetj'. 40. Holcus. Spikelets not deciduous; empty scales persistent, flowering ones deciduous.

Spikelets of 2 perfect flowers; rachilla not prolonged beyond the upper one. 41. Aira. Spikelets 2-many-flowered; rachilla prolonged beyond the upper flower. Awn of flowering scale iipon the back, inserted below the teeth. Flowers all perfect, or the upper ones staminate or wanting. Spikelets less than 6" long; grain free, unfurrowed.

Flowering scale finely erose-dentate or 2-lobed. 42. Deschampsia.

Flowering scale cleft or 2-toothed, with the teeth sometimes produced into awns. 43. Trisetum.

vSpikelets over 6" long; grain furrowed, usually adherent to the scales.

44. A vena.

Upper flower perfect, lower staminate, its scale strongly awned. 45. Arrhenatheriim. Awn from between the lobes or teeth of the flowering scale, generally twisted.

46. Dan/hoiiia.

Tribe IX. Chlorideae.

Flowers perfect or some of them rudimentary.

I perfect flower in each spikelet; sometimes 2 in Nos. 53 and 54. No empty scales above the flower. Spikelets deciduous.

Rachis produced beyond the upper spikelet; spikelets narrow. 4S. Sparliiia. Rachis not so produced; spikelets globose, sometimes 2-flowered. 54. Beckmannia. Spikelets not deciduous; empty scales persistent; low slender grasses.

Spikes 2-6, slender, digitate, i'-2' long. 47. Capriola.

Spikes many along a common axis, 2' -4' long. 52. Schedonnai dus.

One-several empty scales above the flower.

Lower empty scales 4; spike solitary, dense. 49. Campulosus.

Lower empty scales 2.

Spikes in false whorls or closely approximate ; scales long-awned. 50. Chloris. Spikes remote, or the lowest only approximate.

Spikelets scattered or remote on filiform spikes. 51. Gyninopogon.

Spikelets crowded, sometimes 2-flowered. 53. Bouleloua.

2-3 perfect flowers in each spikelet.

Spikelets densely crowded; spikes usually digitate.

Spikes with terminal spikelets. 55. Eleusine.

Spikes without terminal .spikelets, the rachis extending beyond them into a point.

56. Dactyloctenitim.

Spikelets distinctly alternating; spikes remote. 57. Leptochloa.

Spikelets dioecious, very unlike; spikes short; low prairie grass. 58. Bulbilis.

Tribe X. Festuceae.

Rachilla with long hairs enveloping the flowering scale; tall aquatic grass. 60. Phragmites.

Rachilla and flowering scales naked or hairy, hairs much shorter than the scales.

Stigmas barbellate; spikelets in clusters of 3-6 in the axils of stiff spinescent leaves.

59. Munroa.

Stigrmas plumose; spikelets not in the axils of leaves; inflorescence various.

Spikelets of two forms, the fertile 1-3-flowered, surrounded by the sterile, consisting of

many empty pectinate scales. 76. Cvnosiirus.

Spikelets all alike.

Flowering scale 2-3-toothed or pointed, usually 3-nerved; lateral nerves and callus (an enlargement of the rachilla ju.st below the flowering scale) generally hairy. vSpikelets with 3-many fertile flowers. 61. Siegliiigia.

Spikelets 1-3-flowered ; flowering scales keeled ; branches of the diffuse panicle long and capillary. 62. Redficldia.

GRASS FAMILY.

97

Floweringr scale of some other structure.

Flowerinpf scales 1-3-nerved, all with perfect flowers, or the uppermost with a staminite flower only or empty. Panicle branches spirally arrangjed.

Panicle branches simple, in spike-like racemes. 63. Diplachnc.

Branches of the panicle mostly again divided.

Spikelets loosely 2-4-flo\\'ered; conical rachilla articulated.

64. Arolinia.

Spikelets densely 2-70-flowered ; rachilla not articulated; ligule or throat of sheath bearded. 65. Erai^roslis.

Primary branches of the panicle distichous, usually branched again at the base. Panicle spike-like or much contracted.

Second scale broader than the 2 flowering ones. 66. Ea/onia. Second scale not broader than the 3-7 flowering ones. 67. Koeleria. Panicle diffuse, with long slender branches. 68. Catabrosa.

Flowering scales 3-many-nerved, with 2 or more of the upper scales empty, appressed, convolute around each other. Stamens 3; upper sterile scales usually club-shaped. 69. Melica.

Stamens 1-2; sterile scales not club-shaped. 70. JCorycarpus.

Flowering scales 5-many-nerved, each with a perfect flower, or the upper sometimes abortive.

Keel of the palet winged or with a linear appendage. 71. Plenropogon.

Keel of the palet not appendaged.

Scales more or less strongly compressed and keeled.

Empty basal scales 3-6; spikelets flat, 2-edged. 72. Uniola.

Empty basal scales 2; spikelets flattened.

Panicle contracted; spikelets dioecious. 73. Distichlis.

Panicle open; spikelets perfect.

Flowering scales herbaceous, awn-pointed; spikelets collected

in one-sided clusters. 75. Dactylis.

Flowering scales scarious-margined; rachis glabrous or with webbj' hairs.

vSpikelets large, cordate. 74. Briza.

Spikelets mostly smaller, not cordate.

Empty scales projecting beyond the uppermost flower- ing ones; arctic grass. 78. Diipontia. Uppermost scales exceeding the empty ones; flowering scales 2-10, mostly webbj- at base. 77. Poa. Flowering scales membranous; rachis hirsute with stiff hairs, extended into a hairy appendage. 80. Graphephoriim. Scales rounded on the back, at least below.

Stigmas placed at or near the apex of the ovary.

Flowering scales with a basal ring of hairs, prominently 7-nerved,

toothed at apex; water grass. 79. Scolochloa.

Flowering scales naked at the base:

Obtuse or subacute and scarious at the apex, usually toothed. Plainly 5-7-nerved ; .styles present. 81. Panicularia.

Obscurely 5-nerved; no style or awns. 82. Piiccinellia. Acute, pointed or awned at apex; not webby. 83. Fesiuca. Stigmas plainly arising below the apex of the ovary; spikelets large, usually drooping; scales mostly awned. 84. Broiniis.

Tribe XI. Hordeae.

stigma i; spike unilateral; spikelets i-flowered, narrow. 85. Nardus.

Stigmas 2; spike symmetrical.

Spikelets solitary at the notches of the rachis.

Flowering scales with their backs turned to the rachis. 86. Loliiun.

Flowering scales with their sides turned to the rachis.

Spikelets 1-2-flowered in slender articulate spikes. 87. Lepturus.

Spikelets 2-many-flowered in stout inarticulate spikes. 88. Agropyron.

Spikelets 2-6 at each joint of the rachis; scales mostly long-awned.

Spikelets i-flowered or with the rudiment of a second flower. 89. Hordetim.

Spikelets 2-many-flowered.

Empty scales a little smaller than the flowering ones. 90. Elyrmis.

Empty scales very small or none. 91. HystrLv.

Tribe XII. Bambuseae.

Tall canes with large flat spikelets in panicles or racemes. 92. Ariindinaria.

I. TRIPSACUM Syst. Ed. lo, 2: 1261. 1759. [DiGiTARiA Heist.; Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 38. 1763.] Tall perennial grasses with thick rootstocks, rather broad flat leaves and monoecious flowers. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, in terminal or axillary, solitary or clustered, elongated spikes. Staminate spikelets in 2's at each node of the axis, 2-flowered, consisting of four scales, the two outer coriaceous, the two inner thinner, the palet hyaline; stamens 3. Pis- tillate spikelets in excavations at the lower joints of the spike, i-flowered; stigmas exserted; style slender. Grain partly enclosed in the excavations of the spikes, covered in front by the horny exterior lower scale. [Name from the Greek, in allusion to the polished outer scales.]

About 3 species, natives of tropical and temperate America. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern United States.

7

98

GRAMINEAE.

I. Tripsacum dactyloides L. Gama Grass. (Fig. 210.)

Coix dactyloides L. Sp. PI. 972. 1753. Tripsacum dactyloides L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1378. 1763. Tripsacum dactyloides var. monoslacliyu in \. Gray, Man. 616. 1848.

Rootstock thick, culms stout, erect, 4°-S°

tall. Leaves smooth and glabrous, 1° or more loug, yi'-iyi' •wide, long-acuminate, truncate or subcordate at the base ; spikes terminal and in the upper axils, solitary or 2-3 together, 4'-9' long, the lower spikelets pistillate, the upper staminate and very numerous ; outer scales of the staminate spikelets linear and obtuse, 4" long, about 1" wide, faintly many-nerved ; exterior scale of the pistillate spikelets horny, shining, closely appressed in fruit.

In swamps or along streams, Connecticut to Florida. Texas and Mexico, north to Illinois, Missouri and Kansas. Also in .South America. One of our largest grasses, sometimes used for fodder. June-Sept.

2. ERIANTHUS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 54. 1803.

Tall generally robust perennial grasses, with thick creeping rootstocks, long flat leaves, and perfect flowers in terminal panicles. Spikelets generally with a ring of hairs at the base, 2 at each node of the jointed rachis, one sessile, the other with a pedicel, generally i-flowered. Scales 4, the two outer indurated, the inner hyaline, the fourth bearing a terminal straight or contorted awn ; palet small, hyaline ; stamens 3. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, referring to the woolly spikelets.]

About 17 species, natives of the temperate and tropical regions of both liemispheres. Besides the following, two others occur in the Southern States.

Awn spiral. i. E. alopectiroides.

Awn straight.

Panicle lax; branches long and spreading; basal hairs longer than the outer scale of the spikelet. 2. E. saccharoides.

Panicle compact or strict; branches short and erect or appressed; basal hairs equalling or shorter than the outer scale of the spikelet. Outer scale about iM" long. 3. e. compactus.

Outer scale about 4" long. 4. E. brevibarbis.

I. Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell. Spiral-awned Beard-grass. (Fig. 2ii.)

Aiidropoffon alopecuroides L. Sp. PI. 1045. 1753. Erianthus alopecuroides Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 38. 1816. In part.

Culms stout, erect, 6°-io° tall ; nodes naked or barbed, the summit and the axis of the panicle densely pubescent with appressed long rigid silky, hairs Sheaths glabrous ; leaves usually glabrous, 6'-2° long, yi'-i' wide, acuminate, narrowed and sometimes hairy on the upper surface near the base ; panicle oblong, 7'-i2' long, 2'-3' wide, branches spreading, 3'-5' long, slender, loose, in- ternodes about 2" long; outer scales of the spike- let about 3" long, exceeding the pedicel and about two-thirds as long as the basal hairs, lanceolate, acuminate ; inner scales shorter, the awn 6"-S>'^ long, scabrous, the portion included in the outer scales tightly spiral, bent at point of exsertion, and thence loosely spiral.

In damp soil, North Carolina to Kentucky and Missouri, south to Georgia and Alabaiha. Com- parison with the original specimens of Linnaeus proves that the name alopecuroides belongs to this species. Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

99

2. Erianthus saccharoides Michx. Plume Grass. (Fig.

£riaKi/ii/s sarc/iaro/(frs Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 55- 1803.

Culms robust, erect, 5°-io° tall, barbed at the nodes, the summit and the axis of the pan- icle densely pubescent with appressed long rigid silky hairs. Sheaths glabrous or spar- ingly hairy below, densely pubescent at the throat with long more or less spreading silky hairs ; leaves scabrous or appressed- pubescent, 6'-2° long, wide, long-

acuminate, somewhat narrowed towards the base ; panicle lax, broadly oblong, 5'-i5' long, 2'-4' wide, its branches spreading, 2'- 4' long, slender, internodes about 2'' long ; outer scales of the spikelet about 2'' long, a little exceeding the pedicel and about one- half as long as the basal hairs, lanceolate, acuminate; inner scales shorter, the awn lo"-i2'' long, straight, scabrous.

In moist sandy soil, southeastern Florida and Louisiana. Also in Cuba.

Virginia to Aug. -Sept.

3. Erianthus compactus Nasli. Con- tracted Plume-grass. (Fig. 213.)

Erianthus compactus Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 419. 1895.

Culms erect, 4°-8° tall, stout, the nodes

barbed, the summit and axis of the panicle

densely pubescent with appressed long rigid

silky hairs. Sheaths glabrous, or pubescent at

the top ; leaves scabrous above, sparingly ap-

pressed-pubescent beneath, (>'-i° long, j/'-d"

wide, long-acuminate, narrowed toward the

base ; panicle narrowly oblong, 4^-6' long, about

yYz' wide; branches erect, i'-2' long; spikelets

crowded; internodes about \ " long; outer scales

of the spikelet about lyi" long, exceeding the

pedicels and about equalling the basal hairs,

lanceolate, acuminate; inner scales shorter, the

awn ^"-\o" long, straight, scabrous.

In moist soil, New Jersej' to North Carolina and Tennessee. Aug. -Sept.

4. Erianthus brevibarbis Michx. Short- bearded Plume-grass. (Fig. 214.)

Erianthus brevibarbisMich-x.. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 55. 1803. Erianthus saccharoides Michx. sub-sp. brevibarbis

Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6: 131. 1889.

Culms stout, erect, 4°-5° tall, nodes naked or scantily barbed, the summit and axis of the panicle smooth or scabrous. Sheaths glabrous ; leaves rough, i2'-i8' long, 2>"-h" wide, acuminate ; pan- icle linear- oblong, 8'-io' in length, I'-i^' wide, branches erect, 2^-5' long, internodes about lYz" long; outer scales of the spikelet about \" long, twice the length of the pedicel and equalling or twice as long as the basal hairs, lanceolate, long- acuminate; inner scales shorter; awn g'^-ia'^ long, straight, scabrous.

In moist soil, Virginia (according to Watson) to North Carolina and Louisiana. Autumn.

lOO

GRAMINEAE.

3. MANISURIS L. Mailt. 2: 164. 1771.

[R0TTBOEI.1.IA L. f. Dissert. Nova Gram. Gen. 23. 1779-]

Mostly tall pereunials, with running rootstocks, narrow flat leaves and cylindrical jointed spikes, terminal and from the upper axils. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the excavated rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other with a pedicel and either staminate or empty. Scales of the perfect spikelet 4, the outermost thick and coriaceous, covering, together with the pedicel of the sterile spikelet, the excavation in the rachis ; second scale chartaceous ; third and fourth hyaline, the latter subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free. [Greek, in allusion to the tail-like spikes.]

About 25 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate countries.

I. Manisuris rugosa (Nutt. ) Kmitze. Wrinkled Manisuris. (Fig. 215.)

Rotlboellia rugosa Nutt. Gen. i: 84. 1818.

Manisuris rugosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 780. 1891.

Jfaitisuris rugosa Chapmani Scribn. Mem. Terr. Club, 5: 28. 1894.

Smooth and glabrous, culms erect, 2°-4° tall, compressed, much branched above, branches spreading. Sheaths compressed; leaves flat, acuminate, 6'-2° long, i''-3'' wide ; spikes par- tially included in the sheath or more or less ex- serted, ij-2'-2)i' long; outermost scale of the spikelets oblong-ovate to ovate, about 2" long, strongly transversely rugose, the wrinkles con- tinuous or interrupted.

In wet soil along the coast, Delaware to Florida, west to Louisiana and Texas. June-Sept.

4. ANDROPOGON L. Sp. PI. 1045. 1753.

Perennial grasses with usually long narrow leaves, and terminal and axillary spikes, Spikelets in pairs at each node of the jointed hairy rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other with a pedicel and either staminate, empty or reduced to a single scale. Perfect spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the outermost coriaceous, the second keeled and acute, the two inner hyaline, the fourth more or less awned and subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. [Greek, in allusion to the bearded rachis.]

About 150 species, widelj- distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following:, some 12 others occur in the soutlieni and western parts of North America.

Intemodes of the rachis clavate-thickened:

Attenuate at base; spikes solitarj-, distant. I. A. scoparius.

Broad at base; spikes in pairs or digitate, occasionallj- panicled. Hairs as long as the pedicel or longer.

Spikes in pairs; outer scales of sessile spikelet about 2'/<" long. 2. A. argyraeus. Spikes 2-5 together; outer scales of sessile spikelet about 4" long.

3. A. Hal I a.

Hairs less than one-half the length of the pedicel. 4. A. furcahis.

Intemodes of the rachis not clavate-thickened, slender, more or less flexuous.

Spikes protniding from the side of the inflated spathe, never on long-exserted peduncles. Branches of the culm short, distant, forming a loose elongated inflorescence.

5. A. I'irginicus.

Branches of the culm elongated, forming at summit a compact bushy inflorescence.

6. A. glomeralus.

Spikes terminal on finally long-exserted peduncles; spathe narrow; upper sheaths elongated and much inflated, imbricated; upper nodes densely bearded. 7. A. Ellioltii.

Intemodes of the rachis much thickened on the margins, the intervening portion thin and tran.slu- cent; nodes of the culm not bearded. 8. A, Torreyanus.

GRASS FAMILY.

lOI

Broom Beard-grass.

I. Andropogon scoparius Michx.

Andropo^on scopan'uiH Michx. Kl. Bor. Am. i: 57. 1803.

Culms from a creepiug rootstock, smooth, simple or much branched, 2°-4° tall. Sheaths smooth or scabrous, sometimes glaucous; leaves 6'-i2' long, wide, acuminate, scabrous;

spikes I '-2' long, loose, solitary, on long-ex- serted slender peduncles ; rachis slender, flex- uous, joints and pedicels ciliate with long spreading hairs; outermost scale of sessile spike- let about 3'' long, acuminate, scabrous ; awn spiral, more or less bent at point of exsertion, 5"-6" long, scabrous ; pedicelled spikelet re- duced to a single awn-pointed scale.

In dry sandy fields, New Brunswick to Alberta, south to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Georg^ia. Specimens determined as A.'niarilimits Chapm., from Cape May, N. J., ap- pear to be referable to this species. Aug.-Oct.

2. Andropogon argyraeus Schultes. Silvery Beard-grass.

(Fig. 216.)

(Fig. 217.)

& Ga. i: 148- 1824.

Andropos:on argeiifeiis Ell. Bot. S. C.

1817. NotDC.iSis. Andropogon argyraeus Schultes, Mant. 2: 450. Andropogon Belvisii Hcsy. Opusc. 67. 1831.

Culms erect, smooth, 2°-4° tall, simple at base, generally much branched above. Sheaths some- what compressed, glabrous or pubescent ; basal leaves 6'-i°; upper 2'-8' by 1" wide, acuminate, smooth to scabrous above, glabrous or pubescent beneath; spikes in pairs, i'~2' long, on more or less exserted slender peduncles ; joints of the rachis and pedicels pubescent with long silky white spreading hairs ; outermost scale of sessile spike- let about 2%" long, acuminate, scabrous ; awn loosely spiral, long, scabrous ; pedicelled

spikelet reduced to a minute lanceolate acuminate scabrous scale, which is early deciduous.

In dry sandy soil, Delaware to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Culm leaves shorter and broader than the basal ones. Sept.

Andropogon Hallii Hack.

vSitz. Akad. Wiss.

Andropogon Hallii Hack 127. 1884.

Culms robust from a creepiug rootstock, 3°-6° tall, simple at base, branched above, smooth, more or less glaucous. Sheaths somewhat glaucous ; leaves i° or less long, 3"-4" wide, smooth ; spikes 2-5 together, 2^-4' long, the lateral ones often included in the spathes ; joints of rachis and pedicels pubescent with spreading silky white or yellow hairs of about their own length ; outermost scale of sessile spikelet about 4" long, acuminate, glabrous at base, from sparingly to copiously silky-pubescent toward the apex; awn 2^'-5" long, or sometimes wanting ; pedicelled .spike- let consisting of 4 scales, the outermost generally larger than the corresponding scale of the sessile spikelet and subtending a palet and three stamens.

Dry .sandy soil, Kansas and Montana to Mexico. Aug.- Sept.

Hall's Beard-grass.

Wien, 89:

(Fig. 218.)

I02

GRAMINEAE.

4. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Forked Beard-grass. (Fig. 219.)

Andropogon furcatus Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4; 919. 1806.

Andropogon provincialis suhvar. /urea /us Hack, in DC. Mon. Phan. 5: 442. 1889.

Culms erect, stout, smooth and glabrous, 3°-6° tall, simple at base, brauched above. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves smooth or rough, 6'- 18' long, wide, acuminate ; spikes 2-5, in

pairs or approximate at the summit, 2'-^' long ; joints of rachis and pedicels ciliate with short hairs ; outermost scale of sessile spikelet ■x,"-^" long, twice the length of the rachis-joints, scab- rous ; awn long, loosely spiral ; pedicelled spikelet consisting of 4 scales.

In drj- or moist soil, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. .\ug.-Sept.

5. Andropogon Virginicus L.

175,S-

Virginia Beard-grass. (Fig. 220.)

AndropO!{oii I'irginiais 1^. Sp. PI. 1046. Cinna lateralis Walt. Fl. Car. 59. 1788. Andropogon dissitiflonis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 57. 1803.

Andropos^on vag mains Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 148. 1817.

Culms erect, smooth, 2°-4° tall, simple at base, branching above. Sheaths smooth; leaves

6'-i° long, I'

wide, long-acuminate, scab-

rous on the margins; branches of culm short, forming a loose and elongated inflorescence ; spikes in pairs, occasionally 3 or 4, about i' long, loose, protruding from the sides of the spathes; rachis flexuous, slender, the joints and pedi- cels pubesceut with long spreading silky hairs; lowest scale of sessile spikelet about long; awn 4'-'-9" long, straight, scabrous; pedicelled spikelet generally wanting, occasionally a rudi- mentary scale present.

In drj- or moist fields, Massachusetts to Pennsyl- vania and Illinois, south to Florida and Texas. Also in Cuba. Aug.-Sept.

Also in (^uoa. AUg.-sept.

6. Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B. S. P. Bushy Beard-grass. (Fig. 2

/ , Cinna glomcrata Walt. Fl. Car. 59. 1788.

21.)

Cinna glomcrata Walt. Fl. Car. 59. Andropogon macrourum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 56. 1803.

Andropogon gloviera/us B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 67. 1888.

Culms erect, i''/2°-2,° tall, smooth, simple below, much branched above, upper nodes of branches barbed. Sheaths compressed, smooth to strongly scabrous, glabrous or pubescent ; leaves wide, scabrous, long-acuniinate, the basal two-thirds as long as or equalling the culm, those of the culm 6'-iS' long ; branches elongated, forming a com- pact terminal inflorescence ; spikes in pairs, about \' loug, loose, protruding from the sides of the scabrous spathes ; rachis flexuous, the joints and pedicels pubescent with long spreading silky hairs ; outermost scale of sessile spikelet about \ y'2" long ; awn b"-')" long, scabrous ; pedicelled spikelet reduced to a single scale or wanting.

Damp soil, .southern New York to central Pennsylva- nia and Florida, mostly near the coast. vSept.-Oct.

GRASS FAMILY.

103

7. Andropogon Elliottii Chapm. Elliott's Beard-grass. (Fig. 222.)

Andropogon Elliottii Chapm. S. States, 581. i860.

Culms erect, i°-3° tall, smooth, simple or sparingly branched above, branches strongly bearded at the upper nodes. Sheaths glabrous or loosely villous, the lower narrow, the upper elongated, inflated, imbricated; basal leaves about one-half as long as the culm, smooth, yT."-\y7." wide, those of the culm filiform or narrowly linear, 2'-\o' long, y2"-\" wide; iu pairs, long, loose, finally long-exserted

on filiform peduncles ; rachis slender, flexuous, its joints and the pedicels pubescent with long spreading silky hairs; outermost scale of the sessile spikelet i^''-2" long, scabrous on the keel; awn b"-^" long, scabrous; pedicelled spikelet a minute scale or wanting.

In dry or moist places, Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. Aug.-Sept.

8. Andropogon Torreyanus Steud. Torrey's Beard-grass. (Fig. 223.)

Andropogon glaitcus Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i: 153.

1824. Not Muhl. 1817. Andropogon Torreyanus Steud. Nomencl. Ed. 2, 93. 1 841.

Andropogon ya Torr. Marcy's Rep. 302. 1853. Andropogon saccharoides var. Torrcyanns Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6: 495. 1889.

Culms erect, i)4°-3)4° tall, simple or branched, glabrous, the nodes naked. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, more or less glaucous ; leaves 3'-7' long, 1"-:^" wide, long-acuminate, smooth and glabrous towards the base, scabrous on margins and at the apex, glaucous ; spikes I'-i^'loug in a terminal long-exserted panicle 2'-4' long ; joints of the rachis with a thin translucent median line ; outermost scale of ses- sile spikelet \yz"-i" long, about equalling the terminal hairs of the rachis-joints, lanceolate, acute, pubescent at base with long silky hairs ; awn long, spiral, bent, scabrous ; pedi-

celled spikelet reduced to a single narrow scale.

In dry soil, Kansas to Arizona and Mexico. Aug.-Sept.

5. CHRYSOPOGON Trin. Fund. Agrost. 187. 1820.

Generally tall grasses, ours perennials, with long narrow flat leaves and terminal pani- cles. Spikelets in pairs or 3's, one sessile and perfect, the lateral pedicelled, staminate, empty, or reduced to the pedicel only. Perfect spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the two outer indurated and shining, the inner hyaline, the fourth awued and subtending a palet and perfect flower, or the palet sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plu- mose. Grain free. [Greek, referring to the golden-yellow hairs on the spikelets.]

About 20 species, in temperate and tropical countries.

I04

GRAMINEAE.

1. Chrysopogon avenaceus (Michx.) Benth. Indian Grass. (Fig. 224.)

Aiidiopogou'aveiiaceiini Michx. Fl. Uor. Am. i: 58. 1803.

Sorghum nutans K. Gray, Man. 617. 1848.

Sorghum avenaceum Chapm. Fl. S. States, 583. i860.

Chrysopogon avenaceus Benth. Journ, Linn. Soc. 19: 73. 1881.

Culms erect, 3°-8° tall, from creeping root- stocks, smooth, the nodes pubescent. Sheaths smooth; lower leaves 1° or more in length, 2"-^" wide, long-acuminate, scabrous ; panicle 4'-i2' long ; branches 2'-^' long, slender, erect- spreading; spikelets in pairs, or in 3's at the ends of the branches, erect or somewhat spreading ; first scale of sessile spikelet 3"-4" long, acute, pubescent with long hairs ; second scale glab- rous ; awn ^"-10" long, the column very little if at all bent ; lateral spikelets reduced to plumose pedicels.

In dry fields, Ontario to Manitoba, south to Rhode Island. Florida and Arizona. Panicle brown- ish-yellow. Aug.-,Sept.

Chrysopogon nutans (L,.) Benth., distinguished from this species by its longer awn (i2"-i5" long), supported on a column di.stinctly bent at about the middle, occurs in Tennessee and is said to have been recently found in Kentucky.

6. SORGHUM Pers. Syn. i: loi. 1805.

Annual or perennial grasses with long broad flat leaves and terminal ample panicles. Spikelets in pairs at the nodes, or in 3's at the ends of the branches, one sessile and perfect, the lateral pedicelled, staminate or empty. Sessile spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the outer indurated and shining, obscurelj' nerved, inner hyaline, the fourth awned and sub- tending a small palet and perfect flower, or palet sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free. [Name Indian.]

About 13 species, of wide distribution in tropical and warm-temperate regions.

I. Sorghum Halepense ( L. ) Pers.

Holcus Halepcnsis L,- Sp. PI. 10-^7. 1753. Andropogoii Halepensis Brot. Fl. Lu.sit. i: 89. 1804. SorgJnim Halcpotse Pers. Syn. i: loi. 1805.

Culms erect, 3°-5° tall, simple or sometimes much branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths smooth; leaves 1° or more long, wide, long-acuminate ; panicle open, from long, the generally whorl ed branches spreading and naked towards the base ; outer scales of ses- sile spikelet 2"-}/' long, ovate-lanceolate, usually purplish, pubescent with long apprcssed hairs ; awn when present 4"-8" long, more or less bent; pedicelled spikelets of 4 scales, the outer two about 2)" long, membranous, 7-9-nerved, their in- rolled margins ciliate, the inner two shorter and narrower, hyaline, sometimes with staminate flowers.

In fields and waste places, southern Pennsylvania to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Widely dis- tributed by cultivation in tropical America. Native of southern Europe and .\sia. Juh -Sept.

Johnson -grass. (Fig. 225.)

GRASS FAMILY.

105

7. NAZIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 31. 1763. [Tragus Hall. Hist. Stirp. Helv. 2 : 203. 1768.] [Lappago Sclireb. Gen. 55. 1789.] An annual grass, diffusely branched, with flat leaves and i -flowered deciduous spikelets, either solitary or in clusters of 3-5 in a terminal spike. Scales of spikelet 2 or 3, the outer- most small or wanting, the second rigid and covered with hooked prickles, the third mem- branous, subtending a palet and perfect flower. [Name unexplained.]

A monotypic gfenus, native of tropical and temperate regions of the Old World.

I. Nazia racemosa (L,.) Kuntze. Prickle-grass. (Fig. 226.)

Ccnclirns racemosa L. Sp. PI. lo^g. 1753. Lappago racemosa ,Sp. PI. 1:484. 1798.

Nazia racemosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 780. i8gi.

Culms 2'-i4' tall, erect, simple to diffusely branched, smooth below, pubescent above. Sheaths smooth and glabrous ; leaves 1^-3' long, \"-2" wide, acuminate, rather strongly ciliate ; spike long, sometimes jjartially included in the somewhat inflated upper sheath; spikelets i-flowered: first scale ver}' small, almost hyaline ; second scale coria- ceous, \yz" long, acute, 5-nerved, each nerve armed with a row of hooked prickles ; third scale \" long, keeled, sharp-pointed, 1- nerved, membranous, enclosing a palet of like texture and a perfect flower.

Occasional in ballast and waste places about the Atlantic seaports. Abundant from Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Native of Europe and Asia. July-Sept.

8. PASPALUM I^. Syst. Ed. lo, 2: 855. 1759.

Perennial grasses of various habit, with generally flat leaves and i-flowered spikelets borne in 2-4 rows on i-sided spikes, which are single, in pairs, or panicled. Spikelets oblong to orbicular, flat on the inner surface, convex on the outer. Scales 3, rarely 2 by the absence of the outermost, the outer ones membranous, the inner one indurated and subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles separate ; stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or oblong, free. [An ancient Greek name for some grass, used by Hippocrates.]

About 160 species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions, most abundant in America.

Spikelets secund, with the back of the flowering scale turned toward the racliis.

Rachis membranous, dilated, its wings almost enclosing the spikelets at maturity. E.xtending beyond the spikelets, long-acuminate; spikelets about J4" long.

1. P. miicro)iahim. Not extending beyond the spikelets, acute; spikelets about i" long.

2. P. membraiiaceii»i .

Rachis not membranous nor enclosing the spikelets at maturity. Spikelets oval or elliptic, acute.

Spikelets glabrous or somewhat pubescent; spikes in pairs or occasionally in 3's.

3. P. distichiim.

Spikelets villous on margins; spikes 4-12. 4. P. dilatatum.

Spikelets from oval to orbicular, very obtuse.

Spikes I, or sometimes 2, on the 1-3 slender peduncles exserted from the upper sheath; spikelets i" or less long. Leaves and sheaths pubescent, the former generally long, narrow and erect; spike- lets about :H" long. 5. P. selaceiim. Leaves and sheaths glabrous or somewhat pubescent, the former long and broad,

lax, ciliate; spikelets about i" long. 6. P. cilialifoliiim.

Leaves and sheaths glabrous, the former short and broad, ciliate on the margins; spikelets about long. 7. P. longipedimculalum.

Spikes 2 or more on the single stout peduncle.

Spikelets 5^" long; spikes generally spreading. 8. P. laeve.

Spikelets exceeding in length; spikes generally erect.

g. P. Floridanum.

Spikelets not strictly secund, the back of the flowering scale turned away from the rachis. Spikelets less than i" long, oblong. 10. P. compressiim.

Spikelets about 2" long, broadly lanceolate. 11. P. paspaloides.

io6

GRAMINEAE.

I. Paspalum mucronatum Muhl. Water Paspalum. (Fig. 227.)

Pasf>alii>n vtucronaluin Muhl. Cat. 8. 1813. Ceresia fliiitans Ell. Bot. .S. C. & CtE. 1: 109. 1817. Paspalum fltiitans Kunth, Rev. Gram, i: 24. 1829.

Culms ascending, 6'-3° long, from a floating or creeping base, branched. Sheaths very loose or in- flated, smooth or scabrous, glabrous or pubescent ; leaves 3'-i2' long, wide, acuminate, scabrous;

spikes 20-100, Yz'-i' long, alternate or whorled, slender ; rachis flat, thin, exceeding the spikelets, long-acuminate, scabrous, its margins nearly en- closing the spikelets ; spikelets in two rows, about Yz" long, elliptic, pubescent ; outer scales very thin, 2-nerveti, the first one usually' a little the longer.

' In water, Virginia to southern Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. Sept.

2. Paspalum membranaceum Walt. Walter's Paspalum. (Fig. 228.)

Paspalum membranaceum Walt. Fl. Car. 75. 1788. Not L,am. 1791.

Paspalum Walterianum Schultes, Mant. 2: 166. 1824.

Culms erect or ascending, much branched, smooth, creeping at the base. Sheaths a little in- flated, smooth; leaves iyi'-2,yi' long, 2^'-3'' wide, flat, smooth, acute ; spikes 3-7, alternate, about i' long, the lower ones usually included in the upper sheath ; rachis not exceeding the spike- lets, flat, thin, i"-iyi'' wide, acute, smooth, manj'-nerved, its incurved margins partly enclos- ing the spikelets; spikelets about i" long, crowded in 2 rows, oval, obtuse, stnooth; outer scales 5- nerved; third scale lenticular, slightly shorter than the outer ones.

Moist or wet grounds, New Jersey and Delaware to southern Ohio, south to Florida and Texas. Sept.

3. Paspalum distichum I,. Joint-grass.

(Fig. 229.)

Paspalum distichum L. Amoen. Acad. 5: 391. 1759.

Culms erect, 6'-2° tall, extensively creeping at base. Sheaths smooth, sometimes ciliate on the margins, or sparsely pubescent; leaves flat, 5' long, i"-2'' wide, acuminate, smooth ; spikes I '-2^' long, in pairs, or occasionally with a third, exserted; rachis flat, yz"-\" wide, smooth; spike- lets \yi"-iy2" long, elliptic, somewhat pubescent or glabrous, acute, nearly sessile in 2 rows; outer scales 3-5-nerved, slightly exceeding the acute third one which is sparingly bearded at the apex.

Virg-inia to ^Missouri and California, south to Flor- ida, Texas and Mexico. Also in the West Indies, cen- tral and South America. Aug. -Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

4. Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Tall Paspalum (Fig. 230. )

Paspaliim dilalalum Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 5: 35. 1804. Paspalum ovation Nees, Agrost. Bras. 43. 1829.

Culms erect, 3°-6° tall, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths compressed, smooth and glabrous; leaves 1° or more long, 1"-'^" wide, long-acuminate, rather scabrous on the margins, sometimes with a tuft of hairs at the base; spikes 4-12, 1'-^' long, spreading, alternate, distant on the main axis ; rachis of

the spikes narrow, less than i'' wide, somewhat flexu- ous, scabrous; spikelets about tYz" long, in 3 or 4 TOWS, acute ; outer scales 5-nerved, the first villous on the margins, the second glabrous or sparsely pubescent, the third nearly orbicular, minutely puuctate-striate.

In moist soil, Virg-inia to Florida, west to Texas. Ascends to 1000 ft. in Georgia. Aug. -Sept.

5. Paspalum setaceum Michx. Slender Paspalum, (Fig. 231.)

Paspalum setaceum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 43. 1803. Paspalum pubescens Muhl. Gram. 92. 1817.

Culms mostly erect, i°-2° tall, slender, smooth. Sheaths and leaves generally very pubescent, the latter 3'-8' long, \"-2)" wide, erect, acuminate; spikes 'i-Yz'-zVi' longj more or less curved, generally solitary, occasionally 2, on a long-exserted slender peduncle, with usually i or 2 additional shorter peduncles from the same upper sheath ; spikelets about Y," long, in 2 narrow rows, broadly obovate, very obtuse; empty scales 3-nerved, glabrous or pubescent; third scale ob- ovate, shining.

In dry fields, Massachiisetts to Illinois, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. Aug.-Sept.

6. Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. Ciliate-leaved Paspalum. (Fig. 232.)

Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 44. 1803.

Paspalum dasyphyllum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 105. 1817.

Culms erect, i>^°-2X° tall, smooth. Sheaths varying from glabrous to pubescent ; leaves 4^-9' long, 2>"~l" wide acuminate, pubescent or glabrous, ciliate, the upper one usually broad and cordate at base ; spikes i or 2, occasionally 3, 2^-4' long ; peduncles 1-3, exserted from the upper sheath ; rachis very narrow, slightly flexuous and triangu- lar, scabrous ; spikelets \"-\'Y" long, in 2-4 rows, crowded, oval, the first or convex scale sometimes sparingly pubescent, the third scale with a distinct depression on the back near the base.

In dry soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Kansas, soixth to Florida and Texas. June-Aug.

io8

GRAMINEAE.

7. Paspalum longipedunculatum Le Conte. Long-stalked Paspalum.

(Fic

Paspalum dcbile Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 44. 1S03? Paspalum longipedunculatum LeConte, Journ. Phys. 91: 2S4. 1820.

Paspalum arenarium Schrad.; ScluilUs, Manl. 2: 172. 1824?

Culms reclining or decumbent, i°-i '2° long, smooth, leafy at base. Sheaths glabrous or ciliate on the mar- gins, pilose at the throat ; leaves I'-y/i' long, 2" -3" wide, glabrous or a little pilose, acuminate, ciliate on the margins and along the mid-ner\'e ; peduncles 1-2 from the upper sheath ; spikes 1-2, \'-2yi' long, more or less curved ; rachis very narrow, more or less flexu- ous ; spikelets about long, nearly globular; outer scales 3-nerved, the first one glabrous or sometimes sparsely pubescent; third scale slightly exceeding the outer ones.

Sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida, Kentucky and Tennessee. Aug.-Sept.

8. Paspalum laeve Michx. Field Pas- palum. (Fig. 234.)

Paspalum laevc Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 44. 1803.

Bright green, culms rather stout, erect or ascend- ing, i°-3° tall, glabrous. Sheaths compressed, glabrous or pubescent; leaves 3^-12' long, 2"-i/' wide, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent, scabrous on the margins; spikes 2-6, lYz'-j/ long, more or less spreading, alternate, about \' apart on the single stout peduncle, pilose in the axils ; spikelets \}i"-\y2." long, oval to orbicular, close, crowded in 2 rows, glabrous.

In moist fields, Rhode Island to Kentucky and Mis- souri, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 1700 ft. in North Carolina. Aug.-Sept.

9. Paspalum Floridanum Michx. Florida Paspalum. (Fig. 235.)

Paspalus Florida nils Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 44. 1803. Paspalum macrosperi>iu m Flugge, Monog. 172. 1810.

Culms stout, erect, 3°-6° tall, from a creeping root- stock, glabrous. Sheaths glabrous, or the lower pubescent, sometimes glaucous; leaves S'-i5' long, 3"-7''wide, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent; spikes 2-5 on the single stout peduncle, 2^-5' long, erect or ascending, bearded in the axils ; rachis about i" wide, flat on the back, scabrous on the margins ; spikelets xy^"-2" long, broadly oval, glabrous, sometimes glaucous, crowded in 2 rows ; outer scales 5-ner\ed ; third scale striate.

Moist places, Delaware to Kentucky, south to Florida and Texas. Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

109

10. Paspalum compressum (Sw. ) Nees. Flat Paspalum. (Fig. 236.)

Paspalum trislachvum I^am.Tabl. E"cycl. i: 176. 1791 ?

Milium compressum Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. i: 183. 1797-

Paspalum plalycaulon Poir. in Lain. Encycl. 5: 34. 1804.

Paspalum compressum Nees, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2: 23. 1829.

Stolons numerous, leafy, sometimes 2° long. Culms 6'-2° tall, slender, compressed, glabrous ; sheaths loose ; leaves glabrous, ometimes sparsely ciliate, obtuse, those of the culm 2^-4' long, 2" -2," wide, those of the stolons about \' long, x"-'!" wide ; spikes 2-5, \'-2' long, approximate at the summit of the long and slender stalk ; spike- lets not crowded nor secund, about \" long, acute, the back of the flowering scale turned oblong, away from the rachis.

Virginia to Florida and west to Loui,siana. Widely distributed in tropical America. Proba- bly not native in the United States. Aug. -Sept.

II. Paspalum paspaloides (Michx.) Scribner. Crab-grass Paspalum.

(Fig. 237.)

Digiiaria paspaloides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 46. 1803.

Paspalum Michauxianum Kunth, Rev. Gram.

i: 25. 1835. Paspaluvi Ellioltii S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man.

Ed. 6, 629. 1890. Paspalum paspaloides Smhn. Mem. Torr. Club,

5: 29. 1894.

Culms i°-2^° tall, erect, from an ex- tensively creeping base, slender, glabrous. Sheaths and leaves glabrous or pubescent, the latter 2^-9' long, 3'^-6'' wide, obtuse ; spikes 1)4.^-2,%^ long, in pairs, or sometimes with an additional one, near the summit of the 1-2 slender stalks, which are long-exserted from the upper sheath ; rachis flat, about yi'' wide, scabrous on the margins, the inter- nodes about equalling the spikelets in length ; spikelets about 2" long, broadly lanceolate, acute, not crowded ; outer scales 5-nerved, glabrous, the back of the third scale turned away from the rachis.

Moist ground, Maryland to Florida, west to Texas. July-Aug.

9. AMPHICARPON Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 175. 1818.

Erect perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spikelets of two kinds ; oue kind borne in terminal panicles, deciduous without perfecting fruit ; the other solitary, terminating subter- ranean peduncles, and maturing seed. Scales 3, membranous, the innermost subtending a palet and a perfect flower ; the scales of the subterranean spikelets become indurated and enclose the grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, in allusion to the two kinds of spikelets.]

Species 2, inhabiting the southeastern United States, one of them restricted to Florida.

no

GRAMINEAE.

I. Amphicarpon Amphicarpon (Pursh) Nash. Amphicarpon. (Fig. 238.)

Milium amphicarpon Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1:62. pi. 2.- 1814.

Milium cilialum ]\Inhl. Gram. 77. 1817. Amphicarpiim Piirshii Kuiith, Rev. Gram. 28. 1829-35. Amphicarpon Amphicarpon Nash, Mem. Torr. Club^ 5: 352. 1894.

Culms erect, i2'-i8' tall, slender, glabrous. Sheaths papillose-hirsute; ligule pilose; leaves long, 2" -6'' wide, erect, acuminate, hirsute and ciliate ; panicle linear, 4'-6' long, branches 3-4, erect, bearing few spikelets ; spikelets about 2" long, ellip- tic ; outer scales 5-nerved, membranous, glabrous ; subterranean spikelets ovoid in fruit, about 3^'' long, acute, the scales all becoming much indurated.

In moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida near the coast. Aug. -Sept.

1815.

10. ERIOCHLOA H.B.K. Nov. Gen. i: 94.

[Helopus Trin. Fund. Agrost. 103. 1820.] Perennial grasses with flat leaves, and short-pedicelled spikelets borne in secund spikes, which form a terminal panicle. Spikelets with an annular callus at the base and articulated to the pedicel. Scales 3, the two outer membranous, acute, the inner one shorter, indurated and subtending a palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Greek, signifying wool -grass.] vSpecies about 5, in tropical and temperate countries.

I. Eriochloa punctata (L.) W. Hamilt. Dotted Millet. (Fig. 239.)

Milium piinclatum L. Amoen. Acad. 5: 392. 1759. Eriochloa polystachya H.B.K. Nov. Gen. i: 95. pi. ji. 1815.

Eriochloa punctata W. Hamilt. Prodr. PI. Ind. Occ. 5. 1825.

Culms erect or ascending, i°-3° tall, glabrous. Sheaths glabrous or sometimes pubescent; ligule a ■fringe of short white hairs ; leaves 2'-io' long, 2"- 2)" wide, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent ; spikes 4-25, \'-2' long, sessile or nearly so ; rachis pubes- cent ; spikelets about 2" long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; outer scales pubescent with appressed silky hairs, the first a little exceeding the second, the third about \" long, rounded at the apex and bearing a pubescent awn about Yz" long.

Kansas to Texas and Mexico. Widely distributed in tropical America.

II. SYNTHERISMA Walt. Fl. Car. 76. 1788. [DiGiT.\Ri.A. Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, i: 52. 1772. Not Heist. 1763.]

Annual grasses with flat leaves, and spikelets borne in pairs or sometimes in 3's, in secund spikes which are digitate or approximate at the summit of the culm. Spikes often purplish. Scales of the spikelet 4, sometimes 3 by the suppression of the lowest one ; the fourth or innermost scale chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, crop-making, in allusion to its abundance.}

About 20 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Rachis flat, broadly winged; spikes narrowly linear.

Spikelets long; second scale about one-half as long; first minute, rarely w-anting.

1. S. satiguinalis.

Spikelets about i" long; second scale about as long; first scale wanting, rarely present.

2. S. linearis.

Rachis 3-angled, not winged; spikes filiform. 3. 5". filiformis.

GRASS FAMILY.

Ill

I. Syntherisma sanguinalis (L. ) Nash. Large Crab-grass Finger-grass.

(Fig. 240.)

Panicutn sanguinalc I,. Sp. PI. 57. 1753- Digitaria sanguinalis Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, i: 52. 1772.

Syntherisma praecox Walt. Fl. Car. 76. 1788. Paspalum sangtiinaleliaxa. Tabl. Encycl. i: 176. 1791- Synthcristna sanguinalis Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 420. 1895.

Culms erect or decumbent, often rooting at the lower nodes, i°-3° long, smooth. Sheaths glab- rous or pubescent ; leaves 2'-6' long, wide, acuminate, glabrous or more or less pubescent ; spikes 3-10, narrowly linear, 2'-6' long, digitate or in approximate whorls at the summit of the culm; rachis flat, winged; spikelets \)i"-\y2" long, in pairs, one sessile or nearly so, acute, lanceolate ; first scale minute, rarely wanting, second one-third to one-half as long as the spikelet.

In cultivated or waste places, throughout North America, except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe. Widely distributed as a weed in all cultivated regions. July-Aug.

2. Syntherisma linearis (Krock.) Nash. Small Crab-grass. (Fig. 241.)

Panicum lineare Krock. Fl. vSil. i: 95. 1787. Syntherisma serotina Walt. Fl. Car. 76. 1788. Digitaria liutnifusa Pers. Syn. i: 85. 1805. Syntherisma glabra Schrad. Fl. Germ, i: 163. 1806. Paspalum ambiguum DC. Fl. Gall. 123. 1806. Panicum glabrum Gaud. Agrost. i: 22. 1811. Syntherisma linearis Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 420. 1895.

Culms erect or decumbent, !^°-2° long, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths and leaves glabrous, the latter i'-3' long, wide, acuminate ; spikes

2-4, 2^-4' long, narrowly linear, digitate or ap- proximate at the summit of the culm ; rachis flat, winged ; spikelets about \" long, in pairs, some- times in 3's, one of them sessile or nearly so, el- liptic, acute ; first scale rarely present, second and third as long as the fourth.

In cultivated grounds and waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisi- ana. Naturalized from Europe. July-vSept.

3. Syntherisma filiformis (I,.) Nash.

Panicum filiforme I<. Sp. PI. 57. 1753. Paspalum filiforme Sw. Prodr. 22. 1788. Syntherisma villosa Walt. Fl. Car. 77. 1788. Digitaria filiformis Muhl. Gram. 131. 1817. Syntlierisma filiformis Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 420. 1895.

Culms erect, i°-4° tall, slender, smooth. Sheaths hirsute; leaves long, wide, erect, smooth

or scabrous ; spikes 2-5, filiform, 1'-^' long, approxi- mate at the summit of the culm, erect or nearly so ; rachis 3-angled, very slender, not winged ; spikelets long, elliptic, pubescent, in pairs, occasionally in 3's, one sessile or short-pedicelled; first scale rarely present; second three-fourths as long as or equalling the third, which is equal in length to the fourth.

Dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to Michigan, south to Florida, Nebraska and Texas. July-Sept.

Slender Finger-grass. (Fig. 242.)

112

GRAMINEAE.

12. PANICUM L. Sp. PI. 55. 1753.

Annuals or perennials of various habit, foliage and inflorescence. Spikelets i-2-flow- ered, when 2-flo\vered the lower one staminate only. Scales 4, the 3 lower membranous, empty, or the third with a staminate flower, varying in the Same species; the inner or fourth scale chartaceous, shining, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Awns none, except iu Nos. i and 2. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the hardened fruiting scale and palet. [Old Latin name for some grass, prob- ably the cultivated Sorghum, referring to its panicle, taken from Pliny.]

About 300 species, in temperate and tropical regions. The geographic distribution of many of our species is not well ascertained. The old English name Panic or Panic-Harass, is often applied to any of the species.

Panicle oblong to ovoid; spike-like branches sessile, more or less spreading; spikelets in 2-4 rows, secund; third scale, and sometimes the second and first, awn-pointed or awned. Sheaths smooth; culms 2°-4° tall; fourth scale ovate, abruptly pointed, i. P. CiKs-galli. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, hirsute; culms 4°-6° tall; fourth scale ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 2. P. U'alteri.

Panicle linear, spicate at summit; branches appressed, sessile; third scale merely acute or acuminate. .Spikelets ovate, acute, about iV^" long. 3. P. dii;ilarioides.

Spikelets oval or obovoid, obtuse, turgid, about iH" long. 4. 06/usioii.

Panicle ovoid or oblong; primary branches spreading or ascending, secondarj' generally appressed, occasionally divaricate, bearing numerous pointed spikelets not exceeding i J2" in length. Palet in the axil of the third scale conspicuous, enlarged, much exceeding the fourth scale;

spikelets open, 5, P. Iiiaiis.

Palet in the axil of the third scale inconspicuous; spikelets closed,

Spikelets iM" long, curved, 6. P. rosiraliim.

Spikelets less than iM" long, .straight or but slightly cur\-ed.

Culms stout; lateral panicles numerous; ligule short, naked or sparsely short-ciliate. Spikelets about K" long, acute; secondary branches of mature panicle generally

appressed, 7, P. agroslidiforme.

vSpikelets about long, acuminate; secondary branches of the mature panicle

generally spreading or divaricate. 8. P. elnngainvi .

Culms slender, simple, or occasionally with a single lateral panicle; spikelets about i" long, acuminate; ligule short, pilose. 9. P. longifolium.

Branches of the panicle single, in pairs or fascicled, simple or subdivided, naked below; spikelets on slender pedicels.

Basal leaves, or those near the base, much shorter and broader than the upper culm leaves; spikelets turgid, obtuse or acutish; panicle not over 6' in length, generally much smaller. Culm leaves broad, cordate and clasping at base. Spikelets less than i" long.

Leaves erect or ascending, 2' -4' long; sheaths generally shorter than the inter- nodes. 10, P. sphacrocarpon. Leaves widely spreading, 5'-8' long; sheaths longer than the internodes,

II, P. niicrocarpon.

Spikelets i" or more long.

Sheaths smooth, glabrous or softly pubescent.

Nodes strongly barbed; sheaths and leaves generally softly pubescent; spike- lets elliptic, 2"-2'/2" long, 12. P. Porterianum. Nodes, at least the upper ones, naked; sheaths glabrous.

vSpikelets about i" long, elliptic. 13. P. commntatum.

Spikelets iH"-2" long, oval to obovoid; leaves generallj- ciliate.

14, P. vtacrocarpon.

Sheaths papillose-hispid; spikelets about lyi," long; panicle generally much included, sometimes long-exserted, 15, P. clandestitium.

Culm leaves lanceolate, rounded, truncate or subcordate at base, sometimes narrowed, Spikelets i;2"-2" long.

Panicle linear, loose; branches appressed, 16, P. xanlhopliysiim.

Panicle ovoid to oblong, compact; branches more or less spreading.

Leaves spreading, 3"-6" wide; spikelets obovoid. 17, P. Scribnerianum. Leaves erect, less than 2" wide, long-acuminate; spikelets elliptic,

18, P. Witcoxiarium.

Spikelets less than i !4" long.

Culm leaves 1-4, erect; culms mostlj' simple, never profusely branched late in the season.

Sheaths and leaves glabrous, 19, P. boreale.

Sheaths and leaves pubescent. 20. P. laxiftoruDi.

Culm leaves generally numerous, usually spreading; culms simple early in the season, later profusely branched. Spikelets about M" long. 21. P. nilidum.

Spikelets about i" long. Sheaths glabrous.

Nodes naked, or the lower sometimes sparingly barbed; spikelets about

i" long. 22. P. dicliotonium.

Nodes barbed; spikelets about K" long. 23. P. barbulalnm.

Sheaths pubescent.

Primarj' panicle 3' -6' long; spikelets fully i" long, primary culm leaves

4' -7' long, 24. P. viscidnni.

Primary panicle 3' or less long; spikelets hardly i" long; primary culm leaves less than 4' long. 25. P. pubescens.

Culm leaves long and very narrow, sometimes involute.

Leaves elongated, crowded at base, half as long as or equalling the culm; secondary

panicles borne on short basal branches. 26. P. dcpaupcratuni.

Leaves long and narrow, distributed along the culms, which are profusely branched above late in the .season, 27, P. angusli folium.

GRASS FAMILY.

Basal leaves and those of the culm the same, generally elongated; spikelets acute or acumi- nate.

Spikelets 2" long or more. Sheaths glabrous.

Panicle usually 1° long or more; branches spreading; leaves 1° long or more, flat.

28. P. virgaliim.

Panicle 1° long or less; branches erect or appressed; leaves 6'-i° long, involute on the margins, at least at the apex, thick, glaucous. 29. P. atnarum.

Sheaths papillose-pubescent. 30. P. miliaceum.

Spikelets xM" long or less.

Culms stout, finally decumbent and much branched, with lateral panicles from all the upper sheaths,

Sheaths glabrous. 31. P. proli/erum.

Sheaths pubescent. 32. P. capillare.

Culms slender, erect or decumbent, branched only at base.

Spikelets long, generally single on the ultimate divisions of the panicle.

Panicle narrow; branches erect, the lower ones about 3' long; axils naked.

33. P. flexile.

Panicle at length diffuse; branches 4' -8' long; axils bearded.

34. P. autumnale.

Spikelets less than i" long, in pairs.

Spikelets smooth, elliptic, acute. 35. P. minus.

Spikelets warty, obovoid, acutish. ■ 36. P. verrucosum.

Panicle linear; branches appressed; second scale of spikelet obtuse, gibbous at base.

37. P. gihbiim.

I, Panicum Crus-galli L. Barnyard Grass. Cockspur Grass. (Fig. 243.)

Paniaini Cnis-galli L,. Sp. PI. 56. 1753.

Culms 2°-4° tall, often branching at base. Sheaths smooth and glabrous ; leaves 6 '-2° long, wide, glabrous, smooth or scabroias ; panicle composed of 5-15 sessile erect or ascending branches, or the lower branches spreading or re- flexed; spikelets ovate, green or purple, densely crowded in 2-4 rows on one side of the rachis; second and third scales about 1%'^ long, scabrous or hispid, the third scale more or less awned, empty, the fourth ovate, abruptly pointed.

In cultivated and waste places, throughout North America except the extreme north. Widely distrib- uted as a weed in all cultivated regions. Naturalized from Europe. Aug.-Oct.

Panicum colonum I,., a southern species, related to this, but with awnless scales, has been found in south- eastern Virginia, too late for illustration here. (See Appendix. )

2. Panicum Walteri Pursh. Salt-marsh Cockspur Grass. (Fig. 244.)

Panicum hirielluvi Walt. Fl. Car. 72. 1788. Not All. 1785.

Panicum IFal/eri Vnish, Fl. Am. Sept. 1:66. 1814. Panicum hispidum Muhl. Gram. 107. 1817. Panicum Crus-galli var. hispidum Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 424. 1843.

Culms 3°-6° tall, robust, smooth. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, papillose-hispid ; leaves 1° or more long, ^I'-i' wide, generally smooth beneath, strongly scabrous above ; panicle 6^-18' long, con- sisting of 10-40 ascending or spreading branches; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, densely crowded in 2-4 rows on one side of the scabrous and hispid rachis, brownish purple; second and third scales about \yz" long, scabrous and hispid, tipped with up- wardly barbed awns, sometimes 10-20 times their length; fourth scale ovate-lanceolate, acuminate.

In marshes and ditches, principally within the influ- ence of salt water, Ontario to Rhode Island, Florida and Louisiana. Aug.-Oct.

8

114

GRAMINEAE.

3. Panicum digitarioides Carpenter. Narrow Panicum. (Fig. 245.)

Panicum carinalum Torr. Bost. Joiirn. Nat. Hist, i: 137- 1835. Not Presl, 1830.

Paniciitn digitarioides Carpenter; Steud. vSyn. PI. Gram. 75. 1855.

Panicum Curtisii Chapni. Kl. S. States, 573. i860. Not Steud. 1855.

Glabrous, culms erect from a long and stout creeping rootstock, 3°-5° tall, simple, stout, smooth. Sheaths smooth ; leaves 4'-io' long, 4"- 8'^ wide, long-acuminate ; panicle linear, 6'-i2' long, its branches 1^-3' long, erect ; spikelcts about I ^ " long, ovate, acute; first scale about one-half as long as the spikelet, acute, 3-nerved; second about i" long, 5-nerved and a little exceeded by the 3-nerved third one; the fourth 3-nerved, slightly shorter than the third.

In water, Delaware to Florida and Te.xas. July-Aug.

4. Panicum obtusum H.B.K. Blunt Panicum. (Fig. 246.)

Panicum obtusum H.B.K. Nov. Gen. i: 98. 1815.

Glabrous, culms erect, i°-2° tall, simple or branching at base, smooth. Sheaths smooth ; leaves 2j^'-9' long, x"-}," wide, usually erect, long-acuminate; panicle linear, 2'-6^ long; branches ^i'-^Yz' long, appressed ; spikelets about xYz" long, crowded, oval or obovoid, obtuse, turgid ; first scale shorter than the rest, obtuse, 5-nerved; second, third and fourth scales about equal, the second and third 5-nerved, the fourth chartaceous.

Kansas to Arizona, July-Sept.

south to Texas and Mexico.

5. Panicum hians Ell. Gaping Panicum. (Fig. 247.)

Panicum divaricatuin Michx. Fl. Bor. .\ni. i: 50. 1803. Not L. 1758.

Panicum tnelicarium Michx. Fl. Bor. .■\.m. i: 50. 1803? Panicum hians Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 118. 1817.

Glabrous, culms erect, \°-2yz° tall, generally simple, sometimes creeping at base, smooth. Leaves 3'-5'' long, wide, acuminate, generalh^ erect ; panicle 3'-8' long; branches few, generally spreading, the longer ones often drooping, the lower naked below the middle ; spike- lets about \" long; fourth scale exceeded by the third and its usually empty palet which is much enlarged, generally forcing the spikelet wide open.

In moist ground, North Carolina to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Aug. -Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

115

6. Panicum rostratum Muhl. Beaked Panicuni. (Fig. 248.)

Paniaim anccfis Miclix. I'l. Bor. Am. l: 48. 1803? Panicum rostraliini Muhl. Gram. 121. 1817.

Culms erect from a creej>iug scaly branched root- stock, i>4°-5° tall, much branched, compressed, stout, smooth. Sheaths compressed, glabrous, or the lower ones pubescent ; leaves 1° long or more, 1"-^" wide, acuminate ; ligule very short ; panicles pyramidal, 6^-12' long; axis and ascending branches scabrous ; spikelets lYz" long, crowded, lanceo- late, acuminate, curved, longer than the scabrous pedicels ; first scale less than one-half as long as the spikelet ; second scale about xYz" long, curved at the apex, scabrous above on the middle nerve; third scale usually subtending a small empty palet.

Moist soil. New Jersey to Illinois and Mi.ssouri, south to Florida and Texas. July-Sept.

7. Panicum agrostidiforme Lam. Agrostis-like Panicum. (Fig. 249.)

Pauicuin agi'ostidiforiiic I<am. Tabl. Encycl. i: 172. 1791.

Panicuni as^rostoides Triii. Unifl. 212, 1826. Not Muhl. 1817.

Culms erect, ij^°-2° tall, much branched, com- pressed, smooth. Sheaths compressed, glabrous, or sometimes hairy at the throat ; ligule very short, naked ; leaves 1° long or more, 2"-^" wide, acum- inate ; panicles pyramidal, 4'-i2' long, terminating the culm and branches ; primary branches of the panicle spreading, secondary generally appressed ; spikelets long, acute, straight ; first scale

3-nerved, acute ; second and third scales 5-nerved, about twice as long as the first and longer than the oval fourth scale, which is slightly stalked; small palet of third scale usually empty.

Wet ground, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. July-.Sept.

8. Panicum elongatum Pursh. Long Panicum. (Fig. 250.)

Panicum eloiigafiim Pur.sh, Fl. Am. Sept. 69. 1814. Panicum agrosloidcs IsImM. Gram. 119. 1817.

Culms erect, 3°-5° tall, much branched, stout, compressed, smooth. Sheaths smooth and glab- rous, compressed ; leaves 1° long or more, y-i^" wide, acuminate, scabrous ; panicles pyramidal, terminating the culm and branches, 4^-12' long ; primary branches spreading or ascending, the sec- ondary usually divaricate ; spikelets about 1%" long, crowded, acuminate; first scale acute or acuminate, one-third the length of the equal and acuminate second and third; fourth scale narrowly elliptic, about one-half as long as the third and raised on a delicate stalk about Y" long.

Moist soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Ken- tucky, Tennessee and North Carolina. July-Sept.

ii6

GRAMINEAE.

g. Panicum longifolium Torr. Long

Panicnm longifolium Torr. Fl. U. S. 149. 1824.

Culms erect, i°-2° tall, slender, simple, or occa- sionally with a single lateral panicle, flattened, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths smooth and glab- rous ; leaves 8'-i2' long, i"-2" wide, acuminate into a long, slender point, rough, glabrous ; ligule short, pilose ; panicles 5^-9^ long ; primary branches long and slender, spreading, secondary very short, appressed, generally bearing 1-3 spike- lets ; si^ikelets i" long, acuminate; first scale acute about one-half as long as the acuminate second one ; third scale equalling the second, acuminate, one-third longer than the elliptic obtuse fourth one.

This seems to be a well-marked species. Its slender simple very much flattened culms, the long and nar- row leaves, and the long slender branches of the pan- icle bearing the spikelets almost racemosely, abund- antly distinguish it from any others of this group. Moi.st soil. New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Aug.-Sept.

leaved Panictiin. (Fig. 251.)

10. Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. Round-fruited Paiiicum. (Fig. 252.)

Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 125. 1817.

Culms generally erect, simple or somewhat branched at base, io'-2° tall, smooth, or the nodes sometimes pubescent. Sheaths usually shorter than the interuodes, glabrous, the margins ciliate ; leaves '2'-\' long, t."-"]" wide, acuminate, cordate- clasping at base, scabrous above, smooth beneath, the margins cartilaginous and minutelj' serrulate, ciliate towards the base; panicle ovoid, 2^-4' long ; spikelets less than \" long, nearly spherical or somewhat longer than thick, obtuse, purple ; first scale broadly ovate, obtuse; third and fourth scales three to four times as long as the first, subor- bicular, 7-nerved; fourth scale oval, obtuse, long; palet of third scale usuall}^ empty.

Dry soil, southern Ontario, New York and Mis- souri, to Florida, Texas and Mexico. July-Sept.

II. Panicum microcarpon Mtihl. Small-fruited Panicum. (Fig. 253.)

Panicum viicrocarpon Muhl. Gram. iii. 1817.

Culms generally erect, 2°-3° tall, simple, smooth. Sheaths smooth, glabrous, longer than the inter- nodes; ligule none ; leaves 5'-8' long, ^'-I'wide, long-acuminate, smooth, cordate-clasping and spar- ingly ciliate at the base ; panicle 3^-8' long, ovoid to oblong in outline ; branches slender, ascending ; spikelets %" long, obovoid to nearly spherical, numerous ; first scale minute, second and third about equal, 7-nerved, puberulent, the fourth white and shining; palet of third scale usually empty.

Woods and along tliickets, southern New York to Pennsylvania and Michigan, south to Florida, Louisi- ana, Nebraska and Texas. July-Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

117

12. Panicum Porterianum Nash. Porter's Panicum. (Fig. 254.)

Panicum lali/olium Walt. Fl. Car. 73. 1788. Not I<. 1753-

Pamcutn Walleri Poir. in I.,am. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 282.

1816. Not Pursh, 1814. Panicum latifolium var. niolle Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb.

3: 33. 1892. Not P. molle Sw. 1788. Panicum Porlerianum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 420.

1895-

Culms erect, i°-2° tall, simple or somewhat dicho- tomously brauched above, the nodes densely barbed. Sheaths generally softly pubescent ; leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, long, Yz'-iyi' wide, cordate-

clasping at base, acute, usually softly pubescent ; pan- icle included or somewhat cxserted ; branches spread- ing or ascending, bearing few elliptic short-pedicelled appressed spikelets 2^'-2^" long ; first scale one-third to one-half as long as the pubescent and equal second and third ones ; fourth scale about as long as the third.

In woods, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. June-Aug.

13. Panicum commutatum Schultes. Variable Panicum. (Fig. 255.)

Panicum nervosum Muhl. Gram. 116. 1817? Not I,am. 1797.

Panicum cotnmutatum Schultes, Mant. 2: 242. 1824.

Culms erect, i°-2° tall, rather slender, glabrous, or pubescent especially at the nodes, simple, finally dichotomously branched above. Sheaths glabrous or puberulent, generally ciliate ; leaves 2^-4' long, wide, sparingly ciliate at the base, acute, glabrous or puberulent, those of the branches gen- erally broader and more crowded than those of the main stem ; panicle 2'-^' long, lax, the branches spreading; spikelets \"-\%" long, ellipsoid; first scale about one-fourth as long as the spikelet, i- nerved ; second and third scales equal, 7-nerved, pubescent ; fourth scale oval, obtuse, apiculate, about \" long; palet of third scale usually empty.

In dry woods and thickets. New York to Kentucky, south to Florida and Texas. June-Aug.

14. Panicum macrocarpon Le Conte.

I/arge-fruited Panicum. (Fig. 256.) Panicum macrocarpon l,e Conte; Torr. Cat. 91. 1819.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, simple or somewhat branched above, smooth; the nodes, at least the upper ones, naked. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, ciliate ; leaves 3'-;^ long, <^"-\]A' wide, cordate- clasping at base, acuminate, smooth and glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces, ciliate ; panicle 3^-6' long, generally long-exserted, rarely included, its branches more or less ascending ; spikelets ij4''-2" long, turgid, oval to obovoid ; second and third scales broadly oval, obtuse, 9-nerved, pubescent, the fourth oval, rather acute, xYz" long.

The more simple culms, glabrous sheaths, leaves and nodes and the turgid spikelets readily distinguish this species from either P. Porterianum or P. clandesli- nuni. Moist places, Vermont to New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. July-Aug.

Ii8

GRAMINEAE.

15. Panicum clandestinum L. Hispid Panicum. (Fig. 257.)

Panicum clandeslinum L,. Sp. PI. 58. 1753. Panicum pediinciilatum Torr. Fl. TJ. S. 141.

1824.

Culms erect or ascendiug, ij4°-^° tall, rather stout, simple at first, much branched later in the season. Sheaths longer than the internodes, much crowded on the branches, papillose-hispid, especi- ally the upper ones; leaves 2^-8' long, wide, cordate-clasping at base, acuminate, smooth and glabrous, the margins ciliate at base ; primary panicle sometimes long-exserted; panicles of the branches below included in the sheaths, rarely slightly exserted; spikelets I'^-i^" long, ellipsoid; first scale about one-third as long as the spikclet; second and third oval, acutish, 9-nerved, the fourth oval, obtuse, apiculate, whitish, shining.

'' In thickets, Quebec to Michigan, south to Georgia, Missouri and Te.xas. June-July.

16. Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray. Slender Panicum. ( Fig. 258. )

Panicum xanlhophvsum A, Graj', Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 233- 1835-

Culms erect, i°-2° tall, simple. Sheaths spar- ingly papillose-pubescent; ligule very short; leaves 3'-6' long, yi'-'^/i' wide, rounded at base, long- acuminate, erect, smooth and glabrous; panicle long-exserted, linear, ij4''-4' long, its branches ap- pressed ; spikelets few, about xYz" long, obovoid, pubescent or glabrate; first scale about one-half as long as the nearly equal obtuse second and third; fourth scale indurated and shining, elliptic or oval.

Dry soil, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba, south to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Plant light green, becoming yellowi.sli in drj ing. June-Aug.

17. Panicum Scribnerianum Na.sh. Scribner's Pauicum. (Fig. 259.)

Panicnvi scoparium var. minor Scribn, Bull. Univ. Tenn.

7:48. 1894. Not P. f(7/>///a;r var. w7H?rs Mulil. 1817. Panicum scoparium S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 632.

i8qo. Not Lani. 1797. Panicum pauciflorum A. Gray, Man. 6x3. 1848. Not Ell. 1817.

Panicuvi Scribnerianum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 421. 1895-

Culms erect, 6'-2° tall, simple or late in the season dichotomously branched above, sparingly pubescent. Sheaths strongly papillose-hispid, sometimes glabrate ; leaves 2'-4' long, 2>"~^" wide, rounded or truncate at base, acuminate, more or less spreading, smooth above, scabrous beneath ; panicles small, the primary one ex- serted, ovoid, lYz'-},' long, the secondary ones much smaller and more or less included ; branches of the primary panicle spreading, 8"-i ]/z' long, often flexuous ; spikelets turgid, obovoid, about i Yz" long.

In drj- or moist soil, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Virginia, Kansas and Arizona. June-Aug.

GRASS FAMII^Y.

119

18. Panicum Wilcoxianum Vasey. Wil- cox's Panicum. (Fig. 260.)

Panicum Wilcoxianum Vasey, Agric. Bot. Div. 8: 32. 1889.

Bull. U. S. Dept.

Culms erect, d'-xo' tall, sparingly pubescent. Sheaths papillose-pubescent ; ligule a ring of hairs ; leaves \yz'-2,' long, less than 2" wide, long-acum- inate, strongly pubescent with long hairs ; panicle about \ Yz' long, oblong to ovoid, compact ; branches less than \' long, spreading or ascending, flexuous ; spikelets about \%" long, ellipsoid; first scale about one-quarter as long as the spikelet ; second and third scales about equal, pubescent ; fourth scale about as long as the third, obtuse.

In dry soil, Nebraska. July-Aug.

19. Panicum boreale Nash. Northern Panicum. (Fig. 261.)

Panicum boreale Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 421. 1895.

Culms at first erect and simple, i°-2° tall, later decumbent and somewhat branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, usually smooth, ciliate ; ligule short, ciliate ; leaves 3^-5' long, \i'-yz' wide, erect, truncate or rounded at the sparsely ciliate base, acuminate ; panicle 7.'- 4' long, ovoid, its branches long, spreading or ascending ; spikelets \" long, about equalling the pedicels, ellipsoid, somewhat pubescent ; first scale ovate, obtuse, about one-third as long as the spike- let ; second and third scales oblong-ovate, 7-nerved, pubescent, equalling the fourth, which is oval, acute, and slightly more than long; palet of third scale usually empty.

Moist soil, Newfoundland and Ontario to New York, Vermont and Minnesota. Summer.

20. Panicum laxiflorum I,am. L,ax-flowered Panicum. (Fig. 262.)

Panicum laxiflorum l,am. Encycl. 4: 748. 1797.

Culms erect, 8'-i6' tall, simple, pubescent or glab- rate. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, hirsute; leaves 2 ^'-5' long, wide, erect, generally nar-

rowed at base, long-acuminate, pubescent or glabrate ; panicle 2''-4^ long, its axis and erect or spreading branches sometimes hirsute ; spikelets about \" long, ellipsoid or narrowly obovoid, strongly pubescent ; first scale minute, i -nerved ; second and third about equal, 9-nerved, very pubescent, as long as the shining obtuse minutely apiculate fourth one ; third scale usually with an empty palet.

Moist soil, Virginia to Kentucky, south to Florida. Also reported from much further north. It has been con- founded with the preceding species. June-Aug.

I20

GRAMINEAE.

21. Panicum nitidum Lam. Shining Panicum. (Fig. 263.)

Panicum nilidum I,am. Encycl. 4: 748. 1797.

Culms at first simple, i2''-i8' tall, later profusel3r dichotomously branched, 2°-3° long. Sheaths glab- rous to pubescent ; ligule pilose ; leaves glabrous to sparingly hirsute, truncate or slightly rounded at base, the primary ones i'-^ long, i/^"-3" wide, erect, those of the branches long, i" wide or less;

primary panicle long-exserted, i'-2' long, ovoid, those of the branches smaller and exceeded by the leaves; spikelets about long, obovoid, pubescent, usually purple; first scale about one-third as long as thespikelet, i-nerved; second and third scales broadly oval or orbicular, 7-nerved, shining ; fourth scale minutely apiculate, long.

Common in dry sandy soil, in the Eastern and Middle .States, and probably much more widely distributed. June-Aug.

22. Panicum dichotomum L. Forked Panicum. ( Fig. 264.)

Panicum dicholomuin L. Sp. PI. 58. I753- Panicum ramitlosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 50.

1803.

Smooth and glabrous, or the lower nodes barbed, culms erect, >2°-2° tall, at first simple, later pro- fusely dichotomously branched at about the middle. Leaves light green, widely spreading, generally much narrowed toward the base, the primary ones distant, 2'-3' long, 2"-3" wide, those of the branches \' long or less, ^"-i" wide, some- times involute ; primary panicle usually long- exserted, \'-2' long; branches lax, spreading, bearing few spikelets ; secondary panicles smaller, not exceeding the leaves, their branches with very few spikelets ; spikelets about \" long, ellipsoid, glabrous.

In woodlands and thickets, New York to Kentucky, Missouri and southward. June-July.

Panicum barbulatum Michx. Barbed Panictun. (Fig. 265.)

Panicum barbulatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 49. 1803.

Culms at first simple, erect, 2°-3° tall, later pro- fusely branched for their whole length, 3°-4° long, prostrate or leaning, the nodes strongly barbed. Leaves smooth and glabrous, generally truncate or rounded at the base, the primary ones 3'-5' long, about Yz' wide, widely spreading, the lower ones usually reflexed, those of the branches Yz'-i' long, wide ; primary panicle 3'-5' long, exserted, ovoid, its branches ascending, rigid ; secondary panicles smaller, lax, not exceeding the leaves, the branches bearing few spikelets ; spikelets about long, ellipsoid, purple, glabrous; first scale about one-third as long as the spikelet, acute.

Moist .soil. New York to Tennessee, south to Florida and Texas. June-Aug.

GRASS FAMILY.

121

24. Panicum viscidum Ell. Velvety Panicum. (Fig. 266.)

49-

1803 pi

7-

Panicum scoparium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am

Not Lam. 1797. ranicum viscidum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 123

/• J. 1817.

Culms erect, 2°-\° tall, simple or at length much branched above, villous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, villous; leaves generally narrowed, some- times rouuded or truncate at base, softly pubescent, those of the culm 4^-7' long, 5"-8'^ wide, distant, those of the branches i'-2)4' long, 7."-^" wide, crowded; primary panicle 3'-6' long, ovoid, branches ascending; secondary panicles much smaller, not exceeding the leaves ; spikelets ovoid to oval, about long, pu-

bescent ; first scale broadly ovate, about one-fourth as long as the spikelet ; second and third scales nearly orbicular, 9-nerved, pubescent, the fourth oval, apicu- late, \" long.

Moist soil. New Jersey to Indiana and the Indian Terri- tory, south to Florida and Texas. Not viscid. June-Aug.

Panicum pubescens L,am. Hairy Panicum. (Fig. 267.)

Panicum pubescens L,am. Encycl. 4: 748. 1797. Panicum lanuginosum EU. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 123. 1817.

Culms at first erect and simple, later profusely branched and leaning or ascending, glabrous or pu- bescent. Sheaths hirsute to villous, often papillose ; leaves rounded, truncate or often narrowed at the base, pubescent or glabrate, generally more or less spreading, those of the culm 2^-3' long, those of the branches much shorter; primary panicles less than 3^ long, ovoid, their branches ascending ; lateral pan- icles much smaller, not exceeding the leaves ; spike- lets hardly long, pubescent.

In dry soil, common in the Eastern and Middle States, its western and southern range undetermined. June-Aug.

Panicum lanuginosum Ell., here regarded as referable to this species, may prove to be distinct.

26. Panicum depauperatum Muhl.

1814.

Patiictim depauperatum Muhl. Gram. 112.

Panicum strictum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 69 R. Br. 1812.

Starved Panicum

Not

(Fig. 268.)

Panicum involutum Torr. Fl. U. S. 124.

1817. 1824.

Culms erect, 1° tall or less, simple or branched at base. Sheaths glabrous to hirsute ; leaves erect, elongated, yi^-i" wide, mostly crowded at base and equalling or one-half as long as the culm, the upper culm leaf often much exceeding the panicle ; primary panicle generally much exserted from the upper sheath, i'-3' long, usually linear, its branches mostly erect ; secondary panicles on very short basal branches and often concealed by the lower leaves ; spikelets about iVz" long.

In dry places, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas. June-Sept.

122

GRAMINEAE.

27. -Panicum angustifolium Ell. Narrow-leaved Paiiicum. (Fig. 269.)

Paiiicioii angusli/oiium Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 129. 1817. Panicuiii consanguinemn S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 633, in part. 1890. Not Kunth, 1835.

Culms erect, i°-2° tall, glabrous, at first simple, later profusely branched above. Sheaths glabrous or the basal ones pubescent, those on the culm shorter than the internodes, those ou the branches crowded ; leaves elongated, wide, narrowed to the base,

firm, glabrous, those of the culm distant, those of the branches shorter and crowded ; primary panicle long- exserted, 1^-3' long, its branches ascending or erect ; lateral panicles smaller, shorter than the leaves ; spikelets few, about i long, elliptic to obovoid; first scale one-fourth to one-third as long as the spike- let; second and third oval, 9-uerved, pubescent; fourth oval, minutely pubescent at the apex.

Dry soil, North Carolina to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. June-Aug.

28. Panicum virgatum L. Tall Smooth Paniciim. (Fig. 270.)

Paniciim virgatnin L. vSp. PI. 59. 1753-

Culms erect from a creeping rootstock, 3°-5° tall, glabrous. Sheaths smooth and glabrous ; leaves elon- gated, 1° or more long, 3'^-6" wide, flat, long-acumin- ate, narrowed toward the base, glabrous, rough on the margins ; panicle 6'-2o' long, the lower branches 4'-io' long, more or less widely spreading or sometimes nearly erect; spikelets ovate, acuminate, 2"-2li" long ; first scale acuminate, about one-half as long as the spikelet, 3-5-nerved ; second scale generally longer than the others, 5-7-nerved, the third similar and usually subtending a palet and staminate flower; fourth scale shining, shorter than the others.

In moist or dry soil, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Aug.-Sept.

29. Panicum amarum Ell. Sea-beach Panicum. (Fig. 271.)

Panicum amarum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 121. 1817.

Smooth and glabrous, glaucous, culms arising from long branching rootstocks, i°-3° tall, decumbent. Sheaths overlapping ; leaves 6'-i° long, j/'-d" wide, long-acuminate, thick and leather}', involute on the margins, at least toward the apex, the uppermost leaf generallj- exceeding the panicle ; panicle linear, less than 1° long, its branches erect; spikelets 2^ ''-3" long; first, second and third scales acuminate, the first one-half to two-thirds as long as the spikelet, the third somewhat longer than the second, usually with a palet and staminate flower, the fourth elliptic, about \ %" long.

On sea-beaches, Connecticut to Florida. Sept. -Nov.

GRASS FAMILY.

123

30. Panicum miliaceum L. Millet. (Fig. 272.)

PanicHin tniliacei(m L,. Sp. PI. 58. 1753-

Culms erect or decumbent, rather stout, 1° or more tall, glabrous or hirsute. Sheaths papillose-hirsute ; leaves s'-io' long, Y^'-'i.' wide, more or less pubes- ■cent ; panicle rather deuse, \'-\o' long; branches erect or ascending ; spikelets 2''-2^" long, acuminate ; first scale about two-thirds as long as the spikelet, acum- inate, 5-7-uerved ; second scale i"-2Y>" long, acum- inate, 13-ncrved, somewhat exceeding the 7-13-nerved acuminate third one, which subtends an empty palet; fourth scale shorter than the third, becoming indu- rated, obtuse.

In waste places, Maine to New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Adventive from the Old World. July-Sept.

Panicum proliferum Lam. Spreading Panicum. (Fig. 273.)

^ Panicum proliferum I<am. Encycl. 4: 747a. 1797. Panicum genicidaium Mulil. Gram. 123. 1817.

Culms at first erect, i°-2° tall, simple, later de- cumbent and geniculate, 4°-6° long, branched at all the upper nodes. Sheaths loose, glabrous, some- what flattened; ligule ciliate ; leaves 6'-2° long, 2"-io'' wide, long-acuminate, scabrous on the mar- gins and occasionally on the nerves; panicle pyra- midal, 4'-i6' long, lower branches 3'-6' long, at length widely spreading; spikelets I'^-i^'' long, crowded, lanceolate, acute, glabrous, sometimes purplish; first scale about one-fourth as long as the spikelet, enclosing its base; second and third scales about equal, acute, 5-7-nerved; fourth scale elliptic, shining, somewhat shorter than or equalling the third.

In wet soil, Maine to Pennsylvania and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. July-Sept.

32. Panicum capillare L. Witch Grass. Tumble-weed. (Fig. 274.)

Panicum capillare I,. Sp. PI. 58. 1753.

Culms erect or decumbent, i°-2° tall, simple or some- times sparingly branched. Sheaths papillose-hirsute; leaves 6'-i° long, 3''-8'^wide, more or less pubescent; terminal panicle generally 8^-14^ long, lower branches at first included in the upper sheath, finally exserted and widely spreading, b'-io' long ; lateral panicles, when present, smaller; spikelets long, acu-

minate ; first scale one-fourth to one-half as long as the spikelet ; second and third scales nearly equal, very acute, the fourth long.

In dry soil, common as a weed in cultivated fields, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida, Nevada and Texas. July-Sept.

Panicum capillare Gattingeri Nash. Panicum capillare var, canipestre Gattinger, Tenn. Fl. 94. 1887. Not P. campestre Nees, 1829.

Culms more slender than in the type; terminal panicle rarely over 6' long, the lateral ones very numerous. Moist places. New Jersey to Tennessee, Missouri and southward.

124

GRAMINEAE.

33. Panicum flexile (Gattinger) Scribii. Wiry Panicum. (Fig. 275.)

Paiiicum capillarevax. flexile Gattinger, Tenn. Fl. 94, 18S7.

Panicum flexileSQxKhw. Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 476. 1893,

Culms erect, 6'-i8' tall, slender, simple or somewhat branched at base, bearded at the nodes. Sheaths papillose-hirsute; leaves 4^-9' long, wide, erect, long-acuminate, more or less pubes- cent; panicle 4^-9' long, narrowly ovoid to oblong in outline, its branches ascending, the lower ones 2'-3K'long; spikelets i ^4^' long, much shorter than the pedicels, acuminate; first scale about one-fourth as long as the spikelet ; second and third scales about equal, 5-7 nerved; fourth scale elliptic, some- what shorter than the third.

In moist or dry soil, Pennsylvania to Tennessee and Missouri. Aug.-Oct.

Panicum autumnale Bosc. Diffu.se Panicum. (Fig. 276.)

Panicum nudum Walt. Fl. Car. 73. Panicum divergens Muhl. Gram, i

H.B.K. 1815. Panicum autumnal€Tio9>z; Spreng. Syst. i:'320

1817.'? Not 1825.

Culms erect or decumbent, i°-2° tall, generally much branched at the base, slender. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, the upper glabrous, the lower sometimes densely pubescent ; leaves YYz'-i/ long, i"-'}/' wide, ascending, acuminate, glabrous; panicle 5^-12' long, bearded in the axils, the lower branches 4'-8' long, at first erect with the lower portion included in the upper sheath, finally exserted and widely spreading at maturity ; spikelets lanceolate, about lYz" long, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent, on capillary pedicels of many times their length ; first scale minute ; sec- ond and third equal, acute, glabrous or sometimes villous, the fourth lanceolate, long.

In dry soil, Illinois to Georgia and Florida, west to Minnesota, Kansas and Arizona. July-Sept.

35. Panicum minus (Muhl.) Nash. Wood Panicum. (Fig. 277.)

Panicum capillare var. minor Muhl. Gram. 124. 1817.

Panicum capillare var. sylvaticum Torr. Fl. 149. 1824.

Not P. sylvaticum L,am. 1797.

Panicum diffusum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i: 68. 1814.

Not Sw. 1788.

Panicum minus Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 421. 1895.

Culms erect, or occasionally decumbent, 8'-2° long, slender, somewhat branched at base. Sheaths hirsute ; leaves 2''-4' long, V-t," wide, erect, more or less pubescent ; panicle 4^-9' long, its lower branches 3^-4' long, spreading or ascending; spikelets about long, elliptic, acute, smooth, borne in pairs at the extremities of the ultimate divisions of the panicle; first scale about one-third as long as the equal acute second and third ones, the fourth somewhat shorter than the third.

In dry woods and thickets. New Brunswick to Georgia, west to Missouri. Aug.-Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

125

36. Panicum verrucosum Mulil. Warty Panicum. (Fig. 278.)

T'anicum verrucosum Muhl. Gram. 113. 1817.

Panicum debile V^\. Bot. vS. C. & Ga. i: 129. 1817. Not Desf. 1800.

Culms erect or decumbent, slender, generally much branched at base. Sheaths glabrous, much shorter than the internodes; ligule short, ciliate ; leaves i'-"]' long, wide, erect or ascending, glabrous, rough

on the margins; panicle 3^-12' long, its lower branches long, naked below, strict and ascend-

ing, or lax and spreading; spikelets about }i" long, elliptic, acutish, borne in pairs along the branches, the first scale about one-quarter as long as the warty second and third, the fourth scale apiculate.

Moist soil, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Louisiana, mostly near the coast. July-vSept.

Panicum gibbum Ell. Gibbous Panicum. (Fig. 279.)

PanicJini gibbum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: ii6. 1817.

Culms erect from a creeping base, 2°-6° tall, dichotomously branched below. Lower sheaths densely hirsute, the upper generally glabrous ; leaves 3^-7' long, i"~\o" wide, usually spreading, more or less pubescent ; panicle 3^-9' long, dense and con- tracted; branches yi'-i' long, erect; spikelets lYz"- ■2'' long, elliptic, somewhat acute; first scale about one- quarter as long as the spikelet ; second scale gibbous at base, ii-nerved; third scale about equalling the second, 7-uerved, empty, the fourth one shorter than the second.

Swamps, Virginia to Tennessee, south to Florida and Louisiana. Also in Cuba. July-Sept.

13. IXOPHORUS Schlecht. Linnaea, 31: 420. 1861-2. [Setaria Beauv. Agrost. 113. 1812. Not Ach. 1798.] Mostly annual grasses with erect culms, flat leaves, the inflorescence in spike-like panicles. Spikelets i-flowered, or rarely with a second staminate flower, the basal bristles single or in clusters below the articulation of the rachilla, and therefore persistent. Scales of the spike- let 4, the three outer membranous, the third often subtending a palet and rarely a staminate flower ; the inner or fourth scale chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, in reference to the viscid spikelets of some species.]

Species about lo, in temperate and tropical regions. Those occurring in our range are intro- duced from the Old World.

Bristles downwardly barbed. i. /. verlicillalus.

Bristles upwardly barbed.

Mature fourth scale of spikelet oval in outline, very convex, almost hemispheric, coarsely

transversely rugose. 2. /. glaucus.

Mature fourth scale generally elliptic in outline, only moderately convex, finely transversely rugose or pitted, striate. Spikes \' long, ^' or less thick; spikelets about i" long, always much exceeded by

the green bristles. 3. /. viridis.

Spikes 4' -9' long, K'-a' thick; spikelets about iK" long, equalled or exceeded by the usually purplish bristles. 4. /. Ilalicus.

126

GRAMINEAE.

Foxtail-grass.

(Fig.

280.) 1762.

I. Ixophorus verticillatus (L,. ) Nash.

Panictuti verticillahivi I<. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 82. Selaria verticillata Beauv. Agrost. 51. 1812. Chamacraphis verticillata Porter, Hull. Torr. Club, 20r 196. 1893.

Ixoplioi Hs verticillatus Nash, Bull. Torr. Club. 22: 422. 1895.

Culms erect or decumbent, i°-2° tall, more or less brauclied. Sheaths glabrous; leaves 2'-S' long,

wide, scabrous above; spikes 2^-3' long; spikelets about \" long, equalled or exceeded by the down- wardly barbed bristles; first scale less than one-half as long as the spikelet, i-nerved; second and third scales 5-7-uerved, equalling the oval fourth one; palet of third scale empty.

.\bout dwellings and in wa.ste places. Nova Scotia and Ontario to New Jersey and Kentucky. Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept.

2. Ixophorus glaucus (X. ) Nash. Yellow Foxtail. Pigeon-grass. (Fig. 281. )

Pa7iicuiii glaucuni Sy). VX. 56. 175,3. Selaria glauca Beauv. .\grost. 51. 1812. Chamacraphis glaiii a KuntzL', Rev. Gen. PI. 767. 1891. Ixopliorus glaucus Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22:423. 1895-

Culms erect or sometimes decumbent, i°-4° tall, more or less branched. Sheaths glabrous; leaves 2'-6'long, 2''-4'' wide; spikes i'-4'long; spikelets \]i"-\yz" long, oval, much shorter than the up- wardly barbed yellowish brown bristles; first scale 1-3-nerved, somewhat shorter than the 5-nerved second one; third scale 5-uerved, equalling the fourth which is coarsely transversely rugose, very convex, V-shaped in cross-section, about twice as long as the second; palet of third scale usually empty.

In waste places and cultivated grounds, through- out North America except the extreme north. Often a troublesome weed. Naturalized from Europe. Julv- Sept.

3. Ixophorus viridis (L,. ) Nash. Green Foxtail-grass. (Fig. 282.)

Panicuin viride L,. .Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 83. 1762. Selaria viridis Beauv. Agrost. 51. 1812. Chaniaeraphis viridis Porter, Bull. Torr. Club. 20: 196. 1893-

Ixophorus viridis Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 423. iSg.S- Culms erect or ascending, i°-3° tall, simple or branched. Sheaths glabrous; leaves 3'-io' long, 2" -6" wide, usually scabrous above; spikes I'-Y long; spikelets about i"long, elliptic, much shorter than the green, or sometimes yellowish, upward!}- barbed bristles; first scale less than one-half as long, as the spikelet, 1-3-nerved; second and third scales 5-ner\-ed; fourth scale finely and faintly transversely rugose, or pitted, striate, only moderately convex, equalling or slightly exceeding the second; palet of third scale usually empty.

In waste places and cultivated grounds, through- out North .\merica except the extreme north, and often a troublesome weed. Naturalized from PUirope. July- Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

127

4. Ixophorus Italicus (I,. ) Nash. Italian Millet. Hungarian Grass.

(Fig. 283.)

Panicnni Ilalictim h. Sp. PI. 56. 1753. Selaria Ilalica R. & S. Syst. 2: 493. 1817. Chaniaeraphis I/alica Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 768. 1891. Txophorus I/aliciis Nash, Bull. Torn Club, 22: 423. 1895.

Culm.s erect, 2°-5° tall. Sheaths smooth or scab- rous; leaves 6'-i° or more iu length, ^'-'iyi' wide, generally scabrous; spikes 4^-9' long, Yz'-i' thick, usually very compound ; spikelets about \%" long, elliptic equalled, or exceeded by the upwardly barbed generally purplish bristles; first scale less than one- half as long as the spikelet, 1-3-nerved; second and third 5-7-nerved; fourth scale equalling or somewhat exceeding the second, finely and faintly transverse- rugose, or pitted, striate, only moderately convex; palet of third scale minute or wanting.

In waste places, escaped from cultivation, Quebec to Minnesota, south to iflorida and Texas. Native of the Old World. July-Sept.

14. CENCHRUS I,. Sp. PI. 1049. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses with usually flat leaves. Inflorescence in spikes. Spike- lets subtended by a spiny involucre which is deciduous with them at maturity. Scales 4; the first hyaline; the second and third membranous, the latter sometimes having a palet and staminate flower in its axil; the fourth chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar struc- ture which encloses a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles united below. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Ancient Greek name for some grass, probably Millet.]

About 12 species, in tropical and temperate reg-ions. Besides the following-, some 4 others occur in the southern parts of North America.

I. Cenchrus tribuloides L. Bur-grass. Hedgehog-grass. (Fig. 284.)

Ct'iic/iriis tribuloides L,. Sp. PI. 1050. 1753. Cenc/iriis Cai oii/iianiis Walt. Fl. Car. 79. 1788.

Culms erect or decumbent from an annual root, usually robust, 8'-2)4° long, branching freely. Sheaths usually very loose, compressed, smooth; leaves 2'/i^-5^ ^o^g, ■2."-\" wide, flat or somewhat complanate; spikes 1^-2^' long, sometimes par- tially included in the upper sheath; involucres crowded on the scabrous rachis, 2-flowered, glo- bose, pubescent except at the base, forming spiny burs, the spines stout; spikelets about 2," long.

On sandy shores and in waste places, Maine and On- tario to Minnesota, south to Florida, Colorado and Texas. Sometimes a noxious weed. Apparently per- ennial in the Southern States. Aug. -Sept.

15. ZIZANIOPSIS Doell & A.schers. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2: Part 2, 12. 1871.

Tall aquatic monoecious grasses, with fong flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets i-flowered, the staminate borne at the top of the branches, the pistillate at the base. Scales 2, nearly equal, membranous, the outer one in the pistillate spikelets broad, acute and bearing an awn. Stamens 6. Styles united. Grain nearly globose, the pericarp readily separable. [Name in allusion to the resemblance of this grass to Zizania.'\

A monotypic genus, of temperate and tropical .\merica.

128

GRAMINEAE.

I. Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell & Aschers. Zizaniopsis. (Fig. 285.)

Zizania miliacea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 74. 1803.

Zizaniopsis miliacea Doell & Aschers.; Baill. Hist. PI. 12: 293. 1893.

Culms 4°-i5° tall from a lonj^ and creeping root- stock, robust, glabrous. Sheaths loose, glabrous; ligule a"-7" loDgi thin-membranous ; leaves 1° long or more, Yz'-i' wide, smooth, glabrous; panicle dense, long, narrow; branches erect; stam-

inate spikelets 3"-4" long, the outer scale 5-nerved, the inner 3-nerved, both acute ; pistillate spikelets about 2," long, the outer scale about equalling the inner, bearing an awn long, scabrous, 5-

uerved; inner scale 3-uerved, acute.

Swamps, Georgia to Ohio (according to Riddell), south to Florida and Texas. June-July.

16. ZIZANIA L. Sp. PI. 991. (1753.)

A tall aquatic monoecious grass with long flat leaves and an ample panicle. Spikelets i-flo\vered, the pistillate borne on the upper branches of the panicle, the staminate on the lower. Scales 2, membranous, the outer somewhat longer, acute in the staminate, long- aw-ned in the pistillate spikelets. Stamens 6. Styles nearly distinct. Grain linear, long. [From an ancient Greek name for Darnel.]

A monotj-pic genus of North America and Asia.

I. Zizania aquatica L. Wild Rice. Indian Rice. Water Oats. Reed. (Fig. 286.)

Zizania aqnatica L. Sp. PI. 991. 1753.

Culms erect from an annual root, 3°-io° tall,

smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, glabrous ;

ligule about %' long, thin-membranous; leaves

1° or more long, wide, more or less

roughened, especially above, glabrous ; panicle

i°-2° long, the upper branches erect, the lower

■widely spreading ; staminate spikelets 3"-6"

long, scales acute or awn-pointed, outer 5-

nerved, the inner 3-nerved ; scales of the linear

pistillate spikelets ^^"-\2" .long, the outer one

5-nerved, with an awn i'-2' long, the inner

narrower, 3-nerved, awn-pointed.

In swamps, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. June-Oct.

17. HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg.; Hall. Hist. Stirp. Helv. 2: 201. 1768. [Leersia Sw. Nov. Gen. &. Sp. 21. 178S. Not Hedw. 1782.]

Marsh grasses with flat narrow generall}' rough leaves, and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets i -flowered, perfect, strongly flattened laterally, and usually more or less imbri- cated. Scales 2, chartaceous, the outer one broad and strongly conduplicate, the inner much narrower. Stamens 1-6. Stj-les short,' distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free. [Greek, in reference to the supposed resemblance of these grasses to IMillet.]

About 5 species, natives of temperate and tropical countries. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southern I'nited States.

Spikelets oblong, their width less than one-half their length, somewhat imbricated.

Spikelets I '4 "-1 5;" long; panicle -branches usually rigid. i. H. Virginicus.

Spikelets 2"-2}2" long; panicle-branches generally lax. 2. H. oryzoides.

Spikelets oval, their width more than one-half their length, much imbricated. 3. H. lenliciilaris.

GRASS FAMILY.

129

I. Homalocenchrus Virginicus (Willd. ) Britton. White Grass. (Fig. 287.)

Leersia Virginica Willd. Sp. PI. i: 325. 1797. Asprella Virginica R. & S. Syst. 2: 266. 1817. Homalocenchrus Virginicus Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 9: 14. 1889.

Culms glabrous, decumbent, i°-3° long, much branched, slender, smooth. Sheaths usually shorter than the iuternodes; ligulc short; leaves 2'-6' long, \"-W wide, acute, usually narrowed toward the base, scabrous; terminal panicle finally long-exserted, 3'-8' long, its branches generally spreading, usually naked below the middle; lateral panicles smaller and usually included; spike! ets \)i"-\yz" long, about yi," wide, oblong, appressed; outer scale hispid on the keel and margins; inner scale hispid on the keel; stamens i or 2.

Swamps or wet woods, Maine to Ontario and Minne- sota, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Aug.-Sept.

2. Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L. ) Poll. Rice Cut-grass. (Fig. 288.)

Phalaris oryzoides I,. Sp. PI. 55. 1753. Homalocenchrus oryzoidesVoW. Hist. PI. Palat. 1:52. 1776. Leersia oryzoides Fl. Ind. Occ. i; 132. 1797.

Culms glabrous, decumbent, i°-4° long, much branched, rather stout, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, very rough; ligule very short; leaves 3^-10' long, 1"-^" wide, acute, narrowed to- ward the base, scabrous ; terminal panicle 5^-9' long, finally long-exserted, its branches lax, naked at the base, at first erect, later more or less widely spreading ; lateral panicles generally included; spikelets i"-iyT," long, about ^i" wide, elliptic; scales pubescent, the outer one hispid on the keel and on the margins; inner scale much narrower, hispid on the keel; stamens 3; anthers yellow.

In swamps and along streams, often forming dense tangled masses, Nova Scotia to western Ontario, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Also in the temperate parts of Europe and Asia. Aug. -Sept.

3. Homalocenchrus lenticularis (Michx. ) Scribn. Catch-fly Grass. (Fig. 289.)

Leersia lenticularis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 39. 1803. Homalocenchrus lenticularis Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5; 33- 1894-

Culms glabrous, erect, 2°-4° tall, usually simple, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, scab- rous; ligule very short; leaves 4'-i2' long, 4''-io" wide, acute, more or less narrowed at the base, scab- rous; panicle 4^'-9' long, finally exserted, its branches lax, naked below, at first erect, later spreading; spikelets much imbricated, 2'^-2^'' long, wide, broadly oval; scales smooth or sparingly hispid- scabrous, the outer one strongly 3-nerved, hispid on the keel and margins, the inner much narrower, strongly i-nerved, hispid on the keel ; stamens 2. \

Wet grounds, Virginia to Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. July-Sept.

GRAMINRAE.

i8. PHALARIS L. Sp. PI. 54.

■53-

Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves, the inflorescence spike-like, capitate or a narrow panicle. Spikelets crowded, i-flowered. Scales 5, the first and second about equal in length, strongly compressed laterally, usually wing-keeled ; third and fourth scales much smaller or reduced to mere rudiments ; fifth scale subtending a palet similar to itself and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, smooth, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, alluding to the shining grain.]

About 10 species, mostly natives of southern Europe. Besides tlie following, 3 others occur in the United States.

Outer scales not winged; inflorescence a narrow panicle. i. P. arundinacea.

Outer scales broadly winged; inflorescence a spike or spike-like panicle.

Spikelets narrow; third and fourth scales much reduced, rigid, subulate, hairy.

2. P. Caroliniana.

Spikelets broad; third and fourth scales thin-raenibranous, broadly lanceolate, glabrous or sparingly hairy. 3. P. Canariensis.

I. Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary-grass. (Fig. 290.)

Phalaris arundinacea I,. vSp. PI. 55. 1753.

Glabrous, culms erect, 2°-5° tall, simple, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule long, obtuse, membranous; leaves 3j4'-io' long, 3^'- 8" wide, acuminate, smooth or scabrous ; panicle 3'- 8' long, dense, its branches yz'-i-Yz' long, erect or sometimes slightly spreading ; spikelets lYz"-';," long; outer scales scabrous, 3-nerved; third and fourth scales less than one-half as long as the fifth, subulate, rigid, hair}' ; fifth scale about three-fourths as long as the spikelet, chartaceous, pubescent with long ap- pressed silky hairs, subtending a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower.

In moist or wet soil, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Kentucky, Kansas and Nevada. Also in Europe and Asia. Jul}--.4ug. The Ribbon-grass or Painted-grass of cultivation, the so-called variety />/(:/^7, lias leaves variegated with green and white stripes, is a derivative of this species, and sometimes escapes from gardens.

2. Phalaris Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Canary-grass.

Phalaris Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 74. 1788. Phalaris intermedia Bosc. ; Poir. in I,am. Encycl.

Suppl. 1:300. 1810. Phalaris Americana Ell. Bot. ,S. C. & Ga. i: loi. 1817.

Culms tall, erect or sometimes decum-

bent at base, simple or somewhat branched, smooth or roughish, glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes ; ligule i"-^,'^ long, rounded, thin-inembranous ; leaves long) s^'-s'' wide,

smooth or slightly scabrous ; spike-like panicle 1'- 4' long, dense, its branches about j^' long, erect; spikelets 2%^' long, the outer scales more or less scabrous, 3-nerved, wing-keeled ; third and fourth scales less than one-half as long as the fifth, subu- late, hairy; fifth scale about two-thirds as long as the spikelet, acuminate, pubescent with long appressed silk J' hairs.

In moist soil, South Carolina to Missouri and Cali- foniia, south to Florida and Texas. June-Aug.

GRASS FAMILY.

3. Phalaris Canariensis L. Canary- grass. (Fig. 292.)

Phalaris Canariensis L,. vSp. PI. 54. 1753.

More or less roughened, culms i°-3° tall, erect, simple or branched, glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule about 1" long, rounded; leaves 2'-i2' long, 2"-6" wide, strongly scabrous; spikes Yz'-xYz' long, ovoid or oblong; spikelets long; outer scales gla-

brous or sparingly pvibescent ; third and fourth scales about half the length of the fifth, broadly lanceolate, thin-membranous, sparingly hairy; fifth scale about two-thirds as long as the spike- let, acute, pubescent with appressed silky hairs.

In waste places. Nova .Scotia to Ontario, Vir- ginia and Nebraska. Naturalized from Europe. Outer scales it.sually nearly white with green veins. The grain is the common food of canary birds. July-Aug.

19. ANTHOXANTHUM L. Sp. PI. 28. 1753. Fragrant annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spike-like panicles. Spike- lets i-flowered, narrow, somewhat compressed. Scales 5 ; the two outer acute or produced into a short awn, the first shorter than the second ; third and fourth scales much shorter,

2- lobed, awned on the back ; the fifth scale shorter than the others, obtuse. Stamens 2. Styles distinct. Stigmas elongated, plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, referring to the yellow hue of the spikelets in some species.]

A genus of 4 or 5 species, natives of Europe.

I. Anthoxanthum odoratum I^.

Sweet Vernal-grass. (Fig. 293.)

Anlhoxanlliujn odoratum I<, Sp. PI. 28. 1753.

Culms i°-2° tall, erect, simple or branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes ; ligule i''-2" long, acute, membra- nous ; leaves %'-6' long, 1''-^" wide, glabrous or nearly so; spike-like panicles i'-2^^ long, branches short, erect or ascending; spikelets 4" long, crowded; outer scales acute, glabrous or pubescent, the first i-nerved, half as long as the second which is 3-nerved ; the third and fourth very hairy, the former with an awn nearly twice its length inserted about the middle, the fourth scale bearing near the base an awn more than twice its length ; fifth scale about two-thirds as long as the fourth, obtuse or rounded at the apex, and bearing a fertile flower.

In fields and meadows throughout nearly the whole of North America. Very fragrant in drying. Naturalized from Europe. June-July.

20. SAVASTANA Sclirank, Baier. Fl. i: 100. 1789. [HiEROCHLoi; J. G. Gmel. Fl. Sib. i: 101. 1747.] Aromatic perennial grasses, with flat leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets

3- flowered, the terminal flower perfect, the others staminate. Scales 5; the first and second nearly equal, acute, glabrous; the third and fourth somewhat shorter, obtuse, entire, emar- ginate, 2-toothed or 2-lobed, with or without an awn, enclosing a palet and stamens; fifth scale often produced into a short awn, enclosing a palet and perfect flower. Stamens in the staminate flowers 3, in the perfect 2. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Name unexplained.]

About 8 species, natives of temperate and cold regions.

132

GRAMINEAE.

Third and fourtli scales not awned,

lintirc, culms i°-2° tall.

Erose truncate, culms 6' tall or less. Third and fourth scales awned.

1. 5. odorala.

2. S. pauciflora.

3. 6'. alpina.

I. Savastana odorata fL.) Scribn. Holy Gra.ss. Seneca Grass. (Fig. 294.)

Holcns odoraliis 1,. Sp. PI. 1048. iJS?,. Hierocliloa borealis R. & S. Syst. 2 : 513. 1817. Savaslana odorala .Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 34. 1894.

Glabrous, culms i°-2° tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths smooth; ligule i"-2" long; lower leaves elongated, 4'-S' long, wide, scabrous, the upper

ones %'-2' long ; panicle 2^-4' long, its branches 1'- 1' long, usually spreading, naked below ; spikelets yellowish-brown and purple, i"-}/' long; first and second scales about equal, glabrous; third and fourth villous and strongly ciliate, eutire, awn-pointed, the fifth smaller than the others, villous at the apex.

Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Wiscon- sin and Colorado. Also in northern Europe and Asia. June-Jul}-. This and other sweet-scented grasses are strewn before the churches in northern Europe, whence the name Holy Grass. Also known as Vanilla Grass.

2. Savastana pauciflora (R. Br.) Scribn.

Arctic Holy Grass. (Fig. 295.)

Hierocliloa pauciflora R. Br. App. Parry's Voy. 293. 1824. Savaslana pauciflora Scribn. Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 5: ^53. 1894.

Glabrous, culms 6' high or less, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths mostly at the base of the culm, overlapping; ligule about yi" long; leaves smooth, the basal ones i'-2' long, Yz" wide, involute at least when dry; culm leaves Yz' long or less, \" wide, flat; panicle less than 1' long, contracted; spikelets few, i ^'^-2'' long; first and second scales i^''-2" long, smooth and glabrous; third and fourth shorter, scabrous, erose-truucate, the fifth shorter than the others, obtuse, villous at the apex.

Arctic America. Summer.

3. Savastana alpina (S\v. ) Scribn. Alpine Holy Grass. (Fig. 296.)

Holcus alpinus Sw. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 937. 1806. Hierochloa alpina R. & S. Syst. 2: 515. 1817. Savaslana alpina Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 34. 1894.

Glabrous and smooth, culms 6'-i8' tall, erect, simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes ; ligule less than \" long; lower leaves elongated, 3'-6' long, about \" wide, the upper much shorter, Yz'-'i-' long, wide; panicle }i'-iY^' long,

contracted, branches short, erect or ascending; oc- casionally the panicle is larger with longer and spreading branches ; spikelets 2)^'^-3j^'' long, crowded; first and second scales glabrous, 2^''- 2,Y2" long ; third and fourth shorter, scabrous, cili- ate on the margins, the former bearing an awn about i"long, the latter with a moreorless bent awn about 3" long ; fifth scale shorter than the others, acute, usuall}' awn-pointed, villous at the apex.

Greenland to Alaska, south to the high mountains of New England and New York. Also in northern Europe and Asia. July-Aug.

GRASS FAMILY.

133

21. ARISTIDA L. Sp. PI. 82. 1753. Grasses varying greatly in habit and inflorescence. Leaves narrow, often involute-seta- ceous. Spikelets narrow, i-flowered. Scales 3, narrow, the two outer carinate ; the third ridged and convolute, bearing three awns occasionally united at the base, the lateral awns rarely wanting or reduced to rudiments. Palet 2-uerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, tightly enclosed in the scale. [Latin, from arista, an awn.] About 100 species, in the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The English name Tliree- awned Grass is applied to all the species. Awns not articulated to the scale nor united at the base.

Lateral awns usually eiect, not more than half as long as the horizontal or reflexed, central one, generally much shorter or occasionally wanting. Third scale, exclusive of awns, 3" long or less.

Central awn spiral at base, terminal straight portion 2"-x" long. Central awn not spiral at base, terminal straight portion 3 -7" long Third scale, exclusive of awns, 4" long or more.

Central awn spiral, lateral awns one-quarter to one-half as long.

Central awn not spiral or rarely so, reflexed, lateral awns less than one-sixth as long or wanting. 4. A. ramosissima.

Lateral awns usually diverging, more than half as long as the horizontal or divergent central one, generally about equalling it. First scale exceeding the second.

Sheaths glabrous. 5. A. purpurascens.

Sheaths, at least the lower ones, woolly. 6. A. laiiala.

First scale half as long as the second or equalling it.

First scale 5-ner\'ed, or occasionally 7-nerved at base. 7. A. oliganlha.

First scale i-ner\'ed, sometimes with an obscure additional nerve on each side.

Central awn i '2'-4' long; panicle 4'-6' long, lax, few-flowered. 8. A. purpurea. Central awn i' long or less.

Culms simple; panicle strict, 6' -2° long. Culms branched; panicle somewhat lax, not 1° long. Awns articulated to the scale, more or less united at the base. Column of the awns conspicuous, 3" long or more. Column of the awns inconspicuous, less than i" long.

I. A. dichotoma. -7" long. 2. A. gracilis.

3. A. basiramea.

A. striata. A. dispersa.

A. tuberculosa. A. desniantlia.

I. Aristida dichotoma Michx. Poverty Grass. ( Fig. 297. )

Aristida dichotoma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 41. 1803. Aristida dichotoma var. Curtissii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 640. 1890.

Culms 6'-2° tall, erect, slender, dichotomously branched, smooth or roughened. Sheaths much shorter than the internodes, loose, smooth and glab- rous; ligule very short, ciliate; leaves i'-3'long, less than \" wide, involute, acuminate, usually scabrous; spike-like racemes or panicles 2'-^' long, slender; spikelets about 2," long ; outer scales nearly equal or the lower somewhat shorter, usually awn-pointed ; third scale shorter than the second, the middle awn horizontal, coiled at base, the terminal straight por- tion ^''-'Xi" long, the lateral awns \ " long or less, erect.

Dry sandy soil, Maine to Ontario, Missouri and the In- dian Territory, south to Georgia and Texas. Aug.-Sept.

2. Aristida gracilis Ell. Slender Aristida. (Fig. 298.)

Aristida gracilisWA. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 142. 1817. Aristida gracilis vax. depauperata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 618. 1867.

Glabrous and smooth throughout, culms 6'-2° tall, erect, simple or branched. Sheaths shorter than the internodes ; ligule very short ; leaves i'- 4' long, i" wide or less, flat, or involute when dry ; panicle spike-like, 3'-7' long, slender ; spikelets about T," long ; outer scales equal, or the lower somewhat shorter, awn-pointed ; third scale about equalling the second, generally mottled, middle awn horizontal, the terminal straight portion 2,"- 7" in length, the lateral awns i"-2," long, erect.

Dry soil, Massachusetts to Illinois and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. Aug.-Sept.

134

GRAMINEAE.

3. Aristida basiramea Engelni. Forked Aristida. (Fig. 299.)

Aristida basiramea Rngelni ,; Vasey, CouU. Bot. Gaz. o: 76. 1884.

Glabrous and smooth, culms e'-iS' tall, erect, sleuder, much branched. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, loose; ligule very short, ciliate; leaves 2'- 6' long, about \" wide, involute-setaceous; spike-like panicle 3'-5' long; first scale of spikelet half to three- quarters as long as the second, which is 5"-7" in length, both awn-pointed; third scale shorter than the second; middle awn 6^-9" long, coiled at base, hori- zontal, lateral awns one-quarter to one-half as long, erect or divergent, somewhat spiral at the base.

In dr>- fields, Illinois to Manitoba, south to Virginia and Kan.sas. Julj'-vSept.

4. Aristida ramosissima Engelm. Branched Aristida. (Fig. 300.)

Aristida ramosissiiiia Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 618. 1867.

Aristida ramosissima var. uniaristala A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 618. 1867.

Glabrous, culms 6'-2° tall, erect, slender, branched, smooth. Sheaths much shorter than the internodes, loose ; ligule very short ; leaves i/^'-3' long, 1" wide or less, flat, attenuate into a long point, smooth beneath, scabrous above ; spikelets few, borne in loose spikes from in length ; first scale awn-pointed ;

second scale %"~\o" in length, exceeding the first, terminated with an awn long ; third scale as

long as the second; middle awn about \' long, hori- zontal or reflexed and forming a hook, the lateral awns erect, \"-2" long, rarely wanting.

In dry soil, Illinois to Kentucky and Missouri. July-Sept.

5. Aristida purpurascens Poir. Ptirpli.sh Aristida. (Fig. 301.)

Aristida pii rpii rascens Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 1:452. 1810.

Glabrous and smooth, culms i°-2j4° tall, erect, simple or sparingly branched at the base. Sheaths longer than the internodes, crowded at the base of the culm ; ligule very short ; leaves 4'-8' long, about i" wide, flat, or becoming involute in drying, attenuate into a long point ; spike-like panicles 5'-i8' long, strict, or sometimes nodding, its branches appressed ; outer scales of spikelet awn- pointed, the first longer than the second ; the third scale from two-thirds to three-quarters as long as the first, middle awn ()"-i2" long, horizontal, the lateral awns somewhat shorter, erect or divergent.

In drj- soil, Ma.ssachusetts to Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Scales purplish. Sept. -Oct.

GRASS FAMILY.

135

6. Aristida lanata Poir. Woolly Aristida. (Fig. 302.)

Afislida lanala Poir. in \^9.m. Kncycl. Suppl. 1:453. 1810.

Aristida lanosa Muhl. Gram. 174. 1817.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glab- rous. Sheaths longer than the internodes, crowded at the base of the culm, woolly; ligule very short, minutely ciliate; leaves 1° long or more, about 2" wide, attenuate into a long slender point, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle i°-2° long, strict, branches erect or occa- sionally somewhat spreading ; outer scales of the spikelet awn-poiuted, the first 5"-7'' long, exceed- ing the second; third scale slightly shorter than the second, middle awn 8''-i2" long, usually hori- zontal, the lateral awns about two-thirds as long, erect or divergent.

Drj' sandy soil, Delaware to Florida, west to Texas. Aug-.-Sept.

7. Aristida oligantha Miclix. Few-flowered Aristida. (Fig. 303.)

Aristida oligantha Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 41. 1803.

Glabrous, culms i°-2° tall, erect, slender, dichot- omously branched, smooth or roughish. Sheaths exceeding the internodes, loose ; ligule very short,

minutely ciliate ; leaves V-d' long.

wide,

smooth, the larger ones attenuate into a long slen- der point ; spikelets few, borne in a lax spike-like raceme or panicle ; first scale 5-nerved, occasion- ally 7-nerved at base, acuminate or short-awned, equalling or somewhat shorter than the second, which bears an awn 7."-\" long; third scale shorter than the first, awns divergent or spreading, the middle one i ^^'-lyt' long, the lateral somewhat shorter.

Dry soil, New Jersey and Maryland to Nebraska, south to Louisiana and Texas. Aug.-Sept.

8. Aristida purpurea Nutt. Purple Aristida. (Fig. 304.)

Aristida purpiirea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 145- 1833-37-

Glabrous, culms S'-iS' tall, erect, slender, sim- ple, smooth or rough. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, smooth or slightly scabrous; ligule short, ciliate; leaves i'/^'-^' long, wide, involute, at least when dry, generally scabrous ; spikelets few in spike-like racemes or panicles which are 4^-8' in length; first scale one-nerved or sometimes with an obscure additional nerve on each side; second scale j''-^" long, about twice as long as the first; third scale equalling or a little exceeding the first, awns divergent, the middle one i'-3/^' long, the lateral ones a little shorter or of the same length.

Dry soil, Minnesota to Idaho and British Columbia, south to Kansas, Texas and Arizona. Plant purple or purplish. July-Sept.

136

GRAMINEAE.

9. Aristida stricta Michx. Erect Aristida. (Fig. 305.)

Arislida sti icta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i; 41. 1803.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glab- rous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth, glabrous or pubescent at the apex ; ligule short ; leaves involute-filiform, the basal 1° or more in length, those of the culm 8'-i2'long, or the upper shorter ; panicle spike-like, strict, or the top sometimes nodding, 6'-2° long, its branches erect ; outer scales of the spikelet awn-pointed, the first i-nerv-ed or occasionally with an obscure additional nerve on each side, shorter than the second ; third scale equalling the first or a little shorter; mid- dle awn ^"-\o" long, horizontal when old, the lateral ones shorter, erect or divergent.

Drv soil, Virginia (according to S. Watson), south to Florida. July-Sept.

10. Aristida dispersa Trin. & Rupr. Bu.shy Aristida. (Fig. 306.)

Ai istida Americana 1,. Amoen. Acad. 5: 393. 1759?

A ristida fasciadala Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i : 154. 1824 ?

Aristida dispersa Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI. ) 5: 129. 1842.

Glabrous, culms i°-2° tall, erect, slender, branched, smooth, Sheaths shorter than the in- ternodes , ligule short, ciliate ; leaves 2'-(i' long, \" wide or less, flat, attenuate into a long point, smooth or scabrous ; panicle 3'-7' long, at first strict, the branches finally more or less spreading ; first scale of spikelet i-nerved, or occasionally with an obscure additional nen-e on each side, shorter than the second scale; third scale equalling or longer than the second ; awns divergent, the middle one long, the lateral ones shorter.

Drs' soil, Kansas to Texas, Mexico, New Mexico and California. Aug. -Sept.

II. Aristida tuberculosa Nutt. Sea-beach Aristida. (Fig. 307.)

Aristida tuberculosa Nutt. Gen. i: 57. 1818.

Glabrous, culms 6'-2° tall, erect, dichotomously branched, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the in- ternodes; ligule short, ciliate; leaves 5'-9' long, about \" wide, attenuate into a long slender point, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 5'-8' long, branches slender, ascending; outer scales of the spikelet about equal, awned, the third scale shorter; awns divergent or reflexed, more or less coiled, united at base into a column 3"-6" long which is articulated to the scale.

Sandy soil, especialU- on sea-beaches, Massachusetts to Minnesota, south to Georgia. Also in the interior in Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota. Aug. -Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

137

12. Aristida desmantha Triii. & Rupr. Western Aristida. (Fig. 308.)

Arislida desman tlia Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 5; log. 1842.

Culms i°-2° tall, erect, branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the iuternodes, smooth, glabrous or the lower sometimes pubes- cent ; ligule short ; leaves 6'-\2' long, less than 1" wide, attenuate into a slender point, smooth beneath, scabrous above ; panicle about 6' long, the branches slender, ascending ; outer scales of the spikelet about equal, the third one shorter ; awns spreading or reflexed, somewhat coiled, united at base into a column less than x'^ long, which is articulated to the scale.

In dry soil, Kansas {?), the Indian Territory and Texas. Aug.-Sept.

22. STIPA L. Sp. PI. 78. 1753.

Generally tall grasses, the leaves usually convolute, rarely flat, the inflorescence panicu- late. Spikelets i-flowered, narrow. Scales 3; the two outer narrow, acute or rarely bearing an awn, the third rigid, convolute, with a hairy callus at the base, and bearing a more or less bent awn, which is spiral at the base, and articulated to the scale. Palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3, rarely fewer. Styles short, distinct Stigmas plumose. Grain narrow, free, tightly en- closed in the scale. [Greek, in allusion to the tow-like plumes of some species.]

A genus of about 100 species, distributed throughout the temperate and tropical zones. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.

Outer scales of the spikelet 2"-6" long:

Obtuse or blunt-pointed, 2" in length. i. 5'. Macoiinii. Acute, 4"-6" in length.

Awn less than five times the leng^th of the scale. 2. .S. viridula.

Awn more than seven times the length of the scale. 3. 5". avenacea. Outer scales of the spikelet 10" long or more.

Base of panicle usually included in the upper sheath; third scale 4"-6" long; awn slender,

curled. • 4. 5. comata.

Panicle exserted from the upper sheath; third scale 7"-i2" long, bent. 5. 5". spartea.

I. Stipa Macounii Scribii

Macoun's Stipa. (Fig. 309.)

Stipa Richardso)iii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 249. 1856. Not Link, 1833.

Stipa Macounii Scribn.; Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 5: 390. 1890.

Culms glabrous, i°-2° tall, erect, simple, slen- der, smooth or somewhat scabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes ; ligule about long, obtuse or truncate ; leaves 2^-5' long, ^//-j// -wide, flat, becoming involute-setaceous in drying, scabrous ; panicle 7.'-^' long, con- tracted, the branches i'-2' long, erect, naked below ; spikelets borne at the ends of the branches ; outer scales about 2" long, obtuse or blunt-pointed, glabrous; third scale somewhat shorter, pubescent with long appressed silky hairs, callus obtuse; awn long, contorted.

New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory, south to Maine, New Hampshire, Lake Superior and Montana. July.

GRAMINEAE.

2. Stipa viridula Trin. Green Stipa. (Fig. 310.)

Slipa viridula Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 2: 39. 1836.

S///>a i/>rt' /^<z Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 237. 1840. Not Trin.

Glabrous, culms i>^°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths shorter thau the internodes; ligule \"-2" lonj^ ; leaves smooth or scabrous, the ba.sal ones involute-filiform, one-third to one-half as long as the culm, those of the culm 3'-9' long, broader; pan- icle spike-like, strict and erect, branches appressed ; outer scales of spikelet long, long-acuminate,

glabrous ; third scale shorter, more or less pubescent v.'ith long appressed silky hairs, callus acute ; awn long, bent, loosely spiral at base.

Minnesota to British Cohimbia, south to Kansas, New Mexico and California. Julj'-Aug.

3. Stipa avenacea L. Black Oat-grass. (Fig. 311.)

Stipa avenacea L. Sp. PI. 78. 1753- Slipa barbata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:53. 1803. Stipa I'irginica Pers. Syn. 1:99. 1805. Stipa bicolor Pursh, Fl. Am. vSept. 73. 1814.

Culms glabrous, i°-2>^° tall, erect or leaning, sim- ple, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes ; ligule about 1" long, obtuse ; leaves involute-fili- form, smooth beneath, scabrous above, the basal one-third to one-half the length of the culm, those of the culm 3^-5' long ; panicle 5^-8' long, loose, the branches lax, erect or finally spreading, naked below; outer scales of the spikelet 4"-5" long, acute, glabrous; third scale a little shorter, scabrous near the summit, black, pilose at base and with a ring of short hairs at the top, otherwise smooth and glabrous; callus hard, acute; awn i)^'-2^' long, bent, loosely spiral below.

In drj' woods, Rhode Island to Florida, mostly near the coast. Also in western Ontario and Wisconsin. May-June.

4. Stipa comata Trin. & Rnpr. Western Stipa. (Fig. 312.)

Stipa C07ttata Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (\a.)5:75. 1842.

Glabrous, culms i°-2° tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths usually longer than the in- ternodes, smooth or scabrous, the uppermost very long and inflated, enclosing the base of the panicle ; ligule long, obtuse ; leaves

smooth or somewhat scabrous, the basal invo- lute-filiform, one-quarter to one-half as long as the culm, the culm leaves 3'-6' long, a little broader than the basal ones, involute; panicle 6'-9' long, loose, the branches 3'-5' in length, erect-ascending, naked at base ; outer scales of the spikelet 9^-1 2" long, glabrous, acuminate into an awn 2''-4'' in length; third scale 4^-6''' long, callus acute; awn 4'-8' in length, slender, curled, spiral and pubescent below.

On prairies. Alberta to British Columbia, south to Nebraska, New Mexico and California. June-July.

GRASS FAMILY.

139

5. Stipa spartea Trin. Porcupine Grass, (l^^ig- 313-)

Slipa spar/ea Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 1:82. 1831.

Culms glabrous, 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths longer than the interuodes, smooth or some- what scabrous; ligule \"-2" long, obtuse; leaves smooth beneath, scabrous above, the basal one-third to one-half as long as the culm, i'' wide or less, usually involute, those of the culm 6'-i2' long, about 2" wide, generally flat, attenuate into a long slender point; panicle finally long-exserted, 4'-io' in length, its branches 3'-6' long, erect, naked below; outer scales of spikelet i2"-i8''' long, acuminate into a long slender point, glabrous; third scale ']"-i2" long, callus acute; awn 4'-8' long, stout, usually twice bent, tightly spiral and pubescent below, doubly spiral about the middle.

On prairies, Manitoba to Briti.sh Columbia, south to Illinois and Kansas

June-July. 1803.

23. ORYZOPSIS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 51.

[Urachne Trin. Fund. Agrost. 109. 1818.] Usually tufted grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spike- lets i-flowered, broad. Scales 3; the two lower about equal, obtuse or acuminate; the third scale shorter or a little longer, broad, bearing a terminal awn which is early deciduous, the callus at the base of the scale short and obtuse, or a mere scar. Stamens 3. Styles dis- tinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, tightly enclosed in the convolute scale. [Greek, in allusion to the supposed resemblance of these grasses to rice.]

About 24 species, distributed through temperate and subtropical regions, rarely extending into the tropics. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the western parts of North America. Third scale of the spikelet glabrous or sparingly pubescent with short appressed hairs. Spikelet, exclusive of awn, 'i%"-2" long.

Awn less than i" long, much shorter than the scale ; outer scales i H"-2" in length.

1. O. juiicea.

Awn 3"-4" long, more than twice as long as the scale ; outer scales about iK" iu length.

2. O. micrantha.

Spikelet, exclusive of awn, 3"-4" long.

Culms nearly naked, leaves all crowded at the base; panicle 2' -3' long, its branches i' in

length or less, erect. 3. O. asperifolia.

Culms leafy to the top; panicle 6'-i2' long; branches 2' -4' in length, more or less spreading.

4. O. vielaiiocai'pa.

Third scale of the spikelet densely pubescent with long silky hairs. 5. O. cuspidala.

I. Oryzopsis jiincea (Michx. ) B.S.P. Slender Mountain Rice. (Fig. 314.)

Slipa juncea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 54. 1803. Oryzopsis Canadensis Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 433. 1843. Oryzopsis juncea B. S. P. Prel. Cat, N. Y. 67. 1888.

Culms glabrous, 6'-2° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, usually crowded at the base of the culm; ligule about 1" long, decurrent; leaves smooth or scabrous, erect, involute, the basal about one-half the length of the culm, occa- sionally equalling it, filiform, those of the culm 1'-^' long, the uppermost often very small or reduced to the sheath only; panicle i'-2»J^' long, the branches Yz'-i' in length, erect or ascending, the lower half naked; spikelets \y2,"-2" long, the outer scales about equal, glabrous, whitish; third scale about the same length or a little longer, pubescent with short ap- pressed silky hairs, the awn less than \" long.

In dry rocky places, Quebec to British Columbia, south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. May-June.

140

GRAMINEAE.

2. Oryzopsis micrantha (T

Mountain

rin. & Rupr. ) Thurb. Small-flowered Rice. (Fig. 315.)

Urachne micrantha Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St.

Petersb. (VI.) 5: 16. 1842. Oryzopsis micrantha Thurb. Proc. Pliila. Acad. i86'*:

78. 1863.

Culms glabrous, i°-2yz° tall, erect, slender, sim- ple, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule about yi" long, truncate; leaves erect, scab- rous, the basal one-half the length of the culm, less than wide, usuall}' more or less involute, the culm leaves 2'-8' long, yi"-\" broad, the larger attenuate into a long slender point; panicle 3'-6' long, the branches finally spreading, the lower ones I '-2' long, naked for about two-thirds their length ; spikelets long, the outer scales about

equal, acute, glabrous ; third scale shorter, glab- rous, bearing an awn 2>"-A" long.

South Dakota to Nebraska, New Mexico and Arizona. June-July.

3. Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. White-grained Mountain Rice. (Fig. 316.)

Oryzopsis aspcri/olia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 51. 1803. Urachne asperifolia Trin. Unifl. i: 174. 1824.

Culms glabrous, io'-2o' tall, erect, simple, smooth or scabrous. Sheaths i'-2' long, crowded at base; ligule very short, truncate ; leaves erect, scabrous, es- pecially above, the basal ones elongated, often equal- ling or exceeding the culm, 2"-^" wide, attenuate into a long point, the i or 2 culm leaves much reduced, less than j^' long ; panicle 2'-3' long, contracted, the branches i' in length or less, erect ; spikelet, exclusive of awn, 3"-4" long; outer scales glabrous, usually apiculate, the first somewhat shorter ; third scale whitish, equalling the second or a little shorter, spar- ingly pubescent, the awn 2>}i''-5^' long.

In woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Minnesota and in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. May-June.

4. Oryzopsis melanocarpa Mtilil. Black- fruited Mountain Rice. (Fig. 317.)

Oryzopsis melanocarpa Muhl. Gram. 79. 1817. Urac/ine racemosa Trin. Unifl. i: 174. 1824.

Glabrous, culms i j^°-3° tall, erect, simple, roughish. Sheaths smooth or scabrous, the lower ones usually longer, the upper slightly shorter than the internodes; ligule vers- short; leaves 5'-i2' long, 2"-"]" wide, nar- rowed toward the base, acuminate at apex into a long slender point, scabrous especially above ; panicle branched or nearly simple, 3'-i2' long, its branches 2'-4' long, spreading or ascending, the lower half naked ; outer scales of the spikelet about equal, 3"-4" in length, acute ; third scale shorter, acute, dark colored, sparingly pubescent, the awn '6"-\2" long.

Rocky woods, Vermont and Ontario to Minnesota, south to New Jersej', Kentucky and Missouri. July-Aug.

GRASS FAMILY.

141

5. Oryzopsis cuspidata (Nutt. ) Vasey. Silky Oryzopsis.

Slipa viCDibranacea Pursh, V\. Am. Sept. 728. 1814. Not L- 175.3-

Ertocama cuspidala Nutt. Gen. i: 40. 1818. Oryzopsis cuspidata Benth.; Vasey, Special Rep. U. >S.

Dept. Agric. 6,-5: 23. 1883. Oryzopsis membranacea Vasey, Grasses S. W. Part 2,

pi. 10. 1891.

Culms glabrous, i°-2° tall, erect, rigid, _ simple, smooth. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, smooth or somewhat rough; ligule i"-2"loug, acute; leaves 6'-\2' loug, less than i'' wide, involute, stiff, smooth or somewhat scabrous; panicle 6'-i° long, difiFuse, generally partially included in the upper sheath, its branches widely spreading and many times forked, the ultimate divisions flexuous; outer scales of the spikelet 3"-4'^ in length, long-acuminate, glabrous; third scale about one-half as long, acute, densely pubescent with loug silky erect hairs nearly twice its own length, the awn i''-^," long.

On prairies, Alberta to Washington, south to Nebraska, Arizona and Mexico

May-July.

24. MILIUM L. Sp. PI. 61. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal lax panicles. Spikelets i- flowered. Scales 3, obtuse, not awned ; the outer about equal ; the third thin-membranous, at length rigid, glabrous or pubescent ; palet scarcely shorter. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or oblong, free, tightly enclosed in the rigid and shining scale and palet. [Latin name for Millet.]

Species 5 or 6, chiefly in Europe and Asia.

I. Milium effusum L. Tall Millet- grass. (Fig. 319.)

Milium effusum L- Sp. PI. 61. 1753.

Glabrous throughout, culms 2°-6° tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the in- ternodes; ligule ^Yt."-}," long, truncate, erose- dentate ; leaves 2>'-9' long, wide, nar-

rowed toward the base, acuminate, smooth or scabrous ; panicle 3'-io' in length, lax, its branches 2^-3' long, slender, somewhat flexu- ous, naked at base and dividing above the middle, at length widely spreading ; spikelets I '%,"-iyz" long ; outer scales equal, smooth or scabrous, the third scale shorter, smooth, white.

In woods, Cape Breton Island and Quebec to western Ontario, south to Massachusetts, Pennsyl- vania and Michigan. Also in northern Kurope and Asia. June-July.

25. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Gen. 44. 1789. [Vaseya Thurb. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1863 : 79- 1863.]

Mostly perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Rootstocks often scaly. Spikelets i-flowered, very rarely 2 flowered. Scales 3, very rarely 4 ; the outer ones empty, membranous or hyaline, acute and sometimes awned ; third scale 3-5-nerved, subtending a palet and perfect flower, obtuse, acute, or very often pro- duced into a capillary awn ; palet 2-keeled. Stamens often 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Callus minute. Grain narrow, free, tightly enclosed in the scale. [In honor of Henry Muhlenberg, 1756-18 17, North American botanist]

About 60 species, chiefly natives of America, a few Asiatic.

142

GRAMINEAE.

Panicle contracterl, narrow, spikc-like, the short brandies rarelj- spreading. Flowering scale not awned but sometimes awn-pointed.

Outerscales not awned, about half as long as the flowering scale, acute, i. ^^. soboli/era. Outer scales long-actiminate, awn-pointed or awned.

Outer scales about equal in lengtli to the flowering scale, sharp-pointed, about \%"

long. 2. .1/. Mexicana.

Outer scales exceeding the flowering scale, generally twice its length, awned, about 212" long. 3. M. raccniosa.

Flowering scale long-awned; awn usually twice the length of the scale, sometimes shorter. Outer scales about equalling the flowering scale.

Basal hairs not more than one-half the length of the flowering scale.

Spikclets consisting of 3 scales and i perfect flower. 4. M. sylvatica.

Spikelets consisting of 4 scales, the third with a perfect flower, the fourth empty and awned, 5. ^^. ainbigiia.

Basal hairs as long as the flowering scale. 6. ^1/. coina/a.

Outer scales one-half to two-thirds as long as the flowering scale. 7. M. tenniflora. Outer scales less than one-quarter the length of the flowering scale.

Lower scale minute, often wanting; flowering scale with an awn twice its length.

8. ^r. diffusa.

Lower scale about two-thirds as long as the second ; flowering scale with an awn four times its length or more. 9. M. inicrosperma.

Panicle open, its branches long and spreading.

Culms 1%° tall or more; panicle diffuse; leaves elongated, not rigid. 10. M. capillaris. Culms T° tall or less; leaves 2' long or less, rigid.

Secondarj- branches of the panicle single; basalleaves short, numerous, strongly recurved.

11. M. gracilUma.

Secondarj' branches of the panicle fascicled; basal leaves few, not recurved.

12. M. pungcns.

1. Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Miilil. .) Trill. Rock Muhlenbergia. (Fig. 320. )

Agroslis soboli/era Muhl.; Willd. Enum. 95. 1809. Miililenbergia soboli/era Trin. L'nifl. 189. 1824.

Glabrous, culms 2°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple, or spariugl}' branched above, smooth. Sheaths smooth, those of the culm shorter than the inter- nodes, those of the branches overlapping and crowded; ligule very short, truncate; leaves rough, those of the culm 4'-6' long, i>^''-3'^ wide, those of the branches i'-3' long, about 1" wide ; panicle 3'-6' in length, slender, its branches long; outer scales about yi" long, half to two-thirds the length of the spikelet, equal, or the lower some- what shorter, acute, scabrous, especially on the keel; third scale scabrous, obtuse, 3-nerved, the middle nerve usually excurrent as a short point.

Rocky woods, Massachusetts to Minnesota, south to Virginia, Tennessee and the Indian Territory. Sept.- Oct.

2. Muhlenbergia Mexicana ( L. ) Trill

Meadow Muhlenbergia. (Fig. 321.)

Agros/ts Mexicana L. Mant. i: 31. 1767. Agroslis fili/ormis Willd. Enum. 95. 1809. J\[uhlenbergia Mexicana Trin. Unifl. 189. 1824.

Glabrous, culms 2°-4° long, erect, or often prostrate, much branched, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, excepting at the extremities of the branches, where they are crowded and overlapping, smooth or scabrous ; leaves scabrous, those of the culm 4'-6' long, i''-3'' wide, the branch leaves smaller; panicle 2'-6' long, contracted, its branches spike-like, i'-2' long, erect or apprcssed; spikelets i\"-iy2" long; outer scales somewhat unequal, ex- ceeding the flowering one, or slightly shorter, acumin- ate or short-awned, scabrous especially on the keel ; third scale acuminate, scabrous, particularly toward the apex.

In swamps and borders of fields. New Brunswick to western Ontario, south to North Carolina, Tennessee and the Indian Territory, Aug. -Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

143

3. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B.S.P.

(Fig. 322.)

Affroslis racemosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 53. 1803. Muhlenbergia glomerata Trin. Ilnifl. 191. 1824. Mtihlenbergia racemosa B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 67. 1888.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, usually much branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheath smooth, those of the culm shorter than the internodes, those of the branches overlapping and often crowded; ligule about yi" long, erose-truncate; leaves 2^-5' long, wide, scabrous; panicle i'-^yi' in length, usually dense and interrupted, the branches Y^'- \' long, erect or appressed, the spikelets much crowded; outer scales of the spikelet acuminate, o."-}/' long, including the awn, smooth or sca- brous, especially on the keel; third scale one-half to two-thirds as long, acuminate, the strongly scabrous midrib excurrent in a short point.

In wet places, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Missouri and New Mexico. Aug-.-Sept.

Mansh Muhlenbergia.

4. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. Wood Muhlenbergia. (Fig. 323.)

Agrostis diffusa Miihl. Gram. 64. 1817. Not Host, 1809. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 87. 1824.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, branched, smooth or some- what scabrous. Sheaths smooth or slightly scabrous, those of the culm shorter than the internodes, those of the branches overlapping and often crowded; ligule about 14." long, erose-truncate; leaves 2'-"!' long, i''- 2," wide, rough; panicle 3^-7^ in length, somewhat lax, the branches 1^-3' long, erect or ascending; outer scales of the spikelet i>4f-i^'' long, awn-pointed, scabrous; third scale equalling or somewhat exceed- ing the outer ones, strongly scabrous, attenuate into a slender awn 2-4 times its length.

In moist woods and along streams, New Brunswick to Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Tennessee and the Indian Territorj'. Aug.-Sept.

5. Muhlenbergia ambigua Torr. Minnesota Muhlenbergia. (Fig. 324.)

Muhlenbergia ambigua Torr. Nicollet's Rep. 164. 1843.

Glabrous, culms 1° tall or lower, erect, branched, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule about long, erose-truncate; leaves 1^-3' long,

x"-7." wide, scabrous; panicle 1^-3' long, rigid, its branches ^^-1' long, dense, appressed; outer scales of the spikelet awn-pointed, unequal, the longer about 2" in length and exceeding the body of the third scale which is scabrous, villous, and attenuate into an awn 2-3 times its length; a fourth narrow awned scale is nearly always present.

Along a lake shore in Minnesota.

144

GRAMINEAE.

Hairj'^ !Muhlenbergia.

6. Muhlenbergia comata (Thurb.) Benth.

Vaseya comaia Thurb. Proc. Phila. Acad. 1863: 79.

1863.

Muhlenbergia comata Benth.; Vasey, Cat. Grasses U. S. 39. 1885.

Culms \ °-iyz° tall, erect, slender, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth or slightly scabrous; ligule about Yz" long, truncate, naked or mi- nutely ciliate; leaves ^Yz'-^' long, i"-2" wide, erect, flat, rough; panicle often tinged with purple, 2^-4' in length, dense, branches Y'-iyi.' long, erect; outer scales of the spikclet equal, or the second a little the longer, smooth, scabrous on the keel ; third scale shorter, smooth and glabrous, bearing an awn 2-3 times its length, the basal hairs silky, erect, fully as long as the scale.

On prairies; Kansas (?), Colorado to California. Sept.

Aug.-

7. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) B.S.P

(Fig. 326.)

Agrostis tenuiflora Willd. Sp. PI. i: 364. 1798. Agrostis pauciflora Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i: 63. 1814. Muhlenbergia Willdenovii Trin. Unifl. 188. 1824. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora B.S.P. Pre!. Cat. N. Y. 67. 1888.

Glabrous, culms 2°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple or sparingh' branched, smooth. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes; ligule short and truncate; leaves 2/^'-?' long, 1"-^" wide, narrowed toward the base, acuminate, scabrous; panicle 5^-9' long, slender, its branches i'-2,Yi' long, appressed; outer scales of the spikelet unequal, half to two-thirds the length of the third one, awn-pointed, scabrous; third scale 1%"- lY" loi^g. scabrous, bearing an awn 2-4 times its length.

In rocky woods, Massachusetts to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to Alabama and Texas. Aug.-Sept.

Slender Muhlenberg:ia.

8. Muhlenbergia diffusa Schreb. Nimble Will. Dropseed Grass. (Fig. 327.)

Muhlenbergia diff'usa Schreb. Beschr. Gras. 2: 143. pi. 5/. 1772-9.

Glabrous, culms i°-3° long, decumbent, or often prostrate or creeping and ascending, very slender, dif- fusely branched. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, loose; ligule short, fringed; leaves lY'-?)]^' long, Yz''-^" wide, scabrous; panicle z'-W long, slender somewhat lax, its branches i'-2' long, erect; outer scales of the spikelet minute, the lower one often wanting; the third scale, exclusive of the awn, about i" long, strongly scabrous, particularly upon the nerves; the awn _^''-2" in length.

On dry hills and in woods, Maine and southern Ontario to :Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Aug.-Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

145

9. Muhlenbergia microsperma (DC.) Triii

(Fig. 328.)

Tricliochloa nncrospcnua DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 151.

i8i3- ^ - ^

Muhlenbergia microsperma Trin. Uiiifl. 193. 1824. Muhlenberi^ia debilis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb.

(VI.) 6: 295. 1841.

Culms (i'-\Yz° tall, erect, finally decumbent or somewhat prostrate at base, slender, diffusely branched. Sheaths usually shorter than the inter- nodes, loose; ligule Yz" long, truncate, toothed; leaves Yz'-iyi.' long, \" wide or less, scabrous; panicle in length, slender, open, the branches i' long or less, ascending or erect; outer scales of the spikelet unequal, obtuse or rounded at apex, about one-third the length of the third scale, which is i%"-\Y2" long exclusive of the awn and strongly scabrous ; awn in length.

In dry soil, Kansas to California, south to Mexico.

10. Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam. ) Trin.

(Fig. 329.)

Small-.seeded Muhlenbereia.

lyong-awned Hair-grass.

Slipa capillaris Lam. Tabl. Encycl. i: 158. Muhlenbergia capillaris trin. Unifi. 191.

1791. 1824.

Glabrous, culms i^°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth or nearly so. Sheaths smooth, the lower short and overlapping, the upper ones much longer; ligule about 2" in length; leaves 6'-i° long, j//_2// wide, scabrous; panicle 7^-1° in length or more, diffuse, the capillary branches 4^-8' long, at length widely spreading; spikelets on long hair- like pedicels which are clavate-thickened at the apex; outer scales unequal, acute or short-awned, slightly scabrous; third scale, exclusive of the awn, 2" long, about twice as long as the first one, scabrous, the awn y-g^^ in length.

In dry sandy or rocky soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Panicle usually light purple. Sept.-Oct.

II. Muhlenbergia gracillima Torr. Filiform Muhlenbergia. (Fig. 330.)

Muhlenbe7-gia gracillima Torr. Pac. R. R. Rept. 4: 155. 1875.

Glabrous, culms 4'-i4' tall, from a slender creeping rootstock, erect, slender, simple, rigid. Sheaths smooth ; ligule x^'-i" long, entire and acuminate, or variously cleft, with acuminate teeth; leaves long, involute-setaceous, smooth or somewhat scabrous, rigid, the basal numerous, usually strongly recurved, the 1-3 culm leaves erect or ascending; panicle 2^-9' in length, open, the branches finally widely spreading, i'-3^ long, filiform; spikelets about as long as the fili- form pedicels which are clavate-thickened at the apex; outer scales unequal, usually awn-pointed or short- awned, slightly scabrous; third scale \%"-\Yi." ^oiig. longer than the outer ones, sometimes twice as long, scabrous; awn long.

On prairies, Kansas to Colorado, south to Texas and New Mexico. Sept.-Oct.

146

GRAMINEAE.

12. Muhlenbergia pungens Thiirb. Prairie Muhlenbergia. (Fig. 331.)

Muhlenbergia p^tn^ens Thurb. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1863: 78. 1863.

Culms 6'-i5' tall from a creeping root- stock, erect from a decumbent branching base, rigid, minutely pubescent. Sheaths overlapping, crowded at the base of the culm, scabrous; ligule a ring of soft silky hairs; leaves long, involute-setaceous,

rigid, scabrous; panicle 3'-6' in length, open, the branches 2'-2^' long, single, distant, much divided from near the base, the divi- sions apparently fascicled; spikelets on long pedicels, which are clavate-thickened at the apex; outer scales, when mature, equalling or often shorter than the body of the third one, scabrous, especially on the keel; third scale, when mature, ^"-1" long, scab- rous, the awn shorter than its bod)-.

On prairies, Nebraska to Utah, south to Texas and Arizona. .\ug.-Sept.

26. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. Agrost. 39. 1812.

A tall grass with flat leaves and a narrow panicle. Spikelets i-flowered, narrow, the rachilla produced beyond the flower and sometimes bearing a minute scale at the summit. Scales 3; the outer small and inconspicuous, the lower often wanting; the third much longer, rigid, 5-nerved, acuminate into a long awn; palet scarcely shorter, rigid, sulcate on the back, 2-nerved Stamens 2. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose, elongated. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the minute outer scales.]

A monotypic genus of eastern North America.

I. Brachyelytrum erectum (Sclireb.) Beauv. Brachyeh'trum. (Fig. 332.)

Muhlenbergia erccia Schreb. Besch. Gras. 2: 139. pi. 50. 1772-9-

Brachyelytrum ereclum Beauv. Agrost. 39. 1812. Brachyelylram aristaluni R. & S. Syst. 2: 413. 1817. Biachyelyiruni arislattini var. Engelniamii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 614. 1867.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth or rough, pubescent at and near the nodes. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, scabrous to- ward the apex, more or less villous especially at the throat; ligule about }i" long, irregularly truncate; leaves 1'-^' long, wide, acuminate

at both ends, scabrous; panicle 2'-6' in length, slen- der, branches long, erect or appressed; outer scales of the spikelet unequal, the upper less than one-third as long as the flowering scale, the lower minute or wanting; third scale, exclusive of the the awn, 4>^''-6" long, 5-nerved, scabrous, espec- ially on the midnerve, the awn erect, 9"-! 2" long; rachilla produced beyond the flower about half the length of the third scale and lying in the groove of the palet.

Moist places, Newfoundland to western Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Tenn- essee and Missouri. Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. July-Aug.

GRASS FAMILY.

147

27. HELEOCHLOA Host, Gram, i: 23. pi. 29,30. 1801. [Crypsis Lam. Tabl. Encycl. i: 166. 1791. Not Ait. 1789.] Perennial tufted grasses with flat leaves and spicate or paniculate inflorescence. Spike- lets i-flowered. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, somewhat unequal, membranous, acute, cili- ate-keeled; the third scale similar, a little longer; palet shorter, hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, loosely enclosed in the scale. [Greek, signifying meadow-grass.]

About 8 species, chiefly natives of the Mediterranean reg-ion, one or two also widely distri- buted through middle Europe and Asia.

I. Heleochloa schoenoides (I,.) Host. Rush Cat' s-tail Grass. (Fig. 333.)

Phleum schoenoides L- Sp. PI. 60. 1753. Crypsis schoenoides L,am. Tabl. Encyl. i: 166. pi. 42. 1791.

Heleochloa schoenoides Host, Gram, i: 23. pi. 30. 1801.

Glabrous, culms 4'-i8'' tall, erect or sometimes de- cumbent at the base, branched, smooth. Sheaths about half the length of the internodes, the upper loose, the one immediately below the spike in- flated and usually partially enclosing it; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves long, wide,

flat, acuminate, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spikelets \yi" long, the empty scales acute, com- pressed, ciliate-keeled, i-nerved, the lower shorter than the upper ; third scale equalling or longer than the second, acute, compressed, ciliate-keeled, otherwise glabrous, i-uerved; palet shorter, obtuse.

In waste places, southern New York to Delaware. Naturalized from Europe. July-Aug.

28. PHLEUM L. Sp. PI. 59. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence. Spikelets i-flowered. Scales 3 ; the 2 outer empty, membranous, compressed, keeled, the apex obliquely truncate, the midnerve produced into an awn; the third scale much shorter, broader, hyaline, truncate, denticulate at the summit; palet narrow, hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, somewhat elongated. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name Greek, taken from Pliny; originally applied to some very different plant.]

About 10 species, inhabiting- the temperate zones of both hemispheres. The following only are natives of North America. The English name CaV s-tail Grass is applied to all the species. Spikes usually elongated, cylindric; awns less than one-half the length of the outer scales; upper

sheath not inflated. i. P. pratense.

Spikes not elongated, ovoid to oblong and cylindric; awns about one-half the length of the outer

scales; upper sheath inflated. 2. P. alpinum.

I. Phleum pratense I,. Timothy. Herd's Grass. (Fig. 334.)

Phleum pratense L,. Sp. PI. 59. 1753.

Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so throughout, culms i°-4° tall, erect, simple. Sheaths usually ex- ceeding the internodes, sometimes shorter, the upper one long and not inflated, or very slightly so; ligule j//_2" long, rounded; leaves 3^-9' long, 2"-^," wide, smooth or scabrous; spike usually elongated, cylindric, 1)4^-7^ in length, 2j^^"-4'' in diameter; outer scales of the spikelet, exclusive of the awn, long, ciliate

on the keel, the awn less than half their length.

In fields and meadows nearly throughout North Amer- ica. Also in Europe and Asia. Widely cultivated for hay. The scales are sometimes modified into small leaves. July-Aug.

148

GRAMINEAE.

2. Phleum alpinum L. Mountain Phleum. (Fig. 335.)

Phleum alpinum L. Sp. PI. 59. 1753.

Glabrous, culms 6'-i8' tall, erect or sometimes de- cumbent at the base, simple, smooth. Sheaths often much shorter than the internodes, sometimes longer, the upper one usually much inflated; ligule about i" long, truncate; leaves smooth beneath, scabrous above, the lower 2'-3' long, wide; upper leaf

generally very short, less than \' long; spike short, ovoid to oblong and cylindric, yz'-7.'\n length, in diameter; outer scales of the spikelet, exclusive of the awn, ij^" long, strongly ciliate on the keel, the awn about one-half their length.

Labrador to Alaska, south to the mountains of New Hampshire, Vermont, Arizona and California. Also in northern Europe and Asia and in Patagonia. vSummer.

29. ALOPECURUS L. Sp. PI. 60. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses with erect or decumbent culms, usually flat leaves, and spi- cate inflorescence. Spikelets i-flowered, flattened; scales 3, the 2 lower empty, acute, some- times short-awned, more or less united below, compressed-keeled; keel ciliate or somewhat winged; third scale truncate or obtuse, hyaline, 3-nerved, awned on the back, subtend- ing a perfect flower and usually a palet; palet hyaline, acute, sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct or rarely united at the base. Stigmas elongated, hairy. [Greek, signify- ing Fox-tail Grass, in allusion to the spikes.]

About 20 species, principally natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in western North America.

Outer scales of the spikelet united for one-half their length, smooth to hi.spid on the keel.

I. A. agiestis.

Outer scales of the spikelet united for one-quarter their length or less,long-ciliate on the keel. Scales in length. 2. A. geniculaius.

Scales 2" -3" in length.

Spike iK'-2>2' long; outer scales glabrous or sparingly pubescent on the lateral nerves.

3. ,1. pra/i'iisis.

Spike iK' long or less; outer scales villous. 4. A. alpinus.

I. Alopecurus agrestis I^. Slender Foxtail. (Fig. 336.)

Alopecurus agrestis I,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2,

1762.

Smooth or slightly scabrous, culms i°-2° tall, erect, simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes ; ligule \" long, truncate ; leaves I ^'-7' long, i^'-3" wide, scabrous, especially above ; spike i ^'-4^ long, 2''-4" thick ; outer scales of the spikelet united at the base for about half their length, narrowly wing-keeled, ^''-lYz" long, the nerves smooth or scabrous, some- times hispid below, especially on the keel; third scale equalling or slightl}' exceeding the outer ones, smooth and glabrous, the awn inserted near the base, about twice its length, bent.

In waste places and ballast, southern New York and New Jersey. Adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. Julj--Aug.

GRASS FAMILY. 2. Alopecurus geniculatus h. Marsh Foxtail. (Fig. 337.)

AlopecMvits gen ioilalin L. Sp. PI. 60. 1753. Alopeciirns'fuli'us J. ]'<. Smith, Kiigrl. Bot. pi. 146J. 1805. Alopfciinis arisliilalus Michx. V\. Bor. Am. i: 4,3. 1803. Alopecurus genictilaliis var. arishtlalus Torr. Fl. U. ,S. i: 97. 1824.

Glabrous or very nearly so, culms 6'-i8' tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent at the base, simple or spar- ingly branched, smooth. Sheaths usually shorter than the interuodes, loose or somewhat inflated ; lig- ule I >^''-3'^ long; leaves i'-6' long, Yz"--!" wide, sca- brous, especially above ; spikes 1^-3' in length, thick; outer scales of the spikelet slightly united at the base, long, obtuse or subacute, smooth, gla-

brous except on the pubescent lateral nerves and strongly ciliate keel; third scale somewhat shorter, obtuse, smooth aud glabrous, the awn inserted at or below the middle, equalling or exceeding it.

In wet soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Florida, Tennessee, Arizona and California. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept.

149

3. Alopecurus pratensis I,. Meadow Foxtail. (Fig. 338.)

Alopeairxis pratensis L,. Sp. PI. 60. 1753.

Nearly or quite glabrous, slender, culms i°-2 tall, erect, simple. Sheaths usually much shorter than the internodes, loose or somewhat inflated; ligule about long, erose-truncate; leaves 1%'-^%.' long, i^^- 2," wide, scabrous, at least above; spikes lyz'-iYz' in length, /^"-d" thick; outer scales of the spikelet unit- ed at the base for about one-quarter their length, 2"- long, acute, glabrous except the sparingly pubes- cent lateral nerves and the strongly ciliate keel; third scale slightly shorter, obtuse, smooth and glabrous, the awn inserted about quarter way up the scale and exceeding it.

In meadows. Nova Scotia to southern New York ani Ohio. Naturalized from Furope. June-July.

4. Alopecurus alpinus J. E. Smith. Alpine Foxtail. (Fig. 339.)

Alopecurus alpinus J. E. Smith, Fngl. Bot. pi. 1126. 1803.

Culms glabrous and smooth or nearly so, 5^-2° tall, erect, sometimes decumbent at the base, simple. Sheaths generally shorter than the internodes, loose, often inflated; ligule long, rounded at the apex; leaves 1^-7'

long, wide, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous

above; spike in length or less, j/'-k" thick; outer scales of the spikelet united only at the base, 2" long, obtuse, villous and ciliate; third scale about equalling the outer ones, obtuse, glabrous except at the villous apex, the awn inserted about one-third the way up, a little ex- ceeding the scale.

Greenland and Labrador to Alaska. Also in arctic and .alpine Furope and Asia. Summer.

GRAMINEAE.

30. PHIPPSIA R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry's Voy. 275. 1824.

A low annual tufted grass, with flat leaves aud spike-like[panicles. Spikelets i-flowered; scales 3; the 2 outer empty, minute, the first often wanting; the third scale thin-membran- ous, keeled. Palet somewhat shorter, 2-keeled. Stamen i, rarely 2 or 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, enclosed in the scale and palet, which readily split and allow it to drop out. [In honor of John Constantine Phipps, 1744-1792, Arctic navigator. ]

A monot5-pic genus of the arctic regions.

I. Phippsia algida (Soland. ) R. Br. Phippsia. (Fig. 340.)

Agfoslis algida Solander, in Phipps' Voy. 200.. 1810.

Phippsia algida R. Br. Suppl. App. Parrj-'s Voy. 275- 1824.

Smooth aud glabrous throughout, culms I'-S'^ tall, erect, simple; ligiile long; leaves 1' in length or less, wide, obtuse; panicle

li'-iYz' in length, contracted; branches long, erect or appressed; spikelets yz"-}i" long; outer scales minute, unequal, acutish, the first often wanting; third scale broad, i- nerved, obtuse, or sub-truncate and somewhat erose, the palet about two-thirds as long, broad, 2-keeled, erose-truncate.

Arctic regions of both the Old World and the- New. Summer.

31. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 169. 1810.

[ViLFA Beauv. Agrost. 16. 1812.]

Perennial or rarely annual grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and open or contracted panicles. Spikelets generalh' small, i-flowered, occasionally 2-3-flowered. Scales in the i-flowered spikelets 3, membranous; the 2 outer empty, the first somewhat shorter; the third scale equalling or longer than the empty ones; palet 2-nerved. Stamens 2-3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, and often early deciduous. [Greek, referring to the deciduous grain.]

About 80 species, in tropical and temperate regions, very numerous in America, Besides the following, 4 or 5 others occur in the southern and western United States.

Panicle contracted, spike-like.

Spikelets more than i in length.

Panicle terminal; upper sheaths 3' long or more. Leaves glabrous or verj' nearly so.

Third scale of the spikelet acuminate, much longer than the second and usually

greatly exceeded by the palet. i. S. asper.

Third scale of the spikelet acutish or obtuse, somewhat exceeding the second and equalling or a little shorter than the palet. 2. S. longifolins.

Leaves, at least the lower, papillose-hirsute. 3. 5'. pilostis.

Panicles terminal and lateral; sheaths long or less. 4, .S. vaginaeflorus.

Spikelets i Ji" long or less.

Sheaths inflated, the uppermost usually enclosing the base of the panicle.

5. 5. neglectiis.

Sheaths not inflated; panicle exserted.

Branches of the panicle not crowded; third scale acuminate.

Outer scales of the spikelet obtu.se or abruptlj- acute, less than half as long as the

third scale; ligule about i" long, acutish. 6. S. brevifolius.

Outer scales of the spikelet acuminate and awn-pointed, more than half as long as the third scale; ligule less than VJ' long, erose-truncate. 7. S. cuspidatus. Branches of the panicle densely crowded; third scale acute.

Culms decumbent and branched at the base, from a stout horizontal root.stock;.

panicle short. 8. 5. Virginic7is.

Culms erect, simple, tufted; panicle usually elongated. 9. S. Indicus.

GRASS FAMILY.

Panicle open, the branches more or less spreading-, at least at maturity.

Pedicels eqtialling or shorter than the spikelets; first scale about half as long as the second. Branches of the panicle verticillate.

Spikelets long, green. lo. S. arguius.

vSpikelets I /^i" long, purple. li. S. junceus.

Branches of the panicle alternate or sometimes sub-verticillate. Spikelets about i" long; first scale lanceolate.

Sheaths naked or sparingly ciliate at the throat; panicle usually exserted.

12. .S. airoides.

Sheaths densely pilose at the throat; base of the panicle generally included.

13. S. oyplaiidrus.

Spikelets 2"-2K" long; first scale subulate. 14. 5. hetcrolcpis.

Pedicels at least twice the length of the spikelets; first scale about equalling the second. Culms erect, simple; leaves elongated.

Culms slender, from an annual root; outer scales about half the length of the spikelet.

15. 5'. serotinus.

Culms .stout, from a horizontal rootstock: outer scales slightly shorter than the spikelet.

16. 5'. compressus.

Culms decumbent and branched below; leaves short. 17. asperifolius.

I. Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth. Rough Rush-grass. (Fig. 341.)

Agroslis aspera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 52. 1803.

Sporobohts asper ILunth, Enum. i: 210. 1833.

Sporobohis asper var. Drumviondii Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 60. 1892.

Culms 2°-5° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; Hgule a mere ring, less than %" long, naked; leaves 3'-i5' long, \"-2" wide at the base, attenuate into a long slender involute tip, smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous above, or somewhat hairy at the base; panicle 2'-^' in length, linear, strict, its branches I'-i' long, ap- pressed; spikelets 2>"-\" long, the outer scales unequal, acute ; third scale pubescent at the base, much longer than the second and greatly ex- ceeded by the long-acuminate almost awned palet.

In dry soil, Delaware to Illinois, south to Florida and Texas. Aug -Sept.

2. Sporobolus longifolius (Torr. ) Wood.

(Fig. 342.)

Long-leaved Rush-grass.

Agrostis longifoUa Torr, Fl. U. S. Sporobolus asper Vasey, Contr. U.

59. 1892. Not Kunth, 1833. Sporobohis longifolius Wood,

1861.

i: 90. 1824. S. Nat. Herb. 3:

Class-book, 775.

Culms i)4°-3}4° tall, erect, simple or occa- sionally branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule very short, minutely ciliate; leaves 4'-i8' long, i''- 2'' wide at the base, attenuate into a long slen- der involute tip, smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous and hairy at the base above ; panicle more or less included in the upper sheath, 3'- lo' in length, linear, strict, the branches 1^-2' long, erect; spikelets 2"-2}i" long; outer scales unequal, acutish, glabrous, the lower shorter; third scale glabrous, acutish or obtuse, exceed- ing the second and equalling or a little shorter than the obtuse palet.

In dry soil, Maine to Pennsylvania, Missouri and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. Aug -Sept.

152

GRAMINEAE.

Sporobolus pilosus Vasey. Hairy Rush-grass. (Fig. 343.)

Sporobo/iis pi/osHs Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 16: 26. 1891.

Culms tall, erect, rigid, stout, smooth and

glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, crowded and overlapping at the base of the culm ; ligule very short, minutely ciliate ; leaves 3''-6' long, i//_2" wide at base, erect, rigid, attenuate into a slen- der involute tip, the lower papillose-hirsute on both sides, the upper usually glabrous beneath, scabrous above and somewhat hairy near the base ; panicle 2'-3' in length, included at the base, erect, strict, its branches '/i'-i' long, erect; spikelets 2"^'' long, the outer scales unequal, glabrous, obtuse, the lower shorter ; third scale obtuse, glabrous, somewhat ex- ceeding the second and equalling or a little longer than the obtuse palet.

In dry soil, Kansas and Missouri. Aug. -Sept.

4. Sporobolus vaginaeflorus (Torr. ) Wood

(Fig. 344.)

ya/a vaginacflora Torr. ; A. Gray, Gram, and Cyp. No. 3. 1834.

Sporobolus vaginaeflorus Wood, Classbook, 775. 1861. Sporobolus minor \&sey \ A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 646. 1890.

Culms 8'-i8' tall, erect, slender, smooth or scabrous. Sheaths usually inflated, about half as long as the internodes; ligule very short; leaves i" wide or less, smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous and hairy near the base above, attenuate into a slender invo- lute point, the lower elongated, the upper 1^-3^ long, setaceous ; panicles in length, the terminal one

exserted or sometimes partially included, strict, the branches Yz' long or less, erect, the lateral ones en- closed in the sheaths; spikelets long, the outer scales unequal, acuminate, smooth, the lower one shorter; third scale scabrous, especially toward the apex, about as long as the second and equalling or slightly exceeded by the very acute palet.

In dry soil, New York to Illinois and Missouri, south to Georgia and Texas. Aug.-.Sept.

Sheathed Rush-erass.

5. Sporobolus neglectus

Nash. Small Rush-grass. (Fig. 345.)

Sporobolus vaginaeflorus Vasey; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6,

645. 1890. Not Wood. 1863. Sporobolus neglectus Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 464. 1895.

Culms 6'-i2' tall, erect from a usually decumbent base, slender, often much branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths about half as long as the inter- nodes, inflated ; ligule very short ; leaves 1" wide or less at the base, smooth and glabrous beneath, sca- brous and hairy near the base above, attenuate into a slender point, the lower eloxigated, the upper 1^-3' long, setaceous; terminal panicle i'-2^' in length, usually more or less included in the upper .sheath, strict; lateral panicles enclosed in the sheaths; spike- lets about lYz" long, the outer scales acute, the lower one slightly shorter ; third scale acute, glabrous, a little longer than the second and about equalling the acute palet.

In dry soil, Massachu.setts to Kentucky and Kansas. Aug.-Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

153

6. Sporobolus brevifolius (Nutt. ) Scribn.

(Fig. 346.)

AgrosHs brevifolia Nutt. Gen. i: 44. i8i<S. Sporobolus depanperalus Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club, 9: 103. In part. 18S2.

Sporobolus brevifolius Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 39. 1895.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 6'-i8' tall, arising from a horizontal rootstock, erect, slender, decumbent and branching at the base. Sheaths much shorter than the internodes ; ligule long, acutish ; leaves yi.'-2'

long, involute-setaceous; panicle Yi'-},' in length, usu- ally about i/^', linear, its branches ^i'-yi' long, erect orappressed; spikelets long, the outer scales

unequal, less than half as long as the third, obtuse or abruptly acute, scabrous on the keel and at the apex ; third scale long-acuminate, sometimes cuspidate, scabrous toward the apex.

Anticosti Island and Maine to British Columbia, south in the mountains to New Mexico and California. Summer.

Short-leaved Ru.sh-gras,s.

7. Sporobolus cuspidatus (Torr.) Wood. Prairie Rush-grass. (Fig. 347-)

I'ilfa cuspidaia Torr.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 238. 1840. Sporobolus cuspidatus Wood, Bot. & Fl. 385. 1870. Sporobolus brevifolius Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 39. In part. 1894.

Smooth and glabrous, culms i°-2° tall, erect, sim- ple or somewhat branched. Sheaths shorter than the internodes ; ligule a mere ring, %" long or less, erose-truncate ; leaves i'-4' long, less than \" wide at the base, erect, involute-setaceous, at least when dry; panicle 1)4.'-^' in length, slender, its branches long, appressed; spikelets \ \i"-iyz" long, the outer scales half to three-quarters as long, acuminate or cuspidate, scabrous on the keel; third scale long- acuminate and cuspidate, sparingly scabrous.

In dry soil, Manitoba to the Northwest Territory, south to Missouri and Kansas. Aug. -Sept.

8

Sporobolus Virginicus (L.) Kunth. Seashore Rush-grass.

AgrosHs Virginica L. Sp. PI. 63. 1753. Sporobolus Virginicus Kunth. Rev. Gram, i: 67. 1835.

Culms 6'-2° tall, erect or sometimes decumbent, simple or branched at the base, smooth and glab- rous. Sheaths- numerous, short, overlapping and crowded at the lower part of the culm, smooth, glabrous or sometimes pilose on the margins and at the throat; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves \'-W long, 1" wide or less at the base, distichous, acuminate into a long point, involute on the mar- gins and at the apex, smooth beneath, scabrous above or sometimes sparingly hairy; panicle long, 1"-^" thick, dense and spike- like, usually exserted; spikelets long, the outer scales

about equal, acute, smooth and glabrous; third scale smooth and glabrous, acute, slightly shorter than the second and about equalling the obtuse palet.

On sandy shores, Virginia to Florida, west to Texas and Mexico. Also in Cuba. Aug. -Sept.

(Fig- 348.)

154

GRAMINEAE.

Sporobolus Indicus (L.) R. Br. India Rush-grass. Smut-grass.

(Fig. 349.)

Agrostis Indica L. Sp. PI. 63. I7,S3- Sporobolus Indicus R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 170, 1810.

Glabrous and smooth throughout, culms i°-4° tall, erect, tufted, simple or rarely sparingly branched. Sheaths few, long, shorter than the in- ternodes ; ligule a ring of very short hairs ; leaves I "-3" wide, attenuate into along slender point, the lower S'-i° long, the upper shorter ; panicle 4''-i5'' in length, usually elongated, narrow, spike-like ; spikelets long, the outer scales unequal,

about half as long as the third, obtuse, smooth and glabrous, the lower one shorter and often erose- truncate ; third scale acute, somewhat exceeding the obtuse or acutish palet.

In meadows and waste places, \'irg;inia to Florida, west to Arkansas and California. Naturalized from tropical reg^ions; verj' abundant in Central and South America. July-Sept.

10. Sporobolus argutus (Nees) Kunth. Pointed Dropseed-grass. (Fig. 350.)

Vilfa ajgula Nees, Agrost. Bras. 2: 395. 1829. Sporobolus argutus Kunth, Enum. i: 215. 1833.

Culms 1° tall or less, erect, or somewhat decum- bent at the base, simple or sometimes branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, their margins sometimes hirsute at the top; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves i'-2' long, i"-2" wide at the base, acuminate, smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous and often sparingly hairy at the base above; panicle lYz'-^' in length, the branches long, verticillate, at first appressed,

finally widely spreading; spikelets long; outer scales smooth and glabrous, the first rounded or obtuse, one-quarter the length of the acute second one ; third scale about equalling the second, acute.

Kansas, the Indian Territory and Colorado, south to Texas and Mexico. Also in the West Indies. Julj-- Sept.

II. Sporobolus junceus (Michx.) Kunth.. Purple Dropseed-grass. Wire-grass. (Fig. 351.)

Agroslis juncea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 52. 1803. 5/>c';-o6c>/M5yMnri??<5 Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1:68. 1835.

Glabrous and smooth throughout, culms i°-2° tall,, tufted, erect, slender, simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes ; ligule very short ; leaves filiform or setaceous, the basal 6'-i° long, numerous, those of the culm few, i'-3' long ; panicle s'-y' in length, open, the branches verticillate, the lower long^ widely spreading; spikelets \%"-\y2", purple, the outer scales very unequal, the first obtuse or acutish, one-fourth to one-third the length of the acute second one ; third scale subacute or blunt, equalling the second and the obtuse palet.

Dr>- sandy soil, Virgrinia to Florida, west to Texas. Re- ported from Minnesota and Wisconsin. Aug. -Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

155

12. Sporobolus airoides Torr. Hair-grass Dropseed. (Fig. 352.)

Agroslis airoidfs 'iorr. Ann. I,yc. N. Y. i: 151. 1824. Sporobolus airoides Torr. Pac. R. R. Rept. 7: Part 3, 21. 1856.

Culms tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-

brous. Sheaths generally shorter than the internodes, sometimes sparsely ciliate at the throat ; ligule very short ; leaves smooth beneath, scabrous above and sometimes sparingly hairy near the base, yi"-iyz" wide at the base, attenuate into a long slender involute point, the basal about one-half as long as the culm, the upper culm leaves 1'-^' in length; panicle 5'-i5^ long, usually exserted, the branches alternate or the upper verticillate,, at length widely spreading, the lower 3'- 7' long; spikelets long, the scales acute, gla-

brous, the outer unequal, the lower one about half as long as the upper; third scale equalling the second and the palet.

Prairies, Nebraska to California, south to Texas and Arizona. Aug.-Sept.

Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray. Sand Dropseed. (Fig. 353.)

Agroslis cryplandra Torr. Ann, Lyc. N. Y. i: 151. 1824. Sporobolus cryptandrus K. Gray, Man. 576. 1848.

Culms ij4°-3yz° tall, erect, simple or sometimes branched at the base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths smooth, with a dense pilose ring at the summit, the lower short, crowded and overlapping, the upper much longer, generally enclosing the base of the pan- icle; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves 3'-6' long, j//_2// wide, flat, glabrous beneath, scabrous above, long-acuminate; panicle 6'-io' in length, the base gen- erally included in the upper sheath, rarely entirely exserted, the branches spreading or ascending, alter- nate, the lower i}4^-3' long; spikelets long, the scales acute, glabrous, the outer scabrous on the keel, the lower one-third as long as the upper; third scale somewhat longer or shorter than the second.

In sandy soil, coast of New England, along- all the Great Lakes, west to Dakota, south in the interior to Missouri, Texas and Mexico. Aug.-Oct.

14. Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray. Northern Dropseed. (Fig. 354.)

233- 1835-

Vil/a heterolepis A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray, Man. 576.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths sometimes sparingly pilose at the summit, the lower short, loose, and overlapping, the upper much elongated and tight to the culm; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves involute-setaceous, glabrous, the margins and upper part of the midrib very rough, the basal about three-fourths the length of the culm, occasion- ally equalling it, those of the culm shorter; panicle 3''-io' in length, its branches erect or ascending, al- ternate or sub-verticillate, the lower il^'-^Yz' long; spikelets 2"-2%" long, the scales smooth and gla- brous, the outer unequal, acuminate, the lower sub- ulate, about half the length of the broad second one, often awn-pointed; third scale obtuse or acute, shorter than the second or occasionally equalling it.

In dry soil, Quebec to Assiniboia, south to Pennsylvania, Illinois and Arkansas. Aug.-Sept.

156

GRAMINEAE.

15. Sporobolus serotinus (Torr. ) A. Gray

(Fig- 355-)

lyate-floweriiig Dropseed

Agroslis serolina Torr. Fl. V. S. l: 88. 1824. Sporobolus serotinus X. Gray, Man. 577. 1848.

Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so, culms 6'-i8' tall, from an annual root, erect, slender, simple. Sheaths short, confined to the lower part of the culm; ligule less than yi'^ in length, irre- gularly truncate; leaves wide or less, slightly scabrous above, flat, the basal one-third to half the length of the culm, those of the culm 2'-^' long; panicle 3^-9' in length, the branches capillary, erect or ascending, the lower i'-2j^' long; spike- lets about long, the outer scales subequal, ob- tuse, smooth or sometimes sparingly scabrous; third scale twice the length of the outer ones, acuminate.

In wet sandy soil, Maine to Michigan, soutli to New Jersey. Sept.-Oct.

16. Sporobolus compressus (Torr.) Kunth

(Fig. 356.)

Agroslis compressa torr. Cat. PI. N. Y, 91. 1819. Sporobolus compressus Kxmth, Enum. 1:217. 1833.

Culms i°-2° tall, from a horizontal rootstock, stout, simple, much compressed, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths compressed, overlapping, sometimes scabrous at the summit; ligule very short; leaves 5^-10' long, i^' wide or less, folded, slightly rough; panicle 4'-io' in length, the branches erect or ascending, the lower 2^-3' long; spikelets about 7/$" long; outer scales sub- equal, obtuse or somewhat acute, smooth and gla- brous; third scale obtuse and apiculate, strongly scab- rous, slightly exceeding the outer ones.

In bogs, Long Island and in the pine barrens of New Jersey. Sept.-Oct.

17. Sporobolus asperifolius (Nees & Meyeii) Tliurber.

Dropseed. (Fig. 357.)

Flat-stemmed Dropseed.

Rough -leaved

Vilfa asperifolia Nees & Meyen; Trin. Mem. Acad. St.

Petersb. (Vl.) 6: 95. 1840. Sporobolus asperifolius Thurber; S. Wats. Bot. Cal, 2:

269. 1880.

Culms 6'-i8' tall, erect from a decumbent and branched base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths short, crowded and overlapping, the upper usually enclosing the base of the panicle ; ligule )i" long, erose- trun- cate; leaves numerous, I'-JsYz' long, \"-\yT," wide at the base, acuminate, strict, often erect, flat glabrous, smooth beneath, very rough above ; panicle "^'-W in length, included at the base, rarely entirely exserted, the capillary branches spreading or ascending, the lower 2'-4' long; spikelets occasionally 2-3-flowered, %" long; outer scales subequal, acute, glabrous, spar- ingly scabrous; third scale obtuse or acute, glabrous, somewhat exceeding the second.

Dry soil, Assiniboia to British Columbia, south to Mis- souri, Nebraska, California and Mexico. Aug.-Sept.

I

GRASS FAMILY.

157

32. POLYPOGON Desf. Fl. Atl. i: 66. 1798.

Mostly annual grasses, with decumbent or rarely erect culms, flat leaves and spike-like panicles. Spikelets i-flowered; scales 3; the 2 outer empty, each extended into an awn; third scale smaller, generally hyaline, short-awned from below the apex, subtending a palet and perfect flower; palet shorter than the scale. Stamens 1-3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the many long awns which resemble a beard.]

About 10 species, widely distributed in temperate and warm regions, rare in the tropics.

I. Polypogon Monspeliensis (I^. ) De.sf. Beard-grass. (Fig. 358.)

Alopecuriis Monspeliensist,. Sp. PI. 89. 1753.

Polypogon Monspeliensis Desf. Fl. Atl. i: 67. 1798.

Culms 2° tall or less, erect from a usually de- cumbent base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths generally shorter than the internodes, loose, sometimes slightly scabrous; ligule iJ!^"-4'' long; leaves i>^'-6' long, lyi^-T," wide, sca- brous, especially above; panicle I'-i/ in length, dense and spike-like, the branches Yz' in length, ascending ; spikelets crowded ; outer scales about \" long, obtuse, slightly bifid, scabrous, bearing a more or less bent awn long; third scale much shorter, erose-truncate, hya- line, bearing a delicate awn about ]i" long, inserted below the apex.

In waste places. New Hampshire to South Caro- lina, mostly near the coast. Very abundant in western North America, from British Columbia to Mexico. Naturalized from liurope. Native also of Asia. July-Sept.

33. ARCTAGROSTIS Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 434. 1853.

A perennial grass with flat leaves and contracted panicle. Spikelets i-flowered. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, unequal, somewhat acute, membranous; the third scale exceeding the second, subtending a palet and perfect flower, obtuse; palet obtuse, 2-nerved. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain oUong, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Latin, signifying an arctic Agrostis-Wka grass.]

A monotypic genus of arctic and subarctic regions.

I. Arctagrostis latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb. m Arctagrostis. (Fig. 359.) m

R.

Colpodium latifoliiiin

Voy. 286. 1824. Arctagrostis latifolia Griseb. in Ledeb

434- 1853.

Br. Suppl. App. Parry's Fl. Ross. 4:

Culms 6'-2° tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent at the base, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 1" long, trun- cate; leaves 1^-7' long, wide, usually erect, scabrous; panicle yYi'-W long, narrow, its branches Yz'-i' in length, ascending or erect; spikelets \y2."-7." long; outer scales unequal, aculish, the lower about two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the upper; third scale obtuse, exceeding the second, hispid on the keel.

Greenland to Hudson Bay and Alaska, Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer.

158

GRAMINEAE.

34. CINNA L. Sp. PI. 5- i753- Tall grasses with flat leaves and panicled spikelets. Spikelets i -flowered. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, keeled, acute; the third scale similar, but usually short-awned on the back, subtending a palet and a stalked perfect flower; palet a little shorter, i-uerved. Stamen i. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain narrow, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Greek, taken from Dioscorides.]

Four known species, inhabiting the temperate regions of Europe and North America. Besides the following, another occurs in the western I'nited States.

Panicle narrow at maturity, its filiform branches erect or drooping; sijikelets 2"-2!4" long; first scale much shorter than the second. i. C. arundinacea.

Panicle open, its capillar^,- branches flexuous and drooping; spikelets iK" long; first scale about equalling the second. 2. C. latifolia.

I. Cinna arundinacea L,. Wood Reed-grass. (Fig. 360.)

Cinna arundinacea L,. Sp. PI. 5. 1753.

Culms 2°-5° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the in- ternodes, overlapping at the base of the culm, smooth or roughish; ligule \"-2" long, trun- cate; leaves 6'-i° long, 2"--]" wide, scabrous; panicle 6'-i2' in length, usually contracted, sometimes purple, the filiform branches erect or drooping, the lower lyi'-AVz' long; spikelets ^''-lyi" in length, the scales acute, scabrous, especially on the keel, the first one shorter than the second; third scale slightly exceeded or equalled by the second, usually bearing an awn about %" long from the 2- toothed apex.

In moist woods and swamps, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory, south to North Carolina, I.ouisiana, Missouri and Texas. Ascends to 1700 ft. in North Carolina. Aug.-Sept.

2. Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Slender Wood Reed-grass. (Fig. 361.)

Agroslis lalifolia Treviran, in Goeppert, Beschr. d.

Bot. Gart. Breslau, 82. 1830. Cinna pendula Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.)

6: 280. 1841.

Cinna latifolia Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 435. 1853-

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, usually slender, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, sometimes slightly scabrous; ligule i"-2" long; leaves 4'-io' long, 2"-6" wide, scab- rous; panicle 5'-io' in length, open, the capillary branches generally spreading, flexuous and often drooping, the lower lyz's' in length; spikelets \yi" long; scales scabrous, the outer acute, strongly hispid on the keel, the first about equalling the second; third scale usually exceeded bj' the second and bearing a rough awn long from the 2-

toothed apex.

In damp woods, Newfoundland to British Colum- bia, south to New Jersey, in the Alleghanies to North Carolina, to Wisconsin, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. Also in northern Europe. Ascends to 5000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Aug.-Sept.

GRASS FAMILY. 35. AGROSTIS L. Sp. PI. 6. 1753.

159

[Trichodium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:41. 1803.]

Annual or perennial tufted grasses with flat or bristle-like leaves and paniculate inflores- -cence. Spikelets i-flowered. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, membranous, keeled, acute ; the third shorter, obtuse, hyaline, sometimes bearing a dorsal awn, subtending a perfect flower; palet shorter than the scale, sometimes minute or wanting. Stamens usually 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Name Greek, referring to the field habitat of many species.]

A genus of about 100 species, widely distributed throughout the world, particularly numerous in temperate regions. Besides tlie following some 15 others are found in western North America.

Palet conspicuous, at least one-third as long as the scale. i. A. alba.

Palet inconspicuous, minute or wanting.

Branches of the contracted panicle short, spikelet-bearing to the base; third scale awnless.

2. A. exarata.

Branches of the panicle slender, naked below, spikelet-bearing from about the middle to the ends. Third scale awned.

Awn very finely filiform and flexuous, at least twice the length of the spikelet which

is K" long. 3. A. Elliottianq.

Awn stouter, rigid, usually bent, less than twice the length of the spikelet. Branches of the panicle generally ascending; spikelets i" long.

4. A. canina.

Branches of the panicle usually spreading; spikelets i}i"-\y2 long.

5. A. rubra.

Third scale not awned, or very rarely bearing a short awn.

Culms weak, usually decumbent and often prostrate at base; leaves lax; spikelets K"

long. 6. A. perennans.

Culms and leaves erect.

Branches of the panicle capillary, elongated, usually dividing above the middle, the spikelets crowded at the extremities. Spikelets long; leaves short. 7. A. hiemalis.

Spikelets 1 ^" long; leaves elongated. 8. A. altissima.

Branches of the panicle not elongated, dividing at or below the middle.

Spikelets about i" long; a grass of low elevations. 9. A. intermedia.

Spikelets long; a high mountain grass. 10. A. Novae- Angliae.

I. Agrostis alba I,. Red-top. Fiorin. Herd's-grass. (Fig. 362.) Agrostis alba L. Sp. PI. 63. 1753.

Agrostis vulgaris With. Hot. Arr. Brit. PI. Ed. 3, 132. 1796.

Agrostis alba var. vulgaris Thurber in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 647. 1890.

Culms 8^-2^2° tall, erect or decumbent at the base, often stoloniferous, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, often crowded at the base of the culm; ligule 4''' long or less; leaves 2^-8^ long, wide, sca-

brous; panicle 2'-^' in length, contracted or open, green or purplish, the branches ascending or erect, the lower 1^-3' long; spikelets }i " long; outer scales about equal, acute, smooth and glabrous, except on the hispid or scabrous keel; third scale shorter, obtuse or acute, the palet at least one-third its length.

A most variable species occurring in fields and meadows nearly throughout North Amer- ica, extensively cultivated for fodder. Natu- ralized from Europe, and perhaps also native northward. We have been unable satisfac- torily to separate A. sylvatica I<. from this. July-Sept.

II

i6o

GRAMINEAE.

2. Agrostis exarata Trill. Rough-leaved Bent-grass. (Fig. 363.)

Agroslis c.iarala Trin. I'nifi. 207. 1824. Ae^ros/is aspei-i/olia Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. ^( VI.) 6: Part 2, ,317. 1845.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent at the base, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, smooth or roughish; Hgule \"-^yz" long, more or less decur- rent; leaves i'-8' long, i"-4"wide, generally erect, flat or involute, scabrous; panicle contracted, lYz'- \o' in length, often interrupted or glomerate, the branches lYz'-^' in length, erect, spikelet-bearing to the base; spikelets crowded, \"-2" long, the outer scales subequal, scabrous, especially on the keel; third scale from less than one-half to three- fourths the length of the second, obtuse or sub- acute; palet minute.

Manitoba to Alaska, south to Wisconsin, Nebraska, Texas and California. Aug. -Sept.

3. Agrostis Elliottiana Schultes. Elliott's Bent-gra.ss. (Fig. 364.)

Agrostis arachnoides Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 134.

1817. Not Poir. 1810. Agrostis Elliottiana Schultes, Mant. 2; 202. 1824.

Culms 5^-14'' tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth or slightly scabrous, strongly striate; ligule \" long; leaves rough, ^'-2' long, \" wide or less; panicle 1'-^' in length, usually narrow, sometimes open, the branches slender, naked below, erect or ascending, the lower x'-iyi^ long; spikelets %" long; outer scales subequal, scabrous on the keel, acute; third scale about three- quarters as long as the first, erose-truncate, acute or 2-tootbed, bearing a very finely filiform flexuous barbellate awn, 2-4 times its length, inserted just below the apex; palet short.

In dry soil, South Carolina to Kentucky and Mis- souri, south to Florida and Texas. May-July.

4. Agrostis canina L. Brown Bent-grass. (Fig. 365.)

Agrostis canina L. Sp. PI. 62. 1753.

Culms i°-2° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule y2."-\yz" \ovl^\ leaves i'-3' in length, \" wide or less, scabrous; panicle 2^-7' in length, contracted in fruit, the branches slender, naked below, ascending or spreading in flower, the lower i'-2>^' long; spikelets \" long, on appressed pedicels, the otiter scales sub- equal, acute, strongly scabrous on the keel; third scale about two-thirds the length of the first, obtuse, smooth and glabrous, bearing a straight or somewhat bent dorsal awn long, inserted just above the middle;

palet minute or none.

In meadows. Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Penn- sylvania and Tennessee. Native northward; naturalized om Europe southward. A variable s^pecies. July-Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

i6l

5. Agrostis rubra L. Red Bent-grass. (Fig. 366.)

Agroslis rubra L. Sp. PL 62. i753-

Ai^roslis riipestris Cliapm. Fl. S. States, 551. i860. Not 'All. 1785.

Agrostis rubra var. Americana Scribn.; Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 5: 391. 1890.

Smooth or \ery nearh' so, glabrous, culms 6'-2° tall, erect or sometimes decumbent at the base, simple. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes; ligule \" long; leaves 2^-4' long, wide; panicle 2%'-

5' in length, open, the branches generally widely spreading and more or less flexuous, rarely erect, the lower i'-2%' long; spikelets i}i"-iyz'' long, the outer scales acute, scabrous on the keel; third scale shorter than the first, obtuse, bearing a usually bent dorsal awn 2"-2yi" long, inserted below the middle.

Sutamits of the highest mountains of New England, New York and North Carolina. The American plant may be specifically different from the European. Summer.

6. Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Thin-grass. (Fig. 367.)

Cornucopiae perennansy^r&Xt. El. Car. 74. 1788.

Agrostis perennans Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 44. 1843.

Culms i°-2%° long from a decumbent or pros- trate base, weak, slender, simple or sparingly branched above, smooth and glabrous; ligule yi," long; leaves 2'-6' long, \"-2" wide, lax, scabrous; panicle A,'-%' in length, open, the branches \'-2' long, widely spreading, the branchlets and pedi- cels divergent; spikelets long, the outer scales acute, scabrous on the keel; third scale about three-quarters the length of the first, smooth and glabrous, not awned; palet small or wanting.

In shaded damp places, Quebec and Ontario to Wis- consin, south to South Carolina and Tennessee. As- cends to 6600 ft. in North Carolina. Panicle usually light green, sometimes purplish. July- .Sept.

7. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt. ) B.S. P. Rough Hair-grass. (Fig. 368.)

Cornucopiae hyemalis Walt. Fl. Car. 73. 1788. Agrostis scabra Willd. Sp. PI. i: 370. 1798. Agrostis hyemalis B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 68. 1888.

Culms i°-2° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths generally shorter than the inter- nodes; ligule \"-2" long; leaves 2'-^' long, yz"-'Lyz" wide, usually erect, roughish; panicle 6^-2° long, usu- ally purplish, the capillary scabrous branches ascend- ing, sometimes widely spreading, or often drooping, the lower 3^-6' long, dividing above the middle, the divisions spikelet-bearing at the extremities; spikelets ^//-j// long, the outer scales acute, scabrous toward the apex and on the keel; third scale two-thirds the length of the first or equalling it, obtuse, rarely bearing a short awn; palet usually very small.

In dry or moist soil throughout nearly the who e of North America except the extreme north. July-Aug.

l62

GRAMINEAE.

8. Agrostis altissima (Walt.) Tuckerni. Tall Bent-grass. (Fig. 369.)

Cornticopiae allissima Walt. Fl. Car. 74. 1788. Agrostis altissiina Tuckerm. Am. Joum. Sci. 45: 44. 1843-

Agrostis data Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) Part 2, 364. 1845.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth, usually stiff. Sheaths overlapping, scabrous, the upper one elongated; ligule \"-2" long; leaves elongated, 6'-i° in length, V-xYz" wide, scabrous; panicle 7^-9' long, the branches ascending or erect, some- what scabrous, the lower 2^-4' in length, spikelet- bearing at the extremities; spikelets 1%"-!%" long, the outer scales acute, scabrous on the keel; third scale shorter, obtuse, scabrous, occasionally bearing a short awn ; palet small or wanting.

In sandy swamps, New Jersey to Florida and Ala- bama. Panicle usually purplish. Aug. -Oct.

9. Agrostis intermedia Scribn. Upland Bent-grass. (Fig. 370.)

Agrostis intermedia Scribn. Bull. Tenn. Agric. Exp. .Sta. 7: 76. 1894.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths smooth, those at the base of the culm often crowded and overlapping; ligule \"-2" long; leaves a/-<^' long, i"-3" -wnde, scabrous; panicle 4^-9' in length, the branches ^Yz'-^,' long, ascending, dividing at or below the middle, the divisions divergent, the pedicels appressed; spikelets about \" long, the outer scales acute or acvuninate, scabrous on the keel; third scale about three-fourths the length of the first, smooth; palet small or wanting.

In dry soil, Xew York to Tennessee and Missouri. In- termediate in aspect between A. altissinia and A. peren- nans. Aug.-Oct.

10. Agrostis Novae-Angliae Tuckerm. Xew England Bent-gra.ss. (Fig. 371.)

Agrostis Xovae-Angliae Tuckerm, Hovej-'s Mag. 9:

143. April, 1843. Agrostis altissttna var. la.va Tuckerm. Am. Joum. Sci.

45: 44. October, 1843.

Culms S'-i5' tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- brous. Sheaths longer than the internodes, gener- ally overlapping; ligule 1" long; leaves I'-Sj^' long, i" \\4de or less, erect, usually involute, scab- rous; panicle 'sYz'-l' in length, open, the branches spreading or ascending, dividing at or below the middle, the divisions divergent, the pedicels often appressed; spikelets \Y"-iY" long, the outer scales acute, strongly scabrous on the keel; third scale somewhat shorter, obtuse.

Newfoundland, south to the high mountains of New England, New York and North Carolina.

GRASS FAMILY.

163

36. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 31. 1763.

[Dkykuxia Clarion; Beauv. Agrost. 43. pi. g. f. 9, 10. 1812.] Generally perennial grasses, of various habit, with flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets i-flowered, the rachilla usually prolonged beyond the flower and pubescent. Scales 3; the 2 otiter empty, carinate, membranous; the third scale hyaline, shorter than the outer, obtuse, iisualh' copiously long-hairy at the base, or rarely the hairs scanty or short, and bearing a straight, bent or twisted dorsal awn; palet shorter, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. Seed adher- ent to the pericarp. [Greek, signifying Reed-grass.]

A genus of about 130 species, widely distributed throughout temperate and mountainous regrions, and particularly numerous in the Andes. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the western parts of North America. The English name Small-reed is applied to any of the species.

Panicle open, the branches spreading or ascending, usually long and lax.

Spikelets i" long; outer scales acute. i. C. Macouniana.

Spikelets i'-2"-2" long; outer scales acute ; awn slender. 2. C. Canadensis.

Spikelets 2"-3" long; outer scales acuminata; awn stouter. 3. C. Langsdorfii.

Panicle narrow or contracted, the branches erect, at least in fruit, usually short and strict. Basal hairs one-third the length of the scale or less.

Awn strongly twisted, inserted near the base of the scale; leaves long. 4. C. Porteri. Awn not twisted, bent, inserted just below the middle of the scale; leaves short.

5. C. breviseta.

Basal hairs one-half the length of the scale or more.

Spikelets i K"-2" long; prolongation of the rachilla hairy its whole length.

Leaves flat; basal hairs equalling or somewhat shorterthan the scale. 6. C. confinis. Leaves involute in drying; basal hairs half as long as the scale. 7. C. ncglecta. Spikelets 3"-4" long; prolongation of the rachilla with a terminal tuft of hairs.

8. C. cinnoides.

I. Calamagrostis Macouniana Vasey. Macoun's Reed-grass. (Fig. 372.)

Deyeuxia Macoutiiana Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 10: 297. 1885.

Calamagrostis Macouniana Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.' 3: 81. 1892.

Culms 2°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 1" long; leaves 3^-7' long, \"-2y2," wide, erect, acuminate, scabrous; panicle open, 2>'-4}i^ in length, the branches ascending, or sometimes erect, the lower I'-i^' long, naked at the base; spikelets i'' long, the outer scales acute, scabrous, the first shorter than the second; third scale equalling the second, the awn a little ex- ceeding it; basal hairs about as long as the scale.

Manitoba and Assiniboia. Summer.

Calamagrostis Canadensis (Michx. ) Beauv. Blue-joint Grass.

(Fig- 373-) -.^====r~~^

Arundo Canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 73. 1803. Calaynagroslis Canadensis Beauv. Agrost. 15. 1812.

Culms 2°-5° tall, erect, simple, smooth or somewhat scabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule long; leaves 6'-i° long or more, I "-4'' wide, rough; panicle 4^-7' in length, open, usually purplish, the branches spreading or ascending, the lower '^y^.'-'h' loiig, naked at the base; spikelets xYz"- ■2" long, the outer scales equal or subequal, acute, strongly scabrous; third scale equalling or slightly shorter than the second, scabrous, the awn delicate and equalling the copious basal hairs which are about as long as the scale or some of them shorter.

In swamps and wet soil, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to North Carolina, New Mexico and California. Ascends to 5000 ft. in the Adirondacks. July-Sept.

i64

GRAMIXEAE.

Calamagrostis Langsdorfii ( Link) Trin.

(Fig- 374-)

Langsdorf's Reed-grass.

Arimdo Langsdorfii I^ink. Enum. i: 74. 1821. Calamagrostis Langsdor/ii Tr\-n. Vm^. 27$. pi. 4. f. 10. 1824.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth or roughish. Sheaths shorter than the inteniodes; ligule i"-2," . long; leaves ^'-12' long, 2"-^" \nde, scabrous; pan- icle 2'-6' in length, the branches ascending or some- times erect, the lower i'-2' long, naked at the base; spikelets 2^-3 " long, the outer scales acuminate, strongly scabrous; third scale equalling or shorter than the second, scabrous, the stout awn as long as or a little exceeding the copious basal hairs which are usually somewhat shorter than the scale.

Xewfoundland to Alaska, south to the mountains of New Engrland and New York, and to Manitoba and Wash- ington. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. .

4. Calamagrostis Porteri A. Gray. Porter's Reed-gra.ss. (Fig. 375.)

Calatiiagroslis Porteri A. Graj-, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 79. 1862.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, slightly scabrous, \\-ith a villous ring at the summit; ligule \"-2" long; leaves 6'-i2' long, 2"-i/' wide, rough; panicle 4'-8' in length, the branches erect, the lower \'-2' long; spikelets \"-2V2" long, the outer scales stronglj- sca- brous, acute; third scale shorter than or equalling the second, obtuse, scabrous, the lateral basal hairs about one-third the length of the scale, those at the back short or wanting; awn bent, about equalling the scale, the lower part twisted.

In dry woods, Pennsj-lvania and southern New York. Aug.-Sept.

Calamagrostis breviseta (A. Gray) Scribn.

(Fig. 376.)

Pickering's Reed-grass.

Calamagrostis sylvatica var. breviseta A. Gray, Man. 582. "1848.

Calamagrostis Pickeringii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 547. 1856.

Calamagrostis breviseta Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 41. '1894.

Culms i2'-i8' tall, erect, rigid, simple, scabrous below the panicle. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, the lower overlapping, the upper one elongated; lig- ule long; leaves xyi'-^' long, 2" wide, erect, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle jZ-^Yz' in length, the branches ascending or erect, the lower I'-i Yz' long; spikelets \ Yi"-2" long, purple tinged, the outer scales acute, scabrous on the keel; third scale shorter than the second, obtuse, scabrous, the basal hairs very short; awn bent, not twisted, equalling or slightly exceeding the scale.

In wet places. Cape Breton Island to New Hamp- shire and Massachusetts. Occurs in the alpine region of the White Mountains. Aug.-Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

165

6. Calamagrostis confinis (Willd.) Nutt. Bog Reed -grass

. { rinido t oiifi nis "WiWA. Kmim. i; 127. i8og. Cala»mi; I oslis confinis t^nit. Gen. 1:47. 1818. Calainagroslis rohusla Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 82. 1892.

Culms i>^°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth or rough. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule about i"long; leaves 2" wide or less, rough, flat, or involute at the apex, the basal often one-half to two-thirds as long as the culm, the stem leaves 2'-io'long; panicle contracted, 2)4'-')' in length, the branches i'-2' long, erect; spikelets \ yz"-2" long, the scales somewhat scabrous, the outer acute; third scale obtuse, the basal hairs equalling it or three-fourths as long; awn more or less bent, from a little shorter to slightly longer than the scale.

In bogs, Vermont, New York and Pennsylvania to Van- couver Island, south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. Aug. -Sept. Specimens of this grass have been referred to C. Lappouica (Link) Trin., but we have been unable to prove the occurrence of that species within our area.

g- 377-)

7. Calamagrostis neglecta ( Ehrh.) Gaertn. Narrow Reed-grass. (Fig. 378.)

Arundo neglecta Ehrh. Beitr. 6: 137. 1791. Calaviagrostis neglecta Gaertn. Fl. Wett. i: 94. 1799- Calamagrostis stricta Beauv. Agrost. 15. 1812.

Glabrous and smooth throughout, culms iyi°-2yi° tall, erect, simple, slender. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule %" long or less, truncate; leaves narrow, involute in drying, the basal one-third as long as the culm, those of the culm 2'-^' long, erect; pan- icle contracted, 2%'-i^' in length, the branches i' long or less, erect; spikelets 2" long, the scales scabrous, the outer acute; third scale obtuse, about three-fourths as long as the second and nearly twice the length of the basal hairs; awn bent, exceeding the scale.

Labrador and Newfoundland to Washington. Also in Europe. .Summer.

8. Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) Scribn

(Fig. 379.)

Nuttall's Reed-grass.

Arundo cinnoides Muhl. Gram. 187. 1817. Calamagrostis Njittalliatia Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 190. 1855-

Calamagrostis cintioides Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 42. 1895. '

Culms 3°-5° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth or rough, the lower sometimes sparingly hirsute, and rarely with a villous ring at the summit; ligule i"-2'' long; leaves 4'-!° long or more, 2"-^" wide, attenuate into a long point, scabrous, occasionally sparingly hirsute; panicle 3^-7' in length, contracted, the branches erect, the lower \'-2' long; spikelets 3^-4" long; scales strongly scabrous, the outer about equal, acuminate and awn-pointed; third scale shorter, obtuse, the basal hairs one-half to two-thirds its length; awn stout, exceeding or equalling the scale ; prolongation of the rachilla bearing a terminal tuft of hairs.

In moist soil, New Hampshire and Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, south to Georgia, to 2000 ft. in Pennsylvania. July-Aug.

Ascends

1 66 GRAMINEAE.

37. AMMOPHILA Host. Gram. Austr. 4: 24. pi. 41. 1809.

Tall perennial grasses with flat leaves, convolute above, and dense spike-like panicles^ Spikelets i-flowered, the racliilla prolonged beyond the flower and hairj'. Scales 3, rigid^ chartaceous, acute, keeled; the 2 outer eniptj', the lower i-nerved, the upper 3-nerved;- third scale 5-ners-ed, with a ring of short hains at the base, subtending a chartaceous 2-nerved palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, signifying sand-loving, in allusion to the habitat of these grasses.]

Two species, the following widely distributed along the fresh and salt-water shores of the- northern hemisphere, the other European.

I. Ammophila arenaria (L. ) Link. Sea Sand-reed. Sea Mat-weed. Maram. (Fig. 380.)

Ariindo arenaria I<. Sp. PI. 82. 1753. Calamagroslis arenaria Roth, Fl. Germ, i: 34. 1788. Ammophila ariindinacea Host, Gram. Austr. 4: 24. 1809. Ammophila arenaria Link, Hort. Berol. i: 105. 1827.

Glabrous, culms 2°-4° tall, erect, rigid, stout, smooth, arising from a long horizontal branching root- stock. Sheaths smooth, the lower short, crowded and overlapping, the upper longer; ligule a mere ring; leaves 6'-i° long or more, rigid, attenuate into a long slender involute point, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spike-like panicle dense, ^'-12' in length, 6"-W thick, its branches \ %' long or less, appressed; spikelets s'^S" long, the scales scabrous, about equal in length, the third usually with the rudiment of an awn just below the apex; basal hairs i"-2" long.

In sands of the sea coast from New Brunswick to Vir- ginia, and inland along the shores of the Great Lakes. Also on the coasts of northern Europe. Aug.-Sept.

38. CALAMOVILFA Hack. True Grasses, 113. 1890.

Tall glasses with stout horizontal rootstocks, elongated leaves, which are involute at the- apex, and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets i-flowered, the racliilla not prolonged beyond the flower. Scales 3, i-nerved, acute, the 2 outer unequal, empty; third .scale longer or shorter than the second, with a ring of hairs at the base; palet strongly 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Greek,, signifying a reed-like grass.]

Three known species, natives of the temperate and subtropical regions of North America.

Spikelets 2"-2%" long, the basal hairs less than half the length of the third scale, i. C. brevipilis. Spikelets 3"-4" long, the basal hairs more than half tlie length of the third scale. 2. C. longi/olia.

I. Calamovilfa brevipilis (Torr.) Hack. Short-haired Reed-grass.

(Fig. 381.)

Ariindo brevipilis Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 95. J824. Calamagroslis brevipilis A. Gray, Man. 582. 1848. Calamovilfa brevipilis Hack. True Grasses, 113. 1890.

Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so, culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple. Sheaths shorter than the inter- nodes; ligule a ring of very short hairs; leaves 6''-i2''' long, \yz" wide or less, attenuate into a long slender' involute tip, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above; panicle open, 5'-io' in length, the branches as- cending, the lower 2''-4'' long; spikelets ^''-^yi," long; scales acute, scabrous toward the apex, the outer un- equal, the first one-half as long as the second; third scale exceeding the second, pubescent on the lower- half of the keel; basal hairs one-third the length of the scale; palet nearly equalling the scale, pubes- cent on the lower half of the keel.

In swamps, pine barrens of New Jersey. Local. Aug.- Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

167

2. Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack. L,ong-leaved Reed-grass.

(Fig. 382.)

Calamagrostis longifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 241. 1840.

Calamovilfa longifolia Hack. True Grasses, 113. 1890.

Culms 2°-6° tall, erect, .simple, stout, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths crowded and overlap- ping, glabrous or rarely pilose; ligule a ring of hairs about \" long; leaves 8'-i° long or more, panicle narrow, often 1° long or more, pale, the branches erect or ascending, the lower 4'- 10' long; spikelets 3''-4" long; scales acute, smooth, the first shorter than the second; the third a little longer or slightly shorter than the second, and nearly twice the length of the copious basal hairs; palet slightly shorter than the third scale.

On sandy shores, western Ontario and Manitoba to the Rocky Mountains, south to Indiana, Kansas and Colorado. July-Sept.

39. APERA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 495. 1763.

Annual grasses with narrow flat leaves, and ample open or contracted panicles. Spikelets i-flowered, small, the rachilla prolonged beyond the flower into a bristle. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, unequal, thin, membranous, keeled, acute; the third scale a little shorter, membranous, bearing a long slender awn inserted just below the shortly 2-toothed apex; palet a little shorter than the scale, 2-keeled, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain narrow, free, included in the scale. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Greek, signifying not mutilated, whole or entire; application uncertain.]

Two species, natives of Europe and western Asia.

I. Apera Spica-venti (ly.) Beauv. Silky Bent-grass. Windlestraw.

(Fig- 383.)

Agroslis Spica-venWL,. Sp. PI. 61. 1753. Apera Spica-venti Beauv. Agrost. 151. 181 2.

Culms i°-2° tall, erect, simple, slender, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually longer than the internodes, the upper one generally including the base of the panicle; ligule long; leaves i'-"]' long, yi"-2." wide, scabrous; pan- icle 3^-9' in length, the branches erect or as- cending, capillary, lYz'-'},' long; outer scales of the spikelet V-x)^" long, acute, smooth and shining; third scale hairy or nearly smooth, bear- ing a dorsal scabrous awn 3^-4" long; rudiment at the end of the rachilla less than Y" long.

In waste places and on ballast, Maine to southern New York and Pennsylvania. Adventive from Europe. June-July.

GRAMINEAE.

40. HOLCUS L. vSp. PI. 1047. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spike-like or open panicles. Spikelets deciduous, 2-flowered; lower flower perfect, upper .staminate. Scales 4; the 2 lower empty, membranous, keeled, the first i -nerved, the second 3-nerved and often short -awned; flower- ing scales chartaceous, that of the upper flower bearing a bent awn. Palet narrow, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Stjdes distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the .scale. [Greek, taken from Pliny.]

.\bout 8 species, natives of the Old World.

I. Holcus lanatus L. Velvet-grass. Meadow Soft-grass. (Fig. 384.)

Holcus lanatus L. Sp. PI. 1048. 1753.

Softly and densely pubescent, light g^reen, culms I >2°-3° tall, erect, often decumbent at the base, sim- ple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule long; leaves i'-6' long, 2"-(>" wide; spike- lets 2" long, the empty scales white-villous, the upper awn-pointed; flowering scales i" long, smooth, glabrous and shining, the lower sparsely ciliate on the keel, somewhat obtuse, the upper 2- toothed and bearing a hooked awn just below the apex.

In fields, meadows and waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Illinois, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. Also on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. June-Aug.

41. AIRA L. sp. PI. 63. 1753.

Mostly annual grasses with narrow leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets small, 2-flowered, both flowers perfect. Scales 4; the 2 lower empty, thin-membranous, acute, subequal, persi.stent; the flowering scales usually contiguous, hyaline, mucronate or 2-toothed, deciduous, bearing a delicate dorsal awn inserted below the middle; palet a little shorter than the scale, hj-aline, 2-nen'ed. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. Grain enclosed in the scale and palet, and often adhering to them. [Greek name for Loliiim temulentum.'\

Four or five species, natives of Europe.

Panicle open; flowering scales about i" long; plants s'-io' tall. 1. A. caryophyllea.

Panicle contracted; flowering scales about iK" long; plants 2' -3^ tall. 2. A. praccox.

I. Aira caryophyllea I^. Silvery Hair-grass. (Fig. 385.)

Aira caryophyllea L. Sp. PI. 66. 1753.

Smooth and glabrous throughout, culms 5'-io' tall, erect from an annual root, simple, slender. Sheaths mostly basal; ligule \ Yz" long; leaves 2' long, involute-setaceous; panicle I '-4' in length, open, the branches spreading or ascending, the lower i' longer less; spikelets \"-\%" long, the empt}' scales acute; flowering scales ver\' acute, 2-toothed, \" long, bearing an awn i yz"-2" long.

In fields and waste places, eastern Massachusetts to Virginia. Also on the Pacific coast. Local. Natural- ized from Europe. Panicle silver}-, shining. May- July.

GRASS FAMILY.

169

2. Aira praecox L,. Early Hair-grass. (Fig. 386.)

Ai'ra praecox I^. ,Sp. PI. 65. 1753.

Glabrous and smooth throughout, culms 2^-4' tall, erect, from an annual root, simple, rigid. Sheaths clothing the whole culm, the upper one often enclosing the base of the panicle; ligule about I long; leaves long or less, involute-setaceous; panicle contracted, strict, Y^'-V in length; spike- lets about T-Yz" long, the empty scales acute; the flowering scales acimiinate, 2-toothed, about lYz" long, bearing an awn \ Yz"-'2-" long.

In dry fields, southern New Jersey and Pennsyl- vania to Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. May- July-

42. DESCHAMPSIA Beaiiv. Agrost. 91. pi. 18. f. 3. 1812.

Perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves, and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-flowered, both flowers perfect, the hairj- rachilla extended beyond the flowers or rarely terminated by a staminate one. Scales 4 (rarely more), the 2 lower empty, keeled, acute, -membranous, shining, persistent; the flowering scales of about the same texture, deciduous, bearing a dorsal awn, the apex toothed. Palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. St5des distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale. [In honor of J. C. A. Loiseleur- Deslongchamps, 1 774-1849, French physician and botanist.]

About 20 species, inhabiting cold and temperate regions, a few occurring in the high mountains ■of the tropics. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the western parts of North America.

Upper flowering scale reaching or extending beyond the apex of the empty scales.

Flowering scales about \ Vi" long, erose -truncate ; leaves flat. i. D. caespitosa.

Flowering scales about 2" long, acute or obtuse; leaves involute. 2. D. flexuosa.

Empty scales extending much beyond the upper flowering scale. 3. D. atropurpurea.

3. Deschampsia caespitosa (L,.) Beauv. Tufted Hair-grass. (Fig. 387.)

Aira caespitosa I,. Sp. PI. 64. 1753. Deschampsia caespitosa Beauv. Agrost. 160. pi. 18. f.j. 1812.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- brous. Sheaths much shorter than the internodes; ligule V-'t)" long; leaves flat, V-iYi" wide, smooth beneath, strongly scabrous above, the basal ones numerous, one-quarter to one-half as long as the culm, those of the culm I'-k' long; panicle open, 3^-9'' in length, the branches widely spreading or ascending, often somewhat flexuous, naked at the base, the lower 2^-5' long; spikelets i|4^''-2'' long; flowering scales about i%" long, erose-truncate at the apex, the awns somewhat shorter or a little longer, the upper scale reaching to or extending beyond the apices of the empty ones.

Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Illi- nois, Minnesota and in the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada to New Mexico and California, mostly in wet soil. Also in Furope and Asia. July-Aug.

GRAMINEAE.

2. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Wavy Hair-grass. (Fig. 388.)

Aii a flcxuosa L. Sp. PI. 65. 1753. Desch'ampsia flexuosa Trin. Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. i: 66. 1836.

Glabrous throughout, culms i°-2^° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth. Sheaths much shorter than the internodes; ligule \" long or less;, leaves involute-setaceous, smooth beneath, scab- rous above, the basal very numerous, one-fifth the length of the culm or less, those of the culm I '-3' long; panicle open, I'-W in length, the branches ascending or erect, sometimes widely speading, naked at the base, flexuous, the lower 'i-Yi'-^' long; spikelets '^'^''-lYi" long; flow- ering scales about 1" long, acutely toothed at the apex; awns bent and twisted, much ex- ceeding the scale; upper scale reaching to or extending beyond the apices of tlie empty ones.

In dry soil, Greenland and Newfoundland to On- tario and Michigan, .south to North Carolina and Tennessee. Ascends to 5100 ft. in the Adirondacks, Also in Europe. July-Aug.

3, Deschampsia atropurpurea (Wahl.) Scheele

(Fig. 389.)

Aira alropurpurea Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 37. 1812.

Deschampsia alropurpurea Scheele, Flora, 27: 56. 1844.

Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so, culms 6'-i8' tall, erect, simple, rigid. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule \" long or less, trun- cate; leaves wide, erect, sometimes slightly scabrous above, the basal 2^2 '-5' long, those of the culm shorter; panicle contracted, usually purple or purplish, \'--2.' in length, the branches erect, or sometimes ascending, the lower Yz'-iYz' long; spikelets 1%," long; flowering scales about 1%" long, erose-truncate at the apex; awns bent and much longer than the scales; upper scale much exceeded by the very acute outer ones.

On alpine summits of New York, New England, Montana, Oregon and Washington, north to Labrador and Alaska. Also in Europe. July-Aug.

Mountain Hair-grass.

43. TRISETUM Pers. Syn. i: 97. 1805.

I Mostly perennial tufted gra.sses, with flat leaves and .spike-like or open panicles. Spike- lets 2-4-flowered, the flowers all perfect, or the uppermost .staminate; rachilla glabrous or pilose, extended beyond the flowers. Scales 4-6, membranous, the 2 lower empty, unequal,, acute, persistent; flowering scales usually shorter than the empty ones, deciduous, 2-toothed,. bearing a dorsal awn below the apex, or the lower one sometimes awnless. Palet narrow, hyaline, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. vStigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Latin, referring to the three bristles (one awn and two sharp teeth) of the flow- ering scales in some .species.]

About 50 species, widely distributed in temperate or mountainous regions. Besides the follow- ing, about 8 others occur in the western parts of North America.

Flowering scales all bearing long dorsal awns.

Panicle contracted, dense; flowering scales 2^" long or less. i. T. subspicatum.

Panicle open, loose; flowering scales 2V2" long or more. 2. T. flavescens.

Lower flowering scale not bearing a long dorsal awn, a rudiment sometimes present.

3. T. Pennsylvanicum,

GRASS FAMILY.

171

I. Trisetum subspicatum (L.) Beauv. Narrow False Oat. (Fig. 390.)

^ira subsptcala 1,. Syst. Veg. Ed. 10, 673. 1759. Avena mollis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 72. 1803.

Trisetum subspicatum Beauv. Agrost. i8o. 1812.

Trisetum subspicatum var. violle A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 572. 1856.

Softly pubescent or glabrous, culms 6'-2° tall, erect, ■simple. Sheaths usually shorter than the inter nodes, ligule yz"-\" long; leaves \'-£/ long, y2"-2" wide; panicle spike-like, 1^-5' in length, often interrupted below, its branches \ yi' or less long, erect; spikelets 2-3-flowered, the empty scales hispid on the keel, shining, the second about lYz" long, the first shorter; flowering scales a^'-a^" long, acuminate, scabrous, each bearing a long bent and somewhat twisted awn.

In rocky places, Labrador to Alaska, south on the moun- tains to North Carolina, New Mexico and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Aug. -Sept.

2. Trisetum flavescens (L,.) R. & S. Yellow False Oat. (Fig. 391.)

Avena flavescens L. Sp. PI. 8og. 1753. Trisetum pratense Pers. Syn. i: 97. 1805. Trisetum flavescens R. & S. Syst. 2: 663. 1817.

Culms i}i°-2}4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, more or less pubescent; ligule yi'^ long; leaves i}4^- 5' long, i'^-3'^ wide, scabrous, sometimes sparingly hairy; panicle open, 2^-5' in length, the branches ascending or erect, somewhat flexuous, naked be- low, the lower i'-2' long; spikelets 3-4-flowered; empty scales smooth and glabrous, the second acute, 2^'^ long, the first about half as long, nar- rower, acuminate; flowering scales 2^^'-3" long, scabrous, bearing a long bent and twisted awn.

Introduced into Missouri and Kansas. Native of Europe and Asia. Panicle yellow, turning dull brown. July-Aug.

3. Trisetum Pennsylvanicum (L,.) Beauv. Marsh. F'alse Oat. (Fig. 392.)

Avena Pennsylvanica L. Sp. PI. 79. 1753. Avena palustris Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 72. 1803.

Trisetum Pennsylvanicum Beauv. ; R. & S. Syst. 2: 658. 1817.

Trisetum palustre torr. Fl. U. S. i: 126. 1824.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, simple, slender and often ■weak, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, sometimes scabrous; ligule long; leaves i'-6' long, y"-}/' wide, rough; panicle I'-W in length, yellowish, narrow, the branches ascending, the lower i'-2^ long; spikelets 2-flowered; outer scales smooth, shining, subequal, the second 2''-2j^" long; flowering scales I'^-T-Yz" long, scabrous, the lower not long-awned, but a rudimentary awn sometimes present, the upper with a long bent and twisted awn.

In swamps and wet meadows, New York to Illinois, south to Florida and Louisiana. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Panicle sometimes loose and nodding. June-July.

172 GRAMINEAE.

44. AVENA L. Sp. PI. 79. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses, with visualh- flat leaves and panicled spikelets. Spikelets 2-many-flowered, or rarelj- i-flowered; lower flowers perfect, the upper often staniinate or imperfect. Scales 4-niany (rarely 3); the 2 lower empt}-, somewhat unequal, membranous, persistent; flowering scales deciduous, rounded on the back, acute, generally bearing a dorsal awn, the apex often 2-toothed. Palet narrow, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plmnose. Grain oblong, deeply furrowed, enclosed in the scale and palet, free or sometimes adherent to the latter. [Old Latin name for the Oat.]

About 50 species, widely distributed in temperate regrions, chiefly in the Old World. Oats (Aveiia satiz'a L.) sometimes appears in waste places or in fields where it has been cultivated.

Emptj- scales of the spikelet 6" in length or less, shorter than the flowering scales.

Flowering scales with a ring of short hairs at the base; awn nearly as long as the scale.

I. A. striata.

Flowering scales naked at the base; awn not over one-half as long as the scale. 2. A. Smithii. Empty scales of the spikelet 6"-9" in length, enclosing the flowering scales. 3. A. fatua.

I. Avena striata Miclix. Purple Oat. (Fig. 393-)

Avcna striata Mich.v. Fl. Bor. Am. i:

1803.

Culms i°-2°tall, erect, simple, slender, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the inter- nodes, smooth or slightly scabrous; ligule long or less; leaves erect, i'-6' long, vnAe, smooth beneath, usually scabrous above; panicle 2^'-5' in length, lax, the branches erect or ascending, naked below, the lower i'-2}'2' long; spikelets 3-6-flowered, the empty scales smooth, the second 2>"~2!%" length, 3-nerved, the first two-thirds to three-quarters as long, i -nerved; flowering scales 3 "-4" long, with a ring of short hairs at the base, strongly ner\-ed, scabrous; awns as long as the scales or longer.

In woods, New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to northern Pennsylvania, Minnesota and Dakota. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Spikelets reddish-purple. July-Aug.

2. Avena Smithii Porter. Smith'. s Oat. (Fig. 394.)

Arena Smitliii Porter; A. Graj-, Man. Ed. 3, 640. 1867. Melica Smithii Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 294. 1888.

Culms 2}4°-5° tall, erect, simple, scabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, very rough; ligule 2" long; leaves long, j/'-^" wide, scabrous; panicle

6'-i2' in length, the branches finally spreading; spike- lets 3-6-flowered; empty scales smooth, the .second 2,"-A" in length, 5-nerved, the first shorter, obscurely 3-ner\ ed; flowering scales 5" long, naked at the base, strongly nerved, scabrous, bearing an awn one-fourth to one-half their length.

Northern Michigan and Isle Royal. Summer.

GRASS FAMILY.

173

3. Avena fatua L,. Wild Oat. (Fig. 395.)

Arena fatua L,. Sp. PI. 80. 1753.

Culms i°-4° tall, erect, simple, stout, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths smooth, or scabrous at the summit, sometimes sparingly hirsute, the lower often overlap- ping; ligule i'^-2" long; leaves 3^-8' long, 1"-^'' wide; panicle open, 4'-i2^ in length, the branches ascending; spikelets 2-4-flowered, drooping; outer scales in length, smooth, enclosing the flowering scales; flower- ing scales (>"-c)" long, with a ring of stiiT brown hairs at the base, pubescent with long rigid brown hairs, bearing a long bent and twisted awn.

In fields and waste places, Dakota and Minnesota- abundant on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe or Asia. July-Sept.

45. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Agrost. 55. pi. 11. f. 5. 1812.

Tall perennial grasses, with flat leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-flow- ered; lower flower staminate, upper perfect; rachilla extended beyond the flowers. Scales 4, the 2 lower empty, thin-membranous, keeled, very acute or awn-pointed, unequal, persi.stent, flowering scales rigid, 5-7-nerved, deciduous, the first bearing a long bent and twi.sted dorsal awn, inserted below the middle, the second unawned; palet hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free. [Greek, referring to the awn of the staminate scale. ]

Six species, natives of the Old World.

I. Arrhenatherum

Oat-grass.

elatius (ly.) Beauv. (Fig. 396.)

Avena elatior'L,. 1753.

Arrhenatherum avenaceiim Beauv. Agrost. 152. Name only. 1812.

Arrhenatherum elatius Beauv.; M. & K. Deutsch. Fl. i: 546. 1823.

Glabrous, culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple. Lower sheaths longer than the internodes; ligule i" long; leaves 2)^^-12' long, wide, scabrous; panicle \'~

12' in length, contracted, the branches erect, the lower i''-2' long; empty scales finely roughened, the second if' long, the first shorter; flowering scales about \" long.

In fields and waste places, Maine and Ontario to Geor- gia and Tennessee. Also on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. June-Aug.

46. DANTHONIA DC. Fl. France, 3: 32. 1805.

Mostly perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, the flowers all perfect, or the upper staminate; rachilla pubes- cent, extending beyond the flowers. Scales s-manj', the 2 lower empty, keeled, acute, sub- equal, persistent, generally extending beyond the uppermost flowering one ; flowering scales rounded on the back, 2-toothed, deciduous, the awn arising from between the acute or awned teeth, flat and twisted at base, bent; palet hyaline, 2-keeled near the margins, obtuse or 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Name in honor of Etienne Danthoine, a Marseilles botanist of the last century.]

A genus of about loo species, widely distributed in warm and temperate regions, chiefly in South Africa.

Empty scales K' long or less; sheaths glabrous or sometimes sparingly pubescent at the base. Teeth of the flowering scale about Vz" long, acute; culm leaves short; panicle contracted.

1. D. spicata.

Teeth of the flowering scale K" long, awned; culm leaves elongated; panicle usually open.

2. D. conipressa.

Empty scales more than K' long; sheaths usually villous. 3. D. sericea.

174

GRAMINEAE.

I. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Common Wild Oat-grass. (Fig. 397.)

Avena spicata I^. Sp. PI. 80. 1753. Danlhonia spicata Beauv.; R. & S. Syst. 2: 690.

1817,

Culms i°-2}4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- brous, nearly terete. Sheaths shorter than the in- ternodes, glabrous or often sparingly pubescent be- low; ligule very short; leaves rough, 1" wide or less, usually involute, the lower 4^-6' long, the upper 1^-2' long; inflorescence racemose or pan- iculate, i'-2'' in length, the pedicels and branches erect or ascending; .spikelets 5-8-flowered; empty scales 4"-5" long, glabrous; flowering scales broadly oblong, sparinglj- pubescent with appressed silky hairs, the teeth about long, acute or short- pointed, the bent and widely spreading awn closely twisted at the base, loosely so above.

In dry soil, Newfoundland to Quebec and Dakota, south to North Carolina and Louisiana. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. Julj'-Sept.

2. Danthonia compressa Austin. Flattened Wild Oat-grass. (Fig. 398.)

Danthonia compressa Austin; Peck, Rept, Reg. N. Y. State Univ. 22: 54. 1869.

Danthonia Alleni Austin, Bull. Terr. Club, 3: 21. 1872.

Culms i>^°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple, flattened, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the inter- nodes; ligule pilose; leaves \" wide or less, rough, lax, the basal from one-third to one-half the length of the culm; lower culm leaves 6'-8' long, the upper 3'-6'; panicle open, 2 '^'-4' in length, the lower branches generally spreading; spikelets 5-10-flowered; empty scales ^"-h" long, glabrous; flowering scales oblong, with a ring of short hairs at base, pubescent with ap- pressed silky hairs, the awn erect or somewhat bent, strongly twisted below, slightly so above, the teeth \"-\y2" long, acuminate, awned.

In woods, Maine and Vermont to North Carolina and Tennessee. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. July- Sept.

Danthonia sericea Nutt. Silky Wild Oat-grass. (Fig. 399.)

Danthonia sericea Nutt. Gen. i: 71. 1818.

Culms I >^ °-3° tall, simple, glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, u.sually villous; ligule pilose; leaves rough and more or less villous, i"-i>^"wide, the basal one-quarter to one-half the length of the culm, usually flexuous, those of the culm \'-\' long, erect; panicle 7.yz'-\Vi' in length, contracted, the branches erect or ascending; spikelets 4-10-flowered; empty scales ^"-W' long, glabrous; flowering scales oblong, strongly pubescent with long silky hairs, the awn erect or somewhat bent, closely twisted below, loosely so above, the teeth \"-\yi" long, acuminate, awned.

In dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey, south to Florida. May-July.

GRASS FAMILY.

175

47. CAPRIOLA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 31. 1763.

[Cynodon Rich.; Pers. Syn. i: 85. 1805.]

Perennial grasses with short flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes digitate. "Spikelets i-flowered, secund. .Scales 3; the 2 lower empty, keeled; flowering scale broader, membranous, compressed; palet a little shorter than the scale, hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas short, plumose. Grain free. [Name mediaeval Latin for the wild goat, that feeds on this grass in waste rocky places.]

Four known species, of which three are Austrahan, the following widely distributed.

I. Capriola Dactylon (L.) Kuntze. Bermitda-grass. Scutch-grass. Dog's-tooth Grass. (Fig. 400.)

Panicum Dactylon L. Sp. PI. 58. 1753. Cynodon Dactylon Pers. Syn. i: 85. 1805. Capriola Dactylon Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 764. 1891.

Culms 4^-12' tall, erect, from long creeping and branching stolons, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths glabrous or somewhat hairy, crowded at the bases of the culms and along the stolons; ligule pilose; leaves i'~2' long, i''-2" wide, flat, rigid, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spikes 4-5, Yz'-i' in length, digitate; rachis flat; spikelets \" long; outer scales hispid on the keel, narrow, the first shorter than the second, abovit two-thirds as long as the broad and strongly compressed third one.

In fields and waste places, southern New York to Pennsylvania and Tennessee, south to Florida and Texas. Abundant in the Southern States. Cultivated for pasture. Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept.

48. SPARTINA Schreb. Gen. 43. 1789. Perennial glabrous grasses, with long horizontal rootstocks, flat or involute leaves, and an inflorescence of one-sided spreading or erect alternate spikes. Spikelets i-flowered, narrow, deciduous, borne in two rows on the rachis, articulated with the very short pedicels below the scales. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, keeled, very unequal; the third subtending a perfect flower, keeled, equalling or shorter than the second; palet often longer than its scale, 2- nerved. Stamens 3. Styles filiform, elongated. Stigmas filiform, papillose or shortly pltmiose. Grain free. [Greek, referring to the cord-like leaves of some species.]

About 7 species, widely distributed in saline soil, a few in fresh-water marshes. First scale awn-pointed, equalling the third; second long-awned. i. .S. cynosiiroides.

First scale acute, shorter than the third, usually one-half as long. First scale strongly scabrous-hispid on the keel.

Leaves H' wide or more, flat. 2. S. polystachya.

Leaves wide or less.

Spikes ascending or erect; leaves narrow, involute; coast plant. 3. S. patens. Spikes appressed; leaves usually flat at the base; western species. 4. gracilis. First scale smooth on the keel or occasionally slightly scabrous. 5. S. stricta.

I. Spartina cynosuroides (L,.) Willd.

Tall Marsh-grass. (Fig. 401.)

Dactylis cynosuroides 'Li. Sp. PI. 71. 1753. Spartina cynosuroides Willd. Enum. 80. 1809.

Culms 2°-6° tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths long, overlapping, those at the base of the culm crowded; ligule a ring of hairs; leaves 1° long or more, J)"-']" wide, scabrous on the margins, becoming in- volute in drying, attenuate into a long slender tip; spikes 5-30, 7.'-^' long, often on peduncles Yz'-i' in length, ascending or erect; rachis rough on the mar- gins; spikelets much imbricated, 6"-"]" long; outer scales awn-pointed or awned, strongly hispid-scabrous on the keel; third scale as long as the first, the sca- brous midrib terminating just below the emarginate or 2-toothed apex; palet sometimes exceeding the scale.

In swamps and streams of fresh or brackish water, Nova Scotia to Assiniboia, New Jersey and Texas. Sometimes iglaucous. Called also Fresh-water Cord-grass. Aug.-Oct.

12

176

GRAMIXEAE.

2. Spartina polystachya (Michx.) Ell. Salt Reed-grass. (Fig. 402.)

Tiachynolia polystachya ilichx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 64. 1803.

Sparlina polystachya Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 95. 1817.

Culms 4°-9° tall, erect, stout, simple, smooth. Sheaths overlapping, those at the base of the culm crowded; ligule a ring of hairs; leaves 1° long or more, yi'-i' wide, flat, .scabrous at least on the margins, at- tenuate into a long slender tip; spikes 20-50, ascend- ing, often long-peduncled, 2^-4' in length, the rachis rough on the margins; spikelets much imbricated, 5" long, the outer scales acute, strongly scabrous-his- pid on the keel, the first half the length of the sec- ond; third scale scabrous on the upper part of the keel, obtuse, longer than the first and exceeded by the palet.

In salt and brackish marshes, Maine to New Jersey and Florida. Called also Creek-thatch. Aug.-Oct.

3. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. Salt-meadow Grass. (Fig. 403.)

Dactylis patens h.\\.. Hort. Kew. i: 104. 1789. Spartina patens Muhl. Gram. 55. 1817. Spartina jnncea EU. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 94. 1817.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, or decumbent at base, smooth. Lower sheaths overlapping and crowded; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves long, broad, involute, attenuate into a long tip, smooth and glabrous beneath; spikes 2-10, i'-2' long, usually ascending, more or less peduncled, the rachis slightly scabrous; spikelets "^/'-i/' long; outer scales acute, scabrous-hispid on the keel, the first usually rather less than one-half as long as the second; third scale somewhat scabrous on the upper part of the keel, emarginate or 2-toothed at the apex, longer than the first and exceeded by the palet.

On salt meadows, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Texas. This and Junctis Gerardi. the "Black Grass," furnish most of the salt meadow hay of the Atlantic coast. Aug.-Oct.

4. Spartina gracilis Trin. Inland Cord-grass. (Fig. 404. )

spartina gracilis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 6; no. 1840.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths overlapping, those at the base of the culm short and crowded; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves 1° long or less, wide, flat or involute, attenuate into a

long tip; spikes 4-8, \'-2' long, appressed, more or less peduncled; spikelets 2>"~A" long; outer scales acute, scabrous-hispid on the keel, the first half the length of the second; third scale obtuse, slightly shorter than the second and about equalling the obtuse palet.

In saline soil, Assiniboia and British Columbia to Nebraska and Nevada. Aug. -Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

177

5. Spartina stricta (Ait.) Roth. Smooth Mar.sh-gra.ss

Dactylis slricta Ait. Hort. Kew. i: 104. 1789. Spartina stricla Roth, Cat. Bot. 3: 9. 1806.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, simple, .smooth. Sheaths overlapping, those at the base shorter and looser, much crowded; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves 3'-i2' long, wide at the

base, involute, at least when dry; spikes 3-5, erect or nearly so, i'-2' long; spikelets 6"-S" long, loosely imbricated; emptj' scales acute or acutish, i-nerved, the first shorter than the second, which exceeds or equals the third; palet longer than the third scale.

Spartina stricta maritima (Walt. ) Scribn. Mem. Torr.

Chib, 5: 45. 1894. Daclvlis maritima Walt. Fl. Car. 77. 1788. Spartina glabra Muhl. Gram. 54. 1817.

Culms taller, sometimes 9° high, and leaves longer; spikes more numerous, usually appressed.

Spartina stricta alternifldra (Lois.) A. Gray, Man.

Ed. 2, 552. 1856. Spartina alterniflora Lois. Fl. Gall. 2: 719. 1807.

Culms 4°-6° tall; spikes slender, appressed, 3' -5' long, the spikelets barely overlapping.

Very variable. Common, in some one of its forms, along the coast from Maine to Florida and Texas. Also on the coast of Europe. Our plant does not appear to be satisfactorily identified with the European. Aug.-Oct.

49. CAMPULOSUS Desv. Bull. See. Philom. 2: 189. 1810. [Ctenium Panzer, Deutsch. Akad. Muench. 1813: 288. pi. 13. 1814.] Tall pungent-tasted grasses, with flat or convolute narrow leaves and a curved spicate in- florescence. Spikelets borne pectinately in two rows on one side of the flat cur\'ed rachis, i-flowered. Lower 4 scales emptj", the first very short, h}'aline; the second, third, fourth and fifth awned on the back, the latter subtending a perfect flower and palet, the uppermost scales enipt}'. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, loosely enclosed in the scale. [Greek, in allusion to the curved spike.]

Seven known species, four of them American, the others in the eastern hemisphere.

I. Campulosus aromaticus (Walt.) Scribn. Toothache Grass. (Fig. 406.)

Aegilops aromatica Walt. Fl. Car. 249. 1788.

Ctenium Atnericanum Spreng. Syst. i: 274. 1825.

Campulosus aromaticus Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 45. 1894.

Culms 3°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth or some- what scabrous. Sheaths shorter than the inter- nodes, rough; ligule i" long, truncate; leaves i'-6' long, i"-2" wide, flat or involute, smooth; spike terminal, solitary, curved, 2^-4' long, the rachis extended into a point; spikelets about 3'^ long; second scale thick and rigid, awn-pointed, bearing just above the middle a stout horizontal or recvu-ved awn; third, fourth and fifth scales membranous, scabrous, awned from below the 2-toothed apex, the fifth subtending a perfect flower, the others empty.

In wet soil, especially in pine barrens, Virginia to Florida. July-Sept.

178

GRAMINEAE.

50. CHLORIS S\v. Prodr. 25. 1788.

Mostly perennial grasses with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes solitary, few, or numerous and verticillate or approximate. Spikelets i-flowered, arranged in two rows on one side of the rachis. Scales 4; the 2 lower empty, unequal, keeled, acute; third and fourth usually awned, the former subtending a perfect flower; palet folded and 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, greenish-yellow, referring to the color of the herbage.]

About forty species, mostly natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following some 10 others occur in the southern United States.

I. Chloris verticillata Nutt. Prairie Chloris. (Fig. 407.)

Chloris verticillata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 150. 1833-37.

Culms 6'-i8' tall, erect, or decumbent and root- ing at the lower nodes, smooth, glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth, or roughish at the summit; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves i'-3' long, i''-2''wide, obtuse, often apiculate, scabrous; spikes slender, usually spreading, 2'-^%^ long, in one or two whorls, or the upper ones approximate; spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 1%'' long, the first scale about one-half the length of the sec- ond; the third 1" long, obtuse, ciliate on the nerves, especially on the lateral ones, bearing just below the apex a scabrous awn about 2^'^ long; fourth scale as long as or shorter than the third, awned near the usually truncate apex. On prairies, Kansas to Texas. May-Jul}'.

51. GYMNOPOGON Beaiiv. Agrost. 41. pi. 9. f. 3. 1812.

Perennial grasses with flat and usually short rigid leaves, and numerous slender alter- nate spikes. Spikelets i-flowered, almost sessile, the rachilla extended and bearing a small scale which is usually awned. Scales 3 or 4; the 2 lower empty, unequal, narrow, acute; third broader, fertile, 3-nerved, slightly 2-toothed at the apex, bearing an erect awn; the fourth emptj', small, awned; palet 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain linear, free, enclosed in the rigid scale. [Greek, naked-beard, referring to the pro- longation of the rachilla.]

Six known species, all but one of them natives of America. Spikes bearing spikelets their whole length; awn longer than flowering scale. i. G. ambigutis. Spikes bearing spikelets above the middle; awn shorter than flowering scale. 2. G. brevifolius.

I. Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) B.S.P. Broad-leaved Gymnopogon.

(Fig. 408.)

Aitdropogon ambiguus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 58. 1803.

Gymnopogon racemosiis "Be&uv. Agrost. 164. 1812. Gymnopogon atnbiguus B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69. 1888.

Culms i2'-iS' tall, erect, or decumbent at the base, simple or sometimes sparingly branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths short, glabrous, excepting a villous ring at the summit, crowded at the base of the culm; ligule very short; leaves i'- 4' long, 2"-6" wide, lanceolate, acute, cordate at the base, spreading, smooth or a little scabrous above; spikes slender, spikelet-bearing throughout their entire length, at first erect, the lower 4'-8' long, at length widely spreading; spikelets, exclu- sive of awns, ^''-^Yi" long; first scale shorter than the second; third scale exceeded by the second, the callus at the base hairy, the awn 2"-'x/' long.

In dry sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Aug.-Oct.

GRASS FAMILY

2. Gymnopogon brevifolius Trin. Short-leaved Giaimopogon. (Fig. 409.)

Gymnopogon brevifolius Trin. Unifl. 238. 1824.

Culms i°-2° long, from a decumbeut base, simple, slender, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, sometimes crowded near the middle of the culm; ligule very short; leaves \'-2' long, wide, usually spreading, lanceolate,

acute, cordate at the base; spikes very slender, spikelet-bearing above the middle, the lower 4'- 6' long, at first erect, finally widely spreading; spikelets, exclusive of the awns, lYz" long; first scale shorter than the second; third scale equalling or exceeded by the second, short-awned, sparingly villous or glabrous, the callus hairy.

In dry soil. New Jersey to Florida, west to Missis- sippi. Aug.-Oct.

52. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 146. 1855.

An annual grass with branching culms, narrow leaves and slender spikes arranged along a common axis. Spikelets i-flowered, sessile and alternate on the rachis. Scales 3; the 2 lower empt}', narrow, membranous, acuminate; the flowering scale longer, of similar texture; palet narrow, shorter. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain linear, free, enclosed in the rigid scale. [Greek, in allusion to the resemblance of this grass to the genus Nardus.'\

A monotypic genus of central North America.

1. Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt. ) Trelease. Schedonnardus. (Fig. 410. )

Lepluriis paniculatus'i^ntt.. Gen. 1:81. 1818. Schedonnardus Texanus Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 146. 1855.

Scliedonnai'dus paniculatus Trelease, Branner & Co- ville, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ark. 1888: Part 4, 236. 1891.

Culms 8'-i8' tall, erect, slender, rigid, branch- ing at the base, scabrous. Sheaths crowded at the base of the culm, compressed, smooth and gla- brous; ligule \" long, truncate; leaves \'-2' long, \" wide or less, flat, usually erect; spikes numer- ous, rigid, widely spreading, alternate, the lower 2^-4' long, the axis and branches triangular; spike- lets \}i"-\yz" long, sessile and appressed, alter- nate; scales hispid on the keel, the second longer than the first and exceeded by the acute third one.

Manitoba and Assiniboia, south to Illinois, Texas and New Mexico. July-Sept.

53. BOUTELOUA I,ag. Var. Cienc. y Litter. 2: Part 4, 134. 1805.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and numerous spikelets in one- sided spikes. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, arranged in two rows on one side of a flat rachis, the rachilla extended beyond the base of the flowers, bearing 1-3 awns and 1-3 rudimentary scales. Two lower scales empty, acute, keeled; flowering scale broader, 3-toothed, the teeth awn- pointed or awned; palet hyaline, entire or 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free. [In honor of Claudius Boutelou, a Spanish botanist ]

About 30 species, particularly numerous in Mexico and in the southwestern United States. Spikes 1-4, erect or spreading; spikelets numerous, pectinately arranged.

Rachilla bearing the rudimentary scales and awns glabrous; second scale strongly papillose- hispid on the keel. i. B. hirsuta. Rachilla bearing the rudimentary scales and awns with a tuft of long hairs at the apex; second scale scabrous and sparingly long-ciliate on the keel. 2, B. oligostachya. Spikes numerous, spreading or reflexed; spikelets few or several, diverging from the rachis.

3. B. ciiriipendula.

i8o

GRAMINEAE.

I. Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. Hairy Mesqiiite-grass. (Fig. 411.)

Bouteloua hivsnla Lag. Var. Cienc. y Litter. 2: Part 4, .141. 1805.

Culms d'-io' tall, erect, simple or sometimes sparingly branched at the base, smooth and gla- brous. Sheaths mostly at the base of the culm, the lower short and crowded, the upper longer; lig- ule a ring of short hairs; leaves 1^-5' long, \" wide or less, erect or ascending, flat, scabrous, spar- ingl}' papillose-hirsute near the base, especially on the margins; spikes 1-4, Yz'-i' long, usually erect or ascending, the rachis extending beyond the spikelets into a conspicuous point; spikelets nu- merous, 'i-Yz"-'^" long, pectinately arranged; first scale hyaline, shorter than the membranous second one, which is strongly papillose-hirsute on the keel; third scale pubescent, 3-cleft to the middle, the nerves terminating in awns; rachilla without a tuft of hairs under the rudimentary scales and awns. In dry soil, especially on prairies, Illinois to Dakota, Texas and Arizona. July-Sept.

2. Bouteloua oligostachya (Nutt. ) Torr.

(Fig. 412.)

Alheropogon oligostachyus Nutt. Gen. i: 78. 1818. Bouleloiia oligostachya Torr.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 553. 1856.

Culms 6'-i8' tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves i'-4' long, i'^ wide or less, involute, at least at the long slender tip, smooth or scabrous; spikes 1-3, i'-2' long, often strongly curved, the rachis terminating in a short inconspicuous point; spikelets numerous, pectinatelj' arranged, about 3" long; first scale hyaline, shorter than the membranous second one, which is scabrous and sometimes long- ciliate on the keel, and sometimes bears a few papillae; third scale pubescent, 3-cleft, the nerves terminating in awns; rachilla with a tuft of long hairs under the rudi- mentary scales and awns.

On prairies, Manitoba to Alberta, south to Wisconsin, Texas and Mexico. July-Sept.

Grama-gra.ss. Mesquite-grass.

Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx. ) Torr. Racemed Bouteloua.

(Fig. 413.) 1803.

Chloris curlipendiila'Mich-K. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 59. Bouteloua racemosa Lag. Var. Cienc. y Litter. 2: Part 4, 141. 1805.

Bouteloua curtipendula Torr. Emory's Rep. 153. 1848. Bouteloua curtipendula var. aristosa A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 553. 1856.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves 2'-i2' long, 2" wide or less, flat or involute, rough, especially above; spikes numerous, 3"-8" long, widely spreading or reflexed; spikelets 4-12, divergent from the rachis, 2,y2"-5" long, scales scabrous, especially on the keel, the first shorter than or equalling the second; the third 3-toothed, the nerves extended into short awns; rachilla bearing at the summit a small awned scale, or sometimes a larger 3-nerved scale, the nerves extended into awns; anthers Vermillion or cinnabar-red. In dry soil, Ontario to Manitoba, south to New Jersey, Kentucky, Texas and Mexico. July-Sept,

GRASS FAMILY.

i8i

54. BECKMANNIA Host, Gram. Austr. 3: 5. pi. 6. 1805.

A tall erect grass with flat leaves aud erect spikes borue in a termiual panicle. Spike- lets i-2-flowered, globose, compressed. Scales 3 or 4; the 2 lower empty, membranous, sac- cate, obtuse or abruptly acute; the flowering scales narrow, thin membranous; palet hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [In honor of Johann Beckmanu, 1739-1811, teacher of Natural History at St. Petersburg.]

A monotj'pic genus of the north temperate zone.

I. Beckmannia erucaeformis (L. ) Ho.st. Beckmannia. (Fig. 414.)

Phalaris erucaeformis I,. .Sp. PI. 55. 1753. Beckmannia erucaeformis Host, Gram. Austr. 3: 5. 1805.

Beckmannia erucaeformis var. uniflora Scribn.; Wats. & Coult. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 628. 1890.

Glabrous, culms i^^°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths longer than the internodes, loose; ligule 2"-4" long; leaves 3'-9' long, 2^'-4^' wide, rough; panicle 4^-10' in length, simple or compound, the spikes about long; spikelets i"-iyi" long, i-2-flowered, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the rachis; scales smooth, the outer saccate, obtuse or abruptly acute; flower- ing scales acute, the lower generally awn-pointed, the upper rarely present.

In wet places, western Ontario to British Columbia, south to Iowa, Colorado and California. July-Sept,

55. ELEUSINE Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. i: 7. pi. i. 1788.

Tufted annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes digitate or close together at the summit of the culm. Spikelets several-flowered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the rachis, which is not extended beyond them; flowers perfect or the upper stamiuate. Scales compressed, keeled; the 2 lower empty; the others subtending flowers, or the upper empty. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plu- mose. Grain loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [From the Greek name of the town where Ceres was worshipped.]

Species 6, natives of the Old World. Besides the following, two others have been found in ballast filling's about the eastern seaports.

r

I. Eleusine Indica (I^.) Gaertn. "Wire- grass. Crab-grass. Yard-grass. (Fig. 415-)

Cynosurus Indicus L. Sp. PI. 72. 1753. Eleusine Indica Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. i: 8. 1788.

Culms 6'-2° tall, tufted, erect, or decumbent at the base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, overlap- ping and often short and crowded at the base of the culm, glabrous or sometimes sparingly villous; ligule very short; leaves 3^-12' long, \"-2)" wide, smooth or scabrous; spikes 2-10, 1^-3' long, whorled or approxi- mate at the summit of the culm or one or two some- times distant; spikelets 3-6-flowered, xYz"-'!" long; scales acute, minutely scabrous on the keel, the first i-nerved, the second 3-7-nerved, the others 3-5-nerved.

In fields, dooryards and waste places all over North America except the extreme north. Naturalized from the warmer regions of the Old World. June-Sept.

I82

GRAMINEAE.

56. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. Enum. 1029. 1809.

An annual grass with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes in pairs or digitate, Spikelets several- flowered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the rachis- which is extended beyond them into a sharp point. Scales compressed, keeled, the 2 lower and the uppermost ones empty, the others subtending flowers. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, rugose, loosely enclosed in the scale. [Greek, re- ferring to the digitately spreading spikes.]

A monotypic genus of the warmer parts of the Old World.

1. Dactyloctenium Aegyptium (L.) Willd. Egyptian Gra.ss. (Fig. 416. >

Cynosunts Aegyptius "Li. Sp. PI. 72. 1753. Eleusine Aegyptia Pers. Syn. i: 87. 1805. Dactyloctenium Aegyptiaciini Willd. Enimi. 1029. 1809.

Culms 6'-2° long, usually decumbent and exten- sively creeping at the base. Sheaths loose, over- lapping and often crowded, smooth and glabrous; ligule very short; leaves 6' in length or less, i"-^," wide, smooth or rough, sometimes pubescent, ciliate toward the base; spikes in pairs, or 3-5 and digitate, Yz'-i' long; spikelets 3-5-flowered; scales compressed, scabrous on the keel, the second awned, the flowering ones broader and pointed.

In waste places and cultivated grotmd, southern New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia to Illinois and California, south to Florida and Mexico. Widely dis- tributed in tropical America. Naturalized from Asia or Africa. July-Oct.

57. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. Agrost. 71. pi. 15. f. i. 1812.

Usually tall annual grasses, with flat leaves and numerous spikes forming a simple pan- icle. Spikelets usually 2-many-flowered, flattened, alternating in two rows on one side of the rachis. Scales 4-many; the 2 lower empty, keeled, shorter than the spikelet; the flower- ing scales keeled, 3-nerved. Palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the slender spikes.]

About 12 species, natives of the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Besides the following,. 3 others occur in the southern United States.

I, Leptochloa mucronata (Miclix. ) Kunth. Northern Leptochloa. (Fig. 417.)

Eleusine mucronata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:65. 1803- Leptochloa mucronata Kunth, Gram, i: 91. 1S29-35.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth and glabrous; ligule short, lacerate-toothed; leaves 7.'-W long, wide, scabrous; spikes

numerous, slender, rigid, spreading or ascending, the lower 2'-5' long; spikelets usually 3-flowered, about \" long, the empty scales shorter than the spikelet, acute, i-nerved, slightly scabrous on the keel; flowering scales 2-toothed at the apex, ciliate on the nerves.

In dry or moist soil, Virginia to Illinois, Missouri and California, south to North Carolina, Louisiana and Mexico. Also in Cuba. July-Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

183

58. BULBILIS Raf. Am. ivfonth. Mag. 4: 190. 1819. [BucHLOE Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad, i: 432. pi. 14. figs. 1859.] A perennial stoloniferous monoecious or apparently dioecious grass with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence. Staminate spikelets borne in two rows on one side of the rachis, the spikes ait the sunnnit of the long and exserted culms. Pistillate spikelets in spike-like clusters of 2 or 3, on very short culms, scarcely exserted from the sheath. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, long. Stigmas elongated, short-plumose. Grain ovate, free, enclosed in the scale. [Name apparently from the supposed bulb-like base of old plants.] A monotypic genus of central North America.

I. Bulbilis dactyloides (Nutt.) Raf. Buffalo Gra.ss. (Fig. 418.)

Sesleria dactyloides Nutt. Gen. i: 65. 1818. Buchlo 'e dactyloides Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad.

1:432. 1859. Bulbilis dactyloides Ra.{.;K.untze, Rev. Gen. PI. 763.

1 891.

Culms bearing staminate flowers 4^-12' tall, erect, slender, naked above, smooth and gla- brous; those bearing pistillate flowers X'~3^ long, much exceeded by the leaves; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves i'^ wide or less, more or less papillose-hirsute, those of the staminate culms i'-4' long, erect, those of the stolons and pistillate culms i' long or less, spreading; stam- inate spikes 2 or 3, approximate; spikelets 2'^- 2^^^ long, flattened, 2-3-flowered, the empty scales i-nerved, the flowering 3-nerved; pistil- late spikelets ovoid, the outer scales indurated.

On plains and prairies, Minnesota to Dakota, south to Arkansas, Texas and Mexico. A valuable fodder grass. June-July.

59. MUNROA Torr. Pac. R. R. Rept. 4: 158. 1856.

A low diffusely branched grass, with flat pungently pointed leaves crowded at the nodes and the ends of the branches. Spikelets in clusters of 3-6, nearly sessile in the axils of the floral leaves, 2-5-flowered, the flowers perfect. Two lower scales empty, lanceolate, acute, i-nerved, hyaline; flowering scales larger, 3-nerved; i or 2 empty scales sometimes present above the flowering ones; palet hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated. Stigmas barbellate or short-plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [In honor of Gen. William Munro, English agrostologist.]

Three known species, the following of the plains of North America, the others South American.

I. Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. Munro's Grass. (Fig. 419.)

Crypsis squarrosa Nutt. Gen. i: 49. 1818. Munroa squarrosa Torr. Pac. R. R. Rept. 4: 158. 1856.

Culms 2'-8' long, tufted, erect, decumbent or prostrate, much branched, smooth or rough. Sheaths short, crowded at the nodes and ends of the branches, smooth, pilose at the base and throat, sometimes ciliate on the margins; ligule a ring of hairs; leaves \' long or less, wide, rigid, spreading, scabrous, pungentl}-- pointed; spikelets 2-5-flowered, the flowers per- fect; empty scales i -nerved, shorter than the flowering scales which are about lyi" long, 3- toothed, the nerves excurrent as short points or awns, tufts of hairs near the middle; palets obtuse.

On dry plains. South Dakota to Alberta, south to Nebraska, Texas and Arizona. Aug.-Oct.

GRAMINEAE.

60. PHRAGMITES Tnn. Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820.

Tall perennial reed-like grasses, with broad flat leaves and ample panicles. Spikelcts 3- several-flowercd, the first flower often stamiuate, the others perfect; rachilla articulated be- tween the flowering scales, long-pilose. Two lower scales empty, unequal, membranous, lanceolate, acute, shorter than the spikelet; the third scale empty or subtending a stamiuate flower; flowering scales glabrous, narrow, long-acuminate, much exceeding the short palets. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, referring to its hedge-like growth along ditches]

Three known species, the following- of the north tem- perate zone, one in .\sia. the third in South America.

I. Phragmites Phragmites (L,.) Kar.st. Reed. (Fig. 420.)

Aruiido Pluao;>iiiles Sp. PI. 8i. 1753. Phrafrmi/es coinmuiiis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820. Phragmites Plu agmites Karst. Deutscli. Fl. 379. 1880-83.

Culms 5°-i5° tall, erect, stout, from long horizontal rootstocks, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths overlap- ping, loose; ligule a ring of very short hairs; leaves 6'-i° long or more, Y^'-^' wide, flat smooth, gla- brous; panicle 6'-i° long or more, ample; spikelets crowded on the ascending branches; first scale i- nerved, half to two-thirds as long as the 3-nerved second one; flowering scales ^"-d" long, 3-nerved, long-acuminate, equalling the hairs of the rachilla.

In swamps and wet places nearlj- throughout the United •States, extending north to Nova Scotia, Manitoba and Brit- ish Columbia. Also in Europe and Asia. Rarely ripen- ing seed. Aug. -Oct.

61. SIEGLI'nGIA Bernh. Syst. Verz. Pfl. Erf. 40. 1800. [Triodia R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. HoU. i: 182. 1810.] Perennial grasses with narrow leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2- many-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper stamiuate. Scales 5-many, rigid, 1-3- nerved; the 2 lower empty, shorter than the spikelet, keeled; flowering scales rounded on the back, at least at the base, the apex lobed or toothed, 3-nerved, the nerves pilose, and usually excurrent as short points between the lobes or teeth; palet broad, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name in honor of Professor Siegliug, German botanist.]

About 30 species, wideh- distributed in temperate regions; a few in tropical America. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Internodes of the rachilla less than one-quarter the length of the flowering scales.

Panicle open, the branches 4'-io' long. i. S. seslerioides.

Panicle spike-like, the branches 3' long or less.

Panicle s'-i 2' long; spikelets numerous. 2. S. stricta.

Panicle i'-2' long; spikelets few. 3. S. deciimbens.

Internodes of the rachilla one-half the length of the flowering scales. 4. S. piirptirea.

I. Sieglingia seslerioides (Michx. ) Scribn. Tall Red-top. (Fig. 421.)

Poa seslerioides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 68. 1803. /"r/orf/a f?(/>;-m J. F. Jacq. Eclog. Gram. 2: 21. pi. 16. 1814. Sieglingia seslerioides Scribn. Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 5: 48. 1894.

Culms 2°-5° tall, erect, somewhat flattened, simple, glabrous, often viscid above. Sheaths sometimes vil- lous at the summit, the lower short, overlapping and crowded, the upper longer, equalling or shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of very short hairs; leaves 4'-i° long or more, 3"-6" wide, flat, attenuate into a long tip, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 6'- 18' long, the branches finally ascending or spreading, the lower 4'-io' long, usually dividing above the mid- dle; spikelets 4-8-flowered, 3"-4'' long, purple; joints of the rachilla short; empty scales glabrous, obtuse, generally slightly 2-toothed; flowering scales oval, the nerves pilose, excurrent as short points.

In fields, New York to Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. Jul}--,Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

Narrow Sieglingia.

(Fig. 422.)

2, Sieglingia stricta ( Nutt. j Kuntze.

Windsoria stricta Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)

5: 147. 1833-37. Triodta stricta Vasey, Spec. Rept. U. S. Dept. Agric.

63: 35- 1883. Sieglingia stricta Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 789. 1891.

Culms i}4°-4° tall, erect, a little compressed, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves 6'-!° long or more, flat, long-acuminate, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spike-like pan- icle 5'-i2' in length, the branches appressed, the lower i'-2' long; spikelets 4-10-flowered, 2''-3" long, the joints of the rachilla very short; lower scales usually about two-thirds as long as the spike- let, rarely extending beyond the flowering scales, acute, glabrous; flowering scales ovate, the nerves pilose for more than half their length, the middle and often the lateral excurrent as short points.

Moist soil, Mississippi to Kansas and Texas. July-Oct.

3. Sieglingia decumbens (L,. ) Kuntze. Heather-grass. (Fig. 423.)

Festuca decumbens I,. Sp. PI. 75. 1753. Triodia decitinbens Beauv. Ag^ost. 76. 1812. Sieglingia decumbens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 789. 1891.

Culms 6'-i8' tall, erect, often decumbent at the base, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, villous at the summit; ligule a ring of very short hairs; leaves smooth beneath, usually scabrous above, wide, the basal 3^-6' long, those of the culm 1^-3' long; panicle i'-2' long, contracted, the branches i' long or less, erect; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 3"-5'' long, the joints of the rachilla very short; lower scales equalling the spikelet, acute; flowering scales broadly oval, ciliate on the margins below, obtusely 3-toothed, with two tufts of hair on the callus.

Introduced into Newfoundland, and Asia. Summer.

Native of Europe

4, Sieglingia purpiarea (Walt.) Kuntze. Sand-grass

Aira purpurea Walt. Fl. Car. 78. 1788. Tricuspis purpurea A. Gray, Man. 589. 1848. Sieglingia purpurea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 789. 1891.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, prostrate or decumbent, smooth and glabrous or the nodes pubescent. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, rough; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves yi'-^Yz' long, \" wide or less, rigid, scabrous, sometimes sparsely ciliate; panicle in length, the branches rigid, finally widely spreading, the lower ^'-1%' long; spikelets 2-5- flowered, 2^"-4'' long, the joints of the rachilla half as long as the flowering scale; lower scales gla- brous; flowering scales oblong, 2-lobed at the apex, the lobes erose-truncate, the nerves strongly ciliate, the middle one excurrent as a short point; palets long-ciliate on the upper part of the keel.

In sand, especially on sea beaches, Maine to Texas, and along the Great Lakes. Also from Nebraska to New Mexico. Plant acid. Aug. -Sept.

i86

GRAMINEAE.

62. REDFIELDIA Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 14: 133. 1887.

A tall perennial grass, with long narrow leaves and an ample panicle. Spikelets 1-3- flowered, the flowers all perfect. Empty scales 2, about equal, shorter than the spikelet, i-nerved; flowering scales membranous, 3-uerved, with a ring of hairs at the base. Palet 2- nerv'ed, shorter than the scale. Stamens 3. Styles long, distinct. Stigmas short, plumose. Grain oblong, free. [In honor of John H. Redfield, 1815-1895, American naturalist.

A monotypic genus of the western United States,

I. Redfieldia flexuosa (Thurb. ) Vasey. Redfieldia. (Fig. 425.)

Craphepliorum Ci) Jiexuosnvi Thurb. Proc. Acad-

Phila. 1863: 78. 1863. Redfieldia flexuosa Va.sey, Bull. Torr. Club, 14; 133. 1887.

Culms I ^°-4° tall, erect from a long horizon- tal rootstock, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths smooth, the lower short and overlap- ping, often crowded, the upper much longer; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves i°-2° long, wide, involute; panicle ample and difilise, %'-22' in length, the branches finally widely spreading, flexuous, the lower 3'-8' long; spike- lets about 2>" long, 1-3-flowered, the empty scales acute, glabrous; flowering scales with a ring of hairs at the base, minutely scabrous, twice the length of the empty ones, acute, the middle nerve usually excurrent as a short point.

On prairies, Nebraska and Wyoming to Colorado- and the Indian Territory. Aug. -Sept.

63. DIPLACHNE Beauv. Agrost. 80. 16. f. g. 1812. Tufted grasses, with narrow flat leaves and long slender spikes arranged in an open pan- icle, or rarely only one terminal spike. Spikelets several-flowered, narrow, sessile or shortly pedicelled, erect. Two lower scales empty, membranous, keeled, acute, unequal; flowering scales 1-3-nerved, 2-toothed and niucronate or short-awned between the teeth. Palet hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, referring to the 2 toothed flowering scales.]

About 15 species, natives of the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Besides the following species, about 6 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.

I. Diplachne fascicularis (Lam.) Beauv. Salt-meadow Diplachne. (Fig. 426.)

Fesiuca fascicularis L,am. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 189. 1791.

Diplachne fascicularis Beauv. Agrost. 160. 1812.

Culms i°-2X° tall, erect, ascending, orroot- ing at the lower nodes, simple or branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, loose, smooth or rough, the upper one longer and enclosing the base of the panicle; ligule long; leaves 3'-i2'

long, wide, slightly scabrous; panicle

4'-i2' in length, often exceeded by the upper leaf, the branches erect or ascending, the lower 2'-5' long; spikelets 5-10-flowered, 3"-5'' long, short-pedicelled, erect; lower scales glabrous, rough on the keel; flow- ering scales scabrous, ciliate on the margins toward the base, 3-nerved.

In brackish marshes, Rhode Island to Florida and Texas. ,-Mso from Missouri and Nebraska to Mexico, and in the West Indies. Aug.-Oct.

GRASS FAMILY.

187

64. MOLINIA Schrank, Baier. Fl. i: 100. 1789.

A perennial tufted grass, with narrow flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 2-4-flowered. Two lower scales empty, somewhat obtuse or acute, unequal, shorter than the spikelet; flowering scales membranous, rounded on the back, 3-nerved; palets scarcely shorter than the scales, obtuse, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short. Stigmas short, plumose. Grain ■oblong, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name in honor of Joh. Ignaz Molina, Chilian missionary and naturalist.]

A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia.

I. Molinia coerulea (I,.) Moench. Molinia. (Fig. 427.)

Aira coerulea L. Sp. PI. 63. 1753. Molinia coerulea Moench, Meth. 183. 1794.

Culms i°-S)4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths overlapping and confined to the lower part of the culm, smooth and glabrous; ligule a ring of very short hairs; leaves 4'-!° long or more, i'^-3'' wide, erect, acu- minate, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above; panicle 3''-iO'' in length, green or purple, the branches usually «rect, 1^-4' long; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 2yz"~\" long; empty scales acute, unequal; flowering scales about 2" long, 3-nerved, obtuse.

Sparingly introduced on ballast and in waste places in New York. Adventive from Europe. Aug.-Sept.

65. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Agrost. 70. pi. 14. f. 11. 1812.

Annual or perennial grasses, rarely dioecious, from a few inches to several feet in height, "the spikelets in contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-many-flowered, more or less flat- tened. Two lower scales empty, unequal, shorter than the flowering ones, keeled, i-nerved, ■or the second 3-nerved; flowering scales membranous, keeled, 3-nerved; palets shorter than the scales, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled, usually persisting on the rachilla after the fruit- ing scale has fallen. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek etymology doubtful, perhaps signifying a low grass, or Love-grass, an occasional English name.]

A genus of about 100 species, widely distributed throughout all warm and temperate countries. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.

Culms often decumbent at the base and generally much branched, iK° tall or less. Spikelets 2-5-flowered, \" -xVi" long.

Culms branched only at the very base; pedicels and branches of the panicle long and

capillary. i. E. capillaris.

Culms branched above the base; pedicels and branches of the panicle short.

2. E. Frankii.

Spikelets 5-many-flowered, iK"-8" long. Spikelets K" wide or less.

Flowering scales thin, usually bright purplish, the lateral nerves faint or wanting;

spikelets about K" wide. 3. E. pilosa.

Flowering scales firm, usually dull purple or green, the lateral nerves very prominent; spikelets about K" wide. 4. E. Purshii.

Spikelets i" wide or more.

Ivower flowering scales about y^" long; spikelets i" wide. 5. E. Eragroslis.

Lower flowering scales \" -lyj' long; spikelets i%"-i'A" wide. 6. E. major. Culms erect or ascending, simple, rigid, iK"^" tall. Spikelets not clustered.

Branches of the open panicle widely spreading, at least when old.

Spikelets closely sessile. 7. E. sessilispica.

Spikelets more or less pedicelled.

Pedicels long, commonly at least the length of the spikelets. 9. E. pectinacea. Pedicels commonly much shorter than the spikelets.

Leaves elongated; branches of the panicle long and slender; spikelets scattered,

6-25-flowered. 10. E. refracia.

Leaves not elongated; branches of the panicle short and stout, rigid, spikelets crowded, 5-12-flowered. 8. E. curtipedicellata.

Branches of the elongated panicle erect or ascending, capillary, somewhat flexuous.

II. E. trichodes.

Spikelets clustered on the very short erect or ascending branches. 12. E. secundiflora. Culms extensively creeping; flowers dioecious. 13. E. hyp>ioides.

i88

GRAMINEAE.

I. Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. Capillary Eragrostis. (Fig. 428.)

Poa capillaris L. Sp. PI. 68. 1753.

Poa tenuis Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 156. 1817.

Eragrostis capillaris Nees, Agrost. Bras. 505.

1829.

Culms 8'-i8' tall, erect, slender, sparingly branched at the base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths short, overlapping and crowded at the base of the culm, glabrous or sparingly hairy, the upper enclosing the base of the panicle; ligule a ring of very short hairs; leaves 3'-io' long, wide, long-acuminate, smooth beneath, scabrous above and sparingly hirsute near the base; panicle diffuse, 4'-i5' in length, the branches capillary, spreading or ascending, i/i's' long; spikelets ovate, 2-4- flowered, little flattened, long; empty

scales about equal, acute; flowering scales acute, the lower long, the lateral nerves obscure.

In dry places, Rhode Island to New York and Mis- souri, south to Georgia and Texas. Aug. -.Sept.

2. Eragrostis Frankii Steud. Frank's Era- grostis. (Fig. 429.)

Eragrostis Frankii Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 273. 1855. Eragrostis erytlirogona Nees; Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 273. 1855.

Glabrous, culms 6^-15' tall, tufted, erect, or often decumbent at the base, branched, smooth. Sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of hairs; leaves 2^-5' long, \"-'2" wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 2^-6' in length, open, the ^ branches ascending, the lower I'-iyi' long; spikelets * ovate, 3-5-flowered, j^^' long; empty scales acute, the first shorter than the second; flowering scales acute, the lower %" long, the lateral nerves obscure.

In moist places, southeastern New York and northern New Jersey to Minnesota, south to Mississippi, Louisiana and Kansas. Sept. -Oct.

3. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. Tufted Eragrostis. (Fig. 430.)

Poa pilosa L. Sp. PI. 68. 1753.

Poa Caroliniana vSpreng. Mant. Fl. Hal. 33. 1807? Eragrostis pilosa Beauv. Agrost. 162. 1812.

Culms 6'-iS' tall, tufted, erect, slender, branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the in- ternodes, smooth, sometimes pilose at the throat; lig- ule a ring of short hairs; leaves i'-5' long, \" wide or less, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 2'-6' in length, the branches at first erect, finally widely spreading, long, often hairy in the

axils; spikelets 5-12-flowered, \yz"-j," long, about y2," wide; lower scales acute, the first one-half as long as the second; flowering scales acute, the lower long, thin, usually purplish, the lateral nerves faint or wanting.

Waste places or cultivated ground, southern New Eng- land to Illinois and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. Naturalized from Europe. Aug.-Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

189

4. Eragrostis Purshii Schrad. Pursh's Eragrostis. (Fig. 431.)

Poa Caroliniaiia Spreng. Mailt. Kl. Hal. 33. 1807? Eragrostis Purshii Sq\\x!S.A. Liimaea, 12:451. 1838. Eran roslis Caroliniaiia vScribii. Mem. Torr. Club, 5- 49- 1895-

Culms (>'-!%' tall, tufted, usually decumbent at the base and much branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes, smooth and glabrous; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves lYz'- 3j/^' long, \" wide or less, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle open, s'-S' long, the branches spread- ing, I'-T-Yi' long, naked in the axils; spikelets 5-15- flowered, dull purple or green, 'iyi^'-i/' long, about wide; empty scales acute, the lower about two- thirds as long as the upper, scabrous on the keel; flowering scales acute, firm, the lower ones %" long, the lateral nerves prominent.

In dry places, apparently throtighout the United States, extending into Ontario. Aiig.-Sept.

5. Eragrostis Eragrostis (L.) Karst. Low Eragrostis. (Fig. 432.)

Poa Eragrostis L. Sp. PI. 68. 1753. Eragrostis poaeoides Beauv. Agrost. 162. 181 2. Eragrostis minor Host, Fl. Austr. i: 135. 1827. Eragrostis Eragrostis Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 389. 1880-83.

Culms seldom over 15' tall, tufted, usually decum- bent and much branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes, smooth, sometimes a little pubescent, sparingly pilose at the throat; ligule a ring of short hairs ; leaves i'-2^' long, Yz^'-i" wide, smooth beneath, rough above and somewhat pilose near the base; panicle 2^-4^' in length, the branches spreading or ascending, Yz' long; spikelets 8-i8-flowered, 2>"^h" long, about \" wide; empty scales acute, the first two-thirds as long as the second; flowering scales obtuse, '^/^" long, the lateral nerves prominent.

In waste places or cultivated ground, Ontario to New England, New York and Pennsj-lvania. Locally natural- ized from Europe. July-Sept.

6. Eragrostis major Host. Strong-scented Eragrostis. ( Fig. 433.)

Eragrostis major Host, Gram. Austr. 4: 14. pi. 24. 1809.

Eragrostis poaeoides ^■3X. megastachya A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 631. 1867.

Culms 6'-2° tall, erect, or decumbent at the base, usually branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth, sparingly pilose at the throat; ligule a ring of short hairs ; leaves 2^-7' long, \"-2," wide, flat, smooth be- neath, scabrous above; panicle 2'-6' in length, the branches spreading or ascending, \ long; spike- lets 8-35-flowered, 2>^''-8'^ long, about \ Yi" wide, very flat; empty scales acute, the first slightly shorter than the second; flowering scales obtuse, long, the lateral nerves prominent.

In waste and cultivated places nearly throughout the United States, and in Ontario. Naturalized from Europe. Unpleasantly scented, handsome. Aug.-Sept.

190

GRAMINEAE.

7. Eragrostis sessilispica Buckley. Prairie Eragrostis. (Fig. 434.)

Eragrostis sessilispica Buckley, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 97. 1862.

Diplachne rigida Vasey, Grasses S. W., Part 2. pi. 41. 1891.

Culms 8'-3)^° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- brous. Sheaths short, crowded at the base of the culm, smooth, pilose at the summit; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves 2'-6' long, ^"-lyi^' wide, rough above, glabrous or sparingly pilose beneath; panicle 8'-i6' in length, the branches stout, rigid, widely diverging; spikelets scattered, closely sessile, ap- pressed, 5-12-flowered, i/'-"]" long, empty scales about equal in length, acute; flowering scales very acute, about 2" long, the lateral nerves very prominent.

Prairies, Kansas to Texas. Aug. -Sept.

8. Eragrostis curtipedicellata Buckley. Short-stalked Eragrostis. (Fig. 435.)

Eragrostis curtipedicellata Buckley, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 97. 1862.

Culms 6'-3° tall, erect, rigid, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths overlapping, smooth, pilose at the summit; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves I'-W long, \"-2" wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 4'-i2' in length, the branches widely spreading, i^'- 4^' long; spikelets 5-12-flowered, lYz"-}/' long, on pedicels of less than their own length; scales acute, the empty ones somewhat unequal, the flowering ones about Yi" long, scabrous on the midnerve, their lateral nerves prominent.

Prairies, Kansas to Texas. Aug.-Sept.

9. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Purple Eragrostis. (Fig. 436. )

Poa pectinacea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 69. 1803. Eragrostis pectinacea Steud. Sj'u. PI. Gram. 272. 1855. Eragrostis pectinacea var. spectabilis A. Gray, Man. Ed, 5, 632. 1867.

Culms i°-2>^° tall, erect or ascending, rigid, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths overlapping, smooth, glabrous or villous, the upper one often enclosing the base of the panicle; ligule a ring of hairs; leaves 5'-i2' long, 2^-4'' wide, smooth be- neath, scabrous above and sparingly villous at the base; panicle 6''-24' in length, purple or purplish, the branches 3'-io' long, strongly bearded in the axils, widely spreading or the lower often reflexed; spikelets 5-i5-flo\vered, \yz"-\" long, on pedicels of at least their own length; scales acute, the empty ones about equal, the flowering ones about y%" long, their lateral nerves very prominent.

In drj- soil, Massachusetts to Illinois and .South Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. Aug. -Sept.

GRASS FAMILY.

191

10. Eragrostis refracta (Muhl. ) Scribn. Meadow Eragrostis. (Fig. 437.)

Poa refracta Muhl. (iram. 146. 1817. Eragroslis cainpestristx'xw. Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb.

l; 70. 1836. Eragrostis refracta Scribn. 1894.

Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 49.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths overlapping, smooth and glabrous; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves 5^-12' long, ^''-T." wide, smooth beneath, rough above, and villous toward the base; panicle 8^-20' long; branches slender, a/-\o' long, at length widely spreading, the axils often bearded; spikelets 6-25- flowered, 2^''-6" long, on pedicels shorter than themselves; empty scales acute, the first somevv'hat shorter than the second; flowering scales very acute, long, the lateral nerves prominent.

In moi.st soil, Delaware and Maryland to Florida, west to Texas. Aug.-vSept.

II. Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Nash. Hair-like Eragrostis. (Fig. 438.)

Poa trichodes Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. See. (II.) 5: 146. 1833-37-

Eragrostis tenuis A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 564. 1856.

Not Steud. 1855, "or Poa tenuis Ell. 1817. Eragrostis trichodes Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 465.

1895.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- brous. Sheaths overlapping, smooth, pilose at the throat; ligule a ring of very short hairs; leaves 6'-2%' long, \"-7." wide, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above, attenuate into a long slender tip; panicle 9^-26' in length, narrow and elong- ated, the branches erect or ascending, capillary, subdividing, somewhat flexuous, long; lower

axils sometimes bearded; spikelets usually pale, 3-10-flowered, 2^''-4^'' long; lower scales very acute, about equal; flowering scales acute, the lower ones \yi"-\yz" long, their lateral nerves manifest.

In dry sandy soil, Ohio and Illinois to Nebraska, south to Tennessee and Texas. Aug. -Sept.

12. Eragrostis secundiflora Presl. Clus- tered Eragrostis. (Fig. 439.)

Poa interrupta Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Sec. (II.) 5: 146.

1833-37. NotLam. 1791. Eragrostis secundiflora Presl, Rel. Haenk. i: 276. 1830. Eragrostis oxylepis Torr. Marcy's Report, 269. 1854.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 6'-3° tall, erect, simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of hairs; leaves 2^-12^ long, wide; panicle i^^-6^

in length, the branches Yz'-T-Yz' long, erect or ascend- ing; spikelets crowded or clustered, sessile or nearly so, strongly flattened, 8-40-flowered, 3^^-10^^ long, \"- 2]/^" wide; lower scales acute, about equal; flowering scales \y2."-\%" long, acute, usually purple-bordered, the lateral nerves prominent.

In dry soil, Kansas and Missouri, south to Texas and I<ouisiana. Aug.-Sept.

13

192

GRAMINEAE.

13. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. Creeping Eragrostis. (Fig. 440,)

Poa hypnoides Lam. Tabl. Encycl. i:.

185. 1791- Eragrostis reptatis Nees, Agrost. Bras.

514. 1829. Eragrostis hypnoides B.S.P. Prel. Cat. n: Y. 69. 1888.

Culms i'-i8' long, extensively creeping, branched, smooth and gla- brous, the branches erect or ascend- ing, high. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, villous at the summit; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves 2' long or less, yz"-\" wide, flat, smooth beneath, rough above; spikelets dioecious, io-35-flovFered, i"-W long; lower scales unequal, the first one-half to two-thirds as long as the second; flowering scales about long, the lateral nerves promi- nent; scales of the pistillate flowers more acute than those of the stami- nate.

On sand}- or g^ravelly .shores, Ver- mont and Ontario to Oregon, south to- Florida and Mexico. Also in the West Indies. Aug.-vSept.

66. EATONIA Raf. Journ. Play.s. 89: 104. 1819.

Tufted perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaves and usuall}' contracted panicles. Spikelets 2-3-flowered; the rachilla extended bej'ond the flowers. Two lower scales empty, shorter than the spikelet, the first linear, acute, i-nerved, the second much broader, 3-nerved, obtuse or rounded at the apex, or sometimes acute, the margins scarious; flowering scales narrower, generally obtuse. Palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [In honor of Amos Eaton, 1776-1842, American botanist.]

A genus of 4 or 5 species, confined to North America. Emptj- scales unequal, the first shorter and about one-sixth as wide as the second.

Second scale obovate, often almost truncate. i. E. obtitsata.

Second scale oblanceolate, obtuse or abruptly acute. 2. E. Pennsylvanica^

Eraptj' scales equal, the first not less than one-third as wide as the second. 3. E. nitida.

I. Eatonia obtusata (Miclix. ) A. Gra}'. Blunt-scaled Eatonia. (Fig. 441.)

Aira obtusata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 62. 1803.

Eatonia obtusata A. Graj-, Man. Ed. 2, 558. 1856.

Culms i°-2^° tall, erect, simple, often stout, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, usuallj' more or less rough, sometimes pubescent; ligule y2."-\" long; leaves I'-g' long, \"-\" wide, scab- rous; panicle 2'-6' in length, dense and generally spikelike, strict, the branches long or less, erect; spikelets crowded, I ^''-lyi" long; empty scales unequal, often purplish, the first narrow, shorter than and about one-sixth as wide as the obtuse or almost truncate second one; flowering scales narrow, obtuse, long.

In drj- soil, Massachusetts and Ontario to Assiniboia, Florida and Arizona. June-Aug.

GRASS FAMIIvY.

Pennsylvania Eatonia.

2. Eatonia Pennsylvanica (DC.) A. Gray.

(Fig. 442.)

Koeleria Pennsylvanica DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 117- 1813. ' ,

Eatonia Pennsylvanica A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 558. 1856.

Usually glabrous, culms i°-3° tall, erect, simple, slender, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule long; leaves lyi'-i' long, wide, rough ; panicle 2/~l'

length, contracted, often nodding, lax, its branches x'-'iy'z' long; spikelets long, usually numerous, somewhat crowded and appressed to the branches; empty scales unequal, the first narrow, shorter than and about one-sixth as broad as the obtuse or ab- ruptly acute second one, which is smooth, or somewhat rough on the keel; flowering scales narrow, acute, long.

In liilly woods or moist soil, New Brunswick to British Cohimbia, south to Georgia, l,ouisiana and Texas. June-July.

Eatonia Pennsylvanica major Torr, ; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 558. 1856. Culms taller; panicle longer and more compound; leaves longer and broader, ently nearly that of the typical form.

Range appar-

3. Eatonia nitida (Spreng. ) Nash. Slen- der Eatonia. (Fig. 443.)

Aira nitida Spreng. El. Hal. Mant. i: 32. 1807.

Eatonia Dudleyi Vasey, CouU. Bot. Gaz. 11: 116. 1886.

Eatonia nitida Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 511. 1895.

Glabrous, culms i°-2° tall, erect, very slender, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, generall}' pubescent; ligule yi" long; leaves Yz'-'}/ long, \" wide or less, often pubescent, the upper- most very short; panicle 2^-6' in length, lax, the branches spreading at flowering time, afterwards erect, \'-2yz' long; spikelets not crowded, tYz" long; empty scales smooth, the first about one- third as wide as and equalling the second, which is obtuse or almost truncate, often apiculate ; flowering scales narrow, long, obtuse or

acutish, smooth.

In dry woods, southern New York and New Jersey to Georgia and Alabama. May-June.

67. KOELERIA Pers. Syn. i: 97. 1805.

Tufted annual or perennial grasses, with flat or setaceous leaves and mostly spike- like panicles. Spikelets 2-5-flowered. Two lower scales empty, narrow, acute, unequal, keeled, scarious on the margins; the flowering scales 3-5-nerved. Palet hyaline, acute, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [In honor of Georg Ludwig Koeler, German botanist.]

About 15 species of wide geographic distribution. The following, which may contain two forms, occurs in North America.

194

GRAMINEAE.

Koeleria cristata (L,. ) Pers. (Fig. 444.)

Koeleria.

Aira cristata I,. Sp. PI. 63. 1753. Koeleria cristata Pers. Sj'ti. i: 97. 1805. Koeleria nilida ^vAX. Gen. i: 74. 1818. Koeleria cristata var. gracilis A. Gray, Man. 591. 1848.

Culms i°-2^° tall, erect, simple, rigid, smooth, often pubescent just below the panicle. Sheaths often shorter than the intcrnodes, smooth or sca- brous, sometimes hirsute; ligule }4''' long; leaves i'-i2' long, yi"-\yz" wide, erect, flat or invo- lute, smooth or rough, often more or less hirsute; panicle in length, pale green, usually con-

tracted or spike-like, the branches erect or rarely ascending, i' long or less; spikelets 2-5-flowered, 7."-2)" long, the scales rough, acute, the empty ones unequal; flowering scales \yz"-i" long, shining.

In dry sandy soil, especially on prairies, Ontario to British Columbia, south to Pennsylvania, Nebraska, Texas and California. Also in Europe and .•Vsia. Very variable. July-Sept.

68. CATABROSA Beauv. Agrost. 97. pi. 19. f. 8. 1812. A perennial grass, with soft flat leaves and an open panicle. Spikelets usually 2-flow- ered. Two lower scales empty, thin-membranous, much shorter than the flowering ones, un- equal, rounded or obtuse at the apex; flowering scales membranous, erose-truncate. Palet bareh' shorter than the scale. Stamens 3. Stj'les distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, in allusion to the crose top of the flowering scales.]

A monotypic genus of arctic and mountainous regions of the northern hemisphere.

I. Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv. Water Whorl-grass. (Fig. 445.)

Aira aquatica L- Sp. PI. 64. 1753. Catabrosa aquatica Beauv. Agrost. 157.

1812.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 4'-2° tall, erect, from a creeping base, bright green, flaccid. Sheaths usually overlapping, loose; ligule i>2"-2^" long; leaves lYz'-^' long, i"-3" wide, flat, obtuse; pan- icle i'-8' in length, open, the branches whorled, spreading or ascending, very slender, Yz'-n' long; spikelets \ long, the empty scales rounded

or obtuse, the first about half as long as the second, which is creuulate on the margins; flowering scales long, 3-nerved, erose-truncate at the apex.

In water or wet .soil, Labrador and Quebec to Alaska, south to Nebraska, Colorado and Utah. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

69. MELICA L. Sp. PI. 66. 1753..

Perennial grasses, with usually soft flat leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spike- lets i-several-flowered, often secund, the rachilla extended beyond the flowers and usually bearing 2-3 empty club-shaped or hooded scales, convolute around each other. Two lower scales empty, membranous, 3-5-nerved; flowering scales larger, rounded on the back, 7-13- nerved, sometimes bearing an awn, the margins more or less scarious; palets broad, shorter than the scales, two-keeled. Stamens three. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name used by Theophrastus for Sorghum; said to be in allusion to the sweet culms of some species.]

About 30 species, inhabiting temperate regions. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the Rocky Mountains and on the Pacific Coast. Second scale much shorter than the 3-5-flowered spikelets.

Spikelets few; branches of the panicle spreading or ascending. i. M. diffusa.

Spikelets usually numerous; branches of the panicle erect. 2. M. parviflora.

Second scale nearly equalling the 2-flowered spikelet. 3. M. mutica.

GRASS FAMILY.

I. Melica diffusa Pursli. Tall Melic-grass. (Fig. 446.)

Melica allissima Walt. Kl. Car. 78. 178S. Not I,. 1753-

Melica diffusa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 77. 1814. Melica tnulica var. diffusa A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 626. 1867.

Culms i}<°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, the lower often overlapping; ligule y"-!." long; leaves long, wide, rough; pan-

icle 6)4^-8y2^ in length, open, the branches spreading or ascending, the lower 1)4^-3' long; spikelets usually numerous, about 3-flowered, A%"-5%'' long, nodding, on slender, more or less flexuous pubescent pedicels; empty basal scales very broad, obtuse or acutish, the first shorter than the second, which is generally much exceeded by the spikelet; flowering scales Zyz'^-Ayi" long, acute or obtuse, scabrous.

Pennsylvania to Missouri, south to Virginia, Kentucky and Texas. May-June.

2. Melica parviflora (Porter) Scribn. Small Melic-grass. (Fig. 447.)

Melica niuiica var. parviflora Porter; Porter &

Coulter, Fl. Colo. 149. 1874. Melica Porteri Scribn. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1885: 44.

pi. I. f. 17, jS. 1885. Melica parviflora Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 50. 1894.

Culms iy2°-2yz° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths short, overlapping, more or less rough; ligule 1" long; leaves S'-9' long, i''-2" wide, rough; panicle s'-J^ in length, contracted, the branches erect, the lower 1^-2' long; spikelets few, 4-5-flowered, S''-(>y long, nodding, on somewhat flexuous strongly pubescent pedicels; lower scales ob- tuse or acutish, the first shorter than the second, which is much exceeded by the spikelet; flower- ing scales 2>y-i^'^ long, acutish, scabrous.

Prairies, Kansas and Colorado to Arizona and Texas.

3. Melica mutica Walt. Narrow Melic-grass. (Fig. 448.)

Melica mutica Walt. Fl. Car. 78. 1788. Melica mutica var. glabra A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 626. 1867.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, usually slender, sim- ple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths often over- lapping, rough; ligule i'^-2'' long; leaves rough, 4^-9' long, i'^-^'^ wide, panicle y/z'- 10 in length, narrow, the branches spreading or ascending, 1^-2' long; spikelets about 2-flow- ered, 3>^"-4>2'' long, nodding, on more or less flexuous pubescent pedicels; empty scales very broad, acutish to obtuse, the first shorter than the second, which is nearly as long as the spike- let or sometimes equals it; flowering scales 3''- 4'' long, generally very obtuse, scabrous.

In rich soil, Pennsj'lvania to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Texas. June-July.

196

GRAMINEAE.

American Korycarpus.

70. KORYCARPUS Zea, Act. Matrit. 1806. [Di.VRiNA Raf. Joiirn. Bot. 2: 169. iScg.] [Di.\RRHEXA Beauv. Agrost. 142. 1812.] Erect grasses, with long flat leaves and narrow paniculate or racemose inflorescence. Spikelets 5-5-flowered, the rachilla readily disarticulating between the flowers. Upper scales emptj-, convolute. Two lower scales empty, the first narrow, 3-nerved, acute, the second broader, 5-nerved; flowering scales broader than the lower ones, acuminate or mucronate, rounded on the back, finally coriaceous and shining, 3-nerved. Palet 2-keeled. Stamens 2, rarely i. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain beaked, free. [Greek, in allu- sion to the beaked grain.]

Two known species, the following Xorth American, the other Japanese.

I. Korycarpus diandrus (Michx.) Kmitze.

(Fig. 449.)

Festuca diandra Mich.v. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 67. pi. 10. 1803. Korycarptis arttndinaceiis Zea, Act. Matrit. 1806. Diarrhena Americana Beauv. Agrost. 142. pi. 25. f. 11. 1812.

Korycarpus diandrtis K.untx.e, Rev. Gen. PI. 772. 1S91.

Culms i><°-4° tall, erect, simple, very rough below the

panicle. Sheaths overlapping, confined to the lower

part of the culm, smooth or a little rough at the summit,

sometimes pubescent; ligule very short; leaves S'-24'

long, 5 "-9" wide, long-acuminate at the apex, usually

scabrous; panicle often reduced to a raceme, 2^-7 in

length, the branches erect, i'-2' long; spikelets 3-5-

flowered, 6"-8" long, the lower scales unequal, the first

shorter than the second, which is much exceeded by the

spikelet; flowering scales somewhat abruptly acuminate;

palets shorter than the scales and exceeded b\- the

beaked grain.

In rich woods, Ohio to Kansas, south to Georgia, Tennes- see and the Indian Territory. Aug. -Sept.

71. PLEUROPOGON R. Br. App. Parrj 's Voy. 289. 1824.

Erect grasses with flat leaves and racemose inflorescence. Spikelets 5-14-flowered; flowers perfect, or the upper staminate. Two lower scales empty, unequal, thin-membran- ous, i-nerved, or the second imperfecth- 3-nerved; flowering scales longer, membranous, 7-ner^-ed, the middle nerve excurrent as a short point or awn. Palet scarcely shorter than the scale, 2-keeled, the keels winged or appendaged. Stamens 3. Styles short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, side-beard, from the append- ages to the palets.]

Three known species, the following arctic, the others Califomian.

I. Pleuropogon Sabinii R. Br. Sabine's Pleiiropogon. (Fig. 450.)

Pleuropogon Sabinii R. Br. App. Parrj-'s Voy. 289. 1824.

Smooth, culms 6' or less tall, erect, simple, glabrous. Sheaths one or two; ligule \" long; leaves y^'-x' long, erect, glabrous; raceme \'-2^ in length; spikelets 3-6, 5-8-flowered, about ^" long, on spreading or reflexed pedicels i" or less in length; lower scales smooth, the first acute, shorter than the obtuse second; flowering scales oblong, 7."-2]/i" long, erose-truncate at the scarious summit, scabrous, the midnerve sometimes excurrent as a short point; palet slightly shorter than the scale, truncate and somewhat 2-toothed at the apex, bearing an awn- like appendage on each keel near the middle.

Arctic regions of both the Old World and the New. Summer.

GRASS FAMILY.

197

72. UNIOLA L. Sp. PI. 71. 1753.

Erect and often tall grasses with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 3-niany-flowered, flat, 2-edged, the flowers perfect, or the upper staminate. Scales flattened, keeled, sometimes winged, rigid, usually acute; the lower 3-6 empty, un- equal; the flowering scales many-nerved, the uppermost scales often smaller and empty; palets rigid, 2-keeled. Stamens 1-3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain com- pressed, free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name diminutive of tintis, one, of no obvious application.]

About 8 species, natives of America. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southeastern United States.

.Spikelets about in length; panicle spike -like. i. U. laxa.

Spikelets exceeding in length; panicle open.

Panicle lax, the branches pendulous; spikelets on long capillary pedicels. 2. U. laiifolia.

Panicle strict, the branches erect, rigid; spikelets on short .stout pedicels. 3. U. paniculata.

I. Uniola laxa (I,.) B.S.P. Slender Spike-grass. (Fig. 451.)

Holcus laxHs I<. Sp. PI. 1048. 1753. Uniola gracilis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, i: 71. 1803.

Uniola laxa B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69. 1888.

Smooth and glabrous, culms i^°-4° tall, erect, simple, slender. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule very short; leaves 5'-i5' long, wide, usually erect, flat, attenuate into a long tip, smooth or slightly rough ; pan- icle spike-like, 4'- 12' in length, erect, strict, or nodding at the summit, the branches erect, i'-2' long; spikelets short-stalked or nearly sessile, 3-6- flowered, about 3" long; lower scales much shorter than the flowering ones, which are i^"-2'^ long, acuminate, spreading in fruit; palet arched, about two-thirds as long as the scale; stamen i.

Sandy soil, Long Island to Pennsylvania and Kentucky, south to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast. Ascends to 900 ft. in North Carolina, Aug. -Sept.

2. Uniola latifolia Michx. Broad- leaved Spike-grass. (Fig. 452.)

Uniola laiifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, i: 70. 1803.

Culms 2°-5° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the in- ternodes; ligule yi" long, lacerate-toothed; leaves 4^-9' long, wide, flat, narrowed

into a somewhat rounded, often ciliate base, acuminate at the apex, smooth, excepting on the margins; panicle lax, ^Yz'-io' in length, its branches filiform and pendulous, the lower 2^-5' long; spikelets many-flowered, oblong to ovate, '^^'-1%' long, on long cap- illary pendulous pedicels; lower scales much smaller than the flowering ones, which are \y2"-(i" long, ciliate-hispid on the winged keel; stamen i.

In moist places, Pennsylvania to Illinois and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in North Carolina. Aug. -Sept.

198

GRAMINEAE. 3. Uniola paniculata L. Sea Oats. (Fig. 453.)

Uniola paniculala I^. Sp. PI. 71. 1753.

Glabrous thoroughout, culms 3°-8° tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths often longer than the internodes; ligule a ring of hairs about Yz" long; leaves 1° long or more, about Y' wide, involute when dry, attenuate into a long slender tip; panicle 9'-!° in length or more, the branches erect or ascending, strict, rigid, the lower 2)^^-5' long; spikelets many- flowered, short-pedicelled, ovate to oval when mature, Yz'-i' long; lower scales much shorter than the flowering ones, which are long and scabrous on the keels; stamens 3.

In sands of the seacoast, Virginia to Florida and west to Texas. Also in the West Indies and South America. Spikelets persistent into the winter. Oct. -Nov.

73. DISTICHLIS Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 104. 1819.

Dioecious grasses, with rigid culms creeping or decumbent at the base, flat or convo- lute leaves and spike-like paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets flattened, more numerous on the staminate plants than on the pistillate, 6-i6-flowered; rachilla continuous in the stam- inate spikelets, articulated in the pistillate. Two lower scales empty, narrow, keeled, acute, shorter than the flowering ones; flowering scales broader, many-nerved, acute, rigid; palets 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles thickened at the base, rather long, distinct. Stigmas long-plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, signifying two-ranked, probably in reference to the spikelets.]

Four known species, natives of America, inhabiting the sea coast or alkaline soil; one of them is also found in Australia.

I. Distichlis spicata (L,.) Greene. Marsh Spike-grass. (Fig. 454.)

Uniola spicata L. Sp. PI. 71. 1753.

Distichlis rnaritima Raf. Joum. Phys. 89: 104. 1819.

Uniola stricta Torr. Ann. L,yc. N. Y. i: 155. 1824. Distichlis spicata Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. 2: 415. 1887.

Disticlilis spicata var. stricta Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 51. 1894.

Glabrous throughout, culms 3^-2° tall, erect from a horizontal rootstock, or often decumbent at the base. Sheaths overlapping and often crowded; ligule a ring of very short hairs; leaves Y^'-d' long, wide, flat or involute; panicle dense and spike-like, ^^'-'2■Y^' in length, the branches \' long or less, erect; spikelets 6-i6-flowered, i/'-<^" long, pale green; empty scales acute, the first 1-3- nerved, two-thirds as long as the 3-5-nerved second one; flowering scales i^"-2}^" long, acute or acuminate.

On salt meadows along the Atlantic coast from Maine to Florida, in saline soil throughout the inte- rior, and on the Pacific coast north to British Columbia. The main figure is that of the staminate plant. June- Aug.

GRASS FAMILY. 1 99

74. BRIZA L. Sp. PI. 70. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and open or rarely contracted panicles. Spikelets large, flattened, tumid, many-flowered, nodding, the flowers perfect. Scales thin-membranous, strongly concave, the 2 lower empty, 3-5-nerved, somewhat un- equal; flowering scales imbricated, broader than the empty ones, 5-many-nerved; uppermost scales often empty; palets much shorter than the scales, hyaline, 2-keeled or 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain usually free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek name for some grain, perhaps rye.]

About 12 species, natives of the Old World and temperate South America.

Perennial; lignle I2" long or less, truncate; spikelets 5-i2-fiowered, 2"-2H" long. i. B. media. Annual; ligule i" long or more, acute; spikelets 3-6-flowered, long. 2. B. minor.

I. Briza media I^. Quake-grass. Quaking Grass. (Fig. 455-)

Briza media I<. Sp. PI. 70. 1753.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 6^-2° tall, erect, from a perennial root, simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule Yz" long or less, truncate; leaves x'-j,' long, \"-iy2." wide; pan- icle 1/4 '-5' in length, the capillary branches spreading or ascending, i'-2^' long; spikelets i"-7.yT," long, orbicular to deltoid-ovate, 5-12- flowered; scales scarious-margined, the lower ones about \" long; flowering scales \"- xyi" long, broader than the lower ones, widely spreading.

In fields and waste places, Ontario to Massachu- setts and Rhode Island. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-July.

2. Briza minor L. Lesser Quaking Grass. (Fig. 456.)

Briza minor L,. Sp. PI. 70. 1753.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 4^-15^ tall, erect from an annual root, simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule i"-}," long, acute; leaves \'-^' long, \"-\" wide, sometimes sca- brous; panicle 1'-^' in length, open, the capil- lary branches spreading or ascending, i'-2^^ long; spikelets 3-6-flowered, \"-iyi" long, about 1" broad, truncate at the base; scales scarious-margined, the lower ones about z." long; flowering scales much broader and deeply saccate, about i/^" long.

In ballast and waste places about Camden, N. J.; common in California, and widely distributed in tropical America. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. June-July.

200

GRAMINEAE.

75. DACTYLIS h. Sp. PI. 71- i753-

A tall perennial grass, with flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 3-5-flow- ered, sbort-pedicelled, in dense capitate clusters, the flowers perfect or the upper staminate. Two lower scales empty, thin-membranous, keeled, unequal, mucronate; flowering scales larger than the empty ones, rigid, 5-uerved, keeled, the midnerve extended into a point or short awn; palets shorter than the scales, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name used by Pliny for some grass with finger-like spikes].

A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia.

I. Dactylis glomerata I,. Orchard Grass. (Fig. 457.)

Dactylis glomerata I,. Sp. PI. 71. 1753.

Culms 2°-4° tall, tufted, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the inter- nodes, smooth or rough; ligule \"-2" long; leaves 3^-9' long, wide, fiat, scabrous;

panicle 3'-8' in length, the branches spreading or ascending in flower, erect in fruit, the lower i'-2 long, spikelet-bearing from above or be- low the middle; spikelets in dense capitate clus- ters, 3-5-flowered; lower scales 1-3-nerved, the first shorter than the second;, flowering scales 2,"-t/' long, rough, pointed or short-awned, ciliate on the keel.

In fields and waste places, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to South Carolina and Kansas. Naturalized from Europe and cultivated for fodder. June-July.

76. CYNOSURUS L. Sp. PI. 72. 1753.

Annual or perennial tufted grasses, with flat leaves and dense spike-like inflorescence. Spikelets of two kinds, in small clusters; lower spikelets of the clusters consisting of nar- row empty scales, with a continuous rachilla, the terminal spikelets of 2-4 broader scales, with an articulated rachilla and subtending perfect flowers. Two lower scales in the fertile spikelets empt3^ i-nerved, the flowering scales broader, 1-3-nerved, pointed or short-awned; upper scales narrower, usually empty. Scales of the sterile spikelets pectinate, spreading, all empty, linear-subulate, i-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas loosely plumose. Grain finally adherent to the palet. [Greek, signifying dog's tail, referring to the spike.]

About 5 species, natives of the Old World.

I. Cynosurus cristatus L. Dog's-tail Grass. (Fig. 458.)

Cynosu7-us cristatus L- Sp. PI. 72. 1753.

Culms :°-2}4° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the iuternodes; ligule ^4'' long, truncate; leaves I'/i^s' long, yi"-z" vpide, smooth, glabrous; spike-like panicle 2^-4' in length, ■2yz"-(i" wide, long-exserted; spikelets ar- ranged in clusters, the terminal fertile, the lower larger and sterile; scales of the former about lYz" long, pointed or short-awned, the scales of the sterile spikelets very narrow, pointed, strongly scabrous on the keel.

In fields and waste places, Quebec and Ontario to south- ern New York and New Jersey. Adventive from Europe. June-Aug.

GRASS FAMILY.

20I

77. POAL. Sp. PI. 67. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and contracted or open pan- icles. Spikelets 2-6-flowered, compressed, the rachilla usually glabrous; flowers perfect, or rarely dioecious. Scales membranous, keeled; the 2 lower empty, 1-3-nerved; the flower- ing scales longer than the empty ones, generally with a tuft of cobwebby hairs at the base, 5- nerved, the marginal nerves usually pubescent, often also the dorsal one; palets a little shorter than the scales, 2-nerved or 2-kecled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, or sometimes adhei'ent to the palet. [Name Greek, for grass or herbage.]

A genus of about 100 species, widely distributed in all temperate and cold regions. The Eng- lish name Meadoiv-grass is often applied to most of the species. Besides tlie following some 50 others occur in the western parts of North America. Low annual or biennial grasses, the culms 12' tall or less.

Flowering scales distinctly 5-ner\-ed, not webby at the base. i. P. annua.

Flowering scales 3-nerved, or obscurely 5-nerved, webby at the base. 2. P. Chapmaniana. Perennials, mostly wilh tall culms (Nos. 4-7 low).

Grasses of far northern or high mountain regions, generally low.

Leaves short; panicle-branches short, generally widely spreading. 6. P. alpina. Leaves longer, gradually narrowed to the apex. Spikelets less than 3" long.

Branches of the panicle erect, smooth, slender, lax.

Flowering scales glabrous or slightly pubescent. 5. P. laxa.

Flowering scales strongly pubescent all over. 4. P. abbreviata.

Branches widely spreading, flexuous, smooth. 7. P. cenisia.

Branches of the panicle rough, erect or ascending.

Lower flowering scale long. 12. P. nemoralis.

Lower flowering scale 2" long. 11. P. glauca.

Spikelets exceeding 3" in length. 22. P. gluniaris.

Grasses not exclusively of far northern or high mountain regions; culms generally tall. Culms strongly flattened. • 3. P. compressa.

Culms terete or but slightly flattened.

Panicle lax; branches long, slender, naked half their length, usually widely spreading. Basal leaves much shorter than the culm.

Pedicels commonly shorter than the spikelets.

Flowering scales obscurely nerved; spikelets iK"-2" long. 13. P. flava. Flowering scales prominently nerved. Lateral nerves silky-pubescent.

Spikelets -2!' -1% long; flowering scales not pubescent between the

nerves; ligule truncate. 8. P. praieiisis.

Spikelets 3"-4" long; flowering scales minutely pubescent below between the nerves; ligule acute. 9. P. pseiidopralensis.

Lateral nerves naked; spikelets iW long. 10. P. irivialis. Pedicels commonly equalling or much exceeding the spikelets. Flowering scales rounded or refuse at the apex:

Not webbed at the base, pubescent below. 15. P. autumnalis. Webbed at the base, glabrous. 14. P. debilis.

Flowering scales obtuse or acute, webbed at the base.

Flowering scales about iK" long, often pubescent between the nerves

toward the base. 16. P. sylveslris.

Flowering scales i'A"-2" long, glabrous between the nerves:

Obscurely nerved, very acute, midnerve pubescent toward the base.

17. P. alsodes.

Plainly nerved; nerves pilose. 18. P. Wolfii.

Basal leaves about equalling the culm; culm leaves short. 19. P. brevifolia. Panicle contracted; the branches short, erect or ascending, mostly spikelet-bearing nearly to the base; we.stern species. Flowering scales erose-truncate, very pubescent be.low between the silky-pubescent

nerves. 20. P. arida.

Flowering scales acutish, nearly or quite glabrous. 21. P. Biickleyana.

I. Poa annua L. Annual Meadow Grass. Low Spear-grass. (Fig. 459.)

Poa annua L- Sp. PI. 68. _ 1753-

Culms 2^-1° tall, from an annual root, erect or decumbent at the base, somewhat flattened, smooth. Sheaths loose, usually overlapping; ligule about \" long; leaves yi'-^' long, X^'-i/^^' wide, smooth; panicle Yz'-a/ in length, open, branches spreading, long, naked at the base; spike-

lets 3-5-fiowered, \yz"-2.y2." long ; lower scales smooth, the first narrow, acute, i-nerved, about two thirds as long as the broad and obtuse 3- nerved second one; flowering scales long, distinctly 5-nervcd, the nerves pilose below.

In waste and cultivated places nearly throughout North America. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. May-Oct.

202

GRAMINEAE.

2. Poa Chapmaniana Scribn. Chapman's Spear-grass. (Fig. 460.)

Poa cristata Chapm. Fl. S. States, 562. i860. Not Walt. 1788.

Poa Chapmaniana Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 38. 1894.

Culms 3^-6' tall, erect from an annual root, simple, rigid, smooth and glabrous. Sheatlis tight, mostly at the base of the culm; ligule Yi'^ long, truncate; leaves %'-\' long, yi" wide or less, smooth; panicle i'-2' in length, the branches usually erect, sometimes spreading or ascending, long or less, naked at the base; spikelets 3-7- flowered, 1%"-!}^" long; lower scales about equal, 3-nerved, acute; flowering scales webbed at the base, obtuse, 3-nerved, sometimes with two ad- ditional obscure nerves, the prominent ones some- times pilose for three-fourths their length.

In drj- soil, Kentucky and Tennessee to Florida and Alabama. April-May.

3. Poa compressa I,. Wire-grass. Flat-stemmed Meadow-grass. English Blue-grass. (Fig. 461.)

Poa compressa I,. Sp. PI. 69. 1753.

Pale bluish-green, glabrous, culms 6'-2° tall, decum- bent at the base, from long horizontal rootstocks, smooth, much flattened. Sheaths loose, flattened, shorter than the internodes; ligule yi" long; leaves 1^-4' long, about 1" wide, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle usu- ally contracted, the branches erect or ascending, i' long or less, spikelet-bearing nearly to the base; spike- lets 3-9-flowered, "1%"-:^" long; lower scales acute, 3- nerved; flowering scales i"-i%" long, obscurely 3- nerved, the nerves sparingly pubescent toward the base.

Waste places and cultivated grounds and woods almost throuprhout North America. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Varies from weak and slender to quite stiff. June-Aug.

4. Poa abbreviata R. Br. Low Spear- grass. (Fig. 462.)

Poa abbreviata R. Br. Bot. App. Parry's Voy. 287. 1824.

Culms 6' tall or less, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths and leaves crowded at the base of the culm; ligule yi" long; leaves Yz'-t.' long, li" wide; panicle contracted, yi'-i' long, branches very short and erect; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 7.yi" long; lower scales acute, smooth and glabrous; flowering scales about aYz" long, obtuse, strongly pubescent all over, the intermediate nerves very obscure.

Arctic America from Greenland and Labrador to the Pacific. Summer.

GRASS FAMILY.

203

5. Poa lax a Haenke. Wavy Meadow-grass. Mountain Spear-grass.

(Fig. 463.)

Poa la.va Haenke, in Jirasek, Beob. Riesengeb. 118. 1791.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 1° tall or less, erect, simple. Sheaths often overlapping; ligule about 1'' long; leaves i'-3' long, wide, acumi-

nate; panicle i'-3' in length, the branches usually erect, sometimes ascending, \' long or less; spike- lets 3-5-flowered, 2"-2V2" long; lower scales usu- ally 3-nerved, acute, glabrous, rough on the keel at its apex; flowering scales \yz"-\}i" long, ob- tuse, 3-nerved, or sometimes with an additional pair of obscure nerves, the midnerve pilose on the lower half, rough above, the lateral ones pilose for one-third their length.

Greenland to Alaska, south to the mountains of New England, to Manitoba and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

6. Poa alpina L. Alpine Spear-grass. (Fig. 464.)

Poa alpina L,. Sp. PI. 67. 1753.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 4'-i8' tall, erect, simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule \" long, truncate; leaves i'-3' long, wide, abruptly acute; panicle 1^-3' in length, the branches generally widely spreading, \' long or less; spikelets 3-5-flowered, ly^''-^," long; lower scales broad, gla- brous, rough on the keel, acute; flowering scales about 2" long, obtuse, pilose for half their length, pubescent between the nerves toward the base.

Labrador to Alaska, south to Quebec, Lake Superior, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

7. Poa cenisia All. Arctic Spear-grass. (Fig. 465.)

Poa cenisia All. Auct. Fl. Ped. 40. 1789.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 4^-15' tall, erect, slen- der, simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; lig- ule \" long or less, truncate; leaves \'-\' long, Yz"-!" wide; panicle in length, open, the branches gen- erally widely spreading and more or less flexuous, \'- 2)^' long; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 2)^''-3^" long; lower scales acute or acuminate, 1-3-nerved; flowering scales about 2" long, faintly 5-nerved, the nerves short- pilose on the lower half, minutely pubescent between the nerves, somewhat webbed at the base.

Greenland and Labrador to Alaska. Also in Europe. Summer.

204

GRAMINEAE.

8. Poa pratensis L. Kentucky Blue-grass. June Grass. (Fig. 466.)

Poa pratensis L. Sp. PI. 67. 1753. Poa pratensis var. angustifolia Kunth, Enum. i: 353. 1833-

Glabrous, culms i°-4° tall, from loug running rootstocks, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths often longer than the internodcs; ligule 3|'Mong or less, truncate; leaves smooth or rough, Yz''-^/' wide, those of the culm 2'-6' in length, the basal much longer; panicle 2}i^-8' in length, usually pyram- idal, the branches spreading or ascending, some- times flexuous, i'-3' loug, divided and spikelet- bearing above the middle; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 2"-2.yz" long, exceeding their pedicels; scales acute, the lower unequal, glabrous, rough on the keel, the lower i-nerved, the upper 3-nerved; flowering scales 1]^" long, webbed at the base, 5- nerved, the marginal nerves and midnerve silky- pubescent below, the intermediate ones naked.

In meadows, fields and woods, almost throughout North America. Widely cultivated for hay and pasture. Also in Europe and Asia. In North America probably indigenous only in the northern and mountainous regions. Variable. June-.\ug.

9. Poa pseudopratensis Scribn. & Rj d. Prairie Meadow-grass. (Fig. 467.)

Culms i°-2}^° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth or slightly rough; ligule 1" long, acute, decurrent; leaves 1"-^/' wide, smooth beneath, a little rough above and on the margins, those of the culm ^.'-zYz' long, the basal 6'-io' in length; panicle 1'-^' long, open, the branches spreading or ascending, long; spikelets 3-5-flowered,

2s"-\" long, exceeding their pedicels; lower scales nearly equal, acute, 3-nerved ; flowering scales acutish, about \yz" long, rough above, 5-uerved, pubescent between the nerves below, the marginal nerves and midnerve silky- pubescent about half their length.

Manitoba and Assiniboia to Nebraska and Colorado.

trivialis L.

Roughish Meadow-grass. (Fig. 468.)

Poa trivialis L. Sp. PI. 67. 1753.

Culms i°-3° tall, usually more or less decumbent at the base, simple, smooth or slighth- scabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, rough; ligule long, acutish; leaves 2'-"]' in length,

wide, generally very rough; panicle 4''-6' long, open, the branches usually spreading or ascending, i''-2'' long; spikelets 2- or sometimes 3-flowered, \ y2," long, exceeding their pedicels; scales acute, the empty basal ones rough on the keel, the lower i-nerv-ed, shorter than the 3-nerved upper; flowering scales \"- xYz" long, webbed at the base, 5-nerved, the mid- nerve silky-pubescent below, the lateral nerves naked, the intermediate ones prominent.

In meadows and waste places, New Brunswick to Michigan and Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. June-Aug.

GRASS FAMILY. II. Poa glauca Vahl. Glaucous Spear-grass

205

Poa glauca Vahl, Fl. Dan. pi. 964. 1790. Poa caesia J. E). Sniitli, Eng. Bot. pi.

1807.

Culms 6'-2° tall, erect, simple, rigid, glabrous, somewhat glaucous. Sheaths overlapping, confined to the lower half of the culm; ligule 1'^ long; leaves i'~2^ long, V wide or less, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 1^-3' in length, open, the branches erect or ascending, %'-iyz' long; spikelets 2-4- flowered, 2%"-^," long; empty basal scales acute, 3-nerved, glabrous, rough on the upper part of the keel; flowering scales \ y2"-\%" long, obtuse or acut- ish, rough, not webbed at the base, the lower half of the midnerve and marginal nerves silky-pubescent, the intermediate nerves obscure and occasionally Sparingly pubescent at the base.

"White Mountains of New Hampshire. Also in Kurope. Summer.

12. Poa nemoralis I,. "Wood Meadow-grass. Northern Spear-grass. (Fig. 470.)

Poa nemoralis L. Bp. PI. 69. 1753.

Poa caesia var. stricHor A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 629. 1867.

Culms 6^-2° tall, erect, simple, slender, sometimes rigid, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes; ligule Yt."-!" long, truncate; leaves \'-a/ long, \" wide or less, erect, smooth or rough; panicle 2^-5' in length, open, the branches erect or ascending, rarely spreading, i'-2' long; spike- lets 2-5-flowered, ^yi"-^]/!," long; lower scales acute or acuminate, 1-3-nerved; flowering scales obtuse or acute, i''-iX''loDg, faintly 5-nerved, somewhat webby at base, the midnerve and the marginal nerves silky- pubescent on the lower half.

Anticosti Island to British Columbia, south to Maine, Minnesota, South Dakota, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

13. Poa flava I,. False Red-top. Fowl Meadow-grass. (Fig. 471.)

Poa flava E. Sp. PI. 68. 1753. Poa serotina Ehrh. Beitr. 6: 8^

1 791.

Culms iJ^°-5° tall, erect, simple or rarely branched, smooth, glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, smooth and gla- brous; ligule \"-2" long; leaves 2'-6^ long, \"-2" wide, smooth or rough; panicle 6'-i3' in length, open, the branches spreading or as- cending, 2^-5' long, divided and spikelet-bear- ing above the middle; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 'iyz"-2" long, exceeding their pedicels; lower scales acute, glabrous, rough above on the keel, the lower usually i -nerved, the upper 3-nerved; flowering scales obtuse, somewhat webby at the base, \"-iyi" long, silky -pubes- cent on the lower half of the marginal nerves and the midnerve, the intermediate nerves ob- scure or wanting.

In swampy places. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Vancouver Island, south to New Jersey^ Illinois and Nebraska. Also in Europe aud Asia. July-Aug.

2o6

GRAMINEAE.

14. Poa debilis Torr. Weak Spear-grass. (Fig. 472.)

Poa dfbilis Torr. FI. N. Y. 2: 459. 1843.

Culms i°-2^° tall, erect, slender, simple, somewhat flattened, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths compressed,

much shorter than the interuodes; ligule

long;

leaves 1^-4^' long, i" wide or less, erect, smooth be- neath, rough above ; panicle 2^-6' in length, open, often nodding at the top, the branches erect or ascend- ing, sometimes spreading, i^^-3' long; spikelets 2-4- flowered, i^/<,"-2" long, their pedicels longer; empty scales unequal, acute, the first i-nerved, shorter than the 3-nerved second one; flowering scales lyi" long, obtuse, sparingly webbed at the base, 5-nerved, the nerves naked.

In woods, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Rhode Island, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. June-Aug.

autumnalis Mnhl. Flexiious Spear-grass.

Poa ajihcmitalis Muhl. ; Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 159. 1817. Poa flcxiiosa Muhl. Gram. 148. 1817. Not J. E. Smith. 1803.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually much shorter than the in- ternodes; ligule yi" long; leaves \" wide or less, smooth beneath, rough above, those of the culm i^'- 6' long, the basal much longer; panicle 3^-9' in length, the branches long and slender, spikelet-bearing at the extremities, 2^-5' long; spikelets 3-5-flowered, lYz''-^," long; empty basal scales acute, the first i-nerv-ed, narrow, shorter than the broad 3-nerved second; flowering scales rounded or retuse at the apex, \y2"-2" long, not webbed at the base, pubes- cent on the lower part, 5-nerved, the midnerve silky- pubescent for three-fourths its length.

In woods, New Jersej' and Pennsylvania to Kentucky, south to Florida and Texas. March-May.

16, Poa sylvestris A. Graj'. Sylvan Spear-grass.

Poa sylvestris A. Gray, Man. 596. 1848.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple, slightly flattened, smooth, glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the interuodes; ligule Yz" long or less; leaves smooth beneath, rough above, i"-:^," wide, those of the culm lYz'-d' in length, the basal much longer; pan- icle 2>'-l' length, the branches spreading or ascend- ing, 1^-3' long, spikelet-bearing at the extremities; spikelets 2-4-flowered, \"-2" long; empty basal scales acute, the lower i-nerved, the upper longer and 3- nerved; flowering scales about \%" long, webbed at the base, obtuse, often pubescent below, 5-nerved, the midnerve pubescent nearly its entire length and the marginal nerves below the middle.

In thickets and meadows. New York to Wisconsin, south to North Carolina, Louisiana and Kansas. Branches of the panicle sometimes reflexed when old. June-July.

GRASS FAMILY.

207

17. Poa alsodes A. Gray. Grove Meadow-grass.

Poa alsodes A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 562. 1856.

Culms 8^-2)4° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth And glabrous. Sheaths usually longer than the iuter- nodes; ligule long; leaves usually rough, wide, those of the culm 2^-8' in length, the basal longer; panicle 3/4^-8' in length, the branches spread- ing or ascending, lyi'-^)' long, spikelet-bearing at the ends; spikelets 2-3-flowered, about 2}i" long; scales very acute, the empty basal ones unequal, the lower i-nerved, the upper 3-nerved; flowering scales about 2'' long, webbed at the base, the midnerve pubescent near the base, the marginal nerves naked, the inter- mediate ones very faint.

In woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. May- June.

18. Poa Wolfii Scribn. Wolf's Spear-grass. (Fig. 476.)

Poa Wolfii Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 228. 1894.

Culms 2°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule yi" long; leaves \" wide or less, smooth beneath, rough above, those of the culm 2'-\' in length, the basal much longer; panicle 3'-6' in length, lax, its branches erect or ascending, flexuous, i^'-2^' long; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 2'^'^-3'' long; scales acute, the lower unequal, 3-nerved, glabrous, rough on the keel, the first shorter than the second; flowering scales about 2" long, copiously webbed at the base, 5-nerved, the marginal and midnerves silky-pubescent for more than half their length, the intermediate nerves promi- nent, naked.

Illinois, Tennessee and Kansas.

ig. Poa brevifolia Muhl. Short-leaved Spear-grass. (Fig. 477.)

Poa brevifolia Muhl. Gram. 138. 1817.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect or spreading, slender, smooth, glabrous. Sheaths often shorter than the internodes; ligule yz"-\y2." long; leaves smooth beneath, rough above, \"-2" wide, abruptly acute, those of the culm yi.'-^' long, the uppermost sometimes almost wanting; basal leaves usually equalling or nearly as long as the culm; panicle 2^'-5' in length, open, the branches ascending, widely spreading or often reflexed, lyi'-'s' long, spikelet-bearing at the ends; spikelets 3-6-flow- ered, 2^''-3^'^ long; empty basal scales unequal, acute, glabrous, the lower i-nerved, the upper 3- nerved; flowering scales slightly webbed at the base, 2"-2Yi," long, obtuse, 5-nerved, the keel and marginal nerves sparingly pubescent, the inter- mediate nerves prominent, naked.

In rocky woods, New Jersey and Pennsylvania" to Illinois, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. April-June.

208

GRAMINEAE.

20. Poa arida Vasey. Prairie Spear-grass. (Fig. 478.)

Poa amiina Nutt. ; S. Wats. Bot. King's Elxp. 388. 1871, Not Trill. 1836.

Poa arida Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb, i: 270. 1893.

Culms i°-2° tall, erect, rigid, simple, smooth and gla- brous. Sheaths usually overlapping, smooth or some- what roughish; ligule i"-"!" long, acute; leaves smooth beneath, rough above, yi"-\" wide, flat or folded, pun- gently pointed, those of the culm long, erect, the basal leaves 3'-6' long; panicle contracted, 2^-5' in length, the branches erect, spikelet-bearing nearly to the base, long or less; spikelets 4-7-flowered, iYz" -'sYi" long; lower scales nearly equal, acute, 3-nerved; flower- ing scales \yi,"-i" long, erose-truncate at apex, strongly silky-pubescent on the nerves for half their length, the lower part very pubescent between the nerves; interme- diate nerves ver)' obscure.

On prairies, Kansas to Utah, July-Sept.

north to British America.

21. Poa Buckleyana Nash. Buckley's Spear-grass. (Fig. 479. )

Poa leniiifolia Bucklej', Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 96. 1862.

Not A. "Rich. 1 851. Poa Buckleyana Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 465. 1895.

Culms (i'-2° tall, erect, rigid, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule Q."-'}," long, acute; leaves long, about \" wide,

erect, flat, or becoming involute, smooth or rough; panicle in length, contracted, the branches erect, xYz' long or less, spikelet-bearing nearly to the base; spikelets 2-5-flowered, i''-^," long; scales acute, the lower nearly equal, scabrous on the keel; flowering scales about 2" long, obtuse or acutish, sparingly pubescent on the nerves below, sometimes slightly hispid toward the base between the nerves.

Kansas to California, north to British America. July- Aug.

22. Poa glumaris Trill. L,arge-flowered Spear-grass. (Fig. 480. )

Poa glumaris Trin. Mem. .\cad. St. Petersb. (VI.) i: 379. 1831.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 6^-3° tall, erect or as- surgent, simple. Sheaths loose, usually shorter than the internodes; ligule Yz" long, truncate; leaves 4'-io' long, wide; panicle \'-\o' in length, the

branches erect or ascending, i'-2' long; spikelets 3-5- flowered, 4''-6" long; lower scales about equal, acute, slighty scabrous on the keel, the first 1-3-nerved, the second 3-nerved, rarely 5-nerved; flowering scales 3"- \" long, usually acutish, scabrous, 5-7-nerved, pubes- cent at base and on the lower part of the midnerve and lateral nerves, not webbed.

.\nticosti Island and Nova Scotia to Quebec and Alaska, Summer.

GRASS FAMILY. 209-

78. DUPONTIA R. Br. Parry's Voy. App. 290. 1824.

Low grasses, with flat leaves and generally narrow panicles. Spikelets 2-4-flowered, the flowers all perfect. Two lower scales empty, extending beyond the flowering scales, mem- branous; flowering scales entire, membranous, with a tuft of hairs at the base. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas phnnose. [Name in honor of J. D. Dupont, French botanist.]

Two arctic species, both circumboreal.

I. Dupontia Fisheri R. Br. Fisher'.s Dupontia. (Fig. 481.)

Dupontia Fi slier i R, Br. Parry's Voy. App. 291. 1824.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 5'-! 2' tall, erect, simple. Sheaths overlapping; ligule \" long or less; leaves i'-6' long, i"-2" wide, flat; panicle usually contracted, 1%'-^)%' long, the branches less than lyi' long, erect, or sometimes ascend- ing; spikelets few, about 2-flowered, 2>"-^^' long; empty basal scales thin, generally acute, the first I -nerved, somewhat shorter than the second, which is usually 3 -nerved, the lateral nerves often vanishing at about the middle; flowering scales 2 ^''-3'^ long, i -nerved or obscurely 3-nerved; basal hairs about }4," long.

Arctic regions of northeastern America. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer.

79. SCOLOCHLOA I,ink, Hort. Berol. i: 136. 1827.

Tall aquatic or marsh grasses, with flat leaves and ample panicles. Spikelets 2-4-flow- ered, the flowers perfect. Two lower scales empty, thin-membranous, 3-5 -nerved; flowering scales rigid, with a tuft of hairs at the base, rounded on the back, 5-7-nerved, some of the nerves usually excurrent as short points; palets about equalling the scales, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles very short. Stigmas plumose. Grain hairy at the apex. [Greek, referring to the rickle-like projecting nerves of the flowering scales.]

Species 2, in the north temperate zones of both continents.

I. Scolochloa festucacea (Willd.) lyink. Fescue Scolochloa. (Fig. 482.)

Arnndo festucacea Willd. Enum. i: 126. 1809.

Scolochloa festucacea Link, Hort. Berol. i: 137. 1827.

Graphephorum festucaceum A. Gray, Ann. Bot. Soc. Can. i: 57. 1861.

Iowa and Nebraska, north to Manitoba and As- siniboia. July-Aug.

Culms 3°-5° tall, erect, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths often overlapping; ligule long; leaves 7^-1° long or more, wide, flat, sca-

brous on the margins; panicle 8^-12'' in length, usually open, the branches ascending, naked at the base, the lower 3^-4' long; spikelets 3''-4" long; empty basal scales acute, the first shorter than the second; flowering scales scabrous, 7-nerved.

2IO

GRAMINEAE.

80. GRAPHEPHORUM Desv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2: 189. 1810.

Slender erect grasses, with flat leaves and a usually contracted nodding panicle. Spike- lets 2-4-flowered, flattened, the rachilla hirsute and extending beyond the flowers. Two lower scales empty, somewhat shorter than the flowering scales, thin-membranous, acute, keeled; flowering scales membranous, obscurely nerved, entire, sometimes short-awned just below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain glabrous. [Greek, pencil-bearing, referring to the tuft of hairs at the end of the rachilla.]

Two known species, natives of northern North America. Other Mexican grasses are referred to this genus by authors.

I. Graphephorum melicoideum (Michx.) Beauv. Graphephorum.

(Fig. 483-)

Aira melicoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 62. 1803. Graphephorum melicoideum Beauv. Agrost. 164.

pL 15. /. 8. 1812. Dupontia Coolcyi A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 556. 1852. Graphephorum melicoides var. major A. Gray, Ann. Bot. Soc. Can. 1:57. 1861.

Culms i°-2}4° tall, erect, simple, rough just below the panicle. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, smooth, or the lower often villous; ligule i'' long or less, truncate; leaves i/^'-g' long, i"-2'^ wide, long-acuminate, rough; panicle 2^-6' in length, the top usually nodding, the branches erect, i'-2' long; .spike- lets 2-4-flowered, 2^"-3" long; scales scabrous on the keel, the empty ones unequal, the first I -nerved or obscurely 3-nerved, shorter than the 3-nerved second; flowering scales 3-5-nerved, acute.

In wet soil, Anticosti Island to Ontario, south to Maine and Michigan. Aug. -Sept.

81. PANICULARIA Fabr. Enum. Hort. Helmst. 373. 1763.

[Glyceria R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 179. 1810.]

Mostly perennial grasses, often tall, with flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spike- lets few-many-flowered, terete or somewhat flattened. Two lower scales emptj% obtuse or acute, 1-3 -nerved; flowering scales membranous, rounded on the back, 5-9-nerved, the nerves disappearing in the hj-aline apex. Palets scarcely shorter than the scales, rarely longer, 2-keeled. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain smooth, en- closed in the scale and palet, free, or when dry slightly adhering to the latter. [Latin, referring to the panicled spikelets.]

About 16 species, widely distributed in North America, a few in Europe and Asia.

Spikelets ovate or oblong, 4" long or less.

Flowering scales very broad, obscurely or at least not sharply ner\'ed. Panicle open, the branches ascending or spreading, often drooping,

Spikelets 3-5-flowered; lowest flowering scale about i" long. i. P. laxa.

Spikelets 5-12-flowered; lowest flowering scale about i H" long. 2. P. Canadensis. Panicle contracted, the branches erect. 3. P. obtusa.

Flowering scales narrow, sharplj- and distinctly 7-ner\-ed.

Panicle elongated, its branches erect or appressed. 4. P. elo7igata.

Panicle not elongated, open, its branches spreading or drooping, rarely erect. Scales about i" long, obtuse or rounded at the apex.

Spikelets I '2" long or less; branches of the panicle often drooping.

5. P. ncrvata.

Spikelets 2"-3" long; branches of the patiicle ascending or .spreading.

6. P. Americana.

Scales \ Vi" -\%" long, truncate and denticulate at the apex. 7. P. pallida.

Spikelets linear, 6" long or more.

Flowering scales i %"-t," long, obtuse, longer than the obtuse palet. 8. P. fluiians.

Flowering scales about 4' ' long, acute, much shorter than the long-acuminate palet.

9. P. aculijlora.

GRASS FAMILY.

211

I. Panicularia laxa Scribn. Northern Manna-grass. (Fig. 484.)

Panicularia laxa Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club, 21 ; 37. 1894.

Glyceria laxa Scribn. ; Redf. & Rand, Fl. Mt. Desert, 180. 1894.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth or slightly scabrous. Sheaths overlapping, rough ; ligule Yz"-!" long; leaves 8'-i5' long, 2''-4'^ wide, very rough; panicle 7^-9' in length, the branches spread- ing or ascending, the lower 3'-6' long; spikelets 3- 5-flowered, about ^" long; empty scales unequal, scarious, acute, i -nerved, the first one-half to two- thirds the length of the second; flowering scales broad, about \" long, twice the length of the second scale, obtuse, obscurely 7-nerved.

In water or wet soil, Maine to Pennsylvania. Aug.

2. Panicularia Canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze.

(Fig. 485.)

Rattlesnake Grass.

Briza Canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 71. 1803. Glyceria Canadensis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 1:366. 1831.

Panicularia Canadensis Knntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 783. 1891.

Culms 2°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth or slightly scabrous. Sheaths shorter than -the internodes, those at the base of the culm overlapping; ligule i'' long, truncate; leaves 6'-i° long or more, 2"-d/' wide, rough; panicle ^Yz'-io' in length, the branches spreading, ascending or often drooping, 2 ^'-5' long; spikelets 5-12-flowered, 2 ^^''-4'' long, flattened, tur- gid; empty scales unequal, acute, i-nerved; flower- ing scales, broad, lYz''-^" long, obtuse or acutish, obscurely 7-nerved.

In swamps and marshes, Newfoundland and New Brunswick to Ontario and Minnesota, south to New Jer- sey, Ohio and Kansas. The handsomest species of the genus. Ascends to 5000 ft. in the Adirondacks. July-Aug.

3. Panicularia obtusa (Muhl.) Kuntze. Blunt Manna-grass. (Fig. 486.)

Poa obtusa Muhl. Gram. 147. 1817.

Glyceria obtusa Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) i: 366. 1831.

Panicularia obtusa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 783. 1891.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths sometimes rough, strongly striate, the lower overlapping; ligule very short; leaves 6'-i5' long, 2"- 4" wide, usually stiff, erect or ascending, smooth be- neath, more or less scabrous above; panicle 3'-8' in length, contracted, dense, the branches erect; spikelets 3-7-flowered, 2''-2," long; empty scales acute, scari- ous, i-nerved; flowering scales about 1%'^ long, broad, obtuse, obscurely 7-nerved.

In swamps. New Brunswick to New York and central Pennsylvania, south to Delaware and Maryland. Ascends to 2300 ft. in the Catskill Mountains. July-Aug.

212

GRAMINEAE.

4. Panicularia elongata (Torr. ) Kuntze. lyong Manna-grass. (Fig. 487.)

Poa elongala Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 112. 1824. Gh'ceria elongata Trin. Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 1: 68. 1836.

Paniailaria elongata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 783. 1891.

Culms 2°-3° tall, erect, simple, slender, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths often shorter than the in- ternodes; ligule long; leaves lax, 6'- 12' long, I ^"-3" wide, long-acuminate, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle elongated, contracted, nar- row, usually nodding at the summit, 6'-i2' in length, the branches erect or appressed, i'-2yi' long; spikelets 3-4-flowered, \ Yz"-2f' long; empty scales unequal, acute, i-nerved; flowering scales narrow, about \" long, obtuse or acutish, distinctly 7-nerved.

In wet woods, Newfoundland to Quebec and Minne- sota, south to North Carolina and Kentucky. Ascends to 4000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Aug.-Sept.

5. Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. Nerved Manna-grass. (Fig. 488.)

Poa nervata Willd, Sp. PI. i: 389. 1798. Glyceria nervata Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.)

1:365. 1831. Panicularia nervata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 783. 1891.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths often shorter than the in- ternodes, usually more or less rough; ligule Yz" long, truncate; leaves 6'-i2' long, 1"-^" wide, acute, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 3'-8' in length, open, the branches filiform, spreading, as- cending or often drooping, rarely erect, 2'-^' long; spikelets 3-7-flowered, long; empty scales

obtuse, i-nerved; flowering scales about long, obtuse or rounded, with 7 sharp distinct nerves and evident furrows between.

In wet places, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Florida and Mexico. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. Panicle often purple. June-Sept.

6. Panicularia Americana (Torr.) MacM. Reed Meadow-grass. Tall

Manna-grass. (Fig. 489.)

Poa aqiiatica var. Americana Torr. Fl. V. S. i: 108. 1824.

Glyceria grandis S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 667. 1890.

Panicularia Americana MacMillan, Met. Minn. 81. 1892.

Culms 3°-5° tall, erect, stout, simple, .smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, smooth, or some- times rough; ligule \"-2" long, truncate; leaves 7'-i° long or more, z"-'^" 'wide, usually smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 8^-15' in length, its branches .spreading, ascending or rarely erect, 4^-8' long; spikelets 4-7-flowered, 2"--i," long; empty scales acute, i-nerved; flowering scales about \" long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, .sharply and distinctly 7-nerved, the furrows between the nerves evident.

In wet soil, New Brunswick to Alaska, south to Ten- nessee, Nebraska, Colorado and Nevada. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Pennsylvania. June-Aug.

GRASS FAMILY.

213

7. Panicularia pallida (Torr.) Kuntze. Pale Manna-grass. (Fig. 490.)

Windsoi ia pallida Torr. Cat. N. Y. 91. 1819. ■Glvceria pallida Trin. Bull. Acad. Sci. .St. Petersb. i: 68. 1836.

Panicularia pallida Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 783. 1891.

Pale green, culms i°-3° long, assurgent, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes; ligule 2"-2," long, acute; leaves 2'-6' long, i"-2" wide, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle lyi'-j' in length, the branches spreading, ascending or rarelj' erect, often flexu- ous, x'-2' long; spikelets 4-S-flowered, 2^'''-3}^" long; empty scales unequal, the first i-nerved, ob- tuse, shorter than the 3-nerved and truncate sec- ond; flowering scales long, truncate and denticulate at the apex, sharply and distinctly 7-nerved, with plain furrows between the nerves.

In shallow water, New Brunswick to Ontario, south to Virginia, Tennessee and Indiana. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Pennsylvania. July-Aug.

8. Panicularia fluitans (L,.) Kuntze. Floating Manna-grass. (Fig. 491.)

Festuca fluitans T,. Sp. PI. 75. 1753- Glyceria fluitans'R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 179. 1810. Panicularia fluitans Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 782. 1891.

Culms 2°-5° long, flattened, erect or decumbent, usually stout, simple, smooth and glabrous, often root- ing from the lower nodes. Sheaths loose, generally overlapping, smooth or rough; ligule 2"-%," long! leaves 5^-1° long or more, 2"-^" wide, scabrous, often floating; panicle 9'-i}4° long, the branches, at least the lower ones, at first appressed, later ascend- ing, and 3'-6' long; spikelets linear, 7-13-flowered, 4"-i2" long; empty scales unequal, i-nerved, the lower acute or obtuse, the upper obtuse or truncate; flowering scales i/4''^-y long, oblong, obtuse or truncate, more or less scabrous, sharply 7-nerved.

In wet places or in water, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Kentucky, Iowa and California. Also in Europe. July-Sept.

9. Panicularia acutiflora (Torr.) Kuntze. Sharp-scaled Manna-grass. (Fig. 492.)

Glyceria acutiflora Torr. Fl. U. !3. i: 104. 1824. Panicularia acutiflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 782. 1891.

Culms i°-2° tall, flattened, erect from a decumbent base, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, generally a little exceeding the internodes, smooth and glabrous; ligule 2" long, truncate; leaves 3'-6' long, 2"-}/' wide, smooth beneath, rough above ; panicle 6'-i2' in length, the branches erect or ap- pressed, 2'-4' long; spikelets linear, 5-12-flowered, \'- z.%' long; empty scales acute, smooth; flowering scales about \" long, lanceolate, acute, scabrous, ex- ceeded by the long-acuminate palets.

In wet places, Maine to southern New York, Ohio and Tennessee. Local. June-Aug.

214

GRAMINEAE.

1. P. maritima^

broad, obtuse or

2. P. dislans.

82. PUCCINELLIA Pari. Fl. Ital. i: 366. 1848.

Perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spike- lets 3-several-flowered. Lower scales empty, obtuse or acute, unequal; flowering scales ob- tuse or acute, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, the nerves very obscure or almost wanting. Palet about equalling the scale. Stamens 3. Styles wanting. Stigmas sessile, simply plu- mose. Grain compressed, usually adhering to the palet. [Name in honor of Benedetto Puccinelli, Italian botanist.]

About 14 species, in all temperate regions.

Panicle open, its branches spreading or ascending, rarely erect. Lower flowering scales I !.>"-2" long; plant stoloniferous. Lower flowering scales i H " long or less; plants not stoloniferous.

Second empty scale less than half the length of the flowering scales,

truncate; spikelets crowded. Second emptj' scale more than half the length of the flowering scales, narrow, obtuse or acute; spikelets not crowded. 3. P. airoides.

Panicle contracted, its branches erect, rarely ascending; northern species. 4. P. angustata.

I. Puccinellia maritima (Huds. ) Pari. Goo.se-gras,s. Sea Spear- gras.s. (Fig. 493.)

Poa maritima Huds. Fl. Angl. 35. 1762. Glyceria marilima M. & K. Deutsch. Fl. i: 588. 1823.

Pucctnellia marilima Pari. Fl. Ital. i: 370. 1848.

Stoloniferous, smooth, glabrous, culms 6'-2° tall, erect, or decumbent at the base, simple. Sheaths usually exceeding the in- ternodes; ligule long; leaves Yz'-^'

long, \" wide or less, flat to involute; pan- icle 2'-(>' in length, open, the branches as- cending, or rarely erect, \'-2' long; spikelets 3-10-flowered, long; empty scales un-

equal, the first usually i -nerved, the second 3-nerved; flowering scales i)^'^-2" long, broad, obtuse or truncate.

In salt marshes and on sea beaches, Nova Scotia to Rhode Island. Also on the Pacific coast, and on the coasts of Europe and Asia. uly-Aug.

2. Puccinellia distans (L.) Pari. Spreading Meadow-gra.ss. (Fig. 494.)

Poa distans L. Mant. 32. 1767. Glyceria distans Wahl. Fl. Ups. 36. 1820. Puccinellia distans Pari. Fl. Ital. i: 367. 1848.

Culms i°-2° tall, erect, or sometimes de- cumbent at the base, tufted, smooth and gla- brous. Sheaths often shorter than the inter- nodes, smooth and glabrous; ligule Yz'^-i'^ long; leaves %'-6' long, wide, flat or

folded, usually stiff and erect, smooth be- neath; panicle 2^-7' in length, open, rarely contracted, the branches spreading or ascend- ing, whorled, the lower I'-^yi' long, some- times reflexed; spikelets crowded, 3-6-flow- ered, iy2"-2%" long; empty scales obtuse or acute, i-nerved, the second exceeding the first and less than half the length of the ob- scurely ner\-ed and obtuse flowering scales, which are ^"-i^^ long.

On salt meadows, sea beaches and in waste places, Nova Scotia to New Jersey. Probably- naturalized from Europe. July-Aug.

GRASS FAMILY.

215

3. Puccinellia airoides (Nutt.) Wats. & Coult

(Fig. 495.)

Poa airoides Nutt. Gen. i: 68. 1818. Panicularia dis/ans airoides Scrihn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 54- 1894.

Puccinellia airoides Wats. & Coult. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 668. 1890.

Culms i°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- brous. Sheaths usually longer than the internodes; ligule \" long; leaves I'-d' long, ly^" wide or less, flat or involute, usually erect, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle open, its branches slender, spreading or ascending, rarely erect, the lower '^'-'SYz' long and often refiexed; spikelets scattered, 1-7-flowered, ^Yz"-})" long; empty scales imequal, the first acute, i-nerved, the second obtuse or acute, 3-nerved, more than half the length of the obtuse flowering scales, which are \"~\Y" long.

In saline soil, Manitoba to the Northwest Territory, Washington, Colorado and Nevada. July-Aug.

Slender Meadow-grass.

4. Puccinellia angustata (R. Br.) Nash. Arctic Meadow-grass. (Fig. 496.)

Poa angiislata R. Br. App. Parry's Voy. 287. 1824. Paiiicularia angustata Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 54- 1894-

Puccinellia maritima var. minor S. Wats, in A.

Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 668. 1890. Puccinellia angustata Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 512. 1895.

Smooth and glabrous, culms tall, erect,

simple. Sheaths usually overlapping; ligule \" long; leaves Yz'-'^^Yz' long, \" wide or less; pan- icle in length, contracted, the branches short and erect or appressed ; spikelets 2-7-flow- ered, 2>"-\" long; empty scales obtuse or rounded at the apex, the first i -nerved, the second 3- nerved; flowering scales iX^^-iK'' long, usually purplish, rounded at the apex.

Greenland and Hudson Bay to Alaska, south to Maine. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

83. FESTUCA I,. Sp. PI. 73. 1753. Mostly tufted perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflores- cence. Spikelets 2-several-flowered. Two lower scales empty, more or less unequal, acute, keeled; flowering scales membranous, narrow, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, usually acute, and generally awned at the apex. Palet scarcely shorter than the scale. Stamens 1-3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain glabrous, elongated, often adherent to the scale or palet. [Latin, stalk or straw.]

A genus of about 80 species, widely distributed, particularly numerous in temperate regions. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the western parts of North America. Leaves i" wide or less.

Annuals; flowering scales awned.

First scale more than half as long as the second; awn short. First scale less than half as long as the second; awn long. Perennials; flowering scales short-awned or bristle-pointed. Basal leaves filiform or setaceous, K" wide. Culms from a rootstock or with stolons. Culms densely tufted, no rootstocks. Basal leaves flat, about i" wide, becoming involute in drying. Leaves 2" wide or more, flat.

Flowering scales unawned or short-awned.

Flowering scales 25^"-3K" long; spikelets 5-10-flowered. Flowering scales 2" long or less; spikelets 3-6-flowered.

Spikelets very broad; branches of the panicle spikelet-bearing from the middle or

below; flowering scales obtuse. 7. F. Shortii.

Spikelets lanceolate; brancheselongated; spikeletsat ends; scalesacute. 8. F. ?iulans. Flowering scales long-awned. 9. F. gigantea.

1. F. octoflora.

2. F. Myuros.

3. F. rubra.

4. F. ovina.

5. F. scabrella.

6. F. elatior.

2l6

GRAMINEAE.

I. Festuca octoflora Walt. Slender Fescue-grass. (Fig. 497.)

Fcstuca octoflora Walt. Fl. Car. 81. 1788. Festuca tenella Willd. Enum. i: 113. 1809.

Culms 4'-i8' tall, erect, from an annual root, slender, rigid, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usualW shorter than the internodes; ligule very short; leaves lYz'-'h' long, involute, bristle-form; raceme or simple panicle often one-sided, i'-6' in length, contracted, its branches erect, or rarely as- cending; spikelets 6-13-flowered, long; empty scales acute, smooth, the first i-nerved, more than half the length of the 3-nerved .second one; flowering scales, exclusive of awns, \yz"-2yz" long, usually very scabrous, acuminate into an awn nearly as long as the body or shorter, or sometimes awnless; stamens 2.

Dry sandy soil, Quebec to British Columbia, .south to Florida, Texas and California. Leaves sometimes pubes- cent. June-Aug.

2. Festuca Myuros L. Rat's-tail Fe.scue-grass. (Fig. 498.)

Festuca Myuros L. Sp. PI. 74. 1753.

Smooth, glabrous, culms i°-2° tall, erect from an annual root, slender, simple. Sheaths often shorter than the internodes, the upper sometimes enclosing the base of the panicle; ligule y^" long, truncate; leaves 1'-^' long, subulate, involute, erect; panicle usually one-sided, 4'-i2' in length, contracted, some- times curved, its branches appressed; spikelets 3-6- fiowered; empty scales very unequal, acute, smooth, the first I -nerved, less than half as long as the 3-nerved second one; flowering scales, exclusive of the awns, long, narrow, scabrous, acuminate into an awn much longer than the body; stamen i.

In waste places and fields, eastern Massachusetts to New Jersey and Florida. Also on the Pacific coast. Natural- ized from Europe. June-July.

3. Festuca rubra L. Red Fescue-grass. (Fig. 499.)

Festuca rubra L. Sp. PI. 74. 1753-

Culms iy2°-2%° tall, from running rootstocks, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes; ligule very short, truncate; basal leaves involute-filiform, 3'-6' long; culm leaves shorter, erect, flat or involute in drying, minutely pu- bescent above; panicle 2^-5' in length, sometimes red, open at flowering time, contracted in fruit; spikelets 3-10-flowered, /^"-6" long; lower scales acute, un- equal, the first i-nerved, shorter than the 3-nerved second; flowering scales about 3" long, obscurely 5- ner\-ed, sometimes scabrous, bearing awns of less than their own length.

Labrador to Alaska, south, especially on the mountains, to Tennessee and Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

GRASS FAMILY.

217

4. Festuca ovina L. Sheep's Fescue-grass. (Fig. 500.)

Fesluca ovina h- Sp. PI. 73. 1753-

Smooth, glabrous, culms 6'-i4' tall, erect, tufted, slender, rigid, simple; no rootstocks. Sheaths usually crowded at the base of the culm; ligule auriculate, short; leaves filiform or setaceous, those of the culm few, I'-'i' long, erect, the basal ones numerous; pan- icle long, often one-sided, narrow, its branches short, usually erect or appressed; .spikelets 3-5- flowered; empty scales unequal, acute, the first i- nerved, the second 3-nerved; flowering scales i y2"-2" long, smooth, acute, usually short -awned.

In fields and waste places, Labrador to British Colum- bia, south to New Jersey, Colorado and California. Vari- able. Probably indigenous northward, but mostly natu- ralized from Europe. Native also of Asia. The subarctic and Rocky Mountain var. brevifolia S. Watson, may be a distinct species. June-July.

The so-called var. vivipara, a state of this grass with the scales wholly or partly transformed into small leaves, is found on the mountains of New England and in arctic America.

Festuca ovina duriuscula (L.) Hack. Monog. Fest. Europ. 89. 1882, Festiica duriuscula L- Sp. PI. 74. 1753-

Culms taller and stouter, the panicle usually more open and the flowering scales about Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains, south to Virginia and Colorado. Naturalized from

3" Ion?- Europe.

5. Festuca scabrella Torr. Rough Fes- cue-grass. (Fig. 501.)

Fustuca scabrella Torr.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 252. pi. 233. 1840.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, simple, usually rough, below the panicle. Sheaths overlapping, smooth; ligule a ring of very short hairs; leaves rough, \" wide or less, those of the culm 1^-3' long, erect, the basal flat, much longer and readily deciduous from the sheaths, involute in drying; panicle 3^-4' in length, open, its branches ascending or the lower widely spreading; spikelets 3-5-flowered, about 4^' long; empty scales scarious, unequal, smooth, the first i-nerved, the second longer, 3-nerved; flower- ing scales about }/' long, scabrous, often bearing a short awn \" long or less.

Labrador and Quebec to Manitoba and British Co- lumbia, south to California. Summer.

6. Festuca elatior L. Tall or Meadow Fescue-grass. (Fig. 502.)

Festuca elatior L. Sp. PI. 75. 1753. Festuca pratensis Huds. Fl. Angl. 37. 1762. Festuca elatior var. pratensis A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 634. 1867.

Culms 2°-5° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule very short; leaves 4^-15' long, 7."-^" wide, flat, smooth beneath, more or less rough above; panicle 4^-14' in length, often nodding at the top, simple to very compound, the branches ascending or erect, 2'- 8' long; spikelets 5-9-flowered, 4^^'-6'' long; empty scales acute, the first 1-3-nerved, the second 3-5- nerved; flowering scales acute or short -pointed, smooth and glabrous, 2>^''-3'' long, indistinctly 5-nerved.

In fields and waste places. Nova Scotia to Ontario, south to North Carolina, Tennessee and Kansas. Natur- alized from Europe and cultivated for hay. Variable. July-Aug.

2l8

GRAMINEAE.

7. Festuca Shortii Kunth. Short's Fescue-grass. (Fig. 503.)

Feslnca Shortii Kunth; Wood, Class-book, 794. 1861. Fesliica nutans var. palustrisWooA, Bot. & Fl. 399. 1873.^

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- brous. Sheaths much shorter than the internodes; ligule very short; leaves 5'-io' long, \"-2," wide, flat, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle ^}/-^' in length, open, the branches spreading or ascending, rarely erect, spikelet-bearing from the middle or below, the lower i>2'-3K' loiig; spikelets broadly obovate, when mature, 3-6 flowered, lYz"-}," long; empty scales acute, unequal, scabrous on the nerves, the first i— 3-nerved, the second 3-ner\'ed; flowering scales about 2" long, smooth, obtuse or acutish, faintly nerved.

In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania (according to Porter) and Illinois to Kansas, south to Mississippi and Texas. July-Aug.

8. Festuca nutans Willd. Nodding Fescue-grass. (Fig. 504.)

Festuca nutans y^WXA.. Enum. i: ii6. 1809.

Culms 2°-3° tall, erect, simple, slender, glabrous or sometimes pubescent. Sheaths much shorter than the internodes, glabrous or pubescent; ligule very short; nodes black; leaves 4^-12' long, 2"-3" wide, rather dark green, flat, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 4^-9' in length, its branches at first erect, the lower 2%'-^' long, finally spread- ing and nodding, spikelet-bearing only at the ends; spikelets lanceolate, 3-5-flowered, 2>^''-3" long; empty scales acute, scabrous on the keel, the the first i-ner\'ed, shorter than the 3-nerved second; flowering scales about 2'' long, smooth, acute, very faintly nerved.

In rocky woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Ne- braska, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 2300 ft. in Virginia. June-Aug.

g. Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill. Great Fescue- grass. (Fig. 505.)

Bromns giganteus\,. Sp. PI. 77. 1753- Festvca gigantea Vill. Hist. PI. Daupii. 2: 110. 1787.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually overlapping; ligule \" long; leaves 5'- 1° long or more, bright green, 2"-(>" wide, flat, rough; panicle 7'-i2' in length, loose, narrow, the branches erect or ascending, the lower 2'-4'' long; spikelets 3-7- flowered; empty scales acuminate, smooth and glabrous, the first 1-3-nerved, shorter than the 3-5-nerved second; flowering scales, exclusive of awns, about }/' long, faintly 5-nerved, slightly scabrous, minutely 2-toothed at the apex, bearing an awn (i"-W long.

In wa.ste places, Maine to southern New York. Adventive from Europe. July-Aug.

GRASS FAMILY.

219

84. BROMUS L. Sp. PI. 76. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal panicles, the pedicels thick- ■ened at the summit. Sheaths sometimes not split. Spikelets few-many-flowered. Two lower scales empty, unequal, acute; flowering scales rounded on the back, or sometimes compressed-keeled, 5-9-nerved, the apex usually 2-toothed, generally bearing an awn just below the summit; palet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens usually 3. Stigmas ses- sile, plumose, inserted below a hairy cushion-like appendage at the top of the ovary. Grain adherent to the palet. [Greek name for a kind of oats.]

About 40 species, most numerous in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 14 others occur in the western parts of North America.

l,ower empty scale i-nerved, the upper 3-nerv'ed. Tall perennials, 2°-4° high.

Sheaths glabrous or softly pubescent, the lower sometimes sparingly hirsute.

I<eaves 2"-6" wide; culms stoutish; branches of the panicle more or less spreading or

drooping. i. B. ciliatus.

L,eaves less than 2" wide; culms slender; branches of the panicle erect.

2. B. erectus.

Sheaths strongly retrorse-hirsute. 3. B. aspe?-.

I,ow annuals, i°-2° high; spikelets drooping.

Spikelets numerous, on slender recurved unilateral pedicels; flowering scales 4"-6" long.

4. B. tectorum.

Spikelets few, the pedicels not unilateral; flowering scales 6"-8" long. 5. B. sterilis. Lower empty scale 3-nerved, the upper 5-9-nerved (3-nerved in No. 6). Flowering scales rounded on the back, at least below. Flowering scales awned.

Flowering scales pubescent.

Pubescence dense, consisting of long silky hairs.

Second empty scale 3-nerved; flowering scales 5"-6" long. 6. B. Porteri. Second empty scale 5-7-nerved; flowering scales about 4" long.

7. B. Kalniii.

Pubescence of short appressed soft hairs, not dense. 8. B. hordeacetis.

Flowering scales glabrous or minutely roughened. Awns straight.

Nerves of the turgid flowering scales obscure ; palet about equalling the scale,

which is 3"-4" long. 9. B. secalinus.

Nerves of the flowering scale prominent; palet considerably shorter than the scale, which is 4" -5" long. 10. B. racemosxis.

Awns strongly bent near the base, divergent. 11. B. squai'rosus.

Flowering scales not awned, nearly as broad as long. 12. B. brizaeformis.

Flowering scales compressed-keeled.

Flowering scales pubescent; awn 2" -3" long. 13. B. breviaristatus.

Flowering scales minutely roughened; awn less than i" long, or none.

14. B. unioloides.

I. Bromus ciliatus L,. Fringed Brome-grass. Wood Chess. (Fig. 506.)

Bromus ptirgans L,. Sp. PI. 76. 1753 ? Bromus ciliatus L. Sp. PI. 76. 1753.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, glabrous or pubescent. Sheaths often shorter than the internodes, smooth or rough, often softly pubescent, or the lower sometimes sparingly hirsute; ligule very short; leaves 4^-12' long, 2"-6" wide, smooth beneath, scabrous and often pubescent above; panicle open, ^'-10' in length, its branches lax, widely spread- ing or often drooping; spikelets 5-10-flow- ered, i' long or less; empty scales very acute, glabrous, rough on the keel, the first i- nerved, the second longer, 3-nerved; flower- ing scales ^"-6" long, obtuse or acute, 5-7- nerved, appressed-pubescent on the margins or over the entire surface; awn 2'^-/^" long.

In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Manitoba and British Columbia, south to Florida and Texas. Variable. The form known as var. purgans (B. pubescens MnhX.) with, the flower- ing scales pubescent all over, may be distinct. July-Aug.

220

GRAMINEAE.

2. Bromus erectus Huds. Upright Brome-grass. (Fig. 507.)

liromus erecttis Huds. Fl. Angl. 39. 1762.

Culms 2°-3° tall, erect, simple, slender, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth and glabrous, or slightly pubescent; ligule Yz" long, erose-truncate; leaves sparingly pubescent, \"-2" ■wide, those of the culm long, the basal about

1° long, verj' narrow; panicle 3'-;' in length, the branches erect or a.scending, the lower i'-3' long; spikelets long, sometimes purplish, 5-10-

flowered; empty scales acuminate, the first i-nerved, the second longer, 3-ner\-ed; flowering scales S"-S" long, acuminate, very rough-pubescent, 5-nerved, the intermediate nen-es faint; awn 2"-}," long.

In waste places about New York. Adventive from Europe. July-Aug.

3. Bromus asper Murr. Hair>' Brome- grass. (Fig. 508.)

Bromus asper Murr. Prodr. Stirp. Goett. 42. 1770.

Culms 2°-6° tall, erect, simple, rough. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, strongly retrorse-hirsute, especially the lower; ligule lYz" long; leaves 8'-i° long or more, 2,"-^" wide, rough or often hirsute; panicle 6'-i2' in length, open, the branches usually drooping; spikelets 5-10-flowered I'-i^' long; empty scales acute, scabrous on the nerves, the first i-ner\-ed, the second longer, 3-ner\-ed; flowering scales about 6" long, acute, hispid near the margins and on the lower part of the keel; awn long.

In waste places. New Brunswick to Michigan and Ken- tucky. Naturalized from Europe. July-Aug.

4. Bromus tectdrum L.] , Downj'^ Brome-grass. (Fig. 509.)

Bromus tectorum L. Sp. PI.

1753-

Culms 6'-2° tall, erect from an annual root, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually longer than the internodes, at least the lower ones softly pubes- cent; ligule \"-2" long; leaves long, wide, softly pubescent; panicle I'-d' in length, open, the branches slender and drooping, somewhat one- sided; spikelets numerous, 5-8-flowered, on capillary recur\-ed slender pedicels; empty scales acuminate, usually rough or hirsute, the first i-nen-ed, the sec- ond longer, 3-nerved; flowering scales ^"-d" long, acuminate, 7-ner\-ed, usually rough or hirsute; awn 6"-8" long.

In fields and waste places, Rhode Island to Ontario, south to Maryland and Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. Sometimes a troublesome weed. May-July.

GRASS FAMIIvY.

221

5. Bromus sterilis I,. Barren Brome-gras.s.

Bromus sterilis L,. Sp. I'l. 77. i753-

Culms i°-2° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- brous. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, smooth or rough, the lower sometimes pubescent; Hgule x" long; leaves 3'-9' long, V-'i," wide, us- ually more or less pubescent; panicle 5'-io' in length, the branches ascending or often widely spreading, not one-sided, stiff; spikelets few, 5-10- flowered, spreading or pendulous; empty scales acuminate, glabrous, the first i-nerved, the second longer, 3-nerved; flowering scales long, acu-

minate, 7-nerved, scabrous on the ners'es, the awn y//_j2" long.

In waste places and ballast, eastern Massachusetts to Pennsylvania and Ohio. Locally naturalized or adven- tive from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-July.

6. Bromus Porteri (Coulter) Nash. Porter's Chess. (Fig. 511.)

Bromus Kalniii var. Porteri Coulter, Man. Bot. Rocky

Mt. Reg-ion, 425. 1885. Bromus Porteri Nash, Bull. Torn Club, 22: 512. 1895.

Culms i>^°-3° tall, erect, simple, pubescent below the nodes. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, glabrous or sometimes softly pubescent; ligule y^'^ long, truncate; leaves i"-'^" wide, rough, those of the culm 4^-9' long, the basal narrow and about one-half of the length of the culm; panicle in length, its branches drooping and flexuous, at least when old, the nodes of the axis pubescent; spikelets 5-io-flowered, <^"-\^" long, on slender flexuous pedicels; empty scales pubescent, the first narrower than the second, both 3-nerved; flowering scales ^"-(i" long, obtuse, 5-7-nerved, densely pubescent with long silky hairs; awn long.

In dry soil. South Dakota to Montana, south to western Nebraska, New Mexico and Arizona. July- Aug.

7. Bromus Kalmii A. Gray. Kalm's Chess. (Fig. 512.)

Bromus purgans L. Sp. PI. 76. 1753? Bromus Kalmii K. Gray, Man. 600. 1848.

Culms tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-

brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, more or less pubescent; ligule very short; leaves 2)4^-']^ long, x//-^// wide, sparingly pubescent; panicle 2'-6' in length, open, its branches usually flexuous; .spikelets 6-io-flowered, (^''-xt." long, on slender flexuous pedi- cels; empty scales pubescent, the first narrow, acute, 3-nerved, the second longer, broad, obtuse or mucro- nate, 5-7-nerved; flowering scales about \" long, 7-9- nerved, densely silky pubescent, the awn \"-\ Yz" in length.

In woods and thickets, Quebec to Manitoba, south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Illinois and Iowa. July- Aug.

222

GRAMINEAE.

8. Bromus hordeaceus L. Soft Chess. (Fig. 513.)

Broimis hordeaceus L. Sp. PI. 77. 1753. Bromtis mollis L,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 112. 1762.

Culm.s 8'-3° tall, erect, often slender, u.suall}- pubes- cent below the panicle. Sheaths shorter than the in- ternodes, mostly pubescent; ligule Yz" long; leaves i'-7' long, wide, pubescent; panicle generally

contracted, its branches erect or ascending, \'-7.' long; spikelets appressed-pubescent, on short pedicels; empty scales acute, the first 3-nerv-ed, the second longer, 5-7-nerved; flowering scales broad, obtuse, 2,yz"-i,yz" long, 7-9-nerved, bearing an awn '},"-\" in length between the obtuse or acute teeth.

In fields and waste places, New York to Virginia. L,ocally adventive from Europe. July-Aug.

9. Bromus secalinus L. Cheat. Chess. (Fig. 514.)

Bromus secalinus L. Sp. PL 76. 1753.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, generally glabrous; ligule Yz" long, erose; leaves 2^-9' long, \"- 3" wide, smooth or rough, sometimes hairy; panicle 1'- 8' in length, open, its branches ascending or drooping; spikelets turgid, glabrous, erect or somewhat pendulous,

6- io-flowered; empty scales scabrous toward the apex, the first 3-nerved, acute, the second longer and broader,

7- ner\'ed, obtuse; flowering scales long, broad, turgid, obtuse, rough toward the apex, the nerves ob- scure awnless, or bearing a straight awn \" long or less between the obtuse short teeth; palet about equalling the scale.

In fields and waste places almost throughout temperate North America, often a pernicious weed in grain fields. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Aug.

10. Bromus racemosus I,.

Upright Chess. Smooth Brome-grass. (Fig. 515-)

Bromus racemosus L, Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 114. 1762.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- brous, or sparingly pubescent below the panicle. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, glabrous or pubescent; ligule i^'long; leaves i'-9'long, Yi.''-^" wade, pubescent; panicle I'-io' in length, the branches erect or ascending, the lower sometimes 2yz' long; spikelets erect, 5-11-flowered; empty scales acute, the first 3-ner\'ed, the second longer and broader, 5-9-ner\-ed; flowering scales broad, J,Y"-A%" loiig> obtuse, smooth and shining, the ner\-es prominent; awn straight, 3"-4" in length; palet considerably shorter than the scale.

In fields and waste places all over the eastern United States and British America; also on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June- Aug.

GRASS FAMILY.

223

11. Bromus squarrosus L. Corn

Brome. (Fig. 516.)

Bromus squarrosus ly. Sp. PI. 76. 1753-

Culms 8'-i8' tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the interuodes, softly pubescent; ligule long; leaves 1^-5' long, wide, softly pubescent; panicle I'-d'

in length, open, the branches ascending or drooping, often flexuous; spikelets nodding, 6- i2-flowered, on slender pedicels; empty scales obtuse or acutish, the first 5-nerved, the second longer, 7-9-nerved; flowering scales ^Yz^'-^yi" long, obtuse, shining, minutely scabrous; awn inserted below the apex, about as long as the scale, bent at the base and divergent.

In ballast and waste places about the eastern sea- ports. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. July- Aug.

12. Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. Quakegrass Brome. (Fig. 517.)

Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 3: 30. 1836.

Culms 8'-2° tall, erect, simple, often slender, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, the lower pubescent with soft villous hairs; ligule \" long, erose-truncate; leaves long, wide, pubescent; panicle \yz'-W in

length, open, the branches ascending or often drooping, flexuous; spikelets few, Yz'-^.' long, laterally much compressed; empty scales very ob- tuse, often purplish, glabrous or minutely pubes- cent, the first 3-5-nerved, the second larger, 5-9- nerved; flowering scales long, very broad,

obtuse, 9-nerved, shining, glabrous or sometimes minutely pubescent, unawned.

Sparingly introduced into Pennsylvania; also from Montana to California. Native of northern Europe and Asia. July-Aug.

13. Bromus breviaristatus (Hook.) Buckl. Short-awned Chess. (Fig.518.)

Ceraiochloa breviaristata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 253. 1840.

Bromus breviaristatus Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 98. 1862.

Culms i°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth or rough, sometimes pubescent below the panicle. Sheaths pu- bescent, at least the lower ones, which are often over- lapping; ligule 1" long, truncate; leaves 6'-i° long or more, 2"-(i" wide, rough and often pubescent; pan- icle 4^-15' in length, its branches erect or ascending, the lower 2^-6' long; spikelets 5-10-flowered; empty scales acute, pubescent, the first 3-5-nerved, the sec- ond longer, 5-9-nerved; flowering scales compressed, keeled, (>"-■]" long, acute, 7-9-nerved, appressed- pubescent; awn i"--}," long.

In dry soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to Nebraska, Arizona and California. July-Aug.

IS

224

GRAMINEAE.

14. Bromus unioloides (Willd.) H.B.K. Schrader's Brome-grass. Southern Chess. (Fig. 519.)

Festuca unioloidesWiWA. Hort. Berol. 1:3. pi. J. 1806.

Bromus unioloides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. I: 151. 1815.

Bromus Schraderi Kxinth, Enum. 1:416. 1833.

Culms 6^-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the in- ternodes, the lower often overlapping, smooth or rough, and glabrous or frequently pubes- cent; ligule i''-2"long; leaves 3'-i3' long, \"- 4" wide, usually rough, at least above; panicle 2'-io' in length, the branches erect or ascend- ing, or the lower branches of the larger panicles widely spreading; spikelets much compressed, 6-io-flowered; empty scales acute, the first 3-5- nerved, the second longer, 5-9-nerved; flower- ing scales 6"-8" long, very acute, minutely scabrous, bearing an awn less than 1^' long or awnless.

Kansas (?) to the Indian Territory, Texas and Mexico. Widely distributed in South America. May-July.

85. NARDUS L. Sp. PI. 53- 1753-

A low perennial tufted grass, with setaceous rigid leaves and a terminal one-sided slender spike. Spikelets i-flowered, narrow, sessile and single in each notch of the rachis. Scales 2, the lower empty, adnate to the rachis, or almost wanting, the upper flower-bearing, nar- row, with involute and hyaline margins; palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Style elon- gated, undivided. Stigma elongated, short-papillose. Grain linear, glabrous, enclosed in the scale, usually free. [Name Greek, of uncertain application.]

A monotypic genus of the Old World.

I. Nardus stricta L,. Wirebent.

Nardus stricta I,. Sp. PI. 53. 1753.

Culms 5^-15' tall, erect, simple, rigid, roughish. Sheaths usually at the base of the culm; ligule yi" long, rounded; leaves seta- ceous, stiff, rough, the i or 2 culm leaves about \' long, erect, the basal ones numer- ous, i'-^' long; spike in length, strict; spikelets i-flowered, long, arranged alternately in 2 rows on one side of the erect slender rachis, often purplish; lower scale empty, very short, adnate to the rachis, sometimes almost wanting; flowering scale 3"-4'' long, scabrous, long-acuminate or short-awned.

Introduced into Newfoundland and at Am- herst, Mass. Adventive from Europe. July- Aug.

Mat-grass. Nard. (Fig. 520.)

GRASS FAMILY.

225

86. LOLIUM L. Sp. PI. 83. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets several- flowered, solitary, sessile and alternate in the notches of the usually continuous rachis, com- pressed, the edge of the spikelet (backs of the scales) turned toward the rachis. Scales rigid; lower scale empty in the lateral spikelets, and the 2 lower empty in the terminal; flowering scales rounded on the back, 5-7-nerved; palets 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles dis- tinct, very short. Stigmas 2, plumose. Grain adherent to the palet. [Latin name for Darnel.]

About 6 species, natives of the Old World. Empty scale shorter than the spikelet. i. L. perenne.

Empty scale equalling or extending- beyond the flowering scales. 2. L. temulenium.

I. Lolium perenne L,. Ray-grass. Rye-grass . ( Fig . 521.)

Lolium perenne L. Sp. PI. 83. 1753.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 6'-2j^° tall, erect, simple. Sheaths shorter than the in- ternodes; ligule very short; leaves 2^-5' long, \"-2" wide; spike 3'-8' in length; spikelets 5-10-flowered, long, the empty scale

shorter than the spikelet, strongly nerved; flowering scales long, obscurely

nerved, acuminate or awned, the awn some- times nearly as long as the body of the scale.

In waste places and cultivated grounds almost throughout the northern United States and southern British America. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Erroneously called Darnel, this name belonging to the fol- lowing species. July- Aug.

2. Lolium temulentum L,. Darnel. Ivray. (Fig. 522.)

Lolium temulentum L. Sp. PI. 83. 1753.

Glabrous, culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths overlapping; ligule \" long or less; leaves i\'-io' in length, wide, smooth beneath,

rough above; spike 4'-! 2' in length; spikelets 4-8- flowered, S^'-g'^ long, the strongly nerved empty scale equalling or extending beyond the obscurely nerved flowering scales, which are awned or awn- less.

In waste places and cultivated grounds, locally natur- alized or adventive from Europe, New Brunswick to Michigan and Georgia. Abundant on the Pacific Coast. Locally a troublesome weed. June-Aug.

87. LEPTURUS R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 207. 1810.

Usually low annual grasses, with narrow leaves and strict or curved elongated slender spikes. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, sessile and single in alternate notches of the jointed rachis. Empty scales 2, rarely i, narrow, rigid, acute, 5-nerved; flowering scales much shorter, hya- line, keeled, one side turned to the rachis. Palets hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3, or fewer. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas 2, plumose. Grain narrow, glabrous, free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, referring to the narrow spikes.]

Species 5 or 6, natives of the Old World.

226

GRAMINEAE

I. Lepturus filiformis (Roth) Trin. Slender Hardgrass. (Fig. 523.)

Rotlboellia filiformis Roth, Catal. i: 21. 1797.

Lepturus filiformis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 123. 1820.

Culms 3'-! 2' long, decumbent, much branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes; ligule Yz" long, auriculate; leaves '-2' long, wide or less, usually involute, smooth beneath, rough above; spikes I'-d' in length, slender, strict or curved; spikelets 2"-2^^' long; empty scales acute; flowering scales about long, i-nerved.

In waste places, southern Pennsylvania to Virginia, near or along the coast. Adventive from Europe. Summer.

88. AGROPYRON J. Gaertn. Nov. Comm. Petrop. 14: Part i, 539. 1770.

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, sessile, single and alternate at each notch of the usually continuous rachis, the side of the spikelet turned toward the rachis. Two lower scales empty; flowering scales rigid, rounded on the back, 5-7-nerved, usually acute or awned at the apex; palets 2-keeled, the keels often ciliate. Stamens 3. St3'les very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain pubescent at the apex, usually adherent to the palet. [Greek, referring to the growth of these grasses in wheat fields.]

About 32 species, in all temperate regions. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the western parts of North America.

Plants with running rootstocks. Flowering scales glabrous. Flowering scales villous. Plants without running rootstocks.

Flowering scale terminating in an awn shorter than its body. Spikes short and broad; emptj- scales broad, 5-7-nerved. Spikes long and slender; empty scales narrow, j-s-nerved. Flowering scale terminating in an awn longer than its body.

1. A. repens.

2. A. dasyslachyum.

3. A. violaceum.

4. A. tenerum.

5. A. caninum.

I. Agropyron repens (I,. ) Beauv. Couch- grass. Quitch-grass. (Fig. 524.)

Triticuvi repens I,. Sp. PI. 86. 1753. Agi-opyron repens Beauv. Agrost. 146. 1812.

Culms i°-4° tall, from a long jointed running root- stock. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, smooth and glabrous; ligule very short; leaves 3^-12' long, wide, smooth beneath, rough above;

spike 7.'-%' in length, strict; spikelets 3-7-flowered; empty scales strongly 5-7-nerved, usually acute or awn-pointed, sometimes obtuse; flowering scales smooth and glabrous, acute or short-awned at the apex.

In fields and waste places, almost throughout North America except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe and often a troublesome weed. Very variable. Native also of Asia. July-Sept.

Agropyron repens glaucum (Desf. ) Scribn. Mem. Torn Club, 5: 57. 1894.

Trilicum glaucuyn Desf. Tabl. Bot. Mus. 16. 1804. Agropyrum glaucutn R. & S. Syst. 2: 752. 1817.

Larger and stouter, pale green or glaucous; spikelets 5-15 flowered, the ernpty scales long- acuminate. Minnesota and Manitoba to Alaska, south to Missouri, Texas and Arizona. Reported from New England. Probably a distinct species.

GRASS FAMILY.

227

2. Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Vasey. Northern Wheat-grass.

(Fig. 525.)

Ti ilicum repeits var. dasystachyum Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 254. 1840.

Agropynim dasystac/iyutu Vasey, Spec. Rept. U. S. Dept. Agric. 63: 45. 1883.

Glaucous, culms i°-3° tall, erect, from long running rootstocks, simple, smooth and glabrous; sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule very short; leaves 2^-9' long, \"-2)" wide, flat, or becoming involute in drying, smooth beneath, rough above; spike lYz'-i' in length; spikelets 4-8-flowered; empty scales 3-5-uerved, lanceolate, acuminate or short-awned, 3"-4^^' long; flowering scales broadly lanceolate, 5-nerved, 4^ ''-6'^ long, acute or short-awned, densely villous.

Hudson Bay to the Northwest Territory and Wyoming and to the shores of Lakes Huron and Superior. Summer.

Agropyron violaceum (Hornem.) Vasey.

(Fig. 526.)

Purphsh Wheat-grass.

Triticuyn violaceum Hornem. Fl. Dan. pi. 2044. 1832. Agropvrum violaceum Vasey, Spec. Rept. U. S. Dept. Ag'ric. 63: 45. 1883.

Culms 6'-2° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes; ligule very short; leaves I'-b' long, i"-}," wide, flat or involute, rough or sometimes smooth beneath; spike in length, occasionally longer, broad; spikelets 3-6-

flowered; empty scales broad, usually purplish, scarious on the margins, 5-7-nerved, i^"-(>" long, acute or acum- inate, sometimes awn-pointed, rarely long-awned; flow- ering scales often purplish, 5-7-nerved, scarious on the margins, i/'-d" long, acuminate or short-awned, the awn rarely as long as the body.

Quebec to western Ontario and British Columbia, south to the mountains of New England, New York and Pennsylvania, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Ascends to 5500 ft. in the White Mountains. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer.

4. Agropyron tenerum Vasey. Slender Wheat-grass. (Fig. 527.)

Agropyrum tenerum Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. lO: 258. 1885.

Glabrous, culms 2°-3° tall, erect, simple, often slender, smooth. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, glabrous; ligule very short; leaves 3^-10' long, \"-'2" wide, flat or involute, rough; spike 3^-7^ in length, usually narrow and slender; spikelets 3-5-flowered; empty scales long, acuminate or short-awned,

3-5-nerved, scarious on the margins; flowering scales ^"-W long, 5-nerved, awn-pointed or short-awned, scarious on the margins, often rough toward the apex.

In dry soil, Manitoba and Minnesota to British Columbia, south to Nebraska, Colorado and Cali- fornia. Reported from the Northeast Territory. July-Aug.

228

GRAMINEAE.

Agropyron caninum (L. ) R. & S.

Wheat-o:rass.

Awned Wheat-grass. (Fig. 528.)

Fibrous-rooted

TriHcHin caninum L- Sp. PI. 86. 1753.

A^ropyruvi caninum R. & S. Syst. 2: 756. 1817.

Agropyrum nnilaleralc Cassidy, Bull. Colo. Agric. Exp. Sta. 12: 63. 1890.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- brous. Sheaths usually shorter tliau tlie inter- nodes, smooth, the lower sometimes pubescent; ligule short; leaves 3'-9' long, i''-3" wide, smooth beneath, rough above; spike 3'-8' in length, sometimes one-sided, often nodding at the top; spikelets 3-6- flowered; empty scales long; 3-5-nerved, acuminate, awn-pointed or bearing an awn \"-}," long; flowering scales d,"-^" long, usu- ally scabrous toward the apex, acuminate into an awn sometimes twice their own length.

New Brunswick to British Columbia, .south to North Carolina. Tennessee and Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. Native northward; southward locally natu- ralized from Europe. July-Aug.

89. HORDEUM I,. Sp. PI. 84. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal cylindric spikes. Spikelets i-flowered, usually in 3's at each joint of the rachis, the lateral generally short-stalked and imperfect; rachilla produced beyond the flower, the lower empty scales often reduced to awns and forming an apparent involucre around the spikelets. Empty scales rigid; flower- ing scales rounded on the back, 5-nerved at the apex, awned; palet scarcely shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Grain usually adherent to the scale, hairy at the summit. [Latin name for Barley.]

About 16 species, widely di.stributed in both hemispheres.

Flowering scales, exclusive of awns, 3"-4" long. Awn of the flowering scale long or less.

All the empty scales of each cluster bristle-like. i. H. nodosum.

Four of the empty scales of each cluster dilated above the base. 2. H. pusillum.

Awn of the flowering scale i' long or more. 3. H. jubaliim.

Flowering scales, exclusive of awns, about 6" long. 4. H. miirinum.

I. Hordeum nodosum L,. Meadow Barley. (Fig. 529.)

Hordeum nodosum L,. Sp. PI. PM. 2, 126. 1762. Hordeum pratense Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 56. 1762.

Culms 6'-2° tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule %" long, truncate; leaves i>^'-5'long, wide, flat, rough; spike

1' -T^yi.' xn length; spikelets usually in 3's, the central one containing a palet and perfect flower, the lateral enclosing a staminate or rudimentary flower, or a palet only; empty scales of each cluster awn-like; flowering scale of the central spikclet 3"-4" long exclusive of the awn, which is 3"-6" long, the cor- responding scale in the lateral spikelets much smaller and short-stalked.

In meadows and waste places, Indiana to Minnesota, British Columbia and .\laska, south to Texas and California. Also in Europe and Asia. June-July.

GRASS FAMILY.

229

2. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Little Bar- ley. (Fig. 530.)

Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Gen. i; 87. 1818.

Culms 4'-i5' tall, erect, or decumbent at the base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, usually shorter than the interuodes, smooth and glabrous, the upper often enclosing the base of the spike; ligule very short; leaves Yz'-^,' long, y^''-^" wide, erect, smooth beneath, rough above; spike i'-3' in length; spikelets usually in 3's, the central one containing a palet and perfect flower, the lateral imperfect; scales awned, the empty ones scabrous, those of the central spikelet and the lower ones of the lateral spikelets dilated above the base; flower- ing scale smooth, that of the central spikelet 3"- 4" long, short-awned, the corresponding scale in the lateral spikelets smaller and very short-stalked.

In dr>' soil, Ontario to British Columbia, south to Nebraska, Arkansas, Texas and California; also spar- ingly introduced along the coast from Virginia to Flor- ida. June-July.

3. Hordeum jubatum L. Sqtiirrel-tail Grass. (Fig. 531.)

Hordeum jubahim L- Sp. PI. 85. 1753.

Culms io'-2^° tall, erect, simple, usually slender, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, generally loose, smooth and glabrous; ligule ]4.'' long or less; leaves 1^-5' long, i''-2" wide, erect, rough; spike 2^-4' in length; spikelets usually in 3's, the central one containing a palet and perfect flower, the lateral imperfect; empty scales consisting of slender rough awns i'- 2yi^ long; flowering scale of the central spikelet T/'-d/' long, scabrous at the apex, bearing a slender rough awn x'-^yi' long; the corresponding scale in the lateral spikelets short-awned, about 3" long in- cluding its pedicel, sometimes reduced to a rudiment.

In dry soil, Ontario to Alaska, south to Kansas, Colorado and California. Naturalized in the east from Labrador and Quebec to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. July-Aug.

4. Hordeum murinum L. Wall Barlej'.

Hordeum murinum L. Sp. PI. 85. 1753.

Culms 6^-2° tall, erect, or decumbent at the base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes on the long culms, overlapping on the short ones, the uppermost often inflated and enclosing the base of the spike; ligule very short; leaves i'-6' long, V-2i" wide, rough; spikes 2^-4' in length; spikelets usually in 3's; scales awned, the empty ones awn-like, scabrous, those of the central spikelet broader and ciliate on the margins, bearing awns 9"- xi" long, those of the lateral spikelets similar, with the exception of the second scale, which is not ciliate; flowering scales scabrous at the apex, bearing an awn about \' long, those of the lateral spikelets about 6'' long, the corresponding scale in the central spikelet somewhat smaller.

On ballast and sparingly in waste places, southern New York and New Jersey. Also from Arizona to California. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. June-July.

(Fig. 532.)

230

GRAMINEAE.

1. E. slrialus.

2. E. Virginiais.

go. ELYMUS L. Sp. PI. 83. 1753.

Tall grasses, with usually flat leaves and dense terminal spikes. Spikelets 2-several- flowered, (rarely i-flowered) sessile, usually in pairs, occasionally in 3's or more, in alter- nate notches of the continuous or jointed rachis, the empty scales forming an apparent invo- lucre to the cluster. Two lower scales empty, narrow, acute or awned, entire or rarely cleft; flowering scales shorter, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, usually bearing an awn. Palet a little shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain sparsely hairy at the summit, adherent to the palet. [Greek, to roll up, referring to the involute palet.]

About 30 species, natives of temperate regions. Besides the following, some lo others occur in the western parts of North America.

Joints of the rachis tardily separating at maturity; awns ascending or none. Flowering scales conspicuously awned (rarely awnless in No. 2). Spikelets divergent from the rachis of the broad spike. Empty scales awl-shaped; spikes slender. Empty scales not awl-shaped; spikes stout.

Empty scales lanceolate, 5-7-nerved; awn short; spike erect.

Empty scales narrowly lanceolate, 3-5-nerved; awn about the length of the scale;, spike usuallj- nodding. 3. E. Canadensis.

Spikelets appressed to the rachis of the narrow spike.

Empty scales narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or awn-pointed. 4. E. glaucus. Empty scales awl-shaped, bearing awns equalling or exceeding their length.

5. E. Macotinii.

Flowering scales unawned or awn-pointed.

Flowering scales glabrous. 6. E. condensatus.

Flowering scales villous. 7. E. arenarius.

Joints of the rachis early separating; awns widely diverging. 8. E. elymoides.

I. Elymus striatus Willd. Slender Wild Rye. (Fig. 533.)

Elymus sirialus Willd. Sp. PI. i: 470. 1797. Elymus slrialus \zx. villosus h.. Gray, Man. 603. 1848.

Culms 2°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth, gla- brous. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, glabrous or hirsute; ligule very short; leaves S'-g'' long, 2"-^" wide, smooth or slightly rough beneath, pubescent above; spike lYz'-^yi' in length, broad, slender, dense; spikelets divergent from the rachis, 1-3- flowered; empty scales awl-shaped, <^"-\2" long, in- cluding the slender rough awn, i-3-nerved, the nerves, and often the whole scale, rough, hispid or hirsute; flowering scales about 3'' long, smooth, scabrous or hispid, bearing a slender rough awn 8"-i5" in length.

In woods and on banks, Maine and Ontario to Tennessee and Kansas. Spike often nodding. June-July.

2. Elymus Virginicus I,. Terrell-grass. Virginia Wild Rye. (Fig. 534.)

Elymus Virginicus L. .Sp. PI. 84. 1753. ( i

Elymus Virginicus var. submulicus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 255. 1840.

Culms 2°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- brous. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, often overlapping on the lower part of the culm, smooth, sometimes pubescent, the uppermost often inflated and enclosing the peduncle and the base of the spike; ligule very short; leaves 5^-14' long, 2"-%" wide, rough; spike 2^-7' in length, broad, stout, upright; spikelets divergent from the rachis, 2-3-flowered; empty scales thick and rigid, lanceo- late, '&"-\2" long, including the short awn, 5-7- nerved; flowering scales long, smooth, rarely sparingly scabrous, bearing a rough awn -^''-f)" in length, or rarely awnless.

In moist soil, especially along streams, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in North Carolina. Julj'-Aug.

GRASS FAMILY.

231

3. Elymus Canadensis L. Nodding Wild Rye. (Fig. 535.)

Elymus Canadensis I,. Sp. PI. 83. 1753. Elymus glaucif alius 'WiWA. Enum. i: 131. 1809. Elymus Canadensis var. glaucifolius Torr. Fl. U. 137. 1824.

S. i:

Culms 2X°-5° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- brous. Sheaths usually overlapping; ligule very short; leaves 4'-!° long or more, 2"-\o" -wide, rough, sometimes glaucous; spike 4^-12' in length, broad, stout, often nodding, its peduncle much ex- sertcd; spikelets divergent from the rachis, 3-5- flowered; empty scales narrowly lanceolate or awl- shaped, rigid, 3-5-nerved, W-\(i" long, including the long slender rough awns; flowering scales 4'^-7'^ long, nearly smooth to hirsute, bearing a slender scabrous straight or divergent awn io''-25'^ in length.

On river banks, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to At" berta, south to Georgia, Texas and New Mexico. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia. July-Aug.

4. Elymus glaucus Buckl. Smooth Wild Rye. (Fig. 536.)

Elymus glaucus Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 99. 1862.

Elymus Americanus V. & S.; Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 4: 245. 1888.

Elymus Sibiricus var. America7t?is Wats. & Coult. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 673. 1890.

Culms 2°-5° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths often shorter than the internodes, usually glabrous, rarely pubescent; ligule i'^ long or less; leaves 4^-12^ long, 2^'-8'' wide, smooth beneath, sometimes rough above; spike 3^-8' in length, nar- row, slender; spikelets appressed to the rachis, 3-6- flowered; empty scales narrowly lanceolate, 4''-6'' long, acuminate or awn-pointed, rigid, 3-5-nerved; flowering scales smooth or slightly rough, 5'^-6^' long, bearing a slender straight rough awn 6''-9'^ in length.

In moist soil, Ontario to British Columbia, south to Michigan, Arizona and California. June-Aug.

5. Elymus Macounii Vasey. Macoun's Wild Rye. (Fig. 537.)

Elytnus MacotntiiYa.s,ty, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 119. 1886.

Culms i°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule very short, truncate; leaves 2'-6' long, i"-2}i^' wide, rough, es- pecially above; spike 2'-^' in length, narrow, slender, often somewhat flexuous; spikelets appressed to the rachis, single at each node, or the lower sometimes in pairs, 1-3-flowered; empty scales (occasionally 3) awl- shaped, 3-nerved, rough, 2>''~A" long, bearing a slender straight rough awn, 3''-5'' in length; flowering scales 2,^2"-^'^ long, rough toward the apex, bearing a slender straight awn 3'^-5'^ long.

Prairies, Manitoba and Assiniboia, south to Nebraska and New Mexico. July-Aug.

232

GRAMINEAE.

6. Elymus condensatus Presl. Smooth Lyme-grass. (Fig. 538.)

Ely mil s condensalus Presl, Reliq. Haeiik. i: 265. 1830.

Culms 2°-io° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla- brous. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, the upper ones shorter than the internodes; ligule 2"-2," long, trun- cate; leaves long or more, 3"-! 2'' wide, sca- brous, at least above; spike 4'-i5' in length, usually stout, strict, often interrupted below, sometimes com- pound at the base; spikelets 3-6 flowered, 2-several at each node of the rachis; empty scales awl-shaped, A/i"-^" long, i-nerved, usually rough; flowering scales 4"-5" long, generally awn-pointed, usually rough, sometimes smooth.

In wet saline situations. Alberta to British Columbia, south to northwestern Nebraska, Arizona and California. July-Aug.

7. Elymus arenarius I,. Downj^ Lynie- grass. Sea Iyyme-gras.s. (Fig. 539.)

Elymus arenarius L. Sp. PI. 83. 1753.

Culms i}4°-8° tall, erect, simple, usually softly pu- bescent at the summit. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, often glaucous, those at the base overlapping, the upper shorter than the internodes; ligule very short; leaves 3'-!° long or more, i>^''-5'^ wide, flat, or becoming involute, smooth beneath, rough above; spike 3'-io' in length, usually strict; spikelets 3-6- flowered, frequently glaucous; empty scales 8"-i4'' long, 3-5-nerved, acuminate, more or less villous; flowering scales 8''-io'' long, acute or awn-pointed, 5-7-nerved, usually very villous.

On shores, Greenland and Labrador to the Northwest Territory and Alaska, south to Maine, Lake Superior and Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

8. Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey. Long-bristled Wild Rye. (Fig. 540.)

Si/anion elymoides Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 103. 1819. Elymus Sitanion Schultes, Mant. 2: 426. 1824. Elymus elymoides Swezey, Neb. Fl. PI. 15. 1891.

Culms 6''-2° tall, erect, simple, smooth, glabrous. Sheaths smooth or rough, sometimes hirsute, usu- s\\y overlapping, the upper one often inflated and enclosing the base of the spike; ligule short; leaves i'-"]' long, wide, often stiff and

erect, usually rough, sometimes hirsute, flat or involute; spike 2'-6' in length; spikelets 1-5-flow- ered; empty scales entire or divided, often to the base, the divisions awl-shaped and bearing long unequal slender awns, i'-3/4' in length; flowering scales 3''-5" long, 5-nerved, scabrous, at least to- ward the apex, bearing a long slender divergent awn x'-y/z' in length, the apex of the scale some- times 2-toothed, the teeth often produced into short awns; joints of the rachis separating at maturity.

In dry soil, South D.ikota to Oregon, south to Kansas, Texas, Arizona and California. July-Aug.

GRASS FAMILY.

233

91. HYSTRIX Moench, Meth. 294. 1794. [A.SPKELI.A Willd. Euum. 132. 1809. Not Schreb. 1789.] [Gymnostichum Schreb. Beschr. Gras. 2: 127. pi. 4J. 1810.] Usually tall grasses, with flat leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets 2-several-flowered, in pairs, rarely in 3's, at each node of the rachis. Empty scales wanting, or sometimes ap- pearing as mere rudiments; flowering scales narrow, convolute, rigid, rounded on the back, 5-nerved above, terminating in an awn; palet scarcely shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, adhering to the palet when dry. [Greek name of the Porcupine, referring to the long awns.]

Four known species, the following and a Cali- fornian one occurring in North America.

I. Hystrix Hystrix (I^.) Millsp. Bottle-brush Grass. (Fig. 541.)

Elymns Hystrix L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2. 124. 1762. Asprella Hystrix Willd. Enum. 132. 1809. Gyrnnoslichiivi Hystrix Schreb. Beschr. Gras. 2;

127. pi. 47. 1810. Hystrix Hystrix Millsp. Fl. W. Va. 474. 1892.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and

glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the in-

ternodes; ligule very short; leaves 4)^^-9' long,

j/'-b" wide, smooth beneath, rough above;

spike 3^-7' in length, spikelets at length widely

spreading, 4''-6" long, exclusive of the awns;

empty scales awn-like, usually present in the

lowest spikelet; flowering scales long,

acuminate into an awn about \' in length.

In rocky woods, New Brunswick to Ontario, south to Georgia, Illinois and Minnesota. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia. Spikelets very easily de- tached, even when young. June-July.

92. ARUNDINARIA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 73. 1803.

Arborescent or shrubby grasses, with simple or branched culms and flat short-petioled leaves which are articulated with the sheath. Spikelets borne in panicles or racemes, 2-many-flowered, large, compressed. Empty scales i or 2, the first sometimes wanting; flowering scales longer, not keeled, many nerved; palets scarcely shorter than the scales, prominently 2-keeled. Lodicules 3. Stamens 3. Styles 2 or 3. Stigmas plumose. Grain furrowed, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [From Arundo, the Latin name of the Reed.]

About 24 species, natives of Asia and America. Two are found in the southern United States.

I. Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl. Scutch Cane. Small Cane. (Fig. 542. )

Arundo tecta Walt. Fl. Car. 81. 1788. Arundinaria tecta Muhl. Gram. 191. 1817. Arundinaria niacrosperma var. suffruticosa Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. 26: 15. 1868.

Culms 3°-i5° tall, erect, shrubby, branch- ing at the summit, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths longer than the internodes, smooth or rough, ciliate on the margins; ligule bristly; leaves lanceolate, zY^'"'^' loj^g. 4"-i2" wide, flat, more or less pubescent beneath, glabrous above; racemes terminal, or on short leafless culms; spikelets 7-10-flowered, x'-xy^' long, on pedicels \' in length or less, which are some- times pubescent; empty scales unequal, the first usually very small, sometimes wanting; flower- ing scales long, acute or acuminate, smooth, scabrous or pubescent.

In swamps and moist soil, Maryland to Indiana and Missouri, Florida and Texas. May-July.

234

CYPERACEAE.

Family 8. CYPERACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. i: 62. 1805.

Sedge Family.

Grass-like or rush-like herbs. Stems (culms) slender, solid (rarely hollow), triangular, quadrangular, terete or flattened. Roots fibrous (many species per- ennial by long rootstocks). Leaves narrow, with closed sheaths. Flowers per- fect or imperfect, arranged in .spikelets, one (rarely 2) in the axil of each .scale (glume, bract), the spikelets solitary or clu.stered, i -many-flowered. Scales 2- ranked or spirally imbricated, persistent or deciduous. Perianth hypogynous, composed of bristles, or interior .scales, rarely calyx-like, or entirely wanting. Stamens 1-3, rarely more. Filaments slender or filiform. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary i -celled, sessile or stipitate. Ovule i, anatropous, erect. St^de 2-3- cleft or rarely simple or minutely 2 -toothed. Fruit a lenticular plano-convex or trigonous achene. Endosperm mealy. Embryo minute.

About 65 genera and 3000 species, of verj' wide geograpliic distribution. The dates given be- low indicate the time of perfecting fruit.

Flowers of the spikelets all, or at least one of them, perfect; spikelets all similar. Scales of the spikelets 2-ranked.

Perianth none; spikelets in solitary- or umbelled terminal heads.

Spikelets with 2-several perfect flowers; scales several to numerous. i.'^Cyperiis. Spikelets with but i perfect flower; scales 2-4. 2. Kyllinga.

Perianth of 6-9 bristles; inflorescence axillary. 3. Dulichium.

Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated all around. Spikelets with several to many perfect flowers.

Base of the style swollen, persistent as a tubercle on the achene.

Leaves reduced to basal sheaths; bristles usually present; spikelet solitarj'.

4. \Eleocharis.

Culm leafy; bristles none; spikelets i-numerous.

Spikelets capitate, involucrate. 5. Dichromefta.

Spikelets umbellate or cymose.

Spikelets in terminal and axillary compound cymes; most of the style per- sistent 6. Psilocarya. Spikelets in a terminal umbel, base of stj'le persistent. 7. Stetiophyllus. Base of the style enlarged or narrow, deciduous.

Flowers with no broad sepals nor interior perianth-scales.

Style swollen at the ba,se; bristles none. 8. Finibrislylis.

Style not swollen at the base; bristles usually present.

Spikelets solitarj'-many ; bristles 1-6, rarely none. <).\Scirpiis. Spikelets solitarj' or few; bristles 6-many, soft, smooth, verj' long, slender, much exserted. \o:\Eriophorum. Flowers with a perianth of 3 stalked sepals or of i or 2 interior hj'aline scales. Perianth of 3 broad stalked sepals, usually alternating with as many bristles.

II. Fiiircna.

Perianth of i or 2 hyaline scales (sepals?); bristles none.

Perianth of a single minute posterior scale. 12. Hemicarpha.

Perianth of 2 scales, convolute around the ovary. 13. Lipocarpha.

Spikelets 1-4-fiowered, some of the flowers imperfect.

Style, or its base, persistent as a tubercle on the achene. 14. Rynchospora.

Style wholly deciduous. 15. Cladium.

Flowers all monoecious or dioecious, usually borne in separate small spikelets. Achene not enclosed in a utricle (perigynium ).

Spikelets clustered or solitarj-, not in a terminal spike; achene bony. 16. Scleria. Spikelets forming a terminal spike; arctic genera.

Scales 2-flowered, androgynous. 17. Elyna.

Scales i-flowered, monoecious. 18. Kobresia.

Achene enclosed in a utricle (perigj-nium).

Axis of the pistillate flower conspicuous, subulate, often exserted beyond the perigynium.

19. Uncinia.

Axis of the pistillate flower rudimentary or none, not exserted. loS^arex.

I. CYPERUS E. Sp. PI. 44. 1753.

Annual or perennial sedges. Culms in our species simple, triangular, leafy near the base, and with i or more leaves at the summit, forming an involucre to the simple or com- pound, umbellate or capitate inflorescence. Ra3's of the umbel sheathed at the base, usually very unequal, one or more of the heads or spikes commonly sessile. Spikelets flat or subterete, composed of few or many scales, the scales falling away from the wingless or winged rachis as they mature (nos. 1-19), or persistent and the spikelets falling away from the axis of the head or spike with the scales attached (nos. 20-32). Scales concave, conduplicate or keeled, 2-ranked, all flower-bearing or the lower ones empt}'. Flowers per- fect. Perianth none;. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous from the summit of the lenticular or 3-angled achene. [Ancient Greek name for these sedges.]

About 650 species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the follow- ing, some 40 others occur in the southern United .States. The linglish names Galingale and Siveet Rush are sometimes applied to all the species.

SEDGE FAMILY.

235

Style 2-clcft; achene lenticular, not 3-angled; scales falling from the rachis; spikelets flat. Acliene one-half as long as the scale; umbel nearly or quite simple.

Spikelets yellow; superficial cells of the achene oblong. i. C. flavescens.

Spikelets green or brown; superficial cells of the achene quadrate. Scales obtuse or obtusisli, appressed.

vScales membranous, dull; style much exserted. 2. C. diandrus.

Scales subcoriaceous, shining; style scarcely exserted. 3. C. rivularis.

Scales acute, somewhat spreading at maturity.

Achene narrowly obovate; spikelets \i' -\V-i' long.

C. Nuttallii. C. microdonius. C. flavicomus.

Achene linear-oblong; spikelets 3"-9" long. Achene nearly as long as the scale; umbel sometimes much compound Stj'le 3-cleft; achene 3-angled.

Scales falling away from the persi.stent rachis of the flattened spikelets. Wings of the rachis, if present, permanently adnate to it.

Scales tipped with recurved awns; low annual, i'-6' tall. 7. C. inflexus.

Scales acute or obtuse, not awned.

Wings of the rachis none or very narrow.

Stamens 3; spikelets linear-oblong, 4"-i2" long; scales acute.

Annual; culms smooth, 2'-io' long. 8. C. compressus.

Perennial; culms rough, i°-2^° tall. 9. C. Schweinitzii.

Stamen i; spikelets ovate, 2"-4" long.

Tall perennial; achene linear; scales acutish. 10. C. psendovegetus.

Low annual; achene oblong; scale-tips recurved. 11. C. aatminatus. Wings of the rachis distinct.

L,ow annual, adventive from Europe; scales brown. 12. C.fusctis. Tall indigenous perennials (no. 13 sometimes annual?).

Lower leaves reduced to pointed sheaths. 13. C. Haspan.

Leaves all elongated-linear.

Scales mucronate, reddish brown or green. 14. C. denlattis. Scales acute or obtuse, not mucronate.

Scales wholly or partly purple-brown; achene linear.

15- 16.

17-

18. 19-

C. rotnndus. C. Hallii. C. esculentus.

C. erythrorhizos. C. Halei.

Scales tightly appressed. Tips of the scales free. Scales straw-colored; achene obovoid. Wings of the rachis separating from it as interior scales; annuals. Spikes loose; spikelets 3"-io" long. Spikes dense, cylindric; spikelets i5^"-2K" long. Spikelets falling; away from the axis of the spikes, the lower pair of scales commonly persistent. Annuals; spikelets elongated, nearly terete. Scales imbricated; achene obovoid.

Scales thin, dull brown ; spikelets very slender. 20. C. speciosus.

Scales rigid, j^ellow-brown; spikelets stout. 21. C.ferox.

Scales distant; achene linear-oblong. 22. C. Engehnanni.

Perennial by hard, tuber-like basal corms; spikelets more or less flattened. Achene narrowly linear-oblong, 3-4 times as long as thick.

Spikelets flat, several-man}--flowered. 23. C. slrigosus.

Spikelets subterete, few-flowered.

Spikelets 6" -1 2" long, loosely spicate ; lower reflexed. 24. C. 7'efractus. Spikelets i^"-6" long, densely capitate or spicate.

Spikelets all reflexed; culms rough. 25. C. retrofractus.

Spikelets spreading or only the lower reflexed; culms smooth. Heads oblong or cylindric.

Spikelets 3" -5" long, the lower reflexed. 26. Spikelets 1 5'2"-2" long, the lower spreading. 27. Heads globose. 28. Achene oblong or obovoid, about twice as long as thick. Rachis wingless or very narrowly winged.

Scales pale green, membranous, dull. 29. Scales chestnut-brown, firm, shining. 30. Rachis-wings membranous, broad.

Scales firm, not appressed; spikelets loosely capitate. 31. Scales thin, closely appressed; spikelets densely capitate. 32.

I. Cyperus flavescens Yellow Cyperus. (Fig. 543.)

Cyperus flavescens L. Sp. PI. 46. 1753.

Annual, culms very slender, tufted, leafy below, 3'-i2' tall, mostly longer than the leaves. Leaves \"-\ yi" wide, smooth, the longer usually exceed- ing the inflorescence; clusters terminal and sessile or on 1-4 short rays; spikelets in 3's-6's, linear, subacute, yellow, many-flowered, flat, \"-(^" long, x\i"-2" broad; scales ovate, obtuse, i-nerved, ap- pressed, twice as long as the orbicular-obovate black obtuse lenticular shining achene; stamens 3; style deeply 2-cleft, its branches slightly exserted; superficial cells of the achene oblong.

In marshj' ground, Maine to Michigan, Florida and Mexico. Also in the Old World. Aug.-Oct.

C. Lancastriensis. C. cylindricus. C. ovularis.

C. filiailmis. C. Hoiightoni.

C. Grayi. C. echinatiis.

236

CYPERACEAE.

2. Cyperus diandrus Torr. Low Cyperus. (Fig. 544.)

Cyperiis diandrus Torr. Cat. PI. N. Y. 90. 1819.

Cyperus diandrus elongatus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 226. 1892.

Annual, culms tufted, slender, 2^-15' tall. Leaves about \" wide, those of the involucre usually 3, the longer much exceeding the spikelets; clusters sessile and terminal, or at the ends of 1-3 rays; spikelets 4^-9" long, linear-oblong, acute, flat, many-flowered; scales ovate, green, brown, or with brown margins, obtuse, i-nerved, appressed, membranous, dull; stamens 2 or 3; style 2-cleft, its branches much exserted; achene lenticular, oblong, subacute, %r&y, not shining, one-half as long as the scale, it^ superficial cells quadrate, about as long as wide.

In marshy places New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to South Carolina and Kansas. Aug-.-Oct.

The var. elongatus is only a form with longer spike- lets, found in southern New York and New Jersey.

3. Cyperus rivularis Kunth. Shining Cyperus. (Fig. 545.)

Cyperus rivularis Kunth, Enum. 2: 6. 1837.

Cyperus diandrus var. (?) castaneus Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 252. 1836. Not C. castaneus Willd. 1798.

Similar to the preceding species, culms slender, tufted, 4'-i5' tall. Umbel usually simple; spikelets linear or linear- oblong, acutish, 4'^-io'' long; scales green or dark brown or with brown margins, appressed, firm, subcoriaceous, shining, obtuse; stamens mostly 3; style 2-cleft, scarcely exserted; achene oblong or oblong-obovate, lenticular, some- what pointed, dull, its superficial cells quadrate.

In wet soil, especially along- streams and ponds, Maine to southern Ontario and Michigan, south to Virginia and Missouri. Aug. -Oct.

4. Cyperus Nuttallii Eddy. Nuttall's Cyperus. (Fig. 546.)

Cyperus Nuttallii Eddv; Spreng. Neue Entd. i: 240. 1820.

Annual, culms slender, tufted, tall, equal-

ling or often longer than the leaves. Leaves of the involucre 3-5, spreading, the larger often 5' long; umbel simple or slightly compound, 3-7-rayed; spikelets rather loosely clustered, linear, very acute, flat, spreading, Yz'-iyi' long, \"-\yz" wide; scales yellowish-brown with a green keel, oblong, acute, rather loosely spreading at maturity; stamens 2; style 2-cleft, its branches somewhat exserted ; achene lenticular, narrowly obovate, obtuse or truncate, dull, light brown, one-third to one-half as long as the scale, its superficial cells quadrate.

Salt marshes, Maine to Mississippi. Aug. -Oct.

SEDGE FAMILY. 5. Cyperus microdontus Torr. Coast Cyperus. (Fig. 547.)

237

Cyperus mio'oJoii/ us Torr. Aim. I,yc. N. 1836.

V. 3: 255-

Annual, similar to the preceding species, culms very slender, tufted, sometimes 20' bigh, iisually lower. Leaves about 1'^ wide, those of the invo- lucre much elongated; umbel commonly simple, sessile, capitate, or i-6-rayed; spikelets linear, acute, 3'^-9" long, less than wide, yellowish- brown; scales ovate, acute, thin, appressed when young, spreading at maturity; stamens 2; style 2- cleft, its branches much exserted ; achene lenticular, linear-oblong, short-pointed, light brown, one-half as long as the scale, its superficial cells quadrate.

In wet soil, on or near the coast, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Aug.-Oct.

6. Cyperus flavicomus Miclix. Elegant Cyperu.s. (Fig. 548.)

Cyperus flavicomus Miclix. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 27. 1803.

Annual, culms stout or slender, i°-3° tall, leafy below. Leaves smooth, or rough-margined, i"-^,'' wide, those of the involucre 3-8, the longer ones much exceeding the inflorescence; umbels few- several-rayed, often compound; primary rays y^'- 7.Yz' long; spikelets numerous, usually densely clus- tered, linear, acute, 4''-io" long, i^'-i^" wide, flat, many-flowered, spreading; scales oblong, ob- tuse, thin, dull, yellowish-brown, scarious-mar- gined, faintly 3-nerved; stamens 3; style 2-cleft, little exserted; achenes obovate, lenticular, black, mucrouate, not shining, nearly as long as the scales and often persistent on the rachis after these have fallen away.

In wet or moist sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Aug.-Oct.

7. Cyperus inflexus Muhl. Awned Cyperus. (Fig. 549. )

Cyperus inflexus Muhl. Gram. 16. 1817.

Cyperus aristatus Boeckl. Linnaea. 35: 500, in part. 1868. Not Rottb. 1773.

Annual, culms slender or almost filiform, tufted, i'- 6' tall, about equalled by the leaves. Leaves \" wide or less, those of the involucre 2-3, exceeding the umbel; umbel sessile, capitate, or 1-3-rayed; spikelets linear- oblong, 6-10- flowered, i''-^," long; scales light brown, lanceolate, rather fi.rm, strongly several-nerved, taper- ing into a long, recurved awn, falling from the rachis at maturity; stamen i; style 3-cleft; rachis narrowly winged, the wings persistent; achene 3-angled, brown, dull, narrowly obovoid or oblong, obtuse, mucronulate.

In wet, sandy soil, Vermont to the Northwest Territory and Oregon, south to Florida, Texas, California and Mexico. Fragrant in drying. July-Sept.

238

CYPERACEAE.

8. Cyperus compressus L. Flat Cyperus. (Fig. 550.)

Cyperus compressus L. Sp. PI. 46. 1753.

Annual, tufted, culms slender, erect or reclining, smooth, 3'-io' long. Leaves light green, about 1" wide, those of the involucre 2-3, the longer exceeding the spikelets; umbel capitate or with 2-3 short rays; spikelets narrowly lanceolate, acute, ^"-10'' long, i^4''-2" wide, very flat, many-flowered; scales light green with a yellow band on each side, ovate, acuminate, firm, keeled, several-nerved, falling away from the narrowly-winged rachis at maturity; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, obovoid, ob- tuse, dull, brown, about one-third as long as the scale.

In fields, Marj'land to Florida, west to Missouri and Texas. Also in tropical America and in the warmer parts of Asia and Africa. Aug. -Oct.

9. Cyperus Schweinitzii Torr. Schweinitz's Cyperus. (Fig. 551.)

Cyperus Sc)iu'ei>ti/:ii Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 276. 1836.

Perennial by the thickened corm-like bases of the culms, tufted, culms rather slender, rough, at least above, i°-2^° tall, about equalled by the light green leaves. Leaves i"-2]4" wide, rough-mar- gined, those of the involucre 3-7, erect, the longer exceeding the inflorescence; umbel simple, 3-9- rayed, the rays erect, sometimes 4' long; spikelets flat, in rather loose ovoid spikes, which are sessile and at the ends of the rays, linear-oblong, 6-12- flowered, 4''-8" long; scales convex, light green, ovate, acute or acuminate, 9-13-nerved, falling away from the rachis at maturity; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, oblong, brown, acute at each end, nearly as long as the scale, its superficial cells quadrate.

In sandy soil, especiall5- along' lakes and streams, western New York and southern Ontario to the North- west Territory, Minnesota and Kansas. Aug.-Oct.

10. Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud. Marsh Cyperus. (Fig. 552.)

Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 24. 1855. Cyperus calcaratus Nees; S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 570. 1890.

Perennial by thickened tuber-like joints of the rootstocks, culm rather stout, i°-4° high, often equalled b}' the leaves. Leaves \yz"-2" wide, smooth, nodulose, the midvein prominent; leaves of the involucre 4-6, spreading, the longer much ex- ceeding the inflorescence; umbel several-rayed, com- pound, the primary rays often 4' long; spikelets ovate, flat, many-flowered, light green, densely capi- tate, 2"-T," long; scales keeled, conduplicate, i- nerved, curved, acute, longer than the linear 3-angled slightly stalked achene ; stamen i ; style 3-cleft.

In marshes, Delaware to Florida, west to Kansas and Texas. July-Sept.

SEDGE FAMILY.

239

n. Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. Short-pointed Cyperus. (Fig. 553.)

■Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. Ann. lyyc. N. Y. 3: 435- 1836.

Annual, culms very slender, tufted, 3^-15' tall, longer than or equalling the leaves. Leaves light green, usually less than 1" wide, those of the invo- lucre much elongated; umbel 1-4-rayed, simple; rays short; spikelets flat, ovate-oblong, obtuse, 2"-^" long, many-flowered, densely capitate; scales oblong, pale green, 3-nerved, coarsely cellular, conduplicate, with a short sharp more or less recurved tip; stamen i; style 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, gray, ob- long, narrowed at each end, about one-half as long as the scale.

In moist soil, Illinois to Louisiana, west to [Kansas, ■Oregon, Texas and California. July-Oct.

12. Cyperus fuscus I,. Brown Cyperus. (Fig. 554.)

Cyperus fuscus L. Sp. PI. 46. 1753.

Annual, culms slender, tufted, tigh, longer

than or equalled by the leaves. Leaves rather dark green, about 1" wide, those of the involucre 4-6, the longer much exceeding the inflorescence; um- bel several-rayed, somewhat compound, the rays short; spikelets linear, 7."-"]" long, less than \" wide, many-flowered, acute; scales ovate, subacute, becoming dark brown or remaining greenish on the keel, faintly about 3-nerved on the back, sepa- rating from the narrowly winged rachis as they mature; stamens 2 or 3; style 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, oblong, pointed at each end, nearly as long as the scale.

Revere Beach, Mass., and New London, Conn. Ad- ventive or fugitive from Europe. Also in ballast about the eastern seaports. July-Sept.

13. Cyperus Haspan I^.

■Cyperus Haspan L- Sp. PI. 45. 1753.

Perennial by short rootstocks (sometimes an- nual ?), roots fibrous, culms slender, weak, tufted, i°-3° high. Lower leaves reduced to membran- ous acuminate sheaths, those of the involucre about 2, usually less than \" wide, commonly little exceeding or shorter than the inflorescence; umbel several-rayed, simple or compound, the longer rays \'-2' long; spikelets few, capitate, linear, acute, many-flowered, 2>"~^" long, about yi" wide; scales oblong or oblong-lanceolate, reddish- brown, acute, mucronulate, keeled, 3-nerved; rachis narrowly winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, scarcely exserted; achene 3-angled, broadly ob- ovoid, obtuse, nearly white, very much shorter than the scale.

In swamps, Virginia to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast. Also in tropical America and in the warmer parts of Europe, Asia and Australia. July- Sept.

16

Sheathed Cyperus. (Fig. 555.)

240

CYPERACEAE.

14. Cyperus dentatus Torr. Toothed Cyperus. (Fig. 556.)

Cyperus denlalus Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 6r. 1824.

Perennial by scaly rootstocks which sometimes bear small tubers, culms rather stiff, 8'-2o' tall, longer than or equalled by the leaves. Leaves keeled, \"-2" wide, those of the involucre 3-4, one or two of them usually exceeding the inflores- cence; umbel several-rayed, somewhat compound; longer rays i'-3' long; spikelets linear, very flat, many- flowered, mostly blunt, ^"-\o" long, nearly 1" wide; scales light reddish-brown, ovate-lanceo- late, thin, keeled, 5-7-nerved, mucronate, separa- ting from the rachis when mature, their tips spreading, causing the spikelet to appear toothed; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, the branches exserted; acheue 3-angled, obtuse, mucronate, light brown, much shorter than the scale.

In sandy swamps and on river shores, Maine to northern New York, south to West Virginia and South Carolina. Scales often modified into tufts of small leaves. Aug.-Oct.

15. Cyperus rotundus L. Nut-grass

Cyperus roiundus L. Sp. PI. 45. 1753- Cyperus Hydra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 27. 1803.

Perennial by scaly tuber-bearing rootstocks, culm rather stout, 6^-20' high, usually longer than the leaves. Leaves lYz'-^i' wide, those of the invo- lucre 3-5, the longer equalling or exceeding the in- florescence; umbel compound or nearly simple, 3- 8-rayed, the longer rays 2''-4^^ long; spikelets linear, closely clustered, few in each cluster, acute, 4"-io''' long, \"-\Yz" wide; scales dark purple- brown or with green margins and centre, ovate, acute, closely appressed when mature, about 3- nerved on the keel; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, its branches exserted; achene 3-angled, about one-half as long as the scale.

In fields, Virginia to Florida, west to Kansas and Texas. Adventive in or about ballast deposits at the eastern seaports. Also in tropical America, and widelj' distributed in the Old World. July-Sept.

(Fig- 557-)

16. Cyperus Hallii Britten.

Cyperus. (Fig. 558.)

Hall's

Cvperus Hallii Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 211. "1886.

Perennial by scaly rootstocks, culm rather stout, 2°-3° tall, about equalled by the leaves. Basal leaves t-''-^)" wide; involucral leaves 3-6, the longer very much exceeding the inflorescence; umbel compound, its longer rays 3^-4' long, the raylets sometimes \' long; spikelets numerous, loosely clustered, linear, 7-15-flowered, 5''-8'^ long, \"- i/^'^wide; involucels setaceous; scales ovate, acute, strongly 7-9-ner\'ed, dark reddish-brown or with lighter margins, their tips not appressed; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, its branches much exserted; achene linear-oblong, 3-angled, about one-half as long as the scale.

Kansas and the Indian Territory to Texas. July- Sept.

SEDGE FAMILY.

241

Cyperus erythrorhizos

17. Cyperus esculentus L. Yellow Nut-grass. (Fig. 559.)

Cyperus esculeiilus Xi. Sp. PL 45. I753- Cyperus phymatodes Mulil. Gram. 23. 181 7.

Perennial by scaly horizontal tuber-bearing root- stocks, culm usually stout, i°-2^° tall, commonly shorter than the leaves. Leaves light green, wide, the midvein prominent; those of the in- volucre 3-6, the longer much exceeding the in- florescence; umbel 4-10-rayed, often compound; spikelets numerous in loose spikes, straw-color or yellowish-brown, flat, spreading, b"-\2" long, 1/4 '''wide, many-flowered; scales ovate-oblong, sub- acute, 3-5- nerved; rachis narrowly winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, obtuse, 3-angled.

In moist fields, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Also on the Pacific Coast from California to Alaska, in tropical America, and widely distributed in the Old World. Sometimes a trouble- some weed. Aug.-Oct.

Cyperus esculentus angustispicatus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 211. 1886.

Spikelets very slender, i" wide or less. Massachusetts to South Carolina and Missouri.

Muhl. Red-rooted Cyperus. (Fig. 560.)

Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Gram. 20. 1817.

Annual, culms tufted, stout or slender, 3'-2° tall. Leaves lYz"-^" wide, rough-margined, the lower longer than or equalling the culm, those of the in- volucre 3-7, some of them 3-5 times as long as the inflorescence; umbel mostly compound, several- rayed; spikelets linear, subacute, 3''-io'' long, less than \" wide, compressed, many-flowered, clus- tered in oblong, nearly or quite sessile spikes; scales bright chestnut brown, oblong-lanceolate, mucronulate, appressed, separating from the rachis at maturity, the membranous wings of the rachis separating as a pair of hyaline interior scales; sta- mens 3; style 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, ob- long, pointed at both ends, pale, one-half as long as the scale.

In wet soil, especially along streams, southern On- tario to Massachusetts and Florida, west to Missouri, Kansas, Texas and California. Aug.-Oct. Cyperus erythrorhizos var. pumilus Engelm. is a low form, not worthy of varietal rank.

19. Cyperus Halei Torr. Hale's Cyperus. (Fig. 561.)

Cyperus Halei Torr ; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 213. 1886.

Annual, culm stout, 2°-3° tall, about equalled by the leaves. Leaves 3"-4" wide, very rough- margined, those of the involucre 5-8, much elong- ated; umbel compound, several -ray ed ; spikes cy- lindric, sessile or very nearly so, exceedingly dense, ^'-I'long; spikelets very numerous, linear, yYz"- "zYz" long, Yz" wide, spreading; scales brown, keeled, indistinctly 5-nerved, oblong, mucronu- late, separating from the rachis at maturity, the wings of the rachis separating as a pair of hyaline scales, as in the preceding species; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, minute.

In swamps, southern Missouri to Tennessee, Louisi- ana and Florida. July-Sept.

242

CYPERACEAE.

20. Cyperus speciosus Vahl. Michaux's Cyperus. (Fig. 562.)

Cy perns speciostisy^aXxX, Enum. 2: 364. 1806. Cyperus Michauxiamis Schultes, ^Mant. 2: 123. 1824.

Annual, culms stout or slender, usually tufted, 5'-2° tall, reddish toward the base. Leaves rough-margined, \%"-2}i'' wide, shorter than or equalling the culm, the midvein prominent; leaves of the in- volucre much exceeding the umbel; um- bel compound or nearly simple, 3-7-rayed, the primary rays 1'-$%' long; involucels narrow; spikelets subterete, very nar- rowly linear, loosely or densely clustered, ^" -12" long, less than i" thick, 10-30- flowered, falling away from the axis at maturity; scales dull brown, thin, ap- pressed, densely imbricated, ovate, ob- tuse, faintly 3-5-nerved on the back; rachis-wings broad, clasping the achene, persistent; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, slight- ly exserted; achene pale, 3-angled, about one-half as long as the scale, its super- ficial cells nearly quadrate.

In marshes, Rhode Island to Ohio and Minnesota, south to Florida, Texas and California. July-Sept.

Cyperus speciosus ferruginescens (Boeckl.) Britton, Mem. Terr. Club, 5: 61. 1894. Cyperus ferruginescens Boeckl. Linnaea, 36: 396. 1869-70.

Scales spreading or slightly recurved, reddish. Missouri to Texas and New Mexico.

Cyperus speciosus parvus (Boeckl.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 214. 1886.

Cyperus parvus Boeckl. L,innaea, 36: 397. 1869-70.

Culm i'-3' high; umbel very simple, generally of but a single cluster of short spikelets. Mis- souri to New Mexico.

21. Cyperus ferox Vahl. Coarse Cyperus. (Fig. 563.)

Cyperits ferox Vahl, Enum. 2: 357. 1806.

Annual, closely related to the preced- ing species, but with smooth-margined, shorter and broader leaves, those of the involucre sometimes but little exceeding the inflorescence. Umbel simple or some- what compound, often compact, the rays mostly short; spikelets linear, subterete, io-20-flowered, ^"-12" long, about \" thick, falling away from the axis at maturity; scales ovate-oblong, appressed, imbricated, obtuse, rather firm, green and 7-9 nerved on the back, yellowish on the sides; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; rachis broadly winged; achene 3-angled, nar- rowly obovoid, obtuse.

In wet soil, Missouri to California and widely distributed in tropical America. Aug.-Oct.

SEDGE FAMILY. 243 22. Cyperus Engelmanni Steud. Engelmann's Cyperus. (Fig. 564.)

Cyperus Engehuanni Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 47. 1855. 1

Annual, culms slender, 6'-2>^° tall. Leaves elongated, wide, flaccid, roughish on the

margins, those of the involucre 4-6, the longer exceeding the umbel; umbel often compound, the raylets very short; spikelets often densely crowded, very narrowly linear, subterete, (s"-\2" long, 5-15-flowered ; rachis narrowly winged ; scales greenish-brown, oblong, obtuse, thin, faintly 3-5- nerved on the back, distant, the successive ones on each side of the spikelet separated by a space of about one-half their length; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene linear-oblong, 3-angled, two-thirds as long as the scale.

In wet soil, Massachusetts to southern Ontario and Wisconsin, south to New Jersey and Missouri. Aug.- Oct.

23. Cyperus strigosus L. Straw-colored Cyperus. (Fig. 565.)

Cyperus sirigosus L. Sp. PI. 47. i753-

Perennial by basal tuber-like corms, culm rather stout, i°-3° tall. Leaves somewhat rough-margined, q."--^" wide, the longer ones of the involucre much exceeding the umbel; umbel several-rayed, compound or nearly simple, some of the primary rays often 4'-6' long, their sheaths terminating in 2 bristles; involucels setaceous; heads ob- long or ovoid; spikelets flat, linear, 4^-9'' long, \" wide or less, 7-15-flowered, sepa- rating from the axis at maturity; scales straw-colored, oblong-lanceolate, subacute, strongly several-nerved, appressed or at length somewhat spreading; stamens 3-, style 3-cleft; achene linear-oblong, 3-angled, acute, about one-third as long as the scale.

In moist meadows, swamps or along streams, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Flor- ida and Texas. Aug.-Oct.

Among the numerous forms of this species the following may be defined as varieties;

Cyperus strigosus capitatus Boeckl. Linnaea, 36: 347. 1869-70.

Umbel simple or nearly so; spikelets 4"-7" long, densely capitate in subglobose heads. Range of the type.

Cyperus strigosus compositus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 212. 18

Umbel very compound; heads cylindric; spikelets 3"-6" long, 4-6-flowered. York and Pennsylvania to Alabama.

Southern New

Cyperus strigosus robustior Kunth, Enum. 2: 88. 1837. Umbel compound; spikelets 8"-i2" long, io-25-flowered. Range of the type.

244

CYPERACEAE.

24. Cyperus refractus Engelm. Reflexed Cyperus. (Fig. 566.)

Cyperus refractus Engelm.; Boeckl. Linnaea, 36:369. 1869-70.

Perennial by tuber-like corms, culm stout, smooth, i°-3° tall. Leaves 2^ "-4" wide, rough- margined, elongated; umbel 6-13-rayed, usually compound, the longer rays sometimes 8' long, their sheaths terminating in i or 2 short teeth; in- volucels setaceous; raylets filiform; spikelets very narrowly linear, loosely spicate, acute, flattish, ^"-\2" long, Yi" thick, 3-6-flowered, the upper spreading, the lower reflexed; scales yellowish- green, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, closely appressed, 9-11-nerved, thin; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, its branches much exserted; achene narrowly linear, obtuse, apiculate, about 5 times as long as thick, and one-half as long as the scale.

In dry fields, New Jersey to North Carolina and Missouri. July-Sept.

25. Cyperus retrofractus (L. ) Torr. Rough Cyperu.s. (Fig. 567.)

Scirpus retrofractus L. Sp. PI. 50. 1753. Cyperus }eiro/raclus 'Ton.; A. Gray, Man. 519. 1848.

Perennial by tuber-like corms, culm slender, rough-puberulent, at least above, mostly longer than the puberulent leaves, i°-3° tall. Leaves i>^''-2^'' wide, those of the involucre 4-7, the longer not greatly exceeding the umbel, sometimes shorter; um- bel simple; rays very slender, nearly erect, or spread- ing, 2'~6' long, their sheaths 2-toothed; heads ob- long or obovoid; spikelets linear-subulate, z"-^" long, about Yz" thick, 1-2-flowered, all soon strongly reflexed, separating from the axis at maturity; flow- ering scales lanceolate, acute, the upper one subu- late, all strongly several-nerved; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene linear, 3-angled, obtuse, apiculate, two-thirds as long as the scale.

In dry, sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Florida, west to Kentucky, Arkansas and Texas. July-Sept.

26. Cyperus Lancastriensis Porter.

Lancaster Cyperus. (Fig. 568.)

A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5,

Cyperus Lancastriensis Porter; 555- 1867.

Perennial by ovoid or oblong corms, culm slender, smooth, mostly longer than the leaves, i°-2)^° tall. Leaves 2."-2," wide, those of the involucre 4-7, the longer much exceeding the inflorescence; umbel simple, 5-9-rayed, the longer rays 2^-4' long, their sheaths nearly truncate; heads oval, obtuse, Y'~'^' long; spikelets densely clustered, ^''-5" long, linear, subterete, 2-4-flowered, the lower reflexed, the mid- dle ones spreading, all separating from the axis at maturit}-; scales green, strongly several-nerved, the flowering ones lanceolate, subacute; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene linear, obtuse, apiculate, 2-3 times as long as thick, two-thirds as long as the scale.

In drj' fields, New Jersey andJPennsylvania to Vir- ginia and Alabama. July-Sept.

SEDGE FAMILY.

245

■27. Cyperus cylindricus (Ell. ) Britton. Pine-barren Cyperus. (Fig. 569.)

MariscKS cyli ndricus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 74. 1816. Cyperus cylindricus Britton, Bull. Torn Club, 6: 339. 1879.

Cyperus Torreyi Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 215. 1886.

Perennial by small hard corms, culms slender, smooth, usually tufted, 4^-18' tall, longer than the leaves. Leaves smooth, \"-iy2." wide, the longer ones of the involucre much exceeding the umbel; umbel simple, several-rayed, the rays short, or the longer i'-2)^' long, the sheaths 2-toothed; heads very dense, cyliudric, H'-Yz' long, in di-

ameter; spikelets \yz"-^" long, flattish, 1-2-flow- ered, spreading or the lower reflexed; scales green, oblong; rachis winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene linear-oblong, 3-angled, apiculate, slightly more than one-half as long as the scale.

In sandy pine barrens and on the sea shore, southern New York to Florida, west to Texas, mostly near the coast. July-Sept.

28.

Cyperus ovularis (Michx. ) Torr. Globose Cyperus. (Fig. 570.)

Kyllingia ovularis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 29. 1803. Cyperus ovularis Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 278. 1836.

Perennial by hard tuber-like corms, stem usually strict, smooth, 8^-2 }4° tall, longer than the leaves. Leaves smooth, i"-2," wide, the longer ones of the involucre much exceeding the umbel; umbel simple, few-rayed, the rays rarely more than 2)4' long; sheath of the rays truncate or slightly toothed; heads globose or sometimes a little longer than thick, -]" in diameter, very dense, the spikelets radiating in all directions; spikelets 2''-3j^'' long, usually 3- flowered, separating from the axis and leaving a scar at maturity; rachis winged; scales ovate or ovate- lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, green, strongly sev- eral-nerved; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene linear- oblong, 3-angled, 2-3 times as long as thick.

In dry fields and on hills, southern New York to Flor- ida, west to Illinois, Kansas and Texas. July-Sept.

29. Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. Slender Cyperus. (Fig. 571.)

Cyperus filiculmis Vahl, Enum 3: 328. 1806.

Perennial by hard oblong corms, culm smooth, ■slender or almost filiform, ascending or reclined, G'-iS' long, usually longer than the rough-mar- gined leaves. Leaves wide, keeled, those of the involucre, or some of them, much exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets densely clustered in 1-7 globose heads, linear, acute, 5-11-flowered, sub- terete or compressed, iyz"-i>" long, \" wide or less, tardily falling away from the axis at maturity; rachis wingless; scales ovate, acute or obtuse, pale green, strongly 7-11-nerved, appressed; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong or obovoid, 3-angled, obtuse, apiculate, dull gray, two-thirds as long as the scale, about twice as long as thick.

In dry fields and on hills, Rhode Island to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas, Texas and northern Mexico. June-Aug.

246

CYPERACEAE.

Cyperus Houghtoni' Torr. Houghton's Cyperus. (Fig. 572.)

Cyperus Houghtoni Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 277.. 1836.

Perennial by tuber-like corms, culms very slender, smooth, erect, i°-2° tall. Leaves shorter than the culm, \" wide or less, smooth, those of involucre 3-5, the longer much exceeding the um- bel; umbel simple, 1-5-rayed, the rays mostly short, their sheaths 2-toothed; spikelets loosely capitate, linear, compressed, acute, 4"-8" long, about \" wide, ii-15-flowered, falling away from the axis when mature; scales chestnut brown, firm, somewhat spreading, shining, oblong, obtuse, truncate or apiculate, strongly about 11 -nerved;, rachis very narrowly winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene broadly oblong, less then twice as long as thick, 3-angled, brown, apiculate, nearly as long as the scale.

In sandy soil, Massachusetts to Minnesota, Kansas- and Oregon. July-Aug.

31. Cyperus Grayi Torr. Gray's Cyperus. (Fig. 573.)

Cyperus Grayi Tott. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 268. 1836.

Perennial by thick hard oblong or ovoid corms, culms tufted, ascending or reclined, stifif, smooth, very slender, 6'-2o' long. Leaves shorter than the culm, bright green, 1'' wide or less, those of the involucre 4-8, the longer somewhat exceeding the umbel; umbel 4-10-rayed, simple, the longer rays 3^-4' long; sheaths of the rays truncate or nearly so; spikelets 2^''-5'' long, loosely capitate, compressed, linear, rigid, spreading; scales green, ovate, obtuse or subacute, strongly 13-15-nerved, rather widely spreading when old; joints of the rachis broadly winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong or oblong-obovoid, obtuse, apicu- late, about two-thirds as long as the scale.

In sands of the sea shore and in pine barrens, Massa- chusetts to Florida. July-Sept.

Cyperus echinatus (Ell.) Wood.

Baldwin's Cyperus. (Fig. 574.)

S. C. & Ga. i: 75. J-

Mariscus echinatus EH. Bot / /. 1816.

Cyperus B aldwinii torr . Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 270. 1836. Cyperus echinatus WooA, Class-book, 734. 1863.

Perennial by tuber-like corms, culm slender,, smooth, erect, mostly longer than the leaves. Leaves pale green, \y2"-i" wide, those of the in- volucre 5-10, the longer usually much exceeding the umbel; umbel simple, 6-13-rayed; the rays fili- form, their sheaths short, mucronate; spikelets 1"— 2," long, linear, flat, densely or loosely capitate in globose heads; scales thin, pale green, appressed, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 9-13-nerved, with narrow scarious margins; joints of the rachis broadly winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong- obovoid, obtuse, one-half as long as the scale, about twice as long as thick.

In dry soil, sometimes a weed in cultivated fields^ North Carolina to Florida, west to Missouri and Texas, July-Aug.

SEDGE EAMILY.

247

2. KYLLINGA Rottb. Descr. & Ic. 12. pi. 4. f. 3, 4. 1773.

Annual or perennial sedges, with slender triangular culms, leafy below, and with 2 or more leaves at the summit forming an involucre to the strictly sessile, simple or compound dense head of spikelets. Spikelets numerous, compressed, falling away from the axis of the head at maturity, consisting of only 3 or 4 scales, the i or 2 lower ones small and empty, the middle one fertile, the upper empty or staminate. Joints of the rachis wingless or nar- rowly winged. Scales 2-ranked, keeled. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous from the summit of the achene. Achene lenticular or 3-angled. [In honor of Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist of the seventeenth century.]

About 20 species, natives of tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southern U:iited States.

I. Kyllinga pumila Michx. lyow Kyllinga. (Fig. 575.)

Kyllingia pumila Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 28. 1803.

Annual, culms densely tufted, filiform, erect or reclined, 2^-15' long, mostly longer than the leaves. Leaves light green, rough- ish on the margins, usually less than \" wide, those of the involucre 3-5, elongated, spreading or reflexed; head oblong or ovoid- oblong, 2>"~^" long) simple or commonly with I or 2 smaller ones at the base; spike- lets about lYz" long, flat, i -flowered, the 2 empty lower scales more or less persisent on the rachis after the fall of the rest of the spikelet; scales ovate, acuminate or acute, thin, about 7-nerved; stamens 2; style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, obtuse.

In moist or wet soil, Virginia to Florida, west to Illinois, Missouri, Texas and Mexico. Aug.- Sept.

3. DULICHIUM C. Richard; Pers. Syn. i: 65. 1805.

A tall perennial sedge, with terete hollow jointed culms, leafy to the top, the lower leaves reduced to sheaths. Spikes axillary, peduncled, simple or compound. Spikelets 2-ranked, flat, linear, falling away from the axis at maturity (?) many-flowered. Scales 2-ranked, carinate, conduplicate, decurrent on the joint below. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6-9 retrorsely barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft at the summit, persistent as a beak on the summit of the achene. Achene linear-oblong. [Name said to be from Dulci- chimum, a Latin name for some sedge.]

A monotypic genus of eastern North America.

I. Dulichium arundinaceum (L. )

Britton. Dulichium. (Fig. 576.)

Cyperus ariindinaceus 'L,. Sp. PI. 44. I753- Cyperus spathaceus L. Syst. Ed. 12, 2: 735. 1767. Dulichium spathaceum Pers. Syn. i: 65. 1805. Dulichium arundinaceum Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 29. 1894.

Culm stout, i°-3° tall, erect. Leaves num- erous, flat, long, 2^'-4^^ wide, spreading or ascending, the lower sheaths bladeless, brown toward their summits. Spikes shorter than or the uppermost exceeding the leaves; pe- duncles long; spikelets narrowly linear, spreading, (>"-\2" long, about \" wide, 6-12- flowered; scales lanceolate, acuminate, strongly several-nerved, appressed, brownish ; bristles of the perianth rigid, longer than the achene; style long-exserted, persistent.

In wet places. Nova Scotia to Ontario and Min- nesota, south to Florida and Texas. Aug.-Oct.

248

CYPERACEAE.

E. interstincta. E. mxiiaia. E. Robbinsii.

4. E. ochreala.

5. E. olivacea.

10.

E. alropm-piirea. E. capilala.

E. ovala.

E. Engehnanni.

E. palusiris.

E. acicularis.

E. Wolfii.

E. lortilis.

E. tuberculosa.

4. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. HoU. i: 224. 1810. Annual or perennial sedges. Culms simple, triangular, quadrangular, terete, flattened or grooved, the leaves reduced to sheaths or the lowest very rarely blade-bearing. Spikelets solitary, terminal, erect, several-many-flowered, not subtended by an involucre. Scales con- cave, spirally imbricated all around. Perianth of 1-12 bristles, usually retrorsely barbed, veanting in some species. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-cleft and achene lenticular or biconvex, or 3-cleft and achene 3-angled, but sometimes with very obtuse angles and appearing turgid. Base of the style persistent on the summit of the achene, forming a terminal tubercle. [Greek, referring to the growth of most of the species in marshy ground.]

About 100 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Spikelet scarcely or not at all thicker than the culm. Culm stout; spikelet many-flowered.

Culm terete, nodose. I. Culm quadrangular, continuous. 2. Culm slender, triangular, continuous; spikelet few-flowered, subulate. 3. Spikelet manifestly thicker than the culm.

Style mostly 2-cleft; achene lenticular or biconvex.

Upper sheath scarious, hyaline; plants perennial bj' slender rootstocks. Scales pale green or nearly white; achene X" long. Scales dark reddish-brown; achene M" long. Upper sheath truncate, oblique or toothed, not scarious. Annual, with fibrous roots. Achene jet black.

Culms i'-3' tall; achene Vx" long; bristles 2-4. Culms 3'-io' tall; achene V2" long; bristles 5-8. Achene pale brown.

Spikelet ovoid or oblong; tubercle deltoid, acute. .Spikelet oblong-cylindric; tubercle broad, low. Perennial by horizontal rootstocks. Style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled or turgid. Achene reticulated or cancellate.

Spikelet compressed; culm filiform. Spikelet terete; culm slender.

Achene transversely cancellate; bristles none. Achene reticulated; bristles present, stout. Tubercle conic, smaller than the achene. Tubercle cap-like, as large as or larger than the achene. Achene smooth or papillose.

Achene smooth, white; culms capillary. Achene papillose or smooth, brown, black or j'ellow. Tubercle depressed or short-conic. Achene smooth.

Tubercle flat, covering the top of the black achene. Tubercle ovoid-conic, acute, contracted at the base. Achene papillose.

Achene 3-ribbed on the angles. Achene obtuse -angled, not ribbed. Culm filiform; scales obtuse. Culm flat; scales acute. Tubercle subulate or narrowly pyramidal.

Culms filiform, wiry, densely tufted, 4'-io' long. Culms flattened, slender, i°-2° long.

I. Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) R. &S. Knotted Spike-rush. (Fig. 577.)

Scirpus interslinclus Vahl. Enum. 2: 251. 1806. Scirpus equisetoides EU. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 79. 1816. Eleochai-is interstincta R. & S. Syst. 2; 148. 1817. Eleocharis equisetoides Torr. Ann L,yc. 3: 296. 1836.

Perennial by stout rootstooks, culms terete, hol- low, nodose, papillose, i>^°-3° tall, the sterile ones sharp-pointed. Sheaths oblique, membranous, brown or green, the lower sometimes bearing short blades; spikelet terete, cylindric, many-flowered, subacute, I'-iyi' long, 2" in diameter, not thicker than the culm; scales ovate, orbicular or obovate, obtuse or the upper acute, narrowly scarious-mar- gined, faintly many-nerved, persistent; bristles about 6, rigid, retrorsely barbed, as long as the body of the achene or shorter; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, exserted; achene obovoid, brown, shining, with minute transverse ridges, convex on one side, very obtusely angled on the other, 2 or 3 times as long as the conic acute black broad-based tubercle. In water, Massachusetts to Michigan, the West Indies and Mexico. July-Sept.

15. E. microcarpa.

16. 17-

E. nielanocarpa. E. albida.

18. E. tricostata.

tenuis, acumiiiata.

21. E. intermedia.

22. E. roslellata.

SEDGE FAMILY.

249

(Fig- 578.)

2. Eleocharis mutata (I^.) R. & S. Quadrangular Spike-rush.

Scirpus viulalKS I,. Am. Acad. 5: 391. 1760. Scirpus quadrangulalus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 30. 1803.

Eleocharis quadrangulala R. & S. Syst. 2: 155. 1817. Eleocharis mutata R. & S. Syst. 2: 155. 1817.

Perennial by stout rootstocks, culms sharply 4- angled, stout, not nodose, papillose, 2°-4° tall. Sheaths purplish-brown or green, membranous, sometimes bearing short blades; spikelet terete, acute, cylindric, I'-i' long, '2" in diameter, many- flowered, about as thick as the culm; scales coria- ceous, broadly ovate or obovate, obtuse or the upper subacute, scarious-margined and sometimes with a narrow brown band within the margins, faintly many-nerved, persistent; bristles about 6, rigid, re- trorsely barbed, about as long as the achene; sta- mens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, biconvex or slightly angled on the back, minutely cancellate, about twice as long as the conic acute tubercle, which is truncate or contracted at the base.

In ponds, streams and swamps, northern New Jersey to Michigan, south to Alabama, Missouri, Texas and Guatemala. Also in the West Indies and South America. July-Sept.

3. Eleocharis Robbinsii Oakes. Robbins' Spike-rush. (Fig. 579.)

Eleocharis Robbinsii Oakes, Hovey's Mag. 7: 178. 1841.

Perennial by slender rootstocks, culms slender, 3- angled, continuous, 6'-2° long, sometimes producing numerous filiform flaccid sterile branches from the base. Sheaths appressed, obliquely truncate; spikelet subulate, few-flowered, not thicker than the culm, (i"-\o" long, \" in diameter; scales lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, strongly concave, faintly several- nerved, persistently clasping the rachis, narrowly scari- ous-margined; style 3-cleft; bristles 6, equalling the achene and tubercle, retrorsely barbed; achene obovoid, light brown, biconvex or very obtusely angled on the back, somewhat longer than the conic-subulate flattened tubercle, which has a raised ring around its base.

In shallow water, New Brunswick to Michigan, south to Florida. Aug.-Sept.

Eleocharis ochreata (Nees) Steud. Pale Spike-rush

Bras. 2: Part i, 1855-

Perennial by very slender rootstocks, culms very slender, or filiform, erect, pale green, 3-angled, 2'-io' tall. Upper sheath with a white, hyaline, scarious limb; spikelet oblong or ovoid, subacute, 2-3 times as thick as the culm, about 2" long, iH" in diameter, several-flowered; scales pale green, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or the upper acute, thin, hyaline with a faint midvein; style 2-cleft; bristles about 6, slender, re- trorsely barbed, somewhat longer than the achene; achene long, lenticular, obovate, smooth, brown, 2-4 times as long as the conic acute tubercle, which is often constricted at the base.

In wet soil, southern Virginia to Florida and Missis- sippi. Also in Wyoming and Montana and in tropical America. Aug.-Sept.

(Fig. 580.)

Eleogenus ochreatus Nees in Mart. Fl. 102. 1842.

Eleocharis ochreata Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 79.

CYPERACEAE.

5. Eleocharis olivacea Torr. Bright green Spike-rush. (Fig. 581.)

Eleocharis olivacea Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 300. 1836.

Perennial by running rootstocks, often tufted and matted, culms verj' slender, bright green, erect or re- clining, flattened, long. Upper sheath with a white hyaline limb; spikelet ovoid, acute or obtuse, much thicker than the culm, several-many-flowered, about 2" long, \" in diameter; scales ovate, thin, acute, reddish -brown, with a green midvein and nar- row, scarious margins; stamens 3; style 2-cleft; bris- tles 6-8, slender, retrorsely barbed, longer than the achene and tubercle; achene obovoid, similar to that of the preceding species but twice as large, 3-4 times the length of the conic acute tubercle.

In wet soil, Maine to southern Ontario and Pennsylva- nia, south to South Carolina, mostly near the coast. Aug. -Sept.

6. Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz) Kunth. Purple Spike-rush. (Fig. 582.)

Scirpiis atropxirt^ureus Retz, Obs. 5: 14. 1789. Eleocharis atropurpurea Kunth, Enum. 2: 151.

1837.

Annual, roots fibrous, culms tufted, very slender, i''-3^'' high. Upper sheath i-toothed; spikelet ovoid, many-flowered, subacute, i^''-2" long, \" in diam- eter or less; scales minute, ovate-oblong, obtuse or the upper acute, persistent, purple-brown with green midvein and very narrow scarious margins; stamens 2 or 3; style 2-3 -cleft; bristles 2-4, fragile, white, minutely downwardly hispid, about as long as the achene; achene jet black, shining, %" long, smooth, lenticular; tubercle conic, minute, depressed but rather acute, constricted at the base.

In moist soil, Nebraska and eastern Colorado to Central America, east to Florida; widely distributed in tropical America. July-Sept.

7. Eleocharis capitata (L. ) R. Br. Capitate Spike-rash. (Fig. 583.)

Scirptis capilattis 1^. Sp. PI. 48. 1753.

Eleocharis capitata R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 225. 1810.

Annual, roots fibrous, culms densely tufted, nearly terete, almost filiform, rather stiflF, 2'-io' tall. Upper sheath i-toothed; spikelet ovoid, obtuse, much thicker than the culm, \ Yz"-7.yz" long, \"-\ Y^" thick, many- flowered; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, firm, pale or dark brown with a greenish midvein, narrowly scari- ous-margined, persistent; stamens mostly 2; style 2- cleft; bristles 5-8, slender, downwardly hispid, as long as the achene; achene obovate, jet black, smooth, shining, nearly _!'2''long; tubercle depressed, apiculate, constricted at the base, very much shorter than the achene.

In moist soil, Maryland to Florida, west to Indiana and Texas. Widely distributed in tropical regions. July-Sept.

SEDGE FAMILY.

8. Eleocharis ovata (Roth) R. & S. Ovoid Spike-rush. (Fig. 584.)

Scirptis oz'a/us Roth, Catal. Bot. i: 5. Eleocharis ovata R. & S. Syst. 2: 152.

1797. 1817.

Annual, roots fibrous, culms tufted, slender or filiform, rather deep green, nearly terete, mostly erect, 2'-i6' tall. Upper sheath i -toothed; spike- let ovoid or oblong, obtuse, many-flowered, 2"-^" long, \"-\yz" in diameter; scales thin, oblong-or- bicular, very obtuse, brown with a green midvein and scarious margins; bristles 6-8 (sometimes fewer or wanting), deciduous, usually longer than the achene; stamens 2 or 3; style 2-3-cleft; achene pale brown, shining, lenticular, obovate-oblong, smooth, %" long or more; tubercle deltoid, acute, com- pressed, scarcely constricted at the base, about one-fourth as long as the achene and narrower.

In wet soil. New Brunswick to Ontario and British Columbia, south to Florida, Oregon, Nebraska and Texas. Also in Europe. Variable. July-Sept.

9. Eleocharis Engelmanni Steud. Erigelmann's Spike-rush. (Fig. S^S-)

Eleocharis Engelmanni Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 79. 1855. Eleocharis ovata var. Engelmanni Britton, journ. N. Y. Micros. Soc. 5: 103. 1889.

Annual, similar to the preceding species, but culms commonly taller, sometimes 18' high. Up- per sheath obliquely truncate or i-toothed; spike- let oblong-cylindric or ovoid-cylindric, obtuse or subacute, 2''-8" long, I'^-iyi" in diameter, many- flowered; scales pale brown with a green midvein and narrow scarious margins, ovate, obtuse, de- ciduous; style 2-cleft; bristles about 6, not longer than the achene; achene broadly obovate, brown, smooth, lenticular; tubercle broad, low, covering the top of the achene, less than one-fourth its length.

In wet soil, Massachusetts to southern New Jersey, west to Indiana, Arkansas, Texas and California. July-Sept.

10. Eleocharis palustris (I^.) R. & S. Creeping Spike-rush. (Fig. 586.)

Scirpus palustris 1,. Sp. PI. 47. 1753. Eleocharis palustris R. & S. Syst. 2: 151. 1817. Eleocharis palustris var. vigens Bailey; Britton, Journ. N. Y. Micros. Soc. S: 104. 1889.

Perennial by horizontal rootstocks, culms stout, terete or somewhat compressed, striate, i°-5° tall. Basal sheaths brown, rarely bearing a short blade, the upper one obliquely truncate; spikelet ovoid-cylin- dric, -if'-Yi" long, \y2,"-2" in diameter, many-flow- ered, thicker than the culm; scales ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, purplish-brown with scarious mar- gin and a green midvein, or pale green all over; bris- tles usually 4, slender, retrorsely barbed, longer than the achene and tubercle, sometimes wanting; sta- mens 2-3; style 2-3-cleft; achene lenticular, smooth, yellow, over Yz" long; tubercle conic -triangular, constricted at the base, flattened, one-fourth to one- half as long as the achene.

In ponds, swamps and marshes, I,abrador to British Columbia, south to Florida, Texas and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Aug.-Sept.

252

CYPERACEAE.

Eleocharis paliistris glaucescens (Willd. ) A. Graj', Man. Ed. 5, 558. 1867. Scirpus glaucescens Willd. Enutn. 76. 1809.

Culni.s slender or nearly filiform, 8'-i8' tall; spikelet oblong-, 2"-$" long; acliene smaller; tubercle narrower. In wet meadows and marshes, range nearly of the type in North America. Perhaps a distinct species.

The so-called variety calva is a form without bristles.

Eleocharis paliistris Watsoni Clarke, Britten's Journ. Bot. 25: 268. 1887.

Eleocharis Watsoni Bab. Ann. Nat. Hist. (II.) 5: 10. 1852.

Culms stout, 6'-io' tall; spike ovoid; scales dark purple-brown. Labrador and Prince Edward Island to Hudson Baj-.

II. Eleocharis acicularis (1^. ) R.

&S. Needle Spike-rush. (Fig. 587.)

Scirpus acicularis 1,. Sp. PI. 48. 1753. Eleocharis acicularis R. & S. Syst. 2: 154. 1817.

Perennial by filiform stolons or rootstocks, culms tufted, finely filiform or setaceous, obscurely 4-augled and grooved, weak, erect or reclining, 2.'-%' long. Sheaths truncate; spikelet compressed, narrowly ovate or lin- ear-oblong, acute, broader than the culm, 3- lo-flowered, \y>"-'s" long, y^" wide; scales oblong, obtuse or the upper subacute, thin, pale green, usually with a narrow brown baud on each side of the midvein, deciduous, many of them commonly sterile; bristles 3- 4, fragile, fugacious, shorter than the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid- oblong, pale, obscurely 3-angled with a rib on each angle and 6-9 lower intermediate ribs connected by fine ridges; tubercle conic, acute, one-fourth as long as the achene.

In wet soil, throughout North America, ex- cept the extreme north. Also in Europe and Asia. Sometimes entirely sterile. July-Sept.

12. Eleocharis Wolfii A. Gray.

Spike-rush. (Fig. 588.)

Wolf's

1874.

Scirpus Wolfii K. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10:

Eleocharis Wolfii A. Gray; Britton, Journ. N. Y. Micros. Soc. 5: 105. 1889.

Perennial by short rootstocks, culms verj- slen- der, erect, flattened and 2-edged, 8'-i8' tall. Upper sheath oblique, scarious, hyaline-tipped; spikelet oblong or ovoid-oblong, terete, acute, thicker than the culm, 2"-2," long, nearly i" in diameter; scales ovate, obtuse or the upper acute, thin, pale green with purplish-brown bands, tardily decidu- ous; bristles none (or perhaps early deciduous); style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, obscurely 3-angled, longitudinally 9-ribbed, the ribs transversely con- nected by minute ridges; tubercle depressed-conic, much shorter than the achene.

In wet meadows, Illinois and Iowa. June-Aug.

SEDGE FAMILY.

253

13. Eleocharis tortilis (Link) Schultes.

Scirpus tortilis L,iiik, Jahrb. 3: 78. 1820. Eleocharis tortilis Schultes, Mant. 2: 92. 1824.

Twisted Spike-rush. (Fig. 589.)

Annual, roots fibrous, culms tufted, filiform, sharply 3-angled, pale green, erect or reclining, twisting when old, i°-i'/2° long. Sheaths obliquely truncate, i- toothed; spikelet ovoid or oblong, subacute, several- flowered, 2"-3" long, about i" thick, much thicker than the culm; scales firm, pale, ovate, mostly obtuse; bristles 4-6, rigid, retrorsely barbed, about equalling the achene and tubercle; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, obscurely 3-angled, strongly reticu- lated, longitudinally about i8-ribbed; tubercle cap-like or conic, truncate at the base, one-fourth to one-half as long as the achene.

In wet soil, Delaware to Florida and Texas, near the coast. July-Sept.

14. Ele

Large-tubercled Spike-rush.

ocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) R. & S.

(Fig. 590.)

Scirpus tuberculosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 30. 1803. Eleocharis tuberculosa R. & S. Syst. 2: 152. 1817.

Annual, culms tufted, slightly compressed, very slender, rather stiff, striate, bright green, 8'-2° tall. Upper sheath obliquely truncate or i-toothed; spike- let ovoid, obtuse or subacute, many-flowered, ^/'-d" long, nearly 2" in diameter; scales broadly ovate, ob- tuse, pale greenish-brown with a darker midvein, broadly scarious-margined, firm, tardily deciduous; bristles 6, rigid, downwardly or rarely upwardly barbed, about as long as the achene and tubercle; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, pale, trigon- ous, strongly reticulated, longitudinally about 18- ribbed; tubercle cap-like or conic, nearly or quite as large as the achene.

In wet soil, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas, near the coast. July-Sept.

15. Eleocharis microcarpa Torr.

(Fig. 591.)

Eleocharis microcarpa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. 1836.

Eleocharis Torreyana Boeckl. Linnaea, 36: 440.

Small-fruited Spike-rush

Y. 3: 312.

1870.

Annual, culms finely filiform, densely tufted, some- what 4-sided, erect or reclining, often proliferous by developing secondary culms in the axils of the spike- let, sometimes rooting at the summit, 2'-8' long. Upper sheath obliquely truncate; spikelet oblong, subacute, terete or nearly so, much thicker than the culm, many-flowered, i^'^-2j^" long; scales ovate, acute, brownish-red with a green midvein and lighter margins, early deciduous except the lowest which is commonly larger than the others, persistent and bract-like; bristles 3-6, slender, shorter than or equalling the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene white, 3-angled, obovoid, smooth, minute; tubercle conic-pyramidal, much shorter than the achene.

In wet sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast. Also in Cuba. June-Aug.

254

CYPERACEAE.

i6. Eleocharis melanocarpa Torr. Black-fruited Spike-rush. (Fig. 592.)

Elcocharis melanocarpa Torr. Ann. L,yc. N. Y. 3: 311. 1836.

Perennial by short rootstocks, culms flattened, striate, tufted, slender, erect, wiry, \o'-2o' tall. Upper sheath truncate, i-toothed; spikelet oblong or cylindric -oblong, obtuse, 3''-6" long, i>^'''-2'' in diameter, many-flow- ered, thicker than the culm; scales ovate, obtuse, brown, with a lighter midvein and scarious margins; bristles 3- 4, fragile, downwardly hispid, equalling or longer than the achene, fugacious or perhaps sometimes wanting; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, obpyramidal, black, smooth, its superficial cells nearly quadrate; tu- bercle depressed, covering the summit of the achene, light brown, pointed in the middle.

In wet sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island to Florida, near the coast. Also in northern Indiana. July-Sept.

17. Eleocharis albida Torr. White Spike-rush. (Fig- 593-)

Eleocharis albida Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 304. 1836.

Annual, roots fibrous, culms very slender, tufted, nearly terete, striate, erect, 4'-8' tall. Upper sheath very oblique and toothed on one side; spikelet ovoid- globose or oblong, obtuse, ■2"-\" long, i yz"-2" in diameter, many-flowered, thicker than the culm; scales pale green or nearly white, rather firm, ovate, obtuse, deciduous; bristles about 6, downwardly barbed, persistent, as long as the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene broadly obovoid, nearly black when ripe, 3-angled, smooth; tubercle ovoid-conic, contracted or truncate at the base, about one-fourth as long as the achene.

In wet soil, Maryland to Florida, Texas and eastern Mexico, near the coast. June-Aug.

18. Eleocharis tricostata Torr. Three-ribbed Spike-rush. (Fig. 594. )

Eleocharis Iricoslala Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 310. 1836.

Perennial by short rootstocks, culms very slender, erect, compressed, striate, i°-2° tall. Upper sheath obliquely truncate, toothed on one side; spikelet ob- long, becoming oblong-cylindric, obtuse, many-flow- ered, 5"-9'' long, in diameter; scales ovate, thin, deciduous, obtuse, brown with a green midvein and scarious margins; bristles none; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, 3-angled, brown, dull, papil- lose, strongly ribbed on each of its angles; tubercle conic, acute, light brown, constricted at the base, minute, very much shorter than the achene.

In wet soil, southern New York to Florida. July-Sept,

SEDGE FAMILY.

255

19. Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. Slender Spike-rush.

Scirpus tenuis "WiWA. Enum. 1:76. 1809. Eleocharis tenuis Schultes, Mant. 2: 92. 1824.

Perennial by rootstocks, culms tufted, filiform, mostly erect, 4-angled with concave sides, 8'-i6' tall. Upper sheath obliquely truncate, toothed on one side; spikelet narrowly oblong, mostly acute, many- flowered, thicker than the culm, 2/'^^" long, about \" in diameter; scales thin, obovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, the midvein greenish, the margins scarious; bristles 2-4, shorter than the achene, fugacious or wanting; achene obovoid, obtusely 3-angled, yellow- ish-brown, papillose; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; tubercle conic, short, acute.

In wet soil, Cape Breton Island to Ontario and Mani- toba, south to Florida and Texas. The achenes are more or less persistent on the rachis of the spikelet after the fall of the scales. May-July.

20. Eleocharis acuminata (Muhl. ) Nees.

(Fig. 596.)

595-)

Flat-stemmed Spike-rush.

ScirpHS acuminalns Muhl. Gram, 27. 1817. Eleocharis compressa Sulliv. Am. Journ. Sci. 42: 50. 1842. Eleocharis acutninala Nees, Linnaea, 9: 294. 1835.

Perennial by stout rootstocks, similar to the pre- ceding species but stouter, culms flattened, striate, slender but rather stiff, tufted, 8'-2° tall. Upper sheath truncate, sometimes slightly i-toothed; spike- let ovoid or oblong, obtuse, thicker than the culm, many-flowered, z"-^" long! scales oblong or ovate- lanceolate, acute or the lower obtusish, purple-brown with a greenish midvein and hyaline white margins, deciduous; bristles 1-5, shorter than or equalling the achene, fugacious, or wanting; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, exserted; achene obovoid, very obtusely 3-angled, light yellowish brown, papillose, much longer than the depressed-conic acute tubercle.

In wet soil, Anticosti to Manitoba, south to Georgia, Louisiana and Missouri, Achenes persistent on the rachis as in E. tenuis. June-Aug.

21. Eleocharis intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes. Matted Spike-rush. (Fig. 597.)

Scirpus intermedins Muhl, Gram, 31, Eleocharis intermedia Schultes, Mant.

1817, 2: 91.

1824.

densely usually

Annual, roots fibrous, culms filiform, tufted, diffusely reclining or ascending, matted, grooved, 4^-12' long. Upper sheath ob- liquely truncate, toothed on one side ; spikelet ovoid-oblong, acute, 8-20-flowered, thicker than the culm; scales oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or the upper subacute, light purple-brown with a green midvein, tardily deciduous or the lower one per- sistent; bristles persistent, downwardly barbed, longer than the achene and tubercle; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 3«-angled, obovoid, light brown, finely reticulated; tubercle conic-subulate, very acute, slightly constricted at the base, one-fourth to one-half as long as the achene.

In mar.shes, Ontario to Minnesota, south to New Jersey, Ohio, Illinois and Iowa. July-Sept,

17

256

CYPERACEAE.

22. Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Beaked Spike-rush. (Fig. 598.)

Scirptis rostcllattis Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 318. 1836. Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 347. 1843.

Perennial by a short caudex, culms slender, wiry, the fertile erect or ascending, the sterile reclining and rooting at the summit, grooved, i°-5° long. Upper sheath truncate; spikelet oblong, narrowed at both cuds, thicker than the culm, 10-20-flowered, 3''-6" long, about \" in diameter; scales ovate, obtuse or the upper acute, green with a somewhat darker mid- veiu, their margins slightly scarious; bristles 4-8, retrorsely barbed, longer than the achene and tubercle; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong- obovoid, obtusely 3-angled, its surface finely re- ticulated; tubercle conic-subulate, about one-half as long as the achene or shorter, capping its sum- mit, partly or entirely falling away at maturity.

In marshes and wet meadows, Vermont and western New York to British Columbia, south to Florida, Texas, Mexico and California. Also in Cuba. Aug.- Sept.

5. DICHROMENA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 37. 1803.

Leafy-stemmed sedges, perennial by rootstocks, the spikelets crowded in a terminal head involucrate by the upper leaves, which are often white at the base. Spikelets compressed, several-many-flovvered. Scales spirally imbricated all around, several of them with imper- fect flowers, or empty. Perianth none. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft, its branches subulate. Achene lenticular, transversely rugose, crowned with the broad persistent base of the style (tubercle). [Greek, alluding to the two-colored involucral leaves.]

About 8 species, natives of America. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwest- em United States.

L,eaves of the involucre linear; tubercle truncate at the base. i. D. colorata.

Leaves of the involucre lanceolate, long-acuminate; tubercle decurrent on the edges of the achene.

2. D. latifolia.

I. Dichromena colorata (L,.) A. S. Hitchcock. Narrow-leaved Dichromena.

(Fig. 599.)

Schoenus coloralus L. Sp. PI. 43. 1753.

Dichromena leucocephala Michx. Fl. Bor. ,\m. l: 37. 1803.

Dichromena colorata A. S. Hitchc. Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 141. 1893.

Glabrous, culm slender, erect, rather sharply triangular, i°-2° tall. Leaves dis- tant, narrowly linear, about \" wide, much shorter than the culm, those of the involucre 4-6, reflexed when mature, yellowish white at the base; head globose, (>"-\o" in diame- ter; spikelets narrowly oblong, acute; scales membranous, lanceolate, nearly white, i- nerved, subacute at the apex; achene ob- ovate, brown, papillose or wrinkled trans- versely, nearly truncate at the summit, com- pressed, covered by the tubercle which is not decurrent on its edges.

In moist sandy soil, pine-barrens of New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. June-Sept.

SEDGE FAMILY. 257 2. Dichromena latifolia Baldw. Broad-leaved Dichromena. (Fig. 600.)

DichroDicna lali/olia Baldw.; Kll. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 90. 1816.

Similar to the preceding species but the culm stouter, obtusely triangular or nearly terete, the leaves lanceolate or linear-lance- olate, tapering gradually to a long-acumi- nate apex from a broad base, lYz^'-A" wide, sometimes overtopping the culm, but the lowest much shorter, those of the involucre 7-10, strongly reflexed when old. Head globose, 6"-9" in diameter; spikelets ob- long, subacute; scales ovate-lanceolate, nearly white, rather obtuse; achene nearly orbicular in outline, pale brown, faintly wrinkled transversely and longitudinally, so as to appear reticulated; tubercle decur- rent on the margins of the achene.

In wet pine barrens, Virginia to Florida and Texas. June-Aug.

6. PSILOCARYA Torr. Ann. Lye N. Y. 3: 359. 1836.

Annual sedges, with fibrous roots, slender leafy stems and ovoid or oblong, many-flow- ered terete spikelets in terminal and axillary, mostly compound umbels, the rays and raylets bracted at the base. Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated all around, all fertile, deciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens i or 2. Style 2-cleft, enlarged at the base. Achene lenticular or biconvex, smooth or transversely wrinkled, capped by the persistent base of the style (tubercle), or nearly the whole style persistent as a beak. [Greek, referring to the absence of perianth-bristles.]

About 10 species, natives of temperate and tropical America, occurs in the southeastern United States.

Achene strongly wrinkled, much longer than the subacute tubercle. Achene smooth or but little wrinkled; tubercle subulate.

Besides the following, another

1. P. nit ens

2. P. scirpoides.

I. Psilocarya nitens (Vahl) Wood. Short-beaked Bald-rush. (Fig. 601.)

Scirpus nitens Vahl, Envim. 2: 272. l8o6.

Psilocarya rhyncliosporoides Torr. Ann. l,yc. N. Y. 3: 361. 1836.

Rhynchospora nitens A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 568. 1867.

Psilocarya nitens Wood, Bot. & Fl. 364. 1870.

Glabrous, culms tufted, slightly angled, 3'- 15' tall. Leaves narrowly linear, about \" wide, smooth, sometimes overtopping the culm, sheathing at the base, the midvein prominent; umbels mostly loose; spikelets ovoid, 2" -2/' long, rather less than \" in diameter; scales brown, broadly ovate, thin, i-nerved, obtuse, acute or apiculate; achene lenticular, nearly orbicular, light brown, strongly wrinkled trans- versely; tubercle shorter than the achene, sub- acute, 2-lobed at the base.

In wet soil. Long Island, N. Y., and Delaware to Florida and Texas, near the coast. July-Oct.

258 CYPERACEAE.

2. Psilocarya scirpoides Torr. Long-beaked Bald-rush. (Fig. 602.)

Psilocaiya scir/>oides Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 360. 1836.

Rliynchospora scirpoides A. Graj-, Man. Ed. 5, 568. 1867.

Similar to the preceding species and perhaps not specifically distinct. Umbels commonly more numerous; spikelets oblong or ovoid-ob- long; achene nearly orbicular in outline, bicon- vex, not as flat as that of P. ?ii/cns, dark brown, faintly transversely wriukled or smooth, some- times longitudinally striate, slightly contracted at the base into a short stipe; tubercle subulate, as long as or sometimes longer than the achene, its base decurrent on the edges.

In wet soil, eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island. July-Sept.

7. STENOPHYLLUS Raf. Neog. 4. 1825.

Mostlj' annual sedges, with slender erect culms, leafy below, the leaves narrowly linear or filiform, with ciliate or pubescent sheaths. Spikelets umbellate, capitate or solitary, sub- tended by a i-several-leaved involucre, their scales spirally imbricated all around, mostly deciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2-3-cleft, glabrous, its base much swollen and persistent as a tubercle on the achene as in Eleocharis. Achene 3-angled, turgid or lenticular. [Greek, referring to the narrow leaves.]

A genus of some 20 species, natives of temperate and warm regions. Besides the following, 5 others occur in the southern United States.

I. Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britton.

(Fig. 603.)

Scirpus capillaris L,. Sp. PI. 49. 1753. Fimbrislylis capillaris A. Gra}-, Man. 530.

Stenophyllus capillaris Tirxilon, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 30. 1894.

Annual, roots fibrous, culms filiform, densely tufted, erect, grooved, smooth, 2'-io' tall. Leaves filiform, roughish, much shorter than the culm, their sheaths more or less pubescent with long hairs; involucral leaves 1-3, setaceous, shorter than, or one of them exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets nar- rowly oblong, somewhat 4-sided, 2'/i"-/[" long, less than 1" thick, several in a termi- nal simple or sometimes compound umbel, or in depauperate forms solitary; scales ob- long, obtuse or emarginate, puberulent, dark brown with a green keel; stamens 2; style 3- cleft; achene yellow-brown, narrowed at the base, very obtuse or truncate at the summit, long, 3-angled, transversely wrinkled; tubercle minute, depressed.

In dry or moist soil, throughout North Amer- ica except the extreme north. Also in tropical America. July-Sept.

Hair-like Stenophylltis.

vSEDGE FAMILY.

259

8. FIMBRISTYLIS Valil, Enum. 2: 285. i8o6. Annual or pereuaial sedges. Culms leafy below. Spikelets umbellate or capitate, terete, several to many-flowered, subtended by a i-many-leaved involucre, their scales spirally imbricated all around, mostly deciduous, all fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, pubescent or glabrous, its base much enlarged, falling away from the summit of the achene at maturity. Acheae lenticular, biconvex, or 3-angled, reticulated, cancellate, or longitudinally ribbed or striate in our species. [Greek, in allusion to the fringed style of some species.]

A large genus, the species widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Style 2-cleft; achene lenticular or biconvex.

Culms 8'-3° tall; spikelets umbellate; style mostly pubescent. Perennial; leaves involute.

Scales coriaceous, shining, glabrous. i. F. spadicea.

Scales membranous, dull, puberulent. 2. F. casianea.

Annual; roots fibrous; leaves flat. 3. F. laxa.

Culms i'-4' tall, very slender; spikelets capitate;. style glabrous below. 4. F. Vahlii. Style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled.

5. F. aittiimnalis.

(Fig. 604.)

I. Fimbristylis spadicea (L.) Vahl. Stiff Fimbristylis.

Scirpus spadiceus L. Sp. PI. 51. 1753. Fimbristylis spadicea Vahl, IJnum. 3: 294. 1806.

Perennial by a thickened base, glabrous, culms stiff, slender, 3-angled, wiry, i°-3° tall, usually longer than the strongly involute rigid leaves. Leaves about i" wide when unrolled, their sheaths dark brown; leaves of the involu- cre 3-6, erect, the longer sometimes exceeding the usually compound umbel; umbel several- rayed, the rays nearly erect, 2'-6' long; cen- tral spikelets of the umbels and umbellets ses- sile, the others pedicelled; spikelets ovoid or ovoid-cylindric', acute, 2}i''-6" long, about \" in diameter; scales oval, obovate, or orbicular, obtuse or subacute, coriaceous, glabrous, shin- ing, dark brown with a green midvein; stamens 2; style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, obovate, brown, reticulated.

In marshes and shallow water, Virginia to Flor- ida, near the coast. Widely distributed in tropical America. July-Sept.

2. Fimbristylis castanea (Michx.) Vahl. Marsh Fimbristylis. (Fig. 605.)

Scirpus casia7ieus'i,l\c\\-x.. FI. Bor. Am. 1:31. 1803. Fimbristylis castanea Vahl, Enum. 2: 292. i8o6. Fimbristylis spadicea var. casianea A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 566. 1867.

Perennial by a thick base, culms slender, 3- angled, 8'-2° tall, usually exceeding the leaves. Leaves involute, less than \" wide when un- rolled, their sheaths green and more or less pubescent; leaves of the involucre 2-4, short; umbel simple or compound, the rays Yz'-i' long; central spikelets sessile ; spikelets oblong, obtuse or subacute, 2>"-h" loiigi i"-i>2^' in diameter; scales thin, brown with a lighter midvein, broadly oblong or nearly orbicular, dull, puberulent, obtuse or mucronate; stamens 2-3; style 2-cleft; achene obovate or oblong, biconvex, pale brqwn, longitudinally striate and reticulated.

On salt meadows, southern New York to Florida and Louisiana. Also in wet soil in the interior from Michigan and Illinois to Kansas and Texas, and in tropical America. July-Sept.

26o

CYPERACEAE,

Fimbristylis laxa Vahl. Weak Fimbristylis. (Fig. 606.)

Fimbrislylis laxa Vahl, Enum. 2: 292. 1806. J^'imbrish'lis Baldwiniana Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 344. 1836.

Annual, roots fibrous, culms slender, flattened, striate, densely tufted, erect or ascending, 2'-\^' long, usually longer than the leaves. Leaves flat, about Yz" wide, glabrous or sparingly ciliate, pale green and appearing glaucous, those of the involu- cre 3-5, one of them often exceeding the umbel; umbel simple or slightlj' compound, the central spikelet sessile; spikelets ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 2,"-(>" long, about x" in diameter; scales ovate, thin, pale greenish-brown, subacute or mucronulate; sta- men i; style 2-cleft, pubescent; achene biconvex, obovoid, light brown, longitudinally ribbed, the ribs tubercled and connected by very fine cross-lines.

In moist soil, southern Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Illinois, Missouri and Texas. Also in tropical America. July-Sept.

4. Fimbristylis Vahlii (L,am.) I/ink. Vahl's FimbrLstyli.s. (Fig. 607.)

Scirpus Vahlii Lam. Tabl. Encycl. i: 139. 1791. Fimbristylis Vahlii Link, Hort. Berol. i: 287. 1827.

Fimbristylis congesla Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 345. 1836.

Annual, culms very slender, densely tufted, compressed, striate, erect or ascending, i'-4' high, longer than or equalling the leaves. Leaves setaceous or almost filiform, rough, those of the involucre 3-5, erect, much exceed- ing the simple capitate cluster of 3-8 spikelets; spikelets oblong-cylindric, obtuse, 2"-^" long, about yi" thick, many-flowered; scales lanceo- late, pale greenish -brown, acuminate; stamen i; style 2-cleft, glabrous below; achene minute, biconvex, yellowish-white, cancellate by longi- tudinal and transverse ridges.

In moist soil, Missouri to Texas, east to North Carolina and Florida. Also in ballast about the eastern seaports. July-Oct.

5. Fimbristylis autumnalis (L. ) R- & S. Slender Fimbristylis. (Fig. 608.)

Scirpus a!(/7/»i>ialis Li- Msint. 2: iSo. 1771. Fimbristylis auliimnalis R. & S. Syst. 2:97. 1817.

Annual, roots fibrous, culms very slender, densely tufted, flat, roughish on the edges or smooth, erect, ascending or spreading, 3'-i5' long, usually much exceeding the leaves. Leaves narrowly linear, flat, y,"-\'f wide, long-acuminate, glabrous, those of the involucre 2-3, usually all shorter than the um- bel; umbel compound or decompound, the primary rays yi'-^Yz' long, the secondary filiform; spike- lets linear-oblong, acute, 2"-^" long, y^," thick or less, several-many flowered; scales ovate-lanceo- late, subacute, strongly niucronate, greenish-brown, the midvein prominent; stamens 1-3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, nearly white, 3-angled with a ridge on each angle, very finely reticulated and some- times roughened.

In moist soil, Maine to Michigan, south to Florida and Louisiana. Also in tropical America. June-Sept.

SEDGE FAMILY.

261

9. SCIRPUS L. Sp. PI. 47. 1753.

Annual or perennial very small or very large sedges, with leaf)' culms or the leaves re- duced to basal sheaths. Spikelets terete or somewhat flattened, solitary, capitate, spicate or umbellate, subtended by a i-several-leaved involucre or the involucre wanting in some species. Scales spirally imbricated all arouud, usually all fertile, the 1-3 lower sometimes empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 1-6, slender or rigid, short or elongated, barbed, pubescent or smooth bristles, or none in some species. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-3-cleft, not swollen at the base, wholly deciduous from the achene, or its base persistent as a subulate tip. Achene triangular, lenticular or plano-convex. [Latin name of the Bulrush, said to Tae from sirs, the Celtic word for rushes.]

About 200 species of very wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.

Spikelet solitary, terminal, bractless or subtended by a single bract or short leaf. No involucral bract.

Culms i'-2' high; achene smooth; plant of saline soil. i. 5". nanus.

Culms 3'-io' high; achene reticulated; plant of fresh-water marshes. 2. S. paucifloriis. Involucral bract present, erect.

Bract shorter than or but little exceeding the spikelet; plants not aquatic.

Culm terete; leaf of upper sheath subulate; bristles smooth. 3. S. caespilosus.

Culms triangular; leaf of upper sheath linear; bristles upwardly barbed.

Leaves shorter than the culm; scales acute. 4. Clinioni.

Leaves about as long as the culm; scales cuspidate. 5. 5". plani/olius.

Bract at least twice as long as the spikelet; plant aquatic. 6. 5. sublerminalis.

Spikelets normally more than i, usually several or numerous, often appearing lateral; involucral bract only i . Spikelets few, 1-12, appearing lateral.

Culms not sharply 3-angled; achene plano-convex; annuals.

Achene strongly transversely rugose. 7. 5". Hallii.

Achene smooth or very slightly roughened.

Bristles downwardly barbed, about equalling the achene. 8. 5". debilis. Bristles minute or wanting. 9. 5'. Smithii.

Culms sharply 3-angled; plants perennial by rootstocks,

Achene plano-convex; bristles shorter than or equalling the achene.

Spikelets acute, much overtopped by the slender involucral leaf; scales awned.

10. 5'. Americamis. Spikelets obtuse; involucral leaf short, stout; scales mucronulate.

11. S. Olneyi.

Achene 3-angled, ridged on the back.

Bristles longer than the achene; involucral leaf erect. 12. 5'. Torreyi.

Bristles as long as the achene; involucral leaf abruptly bent. 13. 5. mucronatus. Spikelets several or numerous, umbelled; tall sedges.

Culm sharply triangular, equalled by the long leaves. 14. 5. cylindricus.

Culm terete; leaves reduced to sheaths.

Bristles downwardly barbed; achene gray, abruptly mucronate. 15. .S". lacuslris. Bristles short-plumose below; achene nearly white, narrowed above.

16. 5'. Californicus.

Spikelets several, spicate. 17. S. i iifiis.

Spikelets several, capitate or umbellate, large; involucral leaves 2 or more. Achene lenticular or plano-convex; spikelets capitate.

Capitate cluster simple ; achene obovate -oblong, pale brown. 18. S. campestris.

Capitate cluster often compound; achene orbicular-obovate, dark brown.

19. 5. robuslus.

Achene sharply 3-angled; spikelets umbellate. 20. S. fluviatilis.

Spikelets very numerous in compound umbels or umbelled heads, small; involucral leaves sev- eral; tall sedges. Bristles downwardly barbed; spikelets in umbelled heads. Spikelets ovoid or oblong, i;4"-2!4" long.

Bristles equalling or slightly exceeding the achene; leaves 3" -8" wide. Style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled; bristles 6.

Spikelets 3-8 in each head; bristles barbed throughout; scales obtuse.

21. 5'. sylvaticus.

Spikelets 8-20 in each head; bristles not barbed below; scales acute.

22. 5'. atrovirens.

Style 2-cleft; achene plano-convex; bristles 4. 23. 5. microcarpus.

Bristles flexuous, twice as long as the achene; leaves 2" -3" wide. 24. S. polyphyllus. Spikelets cylindric, 3" -5" long. 25. 5. Peckii.

Bristles smooth or slightly pubescent; umbel mostly decompound. Bristles shorter than or scarcely exceeding the scales.

Bristles about as long as the achene; scales subacute. 26. S. divaricatus.

Bristles much longer than the achene; scales mucronate. 27. 6'. lineatus.

Bristles much exserted beyond the scales when mature. 28. S. cyperinus.

262

CYl'ERACEAE.

I. Scirpus nanus Spreng. Dwarf Club-rush. (Fig. 609.)

Scirpus nanus Spreng. Pug. i: 4. 1815. Eleocharis pygmaea Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 313. 1836.

Annual, roots fibrous, culms filiform, flattened, grooved, tufted, erect or ascending, higli^ bearing a scarious bladeless sheath near the base. Spikelet solitary, terminal, ovoid-oblong, rather acute, 3-8-flowered, \"-\yz" long, not subtended by a bract; scales ovate or lanceolate, pale green, the lower obtuse, the upper subacute; bristles about 6, downwardly barbed, longer than the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong, 3-angled, pale, pointed at each end, smooth.

Muddy places in salt marshes, Cape Breton Island to Florida and Texas, and about salt springs in New York and Michigan. Also on the Pacific Coast of North America and on the coasts of Europe. July-Sept.

2. Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf. Few-flowered Club-ru.sh. ( Fig. 610.)

Scirpus paHciflor2is'Li\%\Ai.lc\. ^QoX.. io"?s. ijt;. Eleochai is pauciflorKs Link, Hort. Berol. i: 284. 1827.

Perennial by filiform rootstocks, culms very slender, little tufted, 3-angled, grooved, leafless, 3^-10' tall, the upper sheath truncate. Spikelet terminal, solitary, not subtended by an involucral bract, oblong, compressed, 4-10-flowered, 2''-3'' long, nearly \" wide; scales brown with lighter margins and midvein, lanceolate, acuminate; bristles 2-6, hispid, as long as the achene or longer; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid-oblong, gray, rather abruptly beaked, its surface finely re- ticulated.

In wet soil, Anticosti and Ontario to western New York, Minnesota and British Columbia, south in the Rocky Moun- tains to Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada. Also in northern Euope. July-Oct.

3. Scirpus caespitosus L. Tufted Club-rush. (Fig. 6ii.)

Scirpus caespitosus I,. Sp. PI. 48. I753-

Perennial, culms smooth, terete, densely tufted, light green, erect or ascending, almost filiform, wiry, long. Basal sheaths numerous, membran- ous, imbricated, acuminate, the upper one bearing a short very narrow blade; spikelet solitary, terminal, few-flowered, ovoid-oblong, about 2" long, sub- tended by a subulate involucral leaf of about its own length; scales yellowish -brown, ovate, obtuse or subacute, deciduous; bristles 6, smooth, longer than the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong, smooth, 3-angled, brown, acute.

In bogs and on moist rocks, Greenland to Alaska, south to the mountains of New England, the Adiron- dacks, western New York, Illinois, Minnesota and British Columbia, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and on the higher summits of the southern AUeghe- nies. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug.

vSEDGE FAMILY. 263 4. Scirpus Clintoni A. Gray. Clinton'.s Club-rush. (Fig. 612.)

Scirpus Clintoni A. Gray, Am, Jouni. Sci. (II.) 38: 290. 1864.

Perennial, culms tufted, triangular, very slender, erect, 4^-15' tall, ronghish on the angles. Lower sheaths imbricated, one or more of them bearing short subulate blades, the upper one bearing a flat, narrowly linear blade .shorter than the culm; spikelet .solitary, terminal, ovoid, few-flowered, i%"-2" long, sub- tended by a subulate involucral bract of less than its own length or somewhat longer; scales ovate, pale brown, acute; bristles 3-6, filiform, iipwardly barbed, as long as the achene or longer; style 3-cleft; achene oblong, brown, sharply 3-angled, smooth, obtuse.

In dr>' field.s and thickets, New Brunswick to western New York and Michigan, south to North Carolina. Local. June-Aug.

5. Scirpus planifolius Muhl. Wood Club-rush. (Fig. 613.)

Scij-pus planifolius JAvM. Gram. 32. 1817.

Perennial, culms triangular, slender, tufted, rather weak, roughish on the angles, 6^-15' tall. Lower sheaths bearing short subulate blades, the upper with a flat narrowly linear rough-margined leaf about as long as the culm; spikelet solitary, terminal, ovoid- oblong, acute, several-flowered, subtended by a short involucral bract; scales ovate-lanceolate, yellowish- brown with a green midvein, which is extended be- yond the acute apex into a sharp cusp; bristles 4-6, upwardly barbed, about equalling the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, pubescent; achene oblong, 3-angled; smooth, light brown, rather obtuse.

In woods and thickets, Rhode Island to Delaware, western New York and Missouri. May-July.

6. Scirpus subterminalis Torr.

Scirpus subterniinalis Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 47. 1824.

Perennial (?), aquatic, culms slender, terete, nodu- lose, i°-3>^° long. Leaves slender, channeled, 6'-2° long, wide; spikelet solitary, terminal, ob-

long-cylindric, narrowed at each end, several-flow- ered, 'i"-^" long, subtended by a subulate erect invo- lucral leaf yz'-\' long, thus appearing lateral ; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, membranous, light brown with a green midvein; bristles about 6, downwardly barbed, as long as the achene or shorter; stamens 3; style 3-cleft to about the middle; achene obovoid, 3- angled, dark brown, smooth, rather more than \" long, obtuse, abruptly beaked by the slender base of the style.

In ponds and streams or sometimes on their borders, New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory and Wash- ington, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. The so-called variety terrestris is an emersed form with erect culms and shorter spikelets. July-Aug.

Water Club-rtish. (Fig. 614.)

264

CYPERACEAE.

7. Scirpus Hallii A. Gray. Hall's Club-rush. (Fig. 615.)

Scirpus Hallii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, Add. 1863. Scirpus supintis \ax. Hallii A.. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 1867.

563.

Annual, culni.s very slender, smooth, tufted, ob- tusely triangular, erect, striate, 5'-! 2' tall. Lower sheaths oblique, and acuminate or mucronate on one side, the upper one commonly bearing a filiform blade yi'-i long; spikelets capitate in clusters of 1-7, oblong-cylindric, obtuse, many-flowered, 3'''- 6" long, about \" thick, appearing lateral by the extension of the solitary involucral leaf which is I '-4' long; scales ovate-lanceolate, light greenish brown, acuminate, keeled, cuspidate by the ex- current tip of the midvein; bristles wanting; stamens mcstly 2; achene obovate-orbicular or slightly broader than high, black, plano-convex, mucronulate strongly wrinkled transversely, about y2'^ in diameter.

In wet soil, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Illinois, Colorado, Texas and Mexico. The lowest sheaths occasionally subtend a flower with verj' long styles. July-Sept.

8. Scirpus debilis Pursh. Weak-stalked Club-ru.sli. (Fig. 6i6.)

Scirpus debilis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 55. 1814.

Annual, smooth, culms slender, terete or nearly so, tufted, erect or ascending, 6'-2° high. Sheaths obliquely truncate, the upper one rarely bearing a short subulate blade; spikelets capitate in clusters of 1-12, ovoid-oblong, subacute, many-flowered, appearing lateral, the solitary involucral leaf nar- rowly linear, lyi'-^:^' long, erect or divergent; scales light yellowish-brown with a green midvein, broadly ovate, obtuse or acute; bristles 4-6, downwardly barbed, somewhat unequal and about as long as the achene; stamens 2-3; style 2-cleft or rarely 3-cleft; achene plano-convex, broadly ob- ovate or orbicular, smooth or slightly roughened, dark brown, shining, obtuse, mucronulate.

In wet soil, Maine to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama and Nebraska. July-Sept.

9. Scirpus Smithii A. Gray. Smith's Club-rush. (Fig. 617.)

Scirpus Siiiilhii .\. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 56,3. 1867.

Annual, similar to the preceding species, but the culms usually lower and more slender or nearly fili- form, 3^-12' tall, the sheaths oblique and acumi- nate or the upper one bearing a subulate blade. Spikelets 1-4, in an apparently lateral cluster, ovoid, acute, 2"-}/' long, the involucral leaf very narrow, elongated, erect; scales oblong, obtuse, mucronulate, pale brown with a narrow, green mid- vein; bristles usually wanting, sometimes 1-3, and ver}^ much shorter than the achene; style 2-cleft; achene plano-convex, obovate or orbicular, brown, rather dull, smooth or minutely roughened, obtuse, mucronulate.

In wet muddy places, Vermont to Minnesota, south to Delaware, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Perhaps only a form of the preceding. July-Sept.

SEDGE FAMIIvY.

265

10. Scirpus Americanus Pers. Three-square. Chair-maker's Rush.

(Fig. 6r8.)

1805. 1806.

Scirpus Americanus Pers. Syn. i: 68. Scirpus pungetis Vahl, Enum, 2: 255.

Perennial by long rootstocks, culms sharply tri- angular with concave sides or one of the sides nearly flat, erect, stiff, i°-4° tall. Leaves 1-3, narrowly linear, keeled, shorter than the culm; spikelets oblong-ovoid, acute, a/'-^" long, capitate in clusters of 1-7, appearing as if lateral; involucral leaf solitary, slender, i>^'-4' long; scales broadly ovate, brown, often emarginate or sharply 2-cleft at the apex, the midvein extended into a .subulate awn sometimes \" long, the margins scarious, ciliolate or glabrous; bristles 2-6, downwardly barbed, shorter than or equalling the achene; stamens 3; style usually 2-cleft; achene obovate, plano-convex, smooth, dark brown, mucronate.

In fresh water and brackish swamps throughout North America. Also in Chile. June-Sept.

Scirpus Americanus longispicatus Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 11: 78. 1892. Spikelets linear-cylindric, ^"-12" long; bristles as long as the broadly obovate achene. shore of Lake Ontario; Colorado and New Mexico.

South

II. Scirpus Olneyi A. Gray. Olney's Bulrush. (Fig. 619.)

Scirpus Olneyi A. Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 238. 1845.

Similar to the preceeding species, perennial by long stout rootstocks, culms stout, sharply 3-angled with concave sides, 2°-7° tall. Leaves 1-3, 1^-5' long, or sheaths sometimes leafless; spikelets capitate in dense clusters of 5-12, oblong or ovoid-oblong, ob- tuse, ly^''-^" long, the solitary involucral leaf short, stout, erect, Yz'-iyi' long; scales oval or orbicular, dark brown with a green midvein, emarginate or mu- cronulate, glabrous; bristles usually 6, slightly shorter than or equalling the achene, downwardly barbed; stamens 2-3; style 2-cleft; achene obovate, plano- convex, brown, mucronate.

In salt marshes, Rhode Island to Florida, Texas, Mexico and California, extending north along the Pacific Coast to Oregon. Also in Arkansas. June-Sept.

12. Scirpus Torreyi Olney. Torrey's Bulrtish. (Fig. 620.)

Scirpus Torreyi Olney, Proc. Providence Frank. Soc. 1:32. 1847.

Perennial by short or slender rootstocks, culms sharply 3-angled, rather slender, nodulose, 2°-4° tall. Leaves narrowly linear, elongated, nodulose, light green, sometimes overtopping the culm; spikelets 1-4, in an apparently lateral capitate clus- ter, oblong, narrowed at each end, ^"-'i" long; involucral leaf 1'-^' long, erect; scales ovate or lanceolate, shining, chestnut-brown, glabrous, obtuse or the upper acute, mucronulate; bristles about 6, downwardly barbed, longer than the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, smooth, shining, light brown, 3-angled, one of its sides broader and flatter than the others.

In swamps, Vermont to Rhode Island and Pennsyl- vania, west to Minnesota and Manitoba. July-Sept.

266

CYI'ERACEAE.

13. Scirpus mucronatus L. Bog Bulrush. (Fig. 621.)

Scirpus »i7tcroiiatus 1,. Sp. PI. 50. 1753.

Perennial, culms stout, somewhat tufted, sharply 3-angled, smooth, i°-3° tall. Spikelets 5-12 in a capitate cluster, oblong, obtu.se, many-flowered, long, rather more than \" in diameter, sub- tended by the solitarj' linear abruptly spreading in- volucral leaf; .scales broadh' ovate, obtuse, light brown with a narrow green midvein, mucronate; bristles 6, .stout, rigid, downwardly barbed, as long as the achene; stamens 3; .style 3-cleft; achene ob- ovoid, smooth, .shining, dark brown, 3-angled, two- of the sides narrower and more convex than the third.

In a swamp in Delaware county, Pennsylvania. Probably adventive or fugitive from Europe. Widelv distributed in the Old World. July-Sept.

14. Scirpus cylindricus (Torr. ) Britton. Canby's Bulru.sh. ( Fig. 622.)

Scirpus viarHinius var. cylindricus Torr. .\nn.

Lyc. N. Y. 3: 325. 1836. " Scirpus leplolcpis Chapm. Fl. S. States, 520. i860. Scirpus Canbyi A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (11.) 38:

289. 1864.

Scirpus cj'lindricus Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. II: 79. 1892.

Perennial by stout rootstocks, culm stout, sharply 3-angled above, 3°-6° high, the linear nodulose keeled and channeled dark green leaves nearly or quite as long. Involucral leaf solitar}', 4'-io' long, erect; spikelets in an appa- rently lateral simple or compound umbel, droop- ing, oblong-cylindric, acutish, 6''-io" long; primary rays of the umbel i'-4' long, bracted by I or more subulate-linear leaves; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pale brown with scarious margins, acute, mucronulate; bristles 6, stout, rigid, about as long as the achene, serrate; sta- mens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, 3-angled, light brown, smooth, abruptly subulate-pointed.

In ponds and swamps, Maryland to Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the coast.

Scirpus lacustris L. Great Bulrush. Mat-rush. (Fig

July-Sept. 623.)

Scirpus lacuslris h- Sp. PI. 48. Sci>pus z'alidus Vahl, Enum. 2:

'/53-

268.

1806.

Perennial by stout rootstocks, culm stout, terete, smooth, erect, 3°-9° tall, sometimes nearly 1' in di- ameter, sheathed below, the upper sheath occasion- ally extended into a short leaf. Involucral leaf soli- tarj-, erect, shorter than the umbel, appearing as if continuing the culm; umbel compound, appearing lateral, its primary rays slender, .spreading, i'-4' long, bracts linear-lanceolate, scariovis; spikelets ob- long-conic, becoming oblong-cylindric, sessile or some of them peduncled, in capitate clusters of 1-5, obtuse or acute, 2^"-8" long, i%"-2" in diameter; scales ovate or oblong, with a rather strong midvein which is sometimes excurrent into a short tip; bristles 4-6, downwardly barbed, equalling or longer than the achene ; .stamens 3 ; stjde 2-cleft; achene plano-con- vex, obovate, gray, abruptly mucronate, dull. In ponds and swamps, throughout North America. Also in the Old World. Junc-Sept

SEDGE FAMILY.

267

California Bulrush.

16. Scirpus Californicus (C. A. Meyer) Britton

(Fig. 624.)

Klvlrost)eiiuum Califoiiiicum C. A. Meyer, Mem.

Acad. .St. Petersb. (V.) i: 201. pi. 2. 1831. Scirpus Talora Kunth, Knuni. 2: 166. 1837. Scirpus Californicus Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci.

11: 79. 1892.

Perennial, similar to the preceding species, the leaves reduced to basal sheaths. Involucral leaf very short, stoutly subulate, umbel compound; spikelets t,"-^" long, acute, peduncled or some of them sessile; scales brown, ovate, awn-pointed by the excurrent niidvein; bri.stles shorter than or equalling the achene, short -plumose below; sta- mens 2-3; style 2-cleft; achene obovate, plano-con- vex, nearly white, narrowed above into a short point, contracted at the base, its surface finely cel- lular-reticulated.

In swamps, Florida to I<ouisiana, New Mexico and California, and widely distributed in tropical America. Not certainly known within our area. June-Aug^.

Scirpus rufus (Huds. ) Schrad. Red Clubrush. (Fig. 625.)

Sclioenus rufus Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 15. 1778. Scirpus rufus Schrad. Fl. Germ, i: 133. 1806.

Perennial by slender rootstocks, culms tufted, smooth, slender, erect, somewhat compressed, 3'- 15' tall. Leaves half-terete, smooth, shorter than the culm, channeled, K^-3' long, less than i' wide, the lowest reduced to bladeless sheaths; spikelets red-brown, few-flowered, narrowly ovoid- oblong, subacute, about 3'' long, erect in a termi- nal 2-ranked spike long; involucral leaf soli- tary, erect, narrowly linear, equalling or longer than the spike; scales lanceolate, acute, i-nerved; bristles 3-6, upwardly barbed, shorter than the achene, deciduous; stamens 3; style 2-cleft; achene oblong, pointed at both ends, light brown, plano- convex or slightly angled in front, i%"-2" long.

In marshes, New Brunswick and Quebec to the North- west Territory. Also in northern Europe. Summer.

18. Scirpus campestris Britton. Prairie Bulrush

Perennial by slender rootstocks, culm slender, smooth, sharply triangular, i°-2° tall. Leaves usually pale green, smooth, shorter than or over- topping the culm, i"-2" wide, those of the invo- lucre 2 or 3, the longer much exceeding the inflor- escence; spikelets 3-10 in a dense terminal simple head, oblong-cylindric, mostly acvite, 8"-i2'' long, 2y2"-A" in diameter; scales ovate, membranous, puberulent or glabrous, pale brown, 2-toothed at the apex, the midvein excurrent into an ascending or spreading awn about i" long; bristles 1-3, much shorter than the achene or none; style 2-cleft (sometimes 3-cleft?); achene lenticular, obovate or oblong-ovate, mucronulate, yellow-brown, its sur- face strongl}' cellular-reticulated.

On wet prairies and plains, Manitoba and Minnesota to Nebraska, Kansas and Mexico, west to Nevada. May- Aug.

268

CYPERACEAE.

19. Scirpus robustus Pursh. Salt Marsh Bulrush. (Fig. 627.)

Sciipus robustus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 56. 1814. Scirpus viaritimus var. niacrostachyus Miclix. Fl. Bor. Am. l: 32. 1803. Not S. viacroslachyus Lam. Perennial by large rootstocks, culm stout, stiff, sharply 3-atigled with flat sides, smooth, 2°-5'* tall. Leaves equalling or overtopping the culm, dark green, smooth, 2^^"-5" wide, tlie midvein prominent; involucral leaves 2-4, elongated, erect, similar to those of the culm, often i' long; spike- lets ovoid-oblong, obtuse or subacute, stout, W-\7." long, in diameter, 6-20 together in a dense

often compound terminal cluster; scales ovate, brown, puberuleut, thin, lacerate or 2-toothed at the apex, the midvein excurrent into an, at length, reflexed awn i>^"-2j^" long; bristles 1-6, fragile, shorter than the achene or none; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene compressed, very flat on the face, convex or with low ridge on the back, obovate- orbicular, dark brown, shining, i^"long.

In salt marshes. Nova Scotia to Texas. July-Oct.

20. Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray. River Bulru-sh. (Fig. 628.)

Scirpus maritimtis var. fluvialilis Torr. Ann. Lvc. N.

Y. 3: 324. 1836. Scirpus fltiviahlis K. Gray, Man. 527. 1848.

Perennial by large rootstocks, culm stout, smooth, sharply triangular with nearly flat sides, 3°-6° tall. Leaves wide, smooth, equalling or overtopping

the culm, attenuate to a very long tip, the midvein prominent; those of the involucre 3-5, erect or spread- ing, some of them s'-io' long; spikelets in a terminal umbel, solitary, or 2-3 together at the ends of its long spreading or drooping rays, or the central spikelets sessile, oblong-cylindric, acute, W-\2" long, about 3)^''' in diameter; scales ovate, scarious, puberulent, the midvein excurrent into a curved awn Yyi"-!" long; bristles 6, rigid, downwardly barbed, about as long as the achene; style 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, obovoid, rather dull, short -pointed, 2" long.

In shallow water along- lakes and streams, Quebec to Minnesota, New Jersey, Illinois and Kansas. June-Sept.

21. Scirpus sylvaticus L. Wood Bulrush. (Fig. 629.)

Scirpus sylvaticus L. Sp. PI. 51. 1753.

Perennial by long rootstocks, culm triangular, stout, smooth, 4°-6° tall, often overtopped by the upper leaves. Leaves flat, 5"-S" wide, rough on the margins, more or less rugulose, the midvein prominent, those of the involucre 5-8, the larger similar to those of the culm and often 1° long or more; umbel terminal, very large, sometimes 8' broad, about 3 times compound, the spikelets ovoid or ovoid-oblong, mostly acute, i>^"-2>^'' long, borne in capitate clusters of 2-8 at the ends of the raylets; bractlets of the involucels small, scarious, linear or lanceolate; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, brown with a green centre; bristles 6, downwardly barbed, slightly exceeding the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong, 3-angled, obtuse, nearly white, mucronulate, not shining.

In swamps, Massachusetts to North Carolina, Also in Europe. June-Aug.

SEDGE FAMILY.

269

22. Scirpus atrovirens Muhl.

Scir-pus atrovirens Muhl. Gram. 43. 1817.

Perennial by slender rootstocks, culms triangu- lar, rather slender, leafy, 2°-4° high. Leaves elongated, nodulose, rough on the margins, dark green, t,"-(>" wide, one or two of them usually ex- ceeding the inflorescence; umbel 1-2-compound or simple; spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, densely capi- tate in 5's-2o's at the ends of the rays or raylets; involucels short; scales greenish-brown, oblong, acute, the midvein excurrent; bristles usually 6, downwardly barbed above, naked below, about as long as the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong-obovoid, 3-angled, pale brown, dull.

In swamps, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Geor- gia and Louisiana. June-Aug.

Scirpus atrovirens pallidas Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 9: 14. 1889. Whole plant pale green; scales awned; spikelets ob- long-cylindric, very numerous in the capitate clusters. Minnesota to the Northwest Territory and Colorado.

Dark green Biilrtish. (Fig. 630.)

23. Scirpus microcarpus Presl. Small- fruited Bulrush. (Fig. 631.)

Scirpus microcarpus Presl, Rel. Haenk. i: 195. 1828. Scirpus sylvaticus var. digynus Boeckl. Linnaea, 36: 727. 1870.

Perennial, the culms 3°-5° tall, often stout, overtopped by the rough-margined leaves. Longer leaves of the involucre usually exceeding the inflor- escence; spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, \y2,"-2" long, 3-25 together in capitate clusters at the ends of the usually spreading raylets; scales brown with a green midvein, blunt or subacute; bristles 4, barbed downwardly nearly or quite to the base, somewhat longer than the achene; stamens 2; style 2-cleft; achene oblong-obovate, nearly white, plano- convex or with a low ridge on the back, pointed.

In swamps and wet woods, Nova Scotia to Quebec and Alaska, south to New Hampshire, northern New York, Minnesota, Nevada and California. July-Sept.

24. Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl

Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl, Enum. 2: 274. 1806.

Perennial by slender rootstocks, culms slender, sharply triangular, i}4°-4° tall, very leafy, the leaves '2."-t/' wide, exactly 3-ranked, inconspicu- ously nodulose, rough-margined, the upper rarely overtopping the culm; leaves of the involucre 3-6, the longer commonly somewhat exceeding the in- florescence; umbel more or less compound; spike- lets ovoid, about xYz" long, capitate in 3's-io's at the ends of the raylets; scales ovate, bright brown, mostly obtuse, mucronulate; bristles 6, flexuous or twice bent, downwardly barbed above the middle, twice as long as the achene; stamens 3; style 3- cleft; achene obovoid, 3-angled with a broad face and narrower sides, short-pointed, dull.

In swamps, wet woods and meadows, Massachusetts to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Arkansas. Some of the scales of the spikelets occasionally develop into linear leaves. July-Sept.

Leafy Bulru.sh. (Fig. 632.)

CYPERACEAE.

25. Scirpus Peckii Britton. Peck's Bul- rush. (Fig. 633.)

Scirpus Peckii Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 11:82. 1892.

Perennial by rootstocks, culms slender, trian- gular, i'/i°-3'A° lall, leafy. Leaves elongated, 2"-5" wide, rough-margined, the upper overtop- ping the culm, those of the involucre 3-5, the longer of them exceeding the inflorescence; umbel i-2-compound, large; spikelets cylindric, obtusish, ■i,"-^" long, in capitate clusters of 2-10 at the ends of the raylets or some of them distinctly pedun- cled; scales dark brown, keeled, mucronate, falling early; bristles 4-6, downwardly barbed from be- low the middle to the summit, longer than the achene; style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, )i" long, oblong, narrowed at each end, slender-beaked. In swamps, Connecticut and New York. July-Sept.

26. Scirpus divaricatus Kll. Spreading Bulru.sh. (Fig. 634.)

Scirpus divaricalus Kll. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i; 88. //. 2. f. 4. 1816.

Perennial (?). Roots fibrous, culms obtusely triangular, smooth, rather slender, 2}i°-4° tall. Leaves 2''-4" wide, rough-margined, the upper and those of the involucre not exceeding the in- florescence; umbel decompound, the primary rays very slender, sometimes 6' long, widely spreading or drooping; raylets filiform; involucels setaceous; spikelets mostly solitary at the ends of the raylets, sessile or peduncled, linear-oblong, obtuse, 3"-6" long, thick; scales ovate, greenish-brown, sub- acute or obtuse, with a prominent midvein and scarious margins; bristles 6, flcxuous, longer than the achene, somewhat pubescent, not barbed, shorter than the scales; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, oblong, narrowed at both ends, apiculate, nearly white, not shining.

In swamps, Kentucky to Missouri, south to Florida and Louisiana, partially develop into tufts of leaves. June-Aug.

27. Scirpus lineatus Michx. Reddish Bulrush. (Fig. 635.)

Scirpus li)iealus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 32. 1803.

Perennial by stout rootstocks, culms rather slender, triangular, erect, i°-3° high, leafy, the upper leaves and those of the involucre not exceed- ing the inflorescence. Leaves 2^-4" wide, light green, flat, rough-margined; umbels terminal and commonly also axillary, decompound, the rays very slender, becoming pendulous; spikelets mostly solitary at the ends of the slender raylets, oblong, obtuse, 3"-5" long, about 1" in diameter; scales ovate or oblong, reddish-brown with a green mid- vein, their tips slightly spreading; bristles 6, weak, smooth, entangled, much longer than the achene, equalling the scales or slightly protruded beyond them at maturity; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong or oblong-obovoid, pale brown, nar- rowed at both ends, 3-angled, short-beaked.

In swamps and wet meadows, Ontario to Georgia, west to Oregon and Texas. June-Sept.

The spikelets sometimes

SEDGE FAMILY. 27 1

28. Scirpus cyperinus (L,. ) Kiinth. Wool-grass. (Fig. 636.)

Kriophoru ))i cypi-i i }ii< i)i I,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 77. 1762. Scirpus i yf>cri>iiis Kiuith, Kmnii. 2: 170. i8,^7- Scirpus F.rioplioruiii var. cyperiuus Cray, Man. Kd. 2, 501. 1856.

Perennial by stout rootstocks, culms stout or slen- der, smooth, obtusely triangular or nearly terete, stiff, leafy, 2°-6° tall. Leaves elongated, 2"-^ wide, rough-margined, the upper often overtopping the culm, those of the involucre 3-6, the longer much ex- ceeding the inflorescence; umbel terminal, com- pound, the rays at length somewhat drooping; spike- lets ovoid-oblong, obtuse, iy2"-2]A," long, in capitate clusters of 3-15 at the endsof the raylets; scales ovate or lanceolate, acute or subacute; bristles 6, entangled, smooth, much longer than the achene, much exserted beyoud the scales and grayish-brown at maturity; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, oblong, slender-beaked, nearly white.

In swamps, Newfoundland to Ontario, Virginia and Kentucky. Aug. -Sept.

Scirpus cyperinus Eriophorum (Michx. ) Britton, Trans, N. Y. Acad. Sci. 11: 82. 1892. Scirpus Eriophorum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 33. 1803.

Eriophorum cyperinum var. la.funi Wats. & Coult. in A. Gray, Man, Ed. 6, 582. iSgo,

Spikelets mostly peduncled. Range of the type, but extending to Florida and Louisiana.

10. ERIOPHORUM L. Sp. PI. 52. 1753.

Bog sedges, perennial by rootstocks, the culms erect, triangular or nearly terete, the leaves linear, or i or 2 of the upper ones reduced to bladeless sheaths. Spikelets terminal, solitary, capitate or umbelled, subtended by a i-several-leaved involucre, or naked. Scales spirally imbricated, usually all fertile. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 or numerous filiform smooth soft bristles, which are white or brown, straight or crisped, and exserted much beyond the scales at maturity. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Achene 3-angled, oblong, ellip- soid or obovoid. [Greek, signifying wool-bearing, referring to the soft bristles.]

About 10 species, in the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, one occurs in Alaska. Spikelet solitary; involucral leaf short or none.

Bristles onW 6, white, crisped, very long. i. E. alpimcm.

Bristles numerous, straight or slightly crisped. Bristles bright white.

Culm with 2 inflated bladeless sheaths; achene obovoid, obtuse. 2. E. vaginalum. Only the upper sheath bladeless, or all blade-bearing; achene linear-oblong, acute.

3. E. Scheuchzeri.

Bristles reddish -brown. 4. E. rnsseolum.

Spikelets several, umbellate or capitate; involucre 1-4-leaved.

Achene obovoid, obtuse; spikelets umbellate. 5. E. polysiachyon.

Achene linear-oblong, acute; spikelets capitate or some of them peduncled.

Leaves channeled; bristles 4-6 times as long as the scale, bright white. 6. E. gracile. Leaves flat; bristles 3 times as long as the scale, brown (rarely white). 7. E. Virginicum.

I. Eriophorum alpinum L. Alpine Cotton-grass. (Fig. 637.)

Eriopliorum alpinum L. Sp. PI. 53. 1753.

Perennial by short rootstocks, sending up numer- ous filiform triangular roughisli culms, 6'-io' high. Leaves subulate, 3''-io^'' long, triangular, chan- neled, borne very near the base of the culm, the lower sheaths often scarious and bladeless; spikelet solitary, terminal, small, erect; involucral bract sub- ulate, mostly shorter than the spikelet, sometimes wanting; young spikelet ovoid-oblong, subacute; scales oblong lanceolate, yellowish-brown, firm, ob- tuse or subacute, the midvein slender; bristles 6, white, crisped, 4-7 times as long as the scale; achene narrowly obovoid-oblong, brown, apiculate, dull.

In bogs and on high mountains, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and the Northwest Territory, south to Ver- mont, northern New York and Minnesota. Also in Europe and Asia, Summer.

18

272

CYPERACEAE.

2. Eriophorum vaginatum L. Sheathed Cotton-grass. (Fig. 638.)

Erioplioriim z'agi nal itiii I,. Sp. PI. 52. 1753.

Culms tufted, stiff, obtusely triangular, smooth, slender, 8'-]6' tall, leafless, except at the base, bearing two distant inflated sheaths, the upper one usually above the middle. Leaves stiffs, filiform, triangular, channeled, slightlj- rough, shorter than or sometimes overtopping the culm; involucral leaf wanting; spikelet soHtar}-, ovoid, erect; scales ovate-lanceolate or the lowest lanceolate, acumi- nate, purple-brown, thin; bristles numerous, white, straight, glossy, 4-5 times as long as the scale; an- thers linear; achene obovoid, obtuse, brown, dull, minutely apiculate.

In bogs, Newfoiuidland to Alaska, south to Mas- sachusetts, Pennsylvania and oVIinnesota. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Jmie-Aug.

3. Eriophorum Scheuchzeri Hoppe. Scheuchzer'.s Cotton-grass. (Fig. 639. )

Eriophorum Scheuchzeri Hoppe, Taschenb. 1800: 104. 1800.

Eriophorum capilalum Host, Gram. .\ust. i: ^o. pi. ^S. 1801.

Similar to the preceding species but the sheaths all blade-bearing or only the upper one bladeless, culms slender, smooth, nearly terete, io'-2o' tall. Leaves filiform, channeled, usually much shorter than the culm; spikelet solitary, terminal, erect; involucre none; scales ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, pur- ple-brown, membranous; bristles numerous, white or slightl}' yellowish, weak, nearly straight, 4-5, times as long as the scale; "anthers cordate-ovate;" achene narrowly oblong, acute, brown, dull, subu- late-beaked.

In bogs, Newfoundland and Labrador to Manitoba, Alaska :uid Oregon. .\lso in Europe. Summer.

4, Eriophorum russeolum Fries. Russet Cotton-grass. (Fig. 640. )

Eriophorum russeolum Fries, Novit. Mant. 3: 67. 1842.

Culms solitary or little tufted, triangular, erect, smooth, S'-iS' tall, much longer than the leaves. Upper sheath inflated, bladeless, mucronate, rarely with a short subulate blade, usually borne below the middle of the culm; leaves filiform, triangular-chan- neled, mucronate, 1^-4' long; spikelet solitary, erect; involucre none; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, purplish-brown with nearly white margins; bristles numerous, bright reddish-brown, 3-5 times as long as the scale; achene oblong, narrowed at each end, apiculate.

Scarcely differs from the preceding species except in the color of the bristles and the shorter-pointed achene. In bogs, Newfoundland to Quebec. June-Aug.

SEDGE FAMILY.

273

5. Eriophorum polystachyon L. Tall Cotton-grass. (Fig. 641.)

JCrio/)ltoriim polyslacliyon I,. Sp. PI. 52. 1753. liriofihoriim lati/olium Hoppe, Taschenb. 1800: 103. 1800.

Culm stiff, smooth, obtusely triangular above, uearly terete below, i)4°-t,° tall, all the sheaths blade- beariug. Leaves flat, roughish-margiued, i|^'^-4'' wide, tapering to a triangular channeled rigid point, the upper shorter than or rarely overtopping the culm, those of the involucre 2-4, the longer commonly equalling or exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets 3-12, ovoid, or oblong, drooping, in a terminal simple or more or less compound umbel; rays filiform, smooth or rough; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, purple-green or brown; bristles numerous, bright white, about i' long, 4-5 times as long as the scale; achene obovoid, obtuse, light brown.

In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Georgia and Nebraska. Also in Uurope and Asia. June- Aug.

6. Eriophorum gracile Koch. Slender Cotton-grass.

Eriophorum gracile Kocli; Roth, Catal. Bot. 2: 259. 1800.

Eriophorum Iriquelruni Hoppe, Taschenb. 1800: 106. 1800.

Culm slender, obtusely triangular, rough on the angles, i°-2° tall, the sheaths all blade-bearing. Leaves narrowly linear, \" wide or less, triangular- channeled, rough-margined, the upper not overtop- ping the culm; involucral leaf commonly only I, stiff, erect; spikelets 3-8, capitate or subumbellate, the longer-peduncled ones drooping; scales ovate or oblong, obtuse or subacute, greenish brown, the mid- vein rather strong, often with a weaker nerve on each side; bristles numerous, bright white, long, 4 6 times as long as the scale; achene linear- oblong, acute, pointed.

In bogs, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and Alaska, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Missouri. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Sept.

7. Eriophorum Virginicum L,. Virginia Cotton-grass. (Fig. 643.)

Ei'ioplioruni I'irginicum L. Sp. PI. 53. 1753.

Culm stiff, rather slender, obtusely triangular above, terete below, smooth, i}4°-4° tall, rather leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, flat, \"-iyT," wide, rough-margined, somewhat channeled toward the apex, the upper often overtopping the culm, those of the involucre 2-4, spreading or deflexed, 2'-6' long, I or 2 of them much longer than the spikelets; spikelets several or numerous in a dense terminal capitate cluster usually broader than high, erect or the outer ones spreading; scales ovate, acute, brown with a green centre, about 5-nerved; bristles numer- ous, dingy brown, about 3 times as long as the scale; achene linear-oblong, acute, apiculate, light brown.

In bogs, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and Nebraska. June-Sept.

Eriophorum Virginicum album A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 566. 1867. Bristles white. Northern New York.

274

CYPERACEAE.

II. FUIRENA Rottb. Descr. & Ic. 70. pi. 19. f. 3. 1773.

Perennial sedges, with leafy triangular culms (in a southern species the leaves reduced to inflated sheaths), and mauy-flowered terete spikelets in terniiual and axillary clusters, or rarely solitarj'. Scales spirally imbricated all around, awned, the i or 2 lower commonly empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 3 ovate oblong or cordate-ovate, stalked, often awned sepals, usually alternating with as many downwardly barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3- cleft, not swollen at the base, deciduous. Achene stalked or nearly sessile, sharply 3-angled, acute or mucronate, smooth. (In honor of Georg Fuiren, 1581-1628, Danish physician.)

About 20 species, natives of warm-temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, i or 2 others occur in the southern United States. Sepals awned from the apex or awnless. Sepals awned on the back below the apex.

I. Fuirena squarrosa Michx.

1. F. squarrosa.

2. F. simplex.

Squarrose Fuireiia. ( Fig. 644.)

Fuirena squarrosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 37. 1803.

Fuirena squarrosa var. />«w//a; Torr. Fl. U. S. 1:68. 1824.

Rootstock short, stout, sometimes tuber- bearing; culms tufted, glabrous or nearly so, 2'-2° tall. Leaves flat, nearly or quite glabrous or the lower sheaths pubescent; spikelets sessile and i-io together in ter- minal and usually also lateral capitate clusters, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, acute or obtuse, ^ofg, about 2^" in dia-

meter; scales ovate or oblong, brown, pubescent, mostlj' obtuse, 3-nerved, tipped with a stout spreading or recurved awn of nearly their own length; sepals oblong, long-stalked, usually narrowed at both ends, tapering into a slender terminal downwardly barbed or sometimes smooth awn; bristles mostly longer than the achene, sometimes as long as the sepals.

In wet meadows and marshes, Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana, near the coast. Also in Michigan and Nebraska. July-Sept. Fuirena squarrosa hispida (Ell. J Chapm. Fl. S. States, 514. i860. Fuirena hispida Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i; 579. 1821.

Sheaths and leaves hirsute; sepals ovate, cordate at the base or abruptly narrowed into the stalk, awnless or vtry short-awned at the apex; bristles usually shorter than or equalling the achene; plant usually taller. New York to Florida, west to Alabama and Texas. Perhaps a dis- tinct species.

2. Fuirena simplex Vahl. Western Fuirena. (Fig. 645.)

Fuirena simplex Vahl, Enum. 2: 384. 1806. Fuirena squarrosa var. aris/ula/a Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 291. 1836.

Similar to the preceding species, root- stock short, thick; culms slender, 5 '-2° tall, glabrous. Leaves flat, glabrous or ciliate; scales tipped with a spreading or reflexed awn; sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse and usually notched at the apex, obtuse, truncate or sub- cordate at the base, longer or shorter than their stalks, awned on the back from below the apex, the awn varying in length, smooth or downwardly barbed; bristles retrorsel}' hispid, equalling or exceeding the sessile or short-stalked achene.

In moist soil, Kansas to Texas and Mexico. June-Sept.

SEDGE FAMII.Y.

275

12. HEMICARPHA Nees & Arn. Ediub. New Phil. Journ. 17: 263. 1834.

Low tufted mostly annual sedges, with erect or spreading, almost filiform culms and leaves, and terete small terminal capitate or solitary spikelets subtended by a i-3-leaved in- volucre. Scales spirally imbricated all around, deciduous, all subtending perfect flowers. Perianth of a single hyaline sepal (bract?) between the flower and the rachis of the spike- let; bristles none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-cleft, deciduous, not swollen at the base. Achene oblong, turgid or lenticular. (Greek, in allusion to the single sepal.)

About 3 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern United States. The genus differs from Scirpiis, with which it is united by some authors, mainly in the presence of the perianth-scale.

I. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Britton. Hemicarpha. (Fig. 646.)

Scirpus viicrantlnis Vahl, Enum, 2: 254. 1806. Hemicarpha mbsqiiarrosa Nees, in Mart. Fl. Bras.

2: Part i, 61. 1842. Hemicarpha micraiiliia Britton, Bull. Torr. Club,

15: 104. 1888.

Annual, glabrous, culms densely tufted, com- pressed, grooved, diffuse or ascending, I '-5' long, mostly longer than the setaceous smooth leaves. Spikelets ovoid, many-flowered, ob- tuse, about \" long, capitate in 2's-4's or soli- tary; involucral leaves or one of them usually much exceeding the spikelets; scales brown, obovate, with a short blunt spreading or re- curved point; sepal inconspicuous; stamen i; achene obovate-oblong, obtuse, mucronulate, little compressed, light brown, its surface min- utely cellular-reticulated.

In moist, sandy soil, Rhode Island to Pennsylva- nia, Florida, Texas and Mexico. July-Sept.

Hemicarpha micrantha aristulata Coville, Bull.

Torr. Club, 21: 36. 1894. Scales pale, cune ate -obovate, tapering into squar- rose awns about their own length. Kansas to Texas.

13. LIPOCARPHA R. Br. App. Tuckey Exp. Congo, 459. 1818.

Low annual sedges, with slender tufted culms leafy at the base, and terete many-flow- ered spikelets in a terminal head, subtended by a i-several-leaved involucre. Scales firm, spirally imbricated all around, all fertile or several of the lower ones empty, at length de- ciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth of two small sepals (bracts?) one on each side of the flower; bristles none. Stamens 1-2. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous, its base not swollen. Achene plano-convex or 3-angled. (Greek, alluding to the thick sepals in some species.)

About 7 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions.

I. Lipocarpha maculata (Michx. ) Torr. American Eipocarpha. (Fig. 647.)

Kyllingia maculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 29. 1803.

Lipocarpha maculata Torr, Ann, Lyc. N. Y, 3: 288. 1836.

Annual, glabrous, roots fibrous, culms tufted, grooved, compressed, smooth, longer than the narrowly linear somewhat channeled leaves, 3'- 10' tall. Leaves of the involucre 2-4, the larger 1^-5' long; spikelets ovoid-oblong, obtuse, lYz"- jf' long, \" in diameter, 2-6 together in a termi- nal capitate cluster; scales rhombic or lanceo- late, acute at the apex, curved, the sides nearly white, or flecked with reddish-brown spots, the midvein green; exterior sepal convolute around the achene, nerved, hyaline; stamen i; achene oblong, yellowish, contracted at the base.

In wet or moist soil, eastern Virginia to Florida, .\lsonear Philadelphia, where it is probably adven- tive, Julj'-Sept,

276 CYPERACEAE.

14. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl, Enum. 2: 229. 1806.

Leafy sedges, mostly perennial by rootstocks, with erect 3-angled or terete culms, nar- row flat or involute leaves, and ovoid oblong or fusiform, variously clustered spikelets. Scales thin, i-nerved, imbricated all around, usually mucrouate by the cxcurrcnt niidvein, the lower empty. Upper flowers imperfect, the lower perfect. Perianth of 1-20 (mostly 6) upwardly or downwardly barbed or scabrous bristles, wanting in some species (no. 2). Sta- mens commonly 3. Style 2-cleft, 2-toothed or rarely entire. Achene lenticular or swollen, not 3-angled, smooth or transversely wrinkled, capped by the persistent base of the style (tubercle), or in some species by the whole style. [Greek, referring to the beak-like tubercle.]

About 200 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in warm regions. Besides the following, .some 27 others occur in the southern United States.

Style entire or 2-toothed, persistent as a long-exserted subulate beak. 1. A', corniculala.

Style deeply 2-cleft, only its base persistent as a tubercle.

Bristles minute or wanting. 2. A', pallida.

Bristles phimose. 3. A', oligantha.

Bristles downwardly barbed or rarely smooth.

Scales white or nearly so; bristles 9-15. 4. R. alba.

Scales brown; bristles 6.

Leaves filiform; achene oblong. 5. R. capillacea.

Leaves narrowly linear, flat; achene obovate.

Bristles equalling the achene; tubercle one-half as longer less. 6. R. Knieskernii . Bristles reaching or exceeding the end of the tubercle, which is as long as the achene. Spikelets few-several in numerous rather loose clusters. 7. R. glomerata. .Spikelets verj' numerous in 2-6 verj- dense globose heads. 8. R. axillaris. Bristles upwardly barbed.

Spikelets very numerous in 2-6 very dense globose heads. 8. A*, a.x illaris.

Spikelets few-several in rather loose clusters. Achene smooth.

Leaves setaceous; achene obovate, shining. 9. R./usca.

Leaves narrowly linear, flat; achene broadly oval, dull. 10. R. gracilenia.

Achene transversely wrinkled.

Spikelets ovoid, in erect cymose clusters; achene longer than the bristles. Leaves flat; spikelets nearly or quite sessile. 11. R. cy»iosa.

Leaves involute; spikelets distinctly pedicelled. 12. R. Torreyana.

Spikelets spindle-shaped, in drooping panicles; achene shorter than the bristles.

13. R. ine.vpaiisa.

I. Rynchospora corniculata (Lam. ) A. Gray. Horned Rush. (Fig. 648.)

Schoenus corniculaliisljA.m. Tabl. Encycl. i: 137. 1791. Rhvnchospora corniculata A. Gray, .'^nn. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 205. 1835.

Culm obtusely triangular, stout or rather slender, smooth, 3°-/° tall. Leaves flat, broadly linear, 6'-i8' long, 3"-8" wide, rough-margined; umbels terminal and axillary, sometimes 1° broad, usually compound; spikelets spindle-shaped, a/'-d" long in flower, capitate at the ends of the rays and ray- lets; primary rays slender, sometimes 6' long; scales lanceolate, thin, acute, light brown; bristles about 6, subulate or filiform, rigid, upwardly scabrous, shorter than, equalling or exceed- ing the achene; style subulate, entire or min- utely 2-toothed at the apex, 2-4 times longer than the achene, upwardly scabrous, Yz'-V long, persistent and much exserted beyond the scales when mature; achene obovate, flat on both sides, ■2." long, dark brown, smooth, its surface minutely cellular-reticulated.

In swamps, Delaware to Florida, west to Ohio, Mis- souri and Texas. July-Sept.

Rhynchospora corniculata macrostachya (Torr. ) Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 11: 84. 1892.

Rhynchospara macrostachya Torr. .\nn. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 206. 1835.

Bristles about twice as long as the achene. Range of the type, but extending north to Massa- chusetts and Rhode Island.

SEDGE FAMILY.

277

2. Rynchospora pallida M. A. Curtis. Pale Beaked-rush. (Fig. 649.)

Rhviichospora pallida M. A. Curtis, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 7: 409. 1849.

Rootstocks slender, culms sharply triaugular, 2>^° tall. Leaves Yz"-!" wide, flattisli, nearly smooth, the lowest reduced to many-nerved lanceo- late acuminate scales; spikclets numerous, spindle- shaped, narrow, i"-^," long, aggregated in a com- pound convex terminal head, or occasionally also in a filiform-stalked cluster from the upper axil; upper- most leaves subulate, little exceeding the spikelets; scales pale greenish brown, lanceolate, acuminate; bristles minute and early deciduous, or wanting; style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, obovate-oblong, smooth, brown, somewhat shining, j^'' long, tipped by a short tubercle.

In pine barren bogs. New Jersey to North Carolina. Aug. -Sept.

3. Rynchospora oligantha A. Gray. Few-flowered Beaked-rush. (Fig. 650.)

Rhynchospora oligantha A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 212. 1835.

Rootstocks short, culms tufted, almost thread-like, leafy only toward the base, 6'-i6' tall. Leaves fili- form, resembling and shorter than the culm or some- times equalling it; spikelets 1-4, terminal, narrowly oblong, acute, long, sessile or peduncled, sub-

tended by I or 2 filiform bracts; scales ovate, pale brown, acute, cuspidate; bristles usually 6, densely- plumose below the middle, upwardly scabrous above, equalling or shorter than the achene; style 2-cleft; achene obovoid-oblong, obtuse, turgid-lenticular, pale brown, dull, transversely wrinkled; tubercle with a flat depressed border and a flattened conic acute central projection about one-fifth as long as achene.

In wet sandy soil, Delaware to Florida and Texas, near the coast. June-Aug.

4. Rynchospora alba (L. ) Vahl. White Beaked-rush.

Schoemis albiis I,- Sp, PI. 44. 1753. Rynchospora alba Vahl, Enum. 2: 236. i8o5.

Pale green, rootstocks short, culms slender or almost filiform, glabrous, 6'-2o' tall. Leaves bris- tle-like, )i"-yz" wide, shorter than the culm, the lower very short; spikelets several or numerous, in 1-4 dense corymbose terminal and axillary clusters, narrowly oblong, acute at both ends, ^"-t/' long; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, white, acute; bris- tles 9-15, downwardly barbed, slender, about as long as the achene and tubercle; style 2-cleft; achene obovate-oblong, smooth, pale brown, lentic- ular; tubercle triangular-subulate, flat, one-half as long as the achene.

In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Florida' Kentucky, Minnesota and Oregon. Also in northern Europe and Asia. June-Aug.

278

CYPERACEAE.

Rynchospora capillacea Torr. Capillary Beaked-rush. (Fig. 652.)

Rlirnchospora capillacea Torr. Comp. 41. 1826.

Culms filiform, tufted, glabrous, 6'-2o' tall. Leaves filiform, less than y^" wide, much shorter than the culm, the lower very short; spikelets few, in 1-3 terminal and axillary loose clusters, oblong, acute at both ends, 2"-3" long; scales ovate oblong, chestnut-brown, keeled, mucronatc; bristles 6, slen- der, downwardly barbed, about equalling or becom- ing longer than the achene and tubercle; achene narrowly oblong, short-stalked, light brown, mi- nutely wrinkled, lenticular; style 2-cleft; tubercle compressed, triangular-subulate, dark brown, about one-half as long as the achene.

In bogs, Vermont and Ontario to Minnesota, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. July-Aug.

Rynchospora capillacea laeviseta E. J. Hill, Am. Nat. 10: 370. 1876. Bristles smooth. Northern Indiana and Michigan.

6. Rynchospora Knieskernii Carej'. Knies- kern's Beaked-rush. ( Fig. 653. )

Rhynchospora K)iieskeriiii\QAXe^y , Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 4: 25. 1847.

Culms slender, tufted, smooth, 8'-i8' tall. Leaves narrowly linear, flat, about ]/>" wide, much shorter than the culm; spikelets numerous, in several distant compact clusters, oblong, acute, about i" long; scales chestnut-brown, ovate; bristles 6, downwardly barbed, equalling the achene; achene obovate, lenticu- lar, brown, minutely wrinkled; style 2-cleft; tubercle triangular-subulate, pale, one-half as long as the achene or less and slightly' decurrent on its edges.

Pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia. Julj'-Aug.

7. Rynchospora glomerata (L. ) Vahl. Clustered Beaked-rush. (Fig. 654.)

Sc/ipcntis fflomeralHS L. Sp. PI. 44. 1753. Rynchospora glomerala Vahl, Enum. 2: 234. 1806.

Rootstocks slender, culms smooth, triangular, slender or rather stout, i°-3° high. Leaves flat, \"-2" wide, rough-margined, shorter than the culm; spikelets several or numerous, in 3-7 corymbose- capitate axillary rather loose clusters, oblong, narrowed at both ends, i^2'''-2" long; scales lanceolate, rich dark brown; bristles 6, downwardly barbed, longer than or equalling the achene and tubercle; achene obovate, lenticular, smooth, dark brown; tubercle subulate, about as long as the achene.

In moist soil, Maine to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida and Texas. July-Sept.

Rynchospora glomerata paniculata (.\.'Gray) Chapm. Fl. .S. States, 528. i860. Rhynchospora paniculala .\. Graj-, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 211. 1835.

Culm stouter, sometimes 4'z° tall; leaves usually wider; spikelets verj- numerous in compound clusters. Marj-land to Florida and Louisiana.

Rynchospora glomerata minor Britton, Trans. N. V. Acad. Sci. 11: 90. 1892. Culms verj' slender, 5'-io' tall; leaves '2" wide or less; clusters 2 or 3, small, with 3-10 spike- lets. ^Massachusetts and New Hampshire.

Rynchospora glomerata disciitiens Clarke: Britton, Trans. N. V. .\cad. Sci. 11:89. 1892. Bristles smooth, or barbed at the ape.x only. New Jersey to North Carolina.

SEDGE FAMILY.

279

8. Rynchospora axillaris (Lam.) Brit- ton. Capitate Beaked-rush. (Fig. 655.)

Sciivcnus axillai is'Li&m. Tabl. Kncycl. i: 137. 1791. Rhynchospora cephalanl/ia A. Gray, Ann. Lvc. N.

Y. 3: 218. 1835. Rhvnchospora axillaris Britton, JUiH. Torr. Club,

15: 104. 1 888.

Culms stout, 3-angled, 2°-4° tall. Leaves flat, keeled, \"-\yi" wide; spikelets spindle- shaped, 'zYz"-^" long, exceedingly numerous, in several short-peduncled axillary and terminal very den.se globose heads sometimes \o" in di- ameter; scales dark brown, ovate-oblong, acute; bristles usually 6, longer than or equalling the achene and tubercle, downwardly or upwardly barbed ; achene broadly obovate, brown, smooth, lenticular; tubercle subulate, about as long as the achene, somewhat decurreut on its edges.

In swamps, Long Island to Florida and Louisi- ana, near the coast. Julj--Sept.

Rynchospora axillaris microcephala Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 11: 89. 1892. Heads only 4"-5" in diameter; spikelets i "i" long; achene one-half as large as that of the type. New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana.

9. Rynchospora fusca (L.) R. Sz; S. Beaked-rush. (Fig. 656.)

Brown

Sclioenus fusais L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1664. Rliynclwspora ftisca R. & S. Syst. 2: 8i

1763- 1817.

Rootstocks short, culms slender, 3-angled, smooth, tufted, 6'-i8' tall. Leaves setaceous, channeled, scarcely yi." wide, much shorter than the culm; spikelets spindle-shaped, acute, about 2^2'' long, several, or rather numerous, in 1-4 loose clusters; scales oblong-lanceolate, brown, shining, concave; bristles 6, upwardly barbed, often unequal, the longer ones usually exceeding the achene and tubercle; achene narrowly obovate, turgid-lenticular, smooth, shining; tubercle triangular-subulate, nearly as long as the achene, its margins serrulate or nearly smooth.

In bogs, New Brunswick to Delaware, west along the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes to Michigan. Also in Europe. July-Aug.

ID. Rynchospora gracilenta A. Gray. Slender Beaked-rush. (Fig. 657.)

Rhynchospora gracilenta A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 216. 1835.

Culms very slender or filiform, smooth, obtusely triangular, i°-2° tall. Leaves flat or becoming invo- lute in drying, rather less than \" wide, elongated but shorter than the culm; spikelets narrowly ovoid, acute, 1" long, few, in 1-4 loose clusters, the lower clusters borne on filiform stalks; scales ovate, brown, mucronate; bristles 6, upwardly barbed, equalling the achene and tubercle; achene broadly oval or nearly orbicular, dark brown, lenticular, dull, smooth; tu- bercle narrowly subulate, flat, widened at the base, pale, about as long as the achene.

In pine barren swamps. New Jersey to Florida and Texas, near the coast. June-Aug.

28o

CYPERACEAE.

II. Rynchos

pora cymosa Ell. Grass-like Beaked-rush. (Fig. 658.)

Rlivnchospora cymosa Kll. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 58. 1816. Sclioenus cyinosns Muhl. Gram. 8. 1817.

Light green, culms tufted, sharply 3-angled,

smooth, i°-2° tall. Leaves flat, narrowly linear,

grass-like, \yi"-2" wide or the basal ones broader,

the uppermost sometimes overtopping the culm;

spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, i^" long, sessile or

nearlj' so, capitate in 2's-7's on the ultimate

branches of the axillary and terminal clusters;

bracts setaceous; scales dark brown, broadly ovate

or suborbicular; bristles 6, upwardly barbed,

shorter than the achene; achene broadly obovate

or oblong, lenticular, transversely wrinkled; style

2-cleft; tubercle conic, one-fourth to one-third as

long as the achene.

In moist soil, New Jersey to Kentucky and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. .\ls() in Cuba. Jime-.\ug.

12. Rynchospora Torreyana A.

Gra}-. Torrey's Beaked-rush. (Fig. 659.)

Rhyncliospora Torrevana A. Gray, .\nn. I,yc. N. Y. 3: 197. 1835'.

Culms terete or obscurely 3-angled, smooth, slender, i^°-3° tall. Leaves involute, the lower i)^''-2'' wide at the base and elong- ated, the upper bristle-like, distant; spike- lets ovoid, lYz" long, peduncled, numerous, in 1-4 loose distant clusters; scales brown, ovate, mucronate; bristles 6, upwardly barbed, shorter than the oblong-obovate transversely wrinkled lenticular achene; style 2-cleft; tubercle flat, conic, one-fourth to one-third as long as the achene.

In wet pine barrens, New Jersey to South Carolina. July-.'Vug.

13. Rynchospora inexpansa (Michx.) Vahl. Nodding Beaked- rush. (Fig. 660. )

Sclioenus inexpansus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 35. 1803.

Rlivnchospora inexpansa Vahl, Enum, 2: 232. 1806.

Rootstocks slender, culms tufted, smooth, slender, 3-angled, 2°-3° tall. Leaves smooth, \" wide or less, flat, the lower elongated, the upper bristle-like, remote; spikelets spindle-shaped, acute at both ends, about 3" long, numerous, in 1-4 narrow finally droop- ing panicles; scales brown, lanceolate, acumi- nate; bristles 6, upwardly hispid, very slen- der, about twice as long as the achene; achene narrowly oblong, transversely wrin- kled; style 2 cleft; tubercle flat, triangular- subulate, one-half as long as the achene.

Moist soil, Virginia to Louisiana. June-Aug.

SEDGE FAMILY.

281

15. CLADIUM P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jam. 114. 1756.

Perennial leafy sedges, similar to the Rynchosporas, the spikelets oblong or fusiform, few-flowered, variously clustered. Scales imbricated all around, the lower empty, the mid- dle ones mostly subtending imperfect flowers, the upper usually fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2 or sometiiues 3. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous from the summit of the achene, its branches sometimes 2-3-parted. Achene ovoid or globose, smooth or longitudinally striate. Tubercle none. [Greek, referring to the branched inflorescence of some species.]

About 30 species, natives of tropical and temperate reg-ions. Besides the following, another oc- curs in the southern United States and one in California.

I. Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Twig-rush. (Fig. 661.)

Sclioeniis mariscoides Muhl. Gram. 4. 1817. Cladiiim nia/iscoidesTorr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 372. 1836.

Culm slender, erect, rather stiff, obscurely 3-angled, smooth, i>^°-3° tall. Leaves about 1'' wide, concave, with a long compressed tip, nearly smooth; umbels 2 or 3, compound, the i or 2 axillary, slender stalked; spikelets oblong, narrowed at both ends, acute, 2^/3" long, capitate in 3's-io's on the raylets; scales chest- nut-brown, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, the mid- vein slightly excurrent; upper scale subtending a perfect flower with 2 stamens and a filiform 3-cleft style, the next lower one with 2 stamens and an ab- ortive ovary; achene ovoid, acute, finely longitudi- nallj- striate, about i'' long.

In marshes. Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Iowa. July-Sept,

16. SCLERIA Berg, Koiigl. Acad. Sv. HandL 26: 142. 5. 1765.

Leafy sedges, mostly perennial by rootstocks, the spikelets small, clustered in terminaL or terminal and axillary fascicles, or sometimes interruptedly spicate. Flowers monoecious, the staminate and pistillate spikelets separated or borne in the same clusters. Fertile spike- lets i-flowered. Staminate spikelets many-flowered. Scales imbricated all around, the 1-3 lower and sometimes also the upper ones of the fertile spikelets empty. Perianth none. Style 3-cleft, slender or sometimes swollen at the base, deciduous. Ovary supported on a disk (hypogynium), or this wanting. Stamens 1-3. Achene globose or ovoid, obtuse, crus- taceous or bony, white in our species. [Greek, in allusion to the hard fruit.]

About 100 species, natives of tropical and temperate reg-ions. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the southern United States.

Spikelets in terminal, or terminal and lateral clusters; achene supported on a hj-pogynium. Achene smooth.

Hypogj'nium supporting 8 or 9 small tubercles under the achene.

Hypogynium covered with a rough white crust. Achene reticulated or irregularly rugose.

Culms erect or ascending; achene reticulated; leaves i"-iyi" wide.

Culms spreading; achene irregularly rugose; leaves 2"-4" wide. Achene papillose. Spikelets interruptedly glomerate-spicate; no hypogynium.

S. oligantha. S. triglomerata.

S. reticularis. S. Torreyana. S. pauciflora. S. veriicillaia.

I. Scleria oligantha Michx. Few-flowered Nut-rush. (Fig. 662.)

Scleria oligantha Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 167. 1803.

Rootstocks thick, hard, clustered. Culms slender, erect, sharply 3-angled, nearly smooth, i%°-2j4,° tall, the angles somewhat winged. Leaves smooth or slightly rough at the apex, 2^-3" wide, the lower short, acute, the upper elongated; clusters terminal, usually also I or 2 axillary, and filiform-stalked; bracts slightly ciliate or glabrous; achene ovoid, ob- tuse but sometimes pointed, bright white, smooth, shining; hypogynium a narrow obtusely triangular border supporting 8 or 9 small tubercles under the achene.

In moist soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas, near the coast. June-Aug.

282

CYPERACEAE.

Scleria triglomerata Michx. Tall Nut-rush. (Fig. 663.)

Si/ei ia triglomerata Miclix. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: i68. 1803.

Rootstocks hard, short, clustered, culms 3- angled, slender or rather stout, erect or asceuding, rough or nearly smooth ou the angles, i>^°-3° tall. Leaves flat, smooth or slightly rough-margined, glabrous or nearly so, i^^''-2>4" wide, the lower short, acute, the upper tapering to a long tip, rarely exceeding the culm; flower-clusters terminal, and usually also i or 2 smaller ones from the axils; bracts glabrous or slightly ciliate; achene ovoid or ovoid globose, obtuse but somewhat pointed, bony, obscurely 3-angled, smooth, bright white, shining, about \" high, supported on a low obtusely trian- gular, papillose-crustaceous hypogynium.

In meadows and tliickets. Vermont to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Texas. July-.Scpt.

Scleria triglomerata minor Britton. Scleria triglomerata var. gracilis Britton, Ann N. Y. Acad. Sci. 3: 230. 1885. Not S. gracilis EU. 1824. Culms verj' slender, i°-2° long; flower clusters smaller; achene ovoid, subacute, one-half as- large as that of the type. vSouthern New Jer.sey.

3. Scleria reticularis Michx. Reticulated Nut-rush. (Fig. 664.)

Scleria reticularis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 167. 1803.

Rootstocks small, culms very slender, erect, 3- angled, i°-2>^° tall. Leaves narrowly linear, smooth, glabrous or nearly so, \"~\yz" wide, not overtopping the culm; spikelets in a terminal cluster and 1-3 re- mote short-stalked axillary rather loose ones; bracts glabrous; achene globose, crustaceous, dull white when mature, reticulated by longitudinal and trans- verse ridges, Y^" in diameter, glabrous; hypogynium 3-lobed, its lobes appressed to the base of the achene.

In moist meadows, eastern Massachusetts to F^lorida, west to Missouri. Also in Cuba. Juls'-Sept.

Scleria reticularis pubescens Britton, Ann. N. V. Acad. Sci. 3: 232. 1885.

Reticulations on the achene pubescent; lateral clusters usually longer stalked. New Jersey to Florida and Cuba.

Scleria reticularis obsciira Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 3: 232. 1885. Reticulations very obscure, the top of the achene almost smooth. Rhode Island to North Carolina.

4. Scleria Torreyana Walp. Torrey's Nut-rush. (Fig. 665.)

Scleria Torreyana Walp. Ann. 3: 696. 1852-53. Scleria laxa Torr. Ann. L,yc. N. Y. 3: 376. 18^6. Not R. Br. 1810.

Culms weak but rather thick, spreading or dif- fuse, 3-angled, nearly or quite smooth, i°-2^° long. Leaves linear, nearly flat, smooth, glabrous, i Yi''-^" wide, not exceeding the culm; spikelets in a loose terminal cluster, and 1-3 filiform-stalked smaller ax- illary ones; bracts glabrous; achene globose, some- what pointed, nearly \" in diameter, irregularly ru- gose with low ridges somewhat spirally arranged, the ridges usually pubescent, and connected by shorter longitudinal ones, the surface thus indistinctly reticu- lated; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes appressed to the base of the achene.

In moist soil, southern New Jersey to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Also in Cuba. Forms of this species with obscurely reticulate achenes and narrow leaves are with difficulty separated from the preceding. June-Aug.

SEDGE FAMILY. 283 5. Scleria paucifldra Muhl. Papillose Nut-rush. (Fig. 666.)

Scleria pauciflora Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 318. 1805.

Rootstocks thick, hard, clustered, culms slender, rather stiff, erect, usually tufted, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 3-angled, 9^-2° tall. Leaves very narrowly linear, erect, less than \" wide, the lower short, the upper elongated and often over- topping the culm, their sheaths often densely pu- berulent; spikelets in a small terminal cluster and sometimes also in i or 2 axillarj' short-stalked ones; bracts ciliate or glabrous; achene oblong or globular, yi" in diameter or rather more, crusta- ceous, papillose, the lower papillae elongated and reflexed; hypogynium a narrow obtusely triangu- lar border supporting 6 very small tubercles some- what approximate in pairs.

In dry soil, New Hampshire to Ohio and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Also in Cuba. June-Sept.

6. Scleria verticillata Muhl. Low Nut-rush. (Fig. 667.)

Scleria verliciUala Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4; 317. 1805.

Hypoporum vei-iicillaliim Nees, Linnaea, 9: 303. '1835-

Annual (?) roots fibrous, culms very slender or filiform, 3-angled, smooth or nearly so, erect, 4'-2° tall. Leaves very narrowly linear, Yz" wide, erect, shorter than the culm, the lower very short; sheaths sometimes pubescent; spikelets in several separated clusters, the in- florescence simple or sparingly branched; bracts bristle-like; scales glabrous; achene glo- bose, Yz" in diameter, crustaceous, usually tipped with the base of the style, marked by sharp distinct transverse ridges, or somewhat reticulated by additional longitudinal ridges ; hypogynium none.

In moist meadows, eastern Massachusetts to On- tario and Michigan, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico, and in the West Indies. Plant, especially the roots, fragrant in drj'ing. July-Sept.

17. ELYNA Schrad. Fl. Germ, i: 155. 1806.

Low tufted arctic and mountain sedges, with erect slender mostly leafless culms, the narrowly linear leaves clustered at the base, and small 2-flowered spikelets in a narrow ter- minal cylindric spike. Scales of the spikelet 3 or 4, distinct, usually only one of them flower-bearing; the staminate flower of 3 stamens, the pistillate of a single pistil. Bristles or perianth wanting. Style slender, 3-cleft, not jointed to the oblong ovary. Achene obtusely 3-angled, sessile. [Greek, signifying coverhig, perhaps in allusion to the overlap- ping scales.]

Four or five species, the following occurring in the arctic and alpine regions of the northern hemisphere, the others in the mountains of Furope and Asia.

284 CYPERACEAE.

I. Eljma Bellardi (All.) C. Koch. Arctic Elyna. (Fig. 668.)

Carex lidlardi All. Fl. Fed. 2: 264. pi. 9?. / 2. 1785. Kobresia st irpina Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 205. 1805. Elyna spicata Schrad. Kl. Germ, i: 155. 1806. JClyna liellardi C. Koch, I^innaea, 21: 616. 1848.

Densely tufted, culms very slender, 4'-i8' tall, longer than the very narrow leaves. Old sheaths fibrillosc, brown; margins of the leaves more or less revolutc; spike subtended by a short bract, or bractless, densclj' flowered or sometimes inter- rupted below, long, xYz"--!" in diam- eter; achenes rather less than i" long, yi" thick, appressed.

In arctic America from Greenland to Bering Sea, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

18. KOBRESIA Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 205. 1805.

Slender arctic and mountain sedges, with erect culms leafy below, and few-several- flowered sp kelets clustered in a terminal spike. Scales of the spikelets i-flowered, the lower usually pistillate, and the upper staminatc. Stamens 3. Perianth-bristles or peri- gynium wanting. Ovary oblong, narrowed into a short style; stigmas 3, linear. Achene obtusely 3-angled, sessile. [Name in honor of Von Kobres, a naturalist of Augsburg.]

Three or four species, the following widely distributed in arctic and mountainous regions, the others Himalayan.

I. Kobresia bipartita (All.) Britton. Arctic Kobresia. (Fig. 669.)

Carex bipartita All. Fl. Ped. 2: 265. pi. Sg. f. 5. 1785.

Kobresia carici?ia Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 206. 1805.

Kobresia bipartita Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: loi. 1894.

Culms solitary or tufted, smooth or very nearly so, 4'-i2' tall. Leaves about Yz" wide, infolded at least in drying, usualh' shorter than the culm, the old sheaths becoming fibrillose; spike \' long or less, composed of several or numerous linear ap- pressed or ascending spikelets; scales somewhat serrulate on the keel, rather more than Yz" long; mature achenes slightly longer than the scales.

Greenland to the Canadian Rockj- iVIountains. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

19. UNCINIA Pers. Syn. 2: 534. 1807.

Culms erect, leafy, or the leaves all basal. Spike simple, erect, terminal, the scales im- bricated, i-flowered, the lower pistillate, the upper staminate. Scales ovate or oblong, con- cave, not keeled, obtuse or the lower acute. Stamens 3, rarely i or 2. Pistil enclosed in a utricle (perigynium), borne at the base of a slender axis, which is usually exserted beyond the orifice of the perigynium, at least in fruit, and sometimes hooked. Stigmas mostly 3. .\chene 3-angled. [Latin, referring to the hooked projecting axis of the southern species.]

About 30 species, all but the following natives of the southern hemisphere. Our species dif- fers from Carc.v only in the elongation of the subulate axis within the perigynium; those of the southern hemisphere are very different in habit.

SEDGE FAMIlvY.

285

I. Uncinia microglochin (Wahl.) Spreiig. Northern Uncinia. (Fig. 670. )

Can.v mic ro,i>iucliin Wahl. Kongl. Acad. Handl. (II.)

24: 140. 1803. Carex oliganllia Boott, 111. 174. />/. sSg. 1867. Uncinia microglochin Spreng. Sj'st. 3: 830. 1826.

Perennial by short stolons, culms very slender, weak, 4'-i2' long. Leaves yi.''-^" wide, much shorter than the culm; spike long, usually

pistillate for more than one-half its length; scales oblong-lanceolate, i-nerved, deciduous; perigynia very narrowly lanceolate, long, less than

yi" thick, strongly reflexed in fruit; achene ob- long, obtusely 3-angled, much shorter than the perigynium; axis of the pistillate flower bristle- like, long-exserted beyond the orifice of the peri- gynium.

Greenland to James Bay and British Columbia. Also in the arctic and mountainous parts of Europe and Asia and at the Strait of ^Magellan. Plant with the aspect of Carcx paiici flora.. Summer.

20. CAREX L. Sp. PI. 972. 1753.

Grass-like sedges, perennial by rootstocks. Culms mostly 3-angled. Leaves 3-ranked, the upper elongated or very short (bracts) and subtending the spikes of flowers, or wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in the axils of bracts (scales). Spikes eiflier wholly pistillate, wholly staminate, or bearing both stamiuatc and pistillate flowers (androgynous). Perianth none Staminate flowers of 3 stamens, the filaments filiform. Pistillate flowers of a single pistil wilh a style and 2 or 3 stigmas, borne on a very short axis in the axil of a sac-like bractlet or second bract called the perigynium (utricle), which completely encloses the achene. Achene 3-angled, lenticular or plano-convex.

A vast genus, of more than 1000 species, widely distributed, most abundant in the temperate zones. Besides the following about an equal number occur in the western and southern parts of North America. Specimens can onlj' be satisfactorily determined when nearly or quite mature. The genus is divided into the two subgenera, Euc.\RE.x (nos. 1-142) and Vignea (nos. 143-205).

I. Staminate flowers numerous, in one or more terminal spikes, which are sometimes pistillate at the base or summit ; or the spike solitary and the staminate flowers uppermost or basal, rarely dioe- cious ; stigmas mostly 3 and the achene 3-angled or swollen (stigmas 2 and the achene lenticular or compressed in nos. 12-16; 49-59; 67-72); pistillate spikes stalked or sessile, the lower commonly stalked. Nos. 1-142. EUCAREX.

A. Perigynia mostly long-beaked, i ;^"-io" long, often inflated, the beak usu.\lly

AS LONG AS THE BODY OR LONGER ( SHORT-BEAKED IN NOS. II-16, 34 AND 35); PISTILLATE SPIKES MOSTLY LARGE (SMALL IN NOS. I, I3 AND I4), GLOBOSE, OVOID, OBLONG OR CYLINDRIC. NoS. I-35.

(a) Perigynia membj-anous or papery. Nos. 1-31.

1. Spike solitary, few-flowered, staminate above; perigynia strongly reflexed, subulate. Pauci- FLOR.\E. I. C. paiiciflora,

1. Spikes normally several, the staminate uppermost; if solitary, staminate at the base. (See no. 30. ) Nos. 2-31.

-A Perigynia ovoid, conic with a narrowed base, or subulate, tapering into the beak. Nos. 2-28.

t Teeth of the perigynium-beak slender, short or none; not stiff nor awned. Nos. 2-24.

X Teeth of the perigynium-beak lanceolate or subulate. Nos. 2-10. Lupulinae.

Pistillate spikes ovoid or globose, few-many-flowered. Perigynia subulate, reflexed when mature. Perigynia conic or ovoid, not reflexed.

Plants yellow or j-ellowish; perigynia little inflated. Leaves 1" -2" wide; staminate spikes sessile. Leaves 2"-6" wide; staminate spike mostly stalked. Plants green; perigynia much inflated; staminate spike stalked. Leaves 2"-3" wide; heads loosely flowered. Leaves 3" -5" wide; heads globose, dense. Pistillate spikes oblong or cylindric, densely many-flowered. Pistillate spikes oblong; achene longer than thick.

Perigynia strongly several-nerved, shining; leaves i"-2" wide. Perigynia many-nerved, dull; leaves 2"-$" wide. Pistillate spikes cylindric; achene not longer than thick.

Perigynia yellowish, tapering into a beak twice as long as the body. Perigynia greenish-brown, abruptly narrowed into a beak 2-3 times as long as the body.

10. C. grandis.

2: C. Collinsii.

3. C. abacta.

4. C. folliculata.

5. C. inliimescens.

6. C. Asa-Grayi.

7. C. Loiiisianica.

8. C. luptclina.

9. C. htpuliformis.

286

CYPERACEAE.

XX Teeth of the perigyniuni-beak short or almost wanting (long- in no. 17) nos. 11-24. Vf,.sic.\Riae.

Spikes small, i' long or less, oblong or subglobose; stigmas often 2. Spikes green or greenish yellow.

Leaves involute ; perigj-nia ovoid: pistillate spikes few-several-flowered. 11. Coligospertna. Leaves flat; perigynia oblong-elliptic; pistillate spikes many-flowered. 12. C. Raeana. Spikes dark brown or purple; arctic species. Leaves flat.

Perig}-nia little inflated, paperj-.

Beak of perigyniuni nearly or quite entire. 13. C. tniliaris.

Beak of perigyniuni sharply and minutely 2-tootlied. 14. C. saxalilis.

Perigynia much inflated, very fragile. 15. C. membranopacla.

Leaves involute when dry. 16. C. atnbusla.

Spikes large, i'-6' long, cylindric or oblong-cylindric; stigmas 3.

Scales acute, acuminate or smooth-awned, or the lower slightlj- roughened. Perigynia ascending or spreading, not reflexed.

Spikes narrowly cylindric, i'-6' long, 3"-4" thick.

Leaves 2" -6" wide; culm stout. 17. C. ulricttlata.

Leaves i" -2V2" wide; culm slender. 18. C. monile.

Spikes cylindric or oblong cylindric, i'-2' long, 6" thick.

Scales smooth-awned. 19. C. Tiickermani.

Scales acute, acuminate or the upper obtuse. 20. C. bullala.

Perigj'nia, at least the lower ones, reflexed when mature.

Spikes all clustered at the summit or the lower i or 2 separated; perigynia all reflexed

when old. 21. C. relrorsa.

Spikes scattered; only the lower perigynia reflexed. 22. C. Harlii.

Scales tapering into rough awns, or subulate and scabrous.

Spikes C5'lindric, about 6" thick; perigynia tapering into the beak. 23. C. lurida. Spikes narrowl5' cylindric, 3"-4" thick; perigynia abruptly narrowed into the beak.

24. C. Baileyi.

tt Teeth of the perigynium-beak stiff; setaceous or awned. Nos. 25-28. P.SKudocyperae.

Spikes all erect or ascending. 25. C. Schweiniizii.

Spikes, at least the lower ones, slender-stalked and drooping.

Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, Vi' -1: long; perigT,-nia ascending. 26. C. hyslricina. Pistillate .spikes narrowly cylindric. long; perigynia reflexed.

Teeth of the beak erect or little spreading. 27. C. Pseudo-cyperiis.

Teeth of the beak recurv-ed-spreading. 28. C. comosa.

** Perigynia obovoid, very abruptly contracted into the beak; spikes exceedingly dense. Nos. 29-

31. Squ.\rros.\e.

Scales linear-subulate, longer than the perigj^nia. 29. C. Frankii.

Scales lanceolate, about one-half as long as the perigj-nia.

Spikes 1-3, subglobose or oval, staminate below; achene linear-oblong. 30. C. squarrosa.

Spikes 2-6, oblong-cylindric, usually staminate at both ends; achene ovoid. 31. C. lypltinoides.

(b) Perigynia firm, hard or leathery. Nos. 32-35. Pali'DOSAe.

Leaves bright green, not glaucous; teeth of the perigynium-beak slender, conspicuous.

Scales lanceolate, acute or acuminate; leaves glabrous. 32. C. Irichocarpa,

Scales ovate-lanceolate, rough-awned; leaves often pubescent. 33. C. aris/ata.

Leaves pale green, glaucous; teeth of the perigj-nium-beak short.

Pistillate spikes about 4" thick; teeth of the perigynium-beak manifest. 34. C. riparia.

Pistillate spikes about 2" thick; teeth of the perigynium-beak minute. 35. C. acittiformis.

B. Perigvxi.\ short-beaked or beakless, little or not at all inflated, M"-2%" LONG, the beak commonly not more than one-half as long as the body (long-beaked

IN NOS. 43, 82, 83, 96); SPIKES small, .-iiND OBLONG OR GLOBOSE; OR ELONGATED, LINEAR OR NARROWLY CYLINDRIC. NoS. 36-142.

(a) Spikes 2 or more, the staminate one always uppermost, sometimes partly pistillate. (No. 140 may be looked for here). Nos. 36-132.

1, Pistillate spike or spikes many-flowered, mostly i' long or more (or shorter in nos. 44, 48, 53-55, 61, 63-65. 73. 75, 76. 85, 89-92), linear, narrowly cylindric or oblong. Nos. 36-92.

* Perigynia with a straight short beak (long-beaked in no. 43 ; nearly beakless in no. 36), firm or leathery in texture ; pistillate spikes erect (or nodding in no. 37); stigmas 3. Nos. 36—43.

L'ppermost Spike staminate from the base to about the middle. Shortianae. 36. C. Shortiana. Upper one or more spikes entirely staminate, or occasionally pistillate at the base.

Perigj'nia papillose; beak verj- short, nearly or quite entire. Anomal.-\e. 37. C. scabrata. PerigN'nia pubescent (sometimes glabrous in no. 39). the beak sharply 2-toothed. Hirt.xk. Staminate spike or spikes sessile or nearly so. 38. C. I'eslita.

Staminate spike or spikes distinctly stalked. Leaves glabrous; native species.

Leaves flat or their margins slightly revolute.

Scales only half as long as the perigynia; southern coast species.

39. C. ]Valteriana.

Scales equalling or but slightly shorter than the perigynia: northern species. Leaves 2"-3^" wide: perigynia iW thick, the nerv'es prominent,

40. C. Honghtonii.

Leaves \" -2" wide; perigj-nia i" thick, the ner\-es obscured by the dense pubescence. 41. C. lanuginosa.

Leaves strongly involute, t" wide or less. 42. C. filiformis.

Leaves or their sheaths pubescent; introduced species; beak long. 43. C. hirla. '

SEDGE FAMILY.

287

Perigynia beakless or very short-beaked (see no. 36), and with orifices nearly or quite entire, thin in texture, not inflated, closely investing the achene ; pistillate spikes erect or drooping, often brown or purple ; stigmas often 2. Nos. 44-72.

t Pistillate spikes erect or somewhat spreading- (drooping when mature in no. 45). Nos. 44-58.

Terminal spike staminate below, pistillate above (rarely all .staminate in no. 47); stigmas 3. Atratae.

Scales shorter than or equalling the perigynia; arctic and alpine species. Orifice of the perigynium minutely 2-toothed; scales obtu.se or acutish.

Pistillate spikes 2"-^" long, erect. 44. C. alfiina.

Pistillate spikes 4"-i2" long, drooping when old. 45. C. alraliformis.

Orifice of the perigynium entire; scales acute or awned.

Perigynium ovate, the style usually protruding. 46. C. s/ylosa.

Perigynium obovate, the style not protruding. 47. C. Parryana.

Scales manifestly longer than the perigynia; bog species. _ 48. C. fiisca.

Terminal spike staminate throughout (occasionally pistillate at the top in no. 53); .stigmas 2, rarely 3 in No. 55. Rigidak. Lower sheaths becoming very fibrillose; tufted bog species. 49. C. slricla.

Lower sheaths not at all fibrillose, or slightly so.

Scales shorter than or equalling the perigynia (or longer in no. 50). Culms i°-2M° tall; scales acute or acuminate.

Pistillate spikes linear-cylindric. 50. C. Haydeni.

Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric. 51. C. Nebraskensis.

Culms 8' -4° tall; scales obtuse or the lower acute. Scales green.

Leaves 2" -t," wide; pistillate spikes 2"-3" thick; perigynia nerveless.

52. C. aqualilis.

Leaves i" wide; pistillate spikes \" -2" thick; perigynia faintl5' few-nerved.

53. C. lenlicularis.

Scales purple or brown.

Scales shorter than the perigynia; marsh and meadow species.

54. C. Goodenovii. Scales equalling or longer than the perigynia; arctic and alpine species.

55. C. Bigelovii.

Culms only i'-7' tall; arctic species. 56. C. siibspathacea.

Scales distinctly longer than the perigynia; northern salt marsh species.

Basal leaves I " wide or less; scales little longer than the perigj'nia. 57. C. salina. Basal leaves i"-3" wide; scales much longer than the perigynia. 58. C. cuspidal a.

1 1 Pistillate spikes drooping, mostly on slender or filiform stalks (erect in nos. 66 and 71 . ) Nos. 59-72

Culms slender; pistillate spikes ^'-2^^' long; stigmas 3 (2 in no. 59).

Pi.stillate spikes linear; scales shorter than the perigynia. Prasinae.

Perigynia twisted toward the top; scales purple-brown. 59. C. tor/a.

Perigynia straight; scales green. 60. C. prasina.

Pistillate spikes oblong, globose or cylindric; scales equalling the perigynia or longer.

Bracts manifestly sheathing; arctic species. Ferrugineae. 61. C. misandra.

Bracts sheathless; scales mostly dark. Pendulinae.

Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric; southern coast species. 62. C. lilioralis.

Pistillate spikes oblong or globose; northern species. Scales not longer than the perigynia.

Pistillate spikes 3"-6" long, few-flowered; scales obtuse. 63. C. rarijiora. Pistillate spikes 5"-io" long, several-flowered; scales acute.

64. C. Hmosa.

Scales distinctly longer than the perigynia.

Perigynia oval or suborbicular. 65. C. Magellanica.

Perigynia elliptic-lanceolate. 66. C. podocarpa.

•Culms tall, usually stout; pistillate spikes i'-4' long; scales 1-8 times as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2 (or 3 in nos. 70 and 71 ). Cryptocarpae. Perigynia smooth.

Scales purple-brown; arctic species. 67. C. ayplocarpa.

Scales green; plants not arctic.

Perigynia nerveless or faintly nerved, much shorter than the scales.

Perigjnia nearly orbicular, biconvex. 68. C. vtaritima.

Perigynia obovoid, obtuse. 69. C. crinita.

Perigynia oblong or elliptic, acute. 70. C. gynandra.

Perigynia strongly several-nerved, about equalling the scales, 71. C. macrokolea. Perigynia granular or papillose. 72. C. glanca.

Perigynia taperinc; to a distinct beak (nearly or quite beakless in nos 73-77), membranous in texture (firm in no. 88), inflated or loosely investing the achene; pistillate spikes mostly drooping, often narrowly linear. Nos. 73-92.

t Terminal spike .staminate below, pistillate above; beak of the perigynium short or none. Nos.

73-81.

j Spikes all erect or nearly so. Virescentes.

Perigy'iiium densely pubescent.

Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, 4"-io" long; perigynia oval or ovoid, few-nerved.

73. C. virescens.

Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric, 6"-i8" long; perigynia oblong, strongly several-nerved.

74. C. costellata.

Perigynium nearly glabrous, at least when mature.

Spikes 2Vz" -2,Vi" thick; perigynia imbricated, flattened; top of the achene not bent.

75. C. triceps.

Spikes 2" thick; perigynia not imbricated, swollen; top of the achene bent, or tipped with a bent style. 76. C. CaroUniana.

19

288 CYPERACEAE.

+ t Pistillate spikes drooping- or spreading (erect or little spreadinpr in no. jS). Gracillimae. Perigynia i"-2" long, slightly swollen; spikes linear or linear-cylindric.

Plant glabrous; perigynia obtuse. 77. C. gracillima.

Sheaths pubescent; perigynia pointed at both ends.

Perigj nia i" long; spikes erect or somewhat spreading. 78. C. aestivalis.

Perigynia 2" long; spikes drooping, at least when old. 79. C. oxylepis.

Perigynia 2"-2/^" long, manifestly swollen; spikes oblong or oblong-cylindric.

Perigynia faintlj- few-nerved; scales ovate, acute or short-awned. 80. C. forniosa.

Perigynia stronglj' nianj'-ners-ed; scales lanceolate, long-awned. 81. C. Davisii.

1 1 Terminal spike entirely staminate. or sometimes pistillate at the base. Nos. 82-92. (See no. 140. )-

Perigj'nia manifestly beaked, nerved or nerveless; pistillate spikes drooping, at lea.st when old. Beak of the perigynium cylindric or subulate, 1-2 times as long as the body. .Sylvaticae.

Perigj'nia broadly oval, smooth, spreading. 82. C. loitgiroslris.

Perigynia narrowly conic, luberculate-hispid, appressed. 83. C. Assiniboiiiensis.

Beak of the perigj-nium not more than one-half as long as the body.

Leaves pubescent. Flexiles. 84. C. caslanea.

Leaves glabrous.

Pistillate spikes narrowly oblong, 2"-6" long; perigjnium i" long; arctic and alpine

species. Capillares. 85. C. capillaris.

Pistillate spikes linear, i'-3' long; perigj-nitim 2"-3" long. Debiles. Perigynia membranous, few-nerved; pistillate spikes slender.

Leaves ili" wide; scales two-thirds as long as the perigj-nia.

86. C. arclata.

Leaves i"-2l4" wide; scales one-half as long as the perigj-nia.

87. C. /emu's.

Perigvnia coriaceous, stronglv many-nerved; pistillate spikes thicker.

88. C. oblita.

Perigynia beakless or minutely beaked, finely many-striate ; spikes erect or nearlj- so. Gri.se.\e. Leaves slightlj' or not at all glaucous.

Perigynia little longer or shorter than the scales.

Pistillate spikes dense, usually many-flowered; leaves 2" -3" wide, spreading, soft.

89. C. grisea.

Pistillate spikes loosely several-flowered; leaves i"-2" wide, mostlj- erect and rigid.

90. C. ampliibola .

Perigynia 2-3 times longer than the scales. 91. C. flaccosperiiia.

Plant very glaucous all over. 92. C. glaucodea.

2. Pistillate spikes small, few-many-fiowered, mostly 3"-i2" long (sometimes longer in nos. 1031- 104, 116). Nos. 93-132. (See also nos. 44, 48, 53-55, 61, 63-65, 68, 73, 75, 80, 84, 85 and 89-92. )

* Perigynia glabrous. Nos. 93-120. (See no. 123.)

t Pistillate spikes many-flowered, long, usually dense. Nos. 93-99.

Pistillate spikes scattered, distant, long-stalked or the 2 upper ones close together and nearlj- ses- sile. Granularks.

Bracts elongated, mostly overtopping the spikes; perigynia strongly many-nerved.

93. C. graiinlaris.

Bracts short, rarely overtopping the spikes; perigynia obscurely few-ner\ed. 94. C. Crauei. Pistillate spikes close together and nearly sessile at the summit of the culm, or the lowest distant and stalked.

Beak of the perigynium stout, 2-toothed; plants glabrous. Extensae.

Leaves strongly involute ; perigynia brown, the beak shorter than the bodj-.

95. C. extensa.

Leaves flat, \" -2V1" wide; perigynia yellow when mature, 2"--3" long, the beak about as

long as the body. 96. C. flava.

Leaves flat, i" wide or less; perigynia dark green, 1" long, the beak one-half as long as the body. 97. C. viridula.

Beak of the perigynium short, entire or none ; leaves, or their sheaths, more or less pubescent, Pallescentes.

Perigynia faintly few-ner\-ed, beakless. 98. C. pallesceus.

Perigynia strongly many-nerved, cylindric-beaked. 99. C. abbreviaia.

tt Pistillate spikes few-several-flowered, often loose. Nos. 100-120; 136-138.

+ Scales of the spike normal, not elongated and leaf-like. Nos. 100-120.

J Leaves i"-i8" wide; bracts leafj', usually large. Nos. 100-119.

O Perigynia green (yellow or purple in no. 116). Nos. 100-117.

Perigynia finely many-striate. Oligoc.^rpae. Sheaths glabrous.

Perigj'nia narrowed at both ends, beakless. 100. C. conoidca.

Perigynia with a short entire beak. loi. C. oligocarpa.

Sheaths pubescent. 102. C. Hitchcockiana.

Perigynia with few or many, mostly strong nerves. L.A.XI florae. Plants not at all glaucous, or very- slightly so. Beak of the perigynium straight, slender.

Culms slender, spreading; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, stalked, spreading.

103. C. allocaulis.

Culms stout, erect; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, erect. 104. C. polymorpha.

Beak of the perigynium bent, short or none. Leaves mostly narrow, i"-6" wide. Scales, at least the upper, obtuse.

Bracts elongated ; spikes loosely flowered ; culms slender. lo.s. C. tetanica. Bracts short; spikes densely flowered; culms stout. 106. C. Meadii.

SEDGE FAMILY.

289

Scales acute, cuspidate, acuminate, or awned. Perigynia obtusely 3-angled.

I'erigj'nia ol)ovoid, iK"-'i'A" long.

Perigj nia oblong, narrow, about 2" long. Perigynia sharply 3-angled.

Spikes drooping or spreading; leaves i"-2'

Spikes erect; leaves 3"-6" wide. Leaves broad, 6"-i8" wide.

Bracts leafy, the upper usually overtopping the spikes. Bracts mostly reduced to purple leafless sheaths. Plants distinctly glaucous.

Pistillate spikes drooping on hair-like stalks. Pistillate spikes erect.

Basal leaves much longer than the culm. Basal leaves shorter than the culm or equalling it. Leaves 5"-i2" wide. Leaves i"-2" wide.

Scales acute; perigynia yellow, purple or mottled. Scales obtuse, or the lower acute; perigynia pale green

107. C. laxiflora.

108. C. slyloflexa.

wide, or wider in the variety.

109. C. digitalis. no. C. Carevana.

111. C. Albursina .

112. C. plantaginca .

113. C. laxiadmis.

1 14. C. p/ychocarpa.

115. C. platyphylla.

116. C. panicea.

117. C. livida.

00 Perigynia white, yellow or becoming brown Perigynia beakless.

Perigynia with a short cylindric beak; arctic species.

(i J Leaves and culms almost capillar}-; bracts reduced to bladeless sheaths

XX Scales of the spikes leaf-like, elongated. Lower scales i" wide or less, not concealing the perigynia.

Body of the perigynium oblong; beak flattened.

Body of the perigynium globose; beak subulate. Lower scales i"-2" wide, concealing the perigynia.

BiCOLORES.

118. C. aurea.

119. C. bicolor.

DiGITATAE.

120. C. setifolia. Phyllostachyae.

136. C. Willdenoi'ii. 137- C. Jamesii. 138. C. ditrifolia.

NOS. I2I-I-52.

Pedi'n-

Perigynia more or less pubescent (becoming glabrous in no. 123) Culm-leaves present, often short; bracts mainly reduced to bladeless purplish sheaths.

CULATAE.

Staminate spike short-stalked or sessile.

Perigynia about twice as long as the scales. 121. C. concinna.

Perigynia not longer than the scales. 122. C. Richardsoni.

Staminate spike long-stalked, commonly with some pistillate flowers at its base.

123. C. pedunculata.

Leaves all basal; bracts short or long, not sheathing.

Neither the culm nor the leaves pubescent; perigynia rounded. Montanae.

Plant not stoloniferous. 124. C. pedicellata.

Plants stoloniferous, the stolons sometimes short. Culms, or some of them, longer than the leaves. Scales smooth or very nearly so.

Staminate spike conspicuous, 3"-9" long. Staminate spike stout, >2"-i'4" thick.

Plant dark green; staminate spike very prominent; perigynia broadly oval. 125. C. Pcnnsylvanica.

Plant light green; staminate spike shorter; perigynia oblong.

126. C. varia.

Staminate spike very slender, not over V2" thick. 127. C. Novae- Angliae. Staminate spike inconspicuous, rarely over 2" long (longer in the variety. )

128. C. deflexa.

Scales, at least the lower, rough-awned. Culms, or most of them, much shorter than the leaves.

Scales light green with purple margins; perigynia oblong. 130. Scales green with lighter scarious margins; perigynia oval. Plant pubescent all over; perigynia sharply 3-angled. Triquetrae.

129. C. pi'aecox.

C. nigtomarginata.

131. C. umbellata.

132. C. piibescens.

(b) Spike solitary {except in no. 140), sometimes dioecious. Nos. 133-142.

Physocephalae.

Leaves i'-2' wide, thick, spreading Leaves K"-3" wide.

Staminate and pistillate spikes on different culms. Scirpin.\e.

Leaves longer than the culm; perigynia obovoid; southern species Leaves shorter than the culm; perigynia oval; northern species. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same spike.

Scales of the spike leaf-like, elongated. Phyllostachyae. Lower scales i" wide or less, not enclosing the perigynia. Body of the perigynium oblong, its beak flattened. Body of the perigynium globose, its beak subulate. Lower scales i"-2y2" wide, enclosing the perigynia. Scales of the spike short, normal.

Leaves !4 -i" wide; arctic and western species. Rupestres. Spike solitary, androgynous; perigynium-beak stout, long. Spikes 2-4, the staminate uppermost; perigynium-beak short. 140. Leaves y^" wide or less.

Perigynia obtuse, beakless; swamp species. Leptocephalae.

141.

Perigynia obovoid-oval, beaked; prairie species. Filifoliae.

142.

133. C. Frasei i.

134- 135-

136. 137- 138.

139-

C. picta.

C. scirpoidea.

C. Willdenovii . C. Jamesii. C. durifolia.

C. ru pest lis. C. supina.

C. leplalea. C. filifolia.

290 CYPERACEAE.

II. Staminate flowers few, at the summits or bases of the always sessile spikes, or sometimes forming whole spikes, or variously intermixed with the pistillate ; stigmas always 2 ; achene lenti- cular, compressed, ellipsoid or plano-convex. Nos. 143-205. VIGNEA.

I. Stamin.\tk flowkrs .vr thk svm.mit.s of the .spike.s. No.s. 143-173. (a) Spike solitary, terminal, neostly broivn, plants often dioecious. Nos. 143-146. Dioic.\e.

Perigynia nerveless, or faintly few-nerved.

Perigynia with a short nearly entire beak. 143. C. capilala.

Perigynia beakless, the orifice 2-toothcd. 144. C. nardina. Perigynia strongly several-nerved on the outer face.

Beak of the perigfj-nium very short. 145. C. Redowskyana.

Beak slender, rough, about half as long as the body of the perigyniuni. 146. C. exilis.

(b) Spikes several or many, clustered, separated or sometimes panicled. Nos. 147-151.

^ Spikes densely aggr gated into a globose or ovoid head, often appearing like a solitary terminal spike.

Scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, not awned. Foktid.m:.

Perigj-nia strongly many-nerved. 147. C. cJiof dorliiza.

Perigynia faintly several-nerved.

Culms and leaves usually curved; scales shorter than the perigynia. 148. C. incurva. Culms mostlj^ .straight, erect; scales equalling the perigynia. 149. C. stenophylla.

Scales lanceolate, awned, or long-acuminate. Arenariah.

Scales 2-4 times longer than the perigynia; western species. 150. C. Douglasii.

Scales about equalling the perigynia; introduced sea-coast species. 151. C. arenaria.

Clusters of spikes looser, often compound or the spikes distinctly separated (more or less aggregated in nos. 170-173). Nos. 152-173.

t Spikes yellowish or brown at maturity, often in compound or panicled clusters. Nos. 152-163.

Perigynia strongly several-nerved, especially on the outer face. Nos. 152-154. Vulpinae.

Beak of the perigj'nium shorter than the body. 152. C. conjiincta.'

Beak of the perigynium equalling or longer than the body.

Spikes crowded in an oblong cluster; beak 1-2 lengths of the body. 153. C. stipata. Spikes in a large branching cluster; beak 3-4 lengths of the body. 154. C. Crtis-corvi. Perigynia nerveless or faintly nerved. Nos. 155-163. Mui.tiflorae.

Spikes verj' numerous in a branched decompound cluster, small. 155. C. decomposita.

Spikes several or many in an oblong or narrow, simple or somewhat compound cluster. Leaves i" wide or less.

Beak of the perigynium shorter than the body; western species. 156. C. marcida. Beak as long as the body; northern marsh species. 157. C. teretiuscula.

Leaves i"-3" wide.

Scales acuminate, cuspidate or awned. Perigynia xVz" -2Vz" long.

Perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the beak about as long as the body.

158. C. alopecoidea .

Perigynia broadly ovate or orbicular, the beak about one-third as long as the body. 159. C. gravida.

Perigynia \ long or less.

Leaves as long as the culm or longer. 160. C. znilpinoidea.

Leaves shorter than the culm.

Perigynia ovate-elliptic, the base narrowed. 161. C. xanthocarpa.

Perigynia lanceolate, the base truncate. 162. C. setacea.

Scales blunt, scarious-tipped. 163. C. Sartwellii.

"tt Spikes green or greenish when mature, aggregated or separated, in simple clusters. Nos. 164-

173. MUHLKNBERGI.^NAE.

Perigfynia ellipsoid, nearly terete; spikes i-5-flowered, widely separated, or the upper close together.

164. C. tenella.

Perigynia lanceolate, ovate or roundish, compressed or plano-convex ; spikes several-many-flowered. Spikes separated or the upper close together; perigynia mostly radiating, or reflexed. Leaves M" wide.

Beak of the perigynium one-third to one-half as long as the body; native woodland species.

Perigynia ovate-lanceolate, i"-i '/2" long.

Perigynia stellately radiating. 165. C. rosea.

Perigynia reflexed when mature. 166. C. retrofle.va.

Perigynia narrowly lanceolate, i';"-2" long. 167. C. Texensis.

Beak of the perigynium more than half as long as the body; introduced field species.

168. C. muricata.

Leaves 2M"-4H" wide. 169. C. sparganioidcs.

Spikes all aggregated or the lower separated; perigynia spreading or ascending.

Leaves thin, lax, 2"-4" wide; perig^j-nia about 2" long. 170. C. cephaloidea.

Leaves stiffer, ^4"-2" wide.

Perigynia i" long or less, nerveless or faintly few-nerved.

Leaves I "-2" wide; perigynia ovate. 171. C. cephalophora.

Leaves -i" wide; perigynia orbicular-ovate; southern. 172. C. Leavenworthii. Perigynia I 'i" long, strongly nerved (except in var. Xalapensis).

173. C. Muhlenbergii.

SEDGE FAMILY.

291

2. STAMINATH FLOWKRS VARIOI'SLV MINC>LED with THi; I'lSTII.LATK IN THE SPIKKS OR OCCASIONALLY KORMINC WIIOLU SPIKES. (See llOS. 1 43- 1 46. )

Perigynia radiately spreading or reflexed. 174. C. sterilis.

Perigynia erect or appressed,

Perigynia wingless, the inner face flat. 187. C. bronioides.

Perigynia winged, the inner face concave. 190. C. siccala.

3. StAMINATE flowers .\T THE BASES OF THE SPIKES. NoS. I74-205.

(a) Perigynia icilhoul a viarginal ivi)ig. Nos. 174-187. Elongatae.

Perigynia radiately spreading, or reflexed when old.

Perigynia distinctlj' nerved on both faces, the beak rough.

Perigynia lanceolate: beak more than half as long as the body. 174, C. slerilis.

Perigynia ovate; beak about one-third as long as the body, abrupt. 175. C. Ailantica . Perigynia faintly nerved on the outer face, nerveless or nearly so on the inner; beak snioothish.

176. C. interior.

Perigynia ascending, appressed or somewhat spreading when old, not radiating. Perigynia ovate, oval, oblong or elliptic.

Bracts short, scale-like or none, the lowest occasionally longer than its spike. Spikes distinctly separated or the upper close together.

Heads silvery green or nearly white. 177. C. caiiescens.

Heads brown or brownish.

Spikes few-flowered, 2"-3" long; perigfynia less than i" long, the beak manifest.

178. C. bridinescens. Spikes dense, many-flowered; perigynia about 1" long, the beak very short.

179. C. Noi-fegica. Spikes densely clustered at the top of the culm, or the lower separated.

Spikes green or greenish brown.

Spikes several in an ovoid cluster; perigynia ovate, rough-beaked.

180. C. arcla.

Spikes only 2-4; perigynia elliptic, beakless. 181. C. leniiiflora.

Spikes dark brown; arctic species. Culms slender, stiff, erect.

Leaves involute ; scales about equalling the perigynia. 182. C. Heleonastes. Leaves flat; scales shorter than the perigynia. 183. C. lagopina.

Culms weak, spreading or reclining. 184. C. glareosa.

Bracts bristle-form, much elongated, ranch exceeding the 2-4 oblong nerved perigynia.

185. C. irisperma.

Perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate.

Perigynia nerveless; spikes oblong or subglobose. 186. C. Deweyana.

Perigynia strongly several-nerved; spikes narrowly oblong-cylindric. 187. C. brovioides.

(b) Perigynia ivith a narrow or broad marginal iving. Nos. 188-205. Ovales.

Perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 times as long as wide.

Top of the culm nodding; arctic and northwestern species. 188. C. praiensis.

Culms strictly erect, mostly stiff.

Perigynia nerveless, broadly winged; northwestern species. 189. C. xerantica.

Perigynia several-nerved on both faces.

Perigynia broadly winged; staminate flowers intermixed with the pistillate.

190. C. siccaia.

Perigynia narrowly winged; staminate flowers all basal.

Spikes H'-i' long; perigynia about 4" long. 191. C. Miiskingnmensis.

Spikes 2" -8" long; perigynia 2" -3" long.

Spikes oblong or oval; perigynia ascending or erect.

Spikes green-brown, blunt. 192. C. iribuloides.

Spikes bright brown, pointed; perigynia lanceolate. 193. C. scoparia. vSpikes rather dark brown, blunt; perigynia ovate-lanceolate.

194. C. leporina.

Spikes subglobose 'perigynia spreading, at least when old. 195. C. cristatella. Perigynia ovate, not more than twice as long as wide (longer in some forms of no. ig8. )

Perigynia narrowly winged above; heads greenish brown. 196. C. adiista.

Perigynia broadly wing-margined. Perigynia spreading or ascending.

Spikes silvery green. 197, C. foenea.

Spikes yellowish brown or greenish. * 198. C. straminea,

Perigynia erect or appressed.

Heads silvery green or nearly white; sea-beach .species. 199. C. silicea.

Heads brown-green; meadow or marsh species. 200. C. tenera.

Perigynia orbicular, verj' broadly ovate or somewhat obovate, sometimes wider than long. Heads green-brown.

Perigynia spreading or ascending; achene sessile. 201. C. festucacea.

Perigynia erect, ■^l'-iW broad; achene short-stalked. 202. C. alata.

Heads silvery green, yellowish or whitish.

Perigynium-wing firm; achene sessile. 203. C. alboliitescens.

Perigynium-wing membranous; achene stalked. 204. C. Bicknellii.

Perigynia narrowly linear-lanceolate, tapering into a subulate beak 2-3 times as long as the body. Cyperoideae. 205. C. sychnocephala.

I

292 CYPERACEAE.

I. Carex pauciflora Lightf. Few-flowered Sedge. (Fig. 671.)

<;'a/v.r/>««f//?o;-a Lightf. Fl. Scot. 543. pi. 6. 1777.

Glabrous, culms erect or assurgent, ver>- slender, 3'-2° high. Leaves verj^ narrow, shorter than the culm, the lowest reduced to toothed sheaths; .spike solitary, androg3'nous, the staminate and pistillate flowers each 2-5, the staminate uppermost; peri- gynium green, narrow, scarcely inflated, 3"-4" long, about Yz" in diameter, several -nerved, taper- ing from below the middle into a slender or almost subulate beak, strongly reflexed and readily de- tachable when mature, 2-3 times longer than the deciduous lanceolate or ovate scale; stigmas 3.

In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Massa- chusetts, Pennsylvania, Michigan and Washington. June-Aug.

2. Carex ColHnsii Nutt. Collins' Sedge. (Fig. 672.)

Care.v subulata Mich.x. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 173. 1803. Not

Gmel. 1791. Carex Colliiisti Nutt. Gen. 2: 205. 1818.

Carex ^^ichaux^^ Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 273. 1826. Not Schwein. 1824.

Glabrous, culms verj' slender, erect or reclining, 6'-2° long. Leaves narrow, the broadest about 2%," wide, the uppermost not exceeding the culm; staminate spike ter- minal, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, 2-8-flowered, short-stalked, or the stalk of the lowest sometimes long; bracts similar to the upper leaves, elongated; peri- gynium light green, scarcely inflated, subulate, ^"-"i" long, tapering from below the middle into an almost fili- form beak, faintly many-nerved, strongly reflexed when mature, about 3 times as long as the hyaline lanceolate- acuminate persistent scale, its teeth reflexed at maturity; stigmas 3.

In bogs, Rhode Island to eastern Penns3-lvania, south to South Carolina and Georgia. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Pennsyl- vania. Attributed to Canada by Michaux. June-Aug.

Carex abacta Baile}'. Yellowish Sedge. (Fig. 673.)

Carex roslrala Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 173. 1803. Not Stokes, 1787.

Carex xanthophvsa Dewey. .\m. Journ. Sci. 14: 353. f. 57,

5.V. 1828. Not Wahl. 1803. Carex Michauxiana Boeckl. Linnaea, 40: 336. 1877. Not

C. Micliauxii Schwein. 1824. Carex abacla Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20; 427. 1893.

Glabrous, whole plant yellowish, culm erect or slightly assurgent at the base, rather stiff, slender, i°-2° high. Leaves narrow, the broadest about 7." wide, the upper- most often exceeding the culm; staminate spike termi- nal, closely sessile; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, several-flow- ered, the upper sessile or ver\- nearly so and closelj'' approximated, the lowest, when present, remote and borne on a stalk y^'-z' long; bracts similar to the leaves, usuall}- erect and overtopping the culm ; perigynia slen- der, narrow, scarcely inflated, erect or spreading, taper- ing into a subidate 2-toothed beak, long, less than i" thick at the base, rather strongly many-nerved, about twice as long as the lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate scale; stigmas 3. In bogs and wet meadows, Newfoundland to New Hampshire, New York and Pennsylvania, west to Michigan. Ascends to 5000 ft. in New Hampshire. Also in Japan. July-Sept.

SEDGE FAMILY.

293

4. Carex folliculata ly. Long Sedge. (Fig. 674. )

Carex folliculata L,. Sp. PI. 978. 1753.

Glabrous, light green or yellowish, culm stout or slen- der, erect or reclining, i^°-3° long. Leaves broad and elongated, sometimes overtopping the culm, often yi,' wide; staminate spike stalked or nearly .sessile; pistillate spikes 2-4, usually distant, all except the uppermost slen- der-stalked, several-many-flowered, the lower often nod- ding on a stalk 2' -2/ long; bracts commonly overtopping the spikes; perigynia ovoid, somewhat inflated, ascending or spreading, green, rather prominently many-veined, long, \" or a trifle more in diameter near the base, tapering from below the middle into a slender 2-toothed beak, one-third to one-half longer than the awned broadly scarious-margined persistent scale; teeth of the peri- gynium nearly erect; stigmas 3.

In swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland to Maryland, west to Michigan and West Virginia. May-.Sept.

Carex intumescens Rudg-e. Bladder Sedge.

(Fig. 675.)

97-

Care.v intumescens Rudge, Trans. Linn. See. 7: pi. 9. f. 3. 1804.

Glabrous, culms slender, commonly tufted, erect or slightl}' reclined, i>2°-3° high. Leaves elon- gated, dark green, shorter than or sometimes equal- ling the culm, roughish, I Jl^''-3" wide; bracts simi- lar, overtopping the culm ; staminate spike narrow, mostly long-stalked; pistillate spikes 2 (1-3) ses- sile or very short-stalked, globose or ovoid; peri- gynia 1-30, spreading or the upper erect, (3"-\o" long, much inflated, about 3" in diameter above the base, manj'-nerved, tapering from below the middle into a subulate 2-toothed beak, the teeth somewhat spreading at maturity; scales narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or aristate, about one-half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In swamps, bogs and wet woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and Louisiana. May-Oct.

(Fig. 676.)

Carex intumescens Femaldi Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 418. 1893. Perigynia narrower, 1-5 in each spike, all erect or slightly spreading. Maine to New York.

6. Carex Asa-Grayi Bailey. Gray's Sedge.

Carex intuviescens var. globularis A. Gray, Ann. Lyc.

N. Y. 3: 236. 1834. Not C. globularis L- 1753. ■Carex Grayi Carey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 4: 22. 1847.

Not C. Grayana Dewey, 1834. 4Zaiex Asa-Grayi'&'^\\&y, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 427. 1893. Carex Asa-Grayi hispidula Bailey, Biill. Torr. Club,

20: 427. 1893.

Glabrous, culms stout, erect or slightly assur- gent at the base, 2°-3° tall. Leaves elongated, dark green, '^l"-^Y2." wide, the upper commonly overtopping the culm; bracts similar to the upper leaves, usuallj- much overtopping the culm; stami- nate spike mostly long-stalked; pistillate spikes i or 2, globose, dense, about \' in diameter; perigynia 10-30, ovoid, glabrous or pubescent, much inflated, many-nerved, about 4'' in diameter above the base, tapering to a sharp 2-toothed beak; scales ovate or lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, scarious, about one-third as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In swamps and wet meadows, Vermont to Michigan, south to Georgia and Missouri. June-Sept.

294

CVPERACEAE.

Louisiana

7. Carex Louisianica Bailey.

vSedge. (Fig. 677.)

Carex Halei Carey; Chapni. Fl. S. States, 543. i860..

Not Dewey, 1846. C. Louisianica Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 428. 1893.

Culms slender, erect, smooth or very nearly so, i°-2° tall. Leaves \"-2" wide, roiighisli, the upper over- topping the spikes; bracts similar to the upper leaves, rough; pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong, about i' long, 8"- 10" thick, erect, the lower slender-stalked, the upper nearly sessile; staminate spike solitary, long-.stalked ; perigynia ovoid, much inflated, smooth, strongly sev- eral-nerved, shining when mature, 5"-6" long, about T-Yz" in diameter at the rounded base, tapering gradu- ally into the long 2-toothed beak, the small teeth slightly spreading; scales oblong-lanceolate, acumi- nate, about one-half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3. Swamps, Missouri to Texas and Florida. June-Aug.

8. Carex lupulina Miihl. Hop Sedge. fFig. 678.)

Carex gi^antea Rudge, Trans. L,inn. See. 7: 99. pi. 10. /. 2. 1804. ?

Carex hipulina Mulil. ; Schk. Riedg. 2: 54. y". I2J. 1806. Carex lupulina var. pediDiculala Dewey in Wood, Bot. & Flor. 376. 1870.

Glabrous, culms stout, erect or reclining, i°-4° tall. Leaves elongated, nodulose, 2^'''-6''' wide, the upper ones and the similar bracts much over- topping the culm ; staminate spike solitary or rarely several, nearly sessile or slender-peduncled, rather stout; pistillate .spikes 2-5, densely manj'-flowered, sessile or the lower slender-stalked, oblong, 1%.'- lYz' long, often \' in diameter; perigynia ascending or spreading, often short-stalked, much inflated, many-nerved, 6"-9" long, about lYz" in diameter ju.st above the base, tapering from much below the middle into a subulate 2-toothed beak ; achene longer than thick; scales lanceolate, acuminate or aristate, one-third as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In swamps and ditches, Hudson Bay to western Ontario, Florida and Texas. June-Aug.

Carex lupulina Bella-villa (Dewey) Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 12. 1S89. Carex Bella-villa Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 41: 229. 1866.

Culm slender; pistillate spikes remote, slender-stalked, sometimes staminate at the summit., the perigynia widelj' spreading at maturity, the staminate spike sometimes branched and with 1 or 2 perigynia at its base. Eastern New York to southern Ontario.

A hybrid with C. relrorsa is described by Professor Dudley (Cayuga Fl. 119. 1S86).

9. Carex lupuliformis Sartwell. Hop-like Sedge. (Fig. 679.)

Care.x- lupulina var. polystachya Schw. & Torr. Ann.

Lyc. i: 337. 1825. Not C. polystachya Sw. Carex liipuli/ormis Sartw. ; Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. ( II.)' 9: 29. 1850.

Glabrous, culm stout, erect, i >2°-3° tall. Leaves and bracts similar to those of the preceding species, much elongated; staminate spike solitary, stalked or nearly sessile, sometimes 4' long; pistillate spikes 3-6, stalked or the upper sessile, densely many-flowered, 2^-3' long, 6"-io" in diameter, often staminate at the top; peri- gynia yellowish, at first appressed, later ascending, ses- sile, much inflated, several-nerved, 5"-%" long, about 2" in diameter above the base, tapering from below the middle to a subulate 2-toothed beak; achene as long as thick, its angles mamillate; scales lanceolate, awned,. shorter than or equalling the perigynia.

.Swamps, Rhode Island to Del. and Minnesota. June-Aug.

SEDGE FAMIIyY.

295

10. Carex grandis Bailey. Large Sedge. (Fig. 680.)

Care r gigaii/ca Dewey, Am. Jouni. Sci. ii: 164. 1826.

Not Rudge, 1804. Ca re. V grandis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 13. 1889.

Glabrous, culms slender, erect or reclining, 2°-3° high. Leaves rather dark green, elongated, 4"-6" ■wide, the uppermost sometimes surpassing the culm; bracts similar to the leaves, much overtop- ping the culm; staminate spike sessile or pedun- cled, sometimes bearing perigynia at its base; pis- tillate spikes 3-5, all stalked or the upper sessile, c}'lindric, I'-s' long, sometimes staminate at the summit; perigynia much swollen at the base, and about 2" in diameter, ^"-d" long, many-nerved, spreading at maturity, 3-4 times as long as the sca- rious lanceolate acuminate or aristate .scale, abruptly contracted into a subulate 2-toothed beak 2-3 times as long as the inflated portion; stigmas 3.

In swamps, Delaware to Kentucky and Missouri, south to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. June-Aug.

II. Carex oligosperma Michx. Few-seeded Sedge. (Fig. 681.)

Carex oligosperma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 174. 1803.

Glabrous, culms very slender, erect, rather stiff, I >^°-3° tall. Leaves about i Yz" wide, not exceed- ing the culm, involute when old; bracts similar, overtopping the culm; staminate spike stalked, nar- rowly linear; pistillate spikes i or 2, globose or ob- long, 5''- 10'' long, sessile or the lower short- stalked, few-several-flowered, the upper some- times reduced to i or 2 perigynia and with a staminate summit; perigynia ovoid, erect, in- flated, strongly few-nerved, yellowish green, 2"- 2^" long, about \yi" in diameter, tapering from the middle into a minutely 2-toothed beak; scales acute or mucronate, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In bogs, Labrador to the Northwest Territory, south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Michigan. June- Sept. Ascends to 4000 ft. in the Adirondacks.

12. Carex Raeana Bo3tt. Rae's Sedge. (Fig. 682.)

Care.v miliaris var. aurea Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club,

1:37. 1889. Not C. aurea^xxVi. 1818. Care-v pulla A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 602. 1867. Not

Gooden. 1797. Carex Raeana Boott; Richards. Arct. Exp. 2: 344.

1851.

Culm stouter than that of C. miliaris, very rough above, i)4°-3° tall. Leaves wide, flat, shorter than the culm, nodulose, somewhat scabrous on the margins, the lower bracts narrower, about equalling the culm; staminate spikes 1-4, slender-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, erect, C3']in- dric or oblong, (>"-\2" long, sessile or the lower short-stalked; perigynia oblong-elliptic, yellowish- green, few-nerved, acute, narrowed into a rather conspicuous 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, acute or acuminate, yellowish or brown-margined, slightly shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2 or 3.

On lake and river shores, northern Maine to Lab- rador. Summer.

296

CYPERACEAE.

Carex miliaris Michx. Northeastern Sedge. (Fig. 683.)

Carex miliaris Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 174. 1803. Care v miliaris var. main-- Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 36. 1889. ?

Glabrous, culm verj' slender, erect, rougliish above, i°-2° tall. Leaves flat, about i" wide, elongated, nodulose, the upper about equalling the culm; bracts similar to the leaves, often overtop- ping the culm; staminate spikes I or 2, stalked, narrowly linear; pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong or linear-oblong, many-flowered, 4"-!' long, the up- per sessile, the lowest, when three, stalked; peri- gynia inflated, ovoid, farrrtlj- few-nerved, 1"- \%" long, dark brown or brown-tipped, tapering into a short, nearly entire beak, slightly longer than the ovate or ovate-lanceolate, wholly or partly brown, obtuse or acute scale; stigmas 2.

Borders of lakes and streams, Labrador and northern Quebec. Reported from northern Minnesota. Summer.

14. Carex saxatilis L. Russet Sedge. (Fig. 684.)

Carex saxatilis L. Sp. PI. 976. 1753. Carex pulla Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 3:

1797

Glabrous, culms erect, slender, 3'-i2' tall. Leaves flat, broad, the upper not overtop-

ping the culm; bracts short; staminate spike soli- tary, short-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-4, all stalked or the upper nearly or quite sessile, oblong, densely many-flowered; perigj'nia dark purple-brown, as- cending, ovoid, slightly inflated, nerveless or very faintly few-nerved, tipped with a short minutely 2- toothed beak; scales oblong, subacute, greenish purple, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas usuall}' 2.

Greenland to James Bay and .\laska. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer.

15. Carex membranopacta Bailej'. Fragile Sedge. (Fig. 685.)

Carex compacta R. Br. in Ross' Voy. App. cxliii.

1819. Not Krock. 1814. Carex membranacea Hook. Parry's 2d Voy. App. 406.

1825. Not Hoppe. Carex ynembranopacia Bailej-, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 428. 1893.

Similar to C. saxatilis but stouter and taller, 6'-i8' high. Leaves flat, not exceeding the culm, i/^" wide; bracts short, the lower commonly longer tlian its spike, the upper subulate; staminate spikes 1-3, short -stalked ; pistillate .spikes 1-3 ( com- monly 21, sessile or the lower short -peduncled, narrowly oblong, obtuse, densely manj'-flowered, about i' long and 4" in diameter; perig3-nia spread- ing, brown-purple, ovoid, fragile, much inflated, about i^''' long, tipped with a short nearly entire beak, little nerved, about as long as the ovate-ob- long greenish-purple or white-margined scales.

Greenland, through arctic America to Kamptchatka. Summer.

SEDGE FAMILY.

297

Blackened Sedge.

686.)

17-

16. Carex ambiista Boott.

Care.i- ainbtisia Boott, 111. 64. pi. 172. 1858.

Similar to C. saxatilis, culms slender, erect, 8'- iS' tall, nearly or quite smooth. Leaves nearly or quite smooth, elongated, mostly less than 1" wide, involute in drying, nearly erect, shorter than the culm; bracts similar to the upper leaves, sometimes eqtialling or overtopping the culm; staminate spike solitary, stalked; pistillate spikes I or 2, oblong, erect, obtuse, densely many-flowered, slender- stalked or the upper nearly sessile, long, about y/z" in diameter; perigynia oblong-lanceo- late, I long, rather more than Vz" wide, spread- ing or ascending, biconvex, smooth, firm, not at all inflated, dull, faintly few-nerved at the base, green below, dark brown at the summit, tapering into a short minutely 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, dark brown, as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.

Labrador, British Columbia to Alaska. Summer.

Carex utriculata Boott. Bottle Sedge. (Fig. 687.)

Carex ulriciilata Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 221. 1840.

Carex utriculata var. minor Boott, loc. cit. 1840.

Glabrous, culms stout, erect, 2°-4° tall. Leaves elongated, nodulose, the upper mostly exceeding the culm, 2"-6'' wide, the midvein prominent; bracts overtopping the culm; staminate spikes 2-4, linear, stalked, the lower occasionally pistillate at the top and usually subtended by a very slender bract; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, nearly erect, cylin- dric, densely many-flowered or sometimes looser near the base, 2'-6' long, the lower short-stalked, the upper sessile, sometimes staminate at the sum- mit; perigynia spreading when old, ovoid, light green, somewhat inflated, few-nerved, 2"-2}i" long, narrowed into a sharp 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, the lower awned and slightly longer than the perigynia, the upper acute; stigmas 3.

Marshes, Anticosti to British Columbia, Delaware, Ohio, Minnesota, Nevada and California. June-Sept.

18. Carex monile Tuckerm. Necklace Sedge. (Fig. 688.)

Carex wow//^ Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. 20. 1843. Carex Olneyi Boott, 111. 15. pi. 42. 1858.

Glabrous, culm slender, erect or reclining, i>^°-3° tall. Leaves elongated, rather light green, \yz"-2y-!," wide, sometimes exceeding the culm, little or not at all nodulose; bracts similar, often overtopping the culm; staminate spikes 1-4, usually 2 or 3, slender- stalked, commonly subtended by short bracts; pistil- late spikes 1-3, erect-spreading, cylindric, 1^-3' long, about \" in diameter, many-flowered, rather loose at maturity, the tipper sessile, the lower one, when 3, slender-stalked and usually remote; perigynia yellow- ish green, ascending or spreading, ovoid, inflated, about 2^" long, rather strongly 8-io-nerved, tapering into a sharp 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, acumi- nate or awned, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In marshes and wet meadows. Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Missouri, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and to California. June-Aug.

298

CYPERACEAE.

Carex monile monstrosa Bailey, Mem. Toir. Club, 1: 40. 1889. A form with the terminal spike more or less pistillate, the pistillate spikes very small and loosely flowered, usually on very long- stalks, found several years ago along the Concord River, Mass., has not since been collected.

19. Carex Tuckermani Dewey. Tuck- erman's Sedge. (Fig. 689.)

C. y"«c/Y"rwa«/ Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 49: 48. 1845.

Glabrous, culm very slender, usually roughish above, erect or reclining, 2°-3j^° long. Leaves and bracts much elongated, commonly much overtopping the cultn, i>^"-2>^" wide, some- times sparingly nodulose; staniinate spikes 2 or 3; pistillate spikes stout, cylindric, i'-2' long, about y^' in diameter; the upper sessile or nearly so, the lower .stalked and usually .spreading; perigynia very much inflated, j-ellowish-green, ovoid, prominently few-nerved, a.scending, abruptly contracted into a subulate 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, smooth-awned, about half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In bogs and meadows, New Brunswick to Ontario, New Jersey, Michigan and IMinncsota. ]une~.\ug.

20. Carex bullata Schk. Button Sedge. (Fig. 690.)

Carex bullata Schk. Riedg. Nachtr. 85. /. 166. 1806.

Glabrous, culms very slender, erect, i°-2^° high, rough- ish above. Leaves and bracts very narrow and elongated, rather stiff, conmionly overtopping the culm, rarely more than 2" wide, rough -margined, sparing!}- nodulose; stamin- ate spikes mostly 2, long stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, usually 2, light green, varying from almost ses.sile to long-stalked and spreading, manj^-flowered, oblong or oblong-cylindric, V-xYz' long, 4>^''-6" in diameter; perigynia much inflated, ovoid, 2>^^'-3" long, spreading when mature, tapering into a subulate rough 2-toothed beak, shining, strongh- nen^ed, 2-3 times longer than the lanceolate acuminate or acute scale, or the uppermost scales obtuse; stigmas 3.

In swamps, Massachusetts to North Carolina. June-Aug,

21. Carex retrorsa Schwein. Retrorse Sedge

(Fig. 691.)

Ann. Lvc. N. V.

Care.v retrorsa Schwein. 1824.

Glabrous, culm stout, erect, smooth or .slightly rough above, i°-3>^° tall. Leaves elongated, thin, rough -margined, sparingly nodulose, 2^"- "hYz" wide, the upper commonly exceeding the culm, the bracts .similar, usually much overtop- ping the culm; staniinate spikes 1-3, short- stalked; pistillate spikes 3-6, ascending or spreading, all close together at the summit and sessile or very nearly .so or the lowest distant and stalked, cylindric, densely many-flowered, \'-7.' long, about Y^,' in diameter; perigynia ovoid, membranous, strongly few-nerved, yel- lowish green, about 3" long, reflexed at ma- turity, tapering into a subulate 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, acute, smooth, one-third to one-half as long as the perig\-nia; stigmas 3.

In swamps and wet meadows. Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Michigan and Minnesota, Also in Oregon (according to Bailey). Aug. -Sept.

SEDGE FAMILY.

299

22. Carex Hartii Dewey. Hart Wright's Sedge. (Fig. 692.)

C'aif.v Hartii Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 41: 226. 1866.

Glabrous, culms slender, nearly smooth i>^°-2>^° long. Leaves elongated, rough on the margins and lower side of the midvein, wide, the upper and the similar bracts

much overtopping the culm; staminate spikes I or 2, the lower sometimes pistillate at the ba.se, borne on a stalk Yz'-\' long; pistillate spikes 2-4, scattered, rather loosely many-flowered, the upper sessile, the lower slender- .stalked, \'-2' long, about y,' thick, all erect or ascending; perigynia inflated, ovoid-conic, spreading or the lower slightly reflexed, prominently few-nerved, about 3" long^ gradually tapering intothelong 2-toothedbeak, 2-3 times as long as the lanceolate acute or aciiminate scale; stigmas 3.

In marshe.s, Ontario and New York to Michigan. Appa- rently intergrades with the preceding species. June-Aug.

23. Carex lurida Wahl. Sallow Sedge. (Fig. 693. )

C. lurida Wahl. Kongl. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24: 153. 1803. Carex tentaciilata Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 266. 1805.

Glabrous, culm slender, erect, smooth or slightly scabrous above, I ^°-3° tall. Leaves elongated, rough, rarely more than 1" wide, the upper and the similar bracts usually much overtopping the culm; staminate spike usually solitary, short-stalked, elongated; pistil- late spikes, 1-4, cylindric, densely many-flowered, 1'- 2' long, about Y^' in diameter, the upper sessile, the lower peduncled and spreading or drooping; peri- gynia inflated, ovoid, tapering into a long subulate beak, ascending or the lower spreading, 4" long, thin, yellowish green, rather conspicuously nerved, longer than the rough-awned scale; stigmas 3.

In swamps and wet meadows, Nova .Scotia to Minne- sota, Florida and Texas. June-Oct.

C. teniaculata altior Boott, is a hybrid with C. lupnliv.a.

Carex lixrida flaccida Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 73. 1889. Pistillate spikes Ji'-i' long, brown, all sessile or very nearly so, clustered at the summit, rather more loosely flowered. Northern New YoA to North Carolina and Tennessee.

Carex lurida parvula (Paine) Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 418. 1893. Carex teniaculata var. parvula Paine, Cat. PI. Oneida, 105. 1865.

Culm 6'-i8' high; pistillate spikes only i or 2, scarcely more than K' long, globose or oblong, sessile or very nearly so; perigynia 3" long. New Hampshire to Pennsylvania and Iowa.

Carex lurida exiindans Bailey. Culms long and spreading; pistillate spikes iVi'-iVz' long, on very long stalks; scales subulate, the lower often much longer than the perigynia. Occasional with the typical form.

24. Carex Baileyi Britton. Bailey's Sedge. (Fig. 694.)

Carex teniaculata var. gracilis Boott, 111. 94. i860. Not

C. gracilis, R. Br. 1810. Carex Baileyi Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 220. 1895.

Glabrous, culms erect or reclining, very slender, mi- nutely scabrous above, i°-2° long. Leaves roughish, elongated, lYi''-^" wide, the upper and the similar bracts exceeding the culm; staminate spike solitary, short-peduncled; pistillate spikes 1-3, narrowly cylin- dric, verj- densely many-flowered, all erect or ascend- ing, of'-i' long, about \" in diameter, the upper ses- sile, the lower more or less stalked; perigynia inflated, ovoid, 2^''-3" long, ascending, abruptly contracted into the subulate 2-toothed beak, prominently several- nerved, the lower about equalling, the upper longer than the linear-subulate ciliate-scabrous scale; stigmas 3.

Bogs, Vermont to Virginia and Tennessee. June-Aug.

300

CYPERACEAE.

N.

Carex Schweinitzii Dewey. Schweinitz's Sedge. (Fig. 695.)

Caret- Si//:irini/:tt Dewey; Schwein. Ann. I<yc. V. i: 71. 1824.

Glabrous, light green, culm erect, rougliish above, i°-2>^° tall. Leaves elongated, 2j!^"-4''' wide, the basal ones and the similar bracts com- monly overtopping the culm, those of the culm mostly shorter; staminate spike solitary or some- times 2, often pistillate at the base or in the mid- dle; pistillate spikes 3-5, ascending, linear-cylin- dric, not ver}- densely flowered, iK'-3' lo"g> about 4" thick, the upper usually sessile, the lower stalked; perigynia thin, somewhat inflated, ovoid- conic or oblong, tapering into the subulate, 2- toothed beak, about 2^^" long and in diameter, ascending, rather prominently few-nerved, equal- ling or the upper longer than the lanceolate or linear, usually ciliate-scabrous scale; stigmas 3.

In swamps and bogs, Massachusetts to Ontario, Michigan, New Jersey and Missouri. June-Aug.

26. Carex hystricina Mtihl.

Carcx hyslricina Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 282. 1805.

Glabrous, light green, culms slender, erect or reclining, somewhat rough above, i°-2° tall. Leaves elongated, minutely scabrous, i >^'''-2>^'' wide, the upper and the similar bracts overtopping the culm ; staminate spike slen- der-stalked, sometimes pistillate at the summit; pistil- late spikes 1-4, oblong-cylindric, densely many-flowered, y2.'-\yz' long, about ^Yz" in diameter, the upper sessile or nearly so, the lower slender-stalked and drooping; perigj'nia ascending, somewhat inflated, ovoid-conic, 2.%,"-})" long, strongly many-nerved, tapering into the subulate 2-toothed beak, equalling or the iipper longer than the narrow rough scales; stigmas 3.

In swamps and low meadows, Nova Scotia to the North- west Territorj-, south to Georgia and Nebraska. June-Aug.

Carex hystricina Diidleyi Bailey. Mem. Torr. Club, i: 54. 1889.

Culms often reclining, 2°-3° long; leaves 2'i"-4" wide; staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes i'2'-2j2' long, 5" in diameter, filiform-stalked. ^Nlaine to Connecticut, western New York, Pennsylvania and Michigan.

Porcupine Sedge. (Fig. 696.)

27, Carex

Pseudo-Cyperus L. Cyperus-like Sedge. (Fig. 697.)

Carex Pseudo-Cypcrus L. Sp. PI. 978. 1753.

Glabrous, culms rather stout, rough on the sharp angles, at least above, 2°-3° high. Leaves elon- gated, rough on the margins, nodulose, lYz"-^" wide, the upper and the similar bracts overtopping the culm; staminate spike short-stalked; pistillate spikes 2-5, linear-cylindric, densely many-flowered, all slender-stalked and .spreading or drooping, i'- 2>^' long, 3"-4" in diameter, the stalk of the low- est one sometimes 2' long; perigj'nia light green, slightly inflated, conic, prominently many-ribbed, somewhat flattened, at length reflexed, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak, the short teeth slightly spreading; scales linear with a broad base, ciliate- scabrous, about equalling the perig3-nia; stigmas 3.

In bogs, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Maine, New York, and Michigan. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug.

SEDGE FAMILY.

301

Bristly Sedge.

28. Carex comosa Boott.

(Fig. 698.)

Carcx comosa lioott, Trans. Linn. Soc. 20: 117. 1R46. Caret- Pseudo-Cvpei'tts var. comosa W. Hoott, in S. Wats. Bot. Cal'. 2: 252. 1880.

Similarto the preceding species, culms commonly stouter, the leaves sometimes wide. Staniinate spike short-stalked, sometimes pistillate at the summit; pistillate spikes 2-6, usually 3-5, stalked or the uppermost nearly sessile, all spreading or drooping, stouter and bristh', about yi^ in diameter; perigynia more slender, little inflated, strongl}^ re- flexed when mature, tapering into a slender, prom- inently 2-toothed beak, the teeth subulate and recurved-spreading; scales mostly shorter than the perigynia, very rough; stigmas 3.

In swamps and along the borders of ponds, Nova Scotia to southern Ontario and Washington, south to Georgia, Louisiana and California. May-Oct.

Carex Frankii Kunth. Frank's Sedge. (Fig. 699.)

Care.i- Frankii Kunth, Enuni. 2: 498. 1837. Carex sienolepis Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 420. 1836. Not Less. 1831.

Glabrous, much tufted, culms stout, smooth, erect, very leafy, i°-2_!^° tall. Leaves elongated, roughish, 2yz"-\" wide, the upper ones and the similar bracts commonly overtopping the culm; staniinate spike stalked, sometimes pistillate at the summit; pistillate spikes 3-6, exceedingly dense, cylindric, erect, Yz'-iYz' long, about i/' in diam- eter, the upper nearly or quite sessile, the lower slender-stalked; perigynia green, slightly inflated, about i" in diameter, few-nerved, obovoid with a depressed summit from which arises the subulate 2-toothed beak; scales linear -subulate, longer than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In swamps and wet meadows, eastern Pennsylvania to eastern Virginia and Georgia, west to Illinois, Mis- souri, Louisiana and Texas. June-Sept.

30. Carex squarrdsa I,. Squarrose Sedge. (Fig. 700.)

Carex sqxiarrosa L. Sp. PI. 973. I753-

Glabrous, culms slender, erect or reclining, rough above on the angles, 2°-3° tall. Leaves elongated, rarely more than 1" wide, rough-margined, the bracts similar and somewhat overtopping the culm ; spikes 1-3, erect, stalked, oblong or globose, ex- ceedingly dense, rarely over \' long, (i"-\o" in diameter, the upper one club-shaped, staminate at the base or sometimes for one-half its length or more; perigynia yellowish green, becoming tawny, spreading or the lowest reflexed, somewhat inflated but firm, obovoid, \"-\y2," in diameter, few-nerved, abruptly narrowed into the subulate minutely 2- toothed beak, twice as long as the scarious lanceo- late acuminate or awn-tipped scale; achene linear- oblong, tapering into the stout style; stigmas 3.

In swamps and bogs, Connecticut to Indiana. Michi- gan and Nebraska, south to Georgia, Louisiana and Arkansas. June-Sept.

302

CYPERACEAE.

31- C

arex typhinoides Schwein. Cat-tail Sedge. (Fig. 701.)

Carex typhi notdis Schwein. Ann. Lyc. i: 66. 1824. Carex squarrosa var. lyphinoides Dewey, Am. Jouni. Sci. II: 316. 1826.

vSiniilar to the preceding species, but darker green, the leaves much broader,, often wide, the similar bracts much overtopping the culm; spikes 2-6, cylindric, very dense, I'-i^' long, 4"- •]" in diameter, often staminate at both ends, the terminal one commonl)- tapering to a conic sum- mit; basal staminate flowers much less numerous than in C. squarrosa ; perigynia dull straw-color, obovoid, ascending or the lowest spreading or re- flexed, inflated, abruptlj- contracted into the slender 2-toothed beak, which is often upwardly bent; scales oblong -lanceolate, obtusish; achene ovoid-elliptic, sharply 3-angled with concave sides, tipped with the subulate straight style.

In swamps, Quebec to Virg'inia, I<ouisiana and Mis- souri. July-Aug.

32. Carex trichocarpa Aluhl. Hairy-fruited Sedge

Carex irichocarpa Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 302. 1805. Carex trichocarpa var. itiiberbis A. Gray. Man. Ed. 5, 597. 1867.

Carex laemconica Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 24; 47. 1857.

Culm usually stout and tall, smooth below, very rough above. Leaves elongated, glabrous, rough- margined, 2"-3" wide, the upper ones and the similar bracts commonly overtopping the culm; .staminate spikes 2-6, long-stalked; pistillate spikes cylindric, densely flowered except at the base, i'-4' long, in diameter, the upper sessile or nearly so and erect, the lower slender-,stalked and .sometimes spreading or drooping; perigynia ovoid-conic, pubescent or gla- brous, prominently many -ribbed, 4"-5" long, in diameter, tapering gradually into the stout con- spicuousl}- 2-toothed beak, the teeth somewhat spread- ing; scale h3'aline, acute or acuminate, one-half as long as the perig)-nia or longer; stigmas 3.

In marshes and wet meadows, Quebec to Michigan, south to Georgia, Missouri and Kansas. June-.\ug.

Carex aristata R. Br

(Fig. 702.)

Awiied Sedge. (Fig. 703.)

Carex aristata R. Br. Frank. Journ. 751. 1823. Carex trichocarpa var. aristata Bailey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 10: 294. 1885.

Culms stout erect, smooth or roughish above, sharp-angled, 2°-5° tall. Leaves elongated, 2>^"- ^" wide, more or less scabrous, often pubescent beneath and on the sheaths; bracts similar, the lower often overtopping the culm; staminate spikes as in the preceding species; pistillate spikes 3-5, remote, cylindric, sessile or the lower short -stalked, loosely flowered at the base, dense above, i'-4' long, sometimes 8" in diameter; perigynia ascend- ing, conic, glabrous, conspicuously many-ribbed, ^"-i>" long, graduallj" tapering into the conspicu- ously 2-toothed beak, the teeth divergent; scales oblong-lanceolate, rough-awned, thin-margined, one-half to two-thirds as long as the perigynia.

In bogs, Ontario to the Northwest Territory, New- York, Michigan, Utah and Oregon. June-Aug.

SEDGE FAMILY.

303

34. Carex riparia Curtis. River-bank Sedge. (Fig. 704.)

Carex riparia Curtis, Fl. Loud. 4: pi. 60. 1821.

Glabrous, pale green, culms stout or rather slender, smooth, or somewhat rough above, erect, 2°-3j^° tall. Leaves elongated, sometimes nodulose, slightly sca- brous, somewhat glaucous, j/'-d" wide, about equal- ling the culm; lower bract similar to the leaves, the upper mostly narrower and shorter; stamiuate spikes 1-5; pistillate spikes 2-5, cylindric, 1%'-^' long, about 4" in diameter, the upper erect, sessile or nearly so, the lower more or less stalked and sometimes spread- ing or drooping; perigynia narrowly ovoid, firm, scarcely inflated, ascending, tapering gradually into a short 2-toothed beak, the teeth divergent; scales lanceolate or oblanceolate, long-aristate or acute, the lower longer, the upper equalling or shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In swamps, Newfoundland to James' Bay and Manitoba, south to Florida, I.ouisiana, Texas and Idaho. Also in Europe. May-Aug.

Carex acutiformis Ehrh. Swamp Sedge. (Fig. 705.)

Carex acutiformis Ehrh. Beitr. 4: 43. 1789. Care.v paludosa Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 202. 1794.

Culms stout, erect, sharp-angled, 2°-3° tall, smooth below, often rough above. Leaves ly^"- (:>" wide, flat, pale green, equalling or sometimes exceeding the culm; lower bracts similar to the leaves, the upper short and narrow; staminate spikes 1-3, stalked; pistillate spikes 3-5, nar- rowly linear-cylindric, i j^'-3' long, 2"-2^" thick, the upper sessile or nearly so and erect, the others slender-stalked, spreading or drooping; perigynia ovoid, long, not inflated, strongly many-

nerved, tapering into a very short and minutely 2-toothed beak ; scales awn-tipped, longer than the perigynia or the upper equalling them; stigmas 3.

In swamps and wet meadows, eastern Massachu- setts. Naturalized from Europe. June-Augr.

36. Carex Shortiana Dewey. Short's Sedge

Carex Shortiana Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 30:60, 1836, Glabrous, culms rather slender, erect, rough above, i°-3° tall, usually overtopped by the upper leaves. Leaves elongated, roughish, i"-iyz" wide; bracts short, narrow, rarely much exceed- ing the spikes; spikes 3-7, linear-cylindric, densely many-flowered, Yz'-iyi' long, in diam-

eter, erect, the lower stalked, the uppermost staminate below for about one-half its length perigynia dark brown at maturity, compressed edged, orbicular or obovate, nerveless, slightly wrinkled, abruptly and minutely beaked, equal- ling or shorter than the scales, which are hyaline, scarious-margined, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse and persistent; orifice of the peri- gynium entire or very nearly so; stigmas 3.

In moist meadows and thickets, Pennsylvania to Virginia and Tennessee, west to Illinois, Missouri and the Indian Territorj'. May-July.

(Fig. 706.)

304

CYPERACEAE.

Carex scabrata Schwein. Rough Sedge. (Fig. 707.)

Care.v scahrala Schwein. Ann. Lvc. N. Y. 1824.

I: 69.

Glabrous, culms slender, erect or reclining, rough above, leafy, i°-3° long. Leaves rough, much elongated, 2yi"--]" wide, the bracts sim- ilar but narrower and usually exceeding the culm; staminatc spike short-stalked; pistillate spikes 3-6, erect, the upper short-stalked, the lower sometimes spreading or drooping, all liuear-cylindric, densely many-flowered, i'-2' long, ly^''-^," in diameter; perigynia greenish- brown, ovoid, somewhat inflated, strongly ners'ed, papillose, tipped with a short rough minutely 2-toothed or entire beak; scales lanceo- late, acute orshort-awned, prominently i-nerved, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In moist woods and thickets, New Hampshire and Ontario to Michigan, South Carolina and Ten- nessee. Ascends 104200 ft. in Virginia. INIay-Aug.

Velvet Sedge.

Carex vestita Willd.

(Fig. 708.)

Carex veslita Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 263. 1805.

Culms strict and slender, erect or reclining, i^°-2_5^° tall, rough above. Leaves distant, i^"-2^''' wide, not overtopping the culm; bracts similar, but nar- rower, short, rough-ciliate on the margins; staminate spike solitary, rarely 2, almost sessile; pistillate spikes 1-5, oblong, ^"-\o" long, 3^-4" in diameter, erect, commonly staminate at the summit, sessile or the lower very short-stalked; perigynia ovoid, ascending or the lower spreading, densely pubescent, less than \" in diameter, prominently few--ribbed, tapering gradually into a short conic 2-tootlied whitish beak, slightl}' shorter than or equalling the ovate acute membranous scales; stigmas 3.

In sandy woods, Massachusetts to eastern New York and Pennsylvania, south to Georgia. June-July.

Walter's Sedge.

(Fig. 709.)

Am. 2: 174. 1803.

Not

39. Carex Walteriana Bailey.

Carex striata Michx. Fl. Bor. Gilib. 1792.

Carex Walteriana Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 429. 1893. Carex Walteriana var. brevis Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 429. 1893.

Culms slender, strict, erect, usually rough above, \°-2]A° tall. Leaves narrow and elongated, smooth or roughish, \"-2" wide, nodulose, not overtopping the culm; lowest bract similar, very long, the upper smaller and often almost filiform; staminate spikes 2-5, long-stalked; pistillate spikes i or 2, when 2 the lower remote from the upper, sessile or very short- stalked, oblong-cj-lindric, erect, \'-\Yz' long, about \" in diameter, rather loosely many-flowered; peri- gynia ovoid, purple-brown, many-nerved, slightly in- flated, ascending, glabrous, or partly or wholly pubes- cent, lYz" in diameter, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak, the teeth short; scales ovate, acute, short-aristate or obtuse, membranous, one-half the length of the perigynia; stigmas 3. In pine-barren bogs, southern New Jersey to Florida, near the coast. May-July.

SEDGE FAMILY.

305

40. Carex Houghtonii Torr. Houghton's Sedge. (Fig. 710.)

Carex Houghtonii Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 413. 1836.

Culms rather stout, rough above, erect, i°-2j!^° tall, exceeding the leaves. Leaves and lowest bract 2"-2,y2" wide, rough, their margins more or less re volute; upper bracts much shorter; stami- nate spikes 1-3, stalked, sometimes pistillate at the base; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, oblong-cylindric, Yz'- lYz' long, 2>"~\" ill diameter, erect, rather loosely several-many-flowered, the upper sessile, the lower stalked; perigynia broadly ovoid, lYz" in diam- eter, light green, ascending, densely pubescent, prominently many-ribbed, narrowed into a short conspicuously 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, short-awned, hyaline-margined, strongly i-nerved, somewhat shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In sandy or rocky soil, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to Maine, Ontario, Michigan and Min- nesota. June-Sept.

Carex lanuginosa Michx. "Woolly Sedge. (Fig. 711.)

Ca7'ex lanuginosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 175. 1803. Carex filiformis yzx. latifolia Boeckl. Linnaea, 41: 309. 1876.

Carex Jiliformis -vax. lantiginosa B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 63. 1888.

Culm slender, but usually rather stouter than that of C. Jiliformis, sharp-angled and rough above. Leaves and lower bracts elongated, flat, not involute, i''-2" wide, more or less nodulose, sometimes over- topping the culm; staminate spikes 1-3, long-stalked, sometimes pistillate at the base; pistillate spikes 1-3 usually distant, sessile or the lower slender-stalked, cylindric, g'^-iS'' long, 2 ^'^-3^^ in diameter; peri- gynia like those of C. Jiliformis; but rather broader; scales acuminate or aristate.

In swamps and wet meadows, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Kansas, New Mexico and California. June-Aug.

Carex lanuginosa Kansana Britton. i" wide, very rough; perigynia M" in diameter, the ribs conspicuous.

Plant pale; leaves H Missouri and Kansas.

42. Carex filiformis I,.

Carex fHiformis L. Sp. PI. 976. 1753.

Culms very slender, erect or reclining, rather stifiF, smooth, obtusely angled, 2°-3° long. Leaves very narrow, involute, about x" wide, rough on the inroUed margins, not overtopping the culm; lower bract similar, often equalling the culm; upper bracts filiform; staminate spikes 1-3, commonly 2, stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, cylindric, <^"-\^" long, about 2)" in diameter, erect, sessile or the lower distant and short-peduncled; perigynia green, ascending, oval, densely pubescent, faintly nerved, about \" in diameter, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak ; scales ovate, membranous, sometimes purplish, acute or short-awned, shorter than or equalling the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In wet meadows and swamps, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Michigan and Minnesota. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Also in Europe. June-Aug.

Slender Sedge

3o6

CYPERACEAE.

43. Carex hirta L. Hairy Sedge. (Fig. 713.)

Care.v Itirta ,Sp. PI. 975. 1753.

Rootstocks exteusively creeping, culms rather slender, erect, nearly smooth, 6'-2° tall. Leaves flat, pubescent, especially on the sheaths, rough, ^yi." wide, the basal ones much elongated, often ex- ceeding the culm, the upper and the similar bracts shorter; staminate spikes 2 or 3, stalked; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, remote, erect, oblong-cylindric, 9^-18''' long, about 3" in diameter, rather loosely many- flowered; perigynia ovoid-oblong, green, ascending, densely pubescent, \" in diameter, 1" long, few- ribbed, tapering into a stout prominently 2-toothed beak; teeth often as long as the beak; scales mem- branous, lanceolate, aristate, 3-nerved, somewhat shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In fields and waste places, Massachusetts to eastern New York and Pennsylvania. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. June-Sept.

44. Carex alpina Sw. Alpine Sedge

Carex alpina Sw. ; Lilj. Sv. Flora, Ed. 2, 26. 1798. Carex Vahlii Schk. Riedgr. 87. 1801.

Culms slender, erect, rough above, leafy only below the middle, 6'-2° tall. Leaves roughish, y2"-\yz" wide, shorter than or rarely equalling the culm; spikes 2-4 (commonly 3), clustered at the summit, the terminal i or 2 staminate below, oblong or globose, i"-'^" long, sessile or the lower peduncled; perigynia oval, orbicular or obovoid, light green, about \" long, tipped with a very short and minutely 2-toothed beak, nerve- less or with a few very faint nerves, equalling or slightly shorter than the ovate black or purple- brown obtuse or acutish scales; stigmas 3.

In rocky places, Quebec to James' Bay and Atha- basca, western Ontario and Isle Royale, Lake Super- ior, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe. Summer.

45. Carex atratiformis Brittoii.

(Fig. 714.)

Black Sedge. (Fig. 715.)

Carex ovala Rudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: 96. pi. 9. 1804.

Not Burm. 1768. Carex atraia var. ovala Boott, 111. 114. 1862. Carex atraliformis Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 222. 1895.

Glabrous, culms slender, erect, sharp-angled, rough above, tall, usually leafy only below. Leaves

smooth or roughish, \"-2" wide, rarely over d' long, much shorter than the culm; spikes 2-5, dense, ob- long or oblong-cylindric, 4''-i2'' long, about 2]/?." in diameter, the terminal one usually staminate at the base and sessile, or nearly so, the others slender stalked, drooping when mature; lower bracts Yz'-'i-Yz' long, very narrow, the upper ones subulate; perigynia flattened, ovate or nearly orbicular, puncticulate, as- cending, about \" long, tipped with a very short, 2-toothed beak; scales black or reddish-brown, ob- long, obtuse or subacute, slightly narrower than the perigynia and about equalling them; stigmas 3.

Newfoundland to the mountains of New England, west to the Northwest Territorj-. Summer.

SEDGE FAMILY.

307

46. Carex stylosa C. A. Meyer. Variegated Sedge.

Carex stylosa C. A. Meyer, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. Div. Sav. i: 222. pi. 12. 1825-31.

Culms slender, erect, tall, rough and

leafless above. Leaves lYz" wide, shorter than or sometimes eqiialling the culm; staminate spike solitary, nearly sessile, often pistillate for one-half its length or more; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, oblong- cylindric, erect, i^'^-S" long, about \yz" in diam- eter, the lowest slender-stalked and subtended by a linear-subulate bract; perigynia ovate, slightly inflated, brown, minutely granulate all over, less than \" long, nerveless and beakless, the orifice entire and closed by the usually protruding style; scales black with white veins, obtusish, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

Labrador and Greenland to Alaska. Summer.

47. Carex Parryana Dewey. Parry's Sedge. (Fig. 717.)

Carex Pai-yyana Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 27: 239. 1835-

Glabrous, culms very slender, smooth, erect, stiff, %'-io' tall, leafless above. Leaves about \" wide, much shorter than the culm, their margins some- what involute; spikes 1-4, dense, erect, linear-cyl- indric, ^"-11" long, lyi" in diameter, the upper sessile and staminate below or throughout, the low- est stalked and subtended by an almost filiform bract; perigynia plano-convex, obovate, pale, less than \" long, minutely papillose, faintly few- nerved, very minutely beaked, the orifice entire; scales ovate, acute or mucronulate, dark brown with lighter margins, about as long as the peri- gynia; stigmas 3.

Hudson Bay to the Northwest Territory, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Summer.

Carex fusca All.

Brown Sedge

(Fig. 718.)

Carex fusca All. Fl. Pad. 2: 269. 1785. Carex Biixbaumii'W&\\\. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24: 163. 1803.

Glabrous, culms slender, stiff, erect, sharp-angled, rough above, i°-3° tall. Leaves rough, erect, \"-2" wide, shorter than or sometimes equalling or exceed- ing the culm; spikes 2-4, oblong or cyliudric, erect, all sessile and close together or the lowest sometimes distant and very short-stalked, 4"-iS" long, about 4" in diameter when mature, the terminal one stam- inate at the base or rarely throughout; perigynia el- liptic or somewhat obovate, flat, ascending, 1" long, very light green, faintly few-nerved, beakless, the apex minutely 2-toothed; scales ovate, awn-tipped, black or dark brown with a green midvein, longer than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Georgia, Kentucky, Utah and California. Also in Europe. May- July.

3o8

CYPERACEAE.

Carex stricta Lam. Tussock Sedge. (Fig. 719.)

Carex siricia Lain. Kncycl. 3: 387. 1789.

Glabrous, rather dark green, culms slender, stiff, erect, usually in dense clumps, sharply 3-angled, rough above, I J^°-4° tall. Leaves long, rarely overtopping the culm, very rough on the margins, \"-2" wide, their sheaths becoming prominently fibrillose; lower bract similar, sometimes equalling the culm; stamiuatc spikes solitary or sometimes 2, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-5, lincar-cyl- indric, often staminate at the top, very densely flowered, or loose at the base, Yi'-i' long, about 2" thick, erect or somewhat spreading, all sessile or the lower stalked; perigynia ovate-elliptic, ascending, acute, faintly few- nerved, \" long or less, minutely beaked, the orifice en- tire or nearly so; scales brown-purple with green margins andmidvein, oblong or lanceolate, appressed; stigmas 2.

In swamps, Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Georgia and Texas. Hybridizes with C ^///b;7«/5. July-Sept. Carex stricta angustata (Boott) Bailey in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 600. 1890. Carex angiislala Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 218. 1840. ?

Pistillate spikes longer, 2' -4' long, erect; scales lanceolate, acute, often longer than the peri- gynia. Range apparent!)- nearly that of the tj'pe.

Carex stricta xerocarpa (S. H. Wright) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 222. 1895. Carex xei ocarpa S. H. Wright, Am. Journ. Sci. (H.) 42: 334. 1866.

Pistillate spikes almost filiform, about i" in diameter, erect. New York to Illinois.

50. Carex Haydeni Dewey. Haydeii's Sedge. (Fig. 720.)

Carex aperta Carey in A. Gray, Man. 547. 1848. Not Boott, 1840.

C. Haydeni Dewey, Am. Journ. (II.) 18: 103. 1854. C. strict a var. decora Bailej-, Bot. Gaz. 13: 85. 1888.

Glabrous, similar to C. stricta but smaller, culm slender, rough above, seldom over 2° high. Leaves \"-\y2," wide, rough-margined, shorter than or some- times a little overtopping the culm, their sheaths slightly or not at all fibrillose; lower bract foliaceous, about equalling the culm; pistillate spikes liuear-cy- lindric, long, about 1" in diameter, erect or

somewhat spreading, all sessile or nearly so, some- times with a few staminate flowers at the summit; perigynia orbicular, obtuse, about yi" broad, faintly 2-4-nerved, minutely beaked, the orifice entire; scales lanceolate, purplish, spreading, very acute, about twice as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.

Swamps, New Brunswick to Rhode Island and Nebraska.

51. Carex Nebraskensis Dewey. Nebraska Sedge. (Fig. 721.)

Carex Xebraslcensis Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 18: 102. 1854.

Glabrous, culms rather stout, erect, sharp-angled, smooth, or rough above, i°-2yi° tall. Leaves pale green, i^''-2j4" wide, rough-margined, not ex- ceeding the culm, their sheaths more or less nodu- lose; lower bract foliaceous, sometimes equalling the culm, the upper much shorter and narrower; staminate spikes commonly 2, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, dense, oblong-cylindric, erect, g'^-is" long, about 3^' iu diameter, sessile or the lower short-stalked; perigynia ascending, elliptic or somewhat obovate, prominently several-ribbed when mature, short-beaked, the beak 2-toothed; scales ovate or lanceolate, acute or mucronate, brown with a green midvein or green all over, the upper shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2. Nebraska to Oregon and New Mexico. May-.\ug.

SEDGE FAMILY.

309

52. Carex aquatilis Wahl. Water Sedge. (Fig. 722.)

Care.i- aiiiialilisWs.\\\. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24: 165. 1803.

Glabrous, glaucous and pale green, culms rather stout, erect, sharp-angled above, smooth or nearly so, 2°-4° tall. Leaves elongated, sometimes equalling the culm, 2''-3>^^' wide, tlieirsheaths nodulose; bracts similar to the leaves, the lower much overtopping the <:ulm; staminate spikes 1-3, stalked; pistillate spikes narrowly linear-cylindric, often staminate at the sum- mit, erect or slightly spreading, i'-2 }i' long, i"--)/' in diameter, sessile and dense, or the lower narrowed and loosely flowered at the base and short-stalked; perigyuia elliptic, green, nerveless, minutely beaked, the orifice entire; scales oblong, shorter than or equal- ling the pcrigynia and much narrower; stigmas 2.

In swamps and along streams, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Minnesota and British Columbia. Also in Europe. June-Aug.

A hybrid between this species and C. stricta is described by Professor L- H. Bailey.

53. Carex lenticularis Michx. Lenticular Sedge. (Fig. 723.)

Carex lenticularis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 172. 1803.

Glabrous, pale green, culms very slender, erect, sharp-angled, slightly rough above, i°-2° tall. Leaves elongated, rarely over \" wide, shorter than or rarely overtopping the culm, slightly rough-margined, their sheaths not fibrillose; lower bracts similar to the leaves, usually much overtop- ping the spikes; staminate spikes solitary or rarely 2, sessile or short-stalked, often pistillate above; pistillate spikes 2-5, clustered at the summit or the lower distant, sessile or the lower short-stalked, erect, linear-cylindric, long, \yz"-2" in di-

ameter; perigynia ovate or elliptic, acute, minutely granulate, faintly few-nerved, appressed, tipped with a minute entire beak; scales green, appressed, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

On shores, Labrador to the Northwest Territory, south to Maine, Vermont, Ontario and Minnesota. As- cends to 4500 ft. in the White Mountains. June-Aug.

54. Carex Goodenovii J. Gay. Goodenough's Sedge. (Fig. 724.)

Carex caespitosa Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 195. pi.

21. 1794. Not L. 1753- C. Goodenovii'^. Gay, Ann.Sci. Nat. (II.) ii: 191. 1839. Carex vulgaris E. Fries, Mant. 3: 153. 1842. Carex rigida var. strictiforniis Bailey, Britten's

Journ. Bot. 28: 172. 1890.

Glabrous, culms stiff, erect, sharp-angled, smooth or sometimes rough above, i°-2° tall. Leaves elongated, smooth or nearly so, glaucous, \"-'2." wide, not exceeding the culm, their sheaths not fibrillose; lower bracts usually foliaceous, some- times equalling the culm; staminate spike sessile or stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, all sessile or nearly so, erect, densely many-flowered, narrowly cylin- dric, -i"-2y2" in diameter, ^"-ii" long; perigynia flattened, broadly oval or ovate, faintly few-nerved, ^reen, appressed, less than \" long, minutely beaked, the orifice nearly entire; scales purple- brown to black with a green midvein, very obtuse, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In wet grounds, Newfoundland to Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. June-Aug.

CYPERACEAE.

55. Carex Bigelovii Torr. Bigelow's Sedge. (Fig. 725.)

Care.v Bigelovii Torr.; Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ir 67. 1824.

Carex hyperborea Drej. Rev. Crit. Car. 43. 1841. Carex vulgaris var. hyperborea Boott, 111. 167. 1867.

Glabrous and smooth throughout or very nearly so, culms sharp-angled, erect, 8'-i8' tall. Leaves \y2"-2" wide, not exceeding the culm, the lower bracts similar, but shorter; sheaths slightly or not fibrillose; staminate spike stalked, sometimes pis- tillate at the base, pistillate spikes 2-4, linear- cylindric, loosely flowered at the base, dense above, long, \yz"-2" thick, the upper sessile, the lower often slender-stalked; perigynia oval, ascending, about \" long, very faintly nerved, scarcely beaked, the orifice entire; scales purple- brown with a narrow green midvein and often with green margins, obtuse or the lower acute, equalling or a little exceeding the perigynia; stigmas 2, rarely 3.

Greenland and Labrador to the higher mountains of northern New England and New York. Also in Europe. Summer.

56. Carex subspathacea Wormsk. Hoppner's Sedge. (Fig. 726.)

Carex subspalhacea Wormsk. Fl. Dan. 9: 4. pi. 1530. 1818.

Carex Hoppneri Boott; Hook. V\. Bor. Am. 2: 219. pi.

220. 1840.

Glabrous, culm stiff, smooth, tall. Leaves

rigid, smooth, about \" wide, often overtopping the culm; lower bracts foliaceous; staminate spike solitary, stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, erect, sessile or very short-stalked, 3''-6" long, about ij^" in diameter; perigynia oval or ovoid, very short beaked, pale green, faintly few-nerved, about \" long; scales ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute, shorter than or equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2.

Greenland to Hudson Bay. .Summer.

57. Carex salina Wahl. Salt-marsh Sedge. (Fig. 727.)

Carex salina Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (H.) 24: 165. 1803.

Glabrous, culm slender, smooth, erect, 6'-i8' tall. Leaves very narrowly linear, yi"-\" wide, sometimes overtopping the culm, the lower bract similar; staminate spikes i or 2, stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, slender-stalked or the upper sessile, erect, loosely few-several-flowered, Yz'-x' long, \y2"-i" thick; perigynia ovate-elliptic, pale, faintly few-nerved, ascending, lYz" long, tapering into a very short entire beak; scales ovate, brown with a green midvein, acute or cuspidate, some- what longer than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In salt marshes, Greenland to Hudson Bay. arctic Europe. Summer.

Also in

SEDGE FAMILY.

(Fig. 728.)

58. Carex cuspidata Wahl. Cuspidate Sedge

Carex cuspidata Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II. )

24: 164. 1803. Carex saliita var. ciispidala Walil. Fl. Lapp. 246.

1812.

Glabrous, culms rather stout, smooth or rough above, erect, i°-2)^° tall. Basal leaves often equalling the culm, i}^"-3" wide, smooth, their sheaths more or less nodulose; leaves of the culm shorter, similar to the lower bracts, which usually overtop the spikes; staminate spikes 1-3, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, narrowly cylindric, often stami- nate at the summit, erect, the upper often sessile, the lower stalked; perigynia elliptic, green, 2-4- nerved, with a very short entire beak ; scales lanceolate, pale, acuminate or abruptly contracted into a serrate awn, much longer than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In marshes, Labrador to the coast of Massachusetts. Also in Europe. Summer.

59. Carex torta Boott. Twisted Sedge. (Fig. 729.)

Carex torta Boott; Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. 11. 1843.

Glabrous, rather light green, culm very slender, erect or reclining, smooth or slightly scabrous above, i>2°-3° long. Leaves about 7." wide, the basal shorter than or equalling the culm, those of the culm very short; sheaths not fibrillose; lower bract commonly foliaceous; staminate spikes 1-3, stalked; pistillate spikes 3-5, all but the upper spreading or drooping, linear, 1^-3^ long, about 2'^ in diameter, sometimes com- pound, often loosely flowered toward the base; perigynia oblong or narrowly ovate, green, nerve- less, narrowed and more or less twisted above, \"-\y2." long; scales ovate, obtuse or subacute, purple-brown with a green midvein, shorter and mostl)' narrower than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In marshes and wet thickets, Maine and Vermont to North Carolina and Missouri. Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. June-July.

60. Carex prasina Wahl. Drooping Sedge. (Fig. 730.)

Carex prasiiia Wahl. Kong-1. Vet. Acad. Handl. ( II.) 24; 161. 1803.

Carex miliacea Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 290. 1805.

Glabrous, rather light green, culm slender, smooth or nearly so, reclining, sharply 3-angled, i°-2^° long. Leaves shorter than or equalling the culm, flaccid, roughish, i J^'^-2>^^' wide; lower bract simi- lar, commonly overtopping the spikes; staminate spike solitary, short-stalked, often pistillate at the summit; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, narrowly linear-cylin- dric, drooping, the lower filiform-stalked, the upper sometimes nearly sessile, 1^-2^' long, 1" in diam- eter, rather loosely many-flowered; perigynia light green, lanceolate, very obscurely nerved, tapering into a slender minutely 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, acute, acuminate, or short-awned, pale green, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In meadows and moist thickets, Vermont and Ontario to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, south in the AUegha- nies to Georgia. Ascends to 4200 ft. in Virginia. May- July-

312

CYPERACEAE.

6i. Carex misandra R. Br. Short-leaved Sedge. (Fig. 731.)

Carex misandra R. Br. Suppl. Parry's Voj-. cclxxxiii. 1824.

Glabrous and smooth, culms very slender, erect, i'-i5' tall. Leaves \"-iyz" wide, clustered at the base, usually much shorter than the culm, seldom over 2%' long; bracts narrowly linear, sheathing, not overtopping the spikes; terminal spike often partially pistillate at base or summit, slender-stalked; pis- tillate spikes I or 2, filiform-stalked, J,"-"]" long, about 2" thick, rather few-flowered, drooping; peri- gynia narrowly lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, tYz" long, ascending, dark brown, denticulate above; scales oval, obtuse, purple- black with narrow white margins, somewhat shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2 or 3.

Throughout arctic America, extending south in the Rocky Mountains to the higher summits of Colorado. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer.

62. Carex littoralis Schweiii. Barratt's Sedge. (Fig. 732.)

Carex littoralis Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i: 70. 1824. Carex Bar rail ii Schweiu. & Terr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i: 361. 1825.

Glabrous, pale green and somewhat glaucous, culms erect, slender, smooth, i°-2° tall, leafless above. Leaves wide, smooth, usually

much shorter than the culm, the lower sheaths fibrillose; bracts not sheathing, the lower usually short and narrow, sometimes elongated and over- topping the culm; staminate spikes 1-3, usually rather long-stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, drooping or the upper ascending, slender-stalked, linear- cylindric, Yz'-i' long, j/' in diameter, mostly staminate at the summit; perigynia oblong, green, faintly few-ner\'ed, long, tipped with a

minute entire beak; scales brown-purple with lighter margins, obtuse, equalling or shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In pine-barren swamps, eastern Long Island and New Jersey to North Carolina. May-July.

63. Carex rariflora J. E. Smith. Loose-flowered Alpine Sedge. (Fig. 733.)

Carex rariflora J. E. Smith, Engl. Bot. pi. 2516. 1813.

Glabrous, culms very slender, rather stifiF, erect, 4'-i2' tall, smooth, or roughish above. Leaves x" wide or less, shorter than the culm, the lower very short; bracts subulate, purple at the base; staminate spike solitary, long-stalked, sometimes with a few pistillate flowers at the base; pistillate spikes I or 2, narrowly oblong, few-flowered 3"-6" long, 1" in di- ameter, nodding on filiform stalks; perigynia pale, oblong, acute at each end, lYz" long, Yz" wide, mi- nutely beaked, few-nerved, the orifice entire; scales oval, purple-brown with a greenish midvein, obtuse or mucronate, equalling or a little longer than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In wet places, Greenland and Labrador to Hudson Bay, south to Mt. Katahdin, Maine, and to northern Minne- sota. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

SEDGE FAMILY.

313

64. Carex limosa L,. Mud Sedge. (Fig. 734.)

Carex limosa L,. Sp. PI. 977. 1753.

Glabrous, rather light green, culms slender, rough above, erect, io'-2° tall. Leaves \" wide or less, shorter than the culm, the midvein promi- nent, the margins somewhat involute in drying; bracts linear-filiform, the lower Yz'-iYz' long; staminate spike solitary, long-stalked; pistillate spikes I or 2, filiform-stalked and drooping, ob- long, ^"-\o" long, about 2," thick; perigynia pale, oval, narrowed at both ends, \yz" long, ascending, tipped with a minute entire beak, several-nerved, about as long as the oval green or purplish-brown cuspidate or acute scale; stigmas 3.

In bogs, Labrador to the Northwest Territorj^ south to Maine, New Jersey, Ohio, Minnesota and Idaho. Ascends to 4000 ft. in the White Mountains. Also in Europe. Summer.

65-

Carex Magellanica Lam. Magellan Sedge. (Fig. 735.)

Carex Magellanica Lam. Encycl. 3: 385. 1789. Carex irrigua Smith; Hoppe, Caric. 72. 1826.

Glabrous, culms slender, smooth or nearly so, erect or reclining, 6^-2° tall. Leaves flat, i''-2'' wide, somewhat rough on the margins, commonly shorter than the culm, the lower bract similar and usually overtopping the spikes; staminate spike solitary, or rarely 2, often partially pistillate; pis- tillate spikes 1-3, oblong, filiform-stalked and drooping, long, about 3^^ in diameter; peri-

gynia biconvex, oval, pale, minutely granulate-pa- pillose, oval or suborbicular, few-nerved, i^'-iyi" long, tipped with a very minute beak, the orifice entire; scales lanceolate, long-acuminate or awned, dark green or purplish -brown, 1^-2 times as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In bogs, Newfoundland and Labrador to Manitoba, south to Maine, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Also in the Uinta Mountains, Utah, in Europe, and in south- ern South America. Ascends to 4600 ft. in the Adiron- dacks. Summer.

66. Carex podocarpa R. Br. Long- awned Arctic Sedge. (Fig. 736.)

Carex podocarpa R. Br. Frank. Journ. App. Ed. 2, 36. 1823.

Glabrous, culms very slender, erect or reclining, rough above, io'-2° long. Leaves a little rough on the margins, \yz"-i" wide, shorter than the culm, the lowest reduced to short sheaths; lower bract similar to the upper leaves, the upper much shorter and narrower; staminate spikes i or 2, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, cylindric, dense, many-flowered, Yz'-i^i' long, 3'^ in diameter, stalked or sessile, the lower often nodding; peri- gynia elliptic-lanceolate, flat, about 2]^" long, acute at both ends, appressed, faintly nerved, the orifice entire; scales purple-black, ovate, acuminate, longer than the perigynia, the midvein produced into a subulate awn 2"-6'' long; stigmas 2 or 3.

Arctic America. Schk. Summer.

Closely related to C. alro/usca

314

CYPERACEAE.

67. Carex cryptocarpa C. A. Meyer.

Hidden-fruited Sedge. (Fig. 737.)

Carex cryptocarpa C. A. Meyer, Mem. Acad St, Petersb. i: 226. pi. 14. 1825-31. Glabrous, culm stout, erect, sharply 3-angled, rough above, i|2°-3° tall. Leaves smooth, 2"-3" wide, the basal shorter than or equalling the culm, the upper ones and the lower bract shorter; stami- uate spikes 2-4, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-5, all filiform-stalked and drooping, densely flowered, i'- 3' long, 3"-4" in diameter; perigynia oblong or oval, green, faintly several-nerved, lYi" long, tipped with a very short entire beak; scales purple- brown, ascending, lanceolate, acuminate, 2 or 3 times longer than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

Arctic America from Greenland to .A.laska. vSummer. Carex cryptocarpa variegata (Drejer) Britten, Mem. Terr. Club, 5: 76. 1894. Carex filipendula var. vartegata Drejer, Rev. Crit. Car. 46. i8ii.

Lower than the type, seldom over i° tall; pistillate spikes about 2, ovoid or short oblonp, 6"-9"' long; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, little loncrer than the perigrynia. Range of the species.

68. Carex maritima Muller. Seaside Sedge. (Fig. 738.)

C. viaritima Muller, Fl. Dan. 4: 12: 6. pi. 70J. 1777.

Glabrous, light green, culms slender, or rather stout, erect, sharply 3-angled, smooth, or roughish above, i°~2'/2° tall. Leaves 2"~2y" wide, roughish on the margins and midvein, rarely overtopping the culm, the lower bracts similar; staminate spikes 1-3, slender-stalked, often pistillate at the base ; pistillate spikes 2-4, cylindric, often staminate at the summit, densely many-flowered, I'-'if long, 4"-6" thick, drooping on filiform stalks; perigynia oval or nearly orbicular, ascending, pale, biconvex, rather less than \" long, nerveless or with a few faint nerves, tipped with a very short and nearly or quite entire beak; scales ascending, green, lin- ear-subulate, ciliate-scabrous, 3-8 times as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In salt meadows, Newfoundland and Labrador to Massachusetts. Also in Europe. June-Aug.

69. Carex crinita Lam. Fringed Sedge. (Fig. 739.)

Carex crinila Lam. Encycl. 3: 393. 1789.

Glabrous, culms stout, 3-angled, rough or very nearly smooth, erect or somewhat recurving, 2°- 5° tall. Leaves flat, rough-margined, 3"-5" wide, the upper sometimes overtopping the culm, the lowest very short and sheathing; staminate spikes I or 2, stalked, often pistillate at the base or in the middle; pistillate spikes 3-5, narrowly cylin- dric, densely many-flowered, x'-^Yz' long, in diameter, all stalked, drooping and commonly secund; perigynia obovoid, obtuse, about \" long and nearly as thick, nerveless, abruptly tipped by the very short entire beak; scales green, subulate, ciliate-scabrous, spreading, 2-6 times as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In swamps and wet woods, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Florida and Texas. June-Aug. A hybrid with C. torta, occurring in New Hampshire, is described by Prof. L. H. Bailey.

SEDGE FAMILY.

315

Carex crinita minor Hoott. 111. 18. 1858.

Culms slender, 10' -20' tall; leaves i '/^"-aH" wide; pistillate spikes I'-i'A' long, 2" tliick, spread- ing: or slightly drooping; perigynia little more than M in diameter. Maine to southern New York.

70. Carex gynandra Schwein. Nodding Sedge.

Carex gynandra Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i: 70. 1824. Carex crinila var. gynandra Schwein. & Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i: 360.' " 1825.

Similar to the preceding species, culms stout, 2°-4° tall. Leaves 3''-6" wide, glabrous or their sheaths often finely pubescent; pistillate spikes i'-4' long, narrowly cylindric, stalked, drooping; perigynia oblong or elliptic, faintly few-nerved or nerveless, compressed, not at all or slightly in- flated, \yz"-i" long, and about one-half as broad, tapering gradually to an acute entire orifice; scales subulate, rough, ascending, 2-4 times as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2, rarely 3.

In swamps, Nova Scotia (according to Maeoun) to northern New York, Florida and Louisiana. Ascends to 5000 ft. in New Hampshire. June-Aug.

Carex gynandra Porteri (Olney) Britton. Carex Porteri Olney. Car. Bor. Am. 12. 1871.

Smaller, bearing the same relation to the species that 7«/«ordoes to C. crhiita. Maine.

(Fig. 740.)

72. Carex glaiica Scop. Glaucous Sedge

Carex glauca Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, 2: 223. 1772.

Glabrous, pale green and glaucous, culms slender, erect, smooth or roughish above, i °-2° tall, the rootstocks long and stout. Leaves shorter than or equalling the culm, smooth or nearly so, about 1" wide; lower bract similar to the leaves, but nar- rower; staminate spikes mostly 2, stalked; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, ascending or at length drooping, slender-stalked, linear-cylindric, \'-'2' long, ^i" thick, densely many-flowered, commonly staminate at the summit; perigynia brown, ellipsoid, faintly few-nerved, or nerveless, minutely granulate or papillose, nearly i" long, minutely beaked, the orifice entire; scales ovate or lanceolate, brown with a green midvein, acute or obtusish, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In meadows, Nova Scotia and Ontario. Adventive from Europe. June-Aug.

71. Carex macrokolea Steud. Southern Glaucous Sedge. (Fig. 741.)

Carex macrokolea Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 223. 1855. Carex verrucosa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 555. 1824. Not Muhl, 1817.

Glabrous, light green and glaucous, culms stout, erect, slightly rough on the angles above, 2°-4° tall. Leaves flat or in drying somewhat involute, rough, \y2"-'i/' wide, often equalling the culm, tapering to a very long narrow tip, the lower bracts similar, shorter; staminate spikes i or 2, short-stalked, often pistillate at the summit; pistillate spikes 2-8, cylindric, dense, long, erect, sessile or the lower stalked; peri- gynia dark brown, broadly ovoid, 3-angled, \yi" long, usually several-nerved, abruptly contracted into a sharp beak about one-fourth as long as the body; scales oblong, scarious-margined, rough-awned, as long as the perigynia or longer; stigmas 2 or 3.

In swamps, Missouri to Florida and Texas. June-Aug.

(Fig. 742.)

74- Carex costellata

CYPERACEAE.

73. Carex virescens Muhl. Downy Green Sedge. (Fig. 743.)

Care.v virescens Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 251. 1805.

Culms vcr}- slender, erect or somewhat reclining, rough above, 6'-i8' tall. Leaves light green, pubes- cent, especially on the sheaths; spikes 2-5, very short- stalked, erect or nearly so, oblong-cylindric, densely many- flowered, 4"-io" long, about lyi" in diameter, the terminal one staminate below; perigynia 3-sided, broadly oval or ovoid, rather less than \" long, as- cending, densely pubescent, few-nerved, green, beak- less, the orifice entire; scales oblong-ovate, cuspidate by the excurrent midvein, scarious-margined, slightly shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dry woods and thickets, Maine and Ontario to Michi- gan, south to North Carolina and Missouri. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Pennsylvania. June-July.

Britton. Ribbed Sedge. (Fig. 744.)

1824.

Carex costata Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i: 67

Not Presl. 1819. Carex virescens var. costata Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci.

9: 260. 1825.

C. costellata Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 223. 1895.

Similar to the preceding species, but taller and more spreading; culms slender, i°-2%° long. Leaves iyi"-2" wide, pubescent, especially on the sheaths, shorter than the culm, the upper one and the similar lower bract sometimes overtop- ping the spikes; spikes 2-5, narrowly cylindric, many-flowered, rather loose, yi'-i^i' long, 1%" in diameter, erect or slightly spreading, the termi- nal one staminate below, the lower one commonly filiform-stalked; perigynia oblong, densely pu- bescent, narrowed at each end, strongly several- ribbed, 1'' long, rather more than ^li" thick, beakless, the orifice entire; scales ovate, scarious- margined, acuminate or cuspidate, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In woods, Maine and Ontario to North Carolina, where it ascends to 4000 ft

Carex triceps Michx. Hirstite Sedge.

June-Aug. (Fig- 745-)

1803.

Carex triceps Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 170. Carex hirsuta Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 252. 1805. Carex triceps v^x. hirsuta Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 35- 1889.

Light green, culms slender, rough above, erect or reclining, 6^-3^° long. Leaves wide, pubescent, at least on the sheaths, shorter than the culm, the lower bract similar; spikes 2-5, oblong or oblong-cylindric, dense, erect, sessile or very nearlj' so, z"-'S>" long, 2)A"-2,yi" in diameter, usually clustered at the summit, the terminal one staminate at the base; perigynia oval or obovoid, flattened, not inflated, green or greenish-brown, few-nerved, imbricated, usually pubescent when young, when mature yz"-\" long, beakless, the orifice niinuteh' notched or entire; scales ovate, scarious-margined, cuspidate orshort-awned, rather shorter than the perigynia; achene elliplic-obovoid, its summit not bent; stigmas 3. In woods, fields and swamps, Massachusetts to southern Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. April-Aug.

SEDGE FAMILY.

76. Carex Caroliniana Schwein. Carolina Sedge. (Fig. 746.)

Carex Caroliniana Sclnvein, Ann. I<yc. i: 67. 1824. Carex Smithii Porter; Olney, Car. I5or. Am. 2, name

only. 1871. Not Tanscli. 1821. C. triceps \&v. Snnlhii Baiky, Bot. Gaz. 13: 88. 1888,

Culms very slender, erect, rough above, i°-2^° tall. Leaves \"-iyi'^ wide, rather dark green, glabrous except on the sheaths, the upper and the similar but narrower bracts usually much overtop- ping the spikes; spikes 2-4, oblong, dense, sessile or nearly so, i\"-6" long, 2" in diameter; erect, clustered at the summit, the upper one staminate at the base; perigynia subglobose or obovoid, swollen, not imbricated, about yi'^ in diameter, nerveless or faintly nerved, brown, beakless, glabrous at least when mature, the orifice entire; scales brown, ovate, mucronate; achene pyriform, bent at the summit or tipped with the bent style.

In meadows, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to North Carolina and Arkansas

77. Carex gracillima Schwein. Graceful Sedge

May-July.

(Fig. 747.)

Carex gj-acillima Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1:66. Carex gracillima var. hiiinilis Bailey, Mem. Club, i: 71. 1889.

1824. Torr.

Glabrous, culms slender, erect or spreading, roughish above, i°-3° long. Leaves dark green, I ^"-3'^ wide, shorter than the culm, the basal ones wider than the upper; lower bract foliaceous, sometimes overtopping the spikes; spikes 3-5, nar- rowly cylindric, usually densely flowered except at the base, i'-2^^ long, about 2" thick or some- times much smaller, filiform-stalked and drooping, the upper one partly or wholly staminate; peri- gynia ovoid-oblong, obtuse, slightly swollen, few- nerved, glabrous, \" long; scales thin, ovate-ob- long, very obtuse or the lower cuspidate, pale, scarious-margiued, one-half as long as the peri- gynia; stigmas 3.

In moist woods and meadows, Nova Scotia to Mani- toba, North Carolina, Ohio and Michigan. May-July.

Professor Bailey has described a hybrid with C. hirsiita, occurring at Phillipstown, N. Y. Carex Sullivantii Boott, is a hybrid of this species with C. pubescens.

78. Carex aestivalis M. A. Curtis. Summer Sedge. (Fig. 748.)

Carex aestivalis M. A. Curtis; A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 42: 28. 1842.

Culms very slender or filiform, erect or nearly so, smooth, or roughish near the summit, i°-2° tall. Leaves flat, wide, elongated but usuall)-

shorter than the culm, their sheaths usually pubes- cent, the blades sometimes slightly so; lower bracts similar to the leaves but narrower; spikes 3-5, nar- rowly linear, erect or somewhat spreading, 1^-2' long, about 1%" thick, loosely many-flowered or the upper ones dense, the terminal one staminate at the base or also at the summit; perigynia oblong, pointed at both ends, 3-sided, glabrous, few-nerved, 1" long, %" thick, beakless, the orifice entire; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, or the lower cuspidate or short-awued, green, thin, one-half as long as the perigynia or more; stigmas 3.

In mountain woods, Massachusetts and northern New York to Georgia. June-Axig.

318

CYPERACEAE.

79. Carex oxylepis Torr. & Hook. Sharp-scaled Sedge. (Fig. 749.)

Care.v oxylepis Torr. & Hook. Ann. Lvc. N. Y. 3: 409. 1836.

Culms slender, smooth, erect, i°-2° tall. Leaves flat, lYz"-'')" wide, pubescent, especially on the sheaths, shorter than or equalling the culm, the lower bract similar but narrower; spikes 4 or 5, linear- cylindric, \'-2' long, about 1" in diameter, rather densely many-flowered, filiform-stalked and at maturity spreading or drooping, the terminal one staminate at the base or sometimes wholly staminate; perigynia oblong, sharply 3-angled, pointed at both ends, slightly swollen, 2" long, less than \" thick, several-nerved, the orifice en- tire; scales ovate-lanceolate with broad white scar- ious margins, short -awned, about one-third shorter than the perigynia, the awn scabrous; stigmas 3.

Southern Missouri to Tennessee and South Carolina, south to Texas and Florida. .\pril-May.

80. Carex formosa Dewey. Handsome Sedge. (Fig

Care.v forniosa Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 8: 98. 1824.

Culms slender, smooth, erect, i°-2)4° tall. Leaves flat, pubescent, especially on the sheaths, the basal 2"-}/' wide, often as long as the culm; lower bract similar to the shorter culm-leaves; spikes 3-5, oblong- cylindric, dense, long, nearly 3'' in diameter,

filiform-stalked, spreading or drooping, the lower distant, the upper one staminate at the base; peri- gynia ovoid, glabrous, ascending, swollen, faintly few-nerved, 2" long, i" thick, tipped with a very short and slightly notched beak; scales lanceolate or ovate, green, with scarious margins, acute, cuspidate or the lower short-awned, shorter than the perigynia or the lower equalling them; stigmas 3.

In drj- woods and thickets, Massachusetts and Vermont to southern Ontario, New York and Michigan. June-July.

81. Carex Davisii Schwein. & Torr. Davis' Sedge.

Carex Davisii Schwein. & Torr. 326. 1825.

Carex Torreyaiia Dewey, .\m. Journ. Sci. 10:47. 1826.

Similar to the preceding species, culms stouter, i^°-3° tall. Leaves lYi''-^," wide, flat, pubescent, especially on the sheaths, the basal ones often as long as the culm; lower bract foliaceous, commonly overtopping the spikes; spikes 3-5, clustered near the summit or the lower one distant, dense, yYz' long, in diameter, all filiform-stalked and at length spreading or droopi n g, the termi nal one stam- inate at the base; perigynia ovoid, much swollen, glabrous, strongly several-nerved, 2"-2j^" long, rather more than \" thick, tipped with a very short but conspicuously 2-toothed beak; scales lan- ceolate or oval, long-awned, spreading, equalling or longer than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In moist thickets and meadows, Massachusetts to New York and Minnesota, south to Georgia, Kentucky and the Indian Territory. May-July.

(Fig. 751- )

Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i:

SEDGE FAMILY.

319

82. Carex longirostris Torr. Long-beaked Sedge. (Fig. 752.)

Carex longirostris Torr.; Schwein. Ann. l,yc. N. Y. i: 71. 1824.

Glabrous, light green, culms very slender, rough- ish above, erect or reclining, io''-3° long. Leaves flat, slightly scabrous, wide, usually not ex-

ceeding the culm, the bracts similar, shorter, some- times overtopping the spikes; staminate spikes 1-3, slender-stalked, rarely pistillate at the base; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong-cylindric, loosely flowered, Yz'-i' long, 2>"~A" ill diameter, all filiform-stalked and nod- ding or the upper one nearly sessile; perigynia broadly oval, spreading, smooth, slightly inflated, pale, strongly i-nerved on each side, the body about i'' long, contracted into a very slender beak of nearly twice its length; scales lanceolate, spreading, long- acuminate, scarious-margined, 2)"~A'' long; stigmas 3.

On banks and in moist thickets, New Brunswick to Ontario and the Northwest Territory, south to Massachu- setts, Pennsylvania, Michigan and Nebraska. June-Sept.

Care.v longirostris viinor Boott, seems to be but a dwarf form of the species.

83. Carex Assiniboinensis W. Boott.

Assiniboia Sedge. (Fig- 753.)

Carex Assiniboinensis W . Boott, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 9:91. 1884.

Glabrous and nearly smooth, culms filiform, re- clining, 2°-2}4° long, longer than the leaves. Leaves and bracts i'' or less wide, the lower re- duced to short purplish sheaths; staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, distant, loosely few-flowered, 7''-i5^' long, drooping on filiform stalks; the flowers alternate; perigynia very nar- rowly conic, appressed, obtusely 3-angled, subulate- beaked, above 3'^ long and i''' thick above the base, densely tuberculate-hispid, narrowed into a short stalk; scales lanceolate, scarious-margined, awned, about the length of the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In wet soil, northern Minnesota and Manitoba. Summer.

84. Carex castanea Wahl. Chestnut Sedge

Carex castanea Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.)

24: 155. 1803. Carex flexilts Rudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: 98. pi. 10.

1804.

Culms slender or filiform, nearly erect, rough above, i°-3° tall. Leaves lYz" -lY^" wide, pubes- cent, shorter than the culm; bracts linear-filiform, X'-i/^' long; staminate spike stalked; pistillate spikes 1-4, oblong or oblong-cylindric, rather loosely flowered, Y^'-^' long, about 2>" thick, drooping on filiform stalks, sometimes close to- gether at the summit; perigynia glabrous, pale brown, ascending, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3- angled, few-nerved, tapering gradually into a 2- toothed beak one-half as long as the body, scales thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or cuspidate, lacerate or entire, rather shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dry thickets and on banks, Newfoundland to Connecticut, west to Minnesota. June-July.

21

(Fig. 754-)

320

CYPERACEAE.

85. Carex capillaris L. Hair-like Sedge. (Fig- 755-)

Carcx capillaris L,. Sp. PI. 977. 1753.

Glabrous, culms slender or filiform, smooth or roughish above, erect, tall. Leaves yz"-\''

wide, much shorter than the culm, flat or somewhat involute in drying, roughish; lower bract similar, the upper much narrower, all sheathing; spikes all fili- form-stalked, the terminal one staminate; pistillate spikes 1-3, narrowly oblong, 2"-6" long, i" thick, nodding, 2-12-flowered; perigynia oblong, 3-angled, light green, almost nerveless, about i" long, rather less than thick, the slender beak about one-third as long as the body; scales oval, scarious-margined, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

Greenland to Alaska, Maine, the White Mountains, northern New York, Michigan, and in the Rocky Moun- tains to Colorado and Utah. Also in Europe and Asia.

86. Carex arctata Boott. Drooping Wood Sedge. (Fig. 756.)

Carex arclala Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 227. 1840.

Glabrous, culms slender, erect or reclining, i°-2_54° long, roughish above. Leaves flat, roughish-mar- gined, much shorter than the culm, the basal ones 2,"-^" wide; staminate spike solitary, short-stalked; pistillate spikes 2-5, linear, 1^-3' long, \yi," thick, loosely many-flowered, erect, ascending, or at length drooping and filiform-stalked, the lower one usually remote; perigynia oblong, or thickest below the mid- dle, rather strongly few-nerved, narrowed at each end, about 1" long, less than \" thick, 3-angled, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, cuspidate or short-awned, about one-third shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dry woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Minne- sota, south to Pennsylvania and Micliigan. May-June.

Carex Knieskemi Dewey, is probably a hybrid with C. castanea or C. formosa.

Carex arctata Faxoni Bailey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 13: 87. 1888. Spikes nearly erect, 2-4 of them clustered near the summit, usually shorter, the staminate one verj' short; perig-jmia 2"-2' >" long. Quebec to New Hampshire, Minnesota and Michigan.

87. Carex tenuis Rudge. Slender-.stalked Sedge. (Fig. 757.)

Carex tenuis Rudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: 97. pi. 9. 1804. Carex debilis Boott, 111. pi. 272. i860. Not Michx. 1803. C. debilis var. Rudgei'&2X\>iy, Mem.Torr. Club, 1:34. 1889.

Culms slender, rough above, erect or commonly re- clining, 4'-3° long. Leaves shorter than the culm or equalling it, light green, \y2."-2yz" wide; lower bracts similar to the culm-leaves, sometimes overtopping the spikes; staminate spike short-stalked; pistillate spikes

2- 5, linear, long, lyi" thick, filiform-stalked and spreading or drooping; perigynia spindle-shaped, glabrous or puberulent, faintly few-nerved, obtusely

3- angled, 3'' long, less than \" thick, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate or oblong, acute, cuspidate or obtuse, scarious-margined, one-half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In woods, Newfoundland to Michigan, Virginia, the mountains of North Carolina and Kentucky. May-Aug. A hybrid with C. virescens occurs at Revere, Mass.

Carex tenuis interjecta (Bailey) Britton. Care.v debilis var, interjecta Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20- 418. 1893.

Pistillate spikes very slender, often compound at the base, erect or nearly so, filiforra-stalked, very loosely flowered, the perigynia alternate, only about 2" long. New York and Pennsylvania.

SEDGE FAMILY.

321

Carex tenuis erectior Britton. Caie v debilis var. striclior Bailej', Mem. Torr. Club, i: 34. i88g. Not C. strict ior Dewey, 1846.

Mostly taller and stouter than the type, and erect; leaves about 2" wide; pistillate spikes erect or but slightly spreadinjj; perigynia 2'^/' long, one-third longer than the scales. White Mountains.

88. Carex oblita Steud. Dark-green Sedge. (Fig. 758.)

Carcx oblita ,Steud. ,Syn. ri. Cyp. 231. 1855. Carc.v s^laht a Boott, 111. 93. i860.

Carcx vciiusta vox. minor Yio&ckX. Linnaea, 41: 2,55. 1876.

Glabrous, culms slender, erect or reclining, sharply 3-angled, smooth or very nearly so, i°-3° long. Leaves ^''-^Yz" wide, shorter than the culm, slightly rough; lower bract similar to the culm-leaves but nar- rower, sometimes overtopping the spikes; staminate spike solitary, filiform-stalked, sometimes partially pistillate; pistillate spikes 3-5, narrowlj' cylindric, \'- lYz' long, about 2)^" thick, loosel)- flowered, slender- stalked, the upper mostly close together and spreading or ascending, the lower distant, drooping; perigynia dark green, 3-angled, glabrous, 3'' long, less than i" thick, ascending, rather strongly many-nerved, taper- ing into a short 2-toothcd beak; scales obtuse, about one-third the length of the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In bogs, central New York and Pennsylvania to New Jersey and North Carolina. June-Atig.

8g. Carex grisea Wahl. Gray Sedge. (Fig. 759.)

Carex orisca Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24: 154. 1803.

Glabrous, culms rather stout, erect or somewhat spreading, smooth or nearly so throughout, i°-2^° long. Leaves light green and sometimes slightly glaucous, flat, 2"-2,yz" wide, the basal shorter than or equalling the culm; bracts similar to the leaves, spreading, much overtopping the spikes; staminate spikes solitary, sessile; pistillate spikes 3-5, dense, oblong, several-many-flowered, \"-\^" long, about 1" thick, the upper usually sessile and close to- gether, the lower slender-stalked and distant; peri- gynia oblong, 2^" long, \" thick, nearly terete or irregularly angled by overlapping, subacute but beakless, finely mauy-striate, longer or the lower equalling or shorter than the ovate scarious-mar- gined cuspidate or awned scales; stigmas 3.

In woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario and Minne- sota, south to North Carolina and Kansas. May-July.

90. Carex amphibola Steud. Narrow-leaved Sedge. (Fig. 760.)

Carex amphibola Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 234. 1855. Carex grisea var. angustifolia Boott, 111. 34. 1858. Carex grisea var. (?) rigida Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 56. 1889.

Glabrous, culms very slender, slightly scabrous above, erect, or spreading, i°-2° long. Leaves \"- 2" wide, mostly erect and somewhat rigid, the basal shorter than the culm; bracts similar to the upper leaves, erect, not over \" wide, overtopping the spikes; staminate spike solitary, short; pistillate spikes 2-4, erect, Yi'-y' long, less than 1" thick, loosely several-flowered, the upper sessile, the lower on long filiform stalks; perigynia oblong or obovoid, firm, pointed but beakless, 3-angled, many-striate, more or less 2-ranked, 2" long, about \" thick, longer than or the lower equalling the ovate scarious- margined awned spreading scales; stigmas 3.

In dry soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Ohio and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. April-June.

322

CYPERACEAE.

Carex flaccosperma Dewey. Thin-fruited Sedge. (Fig. 761.)

Carex laxiflora var. (?) niutica Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.

3: 414. 1836. Not C. mutica R. Br. 1823. Carex flaccosperma Dewey, Am. Jouni. Sci. (II.) 2: 245. 1846.

Similar to Carex grisea and C. glaucodea ; slightly glaucous, rather deep green, culms erect, i°-2° tall. Leaves thin and flat, the basal ones 3"-6" wide, shorter than or equalling the culm; the bracts leafy, much overtopping the spikes; staminate spike sessile or nearly so; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, erect, the lower slender-stalked; perigynia oblong, 3-angled, striate-nerved, sub- acute, 2yz" long; scales broadly ovate, green, not at all or very slightly scarious-margined, acute, cuspidate or the upper obtuse, 2-3 times shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

Southern Missouri to Texas, east to North Carolina and Florida. June-July.

92. Carex glaucodea Tuckerm. Glauces- cent Sedge. (Fig. 762.)

Carex grisea var. mutica Carey in A. Graj-, Man, 552.

1848. Not C. mutica R. Br. 1823. Carex glaucodea Tuckerm.; Olney, Proc. Am. Acad. 7:

395. 1868.

Similar in habit to Carex grisea, but pale and very glaucous all over, culms smooth, erect or spreading, 6'-i8' long. Leaves wide, the basal shorter

than or equalling the culm; bracts foliaceous, over- topping the spikes; staminate spike sessile; pistillate spikes 3-5, erect, densely several-many flowered, the lower slender-stalked; perigynia oblong, many-striate, iyi"-i" long, sub-acute, beakless, mostly nearly twice as long as the ovate scarious-margined acute cuspidate or short-awned scales; stigmas 3.

In open fields and meadows, Massachusetts to Pennsj-l- vania, Illinois, Virginia and Arkansas. May-Julj'.

93, Carex granularis Miihl. Meadow Sedge. (Fig. 763.)

Carex granularis Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 279. 1805. fr.^?'ra«?^/a; z5 ri'c/a Dewey; Wood'sClass-book, 763. i860.

Glabrous, light green and slightly glaucous, culms slender, erect or spreading, smooth or nearly so, 6'- 2j^° long. Leaves flat, roughish or smooth, i^^^-3'^ wide, the basal shorter than the culm; bracts similar to the culm-leaves and usually much exceeding the spikes; staminate spike solitary, sessile or short- stalked; pistillate spikes 3-5, distant or the upper two contiguous, erect or slightly spreading, narrowly oblong or cylindric, yz'-\)i' long, 2" thick, densely many-flowered, slender-stalked or the upper sessile perigj'nia ovoid, brown, somewhat swollen, strongly many -nerved, ascending, about \" long, tipped with a short, usually entire, bent or nearly straight beak; scales ovate, thin, acute or cuspidate, shorter than or sometimes equalling the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In moist meadows, New Brunswick to Ontario and Manitoba, south to Florida and Louisiana. May-July. Carex granularis Shriveri Britton. Carex Haleana Olney, Car. Bor. Am. 6. 1871. Not C. Halei, Dewey, 1846.

Ba.sal leaves broader, 2M" wide, glaucous; perigynia about one-half the size of the type, the more conspicuous point slightly bent. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and Virginia.

SEDGE FAMILY.

323

94. Carex Crawei Dewey. Crawe's Sedge. (Fig. 764.)

Carex Crawei Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 2:246. 1846. Carex helerostachya Torr. Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 2: 248. 1846.

Glabrous, culms low, stiff, erect, 3^-15' tall. Leaves rather stiff, flat, x"-^" wide, erector nearly so, shorter than the culm, the bracts similar, rarely over- topping the spikes; staminate spikes 1-3, long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-4, distant, cylindric, erect, Yz'-x' long, thick, densely many flowered, stalked or

the upper sessile, the lowest often borne near the base of the culm; perigynia ovoid, ascending, nerved, us- ually minutely resinous dotted, \"-\ Yz" long, taper- ing into a very short entire beak; scales obovate or oval, thin, acute or cuspidate, shorter than the peri- gynia; stigmas 3.

In moist meadows and on banks, Quebec to Manitoba, south to Pennsylvania and Tennessee. May-July.

95. Carex extensa Gooden. Long-bracted Sedge. (Fig. 765.)

Carex extensa Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 175. 1794.

Glabrous, bright green, culms stiff, erect, io'-2° tall. Leaves wide, strongly involute, erect,

shorter than the culm, the lower bract similar, much exceeding the spikes, the upper shorter, sometimes deflexed; staminate spike sessile, rarely pistillate at the base; pistillate spikes 1-3, erect, sessile and close together or the lowest short-stalked and distant, ob- long, densely many-flowered, S"-8'^ long, about 2)" thick; perigynia ovoid or ovoid-oblong, brown, \yz" long, narrowed at the base, slightly swollen, strongly many-ribbed, tapering into a short stout 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, acute, brown with a greenish midvein, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

Borders of salt meadows, Coney Island, N. Y., and near Norfolk, Va. Naturalized from Europe. June-Aug.

96. Carex flava I^. Yellow Sedge. (Fig. 766.)

Carex flava L. Sp. PI. 975. 1753.

Carex flava var. graminis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 30. 1889.

Glabrous yellow-green, culms very slender but stiff and erect, smooth or nearly so, i°-2° tall. Leaves \"-2y2." wide, flat, the radical shorter than or some- times exceeding the culm, the lower bract elongated, spreading or ascending; staminate spike solitary, stalked or sessile; pistillate spikes 1-4, oblong or glo- bose-oblong, erect, sessile and close together or the lower one distant and short-stalked, densely flowered, 2,"-(>" long, about 3" thick; perigynia narrowly ovoid, yellow, and spreading or deflexed when mature, z"- 3'' long, strongly several-nerved, the subulate 2- toothed beak about as long as the body; scales lanceo- late or oval, acute or subacute, shorter and narrower than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In swamps and wetmeadows,Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory, south to Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Montana. Also in Europe. July-Sept.

Carex Oederi Ehrh., found by the late I. C. Martindale at Atco, N. J. (according to Prof. Bailey), is a waif from Europe, otherwise not known from America.

324

CVPERACIiAE.

Pale Sedge. (Fig. 768.)

97. Carex viridula Michx. Green Sedge. (Fig. 767.)

Caicv viridula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 170. iSo.v Carex flava var. viridula Baile3', Mem. Torr. Club, r: ^i. 1889.

Glabrous, bright green, culms slender, smooth, erect, 4^-15' tall, often exceeded by the erect narrow basal leaves. Leaves \" or less wide, the bracts similar us- ually strictly erect and much overtopping the spikes; stamiuate spike sessile, sometimes pistillate at the top; pistillate spikes 2-5, all close together and sessile or the lower distant and short-stalked, oblong-cylindric or ob- long, 2"-(3" long, 2" or less in diameter; perigynia ovoid-oblong, i'' or less long, strongly few-nerved, nar- rowed at the base, tapering into a 2-toothed beak about one-half as long as the body; scales ovate, shorter than the perigynia and about as wide; stigmas 3.

In bogfs and on wet rocks, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and the Northwest Territory, south to Maine, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Utah and Washington. Summer. Carex fiilva Gooden., a species of this group, was found many years ago at Tewksbury, Mass., evidently a waif from Europe, and is reported from Newfoundland.

. Carex distans L., a related species, has been collected on ballast at Philadelphia.

98. Carex pallescens L.

Carex pallescens L,. Sp. PI. 977. 1753.

Light green, culms slender, erect, rough above, 4'-2g' tall. Leaves flat, wide, pubescent at

least on the sheaths, shorter than the culm; lower bract similar to the culm-leaves, erect or nearly so and exceeding the spikes; stamiuate spikes solitary, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, erect or some- what speading, slender stalked or the upper one ses- sile, densely many-flowered, ^''-^j" long, 1"- lyi" in diameter usually clustered; perigynia short- oblong, pale, \" long, Yi" thick, obtuse, thin, faintly few-nerved, beakless, the orifice entire; scales ovate, membranous, cuspidate or short-awned, equalling or the upper shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In fields and meadows, Nova .Scotia to western On- tario, south to Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Illinois and Wisconsin. .Ascends to 3500 ft. in Vermont. Also in Europe. May-July.

Carex abbreviata Prescott. Torre3''.s Sedge

Carex Tbrriy/' Tuckerm. Euum. Meth. 21.

C. Torreyana Schwein. 1824. Carex abbreviata Prescott; Boott, Traus. Linn. Soc. 20: 141. 1846.

Pale green, culms slender, rather stiff, erect, 10'- 20' tall, finely ciliate-pubesceut. Leaves about \ " wide, erect, elongated but shorter than the culm, finely and usually' densely pubescent; lower bract ^'-2' long, spreading or ascending, pubescent; stamiuate spike solitary, short-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, short oblong, dense, lougi about

3" thick, sessile or the lower one short stalked, erect, clustered; perigynia broadly oblong or ob- ovoid, glabrous, about \" long and more than Yz" thick, stronglj' many-nerved, obtuse, abruptly tipped by a short cylindric beak, scales cuspi- date, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dry soil. New York to the Northwest Territory, south in tlie Rocky Mountains to Colorado. June-July.

SEDGE FAMILY.

325

100. Carex conoidea Sclik. Field Sedge. (Fig. 770.)

Care.v conoidea Schk. Riedgr. Nachtr. 67. f. 16S. 1806.

Glabrous, culms slender, rather stiff, erect, 8'-i8' tall. Leaves i^'-iyi'^ wide, the basal sometimes equalling the culm; lower bracts similar to the culm- leaves, sometimes overtopping the spikes; staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, distant, erect, oblong or oblong-cylindric, ^"-12" long, 2%" thick, not densely flowered, the upper nearly sessile, the lower slender- stalked; perigynia oblong, obtusely 3- angled, narrowed to each end, acute, finely many- striate, beakless, long, about y^" thick, the

orifice entire; scales broadly ovate, scarious -margined, abruptly contracted into a rough awn, the lower longer than the perigynia, the upper shorter than or equalling them; stigmas 3.

In meadows, Nova Scotia to Ontario, south to Rhode Island, New Jersej', Ohio and Illinois. May-June.

loi. Carex oligocarpa Schk. Few-fruited Sedge. (Fig. 771.)

Carer oligocarpa Schk. Riedgf. Nachtr. 58. f. 170. 1806.

Glabrous, culms very slender or almost filiform, spreading or reclining, roughish, 8'-i8^ long. Leaves about wide, spreading, soft, the basal shorter than or equalling the culm, the bracts simi- lar, usually exceeding the spikes; staminate spike solitary, long-stalked or nearly sessile; pistillate spikes 2-4, erect or nearly so, distant, loosely few- flowered, 4'^-8'' long, less than 2" thick, erect, the lower filiform-stalked, the upper sessile; perigynia oblong, firm, pale, finely many-striate, ascending, long, abruptly narrowed into a short straight or oblique entire beak; scales ovate, tipped with a rough spreading awn, longer than or equal- ling the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dry woods and thickets, Vermont and Ontario to Michigan, south to New Jersey, West Virginia, Ken- tucky and Missouri. May-July.

102. Carex Hitchcockiana Dewey. Hitchcock's Sedge. (Fig. 772.)

Carex Hiichcockiana Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 274. 1826.

Culms slender, erect, somewhat rough, i°-2° tall. Leaves i/^"-3'' wide, the basal mostly shorter than the culm, the upper and similar bracts much over- topping the spikes, their sheaths pubescent, their blades somewhat so; staminate spike stalked or nearly sessile; pistillate spikes 2-4, loosely few- flowered, erect, rather distant, stalked or the upper sessile; perigynia ovoid, obtusely 3-angled, finely many-striate, ascending, lyi" long, nearly \" thick, tipped with a short stout oblique entire beak; scales ovate or ovate- lanceolate, scarious- margined, rough-awned, longer than or equalling the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In woods and thickets, Vermont and Ontario to Michigan, south to New Jersey, West Virginia, Ken- tucky and Missouri. May-Jul5'.

326

CVPERACEAE.

103. Carex altocaulis (Dewey) Britton. Sheathed Sedge. (Fig. 773.)

Cair.v vaginata var. altocaulis Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci.

{11)41:227. 1866. Care x Sallitensis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 7. 1889.

Glabrous, light green but not glaucous, culms very- slender, weak, spreading or reclining, i°-2° long. Leaves i wide, shorter than the culm, the up-

per ones and the bracts usually very short; staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, distant^ slender-stalked, ascending, spreading or recurved, less than i' long, loosely several-flowered, their stalks partly enclosed by the long sheatlis; perigynia ob- long, 3-angled, narrowed at the base, faintly few- nerved 2" long, nearly \" thick, tipped with a beak about one-fourth the length of the bodj', the orifice 2-toothed, oblique; scales oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute or the upper obtuse, shorter than or the lower equalling the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In swamps, Quebec and Vermont to Ontario, New York and Minnesota. Summer.

104. Carex polymorpha Mtthl.

Carex polymorpha Muhl. Gram. 239. 1817.

Glabrous, rather dark green, culms stiff, strictly erect, smooth or nearly so, i°-2° tall. Leaves flat, xyi"-2" wide, nearly erect, the basal sometimes as long as the culm, the others much shorter; bracts usually little longer than the pistillate spike; stam- inate spikes I or 2, long-stalked; pistillate spikes commonly solitary, sometimes 2, erect, short-stalked or sessile, densely many-flowered or sometimes looser at the base, \'-\Yz' long and 4" thick, occasionally staminate at the summit; perigynia ovoid-oblong, obscurely 3-angled, fully 2" long and \" in diameter, the beak more than one-half as long as the body, the orifice oblique; scales red-brown, obtuse or the lower acute, somewhat shorter than the perigynia ; stigmas 3.

In swamps or wet meadows, Massachusetts to northern New Jersey, south to North Carolina. Local. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Pennsylvania. June-Aug.

Variable Sedge. (Fig. 774.)

105. Carex tetanica Schk

Wood's Sedge. (Fig. 775.) Carex letatiica Schk. Riedgr. Nachtr. iSi.figs. 100, 20/^ 1806.

Carex tetanica var. Woodii Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club,. 1:53- 1889.

Light green and glabrous, culms slender, erect or nearly so, rough above, i°-2° tall. Leaves flat, i"-2" wide, the basal about equalling the culm;_ bracts narrow, elongated, sometimes overtopping the spikes; staminate spike stalked, the stalk sometimes 3' long; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, erect^ distant, narrowed at the base, loosely or compactly several-many-flowered, long or less, or the lower filiform-stalked and drooping; perigynia oblong,, green, prominently many-nerved, about i}4^^ long, less than thick, oblique, the summit curved outwardly and tapering to an entire orifice, beak- less; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse or the lower mu- cronate, shorter than the perigynia or the lower equalling them; stigmas 3.

In meadows and wet woods, Ontario to Manitoba^ North Carolina and Louisiana. June-July.

SEDGE FAMILY.

327

106. Carex Meadii Dewey. Mead's Sedge. (Fig. 776.)

Carex Meadii Dewey, Am. Jouni. Sci. 43: 90. 1842. Carex tetanica var. Meadii Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 118. 1886.

Carex tetanica var. Carteri Porter, Proc. Acad. Phila.

1887: 76. 1887. Carex tetanica var. Canbyi Porter, Proc. Acad. Phila.

1887: 76. 1887.

Similar to the preceding species, culm stouter, very rough above, 12^-18' tall. Basal leaves usually shorter than the culm; bracts short, not overtopping the spikes; staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, sometimes staminate at the summit, occa- sionally compound at the base, oblong-cylindric, densely flowered, Yz'-^' long, about 3" in diameter, erect, stalked or the upper one sessile; perigynia broadly oblong, prominently many-nerved, green, yYz" long, about \" in diameter, tipped with a mi- nute slightly bent beak; scales ovate, green with purple-brown margins, acute, mucronate or the upper obtuse, the upper short, the lower sometimes exceed- ing the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In swamps and wet meadows, Rhode Island to Pennsylvania and Georgia, west to Michigan, Assiniboia, Nebraska and Arkansas. The lowest spike is sometimes borne on a very long stalk arising from the axil of one of the basal leaves. May-July.

Carex laxiflora Lam. Loose-flowered Sedge. (Fig. 777.)

Carex laxiflora L,am. Encycl. 3: 392. 1789.

Glabrous, rather pale green, culms erect or reclin- ing, slender, roughish above, 6'-2° long. Leaves lyi^-T," wide, soft, the basal mostly shorter than the culm, the bracts similar to the culm-leaves sometimes overtopping the spikes; staminate spike usually stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, linear-cylindric, loosely several-many-flowered, ^'-1' long, i}i"-2'^ thick, all slender-stalked and spreading or drooping or the upper one erect and sessile; perigynia ascend- ing, obovoid, more or less oblique, i/i'^-iyi'' long, rather more than Y" tbick, narrowed at the base, strongly many-nerved, tapering into a short stout outwardly bent entire beak; scales ovate with broad white scarious margins, acute, cuspidate or awned, shorter than or exceeding the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In meadows and thickets, Maine and Ontario to Min- nesota, south to Florida, Alabama and the Indian Terri- tory. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. May-July.

Carex laxiflora blanda (Dewey) Boott, 111. 37. 1858. Carex blanda Dewey, Am. Joum. Sci. 10: 45. 1826.

Carex laxiflora var. striatula Carey in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 524. 1856.

Pistillate spikes cylindric, mostly densely flowered, the upper sessile or nearly so, erect, con- tiguous to the usually sessile staminate one, the lower slender-stalked. Range of the type. Per- haps distinct.

Carex laxiflora varians Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 32. 1889. Stouter and taller than the preceding; leaves 2^"-3!4" wide; pistillate spikes sometimes iH' long and iVi" thick, dense, often compound at the base, the upper sessile or short-stalked and con- tiguous to the sessile staminate one, the lower long-stalked. New Hampshire to southern New York and Missouri. Range undetermined.

Carex laxiflora patulifolia (Dewey) Carey in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 524. 1856. Carex anceps var. patulifolia Dewey, Wood's Bot. 423. 1845.

Glaucous or pale green ; bcisal leaves 2^"-4!^^" wide ; staminate spike usually stalked; pistillate spike i' long or more, loosely flowered, scattered; perigynia oblong or ellipsoid, the beak nearly straight. Halifax, Nova Scotia (according to Macoun), Massachusetts to Michigan, south to Vir- ginia and Tennessee.

Carex laxiflora divaricata Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 33. 1889. Perigynia larger than in the other forms, contracted into a stipe one-half as long as the body. Washington, D. C.

CYPERACEAE.

io8.

Bent

779-)

Carex styloflexa Buckley

Sedge. (Fig. 778.)

Carex styloflexa Buckley, Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 174. 1843. Carex laxtflora var. styloflexa Boott, 111. 37. 1858.

Glabrous, culms leauing, slender, smooth, i°-2° tall. Leaves i^"-3" wide, flat, shorter than the culm; bracts short, rarely exceeding the spikes; staminate spike solitary, usually long-stalked but sometimes nearly sessile; pistillate spikes 1-4, distant, loosch' few-several-flowered, less than 8" long, the lower drooping on filiform stalks; perigynia oblong, trian- gular, many-nerved, about 2" long, i" thick, some- what oblique, tapering gradual!}' to both ends and thus slender-beaked; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, scarious-margined, acute, cuspidate or short-awned, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In woods and thickets, southern New York and Penn- sylvania to Florida. Louisiana and Texas. May-July.

109. Carex digitalis Willd. Slender Wood Sedge. (Fij.

Carex digitalis Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 298. 1805.

Glabrous, bright green, not at all glaucous, culms slender or almost filiform, nearly or quite smooth, us- ually reclining, 4'-! 8' long. Leaves flat, ^"-2" wide, the basal sometimes exceeding the culm, the upper ones and the bracts similar but shorter, the latter com- monl}' overtopping the spikes; staminate spike stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, linear, loosely alter- nately flowered, yi'-i' long, the upper one sessile or nearly so, the others filiform-stalked and widely spreading or drooping; perigynia oblong, sharply triangular, many-nerved, brown when ripe, narrowed at both ends, 1" long, more than yi" thick, the very short beak slightly oblique; scales lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, scarious-margined, acute, acuminate or short-awned, shorter thau or the lower about equal- ling the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In woods and thickets, Maine and southern Ontario to IMinnesota, south to Florida and Texa.s. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-Julj-.

Carex digitalis copulata Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 47. i88g.

Larger in every way, culms sometimes 2° long, reclining; leaves 2 ' ."-4" wide; pistillate spikes shorter and denser; perigynia larger. Michigan and southern Ontario.

no. Carex Careyana Torr. Carey's Sedge. (Fig. 780.)

Carex Careyana Torn; Dewev, Am. Journ. Sci. 30: 60. / SS. 1836.

Glabrous, bright green, culms slender, erect or somewhat reclining, smooth or nearly so, i°- 2° tall. Basal leaves flat, j/'-d" wide, much shorter than the culm; bracts linear-lanceolate with verj' long sheaths, the blades \'-2,' long; staminate spike usually large, long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3 (commonly 2) , erect, loosely few-several-flowered, less than \' long, the upper sessile or short-stalked, the lower on a long filiform stalk; perigynia ovoid-oblong, very sharply 3-angled, many-nerved, fully long and over \" thick, brown, the short beak slightly oblique, entire; scales ovate with white hyaline margins, cuspidate or awued, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In woods. New England (according to Bailey); New York to Michigan and Virginia. May-June.

SEDGE FAMILY.

329

III. Carex Albursina

Sheldon. White Bear Sedge

111. 38. 1858. Not Club, 20: 284.

(Fig. 781.)

Cai cx laxiJJora var. lali/oJia lioolt

C. lalifolia Mociich. Carcx Albursina vShcldon, Bull. Torr

1893.

Glabrous, rather deep green, culms stout, nearly smooth, flattened, usually spreading, 8'-2° long. Basal leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acumi- nate, shorter than the culm, Yz'-^Yi' wide; bracts similar to the narrower culm-leaves, the upper over- topping the spikes; staminate spikes sessile or nearly so; pistillate spikes 2-4, distant and narrowly linear, stalked or the upper sessile and close together, yi'- 1)4' long, very loosely flowered; perigynia obovoid, obtusely 3-angled, strongly many-nerved, 2^' long, 1'^ thick, tipped with a very short bent entire beak; scales ovate-oblong, scarious-margined, obtuse or the lower acute, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In woods, Massachusetts to New York, Ohio and Min- nesota, south to Virginia and Michigan. Ascends to 2300 ft. in Virginia. June-Aug. The specific name is in allusion to White Bear I,ake, Minn.

112. Carex plantaginea L-am. Plantain- leaved Sedge. (Fig. 782.)

Carex plantaginea l,am. Encycl. 3: 392. 1789.

Glabrous, rather dark green, culms slender, erect or reclining, 6'-2° long. Leaves yz'-\' wide, shorter than or equalling the culm, persistent through the winter and until the new culms develop in the fol- lowing spring; bracts short, usually with purple or purplish clasping sheaths; staminate spike long- stalked, purple; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, erect, all slender-stalked, \' or less long, loosely flowered, the stalks of the upper ones enclosed in the sheaths; perigynia oblong, outwardly curved, many-nerved, long, about \" thick, longer than or ecpialling the ovate cuspidate scales; stigmas 3.

In woods, New Brunswick and Ontario to Manitoba,

south to Virginia and Wisconsin. Virginia. Maj^-July.

Ascends to 2100 ft. in

113. Carex laxiculmis Schwein. Spreading Sedge. (Fig. 783.)

Carex laxicuhnisSQ\vN^\r\. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i: 70. 1824. Carex i-elrocurva Dewey, Wood's Bot. 423. 1845.

Glabrous, blue-green and glaucous, culms filiform, smooth or very nearly so, ascending or diff^use, 6'-2° long. Basal leaves elongated, wide, often

longer than the culms; bracts similar to the narrower culm-leaves, usually short; staminate spike long- stalkcd; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, loosely few- flowered, 2/'-i)" long, about 1" thick, drooping on long hair-like stalks or the upper short-stalked and erect; perigynia ovoid- oblong, sharply 3-angled, many-nerved, about \" long and rather more than Yz" thick, narrowed at both ends, scarcely beaked, longer than the ovate green cuspidate or short-awned scales; stigmas 3.

In woods and thickets, southern Ontario to Michigan, south to Rhode Island and Virginia. Ascends to 5600 ft. in Virginia. May-June.

330

CYPERACEAE.

114. Carex ptychocarpa Steud. Thicket Sedge. (Fig. 784.)

Carex ptychocarpa Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 234. 1855.

Glabrous, pale green and glaucous, culms erect, very slender, smooth, only 2^-6' tall. Leaves flat, the basal wide, much longer than the culm;

bracts foliaceous, usually overtopping the spikes; staminate spike small, sessile; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, sessile and close together at the summit or the lower one slender-stalked and nearly basal, all erect, loosely few-flowered, \"-'i>" long; perigynia oblong, pale, 3-angled, rather strongly many- nerved, \" long, rather more than yi" thick, pointed at both ends, minutely straight-beaked, the orifice entire; scales ovate, thin, obtuse, about one-half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In moist woods and thickets, Massachusetts and New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. June-Sept.

115. Carex platyphylla Carey.

Bor. Am. 2:

( ID 4: 23.

Carex plantaginea Michx. Fl

1803. Not Lam. 1789. Carex platyphylla Carey, Am. Journ. Sci

1847.

Broad-leaved Sedge 173-

(Fig- 785-)

Glabrous, pale green and glaucous, culms slen- der, spreading or reclining, 4^-15'' long. Leaves flat and broad, wide, shorter than the culm;

bracts linear-lanceolate with long clasping sheaths, i"-2 Yz" wide, not overtopping the spikes, usually less than 1' long; staminate spike stalked; pistil- late spikes 2-4, distant, erect, all slender-stalked or the upper one nearly sessile, loosely several- flowered, ^"-\o" long, their stalks commonly en- closed in the sheaths, perigynia oblong, 3-angled, many-nerved, slightly bent at the narrowed sum- mit, \"-\yz" long, rather more than Yz" ^KcV, equalling or somewhat longer than the ovate-ob- long acute cuspidate or short-awned scales; stigmas 3.

In woods and thickets, Quebec and Ontario to Michigan, south to Virginia and Illinois, to 2500 ft. in Virginia. May-June.

Ascends

116.

Carex panicea L. Grass-like Sedge. Carnation-grass. (Fig. 786.)

Carex panicea L. Sp. PI. 977. 1753.

Glabrous, pale bluish green and glaucous, culms slender, smooth, erect, stiff, i°-2° tall. Leaves flat, \"-7." wide, the basal ones shorter than or equalling the culm, those of the culm and the bracts much shorter and narrower; staminate spikes i or 2, stalked; pistil- late spikes 2 or 3, distant, filiform-stalked or the upper nearly sessile, erect, \' or less long, about 2^" thick, rather loosely several-many-flowered, the upper some- times staminate at the summit; perigynia oval, about \Yt," long and nearly \" in diameter, slightly swollen and obscurely 3-angled, yellow, purple or mottled, faintly few-nerved, tipped with a very short entire somewhat oblique beak; scales ovate, acute, purple or purple-margined, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas3.

In fields and meadows, Nova Scotia to Maine and Rhode Island. Naturalized from Europe. June-July.

SEDGE FAMILY.

331

117. Carex Hvida (Wahl.) Willd.

Kong-l. Vat. Acad.

Livid Sedge. (Fig. 787.)

Carex limosa var. livida Wahl.

Handl. (II.) 24: 162. 1803. Carex livida Willd. Sp. PI. 4; 285.

1805.

Glabrous, pale green and very glaucous, culms slender, strictly erect, smooth, i°-i^°tall. I<eaves i"-2" wide, the basal shorter than or sometimes about equalling the culm, involute in drying; bracts narrow, usually short; staminate spike solitary, short-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, ^"-12" long, about 2'' thick, erect and clustered at the summit of the culm, narrowly cylindric, densely several- flowered or looser at the base, the third, when pres- ent, distant or sometimes nearly basal, stalked; perigynia oblong, very pale, nearly 2" long, less than i" thick, finely nerved, straight, beakless, narrowed to an entire orifice; scales ovate, obtuse ■or the lower subacute, rather shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In bogs, Labrador and Hudson Bay to Alaska, south to Connecticut, the pine barrens of New Jersey, central New York and Michigan. Also in Europe. Summer.

118. Carex aurea Nutt. Golden-fruited Sedge. (Fig. 788.)

Carex aurea Nutt. Gen. 2: 205. 1818.

Glabrous, light green, culms very slender, erect or reclining, 2'-i5^ long. Leaves flat, i-'^'-i^^' wide, the basal equalling or exceeding the culm; bracts similar to the culm-leaves, commonly much overtopping the spikes; terminal spike short-stalked, staminate or an- drogynous; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong or linear-ob- long, erect and clustered near the summit or the lower one distant, filiform-stalked, loosely or compactly few-flowered, 2''-io'' long, about thick; perigy- nia obovoid or subglobose, white or nearly white when young, becoming fleshy, yellow or brown and about i^'in diameter when mature, many-nerved, beakless, the orifice entire; scales ovate, membranous acute, blunt, cuspidate or short-awned, shorter than or the lower exceeding the perigynia; stigmas mostly 2.

In wet meadows, springs and on wet rocks, New- foundland to the Northwest Territory and British Co- lumbia, .south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Michi- gan, Utah and Washington. Summer.

Carex bicolor All. "Parti-colored Sedge. (Fig. 789.)

■Carex bicolor AW. Fl. Fed. 2: 267. 1785.

Similar to the preceding species, but somewhat glaucous; culms slender, erect, 2'-i8'' tall. Basal leaves i"-2" wide, shorter than or equalling the culm; spikes 2-4, mostly clustered at the summit of the culm, dense, the terminal one partially stam- inate; perigynia oblong, white, compressed, few- nerved, less than \" long, not fleshy at maturity, abruptly tipped with a very short entire nearly cylindric beak; scales brown-purple with white midvein and margins, oval, obtuse or acute, shorter than the perigynia.

Greenland and Labrador (according to Boott). Also in Europe. Summer.

119.

332

CVPERACEAE.

120. Carex setifolia (Dewey) Britton. Bristle-leaved Sedge. (Fig. 790.)

Carex alba var. selifolia Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci, ii: 316. 1826.

Carex eburnea Boott. ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 226. pi. 225. 1840.

Glabrous, pale green, culms filiform, smooth, weak, 4'-i5' long. Leaves filiform, .shorter than the culm, less than wide; bracts reduced to bladeless,

sheaths 2"-^" long; staminate spikes solitary, ses- sile or very nearly so, '^"-i/' long; pistillate spikes 2-4, erect, slender-stalked, long, rather less

than \" thick, loosely few-flowered, the upper com- monly overtopping the staminate, the lower one sometimes distant; perigyuia oblong, pointed at both ends, 3-angled, \" long, Yz" or less thick, polished and nearly black when mature, very faintly few-nerved, tapering into a short entire beak; scales ovate, obtuse or the lower acute, thin, hyaline, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dry sandy or rocky soil, preferring limestone rocks. New Brunswick to tlic Northwest Ter- ritory, south to Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Nebraska. May-Jul\'.

121. Carex concinna R. Br. Low North-

ern Sedge. (Fig. 791.)

Carex concinna R. Br. Frank. Journ. 763. 1823.

Culms filiform, smooth, 2'-6' tall. Leaves about 1^' wide, flat, pale green, much shorter than the culm; bracts reduced to green bladeless sheaths or the lower one with an erect subulate blade 2>"~^" long; staminate spike solitary, sessile; pistillate spikes 1-3, sessile and clustered or the lower one somewhat distant and short -stalked, erect, long, about \" thick, compactly few-flowered; peri- gyuia oblong-ovoid, 3-angled, pubescent, short- beaked, few-nerved, about twice as long as the ovate obtuse or subacute green or purplish scales; stigmas 3.

In rocky places, Quebec and Ontario to British Colum- bia. Summer.

122. Carex Richardsoni R. Br. Richardson's Sedge. (Fig. 792.)

Carex Richardsoni R. Br. Frankl. Journ. 751. 1823.

Culms slender, rough, erect, 4^-12' tall. Leaves flat, about \" wide, the basal shorter than or some- times equalling the culms, those of the culm very short; bracts bladeless, sheathing, ^'-i' long, usually brown-purple with a white hj'aline acute summit; staminate spike solitary, short-stalked; pistillate spikes I or 2, erect, narrowly cylindric, short-stalked, d,"-<)" long, compactly several-flowered, close to- gether, their stalks partly or wholly enclosed in the sheaths; perigynia obovoid, pubescent, about \" long, minutely beaked; scales mostly longer than the peri- gynia, ovate, obtuse or subacute, purple, conspicu- ously white-margined; stigmas 3.

In dry soil, Ontario to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south to western New York, Illinois Michigan and South Dakota. Summer.

SKDGE FAMIIvY.

333

123. Carex pedunculata Muhl. lyong-stalked Sedge. (Fig. 793.)

Carcx' pedunciilala MuliL; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 222. 1805.

Densely matted, rather bright green, culms very slender, roughish above, diffuse or reclining, 3^-10' long. Leaves flat, wide, the basal com-

monly longer than the culms; sheaths green, the upper almost bladeless, the lower with short leaf-like blades; stamiuate spike long-stalked, usually with some pistillate flowers at its base; pistillate spikes 2- 6, 3''-6" longi few-flowered, filiform-stalked and spreading or drooping, scattered, commonly borne at every node, some of them appearing basal; peri- gynia obovoid, sharply 3-angled, puberuleut or be- coming glabrous, 2'^ long, pale green, nerveless, narrowed below into a stipe, tipped with a minute and somewhat oblique entire beak; scales green or purplish, ovate, abruptly cuspidate or the lower sub- ulate-awned, equalling or the lower considerably exceeding the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dry woods, Anticosti to Manitoba, south to Virginia, Pennsylvania and Minnesota. May-July.

124. Carex pedicellata (Dewey) Britton. Fibrous-rooted Sedge. (Fig. 794.)

Carex varia Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. ii: 102. 1826. Not Muhl. 1803.

C. i>a7-iava.r. pedicellata'D^v^ey, Am. ]oxirn. Sci. 11:162. 1826. Carex covinimiis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 41. 1889. Carex pedicellata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 87. 1894.

Light green, not stoloniferous, fibrous-rooted, culms slender, roughish above, erect or reclining, d'-io' long. Leaves wide, shorter than the culms; lower bract

narrowly linear or subulate, ^i'-i' long; staminate spike short-stalked, long; pistillate spikes 2-4, short-

oblong, few-flowered, sessile and usually separated, or the lowest short-stalked; perigynia oval or oblong, rather less than \" long and a little more than Yz" in diameter, pale, pubescent, slightly i-ribbed on each side, tipped with a subulate 2-toothed beak one-fourth the length of the body; scales green, ovate, acute, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Georgia, Ohio and Michigan. Ascends to 5700 ft. in Virginia. May-July. Carex pedicellata Wheeleri (Bailey) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 88. 1894. Carex coinnnmis \^zx. JV/ieeleri B&iley, Mem. Torr. Club, 1:41. 1889. ■

Usually lower than the species and' the leaves much shorter than the culm; staminate spike only 2"-3" long; pistillate .spikes closer together. Nova Scotia to Connecticut and Michigan.

125. Carex Pennsylvanica lyam. Pennsylvania Sedge. (Fig. 795.)

Carex Pennsylvanica Lam. Encycl. 3: 388. 1789.

Dark or dull green, stoloniferous, culms slender, erect, smooth or roughish, 6^-15' tall. Leaves Yz'^-iYz" wide, the basal shorter than or sometimes exceeding the culm, the old sheaths persistent and fibrillose; lower bract sub- ulate or scale-like, rarely over long; staminate spike sessile or very short-stalked, >^'-i' long; pistillate spikes 1-3, short-oblong, few-flowered, sessile, contigu- ous or the lower somewhat distant; perigynia broadly oval, about \" long and more than Y^" ^'^ diameter, pu- bescent, i-ribbed on each side, narrowed at the base, tipped with a 2-toothed beak about one-fourth the length of the body; scales ovate, purplish, acute or cuspidate, equalling or a little longer than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dry soil. New Brunswick to Manitoba and the North- west Territory, south to North Carolina, Tennessee and Kan- sas. Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. May-June.

334

CYPERACEAE.

126. Carex varia Muhl. Emmons' Sedge. (Fig. 796.)

Carex varia Muhl.; Wahl. Kongl. \'et. Acad. Handl.

(II.) 24: 159. 1803. C. Emmotisii Dewey; Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 411. 1836. C. varia var. colorala Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 41. 1889.

Rather bright green, stoloniferous, culms filiform, erect or somewhat spreading, roughish above, 6'-i?>' long. Leaves elongated, wide, nearly al-

ways shorter than the culms; lower bract scale-like or subulate, rarely \' long; staminate spike 7."-\" long, sessile, sometimes scarcely overtopping the upper pis- tillate one, but usually rather prominent; pistillate spikes 2-4, mostly close together, 2"-3" long, few- flowered; perigyuia oblong, pubescent, about i" long yi" thick, narrowed at the base, tipped with a subu- late minutely 2-toothed beak commonly one-half the length of the body; scales ovate, green or purplish- brown, acute, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dr>- soil, Nova Scotia to western Ontario and Mani- toba, south to Georgia and Texas. May-July.

127. Carex Novae-Angliae Schwein. New England Sedge. (Fig. 797.)

C. Novae-Angliae Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. I: 67. 1824.

Rather dark green, stoloniferous, culms fiiliform, erect or reclining, 4'-8' long. Leaves about yi" wide, soft, elongated, often exceeding the culms; staminate spike short-stalked, very narrow or almost filiform, j/'-W long; pistillate spikes 1-4, distant, subglobose, few-flowered, sessile or the lower short- stalked; lower bract filiform, short or sometimes overtopping the spikes; perigynia narrowly obovoid or oblong, \" long, yi," thick, pubescent, tipped by a subulate 2-toothed beak about one-fourth the length of the body; scales ovate, greenish-brown, acute or cuspidate; stigmas 2 or 3.

In wet shaded places, New Brunswick to Maine, Massa- chusetts and northern New York. Summer.

128. Carex deflexa Hornem. Northern Sedge.

Carex deflexa Hornem. Plantel. Ed. 3, i: 938. 1821. Carex deflexa var. Deanei Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 42. 1889.

Carex Peckii Howe; Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist. 47: 166. 1894.

Aspect of smaller forms of the preceding species; culms filiform, erect or spreading, i'-i2' long, shorter than or exceeding the narrow bright green leaves. Bracts subulate or ver^- narrowlj' linear, Yz'-^' long; staminate spike sessile, i"-3" long, sometimes ob- lique, inconspicuous; pistillate spikes 1-4, 1"-^," long, oblong, few-flowered, the upper sessile, the lower slender-stalked and somewhat separated, com- monly also I or 2 nearly basal filiform-stalked spikes from the lowest sheaths; perigynia oblong, much narrowed at the base, pubescent, \" or less long, tipped with a flat 2-toothed beak about one-fourth the length of the body; scales ovate or ovate-lanceo- late, green, acute or cuspidate; stigmas 3 or 2.

In open places. Nova Scotia to Ontario, Maine, Vermont and Pennsylvania, mostly at high altitudes. Summer. Carex Peckii Howe ( C. albicans Willd., an older name) may be distinct.

Carex deflexa Farwellii Britton. Carex deflexa var. media Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 43. 1889. Not C. media R. Br. 1823.

Densely tufted; culms stiff, erect, 6'-i5' tall, commonly much longer than the leaves; stam-

(Fig. 798.)

SEDGE FAMILY.

335

inate spike conspicuous, 3"-5" long-, sessile or short-stalked; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, scattered, the lower slender-stalked and subtended by a foliaceous bract which often overtops the culm; peri- ^rynia long. Northern Michigan to British Columbia and Oregon, south in the Rocky

Mountains to Colorado. Perhaps a distinct species.

Vernal Sedge

8.

129. Carex praecox Jacq.

Care.v praecox- ]a.c(i. Fl. Austr. 5: 23. pi. 446. 177

Dark green, stoloniferous, culms very slender, erect or reclining, smooth, long. Leaves Yz^'-^Yz"

wide, almost always much shorter than the culm; lower bract subulate, Y'~'^' lo"g; staminate spike sessile or very short-stalked, usually large and con- spicuous; pistillate spikes 1-3, all close together at the summit, oblong, several-flowered, j/'-W long, about 2Yz" ill diameter, sessile or the lower short- stalked, sometimes pistillate at the summit; peri- gynia oblong or obovoid, sharply 3-angled, pubescent, brown, about \" long; tipped with a very minute beak; scales ovate, purple-brown with a lighter mid- vein, acute, cuspidate or the lower rough-awned, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 3.

Eastern Massachitsetts to New York. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. May-June.

130. Carex nigro-marginata Schweiii.

Black-edged Sedge. (Fig. 800.)

C. nigro-viarginata Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i: 68. 1824.

Bright green, strongly stoloniferous, culms fili- form, erect or spreading, 2^-8' long. Leaves \"-2" wide, very much longer than the culms, rather stiff, often XT.' or more long; bracts very short and subu- late or wanting; staminate spike sessile, inconspicu- ous, long, purple; pistillate spikes 1-3, few- flowered, sessile at the base of the staminate, about j/' long; perigynia oblong, narrowed at the base into a short stipe, pubescent or nearly glabrous, i^'-i^" long, about Y^-" thick, i-ribbed on each side, tipped with a cylindric-subulate 2-toothed beak one-third to one-half as long the body; scales ovate, acute or cuspi- date, green with purple margins or variegated, rather longer than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

Dry soil, New York to North Carolina. May-July.

131. Carex umbellata Schk. Umbel-like Sedge. (Fig. 8oi.)

Care.x: umbellata Schk. Riedgr. Nachtr. 75./ ///. 1806. Care.x umbellata var. vidua Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 11: 317. pl. D. f. 13. 1826.

Rather light green, closely tufted and matted, sto- loniferous, culms filiform, very nearly smooth, i'-6' long, erect or reclining. Leaves Y^ " wide, usu-

ally much exceeding the culm, sometimes 1° long, the old sheaths fibrillose; staminate spike solitary, terminal, Yi' or less long, commonly conspicuous; pistillate spikes 1-3, all filiform-stalked from the basal sheaths or i or 2 of them sessile or very nearly so at the base of the staminate, ovoid-oblong, several-flow- ered, 1."-^" long; perigynia oval, finely pubescent, pale, obtusely 3-angled, the body rather less than \" long, tipped with a subulate 2-toothed beak of nearly its length; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate orshort- awned, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.

Dry soil, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, New Jersey, the Indian Territory and Oregon. May-July.

336

CYPERACEAE.

132. Carex pubescens Muhl. Pubescent Sedge. (Fig. 802.)

Care.v pubt'sce)is Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 281. 1805.

Pubescent all over, bright green, stoloniferous, culms slender, usually reclining, i°-2° long. Leaves flat, soft, elongated, shorter or longer than culm, 2"-T)%'' wide; lower bracts i'-^,' long, oc- casionally overtopping the spikes; staminate spike sessile or nearly so, sometimes with pistillate flowers at its base; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong- cylindric, rather loosely several-manj'-flowered, erect, ^"-10" long, 2^-2 thick, the upper ses- sile, the lower somewhat separated and short- stalked; perigynia sharply 3-angled, obovoid, nar- rowed to a stipe -like base, densely pubescent, and, including the subulate straight minutelj- 2-toothed beak, about 2" long; scales ovate, scarious-mar- gined, rough-awned or cuspidate, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to North Dakota New Jersey, Kentucky and Missouri. June-Aug.

133. Carex Fraseri Andr. Fraser's Sedge. (Fig. 803.)

Ca/-f.r /^;-a5^;7 Andr. Bot. Rep. pi. 6jg. iSii. Cffr^.r /^r(zsf;7a«a Sims, Bot. Mag. pl.ijgi. iSii.

Glabrous, culms smooth, slender, reclining, 10'- 18' long. Basal leaves 8'-i6' long, x'-2' wide, per- fectly flat, firm, spreading, finely many-nerved with no midvein, obtuse or subacute at the apex, their margins usually finely crumpled in drying; culm leaves reduced to clasping basal sheaths; spike soli- tary, bractless, terminal, androgynous, Yz'-y' long, staminate above, pistillate below, the pistillate por- tion dense, about j^' in diameter in fruit; perigynia ovoid, pale green, diverging, thin and somewhat swollen, faintly many nerved, fully 2" long and rather more than i" in diameter, tipped with a short nearly truncate beak; scales ovate, obtuse, much shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In rich woods, southwestern Virginia, West Virginia, eastern Tennessee, and North Carolina. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. Locally abundant. Our largest-leaved species. Maj -July.

Carex picta Steiid. Boott's Sedge. (Fig. 804.)

Nat.

Carex Bootliana Benth.; Boott, Bost. Journ.

Hist. 5: 112. 1845. Not H. & A. 1841. Carex picta Steud. .Syn. PI. Cyp. 184. 1855.

Dioecious, foliage glabrous, light green, culm slender, smooth, erect or reclining, 6'-i2' long, usually much shorter than the leaves. Leaves flat, \yz"-2>" wide; spike solitary and terminal or rarely with a small accessory one near its base, erect, densely man3--flowered, the staminate about \' long, the pistillate cylindric but narrowed at the base, i'-2^' long, 3"-4'' thick, subtended by a short purple sheath; perigynia obovoid, strongly many-nerved, pubescent at least toward the obtuse summit, about lYz" long, narrowed at the base; scales purple, usually with green mar- gins and midvein, shining, obovate, acute or cus- pidate, longer and wider than the periygnia.

In woods, Indiana to Alabama and Louisiana. Local. Summer.

SEDGE FAMILY.

337

135. Carex scirpoidea Miclix. Scirpiis- like Sedge. (Fig. 805.)

Carex scirpoidea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 171. 1803.

Dioecious, foliage glabrous, rather bright green, culms erect, slender but stiff, 6'-i8' tall, slightly rough. Leaves y2."-\" wide, nearly erect, usually much shorter than the culm; spike solitary or rarely with an additional and very small one near its base, linear-cylindric, densely many-flowered, %"~\^" long, \.yz"-'2." in diameter, subtended by a short or sometimes subulate bract; perigynia oval, few- nerved, densely pubescent, \" long, Yz" thick, nar- rowed at the base, tipped with a very short beak; scales ovate-oval, dark purple with a narrow green midvein, acute, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In rocky soil, Greenland to Alaska, south to the higher mountains of New England, Lake Huron, Utah and Cali- fornia. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer.

136. Carex Willdenovii Schk. Willdenow's Sedge

(Fig. 806.)

Nachtr. 33. /. 145.

Carex ]Villde>iovii Schk. Riedgr 1806.

Glabrous and pale green, culms very short, erect, high. Leaves much elongated, nearly erect, rather stiff, \"-\Yi" wide, often 1° long, very much overtopping the spikes, lowest reduced to blade- less sheaths; spikes 1-5, androgynous, staminate above, pistillate below or sometimes completely staminate, about y^' long, appearing nearly basal, one or more of them on filiform stalks 3^-7' long, the stalks of the others much shorter; body of the perigynium oblong, smooth, I'^-i 3^'' long, rather less than \" thick, narrowed into a flattened 2- edged rough beak of about its own length; scales lanceolate, acute, acuminate or awned, finely sev- eral-nerved, the lower i or 2 commonly bract-like, foliaceous and often overtopping the staminate portion of the spike; stigmas 3.

In dry woods and thickets, Massachusetts to Ohio, Michigan and Manitoba, south to Florida, Kentucky and Texas. April-July.

137. Carex Jamesii Schwein. James' Sedge. (Fig. 807.)

Carex Jamesii Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i: 67. 1824. Carex Steiidelii Kunth, Enum. 2: 480. 1837.

Similar to the preceding species, but the leaves rather narrower, soft, spreading or ascending, very much surpassing the spikes, the lowest mere clasping sheaths. Spikes androgynous, one or more of them filiform-stalked, the terminal stami- nate portion very slender, the pistillate flowers only 1-4 and slightly separated; body of the peri- gynium subglobose, \" in diameter, contracted at the base, abruptly tipped by a subulate rough beak of more than its own length; lower scales bract-like, foliaceous, commonly much overtop- ping the staminate portion of the spike, the upper shorter and sometimes not exceeding the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dry woods and thickets, southern Ontario and New York to Indiana and Michigan, south to West Virginia and Missouri. April-May.

338

CYPERACEAE.

138. Carex durifolia Bailey. Back's Sedge. (Fig. 808.)

Care.v Backii Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 210. pi. 209. 1840. Not C. Backana Dewey, 1836.

Carex durifolia Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 428. 1893.

Glabrous, culms scarcely \' high. Leaves as- ceuding or spreading, 6'-i2' loug, \yz"-'}," wide, very much overtopping the spikes; spikes 1-3, nearly basal, androgynous, i or 2 of them very slender-stalked, the staminate flowers few, termi- nal, inconspicuous, the pistillate 2-6, subtended by leafy bract-like elongated scales which nearly en- close the inflorescence; perigynia oval, smooth, gradually tapering into a stout subulate beak nearly or quite as long as the body, which is about lYz" long and \" thick; stigmas 3.

In woods and thickets, Ontario to Manitoba, south to Massachusetts, New York, Ohio and Michigan. Al.so in Colorado (according to Bailey). May-June.

139. Carex rupestris All. Rock Sedge. (Fig. 809. )

Carex riipeslris All. Fl. Fed. 2: 264. pi. g2. f. i. 1785. Carex Drummondiana Dewey, Am. Joum. ,Sci. 29: 251. 1836.

Culms rather stout, obtusely 3-angled, erect, \'- 6' tall. Leaves yi^'-i" wide, involute in drying, often cur\'ed, shorter than or exceeding the culm; bract subulate, erect, shorter than the terminal soli- tary androgynous spike or wanting; spike 6"-i2'' long, the pistillate flowers few, basal; perigynia erect, smooth, obovoid or elliptic, firm, faintly few- nerved, about 2" long, the beak stout, cylindric, about one-half as long as the body; scales purple- brown, ovate, obtuse or subacute, wider and longer than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

Labrador and Greenland to British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer.

140. Carex supina Willd. Weak Arctic Sedge. (Fig. 810.)

Care.v siipinaWiWA.; Walil, Kongl. Yet. Acad. Handl. (11.) 24: 158. 1803.

Glabrous, densely tufted, culms slender or nearly filiform but erect, sharply 3-angled, 4'-io' tall. Leaves about yi" wide, rough-margined, flat, shorter than the culm, erect or reclining; lower bract short, subulate; staminate spike solitary, sessile or very nearly so, 3'''-6" long; pistillate spikes 1-3, sessile near the summit of the culm, subglobose or oblong, few-flowered, 2"-3" long, the upper one sometimes consisting of only 1-3 flowers; perigynia ovoid, smooth, hard, nerveless, about \" long, less than thick, 3-angled, tipped with a very short beak; scales ovate, brown-purple or lighter-margined, obtuse or subacute, equalling or rather longer than the peri- gynia; stigmas 3.

Northern Minnesota (according to Baile}-) and Mani- toba to arctic America and Greenland. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer.

SEDGE FAMILY.

339

141. Carex leptalea Wahl. Bristle-stalked Sedge. (Fig. 811.)

Ciur v leptalea Walil. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24: 139. 1803.

Carex polytriclioides Willd.; Wahl. loc. cit. as .syno- nym. 1803.

Light green and glabrous, culms filiform, smooth, erect or spreading, long. Leaves not over

X^'wide, mostly shorter than the culm; spike soli- tary, terminal, androgynous, narrowly linear, 1"- 7" long, rather less than \" thick, staminate above, pistillate below; perigynia few, linear-ob- long, light green, many-uerved, narrowed at the base, obtuse and beakless at the summit, about xyi" long and slightly more than yi." thick; scales membranous, the upper obtuse and shorter than the perigynia, the lower acute, the lowest some- times attenuated into a subulate awn nearly as long as the spike; stigmas 2-3.

In bogs and swamps, Newfoundland to British Co- lumbia, south to Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Colorado and Oregon. Ascends to 4300 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug.

142. Carex filifolia Nutt. Thread-leaved Sedge. (Fig. 812.)

Carex filifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 204. 1818.

Densely tufted, pale green and glabrous, culms very slender, smooth, erect, 3^-14^ tall, equalling or longer than the leaves. Leaves filiform, rather stiff, about wide, their sheaths persistent and ultimately fibrillose; spike solitary, erect, bractless, staminate above, pistillate below, 3"-i5" long, the pistillate part about -z" in diameter; perigynia obovoid-oval, triangular, few-nerved or nearly nerveless, rough or somewhat pubescent at the summit, \" long, rather more than Yz" thick, abruptly tipped by a short cyl- indric hyaline entire beak; scales broadly oval, con- cave with wide scarious margins, obtuse or cuspidate, about as long as the perigynia but much broader; stigmas 3.

In dry soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to Nebraska, Colorado and California. May-July.

143. Carex capitata L. Capitate Sedge. (Fig. 813.)

Carex capitata L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1376. 1763.

Culms very slender or filiform, stiff, strictly erect,

2'-i8' tall, smooth or very nearly so. Leaves filiform,

involute, erect, shorter than the culm; spike solitary,

terminal, ovoid, bractless, 2^'-4" high, about 1" in

diameter, staminate above, pistillate below; perigynia

oblong-elliptic, ascending or nearly erect, light brown,

nerveless or very faintly few nerved, \" long, )A"

thick, tipped with a nearly entire dark brown beak

about one-fourth as long as the body; scales broadly

ovate, membranous, brown, obtuse or acute, shorter

and rather broader than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

Greenland and Labrador to the Northwest Territory and on the higher summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Also in Europe. Summer.

340

CYPERACEAE.

144. Carex nardina Fries.

(Fig. 814.)

Nard Sedgfe.

Cai fx nardina Fries, Mailt. 2: 55. 1839.

Culms filiform, smooth, erect, 2'-5' tall, very densely tufted. Leaves filiform, erect, about as long as the culms; spike solitary, terminal, erect, ovoid- oblong, 3''-6" long, less than 2" in diameter, bract- less, staminate above, pistillate below; perigyuia ob- long-elliptic, yellowish brown, nerveless, nearly erect, narrowed at both ends, nearly 2" long, slightly over yi" wide, somewhat hispid above, beakless, the ori- fice 2-toothed; scales ovate, brown, thin, acute or cuspidate or the upper obtuse, rather longer than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

Labrador and Hudson Bay to British CoUnnbia. mer.

Sum-

145. Carex Redowskyana C. A. Meyer. Redovvsky's Sedge. (Fig. 815.)

Carex Rcdgivskyana C. A. Meyer, Mem. .\cad. St. Petersb. Div. Sav.' i: 207. pi. 4. 1825-31.

Carex' gynocraiesVJormsk.; Drejer, Rev. Crit. Car. 16. 1841.

Culms very slender, stiff, erect, 3^-8^ tall. Leaves al- most bristle-form, erect, shorter than or equalling the culm; spike solitary, oblong, terminal, erect, 2"-W long, staminate above, pistillate below, the pistillate part 2"-2)" thick, or sometimes wholly staminate or pis- tillate; perigynia ovoid-ellipsoid, stipitate, dark brown, \"-iyz" long, spreading or reflexed when mature, strongly several-nerved, little compressed, rough above, narrowed into a very short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, light brown spreading, acute or cuspidate, shorter than or equalling the perigynia ; stigmas 2.

In bogs, Labrador to the Northwe.st Territory, south to Vermont, Pennsylvania (according to Bailey), Michigan and in the Rockj' Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

146. Carex exilis Dewey. Coa.st Sedge. (Fig. 816.)

Carex exilis Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 14: 351. 1828.

Culms very slender or filiform, stiff, strictly erect, nearly or quite smooth, io'-2° tall. Leaves involute- filifomi, equalling or usually shorter than the culm; spike solitary, terminal, erect, bractless, 3"-i8" long, staminate below and pistillate above or some- times staminate above and pistillate below, occa- sionally quite dioecious, very rarely with a small auxiliary spike at its base; perigynia ovoid-ellip- soid, somewhat impressed at the base, brown, about i/^" long, rather strongly several-nerved on the outer face, faintly few-nerved on the inner, spread- ing or reflexed at maturity, narrowed into a slender rough 2-toothed beak about one-half as long as the body; scales ovate, acute, equalling or shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In bogs, Newfoundland and Labrador to southern New Jersey, mostly near the coast. Reported from Minnesota. Maj--July.

vSEDGE FAMIL\

147. Carex chordorhiza L. f. Creeping Sedge. (Fig. 817.)

Cafcx choi'dorhiza L. f. Suppl. 414. 1781.

Rootstocks slender, creeping, culms slender, erect or nearly so, S'-iS' tall. Leaves \"-\yz" wide, shorter than the culm, somewhat involute in drying, straight, the lower ones of the culm reduced to short sheaths; spikes 2-4, aggregated into a terminal ovoid or oblong head4'^-6'^ long; stamiuate flowers termi- nal; perigynia ellipsoid, slightly more than \" long and nearly \" wide, flat on the inner side, convex on the outer, strongly many-nerved, abruptly tipped by a short entire beak; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, equalling the perigynia or a little longer; stigmas 2.

In bogs and shallow water, Anticosti to Hudson Bay and the Northwest Territory, south to Maine, New York, northern Pennsylvania, Illinois and Iowa. Also in Eu- rope. .Summer.

148. Carex incurva Liglitf. Curved Sedge. (Fig. 818.)

Carex incurva Lightf. Fl. Scot. 544. pi. 24. f. i. 1777.

Densely tufted, culms rather stiff, smooth, often curved, i'-6' long. Leaves less than \" wide, shorter than or equalling the culm, usually curved; spikes 2-5, sessile and aggregated into an ovoid or globose dense head ^"-W in diameter, appearing like a solitary spike; staminate flowers few, borne at the tops of the spikes; perigynia ovate, slightly swollen, compressed, i^'^ long, \" wide, con- tracted at the base and narrowed above into a short conic entire beak, faintly several-many-nerved, scales ovate, brown or brownish, acute or subacute, membranous, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

Greenland and Hudson Bay to British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe and .\sia. Summer.

149. Carex stenophylla Wahl. Invo- Itite-leaved Sedge. (Fig. 819.)

Carex stenophylla Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24: 142. 1803.

Densely tufted and strongly stoloniferous, pale green, culms smooth, stiff, erect, 3^-8' high. Leaves involute, about Yi" wide, shorter than or equalling the culm; inflorescence much as in the preceding species; perigynia ovate or ovate- oval, about \" long, faintly several-nerved, flat on the inner face, low-convex on the outer, gradually narrowed into a short entire beak; scales ovate, brownish, membranous, acute or acuminate, about €qualling the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In drj' soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to Iowa, Nebraska and Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug.

342

CYPERACEAE.

150.

Carex Douglasii Boott. Douglas' Sedge. (Fig. 820. )

Carex- Dotiglasii Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 213. pf^ 214. 1840.

Light green, rootstock extensively creeping, culms slender, erect, smooth or nearly so, 4'-i2' tall. Leaves \" wide or less, somewhat involute in drying, sometimes longer than the culm, tapering to a long point; spikes narrowly oblong, acute, 4"-6" long, several or numerous in a dense terminal oblong or ovoid cluster long; staminate flowers terminal or variously distributed, whole spikes occasionally staminate or the plants even dioecious; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, about long, faintly several-

nerved, on both sides, narrowed at the base, the slender tapering beak more than one-half as long as the body; scales pale greenish brown, lanceolate, scarious, smooth-awned, 2-4 times longer than the perigynia and completely concealing them; stigmas 2.

In dry soil, Manitoba to Nebraska and New Mexico,, west to British Columbia and California. June-Augf.

151. Carex arenaria ly. Sand Sedge. Sand-star. (Fig. 821.)

Carex arenaria L. Sp. I'l. 973. 1753.

Rootstock extensively creeping, culms erect, slen- der, slightly scabrous above, 4'-i5' high. Leaves \" or less wide, very long-pointed, shorter than the culm; lower bract subulate, sometimes long; spikes ob- long, '}/'-^" long, aggregated into a terminal ovoid cluster long, the terminal commonly staminate,

the middle ones staminate at the top, the lower usu- ally wholly pistillate; perigynia lanceolate, \yz"-2" long, strongly several- nerved on both sides, the flat strongly 2-toothed beak nearly as long as the body and decurrent on its summit; scales lanceolate, light brown, long-acuminate or awned, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2.

On sea beaches near Norfolk, Virginia, .\dventive or naturalized from Europe. June-July.

152. Carex conjuncta Boott. Soft Fox Sedge. (Fig. 822.)

Carex vulpina Carey, in A. Grav, Man. 541.

Not L. 1753- Carex conjuncta Boott, 111. 122. 1862.

Light green, culms smooth or roughish above, sharply 3-angled when fresh, flat when pressed, soft, erect, i>^°-3° tall. Leaves shorter than or sometimes equalling the culm, soft, flat, rough- margined, 2l4"-2,y2" wide; bracts small and bristle-like or wanting; spikes several or numer- ous, in a terminal elongated sometimes branched cluster, or the lower separated, the staminate flowers few, terminal; perigynia ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, pale, 1%." long, thickened at the base, strongly several-nerved, tapering into a roughish 2-toothed beak shorter than the body; scales oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate or short awned, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In moist meadows and thickets, New Jersej' (accord- ing to Bailey), southeastern Pennsylvania to Kentucky,. Illinois and Minnesota. June-Aug.

1848.

SEDGE FAMILY.

343

153. Carex stipata Muhl. Awl-fniited Sedge

Caiex slipala Muhl.; Wilkl. Sp. I'l. 4: 233. 1S05.

Culms smooth, rather weak, erect or nearly so, sharply 3-angled before drying, 1 "-3^° tall. Leaves flat, 2"-\" wide, shorter than the culm, the upper ones sometimes overtopping the spikes; bracts short, bristle-form or wanting; spikes numerous, yellowish brown, crowded into a terminal oblong cluster ^Yi'- 4' long, the lowest sometimes branched, the stami- nate flowers few, always terminal; perigynia lanceo- late, strongly several-nerved, 2"-2yz" long, about \" wide at the base, gradually tapering into a rough flattened 2-toothed beak 1-2 times as long as the body, giving the clusters a peculiarly bristly aspect; scales ovate or lanceolate, thin, hyaline, acuminate, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In swamps and wet meadows, Newfoundland to Ontario and British Columbia, south to Florida, Tennessee, Mis- souri, New Mexico and California. Ascends to 4200 ft. in Virginia. May-July.

(Fig. 823.)

154. Carex Crus-Corvi Shuttlw. Raven's-foot Sedge. (Fig. 824.)

Carex Crus-Corvi Shuttlw.; Kunze, Riedg. Suppl. 128. pi. 32. 1844.

Carex Halei Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II. ) 2: 248. 1846.

Pale green and glaucous, culms stout, 3-angled, rough above, erect, 2°-4° tall. Leaves flat, 2}^"- 6" wide, rough-margined, sometimes equalling the culm, usually shorter; spikes yellowish brown, staminate above, very numerous in a large com- pound branching terminal cluster 4^-12'' long, \'- 3' thick; perigynia elongated-lanceolate, strongly several-nerved, about \" long, with a short hard base and a subulate rough 2-toothed beak 3 or 4 times as long as the body; scales ovate or lanceo- late, thin, very much shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In swamps, Indiana to southern Minnesota, south to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. May-July.

155. Carex decomposita Muhl. Large- panicled Sedge. (Fig. 825.) "

Carex decomposita Muhl. Gram. 264. 1817.

Dark green, culms smooth, very obtusely angled or terete below, rather stout, erect, i>2°-3° tall. Leaves i"-^" wide, rough, rather stiff", longer than the culm, equitant at the base; spikes yellowish brown, staminate above, small and very numerous in a terminal decompound cluster 2^-5' long, the lower branches ascending and long; bracts

subulate, ciliate or wanting; perigynia short-ob- ovate, less than \" long, hard, somewhat shin- ing, faintly few-nerved, abruptly tipped with a very short slightly 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, scarious-margined, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In swamps, New York to Ohio and Michigan, south to Florida and Louisiana. May-Aug.

344

CYPERACEAE.

(Fig. 827.)

156. Carex marcida Boott. Clustered Field Sedge. (Fig. 826.)

Carex marcida Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 212. />/. 21J. 1840.

Light green, culms slender, sharply 3-angled, rough, at least above, i°-2° tall. Leaves 1" wide or less, much shorter than the culm; bracts short, subu- late from a broader base, or wanting; spikes several, staminate at the summit or some of them wholly staminate, clustered in a terminal oblong or oblong- cylindric head about 1%' long, the lower ones some- times compound; perigynia ovate, dark brown, about \" long, faintly nerved, tapering into a flat serrate beak shorter than the body; scales ovate or ovate- lanceolate, brownish, membranous, acute or cuspi- date, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In dry soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to Nebraska, Kansas, New Mexico and Nevada. June-Sept.

157. Carex teretiuscula Gooden. Les.ser Panicled Sedge.

Carex ieretinscula Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 163. ig. 1794.

Rather light green, culms slender, erect or re- clining, very rough, at least above, i°-2^° long. Leaves mostly less than \" wide, shorter than or sometimes equalling the culm; bracts very small or none; spikes several or numerous, staminate above, in a narrowly oblong compact or interrupted ter- minal cluster \'-2' long; perigynia ovate-oval, smooth, dark brown, hard, shining, few-nerved on the outer side, the body slightly more than yi" long, truncate or rounded at the base, short-stalked, tapering into a flat conic beak about its own length; scales thin, ovate, brownish, acute or short-awned, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In .swamps and wet meadows, Nova Scotia to Hud- son Bay and British Columbia, Rhode Island, Pennsyl- vania and Nebraska. Also in Europe. May-July.

Carex teretiuscula prairea (Dewey) Britton. Carex prairea Dewey, Wood's Classbook, 578. 1855. Carex teretiuscula var. ramosa Boott, 111. 145. 1867.

Cluster of spikes compound, branched, the top Columbia, south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Oregon.

158. Carex alopecoidea Tttckerm. Foxtail Sedge. (Fig. 828.)

Carex ceplialophora var. maxima Dewey, Am. Journ.

Sci. 43: 92. 1842. Not C. maxima Scop. 1772. Carex alopecoidea Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. 18. 1843.

Light green, culms stout but soft, sharply 3- angled, erect or reclining, 2°-3° long, roughish above. Leaves flat, i%"-3" wide, shorter than or equalling the culm; bracts almost filiform, com- monly short; spikes several or numerous in a com- pact or somewhat interrupted cluster i'-2' long, rarely also a separated cluster subtended by a leaf- like bract; staminate flowers terminal; perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceolate, short-stipitate, i^"-2" long, pale brown, faintly few-nerved on the outer side, the tapering rough 2-toothed beak nearly as long as the body; scales ovate or oval, light brown, cuspidate or short-awned, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In meadows, New York and Pennsylvania to Michi- gan and Manitoba (according to Macoun ). Local.

Not C. ramosa Schk commonly nodding.

British

SEDGE FAMILY.

345

Carex alopecoidea sparsispicata Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II. Spikes distinctlj- separated. Southeastern Michigan.

8: 350. 1849.

Heavy Sedge.

159. Carex gravida Bailey.

(Fig. 829.)

Carex gravida Bailey. Mem. Torr. Club, i: 5. i88q. Carex gravida var. laxifolia Bailey, loc. cit. 6. 1889.

Light green, culms slender, iK°~3° tall, sharply 3-angled, erect, rough above. Leaves flat, ^Yz"- 2)" wide, spreading or ascending, equalling or shorter than the culm; bracts filiform, usually very short; spikes several, in an oblong or ovoid-oblong dense heavy head long, pale, subglobose, thestami-

nate flowers terminal; perigynia flat, spreading, broadly ovate or suborbicular, long, at least

i" wide, rounded at the base, sessile or short-stalked, narrowed into a 2-toothed beak about one-third as long as the body, several-nerved on the outer face or nerve- less; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, cuspidate orshort- awned, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.

Illinois to South Dakota and Nebraska. May-July.

160. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Fox Sedge. (Fig. 830.)

Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 169. i'8o3.

Culms slender, stiff, sharply 3-angled, rough above, i°-3° tall. Leaves i''-2>^" wide, elon- gated, often exceeding the culm; bracts bristle-like, short or sometimes 2'-3' long; spikes ovoid-oblong, densely flowered, 2"-^" long, very numerous in a compact or somewhat interrupted cluster, lYz'-^' long, the lower ones sometimes compound, stami- nate flowers terminal; perigynia ovate or the body broader than long, less than \" long, rather more than yi" wide, greenish brown, flat, several-nerved on the outer face, nerveless or 1-3 nerved on the inner, ascending or spreading, tipped with a lanceo- late 2-toothed beak about half as long as the body; scales lanceolate, acuminate or awned, about as long as the perigynia, but narrower; stigmas 2.

In swamps and wet meadows, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Florida, Louisiana, Nebraska and Texas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. June-Aug.

161. Carex xanthocarpa Bicknell. Yellow-fruited Sedge.

Carex xaiitliocarpa Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 22. 1896.

Culms rather stout, rough above, i°-5° tall,

much longer than the leaves. Leaves i^"-3"

wide; head oblong or ovoid, usuallj' dense, ^'-2^'

long; spikes numerous, ovoid, many-flowered,

short; staminate flowers terminal; bracts mostly

short and inconspicuous; perigynia bright 3'ellow,

plano-convex, ovate-elliptic, about i^" long, with

a narrowed or cuneate base and a short minutely

2-toothed beak, nerveless, or obscurely few-nerved

on the outer face; scales acuminate, short-awned.

In fields, Massachusetts to New York and Ohio, June-Aug.

Carex xanthocarpa annectens Bicknell, B\ill. Torr. Club, 23: 22. 1896. Lower and slender; leaves i"-2" wide; head not over long; bracts usually numerous and longer than the

globose spikes; perigynia ovate or suborbicular. dant in the vicinity of New York.

Abun-

CYPERACEAE.

162. Carex setacea Dewey. Bristly- spiked Sedge. ( Fig. 832.)

Carcx selacca Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 9: 61. 1825. Cai ex icabrior ^-liXX^K . ; Boott, 111. 3: 125. 1862.

Cultns i}i°-4° tall, erect, rough above. Leaves i°-2° long, wide, shorter thau the culm;

head narrowl}' oblong, i^'-^li' long, thick, sometimes branched at the base; bracts bristle-like, longer than the spikes or shorter; spikes ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 2 j/^"-4" long, usually close together; perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from a more or less truncate base to a narrow rough 2-toothed beak, few-nerved, long.

New York and Massachusetts, distribution. June-Aug.

Probably of wider

(Fig. 833-)

163, Carex Sartwellii Dewey. Sartwell's Sedge.

Carex Saiizcetlii Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 90. 1842.

Culms slender, stiff, erect, rough above, 3-angled i°-3° tall. Leaves i" 2" wide, mostly shorter than the culm, long-attenuate at the apex; bracts setaceous, usually ver^- small, or i or 2 of the lower sometimes elongated; spikes ovoid or oblong, 2"- 4" long, usually densely aggregated in a narrow cluster i'-2' long, or the lower somewhat separated; staminate flowers terminal or whole spikes oc- casionally staminate; perigynia elliptic-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, about 1" long and rather more than wide, ascending, strongly several-nerved on both faces, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, obtuse or subacute, pale brown, scarious-margined, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In swamps, Ontario to British Columbia, south to central New York, Illinois, Michigan, Arkansas and Utali. May-July.

164. Carex tenella Schk. Soft-leaved Sedge. (Fig. 834.)

Carex tenella Schk. Riedgr. 23. f. 104. 1801.

Light green, rootstocks very slender, culms al- most filiform, rough, commonly reclining, 6'-2° long. Leaves soft, about yi" wide, spreading, shorter than or sometimes equalling the culm; spikes very small, only 1-5-flowered, distant or the upper close together, the staminate flower or flow- ers uppermost; perigynia ovoid-ellipsoid, nearly terete, hard, finely many-nerved, about \ " long and rather more than Yz" thick, tipped with a very minute entire beak; scales ovate, hyaline, acute, shorter than or the lower equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In bogs, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Colorado and California. Also in Europe. June-July.

Carex Eleocharis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, 1: 6, a very slender erect species, with 2 or 3 small brown i-3-flowered spikes aggregated in a terminal head i54"-2" long, ovoid slightly swollen mar- ginless plano-convex short-beaked perigynia, collected by Prof. Macoun on the Saskatchewan Plains, probably occurs within the northwestern limits of our area.

SEDGE FAMILY.

347

165. Carex rosea Schk. Stellate Sedge. (Fig. 835.)

Carix rosea Schk. Riedgr. Naclitr. 15. f. 779. 1806.

Rather bright green, culms very slender or filiform, erect or reclining, rough above, i°-2^° long. Leaves flat, soft, spreading, \" or less wide, shorter than the culm; lower bract filiform or bristle-like, Yz'-iYz' long; spikes 4-8, subglobose, 2"-3"in diameter, 5-15- flowered, the 2 or 3 upper close together, the others distant; stamiuate flowers few, terminal; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, flat, bright green, stellately diverging, nerveless, shining, \"-\yz" long, rather more than Yz" wide, tapering into a stout 2-toothed beak about one- fourth the length of the body; scales ovate-oblong, white, hyaline, half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Ontario and Manitoba, south to North Carolina, Nebraska and Mis- souri, Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. May-July.

Carex rosea radiata Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 276. 1826. Culms filiform, spreading; leaves about M" wide; spikes only 2-6-flowered, scattered; perigynia ascending, lanceolate, about K" wide. Ontario to Massachusetts, North Carolina and Kentucky.

166. Carex retroflexa Muhl. Reflexed Sedge. (Fig. 836.)

Carex relroflexa Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 235. 1805. C. rosea var. retrofle.va Torr. Ann. Lyc. 3: 389. 1836.

Culms very slender, erect, rather stiff, 8'-i8' tall, smooth or roughish above. Leaves about in width, mostly shorter than the culm; lower bract bristle-form, sometimes 1' long, usually shorter; spikes 4-8, subglobose, 4-9-flowered, the upper all close together, the lower 2 or 3 separated; stami- nate flowers terminal or rarely variously intermixed with the pistillate; perigynia oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, radiating or reflexed at maturity, about yYz" long and a little more than Y^" wide, smooth, green-brown, compressed, but not as flat as those of the preceding species, somewhat corky- thickened at the base, tapering upwardly into a 2- toothed beak about one-third the length of the body; scales ovate, hyaline, about half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2. In woods and thickets, Massachusetts to Ontario, Michigan, Florida, and Texas. May-July.

167. Carex Texensis (Torr.) Bailey. Texa.s Sedge. (Fig. 837.)

Carex rosea var, Texensis Torr,; Bailey, Mem. Torr,

Club, i: 57, 1889. Carex Texensis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 97, 1894,

Similar to the preceding species, culms very slender, erect, smooth, 6'-i8' tall. Leaves spread- ing or ascending, soft, about Yz" wide, shorter than the culm; lower bract commonly filiform, some- times elongated; spikes 4-7, 4-10-flowered, all close together in a narrow head j^'-i^' long, or the lower ones separated; perigynia narrowly lanceo- late, green, nerveless, smooth, radiating or widely spreading, i Yl"-'^" long, Y^" wide, the tapering beak about one-half as long as the body; scales lanceolate or ovate, hyaline, acute or acuminate, less than one-half as long as the perigynia; stig- mas 2.

Southern Illinois (according to Bailey); Alabama to Texas, April-May,

348

CYPERACEAE.

i68. Carex muricata L,. Lesser Prickly Sedge. (Fig. 838.)

Cat cA- vittricala L. Sp. PI. 974. 1753.

Bright green, culms slender, erect or reclining, roughish, at least above, i°-2j4° long. Leaves \"- I/-2" wide, shorter than the culm, bracts very short and subulate; spikes 5-10, 4-10-flowered, all clus- tered iuto an oblong head, or the lower i or 2 somewhat distant; perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceo- late, 2" long, \" wide, smooth, shining, nerveless, ascending when young, spreading or radiating when mature, not reflexed, tapering into a rough- edged 2-toothed beak as long as the bodv; scales ovate or ovate-oblong, green or brownish, acute, somewhat shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In meadows and fields, eastern Jrassacliusetts to southern Xew York, Ohio and \'irginia. Naturalized from Europe. June-.A.ug.

169. Carex sparganioides Muhl. Btir-reed Sedge. (Fig. 839.)

Carex sparganioides Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 237. 1805.

Rather dark green with nearly white sheaths, culms stout or slender, rough, sharply 3-angled, 2°- 3° tall. Leaves broad and flat, 2^-4 "-4^" wide, shorter than or sometimes overtopping the culm, the lower very short; spikes 6-12, oblong or sub- globose, 2^4."-^" in diameter, several-many-flow- ered, the upper aggregated, the lower 2-4 com- monly separated, sometimes compound and sub- tended by bristle-like bracts; perigynia flat, ovate, i%" long, wide, spreading or radiating, pale, narrowly wing-margined, rounded at the base, usu- ally few-nerved on the outer face, the rough 2- toothed beak one-fourth to one-third the length of the body; scales ovate, hyaline, acute or cuspidate, about one half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In woods and thickets, Massachusetts to Ontario and ^Michigan, south to Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia. June-Aug.

Carex cephaloidea Dewey. Thin-leaved Sedge. (Fig. 840. )

Carex- muricata var. cephaloidea Dewey, Am. Joum.

Sci. 11: 308. 1826. Carex cephaloidea Dewey, Rep. PI. Mass. 262. 1840.

Similar to the preceding species, culms slender or rather stout, erect but not stiff, rough above, 2°- 3° tall. Leaves flat, 2''-^" wide, thin and lax, somewhat shorter than the culm; bracts bristle- form, usually short, sometimes wanting; spikes 4- 8, subglobose, aggregated but commonly distinct, in an oblong cluster long, the staminate

flowers terminal; perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceo- late, greenish brown, nearly 2" long, i" wide, as- cending, nerveless or faintly few-nerved, tapering into a rough 2-toothed beak one-fourth to one-third as long as the body; scales ovate, white, membran- ous with a green midvein, short-cuspidate or awned, about one-half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In dry fields and on hills, Massachusetts to Pennsyl- vania, Illinois, Michigan and Wyoming. May-Jul}-.

SEDGE FAMILY.

349

171. Carex cephalophora Muhl. Oval-

headed Sedge. (Fig. 841.)

Carer crphaloplioia Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 220. 1805.

Pale green, culms slender, erect, rough above, 10'- 2° tall. Leaves \"-2" wide, sometimes overtopping the culm, usually shorter; bracts of the lower spikes short, bristle-form; spikes few, subglobose, densely clustered in a terminal short-obloug head 4''-8'' long, the staminate flowers terminal; perigynia broadly ovate, 1" long or less, pale, nerveless or very faintly few-nerved, tipped with a 2-toothed beak about one- fourth the length of the body; scales ovate, thin, rough- cufpidate or awned, equalling or a little shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In dry fields and on hills, Maine and Ontario to Mani- toba, south to Florida, Missouri and Texas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virg^inia. May-July.

172. Carex Leavenworthii Dewey. Iyeavenworth'.s Sedge. (Fig. 842.)

Care.v Leavenworthii Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 2: 246. 1846.

Carex ceplialophora var. angustifolia Boott, 111. 123. 1862.

Similar to the preceding species but smaller, culms very slender or almost filiform, erect, roughish, 6'-i5' tall. Leaves much narrower, ^'^-i^'^ wide, mostly shorter than the culm; bracts of the lower spikes short, bristle-form or wanting; spikes 4-7, densely crowded in an oblong head d/'-W long, similar to that of C. cephalophora but usually smaller, the lower sometimes compound, the staminate flowers terminal; perigynia orbicular-ovate, rather less than \" long and about as wide, tipped with a very short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, acute or cuspidate, shorter and narrower than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In meadows, Missouri to Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas. May-June.

173. Carex Muhlenbergii Schk.

Carex Muhlenbergii Schk. Riedgr. Nachtr. 12. 1806.

Muhlenberg's Sedge /• 178.

(Fig- 843.)

Light green, culms slender but stiff and erect, sharply 3-angled, rough, at least above, i°-2>^° tall. Leaves wide, usually shorter than the culm,

somewhat involute in drying; bracts bristle-form, usually short; spikes 4-10, ovoid or subglobose, dis- tinct but close together in an oblong head long, the staminate flowers terminal; perigynium broadly ovate-oval, i !^'' long, \" wide, strongly nerved on both faces, ascending, tipped with a short 2-toothed beak; scales hyaline with a green midvein, ovate-lanceolate, rough-cuspidate or short-awned, narrower and mostly longer than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In dry fields and on hills, Massachusetts to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. May-July.

Carex Muhlenbergii Xalapensis (Kunth.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club Carex Xalapensis Kunth, Enum. 2: 380. 1837. Carex Muhlenbergii ^^x. enervis'^ooXX, 111. 124. 1862.

Perigynia nearly or quite nerveless; leaves broader and longer souri, Texas and Mexico.

Southern New York to Mis-

350

CYPERACEAE.

Carex sterilis Willd. Little Prickly Sedge. (Fig. 844.)

Carex sterilis Willd. Kp. PI. 4: 208. 1805. C. ecliinala var. viicrostachys Boeckl. Linnaea. 39: 125, 1875. Carex sterilis var. angustata Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 425- 1893.

Carex sterilis var. excelsior Bailey, loc. cit. 424. 1893.

Culms slender, stiff, erect or rarely spreading, 8'-i8' tall, rough, at least above. Leaves wide, shorter

than the culm; bracts very short or sometimes bristle- form; spikes 3-5, subglobose or short-oblong, contigu- ous or separated, about thick; staminate flowers basal, usually numerous at the bottom of the upper spike, or whole spikes occasionally staminate, or plants rarely quite dioecious; perigynia pale, lanceolate, com- pressed, spreading or rcflexed when old, lYz" long, '/s" wide, several-nerved on both faces, thickened at the base, tapering into a sharp-edged 2-toothed rough beak more than one-half as long as the body; scales ovate, hyaline, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2. In moist soil, Newfoimdland to British Columbia, south to Florida, Louisiana, Colorado and California. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virg-jnia. Variable. May-July.

Carex sterilis cephalantha Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 425. 1893. Carex echiiiata var. cephalantha Bailej', Mem. Torr. Club, i: 58. i88q.

Stouter, sometimes 2° tall. Spikes 4-8, contiguous or separated; flowers more numerous; peri- gynia rather larger; spikes very bristly. Range nearly that of the species; perhaps merely a stout form.

175. Carex Atlantica Bailey. Eastern Sedge. (Fig. 845.)

Carex stellulata var. conferta Cliapm. Fl. S. States, 534.

i860. Not C. conferta Koch. Carex Atlantica Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 425. 1893.

Similar to large forms of the preceding species but stouter, culms very rough above, i°-2j^° tall. Leaves \"-\yz" wide, stiff, flat or in drj'ing somewhat invo- lute, the upper sometimes overtopping the spikes; spikes 4-7, spreading, subglobose or short-cylindric, nearly 3" in diameter, several-man3'-flowered, the staminate flowers numerous at the base of the terminal one, or this rarely entirely staminate; perigynia broadly ovate, flat, sharp-margined, \"-\y2" long, \" wide, cordate or rounded at the base, strongly several- nerved on the outer face, few-nerved on the inner, spreading or reflexed at maturit}', abruptly tipped with a stout, rough 2-toothed beak about one-third as long as the body; scales shorter than the perigynia.

In swamps, Newfoundland to Florida. June-Julj-.

176. Carex interior Bailey. Inland Sedge. (Fig. 846.)

Carex interior Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 426. 1893.

Similar to C. sterilis, culms very slender, wiry, rather stiff, erect, i°-2° tall. Leaves only about Yz" wide, shorter than the culm; bract of the lower spike very short; spikes 2-4, nearly globular, somewhat separated, several-flowered, 2" in dia- meter, the terminal one staminate at the base; perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceolate, \" or less long, about yi" wide, faintly few-nerved on the outer face, nearly nerveless on the inner, thickened, rounded or subcordate at the base, spreading or re- flexed when old, tapering into a nearly smooth 2-toothed beak one-third to one-half as long as the body; scales ovate, acute or obtusish, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

Wet soil, Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Kansas. Differs from C. sterilis in its shorter, shorter-beaked and weaker-neiA-ed perigynia. May-July.

SEDGE FAMILY,

Carex interior capillacea Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20; 426. 1893. Leaves about H" wide ; peiifjyuia ovate, cordate, strongly nerved. Massachusetts to Pennsylvania.

177. Carex canescens L. Silvery Sedge

Care.v canescens L. Sp. PI. 974. 1753.

Pale green and somewhat glaucous, culms slender, erect, roughish above, io'-2%° tall. Leaves flat, ^^'-i^' wide, shorter than the culm; bracts very short or none, or the lowest occasionally bri.stle-form and longer than its spike; spikes 4-9, short-oblong or sub- globose, sessile, densely many-flowered, 2 ^^'''-5'''' long, about 2" in diameter, scattered or the upper close together; staminate flowers basal; perigynia oval or ovate-oval, silvery green or nearly white, faintly few-nerved, ascending, blunt-edged, rather less than i" long, about wide, rough above,

tipped with a minute entire beak; scales hyaline, ovate, acute or obtuse, slightly shorter than or as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In swamps and bogs, Newfoundland to British Colum- bia, south to Virginia, Michigan, Colorado and Oregon, Ascends to 4200 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and Asia. May-July.

178. Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. Brownish Sedge. (Fig. 848.)

Care.v curia var. b>-u niiescens Pers. Syn. 2: 539. 1807. C. canescens var. alpicola Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 232. i8t2. C. brunnescens Poir. in Lam. Enc5'cl. Suppl. 3: 286. 1813.

Rather dark green, not glaucous, culms slender, stiff, erect, roughish above, 8'-i8' tall. Leaves 1" wide or less, shorter than the culm; lower bract bristle-form and longer than its spike, or short, or none; spikes 4-8, subglobose or short-oblong, few-flowered, rarely over 2^'' long, scattered, orthe upper close together; stami- nate flowers basal; perigynia ascending or spreading, brown, smaller than those of the preceding species, less than 1" long, tipped with a manifest beak about one- fourth as long as the body; scales ovate, membranous, brownish, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In wet places, mostly at high altitudes, Labrador to British Columbia, New York and New England, on the southern Alleghenies, and the Rocky Mountains. Also in Europe. Ascends to 6600 ft. in North Carolina. Summer. Carex brunnescens gracilior Britton. Carex ca)iesccnsvz.x. vulgaris H'sSX^y, Bot. Gaz. 13:86. 1888. Not C. vulgaris Vx\^^, 1842.

Culms nearly filiform, weak, often spreading; spikes 4-8-flowered; perigynia spreading, longer- beaked. Range of type, mostly at lower altitudes. Perhaps a distinct species.

179. Carex Norvegica Willd. Norway Sedge. (Fig. 849.)

Carex Norvegica Willd.; Schk. Riedgr. 50. 1801.

Bright green, culms slender but stiff and erect, slightly scabrous above, 6'-i6' tall. Leaves \" wide or less, shorter than the culm; bracts very short or wanting; spikes 3-6, brown, oblong or subglobose, scattered or rather close together, densely many- flowered, 2i"~^" long) about 2'' in diameter; stami- nate flowers basal, very numerous at the bottom of the upper spike; perigynia ascending, about i" long, elliptic, blunt-edged, narrowed at both ends, brownish, finely many-nerved, tipped with a very short rough beak; scales ovate or oval, brown, ob- tuse, rather shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

Along salt meadows, Maine to Anticosti. Reported from Minnesota. Also in Europe. Summer.

352

CYPERACEAE.

180. Carex arcta Boott. Northern Clustered Sedge. (Fig. 850.)

Carex canesceiisv&r. polystackyalAooXX; Richards. Arct.

Exp. 2: 344. 1851. Not C. polystacliya Sw. 1803. Carex arcta Boott, 111. 155. pi. 4(^7. 1867.

Rather light green but not glaucous, culms slen- der, usually strictly erect, i°-2^° tall, rough above, longer than or sometimes overtopped by the leaves which are flat and about \" wide. Lower bract bristle-form and longer than its spike, or short, or wanting; spikes oblong, many-flowered, 2i"~A" long, about 2^2" in diameter, all aggregated into a terminal ovoid cluster about 1' long, the staminate flowers basal; perigynia pale, ovate, many-nerved, mostly spreading, tapering into a rough beak about one-half as long as the body; scales membranous, pale brown, usually acute, shorter than the peri- gynia; stigmas 2.

In swamps and wet woods, Maine and New Bruns- wick to Manitoba, Minnesota and British Columbia. June-July.

181. Carex tenuitlora Wahl. Sparse-flowered Sedge. (Fig. 851.)

Carex toniijiora Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24; 147. 1803.

Light green, culms verj- slender or filiform, erect or reclining, rough above, S'-2° long. Leaves yi" wide or rather more, flat, usually much shorter than the culm; spikes only 2-4, clustered at the summit, sub- globose, few-flowered, about 1Y2" in diameter, bract- less or the lowest with a short bract; perigynia pale, elliptic, very obscurely few-nerved, narrowed at both ends, long, more than yi" wide, narrowed

at both ends, beakless, spreading; staminate flowers basal; scales nearly white, h3'aline, acute or obtusi.sh, about equalling the perigA'nia; stigmas 2.

In bogs, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Maine, Vermont, central New York and :Michigan. Local. Also in Europe. Summer.

182. Carex Heleonastes Ehrh. Hudson Bay Sedge. (Fig. 852.)

Carex Heleonasles Ehrh.; L. f. Suppl. 414. 1781.

Culms slender, stiff, erect, very rough above, 6'- iS' high. Leaves rigid, erect, becoming involute, less than \" wide, shorter than the culm; bracts very short or none; spikes 3-5, subglobose, several- flowered, brown, about lYz" in diameter, clustered at the summit, the staminate flowers basal ; perigynia broadly ovate or ovate-elliptic, blunt-edged, faintly several-nerved, about \" long, more than Yz" wide, tipped with a short sharp beak; scales ovate, brown with broad hyaline margins, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.

Hudson Bay to Manitoba and the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Also in Europe. Summer.

SEDGE FAMILY.

353

183. Carex lagopina Walil. Arctic Hare's- foot Sedge. (Fig. 853.)

Carex lagopina Wahl. Koiigl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24: 145. 180,3.

Culms rough, stiff, erect, 6'-i6' tall. Leaves flat, not involute, 1'^ or less wide, shorter than the culm, bracts ver}' short or wanting; spikes 3-6, oblong, (lark brown, narrowed at the base, ^ong, I ■^"-2" thick, densely many-flowered, clustered at the summit or the lower somewhat separated, the staminate flowers basal; perig3'nia elliptic or obo- vate, rather less than 1" long, firm, several-nerved, narrowed at the base, rather abruptly' tipped by the beak; scales ovate, brown, hyaline-margined, acute, shorter than the perigj'nia; stigmas 2.

Labrador and Greenland to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Utah. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer.

184. Carex glareosa WahL

Weak Clustered Sedge. (Fig. 854.)

Care.v glareosa V^a.\\\. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24: 146. 1803.

Clcsely resembles the preceding species, but has weak spreading or reclining culms 2'-i8' long. Leaves narrower, flat, about wide; spikes 2 or 3, oblong or subglobose, several-flowered, long, about \yz" in diameter, brown, subtended by very small scale-like bracts, the staminate flowers basal; perigynia oblong-oval, strongly several- nerved, less than \" long, about yi" wide, short beaked; scales ovate, acute or obtusish, rich brown, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.

Greenland and Hudson Bay to Gaspe, Oiiebec, west through arctic America to Alaska. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer.

Carex glareosa ursina (Dewey) Bailey, Carex Cat. 3. 1884.

Carex ursina Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 27: 240. 1835.

Lower densely tufted; spikes smaller. Perhaps a mere form of the species. Arctic America.

185. Carex trisperma Dewej'. Three- fruited Sedge. (Fig. 855.)

Carex trisperma Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 9: 63. 1825.

Bright green, culms filiform, weak, usually reclin- ing or spreading, very slightly roughened, i°-2%° long. Leaves flaccid, flat, about wide, shorter than the culms; spikes 2 or 3, only 2-4-flowered, widely separated, the lowest subtended by a bristle- form bract %'-3' long; perig^-nia oblong, ascending, green, i%"-2'' long, rather more than Wide, ver}' finely many-nerved, narrowed at both ends and tipped with a very short nearly entire beak; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, hyaline with a green mid- vein, acute, somewhat shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland to Mani- toba, south to Marj'land, Ohio, Michigan and (accord- ing to Webber) to Nebraska. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Vermont. June-Aug.

354

CYPERACEAE.

i86. Carex Deweyana Schwein. Dewey's Sedge. (Fig. S56.)

Cat ex Deiveyana Schwein. Ann. Lyc. X. Y. 1:65. 1824.

Pale green, culms slender, spreading, nearly or quite smooth, i°-2° long. Leaves V-iYz" wide, flat, soft, shorter than the culm; bracts bristle-fonn, the lower commonly elongated; spikes 3-6, oblong or subglobose, few-flowered, about lYz" in diam- eter, sessile, distinctly separated or the upper ones contiguous; staminate flowers basal; perigynia lan- ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, thin, nerveless, 2"-2>^" long, rather less than \" wide, the inner face flat, the tapering rough strongly 2-toothed beak at least one-half as long as the bod}-; scales nearly white, h}-aline with a green midvein, cuspidate or acute, equalling the perigynia, or shorter; stigmas 2.

In drj' woods, Nova Scotia to IManitoba and Oregon, south to Connecticut, Pennsj'lvania, Michigan, New Mexico and Utah. May-July.

187. Carex bromoides Schk

C. bromoides Schk. Riedgr. Nachtr. 8. f. 176.

Bright green, culms slender, erect or reclining, roughish above, i°-2° long. Leaves i" wide or less, flat, soft, equalling or shorter than the culm; bracts subulate or bristle-form, the lowest com- monly elongated, sometimes overtopping the .spikes; spikes 3-7, narrowly oblong-cylindric, long, about I thick, erect or ascending, mostly clo.se together, loosely several-many-flowered, the stam- inate flowers either basal, basal and tenninal, or forming whole spikes, the plant occasionally quite dioecious; perig3'nia linear-lanceolate, firm, pale, strongly several-nerved, 2"-2yi" long, 14." wide, the inner face flat, the tapering rough 2-toothed beak at least one-half as long as the body; scales ob- long-lanceolate, green, acute or acuminate, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In bogs and swamps, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Micliigan, south to Florida and Louisiana. June- Aug.

Brome-like Sedge. 1806.

(Fig. 857.)

188. Carex pratensis Drejer.

Northern Meadow Sedge. (Fig. 858.)

Carex pratensis Drejer. Rev. Crit. Car. 24. 1841.

Light green, culms slender, erect when young, the summit later nodding, nearly smooth, i°- tall. Leaves about \" wide, shorter than the culm, but the upper sometimes overtopping the spikes; lower bract bristle-form, usually short; spikes 3-6, oblong or club-shaped, sepa- rated or the upper contiguous, silverj- -brown and shining, 3"-5" long, about 2)^" in diameter, several-flowered, the staminate flowers basal; perigynia lanceolate, thin, pale, nen'eless on the inner face, few-nerved on the outer, lyi" long, nearly \" wide, wing-margined, tapering into a beak nearly as long as the body; scales mem- branous, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.

Labrador to western Ontario. Jlichigan. Manitoba and Alaska, south in the Rockj- Jlountains to Col- orado. Summer.

SEDGE FAMILY.

355

189. Carex xerantica Bailey. White-scaled Sedge. (Fig. 859. )

Cnii.v Acra/i/ha Bailev, Coiilt. Bot. Gaz. 17: i8q2.

151-

>Siiiiilar to the preceding species but the cuhiis are stout, stiff, and strictly erect, even when mature. Leaves about 1" wide, invohite in drj-ing, shorter than the cuhn; spikes about 5, oblong, densely many-flowered, close together or the lower slightly separated, 4''-6^' long, about 2'^ in diameter, the staminate flowers basal ; perigynia lanceolate, pale, ayi^' long, i^'' wide, nerveless, conspicuouslj' wing- margined, the inner face concave, the rough taper- ing beak about as long as the body; scales silvery white, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, equalling or a trifle longer than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

Western jNIanitoba and adjacent Northwest Terri- tory. May-July.

190. Carex siccata Dewey. Dry-spiked Sedge

860.)

Carex siccata Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 278. 1826.

Rootstocks long and stout, culms slender, erect, rough above, i°-2° tall. Leaves erect, about \" wide, the upper sometimes overtopping the culm, the lower short; bracts short or the lowest bristle- form and elongated; spikes 3-6, oblong or subglo- bose, 7.Yz"-\" long, brownish or brown, clustered or more or less separated, the staminate flowers basal or variously situated or whole spikes stami- nate; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, firm, about lyi," long and nearly \" wide, wing-margined, strongly several-nerved on both sides, the inner face, con- cave by the incurved margins, the tapering rough beak nearly as long as the body; scales ovate-lan- ceolate membranous, acute or acuminate, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In dry fields and on hills, Ontario and Manitoba to British Columbia, south to Rhode Island, New York, Michigan, Arizona and California. May-July.

191. Carex Muskingumensis Schwein.

Carex 2fiiski>igii)>iens!S Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y 1824.

Carex arida Schwein. & Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i: 312. 1825.

Culm stout, stiff, erect, very rough above, 2°-3° tall.

Leaves flat, long-pointed, i>^'^-2j^" wide, shorter than

the fertile culms, those of sterile culms crowded near the

summit; bracts very short and scale-like; spikes 6-12, ob-

long-cylindric, denselj' many-flowered, i>"-\i" long,

about 2]/," \\x diameter, erect, close together, pale brown,

narrowed and staminate at the base; perigynia narrowly

lanceolate, ascending, about 4" long and rather less than

Yt," wide, strongly several-nerved, very flat, narrowed to

both ends, scarious-margined, rough-ciliate, the tapering

2-toothed beak at least as long as the body; scales

lanceolate, acuminate, one-third to one-half as long as

the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In moist woods and thickets, Ohio to Michigan, ^lanitoba and Missouri. June-Aug.

Muskingum Sedge.

[: 66,

(Fig. 861.)

356

CYPERACEAE.

192.

Carex tribuloides Wahl. Blunt Broom Sedge. (Fig. 862.)

Carex tribuloides Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24. 145. 1803.

Care.v lagopodioides Schk. Riedgr. Nachtr. 20. / 177. 1806. (C /ribiiloidesxax. lurbata Baile}-, Mem.Torr. Club, 1:55. 1889.

Bright green, culms usually stout, erect, roughish above, 8'-3° tall. Leaves flat, 1"-^" wide, shorter than or the uppenuost overtopping the cuhn; lower bract bristlefomi, sometimes elongated; spikes 6-20, ob- long or sometimes top-shaped, blunt, densely clustered or sometimes separated, ^'-6" long, about 2%" thick; staminate flowers basal; perigynia lanceolate, thin, greeni.sh brown, flat, ascending or erect, 2''-2>^" long, yi'^-i" wide, several-ner\-ed on each face, with a shaq^ly 2-toothed, roiagh wing-margined beak; scales lanceolate, whiti.sh, acute, about half as long the perigy nia; stigmas 2.

In meadows, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida and Arizona. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept.

Carex tribuloides Bebbii Bailey, ]Mem. Torr. Club. 1:55. 1889. More slender, spikes fewer, smaller (about 3" long, commonly bractless, mostlj' clustered in a dense head 1' long; perigynia broader and shorter. Range of the type.

Carex tribuloides moniliformis (Tuckerm. ) Britton. Carex scoparia var. moniliformis Tuckftrm. Enum. Meth. 17. 1843. Carex tribuloides var. rcdiicla Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 118. 1886.

Slender, the culm much exceeding the leaves; spikes all or all but the uppermost separated, 2K"-4" long, the rachis somewhat zigzag. Maine and New Brunswick to New Vork, west to North Dakota.

I93-

Carex scoparia Schk. Pointed Broom Sedge. (Fig. 863.)

Carex scoparia Schk. Riedgr. Nachtr. 20. f. 775. 1806. Carex scoparia\a.x. miHor'?>o(M.,\\\. pl.j6<). 1862.

Culms slender, erect, roughish above, >^°-2j2° tall. Leaves less than ij^" wide; lower bract bristle-form or wanting; spikes 3-10, oblong, narrowed at both ends, bright brown, 3"-8" long, in diameter, densely

many-flowered, usuallj' aggregated into an ovoid head long; staminate flowers basal; perigj-nia lanceo- late, ascending or erect, 2"-3" long, rather less than \" wide, narrowly wing-margined, several-nerved on both faces, tapering into the ciliate 2-toothed beak; scales thin, brown, acuminate or cuspidate, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In moist soil. Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Florida and Col- orado. Ascends to 6200 ft. in North Carolina. Jul}--.Sept.

194. Carex leporina L. Hare's-foot Sedge. (Fig. 864.)

Carex leporina L. Sp. PI. 973. 1753-

Culms slender, erect, roughish above, tall. Leaves about 1" wide, flat, shorter than the culm; bracts ver)- short and scale-like or wanting; spikes 4-7, oblong, blunt at the summit, narrowed and stam- inate at the base, 4"-6" long, about 3" thick, dark brown, shining, clustered but distinct, in a terminal oblong head about i' long; perigynia ascending or ap- pressed, ovate- lanceolate, 2" long, nearly i" wide, rather narrowly wing-margined, several -nerved on both faces, the rough tapering 2-toothed beak nearly as long as the bod}'; scales lanceolate, browu, mem- branous, acute, narrower and shorter than the peri- gynia; stigmas 2.

Eastern Massachusetts. Adventive from Europe. Na- tive in the Rocky Mountains. June-Aug.

SEDGE FAMILY.

357

195. Carex cristatella Britton. Crested Sedge.

Carex cristata Schwein. Ann. lyjc. N. Y. i: 66. 1824.

Not Clairv. 181 1. Carex t)-ibuloides var. ciislala Bailej-, Proc. Am.

Acad. 22: 148. 1S86.

Culms slender or rather stout, i>^°-2>2° tall, stiff, erect, roughish above, longer than the leaves. Leaves tYz"--!" wide; lower bracts bristle-form, long; heads 6-15, globose or subglobose, ■2."-2," in diameter, all densely aggregated into an oblong head \' long or more or the lower slightly separated; staminate flowers basal; perigynia lan- ceolate or ovate lanceolate, spreading or ascending, squarrose when mature, green or greenish brown, \yz"~'2." long, less than \" wide, narrowly wing- margined, several-nerved on both faces, tapering into a ciliate 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, nearly white, much shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In meadows and thickets, New Brunswick to Mani- toba, south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Illinois and Nebraska. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virg-inia. JuIy-.Sept.

196. Carex adusta Boott. Browned Sedge. (Fig. 866.)

Carex adusta Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 215. 1840.

Culms stout, stiff, erect, entirely smooth, i}4°-

2}4.° tall, growing in dense tufts. Leaves about i'^

wide, long-pointed, shorter than the culm; bracts

subulate, tapering from a broad nerved base, the

lower I or 2 usually elongated, nearly erect, often

exceeding the spikes; spikes 5-12, subglobose or

short-oval, several-flowered; densely clustered and

apparently confluent, or slightly separated, bright

greenish brown; staminate flowers basal; perigynia

broadly ovate, firm, very narrowly wing-margined

or wingless, rough above, plano-convex, ^''-^yi,"

long, \"-\yi" wide, tapering into a 2-toothed

beak, several-nerved on the outer face, nerveless

on the inner, ascending; scales lanceolate, acute or

cuspidate, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In dry soil, New Brunswick to the Northwest Terri- tor>', New York and Michigan. June-Jul}'.

Carex foenea Willd. Hay Sedge. Fig. 867.)

Carex foenea Willd. Enum. 957. \i Carex ar^yrani/ta Tnckerm.; Wood, Class-book, 753.

Rather light green, culm slender, smooth, erect or the summit nodding, i°-3^° tall. Leaves flat, soft, i^'-2'' wide, shorter than the culm; bracts very short or wanting, or the lowest occasionally manifest; spikes 4-10, subglo- bose or short-oblong, narrowed at the base, 2j4^^-3'' in di- ameter, silvery green, all separated on a sometimes zigzag rachis or the upper contiguous; staminate flowers basal; perigynia ovate, thin, about i^'' long and nearly i" wide, broadly wing-margined, strongly several-nerved on both faces, tapering into a short rough 2-toothed beak; scales hyaline, lanceolate, acuminate, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In dry woods, often on rocks, New Brunswick to Pennsyl- vania, Minnesota and British Columbia. June-July.

Carex foenea perplexa Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: 27. 1889.

Culms stouter, spikes commonlj' aggregated and larger, less contracted at the base, the summit of the culm erect or nearly so; perigynia thicker. Maine and Virginia to Minnesota.

358

CYPERACEAE.

io8. Carex straminea Willd. Straw Sedge. (Fig. 868.)

Carex siraminea V^\\\A. \ Schk. Riedgr. 49. /. J4. 1801.

Culms very slender, roughish above, i°-2^° long, the top commonly nodding or recurved. Leaves 1" wide or less, long-poiuted, shorter than the culm; bracts short or the lower bristle-form and exceeding its spike; spikes 3- 8, subglobose or slightly obovoid, 2 "-2; 2'' thick, yellow- ish brown or greenish, separated on the commonly zigzag rachis, or contiguous; staniinate flowers basal; perigynia spreading or ascending, ovate, brown, about 1%" long, rather more than wide, strongly several-nerved on the outer face, fewer-nerved on the inner, wing-margined, the tapering rough 2-toothed beak about as long as the body; scales lanceolate, acute, about equalling the peri- gynia, but narrower; stigmas 2.

In dry fields, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Pennsylvania, ISIichigan, and probably farther south. June-July. Carex straminea mirabiUs (Dewey) Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. 18. 1843.

Carex viirahilis Dewey. Am. Jouni. ,Sci. 30: 63. 1S36.

Larger, culm slender, 2°-5° long; leaves i"-2^2" wide; spikes larger, 3"-4" thick, rather greener; perigynia spreading, narrower, longer than the scales. Range of the type, extending south to North Carolina and ^lissouri. Perhaps better regarded as a distinct species.

199. Carex silicea Olnev. Sea-beach Sedge. (Fig. 869.)

Carex silicea Olney, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 393. 1868. C. straminea var. monilifoi-mis Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. 17.

1843. C. scoparia var. moniliformis Tuckerm. 1843.

Carex foenea var. sabiilonum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 580. 1867.

Not C. sabnlosa Turcz. 1837.

Culms slender, rather stiff, erect but the summit re- curved or nodding, roughish above, i°-2^° tall. Leaves 1" wide or rather less, involute in drying, shorter than the culm; bracts always very short; spikes 5-8, ovoid-conic or ovoid-oblong, silvery-green, nearly white or becoming brownish, erect, conspicuously contracted and staniinate at the base, 4"-6" long, about 2 !2" thick, all separated or the uppermost close together; perigynia ovate-oval, short-beaked, finely ners'ed on both faces, wing-mar- gined, appressed, about 2" long, more than i" wide, longer and broader than the lanceolate scales; stigmas 2.

In sands of the sea coast. Nova Scotia to New Jersey. June-Aug.

200. Carex tenera Dewey. Marsh Straw Sedge. (Fig. 870.)

Carex tenera Dewey, \m. Journ. Sci. 8: 97. f. 9. 1824. C. strami)iea var. aperta Boott, 111. 120. pl.jS^. 1862. C. straminea var. tenera Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 381. 1885.

Culm very slender, erect or the summit nodding, roughish above i°-2° high. Leaves shorter than the culm, usually less than 1" wide, tapering to a very long point; bracts usualh- short or wanting, some- times bristle-form; spikes 4-6, oval, obtuse, densely manj--flowered, separated or the upper contiguous, greenish-brown, 4"-5"long, staminate and commonly- much contracted at the base; perigynia ovate to ovate- lanceolate, ascending, appressed, strongly several- nerved on both faces, wing-margined, the tapering rough beak more than half as long as the body; scales lanceolate, about as long as the perigynia, but much narrower; stigmas 2.

In wet soil, common along brackish marshes, Maine and Ontario to Virginia and Louisiana. May-June. Carex tenera invisa 1 \V. Boott) Britton. Carex straminea var. invisa W. Boott, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 9: 86. 1884.

Spikes smaller, subglobose or short-oblong, not more than 3" thick, the lower one usuallj- sub- tended by a filiform bract M' -yA' long. IMaine to Delaware.

SEDGE FAMILY.

359

201. Carex festucacea Willd. Fescue Sedge

Cai i x ft slucacea Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 242. 1S05. Cai'ex sit aniinea var. brcvior Dewey, Am. Jouni. Sci. 11: 158. 1826.

C. siraminca var. feslncacea Tuck. En. Meth. 18. 184.3.

Culms slender or rather stout, nearly or quite smooth, stiff, strictly erect, i°-4° tall. Leaves rather stiff, erect, \"-2" wide, shorter than the culm; spikes 3-8, green-brown oblong or nearly globular, clustered at the summit but not at all confluent, 2''-4"in diam- eter, the lower one sometimes subtended by a short filiform bract; perigynia orbicular or very broadly ovate, broadly wing-margined, about xYz" in diam- eter, little if at all longer than wide, spreading or as- cending, several-nerved on both faces, the roughish beak about one-third the length of the body; scales lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtusish, about as long as and narrower than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In dry or moist soil, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Florida and Kansas. Ilay-July.

202. Carex alata Torr. Broad-winged Sedge

(Fig. 871.)

(Fig. 872.)

Y. 3: 396. 1836.

Carex alata Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Carex slraminea var. alata Bailey, Carex Cat.

Culms stiff, rather stout, strictly erect, roughish above, i°-3>^° tall. Leaves grass-like, but somewhat rigid, wide, shorter than the culm, spikes ob-

long or oblong-conic, green-brown, very densely many-flowered, long, thick, usually con-

spicuously staminate and contracted at the base, pointed or obtuse at the summit, all distinct but usually little separated, bractless, or the lower one subtended b}' a short filiform bract; perigynia orbicu- lar or obovate-orbicular, very broadly winged, 2''-2^'' in diameter, faintly few-nerved or almost nerveless, erect and appressed, or somewhat curved upward, the short beak not more than one-fourth as long as the body; scales lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely over ]i" wide, a little shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2; acliene distinctly stipitate. In moist soil, Massachusetts to Florida, mostly near the coast. May-June.

203, Carex albolutescens Schwein. Greenish- white Sedge. (Fig. 873.)

Carex albolutescens Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i: 66. 1824. Carex straminca \-ax . focnea Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 395.

1836. Not C. foenea Willd. 1809. Carex albolutescens var. cumulata Bailey, Bull. Torr.

Club, 20: 422. 1893.

Similar to the preceding species, but usually lower, culms i°-2° tall, stout, strictly erect, rough above. Leaves i^'-2" wide, shorter than the culm; bracts fili- form or wanting, the lower one sometimes exceeding its spike; spikes 3-S, oblong, usually narrowed at both ends, staminate below, silvery green when young but becoming brownish, long, mostly less than

3" thick, clustered, but distinct, the lowest sometimes separated, and very rarely stalked; perigynia broadly ovate, not twice as long as wide, broadly winged, strongly nerved on both faces, appressed, about 1" long, the roughish beak about one-third as long as the body; scales lanceolate, acuminate, about as long as the perigynia, but much narrower; achene nearly or quite sessile; stigmas 2.

In wet soil, most abundant along salt meadows, but also occurring inland, New Brunswick to eastern Pennsylvania and Florida. May-July.

36o

CYPERACEAE.

204. Carex Bicknellii Britton. Bicknell's Sedge. (Fig. S74.)

Carex siraminea var. Crazvei Boott, III. 121. pi. jS8. 1862. Not C. Crawei Dewey. 1846.

Culms loosely tufted, 2°-3>^° high, erect or the top inclined, rough above, much longer than the leaves. Leaves mostlj- nearly basal, 6'-i2' long, i'A"-2y2" wide; bracts usually very short; spikes 3-7, ovoid, subglobose, or somewhat obovoid, 4"- 6" long, close together or the lower separated, sil- very green or becoming yellowish, staminate at the base; perigynia very broadly ovate, thin, sev- eral-nerved on the outer face, 2"-t/' long, the broad membranous wing y^" wide, the rough 2- toothed beak one-fourth to one-half as long as the body; achene stalked.

In dry soil, southern New York to Minnesota and Missouri. June-July.

Sedg-e

205. Carex sychnocephala Carey. Dense Long-beaked

C. sychnocephala Carey, Am. Journ. Sci. ( II. ) 4: 24. 1847.

Culms erect, rather stout, quite smooth, 3'-! 8' high. Leaves about i" wide, shorter than the culm; lower bracts similar to the leaves, much elongated, 3'-i2' long, about \" wide at the base, nearly erect; spikes 4-10, green-brown, oblong, densely manj'-flowered, staminate at the base, ag- gregated and confluent into an oblong or ovoid head 1' or less long; perigynia narrowly linear- lanceolate 2j^''-3" long, about Yz" wide at the base, tapering into a subulate rough 2 toothed beak 2-3 times as long as the slightly margined and few-nerved body; scales linear-lanceolate, long- acuminate, hyaline, shorter and rather narrower than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In meadows and thickets, Ontario and central New York to Manitoba, Minnesota and British Columbia. July-Aug.

Family 9. ARACEAE Neck. Act. x\cad. Theod. Palat. 2: 462. 1770.*

Arum Family.

Herbs with basal long-petioled simple or compound leaves, and .spathaceous inflore.scence, the spathe enclosing or subtending a spadix. Rootstock tuberous or a corm, in our species mostly with an acrid or pungent sap. Spadix verj^ densely flowered, the staminate flowers above, the pistillate below, or the plants wholly dioecious, or with perfect flowers in some species. Perianth wanting, or of 4-6 scale-like segments. Stamens 4-10 in our species; filaments very short; anthers 2-celled, commonly with a thick truncate connective, the sacs opening b}' dorsal pores or slits. Ovary i -several-celled; ovules i -several in each cell; stj'le .short or wanting; stigma terminal, mostl}* minute and sessile. Fruit a berry or utricle. Seeds ^•arious. Endosperm copious, sparse or none.

About 105 genera and 900 species, mostlj' of tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones.

Flowers without a perianth.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne at the base of the spadix.

Flowers monoecious, covering the whole spadix.

Flowers perfect. Flowers with a perianth.

Spadix enclosed in a shell-like fleshy spathe.

Spadix naked, terminating the scape.

Spadi.x naked, borne at the base of a leaf-like spathe.

1. Arisaeina.

2. Peliandra.

3. Calla.

4. Spalhyema.

5. Orontiutii.

6. Acorns.

*Text contributed by the late Rev. Thomas Morong.

ARUM FAMIIvY. 36 1

I. ARISAEMA Mart. Flora, 14: 459. 1831.

Perennial herbs with acrid corms, simple scapes and i to 3 slender-petioled divided leaves unfolding with the flowers. Spadix included or exserted, bearing the flowers near its base. Spathe convolute, open or contracted at the throat. Flowers dioecious or monoe- cious, without any perianth, the staminate of 4 almost sessile 2-4-celled anthers which open by confluent slits at the apex, the pistillate with an ovoid or globose i-celled ovary contain- ing I or many orthotropous ovules; style very short or none, tipped with a peltate-capitate stigma. Fruit a globose red berry, the clusters usually large and conspicuous when ripe. Seeds with copious endosperm and an axial embryo. [Greek, in reference to the red- blotched leaves of some species.]

About 50 species, mostly natives of temperate and subtropical Asia. Besides the following-, another occurs in the mountains of North Carolina.

Spathe hooded, open at the throat, enclosing the spadi.x. i. A. Iripliylluni.

Spathe convolute; summit of the spadix exserted. 2. A. Dracoiitiitni.

I. Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr. Jack-in-the-pulpit. Indian Turnip.

(Fig. 876.)

Arum triphyUuin L. Sp. PI. 965. 1753. Arisaema atrorubens Blume, Rumphia, i: 97. 1835. Arisaema iriphyUum Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 239. 1843.

Leaves i or 2, nearly erect, 10^-3° high, usually exceeding the scape, 3-foliolate, the segments ovate, entire, or sometimes lobed, acute rounded or nar- rowed at the base, 3^-7' long, i%'-},yz' wide, sessile or very short-stalked; flowers commonly dioecious, yellow, borne on the basal part of the spadix; spadix 2^-3' long, its naked summit blunt, colored; spathe green, and purple-striped, curving in a broad flap over the top of the spadix, acumi- nate; filaments very short and thick; ovaries crowded; ovules 5 or 6; berries smooth, shining, about 5'' in diameter, forming a dense ovoid head I '-3' long.

In moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Ontario, Minnesota, Kansas and Louisiana. Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. April-June. Fruit ripe June-July. The acrid bulb made edible by boiling.

2. Arisaema Dracontium (L.) Schott. Green Dragon. Dragon-root.

(Fig. 877.)

Arum Dracoii/itim L. Sp. PI. 964. 1753. Arisaema Dracontium Schott, Melet. i: 17. 1832.

Corms clustered. Leaves usually solitary, 8^-4° long, pedately divided into 5-17 segments, much longer than the scape; segments obovate or oblong, 3'-io' long, 9'^-4' wide, abruptly acute at the apex, narrowed to a sessile or nearly sessile base, entire or the lateral ones somewhat lobed; scape sheathed by membranous scales at the base; spathe greenish or whitish, narrowly convolute, acuminate, \'-2' long, enwrapping the spadix, the upper part of which tapers into a slender appendage exserted beyond its

apex; inflorescence of the staminate plant nearly as long as the tubular part of the spathe; in the monoe- cious plant the pistillate flowers are borne on the lower part of the spadix; ovary turbinate, with 6-8 bottle- shaped ovules ; stigmas depressed ; berries reddish- orange in large ovoid heads.

Mostly in wet woods and along streams, but sometimes in dry soil, Maine to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. May-June.

362

ARACEAE.

2. PELTANDRA Raf. Jonrn. Phys. 89: 103. 1819.

Bog herbs, with entire sagittate acute or acuminate leaves, the long petioles sheathing the shorter scape at the base. Spathe elongated, convolute, or expanded above. Flowers monoecious, covering the whole spadix. Perianth none. Staniinate flowers uppermost, consisting at first of irregularly 4-sided oblong flat-topped shields, from the edges of which appear 6-10 imbedded anthers opening by apical pores, the shields ultimately shrivelling and leaving the linear-oblong anthers nearly free. Ovaries ovoid, surrounded at base by 4 or 5 white fleshy scale-like staminodia, i-celled; ovules solitary or few, amphitropous; style erect, short, thick, tipped with a small stigma. Fruit a green or red berry, 1-3-seeded, when ripe forming large globose heads at the extremity of the finally recurved scape, and enclosed in the persistent leatherj' base of the spathe. Seeds surrounded hy a tenacious jelly; endo- sperm none. [Greek, referring to the shield-shaped staminate disks.]

The genus consists of the two following: species: Spathe narrow, convolute its whole length, green. i. P. Virginica.

.Spathe with a whitish dilated summit. 2. P. sagittaefoUa.

I. Peltandra Virginica (L. ) Kuiith. Green Arrow-arum. (Fig. 878.)

Arum Virginicuni 1,. Sp. PI. 966. 1753- Peltandra undulata Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 103. 1819. Peltandra Virginica Kunth, Enum. 3: 43. 1841.

Leaves bright green, somewhat hastate-sagit- tate, 4^-30' long, 3'-S' wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, firm, strongly veined. Root a tuft of thick fibres; scape nearly as long as the leaves, recurving and immersing the fruiting spadix at maturity; spathe green, long, long-conic,

closely investing the spadix throughout, the strongly involute margins undulate; spadix shorter than the spathe, the pistillate flowers covering about one-fourth of its length, the rest occupied by staminate flowers; ovaries globose- ovoid; style nearly Yz" long; stigma a little thicker than the style; berries green when ripe.

In swamps, or shallow water, Maine and On- tario to Michigan, south to Florida and Louisiana. Maj'-Jiine.

2. Peltandra sagittaefoUa (Michx.

(Fig. 87

Calla sagittaefoUa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2; 1S7. 1803.

Peltandra alba Raf. New Fl. N. A. i: 88. 1836.

Xanlhosoina sagittaefoUa Chapm. Fl. S. States, 441. i860. Not Schott.

Peltandra sagittaefoUa Morong, ^lem. Torr. Club, 5: 102. 1894.

Leaves sagittate, sometimes wider than those of the preceding species, acuminate or acute, the basal lobes diverging, obtuse or subacute; petioles S'-2o' long, equalling or longer than j the scape; spathe 3^-4' long, with a whitish ex- \ panded acuminate apex; spadix scarcely more than one-half as long as the spathe, the stami- nate flowers borne on its upper half; ovaries ovoid ; style scarcely any ; stigma broad, depressed, lobed; ripe berries red.

In marshes and springs, southern Virginia (ac- cording to Gray) to Florida. May-July.

) Morong. White Arrow-arum. 9.)

ARUM FAMILY.

363

3. CALLA L. Sp. PI. 968. 1753.

A bog herb with slender acrid rootstocks, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular cordate leaves, and a large white persistent spatlie. Spathe ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, acuminate, open. Spadix cylindric, much shorter than the spathe, densely covered with flowers. Flowers perfect or the very uppermost staminate; perianth none. Stamens about 6; fila- ments linear, longer than the anthers; anther-sacs divaricate, opening by slits. Ovary ovoid, i-celled; style very short; stigma small, flat, circular. Ovules 6-9, anatropous. Berries obconic, depressed. Seeds hard, smooth, oblong, striate toward the micropyle and pitted at the other end. Endosperm copious. [An ancient name, taken from Pliny.]

A monotypic genus of the cooler ijortions of the north temperate zone.

I. Calla palustris L. Water Arum. (Fig. 880.')

Calla palustris L. Sp. PI. 968. 1753.

Petioles i/-W long, spreading or ascending. Blades thick, entire, \yz'-\' wide, cuspidate or abruptly acute at the apex, deeply cordate at the base; scape as long as the petioles, sheathed at the base; rootstocks covered with sheathing scales and with fibrous roots at the nodes; spathe long and about \' wide, with an

abruptly acuminate involute apex; spadix about \' long; berries red, distinct, few-seeded, forming a large head when mature.

In bogs, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Vir- ginia, Wisconsin and Iowa. Also in Kurope and Asia. May-June. Fruit ripe July-Aug.

4. SPATHYEMA Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352.

[Sympi^ocarpus Salisb. ; Nutt. Gen. i: 105. 1818.]

A fetid herb, with large ovate cordate leaves, thick straight rootstocks and a short erect partly underground scape. Spathe swollen, shell-like, thick, pointed, completely enclosing the spadix. Spadix globose or oblong, short-stalked, entirely covered by the perfect flowers. Perianth of 4 hooded sepals. Filaments slightly dilated; anthers 2-celled, short, extrorse, opening longitudinally. Ovary nearly buried in the tissue of the spadix, i-celled with a soli- tary suspended anatropous ovule. Style pyramidal, 4-sided, thick, elongated; stigma minute. Berries immersed in the spongy axis of the spadix, becoming adnate to the succulent peri- anth in ripening, i-seeded, forming large heads. Seeds large. Embryo large, fleshy; endo- sperm none. [Greek, referring to the spathe.]

A monotypic genus of eastern North America and northeastern Asia.

I. Spathyema foetida (L.) Raf. Skunk Cabbage. (Fig. 881.)

Dracontiuvi foetidtini L,. Sp. PI. 967. i753- Spathyema foetida Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. 1808 Syniplocarpus foetidas Nutt. Gen. i: 106. 1818.

Leaves numerous, in large crowns, i°-3° long, often 1° wide, strongly nerved, abruptly acute at the apex, thin, entire, their petioles deeply channeled. Root- stock thick, descending, terminating in whorls of fleshy fibers; spathe preceding the leaves, erect, 3'-6' high, in diameter at the base, convolute, firm;

purple-brown to greenish yellow, often mottled, its short scape usually subterranean, spadix about 1' in diameter in flower, greatly enlarging and sometimes 6' in diameter in fruit; mature seeds /\"-6'' long.

In swamps and wet soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Iowa. Feb.-April. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept.

364

ARACEAE.

5. ORONTIUM L. Sp. PI. 324. 1753.

Aquatic herbs, with thick rootstocks buried in the mud, oblong-elliptic nerved leaves without a distinct mid vein, and slender terete scapes terminated by a cylindric spadix. Spathe enclosing the spadix when very young, soon parting and remaining as a sheathing bract at its base, or falling away. Flowers perfect, bright yellow, covering the whole spadix. Sepals 4-6, scale-like, imbricated upon the ovary (lower flowers commonly with 6, upper with 4). Stamens as many as the sepals; filaments linear, wider than the anthers, abruptly narrowed above; anthers small, with two diverging sacs opening by oblique slits. Ovary partly imbedded in the axis of the spadix, depressed, obtusely angled, i-celled; ovule solitary, half-anatropous; stigma sessile. Fruit a green utricle. Endosperm none; embryo long-stalked. [Ancient name of some water plant, said to be from the Syrian river Orontes.]

A nionotj'pic genus of eastern North .\merica.

I. Orontium aquaticum L,. Golden-club. (Fig. 882.)

Oronliuni aqiiaticiini L. Sp. PI. 324. 1753.

Leaves ascending or floating, depending on the depth of water, deep dull green above, pale beneath, the blade ^'-12.' long, 2^-5' wide, entire, acute or cuspidate at the apex, narrowed at the base into a petiole 4^-20' long. Scape 6'-24' long, flattened near the spadix; spadix long, diameter, frequently attenuate at the

summit, much thickened in fruit; spathe bract-like, 2^-4' long, 2-keeled on the back; usually falling away early; utricle depressed, roughened on top with 9 or 10 tubercles.

In swamps and ponds, Massachusetts to central Penn- .sylvania, south to Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the coast. Ascends to 2000 ft. on the Pocono plateau of Pennsyl- vania. April-May.

6. ACORUS L. Sp. PI. 324. 1753.

Erect herbs, vdth very long horizontal branched rootstocks, sword-shaped leaves, and 3- angled scapes keeled on the back and channeled in front, and a seemingly lateral cylindric spadix, the scape appearing as if extending long beyond it, but this upper part is in reality a spathe. Flowers perfect, densely covering the whole spadix. Perianth of 6 membranous concave sepals. Stamens 6; filaments flattened, much longer than the anthers; anthers reni- form or sagittate, 2-celled, the cells confluent at maturity. Ovary oblong, 3-4-celled with 2-8 anatropous ovules in each cell; stigma sessile, depressed-capitate. Fruit a 2-3-celled gelatinous berrj', few-seeded. Endosperm copious. [Name ancient.]

Two known species, the fallowing widely distributed in the north temperate zone, the other Japanese.

I. Acorus Calamus L,. Sweet Flag. Calamus-root. (Fig. 883.)

Acorns Calamus L. Sp. PI. 324. 1753.

Leaves linear, erect, 2°-6° tall and \' wide or less, sharp-pointed and sharp-edged, with a ridged mid- vein running their whole length, 2-ranked, closely sheathing each other and the scape below. Spathe a leaf-like extension of the scape projecting 8'-3o' beyond the spadix; spadix spike-like, 2'-3>^' long, about Yz' in diameter, compactly covered with minute greenish-yellow flowers.

In swamps and along streams. Nova Scotia to On- tario and Minnesota, south to Louisiana and Kansas. Also in Europe and Asia. In our territory fruit is rarely, if ever, formed. The hard ovary is usually found to be imperfect, with 2 or 3 abortive cells and ovules. The plant is propagated by its large rootstocks, which furnish the drug Calamus. Interior of stalk sweet. May-July.

DUCKWEED FAMILY.

365

Family 10. LEMNACEAE Dumort. Fl. Belg. 147. 1827.* Duckweed Famii^y.

Minute perennial floating aqnatic plants, without leaves or with only very rudimentary ones. The plant body consists of a disc-shaped elongated or irreg- ular thallus, which is loosely cellular, densely chlorophjdlous and sometimes bears one or more rootlets. The vegetative growth is by lateral branching, the branches being but slighth' connected by slender stalks and soon separating. In the atttumn these disconnected branches fall to the bottom of the ditch or pond, but rise and again increase in size in the spring. The inflorescence con- sists of one or more naked monoecious flowers borne on a slight lateral promi- nence on the edge or upper surface of the plant. Each flower commonly con- sists of but a single stamen or a single flask-shaped pistil. The anther is pro- vided with two to four pollen-sacs, containing spherical minutely barbellate grains. The pistil is gradually narrowed to the fitnnel-shaped scar-like stigmatic apex, and prodttces 1-6 erect or inverted ovules. The fruit is a i-6-seeded utricle.

The family comprises the smallest of the flowering plants and contains 3 genera, all of which are represented in North America, and about 26 species of wide distribution.

Thallus prominently nerved; with a membranous spathe and a cluster of several rootlets; ovules 2

I. Spirodela.

Thallus slightly nerved; with a membranous spathe and a single rootlet; ovules 1-6. 2. Lemna. Thallus nerveless; without spathe or rootlets; ovule i. 3. Wolffia.

I. SPIRODELA Schleid. Linnaea, 13: 391. 1839. Thallus disc-shaped, 7-12-nerved. The lateral branches subtended by a single bipartite basilar rudimentary leaf. The thinly-capped rootlets as well as the nerves are provided with a single bundle of vascular tissue. The ovary produces two anatropous ovules. Fruit unknown. [Greek, in allusion to the cluster of rootlets.]

Two species, the following, and 5'. oligorhiza, a native of southern Asia, Australia and the Fiji Islands.

I. Spirodela polyrhiza (L. ) Schleid. Greater Duckweed. (Fig. 884.)

Lemna polyrhiza L. Sp. PI. 970. 1753. Spirodela polyrhiza Schleid. Linnaea, 13: 392.

1839-

Thallus round-obovate, 2"-^" long, thick, flat and dark green above, slightly convex and purple beneath, palmately 5-11-nerved. Each thallus bears a central cluster of from 5-1 1 elongated rootlets. Rootcap pointed.

In rivers, ponds, pools and shallow lakes. Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to South Carolina, Texas, northern Mexico and Nevada. Widely distributed in the Old World and in tropical America. Seldom collected in flower.

2. LEMNA L. Sp. PI. 970. 1753.

Thallus disc -shaped, usually provided with a central nerve and with or without two or four lateral nerves. Each thallus produces a single rootlet, which is devoid of vascular tis- sue and is commonly provided with a thin blunt or pointed rootcap. The ovary contains from one to six orthotropous amphitropous or anatropous ovules. Fruit ovoid, more or less ribbed. Endosperm in one or three layers. [Greek, in allusion to the growth of these small plants in swamps.]

Seven species, in temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following species, Lemna An- golensis is a native of Lower Guinea and Lemna paucicostata has been found in Asia, Africa and South America.

Ovule I, amphitropous or orthotropous; endosperm in three layers.

Thalli of two kinds, ovule amphitropous. i. L. trisulca.

Thalli all alike.

Thallus without lateral nerves; ovule orthotropous. 2. L. Valdiviana.

Thallus with lateral nerves; ovule orthotropous. 3. L. perpusiUa.

Thallus with lateral nerves; ovule amphitropous. 4. L. vtinor.

Ovules 2-6, anatropous; endosperm in one layer. 5. L. gibba.

* Text contributed by Mr. Edmund P. Sheldon.

366

LEMNACEAE.

I. Lemna trisulca L,.

I V}' -leaved Duckweed. (Fig. 885.)

Star Duckweed.

Lemna /risu/ca L. Sp. PI. 970. 1753.

Thallus lanceolate, submerged and devoid of stomata in the primary aquatic form, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, long, floating and provided with stomata in the later flower- ing stage. The later and more common form is narrowed at the base to a slender stipe, thin, denticulate, with or without rootlets, and slightly 3-nerved. Several individuals often remain connected, so as to form a chain-like series. Root- cap pointed; fruit symmetrical; seed deeply 12-15-ribbed.

In ditches, springs, ponds, shallow lakes and sloughs. Nova Scotia to the Pacific Ocean, south to New Jersey and New Mex- ico. Also in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. July-August.

2. Lemna Valdiviana Philippi. Valdivia Duck- weed. (Fig. 886.)

Lemna Valdiviana Philippi, Linnaea, 33: 239. 1864.

Thallus oblong-elliptical, \"-\y2." long, thin, subfalcate and shortly stalked at the base, provided with numerous stomata, except on the borders, nerveless; rootcap short and blunt; spathe reniform; fruit ovoid-oblong, unsymmetrical; seed prominently 20-ribbed.

In pools and rivers, southern New York and New Jersey and southward, west to California, Arizona and New Mexico. Also in South America. June-July.

3. Lemna perpusiUa Torr. Minute Duckweed. (Fig. 887.)

Lemna pcrpitsilla Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 245, 1843.

Thallus small, long, obovate, often purplish tinged

beneath, unsymmetrical and abruptly narrowed to a very short stalk, provided throughout with numerous stomata, more or less 3-nerved; rootcap pointed; fruit ovoid; seed 40-60-ribbed.

In ponds, rivers, springs and lakes, New York and New Jersey to Minnesota, Nebraska and Missouri. June-July.

4. Lemna minor L. Lesser Duckweed. (Fig. 888.)

I^emna minor L,. Sp. PI. 970. 1753.

Thallus obovate or subcircular, i"-}," long, thickish, rarely reddish or purplish tinged, short-stalked when young, pro- vided throughout with stomata, obscurely 3-nerved, very rareh- 4-5-nerved. Rootcap obtuse or subtruncate. Fruit symmetri- cal, subturbinate. Seed with a prominent protruding hilum, deeply and unequally 12-15-ribbed.

In ponds, lakes and stagnant waters, throughout North America 5low 58*^ Summer.

DUCKWEED FAMILY.

5. Lemna gibba L,. Gibbous Duckweed. (Fig. 889.)

I^emna gibba I,. Sp. PL 970. 1753.

Tliallus slightly uusymmetrical, obovate or short-obovate, lYz"-}," long, thickish or more or less strongly gibbous be- neath, short-stalked when young, soon separating, provided with stomata which are sparse beneath, obscurely 3-5-nerved; Tootcap mostly short-pointed, rarely long-pointed or obtuse; fruit symmetrical; seed thick, deeply and unequally ribbed.

In ponds and rivers, Nebraska, Texas, Arizona and California. Also in Mexico, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. June-July.

3. WOLFFIA Horkel; Schleid. Linnaea, 13: 389. 1839.

Thallus small, globose, ovoid-oblong, subcylindric or irregular, rootless, nerveless and leafless. The vegetative growth is from a cleft near one end of the plant, the branch being mostly sessile and soon detached. The ovary contains one orthotropous ovule. Fruit spher- ical or short ovate, smooth. Endosperm in a single layer. [Name in honor of Nath. Matlh. V. Wolff, 1 7 24-1 784, Polish physician and naturalist.]

A genus of 12 species, mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. The following and two Mexican species, W. Hngiilata and IV. gladiata, comprise all the known North American forms.

I. Wolffia Columbiana Karst. Columbia Wolffia. (Fig. 890.)

Wolffia Columbiana Karst. Bot. Unters. i: 103. 1865-67.

Thallus spherical or subellipsoidal Yi'^-y-i" long, with a limited number of stomata ( i to 6), loosely cellular and clear green throughout, not dotted nor gibbous.

Floating as minute alga-like grains just beneath the sur- face of the water in stagnant ponds, pools and shallow lakes, Ontario to Connecticut and New Jersey, west to Minnesota and Missouri, south to Louisiana. Also in Mexico and South America. June-Julj-.

2. Wolffia Brasiliensis Wedd. Brazil Wolffia. (Fig. 891.)

Wolffia BrasilieiisisWedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. (III. ) 12: 170. ri849.

Thallus oblong, smaller than the last, %."-yi" long, fiattish, densely cellular, with numerous stomata and dark green above, gibbous, more loosely cellular, with fewer stomata and paler beneath; brown-dotted through- out with minute pigment cells.

Floating on the surface of stagnant waters, Ontario, Con- necticut to New Jersey, west to Minnesota and Missouri, south to Louisiana. Also in Brazil. June-July.

Family 11. MAYACACEAE Walp. Ann. 3: 662. 1853. M.WACA Family.

Slender branching aquatic moss-like herbs, with linear sessile i -nerved entire soft leaves, notched at the apex. Flowers solitar}', peduncled, white, perfect, and regular, the peduncles bracted at the base. Perianth pansistent, consisting of 3 lanceolate green herbaceous sepals and 3 obovate white spreading petals. ■Stamens 3, hypogj-nous, alternate with the petals; filaments filiform; anthers

24

368

MAVACACEAE.

oblong, somewhat 4-.sided, 2-celled. Ovary stiperior, sessile, i -celled with 3 parietal placentae; ovules several or nttmerous, orthotropous; style filiform; stigmas terminal, entire or with 3 short lobes. Capstile i -celled, 3-valved. Seeds ovoid or globose, the testa retictilated; embryo at the apex of the mealy endosperm.

The family consists of tlie following genus:

I. MAYACA Atibl. PI. Gtiian. i:

42.

Characters of the famih-. [Aboriginal name of these plants in Guiana.]

About 7 species are known, all natives of warm and tropical .\nierica. Only the following occurs in the United .States.

I. Mayaca Aubleti Michx. Mayaca. (Fig. 892.)

Mayaca Aubleli Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 26. 1803. Mayaca Michauxii Schott & Endl. Melet. 1 : 24. 1832.

Stems tufted, 3'-i5' long, usually little branched. Leaves densely clothing the stem and widely speading, linear-lanceolate, translucent, long, about yi" wide; peduncles 7."-(i" long, very slender, recurved in fruit; flowers \" broad, axillary, but borne near the ends of branches, lateral, rarely more than one on each branch; capsule oblong-oval, about as long as the sepals, tipped until dehiscence by the subulate style.

In fresh water pools and streams, southeastern Vir- ginia to Florida and Texas. May-July.

Family 12. XYRIDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Sy.st. Ed. 2, 388. 1836. Yellow eved Grass Family. Perennial or anntial tufted herbs with basal narrow eqttitant commonly 2-ranked leaves, and erect simple leafless scapes. Flowers perfect, mostly yel- low, nearly or quite regtilar, .solitary and sessile in the axils of coriaceous imbri- cated bracts (scales), forming terminal ovoid globose or cylindric heads. Sepals 3, the two lateral ones small, keeled, persistent, the other one larger, membran- ous (wanting in the South American genus Abolboda). Corolla inferior, with a narrow ttibe and 3 spreading lobes. Stamens 3, in.serted on the corolla, usually alternating with as many pltimose or bearded staminodia. Ovary sessile, i -celled or incompletely 3-celled: ovules tiumerotis or few, on 3 parietal placentae, ortho- tropous; style terminal (ttnappendaged in Xyris, in Abolboda appendaged at the ba.se), 3-branched above; stigmas apical. Frttit an oblong 3-valved capsule. Seed-coat longitttdinally striate. Embryo apical. Endo,sperm mealy or some- what fleshy.

Two genera. Xyvis L. and Abolboda H. & B., comprising some 60 species, mostly of tropical distribution in both the Old World and the Kew.

I. XYRIS L. Sp. PI. 42. 1753. Characters of the family as given above. [Greek name for some plant with 2-edged leaves.]

Besides the following species there are some 9 others in the southern United States. Lateral sepals wingless, the keel fringed with short hairs. i. X. flexuosa.

Lateral sepals winged, the keel fimbriate or lacerate.

Scapes not bulbous-thickened at the base; leaves flat or but slightly twisted. Lateral sepals about as long as the bracts, their keels lacerate.

Head oblong, \ M" long; northern. 2. X. rnontana.

Head oval or ovoid, 3"-8" long; southern.

Keel of lateral sepals lacerate to below the middle. 3. X. communis.

Keel of lacerate sepals lacerate only above the middle. 4. X. Caroliniana.

Lateral sepals longer than the bracts, their keels long-fimbriate. 5. X. fimbriala.

Scapes conspicuously bulbous-thickened at the base; leaves spirally twisted. 6. -V. lorla.

YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.

369

I. Xyris flexuosa Miihl. Slender Yellow-eyed Grass

Xyris Jlexuosa Muhl. Cat. 5. 1813.

Scapes slender, straight or sometimes slightly twisted, 4'-iS' tail, 2-edged above, bulbous-thickened at the base. Leaves narrowly linear, flat or becoming twisted when old, i'-6'long, j^^'-i j^^^ wide; head glo- bose, or short-oblong, obtuse, z"~A" higb; bracts broadly oval or slightly obovate, entire or somewhat lacerate at the apex; lateral sepals linear, about as long as the bracts, curved, finely fringed with short hairs on the wingless keel; expanded flowers 2>"~A" broad.

In swamps and bog's, Maine to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Texas. July-Sept.

2. Xyris montana H. Ries. Northern Yellow-eyed Grass. (Fig. 894. )

A'yris flexuosa var. pusilla A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 548.

1S67." Not A', pusilla R. Br. 1810. Xyris montana H. Ries, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 38. 1892.

Scapes very slender, straight or slightly twisted, 2-edged above, 2'-i2' tall, not bulbous-thickened at the base. Leaves narrowly linear, i'-6'long, yz"-\" wide, not at all twisted or but very slightly so; head oblong or ovoid, subacute, i/^''-3'' long; bracts oval or obovate, rounded and finely lacerate at the apex; lateral sepals linear, irregularly serrate-fimbriatc on the winged keel above the middle, about as long as the bracts.

In bogs, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Michigan, south to the Pocono Mountains of Pennsylvania and to New Jersey. Our only species occurring on mountains. July- Aug.

3. Xyris communis Kunth. Southern Yellow-eyed Gra.ss.

Xyris communis Yaxv\\.\\, Enum. 4: 12. 1843.

Xyris difforniis Cliapm. Fl. S. States, 500. i860.

Scapes slender, slightly twisted, 2-edged above, i-edged below, not thickened at the base, 6'-i8' tall. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, flat, s'-io' long, i^'-4" wide; head ovoid, or subglobose, blunt or subacute, about Yz' long; scales ovate or oval, mostly entire; lateral sepals lanceolate, the winged keel fimbriate from the apex to below the middle; corolla-lobes obovate, i"-}/' long.

In bogs, Maryland to Florida and Louisiana. Widely distributed in tropical America. June-Aug.

370

XVRIDACEAE.

4. Xyris Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Yellow-eyed Grass. (Fig. 896. )

Xj'ris Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 69. 1788. Xyris Jupacai Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 23. 1803. Xyris elala Chapm. Fl. S. States, 501. i860.

Scapes mostly slender, straight or somewhat twisted, 2 edged above, i°-2° tall, not thickened at the base. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, flat, 4'-i5' long, i"-5" wide, head globose, ovoid or broadly oval, blunt, \"-W long; scales oval or slight!}- obovate, entire or somewhat lacerate; lat- eral sepals linear, about as long as the bracts, the narrowly winged keel lacerate or incised-serrate only above the middle.

In swamps and bogs, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the coast. Young states of this plant may be mistaken for A", viontana. June- Aug.

5. Xyris fimbriata Ell. Fringed Yellow- eyed Grass. (Fig. 897.)

Xyris fimbriata EU. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 52. 1816.

Scapes rather stout, roughish, straight or some- what twisted, strongly 2-edged above, high. Leaves flat, one-half as long as the scapes or more, 3''-6" wide; head oblong-cylindric, ji'-i'longor sometimes globose-ovoid and about in diameter; scales obovate, their margins entire or the apex lacerate; lateral sepals longer than the bracts, ex- serted, long-fringed on the winged keel above the middle.

In wet pine barrens, southern New Jersey to Florida and Mississippi, mostl5- near the coast. Juls'-Sept.

6. Xyris torta J. E. Smith. Twisted Yellow-eyed Grass. (Fig. 898.)

Xyris lor/a J. E. Smith in Rees' Cycl. 1S19.

Scapes stout, much spirally twisted, i -edged be- low, or 2-edged at the summit, smooth or very nearly so, the base conspicuously bulbous-thick- ened and with the sheathing leaves sometimes i' in diameter. Leaves narrowly linear from a broad shining nearly black base, rigid, rather shorter than the scapes, spirally twisted ( very markedly so when old); head oblong or oblong-cylindric, acute or subacute, ^^'-i' long; bracts oblong-obovate, minutely lacerate-serrulate at the apex or entire; lateral sepals linear, exserted, the winged keel fringed with rather short processes above the middle.

In dry pine barrens, southern New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas, mostl}- near the coast, extending north to Arkansas ( according to Watson and Coulter). Jlaj-- Aug.

PIPEWORT FAMILY.

Family 13. ERIOCAULACEAE Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 122. 1847.*

PiPKWORT Family.

Bog or aquatic herbs, perennial or perhaps .sometimes annual, with fibrous mostly knotted or spongy roots, tufted gra.ss-like basal leaves, and monoecious (androgynous) occasionally dioecious very small flowers, in terminal solitary heads, on long .slender scapes. Head of flowers involucrate by bracts, each flower borne in the axil of a scarious scale. Perianth of 2 .series of segments or rarely of one .series. Stamens in the staminate flowers as many or twice as many as the sepals. Ovary 2-3-celled. Ovules 2 or 3. Fruit a 2-3-celled, 2-3-seeded capsule, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds pendulous, orthotropous ; endo.sperm farinaceous.

.Six genera and about 340 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions, a few ex- tending into the temperate' zones. The family is most abundantly represented in South America.

Perianth of 2 series of segments; sepals and petals 2 or 3; stamens distinct; anthers 2-celled.

.Stamens twice as many as the inner perianth-segments (petals). i. Eriocaulon.

Stamens as many as the inner perianth-segments. 2. Diipatya.

Perianth simple, of 3 segments (.sepals); stamens 3, monadelphous below; anthers i-celled.

3. Lachnocaulon.

I. ERIOCAULON I,. Sp. PI. 87.

1753-

Acaulescent or very short stemmed herbs, the scapes erect, or when immersed delicate, angular, with a long sheathing bract at the base. Leaves mostly short, spreading, acuminate, parallel-nerved. Head of flowers woolly, white, lead-colored or nearly black. Staminate flowers: Outer perianth-segments 2 or 3, distinct or sometimes connate, the inner united be- low into a tube, alternate with the outer ones, each with a minute spot or gland near its mid- dle or apex; stamens mostly 4-6, one opposite each perianth-segment, the filaments of those opposite the inner segments the longer; pistil small, rudimentary or none. Pistillate flowers: Outer perianth-segments as in the staminate flowers, the inner indistinct, narrow; stamens wanting; ovary sessile or stalked; style columnar or filiform, stigmas 2 or 3 filiform. Fruit a thin-walled capsule. Seeds oval, covered with minute processes. [Greek, in allusion to the wool at the base of the scape in some species.]

About 110 species, of very wide geographic distribution in tropical and warm regions. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the southern United States, and 3 in Mexico.

L,eaf-blades as long as the sheaths, coarsely 3-S-fenestrate-nerved; scapes 7-angled; heads 2"-3" in diameter. i. E. sepiangulare.

L,eaf -blades shorter than the sheaths, finely 6-20-fenestrate-nerved; scapes io-12-angled, heads 3"-6" in diameter. 2. E. covipressum.

Leaf -blades much longer than the sheaths, finely io-50-nerved; scapes io-14-angled; heads 4"-8" in diameter. 3. E. decangulare.

I. Eriocaulon septangulare With. Seven-angled Pipewort. (Fig. 899.)

Eriocaulon septangulare With. Bot. Arr. Brit. Pl. 784. 1776.

Nasmythia articulata Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 415. 1778. Eriocaulon articiilaixim Morong, Bull. Torr. Club, 18: 35.S- 1891-

Stem a mere crown. Leaf-blades pellucid, 3-8- fenestrate-nerved, Yz'-}/ long, usually as long as the sheaths; scapes weak, twisted, about 7-angle(], smooth, x'-i' tall, or when submersed sometimes 4°-i'o° long; involucral bracts glabrous, or the innermost bearded at the apex, oblong, usually shorter than the flowers; marginal flowers usually staminate; scales of the receptacle spatulate or ob- ovate, abruptly pointed, brown above, white-woolly; staminate flowers about \ pistillate flowers

scarcely more than half as large; perianth-segments of both kinds of flowers white-bearded.

In still water or on shores, Newfoundland to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Also in western Europe. July-Oct.

*Text contributed by the late Rev. Thomas Morokg.

372

ERIOCAULACEAE.

2. Eriocaulon compressum Lam. Flattened Pipewort. (Fig. 900.)

Eriocaulon compressum Lam. Eiicj-cl. 3; i-jG- 1789.

Eriocaulon s^iiaphalodes Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 165. 1803.

Leaf-blades 6-20-fenestrate-nerved, usually shorter than the sheaths and tapering to a long sharp point, rigid, or when submersed thin and pellucid. Stem a mere crown; scapes 6'-3° tall; smooth, flattened when dry, io-i2-angled; involucral bracts rounded, obtuse, scarious, shining, smooth, imbricated in 3 or 4 series; heads 3"-6" in diameter, frequently dioecious; receptacle glabrous; flowers I yz"-2" high, otherwise similar to those of the preceding species.

In still shallow water, southern New Jersej' to Florida and TexEis. Also in Cuba. At flowering time the stj-les and stigmas are much exserted, standing above the heads like projecting threads. May -Oct.

3. Eriocaulon decangulare L. Ten-angled Pipewort. (Fig. 901.)

Eriocaulon decangulare L,. Sp. PI. 87. 175.V

Stems short and thick, i'-2'long. Leaf-blades finely many-nerved, tapering to a blunt point, 6'-2o' long, 2"-d>" wide, usually much longer than the sheaths; scapes stout, rigid, glabrous, io-14-angled, i°-3° tall; heads 4"-8" in diam- eter; involucral bracts ovate, often eroded, denticulate at the apex and pubescent below, imbricated in 4 or 5 series; receptacle pubescent with many-celled hairs; flowers 2" high, denselj' woolly at the base; scales longer than the flowers, acute, white-bearded; as are the spatu- late perianth-segments.

In swamps, southern New Jersey and Pennsyl- vania to Florida and Texas. Also in Cuba. June- Oct.

2. DUPATYA Veil. Fl. Fltun. 35. 1825.

[Paepalanthus Mart. Nov. Act. Leop. 17: Part i, 10. 1830.]

Perennial or rareh- annual herbs, our species with the habit of Eriocaulon. Stems very short. Leaves awl-shaped, tufted. Scapes slender, several-angled, erect, twisted in growth, sheathed at the base hy a long acute bract. Flowers androgynous, in globular or hemi- spheric heads, each in the axil of a scale or the scales sometimes obsolete. Involucral bracts imbricated in 3 or 4 series. Perianth of 2 series, each of 2 or 3 segments in the stami- nate flowers, the outer segments distinct, the inner connate; stamens 2 or 3, inserted on the inner perianth and opposite its lobes. Pistillate flowers with the outer segments distinct, the inner often connate above the 2-celled, 2-3-ovuled ovary; style cleft into 2 or 3 entire or 2-cleft stigmas. Fruit a 2-3-celled, 2-3-seeded capsule, loculicidally dehiscent. [Name in honor of Dupaty.'\

About 215 species, mostlj- natives of tropical America. Onlj- the following is known in tl'.e United States.

PIPE WORT FAMILY.

373

I, Dupatya flavidula (Michx.) Kuntze. Dupatya. (Fig. 902.)

Eriocaiilon Jiaz'idiiliim V\. Bor. Am. 2: i66. 1803. Paepalanthiis flavidulus Kunth, Enum. 3: 532. 1841. Dufiatya flavidula Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 745. 1891.

Leaves 3-5-nerved, i'-2'long, awl-shaped, woolly at the base, glabrous or sparingly pubescent above. Scapes numerous, 5-angled, pubescent, 4'-i2' high; sheaths longer than the leaves, slightly inflated above, pubescent; involucral bracts straw-colored, glabrous, obtuse, oval, shining, somewhat pubes- cent at the base; receptacles glabrous or slightly pubescent; scales very thin, scarious-white, linear, slightly pubescent, about as long as the flowers; flowers about 'i.yi" high; perianth 6-parted; outer perianth of the staminate flowers stalked, woolly, the inner a campanulate tube with 3 stamens; pis- tillate flowers with both sets of perianth-segments distinct, the inner much narrower than the outer; style 3-parted ; stigmas 3.

In moist pine barrens, southern Virginia to Florida. March-July.

3. LACHNOCAULON Kunth, Enum. 3: 497. 1S41.

Tufted herbs with the habit of Eriocaulon, the leaves linear. Scape several-angled, sheathed at the base by an entire bract about as long as the leaves; heads globose. Recep- tacle pilose. Flowers androgynous. Perianth of 3 segments. Staminate flowers with 3 stamens united below into a thickened tube which is coalescent with a body, variously re- garded as a corolla or as a rudimentary pistil, bearing at its apex 3 fimbriate or entire lobes alternate with the filaments; anthers i-celled, minute. Pistillate flowers with a sessile 3- celled, 3-ovuled ovary surrounded b}' copious woolly hairs at the base; styles united below, spreading above into 3 divisions which are 2-parted, there being thus 6 stigmas. [Greek, referring to the woolly scapes of some species.]

Four known species, natives of the southern United States,

1. Lachnocaulon anceps (Walt.) Morong. Hairy Pipewort. (Fig. 903.)

Eriocaiilon anceps Walt. Fl. Car. 83. 1788. Lachnocaulon Michanxii Kunth, Enum. 3:497. 1841.

Lachnocaulon anceps Morong, Bull. Torr. Club, 18: 360. 1891.

Leaves glabrous or sparingl}' pubescent, i'-3' long, tapering to an obtuse callous point. Scapes slender, 2'-2o' tall, 2-4- angled, clothed with long soft appressed up- wardly pointed hairs; sheaths equalling or shorter than the leaves; heads globose, 1"- 3" in diameter; involucral bracts ovate or oblong, shorter than the flowers, usually brown; flowers about i'' high; scales brown, spatulate, surrounded at the base by the yel- lowish silky hairs of the receptacle and white-bearded at the apex; perianth of the staminate flowers short-stalked, pubescent at the base, woollj' and fimbriate at the summit; segments of the pistillate perianth white, glabrous, obtuse; ovary densely villous around the base; seeds strongly ribbed. In moist pine barrens, Virginia to Florida. The white pistillate flowers mingled with the brown staminate ones impart a mixed gray and dark appearance to the heads. March-June.

374

BROMELIACEAE.

Family 14. BROMELIACEAE J. vSt. Hil. p:xpos. Fam. i: 122. 1805.

Pine-Apple Family.

Epiphytic herbs (some tropical species terrestrial), mosth^ scurfy, with elongated entire or spinitlose-serrate leaves. Flowers spiked, panicled, or soli- tary, regular and perfect, usually conspicuously bracted. Perianth of 3 thin distinct or somewhat united sepals, and 3 clawed distinct or united petals. Stamens 6, usually inserted on the base of the corolla. Ovary inferior or superior, 3-celled; ovules numerous in each cell, anatropous; style .short or elongated; stigmas 3. Capsule 3-valved in our .species. Seeds numerous, the testa membranous. Embryo .small, situated at the base of the copious endosperm.

About 35 genera and 900 species, all natives of tropical and subtropical America.

I. TILLANDSIA L. Sp. PI. 286. 1753.

Epiphytic plants of various habit, with narrow entire leaves and white, yellow or purple flowers. Sepals distinct and separate or very nearly so. Petals distinct. Stamens hypogj'- nous or the three inner ones inserted on the bases of the petals; filaments filiform; anthers linear or linear- oblong. Ovary superior; style subulate; stigmas short. Capsule septicidally 3-valved. Seeds erect, narrow, supported on a long funiculus which splits up into fine threads. [Dedicated to Elias Tillauds, Swedish (?) botanist of the seventeenth century.]

About 350 species, natives of warm and tropical America. Besides the following some g others occur in the southern United States.

I. Tillandsia usneoides L. Long Moss. Florida Moss. (Fig. 904.)

Renealmia usneoides L,. Sp. PI. 287. 1753. Tillandsia usneoides L,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 411. 1762.

Stems very slender, thread-like, flexuous, hanging clustered in festoons from the branches of trees, 3°-2o° long, gray and, like the filiform leaves, densely silvery-scurfy all over. Leaves scattered, 1^-3' long, scarcely Yz" thick, their bases somewhat dilated; flowers sessile and solitar}' or rarely 2 together in the axils of the leaves; sepals about 3" long, pale green; petals }-ellow, the blade about 2" long; stamens about as long as the caly.x; capsule linear, 9"-r5" long, at length splitting into 3 linear valves.

Eastern Virginia to Florida, west to Texas and Mexico. Very widely distributed in tropical America.

Family 15. COMMELINACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 57. 1828.

Spidhrwort I-'amu.v. Perennial or annual leafy herbs with regular or irregular perfect and often showy flowers in cymes, commonly subtended by spathe-like or leafy bracts. Perianth of 2 series; a calyx of mostly 3 persistent sepals, and a corolla of mostly 3 membranous and deciduous or fugacious petals. Stamens mostly 6, hypogynous, rarely fewer, all similar and perfect or 2 or 3 of them different from the others and sterile; filaments filiform or somewhat flattened; anthers 2-celled, mostly longitudinally dehi.scent. Ovary superior, sessile or very nearly so, 2-3-celled; ovules i or .several in each cell, anatropous or half ana- tropous; stj'le simple; stigmas terminal, entire or ob.scurely 2-3-lobed. Seeds .solitar}' or .several in each cell of the capsule. Capsule 2-3-celled, loculicidally 2-3-valved. Embryo small. Endosperm copious.

About 25 genera and 350 species, mostly natives of tropical regions a ew in the temperate zones.

Perfect stamens 3, rarelj' 2; petals unequal; bracts spathe-like. i. Covivielina.

Perfect stamens 6, rarely 5; petals all alike; bracts leafy. 2. Tradescanlia .

SPIDERWORT FAMILY.

375

Besides the following,

1. C. midiflora.

2. C. hirlella.

3. C. covimunis.

I. COMMELINA L. Sp. PI. 40. 1753.

Erect ascending or procumbent, somewhat succulent, branching herbs, with short-peti" oled or sessile leaves, and irregular mostly blue flowers in sessile cymes subtended by spathe-like bracts. Sepals somewhat unequal, the larger ones sometimes slightly united. Petals blue, unequal, 2 of them larger than the third. Perfect stamens 3, rarely 2, one of them incurved and its anther commonly larger. Sterile stamens usually 3, smaller, their anthers various. Filaments all glabrous. Capsule 3-celled. Seeds i or 2 in each cavity, the testa firm, roughened, smooth or reticulated. [Dedicated to Kaspar Commelin, 1667- 173 1, Dutch botanist.]

About 95 species of wide distribution in warm and temperate regions. Some 3 others occur in the southern United States. Ventral cavities of the ovarj' 2-ovuled, the dorsal i-ovuled.

Capsule 3-celled, commonly 5-seeded.

Creeping, glabrous or nearly so; margins of the spathe not united. Stout, erect, the sheaths bearded; margins of the spathe united.

Capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded. All 3 cavities of the ovary only i-ovuled.

Cavities of the capsule all dehiscent. 4. C. erecta.

Dorsal cavity of the capsule indehiscent. 5. C. Virginica.

I. Commelina nudiflora L,. Creep- ing Day-flower. (Fig. 905.)

Commelina nudiflora I,. Sp. PI. 41. 1753. Commelina eommuntsWa.lt. Fl. Car. 68. 17S8.

Not L. 1753- Commelina agraria Kunth. Enum. 4: 38. 1843.

Glabrous or very nearly so throughout, stems procumbent or creeping, rooting at the nodes, i°-2^° long. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long, d/'-W wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, their sheaths sometimes ciliate; spathe acute or acumi- nate, W-X'i" long, peduncled, the 2 bracts not united by their margins; flowers few in each spathe, ^^''-b" broad; ventral cells of the ovary 2-ovuled, the dorsal i-ovuled; capsule commonly 5-seeded ( 2 seeds in each of the ventral cells, i in the dorsal); seeds oblong, reticulated, about \" long.

Along stre'ims and in waste places. New Jer- sey to Indiana and Missouri, south to Florida, Texas and through tropical America to Para- guay. Widely distributed in Asia and Africa. July-Oct.

Commelina hirtella Vahl. Bearded Day-flower. (Fig. 906.)

Commelina longifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.

1803. Not Lam. 1791. Commelina hirtella Vahl. Enum. 2: 166. 1806 Commelina erecta A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2. 486. Not L. 1753-

23-

1856.

high.

Stem stout, erect or ascending, 2°-4° Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, roughish, 4^-7' long, I'-iyi' wide, their sheaths Yz'-^' long, fringed with rather stiff" and long brownish hairs and sometimes pubescent; spathes sessile or short- peduncled, often clustered at the summits of the stem and branches, the 2 bracts acute, united by their margins, rather strongly cross-veined; ven- tral cells of the ovary 2-ovuled, the other i- ovuled; capsule 5 seeded; seeds ellipsoid, brown, somewhat more than i" long, smooth, minutely puberulent.

Ill moist soil, southern New Jersey to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Aug.-Oct.

«

376

COMMELINACEAE.

3. Commelina communis L. Asiatic Day-flower. (Fig. 907.)

ConiviiUna communis L. Sp. PI. 40. 1753. Commelina Willdenovii Kunth. Enuni. 4: 37

1843.

Glabrous or nearly so, stems ascending or de- cumbent, rather slender, sometimes rooting at the nodes, i°-3° long. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, 3'-5' long, x'-iYz' wide, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, smooth; sheath white-membranous with green veins, some- times ciliate, W-iT." long; spathes few, peduncled, their 2 bracts acute or acuminate, nearly \' long, glabrous or sometimes pubescent, distinct; flowers deep blue, yi' or more broad; ventral cells of the ovary 2-ovuled, the dorsal i-ovuled; capsule 2- celled, each cell 2-seeded; seeds compressed, dark brown, roughened.

.Southern New York and eastern Pennsylvania. Adventive or naturalized from Asia. July-Oct.

4. Commelina erecta L. Slender Day- flower. (Fig. 908.)

Commelina erecia L. Sp. PI. 41. 1753.

Somewhat pubescent or glabrous, stems com- monh- tufted, erect or ascending, i°-2° tall, the roots somewhat thickened. Leaves linear- lanceo- late, 3'-6' long, wide, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base; sheaths yi'~i' long, often pubescent; spathes peduncled or sessile, the 2 bracts more or less pubescent, acute or acuminate, distinct, io"-2o" long; flowers %' ot more broad; ovar}' 3-celled, each cell i-ovuled; capsule paperj-, all its cells dehiscent, each i-seeded; seeds ash- colored, nearly or quite smooth, puberulent.

In moist soil, southern Pennsylvania (according to Watson), south to Florida, Texas and in tropical America. Aug. -Oct.

5. Commelina Virginica L. \'irginia Day-flower. (Fig. 909.)

Commelina I'irginica L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 61. 1762.

Similar to the preceding species, somewhat pu- bescent or glabrous, stems diffusely branched, rather stouter, high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-

lanceolate, 3'-5' long, 5"-i2" wide, acuminate at the apex; sheaths inflated, often pubescent, the orifice sometimes fringed; spathes several, usuallj- peduncled, the 2 bracts acute or acuminate, 8"-i2" long, distinct; flowers i' broad or less, showy; cap- sule 3-celled, each cell i-seeded, the dorsal one in- dehiscent and roughened.

In moist soil, southern Xew York to Illinois and Michigan, south to I'lorida, Nebraska, Texas and through tropical America to Paraguay. June-Sept.

SPIDKRWORT FAMILY.

377

2. TRADESCANTIA L. Sp. PI. 288. 1753.

Perennial, somewhat mucilaginous herbs, with simple or branched stems, mostly nar- row and elongated leaves, and showy regular flowers in terminal or terminal and axillary umbels subtended by leaf-like or scarious bracts. Sepals 3, distinct, herbaceous. Petals 3, obovate, ovate or orbicular, sessile. Stamens 6, all alike and fertile, or those opposite the petals shorter; filaments bearded or glabrous. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, 3-12-seeded. [In honor of John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I, died 1638.]

About 35 species, natives of tropical and temperate America. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the southern United States.

I'mbel or umbels sessile, subtended by long leaf-like bracts. Umbels solitary or 2-4; stem straight; leaves narrow. Stem glabrous or merely pubescent, S'-2'.2° tall.

Sepals oblong-lanceolate, 4"-io" long; flowers i'-2' broad. i. Sepals lanceolate, 3"-4" long; flowers less than i' broad. 2. Whole plant long-villous; nearly or quite acaulescent. 3. Umbels 3-8, axillary and terminal; stem mostly flexuous; leaves broad. 4. Umbel peduncled, subtended by small scarious bracts; leaves narrow. 5.

T. Virgin iana. T. montana. T. brevicaiilis. T. pilosa. T. rosea.

I. Tradescantia Virginiana I^. Spidervvort. (Fig. 910.)

Tradescantia J'irgiiiiaiia I,. ,Sp. PI. 288. 1753.

Glabrous or slightly pubescent, succulent, glaucous or green, stems stout, 8'-3° tall. Leaves more or less channeled, or in some forms nearly flat, linear or linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, often more than 1° long, 4"-!'' wide; bracts foliaceous, commonly rather wider and shorter than the leaves; umbels solitary and terminal or rarely 2-4, loosely several- many-flowered; pedicels glabrous or pubescent, slender; flowers blue or purplish, rarely white, x'-2' broad, very showy; sepals oblong or ob- long-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, glabrous or pubescent, 4''-io^' long, much longer than the capsule.

In rich soil, mostly in woods and thickets, south- ern New York to Ohio and South Dakota, south to Virginia, Kentucky and Arkansas. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia; variable, perhaps includes several species; May- Aug.

Tradescantia Virginiana occidentalis Britton. Leaves narrowlj' linear, 2"-3" wide; flowers commonly smaller. Wisconsin to Missouri, Texas and New Mexico. May be a distinct species.

2. Tradescantia montana Shuttlw. Mountain Spider wort. (Fig. 911.)

Tradescantia montana Shuttlw. in Distrib. PI. Rugel.

Green and glabrous or somewhat pubescent, stems slender, simple or sparingly branched, i°-2° tall. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo- late, 4'-io^ long, wide, mostly distant, their sheaths enlarged; bracts similar to the leaves but shorter; umbels mostly solitary and terminal, sessile in the bracts, rather densely flowered; pedicels and calyx glabrous or pubes- cent; flowers less than i' broad; sepals lanceo- late, acute, about 3'^ long.

In woods and thickets, mountains of southwest- ern Virginia to Kentuckj' and Georgia. June-Aug.

378

COMMELIXACEAE.

3. Tradescantia brevicaulis Raf. Short-stemmed Spider wort. (Fig. 912.)

Tradescanlia brevicaulis Raf. Atl. Joiirn. 150. 1832.

Tradescantia Virginica var. villosa S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6. 539. 1890.

Villous with long spreading hairs, stems only \'- 6' high, the plant often appearing nearly acaules- cent; leaves mostly basal, 6'-i2' long, 6,"-%" wide, grass-like, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, at least at the base, glabrous or villous toward the apex; bracts similar to the leaves, but usually more elongated; umbel 4-12-flowcred, sessile in the bracts, the pedicels slender, i'-2' long, villous; se- pals oblong; corolla about \' broad, blue or rose-purple.

In drj- soil, Illinois, Kentucky and Missouri. April- IMay.

4. Tradescantia pilosa L,ehm. Zigzag Spiderwort. (Fig. 913.)

Tradescantia pilosa J. G. C. I.ehm. Sem. Hort. Hamb. 16. 1827.

Tradescantia flcxnosa Raf. Atl. Journ. 150. 1832.

More or less puberulent or short pilose, stem stout, i°-3° high, commonly flexuous, often branched. Leaves broadly lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, 6'-i5^ long, Yz'-^' wide, dark green above, paler beneath; bracts usually narrower and shorter than the leaves; umbels 3-8, terminal and axillary or on short axil- lary branches, densely many-flowered; pedicels and calyx pubescent and more or less glandular, rarely nearly glabrous; corolla lilac-blue, <^"-\i," broad.

Southern Penns5'lvania to Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida, Blooms later than T. Virginiana, where the two occur together. June-Aug.

5. Tradescantia rosea Vent. Roseate Spiderwort. (Fig. 914.)

Tradescantia rosea Vent. PI. Nouv. Jard. Cels. pi. 24. 1800.

Glabrous, stem very slender, erect, mostly quite simple, 6'-i2' tall. Leaves very narrowly linear, grass-like, nearly erect, channeled, 4'-7' long, wide, clasping at the base; bracts

very short and scarious; umbel terminal, long- pedunclcd, few-flowered, subtended by small pointed bracts; pedicels slender, short; sepals lanceolate, acute, 'i"--x," long, shorter than the petals; corolla rose-color, broad; fila-

ments hairy; style slender, long-exserted.

In dry woods, Maryland to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. April-Aug.

PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.

379

Family i6. PONTEDERIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fain. 59. 1829.*

Pickerel-weed Family. Perennial aquatic or bog plants, the leaves petioled, with thick blades, or long and grass-like. Flowers perfect, more or less irregular, solitary or spiked, subtended by leaf-like spathes. Perianth free from the ovarj^, corolla-like, 6- parted. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the tube or the base of the perianth; fila- ments filiform, dilated at the base or thickened at the middle; anthers 2 -celled, linear-oblong or rarely ovate. Ovar}' 3-celled with axile placentae, or i -celled with 3 parietal placentae; style filiform or columnar; stigma terminal, entire or minutely toothed; ovules anatropous, numerous, sometimes only i of them per- fecting. Fruit a many-seeded capsule, or a i-celled, i -seeded utricle. Endo- sperm of the seed copious, mealy; embryo central, cylindric.

About 5 grenera and 25 species, inhabiting fresh water in the warm and temperate regions of America, Asia and Africa.

Flowers 2-lipped, stamens 6; fruit a i-seeded utricle. i. Ponlederia.

Flowers regular; stamens 3; fruit a many-seeded capsule. 2. Helerantkera.

I. PONTEDERIA L. Sp. PI. 288. 1753.

Leaves thick with many parallel veins, the petioles long, sheathing, arising from a hori- zontal rootstock. Stem erect, i-leaved, with several sheathing bract-like leaves at the base. Flowers blue, ephemeral, numerous, spiked, the spike (or spadix) psduncled and subtended by a thin bract-like spathe. Perianth 2-lipped, the upper lip of 3 ovate lobes, the middle lobe longest, the lower lip of 3 linear-oblong spreading lobes. Stamens 6, borne at unequal distances upon the perianth-tube, 3 of them opposite the lower lip, the others opposite the upper lip; anthers oblong, subversatile, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, 2 of the cells abortive and empty. Fruit a i-sceded utricle, enclosed in the thickened tubcrculate-ribbed base of the perianth. [In honor of Giulio Pontedera, 1688-1757, professor of botany in Padua.]

Seven or eight species, natives of America.

I. Pontederia cordata L,. Pickerel- weed. (Fig. 915.)

Pontcderia cordata L. Sp. PI. 288. 1753.

Stem rather stout, i°-4° tall. Leaves ovate, cordate-sagittate, 4'-8' long, 2'-6' wide at the base, the apex and basal lobes obtuse; basal lobes often with long narrow stipule-like appendages on the sheathing petiole; spadix and inflorescence glandular-pubescent; perianth about \" long, it and the filaments, anthers, and style bright blue, its tube curved, slightly longer than the lobes, middle lobe of the upper lip with 2 yellow spots at the base within; ovary oblong, tapering into the slender style; stigma minutely 3-6-toothed.

Borders of ponds and streams, Nova Scotia to Min- nesota, south to Florida and Texas. After flowering the lobes and upper part of the perianth-tube wither above, while the persistent base hardens around the fruit. The flowers are triniorphous. June-Oct.

Pontederia cordata lancifolia (Muhl. ) Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 105. 1894. Pontederia lancifolia Muhl. Cat. 34. 1813. Pontederia cordata var. angustifolia Torr. Fl. N. U. 8.1:343. 1824,

Leaves lanceolate, rounded or narrowed at the base, 2' -10' long, 3"-8" wide, Ontario to New Jersey, Cuba and Texas.

2. HETERANTHERA R. & P. Prodr. Fl. Per. 9. 1794. [ScHOLLERA Schreb. Gen. 785. 17S9. Not Roth. 17S8.]

Herbs with creeping, ascending or floating stems, the leaves petioled, with cordate, ovate, oval or reniform blades, or grass-like. Spathes i-flowered or several-flowered. Flowers small, white, blue or yellow. Lobes of the perianth nearly or quite equal, linear. Stamens 3, equal or unequal, inserted on the throat of the perianth. Ovary fusiform, entirely or in- completely 3-celled by the intrusion of the placentae; ovules numerous; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit an ovoid many-seeded capsule, enclosed in the withered perianth-tube. Seeds ovoid, many-ribbed. [Greek, referring to the unequal anthers of some species.] About 9 species, 2 in tropical Africa, the others American; only the following in the United vStates.

*Text contributed by the late Rev. Thomas Morong.

38o

PONTEDERIACEAE.

Leaves mostly reniform, sometimes cordate-ovate. Leaves ovate or oval, sometimes sligrhtly cordate. Leaves linear, grass-like, floating.

1. H. renifortnis.

2. H. limosa.

3. H. dubia.

I. Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. Mud Plantain. (Fig. 916.)

Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. Fl. Per. i: 43. 1798. LeplantliKS reniformis Mich.x. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 25. 1803.

Stems creeping in the mud, reoting at the nodes. Leaves cordate or reniform, rarely cordate-ovate and acute, the blades W-i^" long, W-id" wide; petioles sheathing, \'-\' long; spathe 2-5-flo\vered; tube of the perianth straight or slightly curved, slender, about 4" long, its lobes shorter; flowers white or pale blue; anthers basifixed, the 2 upper oval, the other on a longer filament and linear.

In mud or shallow water, Connecticut to New Jer.sey, Illinois and Kansas, south to Louisiana, and in South and Central America.

2. Heteranthera limosa (S\v.) Willd. Smaller Mtid Plantain. (Fig. 917.)

Ponledcria limosa Sw. Prodr. 57. 1788.

Heteranthera limosa Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 3:439. 1801.

Leptantlnis ovalis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 25. 1803.

Stems commonly much branched from the base, B'-is' long. Leaves numerous, oval or ovate, ob- tuse at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, i' long or less; petioles 2^-5' long; spathes i-flowered, often on peduncles 1' long or more; flowers white or blue, usually larger than those of the preceding species; filaments equal or nearly so; anthers linear, often sagittate.

In mud or shallow water, Virginia to Kentucky and Missouri, south to Florida, Louisiana and throughout tropical America.

3. Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM. Water Star-grass. (Fig. 918.)

Commelina dubia Jacq. Obs. Bot. 3; 9. pi. 59. 1768. Leptantlnis graminetis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 25. 1803. Heteranthera graminea Vahl. Enum. 2: 45. 1806. Schollera graminea A. Gray, Man. 511. 1848. Heteranthera dubia MacM. Met. Slinn. 138. 1892.

Aquatic, stem slender, forked, often rooting at the nodes, 2°-3° long. Leaves linear, flat, elongated, acut- ish, finely parallel-nerved, their sheaths thin, furnished at the top with small acute stipule-like appendages; flowers light yellow, the perianth-segments narrow; stamens nearly equal; tube of the perianth i^'-iyi" long; spathe i-2-flowered; filaments dilated below; anthers linear, 2" long, sagittate; style shorter than the stamens; stigma several-lobed; capsule i -celled with 3 parietal placentae, many-seeded.

In still water, Ontario to Oregon, south to Florida and Mexico. Also in Cuba. Occasionally occurs in a small form on muddy shores. July-Oct.

RUSH FAMILY.

381

Family 17. JUNCACEAE Vent. Tabl. 2: 150. 1799.* Rush Family.

Perennial or sometimes annual, grass-like, usually tufted herbs, commonly growing in moist places. Inflorescence usually compound or decompound, pani- culate, corymbo.se, or umbelloid, rarel}' reduced to a single flower, bearing its flowers singly, or loosely clustered, or aggregated into .spikes or heads. Flowers small, regular, with or without bractlets (prophylla). Perianth 6-parted, the parts glumaceous. Stamens 3 or 6, rarely 4 or 5, the anthers adnate, introrse, 2-celled, dehiscing by a slit. Pistil superior, tricarpous, i -celled or 3-celled, with 3-many ascending anatropous ovules, and 3 filiform stigmas. Fruit a locu- licidal capsule. Seeds 3-man3^ small, cylindric to subglobose, with loose or close seed-coat, with or without caruncular or tail-like appendages.

Seven genera and about 200 species, widely distributed. Leaf-sheaths open; capsule i- or 3-celled, many-seeded; placentae parietal or axial, i. Juncus. Leaf-sheaths closed; capsule i-celled, 3-seeded, its placenta basal. 2. Juncoides.

I. JUNCUS L. Sp. PI. 325 (1753).

Usually perennial plants, principally of swamp habitat, with glabrous herbage, sterns leaf -bearing or scapose, leaf -sheaths with free margins, and leaf blades terete, gladiate, grass- like, or channeled. Inflorescence paniculate or corymbose, often unilateral, sometimes con- ge.sted, bearing its flowers either singh' and with 2 bractlets ( proph3'lla ) , or in heads and with- out bractlets, but each in the axil of a bract; bractlets almost always entire; stamens 6 to 3; ovary i-celled or by the intrusion of the placentae 3-celled, the placentae correspondingly parietal or axial; seeds several-many, usualh* distinctly reticulated or ribbed, often tailed.

About 150 species, most abundant in the north temperate zone. The species bloom in summer. [Latin, from Juiigo, to bind, in allusion to the use of these plants for withes.]

A. Lowest leaf of the inflorescence terete, not conspicuously channeled, erect, appearing Uke a con- tinuation of the stem, the inflorescence therefore appearing lateral; stem leaves none.

1. Flowers bracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the inflorescence. Genuini.

Perianth-parts green, or in age straw-colored.

Perianth-parts equalling or exceeding the capsule, all acute.

Stamens 3; leaf of the inflorescence much shorter than the stem. .

Capsule without a distinct apical papilla. i. J. effusiis.

Capsule with a distinct apical papilla. 2. J. conglonieratus.

Stamens 6; leaf of inflorescence about equalling the stem, or longer. 3. J. filiforviis. Perianth-parts reaching only the middle of the capsule, inner obtuse. 4. J. gymnocaypus. Perianth-parts with a chestnut-brown stripe down either side of the midrib. 5. y. Balliciis.

2. Flowers not bracteolate, inserted in heads on the branches of the inflorescence. Thalassici.

Perianth-parts pale brown; seed tailless. 6. J. Roemeriamis.

Perianth-parts green, or in age straw-colored; seed tailed. 7. J. maritimus.

B. Lowest leaf of the inflorescence not appearing like a continuation of the stem, or if so, con- spicuously channeled along the upper side, the inflorescence usually appearing terminal.

1 . Le.\f-blade transversely flattened (inserted with its flat surface facing the

stem), or terete and CHANNEfiED, NOT PROVIDED WITH SEPTA.

;t: Flowers bracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the inflorescence, sometimes clustered or congested, but never in true heads. Poiophylli. Annual; inflorescence, exclusive of its leaves, more than one-third the height of the plant.

8. J. biifonius.

Perennial; inflorescence, excluding leaves, not one-third the height of the plant. Leaf -blade flat, but sometimes involute in drying.

Inflorescence 1-3-flowered; leaves with fimbriate auricles. 9. J. Irijidus.

Inflorescence, except in depauperate specimens, several -many-flowered; leaves with entire auricles.

Cauline leaves i or 2, rarely wanting; perianth-parts obtuse. 10. J. Gerardi. Cauline leaves none; perianth parts acute or acuminate.

Inflorescence usually much exceeded by its lowest leaf; flowers seldom plainly secund; perianth -2Yi" long, usually exceeding the capsule; capsule ob- ovoid, broadly rounded at the apex, the placentae intruded half way to the axis. II. J. tenuis.

Inflorescence rarely exceeded by its lowest leaf; flowers plainly teecund on the branches; perianth iK"-2" long, equalling the capsule; capsule oblong, 3-sided, truncate at the apex; placentae meeting in the axis. 12. J. secundus. Leaf-blade terete, channeled along the upper side.

Lowest leaf of inflorescence not four lengths of the panicle; capsule oblong to obovoid. Seed tailed. 13. J. Vaseyi.

Seed not tailed.

Perianth long, plainly exceeded by the capsule. 14. J. Greenei.

Perianth iK"-2" long, not exceeded by the capsule. 15. J. dicliolomus.

Lowest leaf of the inflorescence rarely less than four times as long as the panicle; capsule globose-ovoid. 16. J. setaceus.

*Text contributed by Mr. Frederick V. Coville.

382

JUNCACEAE.

Gramixifolii.

17. J. niarginatus.

18. J. longistylis.

19. J. repens.

HOLLOW, PROVIDED

Flowers not bracteolate, in true heads on branches of the inflorescence. Stem erect; capsule. oblong^ or obovoid, obtuse at the apex.

Stamens % with red-brown anthers; capsule not mucronate.

Stamens 6, with yellow anthers; capsvile mucronate. Stem creeping, floating, or ascending; capsule subulate. 2. Le.-\f-bl.\de not transversely flattened, commonly terete,

WITH SEPT.A.

* Leaf-blade usually channeled along the upper side; septa usually imperfect, not externally evi- dent; inflorescence of 1-4 heads; plants of arctic or alpine range. Alpini. Body of the seed in length or more.

Leaf-sheath not auriculate. 20. J. casta neits.

Leaf-sheath auriculate. 21. J. stygius.

Body of the seed less than H" in length.

Lowest leaf of inflorescence foliose, erect; capsule deeply retuse at apex. 22. J. bighiniis. Lowest leaf of inflorescence membranous, spreading; capsule obtuse and mucronate at the apex. 23. J. h ig/iimis.

Leaf-blade not clianneled along the upper side (except in /. hitlbosiis), the septa perfect (ex- cept in y. polyciphalus), and usually externallj- evident; inflorescence, except in depauper- ate specimens, of several to many heads; plants not of arctic-alpine range. Septatl t Stamens 6, one opposite each perianth-part. Heads reduced to one, or rarely two flowers. 24. J. pelocarpus.

Heads 2-man}'-flowered.

Epidermis not roughened.

Plants with two kinds of leaves, one normal, the other basal, submersed, and capillar}-. Plant low, less than 10' high. 25. J. biilbosits.

Plant tall, more than 10' high. 26. J. viilitarii.

Plants without submersed capillary leaves.

Capsule oblong, either abruptly acuminate or bluntly acute.

Branches widely spreading; capsule sharply acute, tapering into a conspicuous

point. 27. J. articitlalus.

Branches usually .strict; capsule broadly acute, or obtuse, with a short point.

28. J. Richardsonianiis.

Capsule subulate.

Leaf-blades erect; inner perianth -parts longer than the outer. 29. J. nodosus. Leaf-blades abruptly divergent from the stem; outer perianth-parts longer than the inner. 30. J. Torrevi.

Epidermis of the leaves roughened with minute tubercles. 31. /. Caesariensis.

tt Stamens 3, none opposite the inner perianth-parts. Capsule less than three-fourths as long as the perianth. 32. J. brachycarptis.

Capsule more than three-fourths as long as the perianth.

Capsule tapering evenly into a prominent subulate beak.

I^eaf-blade verticall}' flattened and with incomplete .septa, only rarelj' compressed and with complete septa. 33. J. polycephai iis.

Leaf-blade terete or nearly so, the septa complete.

Uppermost cauline leaf with a well-developed blade. 34. /. scirpoidcs.

Uppermost cauline leaf with a rudimentary blade rarely exceeding i' in length.

35. J. viegacephahis.

Capsule obtuse to acute at the apex, sometimes mucronate, but not prolonged into a beak. Seed h"-i" long.

Perianth about i" long, the fruiting head not more than 2" high. 36. J. brachycephahis. Perianth i K"-2" long, orif shorter, the fruiting head 2" high ormore. 37. J. Canadensis. Seed i"-'4 " long.

Perianth and mature capsule i"-2" long.

Perianth i'4"-2" long, or if less the whole plant not 20' high. 38. acinninalus.

Perianth i"-i'4" long, the whole plant more than 20' high. 39. J. i-obiislus. Perianth and mature capsules 2"-3" long. 40. J. diffiisissimus.

I. Juncus effusus L. Common Rush. Bog Ru.sh. Soft Rush. (Fig. 919.)

Jiinciis eff\isus L. Sp. PI. 326. I753-

Plant i>2°-4° high, densely tufted, erect. Root- stock stout, branching, proliferous; stem soft, merely striate beneath the inflorescence; basal leaf- blades reduced to filiform rudiments; inflorescence many-flowered, i'-4' high, in one form congested into a still smaller compact cluster; lowest bract of the inflorescence 2'-io' long, much shorter than the stem; perianth i"-i^" long, its parts green, lan- ceolate, acuminate; stamens 3, the anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule obovoid, 3-celled, muti- cous, regularl}- dehiscent; seed \"-%" in length, obliquely oblong, reticulate in about 16 longitudi- nal rows, the reticulations smooth and two or three times broader than long.

In swamps and moist places, nearly throughout North America, except the arid and high northern por- tions. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and Asia.

RUSH FAMILY.

383

2. Juncus conglomeratus L. Glomerate Rush

/itncns coHg/omcra/i/s h. Sp. P\. ^26. 1753. ^ Junctis Leersii Mars. Fl. Neu-Vorpom. 451. i86g.

Plant i°-2y2° high, densely tufted, erect. Root- stock stout, with proliferous branches; stem dis- tinctly ribbed just beneath the inflorescence; leaf- blades wanting or reduced to minute filiform rudi- ments; inflorescence congested, seldom more than 10" high; lowest bract of the inflorescence 2'-6' long, much shorter than the stem; perianth iX^'-2'' long, its parts green, lanceolate, acuminate; stamens 3, about two-thirds as long as the perianth; anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule nearly as long as the perianth, obovoid, obtuse or retuse at apex, tipped with the base of the style; seed in length, obliquely oblong, acute or abruptly apiculate at both ends, reticulate in about 16 longitudinal rows, the reticulations smooth and two or three times broader than long.

In the sphagnum bogs of Newfoundland. Resembling in appearance specimens of J. effiisus with congested inflorescence. Also in northern Europe and Asia.

3. Juncus filiformis L. Thread Rush. (Fig. 921.)

Juncus Jtli/orDtis 1,. Sp. PI. 326. 1753.

Perennial, stems 4^-25' tall, erect, about l^" in dia- meter, arising from a creeping rootstock; basal leaves reduced to bladeless sheaths; involucral leaf usually longer than the stem; inflorescence rarely with more than 20 flowers or more than 1' high, commonly with less than 8 flowers and less than 10'' high; perianth long, its parts nearly equal, green with hyaline margins, narrowly lanceolate, acute, or the inner obtuse; stamens 6, about half as long as the perianth; anthers shorter than the filaments; style very short; capsule obovoid, green, barely pointed, about three-fourths as long as the perianth, 3-celled; seed obliquely oblong, about long, pointed at either end, with an irregularly wrinkled coat, seldom developing reticulations.

Labrador to British Cohimbia, south to the mountains of Pennsylvania, to Michigan, and in the Rocky Moun- tains to Utah and Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia.

4. Juncus gymnocarpus Coville. Pennsylvania Rush

Juticus Sniilhii Engelra. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 444.

1866. Not Kunth, 1841. J. gymnocarpus Coville, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 106. 1894.

Stems erect, i°-2^° high, about \" thick, arising at intervals from a creeping proliferous rootstock about ^Yz" in diameter; basal leaves reduced to blade- less clasping sheaths; panicle commonly high, spreading, its subtending leaf usually \'-\o' long; perianth \" in length or a little less, its parts with a green midrib, equal, lanceolate, the outer acute, the inner obtuse; stamens 6, nearly as long as the peri- anth, the anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule almost twice as long as the perianth, broadly ovoid, conspicuously mucronate, brown and shining, barely dehiscent, 3-celled; seed obliquely obovoid or oblong, somewhat misshapen by compression in the capsule, about Y^" long, none with perfect markings seen.

In swamps, mountains of Schuylkill and Lebanon counties, Pennsylvania.

25

3«4

JUXCACEAE.

Juncus Balticus Willd.

(Fig. 923.)

Baltic Rush.

/uncus Bal/icus Willd. Berlin Mag. 3: 298. 1809.

Stems erect, 8'-36' high, thick, arising

at intervals from a stout creeping rootstock thick; basal leaves reduced to bladeless sheaths; panicle commonl)' i'-2%' high; perianth \yz"-7.)i" long, its parts lanceolate, acute, or the inner some- times obtuse, nearly equal, brown with a green mid- riband h3'aline margins; style ^''-i^'long; stigmas a little shorter; stamens 6, about two-thirds the length of the perianth; anthers about in length, much longer than the filaments; capsule about as long as the perianth, pale to dark brown, narrowly ovoid, conspicuously uiucronate, 3-celled; seeds usually with a loose coat, nearly Yz" long, oblong to narrowly obovoid, oblique, about 40-striate. On shores, Labrador to Alaska, southern New York, iJ?f'7?^^:^^^i5^=~^ ^raC " \\ Ohio and Nebraska; far south in the western nioun- -oL^Z^T =*°°^V N> tains. Also in Europe and Asia. Variable.

6. Juncus Roemerianus Scheele. Roemer's Ru.sh. (Fig. 924.)

Juncus Roemerianus Scheele, Linnaea, 22: 348. 1849.

Stems 2o'-4° tall, erect, arising singly from a tough scaly horizontal rootstock 2^ "-5" thick; inner sheaths bearing erect blades of about the same length as the stem; inflorescence 2'Yr'-(>' high, diffusely spreading, its leaf 4'-io' long; heads 2-6-flowered; perianth pale brown, long, the parts linear-oblong, the outer acuminate, the inner shorter and bluntly acute; flowers imper- fectly' dioecious; stamens 6, on fertile plants re- duced to sterile stamiuodia; capsule brown, about as long as the perianth, narrowly obovoid, obtuse or truncate, mucronate, 3-celIed; placenta very thick and spongy, about one-third as broad as the valve; seed dark brown, long, obovoid,

abruptly apiculate, indistinctly reticulate or dis- tinctly' 20-26-ribbed and the intervening spaces im- perfectly cross-lined.

In brackish marshes. New Jersey to Texas. Long confused by American authors with the following species.

7. Juncus maritimus Lam. Sea Ru.sli. (Fig. 925.)

Juncus maritimus Lam. Encycl. 3: 264. 1789.

Stems 20^-40' high, i"-2" thick, erect from a stout horizontal rootstock. Outer basal leaves reduced to bladeless sheaths, the innermost foliose, with a long terete stout blade about equalling the stem; leaf of the inflorescence erect, sometimes 1° long, sometimes barely exceeding the panicle; panicle 3'-8' high, its branches stiff, erect; heads 2-6-flowered; perianth jyz"-'iH" long,its parts green, lanceolate, with hya- line margins, the outer acuminate, the inner a little shorter; flowers perfect; stamens 6, two-thirds as long as the perianth ; filaments about as long as the anthers; capsule 1 Yz" -I }4 " \oug, narrowly ovoid, acute, mu- cronate, brown above, 3-celled, with thin placentae; seed brown, about long, the body narrowly and obliquely oblong, about Y^" in length, 20-30-ribbed, indistinctly reticulate, tailed at either end.

Coney Island, New York. Common on the coasts of the eastern hemisphere.

RUSH FAMII.Y.

8. Juncus bufonius L. Toad Rush. (Fig. 926.)

/uncus biifoniits L,. Sp. PI. 32S. 175,1.

Plant branching from the base, annual, erect, sel- dom exceeding S' in height, the stems in large plants with I or 2 leaves below the inflorescence; leaf-blade flat, )i"-yz" wide, in low plants often much narrower and filiform-involute; inflorescence about one-half as high as the plant, with blade-bearing leaves at the lower nodes; flowers inserted singly on its branches, in one form fasciculate; perianth-parts i"-},)/^" long, lanceolate, acuminate, equal; stamens usually 6, sometimes 3, seldom half as long as the perianth; anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule about two- thirds as long as the perianth; narrowly oblong, ob- tuse, mucronate, 3-celled; seed broadly oblong, with straight tips, y(^"-yi" long, minutely reticulate in 30-40 longitudinal rows, the areolae broader than long.

A cosmopolitan species, occurring throughout North America, except the extreme north, and frequenting dried- up pools, borders of streams and roadsides in clayey soil.

9. Juncus trifidus L. Highland Rush. (Fig. 927.)

Jraicus Irifidns I,. Sp. PL 326. 1753.

Densely tufted, high; stems closely set on a

stout rootstock, erect, about thick; basal leaves reduced to almost bladeless sheaths, the uppermost with a rudimentary blade and fimbriate auricles; stem leaf I, inserted near the inflorescence, with a narrower slender, flat or involute blade; inflorescence a cluster of 1-3 flowers, the lowest subtending bract similar to the stem leaf, the succeeding one much smaller or wanting; perianth dark brown, iX'^-i^'^ long; sta- mens 6; anthers about as long as the filaments; capsule equalHng the perianth, coriaceous, 3-celled, obovoid with a conspicuously mucronate-aristate top; seeds few, narrowly obovoid, acute at the base, irregularly angled, minutely striate both longitudinally and trans- versely.

Greenland and Labrador, south on the higher moun- tains of New England and New York to Sam's Point, N. Y. Also in northern Europe and Asia.

10. Juncus Gerardi Lois. Black-grass. (Fig. 928.)

Juncus, Gerardi L,ois. Journ. de Bot. 2: 284. 1809.

Tufted, W-Q^' high, with creeping rootstocks. Basal leaves with rather loosely clasping auriculate sheaths, the long blades flat, or when dry involute; i or 2 cauline leaves usually present, similar to the basal; inflorescence paniculate, sometimes exceeded by its lowest bract; panicle erect, strict or slightly spreading; perianth long, its parts oblong,

obtuse, with green midrib and broad dark brown margins, straw-colored in age; stamens 6, barely ex- ceeded by the perianth; anthers much longer than the filaments; capsule one-fourth to one-half longer than the perianth, obovoid, mucronate, dark brown, shining, 3-celled; seed dark brown, obovate, acute at base, broadly obtuse and often depressed at the sum- mit, marked by 12-16 conspicuous ribs, the interven- ing spaces cross-lined.

On salt meadows, Gulf of St. Lawrence to Florida; rare in western New York and the vicinity of the Great Lakes. Occurs also on the northwest coast, and in Europe.

386

JUNCACEAE.

II. Juncus tenuis Willd. Slender Rush. Yard Rush. (Fig. 929.)

Jiinais lenuis Willd. Sp. 1*1. 2: 214. 1799.

Tufted, 8'-3o' high; basal leaves with blades

wide, sometimes involute in drying, about half the height of the stem; stem leaves none; inflorescence usually much exceeded by its lowest leaf, 4' high or less, the flowers rarely secund; perianth \yi"-iyz" long, its parts lanceolate, acuminate, exceeding the capsule, widely divergent, touching the capsule for about half their length; stamens 6, about half as long as the perianth; anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule oblong to obovoid, rounded at the top, imper- fectly 3-celled; seed \"-'%." long, narrowly oblong to obovoid, with oblique ends, reticulated in about 16 rows, the areolae two or three times broader than long.

In drj- or moist soil, especially on paths, almost through- out North America, now migrating to all parts of the world. Variable.

12. Juncus secundus Beauv. Secund Ru.sh. (Fig. 930.)

Juncus secimdus Beauv.; Poir. Encj-cl. Sup. 3: 160. 1813. Juncus tenuis var. secundus Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2; 450. 1866.

Tufted, 6'- 1 6' high; leaves usually less than one- third the height of the plant; inflorescence longer than its lowest leaf or only slightly exceeded by it, io"-4' high, the flowers secund on the usually some- what incurved branches; perianth-parts i^^'-iji" long, equalling or barely exceeding the capsule and appressed to it for about two-thirds their length, often reddish above; stamens 6, about one-half as long as the perianth; capsule narrowly ovoid, 3-sided above the middle with straight sides and a truncate apex, completely 3-celled, the placentae meeting in the axis; seed Y'-y long, narrowly oblong to ovoid, obliquely tipped, with 12-16 longitudinal rows of areolae two or three times broader than long.

In dry soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to North Caro- lina. Occasional in the middle Mississippi Vallej-.

13. Juncus Vaseyi Engehn.

Vasey\s Rush. (Fig. 931.)

Trans. St. Louis .Acad. 2: 448.

Juncus I'aseyi Engelm 1866.

Stems erect, tufted, i°-2>^'^ high, in diameter or less; basal leaves with minutely auriculate sheaths, the uppermost bearing a terete channeled blade half to three-fourths as long as the stem; stem leaves none; inflorescence 1-^^' in height or less, 4-40- flowered, the lowest bract usually not exceeding the inflorescence; perianth i ^"-2" long, the parts subulate-lanceolate, with hyaline margins, the inner slightly shorter; stamens 6, about two-thirds as long as the perianth; anthers shorter than the filaments; st)'le almost want- ing; stigmas short; capsule slightly exceeding the perianth, narrowly oblong, obtuse or truncate, with a short tip, 3-celled; seed long-tailed, with a linear-ob- long oblique body about %" long, 20-24-ribbed, the intervening spaces with faint transverse markings.

Maine and Ontario to Michigan, Illinois and Iowa.

RUSH FAMII.Y.

387

14. Juncus Greenei Oakes & Tucker m. Greene's Rush. (Fig. 932.)

Jiiiiciis G irt /u i Oakos & Tuckenii. Am. J. Sci. 45: 37. 1843.

Stems erect, densely tufted, 8'-2|^° high. Basal leaves with slender terete channeled blades one-half or rarely two-thirds the length of the stem; stem leaves none, or a single one below the inflorescence; panicle io''''-20'''' high, rather compact, somewhat uinbelloid, much exceeded by its lowest bract; perianth ij4'^-i^'^ long, its parts stiff, lanceolate, sharply acute, with brownish red stripes and apex, the inner shorter; sta- mens 6, half to two-thirds as long as the perianth; an- thers about as long as the filaments; style and stigmas very short; capsule one-fourth to one-half longer than the perianth, ovate-lanceolate in outline, truncate at the summit, 3-celled; seed obliquely oblong, Y^-H'^ long, slightly reticulated in about 20-24 rows, the areolae nearly square.

New Brunswick to New Jersey, near the coast; Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Ontario.

Juncu

s dichotomus Ell. Forked Rash. (Fig. 933.)

JiincKS diclio/oinus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 406. 1817.

Closely tufted, i°-3° high; leaves all basal ex- cept those of the inflorescence; sheaths usually red- dish, the blades terete, channeled along the upper side, about one-half the height of the stem; inflor- escence paniculate, subsecund, i/^'-3^' high, usu- ally exceeded by its lowest bract; perianth about 2" long, its parts subulate-lanceolate, green when young, straw-colored when old; stamens 6, about one-half as long as the perianth, the anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule slightly shorter than the perianth, oblong, obtuse, mucronate, i-celled, the placentae intruded half way to the center; seed oblong, dark brown, obliquely apiculate, less than %" long, reticulate in about 14 longitudinal rows, the smooth areolae about as long as broad.

In dry soil, Maine to Florida and Texas, near the coast.

Juncus setaceus Rcstk.

Juncus setaceus Rostk. ]Monog. June. I2i- P^- i-f-^- 1801.

Densely tufted from stout branching rootstocks. Stems terete, spreading and recurved above, iJ^°-3° long; leaves all basal except those of the inflores- cence, the uppermost sheath usually bearing a long terete blade similar to the stem, but channeled; the other sheaths with filiform blades less than in length; involucral leaf appearing like a continua- tion of the stem, 4^-1° long; inflorescence appearing lateral, 2' long or less; perianth i^'-2_!^'' long, its parts lanceolate, acuminate, rigid, widely divergent in fruit; stamens 6; anthers usually longer than the fila- ments; capsule globose, shining, mucronate, i-celled, with intruded placentae, barely dehiscent; seed sub- globose, X"~/3" long, reticulate in about 12 longi- tudinal rows, the areolae large.

In marshes, Delaware to Florida and Texas, near the coast, extending north in the Mississippi Valley to Mis-

Awl-leaved Rush. (Fig. 934.)

388

JUNCACEAE.

Juncus marginatus Rostk. Grass-leaved Rush. (Fig. 935.)

Juiuus mai-o iiialiis Rostk. Monog. June. 38. pi. 2. f. ,'. 1801. Juncus viarginatus var. paucicapitatus Engelm. Trans. .St. Louis Acad. 2: 455. 1866.

Stems erect, tufted, d'-io' high from brauching rootstocks, somewhat bulbous at the base, compressed, 2-4-leaved. Leaf-sheaths auriculate; blades yi^'-iyz" broad, 2-4 conspicuous veins in addition to the mid- rib; inflorescence 4' high or less, the panicle com- posed of 2-20 turbinate to subspherical 5-io-flo\vered heads; perianth long, the outer parts ovate,

acute, the inner slightly longer, obovate, obtuse, with hyaline margins; stamens 3, nearly as long as the peri- anth; anthers ovate, reddish brown when dry, much shorter than the filaments; capsule equalling the peri- anth, obovoid, truncate or retuse, almost 3-celled, the placentae deeply intruded; seed oblong, loiig> pointed at either end, 12-16-ribbed.

Grass}- places, ]Maine to Ontario, Florida and Nebraska.

Juncus marginatus aristulatus (Michx.) Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 8: 123. 1893. Juncus ai islulalus Michx. FI. Bor. Am. i: 192. 1803. Juncus marginatus var. bijiorus Wood, Classbook, Ed. 2, 725. 1861.

Taller, sometimes 3!2° high; leaf-blades \"-2\z" broad; lieads usuallj- 20-100, mostly 2-5-flo\v- ered. New York to Florida and Mexico, mostlj- near tlie coast; Mississippi Valley to Michigan. Juncus marginatus setosus Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 8: 124. 1893. Inner perianth-parts ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate; seeds smaller. Kansas to Mexico.

18. Juncus longistylis Torr. Long-stj'led Rush. (Fig. 936.)

/uncus longislylis Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 223. 1S59.

Stems erect, loosely tufted, 8^-30' high, rather stiff, slender, compressed, 1-3-leaved, the leaves mostly below the middle. Leaf blades wide, acute, striate,

the midrib well defined; inflorescence 2' high or less, usually of 2-10 irregular 3-S-flowered heads, or reduced to a single larger one; perianth 2%"-^" long, the parts equal, brown, lanceolate, acuminate, with hyaline mar- gins; stamens 6, half to two-thirds as long as the peri- anth, the yellow linear anthers longer than the filaments; style about yi" long; stigmas i^-iyi" long; capsule shorter than the perianth, oblong, brown, angled above, obtuse or depressed at the summit, mucronate, 3-celled; seed oblong, white-tipped, about loi^g. 14-20-ribbed.

Western Nebraska and the Rocky Mountain region.

19. Juncus repens ]\Iichx. Creeping Rush. (Fig. 937.)

Juncus /f/ifVij Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 191. 1803.

Perennial by prostrate rooting branches; stems tufted, compressed, ascending, floating or prostrate, 2''-20'' long. Leaves with compressed sheaths \o" in length, auricu- late, the blades 'i'-2,%' long, yi'^-i" broad, filiform-acu- minate; inflorescence of 1-8 heads, one or more heads often occurring also at the lower nodes; heads 5-10- flowered; flowers z'^~5" long, the outermost slightly recurved; perianth-parts subulate-lanceolate, the outer keeled, about one-third shorter than the inner; stamens 3, half to one third the length of the perianth; filaments longer than the yellow anthers; capsule subulate, beak- less, about as long as the outer perianth-parts, 3-celled, the valves membranous, breaking away from the axis in dehiscence; seed oblong, acute at either end, \"-\" long, finely reticulate in 25-40 longitudinal rows.

In swamps and streams, Delaware to Florida, Cuba and Texas, and in Lower California.

RUSH FAMILY.

389

20. Juncus castaneus Smith. Chestnut Rush

(Fig. 938.)

/minis cas/a/iei/s Smith, FI. Brit. 1:383. 1800.

Stems erect, 4'-2o' high, terete, leafless, or with a single leaf, arising singl}' from a slender rootstock. Basal leaves 3-5, the outer sheaths short, loose, the inner clasping, sometimes 4' long, not auriculate, their blades tapering from an involute-tubular base to a slender channeled acutish apex; inflorescence strict, usually exceeded by its lowest bract, the other bracts membranous and mostly equalling the flowers; heads

Clustered Alpine Rush.

1-3, 3-12-flowered; pedicels

long; perianth

21.

brown or black, 2''-3j^''' long, its parts lanceolate, acute; stamens nearly as long as the perianth; anthers about }4''' long; capsule brown, paler toward the base, 1^-2 times as long as the perianth, narrowly oblong, tapering to an acute summit, imperfectly 3-celled; seed iX''-2'' long, contracted into long slender tails, the body about )4'^ long.

Newfoundland to Alaska, south along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. In Europe and Asia.

Juncus stygius L. Moor Rush. (Fig. 939.)

Juncus stygius L. Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, 2: 9S7. 1759. /. stygius var. Aviericanus Buch. in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 12: 393. 1890.

Rootstock none; stems 3''-!° high, single, or few together, erect, 1-3 -leaved below, leafless above; leaf- sheaths ^"-\o" long, clasping, nerved, auriculate; blades erect or nearly so, 10" ~i/ long, slightly com- pressed, channeled on the upper side, tapering to a blunt point; inflorescence of 1-4 heads; heads 1-4- flow- ered; lowest bract usually exceeding the flowers; peri- anth i}^ '^-2^^' long, pale, its parts lanceolate, 3-nerved, equal, with membranous margins, obtuse or acute; stamens half as long as the perianth or more; anthers oblong, shorter than the filaments; capsule long, pale brown, spindle-shaped, acute, mucronate, 3-celled below, few-seeded; seed spindle-shaped, i xYt." long, with a loose coat, the body about Yz" long, narrowed into thick tails.

Newfoundland to Maine, northern New York, Michigan and Minnesota; also in British Columbia and Europe.

22. Juncus biglumis L. Two-flowered Rush.

Jiiiiciis higliiyyiis L. vSp. PI. 328. 1753.

Stems i'-8' high, loosely tufted on a branched root- stock, erect, nearly terete. Leaves 1-5, all basal, the outermost sheath usually i," long or less, the inner- most sometimes much longer, inconspicuously or not at all auriculate, the blades nearly terete; inflores- cence a capitate cluster of 1-4 flowers, its lowest bract erect, foliose, green with brown membranous margins below; perianth long, dark brown,

its parts membranous, oblong, obtuse, nearly equal; stamens equalling the perianth; anthers linear-oblong; capsule longer than the perianth, cylindric-oblong, 3-sided, retuse at the summit, with 3 keeled shoulders, purplish black, or with purple-mar- gined valves, imperfectly 3-celled; seed y2"-\" long, fusiform, the body narrowed into short stout tails.

Baffin Bay to Alaska and British Columbia. Also in Europe and Asia.

390

JUNCACEAE.

23. Juncus triglumis L. Three-flowered Rush. (Fig. 941.)

Jnnciis triglumis h- Sp. PI. 328. 1753.

Stems 3'-7' high, loosely tufted on a branched root- stock, erect, terete. Leaves 1-5, all basal, with sheaths clasping and conspicuously auriculate, the blades sub- terete, blunt, %" in diameter, usually less than half the height of the plant; inflorescence a capitate clus- ter of 1-5 (usually 3) flowers, the lowest 2 or 3 bracts nearly equal, divergent, about as long as the flowers, usually brown, obtuse and membranous; perianth \yz"-2" long, its parts oblong- lanceolate, obtuse; sta- mens nearly as long as the perianth; anthers linear, short; capsule about equalling the perianth, oblong, obtuse, mucronate, 3-angled, imperfectly 3-celled; seed about \" long, its body oblong, abruptly contracted into long slender tails.

Labrador and Newfoundland to .Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia.

24. Juncus pelocarpus E. Meyer. Brownish-fruited Rush. (Fig. 942.) Jitnais pelocarpus E. Meyer, Syn. Luz. 30. 1S23.

Rootstock slender; stems 3^-20' high, 1-5-leavcd; basal leaves 2-4, with loose auriculate sheaths, mostly with slender terete blades seldom exceeding 5' in length; stem leaves 1-5, similar to the basal; inflores- cence 4' in height or less; secondarj- panicles rareh' produced from the axils of the upper leaves; panicle loose, with distant heads of i or sometimes 2 flowers; perianth %"-\yz" long, the parts linear- oblong, green to reddish-green, obtuse or the inner sometimes acute, the outer usually the shorter, all of them frequent!}' modified into rudimentary leaves; stamens 6, about two-thirds as long as the perianth; anthers slighth' exceeding the filaments; style commonly yi" and stigmas \" long; capsule subulate-linear, its slender beak exceeding the peri- anth, i-celled; seed oblong to obovoid, \"-'%" long, reticulate in about 24 rows, the areolae smooth.

Newfoundland to New Jersey and Minnesota.

Juncus pelocarpus subtilis ( E. Meyer) Engelm. Trans. St. Louis .\cad. 2: 456. Juncus subtilis E. ^lej-er, Syn. Luz. 31. 1823.

Much smaller, depressed, i -few-flowered. Northern Maine and adjacent Canada.

25. Juncus bulbosus L. Bulbous Rush. (Fig. 943.)

Juncus bulbosus L. Sp. PI. 327. 1753.

Tufted, 2'-8' high; stems erect, or procumbent and rooting at the joints, usually bulbous. Leaves of two kinds, the basal mostly submersed, filiform, the caul- ine stouter, all with auriculate sheaths 10'' long or less, the septa of the blades inconspicuous; panicle of i-io- heads; heads top-shaped to hemispheric, 4-15-flowered, some of the flowers often transformed into tufts of small leaves; perianth i ' "-xYz" long, its parts nearly equal, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, brown, or with a green mid- rib; stamens 3, shorter than the perianth; anthers a little shorter than the filaments; capsule narrowlj' ob- long, obtuse, mucronate, slightly exceeding the peri- anth, brown above, i-celled; seed narrowly oblong, about %" long, acute at base, obtuse and apiculate above, 25-30-ribbed.

Labrador and Newfoundland. Common in Europe.

1866.

RUSH FAMILY.

391

Jointed Rush.

26. Juncus militaris Bigel. Bayonet Rush. (Fig. 944.)

/mil IIS niililaris Bigrcl. Fl. Host. Kd. 2, 139. 1824.

Stems 2o'-4° high, erect, stout, thick below,

arisiug from a stout rootstock. Leaves of two kinds, the submersed borne in dense fascicles on the root- stock and developing filiform, nodose blades some- times 20' long; basal leaves reduced to loose bladeless sheaths, sometimes 10' long; stem leaves i or 2, the lower with a long stout terete blade \"~7." thick at the base, the upper, when present, reduced to a blade- less sheath; inflorescence 3^-6' high, its bracts with obsolete blades; heads top-shaped to semiglobose, 6- i2-flowered; perianth \y2."-\%" long, its parts nar- rowly linear-subulate, the inner longer than the outer; stamens 6, nearly as long; anthers slightly exceeding the filaments; capsule ovoid, acuminate, beaked, i- celled, few-seeded, about equalling perianth; seed obovoid, about long, reticulated in about 24 rows.

Shallow margins of lakes, ponds or streams. Nova Scotia to northern New York and Marj'land.

27. Juncus articulatus L.

(Fig- 945-)

Juncus articulatus L- Sp. PI. 327. I753-

Rootstock branching; stems erect or ascending, 8'- 2° high, tufted, somewhat compressed, 2-4-leaved; basal blade-bearing leaves only i or 2, usually dying early; stem leaves with rather loose sheaths and con- spicuously septate blades; inflorescence rarely exceed- ing 4' in height, its branches spreading; heads hemi- spheric to top-shaped, 6-12-flowered; perianth long, the parts nearly equal, lanceolate, acuminate, reddish brown with a green midrib or green through- out; stamens 6, one-half to three-fourths as long as the perianth; anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule longer than the perianth, brown, 3-angled, sharply acute, tapering into a conspicuous tip, i-celled; seed oblong-obovoid, about Yi," long, reticulate in about 16-20 rows, the areolae finely cross-lined. Labrador to Massachusetts, New York, Michigan and British Columbia, Also in Europe and Asia. On ballast grovind about Philadelphia and Camden a form occurs with obtuse perianth-parts and broadly acute capsules, apparently introduced.

28. Juncus Richardsonianus Schult. Richardson's Ru.sh. (Fig. 946.)

/. Richardsonianus Schult. in R. & S. Syst. 7: 201. 1829. /uncus alpiniis var. insignis Fries; Engelm. Trans. St. Louis .\cad. 2: 458. 1866.

Stems erect, 6'-2o' high in loose tufts, from creeping rootstocks, i-2-leaved; stem leaf or leaves usually borne below the middle; panicle 7.yz'-W high, sparse, its branches strict or slightly spreading; heads 3-12-flow- ered; perianth long, the inner parts shorter

than the outer, obtuse, usually purplish toward the apex, the three outer paler, obtuse, mucronate or acute; stamens 6, half to two-thirds as long as the perianth; anthers much shorter than the filaments; capsule ovoid- oblong, slightly exceeding the perianth, straw-color or brown, broadly acute or obtuse, with a short tip; seed about ]i" in length, narrowly obovoid to oblong, apiculate, acute or acuminate at the base, lightly reti- culate in about 20 rows, the areolae finely cross-lined.

Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Pennsylvania, Nebraska and Washington.

392

JUNCACEAE.

29. Juncus nodosus L. Knotted Rush. (Fig. 947.)

JiiitCKs iiodosiis L- vSp. PI. Ed. 2, 466. 1762.

Stems 6'-2° high, erect, arising singly from tuber- like thickenings of a slender, nearly scaleless root- stock: stem leaves 2-4, and like the basal ones with long erect blades, the upper overtopping the inflorescence; panicle shorter than its lowest bract, seldom exceeding 2}{'', bearing 1-30 heads; heads spherical, several-many- flowered, 3>^"-6" in di- ameter; perianth if'-i^^'' long, its parts lanceo- late-subulate, usually reddish brown above, the inner longer than the outer; stamens 6, about one- half as long as the perianth; anthers equalling the filaments; capsule lanceolate-subulate, 3-sided, i- celled, exceeding the perianth; seed oblong, acute below, apiculate above, rarely more than long, reticulate in 20-30 rows, the areolae finely cross- lined.

Nova Scotia to Virginia, Nebraska and British Colum- bia. Also in Nevada.

30. Juncus Torreyi Coville. Torrey's Rush. (Fig. 948.)

Junais Torreyi Coville, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 303. 1S95. J. nodosus va.T. megaceplialiislorr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 326. 1843. Juncus megaceplialus Wood, Bot. Kd. 2, 724. 1861. Not

J. megaceplialus M. A. Curtis, 1835.

Stems S'-40'' high; rootstock slender, with tuberi- form thickenings at intervals of a few centimeters, each supporting a single stem; stem stout, 1-4-leaved; blade stout, terete, 5"-i' thick, abruptly divergent from the stem; inflorescence congested, consisting of 1-20 heads, exceeded by its lowest bract; heads ^"-W in diameter; perianth 2'^-2 long, its parts subulate, the outer longer than the inner; stamens 6, about half as long as the perianth; capsule subulate, 3-sided, i-celled, its beak yz"-}i" long, exceeding the peri- anth and holding the valves together throughout de- hiscence; seed in length, oblong, acute at both ends, reticulate in about 20 longitudinal rows, the areolae finely cross-lined.

Western New York to Texas and the Pacific Coast.

31. Juncus Caesariensis Coville. New Jersey Rush. (Fic

•)

949-

/. Caesariensis Coville, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 106. 1894. Juncus asper Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 478. 1868. Not Sauze, 1864.

Stems 2o'-4o' high, stout, erect, i )i" in thickness, slightly roughened; basal leaves few, the uppermost, like the cauline, with inconspicuously articulate sheaths and long erect terete roughened blades; inflor- escence I '-4' high, with spreading branches, its low- est bract with a small blade sometimes i>^' long; heads 2-5-flowered; perianth 2"-2yz" long, the parts lanceolate-acuminate, stifif, green, striate, the inner longer than the outer; stamens 6, about half as long as the perianth; filaments about equalling the an- thers; st\-le and stigmas long; capsule lanceolate-ob- long, 3-sided, mucronate-acuminate, incompletely 3 celled; seed tailed at both ends, altogether about \" long, the body about 5" long, closely striate, almost devoid of transverse lines.

Sandy swamps of southern New Jersey.

RUSH FAMILY.

393

Short-fruited Rush. (Fig. 950.)

32. Juncus brachycarpus Engehii

/uncus hrachycai[>us Kiisjelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 467. 1868.

Rootstocks bearing 1-6 stems; stems erect, S'-36' high, terete, 1-4-leaved; blades terete, \" thick or less, seldom exceeding 6' in length, the upper much shorter; inflorescence sometimes 4' high and with 20 spherical heads, or smaller and even reduced to a single head; perianth i^''-2'' long, its parts subulate, the inner about three-fourths as long as the outer; stamens 3, about half as long as the perianth; capsule one-half to two-thirds as long as the perianth, oblong, acute, mucronate, i-celled, dehiscent through the tip; seed oblong, acute at both ends, about \/' long, reticu- late in about 18 longitudinal rows, the areolae smooth and nearly square.

Southern Ontario, through the Mississippi Valley to Oklahoma, Texas and Mississippi; also from North Caro- lina to Maryland,

33, Juncus polycephalus Michx. Many-headed Rush. (Fig. 951.)

Juncus polycephalus '^ich'K. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 192. 1803. Juncus scirpoides vdx. polvcephaltis Engelm. Trans.

St, Louis Acad. 2: 468. '1868. Juncus Engelnianni Buch, Krit. Verz. June. 67. 1880.

Stem stout, about 3° high, compressed, 2-4- leaved. Leaves 20' in length or less, the upper shorter; blades vertically flattened, ^'-4'' broad, the septa incomplete, or the blades rarely narrower, merely compressed, and with complete septa; in- florescence 3^'-i2' high, its leaves with nearly obsolete blades; heads globose, :>,yz"-^" in diam- eter; perianth i^"-2" long, its parts subulate; stamens 3, one-half to three-fourths as long as the perianth; anthers shorter than the filaments; cap- sule subulate, i -celled, exceeding the perianth, the valves remaining united by the slender beak, their margins finally involute; seed narrowly ob- long, about ]i" long, acute at each end, with nearly straight tips, reticulate in about 12 rows, the areolae smooth.

In swamps, Virginia? to Florida and Texas.

34. Juncus scirpoides L,am. Scirpus-like Rush.

Juncus scirpoides Lam, Encycl. Meth, Bot. 3: 267. 1789. Juncus scirpoides var. macrostemon Engelm. Trans. St, Louis Acad, 2: 467. 1868.

Stems 8'-3° high, erect, terete, in clusters from short, horizontal rootstocks. Stem leaves 1-3; blades terete, \" thick or less, usually less than 4' long, the septa perfect; basal leaves similar, but with longer blades; inflorescence strict or slightly spreading, sometimes (>' in length; heads 2-30, either simple, globose, 3''-4'' in diameter in flower, and ^''-^yi." in fruit, or lobed, and of slightly greater diameter; peri- anth long, its parts subulate, the inner somewhat shorter; stamens equalling the inner peri- anth-parts, the short anthers exserted at the mouth of the perianth; capsule subulate, i-celled, its long beak exceeding the perianth; seed oblong, abruptly apicu- late at either end, \"-%" long, reticulate in 14-20 longitudinal rows, the areolae smooth.

New York to Florida and Louisiana.

(Fig. 952.)

394

JUNCACEAE.

35. Juncus megacephalus M. A. Curtis. Carolina Rush. (Fig. 953.)

Juncus megacephaliis M. A. Curtis, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1: 132. 1835.

Juncus sctrpotdes var. echinalns Engelni. Trans. St. I^oais .■\cad. 2: 468. 1868.

Stems i°-3° high, tufted from a branching root- stock, stout, 2-3-leaved. Leaves with auricled sheaths, the blades of the basal 8' long or less, those of the stem with succcssivelj' shorter blades, the uppermost rarely \o" in length; inflorescence 6' high or less, its lowest leaf almost bladeless, the others scarious; pan- icle of 1-40 heads; heads spherical, 4"-6" in diameter; perianth lyi'^-i^i" long, its parts subulate, the outer longer than the inner; stamens 3, half to two-thirds the length of the inner perianth-parts; anthers in- cluded, shorter than the filaments; capsule subulate, beaked, equalling the perianth, 3-sided, i-celled; seed oblong, Y'-%" long, acute at either end, reticulate in 12-14 rows, the areolae smooth. Virginia ? North Carolina to Florida.

36. Juncus brachycephalus (Engelni.) Buch. vSmall-headed Rush. (Fig. 954.)

Juticus brachycephalus Buch. in Engler, Eot. Jahrb. 12: 268. 1890.

/uncus Canadensis var. brachycephalus Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 474. 1868.

Stems i°-2j^° high, tufted from a branching root- stock, erect or occasionally reclining and rooting at the nodes, 2-4-leaved; leaves all with well developed blades, the lower commonly 4''-S'' long; inflorescence commonly 2}i'-(>' high, with spreading branches, its lowest bract foHose; heads top-shaped, 2-5-flowered; perianth long, its parts green, or reddish

brown above, with h}'aline margins, lanceolate, obtuse or sometimes acute, the outer shorter than the inner; stamens 3; anthers much shorter than the filaments; capsule reddish brown, about one-half longer than the perianth, ovoid-oblong, acute to obtuse, tipped, 3-sided, i-celled; seed long, with narrowly oblong

body, short-tailed at either end, 20-30 ribbed, somewhat cross-barred, the intervening spaces finelj- cross-lined.

New York to Penns3'lvania, Illinois and Wisconsin.

37. Juncus Canadensis J. Ga}^ Canada Ru.sh. (Fig. 955.)

J. Canadensis J. Gay ; Laharpe, Monog. Jonc. 134. 1825. Juncus Canadensis lonf^iraudalus Engelm. Trans. St. Louis .Acad. 2: 474. 1868.

Stems i°-4° high, erect, stout, 2-4-leaved, few in a tuft, from a branched rootstock. Basal leaves usually decayed at floweriug-tinie; stem leaves with large loose auriculate sheaths commonly 2^-4' long, and a stout erect blade usually 4'-io' long; panicle 3'-lo'' in height, the branches moderately spreading; heads usually crowded, top-shaped to hemispheric or sub- spheric, 5-40-flowered; perianth i}z"-2" long, the parts narrowly lanceolate, acute, the inner longer than the outer; stamens 3, one-half to two-thirds as long as the perianth, anthers much shorter than the filaments; capsule lanceolate, acute, mucronate, 3- sided, I-celled, reddish-brown, exceeding the perianth by or less; seed yz" to nearly long, tailed at either end, the body with a smooth shining coat,, about 40-striate.

New Brunswick to Jlinnesota, Georgia and Louisiana.

RUSH FAMILY.

395

Juncus Canadensis subcaudatus Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 474. 1868. Stems 15' -30' high, slender, frequentlj- weak and reclining; heads few, scattered; seed with very short tails. Rhode Island to Pennsylvania and Georgia.

Juncus Canadensis brevicaudatus Engelm. Trans, St. Louis Acad. 2: 436. 1866. [uncus Canadensis var. coarctatus Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 474. 1868.

Stems erect, 8' -30' tall, slender, closel5- tufted; panicle contracted; heads 2-6 flowered; seed in length, long-tailed. Nova Scotia to Minnesota and New Jersey.

38. Juncus acuminatus Miclix. Sharp-fruited Rush. (Fig. 956.)

Juncus acu7iiinalus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 192. 1803.

Plant io'-3° high; rootstock short and incon- spicuous. Stems few or several in a tuft, erect, 1-3-leaved; blades of the lower leaves 4'-8' long, 14"-'^" thick, the upper shorter; inflorescence 2'-6' high, and with 5-50 heads, rarely larger, or reduced even to a single head, its branches usually spreading; heads top-shaped, hemi- spheric or subspheric, 3-20- flowered; perianth long, its parts lanceolate-subulate^ nearly equal; stamens 3, about one-half as long as the perianth; anthers shorter than the fila- ments; capsule ovate-lanceolate, broadly acute, mucronate, i-celled, equalling the perianth, light brown at maturity, the valves separating through the apex; seed oblong, about %" in length, tipped at either end, reticulate in 16-20 longitudinal rows, the areolae transversely many-lined.

Maine to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia and Mexico. Also on the northwest coast. Heads often proliferous.

Juncus acuminatus debilis (A. Gray) Engelm. Trans. St. I^ouis Acad. 2: 463.^1868. Juncus debilis A. Gray, Man. 506. 1848.

Smaller, densely tufted, 10' -20' high, the stems often weak and procumbent; perianth shorter, long; capsule linear-oblong, obtuse, about one-third longer than the perianth, short-tipped. New Jersey to South Carolina.

39. Juncus robustus (Engehn.) Coville. Stout Rush. (Fig. 957.)

/uncus act/niina/iis var. l obuslus Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 463. 1868.

Plant about 3° high. Stems single or few in a tuft, stout, nearly terete, commonly i'/i"-2" thick below, 1-2 -leaved; blades erect, terete, con- spicuously many-septate, 8'-2° long, thick, usually reaching or exceeding the inflores- cence; inflorescence 4'-io' high, with moderately spreading branches and innumerable (com- rnouly 300-500) heads, the blade of its lowest leaf sometimes half as long as the inflorescence; heads 2-io-flowered; perianth long, its parts

nearly equal, lanceolate-subulate; stamens 3, one- half to two-thirds as long as the perianth ; capsule equalling or one-third exceeding the perianth, straw-colored at maturity, narrowly to broadly oblong, obtuse with a short tip, 3-sided when dry, I -celled, the valves separate and involute after dehiscence; seed nearly as in J.acuwinatus.

Southern Illinois to southeastern Kansas, Okla- homa, Louisiana and Texas.

396

JUNCACEAE.

40. Juncus diffusissimus Buckley. Diffuse Rush. (Fig. 958.)

Juncits diffusissimus Buckley, Proc. Acad. Pliila. 1862: 9. 1862.

Plant i°-2° high. Stems few in a tuft, from a short-branched inconspicuous rootstock, erect, slen- der, terete or slightly compressed, 2-4-leaved ; blades 4'-8' long, yz"-}i" thick; inflorescence diffusely branched, widely spreading, high and broad,

its lowest bract with a blade either obsolete or some- times nearly as long as the panicle; heads 3-12-flow- ered; perianth long, its parts subulate,

equal; stamens half to two-thirds as long as the perianth; anthers shorter than the filaments; cap- sule narrowly linear-lanceolate in outline, 2"-2^'' long, acute to ob'^^use at the apex, with a short tip, 3-sided, light brown, i-celled; seed oblong to ob- ovoid, long, acute at the base, abruptly

tipped, reticulate in about 1 6 rows, finely cross-lined. Southeastern Kansas to ^Mississippi and Texas.

1763-

2. JUNCOIDES Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 47.

[LuzuLA DC. Fl. Fr. 3: 158. 1S05.] Perennial plants, with herbage either glabrous or sparingly webbed, stems leaf-bearing, leaf-sheaths with united margins, and leaf-blades grass-like. Inflorescence umbelloid, pan- iculate, or corymbose, often congested; flowers always bracteolate, the bractlets usually lacerate or denticulate; stamens 6 in our species; ovary i-celled, its 3 ovules with basal in- sertion; seeds 3, indistinctly reticulate, sometimes caruuculate at base or apex, but not distinctly tailed. [Greek, meaning like Juiiats.']

About 40 species, widely distributed, mostly flowering in spring. Inflorescence umbelloid, i or 2 flowers on each of its branches. i. /. pilostim.

Inflorescence theoretically paniculate, the flowers often crowded in spikelike clusters.

Outer perianth-parts shorter than the inner; introduced species. 2. J. nemorosum.

Perianth-parts equal or nearlj- so; native species.

Flowers 1-3 together, on the branches of an open panicle. 3. J. parviflortim.

Flowers crowded into one or more thick spikes or spike-like clusters.

Inflorescence nodding. 4. /. spicatnin.

Inflorescence erect or spreading, or its individual branches rarely nodding.

Inflorescence of 1-3 spike-like or capitate flower-clusters, or the leaf-blades sharp- pointed.

Inflorescence crowded into a single cluster; leaves flat, usually with a blunt

apex. 5. J. nivale.

Inflorescence in 1-4 clusters; leaves narrowed above, involute-channeled, apex very sharp. 6. /. hyperboreiiin.

Inflorescence of 2-12 spike-like or capitate clusters; leaf- blades with blunt points.

7. J. campestre.

I, Juncoides pilosum (I,. ) Kuntze. Hairj^ Wood-ru.sh. (Fig. 959.)

Juncus pilosus L. Sp. PI. 329. 1753. Luzula pilosa Willd. Enum. PI. 393. 1809. Juncoides pilosum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 725. 1891.

Tufted, often somewhat stoloniferous. Stems erect, 2-4-leaved, y2°-\° high; leaf-blades i>^''-4" wide, flat, slightly webbed, especially when young, acumin- ate into a blunt almost gland-like point; stem leaves with similar but successively shorter blades; inflores- cence an umbelloid flower-cluster, with a bract 5"-! 2" high, the filiform pedicels equal or nearly so, i- flowered or sometimes 2-flowered; perianth i]i"-\yz" long, its parts triangular-ovate, acuminate, brown with hyaline margins, about twice as long as the toothed bractlets; capsule about one-fourth exceeding the perianth, its valves ovate, acuminate; seed about y long, its bod}' about \" in length, provided at the summit with a conspicuous hooked caruncle.

New Brunswick to Alaska, south to New York, Mich- igan and Oregon, and in the .\lleghanies to North Caro- lira. Also in Europe and .-^sia.

RUSH FAMILY.

397

2. Juncoides nemorosum (Poll.) Kuntze.

funcus nemorosus Poll. Hist. PI. Pal. i: 352. 1776. Juncoides nemorosxim Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 724. 1891.

Loosely tufted or somewhat stoloniferous. Stems slender, i°-2>^° high, i-6-leaved below the inflor- escence; leaf-blades i Yz"-}/' wide, ciliate, flat, ta- pering to a slender sharp tip; inflorescence diffusely paniculate or corymbose, the few lower bracts foli- ose, and the lowermost branch often inserted 4' be- low the next or more; flowers in clusters of 3-8, the bractlets ovate, entire or sparingly denticulate above, about one-third as long as the perianth; perianth about in length, its parts from red-

dish brown with pale margins to dirty white throughout, ovate-lanceolate, acute, the outer about one-fifth shorter than the inner; capsule ovoid, acuminate, barely equalling the perianth; seed obliquely ovoid about \" long.

A European species, naturalized at Riverdale, N. Y.

3. Juncoides parviflorum (Ehrh.) Coville.

(Fig. 961.)

Forest Wood-rush. (Fig. 960.)

Small-flowered Wood-rush.

Juncus parviflorus Ehrh. Beitr. 6: 139. 1791. Liiziila parvi flora Desv. Journ. de Bot. i: 144. 1808. J. parz'ifloi Jim Coville, Contr. Nat. Herb. 4: 209. 1893.

Stems single or few in a tuft, stoloniferous, erect 10^-30' high, 2-5-leaved; leaves glabrous, their blades 'lYz"-^" wide, tapering to a sharp or blunt apex; inflorescence a nodding decompound pan- icle, commonly i^'-4'' high, its lowest bract foliose, seldom more than one-fourth the length of the panicle; flowers borne singly, or sometimes 2 or 3 together, on the branches of the inflorescence, on slender pedicels; bractlets ovate, entire or rarely somewhat lacerate, perianth in length, its parts ovate, acuminate, slightly exceeded by the gteen to brown ovoid capsule; seed nar- rowly oblong, Yz''-'^," in length, attached to its placenta by slender implexed fibers.

Labrador to British Columbia, New Hampshire, New York and Minnesota; in the mountains to Arizona and California. Also in IJurope and Asia.

4. Juncoides spicatum (L,. ) Kuntze. Spiked Wood-ritsh. (Fig. 962.)

JuncHS spicalus L. .Sp. PI. 330. 1753. Juncoides spicatum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 725. 1891. Luzula spicata DC. Fl. Fr. 3: 161. 1805.

Closely tufted, without rootstocks. Stems erect, \'- 16' high, distantly 1-3-leaved, tapering to a filiform summit; leaf-blades Yi-"~^Y2" broad, often involute, especially above, tapering to a sharp apex, sparingly webby, especially at the base; inflorescence a nodding, spike-like, often interrupted panicle, commonly Yz'- \' in length, usually exceeded by its lowest involute- foliose bract; bractlets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, equalling the perianth, sparingly lacerate; perianth brown, with hyaline margins, \"-\Yz" long, its parts lanceolate, aristate-acuminate; capsule broadly ovoid, bluntly acute, about two-thirds as long as the peri- anth; seed narrowly and obliquely obovoid, about \Yz" long.

Labrador to Alaska, mountains of New England, Colo- rado and California. Also in Europe and Asia.

398

JUNCACEAE.

Northern Wood-rush.

5. Juncoides nivale (Laest.) Coville. Arctic Wood-rush. (Fig. 963.)

I.uzula campeslris var. nivalis Laest. Kongl. Vet. Akad.

Handl. 334. 1822. Juncoides nivale Coville, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 108. 1894. I.uzula arctica Blytt, Norg. Fl. i: 299, 1861.

Stems tufted, high, erect, i or 2-leaved.

Leaves with sheaths glabrous at the mouth, their blades \ "-2" broad, seldom exceeding lyi' in length, ^•ery minutely roughened on the back, at least to- ward the apex, flat and tapering to a usually blunt and callous tip; inflorescence an erect oblong to ovate, spike-like cluster, y^' in height or less, exceeding its lowest semifoliaceous bract; bractlet and perianth dark purple, the former ovate and sparingly lacerate at the hyaline apex; perianth-parts ^"-i'^ in length, narrowl}- oblong, more or less broadly acute at the paler apex, sometimes denticulate above; capsule subspheric, obtuse or broadly acute, exceeding the perianth; seed narrowly oblong, about yi" long.

Baffin Bay to Alaska. Also ^in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia.

6. Juncoides hyperboreum (R. Br.) Sheldon.

(Fig. 964.)

Luzula hype? burea R. Br. Suppl. App. Parrj^'s Voy. 183. 1821.

Juncodes hypefboreum Sheldon, Bull. Geol. Surv. Minn. 9: 63. 1894.

Stems tufted, commonly 4'-S' high, erect, 1-2- leaved above the base. Leaves with sheaths spar- ingly ciliate at the mouth, the blades erect, yz"-'i.yz" wide at the base, commonly T-Yz'-i' long, usually involute in age, not roughened on the back, taper- ing into a very sharp point; inflorescence erect, ex- ceeding its lowest foliose bract, consisting of a single oblong cluster in length or less, or its one or two lower divisions on peduncles Yz'-iYz' long; bracts and bractlets membranous, fimbriate; peri- anth-parts brown, paler above,' about long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, or slightly lacerate at the apex; capsule about three-fourths as long as the perianth, ovoid, obtuse; seed rather narrowly oblong, about Y' long.

Arctic America, Labrador and the higher mountains of Xew England, Europe and Asia.

7. Juncoides campestre (I,.) Kuntze. Common Wood-ru.sh. (Fig. 965.)

/uncus campeslris L. Sp. PI. 329. 1753. Luzula campeslris DC. Fl. Fr. 3: 161. 1805. Juncoides campestre Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 722. 1891.

Stems denselj' tufted, erect, 4'-2o' high, 2-4-leaved. Leaf-blades flat, \"-2)Yz" broad, tapering at the apex to a blunt almost gland-like point, sparingly webbed when young; inflorescence umbelloid; lower bracts foliose, the lowest often exceeding the inflorescence, its several branches straight, unequal, each bearing an oblong to short cylindric dense spike; floral bracts ovate, acuminate; bractlets similar but smaller, fimbri- ate at the apex; perianth i long, brown, its parts lanceolate-ovate, acuminate; capsule obovoid or broadly oblong; seed with an oblong body about Yz" in length, supported on a narrower white looselj' cellular, strophiole-like base about one-half as long.

In woodlands, almost throughout the United States and British America. Also in Eurojie and Asia. Variable. One of our earliest flowering plants.

BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY.

399

Family i8.

i: 272.

1810.

MELANTHACEAE R. Br. Prodr, Bunch-flower Family. Leafj'-stenimed herb.s (some exotic genera scapose), with rootstocks or rarely with bulbs, the leaves broad or grass-like, parellel- veined, the veins often connected by transverse veinlets. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or dioecious, regular, racemose, patiicled or solitar}'. Perianth of 6 separate or nearly separ- ate, usually persistent segments. Stamens 6, borne on the bases of the per- ianth-segments. Anthers small, 2-celled, oblong or ovate, or confluently I -celled and cordate or reniform, mostly versatile and extrorsely dehiscent (in- tror.se in Toficldia and Abaiiia). Ovary 3-celled, superior or rarely parti}" in- ferior; ovules few or numerous in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous. Styles 3, distinct, or more or less united. Fruit a capsule with septicidal dehiscence (loculicidal in Abama and Uvularia) . Seeds commonly tailed or appendaged. Embryo .small, in usually copious endosperm.

About 36 g-enera and 140 species, widely distributed. Flowers numerous in terminal erect racemes or panicles. Anthers oblong or ovate, 2-ceIled. Anthers introrsely dehiscent.

Capsule septicidal; flowers involucrate bj- 3 bractlets. Capsule loculicidal; flowers not involucrate. .\nthers extrorsely dehiscent. Flowers perfect.

Leaves basal, oblanceolate; seeds numerous. Stem very leafy; leaves linear; seeds few. Flowers dioecious: stem leafy. Anthers cordate or reniform, confluently i-celled. Plants glabrous.

Perianth-segments not gland-bearing.

Flowers perfect; perianth-segments obtuse. Flowers polygamous; perianth-segments acuminate. Perianth-.segments bearing i or 2 glands, or a spot. Stem and inflorescence pubescent.

Perianth-segments clawed, free from the ovary. Perianth-segments not clawed, adnate to the base of the ovar}- Flowers solitary, terminal or opposite the leaves, drooping.

I. TOFIELDIA Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 157.

Perenuial herbs, with short erect or horizontal rootstocks, fibrous roots, slender erect stems leafless above or nearly so, linear somewhat 2-ranked and equitant leaves clustered at the base, and small perfect white or green flowers in a terminal raceme. Pedicels bracted at the base, solitary or clustered. Flowers usually involucrate by 3 scarious somewhat united bractlets below the calyx. Perianth-segments oblong or obovate, subequal, persistent, gland- less. Stamens 6; filaments filiform; anthers ovate, sometimes cordate, introrse. Ovary ses- sile, 3 lobed at the summit; styles 3, short, recurved. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-beaked, septicid- ally dehiscent to the base, many-seeded. Seeds tailed or appendaged in most species. [Dedicated to Tofield, an English correspondent of Hudson.]

About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone, i or 2 in the Andes of South America. Besides the following another occurs in the southeastern States and two in northwestern America.

Tofieldia. Aha»ia.

Xerophyllum. Helonias. Chamaelirhi m.

6.	Chrosperiiia.
7-	Stenanthiitm.
8.	Zygadenus.
9-	Melanthiitm.
10.	1 'eralnnii.
II.	Uvularia.
177	8.

Stem glabrous; seeds unappendaged. Stem viscid-pubescent; seeds appendaged.

Capsule oblong, 3" high; perianth segments thin.

Capsule ovoid, i;i"-2" high; perianth-segments rigid in fruit

I. Tofieldia paliistris Huds. Scotti-sh A.sphodel. (Fig. 966.)

Tofieldia pahtstris Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 157. 1778.

Glabrous, stem slender, scape-like, leafless or bearing a few leaves near the base, 2'-\o' tall. Leaves tufted, X'-4'long, ^''-2'' wide; raceme oblong or subglobose in flower, dense, elongating to an inch or less in fruit, the lower flowers first expanding; pedicels usually solitary, minutely involucrate, yz"-\" long in fruit; flowers greenish white, \" broad; perianth-segments obovate. obtuse, much shorter than the oblong-globose minutely beaked capsule; seeds oblong, unappendaged.

Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Quebec, the shores of Lake Superior, and the Canadian Rocky Moun- tains. Also in Lurope and Asia. Summer.

26

T. palustris.

T. ffl!(ti)iosa. T. raceiuosa.

400

MELANTHACEAE.

2. Tofieldia glutindsa (Michx. ) Pers. Glutinous Tofieldia. (Fig. 967.)

Narlhecitun glulinosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. l: 210. 1803.

Tofieldia glulinosa Pers. Syn. i: 399. 1805.

Stem viscid-pubescent with black glands, 6'- 20' tall, bearing 2-4 leaves near the base. Basal leaves tufted, i'--/ long, wide; raceme

oblong and Yz'-xYz' long in flower, longer in fruit, the upper flowers first expanding; pedicels commonly clustered in 3's (i's-4's), ascending, viscid-pubescent, becoming 7."-(3" long in fruit; involucral bracts minute, united nearly or quite to their apices, borne just beneath the flower; flowers 3"-4" broad; perianth-segments oblong, mostly obtuse, membranous; capsule oblong, about 3" high, lyi" in diameter, thin-walled, twice as long as the perianth, the beaks y^" long or less; seeds tailed at each end.

In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Maine, Ohio, Michigan, Wyoming and Oregon, and in the southern Alleghenies. May-June.

3. Tofieldia racemosa (Walt.) B.S. P. Viscid Tofieldia. (Fig. 968.)

Melanthiiun racemosum Walt. Fl. Car. 126. 1788 Narlhecium piibens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 209. 1803.

Tofieldia pitbescens Pers. Sj-n. i: 399. 1805. Tofieldia racemosa B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 55. 1888.

Similar to the preceding species but rather stouter and taller, stem i°-3° high, the glutin- ous pubescence rougher. Leaves very narrowly linear, 6'-i8' long, i)^"-3'' wide; raceme \'- \' long in flower, often loose, somewhat longer in fruit, the uppermost flowers first expanding; pedicels mostly clustered in 3's, ascending, 1"- 3'' long in fruit; involucral bractlets about Yt." long, united to above the middle, borne just be- neath the flower; perianth- segments narrowly obovate, obtuse, rigid; capsule ovoid, 1^2'^long, little longer than the calyx, its beaks Y^" lof g". seeds tailed at each end.

In swamps, southeni New Jersey to Florida and Alabama. This and the two preceding species are also known as False Asphodel. June-Sept.

2. ABAMA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 47. 1763.

[N.\RTHECiUM Juss. Gen. 47. 1789.]

Perennial herbs, with creeping or horizontal rootstocks, fibrous roots, erect simple stems and linear grass-like basal leaves, those of the stem short and distant. F'lowers small, greenish-3'ellow, perfect, borne in a terminal raceme. Pedicels bracted at base and usually bearing a small bractlet. Perianth-segments persistent, linear or linear lanceolate, obscurely 3-5-nerved, glandless. Stamens 6; filaments subulate, woolly; anthers linear-oblong, erect, introrse. Ovary sessile; style very short or none; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Capsule oblong, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded, the linear seeds tailed at each end. [Greek, signif)'- ing without step, the plants reputed to cause lameness in cattle.]

Four known species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, another occurs in northwestern America.

BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY.

401

I. Abama Americana (Ker. ) Morong. American Bog-asphodel. (Fig. 969.)

Narlheciuni Americaniim Ker, Bot. Mag:, pi. 150^. 1812. Narlheciurn ossifragum var. Americanum A. Gray, Man.

Ed. 5, 536. 1867. Abama Americana Morong, Mem. Torr. Clnb, 5: log.

1894.

Glabrous, stems wiry, stiff, erect, lo'-iS' tall. Basal leaves 3'-8' long, \" wide or less, finely 7-9-nerved; lower stem leaves Yz'-t.' long, the upper much smaller; raceme long, dense; perianth-segments narrowly linear, i"-}/' long, slightly exceeding the stamens; filaments white-woolly; pedicels ascending, long in fruit; capsule about 5'^ long, \" in diameter at the middle, erect, nearly twice as long as the perianth- segments, tapering to a subulate beak; seeds, including the appendages, 2,"-^" long.

In pine barren swamps, southern New Jersey. June- Sept.

3. XEROPHYLLUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 210. 1803.

Tall perennial herbs, with thick short woody rootstocks, simple erect leafy stems, the leaves narrowly linear, rough-margined, the upper ones shorter than the lower. Flowers very numerous, medium-sized, white, in a large dense terminal raceme, the lower ones first expanding. Perianth withering-persistent, its segments oblong or ovate, 5-7-nerved, spread- ing, glandless. Stamens 6, rather shorter than the perianth-segments; filaments subulate, glabrous; anthers oblong. Ovary sessile, 3-grooved; styles 3, filiform, reflexed or recurved, stigmatic along the inner side; ovules only 2-4 in each cell. Capsule ovoid, 3-grooved, loc- ulicidally and sometimes also septicidally dehiscent. Seeds 5, oblong, not at all appeudaged, or only minutely so. [Greek, signifying a dry leaf.]

Three species, the following of the southeastern United States, the others of western America.

I. Xerophyllum asphodeloides (L. ) Niitt. Turkey-beard. (Fig. 970.)

Helonias asphodeloides L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 485. 1762. Xerophyllum seti/ob'um Michx. FI. Bor. Am. i: 211. 1803.

Xerophyllum asphodeloides Nutt. Gen. i: 235. 1818.

Stem stout, becoming stiff, 2j^°-5° tall, densely

leaf}' below and at the base, sparsely leafy above.

Leaves very narrowl}' linear, slightly dilated at the

base, the lower 6'-i8' long, i" wide or less, except

at the broader base, the upper successively shorter

and narrower; flowering raceme 3^-6' long, 2^-3'

in diameter, its summit conic; flowering pedicels

spreading, filiform. <^"-\W long, in fruit erect;

perianth-segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, about 3'-

long; styles rather longer than the ovary; capsule

ellipsoid, obtuse, 1" long, \"-\y2." in diameter;

seeds mostly 2 in each cell.

In dry pine barrens, southern New Jersey to eastern Tennessee and Georgia. May-July. Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina.

4. HELONIAS L. Sp. PI. 342. 1753.

A perennial glabrous bog herb, with a stout rootstock, thick fibrous roots, basal ob- lanceolate persistent leaves and rather large perfect purple flowers, racemed at the summit of an erect hollow bracted scape. Perianth-segments spreading, spatulate, persistent. Stamens 6, hypogynous, longer than the perianth-segments; filaments filiform; anthers ovate. Ovary ovoid, 3-grooved, 3-celled, slightly 3-lobed, niany-ovuled ; styles 3, stigmatic along the inner side, deciduous. Capsule obovoid, deeply 3-lobed, the lobes divergent, ventrally dehiscent above. Seeds numerous, linear, white-appendaged at each end. [Name from the Greek, in allusion to its growth in swamps.]

A monotypic genus of eastern North America.

402 IMELANTHACEAE.

I. Helonias buUata L. Swamp Pink. (Fig. 971.)

Helonias buUala L. Sp. PI. 342. 1753.

Leaves several or numerous, dark green, thiu, clustered at the base of the scape, 6'-i5' loug, y,'-2' wide, pointed or blunt, finely parallel- nerved. Scape stout, bracted below, the bracts lanceolate, acute or acuminate, membranous; raceme dense, i'-},' long in flower, becoming 4'-7' long in fruit; perianth-segments about 3" long, equalling or rather longer than the stout pedicels; capsules about 3" long, the valves papery; seeds i^"-2" long.

In bogfs, northern New Jersej', southern New York and eastern Pennsylvania (?) to Virginia. Local. The scape sometimes bears a few leaves at its base. April-Maj-.

5. CHAMAELIRIUM Willd. Mag. Nat. Fr. Berl. 2: iS. 1808.

An erect glabrous slightl}' fleshy herb, with a bitter tuberous rootstock. Basal leaves spatulate, those of the stem lanceolate. Flowers small, white, dioecious, in a long narrow bractless spike-like raceme. Perianth of 6 linear-spatulate i-nerved segments. Staminate flowers with 6 stamens, the filaments filiform, the anthers subglobose, 2-celled; pistillate flowers with a 3-celled oblong ovary, 3 short styles, stigmatic along the inner side, and usu- all)' with 6 staminodia. Capsule oblong, slightly 3-lobed, loculicidally 3 valved. Seeds 6- 12 in each cavit)', broadly winged at both ends, narrowly winged on the sides. [Greek, signifying a low lily.]

A monotypic genus of eastern North America.

I. Chamaelirium liiteum (I,. ) A. Graj'. Blazing-.star. (Fig. 972.)

Veratrum hitciim L. Sp. PI. 1044. 1753- Chaniaelii-itim Caroltniaiiiim'W'iWdL. Mag. Nat. Fr.

Berl. 2: 19. 1808. Ckainadiririm hiletim A. Gray, Man. 503. 1848.

Staminate plant i^°-2^° tall, the pistillate often taller, sometimes 4° high and more leafy. Basal leaves 2'-S' loug, ^'-ij^' wide, mostly obtuse, tapering into a long petiole; stem leaves lanceolate, the or upper linear, acute or acum- inate, sessile or the lower short-petioled; stam- inate raceme or nodding finally erect, s'-g' long, the pedicels spreading, \"-2" long; pistillate raceme erect; flowers nearly 3'' broad; capsule oblong or somewhat obovoid, i/'-l" long, 2"-3" in diameter.

In moist meadows and thickets, Massachusetts to southern Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida and Arkansas. Called also Devil's-bit, I'nicorn-root and Drooping Starvvort. May-Julj-.

6. CHROSPERMA Raf. Neog. 3. 1825. [Ami.\nthium a. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 4: 121. 1837.]

An erect glabrous herb, with an ovoid-oblong coated bulb, and numerous long blunt basal leaves, a few short ones ou the stem. Flowers perfect, white, in a dense terminal raceme, the lower ones first expanding. Perianth of 6 distinct glandless persistent obtuse segments. Stamens inserted on the bases of the sepals; anthers small, reniform. Ovary ovoid, 3-lobed, 3- celled. Capsule 3-celled, dehiscent above the middle, the cavities 1-2- seeded, its 3 divergent lobes tipped with the subulate styles. Seeds ovoid, reddish brown. [Greek, referring to the colored seeds.]

A monotypic genus of eastern Nortli America.

BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY.

403

I. Chrosperma muscaetoxicum (Walt.) Kuntze. Fly-poi.son. (Fig. 973.)

Mtianlliiuin muscaetoxicum Walt. Fl. Car. 125. 1788.

Amianthium muscaetoxicum .\. Gray, .\nn. Lyc. N. Y. 4: 122. 1837.

Chrosperma muscaetoxicum Kunze, Rev. Gen. PI. 708. 1891.

Bulb \yz'-2' long, nearly \' in diameter. Stem i'/2°-4° tall. Basal leaves 2^-15" wide, shorter than the stem, the upper few and dis- tant, bract-like; raceme at first ovoid-conic, be- coming cylindric, 2^-5' long; pedicels ascend- ing, 4"-io'' long; bractlets ovate, i'''-2'^ long; sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, ^''-j," long; fila- ments filiform, about equalling the sepals; capsule 2"-}," in diameter above the middle, scarcely as long; seeds about lYz'' long.

In dry sandy woods, Long Island and eastern Pennsylvania to Florida, Tennessee and Arkansas. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia and to 2100 ft. in Pennsylvania. May-July.

7. STENANTHIUM Kunth, Enum. 4: 189. 1842.

Erect glabrous bulbous herbs, with leafy stems and small white or greenish, polygamous flowers in an ample terminal panicle. Leaves narrowly linear, keeled. Perianth-segments narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, glandless, spreading, persistent, adnate to the base of the ovarj'. Stamens shorter than the perianth-segments, inserted on their bases; anthers small, cordate or reniform. Ovary ovoid. Capsule ovoid-oblong, 3-lobed, finally dehiscent to the base, the lobes with short slightly divergent beaks. Seeds about 4 in each cavity, oblong, angled, somewhat flattened. [Greek, in allusion to the narrow perianth-segments.]

The genus comprises only the two following species; Leaves 2" -3" wide; capsule reflexed. i. S. gramineuni.

Leaves 3"-io" wide; capsule erect. 2. 5'. robustxim.

I. Stenanthium gramineum (Ker) Morong. Gras.s-leaved Stenanthium.

(Fig. 974.)

Helonias ^raminea Ker, Bot. Mag. pi. 1599. 1813.

Veratrum angiislifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 242. 1814.

Stenanttiinm atigusti/oliuni Kunth, Enum. 4: 190. 1843.

Stenanlliittm gramineum Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: no. 1894.

Stem slender, 3°-4° tall. Leaves grass- like, some of them often 1° long or more, 2"-}," wide, the upper, reduced to small linear lanceolate bracts subtending the branches of the panicle; panicle open, sim- ple or somewhat compound, i°-2° long, its branches nearly filiform, often flexuous, spreading or drooping; bracts yz"-\" long, equalling or longer than the pedicels; flowers ^"-(3" broad; perianth-segments linear lan- ceolate; capsule ovoid-oblong, with a top- shaped base, 3''-4'^ long, reflexed.

In dry soil, Virginia and Kentucky to Florida and Alabama, chiefly in the mountains. As- cends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. Fruit apparently scarce. Aug-Sept.

404

MELANTHACEAE.

2. Stenanthium robustum S. Wats. Stout Stenanthium. (Fig. 675.)

Slenaiilliiuni robusluni S. Acad. 14: 278. 1879.

Wats. Proc. Am.

Stem stout, 3°-5° tall, usually very leafy. Leaves often 1° long or more, the lower 4''- \o" wide, the upper reduced to bracts; pan- icle denser than that of the preceding .species, commonly longer, usually compound, its branches spreading or ascending; flowers greenish or white, 6"-8" broad; capsule ovoid-oblong, long, erect, longer than

its pedicel, the very short beaks recurved- spreading.

In moist soil, southern Pennsylvania and Ohio to South Carolina and Tennessee. July-Sept.

8. ZYGADENUS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 213. 1803.

Glabrous erect perennial herbs, from bulbs or rootstocks, with leafy stems. Leaves narrowly linear. Flowers perfect or polygamous, greenish, yellowish or white, in a terminal panicle or raceme. Perianth withering-persistent, its segments lanceolate or ovate, .separate or united below, sometimes adnate to the lower part of the ovary, bearing I or 2 glands or a spot jvist above the narrowed base. Stamens free from the perianth segments and about equalling them in length; anthers cordate or reniform. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, the cavi- ties not diverging, dehiscent to the base. Seeds several or nmnerous in each cavity, oblong or linear, angled. [Greek, referring to the two glands of some species.]

About 10 species, natives of North America and Mexico, i in Siberia. Plant with a thick rootstock; glands of the perianth-segments 2, orbicular. i. Z. glabcrrivnts. Plants bulbous; gland only i, sometimes faint or a mere spot.

Gland distinctly obcordate ; perianth-segments 4"-5" long. 2. '/.. elegans.

Gland not obcordate; perianth-seg^nents 2" -4" long.

Gland with a poorly defined or irregular margin; perianth free from the ovary; western species

Leaves 3"-8" wide; flowers mostly perfect. 3. Z. Kutlallii.

Leaves 2" -3" wide; flowers polygamous. 4. Z. venenosiis.

Gland a mere yellow spot; perianth adnate to the ovarj*; eastern coast species.

5. Z. leinianthoides.

I. Zygadenus glaberrimus Michx. Large-flowered Zygadenus. (Fig. 976.)

Zygadenus glabei-riiiiiis ISIichx, Fl. Bor. Am. i: 214. 1803.

Rather dark green, slightly glaucous, stem stout, 2°-4° tall, from a thick rootstock. Leaves 2,"-6" wide, long-acuniinate, channelled, often 1° long or more, the upper gradually smaller, appressed, passing into the short ovate bracts of the panicle; panicle 6'-i2' long, its branches rather stout, stiff, ascending; panicle 6'-i2' long, its branches rather stout, .stiff, ascending; pedicels stout, longer than the bractlets; flowers white, mostly perfect, I'-iYz' broad, perianth- segments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, nar- rowed into a short claw, bearing 2 orbicular glands; styles subulate; capsule narrowl}- ovoid, shorter than the perianth.

In swamps, Virginia to Florida, near the coast. July-Sept.

BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY,

405

2. Zygadenus elegans Pursh. Glaucous Zj'gadenus

Zygadcuus elegaitsVMrs\\, Fl. Am. Sept. 241. 1814. Melanlliium jriaiiciini Nutt. Gen. 1: 232. 1818. Zygadenus glaiiciis Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 56. 1834.

Plant very glaucous, bulb ovoid, about \' long, its coats membranous. Stem slender, 6'-2,° tall; leaves 2"--]" wide, keeled, the lower 4'-i2' long, the upper much shorter; bracts lanceolate, rather large, green or purplish; in- florescence a simple raceme or a large panicle, sometimes i° long, open, its branches slender, ascending; flowers greenish, S^'-io^'' broad; per- ianth-segments oval or obovate, obtuse, imited below and adnate to the base of the ovary, bear- ing a single large obcordate gland just above the short claw; capsule oblong, nearly \' long, ex- ceeding the perianth.

In moist places. New Brunswick to Alaska, south to Vermont, New York, Missouri, and in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. June-AuR. Ascends to 4000 ft. in the Black Hills.

3. Zygadenus Nuttallii (A. Graj-) S. Wats. Nuttall's Zygadenus. (Fig. 978.)

Antianlhitun Nittlallii A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 4: 123. 1837.

Zvgademis Nitttallii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: " 279. 1879.

Light green, scarcely glaucous, stem i°-2° high. Bulb large, coated; leaves 3' '-8" wide, shorter than the stem, strongly conduplicate, the upper very short; inflorescence racemose or paniculate bracts membranous, scarious, shorter than the slender pedicels; flowers mostly perfect, about 6" broad; perianth-segments oval or ovate, obtuse, free from the ovary, thin, short-clawed, bearing a roundish spot-like gland; capsule long.

On prairies, Kansas and Colorado to Texas. June.

May-

Zygadenus venenosus S. Wats, sonous Zj'gadenus. (Fig. 979.)

Poi-

Zygadetius venenosus S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 279. 1879.

Pale green, stem slender, 6'-2° tall, from a small coated bulb. Leaves conduplicate, roughish, 2'^- 3" wide, shorter than the stem, the upper small and distant; inflorescence a simple or somewhat branched raceme, 2'-4' long in flower, elongating in fruit, the slender pedicels longer than the scar- ious lanceolate bracts; flowers yellow or yellowish, polygamous, abovit 4" wide; perianth -segments ovate or elliptic, obtuse or acutish, short-clawed, free from the ovary, bearing a roundish gland with an irregular margin; fruiting pedicels erect; capsule longer than the perianth.

South Dakota and Montana to British Columbia, south to Nebraska, Utah and California. May-June.

4o6

MELAXTHACEAE.

5. Zygadenus leimanthoides (A. Gray) S. Wats. Pine-barren Zygadenus.

(Fig. 980.)

Atnianlhium leimanthoides \. (iray, Ann. L}"c.

N. Y. 4: 125. 1837. Zygadenus leimanthoides S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 280. 1879.

Stem slender, i°-4° high, from a narrowly ovoid fibrous-coated bulb, its base sheathed bj' short leaves which soon become fibrous. Leaves wide, green on both sides,

often 1° long, blunt, or the upper acuminate and much shorter; panicle 4'-i2' long, its branches densely many-flowered, spreading or ascending; bractlets much shorter than the .slender pedicels; flowers mosth- perfect, white or greenish, about 4" broad; perianth- segments oblong, obtuse sessile, not clawed, adnate to the veiy base of the ovary, bearing a basal yellowish spot; capsule ovoid, 4" high, much longer than the perianth.

In swamps or wet soil, especially in pine bar- rens, southern New Jersey to Georgia. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. July-Augr.

9. MELANTHIUM L. Sp. PI. 339. 1753.

Tall leafy herbs, perennial by thick rootstocks, the stem, at least its upper part, and the inflorescence, pubescent. Leaves oval, oblanceolate or linear, sheathing or the upper sheath- le.ss. Flowers greenish, white or cream -colored, darker in withering, monoecious or poly- gamous, slender pedicelled in a large terminal panicle. Perianth of 6 spreading .separate persistent clawed segments, free from the ovary. Stamens shorter than the segments and adnate to them; anthers cordate or reniform, their sacs confluent. Ovary ovoid; styles 3, subulate, spreading. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, the cavities several-seeded, tipped by the styles. Seeds verj- flat and broadly winged, several in each cavit}-. [Greek, signifying black flower.]

The genus comprises only the following species: Perianth-segments with 2 glands at the base of the blade.

Blade of the perianth-segments oblong, entire; leaves linear. i. J/. Virgitiicum.

Blade of the perianth-segments nearl3- orbicular, undulate; leaves oblanceolate.

2. J/, latifolium.

Perianth segments oblanceolate, glandless; leaves oval

J/, parvijlorum.

Melanthium Virginicum L. flower. (Fig. 981.)

Bunch-

Melanlhiiiin Virginictim L. Sp. PI. 339. I753-

Stems rather stout, 2>^°-5° high. Leaves linear, acuminate, often 1° long, 4"-! 2" wide, the lower sheathing, the upper smaller, sessile, the uppermost verj- small; panicle 6'-i8' long, usualh- dense, its branches ascending; pedicels much longer than the ovate-oblong bracts; flowers 6"- 10" broad, greenish yellow, turning brown ; perianth -segments obtuse, the blade ob- long, flat, entire, sometimes obcordate, at least twice as long as the claw, bearing 2 dark glands at its base; capsule ^"-l" long, the persistent styles erect, i^'-i^^" long; seeds S-io in each cavity, 2"-3" long.

In meadows, wet woods and marshes, Rhode Island to New York and Minnesota, south to Flor- ida and Texas. June-Aug.

HUNCH-rLO\VP:R FAMILY.

407

2. Melanthium latifolium Desr. Crisped Bunch-flower. (Fig

Melanthin)n liybridnni Walt. I'l. Car. 125. 1788? Mdanlhiitttt lali/oliuin Desr. in I,am. Kncycl. 4: 25. 1797.

Stem stout or slender, 2°-4° tall. Leaves ob- lanceolate, acute, W-7.' wide, the lower clasp- ing, the upper sessile and much smaller; pan- icle usually 1° long or more, its branches ascending or .spreading; flowers broad, greenish white, turning darker; blade of the perianth-seg^nents orbicular or ovate, undulate and crisped, longer than the claw or about equalling it, bearing 2 glands at the base; cap- sule long, its cavities 4-8 seeded; seeds rather larger than those of the preceding species; flowers fragrant.

In dry woods and on hills, Connecticut to Penn- sylvania and South Carolina. Ascends to 2000 ft. in North Carolina. Pedicels 3"-8" long. July-Aug.

Melanthium latifolium longipedicellatum A. Brown, Bull. Torr. Club, 23; 152. 1S96. Lower leaves 6"-io" wide, and upper pedicels 12" long. West Virginia.

3. Melanthium parviflorum (Michx.) S. Wats. Small-flowered Melaii- thium. (Fig. 983.)

Vcralrum parviflorum INIichx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 250. 1803.

Melaii/lihiui parviflorttni S. Wats. Proc. Am. .\cad. 14: 276. 1879.

Stem slender, 2°-5° tall. Lower leaves broadly- oval or oblanceolate, acute, i,'-W long, i^'-4' wide, with narrow sheathing bases, the upper narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate; panicle i°-2° long, loose and open, its verj- slender branches divergent or ascending; pedicels fili- form, much longer than the bracts, somewhat longer than the perianth-.segments; flowers 4"- 6" broad, greenish; perianth-segments oblance- olate, glandless, short -clawed or sessile; capsule 5''-6" long, the cavities 4-6-seeded; seeds long.

In dry woods, mountains of Virginia to South Carolina. June-Aug.

10. VERATRUM L. Sp. PI. 1044. 1753.

Tall perennial herbs, with thick short poisonous rootstocks, the leaves mostly broad, clasping, strongly veined and plaited, the stem and inflorescence pubescent. Flowers green- ish or yellowish or purple, rather large, polygamous or monoecious, on short stout pedicels in large terminal panicles. Perianth-segments 6, glandless or nearly so, not clawed, adnate to the base of the ovarj'. Stamens opposite the perianth-segments and free from them, short, mostly curved. Anthers cordate, their sacs confluent. OX-ary ovoid; styles 3, persist- ent. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, the cavities several-seeded. Seeds very flat, broadly winged. [Ancient name of the Hellebore.]

About 10 species, natives of north temperate zone. Besides the following another occurs in the southern United States and 2 on the Pacific coast.

Flowers yellowi-sh green; perianth-segments pubescent, ciliate. 1. V. viride.

Flowers purple; perianth-segments glabrous or nearly so. 2. V. Woodii

4o8

MELANTHACEAE.

I. Veratrum viride Ait.

American White Hellebore. Indian Poke. (Fig. 984.)

I'eralrum riride h.\\.. Hort. Kew. 3: 422. 1789.

Rootstock erect, 2^-3' long, i'-2' thick, with numerous fibrous-fleshy roots. Stem stout, 2°-8° tall, very leafy; leaves acute, the lower broadly oval or elliptic, 6'-i2' long, 3'-6' wide, short-peti- oled or sessile, sheathing, the upper successively narrower, those of the inflorescence small; panicle 8'-2° long, densely many-flowered, its lower branches spreading or somewhat drooping; pedi- cels long, mostly shorter than the bracts; flowers A-ellowish green, W-\2" broad; perianth- segments oblong or oblanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, twice as long as the stamens; ovary glabrous; cap- sule io''-i2'' long, 4"-6" thick, many-seeded; seed 4"-5" long.

In swamps and wet woods, Quebec to Alaska, south to Georgia, Tennessee, Minnesota and British Cohim- bia. Ascends to 4000 ft. in the Adirondacks. IMay- July.

2. Veratrum Woodii Robbins. Wood'.s False Hellebore. (Fig. 985.)

I'eralrum Woodii Robbins in Wood, Classbook, Ed. 41, 557. 1855.

Rootstock short, erect. Stem slender, 2°-5° tall; leaves mostly basal, oblong or oblanceolate, often 1° long, 2'-4' wide, narrowed into sheathing petioles about as long as the blade; upper leaves small and linear-lanceolate; panicle open, i°-2° long, its branches ascending; pedi- cels shorter than the perianth, about as long as the bracts; flowers broad, purple; perianth-

segments oblanceolate, obtuse, nearly or quite glabrous, entire, little longer than the stamens; ovary pubescent when young, becoming gla- brous; capsule 6"-8" long, few-seeded.

In dry woods and on hills, southern Indiana to Missouri. June-July.

II. UVULARIA L. Sp. PI. 304. 1753.

Erect forked herbs, perennial by rootstocks. Stem leafy above, scale-bearing below, the leaves alternate, sessile or perfoliate. Flowers large, solitary at the ends of the branches or rarel}' 2 together, peduncled, drooping. Perianth bell-shaped or narrower; segments dis- tinct, deciduous, each bearing a nectar}- at the base. Stamens 6, free, or adnate to the verj' bases of the perianth-segments; filaments filiform; anthers linear, the sacs longitudinallj' dehiscent. Ovary 3-lobed, 3-celled, short-stalked or sessile; styles united to about the mid- dle, stigmatic along the inner side above; ovules several in each cell. Capsule ovoid or ob- ovoid, 3-angled or 3-winged, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds globose, 1-3 in each cavit}-. [Name Latin, from uvula, a palate, in allusion to the hanging flowers.]

Five or six species, natives of eastern North .-Vmerica.

Capsule obtusely 3-angled, truncate or rounded; leaves perfoliate.

Glabrous, glaucous; perianth-segments papillose within. i. U. perfoliala.

Leaves pubescent beneath ; perianth-segments smooth. 2. U. grandijlora. Capsule acutely 3-angled or 3-winged, acute at each end; leaves sessile.

Leaves thin, slightly rough-margined, narrowed at both ends. 3. V. sessili/olia.

Leaves firm, manifestly rough-margined, sometimes subcordate. 4. U. pitberula.

BUNCH-FIvOWER FAMILY.

Perfoliate Belhvort. (Fig. 9S6.)

I. Uvularia perfoliata L.

Uz'iilaria pcrfoliala I,. Sp. PI. 304. I753-

Glabrous and glaiicou.s or pale green. Stems 6'- 20' high, slender, forked above the middle, usually with 1-3 leaves below the fork; leaves oval, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute at the apex, rounded or sometimes narrowed at the base, smooth-margined, 2'-^' long when mature, small at flowering time; flowers 10' '-16'' long, pale yellow; peduncle becom- ing ^'-i' long in fruit; perianth-segments granu- lar-papillose within, sometimes but slightly so; sta- mens shorter than the styles or equalling them, the connective .sharp-tipped; capsule obovoid, truncate, thicker than long, 4^-5'^ long, obtusely 3-angled, with concave sides and grooved angles, its lobes dehiscent above.

In moist woods and thickets, Quebec and Ontario to Florida and Mississippi. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Vir- gfinia. Flowers fragrant. May-June.

2. Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith. Large-flowered Belhvort. (Fig. 987.)

Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith, Ex. Bot. 1:99. pi. 51. 1804-5.

Stems rather stouter than that of the preceding species, naked or with i or 2 leaves below the fork. Leaves perfoliate, oblong, oval or ovate, pubescent beneath, at least when young, glabrous above, be- coming 1'-^' long; flowers lemon-yellow, I'-xYz' long; perianth-segments smooth on both sides or very slightly granular within; stamens exceeding the styles, the connective blunt; capsule obtusely 3-angled, truncate, long, the lobes dehiscent

above.

In rich woods, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Geor- gia, Tennessee and Iowa. April-June.

3. Uvularia sessilifolia L. Sessile-leaved Bellwort. (Fig. 988.)

Uvularia sessilifolia L. Sp. PI. 305. 1753. Oakesia sessilifolia S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 269. 1879.

Glabrous, stem slender, naked or bearing i or 2 leaves below the fork. Leaves oblong or oblong- lanceolate, i/4.'-2>' long when mature, thin, sessile, acute at each end, roughish-margined, pale or glaucous beneath; flowers greenish yellow, 8"-i5" long; perianth -segments smooth; styles exceeding stamens; anthers blunt; peduncle long in

fruit; capsule sharply 3-angled, narrowed at both ends, short-stipitate, about long, 6^'-8''' thick.

In moist woods and thickets, New Brunswick and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Arkansas. May-June.

Uvularia sessilifolia nitida (Britton) Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: iii. 1894. Oakesia sessilifolia var. (?) nitida Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. ,Sci. 9: 13, 1889.

Leaves smaller, bright green on both sides: flowers light yellow; capsule scarcely stipitate. Pine barrens of New Jersey. Perhaps referable to the following species.

4IO

MELANTHACEAE.

4. Uvularia puberula Michx. Mountain Belhvort. (Fig. 989.)

Uvularia puberula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: igg. 1803. Oakciia puberula S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 269. 1879.

Stein rather .stout, sparingly rough-pubescent with short hairs, at least on the forks. Leaves oblong, oval or ovate; rough-margined, firm and iK'-j' long when mature, se.ssile, acute at the apex, obtuse, subcordate or sometimes narrowed at the base, shining, green on both sides, the niidvein sometimes pubescent; flowers light . yellow, about \' long; st3des exceeding the stamens; capsule sharply 3-angled, acute at both ends, .sessile or verj- nearly so on the short peduncle, lo"- \i" long.

In mountain woods, Virginia and West Virginia to South Carolina. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. May- June.

Family 19.

PI.

42

1763.

LILIACEAE Adans. Fam.

Lii.v F.\Mii.v.

Scapose or leafj-'Stemmed herbs from bulhs or corms, or rarely with root- stocks or a woody caudex i^Agavc'), the leaves various. Flowers solitarj^ or clustered, regular, mostly perfect. Perianth parted into 6 distinct or nearl}' dis- tinct segments, or these more or less united into a tube, inferior or partly superior {Alctris^. Stamens 6, hypogynous or borne on the perianth or at the bases of its segments; anthers 2-celled, mostl>' introrse, sometimes extrorse. Ovary 3-celled: ovules few or numerous in each cavity, anatropous or amphitro- pous; styles united; stigma 3-lobed or capitate. Fruit a loculicidal capsule (.septicidal in Ca/ochortus) , or in A^avc sometimes flesh}' and indehiscent. Seeds various, winged or wingless. Embryo in copious endosperm.

About 125 genera and 1300 species, widely distributed.

Plants bulbous, or with rootstocks, or fibrous-flesliy roots. Ovary superior, not adnate to the perianth.

Roots fibrous -fleshy ; scape tall; flowers orange or yellow. Low fleshy herb with a short rootstock; fluwers white. Plants with bulbs or corms. Flowers unibelled. Perianth 6-parted.

Odor characteristically onion-like ; ovules i or 2 in each cavity. Odor not onion-like; ovules several in each cavity. Perianth funnelform, the tube about as long as the lobes. Flowers solitary, racemed, corymbed or panicled. Anthers not introrse.

Perianth-segments all alike or nearly so; capsule loculicidal. Anthers versatile; tall herbs. Anthers not versatile; low herbs.

Stem leafy; flowers leafy-bracted. Leaves only 2, appearing basal; flowers bractless. Outer segments narrower than the inner; capsule septicidal. Anthers introrse.

Perianth of 6 separate segments. Filaments filiform. Filaments flattened. Perianth globose, oblong or urn-shaped. Ovarj' half inferior; roots fibrous; flowers racemed.

**Stem a woody caudex; leaves rigid, mostly bearing marginal fibres.

Hemerocallis. Leucocrinut)i.

Allium. \otlioscordutn. A ndroslephiu iii .

6. Liliiim.

7. Fritillaria.

8. Erylliroiiiuin. Q. Caloclior/us.

Quauiasia.

Ornittwgahtm.

Muscari.

A letris.

) ucca.

I. HEMEROCALLIS L. Sp. PI. 324. 1754.

Tall glabrous herbs, with fibrous fleshy roots, basal linear leaves and large mostly orange or yellow flowers clustered at the ends of leafless scapes. Perianth funnelform, its lobes ob- long or spatulate, much longer than the cylindric tube. Stamens 6, inserted at the summit of the perianth-tube, shorter than the lobes, declined; filaments filiform; anthers linear- oblong, the sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovarj- oblong, 3-celled; ovules nmiierous in each cav- ity; style slender, declined, tipped with a small capitate stigma. Capsule oblong or ovoid, thick-walled, 3-angled, transverseh' wrinkled, loculicidally 3-valved. [Greek, signifjnng beautiful for a daj-.]

About 5 species, natives of Europe and .\sia.

LILY FAMILY.

411

I. Hemerocallis fulva L. Day Lily.

(Fig. 990.) Hemerocallis fulva L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 462. 1762.

Scapes 3°-6° high, stout, mostly longer than the leaves. Leaves wide, chan-

neled, tapering to an acute tip; scape bearing several short bracts above; flowers 6-15, short-pedicelled, tawny orange, panicled, 4'- 5' long, opening for a day; tube of the peri- anth V-iYz' long, the lobes oblong, some- what spreading, netted-veined; the three outer nearly flat, acutish; the 3 inner undu- late and blunt.

In meadows and along streams, New Bruns- wick and Ontario to Yirginia and Tennessee. Escaped from cultivation. Native of Europe and Asia, ]une-Aug.

Hemerocallis flava L., the Yellow Day Lily, with bright yellow flowers, their lobes parallel- veined, is occasional!}- found near old gardens.

2. LEUCOCRINUM Nutt.; A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 4: no. 1837.

A low acaulescent rather fleshy herb, from a short rootstock, the roots thick, fibrous. Outer leaves membranous, acute, short; inner leaves linear, elongated, the innermost re- duced to bracts. Flowers large, white, umbellate from the subterranean axils. Pedicels fili- form. Perianth with a very narrow tube and a salverform limb, persistent, the 6 linear-ob- long lobes spreading, nerved, shorter than the tube. Stamens borne near the top of the perianth-tube, shorter than the lobes; filaments filiform; anthers linear, their sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary ovoid, 3-celled; style filiform stigma small. Capsule oval or obovoid, 3-angled, sessile, obtuse, loculicidal. Seeds several in each cavity, angled. [Greek, meaning white lily.]

A monotypic genus of northwestern North America

I. Leucocrinum montanum Nutt. Lencocrinum. ( Fig. 991.)

LcHCOcrimtni monlanuni Nutt.; A. Gray, Ann. "Lyc- N. Y. 4: 110. 1837.

Root-fibres very thick, numerous. Inner leaves 2^-10' long, x"-'^" wide; flowers 3-8; pedicels Yz'- 2' long; perianth-limb about Y' broad, the lobes acttte; perianth-tube \'-2' long, less than \" in di- ameter; filaments 3"-4'' long; anthers coiled, at least when dry; capsule 3''-4" long, erect, leath- er}'; seeds 4-6 in each cavity, black.

In sandy soil, South Dakota and western Nebraska to California. Ascends to 5500 ft. in the Black Hills. April-June.

3. ALLIUM L. Sp. PI. 294. 1753.

Bulbous herbs, characteristically odorotis ( alliaceotis ), the bulbs solitary, or clustered on short rootstocks. Leaves narrowly linear, or rarely lanceolate or oblong, sheathing, basal, or sometimes also on the stem. Stem ( usually a scape ) simple, erect. Flowers white, purple, pink or green, in a terminal simple umbel, subtended by 2 or 3 membranous separate or united bracts. Pedicels slender, not jointed. Perianth persistent, the 6 segments separate, or united by their very bases. vStamens inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments; fila- ments filiform or dilated, sometimes toothed; anther-sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary ses- sile or nearly so, completely or incompletely 3-celled; style filiform, jointed, usually decidu- ous; stigmas small; ovules 1-6 in each cavity. Capsule loculicidal. [Latin for garlic]

About 275 species of wide distribution. Besides the following, some 40 others occur in the western United States.

412

LILIACEAE.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, absent at flowering time. i. A. Iricoccum.

Leaves linear, present at flowering time.

Bnlb-coats membranous, not fibrous reticulated.

I 'mbel capitate; pedicels shorter than the flowers. 2. A. Schoenoprasum.

I'mbel loose: pedicels nmch longer than the flowers.

Flowering umbel nodding. 3. ccrni(7tm.

Flowering umbel erect.

Leaves flat or channeled, all nearly basal. 4. A. stellatum.

Leaves terete, hollow, several on the stem ; flowers often replaced by bulblets.

5. A. I'ineale.

Bulb-coats fibrous-reticulated. Capsule not crested.

Flowers mostly replaced bj' bulblets; scape tall. 6. A. Canadensc.

Flowers rarely replaced by bulblets.

Scape i°-2° tall; pedicels 8"-i2" long; perianth segments thin.

7. A. niulabile.

Scape 4' -8' tall; pedicels 4"-6" long: perianth-segments rigid in fruit.

8. A. Xu Italia.

Capsule-valves with 2 short crests. 9. A. retictdatuni.

I. Allium tricoccum Ait. Wild Leek. (Fig. 992.)

Allium Iricoccum Ait. Hort. Kew. 1:428. 1789.

Bulbs ovoid, clustered, i'-2' high, seated 011 a short rootstock, their coats fibrous-reticulated. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, appearing early in the spring, but withering and disappear- ing before flowering time, 6'-i2' long, \'-^' wide, narrowed at both ends, tapering into a long petiole; scape 4'-i5' tall; bracts of the um- bel usually 2, at first enclosing the flowers, membranous, acuminate, deciduous; umbel manj' -flowered, erect; pedicels slender, becom- ing rigid, 6"-io'' long; flowers white; perianth- segments oblong, obtuse, ^"-j/' long; filaments lanceolate-subulate, about as long as the peri- anth; ovule I in each cavity of the ovarj-; cap- sule deeply 3-lobed, about 3''' broad, \yz"-i" high, its valves not crested; seeds globose, black, smooth.

In rich woods, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. Often grows in large beds, .\scends to 4500 ft. in North Carolina. June-Juh'.

2. Allium Schoenoprasum I,. Chive.s. Chive Garlic. (Fig. 993.)

Allium Schoenoprasum L. Sp. PI. 301. 1753.

Bulbs narrowly ovoid, clustered, \' high or less, their membranous coats not fibrous-reticu- lated. Scape rather stout, 8'-2° high, bearing below the middle i or 2 elongated linear terete hollow leaves about Yz" in diameter, or the leaves all basal; bracts of the umbel 2, broadly ovate, veiny; umbel many-flowered, capitate, the pedi- cels l"-'^" long; flowers rose-color, longer than the pedicels; perianth-segments long, lanceolate, acuminate; stamens much shorter than the perianth; filaments subulate, half- terete; ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovarv" capsule obtusely 3-lobed, about half as long as the perianth.

In moist or wet soil, New Brunswick to Alaska, soxith to Maine, northern New York, Michigan, Wyoming and Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. June-July.

LIIvY FAMILY.

(Fig. 994.

3. Allium cernuum Roth. Nodding Wild Onion.

A. cci nuiiiii Roth; Roem. .-Vrch. 1: Part 3, 40. 1798.

Bulbs usually clustered on a short rootstock, nar- rowly ovoid, with a long neck, i'-2>^' higli. the coats not fibrous- reticulated. Scape slender, slightly ridged, i°-2° high; leaves linear, channeled or nearly flat, wide, mostly shorter than the scape,

bluntish, umbel many-flowered, nodding in flower, siibtended by 2 .short deciduous bracts; pedicels fili- form, W-i^" long; flowers white, rose or purple; perianth-segments ovate-oblong, acute or obtusish, ■2"-}," long; stamens longer than the perianth; fila- ments nearly filiform; ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary; capsule 3-lobed, rather shorter than the perianth, each valve bearing 2 short processes near the stnnmit.

On banks and hillsides, New York to Minnesota and British Columbia, South Carolina, South Dakota, and in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. Variable. As- cends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. July-Aug-.

4. Allium stellatum Ker. Prairie Wild Onion. (Fig. 995.)

Allitim stellatum Ker, Bot. Mag-, pi. 1576. 1813. Bulbs solitary or several together, narrowly ovoid, i'-2' long, their coats membranous. Scape slender, 8'- 18' tall, somewhat ridged above; leaves linear, wide, nearly flat; umbel several-

many-flowered, erect, subtended by 2 lanceolate or ovate acuminate bracts; pedicels filiform, 6'^-io" long; flowers rose-color; perianth-segments ovate- oblong, acute, '2."-'}i" long, equalling or rather shorter than the stamens; filaments filiform, slightly widened at the base ; capsule shorter than the peri- anth, 3-lobed, about 6-seeded, each valve bearing 2 erect processes or crests below the apex.

On rocky banks, Illinois and Minnesota to Missouri and Kansas. July-Aug.

5. Allium vineale L. Wild Garlic. Field Garlic. Crow Garlic. (Fig. 996. )

Allium vineale L,. Sp. PI. 299. 1753

Bulb ovoid, \' high or less, its coats membran- ous. Stem i°-3° tall, bearing 2-4 narrowly linear terete hollow somewhat channeled leaves below the middle at flowering time, the early basal leaves similar, numerous, 4^-10' long; bracts of the umbel 2, lanceolate, acuminate, deciduous; umbel few- many-flowered, erect, the flowers often wholl}' or in part replaced by small ovoid bulblets which are tipped with a long capillary appendage; pedicels 2," -12" long, filiform, the lower spreading or drooping; flowers g^een or purple, about 2" long; perianth-segments ovate lanceolate, stamens in- cluded or slightty exserted ; filaments flattened, broad, the 3 interior ones bearing a tooth on each side just below the anther; capsule 3-lobed, shorter than the perianth.

In fields and meadows, Connecticut to Ohio, Missouri and Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. A trouble-

some weed in the Middle States, infesting pastures, and tainting the flavor of spring butter. June-July.

414

LILIACEAE.

6. Allium Canadense L. Meadow- Garlic. (Fig. 997.)

Allium Canadense L,. Sp. PI. 1195. 1753.

Bulb ovoid, solitary, usually less than i' high, the outer coats fibrous-reticulated. Scape terete, 8'-2° tall; leaves basal or nearly so, narrowly lin- ear, flat or flattish above, slightly convex beneath, wide, usually shorter than the .scape; bracts of the umbel 2 or 3, white, broadly ovate, acuminate; flowers usually or often replaced by ovoid bulblets; pedicels, when present, about y^' long; flowers pink or white, the perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, acute, about as long as the stamens; filaments widened at the base, none of theni toothed; capsule valves not crested.

In moist meadows and thickets, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Maj--June.

W^ild

7, Allium mutabile Michx. Onion. ( Fig. 998. )

Allium mutabile Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 195. 1803.

Bulbs ovoid, solitarj- or several together, i' high or less, their coats prominently fibrous- reticulated. Scape terete, i°-2° tall ; leaves basal, channeled, i"-2" wide, shorter than the scape; bracts of the umbel 2 or 3, long-acumi- nate; umbel erect, many -flowered, rarely biilblet- bearing; pedicels filiform, %"-\2" long; flowers pink, rose or white, 2^"-4" long; perianth- segments lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, acuminate, or obtusish, thin, longer than the stamens; filaments somewhat widened below; capsule rather shorter than the j^erianth, its valves not crested.

In moist soil. North Carolina to Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. April-June.

8. Allium Nuttallii S. Wats. Ntittall'.s Wild Onion. (Fig. 999.)

Allium Nuttallii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 227. 1879.

Bulbs usually solitary, ovoid, Yz'-i' high, their coats fibrous-reticulated. Culm slender, terete or nearl)- so, 4''-8' tall; leaves basal, y2."-\" wide, shorter than the scape or sometimes equalling it; bracts of the umbel 3 or 2, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; umbel several-flowered; no bulblets seen; pedicels slender, ^"-d" long; flowers rose or white, about 3" long; perianth-segments ovate, acute or acuminate, firm, becoming rigid in fruit; stamens shorter than the perianth; capsule shorter than the perianth, its valves not crested.

On prairies, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and Ari- zona. .\pril-June.

LILY FAMILY.

415

9. Allium reticulatum Don. Fraser's Wild Onion. (Fig. 1000.)

Allium reticulatum Nutt. Fraser's Cat. Name onlj-. 1813.

Allium reticulation Don, Mem. Wern. Soc. 6: 36. 1826-31.

Similar to the preceding species, the bulb rather larger, its coats prominently fibrous-reticulated. Scape j'-io^ tall, slender ; leaves usually less than 1" wide; bracts of the several-flowered umbel mostly 2, acuminate; pedicels slender, 3'^-6" long; flowers white or pink, 2^''-3'^ long; perianth- segments longer than the stamens, thin; capsule shorter than the perianth, each of its valves bearing 2 short crests just below the summit.

Assiiiiboia and South Dakota to New Mexico and Arizona. May-July.

4. NOTHOSCORDUM Kunth, Enum. 4: 457. 1843.

Scapose herbs, similar to the onions, but without alliaceous odor, with membranous- coated bulbs, narrowly linear basal leaves and small yellow or yellowish-green flowers in an erect terminal simple 2-bracted umbel. Perianth 6-parled to the base, withering-persistent, its segments i-nerved. Stamens 6, inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments; fila- ments filiform or subulate; anther-sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; ovules several in each cavity; style filiform, jointed near the base, but commonly persistent; stigma small, capitate. Capsule 3-lobed, loculicidal. Seeds angled or flattish, black. [Greek, signifying false garlic]

About 10 species, the following- in the southern United States and Mexico, 8 or 9 in tropical and South America, i Chinese.

1. Nothoscordum bivalve (L,. ) Britton. Yellow False Garlic. (Fig. looi.)

Ornithogalum bivalve L. Sp. PI. 306. 1753. Allium ornilhogaloides Walt. Fl. Car. 121. 1788. Allium striatum Coll. Suppl. 51. 1796.

Nothoscordum striatum Kunth, Enum. 4: 459. 1843.

Bulb globose, less than \' in diameter, its coats membranous. Leaves ^''-2^'' wide, flat, blunt or acutish, shorter than the scape or equalling it; bracts of the umbel lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, persistent; umbel 6- i2-flowered; pedicels filiform, usually unequal, becoming rather rigid and i'-2' long in fruit; flowers ^"-d" long; perianth-segments thin, oblong-lanceolate, acute, longer than the sta- mens; capsule obovoid or somewhat depressed, obtusely 3-lobed, 2"-2," high, the style as long or slightly longer.

In sandy soil, Virginia to Tennessee and Ne- braska, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico. As- cends to 1500 ft. in Georgia. March-July.

5. ANDROSTEPHIUM Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 218. 1859.

Scapose herbs from a small mernbranous-coated corm. Leaves basal, narrowly linear. Flowers rather large, blue, in a terminal erect several-bracted umbel. Perianth funnelform, withering-persistent, the tube about as long as the 6 oblong lobes. Stamens 6, inserted on the throat of the perianth; filaments dilated, united to the middle or above into an erect crown-like^,tube with toothed lobes alternating with the linear-oblong anthers. Ovary ses- sile, 3-celled; ovules several in each cavity; style filiform; stigma 3-grooved. Capsule mem- branous, 3-angled, loculicidal. Seeds few, large, oval, black. [Greek, referring to the crown.]

Two'species, natives of the southwestern United States.

27

LILTACEAE.

I. Androstephium coeruleum (Scheele) Greene. Androstephium. (Fig. 1002.)

Milla coerulca Scheele, Linnaea, 25; 260. 1852. Androstephiiun violaceitm Torr, Bot. Mex. Bound. Sun'. 219. 1859.

Androstephiiun coeruleum Greene, Pittonia, 2: 57. 1890.

Corm subglobose, less than iu diameter. Scape 2'-%' tall, simple; leaves i"-2" -wide, half terete, equalling the scape, or sometimes longer; bracts of the umbel 2-4, scarious, lanceolate, acuminate, persistent, shorter than the pedicels; umbel 2-7-flowered; pedi- cels rather stout, H'-iVi' long; perianth lo'^-l^" long, the lobes about as long as the tube; filament- tube about 5" long, its lobes exceeding the anthers; style about as long as the filament-tube; capsule 4"- 6" high; seeds nearly 2>" long, very thin, narrowly winged.

Prairies, Kansas to Texas. Mareli-.\pril.

6. LILIUM L. Sp. PI. 302. 1753. Tall bulbous herbs, with simple leafy stems, and large erect or drooping showy flowers. Perianth funnelform or campanulate, diciduous, of 6 separate spreading or re- curs'ed segments, each with a nectar-bearing groove at its base within. Stamens 6, mostly shorter than the perianth, hypogynous, slightly attached to the segments; filaments filiform or subulate; anthers linear, versatile, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous; style long, somewhat club-shaped above; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule oblong or obovoid, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, flat, horizontal, packed in 2 rows in each cavity. [Latin, from the Greek name of the Lily, said to be from the Celtic white:]

About 45 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 8 others occur in western North America.

Flower or flowers erect; perianth-segments narrowed into long claws. Perianth-segments merelj- acute.

Leaves lanceolate, nearly all verticillate. Leaves narrowly linear, nearly all alternate. Perianth-segments long-acuminate : leaves all alternate, appressed. Flowers drooping or spreading; perianth-segments not clawed.

Leaves or most of them verticillate, their axils not bulbiferous; native species. Leaves fineh- roughened on the veins beneath.

Perianth-segments recur\-ed or spreading. 4. L. Canadense.

Perianth-segments not recurved; mountain species. 5. L. Grayi.

Leaves perfectlj- smooth; perianth-segments recur\-ed.

Leaves lanceolate; stem ,^°-io° tall; flowers 1-40. 6. L. superbitin.

Leaves oblanceolate; stem 2°-3° tall; flowers 1-3. 7. L. Carolinianiim.

Leaves all alternate, crowded, the upper axils bulb-bearing; escaped from gardens.

L. Philadelph ic um. L. iimbellatum. L. Catesbaei.

ttgrintun.

I. Lilium Philadelphicum L. Red Lih'. Wood Lilj'. Philadelphia Lily. (Fig. 1003.)

Lilium Pliiladelphicuvi L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 435. 1762.

Bulb \' in diameter or less, composed of nar- row jointed fleshy scales. Stem i°-3° tall, with a few distant scales below, leafy above; leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends or the lower some- times obtuse, \'-\' long, 3'^-7" wide, all verti- cillate in 3's-8's, or a few of them alternate, thin, the margins fineh- roughened; flowers 1-5, erect, 2^'-4' high; perianth reddish orange, its seg- ments spatulate, somewhat spreading, acute or obtusish, the blade wide, rather gradually

narrowed into the claw, purple spotted below; capsule obovoid-oval, i%.'-2' high; seeds 3'''-4''' long, narrowly winged.

In drj- woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario, south to North Carolina and West Virginia. As- cends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. June-Juh".

LILY FAMILY.

2. Lilium umbellatum Pursh. Western Red Lily. (Fig. 1004.)

Liliiivi andinum Nutt. Fras. Cat. Without description. 1813.

LiJiiDii Hinbcllaluin Pursh, Fl. Aru. Sept. 229. 1814.

Bulb similar to that of the preceding species, the stem usually more slender, i°-2° tall. Leaves linear, blunt or the upper acute, ascending, or sometimes appressed, 1^-3' long, \"-2y2," wide, all alternate or the uppermost verticillate, their margins finely rough- ened; flowers 1-3, erect, 2^-3' high; perianth-seg- ments red, orange or yellow, narrowed into the claw, acute, spotted below, the claw shorter than the blade; capsule oblong, 3^-4' long, about 8" thick; seeds like those of L. Philadelphicum.

In dry soil, Ohio to Minnesota and the Northwest Ter- ritorj-, south to Missouri, Arkansas and Colorado. As- cends to 4000 ft. in the Black Hills. June-July.

3. Lilium Catesbaei Walt. Southern Red Lily. (Fig. 1005.)

Lilium Catesbaei WdXt. Fl. Car. 123. 17S8.

Bulb yi'-z.' high, composed of narrow leaf-bear- ing scales, their leaves narrowly linear, 2^-4' long, often falling awa)' before the plant flowers. Stem slender, i°-2° high; stem leaves all alternate, nar- rowly linear or linear lanceolate, acute or acumi- nate, erect or appressed, I'-^f long, wide; flower (always?) solitary, erect; perianth-segments scarlet with a yellow purple-spotted base and a slender claw, spreading or somewhat recurved, 3^- 5' long, yz'~\' wide, long-acuminate, wavy-mar- gined; capsule \' high or less; seeds ^''-j/' long.

In moist pine barrens, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Reported from Kentucky and Missouri. July-Aug.

4. Lilium Canadense L. Wild Yellow Lily.

Lilitim Canadense L- Sp. PI. 303. 1753.

Bulbs subglobose, in diameter, borne on a stout rootstock, composed of numerous thick white scales. Stem 2°-5° tall, slender or stout; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, verticil- late in 4's-io's or some of them alternate, acu- minate, I'-^y' long, 3^^-15'' wide, finely rough- ened on the margins and on the veins beneath; flowers I- 16, nodding on long peduncles; pedun- cles sometimes bearing a small leaf-like bract; perianth-segments 2'-3' long, yellow or red, usually thickly spotted below, recurved or spreading, not clawed; capsule oblong, erect, i>^'-2' long.

In swamps, meadows and fields, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama and Missouri. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Caro- lina. Red-flowered forms with slightly spreading perianth-segments resemble the following species, and forms with strongly recurved segments, L. superbum. June-July.

Canada Lily. (Fig. 1006.)

LILIACEAE.

5. Lilium Grayi S. Wats. Asa Gray's Lily. (Fig. 1007.)

Lilium Grayi S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 256. 1879.

Rootstock bearing small subglobose bulbs with thick ovate scales. Stem slender, 2°-3° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base. 2'-4' long, ^^-I'wide, verticillate in 3's-8's or the lowest commonly smaller and scattered, all finely roughened on the veins beneath; flowers 1-3, long-peduncled, spread- ing or slightly drooping, 2'-2,' long, red or tinged with yellow at the base; perianth-segments oblong- spatulate, not clawed, acute, spotted; capsule fig- shaped, about ly^' high.

Peaks of Otter, Virginia, and on the higher moun- tain summits in North Carolina. July-Aug.

6. Lilium superbum L. Turk' s-cap Lily. (Fig. 1008.)

Lilium superbum L,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 434. 1762.

Bulbs globose, i'-2' in diameter, borne on short rootstocks, their scales white, thick, ovate. Stem stout or slender, 3°-8° high; leaves lan- ceolate or linear-lanceolate, smooth on both sides, acuminate at both ends, 2'-6' long, }^'- 1%' wide, verticillate in 3's-8's or the upper al- ternate, the veinlets not prominently anastomo- sing; flowers orange, orange-yellow or rarely red, 3-40, or rarely solitary, nodding, long-pe- duncled, forming, when numerous, a large pan- icle; perianth-segments 2%'-/^' long, lanceolate, acuminate, purple-spotted, at length usually strongly recurved from below the middle; cap- sule obovoid, i>^'-2' high-

*° In meadows and marshes, Maine to Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. July-Aug.

7. Lilium Carolinianum Michx. Carolina Lily. (Fig. 1009.)

I^ilium Carolinianum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 197. 1803.

lAlium superbum var. Carolinianum Cliapm. Fl. S. States, 484. i860.

Bulbs borne on short rootstocks, globose, x'-i' in diameter, composed of numerous fleshy scales. Stem 2°-3° high, slender; leaves oblanceolate or obovate, smooth, verticillate or the upper and lower alternate, acute, obtuse or short-acuminate at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, the veinlets prominently anasto- mosing; flowers 1-3, orange-red, 3''-4' long, long- peduncled, nodding; perianth-segments lanceolate, acuminate, purple-spotted below, strongly arched backward with their tips sometimes connivent.

In dry woods, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. As- cends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Aug.

LILY FAMILY.

419

8. Lilium tigrinum Andr.

(Fig. loio. )

Tiger Lih',

Lilium tigrinum Andr. Bot. Rep. 9: errata. iSog.

Bulb solitary, globose, about i^'in diameter, composed of numerous oblong-lanceolate, ap- pressed scales. Stem stout, purple or nearly black, white-pubescent above, 2°-5° tall, leafy nearly to the base; leaves lanceolate, all alter- nate, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 4'-6' long, 5'^-io'' wide, the upper bearing blackish bulb- lets, of 3 or 4 scales, in their axils, which some- times emit roots while attached to the plant; flowers 5-25, orange-red, nodding, 3^-4/4^ long; perianth-segments lanceolate, papillose, re- curved, purple-spotted.

Escaped from gardens, Maine and Massachusetts. Native of China and Japan. Summer.

7. FRITILLARIA L. Sp. PI. 803. 1753.

Bulbous herbs with simple leafy stems, and rather large nodding solitary or racemed leafy-bracted flowers. Perianth mostly campanulate, deciduous, of 6 separate and nearly equal oblong or ovate segments, each with a nectar-pit or spot at the base. Stamens 6, hy- pogynous; filaments filiform or somewhat flattened; anthers linear or oblong. Ovary nearly or quite sessile, 3 celled; ovules numerous in each cavity; style slender or filiform, 3-lobed or 3-cleft, the lobes stigmatic along the inner side. Capsule obovoid or globose, 6- angled, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, flat, obovate or suborbicular, margined or winged. [Latin, from fritillus, a dice-box or chess-board, in allusion to the form or to the checkered markings of the perianth in some species.]

About 50 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following-, about 12 others occur in western North America.

I. Fritillaria atropurpurea Nutt. Purple Fritillaria. (Fig. loii.)

Fritillaria atropurpurea Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 54- 1834-

Bulb yi' in diameter or less. Stem 6'-i5' high, slender, leafless below; leaves linear, alternate, ses- sile, long, lyi"-'!" wide or less; flowers 1-6, purple or purplish green and mottled; peri- anth-segments narrowly oblong, obtusish, (>"-\o" long; peduncles yi'-i' long; stamens one-half to two-thirds as long as the perianth; style 3-cleft to about the middle, the lobes linear; capsule erect, acutely angled, 5"-(>" high.

North Dakota to Nebraska, Wyoming and California. June-July.

8.

ERYTHRONIUM L. Sp. PI. 305. 1753.

Low herbs, from deep membranous-coated corms, sometimes propagated by offshoots, the Stem simple, bearing a pair of broad or narrow unequal leaves, usually below the middle, the leaves thus appearing basal. Flowers large, nodding, bractless, solitary, or several in some western species. Many plants are flowerless and i-leaved, these leaves often wider and longer petioled than those of the stem. Perianth-segments separate, lanceolate, oblong or oblanceolate, deciduous, with nectariferous groove, and sometimes 2 short processes at the

420

LILIACEAE.

base. Stamens 6, liypogynous, shorter than the perianth; anthers linear oblong, not versa- tile. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; ovules numerous or several iu each cavity; style filiform or thickened above, 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Capsule obovoid or oblong, somewhat 3-angled, locu- licidal. Seeds compressed, or somewhat angled and swollen. [Greek, in allusion to the red flowers of some species.]

About 12 species, all but one North American. The .species are erroneously called Dog's-tool/i Violet.

Stem with no offshoot; flowers io"-2' long.

Offshoots produced at the base of the corni; perianth-segments recurved.

Flowers yellow; stigmas verj- short. I. E. Americamim.

Flowers white, blue or purple; stigmas \" -iM" long, recurved. 2. E. albidum.

No offshoots, propagating by basal corms; perianth-segments not recurved.

3. E. mesachoretim.

Stem with a flesh}' offshoot below the leaves; flowers rose, about K' long. 4. E. proptillans.

Erythronium Americanum Ker,

Bot. Mag. Rep.

Yellow Adder '.s-tongtie. (Fig. 1012.)

Erythronium Afnericatitint Ker

pi. 1113. I Je. 1808. Erythronium angustatum Raf. Med

(II.) 5: 354. 20 Jl. 1808. Erythronium bracteatuin Bigel.; Beck, Bot. N. & ]\Iid. States, 365. 1833.

Corm ovoid, 6'^-io" high, producing off- shoots from its base. Stem long; leaves oblong or oblong -lanceolate, s'-S' long, yz'-2' wide, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, flat, usually mottled with brown, but sometimes green all over, nar- rowed into clasping petioles; peduncle about as long as the leaves, rarely bearing a bract ; flower yellow, or rarely purplish tinged; perianth-segments oblong, io"-2' long, 3"-4'' wide, recurved, dotted within, the 3 inner auricled at the base; style club- shaped, with 3 very short stigmatic ridges; capsule obovoid, contracted into a short stipe, (i"-\o" high; seeds curved, rounded on the back, about vYz'^ long, pointed at both ends.

In moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Missouri and Arkansas. Ascends to 5500 ft. in Virginia. March-May.

2. Erythronium albidum Nutt. White Adder '.s-tongue. (Fig. 1013.)

Erythronium albidum Nutt. Gen. i: 223. 1818.

Similar to the preceding species, the plant propagating by offshoots from the base of the corm, the leaves mottled or green all over, sometimes rather narrower. Flower white, blue or purple; perianth-segments oblong, recurved, none of them auricled at the base; style somewhat thickened upward; stigmas linear, finally recurving, \"-\yz" long; capsule obovoid or oblong, high.

In moist woods and thickets, Ontario to Min- nesota, south to Georgia, Tennessee and Texas. Not common eastward. March-May.

LILY FAMILY.

421

3. Erythronium mesachoreum

Knerr. Midland Adder's- tongue. (Fig. 1014.)

Ervlhronium mesaclioreum Knerr, IMidland College Monthly, 2: 5. 1S91.

Corm ovoid, 10" high or less, not de- veloping offshoots, the new corms formed at or within the base of the old one. Leaves narrowly oblong or linear-oblong, not mottled, 4^-10' long, wide, somewhat folded; flower lavender tinted, i'-2' long; perianth-segments not re- curved, sometimes a little spreading; style slender; stigmas recurved; capsule ob- ovoid, larger than that of £. albidinn,

yi'-iy^' high.

On prairies, Iowa to INIissouri, Nebraska and Kansas. Blooms before E. albidiiDi when the two grow in proximity. The flow- ering plants are said to appear before the I -leaved flowerless ones.

4. Erythronium propullans A.

Gra3'. Minnesota Adder' s- tongue. (Fig. 10 15.)

Erythronium propullans A. Graj-, Am. Nat. 298. pi. 74. 1871.

Corm ovoid, \o" high or less, not develop- ing offshoots. Stem ascending, 6'-8' long, bearing a fleshy curved offshoot \'-2' long from a slit near the base of the petiole- sheath; leaves oblong, acute, 2^-4^ long, slightly mottled or green; flower rose or pink, about Yz' long, borne on a filiform peduncle shorter than the leaves, perianth- segments with a yellow base, apparently not recurved, none of them auricled; stigmas mere ridges.

In rich woods, Minnesota. Also in southern Ontario (according to Macoun). Maj-.

9. CALOCHORTUS Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. 240. 1814.

Branched or simple herbs, with coated corms, narrowly linear leaves and large showy pcduncled flowers, erect in the following species. Perianth segments separate, spreading or connivent, yellow, blue, purple, white or variegated; the 3 outer sepal-like, narrow; the 3 inner petaloid, gland-bearing, and barbed or spotted within, sometimes with a nectar-pit near the base. Stamens 6, hypog}'uous; filaments short, subulate; anthers erect, linear or oblong. Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous; style very short or none; stigmas 3, recurved. Capsule oblong or linear, 3-angled, mostly septicidal, the valves sometimes 2-cleft. Seeds flat. [Greek, signifying beautiful herb.]

About 35 species, natives of western North America and ^Mexico.

Anthers obtuse; gland of inner perianth-segments orbicular or oval. Anthers acute; gland transverse, curved or reniform.

1. C. Nutlallii.

2. C. Gunnisoni.

422

LILIACEAE.

I. Calochortus Nuttallii T. & G.

Nuttall's Mariposa Lilj'. (Fig- 1016. )

Fritillaria alba Nutt. Gen. i: 222. 1818.?

Calochortns Nuttallii T. & G. Pac. R. R. Rep. 2: 124. 1855.

Corm ovoid-obloug, (>"-\o" high. Stem slender, few-leaved, branched or sometimes simple, s'-is' tall; leaves long, \"-

2yz" wide, the lowest commonly bearing a bulb in its axil; peduncles I'-d' long; outer perianth-segments lanceolate or ovate-lance- olate, green with lighter margins, acute or acuminate, shorter than the inner, some- times with a dark or hairy spot within; inner perianth-segments broadly obovate-cuneate, y'-xYz' long, \q"-12" wide, white, lilac or yellowish, with a yellow base and a purple or purplish spot, the gland orbicular or oval and more or less pubescent; filaments 2/'-A"^ long, about equalling the oblong obtuse sagittate anthers; capsule about lyi' long, 2,"-^" thick, acuminate, the valves obliquely cross-lined.

South Dakota to Nebraska and California. June-Jul}-.

2. Calochortus Gunnisoni S. Wats. Gunnison's Mariposa I/ily. (Fig. 1017.)

Calochortus Gunnisoni S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 348. 1871.

Stem slender, often simple, 6'-i5' high. Leaves usually less than \" wide, involute, at least when dry, none of the axils bulb- bearing in any specimen seen; peduncles \'- 4' long; outer perianth-segments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, scarious-margined, acu- minate; inner perianth-segments similar to those of the preceding species, lilac, yellow- ish below the middle, purple-lined and banded, the gland transverse, oblong, curved or reniform, pubescent; anthers acute; cap- sule narrowly oblong, narrowed at both ends, about long.

South Dakota and Nebraska to Arizona and New Mexico. June-July.

10. QUAMASIA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 265. 1818.

[Camassia Lindl. Bot. Keg.pl. i486. 1832.]

Scapose herbs, with membranous-coated edible bulbs, linear basal leaves, and rather large, blue, purple or white bracted flowers in a terminal raceme. Perianth of 6 separate equal spreading persistent 3-7-nerved segments. Pedicels jointed at the base of the flower. Stamens inserted at the bases of the perianth-segments; filaments filiform; anthers oblong or linear-oblong, versatile, introrse. Ovarj' 3-celled, sessile; ovules numerous in each cav- ity; style filiform, its base persistent; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule oval, 3-angled, loculicidal. Seeds black, shining. [From quamash, the Indian name.]

About 4 species, natives of North America.

LILY FAMILY.

423

I. Quamasia hyacinthina (Raf. ) Brittoii. Wild Hyacinth. (Fig. 1018.)

Lemotrys hyacinthina Raf. Fl. Tell. 3:51. 1836.

Scilla Fraseri A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 469. 1856.

Camassia Fraseri Torr. Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: 147. 1857.

Bulb ovoid, I'-i^^ long, its outer coat usually nearly black. Scape slender, i°-2° tall, sometimes bearing i or 2 short linear scarious leaves; basal leaves narrowly linear, acuminate, shorter than the scape, i 4" wide; raceme open, 3'-8' long in flower, longer in fruit; flowers several or many; pedicels filiform, 6"-io" long, about as long as the bracts and the perianth-seg- ments; bracts long-acuminate; perianth- segments narrowly oblong, 3-5-nerved, blue or nearly white, longer than the stamens; capsule about 4'' high, ^^'-6'^ thick, the valves transversely veined.

In meadows and along streams, Pennsylva- nia to Minnesota, Alabama and Texas. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia. April-May.

II. ORNITHOGALUM L. Sp. PI. 306. 1753.

Scapose herbs, with coated bulbs, narrow basal fleshy leaves, and large white or yellow flowers in a terminal bracted corymb or raceme. Perianth-segments equal or nearly so, sepa- rate, white, or sometimes green without, persistent, faintly several-nerved. Stamens hypo- gynous; filaments flattened, often broad; anthers versatile, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, sessile; ovules several or numerous in each cavity; style short or columnar, 3-sided; stigma capitate, 3-lobed or 3-ridged. Capsule subglobose, 3-sided or 3-lobed, loculicidal. Seeds black. [Greek, signifying bird's milk, said to be in allusion to the egg-white color of the flowers in some species.]

About 75 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa.

Flowers corymbose, erect; pedicels long, slender. Flowers racemose, drooping; pedicels very short, stout.

1. O. iimbellalum.

2. O. nutans.

I. Ornithogalum umbellatum I,.

Star-of-Bethlehem. (Fig. 1019.)

Ornitliogalum umbellatum L- Sp. PI. 307. 1753.

Tufted, bulbs ovoid, Yz'-xyi' long, the coats membranous. Scape slender, 4'-i2' high; leaves narrowly linear, y^'-^Yz" wide, dark green with a light midvein, blunt, equalling or longer than the scapes; flowers corymbose, opening in sunshine; bracts mem- branous, linear-lanceolate, mostly shorter 1»han the pedicels; pedicels erect or ascend- ing, the lower 1^-3' long; perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, acute, white above, green with white margins beneath, (i"-\o" long, about twice as long as the stamens; filaments somewhat flattened, not toothed.

In fields and meadows, Massachusetts to Penn- sylvania and Virginia. Locally very abundant. Naturalized from Europe. May-June.

424

LILIACEAE.

2. Ornithogalum nutans L. Droop- ing Star-of-Bethleheni. (Fig. I020.)

Ornithogalum nttlans L. Sp. PI. 30.S. 1753.

Bulb ovoid, long. Scape stout, i°-2'' high; leaves usuallj- equalling the scape or longer, blunt, wide; flowers several or

numerous, racemose, nodding; raceme 3'-8' long, loose; pedicels stout, 2"-S" long; bracts lanceolate, long-acuminate, much longer than the pedicels, often as long as the flowers; perianth-segments thin, oblong-lan- ceolate, about i' long and 4" wide, nearly twice as long as the stamens; filaments broad, flat, 2-toothed at the apex.

Escaped from jrardens in eastern and southern Pennsylvania. >7ative of Europe. .\pril-May. The bulbs of this and other species have for cen- turies past been a portion of the food of Italy, the Levant, and other parts of the Old World.

12. MUSCARI Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 7. 1759.

Low bulbous scapose herbs, with basal linear flesh)' leaves, and nodding bracted race- mose flowers, deep blue (rarely white) in the following species. Bulbs membranous-coated. Perianth globose, urn-shaped, or oblong, with 6 teeth or short lobes, tardily deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the perianth-tube, included; anthers ovate, versatile, iutrorse. Ovary 3-celled, sessile; ovules 2 in each cavity; style short; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 3-sided or 3- winged, usually 6-seeded, loculicidal. Seeds black, angled. [From the musk-like odor of the flowers of some species.]

About 40 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa.

Perianth globose, in diameter; leaves erect. i. Af. bolryoides.

Perianth oblong, urn-shaped, 2"-3" long; leaves recurved. 2. M. raceniostim.

I. Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. Grape-Hyacinth. (Fig. 1021.)

Hyacintlnis bolryoides L. Sp. PI. 318. 1753-

Mnscari bolryoides Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. i. 1768.

Bulb i' high or less. Scape 4'-io' high; leaves about as long as the scape, erect or nearly so, 1"-^" wide, channeled, blunt or acutish; raceme oblong-cylindric, I'-iyi' long, dense, or becoming longer and looser in fruit; pedicels shorter than the faintly odorous flow.ers; bracts very short; perianth globose, \"-\ Yz" in diameter, 6-toothed, the teeth white, recurved; valve of the capsule obovate.

In meadows and thickets and along roadsides, escaped from gardens, Massachusetts to Ohio and Virginia. Naturalized or adventive from southern Europe. Native also of Asia. April-June.

LILY FAMILY.

425

2. Muscari racemosum (L.) Mill. Starch Grape- Hyacinth. (Fig. 1022.)

Hyacinllius racoiiosus L. Sp. PI. 31S. 1753-

Muscari raccmositm Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 2. 1768.

Similar to the preceding species. Leaves \"- 7." wide, recurved or spreading, channelled above; raceme oblong or ovoid, many-flowered, dense, I'-iYz' long; pedicels shorter than the starchy-scented flowers or sometimes equalling them, slender, much longer than the bracts; perianth oblong, urn-shaped, constricted at the throat, 2"-2," long, v?ith 6 deltoid recurved white teeth; capsule-valves suborbicular, retuse.

Escaped from gardens, southern New York to Pennsylvania and Maryland. Native of southern Europe. April-May.

13. ALETRIS L. Sp. PI. 319. 1753.

Scapose perennial bitter fibrous-rooted herbs, with basal spreading lanceolate leaves, and small white or yellow bracted perfect flowers in a terminal spike-like raceme. Perianth ob- long or campanulate, roughened without, 6-lobed, its lower part adnate to the ovary. Stamens 6, inserted on the perianth at the bases of the lobes, included; filaments short; an- thers introrse. Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous, auatropous; style subulate, or short, 3- cleft above; stigmas miuutelj' 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, enclosed by the persistent perianth, 3-celled, many-seeded, loculicidal. Seeds oblong, ribbed. Embryo small. Endosperm fleshy. [Greek, signifying to grind corn, apparently in allusion to the rough, mealy flowers.!

About 8 species, natives of eastern North America and eastern Asia.

Perianth white, oblong. Perianth 3'ellow, bell-shaped.

1. A. farinosa.

2. A. aurea.

I. Aletris farinosa L. Star-gra.s.s. Colic-root. (Fig. 1023.)

Aletris farinosa 1,. Sp. PI. 319. 1753.

Roots numerous, tough, scape iJ^°-3° tall, slender, terete, striate, bearing several or nu- merous small distant bract-like leaves. Basal leaves several, lanceolate or linear-lanceo- late, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, spreading, pale yellowish green, 2'-6' long, 3"-io" wide; raceme 4'-i2' long in flower, or longer in fruit, dense, erect, pedi- cels \" long or less; bracts subulate, longer than the pedicels sometimes 2 to each flower; perianth tubular-oblong, white, or the oblong lobes yellowish, 2>"-\" loug, about lYz" thick; style subulate; capsule ovoid, about 2" long, loculicidal above, each of its 3 valves tipped with a subulate portion of the style.

In dr}-, mostl5- sandy soil, Maine to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Tenneseee. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Yellow flowered forms of this or a distinct species occur in the Southern States. Maj--July.

ACEAE.

2. Aletris aurea Walt. Yellow Colic- root. (Fig. 1024.)

Aletris aurca Walt. Fl. Car. 121. 1788.

Basal leaves shorter than those of the preced- ing species, i Yi'-j/ long, 2>"-^" wide, acumi- nate, narrowed into short petioles. Scape i°- 2^° tall, bearing a few subulate bract-like leaves; raceme 8'-2° long, usually loose; pedi- cels \" long or less, shorter than the bracts; perianth bell-shaped or ovoid-globose, bright yellow, 2" -2," long, \yz"-2" in diameter, its lobes oval; style short; capsule ovoid, about as long as the perianth.

Southern New Jersey (according to Gray and to Rusby); Virginia to Florida and Texas. June- Aug.

14. YUCCA L. Sp. PI. 319. 1753.

Large plants, with a short sometimes subterranean caudex, or tall woody and leafy stem, or bracted scape, the leaves linear or lanceolate, usually rigid and sharp-pointed, bearing long marginal thread-like fibres in our species. Flowers large, bracted, nodding in a ter- minal raceme or panicle. Perianth campanulate, or nearly globular, white in our species, of 6 ovate, or ovate-lanceolate separate or slightly united segments. Stamens hypogynous, shorter than the perianth; filaments thickened above, often papillose; anthers small, versa- tile. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; or imperfectly 6-celled; ovules numerous; style columnar, short, with 3 stigniatic lobes. Fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule, or fleshy, or spongy and indehiscent. Seeds numerous, flattened, horizontal. [The Haytien name.]

About 16 species, natives of North and Central America.

Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, drooping. I. Y. baccata. Fruit an erect capsule.

Leaves 2"-^" wide; scape short, bearing a long raceme. 2. V. glauca.

Leaves io"-2' wide; scape 2°-io° high, bearing a large panicle. 3. Y.filamenlosa.

I. Yucca baccata Torr. Spanish Bayonet. (Fig. 1025.)

Yucca baccata Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Sur\-. 221. 1859.

Caudex very short, or sometimes 2°-8° tall, covered with the reflexed dead leaves. Leaves i/^°-3° long, I '-2' wide with a much wider base, acuminate, with a stout brown point, concave, the marginal fibres 2'-^' long; pan- icle peduncled ; pedicels stout, 8''-2o" long; flowers 4'-5' broad; perianth-segments 2^^- ■XiYz' long, 8"-i2'^ wide; style slender, as long as the ovary, or shorter; fruit oval, dark pur- ple, fleshj', indehiscent, edible, drooping 2'- 3' long, i}i'-2' in diameter, with a 6-grooved beak of one-half its length or less; seeds 3" 8'^ long, \"-iy2" thick.

Western Kansas ( ? ) southern Colorado to Texas, California and Mexico. April-June. Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct.

LILY FAMILY.

2. Yucca glauca Nutt. Bear-grass.

(Fig. 1026.)

Yucca glauca Nutt. Fraser's Cat. 1813. Vticca angustifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 227. 1814.

Caudex very short, the leaves all basal, nar- rowly linear, smooth, very stiff, sharp-pointed, i°-3° long, 2"-^" wide, with a broader base, concave, at least when dry, the marginal fibres filiform, usually numerous; scape short; flowers lYz'-}/ broad, racemose or in a little-branched panicle i°-4° long; perianth-segments ovate, \'- 1%' long; style short; stigmas shorter than the ovary; pedicels stout, erect and I'-'^yi' long in fruit; capsule oblong, 2^-3' long, about 1' thick, 6-sided; seeds very flat, about yi' broad.

In dry soil, Iowa and South Dakota to Wyoming, south to Missouri, Texas and Arizona. May-June.

427

Family 20.

3. Yucca filamentosa L. Adam's Needle. (Fig. 1027.)

)'itcca filamentosa L. Sp. PI. 319. 1753.

Caudex very short, or sometimes 1° high. Leaves lanceolate, narrowed above the broad base, acumi- nate and sharp-pointed, flat, roughish, i°-2^° long, 9"-2' wide; scape 2°-io° high; panicle large, its branches divergent or ascending, the lower often 1° long or more; flowers numerous; perianth-segments 1^^-214^' long, ovate; stigmas slender, but shorter than the ovary; pedicels rarely more than y^' long; capsule oblong, i^'-2^ long) about \o" thick.

In sandy soil, Maryland to Florida, Tennessee and Louisiana. Much cultivated for ornament. Escaped from gardens in southern Pennsylvania. May-Julj'.

1829.

CONVALLARIACEAE Link. Handb. i: 184.

Lily-of-the-Valley Family. Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs, with simple or branched rootstocks, never with bulbs or corms. Flowers solitary, racemose, panicled or umbelled, regular and perfect. Leaves broad, parallel- veined and sometimes with cross- veinlets, alternate, verticillate or ba.sal, or in Asparagus and its allies reduced to scales bearing filiform or flattened branchlets in their axils. Perianth inferior 4-6- parted with separate segments, or oblong, cylindric or urn-shaped and 6-lobed or 6-toothed. Stamens 6, hypog^^nous or borne on the perianth; anthers in- trorsely, extrorsely or laterally dehiscent. Ovary 2-3-celled, superior; ovules anatropous or amphitropous; style slender or short; stigma mostly 3-lobed. Fruit a fleshy berry. Seeds few or numerous. Embryo small. Endosperm copious.

About 23 genera and 215 species, widelj' distributed. Leaves reduced to scales; leaf -like branchlets filiform. Leaves broad; stems simple or somewhat branched. Leaves alternate or basal.

Leaves basal ; flowers umbelled or solitary. Leaves alternate (solitary in flowerless plants of no. 4). Perianth-segments separate.

Flowers racemed, umbelled, panicled or solitarj', terminal. Flowers racemed or panicled.

Perianth-segments 6. 3. I'agnera.

Perianth-segments 4. 4. Unifoliuni.

Flowers umbelled or solitary. 5. Disporum.

Flowers solitary or two together, axillary. 6. Streptopus.

Perianth cylindric or oblong, 6-toothed, 7. Polygonalum.

Leaves nearly basal ; flowers racemed; perianth 6-tootlied. 8. Convallaria.

I. Aspai-agus.

2. Clinionia.

428

CONVALLARIACEAE.

Leaves in i or 2 whorls below the flower or flowers.

LeaVes in 2 whorls; flowers uni belled. 9. Medeola.

Leaves in i whorl: flowers solitary-. 10. Trillium.

I. ASPARAGUS L. Bp. PI. 313. 1753.

Stem at first simple, flcsh\-, scaly, at length much branched; the branchlets filiform and mostly clustered in the axils of the scales in the following species, flattened and linear, lanceolate or ovate in some others. Flowers small, solitary, umbelled or racemed. Peri- anth-segments alike, separate or slightly united at the base. Stamens inserted at the bases of the perianth-segments; filaments mostly filiform; anthers ovate or oblong, introrse. C)vary sessile, 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style slender, short; stigmas 3, short, re- curved. Berry globose. Seeds few, rounded. [Ancient Greek name.]

About 100 species, natives of the Old World.

I. Asparagus officinalis I,. Asparagus.

(Fig. 1028.) Asparagus officinalis L. Sp. PI. 313. 1753.

Rootstock much branched. Young stems succu- lent, edible, stout, later branching, and becoming 3°-7° tall, the filiform branchlets 3"-9" long, less than X" thick, mosth' clustered in the axils of minute scales. Flowers mosth' solitary at the nodes, green, drooping on filiform jointed pedun- cles; perianth campanulate, about 3'' long, the segments linear, obtuse; stamens shorter than the perianth; berry red, about 4" in diameter.

Escaped from cultivation and naturalized, especially along: salt marshes, New Brunswick to Virginia, and locally in waste places in the interior. Native of Europe. Maj'-June, or flowering also in the autumn.

2. CLINTONIA Raf. Journ. Pys. 89: 102. 1819. Somewhat pubescent scapose herbs, with slender rootstocks, erect simple scapes, and few broad petioled sheathing basal leaves, the bractless flowers umbelled at the summit of the scape in our species. Perianth-segments distinct, equal or nearly so, erect-spreading. Sta- mens 6, inserted at the bases of the perianth-segments; filaments filiform; anthers oblong, laterall}- dehiscent. Ovarj- 2-3-celled; ovules 2-several in each cavit}*; style stout or slender; stigma obscurely 2-3-lobed. Berry globose or oval. [Name in honor of De Witt Clinton, 1769-1828, American naturalist, Governor of the State of New York.]

Six species, the following of eastern North America, 2 of western North America, 2 Asiatic. Flowers greenish-yellow, drooping. 8"-io" long; berry blue. - i. C. borealis.

Flowers white, not drooping, 4"-5" long; berry black. 2. C. umbellulala.

I. Clintonia borealis (Ait. ) Raf. Yellow Cliutouia. (Fig. 1029.)

Dracaena borealis Ait. Hort. Kew. i: 454. 1789. Clintonia borealis Raf. Atl. Journ. 120. 1832.

Scape 6'-i5' high, pubescent above or nearly glabrous. Leaves 2-5, usually 3, oval, oblong or obovate, thin, shorter than the scape, iJ^'-3^' wide, ciliate, short-acuminate or cuspidate; um- bel 3-6-flowered; flowers drooping, greenish yellow, 8"-io" long; pedicels 3"-i5" long, slen- der, pubescent, erect or ascending in fruit; peri- anth-segments obtuse or acutish; stamens about as long as the perianth; ovary 2-celled; otoIcs numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity, style slen- der, somewhat thickened above, about equalling the stamens; berry oval, blue, several-seeded, about 4" in diameter.

In moist woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Wisconsin. Ascends to 4500 ft. in Virginia. A flower is occasionally borne on the scape below the umbel, and rarely a small leaf. May-June.

lylLY-OF-THE-VALIvEY FAMILY.

429

Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.) Torr. Whit? Clintonia. (Fig. 1030.)

ip'-^cae)ic^)n>ibell i( lata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.

1: 202. 1803. Clintonia ciliata Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 102. i8iq.

C. umbellata Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 301. 1843.

Scape more or less pubescent, S'-iS' high, sometimes bearing a small leaf. Leaves 2-5, oblong, oblauccolate or obo- vate, shorter than the scape or equalling it, acute or cuspidate, ciliate on the mar- gins and sometimes also on the midvein beneath, wide; umbel several-

many-flowered; pedicels ascending or erect, slender, pubescent, at first short, becoming Yz'-iYt.' long in fruit; flowers white, odorous, often purplish dotted, i,"-^" long; perianth-segments obtusish; ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style slender; berry globose, black, about 2y" in diameter, few-seeded.

In woods, New York and New Jersey to Georgia and Tennessee. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. May-June.

3. VAGNERA Adan.s. Fam. PI. 2: 496. 1763. [Smil.'^cin.'V Desf. Ann. Mus. Paris, 9: 51. 1S07.]

Rootstocks slender, or short and thick. Stem simple, scaly below, leafy above, the leaves alternate, short-petioled or sessile ovate, lanceolate or oblong. Inflorescence a ter- minal raceme or panicle. Flowers white or greenish white, small. Perianth of 6 separate spreading equal segments. Stamens 6, inserted at the bases of the perianth-segments; fila- ments filiform or slightly flattened; anthers ovate, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, sessile, sub- globose; ovules 2 in each cavity; style short or slender, columnar; stigma 3-grooved or 3- lobed. Berry globular. Seeds usually I or 2, subglobose. [Named in honor of Wagner.]

About 25 species, natives of North America, Central America and .-Vsia. Besides the following', one or two others occur in the western United States. Flowers numerous, panicled. Flowers few-several, racemose.

Plant io'-i8' high; leaves numerous.

Plant 2'-i5' high; leaves 2-4.

I. Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong.

Convallaria racemosa L. Sp. PI. 315. 1753. Smilacina racemosa Desf. Ann. Mus. Paris, 9: 51. 1807.

Vagnera racemosa Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 5; 114. 1894.

Rootstock rather thick, fleshy. Stem some- what angled, slender or stout, erect or ascend- ing, leafy, finely pubescent above, or nearly glabrous, sometimes zigzag, i°-3° high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oval, sessile or the lower short-petioled, 3^-6' long, i'-3' wide, acumi- nate, finelj' pubescent beneath and sometimes also above, their margins minutely ciliate; panicle densely many-flowered, long, peduncled; pedicels shorter than the flowers, or equalling them; flowers about 2" broad; perianth- segments oblong, equalling the ovary; berry red, aromatic, speckled with pur- ple, 2"-}," in diameter.

In moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Missouri and Arizona. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. May-

Juiy-

Vagnera amplexicaiilis (Nutt. ) Greene, of western North America, distinguished from this by its clasping leaves and longer style, may occur in western Nebraska.

Wild Spikenard.

I. \'. raceniosa.

I', stellala. W trifolia.

IO31.)

430

CONVALLARIACEAE.

2. Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong. Star-flowered Solomon's Seal.

(Fig. 1032.)

Convallaria stellata Sp. PI. 316. 1753. Smilacina stellata Desf. Ann. Mus. Paris, 9: 52, 1807.

Vagnera stellata Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 114. 1894.

Rootstock stout, fleshy. Stem rather stout, erect, glabrous, 8'-2o' tall, straight or somewhat zigzag, leafy. Leaves oblong- lanceolate or lanceolate, sessile and some- what clasping, minutely pubescent beneath, 2'-$^ long, yi'-i yi' wide, acute, acuminate, or blunt at the apex, flat or somewhat con- cave; raceme sessile or short-peduncled, i'- 2' long, several -flowered; pedicels \"-\" long, usually shorter than the flowers; peri- anth-segments oblong, obtuse, longer than the stamens; style about as long as the ovary; berry green with 6 black stripes or black, 3"-5" in diameter.

In moist soil, Newfoundland to British Co- lumbia, south to New Jersey, Virginia, Ken- tucky, Kansas and California. Also in northern Europe. May-June.

Unifolium liliaceum Greene, Pittonia, i: 280, a related plant with conspicuously folded leaves and longer pedicels, of western North America, from the Black Hills to the Pacific Coast, may be distinct from this species.

3. Vagnera trifolia (L.) Morong. Three-leaved Solomon's Seal. (Fig. 1033.)

Convallaria trifolia L. Sp. PI. 316. 1753. Smilacina trifolia Desf. Ann. Mus. Paris, 9: 52. 1807.

Vagnera trifolia Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 114. 1894.

Glabrous, rootstock slender. Stem slen- der, erect, ^'-i^' high, 2-4-leaved (usually 3-leaved); leaves oval, oblong or oblong- lanceolate, sessile, sheathing, 2^-5' long, Yz'-i' wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base; raceme few-flowered, peduncled, long; perianth-segments

oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, finally somewhat reflexed, longer than the sta- mens; style about as long as the ovary; berrj' dark red, 2^"-3" in diameter.

In bogs and wet woods, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Also in northern Asia. May-June.

4. UNIFOLIUM Adans. Fam. PL 2: 54. 1763. [M.\i.\NTHEMUM Wigg. Prim. Fl. Hols. 14. 17S0.] Low herbs, with slender rootstocks, erect simple few-leaved stems, petioled or sessile leaves and small white flowers in a terminal raceme, the pedicels commonly 2-3 together. Perianth of 4 separate spreading segments. Stamens 4, inserted at the bases of the seg- ments; filaments filiform; anthers introrse. Ovary sessile, globose, 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style about as long as the ovary, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Berry globular, i-2 seeded. [Many plants bear onlj' a solitary' long-petioled leaf, arising from the rootstock, whence the Latin name.]

Two known species, the following of eastern North .America, the other of Europe, Asia and northwest America. *

LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY.

431

I. Unifolium Canadense (Desf. ) Greene. False Lily-of-the-valley. Two-leaved Solomon'.s Seal. (Fig. 1034.)

Alaianlhemum Canadense Desf. Ann. Mus.

Paris, 9: 54. 1807. Synilacina bifolia var. Canadensis A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 2, 467. 1856. Unifolitnn Canadense Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 287. 1888.

Glabrous or pubescent. Stem slender, erect, often zigzag, i--3-leaved (usually 2- leaved), 2'-~/ high; leaves ovate or ovate- lanceolate, 1^-3' long, acute, acuminate, or blunt and cuspidate at the apex, cordate at the base with a narrow or closed sinus, ses- sile, short-petioled, or the lowest sometimes with a petiole Yz' long; solitary leaves of the stemless plants on petioles I'-i/ long; ra- ceme rather dense, many-flowered, x'-2' long; pedicels mostly longer than the flow- ers; perianth-segments oblong, obtuse, be- coming reflexed, about \" long, rather longer than the stamens; berry pale red, speckled, about 1" in diameter.

In moist woods and thickets, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory, south to North Car- olina, Iowa and South Dakota. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. May-July.

5. DISPORUM Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. i: 331. 1812. [Prosartes Don, Ann. Nat. Hist. 4: 341. 1840.]

More or less pubescent herbs with slender rootstocks, branching stems, scaly below, leafy above, and alternate somewhat inequilateral sessile or clasping leaves, the flowers ter- minal, drooping, whitish or greenish yellow, solitary or few in simple umbels. Perianth of 6 narrow equal separate deciduous segments. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments filiform or somewhat flattened, longer than the anthers; anthers oblong, or linear, extrorse. Ovary 3-celled; ovules 2 or sometimes several in each cavity; style slender; stigma 3-cleft or en- tire. Berry ovoid or oval, obtuse. [Greek, referring to the 2 ovules in each cavity of the ovary, in most species.]

About 15 species, natives of North America and Asia. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in western North America.

Stamens shorter than the perianth; fruit smooth, 2-6-seeded. i. D. lanuginosnm.

Stamens as long as the perianth; fruit roughened, 4-18-seeded. 2. D. trachycai'puvi.

I. Disporum lanuginosum (Michx.) Nichols. Hairy Disportim. (Fig. 1035.)

Streptopus lanuginosiis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 201. 1803.

Prosarles lanuginosa Don, Trans. L,inn, Soc.

18: 532. 1841. Disporum lanitginosiim Nichols. Diet. Gard.

i: 485. 1884.

Finely and rather densely pubescent, high. Leaves ovate lanceolate, •or oblong-lanceolate, 2'-4j!^^ long, i'--2' wide, long-acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, 7-15-nerved; flowers solitary or

2- 3 together, greenish, 6"-()" long; pedi- cels filiform, about i' long; perianth nar- rowly campanulate, its segments linear- lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat spreading, glabrous, one-third to one-half longer than the stamens; ovary oblong; style slender, longer than the stamens or equalling them,

3- cleft; berry oval, red, pulpy, 2-6-seeded, 5"-l" long.

In woods, Ontario to western New York, Georgia and Tennessee. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. May-June.

2>

432

CONVALLARIACEAE.

Disporum trachycarpum (S. Wats.) B. & H.

(Fig. 1036.)

Rough- fruited Disporum.

Prosartes Irachycarpa S. Wats. Bot. King's

Exp. 344. 1871. Disporum irachycarpum B. & H. Gen. PI. 3:

832. 1883.

Puberulent, at least when young, i°-2° high. Leaves ovate, oval or oblong-lanceo- late, \yz'-2,yi.' long, I'-^Yi' wide, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, 5-11-nerved; flowers solitary or 2-3 together, yellowish-white, i,"-"]" long; pedicels Yz'-i' long; perianth narrowl}- catnpanulate, its segments nar- rowly oblong or oblanceolate, acute, little spreading, about equalling the stamens, ovary depressed-globose; style slender, about equalling the stamens, 3-lobed; berry roughened, depressed-globose or somewhat obovoid, 4"-5" in diameter, apparently leathery rather than pulpy, 4-18-seeded.

Manitoba and the Northwest Territory to South Dakota, Nebraska, Washington and Ari- zona. Maj'-Aug.

6. STREPTOPUS Miclix. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 200. 1803.

Branching herbs, with stout or slender rootstocks, thin sessile or clasping alternate many-nerved leaves, the flowers solitary or 2 together, extra-axillary, slender-peduncled, greenish or purplish, small, nodding. Peduncles bent or twisted at about the middle. Perianth somewhat campanulate, its 6 separate segments recurved or spreading, deciduous, the outer fiat, the inner keeled. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments short, flattened; anthers sagittate, extrorse. Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous in 2 rows in each cavit}^; style slender, 3-cleft, 3-lobed or entire. Berry globose or oval, red, many-seeded. [Greek, twisted-stalk, in reference to the bent or twisted peduncles.]

About 5 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs on the Pacific Coast.

Leaves glaucous beneath, clasping; flowers greenish-white. Leaves green on both sides, sessile; flowers purple or rose.

I. Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. Clasping-leaved Twisted- stalk. (Fig. 1037.)

L'vularia amplexifolia L. Sp. PI. 304. 1753.

Streptopus amplexifolius DC. Fl. France, 3: 174. 1805.

Rootstock short, stout, horizontal, covered wnth thick fibrous roots. Plant i>^°-3° high; stem glabrous, usually branching be- low the middle, leaves 2'-^' long, wide, acuminate at the apex, cordate-clasping at the base, glabrous, glaucous beneath; pe- duncles long, i-2-flowered; flowers greenish white, 4"-6" long; perianth-seg- ments narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; an- thers subulate-pointed; stigma simple, ob- tuse or truncate; berry oval, 5"-S" long.

In moist woods, Labrador to .\laska, south to North Carolina, Ohio, -Michigan and New Mex- ico. Ascends to 4000 ft. in the Adirondacks. May-July.

1. S. amplexifolius.

2. S. roseus.

LIIvY-OF-THE- VALLEY FAMILY Ses-

433

2. Streptopus roseus Michx sile-leaved Twisted-stalk. (Fig. 1038.)

Sireptopiis roseus Michx. Kl. Bor. Am. i: 201. 1803.

Plant i°-2}2° high, from a short stout rootstock covered with fibrous roots. Branches sparingly pubescent; leaves 2'- \y>' long, acuminate at the apex, sessile, rounded, or slightly clasping at the base, green on both sides, their margins finely ciliate; peduncles Yz'-i' long, usually pu- bescent, i-flowered, rarely 2-flowered; flowers purple or rose, long; peri-

anth-segments lanceolate, acuminate; an- thers 2-horned; style 3-cleft, the spreading branches stigmatic along the inner side; berry globose or oval, ^"-d" in diameter.

In moist woods, Labrador to Alaska, Geor- gia, Michigan and Oregon. Ascends to 5600 ft. in Virginia. May-July.

7. POLYGONATUM Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 54. 1763.

Glabrous or pubescent herbs, with thick, horizontal jointed and scarred rootstocks, simple arching or erect stems, scaly below, leafy above, the leaves ovate or lanceolate, ses- sile and alternate in our species (opposite or verticillate in some exotic ones). Flowers greenish or pinkish, axillary, drooping, peduncled, solitary or 2-10 in an umbel, the pedi- cels jointed at the base of the flower. Perianth tubular or oblong-cylindric or somewhat expanded above the base, 6-lobed, the short lobes not spreading. Stamens 6, included; filaments aduate to the perianth for half their length or more; anthers sagittate, introrse. Ovary 3-celled; ovules 2-6 in each cavity; stjde slender; stigma small, capitate or slightly 3-lobed. Berry globular, pulpy, dark blue or nearly black, with a bloom, in our species. [Greek, in allusion to the jointed rootstocks].

About 20 species, natives of the north temperate zone.

Leaves pubescent beneath; filaments filiform, roughened.

Plant glabrous throughout; filaments smooth, somewhat flattened.

1. P. biflorum.

2. P. comtmitalum.

I. Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Hairy Solomon's Seal. (Fig. 1039.)

\ ^^#/7 Coni'allaria bifloraWa.W.. 'PI. Ca.r. 122. 178

Polygonatum biflorutn Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:393. 1817-

Stem slender, glabrous, often zigzag above, 8^-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, oval or ovate, 2'-^' long, %^-2' wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or sometimes obtuse at the base, pubes- cent especially on the veins and pale be- neath, glabrous above, the upper com- monly narrower than the lower; peduncles 1-4-flowered (often 2-flowered), glabrous; perianth 4"-6" long, about 1%^' thick, filaments filiform, adnate to the perianth for about three-fourths its length, papil- lose-roughened; berry in diameter.

In woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida and West Virginia. April-July.

434

CONVALLARIACEAE.

2. Polygonatum commutatum (R. &S.) Dietr. Smooth Solomon's Seal.

(Fig. 1040.)

Convallaria commulata R. & S. Syst. 7: 1671. 1830.

Polygonatum commutatum Dietr. ; Otto & Dietr. Gartenz. 3: 223. 1835.

Polygonatum giganteum Dietr.; Otto & Dietr. Gartenz. 3; 222. 1835.

Glabrous throughout, stem stout or slen- der, i°-8° high. Leaves lanceolate, oval or ovate, i>2'-6' long, 3'-4' wide, rather darker green above than beneath, acute, acuminate or blunt at the apex, narrowed, rounded or somewhat clasping at the base, the upper often narrower than the lower; peduncles i- 8-flowered, glabrous; perianth 6"-io" long, yYz''-^" thick; filaments somewhat flat- tened, smooth, adnate to the perianth for half its length or more; berry in diameter.

In moist woods and along streams, rarelj' in drj' soil, Rhode Island to Ontario and Manitoba, south to Georgia, Louisiana, Utah and New Mexico. Variable in size and in leaf-form. May-Jul3'.

8. CONVALLARIA L. Sp. PI. 314. 1753.

A low glabrous herb, with horizontal rootstocks, very numerous fibrous roots, and 2 or sometimes 3 erect broad leaves, narrowed into sheathing petioles, the lower part of the stem bearing several sheathing scales. Flowers white, racemed, fragrant, nodding. Raceme i-sided. Perianth globose-campanulate, 6 lobed, deciduous, the short lobes recurved. Stamens 6, included; filaments short, adnate to the lower part of the perianth; anthers ob- long, introrse. Ovary 3-celled; ovules several in each cavity; style slender, 3-grooved; stigma small, capitate, slightly 3-lobed. Berry globose, pulpy. [Latin from Convallis, vallej', and the Greek for lily.]

A monotj'pic genus of Europe, Asia and the higher Alleghenies.

I. Convallaria majalis L. Lib'-of-the-valley. (Fig. 1041.)

Convallaria majalis L. vSp. PI. 314. 1753.

Stem 4'-9' high. Leaves oblong, or oval, appearing nearly basal, acute at both ends, 5'-i2' long, i'-2^' wide; basal scales large, long, one of them subtending an erect angled scape shorter than the leaves; raceme I'-'SYi' long, loosely several-flowered; pedi- cels filiform, recurved, 3"-6" long, exceed- ing or sometimes shorter than the lanceolate bracts; perianth 3"-4" long, its lobes \" long or less; filaments shorter than the an- thers; berry about 3" in diameter.

On the higher mountains of Virginia, North Carolina and vSouth Carolina. Common in cul- tivation. May-June.

LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY.

435

9. MEDEOLA L. Sp. PI. 339- i753-

A slender erect uubranched herb, loosely provided with deciduous wool. Rootstock thick, white, tuber-like, with somewhat the odor and taste of cucumbers, the slender fibrous roots numerous. Leaves of flowering plants in 2 whorls; lower whorl of 5-9 oblong-lance- olate or obovate leaves; upper whorl of 3-5 ovate or oval leaves, subtending, like an invo- lucre, the sessile umbel of small greenish yellow declined flowers. Perianth of 6 separate equal oblong recurved segments. Stamens 6, hypogyuous; filaments slender, smooth, longer than the oblong extrorse anthers, the sacs laterally dehiscent. Ovary 3 celled; ovules several in each cavity; styles 3, recurved, stigmatic along the inner side. Berry globose, pulpy. [Name from Medea, a sorceress, referring to the supposed healing properties.]

A monotj'pic genus of eastern North America.

I. Medeola Virginiana L. Indian Cucumber-root. (Fig. 1042.)

Medeola I'irginiana L. Sp. PI. 339. I753-

Rootstock fleshy, 1^-3' long. Stem i°- 7.yz° tall, bearing the lower whorl of leaves above the middle, or in flowerless plants at the summit; leaves of the lower whorl ses- sile, 2^'-5' long, v'-i' wide, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-5-nerved and reticulate-veined; leaves of the upper whorl long, Yz'-i' wide, short-petioled or ses- sile; umbel 2-9-flowered; pedicels filiform, i' long or less, declined in flower, erect or ascending in fruit; perianth-segments 3''-5'^ long, obtuse; berry dark purple, ii,"-']" in diameter.

In moist woods and thickets. Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Tennessee. Ascends to 2800 ft. in Virginia. May-June.

ID. TRILLIUM L. Sp. PI. 339. 1753.

Glabrous erect uubranched herbs, with short scarred rootstocks and 3 leaves whorled at the summit of the stem, subtending the sessile or peduncled solitary bractless flower. Soli- tary long-petioled leaves are sometimes borne on the rootstock. Perianth of 2 distinct series of segments, the outer 3 (sepals) green, persistent, the inner 3 (petals) white, pink, purple or sometimes greenish, deciduous or withering. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments short; anthers linear, mostly introrse. Ovary sessile, 3-6-angled or lobed, 3 celled; ovules several or numerous in each cavity; styles 3, stigmatic along the inner side. Berry globose or ovoid, many-seeded. Seeds horizontal. [Latin, in allusion to the 3-parted flowers and the 3 leaves.]

About 20 species, natives of North America and Asia. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The species are known as Three-leaved Nightshade and Birthroot. Phyllody, i. e., the reversion of petals or sepals to leaves, is occasional in the genus, and the floral parts are sometimes in 4's instead of 3's.

Flower sessile.

Leaves sessile ; sepals not reflexed. Leaves petioled; sepals reflexed. Flower peduncled.

Leaves oval or ovate, obtuse or obtusish, i'-2' long. Leaves broadly ovate or rhombic, acinninate, 2'--]' long.

Leaves sessile, or narrowed at the base and short-petioled. Petals obovate or oblanceolate, iVz'-zM' long. Petals ovate or lanceolate, V2' -1V2' long.

Peduncle iM'-^' long, erect or declined; petals spreading. 5. T. erec/um. Peduncle iK' long or less, recurved beneath the leaves; petals recurved.

6. T. cernuum.

Leaves distinctly petioled, obtuse or rounded at the base. 7. T. undulaium.

T. sessile.

T. recurvalum.

3. T. nivale.

4. T. grandifloj-um.

CONVALLARIACEAE.

I. Trillium sessile L. Sessile-flowered Wake-robin. (Fig. 1043.)

Trillium sessile h. Sp. PI. 340. 1753.

Stem 4'-i2' tall. Leaves ovate, oval or nearly orbicular, sessile, acute or obtuse and cuspidate at the apex, long, often blotched; flower ses-

sile, erect; sepals lanceolate, acute or obtuse, spreading, yi'-i' long, petals lanceolate, acute or obtuse, somewhat longer than the sepals, erect- speadiug, purple or green; anthers 2>"-~" long, longer than filament, the connective prolonged beyond the sacs; berry globose, 6-angled, about in diameter.

In moist woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Ohio and Minnesota, south to Florida, Mississippi and Arkansas. Flowers pleasantly odorous. April-May.

2. Trillium recurvatum Beck. Prairie Wake-robin. (Fig. 1044.)

Trillitim recurvatum Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 11: 178. 1826.

Stem 6'-i8' tall. Leaves ovate, oval or ob- long, lyz'-A' long, acute at the apex, narrowed into petioles 3"-9" long, sometimes blotched; flower sessile, erect; sepals lanceolate, acumi- nate, long, reflexed between the peti- oles; petals spatula te or oblong, nearly erect, clawed, acute or acuminate, equalling the se- pals or somewhat longer; anthers /^"-"j" long, much longer than the filaments, the connective prolonged beyond the sacs; berr}' ovoid, 6- winged above, about 9" long.

In woods and thickets, Ohio to Minnesota, Mis- sissippi and Arkansas. April-June.

3. Trillium nivale Riddel! . Early Wake-robin. (Fig. 1045.)

Trillium tiivale Riddell, Syn. Fl. W. States, 93. 1835.

Stem 2^-6' high. Leaves ovate, oval or nearly orbicular, i'-2' long, obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, petioled; pet- ioles, 2"-6" long; flowers peduncled; peduncle Yz'-x' long, erect, bent, or recurved beneath the leaves; sepals narrowly oblong or oblong-lance- olate, obtuse, Yz'-i' long; petals white, oblong or oval, obtuse, longer than the sepals, erect- spreading; anthers about as long as the fila- ments, the connective not prolonged beyond the sacs; styles slender; berry globose, 3-lobed, about yi' in diameter.

In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Ohio and Minnesota, south to Kentucky and Iowa. March May.

I.ILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMII.Y.

437

4- Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb.

(Fig. 1046.)

Triliium rhomboideum var. grandiflorum Michx. Fl.

Bor. Am. 1: 216. 1803. Trillium grandiflorum Salisb. Par. I,ond. i: pi. i. 1805.

Sterns usually stout, 8'-i8' high. Leaves broadly rhombic-ovate or rhombic-oval, lYz'-d' long, acumin- ate at the apex, narrowed to the sessile or nearly ses- sile base; peduncle erect or somewhat inclined, 3' long; sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acu- minate but sometimes bluntish, long, spreading; petals erect-spreading, oblanceolate; obovate or rarely ovate-oblong, obtuse or cuspidate, strongly veined, white or pink, thin, longer than the sepals; anthers about Yz' long, longer than the filaments; styles slender, '}/'-\" long, ascending or erect; berry globose, black, slightly 6-lobed, W-in" in diameter.

Ill woods, Quebec to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Missouri. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Maj'-June.

A monstrous form, with two long--petioled leaves, was collected by Dr. Pitcher in Michigan.

Large-flowered Wake-robin.

5. Trillium erectum L. Ill-scented Wake-robin. (Fig. 1047.)

Trillium ereclum L. Sp. PI. 340. 1753.

Stem stout, 8'-i6' high. Leaves very broadly rhombic, 3^-7^ long, often as wide or wider, sessile, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base; pe- duncle iX'-4' long, erect, inclined or declined be- neath the leaves; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, y^'-iYz' long; petals lanceolate or ovate, acute or acutish, spreading, equalling the sepals or a little longer, dark purple, pink, greenish or white; anthers longer than the filaments; styles short, spreading or recurved; berry ovoid some- what 6-lobed, reddish, long.

In woods. Nova Scotia to James Bay and Manitoba, south to North Carolina, Tennessee and Missouri. As- cends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. Also in Japan. Flowers unpleasantly scented. April-June.

6. Trillium cernuum I,. Nodding Wake-robin. (Fig. 1048.)

Trillium cernuiim L. Sp. PI. 339. I753-

Stem usually slender, S'-2o^ high. Leaves simi- lar to those of the preceding species, broadly rhombic, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, or with the petioles i''-^." long; pe- duncle l^'-T.%' long, recurved beneath the leaves, the flower drooping; sepals lanceolate or ovate-lan- ceolate, acuminate, 6"-i2'' long; petals white or pink, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rolled backward, wavy-margined, equalling the sepals, or a little longer; anthers about as long as the sub- ulate filaments; styles rather stout, recurved; berry ovoid, red-purple, pendulous, S'^-io'^ long.

In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minne- sota, south to Georgia and Missouri. Sometimes con- founded with forms of the preceding. April-June.

CONVALLARIACEAE.

7. Trillium undulatum Willd. Painted Wake-robin. (Fig. 1049.)

TrilliuiH nndulattim Willd. Neue Sclirift. Gesell. Nat.

Fr. Berlin, 3: 422. 1801. Trillium eryihrocarpum Michx. Fl. Bor. .\tn. i : 216. 1803.

Stem usually slender, 8'-2° high. Leaves ovate, 3'-8' long, 2'-5' wide, petioled, long-acuminate at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base; petioles 2''-io'^ long; flowers peduncled, erect or somewhat inclined, i'-2yi' long; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, g'^-is'' long, spreading; petals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acu- minate or acute, white with purple veins or stripes, thin, longer than the sepals, widely spreading, wavy- margined; anthers about equalling the filaments; styles slender; berry ovoid, obtuse, bluutlj' 3-angled, bright red, shining, 6"-\o" in diameter.

In woods. Nova Scotia to Ontario and Wisconsin, south to Georg-ia and Missouri. Ascends to 5600 ft. in Virginia. Maj--June.

Family 21. SMILACEAE \'ent. Tabl. 2: 146. 1799.*

Smilax Family.

Mostly vines, with woody or herbaceous, often prickly stems. Leaves alternate, netted- veined, usually punctate or lineolate, several-nerved, petioled. Petiole .sheathing, bearing a pair of slender tendril-like appendages (stipules?), persistent, the blade falling awa}-. Flowers small, mostly green, dioecious, in axillary umbels. Perianth-segments 6. Stamens mostly 6, distinct; filaments ligvtlate; anthers basifixed, 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, the cavities op- posite the inner perianth-segments; ovules i or 2 in each cavit}^ orthotropous, suspended; style very short or none; stigmas 1-3. Fruit a globose berry con- taining 1-6 seeda> Seeds brownish; endosperm hornj-, copious; embryo small, oblong, remote from the hilum.

Genera 3; species about 200, in warm and temperate regions; only the following in North America.

I. SMILAX L. Sp. PI. 1028. 1753.

Rootstocks usually very large and tuberous, stems usually twining, and climbing by means of the spirally coiling appendages of the petiole. Lower leaves reduced to scales; upper leaves entire or lobed. Flowers regular. Perianth-segments distinct, deciduous. Pedicels borne on a globose or conic receptacle, inserted in small pits, generally among minute bractlets. Filaments inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments. Staminate flowers without an ovary. Pistillate flowers usually smaller than the stami^iate, with an ovary and usually with 1-6 abortive stamens. Berry black, red or purple (rarely white), with 3 strengthening bands of tissue running through the outer part of the pulp, connected at the base and apex. Embryo lying under a tubercle at the upper end of the seed. [An- cient Greek name, perhaps not originally applied to these plants.]

About ig5 species of wide distribution, most abundant in tropical America and Asia. Besides the following, about 5 others occur in the southern United States, and i in California and Oregon. Stem annual, herbaceous, imarmed.

Petioles tendril-bearing; stems climbing.

Leaves usualU' ovate, thin. i. Leaves usualh- hastate, coriaceous. 2. Petioles without tendrils or nearly so; stems erect. 3. Stem perennial, woody, usually armed with prickles. Berries black or bluish-black. Fruit ripening the first year.

Leaves glaucous. 4. Leaves green on both sides.

Leaves rounded or lanceolate, 5-nerved. 5. 5. roinndifolia.

Leaves ovate, 7-ner\-ed, 6. S. hispida.

Leaves round-ovate, often narrowed at the middle. 7-Q-ner\'ed. 7. S. Pseudo-China. Leaves deltoid or deltoid-hastate, 5-7-ner\ ed, often with i or 2 additional nerves on each side. 8, 5, Bona-nox.

Fruit ripening the second year; leaves elliptic or lanceolate, evergreen. 9. 5. laurifolia. Berries red.

Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, base rounded; berries bright red. 10. .9, Walteri. Leaves lanceolate, acute at the base; berries dull red. 11. S. lanceolala.

*Text contributed by the late Rev. Thomas Morong.

5. herbacca. S. tamnifolia. S. ecirrhala.

S. glaiica.

SMILAX FAMILY.

439

I. Smilax herbacea I,. Carrion-flower. (Fig. 1050.)

Smilax herbacea L. Sp. PI. 1030. 1753. S. pitlve> ule)ita Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 238. 1803. CoprosniantliKS herbaceus Kunth, Enuni. 5: 264. 1850.

Tubers short, thick, scarred, numerous. Stem herbaceous, glabrous, terete or obtusely angled, unarmed, commonly much branched. Petioles ^''-zYz' long; tendrils numerous; leaves ovate, rounded or lanceolate, acute, acuminate or cus- pidate at the apex, obtuse or cordate at the base, thin, frequently downy beneath, 7-9-nerved, I ^'-5' long, I'-'iiYz' wide, the margins entire or denticulate; peduncles 4^-9' long, usually 6-10 times as long as the petioles, flattened; umbels 15-80-flowered; pedicels long; flowers car-

rion-scented when open; stamens sometimes 5 or 7; filaments 2-3 times as long as the anthers; ber- ries bluish black, 2-4-seeded, 3''-4''in diameter.

In woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Ontario and Dakota, south to Florida, Louisiana and Ne- braska. April-June.

2. Smilax tamnifolia Michx. Halberd- leaved Smilax. (Fig. 1051.)

5'. tamnifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 238. 1803. Coprosmaiithiis tamni/olius'K.VLnX.lx, Enum. 5:267. 1850.

Glabrous, herbaceous; stem and branches terete or obtusely angled, unarmed. Petioles yz'-iyi' long, the sheath tendril-bearing, very short or none; leaves coriaceous, mostly ovate-hastate, with broad obtuse lobes at the base, slightly narrowed at about the middle, acute obtuse or acuminate at the apex, truncate or subcordate at the base, entire, green on both sides, iX^""3' long, y^'-i' wide, 5-7-nerved; peduncles 1-3 from the same axil, long, usu-

ally much longer than the leaves, often flattening in drying; umbels io-30-flowered; pedicels long; segments of the staminate flowers slightly pubescent; filaments 1-2 times as long as the an- thers; berries black, 2''-3" in diameter, 1-3-seeded.

In dry soil, southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania to South Carolina and Tennessee. May-July.

3. Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm.) S. Wats. Upright Smilax. (Fig. 1052.)

Coprosmanlhiis herbaceus var. ecirrhata Engelm.;

Kunth, Enum. 5: 266. 1850. Smilax ecirrhatns S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6,

520. 1890.

Stem herbaceous, glabrous, simple, erect, 6'-2° tall. Tendrils none, or sometimes present on the uppermost petioles; leaves often whorled at the summit of the stem, ovate, acute, obtuse, cus- pidate or acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, thin, 5-9-nerved, 2^^-5>^^ long, 1%'- 4' -wide, sometimes larger, more or less pubescent beneath and erose-denticulate on the margins; petioles \o"~iS)" long; peduncles long, often pu- bescent; staminate flowers commonly not more than 25 in the umbels; pedicels 2"-^" long; an- thers shorter than the filaments or equalling them.

In dry soil, Virginia to Minnesota and Florida. May-June.

440

SMILACEAE.

Smilax glauca Walt, leaved Greenbrier. (Fi^

Glaucous- I053-)

Smilax glanca Walt. Fl. Car. 245. 1788. Smilax spimilosa J. E. Smith; Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 30,^. 1843.

Rootstock deep, knotted aud tuberous. Stem terete; branches aud twigs angled, armed with rather stout numerous or scattered prickles, or sometimes unarmed; petioles long, ten-

dril-bearing; leaves ovate, acute or cuspidate at the apex, sometimes cordate at the base, entire, glaucous beneath and sometimes also above, mostly 5-nerved-, i>^'-6' long, Yz'-^' wide; peduncles flattened long; umbels 6-12-

flowered; pedicels 2"-^" long; berries bluish black, ripening the first year, about 3'' in dia- meter, 2-3-seeded.

In dry sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts to Flor- ida, west to Kansas and Texas. May-June. Smilax spinulosa J. E. Smith, is a form with numerous small prickles on the lower part of the stem, and more elongated, sometimes halberd-shaped leaves. It occurs in southern New York, but is not well understood.

5. Smilax rotundifolia L. Greenbrier. Catbrier. Horsebrier. (Fig. 1054. )

Smilax rotundifolia L. Sp. PI. 1030. 1753- Smilax cadiica L. Sp. PI. 1030. 1753. Smilax qiiadrangnlaris Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 775. 1806.

Rootstocks long, sparinglj^ tuberous. Stem woody, terete, the branches and young shoots often 4-augled, glabrous; prickles scattered, stout, straight or a little curved, sometimes none; peti- oles 3"-6" long; leaves thick and shining when mature, thin when young, ovate, nearly orbicular, or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, ob- tuse or cordate at the base, entire or the margins erose-denticulate, 5-nerved, 2'-6' long, \o"-(i' wide; peduncles flattened 3"-i' long; umbels 6- 2,5-flowered; pedicels long; perianth-seg-

ments pubescent at the tip; filaments 2-3 times as long as the anthers; berries black, 1-3-seeded, about 3" in diameter, maturing the first year.

In woods and thickets, Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. April-June.

6. Smilax hispida Muhl. Hispid Green- brier. (Fig. 1055.)

Smilax hispida Muhl.; Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 302. 1843.

Glabrous, stem terete below, and commonly thickly hispid with numerous slender straight prickles, the branches more or less angled; peti- oles ^"-()" long, tendril-bearing, rarely denticu- late; leaves thin, green on both sides, ovate, abruptly acute and cuspidate at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, 7-nerved, or the older ones sometimes with an additional pair of faint nerves, 2'-5' long, i'-5'wide, the margins usually denticulate; peduncles flattened, 9^-2' long; um- bels io-26-flowered; pedicles slender, 2"-2/' long; filaments a little longer than the anthers; berries bluish black, about T)" in diameter, maturing the first 3-ear.

In thickets, Ontario to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Virginia and Texas. ISIay-July.

SMILAX FAMILY.

441

7, Smilax Pseudo-China L. Long- stalked Greenbrier. (Fig. 1056.)

Smilax Pseudo-China L. vSp. PI. 1031. 1753.

Glabrous throughout, rootstock often bearing large tubers, stem terete, the branches angled. Lower part of the stem beset with straight needle-shaped prickles, the upper part and the branches mostly unarmed; petioles 2/'-i2" long; leaves firm, or becoming quite leathery when old, green on both sides or occasionally glaucous beneath, ovate, often narrowed at about the middle or lobed at base; acute or cus- pidate at the apex, 7-9-nerved, lYz'-^' long, wide, often denticulate on the mar- gins; peduncles flattened, 1^-3' long, umbels 12-40-flowered; pedicels long; stamens

6-10; anthers as long as the filaments or longer; berries black, 8-16 in the umbels, q,"-^," in diameter, 1-3-sceded, maturing the first year.

In dry or sandy thickets, Maryland to Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. March-Aug.

8. Smilax B6na-n6x L. Bristly Greenbrier. (Fig. 1057.)

Smilax Bona-nox L- Sp. PI. 1030. I753- Smilax hastata Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 782. 1806. Smilax tamnoides A. Gray, Man. 485. 1848. Not L- Rootstocks bearing large tubers, stem terete or slightly angled, the branches often 4-angled. Prickles scattered or numerous, stout or needle- like, often wanting on the branches; petioles 3''- 6'' long, often prickly; leaves thick, ovate or com- monly deltoid-hastate, sometimes narrowed at the middle, glabrous, green and usually shining on both sides, often spiny on the margins and on the veins beneath, acute or abruptly cuspidate at the apex, obtuse, truncate or cordate at the base, 5-9- nerved, i^'-4^' long, 8^^-3' wide; peduncles slender, flattened, "j'^-is^^ long; umbels 15-45- flowered; pedicels 1"-^" long; stigmas 1-3; ber- ries 8-20 in the umbels, -z^'-t," in diameter, mostly i-seeded, ripening the first year.

In thickets, Massachusetts to Kansas, Florida and Texas. April-July.

g, Smilax laurif61ia< L,. Laurel-leaved Greenbrier. (Fig. 1058.)

.Smilax laurifolia L. Sp. PI. 1030. 1753.

Rootstocks bearing tubers sometimes 6' thick, stem stout, high-climbing, terete, striate, armed with strong straight prickles, the branches angled, mostly unarmed. Petioles stout, long; leaves leathery, evergreen, elliptic or oblong- lanceolate, acute or abruptly cuspidate at the apex, narrowed at the base, entire, 3-nerved, or some- times with an additional pair of nerves near the margins, I'-d^y^' long, Yi'-^' wide; peduncles stout, angled, 2"-io^^ long; umbels 6-30-flowered; pedicels 1"-%," long; anthers usually about one- third shorter than the filaments; stigma i, some- times 2; berries black, ovoid, thick, not ripening until the second year.

In moist woods and thickets, southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas, north in the Mississippi Valley to Arkansas. March-Sept.

442

SMILACEAE.

10. Smilax Walteri Pursh. Walter's Greenbrier. (Fig. 1059.)

Sniila.x- IVatleri Vwr&h, Fl. Am. Sept. 249. 1814.

Glabrous, stem angled, prickly below, the branches commonly unarmed. Petioles 2"-6'^ long, stout, angled; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceo- late, rarel}' lobed at the base, cordate or subcor- date, obtuse or abruptlj' acute at the apex, entire,

5- 7-nerved, 2'-5' long, io"-T)%' wide; peduncles 2"-^" long, flattened, thickening in age; umbels

6- 15-flowered; pedicels very slender, 2"-y long; berries globose, coral-red (rarely white), 2>"-A" in diameter, 2-3-seeded, ripening the first j'ear.

In wet soil, pine barrens of New Jersey to Florida,. Tennessee and Louisiana. April-June.

II. Smilax lanceolata L. Lance-leaved Greenbrier. (Fig. 1060.)

Siiiila.v lanceolata L. Sp. PI. 1031. 1753.

Glabrous, stem terete, usually prickly, the branches slender, long, slightl}- angled, mostly un- armed. Petioles \"-2" long; leaves rather thin, lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, entire, shining above, 5-7- nerved, 2'-2>yz' long, (i"-2o" wide; peduncles thick, angled, 3"-S'' long; umbels 8-40-flowered; pedicels 2"-"]" long; filaments longer than the anthers; berries dark red, globose, 2"-'i," in diam- eter, usually 2-seeded, ripening the first year.

In thickets, Virginia to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. March-Aug.

Familv 2 2. HAEMODORACEAE R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 299.

1810.

Bl,OODWORT FaMII.Y.

Perennial herbs with erect stems, narrowly linear leaves, and regular or somewhat irregular small perfect flowers in terminal cymose panicles. Perianth 6-parted or 6-lobed, adnate to the ovary, persistent. Stamens 3, opposite the 3 inner perianth-segments. Ovary wholly or partly inferior, 3-celled or rarely i-celled; ovules usually few in each cavit}', half-anatropous; style mostly slen- der; stigma small, entire or 3-grooved. Fruit a loculicidally 3-valved capsule. Seeds few or rarely numerous; embryo small, in flesh}^ endosperm.

About 9 genera and 35 species, mostly natives of South Africa and Australia, a few in tropical America; only the following genus in the north temperate zone.

I. GYROTHECA Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. i: 327. 1812. [Lachnanthes Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 47. 1816.]

A rather stout herb, with a short rootstock, red fibrous roots and equitant leaves, the basal ones longer than those of the stem. Flowers numerous, yellowish, small, in a dense terminal woolly cymose panicle. Perianth 6-parted to the summit of the ovary, the outer segments smaller than the inner. Filaments filiform, longer than the perianth; anthers linear-oblong, versatile. Ovary 3-celled; ovules few in each cavity, borne on fleshy pla- centae; style ver}' slender, declined. Capsule enclosed by the withering-persistent perianth, nearly globular, 3-valved. Seeds about 6 in each cavity, flattened, nearh' orbicular, peltate. (Greek, referring to the round fruit. )

A monotypic genus of southeastern North America and the West Indies.

BIvOODWORT FAMILY.

443

I. Gyrotheca capitata (Walt.) Morong. Red-root. (Fig. 1061.)

Anonymo capilata Walt. Fl. Car. 69. 1788. Gyrotheca linctoria Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc.

i: 327. 1812. Lachnanlhes linctoria EH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i:

47. 1816.

Gyrotheca capitata Morong-. Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 472. 1893.

Stem 1^2° -2)4° tall, glabrous below, pu- bescent or woolly above. Leaves 2"-^" wide, acuminate, the basal ones shorter than the stem, the upper reduced to bracts; panicle 2'-5' broad when expanded, dense and almost capitate when young, white- woolly; flowers 4''-5" broad, bracteolate, the perianth yellow and glabrous within; style about as long as the stamens; pedicels stout, about as long as the capsule, rather shorter than the bractlets; capsule about 3'' in diameter.

In swamps, eastern Massachusetts to New Jersey and Florida, mostly in pine barrens near the coast. Also in Cuba. July-Sept.

Family 23. AMARYLLIDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2: 328. 1836.

Amaryllis Family.

Perennial herbs (some tropical species woody or even arboreous), with bulbs or rootstocks, scapose or sometimes leafy stems and usually narrow and entire leaves. Flowers perfect, regular or nearly so. Perianth 6-parted or 6-lobed, the segments or lobes distinct, or united below into a tube which is adnate to the surface of the ovary (adnate only to the lower part of the ovary in Lophiola) . Stamens 6 in our genera, inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments or in the throat of the perianth opposite the lobes. Anthers versatile or basifixed, 2-celled, the sacs usually longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary wholly or partly inferior, usually 3-celled. Style filiform, entire, lobed, or divided into 3 stig- mas at the summit. Ovules usually numerous, rarely only i or 2 in each cavity of the ovary, anatropous. Fruit capsular, rarely fleshy. Seeds mostly black, the embryo small, enclosed in fleshy endosperm.

About 70 genera and 800 species, principally natives of tropical and warm regions, some in the temperate zones.

Bulbous herbs with flowers on scapes.

Flower solitary; perianth without a crown.

Anthers versatile ; tube of the perianth not greatly elongated. i. Zephyrantlies.

Anthers erect; tube of the perianth several times the length of its lobes. 2. Cooperia. Flowers clustered; perianth with a membranous crown connecting the lower parts of the fila- ments. 3. Hymenocallis. Bulbless herbs, with rootstocks or corms.

Perianth adnate to the whole surface of the ovary; leaves mostly basal.

Tall, fleshy-leaved; anthers versatile. 4. As;ave.

Low, linear-leaved; anthers not versatile. 5. Hypoxis.

Perianth adnate only to the lower part of the ovary; stem leafy; flowers woolly. 6. Lophiola.

I. ZEPHYRANTHES Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 36. 1821.

Glabrous herbs with coated bulbs, narrow leaves, and erect i-flowered scapes, the flower large, erect, pink, white or purple. Perianth funnelform, naked in the throat, with 6 mem- branous equal erect-spreading lobes united below into a tube, subtended by an entire or 2- cleft-bract. Stamens inserted on the throat of the perianth, equal or nearly so; anthers ver- satile. Ovary 3-celled; style long, filiform, 3-cleft at the summit; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity of the ovary. Capsule thin-walled, subglobose or depressed, 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds mostly flattened, black or nearly so. [Greek, signifying wind-flower.]

About 30 species, natives of America. Besides the following, 4 others occur in the southern United States.

444 '

AMARYLLIDACEAE.

I. Zephyranthes Atamasco (L. ) Herb. Atamasco Lily. Stagger-grass. (Fig. 1062.)

AniaiyUis Alamasco L. Sp. PI. 292. 1753. Zepliyranlltes Atamasco Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 36. 1821.

Bulb ovoid, about i' long. Leaves fleshy, somewhat concave, shining, S'-i^' long, about iK''-3'' wide, blunt, usually shorter than the scape; scape terete, erect, 2"-3" in diameter; bract membranous, 2-cleft into acuminate lobes, longer than the ovary; flowers 2'-^%' high, white with a purplish tinge or sometimes light purple; perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the tube; stamens shorter than the tube; stamens shorter than the peri- anth; style longer than the stamens; capsule depressed, about high.

In moist places, southern Pennsylvania (?) ; east- ern Virginia, Florida and Alabama. Perianth rarely 8-lobed. March-June.

2. COOPERIA Herb. Bot. Reg. p/. 1835. 1836. Low herbs with coated bulbs, very narrow grass-like leaves and slender i -flowered scapes, the flower large, long, erect, subtended by a membranous spathe-like bract. Perianth salver- form with 6 oval or ovate spreading lobes united into a tube several times their length, the, tube cylindric or slightly dilated at the summit. Stamens inserted on the throat of the peri- anth; filaments short; anthers linear, erect. Ovary 3-celled; style filiform; stigma slightly 3-lobed; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity of the ovary. Capsule depressed, globose or obovoid, 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds numerous, horizontal, black. [In honor of Daniel Cooper, i8i7?-i842. Curator, Botanical Society of London.]

Two known species, natives of the southwest- ern United States and Mexico.

I. 'Cooperia Drummondii Herb. Drummond's Cooperia. (Fig. 1063.)

Cooperia Driinimondii Herb. Bot. Reg. pi. iSj^. 1836.

Bulb globose, about in diameter. Leaves

6' -12' long, 2"-}," wide, erect; scape slender,

hollow, about as long as the leaves; spathe-like

bract \'-2' long, 2-cleft above into acuminate

lobes \"-()" long; flower 3'-5' high, white or

pinkish; tube of the perianth very slender,

about \ yz" in diameter, slightl}' expanded just

below the limb; segments oblong, obtuse and

cuspidate or acutish, nearly \' long, 2)"-\"

wide, ovary sessile; capsule somewhat obovoid,

about Yz' in diameter, deeply lobed.

On prairies, Kansas to Louisiana, Texas, Mexico and New Mexico. April-July.

3. HYMENOCALLIS Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. i: 338. 1812.

Mostly tall bulbous herbs with usually lanceolate or linear-oblong leaves, and large white sessile or short -pedicelled unibelled flowers on erect solid scapes, each flower subtended by 2 long membranous bracts. Perianth of 6 spreading or recurved narrow equal elongated lobes, united below into a long cylindric tube. Stamens inserted in the top of the perianth- tube, the lower parts of the long filaments connected bj' a membranous cup-like crown; an- thers linear, versatile. Ovarj' 3-celled; ovules onl}' i or 2 in each cavity; style filiform, long- exserted; stigma small, entire or nearly so. Capsiile ovoid or globose, rather flesh}'. Seeds usually only I or 2, large, green, fleshy. [Greek, beautiful membrane, referring to the crown.]

About 30 species, all .American. Besides the following, 10 others occur in the southern States.

1753-

AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 445

I. Hymenocallis occidentalis (Le Conte) Kunth. Hymenocallis. (Fig. 1064.)

Pancratium CaroUniajinni L. Sp. PI. 291. 1753.? Pancratinvi occidentale LeConte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 146. 1830.

Hymenocallis occidentalis Kunth, Enum. 5: 856. 1850.

Bulb large. Leaves linear-oblong, narrowed at each end, fleshy glaucous, i°-2° long, <^"-2' wide; scape stout, equalling or longer than the leaves; bracts linear-lanceolate, lYz'-'i.y'z' long; umbel several-flow- ered; perianth-tube i^''-2" in diameter, 3^-5' long, the linear lobes nearly as long; crown funnelform, narrowed below, \'-\]^' long, its margins entire, erose or 2-toothed between the filaments; free part of the filaments about \' long, white; anthers about yi,' long and Yz" wide, yellow; style extending for 2^-3' beyond the crown, green; fruit (}"~<^" in diameter.

In moist soil, Georgia to southern Illinois and Mis- souri. July-Sept.

4. AGAVE L. Sp. PI. 323.

Fleshy herbs, some tropical species very tall, with a short crown-like or erect rootstock (caudex) and tall bracted scapes, the leaves large, thick, sometimes spiny-toothed, basal, or clustered at the top of the caudex, and large, bracted flowers in terminal spikes or com- pound clusters. Perianth tubular or funnelform, withering-persistent, of 6 erect or spread- ing equal or nearly equal lobes, united below into a tube. Stamens inserted on the peri- anth at the bases of the lobes, exserted; filaments flattened or filiform; anthers versatile. Ovary 3-celled; style slender, exserted, 3-lobed; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity of the ovary. Capsule ovoid, subglobose or oblong, 3-lobed, thick-walled, many-seeded. Seeds compressed, somewhat cuneate, black. [Greek, signifying noble.]

About 140 species, all American. Besides the following, some 12 others occur in the southwest- ern States.

I. Agave Virginica L. False Aloe. (Fig. 1065.)

Agave Virginica L. Sp. PI. 323. 1753.

Glabrous throughout, rootstock a short crown with numerous fibrous roots. Scape 2°-6° tall, rather slender, sometimes nearly Yz' in diameter at the base, its bracts distant, long-acuminate, the lower 3''-6' long; leaves narrowly oblong, >4°-2° long, ^'-2j^' wide, acuminate, their margins en- tire or denticulate; spike i°-2° long, loose; flowers greeni.sh yellow, odorous, .solitary in the axils of short bracts, sessile or the lowest distinctly pedi- celled; perianth nearly tubular, slightly expanded above, long, the tube about twice as long as

the erect lobes; filaments at length about as long as the perianth; capsule ^"-W in diameter, slightly longer than thick, abruptl}' contracted into a short stalk.

In dr>' soil, Maryland to Indiana and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas.

5. HYPOXIS L. Syst. Ed. 10, 2: 986. 1759.

Low, mostly villous herbs with a corm or short rootstock, grass-like leaves and slender few-flowered scapes, the flowers rather small. Perianth 6-parted, its segments equal or nearl}' so, separate to the summit of the ovary, spreading, withering-persistent, the 3 outer ones greenish on the lower side in our species. Stamens inserted on the bases of the peri- anth-segments; filaments short; anthers erect, sagittate or entire. Ovary 3-celled; style short; stigmas 3, erect; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity. Capsule subglobose or oblong, thin-walled, not dehiscent by valves. Seeds globular, black, laterally short-beaked by their stalks. [Greek, originally given to some plant with sour leaves.]

About 50 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southern States.

446

AMARYLLIDACEAE.

I. Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville. Star- grass. (Fig. 1066.)

Orniihogaltim Itirsnluiii L,. Sp. PI. 306. 175.3. Hypoxis erecla I<. Syst. Ed. 10, 2: 986. 1759. Hypoxis hirsuta Coville, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 118. 1894.

Corm ovoid, oblong or globose, yi'-Yz' in diameter, with numerous fibrous roots. Leaves basal, nar- rowly linear, i''-2j4" wide, more or less villous, mostly longer than the scapes; scapes slender, erect, villous above, usually glabrous below, 2'-6' high; flowers 1-6, umbellate; bracts subulate, shorter than the pedicels; perianth-segments narrowly oblong, spreading, mostly obtuse, bright yellow within, greenish and villous without, 2>"-b" long; stamens somewhat unequal; style rather shorter than the sta- mens, 3-angled, the stigmas decurrent on the angles; capsule about \yz" in diameter; seeds angled, black.

In drj' soil, Maine and Ontario to Assiniboia, Florida and Texas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. Maj'-Oct.

6. LOPHIOLA Ker, Bot. Mag. pi. 1596. 1814. An erect perennial herb with slender rootstocks, fibrous roots erect sparingly leafy stems, the leaves narrowly linear and mostly basal, and numerous small yellowish flowers in a ter- minal woolly cymose panicle. Perianth campanulate, persistent, of 6 nearly equal woolly erect-spreading segments, slightly united at the base, and adnate to the lower part of the ovary. Stamens inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments; filaments filiform, short; anthers basifixed. Ovary 3-celled; style subulate, at length 3-cleft; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, tipped with the style, finally loculicidally 3-valved at the sum- mit. Seeds oblong, numerous, ribbed. [Greek, referring to the tufts of wool on the perianth.] A nionotypic genus of southeastern North America.

I. Lophiola Americana (Pursh) Coville. Lophiola. (Fig. 1067.)

Coiiostylis Aniei icana Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 224. 1814. I^ophiola aurea Ker, Bot. Mag. pi. 1396. 1814. Lophiola Americana Coville, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 118. 1894.

Stem stiff, erect, terete, glabrous below, white- woolly above, i°-2° tall. Leaves equitant, gla- brous, much shorter than the stem, the upper ones reduced to bracts; panicle densely white-woolly, composed of numerous few-several-flowered cymes; pedicels short, rather stout, erect or ascending; perianth-segments linear-lanceolate, about 2" long, woolly outside, longer than the stamens and with a tuft of wool at the base within; capsule about as long as the persistent style, shorter than the perianth.

Pine barren bogs, New Jersey to Florida. June-Aug.

Family 24. DIOSCOREACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 359. 1836.

Y.\M F.\MII,V.

Herbaceous or slightly woody twining vines with flesh}' or woody rootstocks, slender stems, petioled, mostly cordate, several-nerved and reticulate-\-eined leaves, alternate or the lower opposite or verticillate, and small inconspicuous dioecious or monoecious (in .some exotic genera perfect) regular flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles. Perianth 6-parted, that of the pistillate flowers persistent. Staminate flowers with 6 or 3 stamens, sometimes with a rudimen- tar\- ovary. Pistillate flowers with an inferior 3-celled ovary, 3 styles and 3 ter- minal stigmas, sometimes also with 3 or 6 staminodia; ovules 2 (rarely i) in each cavit}' of the ovary, pendtilous, anatropous or amphitropotis. Fruit a 3-valved, 3-angled capsule in the following genus. Endosperm of the seed fleshy or cartilaginous, enclcsing the small embryo.

About 9 genera and 175 species, mostly natives of America, a few in the Old World.

YAM FAMILY. 447

I. DIOSCOREA L. Sp. PI. 1032. 1753.

Characters of the family as defined above. [Name in honor of the Greek naturalist Dioscorides. ]

There are about 160 species, most numerous in tropical regions, a few extending into the tem- perate zones. The large fleshy rootstocks of several tropical species furnish the yams of commerce.

I. Dioscorea villosa L.

Dioscorea villosa I,. Sp. PI. 1033. 1753.

Rootstock knotted, horizontal, woody, y^'-i' thick. Stem 6°-i5° long, twining or rarely sub- erect, glabrous; leaves ovate, entire, slender- petioled, alternate or the lower opposite or in 4's, acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, 2'-6' long, i'-a' wide, 9-13-nerved, thin, green and glabrous or nearly so above, pale and more or less pubescent beneath; petioles often longer than the blades; flowers greenish yellow, nearly ses- sile, the staminate \"-il4" broad in drooping panicles 3'-6' long, the pistillate about 3" long in drooping spicate racemes; capsules membranous, yellowish green, 7''-i2" long, strongly 3-winged, containing 2 or sometimes only I flat thin-winged seed in each cavity.

In moist thickets, Rhode Island to Ontario and Min- nesota, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. June- July. Fruit ripe Sept., per- sistent on the vines into the winter.

Wild Yam-root. (Fig. 1068.)

Family 25. IRIDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 382. 1836.

Iris Family.

Perennial herbs with narrow equitant 2-ranked leaves and perfect regular or irregular mostly clu.stered flowers subtended by bracts. Perianth of 6 segments or 6-lobed, its ttibe adnate to the ovary, the segments or lobes in two series, convolute in the bud, withering-persistent. Stamens 3, inserted on the perianth opposite its outer series of segments or lobes; filaments filiform, distinct or united; anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Ovary inferior, mostly 3-celled; ovules mostly numerous in each cell, anatropous; style 3-cleft, its branches sometimes divided. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally dehiscent, 3-angled or 3-lobed (some- times 6-lobed), many-seeded. Endosperm of the seed flesh}^ or hornj'; embrj'o straight, small.

About 57 genera and 1000 species, of wide distribution. Style-branches opposite the anthers, very broad, petal-like. i. Iris.

Style-branches alternate with the anthers, slender or filiform.

Style-branches 2-cleft; plants bulbous. 2. Nemastylis.

Style -branches undivided; plants not bulbous.

Filaments all distinct; seeds fleshy. 3. Gemmingia.

Filaments united; seeds dry. 4. Sisyrincliiiim.

I. IRIS L. Sp. PI. 38. 1753- Herbs with creeping or horizontal, often woody and sometimes tuber-bearing rootstocks, erect stems, erect or ascending equitant leaves, and large regular terminal sometimes pan- icled flowers. Perianth of 6 clawed segments united below into a tube, the 3 outer dilated, spreading or reflexed, the 3 inner narrower, smaller, usually erect, or in some species about as large as the outer. Stamens inserted at the base of the outer perianth-segments; anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 3-celled; divisions of the style petal-like, arching over the stamens, bearing the stigmas immediately under their mostly 2-lobed tips; style-base adnate to the perianth-tube. Capsule oblong or oval, 3-6-angled or lobed, mostly coriaceous. Seeds nu- merous, vertically compressed in i or 2 rows in each cell. [Greek, rainbow, referring to the variegated flowers.]

About 100 species, mostly in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 8 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The names Floiter-de-lvce and Fleur- de-lis are applied to the species.

29

448

IRIDACEAE.

Stems tall, usually several-flowered, leafy; outer perianth-seg-ments largrer than Flowers blue, variegated with yellow, white or green (rarely all white). None of the perianth-segments crested; native species. Leaves wide.

Leaves somewhat glaucous. Leaves bright green, not glaucous.

Outer perianth-segments 3'-4' long; flowers sessile. Outer perimth-segments 2!2'-3' long; flowers pedicelled Leaves much narrower, 2"-4" wide. Capsule obtusel}' angled, 3-6-lobed Capsule .^-lobed; northern. Capsule 6-lobed; western. Capsule sharply 3-angled. Outer perianth-segments strongly crested; introduced. Flowers reddish or red-brown. Flowers bright j-ellow; introduced species. Stems low, seldom over 6' tall, 1-3-flowered; outer and inner perianth-segments Outer perianth-segments crested; leaves lanceolate.

Perianth-tube \ery slender, exceeding the bracts. 10. Perianth-tube expanded above, not exceeding the bracts. 11, Outer perianth-segments crested, claws slightl}- pubescent; leaves linear. 12.

the inner.

I. /. versicolor.

I. Iiexagona. I. Caroliniana.

I. Hookcri. I. Missouriensis. I. prismaiica. I. Germanica. I.fulva. I. Pseudacorus. nearly equal.

/. crislala. I. lacustris. I. vcrna.

I. Iris versicolor L.

Larger Blue Flag. (Fig. 1069.)

Iris versicolor 1^. Sp. PI. 39. 1753. Iris Virginica L. Sp. PI. 39. 1753.

Rootstock horizontal, thick, fleshy, covered with the fibrous roots. Stems terete or nearlj' so, straight or flexuous, 2°- 3° tall, ofteu branched above, leafy; leaves erect, shorter than the stem, somewhat glaucous, (i"-\2" wide; bracts coin- monly longer than the pedicels, the lower one sometimes foliaceous; flowers several, violet-blue, variegated with yellow, green and white; perianth- segments glabrous, crestless, the outer ones spatu- late, 2'-3' long, longer and wider than the inner; perianth-tube dilated upward, shorter than the ovary; capsule oblong, obscurely 3-lobed, about xYz' long and 8" in diameter; seeds 2"-3^' broad, in 2 rows in each cell.

In marshes, thickets, and wet meadows, Newfound- land to Manitoba, south to Florida and Arkansas. May-July.

2. Iris hexagona Walt. Southern Blue Flag. (Fig. 1070.)

Iris hexagona Walt. Fl. Car. 66. 1788.

Rootstock stout, thick. Stems terete, usualh' simple, straight or flexuous, leafy, i°-3° tall; leaves Yz'-iYz' wide, green, not glaucous, the lower often 2°-3° long; flowers solitary in the upper axils, ses- sile, similar to those of /. versicolor, but larger, the broader outer crestless perianth segments often 4' long and over \' wide, much wider than the erect inner ones; perianth-tube rather longer than the ovary, a little dilated upward; capsule oblong cylin- dric, 6-angled, about 1' long; seeds in 2 rows in each cavity.

In swamps. South Carolina and Florida to Kentucky, Missouri and Texas. April-May.

IRIS FAMILY.

449

3. Iris Caroliniana S. Wats. Carolina Blue Flag. (Fig. 1071.)

Iris Caroliniana S. Wats, in A. Graj', Man. Ed. 6, 514. 1890.

Rootstock stout, fleshy. Stem rather stout, simple or branched 2°-3° tall, equalled or exceeded by the bright green leaves which are W-i%' wide; flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together, lilac, variegated with yel- low, purple and brown, pedicelled; pedicels somewhat shorter than the bracts; outer perianth-segments broadly spatulate, lY^'-},' long, with narrow claws, the inner narrower and nearly erect; perianth-tube about Yz' long above the ovary; capsule oblong, ob- tusely 3-angled, lY^'-'^' long; seeds in i row in each cavity, i,"-^" broad.

In swamps, southern Virginia and eastern North Caro- lina. ISIay-June.

4. Iris Hookeri Penny. Hooker'. s Blue Flag. (Fig. 1072.)

Iris Hookeri Penny; Steud. Nomencl. Ed, 2, Part i, 822. 1840.

Rootstock rather slender. Stems slender, simple or branched, terete, 10^-20^ tall. Leaves mostly basal, narrowly linear, bright green, shorter than or equalling the stem, wide; flowers solitary

or 2 together, pedicelled, the pedicels shorter than the bracts; perianth-segments glabrous, crestless, the inner ones oblanceolate, much shorter and smaller than the outer; capsule short-oblong, lYz' long, ']"~\o" in diameter, thin-walled, trans- versely veined, obtusely 3-lobed; seeds in 2 rows in each cavity, about lY^" broad.

On river shores, Newfoundland to Quebec and Maine. Summer.

5. Iris Missouriensis Nutt. Western Blue Flag. (Fig. 1073.)

Iris Missouriensis Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 58. 1834.

Rootstock stout. Stem rather slender, usually simple, terete, 6'-2° tall, 1-2-flowered; leaves mostly basal, green, sometimes purplish below, shorter than or about equalling the stem, 2"-^" wide; flowers pale blue and variegated, pedicelled; pedicels slender, Y'-i' long, usually shorter than the scarious bracts; perianth-segments glabrous, crestless, the outer ones 2'-2Y' long, the inner somewhat shorter, the tube 2)"-A" long above the ovarj'; capsule oblong, I'-ij^' long, about Y2' in diameter, obtusely 6-angled, faintly veined.

In wet soil, South Dakota to Montana and Nevada, south to Colorado and Arizona. May-July.

450

IRIDACEAE.

6. Iris prismatica Pursli. Slender Blue Flag. (Fig. 1074.)

Iris Virginica Muhl. Cat. 4. 1813. Not L. 1753. Iris prismatica Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 30. 1814. Iris gracilis Fl. Bost. 12. 1814.

Rootstock rather slender, tuberous-thickened. Stems slender, often flexuous, i°-3° tall, usually simple, bearing 2 or 3 leaves; leaves almost grass- like, lYz" -iYt." wide, mostly shorter than the stem; flowers solitary or 2 together, blue veined with yellow, slender-pedicelled; pedicels com- monly longer than the bracts; outer perianth-seg- ments \yz'~2' long, glabrous and crestless, the in- ner smaller and narrower, the tube 2''-3'' long above the ovary; capsule narrowly oblong, acute at each end, sharply 3-angled, I'-ij^' lo^ig. 3"-4" thick; seeds about \" broad, thick, borne in i row in each cavity.

In wet grounds, New Brunswick to Pennsylvania and North Carolina, mainly near the coast. May-June.

7. Iris Germanica L. Fleur-de-lis. (Fig. 1075.)

Iris Germanica L. vSp. PI. 38. 1753.

Rootstock thick. Stems stout, usually branched and several-flowered, 2°-3° tall, bearing several leaves. Leaves glaucous, W-2' wide, the basal ones mostly shorter than the stem; bracts scarious; flowers nearly sessile in the bracts, large and very showy, deep violet-blue veined with yellow and brown or sometimes white; outer perianth -segments broadly obovate, 3^-4' long, their claws strongly crested; inner perianth-segments narrower, arching.

Escaped from gardens to roadsides in Virginia. Native of Europe. May-June.

Iris Duerinckii Buckley, Am. Journ. Sci. 45; 176, de- scribed from specimens collected at St. I^ouis, Mo., but doubtless cultivated, appears to be /. apliylla L,., a native of central Europe.

8. Iris fulva Ker. Red-brown Flag. (Fig. 1076.)

Iris fulva Ker, Bot. Mag. pi. 14^6. 1812. Iris cuprea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 30. 1814.

Rootstock stout, fleshy. Stems rather slender, 2°-3° tall, simple or branched, several-flowered and bearing 2-4 leaves; leaves pale green and some- what glaucous, shorter than or equalling the stem, ■xf'-W wide; pedicels Yz'-i' long, shorter than the bracts; flowers reddish brown, variegated with blue and green; perianth-segments glabrous, crest- less, the outer ones i%'-2' long, the inner smaller, spreading; style-branches 2"-^'^ wide.

In swamps, southern Illinois to Georgia and Louisi- ana, west to Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. May-June.

IRIS FAMILY.

451

g. Iris Pseudacorus L. Yellow Flag. (Fig. 1077.)

Iris Psetidacoi us I,. Sp. PI. 38. 1753.

Rootstock thick. Stems i>^°-3° high, usually sev- eral-flowered; leaves pale green and glaucous, stiff, 4"-8'' wide, the lower equalling or longer than the stem; flowers bright yellow, short-pedicelled; peri- anth-segments glabrous and crestless, the outer broadly obovate, 2'-2^' long, the inner oblong, nearly erect, scarcely longer than the claws of the outer ones; capsule oblong, 2^-3' long.

In marshes, Massachusetts to New York (Ohio?) and New Jersey. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. May-July.

10. Iris cristata Ait. Crested Dwarf Iri,s. (Fig. 1078.)

Tris crislata Ait. Hort. Kew. i: 70. 1789.

Rootstock slender, branched, creeping, tuber- ous-thickened. Stems only high, 1-2- flowered; leaves lanceolate, bright green, \'-<^' long, 2>"-9" wide, much exceeding the stems; scape flattened, flowers blue, pedicelled; peri- anth-segments obovate, I'-i^' long, the outer crested, little longer than the naked inner ones, the tube very slender, lYz'-^Yz' long above the ovary, longer than the bracts; capsule oval, sharply triangular, narrowed at each end, 6''- 9" high, thick.

On hillsides and along streams, Maryland to southern Ohio and Indiana, south to Georgia, Ten- nessee and Missouri. April-May.

II. Iris lacustris Nutt. Dwarf Lake Iris. (Fig. 1079.)

Iris lacus/ris 'Nntt. Gen. 1:23. 1818.

Similar to the preceding species in size and foliage, or the leaves rather narrower, some- times wavy-margined. Flowers blue; perianth- tube only >^'-i' long, shorter than the bracts and the sometimes yellowish perianth- segments, somewhat expanded upward; capsule ovoid, about 8'^ high, borne on a pedicel of about its own length.

Shores of Lakes Huron and Superior. Local. Reported from the following localities: Presque Isle, Mackinac City, Bois Blanc Island and Drum- mond's Island, Mich.; Bruce Peninsula and South- ampton, Ont. May.

452 IRIDACKAE. 12. Iris verna L. Dwarf Iris. (Fig. 1080.)

Iris verna L. Sp. PI. 39. 1753.

Rootstock slender. Stems i'-3' higb, usually i- flowered. Leaves narrowly linear, 3'-8' high, 1"-^" wide; flowers violet-blue or rarely white, pedicelled; perianth- segments crestlcss, the outer about ij^'long, obovate, narrowed into slightly pubescent slender 3'el- low claws, the inner somewhat smaller, glabrous; capsule obtusely triangular, short.

On shaded hillsides and in woods, southern Pennsylva- nia to Virginia, Kentucky and Georgia. Rootstock de- scribed as " pungently spicy." April-Maj'.

2. NEMASTYLIS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 157. 1833-37. [EusTVLis Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 3: 235. 1S45.] Bulbous herbs with erect slender terete usually branched stems and elongated linear folded leaves. Flowers rather large, in our species blue or purple, solitary or several to- gether, fugacious, subtended by 2 herbaceous bracts. Perianth of 6 spreading nearly equal obovate segments, distinct nearly or quite to the summit of the ovary. Filaments more or less united; anthers short; style short, its branches alternate with the anthers, each slen- derl}' 2-parted; stigmas small, terminal. Capsule oblong, ovoid or obovoid, loculicidally dehiscent at the summit. [Greek, referring to the thread-like style-branches.]

About 10 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 3 others occur in the southern United States.

I. Nemastylis acuta (Bart.) Herb. Northern iSTemast}-! is. (Fig. 1081.)

I.via acuta Bart. Fl. N. A. 2: 89. pi. 66. 1822. Nemaslylis s;enimiflora Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.

(II.)5:i5>. 1833-37. Nemaslylis acuta Herb. Bot. Mag. pi. 3779. 1839-40.

Bulb dark colored, ovoid, scaly, \' or less long. Stem i°-2° tall, bearing 3 or 4 leaves, 3''-io' long, "i-Yz" -'^Yz" wide; bracts lanceolate, each pair sub- tending I or 2 flowers; flowers light blue or pur- ple, \'-2' broad, slender-pedicelled; pedicels rather shorter than the bracts; perianth-segments oblong- obovate, obtuse; style-branches exserted between the free parts of the filaments, their filiform divi- sions long; capsule obovoid, ^"-d" high, T/'-i/' in diameter.

On prairies, Tennessee to Kansas and .\rkansas, south to Louisiana and Texas. April-June.

3. GEMMINGIA Fabr. Entim. PI. Hort. Helm. 1759. [Belamcanda Adaus. Fam. PI. 2: 60. 1763.] [Pardanthus Ker, in Koenig & Sims, Ann. Bot. i: 246. 1805.] An erect perennial herb, with short stout rootstocks and /m-like leaves. Flowers in terminal bracted clusters, rather large, orange and purple-mottled. Perianth of 6 oblong spreading nearly equal withering-persistent segments, distinct very nearly to the summit of the ovary. Stameus inserted on the bases of the segments; filaments distinct; anthers linear- oblong. Stjde very slender, enlarged above, the 3 slender undivided branches alternate with the anthers. Capsule fig-shaped, obovoid, thin-walled, loculicidalh- 3-valved, the valves re- curving, finally falling away, exposing the mass of black fleshy seeds, which are borne on a central axis.

A monotypic genus of eastern Asia.

IRIS FAMILY.

453

I. Gemmingia Chinensis (L.) Kuntze. Blackberr}^ Lil}'. (Fig. 1082.)

Ixia Chinensis 1,. Sp. PI. 36. 1753. Belamcanda Chinensis DC. in Red. L,il. 3: pi. 121. 1807.

Pardanthus Chinensis Ker, in Koenig & Sims, Ann. Bot. i: 246. 1805.

Stem rather stout, tall, leafy. Leaves

pale green, nearly erect, equitant, folded, 8'- 10' long, 8'^-i2'' wide, the two sides united above the middle; bracts lanceolate, much shorter than the leaves, the upper ones sea rious; flowers several or numerous, ly^'-'z' broad; perianth-segments obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, persistent and coiled to- gether on the ovary after flowering, mottled with crimson and purple on the upper side; capsule about \' high and rather more than y^' in diameter, truncate or rounded at the sum- mit; mass of globose seeds erect, resembling a blackberry, whence the common name.

On hills and along roadsides, southern New York to Georgia, Indiana and Missouri. Natural- ized from Asia. June-July. Fruit ripe July-.Sept.

4. SISYRINCHIUM L. Sp. PI. 954. 1753. Perennial tufted slender herbs, with short rootstocks, simple or branched 2-edged or 2- winged stems, linear grass-like leaves, and rather small mostly blue terminal flowers um- bellate from a pair of erect green bracts. Perianth-tube short or none, the 6 spreading seg- ments oblong or obovate, equal, mostly aristulate. Filaments united to above the middle in our species. Ovary 3-celled, each cavity several ovuled. Style-branches filiform, un- divided, alternate with the anthers. Capsule globose, oval or obovoid, loculicidally 3- valved. Seeds subglobose or ovoid, smooth or pitted, dry.

About 70 species, all American. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the Western States. Those here described have all been referred to Bermiidiana L., by American authors.

The two bracts equal or nearly so; stems usually branched above.

Leaves i"-3" wide; capsule subglobose, 2"-3" in diameter when mature. i. 5". grarninoides.

Leaves Vi," -\V^" wide; capsule oval, i"-2" in diameter when mature. 2. Ailaniicum.

The lower of the bracts longer than the upper; stems mostly simple. 3. S. angustifolium .

I. Sisyrinchium grarninoides Bicknell. Stout Blue

Sisyrinchium anceps S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed.

6, 515. 1890. Not Cav. Sisyrinchium grarninoides Bicknell, Bull. Torr.

Club, 23: 133. 1896.

Rather light green, somewhat glaucous; stem hroadly 2-winged, stout, erect, or reclining, 8'- 18^ tall, usually terminating in two unequal tranches subtended by a conspicuous grassy leaf. Basal leaves equalling or shorter than the stem, wide; often lax and grass-like; edges of stems and leaves usually perceptibly rough-ser- rulate; bracts \' long or less, green, nearly or quite equal but the outer one occasionally pro- longed; umbels 2-4-flowered; pedicels filiform, %"-\'2,'f long, exceeding the bracts, finally often spreading or recurved; flowers (i"-<:)" broad; petals sparsely pubescent on outer surface; cap- sule subglobose, '^Yz''-^)" in diameter when mature; seeds black, nearly globular, about Yz"- Yt," in diameter, pitted.

In grassy places, in moist or dryish soil, sometimes in woods, Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana. Plant dark in drying. April-June.

Gra.ss.

1083.)

454 IRIDACEAE.

2. Sisyrinchium Atlanticum Bicknell. Eastern Blue-eyed Grass,

(Fig. 1084.)

Sisyrinchium Allanlictim Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 134. 1896.

Similar to the preceding, but paler, glaucous green, often more tufted, the stem more slender and weaker, rather narrowly 2-winged, very smooth-edged, sometimes 2° long and reclin- ing, terminating in two or three mostly sub- equal branches, often also with one or two lat- eral ones; branches slender and wiry, often recurved and forming a distinct angle with the floral bracts. Leaves narrower, rarely over \" wide, the basal ones usually much shorter than the stem; bracts nearly or quite equal, narrow, mostly somewhat scarious, often pur- plish; flowers slightly smaller; outer surface of perianth and young capsule minutely downy; capsules 2-7, usually 5, on generally erect pedi- cels, 7"-io" long; oval, \"-2" long and lyi" in diameter; seeds oval, subglobose, Yz" in diameter, dark, faintly pitted or nearly smooth.

In moist fields, meadows and brackish marshes, often in sandy soil, Newfoundland to Florida, mainly near the coast. May-June.

3. Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill.

Pointed Blue-eyed Grass. (Fig. 1085.)

5'. angustifolium Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 7. 1759. Sisyrinchiuvi anceps Cav. 6: 345. pi. igo. f. 2. 1788. 5. mucronalum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 33. 1803.

Pale glaucous green, stems 2-edged, scarcely 2- winged, slender, rigid, erect, y-14' tall, simple, or very rarely forking into 2 branches above. Leaves commonly all basal, rigid and often almost setaceous, the edges rough or smooth, wide, shorter

than the stem; bracts very unequal, sometimes pur- plish, the lower one usually about twice as long as the upper; flowers 6''-8" broad; pedicels erect, about 8'' long, shorter than the lower bract; capsule sub- globose, 7."-2)" in diameter; seeds large, yz"-%" long, somewhat obovoid, faintly pitted or nearly smooth, brown.

In fields and meadows, Newfoundland to British Co- lumbia, Virginia, Kansas and Colorado. May-Aug.

Family 26. MAR ANT ACE AE Lindl. Nat. Syst. 1830. Arrowroot Family.

Tall herbs, perennial b}' rootstocks or tubers, or .sometimes annual, with scapose or leafy stems, mostl}^ large entire long-petioled sheathing leaves, often swollen at the base of the blade, the veins pinnate, parallel. Flowers perfect or sometimes polygamous, irregular, in panicles, racemes or spikes. Perianth su- perior, its segments distinct to the summit of the ovary or united into a tube, normally in 2 series of 3, the outer (sepals) usualh^ different from the inner (petals). Perfect stamen i; anthers 1-2-celled. Staminodia mostly 5, often petal-like, separate or united by their bases, ver^' irregular. Ovarj^ 1-3-celled, inferior; ovule i in each cavity, anatropous; stj'le .slender, cur\'ed, terminal; stigma simple. Fruit capstilar or berry-like, 1-3-celled. Seed solitary in each cavity. Embryo central, in copious endosperm.

About 12 genera and 160 species, mostly in the tropics, a few in warm-temperate regions.

ARROWROOT FAMILY. I. THALIA L. Sp. PI. 1 193. 1753.

455

Annual (or perennial?) herbs, with large long-petioled basal leaves, erect simple scapes and terminal panicled spikes of bracted usually purple flowers. Sepals 3, membranous, sepa- rate, equal. Petals 3, separate or somewhat coherent at the base. Staminodia slightly united below, one of them (labellum) broad, crested. Anther i-celled. Ovary i-celled or with 2 additional small empty cavities. Base of the style adnate to the base of the stamen-tube. Stigma 2-lipped, dorsally appendaged. Capsule globose or ovoid. Seed solitary, erect. Embryo strongly curved. [In honor of Johann Thalius, German naturalist of the sixteenth century.]

About 7 species, all American. Besides the following, another occurs in the Southern States.

1. Thalia dealbata Rcscoe. Powdery Thalia. (Fig. 1086.)

Thalia dealbaia Roscoe, Trans. L,inn. Sec. 8: 340. 1807.

Plant finely white-powdery nearly all over. Scapes rather stout, terete, 3°-6° tall; petioles i°- 2^° long, terete; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded, narrowed or sub- cordate at the base, long, 3'-5' wide; pan- icle 8'-i8' long, its spikes numerous, usually erect or ascending; bracts of the panicle narrow, decid- uous, not longer than the spikes; bractlets ovate, unequal, coriaceous, about Yz' long; flowers pur- ple, longer than the bractlets; capsule ovoid, about \" in diameter.

In ponds and swamps, South Carolina to Louisiana, Missouri and Texas.

Family 27. BURMANNIACEAE Blume, Enum. PI. Jav. i: 27. 1830.*

BuRMANNiA Family.

Low annual herbs, with filiform stems and fibrous roots. Leaves basal or reduced to cauline scales or bracts. Flowers regular, perfect, the perianth with 6 small thick lobes, its tube adnate to the ovary. Stamens 3 or 6, included, in- serted on the tube of the, perianth; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehis- cent. Style slender; stigmas 3, dilated; ovary inferior, with 3 central or parietal placentae. Ovules numerous. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds minute, oblong; endosperm none.

Ten genera and about 60 species, widely distributed in tropical regions. The family is repre- sented in North America by the following genus and Apteria of the Gulf States.

I. BURMANNIA L. Sp. PI. 287. 1753.

Erect herbs, with simple stems and small alternate scale-like or bract-like leaves. Tube of the perianth strongly 3-angled or 3-winged, the 3 outer lobes longer than the inner. Sta- mens 3, opposite the inner perianth-lobes. Filaments very short; connective of the anthers prolonged beyond the sacs into a 2-cleft crest. Ovary 3-celled, with 3 thick 2-lobed central placentae; stigmas globose or 2-lobed. Capsule crowned by the persistent perianth, open- ing by irregular lateral ruptures. [In honor of Johann Burmann, Dutch botanist of the eighteenth century.]

About 20 species, natives of warm regions. Besides the following another occurs in the south- eastern States.

* Text contributed by the late Rev. Thomas Morong.

456

BURMANNIACEAE.

I. Burmannia biflora L. Northern Burmannia. (Fig. 1087.)

Burmannia biflora L. Sp. PI. 287. 1753. Triplcrella coerttlea Nutt. Gen. i: 22. 1818.

Stems very slender, 2'-6' high, from a few fibrous roots, simple or forked above. Flowers I or several, often 2, terminal. Angles of the perianth-tube conspicuously winged, the outer lobes ovate, acute, the inner linear and in- cur\'ed; seeds very numerous, oblong-linear, sparingly striate, escaping through irregular fissures in the sides of the capsule.

Ill swamps and bogs, .Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Sept. -Nov.

Family 28.

1836.=

ORCHIDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Kd. 2, 336. Orchid Family.

Perennial herbs, with corms, bulbs or tuberous roots, .sheathing entire leaves, sometimes reduced to scales, the flowers perfect, irregular, bracted, solitary, spiked or racemed. Perianth superior, of 6 segments, the 3 otiter (sepals) sim-, ilar or nearh' so, 2 of the inner ones (petals) lateral, alike; the third inner one (lip) dissimilar, often markedh' so, usually larger, often spurred, .sometimes in- ferior by torsion of the ovary or pedicel. Stamens variou.sly united with the style into an unsymmetrical column; anther i or in Cypripcdiiim 2, 2-celled; pol- len in 2-8 pear-shaped usuall}- stalked masses (pollinia), united by elastic threads, the masses waxy or powdery, attached at the base to a vLscid disk (gland). Style often terminating in a beak (ro.stellum) at the base of the anther or be- tween its sacs. Stigma a viscid surface, facing the lip beneath the rostellum, or in a cavity between the anther-sacs (clinandrium). Ovar}' inferior, usually long and twisted, 3-angled, i-celled; ovules numerous, anatropous, on 3 parie- tal placentae. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds very numerous, minute, mostlj' spindle shaped, the loose coat hyaline, reticulated; endo.sperm none; embryo fleshy.

About 410 genera and 5000 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in the tropics, many of those of warm regions epiphytes.

Anthers 2; lip a large inflated sac. i. Cypripedium.

Anthers solitary.

Anther-sacs divergent; pollinia with a caudicle which is attached at base to a viscid disk or gland. Glands enclosed in a pouch. 2. Orchis.

Glands not enclosed in a pouch. 3. Habenaria.

Anther-sacs parallel; pollinia not produced into a caudicle (except apparently in no. 14). Pollinia granulose or powdery.

Flowers solitarj' or few; anther incumbent on a column 4" long or less. Lip crested with straight, somewhat fleshy hairs.

Column clavate; lip free. 4. Pogonia.

Column linear, dilated above, the Hp adherent to its base. 5. Arethusa. Lip bearded with long club-shaped hairs. 15. Liniodorinn.

Flowers numerous, in spikes or racemes; anther erect, jointed to a column not over 2" long.

Anther operculate; leaves broad, alternate. Anther not operculate.

Leaves green, borne on the stem.

Leaves alternate; spike mostly twisted. Leaves 2, opposite; spike not twisted. Leaves white-reticulated, basal. Pollinia smooth and waxj-.

Plants with corms or solid bulbs; leaves basal or cauline. Leaves unfolding before or with the flowers.

Leaf cauline; lip ovate, or auricled at the base. Leaf or leaves basal.

Leaves 2; lip flat; flowers racemed. Leaf i; lip saccate; flower solitar3-.

6. Epipaclis.

Gyrost achys. Li si era. Periamium.

10. Achroanliies.

II. 12.

Leplorclns. Calypso.

*Text contributed by the late Rev. Thom.\s Morong.

ORCHID FAMILY.

457

Leaf I, basal, unfolding after the flowering time.

Flowers long-spurred; lip 3-lobed. 14. Tipularia.

Flowers not spurred; lip .vridged. 17. Apleclrum. Plants with coralloid roots, bulbless, the leaves reduced to scales.

PoUinia 4, in 2 pairs; flowers gibbous or spurred. 13. Corallorhiza.

Pollinia 8, united; flowers not gibbous nor spurred. 16. Hexaleclris.

I. CYPRIPEDIUM L. Sp. PI. 951. 1753.

Glandular-pubescent herbs, with leafy stems or scapes and tufted roots of thick fibres. Leaves large, broad, many-nerved. Flowers solitary or several, drooping, large, showy. Sepals spreading, separate, or 2 of them united under the lip. Lip a large inflated sac. Column declined, bearing a sessile or stalked anther on each side and a dilated petaloid sterile stamen above, which covers the summit of the style. Pollinia granular, without a caudicle or glands. Stigma terminal, broad, obscurely 3-lobed. [Name Greek, Venus' sock or buskin.]

About 40 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in western North America. Sepals separate ; stem leafy, i-flowered. Lateral sepals more or less united.

Plant 2-leaved; scape i-flowered. 2. Stem leafy to the top, i -several-flowered.

Sepals and petals not longer than the lip. Sepals and petals longer than the lip. Sterile stamen lanceolate; lip white. Sterile stamen triangular; lip yellow. Lip iK'-2' long, pale yellow. Lip 7"-i5" long, bright yellow.

1. Cypripedium arietinum R. Br.

Ram's-head lyadies' Slipper. (Fig. 1088.)

Cypripedium arietinum R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed.

2, 5: 222. 1813.

Stem 8'-i2' high, i-flowered. Leaves 3 or 4, el- liptic or lanceolate, 2^-4' long, /^'-^ wide; sepals separate, lanceolate, S"-io" long, longer than the lip; petals linear, greenish brown, about as long as the sepals; Hp y'^-S'' long, red and white, veiny, prolonged at the apex into a long blunt spur, some- what distorted at the upper end which resembles a ram's head, whence the specific name.

In cold and damp woods, Quebec to Ontario, New York and Minnesota. May-Aug.

C. arieiimivi. C. acaule. C. I'eginae.

C. candidum.

C. hirsulicm. C. parviflorum.

2. Cypripedium acaule Ait. Moccasin Flower. Noah's Ark. Stemless Ladies' Slipper. (Fig. 1089.)

Cypripedium acaule Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 303. 1789.

Scape d'-ii' high, i -flowered. Leaves 2, basal, elliptic, 6'-8'' long, 2^-3^ wide, thick; oc- casionally a smaller leaf is borne on the scape; sepals greenish purple, spreading, ^Yz'-i' long, lanceolate, the 2 lateral ones united; petals nar- rower and somewhat longer than the sepals; lip often over i' long, somewhat obovoid, folded inwardly above, pink with darker veins or sometimes white, the upper part of its interior surface crested with long white hairs; sterile stamen triangular, acuminate, keeled inside.

In sandy or rocky woods, Newfoundland to On- tario, south to North Carolina, Kentucky and Min- nesota. Ascends to 4500 ft. in Virginia. The hairs on the lower part of the bract and on the base of the ovary are often tipped with scarlet glands. Flower fragrant. May-June.

458

ORCHIDACEAE.

3. Cypripedium reginae Walt. Showy Ladies' Slipper. (Fig. 1090.)

Cypripedium reginae Walt. Fl. Car. 222. 17 Cypripedixivi album Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 303.

1789.

Cypripedium speclabile Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. i: 78. 1791.

Stem stout, i°-2° high, leafy to the top. Leaves elliptic, acute, loiig. i'-4' wide,

flowers 1-3; sepals round-ovate, white, not longer than the lip, the lateral ones united for their whole length; petals somewhat narrower than the sepals, white; lip much inflated, over \' long, variegated with purple and white stripes; stamen cordate-ovate.

In swamps and woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia. June-Sept.

4. Cypripedium candidum Willd. Small White Ladies' Slipper. (Fig. 1091.)

Cypripedium candidum Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 142. 1S05.

Stem 6'-i2' high, leafy. Leaves 3 or 4, elliptic or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, long, 8'''-

16" wide, with several obtuse sheathing scales be- low them; bracts \'-2' long, lanceolate; flower soli- tary; sepals lanceolate, longer than the lip, green- ish, purple spotted; petals somewhat longer and narrower than the sepals, wavy-twisted, greenish; lip white, striped with purple inside, about \o" long; sterile stamen lanceolate.

In bogs and meadows, New York and New Jersey to Minnesota and ]SIissouri. Maj--July.

5. Cypripedium hirsutum Mill.

Large Yellow Ladies' Slipper. (Fig. 1092.)

Cypripedium hirsutum Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8,

no. 3. 1768. Cypripedium pubescens Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 143.

1805.

Stems leafy, i°-2° high. Leaves oval or elliptic, 2>'-5' long, i>^''-3'' wide, acute or acuminate; sepals ovate-lanceolate, usually longer than the lip, yellowish or greenish, striped with purple; petals narrower, usually twisted; lip much inflated, i'-2' long, pale yellow with purple lines; its interior with a tuft of white jointed hairs at the top; sterile stamen triangular; stigma thick, somewhat triangular, incurved.

In woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Alabama and Nebraska. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. Petals often elongated. May-July.

ORCHID FAMILY.

459

6. Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Small Yellow Ladies' Slipper. (Fig. 1093.)

Cypripedium parvifloi iini Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. i; 77. 1791.

Stems i°-2° high, slender, leafy. Leaves oval, elliptic or lanceolate, 2'-6' long, i'-2%' wide; sepals and petals longer than the lip; petals usually twisted; lip "j^-i^" long, bright yellow, more or less marked with pur- ple stripes, spots or blotches; sterile stamen triangular, yellow and purple spotted like the lip.

In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to British Columbia and Washington, south along the mountains to Georgia, and to Missouri. As- cends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. Similar to the preceding species, with which it appears to in- tergrade, or of which it may be but a form, but usually distinguished by the smaller size and brighter yellow color of the lip. Sepals and petals sometimes purple. Mas'-July.

2. ORCHIS L. Sp. PI. 939. 1753.

Roots of numerous fleshy fibres, stems in our species scape-like, 1-2-leaved at the base. Flowers in short terminal spikes. Sepals separate, subequal, spreading or connivent. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip connate with the base of the column, produced below into a spur. Column short, scarcely extending beyond the base of the lip. Anther 2-celled, the sacs contiguous and slightly divergent; pollinia granulose, i large mass in each sac, pro- duced into a slender caudicle, the end of which is attached to a small gland. Stigma a hol- lowed surface between the anther-sacs, the rostellum a knob-like projection under the an- ther. Glands enclosed in a pouch. Capsule oblong, erect, without a beak. [Name ancient.]

About 80 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Onlj- the following are known iti North America.

Plant 2-leaved at the base. i. O. spectabilis.

Plant i-leaved at the base. 2. O. rotundifolia.

Orchis spectabilis L. Showy Orchis. (Fig. 1094.)

Orchis speclabilis L. Sp. PI. 943. 1753.

Stems 4'- 1 2' high, thick, fleshy, 5-angled. Leaves 2, near the base of the stem, with i or 2 scales below them, obovate, sometimes 8' long and 4' wide, but usually smaller, clammy to the touch; spike 3-6-flowered; flowers about \' long, violet- purple mixed with lighter purple and white; bracts foliaceous, sheathing the ovaries; sepals united in an arching galea; petals connivent under the sepals, more or less attached to them; lip whitish, diver- gent, entire, about as long as the petals; spur ob- tuse, about 8" long; column violet on the back; capsule about \' long, strongly angled.

In rich woods. New Brunswick to Ontario and Min- nesota, south to Georgia, Kentucky and Nebraska. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. April-June.

460

ORCHIDACEAE.

2. Orchis rotundifolia Pursh. Small Round-leaved Orchis. (Fig. 1095.)

Orchis spectabilis Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 588 1814.

Platanthera rotundifolia Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 292. 1835.

Stem slender, S'-io' high, i-leaved near the base. Leaf varying from nearly orbicular to oval, i/^'-s' long, wide, with i or 2 sheathing scales below it; spike 2-6-flowered ; flowers 6"-8" long", subtended by small bracts; lateral sepals spreading, sometimes longer than the petals; sepals and petals oval, rose- color; lip white, purple spotted, longer than the petals, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger, dilated, 2-lobed or notched at the apex; spur slender, shorter than the lip.

In damp woods, Greenland to the Rocky Mountains, Maine, New York and Minnesota. June-July.

3. HABENARIA Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 44. 1805.

Herbs, with thick fibrous or tuberous roots, our species with leafy stems. Flowers greenish, white, purple or yellow, mostly in spikes or racemes. Sepals equal or nearly so, separate, or coherent at the base, the lateral ones usually spreading. Petals mostly smaller than the sepals; lip spreading, or drooping, with a spur at its base, entire, or 3-5-cleft, or lacerate. Column very short. Anther-sacs elevated, more or less divergent. PoUinia coarsely granular; caudicles short; glands naked. [Latin; a rein or strap.]

About 400 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.

Leaves only 2, basal.

Scape bracted.

Scape naked. Leaf solitary.

Leaves several or numerous. Lip not 3-parted. Lip entire.

Ovary not twisted.

Ovarj' more or less twisted.

Lip lanceolate; flowers greenish yellow. Lip rhombic, dilated at the base; flowers white. Lip crenulate or erose-dentate; flowers orange-yellow. Lip 2-3-toothed.

Lip toothed at the apex.

Spur sac-like, shorter than the ovary. Spur slender, longer than the ovary. Lip with an obtuse tooth on each side at the base, and a central

Lip pectinately fringed.

Spur half as long as the ovary; flowers yellow. Spur longer than the ovarj'. Flowers bright j-ellow. Flowers white. Lip 3-parted.

Segments of the lip deeply fringed.

Segments narrow; fringe of a few threads. Segments broadly fan-shaped; fringe copious.

Segments fringed to the middle; flowers white. Segments fringed to about one-third or less; flowers lilac. . Raceme 2'-2j^' thick; lip M' -\' broad. Raceme thick; lip 4"-6" broad.

Segments of the lip cut-toothed; flowers violet-purple.

1. H. orbiculata.

2. H. Hookeriana.

3. H. obtusala.

4. H. nivea.

5. H. hyperborea.

6. H. dilala/a.

7. H. integra.

8. H. braclea/a. q. H. clavellala. tubercle.

10. H.flava.

11. H. cristala.

12. H. ciliaris.

13. H. blepharigloltis.

14. H. lacera.

15. H. leucophaea.

16. H. grandiflora. 17- //• psy codes.

18. H. peramoena.

ORCHID FAMILY.

461

Large Round-leaved Orchis.

1. Habenaria orbiculata (Piirsh) Torr.

(Fig. 1096.)

Orchis orbiculata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 588. 1814. Habenaria orbiculata Torr. Corap. 318. 1826.

Scape stout, bracted, i°-2° high, occasionally bearing a small leaf. Basal leaves 2, orbicular, spreading flat on the ground, shining above, sil- very beneath, 4^-7' in diameter; raceme loosely many-flowered; pedicels nearly Yt.' long, the fruit- ing ones erect; flowers greenish white; upper sepal short, rounded; lateral sepals spreading, falcate- ovate, obtuse it"-^" long; petals smaller; lip ob- long-linear, entire, obtuse, white, about i>" long; spur much longer than the ovary, often i^' long; anther-sacs prominent, converging above; glands small, orbicular, nearly apart, their faces turned toward the axis.

In rich woods, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to North Carolina and Minnesota. Ascends to 4500 ft. in Virginia. July-Aug.

2. Habenaria Hookeriana A. Gray. Hooker'.s Orchi.s.

(Fig. 1097.) Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 6:

Habenaria Hookeriana A. Gray, 229. 1836.

Habenaria orbiculata Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Journ.

331. 1822. I^iot Orchis orbiculata VvLXsh, Habenaria Hookcri var. oblongifolia Paine, Cat. PI.

Oneida. 83. 1865.

Scape 8'-i5' high, not bracted. Leaves 2, basal, fleshy, shining, spreading or ascending, oval, or- bicular or obovate, 3^-5 long; raceme rather loosely many-flowered, 4'-8' long; bracts acute, about as long as the yellowish green flowers; lat- eral sepals greenish, lanceolate, acute, spreading, about \" long; petals narrowly linear or awl- shaped; lip linear-lanceolate, acute, 4''-5'' long; anther-sacs widely diverging below; glands small, their faces turned inward; spur slender, acute, %" long or more, as long as the ovary or considerably longer.

In woods. Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Iowa. June-Sept.

3. Habenaria obtusata (Pursh) Richards. Small Northern Bog Orchis. (Fig. 1098. )

Orchis obtusata Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 588. 1814. Habenaria obtusata Richards, App. Frank. Journ. 750. 1823.

Scape slender, naked, 4^-10' high, 4-angled. Leaf solitary, basal, obovate, 2^-5' long, 5''-! 2'^ wide; spike i'-2%' long, loose flowers greenish yellow, about 3'' long; upper sepal erect, round- ovate, green with whitish margins; lateral sepals spreading, oblong, obtuse; petals shorter, dilated or obtusely 2-lobed at the base, connate with the base of the column; lip entire, lanceolate, obtuse, deflexed, about 3" long; spur about as long as the lip, slender, nearly straight, blunt; anther-sacs widely divergent below, glands small, rather thick.

In bogs, New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to Maine, New York and Colorado. July-Sept.

462

ORCHIDACEAE.

4. Habenaria nivea (Nutt.) Spreng. Southern Small White Orchis. (Fig. 1099.)

Orchis nivea Nutt. Gen. 2: 188. 1818. Habenaria nivea Spreng. Syst. 3: 689. 1826.

Stem slender, angled, high. Lea%'es

linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 4^-8' long, the upper much shorter and passing into the bracts of the spike; spike 2^-4' long, loosely many-flowered; flowers small, white; lateral sepals broadly oblong, dilated or slightly eared at the base, spreading, about 2s" long; petals and upper sepal smaller; spur capillary, as long as the ovary or longer; stigma appendaged by 2 small horns affixed to the back of the anther; ovary straight.

In pine barren bogs, Delaware to Florida and Ala- bama. Aug.

5. Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. Tall Leafy Green Orchis. (Fig. iioo.)

Orchis hyperborea L. Mant. 121. 1767.

Habenaria hyperborea R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 193. 1813.

Stem rather stout, 8'-3° high. Leaves lanceo- late, mostly acute, 2^-12' long, 6"-]8" wide; spike narrow, 3''-8'' long; flowers small, greenish or greenish yellow; sepals and petals ovate, obtuse, 7."-2)" long; upper sepal slightly crenulate at the apex; lip lanceolate, entire, obtuse, about 3''' long; spur about equalling the lip, shorter than the ovary, blunt, slightly incurved, sometimes clavate; anther-sacs parallel, diverging at the base; glands small; ovary more or less twisted.

In bogs and wet woods. Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Colorado and Oregon. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Vermont. May-Aug.

6. Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. Tall White Bog Orchis. ( Fig. 11 01 . )

Orchis dilatata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 588. 1814. Habenaria dilatata Hook. Exot. Fl. 2: pi. pj. 1825.

Stem slender, leafy, i°-2° high. Leaves lanceo- late, 3'-i2' long, 3'^-io'' wide, obtuse or acute; spike 2'-\o' long; bracts acute, the lower longer than the ovary, the upper shorter; flowers small, white; sepals ovate, obtuse, nearly 3" long; lip en- tire, dilated or obtusely 3-lobed at the base, obtuse at the apex, about as long as the blunt incurved spur; anther-sacs nearly parallel; glands close to- gether, strap-shaped, nearly as long as the pollinia and caudicle; stigma with a trowel-shaped beak be- tween the bases of the anther-sacs; ovary more or less twisted.

In bogs and wet woods. Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to Maine, New York, Utah and Oregon. Ascends to 50(X) ft. in New Hampshire. June-Sept.

ORCHID FAMILY

7. Habenaria Integra (Nutt.) Spreng.

Small Southern Yellow Orchis. (Fig. 1 102.)

Orchis integra Nutt. Gen. 2: 188. 1818. Habenaria integra Spreng. Syst. 3: 689. 1826.

Stem i°-2° high, angled, with 1-3 linear- lanceolate leaves below, and numerous bract-like ones above. Lower leaves 2'-8' long, acute; spike long, densely flowered; flowers

orange-yellow; upper sepals and petals conni- vent; lateral sepals longer, oval or obovate, spreading; lip oblong, mostly cremilate or erose, sometimes entire; spur straight, longer than the lip, shorter than the ovary; stigma with 2 lateral fleshy appendages and a narrow beak.

In wet pine barrens. New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. The upper surface of the leaves is often reticulated with hexagonal cells. July.

8. Habenaria bracteata (Willd.) R. Br. L,ong-bracted Orchis. (Fig. 1 103.)

Orchis bracleala Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 34. 1805. Habenaria bracteata R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 192. 1813.

Habenaria viridis var. bracteata Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 13: 130. / 435. 1851.

Stem slender or stout, leafy, 6'-2° high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or oval, or the lowest sometimes obovate, obtuse or acute, 1'-^' long, the upper much smaller; bracts longer than the ovaries, the lower ones 2 or 3 times as long; spike 3^-5' long, loosely flowered; flowers green or greenish; sepals ovate-lanceolate, spreading, dilated or somewhat gibbous at the base, about ■>/' long; petals very nar- row, sometimes thread-like; lip long, ob- long-spatulate, 2-3-toothed or lobed at the apex, more than twice as long as the white sac-like spur; anther-sacs divergent at the base.

In woods and meadows, New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to North Carolina and Nebraska. Also in Europe. Ascends to 3600 ft. in Virginia. May- Sept.

9. Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. Small Green Wood Orchis. (Fig. 1104.)

Orchis clavellata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 155. 1803. Orchis tridentata Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 41. 1805. Habenaria tridentata Hook. Exot. Fl. 2: pi. 81. 1825. Habenaria clavellata Spreng. Syst. 3: 689. 1826.

Stem 8'-i8' high, angled, i-leaved near the base, often with several small bract-like leaves above, or one of these larger. Basal leaf oblanceolate, 2'-6' long; bracts shorter than the ovaries; spikes Yz'-t.' long, loosely flowered; flowers small, greenish or whitish; sepals and petals ovate, lip dilated and 3- toothed at the apex, the teeth often small and in- conspicuous; spur longer than the ovarj-, incun-ed, clavate; stigma with 3 club-shaped appendages; anther-sacs nearly parallel; capsule ovoid, 2>"-\" long, nearly erect.

> In wet or moist woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. July-Aug.

30

ORCHIDACEAE.

lo. Habenaria flava (L.) A. Gray. Tubercled Orchis. Small Pale- green Orchis. (Fig. 1 105.)

Orchis flava I^. Sp. PI. 942. 1753. Oi cliis virescens Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 37. 1805. Habenaria virescens Spreng-. Syst. 3: 688. 1826. Habenaria flava A. Gray, Am. Journ. >Sci. 38: 308. 1840.

Stem rather stout, i°-2° high, leaf)-. Leaves lanceolate or elliptic, acute or obtuse, ^'-12' long, S"-'^' -wdde; spike 2' -6' long; bracts acu- minate, longer than the ovaries; petals gfreenish; sepals and petals ovate or roundish, about 3" long; sepals greenish yellow, lip a little longer than the petals, entire or crenulate, with an ob- tuse tooth on each side and a central tubercle at the middle of the base; anther-sacs parallel, the sides forming a rounded cavit}', in which lie the orbicular incurved glands; capsule about 4'' long.

In moist soil, Ontario to Minnesota, south to Flor- ida and Louisiana and Missouri. June-Julj'.

II. Habenaria cristata (Michx.) R. Br. Crested Yellow Orchis. (Fig. 1106. )

Orchis cristata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 156. 1803.

Habenaria cristata R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Fd. 2, 5: 194. 1813.

Stem slender, angled, 8'-2° high. Leaves nar- rowly lanceolate, 2^-8'' long, }/'-^" wide, the upper much smaller, similar to the bracts; bracts as long as the flowers; spike 2^-4' long, dense; flowers orange; sepals roundish -ovate, about lYz" long, the lateral ones spreading; petals narrower, pectinate- fringed; lip slightly longer than the sepals, not 3- parted, but deeply fringed to the middle or beyond; spur 2"-'^" long, about half as long as the ovar}-; anther-sacs divergent at the base, widelj' separated.

New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana.

12. Habenaria ciliaris (L.. ) R. Br. Yellow Fringed Orchis. (Fig. 1107.)

Orchis ciliaris L. Sp. PI. 939. 1753. Habenaria ciliaris R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Fd. 2, 5: 194. 1813.

Stem slender, i°-2%° high. Leaves lanceo- late, acute, 4'-8' long, 6"-i8" wide, the upper smaller; .spike closely man3--flowered, 3'-6' long, sometimes nearlj' 3' thick; flowers orange or )-ellow, large, showy ; sepals orbicular or broadly ovate, oblique at the base, 2''-4'^ long; the lat- eral ones mostly reflexed; petals much smaller, oblong or cuneate, usually toothed; lip oblong, ^"-"j" long, copiously fringed more than half- way to the middle; spur long, very slender; anther-sacs large, divergent at the base, bearing a small white tubercle on the outer side.

In meadows, Vermont (?) and Ontario to Michi- gan, south to Florida and Texas. July-Aug.

ORCHID FAMILY,

465

White Fringed Orchis.

13. Habenaria blephariglottis (Willd.) Torr

(Fig. 1 108.)

Orchis ciliaris var. alba Miclix. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 156.

1803. Not O. alba L,am. 1778. Orchis blepharigloltis Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 9. 1805. Habenaria blephariglottis Torr. Comp. 317. 1826. Habenaria ciliaris var. alba INIorong, Bull. Torr. Club,

20: 38. 1893.

Stems and leaves similar to those of the preced- ing species. Spikes densely or rather loosely many-flowered; flowers pure white, usually a little smaller than those of H. ciliaris; lip narrower, oblong; petals toothed or somewhat fringed at the apex ; fringe of the lip copious or sparse.

In bogs and swamps, Newfoundland to Minnesota and New Jersey. Intermediate forms between this and the preceding species, with light yellow flowers, are probably hybrids. Blooms a few days earlier than ciliaris where the two grow together. July- Aug.

Habenaria blephariglottis holopetala (L,indl.) A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 5, 502. 1867. Platanthcra holopetala Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 291. 1835.

One or both of the petals entire; lip often sparingly fringed. With the type. Probably a mere form.

14, Habenaria lacera (Michx.) R. Br. Ragged OrchLs. (Fig. 1109.)

Orchis lacera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 156. 1803. Habenaria lacera R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. HoU. 1: 312. 1810.

Stem rather slender, i°-2° high. Leaves firm, lanceolate, 5^-8' long, io"-i9i" wide, the upper gradually smaller; spike 2' -6' long, loose; flowers greenish yellow; sepals ovate, obtuse, about 3'''' long, the upper one a little broader than the others, petals linear, entire, obtuse, about as long as the sepals; lip 3-parted, the segments narrow, deeply fringed, the fringe of a few threads, about long; spur 1"-^' long, curved, shorter than the ovary, clavate at the apex; anther-sacs divergent at the base, their bases beaked and projecting upward; glands oblong-linear, hyaline, as long as the cau- dicle.

In .swamps and wet woods, Nova Scotia to Minne- sota, south to Georgia and Missouri. June-July.

15. Habenaria leucophaea (Nutt.) A. Gray. Prairie White-fringed Orchis. (Fig. 1 1 10. )

Orchis leucophaea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 161. 1833-37-

Habenaria leucophaea A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 502. 1867.

Stem stout, angled, i}2°-'2y2° high. Leaves lanceo- late, 4'-8' long; spike 3'-5' long, ver)' thick, loosely flowered; flowers large, white, fragrant, sometimes tinged with green; sepals broadly ovate; petals obovate, minutely cut toothed, about 3'' long; lip 3-parted, 6''- 7'' long, the segments broadly wedge-shaped and copiously fringed. Spur I'-i '^^ long, longer than the ovary; anther-sacs widely diverging at the base; cau- dicles long and slender; glands transversely oval; ovary often recurved.

On moist prairies, western New York to Minnesota, Kentucky and Arkansas. July.

466

ORCHIDACEAE.

i6. Habenaria grandiflora (Bigel.) Torr. Large Purple-fringed Orchis.

(Fig. I III.)

Orchis grandiflora Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 321. 1824. Orchis fimbriata Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 39. 1805. Not

Drj'and. 1789. Habenaria grandiflora Torr. Comp. 319. 1826. Habenaria fimbriata A. Graj', Man. Ed. 5, 503. 1867. Not R. Br. 1813.

Stem i°-5° high. Leaves oval or lanceolate, 4'- 10' long, \o"-'i/ wide, obtuse, or the upper smaller and acute; raceme s'-is' long, sometimes 2^' thick, densely flowered; flowers lilac or purplish, sometimes white or nearly so, fragrant; upper sepal and petals erect, connivent; petals oblong or oblanceolate, more or less toothed, Yz' long; lip 3- parted, Yz'-y' broad, about yi' long, the segments broadly fan-shaped, copiously fringed to about the middle, anther-sacs divergent at the base; glands orbicular, turned inward; spur filiform, clavate, I'-ii^' long.

In rich woods and meadows. New Brunswick to On- tario and Michigan, south to North Carolina. June-Aug.

17. Habenaria psycodes (L.) A. Gray. Smaller Purple-fringed Orchis. (Fig. 1 1 12. )

Orchis psycodes L. Sp. PI. 943. 1753. Orchis fimbriata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 297. 1789. Habenaria psycodes A. Graj-, Am. Journ. Sci. 38: 310. 1840.

Stem rather slender, i "-3° high. Leaves oval, elliptic or lanceolate, 2'-io' long, 8"-3' wide, the upper smaller; raceme 2'-6' long, I'-i^' thick, loosely or densely several-man}'-flowered; flowers lilac, rarely white, fragrant; lower sepals ovate, ob- tuse, about \" long, the upper one a little nar- rower; petals oblong or oblanceolate, toothed on the upper margin; lip 3-parted, broad, the

segments fan-shaped and copiously fringed, the fringe of the middle segment shorter than that of the lateral ones; spur somewhat clavate at the apex, about 8" long, longer than the ovary.

In meadows, swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Indiana. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. Julj'-Aug.

18. Habenaria peramoena A. Gray. Fringeless Purple Orchis. ( Fig. 1 11 3. )

Orchis fissa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 589. 1814. Not Willd. 1805.

H. peramoena A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 38: 310. 1840.

Stem i°-2Y° high. Leaves elliptic or lanceo- late, 4'-8' long, Yz'-iYz' wide, the upper gradually smaller; spike 2'-7' long, i'-2>^' thick, densely or rather loosely many-flowered; flowers large, showy, violet-puqole; lateral sepals round-ovate, long, the upper one smaller; petals smaller, round- obovate, clawed, entire, or slightly erose; lip 7"- \o" long, 3-parted, the segments fan-shaped, cut- toothed, not fringed, the middle one 2-lobed; spur about as long as the ovary, cur\-ed, clavate; anther- sacs widely divergent, little separated; glands or- bicular, oblique.

In moist meadows. New Jersey to Illinois, Virginia and Kentucky. July-Aug.

ORCHID FAMILY.

467

4. POGONIA Juss. Gen. PI. 65. 1789.

Mostly low herbs, the flowers terminal, solitary or in racemes, the leaves usually alternate or verticillate. Sepals and petals separate, erect or ascending. Lip erect from the base of the colinnn, spurless. Column elongated, club-shaped at the summit. Anther terminal, stalked, attached to the back of the column, its sacs parallel; pollinia 2, I in each sac, pow- der_v-granular, without a caudicle. Stigma a flattened disk below the anther. Capsule ob- long or ovoid, erect or drooping. [Greek, bearded, from the bearded lip of some species.]

About 30 species, widely distributed. Only the following are known in North America.

1. P. ophioglossoides.

2. P. trianthophora.

3. P. divaricata.

Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike.

Lip crested.

Lip not crested. Sepals longer and narrower than the petals.

Stem bearing a single leaf near the middle.

Stem bearing a whorl of leaves at the top.

Lip crested along a narrow line down the face; peduncle as long as the capsule or longer.

4. P. verlicillala.

Lip crested over the whole face and lobes; peduncle shorter than the capsule.

5. P. affinis.

I. Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Rose Pogonia. Snake-mouth. (Fig. 1 1 14.)

Ai'cihjisa ophioglossoides 'L,. Sp. PI. 951. 1753-

Pogonia ophioglossoides Ker in Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 148. 1816.

Stem 8'-i5' high, 1-3-leaved, not rarely with a long-petioled basal leaf. Stem leaf or leaves yz'-})' long, lanceolate or ovate, erect, bluntly acute; flowers fragrant, pale rose-color, slightly nodding, large, solitarj' or occasionally in pairs, subtended by a foliaceous bract; sepals and petals about equal, elliptic or oval, b"-\o" long; lip spatulate, free or somewhat appressed to the column below, crested and fringed; column much shorter than the petals, thick, club-shaped.

In meadows and swamps, Newfoundland to On- tario, Florida and Kansas. Also in Japan. Roots fibrous. June-July.

2. Pogonia trianthophora (Sw.) B.S. P. Nodding Pogonia.

Arethusa irianthopliora Sw. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II. ) 21: 230. 1800.

Pogonia pendula Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 90S. 1825.

Pogonia trianthophora B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 52. 1888.

Stem glabrous, 3'-S' high, from a tuberous root, often clustered. Leaves 2-8, alternate, ovate, ■x,"- c)" long, clasping; flowers 1-7, on axillary pedun- cles, pale purple, at first nearly erect, soon droop- ing; perianth 6''-8" long; sepals and petals about equal, connivent, elliptic, obtuse; lip clawed, some- what 3-lobed, roughish or crisped above, not crested, about as long as the petals; capsule oval, drooping, about ()" long.

In rich woods, Canada (?), Rhode Island to Florida, Wisconsin and Kansas. Ascends to 3500 ft. in North Carolina. Local. Aug.-Sept.

468

ORCHIDACEAE.

3. Pogonia divaricata (L.) R. Br. Spread- ing Pogonia. (Fig. 1 1 16.)

Aj-elhiisa divaricata L,. Sp. PI. 951. 1753.

Pogonia divaricata R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 203. 18 1 3.

Stem i°-2° high, hearing a leaf near the middle, and a foliaceous bract near the flower. Leaf lanceo- late, or narrowly elliptic, obtuse, clasping, i'-if long; flower terminal, solitary, about \' long; sepals linear, longer and narrower than the petals, diverging dark colored; petals flesh -color, lanceo- late, narrowed at the apex, lip as long as the petals, 3-lobed, crenulate or wavj- -margined, greenish, veined with puqjle, crested, but not bearded, the upper lobe long.

In swamps, southern New Jersej- to Florida and Ala- bama. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. Reported from Wisconsin. July.

4. Pogonia verticillata (Willd.) Nutt. Whorled Pogonia. (Fig. 1 1 1 7. )

Arettmsa verticillata Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 81. 1805. Pogonia verticillata Nutt. Gen. 2: 192. 1818.

Stem io'-i2'' high, from long fleshy roots, bearing a whorl of 5 leaves at the summit. Leaves obovate, abruptly pointed at the apex, sessile, 1^-3' long; flower solitary, erect or de- clined; peduncle long, in fruit usually equalling or exceeding the capsule; .sepals lin- ear, I ^'-2' long, about \" wide, spreading, dark purple; petals linear, erect, obtuse, green- ish yellow, about 10" long; lip 3-lobed, crested along a narrow band, the upper part expanded, undulate; capsule erect, i' or more long.

In moist woods, Ontario to Wisconsin, Indiana and Florida. Ascends to 4500 in Virginia. May- June.

Pogonia affinis Au.stin. Smaller Whorled Pogonia. (Fig. 1118.)

Pogonia affinis KxLsXXw; A. Gray, 1867.

Man. Ed. 5, 507.

Smaller than the preceding .species, stem 8'- 10' high. Leaves in a whorl of 5 at the summit, i'-2' long; flowers 2 or solitary, greenish yellow; peduncle 2"-\" long, much shorter than the ovary and capsule; sepals equalling the petals, or but little longer, somewhat narrowed at the base; lip crested over nearly the whole face and lobes; capsule erect, \' long or less.

In moist woods, Connecticut to southern New York and New Jersej-. Rare and local. The species is imperfectly known. Our figure is taken from Mr. Austin's original sketches. June.

ORCHID FAMILY.

469

5. ARETHUSA L. Sp. PI. 950. i753-

Low herbs, with small bulbs and mostly solitary flowers on bracted scapes, the solitary leaf linear, hidden at first in the upper bract, protruding after flowering. Sepals and petals about equal, connivent and hooded above, coherent below. Lip dilated and recurved-spreading at the apex, crested on the face with straight somewhat fleshy hairs, slightly gibbous at the base. Column adherent to the lip below, linear, narrowly winged and dilated at the summit. Anther operculate, of 2 approximated sacs incumbent upon the column; pollinia 4, 2 in each sac, powdery-granular. Capsule erect, ellipsoid, strongly angled. [Dedicated to the nymph Arethusa. ]

Two known species, the following occurring in North America, the other in Japan.

I. Arethusa bulbosa L. Arethusa. (Fig. 1 1 19.)

Arelhusa dtilbosa L. Sp. PI. 950. 1753.

Scape glabrous, 5'-io' high, bearing 1-3 loose sheathing bracts. Leaf linear, many-nerved, be- coming 4'-6'' long; flower solitary (rarely 2), aris- ing from between a pair of small unequal scales, rose-purple, i'-2' high; sepals and petals linear to elliptic, obtuse, arched over the column; lip usually drooping beneath the sepals and petals, the apex broad, rounded, often fringed or toothed, variegated with purplish blotches, bearded, crested down the face in three white hairy ridges; capsule about i' long, ellipsoid, strongly 6-ribbed, rarely maturing.

In bogs, Newfoundland to Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Indiana. May-June.

6. EPIPACTIS R. Br. m Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 201. 1813.

Tall stout herbs with fibrous roots and simple leafy stems. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, plicate, clasping. Flowers leafy-bracted, in terminal racemes. Sepals and petals all separ- ate. Spur none. Lip free, sessile, broad, concave below, constricted near the middle, the upper portion dilated and petal-like. Column short, erect. Anther operculate, borne on the margin of the clinandrium, erect, ovate or semiglobose, its sacs contiguous. Pollinia 2- parted, granulose, becoming attached to the glandular beak of the stigma. Capsule oblong, beakless. [Greek name for Helleborine.]

About 10 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, another occurs in the western United States.

I. Epipactis viridiflora (Hoffm.) Reichb. Helleborine. (Fig. 1120.)

Serapias vii-idifloi-a Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 182. 1804. Epipactis latifolia var. viridiflora Irm. Linnaea, 16: 451. 1842.

Epipactis viridiflora Reichb. Fl. E-xc. 134. 1830. Epipactis Helleborine A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 504. 1890 Not Crantz. 1769.

Stem i°-2° high, glabrous below, pubescent above. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, obtuse or acute, '^yi'-'h' longi '^''-^Vz' wide; flowers greenish yel- low to purple; pedicels 2"-}," long; sepals a/'-'^" long, lanceolate; petals narrower; lip expanded into a slightly undulate apex, tapering to a point; bracts lanceolate, longer than the flowers.

Near Toronto, Ontario; Syracuse and Buffalo, 'New York; the onlj- American stations known. Widely distributed in Europe. Sometimes confounded with the European E. latifolia, but differs in having the lip free from callosities, its apex acute, the sepals and petals longer and more tapering. July-Aug.

470 ORCHIDACEAE.

7. GYROSTACHYS Pers. Syn. 2: 511. 1807. [Si'iRANTHES L. C. Richard, Mem. Mus. Paris, 4: 42. 1818.] Erect herbs, with flesh3^-fibrous or tuberous roots and slender stems or scapes, leaf -bear- ing below or at the base. Flowers small, spurless, spiked, 1-3-rowed, the spikes more or less twisted. Sepals free, or more or less coherent at the top, or united with petals into a galea. Lip sessile or clawed, concave, erect, embracing the column and often adherent to it, spreading and crisped, or rarely lobed or toothed at the apex, bearing minute callosities at the base. Column arched below, obliquely attached to the top of the ovarj'. Anther with- out a lid, borne on the back of the column, erect. Stigma ovate, prolonged into an acumi- nate beak, at length bifid, covering the anther and stigmatic only underneath. Pollinia 2, i in each sac, powdery. Capsule ovoid or oblong, erect, [Greek, referring to the twisted spikes] .

About So species, widelj' distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, another occurs in the Southern States and one in California. The flowers are often fragrant. Flowers 3-ranked; stems not twisted, or but slightly so.

Sepals and petals more or less connivent into a hood. i. G. Romanzoffiana.

Lateral sepals separate, free.

Spike short, about 2' long, 4"-5" thick; callosities none, or mere thickenings of the basal

margins of the lip. 2. G. planiaginea.

Spike 4'-6' long, 6 -10" thick; callosities nipple-shaped.

Spike 6"-7" thick; callosities hairj', straight. 3. G. cernua.

Spike 8"-io" thick; callosities glabrous, incurs'ed. 4. G. odorata.

Flowers merely alternate, appearing secund from the spiral twisting of the stem.

Stem leaf}'; lower leaves elongated, mostly persistent through the flowering season.

5. G. praecox.

Stem a bracted scape; leaves basal, mostly withering before the flowering season.

Root a single tuber; spike about i' long. 6. G. simplex.

Root a cluster of tubers; spike i'-3' long. 7. G. gracilis.

I. Gyrostachys Romanzoffiana (Cham.) MacM. Hooded Ladies' Tresses. (Fig. 1121.)

Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham. Linnaea, 3: 32. 1828. Gyrostachys Rotnanzoffiana MacM. Met. Minn. 171. 1892.

Stem 6'-i5' high, glabrous, leafy below, bracted above, the inflorescence rarely puberulent. Lower leaves 3^-8' long, linear or linear-oblanceolate; spike 2^-4' long, i,"-"]" thick; bracts shorter than the flowers; flowers in 3 rows, white or greenish, ringent, ■xf'-i/' long, spreading horizontally, very fragrant; sepals and petals broad at the base, all more or less connivent into a hood ; lip oblong, broad at the base, contracted below the dilated crisped apex, thin, trans- parent, veined; callosities mere thickenings of the basal margins of the lip, or none.

In bogs, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to Maine, Penn- sylvania, Minnesota and California. July-Aug.

2. Gyrostachys plantaginea (Raf. ) Britten. Wide-leaved Ladies' Tresses.

(Fig. 1 122.)

Neotiia plantaginea Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 206. 1818. Spirantlies cernua var.? latifolia Torr. Comp. 320. 1826. Spiranthes plantaginea Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 284. 1843. 5. latifolia Torr.; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 467. 1840. Gyrostachys lalifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 664. 1891.

Stem 4'-io' high, glabrous or pubescent, bracted above, bearing 4 or 5 lanceolate or oblanceolate leaves below. Leaves I'-s' long; spike long, ^"-i"

thick, dense; floral bracts mostly much shorter than the flowers; flowers spreading, about 3'' long; petals and sepals white; lateral sepals free, narrowly lanceolate, the upper somewhat united with the petals; lip pale yellow on the face, oblong, not contracted in the mid- dle, the wav}^ apex rounded, crisped or fringed, the base short-clawed; callosities none, or mere thicken- ings of the lip margins.

Moist banks and woods, Xew Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Virginia and Michigan. June-.\ug.

ORCHID FAMILY.

3. Gyrost^chys cernua (1^. ) Kuntze. Nodding Ladies' Tresses. (Fig. 1123.)

Ophrys cermia L. Sp. PI. 946. 1753. Spiranthes cernua L. C. Rich. Orch. Ann. 37. 1817. Gyroslachys ccrtina Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 664. 1891.

Stem 6' -2^' high (rarely taller), usually pubes- cent above, mostly bearing 2-6 acuminate bracts. Leaves nearly basal, linear-oblanceolate or linear, 3'-i4' long) the blade narrow, the petiole 2'-io' long; spike 4^-5' long, (>"-']" thick; flowers white or yellowish, fragrant, nodding or spreading, about 5'' long, in 3 rows; lateral sepals free, the upper arching and connivent with the petals; lip oblong, or sometimes ovate, the broad apex rounded, crenu- late or crisped; callosities nipple-shaped, straight, hair)'.

In wet meadows and swamps, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Aug.- Oct.

471

4. Gyrostachys odorata (Nutt.) Kuntze. Fragrant Ladies' Tresses. (Fig. 11 24.)

Neottia odorala Nutt. Joum. Acad. Phil. 7: 98. 1834. Spiranlhes odora/a Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 467. 1840. Gyrostachys odorala Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 664. 1891.

vStem stout, i°-2° high, strongly pubescent above. Lower and basal leaves 8'-i5' long, 'j"-2' wide, tapering into sheathing petioles, the upper reduced to bracts; spike 5'-6' long, 8'^-io" thick, floral bracts often exceeding the flowers, long-acuminate; flowers }'ellowish white, fragrant, 5" long; lateral sepals free; lip as long as the petals, oblong, broad at the base, contracted above the middle, the dilated apex crisped or toothed ; callosities nipple- shaped, incurved, glabrous.

On river banks, often in the water. North Carolina to Kentucky, Florida and Louisiana. Sept.-Oct.

5. Gyrostachys praecox (Walt.) Kuntze.

(Fig. 1 125.)

Limodorum praecox "WaXt. Fl. Car. 221. 1788. Spiranlhes graminea var. Walleri A. Gray, Man.

Ed. 5, 505. 1867. Spiranlhes praecox S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Fd.

6, 505. 1890. Gyroslachys praecox Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 663.

1 891.

Stem slender, io''-30'' high, glandular-pubes- cent above, leafy. Leaves linear, 4^-12' long, with narrow grass-like blades and long sheath- ing petioles, mostly persistent through the flow- ering season, the upper smaller; spike usually much twisted, 2'-%' long, thick; bracts

about as long as the ovaries; flowers white or yellowish, about a," long, spreading; lateral sepals free, the upper somewhat connivent with the petals; lip about 3" long, short-clawed, ob- long, contracted above, the dilated apex obtuse, crenulate, often dark-striped in the middle; ros- tellum very acute; callosities small, glabrous.

In grassy places, southern New York to Florida and Louisiana. July-Aug.

Grass-leaved Ladies' Tresses.

472

ORCHIDACEAE.

6. Gyrostachys simplex (A. Gray) Kuntze. Little Ladies' Tresses. (Fig. 1126. }

Spirantlies simplex A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 506. 1867.

Gyrostachys simplex Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 664. 1891.

Stems verj' slender, 5^-9' high, with small de- ciduous bracts above. Leaves basal, ovate or oblong, short, abruptly narrowed into a petiole, mostly disappearing at or before the flowering time; spike slender, about \' long and ■x," thick, glabrous, little twisted; flowers white, \"-\yi" long; lip thin, striped, obovate-oblong, crisped at the summit, short -clawed ; callosities nipple- shaped, slender; root a solitary spindle-shaped tuber.

In drj- sandj- soil, Massachusetts to Marj-land. Aug.-Sept.

7. Gyrostachys gracilis (Bigel.) Kuntze.

(Fig. 1 127.)

Neotlia gracilis Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 322. 1824. Spirantlies gracilis Tinck, Bot. 343. 1833. Gyrostachys gracilis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 664.

Stem slender, 8'-2° high, from a cluster of spindle-shaped tuberous roots, glabrous, or rarely pubescent above, bearing small deciduous bracts. Leaves basal, obovate, or ovate-lanceolate, peti- oled, the blades %'-2' long, ^"-10'^ wide, mostly perishing before the flowering season; spike i'- y long, 4"-6" thick, loose, usually much twisted; flowers white, fragrant, 2"-2y2" long; sepals a little longer than the lip, the lateral ones free; lip about 2" long, oblong, dilated and crenulate or wavy-crisped at the apex, usuall}- thick and green in the middle, white and hya- line on the margins, slightly clawed at the base; callosities small, nipple-shaped.

In dry fields and open woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida, Louisiana and Kansas. As- cends to 2500 ft. in North Carolina. Aug.-Oct.

Slender Ladies' Tresses.

8. LISTERA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 201. 1813.

Small herbs, with fibrous or sometimes rather fleshy-fibrous roots, bearing a pair of op- posite green leaves near the middle, and i or 2 small scales at the base of the stem. Flowers in terminal racemes, spurless. Sepals and petals nearl}- alike, spreading or reflexed, free. Anther without a lid, erect, jointed to the column. Pollinia 2, powdery, united to a minute gland. Capsule ovoid or obovoid. [Name in honor of INIartin Lister, 1638 (?)-i7i2, a cor- respondent of Ra}-.]

About ID species, natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. Besides the following, an- other occurs in northwestern North America.

Lip broadlj' wedge-shaped, 2-lobed at the apex. Lip narrowly linear or setaceous.

Lip 2-cleft, twice as long as the petals.

Lip 2-parted, 4-8 times as long as the petals.

1. L. convallarioid.es.

2. L. cordala.

3. L. australis.

ORCHID FAMILY.

473

I. Listera convallarioides (Sw.) Torr.

(Fig. 1 1 28.)

Epipaclis convallarioides Svv. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl,

(11.) 21: 232. 1800. Listera convallarioides Torr. Conip. 320. 1826.

Stem 4^-10' high, glandular-pubescent above the leaves. Leaves smooth, round-oval or ovate, obtuse or cuspidate at the apex, sometimes slightly cordate or reniform at the base, 3-9-nerved. Raceme 'i-Yz'-}/ long, loosely 3-12-flowered; flowers greenish yellow, pedicels filiform, bracted, 2>"~^" long; petals and sepals linear-lanceolate, much shorter than the lip; lip broadly wedge shaped, with 2 obtuse lobes at the dilated apex, generally with a tooth on each side at base; column elongated, but shorter than the lip, a little incurved, with 2 short projecting wings above the anther; capsule obovoid, about 3'^ long.

In woods, Nova Scotia to Alaska and California, south to Vermont, along the mountains to North Carolina. Ascends to 4500 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug.

Broad-lipped Twayblade.

2. Listera cordata (L,.) R. Br. Heart- leaved Twayblade. (Fig. 1129.)

Ophrys cordata L. Sp. PI. 946. 1753.

Listera cordata R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 201. 1813.

Stem very slender, glabrous or nearly so, 3''-io' high. Leaves sessile, cordate, ovate, -mucronate, long; racemes rather loose, y^'-i' long, 4-20- flowered; flowers purplish, minute; pedicels bracted, about long; sepals and petals oblong-linear, scarcely \" long; lip narrow, often with a subulate tooth on each side at the base, twice as long as the petals, 2-cleft, the segments setaceous and ciliolate; column very small, the clinandrium just appearing above the anther; cap.sule ovoid, 2" long.

In moist woods, Nova Scotia to Alaska, New Jersey and Oregon. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug.

3. Listera australis Lindl. Southern Twayblade. (Fig. 11 30.)

Listera australis Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 456. 1840.

Stem slender, 4^-10' high, more or less pubes- cent above. Leaves ovate, acutish, mucronate, glabrous, shining, &''-io" long, 3-7-nerved; ra- ceme 2^-3' long, loosely 8-15-flowered; flowers yellowish green with purplish stripes; sepals and petals minute; lip long, 2-parted, split

nearly to the base, 4-8 times as long as the petals, its segments linear-setaceous; column very small; capsule ovoid.

In bogs, New York and New Jersey to Florida and Alabama and Louisiana. A third leaf is rarely borne below the flowers.

474 ORCHIDACEAE.

9. PERAMIUM Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. i: 301. 1812.

[GoODVERA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 197. 1813.] Herbs with bracted erect scapes, the leaves basal, tufted, often blotched with white, the roots thick fleshy fibres. Flowers in bracted spikes. Lateral sepals free, the upper one united with the petals into a galea. Lip sessile, entire, roundish ovate, concave or saccate; without callosities, its apex reflexed. Anther withont a lid, erect or incumbent, attached to the column by a short stalk; pollinia one in each sac, attached to a small disk which coheres with the top of the stigma, composed of angular grains.

.\bout 25 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions.

Spike one-sided. i. P. repens. Spike not one-sided.

Flowers 2"-3" long:; galea ovate, its short tip usually not recurved. 2. P. pubescens.

Flowers 3"--l." long; galea ovate-lanceolate, its long tip recurved. 3. P. Menziesii.

I. Peramium repens (L. ) Salisb. Le

Satyrtum repens L. Sp. PI. 945. 1753.

Goodyera repens R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 5: 198. 1813.

Peramium repens Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. i: 301. 181 2.

Scape s'-io'' high, glandular-pubescent, bearing several small scales. Leaves ovate, the blade 6"-i5" long, 4"-S'^ wide, some- what reticulated or blotched with white, tapering into a sheathing petiole spike short, i-sided; flowers greenish white, i''-^," long; galea concave, ovate, with a short spreading or slightly recurved tip; lip saccate, with a narrow recurved or spreading apex; column ver}- short; anther 2-celled; pollinia not pro- longed into a caudicle.

In woods, Nova Scotia to Alaska (?), south to Florida and Minnesota and Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Vir- ginia. July-Aug.

2. Peramium pubescens (Willd.)

(Fig.

Rattlesnake Plantain. (Fig. 1 131.)

MacM. Downy Rattlesnake Plantain. 1132.)

Xeoltia pubescens Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 76. 1805.

Goodyera pubescens R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew, Ed. 2, 5: 198. 1813.

Peramium pubescens MacM. Met. Minn. 172. 1892.

LTsuallj' larger than the preceding species, scape 6'-2o' high, densely glandular-pubescent, bearing 5-10 lanceolate scales. Leaves i'-2' long, y-i' wide, strongly white-reticulated, oval or ovate; spike not I -sided; flowers 2" -2," high, greenish white; lateral sepals ovate; galea ovate, its short tip usually not recurved; lip strongly saccate -with a short broad obtuse recurved or spreading tip.

In dry woods, Newfoundland to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Tennessee. As- cends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. July-Aug.

ORCHID FAMILY.

475

3. Peramium Menziesii (Lindl.) Morong. Menzie.s' Rattlesnake Plantain.

(Fig. 1 1 33.)

Spiranthes decipicns Hook, Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 203. 1839?

Goodyera Menziesii Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 492. 1840.

Peramium Afeuziesii Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 124. 1894.

Scape stout, 8'-i5' high, glandular-pubes- cent. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, ^Yz'-'iYz' long, 8"-i5" wide, the blade acute at both ends, often without white blotches or reticula- tions; spike not i-sided; flowers long; galea concave, ovate-lanceolate, the tip long, usually recurv'ed, lip swollen at the base, with a long narrow recurved or spreading apex; anther ovate, pointed, on the base of the column, which is prolonged above the stigma into a gland-bearing awl-shaped beak.

In woods, Quebec to British Columbia, New Hampshire, New York, Minnesota, Arizona and California. Aug.

10. ACHROANTHES Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. 1808. [MiCROSTYLis Nutt. Gen. 2: 196. 1S18.]

Low herbs, from a solid bulb, our species i -leaved, and with i-several scales at the base of the stem. Flowers small, white or green, in a terminal raceme. Sepals spreading, separ- ate, the lateral ones equal at the base. Petals filiform or linear, spreading. Lip cordate or eared at the base, embracing the column. Anther erect between the auricles, 2-celled; pol- hnia 4, smooth and waxy, 2 in each sac, the pairs cohering at the summit, without caudicles or glands. Capsule oval, sometimes nearly globose, beakless. [Greek, in allusion to the green flowers?]

About 40 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, about 4 others occur in the south- em and western parts of North America.

Leaf sheathing the base of the stem. i. A. monophylla.

Leaf clasping the stem near the middle. 2. A. ujiifolia.

I. Achroanthes monophylla (L.) Greene. White Adder' s-mouth. (Fig. 1 134.)

Ophrys monophyllos L. Sp. PI. 947. 1753-

Microstylis monophylla Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. i2(po. 1829.

Achroatithes monophylla Greene, Pittonia, 2: 183. 1891.

Stem slender, 4^-6' high, smooth, glabrous, striate. Leaf sheathing the stem at its base, the blade long, Yz'-^Yz' wide; raceme

1^-3' long, narrow, 3"-5" thick; flowers whitish, about \" long; pedicels nearly erect, bracted, long; sepals acute; lip tri-

angular or ovate, acuminate, the lateral lobes obtuse; capsule oval, about 3" long.

In woods, Quebec to Minnesota, Pennsj'lvania and Nebraska. July.

476

ORCHIDACEAE.

2. Achroanthes unifolia (Michx.) Raf. Green Adder' s-mouth. (Fig. 1 135.)

^ Mala.ris unifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 157. 1803.

)) Achroanthes unifolia Raf. Med. Rep. (11.) 5: ^ 352. 1808.

Microstylis ophio^lossoides Nutt. Gen. 2: iq6. 1818.

Stem glabrous, striate, 4'-io' high. I^eaf clasping the stem near the middle, oval or nearly orbicular, l'-2l4' long, lo'^-iyi' wide; raceme i'-3' long, sometimes i' thick; flow- ers greenish, about 1" long, the pedicels ver}' slender, spreading, 2,"-^" long; sepals oblong; lip broad, 3-toothed at the apex; capsule oval or subglobose.

In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to On- tario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Alabama and Missouri. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Car- olina. July.

II. LEPTORCHIS Thouars, Nouv. Bull. Soc. Plilom. 314. 1808. [I^iPARLS L. C. Richard, Mem. Mus. Paris, 4: 43. 1818.] Low herbs, with solid bulbs, the base of the stem sheathed by several scales and 2 broad shining leaves. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals and petals nearl}- equal, linear, spread- ing, petals usually very narrow. Column elongated, incurved, thickened and margined above. PoUinia 2 in each sac of the anther smooth and waxy, the pairs slightly united, wdthout stalk, threads or glands. Lip nearly flat, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. [Greek, signifying a slender orchid.]

About 100 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions; only the following: known to occur in North America.

Raceme many-flowered; lip as long as the petals. Raceme few-flowered; lip shorter than the petals.

1. L. liliifolia.

2. L. Loeselii.

I. Leptorchis liliifolia (L.) Kuntze. Large Tway blade. (Fig. 1136.)

Ophrys liliifolia L. Sp. PI. 946. 1753.

Liparis liliifolia L. C. Rich. Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 882. 1825.

Leptorcliis liliifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 671. 1891.

Scape \'-\o' high, s-io-striate. Leaves ovate or oval, 2'-^' long, x'-iY^' wide, ob- tuse, keeled below, the sheaths large and loose. Raceme sometimes 6' long; flowers numerous, showy; sepals and petals some- what reflexed; petals very narrow or thread- like; lip erect, large, ^"-i>" long, about as long as the petals, wedge-obovate; column lYz" long, incurved, dilated at the summit; pedicels slender, ascending or spreading, long; capsule somewhat club-shaped, about i>" long, the pedicel thickened in fruit.

In moist woods and thickets, Maine to Min- nesota. Georgia and Missouri, .\scends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-July.

ORCHID FAMILY. 477

2. Leptorchis Loeselii (L.) MacM. Fen Orchis. Loesel's Tvv ay blade. (Fig. 1 137.)

Opiirys Loeselii I,. Sp. PI. 947. 1753. Liparis Loeselii L. C. Rich.; L,indl. Bot. Reg. pi. S82. 1825.

Leptorchis Loeselii MacM. Met. Minn. 173. 1892.

Scape 2'-8' high, strongly 5-7-ribbed. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 2'-6' long, Yl'-2' wide, obtuse; raceme few-flowered; flowers green- ish, smaller than those of the preceding species, long; sepals narrowly lanceolate, spreading; petals linear, somewhat reflexed; lip obovate, pointed, rather shorter than the petals and sepals, its tip incurved; column half as long as the lip or less; capsule about 5" long, wing-angled, on a thickened pedicel.

In wet thickets and on springy banks, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to Maryland and Missouri. Also in Europe. May-July.

12. CALYPSO Salisb. Par. Lond. 8g. 1807.

Bog herb, with a solid bulb and coralloid roots, the low i-flowered scape sheathed by 2 or 3 loose scales and a solitary petioled leaf at the base. Flower large, showy terminal, bracted. Sepals and petals similar, nearly equal. Lip large, saccate or swollen, 2-parted below. Column dilated, petal-like, bearing the lid-like anther just below the summit. Pol- linia 2, waxy, each 2-parted, without caudicles, sessile on a thick gland, the stigma at the base. [Dedicated to the goddess Calypso.]

A monotypic species of the cooler portions of the north temperate zone.

I. Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes. Calypso. (Fig. 1 138.)

Cypripedium bulbosum L. Sp. PI. 951. 1753. Calypso borealis Salisb. Par. Lond. pi. 8g. 1807. Calypso bulbosa Oakes, Cat. Vermont PI. 28. 1842.

Bulb ^" in diameter or less. Scape 3'-6^ Wgb; leaf round-ovate, I'-ij^' long, nearly as wide, obtusely pointed at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, the petiole \'-2' long; flowers variegated, purple, pink and yellow, the peduncle jointed; petals and sepals linear, erect or spreading, '^"-1" long, with 3 longitu- dinal purple lines; lip large, saccate, 2-divided below, spreading or drooping, with a patch of yellow woolly hairs near the point of division; column erect, broadly ovate, shorter than the petals; capsule about yi' long, many-nerved.

Labrador to Alaska, south to Maine, Michigan, Califor- nia, and in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Also in Europe. Flower somewhat resembling that of a small Cypripediuvi. May-June. ' '

13. CORALLORHIZA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 209. 1813. Scapose herbs, saprophytes or root-parasites, with large masses of coralloid branching roots, the leaves all reduced to sheathing scales. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals nearly equal, the lateral ones united at the base with the foot of the column, forming a short spur or gibbous protuberance, the other one free, the spur adnate to the summit of the ovary. Petals about as long as the sepals, 1-3-nerved. Lip 1-3-ridged. Column nearly free, slightly incurved, somewhat 2-winged. Anther terminal, operculate. Pollinia 4, in 2 pairs, oblique, free, soft-waxy. [Greek, from the coral-like roots.]

About 15 species, widely distributed in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Spur small or sac-like, adnate to the top of the ovary. Lip not deeply 3-lobed.

Lip 2-toothed or 2-lobed above the base. i. C. Corallorhiza. .

Lip entire, or merely denticulate.

Flowers about 3"-4" long; lip not notched; column narrowly winged. 2. C. odontorhiza. Flowers 7" long; lip notched; column manifestly winged. 3. C. Wisteriana.

Lip deeply 3-lobed; flowers 6"-9" long. 4, C. muUiflora.

No spur or sac. 5. C. striata.

478

ORCHIDACEAE.

I. Corallorhiza Corallorhiza (L.) Karst. Early Coral-root. (Fig. 1139.)

Opinys Corallorhiza L. Sp. PI. 945. 1753.

Corallorhiza innata R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 209. 1813.

Corallorhiza Corallorhiza Karst. Dcutsch. Fl. 448. 1880-83.

Scape glabrous, 4'-! 2' high, clothed with 2-5 closely sheathing scales. Raceme 1^-3' long, 3-12- flowered; flowers dull purple, about %' long, on very short minutely bracted pedicels; sepals and petals narrow, about 3" long; lip shorter than the petals, oblong, whitish, 2-toothed or 2-lobed above the base; spur, a sac or small protuberance aduate to the summit of the ovary; capsule 4"-6" long, oblong or somewhat obovoid.

In woods, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to New Jer- sey, in the mountains to Georgia, and to Michigan and Washington. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Vermont. Also in Europe.. Maj--June.

2. Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd. ) Nutt. Small-flowered Coral-root. (Fig. 1 140.)

Cymbidium odontorhizon Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 110. 1805.

Corallorhiza odontorhiza Hutt. Gen. 2: 197. 1818.

Scape slender, purplish, d'-x^' high. Raceme 2'-4' long, 6-20-flowered; flowers 3"-4'' long, purplish, sepals and petals lanceolate, 2" long or less, marked with purple lines; lip as long as the petals, broadly oval or obovate, entire or denticulate, narrowed at the base, not notched, whitish; spur, a small sac adnate to the top of the ovarj" wings of the column very narrow.

In woods, Massachusetts to Michigan, Florida and JSIissouri. Ascends to 3000 ft. in North Caro- lina. July-Sept.

4

3. Corallorhiza Wisteriana Conrad. Wister's Coral-root. (Fig. 1141.)

Corallorhiza Wisteriana Conrad, Journ. Acad. Phila. .6:145. 1829.

Stem slender, but usually stouter than that of the preceding species, 8'-i6' high, bearing several sheathing scales. Raceme 2'-^' long, loose, 6-15- flowered; flowers about 1" long, slender-pedicelled, ascending or erect; lip broadly oval or obovate, long, i,"-^" wide; abruptly clawed, white with crimson spots, crenulate, notched at the apex; lamellae, 2 short prominent ridges; spur, a some- what conspicuous protuberence adnate to the top of the ovary; column strongly 2-winged toward the base; capsule elliptic-oblong or oblong-obovoid, about 5" long, drooping when ripe.

In woods, Massachusetts to Ohio, Florida and Texas. Feb. -May.

ORCHID FAMILY. 479 4. Corallorhiza multiflora Nutt. Large Coral-root. (Fig. 1142.)

Corallorliiza miillijiora Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 3; 138. pi. 7. 1823,

Scape 8'-2o' high, purplish, clothed with sev- eral appressed scales. Raceme I'-W long, 10- 30-flowered ; flowers (>"-<^" high, brownish pur- ple, short-pedicelled; sepals and petals some- what connivent at the base, linear-lanceolate, about ■X," long; lip white, spotted and lined with purple, oval or ovate in outline, deeply 3-lobed, crenulate, the middle lobe broader than the lateral ones, its apex curved; spur manifest, yel- lowish; capsule ovoid or oblong, 5^-8" long, drooping.

In woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida, Missouri and California. A form with yellow scapes and flowers occurs in Nebraska (ac- cording to Williams). July-Sept.

5. Corallorhiza striata L,indl. Striped Coral-root. (Fig. 1143.)

Corallorhiza striata Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 534. 1840.

Corallorhiza Macraei A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 453. 1856.

Scape stout, purplish, S'-2o' high. Raceme 2'-6^ long, io-25-flowered. Flowers dark purple; sepals and petals narrowly elliptic, striped with deeper purple lines, b"-"" long, spreading; lip oval or ob- ovate, entire or a little undulate, somewhat nar- rowed at the base, about as long as the petals; spur none, but the perianth has a gibbous saccate base; capsule ellipsoid, reflexed, 8''-io'' long.

In woods, Ontario and northern New York to Michi- gan, Oregon and California. July.

14. TIPULARIA Nutt. Gen. 2: 195. 18 18.

Slender scapose herbs, with solid bulbs, several generations connected by offsets, the flowers in a long loose terminal raceme. Leaf solitary, basal, unfolding long after the flow- ering season (in autumn), usually after the scape has perished. Scape with several thin sheathing scales at the base. Flowers green, nodding, bractless. Sepals and petals similar, spreading. Lip 3-lobed, produced backwardly into a very long spur. Column erect, wing- less or very narrowly winged. Anther terminal, operculate, 2-celled. PoUinia 4, ovoid, waxy, 2 in each anther-sac, separate, afiixed to a short stipe, which is glandular at the base. £Latin, similar to Tipula, a genus of insects, in allusion to the form of the flower.]

Two known species, the following of eastern North America, the other Himalayan.

31

48o

ORCHIDACEAE.

I. Tipularia unifolia (Muhl.) B.S.P. Crane-fly Orchis. (Fig. 1144.)

Limodorum unifolium Muhl. Cat. 8i. 1813. Tipularia disco/or 'Suit. Gen. 2: 195. 1818. Tipularia unifolia B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 51. 1888.

Scape glabrous, is'-ao' high, from a hard, often irregular solid bulb or corm. Leaf arising ir» autuinn from a fresh lateral corm, ovate, i'-}/ long, dark green, frequently surviving through the win- ter, \'-7.' wide. Raceme 5'-io' long, very loose; flowers green, tinged with purple; pedicels filiform, bractless; 4"-6" long; sepals and petals 3"-4''' long, narrow; lip shorter than the petals or equal- ling them, 3-lobed, the middle lobe narrow, pro- longed, dilated at the apex, the lateral lobes short, triangular; spur very slender, straight or curved, often twice as long as the flower; column narrow, erect, shorter than the petals, the beak minutely pubescent; capsule ellipsoid, 6-ribbed, about 6" long.

In woods, Vermont to Michigan, south to Florida and Louisiana. Local and rare. July-Aug.

15. LIMODORUM L. Sp. PI. 950. 1753. [Calopogon R. Br. in Alt. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 204. i8r3.]

Scapose herbs, with round solid bulbs which arise from the bulb of the previous year, a leaf appearing the first season, succeeded in the following year by the scape. Flowers sev- eral in a loose terminal spike or raceme. Sepals and petals nearly alike, separate, spread- ing. Column elongated, 2-winged above. Anther terminal, operculate, sessile; pollinia solitary, i in each sac, loosely granular. Lip spreading, raised on a narrow stalk, dilated at the apex, bearded on the upper side with long club-shaped hairs. [Greek, a meadow-gift.]

I. Limodorum tuberosum L. Grass- pink. Calopogon. (Fig. 1145.)

Limodorum luberosuvi L. Sp. PI. 950. 1753. Cymbidium pulchcllum Willd. Sp. PL 4: 105. 1805. Calopogon pulchellus R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 204. 1813.

Scape slender, naked, high. Leaf lin-

ear-lanceolate, S'-i2' long, 3"-io'' wide, sheath- ing, with several scales below it; spike 4' 15' long, 3-15-flowered; flowers about i' long, purplish pink, subtended by small acute bracts; sepals ob- liquely ovate-lanceolate, acute, about 10'^ long; petals similar; column incurved; anther-sacs par- allel, attached by a slender thread to the back of the column; lip as long as the column, broadly triangular at the apex, crested along the face with yellow, orange and rose-colored hairs ; capsule oblong, nearly erect.

In bogs and meadows, Newfoundland to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Missouri. June-July.

16. HEXALECTRIS Raf. Neog. 4. 1S25.

Scapose herbs, from thick scaly rootstocks and fleshy coralloid roots, the leaves reduced to purplish scales, sheathing the scape. Flowers bracted in a loose terminal raceme. Peri- anth not gibbous or spurred at the base, the petals and sepals similar, nerved, spreading. Lip obovate, with several crested ridges down the middle, somewhat 3-lobed, the middle lobe a little concave. Column free, thick, slightly incurved. Pollinia 8, united in a cluster. Capsule ellipsoid, the fruiting pedicels thick. [Greek, .signifying six crests.]

A monot3-pic genus of the southeastern United States and Mexico.

ORCHID FAMILY.

481

I. Hexalectris aphyllus (Nutt.) Raf- Crested Coral-root. (Fig. 1146.)

Bletia aphylla Nutt. Gen. 2: 194. 1818.

Hexalectris sqtiamosus Raf. Fl. Tell. 4: 48. 1836.

Hexalectris aphyllus Raf.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 501. 1890.

Scape stout, 8^-20' high, its upper scales lanceo- late, the lower sheathing and truncate or acute. Raceme 4'-?' long, 8-i2-flo\vered; flowers large, brownish purple, \' high or more; pedicels short, stout; sepals and petals narrowly elliptic, obtuse or acutish, spreading, striped with purple veins, d"- 9" long, longer than the broad lip; middle lobe of the lip rounded or crenulate, the lateral ones shorter, rounded; column slightly spreading at the summit, shorter than the lip; capsule ellipsoid, nearly \' long, the fruiting pedicels \"-^" long.

In rich woods, North Carolina to Kentncky and Mis- souri, south to Florida and northern Mexico. Aug.

17. APLECTRUM Nutt. Gen. 2: 197. 1818.

Scapose herbs, from a corm, produced from the one of the previous season by an offset, the scape clothed with several sheathing scales. L,eaf solitary, basal; developed in autumn or late summer, broad, petioled. Flowers in terminal racemes, the pedicels subtended by small bracts. Petals and sepals similar, narrow. I,ip clawed, somewhat 3-ridged, spur none. Column free, the anther borne a little below its summit. PoUinia 4, lens-shaped, oblique. [Greek, meaning without a spur.)

A nionotj'pic North American genus.

Putty-root.

I. Aplectrum spicatum (Walt.) B.S.P. Adam-and-Eve

(Fig. II47-)

Arethnsa spicata Walt. Fl. Car. 222. 1788.

Cymbidiiim hyemale'^iMA. Sp. PI. 4; 107. 1805.

Aplectrum hyemale Nutt. Gen. 2; ig8. 1818.

Aplectrum spicattuii B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. sr. 1888.

Scape glabrous, i°-2° high, bearing about 3 scales. Leaf arising from the corm, at the side of the scape, elliptic or ovate, 4^-6' long, wide, usually lasting over winter; raceme 2^-4^ long, loosely several-flowered; flowers dull yel- lowish brown mixed with purple, about i' long, short-pedicelled; sepals and petals linear-lance- olate, about %' long; lip shorter than the petals, obtuse, somewhat 3-lobed and undulate; column slightly curved, shorter than the lip; capsule oblong-ovoid, angled, about 10" long.

In woods and swamps, Ontario to the Northwest Territory and Oregon, south to Georgia, Missouri and California. Several old corms usually remain attached to the latest one. May-June.

482 SAURURACEAE.

Sub-class 2. DiCOTYLEDONES.

Embryo of the seed with two cotyledons (in a few genera one only, as in Cyclamen, Pingnicida and some species of Capnoidcs), the first leaves of the germinating plantlet opposite. Stem exogenous, of pith, w'ood and bark (endo- genous in structure in Nymphaeaceae), the wood in one or more layers sur- rounding the pith, traversed by medullary rays and covered by the bark. Leaves usually pinnateh' or palmately veined, the veinlets forming a network. Parts of the flower rareh- in 3's or 6's.

Dicotyledonous plants are first definitelj- known in Cretaceous time. They constitute between two-thirds and three-fourths of the living angiospermous flora.

Series i. Choripetalae. Petals separate and distinct from each other, or wanting.

The series is also known as Archichlaniideae, and comprises most of the families formerly grouped under Apetalae (without petals) and Polypetalae (with separate petals). Exceptions to the typical feature of separate petals are found in the Leguminosae, in which the two lower petals are more or less united; in the Fumariaceae, where the two inner petals or all four of them are sometimes coherent; the Polygalaceae, in which the three petals are united with each other, and with the stamens; Oxalis in Geraniaceae; and Ilicaceae, whose five petals are sometimes joined at the base.

Family i. SAURURACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 184. 1836.

Lizard's tail Family. Perennial herbs with broad entire alternate petioled leaves, and small perfect incomplete bracteolate flowers, in peduncled spikes. Perianth none. Stamens 6-8, or sometimes fewer, hypogynous; anthers 2 -celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3-4-carpelled, the carpels distinct or united, 1-2-ovuled; ovules orthotropous. Fruit capsular or berry-like, composed of 3-4 mostly in- dehiscent carpels. Seeds globose or ovoid, the testa membranaceous. Endo- sperm copious, mealy. Enibr3-o minute, cordate, borne in a small sac near the end of the endosperm.

Three genera and 4 species, natives of North America and Asia. The familj- differs from the Piperaceae in having more than one carpel to the ovary. It is represented in North America bj- the following and bj- Anemopsis, occurring in California and Arizona.

I. SAURURUS L. Sp. PI. 341. 1753.

Marsh herbs, with slender rootstocks, jointed stems and cordate leaves, their petioles sheathing the stem at the nodes, and small white flowers, in i or 2 dense elongated spikes opposite the leaves. Bractlets aduate to the flowers or to their minute pedicels. Stamens 6-8. Filaments filiform, distinct. Carpels united at the base. Styles as many as the car- pels, recurved, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit rugose, depressed-globose, separating into 3 or 4 one-seeded carpels. [Name Greek, meaning the tail of a lizard, in allusion to the long slender spike.]

Two species, the following of eastern North America, the other of eastern A.sia.

I. Saururus cernuus L. Lizard' s-tail. (Fig. 1 148.)

Sail ni I lls cernuus L. .Sp. PI. 341. 1753.

Somewhat pubescent when young, becoming glabrous, stem rathei slender, erect, sparingly branched, 2°-5° high. Leaves ovate, thin, pal- mately 5-9-ribbed and with a pair of strong ribs above, which run nearly to the apex, dark green, entire, deeply cordate at the base, acuminate, 3'-6' long, 2'-3^' wide; petioles stout, shorter than the blades, striate; spikes few, very dense, longer than their peduncles, 4'-6' long, the apex drooping in flower; flowers fragrant; stamens white, spreading, about 2" long; fruit slightly fleshy, ij^" in diameter, strongly wrinkled when dry.

In swamps and shallow water, Connecticut to Florida, west to southern Ontario, Minnesota and Texas. June-Aug.

WALNUT FAMILY.

483

Family 2. JUGLANDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Kd. 2, 180. 1836.

Walnut Family.

Trees with alternate piiniately compound leaves, and monoecious bracteolate flowers, the staminate in long drooping aments; the pistillate solitary or several together. Staminate flowers consisting of 3-numerous stamens with or without an irregularly lobed perianth adnate to the bractlet, very rarel}' with a rudi- mentary ovary. Anthers erect, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinalh^ dehiscent; filaments short. Pistillate flowers bracted and usually 2 -bracteolate, with a 3-5-lobed (normally 4-lobed) calyx or with both calj^x and petals, and an inferior i-celled or incompletely 2-4-celled ovary. Ovule solitary, erect, orthot- ropous; styles 2, stigmatic on the inner surface. Fruit in our genera a drupe with indehiscent or dehiscent, fibrous or woody exocarp (husk; ripened calyx; also regarded as an involucre ) , enclosing the bony endocarp or nut which is incompleteh" 2-4-celled. Seed large, 2-4-lobed. Endosperm none. Cotyledons corrugated, very oily. Radicle minute, superior.

Six genera and about 35 species, mostly of the wanner parts of the north temperate zone, extending in America south along the Andes to Bolivia. The young leaves in the bud are stipulate in at least two species of Hicoria.

Husk indehiscent; nut rugose. \. Juglans.

Husk at length splitting into segments; nut smooth or angled. 2. Hicoria.

I. JUGLANS L. Sp. PI. 997- i753-

Trees, with spreading branches, superposed buds, fragrant bark, and odd-pinnate leaves, with nearly or quite sessile leaflets, the terminal one sometimes early perishing. Staminate flowers in drooping C3'lindric aments, borne on the twigs of the previous year; perianth 3-6- lobed; stamens 8-40 in 2 or more series. Pistillate flowers solitary or several together on a terminal peduncle at the end of shoots of the season, the calyx 4-lobed, with 4 small petals adnate to the ovary at the sinuses; styles fimbriate, very short. Drupe large, globose or ovoid, the exocarp somewhat fleshy, fibrous, indehiscent, the endocarp bony, rugose or sculptured, 2-4-celled at the base, indehiscent, or in decay separating into 2 valves. [Name a contraction of the Latin Jovis glaiis, the nut of Jupiter.]

About 8 species, natives of the north temperate zone, one in the West Indies, i or 2 in the Andes of South America. Besides the following i or 2 others occur in the southwestern United States.

Fruit globose, obtuse, not viscid; petioles puberulent. i. J. nigra.

Fruit oblong, pointed, viscid; petioles pubescent. 2. J. cinerea.

I. Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut. (Fig. 1149.)

Juglans nigra L. .Sp. PI. 997. 1753.

A large forest tree with rough brown bark, maximum height about 150°, trunk diameter 8°, the twigs of the season and petioles puberulent, the older twigs glabrous or very nearly so. Leaflets 13-23, ovate-lanceolate, more or less inequilateral, acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, serrate with low teeth, glabrous or very nearly so above, pubescent be- neath, 3^-5' long, I '-2' wide; staminate aments solitary in the axils of leaf-scars of the preced- ing season, 3^-5' long; drupes usually solitary or 2 together, globose or a little longer than thick, T-Yz'-'s' in diameter, glabrous but papil- lose, not viscid; nut corrugated, slightly com- pressed, 4 celled at the base.

In rich woods, Massachusetts to southern Onta- rio and Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Wood strong, hard, rich brown; weight per cubic foot 38 lbs. April-May. Fruit ripe Oct. -Nov.

484

JUGLANDACEAE

2. Juglans cinerea L. Butternut. White Walnut. Oil-nut. (Fig. 1150. )

Juglans ciiierea L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1415. 1763.

A forest tree, resembling the Black Walnut, but smaller, rarely over 100° high and 3° in trunk dia- meter, the bark graj', smoother, the twigs, petioles and leaflets viscid-pubescent, at least when young. Leaflets 11-19, oblong-lauceolale, acuminate at the apex, scarcely inequilateral, obtuse, rounded or trun- cate at the base, serrate with low teeth; drupes racemed, oblong, densely viscid-pubescent, 1'-^' long and about one-half as thick, pointed; nut 4-ribbed, deeply sculptured, and with sharp longitudinal ridges, firmly adherent to the husk, 2-celled at the base.

In rich or rocky woods. New Brunswick and Ontario to North Dakota, south to Delaware, in the AUeghenies to Georgia, to Mississippi and Arkansas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Wood soft, rather weak, light brown; weight per cubic foot 25 lbs. April-May. Fruit ripe Oct. -Nov.

1808.

1. H. Pecan.

2. H. minima.

3. H. aqiiatica.

2. HICORIA Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352.

[Carya Nutt. Gen. 2: 221. 181S.] Trees, with close or shaggy bark, odd-piimate leaves and serrate or serrulate leaflets. Staminate flowers in slender drooping aments, borne in 3's on a common peduncle at the base of the shoots of the season, or clustered and sessile or nearl}' so in the axils of leaf- scars at the summit of twigs of the preceding )'ear; calyx adnate to the bract, 2-3 lobed or 2-3-clcft; stamens 3-10; filaments short. Pistillate flowers 2-6, together on a terminal pedun- cle; bract fugacious or none; calyx 4-toothed; petals none; styles 2 or 4, papillose or fimbri- ate, short. Fruit subglobose, oblong or obovoid, the husk separating more or less com- pletely into 4 valves; nut bony, smooth or angled, incompletely 2-4-celled; seed sweet and delicious or very bitter and astringent. [From the aboriginal name Hicori.]

About 10 species, natives of eastern North America, one in ilexico. Bud-scales valvate; lateral leaflets lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, falcate. Nut not compressed or angled; seed sweet. Nut somewhat compressed or angled; seed intensel3- bitter. Leaflets 7-9; nut smooth. Leaflets 9-13; nut angled. Bud-scales imbricate; lateral leaflets not falcate.

Husk of the fruit freelj- splitting to the base; middle lobe of the staminate calyx at least twice as long as the lateral ones. Bark shaggy, separating in long plates; foliage glabrous or puberulent.

Leaflets 5 (rarelj- 7); nut rounded at the base, 6"-io" long, 4. H. ovala.

Leaflets 7-9; nut usually pointed at both ends, long. 5. //. laciniosa.

Bark close, rough; foliage ver>- pubescent and fragrant. 6. H. alba.

Husk of fruit thin, not freely sphtting to tlie base; lobes of the staminate calyx nearly equal. Lateral leaflets ovate-lanceolate, not falcate; fruit rounded or scarcel5' ridged.

Fruit nearly globular; nut thin-shelled ; bark shaggy. mmM vtm. ^ i. 1 7- microcarpa. Fruit obovoid; nut thick-shelled; bark close. \9)^tm^tB0f^ //. glabra. _

I. Hicoria Pecan (Marsh.) Britton. Pecan. (Fig. 1151.)

Juglans Pecan Marsh. Arb. Am. 6g. 1785. Caiya olii'ae/ortnis Nutt. Gen. 2: 221. 181S. Hicoria Pecan Britton. Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 282. 1S88.

A large slender tree, with somewhat roughened bark, maximum height of 170° and trunk diameter 6°. Young twigs and leaves pubescent; mature foliage nearly gla- brous; bud-scales few, small, valvate; leaflets 11-15, fal- cate, oblong-lanceolate, short-stalked, inequilateral, acu- minate, 4'-7' long; staminate aments sessile or nearly so in the axils of leaf-scars near the end of twigs of the pre- ceding season or sometimes on the young shoots, S'-S' long; middle lobe of the staminate calyx linear, much longer than the broadl}- oblong lateral ones; fruit oblong- cylindric, i^'-2 j^' long; husk thin, 4-valved; nut smooth, oblong, thin-shelled, pointed, 2-celled at base, dissepi- ments thin, very astringent; seed delicious.

In moist soil, especially along streams, Indiana to Iowa and Missouri, south to Kentucky and Texas. Wood hard, brittle, light brown; weight 45 lbs. April-May. Fruit ripe Sept. -Oct.

WALNUT FAMILY.

485

2. Hicoria minima (Marsh.) Britton. Bitter-nut. Swamp Hickory,

[uglans alba minima JMarsh. Arb. Am. 68. 1785. Jtiglans siilcalaWxWA. Berl. Baumz. 154. 1796. Carya aniara Nutt. Gen. 2: 222. 1818. Hicoria minima Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 284. 1888.

A sleuder tree, sometimes 100° high, with trunk 3° in diameter, the bark close and rough. Bud-scales 6-8, small, valvate, caducous, young foliage puberu- lent, becoming nearly glabrous; leaflets 7-9, sessile, long-acuminate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3^-6' long, Yz'-^Yz' wide, the lateral ones falcate; staniinate ameuts slightly pubescent, peduucled in 3's at the bases of shoots of the season or somet mes on twigs of the previous year; lobes of the staminate calyx about equal, the middle one narrower; fruit subglobose, nar- rowly 6 ridged I'-i j^' in diameter; husk thin, tardily and irregularly 4-valved; nut little compressed, not angled, short-pointed, <^"-\7." long, thin-shelled; seed very bitter.

In moist woods and swamps, Quebec to southern On- tario and Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Wood hard and strong-, dark brown ; weight per cubic foot 47 lbs. Maj'-June. Fruit ripe Sept. -Oct.

3. Hicoria aquatica (Michx. f. ) Britton. Water Hickorj'. (Fig. 1153.)

Julians aquatica Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 1: 182. pi. 5. 1810.

Carya aquatica Nutt. Gen. 2: 222. 1818. Hicoria aquatica Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 284. 1888.

A swamp tree, attaining a maximum height of about 100° and a trunk diameter of 3°, the bark close, the young foliage pubescent, becoming nearl}' glabrous when mature. Leaflets 9-13, lanceolate, or the terminal one oblong, long-acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3'-5' long, wide, the lateral strongly falcate;

staminate aments and calyx as in the preceding species; fruit oblong, ridged, long, pointed; husk thin,

tardily splitting ; nut oblong, thin-shelled, angular; seed bitter.

In wet woods and swamps, Virginia to Florida, west to Illinois, Arkansas and Texas. Wood soft, strong, dense, dark brown; weight per cubic foot 46 lbs. March-April. Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct.

4. Hicoria ovata (Mill. ) Britton. Shag-bark. Shell-bark

Juglans ovata Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 6. 1768. Cfl'/'i'a a/ia Nutt. Gen. 2: 221. 1818. '!<lot Juglans alba 'L,. Hicoria ovata Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 283. 1888.

A large tree, sometimes 120° high, with a trunk di- ameter of 4°; bark shaggy in narrow plates; young twigs and leaves puberulent, becoming glabrous. Leaflets 5, or sometimes 7, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or the upper obovate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, 4^-6' long, those of young plants much larger, bud-scales 8-10, imbricated, the inner be- coming very large and tardily deciduous; staminate aments in 3's, on slender peduncles at the bases of shoots of the season; middle lobe of the staminate calyx linear, longer than the lateral ones; fruit subglobose, \'%'-'2.yz' long; husk thick, soon splitting into 4 valves; nut white, somewhat compressed, 4-celled at the base, 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) above, pointed, slightly angled, thin-shelled; seed sweet.

In rich soil, Quebec to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Wood strong and tough, light brown; weight per cubic foot 52 lbs. Some- times called White Walnut. May. Fruit ripe Sept.-Nov.

Hickory

486

JUGLANDACEAE.

5. Hicoria laciniosa (Michx. f.) Sarg. Big Shag-bark. King-nut. (Fig. 1 155.)

Not Juglans sul- Am. i: 199. pi. 8.

Carya sulcata Nutt. Gen.

cata Wind. 1796. Juglans laciniosa Michx. f. Hist. Arb. 1810.

Hicoria siilcata'^xWx.ow, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 283. 1888. Hicoria laciniosa Sarg. Mem. Torr. Club. 5: 354. 1894.

A large tree, reaching about the size of the preceding species, the bark separating in long narrow plates, the young foliage densely puberulent, the mature leaves somewhat so beneath. Leaflets 7-9, (rarely 5) acute or acuminate, oblong-lanceolate or the upper obovate, some- times 8' long by 5' wide; staminate aments peduncled in 3's at the base of shoots of the season; middle lobe of the staminate calyx linear, twice as long as the lateral ones; fruit oblong, 2^-3' long; husk thick, soon splitting to the base; nut oblong, somewhat compressed, thick-shelled, pointed at both ends, yellowish-white; seed sweet.

In rich soil, New York and Pennsylvania to Indiana, Iowa, Tennessee, Kansas and the Indian Territory. Wood strong and tough, darker than the preceding; weight 50 lbs. per cubic foot. May. Fruit ripe Sept. -Oct.

Hicoria alba (L.) Britton. White-heart Hickory. Mocker-nut. (Fig. 1156.)

Juglans alba L,. Sp. PI. 997. 1753. Juglans tomentosa Lam. Encycl. 4: 504. 1797. Carya tomentosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 221. 1818. Hicoria alba Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 283. 1888.

A large tree, maximum height 100°, and trunk diameter 3^2°, the foliage and twigs persistently tomentose-pubescent, fragrant when crushed, the bark rough and close; bud-scales very large, imbricated; leaflets 7-9, obloug-lanceolate or the upper oblauceo- late or obovate, sessile, long-acuminate, narrowed or rounded and somewhat inequilateral at the base; stami- nate aments peduncled in 3's, tomentose; middle lobe of the staminate calyx linear, much longer than the lateral ones; fruit globose or oblong-globose, ^Yz'-y/z' long; husk thick, freel}' splitting to the base; nut gray- ish-white, angled, pointed at the summit, little com- pressed, thick-shelled, 4-celled at the base; seed sweet.

In rich soil, eastern Massachusetts to southern Ontario, Illinois and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. As- cends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Wood very hard and tough, dark brown; weight per cubic foot 51 lbs. Called also Fragrant Hickorj'. May-June. Fruit ripe Oct. -Nov.

Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britton. Small-fruited Hickory. (Fig. 1157.)

Juglans alba odorata Marsh. Arb. Am. 68. 1785? Carya microcarpa Nutt. Gen. 2: 221. 1818. H. microcarpa Britton, Bull. Torr. Club. 15: 283. 1888. H. glabra var. odorata Sarg. Silva, 7: 167. pi. 354. 1895.

A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about 90° and a trunk diameter of 3 the bark close, when older separating iu narrow plates, the foliage glabrous throughout. Bud-scales 6-8, imbricated, the inner ones somewhat enlarging; leaflets 5-7, oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or sometimes rounded at the base, zYz'^b' long; stami- nate aments glabrous, peduncled in 3's at the base of shoots of the season; middle lobe of the staminate calyx equalling or somewhat longer than the lateral ones; fruit globose or globose-oblong, less than \' long, the husk thin, tardily and incompletely splitting to the base; nut subglobose, nearly white, slightly com- pressed, not angled, thin-shelled, pointed; seed sweet.

In rich woods, ^Massachusetts to Michigan, south to Vir- ginia, Illinois and Missouri. Wood hard, strong, tough,, light brown. May-June. Fruit ripe Sept. -Oct.

WALNUT FAMILY.

487

8. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton. Pig-nut Hickory. (Fig. 1158.)

Juglans glabra Mill. Card. Diet. Ed.J8, No. 5. 1768. Carya poriina Nutt. Gen. 2: 222. 1818. Hicoria glabra Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 284. 1888.

A tree, sometimes 120° high and with a trunk diam- eter of 5°, bark close, rough; foliage glabrous, or sometimes pubescent. Bud-scales 8-10, imbricated, the inner ones enlarging; leaflets 3-7, rarely 9, ob- long, oblong-lanceolate or the upper obovate, sessile, acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, ■xf-fs' long, in young plants much larger; stamiuate aments glabrous, peduucled in 3's; lobes of the stami- nate calyx about equal in length, the middle one nar- rower; fruit obovoid or obovoid-oblong, i%'-2' long; husk thin, the valves very tardily dehiscent; nut brown, angled, pointed, very thick-shelled; seed astringent and bitter, not edible.

In dry or moist woods, Maine to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Wood hard, strong, tough, rather dark brown; weight per cubic foot 51 lbs. May-June. Fruit ripe Oct. -Nov.

Family 3. MYRICACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 95. 1829.

Bayberry Family.

Shrubs or tree.s with alternate, mostly coriaceous and aromatic simple leaves and small monoecious or dioecious flowers, in linear, oblong or globular bracted aments. Flowers .solitary in the axils of the bracts. Perianth none. Staminate flower with 2-16 (usually 4-8) stamens inserted on the receptacle; filaments short, distinct or somewhat united; anthers ovate, 2-celled, the sacs longitudin- ally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with a .solitary i -celled ovary, subtended by 2-8 bractlets; ovule solitary, orthotropous; style very .short; stigmas 2, linear. Fruit a small oblong or globose drupe or nut, the exocarp often waxy. Seed erect. Endosperm none. Cotyledons plano-convex. Radicle very short.

Two genera and 35 species of wide geographic distribution. Ovary subtended by 2-4 bractlets; leaves serrate or entire, exstipulate. i. Myrica.

Ovary subtended by 8 linear persistent bractlets; leaves pinnatifid, stipulate. -2. Comptonia.

I. MYRICA I,. Sp. PI. 1024. 1753.

Shrubs or small trees with entire, dentate or lobed, mostly resinous dotted leaves, our species usually dioecious. Staminate aments oblong or narrowly cylindric, expanding be- fore or with the leaves. Stamens 4-8. Pistillate aments ovoid or subglobose; ovary sub- tended by 2-4, mostly short, deciduous or persistent bractlets. Drupe globose or ovoid, its exocarp waxy. [Ancient Greek name of the Tamarisk.]

Besides the following species, another occurs in the Southern States and 2 on the Pacific coast. Bractlets of pistillate aments persistent, clasping the drupes; low bog shrub, i. iJ/. Gale. Bractlets of pistillate aments deciduous, the ripe drupes separated.

Slender tree; leaves mostly acute, narrow; drupe less than i" in diameter. 2. M. cerifera.

Shrub; leaves mostly obtuse, broader; drupe \" in diameter. 3. M. Carolinensis.

I. Myrica Gale ly. SweetGale. (Fig.1159.)

Myrica Gale L. Sp. PI. 1024. 1753.

A shrub, usually strictly dioecious, the twigs dark brown. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse and dentate at the apex, narrowed to a cuneate entire base, short- petioled, dark green and glabrous above, pale and puberuleut or glabrous beneath, i'-2)/i' long, \o" wide, unfolding after the aments; staminate aments linear-oblong, (:>"-\o" long, crowded; pis- tillate aments ovoid-oblong, obtuse, about 4'' long and 1" in diameter in fruit, their bracts imbricated; drupe resinous waxy, not longer than the 2 ovate persistent bractlets, which clasp it on each side and are adnate to its base.

In swamps and along ponds and .streams, Newfound- land to Alaska, southern New York, Virginia, Michigan and Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Adirondacks. April-May.

488

ISIYRICACEAE. 2. Myrica cerifera L,. Wax-myrtle. (Fig. 1160.)

iifyrica cerifera L. Sp. PI. 1024. 1753.

A slender dioecious tree, maximum height about 40°, trunk diameter i>^°, the bark gray, uearl}- smooth. Leaves narrow, oblong or ob- lanceolate, mostl}' acute at the apex, entire or sparingly dentate, narrowed or somewhat cune- ate at the base, fragrant when crushed, short- petioled, dark green above, paler and sometimes pubescent beneath; golden-resinous, i'-3' long, 2)"-()" wide, unfolding with or before the aments; staminate ameuts cylindric; pistillate aments short, oblong; ripe drupes separated, globose, bluish-white, waxy, less than \" in di- ameter, tipped with the minute base of the style, long persistent, the bracts and bractlets deciduous.

In sandy swamps or wet woods, Maryland to Flor- ida and Texas, north to Arkansas, IMarch-.A.pril. Leaves mostlj- persistent tliroug^li the winter. Wood light, brown; weight per cubic foot 35 lbs.

3. Myrica Carolinensis Mill. Waxberry. Bayberry. (Fig. 1161.)

Myrica Carolinensis Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 3- 1768.

A shrub, 2°-8° high, with smooth gray bark, the twigs glabrous or often pubescent. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, glabrous above, often pubescent beneath, resinous, 2^-4' long, 6"-i8" wide, serrate with a few low teeth above the middle, or entire, obtuse or sometimes acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, short- petioled; staminate aments cylindric or oblong, 3"-9'' long; pistillate aments short, oblong; ripe drupes separated, globose, bluish white, very waxy, \"-\yz" in diameter, long-persistent, the bracts and bractlets deciduous.

In dry or moist sandy soil, Nova Scotia to Flor- ida and Alabama and on the shores of Lake Erie. Occurs also in bogs in northern New Jersey and Pennsylvania. April-May. The fruit was much iised as a source of wax bj- the earlj' .settlers of the eastern United States, and is still utilized along the <:oast of New England.

2. COMPTONIA Banks; Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 58. pi. <jo. 1791.

A low, monoecious or dioecious branching shrub with terete brown branches and nar- row, deeply pinnatifid, stipulate leaves, the young foliage pubescent. Aments expanding with the leaves, the staminate ones and their flowers as in Jlyrica. Fertile aments globose- ovoid, on monoecious plants appearing below the staminate, several-flowered. Ovary sub- tended by 8 linear-subulate persistent bractlets, which form an involucre to the ovoid-ob- long bony nut. [Name in honor of Rev. Ilenrj- Comptou, 1632-1713, bishop of Oxford.]

A monotypic genus of eastern North America.

BAYBERRY FAMILY. 489

I. Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter. Sweet Fern. (Fig. 1162.)

IJqtddavihar f>crc,S:rina I^. Sp. PL 999. 1753. JSfyrica asl^IotiJ'oUa T,. vSp. PI. 1024. 1753. LiquidanilHii asph iti folia L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1418. 1763. C. asplcnifolia Gatrtn. Kr. & Sem. 2: 58. 1791. C. peregrina Coulter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 127. 1894.

A shrub, i°-2j/z° tall, the branches erect or spreading. Leaves linear-oblong or linear-lanceo- late in outline, short-petioled, obtuse or subacute at the apex, deeply pinnatifid into numerous ob- lique rounded entire or sparingly dentate lobes, 3'- 6' long, %'-yz' wide, fragrant when crushed, the sinuses very narrovp; stipules semi-cordate, mostly deciduous; staminate aments clustered at the ends of the branches, \' or less long, their bracts reni- form, acute; pistillate aments bur-like in fruit, the subulate bractlets longer than the light brown, shining, striate, obtuse nut.

In dry soil, especially on hill-sides, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to North Carolina, Indiana and Michi- gan. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. April-May.

Family 4. LEITNERIACEAE Driide, Phanerog. 407. 1879. Cork-wood Family.

Dioecious shrubs or small trees, with large entire petioled alternate exstipulate (or sometimes stipulate ?) leaves, and flowers of both sexes in aments, which ex- pand before the leaves. Staminate flowers with no perianth; stamens 8-12, in- serted on the receptacle; filaments distinct; anthers oblong, erect, 2 -celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with a solitarj^ i -celled ovary, subtended by 3 or 4 minute glandular-lacerate bractlets (perianth?); style ter- minal, simple, grooved and flattened, slender, recurved and stigmatic above, caducous; ovule solitary, laterally affixed to the ovary wall, amphitropous. Fruit an oblong drupe with thin exocarp and hard endocarp. Testa thin. Endosperm thin, fleshy. Cotyledons flat, cordate at the base; radicle short, superior.

A family related morphologically to the Myricaceae, but its anatomical characteristics point to affinity with Liquidambar and Plaianus. It comprises only the following monotypic genus of the southern United States.

I. LEITNERIA Chapm. Fl. S. States, 427. i860. Characters of the family. [In honor of Dr. E. F. Leitner, a German naturalist, killed in Florida during the Seminole war.]

I. Leitneria Floridana Chapm. Leit- neria. Cork- wood. (Fig. 11 63.)

Leitneria Floridana Chapm. Fl. S. States, 428. i860.

A shrub or small tree, attaining a maximum height of about 20° and a trunk diameter of 5', the bark gray and rather smooth, the young twigs, leaves and aments densely pubescent. Leaves ob- long or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, obtuse or cuspi- date at the apex, narrowed at the base, bright green, firm, 2>'-^' long, V-^i' wide, when mature, glabrous or nearly so above, finely pubescent, at least on the veins, and rugose-reticulated beneath; petioles 9''-i5" long; staminate aments ascending, i'-2' long, their bracts triangular-ovate, acute, to- mentose; pistillate aments shorter, borne toward the ends of the twigs; drupe slightly compressed, about 10" long, j,''-^" thick, rugose-reticulated.

In swamps, southern Missouri to Texas, and in Florida. Wood lighter than cork and probably the lightest wood known, weighing only about 12^ lbs. per cubic foot. March.

490

SALICACEAE.

Family 5. SALICACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 186. 1836.

Willow Family.

Dioecious trees or shrubs with light wood, bitter bark, brittle twigs, alteruate stipulate leaves, the stipules often minute and caducous. Flowers of both sexes in aments, solitary- in the axil of each bract. Aments expanding before or with the leaves. Staminate aments often pendulous; staminate flowers con- sisting of from one to numerous stamens inserted on the receptacle, subtended hy a gland-like or cup-shaped disk; filaments distinct or more or less united; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate aments pendulous, erect or spreading, sometimes raceme-like; pistillate flowers of a sessile or .short- .stipitate i -celled ovar}- subtended by a minute disk; placentae 2-4, parietal; ovules usually numerous, anatropous; style short, slender, or almost wanting; stigmas 2, simple or 2-4-cleft. Fruit an ovoid, oblong or conic 2-4-valved cap- sule. Seeds small or minute, provided with a dense coma of long, mostly white, silky hairs. Endosperm none. Cotjdedons plano-convex. Radicle short.

The family includes only the 2 following genera, consisting of 200 or more species, mostly natives of the north temperate and arctic zones.

Bracts fimbriate or incised; stamens numerous; stigmas elongated. i. Populus,

Bracts entire ; stamens 2-10; stigmas short. 2. Salix.

I. POPULUS L. Sp. PI. 1034. 1753.

Trees with scaly resinous buds, terete or angled twigs aud broad or narrow, usually long- petioled leaves, the stipules minute, fugacious. Bracts of the aments fimbriate or incised. Disk cup-shaped, oblique, lobed or entire. Staminate aments dense, pendulous. Staminate flowers with from 4-60 stamens, their filaments distinct. Pistillate aments sometimes raceme-like through the elongation of the pedicels, pendulous, erect or spreading. Ovary sessile; style short, stigmas 2-4, entire or 4-lobed. Capsule 2-4-valved. Coma of the seeds often very long and conspicuous. [Name ancient, used for these trees by Pliny.]

About 25 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 3 others occur in the western parts of North .America.

'if- Petioles terete or channeled, scarcely or not at all flattened laterally. (POPLARS.) leaves persistently and densely white-tomentose beneath. i. P. alba.

leaves glabrous or very nearly so when mature, crenulate.

Foliage strictly glabrous (except in P. balsamifera candicans); capsule very short-pedicelled.

Leaves broadly ovate, rounded or cordate at the base. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, mostl3' narrowed at the base. Leaves acute, short-petioled. Leaves acuminate, long-petioled. Foliage densely tomentose when young: capsules slender-pedicelled.

Petioles strongly flattened laterally. (ASPEX.S. ) Leaves coarselj' undulate-dentate. Leaves crenulate-denticulate.

Leaves ovate or suborbicular, short-pointed. Leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly acuminate.

Leaves obtuse at the base; capsules nearly sessile. Leaves truncate at the base; capsules slender-pedicelled.

2. P. balsamifera.

P. angustifolia. P. acuminata. P. heterophylla.

6. P. grandidentata.

7. P. tremuloides.

8. P. nigra.

Q. P. delloides.

I. Populus alba E. Abele. White or Silver-leaf Poplar. (Fig. 1164.)

Populus alba L. Sp. PI. 1034. 1753.

A large tree, with smooth light gray bark, at- taining a maximum height of about 120° and a trunk diameter of 6°. Young foliage densely white-tomentose, the leaves becoming glabrate and dark green above, persistently tomentose beneath, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular iu outline, apex acute, base truncate or subcordate, 3-5-lobed or irregularly dentate, 2^'-4' long; petioles nearlj' terete, shorter than the blade; staminate aments i'-2' long.

In yards and along roadsides, springing up from suckers of older trees. New Brunswick to Virginia. Native of Europe and Asia. Wood soft, nearly white; weight 38 lbs. per cubic foot. March-May.

WILLOW FAMILY.

491

2. Populus balsamifera L. Tacamahac.

Balsam Poplar. (Fig. 1165.) Populus balsamifera \^. Sp. PI. 1034. 1753.

A large tree, with nearly smooth gray bark, reach- ing a maximum height of about 80° and a trunk diameter of 7°, the branches stout, spreading, the large buds very resinous, the foliage glabrous. Leaves broadly ovate, dark green and shining above, pale beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, crenulate, 3'-5' long, petioles terete; aments and bracts some- what pubescent; stamens 18-30; lobes of the stigmas broad; capsule ovoid, 2-valved, short-pedicelled.

In moist or dry soil, especially along streams and lakes, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and Alaska, south to Maine, New York, Michigan, Idaho and British Columbia. Wood soft, weak, brown, compact; weight per cubic foot 23 lbs. April.

Populus balsamifera candicans (Ait.) A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 419. 1856. Balm of Gilead. Populus candicans Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 406. 1789.

Leaves broader, cordate at the base; petioles usually pubescent. New Brunswick to New sey, west to Minnesota, mostly escaped from cultivation, apparentlj- indigenous northward.

Jer-

3. Populus angustifolia James. Narrow-leaved Cottonwood. (Fig. 1166.)

Populus angiisti/olia ]aim.e.s,, Long's Exp. i: 497. 1823. Populus balsamifera var. anguslifolia S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 327. 1871.

A slender tree, maximum height about 65°, trunk diameter 2°; crown narrowly pyramidal, branches as- cending, foliage glabrous. Twigs terete, gray; leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, spreading, dry- ing brownish, gradually acuminate or acute at the apex or some of them obtuse, narrowed, rounded or rarely subcordate at the base, 2^-^}4.' long, yz'-\'%.' wide, finely crenulate from base to apex; petioles plano-convex, not flattened laterally; ^'-Yz' long; lateral veins 8-15 on each side of the blade; stami- nate aments oblong-cylindric, i'-2}i' long; lobes of the stigmas broad; capsules ovoid, short-pedicelled.

In moist soil, especially along streams, Northwest Ter- ritory to Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, and Arizona. Wood soft, weak, brown, compact; weight per cubic foot 24 lbs. April-May.

4. Populus acuminata Rydberg. Black

Cottonwood. (Fig. 1167.)

Populus acuminata Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 1803.

50.

A slender tree, with terete twigs, reaching ap- proximately the dimensions of the preceding spe- cies, the crown broadly pyramidal with spreading branches, the foliage glabrous. Leaves rhomboid- lanceolate, spreading or drooping, drying green, abruptly or gradually long-acuminate at the apex, cuneate, obtuse or rounded at the base, 2'-6' long, i'-2^' wide, crenulate or the base entire; petioles slender, long; staminate aments about 1%'

long; pistillate aments slender, drooping, 3^-5' long; capsules ovoid, obtuse, distinctly pedicelled.

Range apparently nearly that of the preceding species. April-May.

492

SALICACEAE.

5. Populus heterophylla L. Swamp or Downy Poplar. (Fig. 1168.)

Populus lielei ophylla L. Sp. PI. 1034. 1753.

An irregularly branching tree, sometimes 80° high and with a trunk 3° in diameter, the bark rough. Young foliage densely tomentosc. I^eaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute at the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, crenulate-denticulate, 5'-6' long, or those of young plants much larger, glabrous or somewhat floccose beneath when mature; petioles terete; bracts glabrous or nearly so; staminate aments stout, 3'-4' long, 9"- 1 2" in diameter, drooping; stamens numerous; pistillate aments raceme-like, peduncled, erect or spreading, loosely flowered; capsules ovoid, acute, 2-valved, 4"-6" long, shorter than or equalling their pedicels.

In swamps, southern Connecticut and New York to Georgia, west to Louisiana, north in the Mississippi Val- ley to Indiana and Arkansas. Wood soft, weak, com- pact, brown, weight per cubic foot 26 lbs. April-May.

6. Populus grandidentata Michx. Large-toothed Aspen. (Fig. 1169.)

Poptilusgrandidcntala JMichx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 243. 1803.

A forest tree with smooth, greenish-gray bark, maximum height about 75°, and trunk diameter 7.yz°. Leaves ovate-orbicular, those of very young plants densely white-tomentose beneath, some- times 1° long, with irregularly denticulate margins, those of older trees tomentose when j'oung, gla- brous when mature, short-acuminate, coarsely un- dulate-dentate, obtuse or truncate at the base 2>^'- 4' long; petioles slender, flattened laterally; bracts silky, irregularly 4-7-cleft; staminate aments 2'- 4' long, about 5" in diameter, drooping; pistillate aments somewhat pubescent, dense, 3''-5' long in fruit, also drooping; stigma-lobes narrow; capsule conic, acute, 2-valved, about 2," loiigi rather less than \" in diameter, papillose.

In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minne- sota, south to New Jersey and in the Alleghanies to North Carolina and Tennessee. Wood soft, weak, light brown, compact; weight per cubic foot 29 lbs. April.

7. Populus tremuloides Michx. Ameri- can Aspen. (Fig. 1 1 70.)

Populus Iremuloides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 243. 1803. P. Allie)iiensis'L,\\A-w'\g, Neue Wilde Baumz. 35. 1753. (?)

A slender tree, with smooth, light green bark, reaching a maximum height of about 100° and a trunk diameter of 3°, the young foliage glabrous, excepting the ciliate margins of the leaves. Pet- ioles very slender, flattened laterally, causing the leaves to quiver in the slightest breeze; leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, short-acuminate at the apex, finelj- crenulate all around, truncate, rounded or subcordate at base, i'-2^' broad, or those of very young plants much larger; bracts silky, deeply 3-5-cleft into linear lobes; aments drooping, the staminate iyi'-2%' long, i*i diameter, the

pistillate longer, dense; stigma-lobes linear; cap- sule like that of the preceding species, but some- what smaller.

In dry or moist soil, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and Alaska, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, in the Rocky Mountains to Mexico and to Lower Califoniia. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Wood soft, weak, light brown; weight per cubic foot, 25 lbs. March-Maj'.

493

WILLOW FAMILY.

8. Populus nigra L,. Black Poplar. (Fig. 1 171.)

Populus nigra L. Sp. PI. 1034. 1753.

A large tree, sometimes 100° tall and the trunk 4° in diameter, usuallj' much smaller. Twigs te- rete; young foliage somewhat pubescent, the ma- ture leaves firm, nearly or quite glabrous; petioles slender, flattened laterally; leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate or obtuse at the base, crenate, long; staminate

aments long; stamens about 20; pistillate

aments 2^-5' long in fruit, spreading; capsule ob- long, very obtuse, borne on pedicels of much less than their own length.

Valleys of the Hudson and Delaware Rivers, natu- ralized from Europe. April-May.

The Lombardy Poplar, Populus dilalata, commonly planted for ornament, occasionally spreads by sending up shoots from its subterranean parts.

Populus deltoides Marsh. Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. (Fig. 1172.)-

Populus deltoides Marsh. Arb. Am. 106. 1785. Populus Carolinensis Moench, Verz. PI. 81. 1785. Populus monilifera Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 406. 1789. Populus angulata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 407. 1789.

A large tree, the greatest of the poplars, attain- ing a maximum height of 150° and a trunk diam- eter of 7K°) the bark grayish-green, somewhat rough when old. Foliage glabrous; leaves broadly deltoid-ovate, abruptly acuminate at the apex, cren- ulate, truncate at the base, 4'-7' long; petiole flat- tened laterally, stout, about as long as the blade; bracts glabrous, deeply fimbriate; staminate aments drooping, 3'-5' long, ^"-d" in diameter; pistillate aments loosely flowered, becoming 6'-io' long in fruit; capsule ovoid, acute, long, 2-4-valved,

shorter than or equalling their pedicels.

In moist soil, especially along streams and lakes, Quebec to the Northwest Territory, south to New Jer- sey, Florida, Colorado and New Mexico. Wood soft, weak, dark brown; weight per cubic foot 24 lbs. April-May. Also called Carolina Poplar.

2. SALIX L. Sp. PI. 1015. 1753.

Trees or shrubs, with single-scaled buds, the scales with an adherent membrane within, mostly narrow and short-petioled leaves and persistent or early deciduous broad or minute stipules. Bracts of the aments entire. Disk gland like, small or minute. Staminate aments dense, erect, spreading or drooping. Staminate flowers with i-io, mostly 2, stamens, their filaments distinct or sometimes united. Pistillate aments usually erect or spreading. Ovarj' sessile or short-stipitate. Style short or filiform. Stigmas 2, entire or 2-cleft. Capsule mostly 2-valved. [Name ancient.]

About 160 species, of wide geographic distribution throughout the north temperate and arctic zones, a few in the southern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 45 others occur in the northern and western parts of North America.

^ Filaments pubescent, at least toward the base; stamens more than 2 (3-7). No glands on petioles or stipules.

Capsule ovoid, about twice as long as its pedicel. Leaves short-petioled, lanceolate.

Leaves narrowly lanceolate, green on both sides. i. 5'. nigra.

Leaves lanceolate, silvery-white beneath. 2. Wardi.

Leaves slender-petioled, broadly lanceolate. 3. 5. aniygdaloides

Capsule long-conic, much longer than its pedicel. 5. fragiiis.

Petioles and stipules prominently glandular. 4. S. lucida.

Filaments pubescent; stamens only 2. Trees, cultivated and naturalized or adventive.

494

SALICACEAE.

1 8. .S. argyrocarpa.

19. ^. deserlorum.

20. S. glauca.

21. 5. Candida.

22. 5. viminalis.

23. 5. phyllicifolia.

Capsule glabrous; filaments distinct.

Branches not drooping; leaves lanceolate.

Leaves glabrous on both sides. 5. S. fragilis.

Leaves silky on both sides when young. 6. 5'. alba.

Leaves linear-lanceolate; branches drooping. 7. S. Babylonica.

Capsules tomentose; filaments united; leaves oblanceolate. 8. S. purpurea.

River-bank shrub, with linear-lanceolate leaves. 9 S. fltiviatilis.

Low arctic shrubs, with obovate or oval obtuse leaves.

Leaves glabrous, stronglj' reticulated beneath. 10. S. reliculala.

Leaves denselj- tomentose silk}' beneath. 11. S. I'esliia.

^■r'Jfi Filaments glabrous; capsule tomentose or pubescent. Stigmas sessile or very nearly so. Leaves tomentose beneath.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, slender-petioled; aments expanding with the leaves.

12. 5^. Behbiana.

Leaves oblanceolate, short-petioled; aments expanding before the leaves.

Leaves 2'-4' long; fruiting aments about i' long. 13. S. humilis.

Leaves i'-2' long; fruiting aments long. 14. S. trislis.

Mature leaves glabrous or slightly silky beneath.

Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute. 15. 5'. discolor.

Leaves elongated-lanceolate, long-acuminate.

Capsule short-pedicelled, iji" long; leaves black in drj-ing. 16. ^. sericea. Capsule slender pedicelled, 2"-3" long; leaves green in drj-ing. 17. S. peliolaris. Style filiform, equalling or longer than the stigmas. Leaves persistentl}' tomentose or silky beneath.

Arctic or alpine shrubs; aments unfolding with the leaves. Fruiting aments 1' or less long. Pubescence silvery-silky. Pubescence tomentose. Fruiting aments 2' -3' long. Low bog shrub; leaves oblong.

Introduced tree; leaves linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate. Mature leaves glabrous beneath.

Leaves 2' -3' long, shining above. Leaves V2' -1' long, dull; low arctic shrubs.

Leaves oblong or lanceolate, short-petioled. 24. 5'. Broitinii.

Leaves elliptic or broadlj* obovate, long-petioled. 25. 5. arclica.

^^^>;; Filaments glabrous; capsule glabrous. Large shrubs, with serrate or serrulate leaves. Mature leaves glabrous.

Leaves lanceolate or ovate -lanceolate, acuminate. Shrubs.

Leaves green both sides, narrow; capsules 2" -3" long. 26. Leaves verj- glaucous beneath, broad; capsules 3"-5" long. 27. Tree 3o°-50° high. 28. Leaves elliptic, obovate or oblong, merely acute.

Leaves glaucous beneath; capsule slender-pedicelled. 29. Leaves green both sides; capsule nearly or quite sessile. 30. Leaves densely silky-pubescent. 31. Low bog shrub, with entire glabrous leaves. 32. Low diffuse glabrous alpine and arctic shrubs.

Leaves oblong or obovate, narrowed at the base; aments many-flowered. 33. S. Uva-ursi. Leaves orbicular, cordate at the base; pistillate aments few-flowered. 34. 5. herbacea.

I. Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow. (Fig. 1173. )

Salix nigra Marsh. Arb. Am. 139. 1785.

A tree, with rough flaky dark brown bark, attaining a maximum height of about 120° and a trunk diameter of 3°. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, serrulate, somewhat pubescent when young, glabrous and green above, somewhat paler, and sometimes pubescent on the veins be- neath when mature, 2]/^'-^' long, 2^-9" wide; stipules various, persistent or deciduous; aments ex- panding with the leaves, on short lateral branches, the staminate \'-2' long, the pistillate i/^'-3' long and spreading in fruit; stamens 3-7, distinct, their filaments pubescent below; scales deciduous; stig- mas nearly sessile; capsule ovoid, acute, glabrous, about twice as long as its pedicel.

Along streams and lakes. New Brunswick to west- ern Ontario, Florida and California. Hybridizes with 5. alba. Wood soft, weak, light brown; weight per cubic foot 28 lbs. April-Maj'.

Salix nigra falcata (Pursh) Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 209. 1843. Salix falcata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2: 614. 1814.

Leaves narrower, 2"-3" wide, falcate, green on both sides. Massachusetts to Florida.

.S. cordala.

S. glaucophylla.

S. Missouriensis.

S. balsaniifera. S. Barclay i. S. adenopliylla. S. myrtilloides.

WILLOW FAMILY.

495

Salix Wardii Bebb. Ward's Willow

U'ardi Bebb; Ward, Bull. U. .S. Nat. 1881.

1895.

A tree, sometimes 30° high, the trunk reaching 8'

Salix nigra var

Mus. 22: 114. 1881. Salix yVardi Bebb, Card. & For. 8: 363.

II75-)

Vet. Akad.

in diameter, the branches spreading or drooping, the bark dark reddish brown, covered with small scales. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded, sub- cordate, or some of them narrowed at the base, '^-Yz'-l' long, Yz'-iyi' wide, bright green above, sil- very white and usually somewhat pubescent be- neath; stipules often large, sometimes persistent; aments expanding with the leaves, terminal, the staminate long, the pistillate as long or shorter; stamens 3-6, separate; filaments pilose at the base; scales villous without, deciduous; capsule conic, glabrous, about twice as long as its pedicel.

Along streams and lakes, Maryland to Tennessee, Missouri and the Indian Territory, south to Florida. Wood dark brown. March-May.

Salix amygdaloides Anders. Peach-leaved W^illow. (Fic

Sali.x- amygdaloides Anders. Ofv. Handl. 1858: 114. 1858.

A small tree, similar to the preceding species, sometimes 7d° high and the trunk 2° in diameter, the brown bark scaly. Leaves lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, pubescent when young, glabrous when old, dark green above, paler and slightly glaucous beneath, long-acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3/4 '-5' long, about \' wide, sharply ser- rulate, slender-petioled ; petioles y^-"]" long, glandless; stipules commonly fugacious; aments appearing with the leaves, terminal on short lateral branches, the staminate \'-2' long, the pistillate loose, spreading and 2^^-4^ long in fruit; stamens more than 2; filaments distinct, pubescent at the base; scales deciduous; stigmas nearly sessile; cap- sule narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous, at length about as long as its filiform pedicel.

On lake and river shores, Quebec to British Colum- bia, New York, Missouri and New Mexico. Wood soft, weak, light brown; weight 28 lbs. April-May.

4. Salix lucida Muhl. Shining Willow. Glossy Willow. (Fig. 11 76.)

Salix lucida Muhl. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 4: 239. pi. 6. f. 7. 1803.

A tall shrub, or sometimes a tree 20° high, the bark smooth or slightly scaly, the twigs yellowish- brown, shining. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceo- late or ovate, mostly long-acuminate, narrowed or rounded at the base, sharply serrulate all around, green and glossy on both sides or bearing a few, scattered hairs when very young, 3^-5'' long, i^-iJJ^' wide when mature; stipules small, semi-cordate or oblong, very glandular, commonly persistent ; peti- oles stout, long, glandular at the base of the blade; aments on short, lateral leafy branches, the staminate stout, \'-2' long, the pistillate dense, 2^-3' long in fruit, often long-persistent; bracts de- ciduous; stamens about 5; filaments pubescent be- low; stigmas nearly sessile ; capsule narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous, much longer than its pedicel.

In swamps and along streams and lakes, Newfound- land to the Northwest Territorj', New Jersey, Kentucky and Nebraska. A most beautiful willow. April-May.

496

SALICACEAF.

5. Salix fragilis L. Crack Willow.

Brittle Willow. (Fig. 1177.) Sali.v fragilis L. Sp. PI. 1017. 1753.

A tall, slender tree, with roughish gray bark, attaining a niaximiim height of about So° and a trunk diameter of 7°, twigs reddish green, very brittle at the base. Leaves lanceolate, long-acu- minate, narrowed at the base, sharply serrulate, glabrous on both sides, rather dark green above, paler beneath, 3'-6' long, Yz'-i' wide; glandu- lar at the base of the blade; petioles 3"-8" long, glandular above; stipules semicordate, fugacious; staniinate aments I'-o.' long; stamens 2, or some- times 3-4; filaments pubescent below, distinct; pistillate aments 3'-5' long in fruit, rather loose; stigmas nearh^ sessile; capsule long-conic, gla- brous, 2yi"--!)" long, short-pedicelled.

Escaped from cultivation, ]\Iassachuseetts to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Native of Europe. Hybridizes with the following: species. The twigs break away and grow into new plants. .'Vpril-May. Salix fragilis decipiens (Hoffm. ) .^.nders., with yellowish or red twigs and smaller brighter green leaves, appears to be known only in cultivation within our area.

6. Salix alba L. White Willow. Hmitingdou Willow. (Fig. 1178.)

5a//,t' a/ia L. Sp. PI. 1021. 1753.

A large tree, sometimes 90° tall and a trunk diam- \^ eter of 8°; bark gray, rough; twigs brittle at the base. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed at the base, serrulate, silkj-- pubescent on both sides when 3 0ung, less so and pale or glaucous beneath when mature, 2'-^%,' long, 4'''- 8" wide; stipules ovate-lanceolate, deciduous; peti- oles 2"-^" long, glandless or .sparinglj- glandular; aments on short lateral leafy branches; scales decid- tious; stamens 2; filaments distinct, pubescent at the base; pistillate aments linear-cylindric, iy^'-2}i' long; stigmas nearly sessile; capsule ovoid, acute, glabrous, short-pedicelled or sessile.

In moist soil, especially along streams, New Bruns- wick and Ontario to Pennsj-lvania, sparingly escaped from cultivation. Native of Europe. April-Ma5-.

Salix alba coeriilea (J. E. Smith) Koch, Dendr. 3: 512. Salix coerulca ]. E. Smith, Engl. Bot. pi. 2431. 1801.

Mature leaves bluish-green, glabrous, glaucous beneath. Occasional in the Eastern States. Salix alba vitellina ( L. ) Koch, Dendr. 2: 512. 1869. Golden Osier. Salix vitellina L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, \W2. 1763.

Mature leaves glabrous above; twigs j-ellowish-green. The commonest form in North America.

7. Salix Babylonica L. Weeping Willow. Ring Willow. (Fig. 11 79.)

Salix Babylonica L. Sp. PI. 1017. 1753.

A large tree, with rough gray bark, sometimes at- taining a height of 70° and a trunk diameter of 6°, the twigs slender, green, elongated, drooping. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate at the apex, ser- rulate all around, narrowed at the base, sparseh- pubes- cent when 3'oung, glabrous when mature, green above, paler beneath, 4^-7' long, i"-(>" wide, some- times curling into rings; petioles 3"-6" long, glandu- lar above; aments appearing on short lateral leafy branches; scales ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, deciduous; stamens 2; style almost none; capsule ovoid-conic, sessile, glabrous.

Widely cultivated and sometimes spreading by the dis- tribution of its twigs. Native of Asia. April-May.

Bli'e Willow.

WILLOW FAMILY.

497

8. Salix purpurea L,. Purple Willow

Salix purpurea L. Sp. PI. 1017. 1753.

A slender shrub or small tree, with purplish flex- ible twigs, maximum height about 12°; branches often trailing; bark smooth and very bitter. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, acute, serrulate, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, glabrous, green above, paler and somewhat glaucous beneath, i>2'-3' long, a\\\ 2yi"-^" wide, some of them commonly subop- posite; stipules minute; petioles x"-^" long, not ~~ glandular; aments appearing before the leaves, dense, leafy-bracted at the base, the staminate about i' long, the pistillate \'-7.' long, sessile or nearly so; stamens 2; filaments and sometimes also the anthers iinited, pubescent; scales purple, persistent; stigmas very nearly sessile; capsules ovoid-conic, obtuse, tomentose, 2^" long.

Sparingly escaped from cultivation in the Atlantic States. Native of Europe. Also called Bitter, Rose and Whipcord Willow. April-May.

(Fig. 1 180.)

9. Salix fluviatilis Nutt.

10. Salix reticulata L,

Willow. (Fig. 1 182.)

Salix- reiiciilata L. Sp. PI. 1018. 1753.

A procvmibent shrub, 3'-io' high, often sending out roots from the twigs, the young shoots 4-sided, purple-green. Leaves elliptic or obovate, thick, ob- tuse, narrowed, rounded or subcordate at the base, slender-petioled, glabrous or somewhat silky-pubes- cent when A'oung, dark green above, not shining, glaucous and strongly reticulate-veined beneath, \'- 1' long; petioles 4"- 12'' long, channeled, not glan- dular; leaves obscurely crenulate or entire; stipules oblong, obtuse; aments terminal, long-stalked, dense; scales obtuse; stamens 2; filaments distinct, pubescent at the base; stigmas sessile; capsule ovoid- conic, sessile, glabrous or pubescent, about 3" long.

Labrador and Quebec to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Europe and Asia. June.

Sandbar Willow. River-bank Willow. (Fig. 1 181.)

Salix longi/olia Muhl. Neue vSchrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Ber- lin, 4: 238. pi. 6. /. 6. 1803. Not Lam. 177S. Salix Jluvialilis Nutt. Sylva, i: 73. 1842.

A much -branched shrub, 2°-i2° high, forming thickets, or sometimes a slender tree, 2o°-3o° tall, and with a trunk 1° in diameter, the young foliage silky- pubescent, the mature leaves glabrous, or nearly so, those of seedlings pinnately dentate or lobed. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, 2>^'-4'long, lyi"- 5" wide, acuminate, remotely denticulate with some- what spreading teeth, short-petioled, bright green; petioles not glandular; stipules minute or none; aments on short, leafy branches, linear-cylindric, the staminate dense, I'-iy^' long, the pistillate looser, about 2' long in fruit; scales deciduous; stamens 2; filaments pubescent, distinct; stigmas broad, sessile; capsule ovoid-conic, glabrous or silky, about 2" long.

Along streams and lakes, Quebec to the Northwest Territory and Oregon, south to Virginia, Kentucky and New Mexico. Wood soft, reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 31 lbs. April-May.

Net-veined

SALICACEAE.

II. Salix vestita Pursli. Hairy Willow. (Fig. II 83.)

Sa/i.i' vestila Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 610. 1814.

A low shrub, similar to the preceding species, the twigs 4-sided, green. Leaves obovate, thick, mostly retuse or emarginate at the apex, slightly crenulate, narrowed or rounded at the base, dark green and glabrous above, persistently tomento.se-silky be- neath, short -petioled, long; petioles long, channeled, not glandular; aments terminal, unfolding after the leaves, stalked; stamens 2; fila- ments distinct; capsules narrowly ovoid-conic, sessile, densely silky-tomentose, about 3" long.

Labrador and Quebec to the Northwest Territory. June.

12. Salix Bebbiana Sarg. Bebb'.s Willow.

Salix Toslrata Richards. Frank. Jourii. .•Vpp. 753.

1823. Not Thuill. 1799. Salix Bebbiana Sarg. Gard. & For. 8: 463. 1895.

A shrub, 6°-i8° tall, or sometimes a tree 25° high, the twigs pubescent or puberulent, terete. Leaves elliptic, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, acuminate or some of them blunt at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, sparingly serrate or entire, dull green and puberulent above, pale, reticulate-veined and tomentose be- neath or nearly glabrous on both sides when very old; petioles 2"-6" long; stipules semicordate, acute, deciduous; aments sessile, expanding with or before the leaves, dense, thestaminate long, the pistillate 2' long in fruit; scales villous, persistent or deciduous; stamens 2; filaments distinct, glabrous; stigmas nearly sessile; capsule very narrowly long-conic, denselj- pubescent, twice as long as the filiform pedicel.

In drj- soil and along .streams, Anticosti to Hud- son Baj-and British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Pennsj-lvania, Nebraska and Utah. April-May.

Salix hiamilis Mar.sh

Prairie Willow. (Fig. 1185.)

Salix hitniilis Marsh. Arb. Am. 140. 1785.

A .shrub, 2°-S° tall, the twigs tomentose or pubescent, terete. Leaves oblanceolate, petioled, 2^-4' long, wide, acute at

both ends or the lower broader and obtu.se at the apex, sparingly denticulate, the mar- gins slightly revolute, the upper surface dark green, dull, puberulent or glabrous, the lower densely and persistently gray-tomen- to.se; petioles 2"-2/' long; stipules obliquely lanceolate or ovate, acute, commonly per- sistent; aments unfolding much before the leaves, sessile, ovoid-oblong, short, den.se, the pistillate about \' long in fruit; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; stigmas nearly sessile; capsule narrowlj^ conic, densely pube.scent, much longer than its pedicel.

In drj- soil. Nova Scotia to western Ontario, south to North Carolina, Tennessee and Ne- braska. Hybridizes with 6". discolor. April- May,

WILLOW FAMILY.

499

14. Salix tristis Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow

Salix IrisUs Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 393. 1789.

X tufted, slender shrub, i°-2° tall, the twigs terete, puberulent, the roots long and thick. Leaves oblanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or obtusish, somewhat undulate, green and pu- berulent or glabrous above, persistently and densel}- white-tomentose beneath, numerous, crowded, 1^-2' long, their margins revolute; petioles about 1" long; stipules minute, decid- uous; aments expanding much before the leaves, dense, very small, comparativel}' few-flowered, sessile, the pistillate globose-ovoid and about yi' long in fruit; scales persistent; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; stigmas sessile or nearly so; capsule ovoid with a long, slender beak, tomen- tulose, about 3'^ long, much longer than its filiform pedicel.

In dry soil, Nova Scotia (?), Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Tennessee. March-April.

Sage Willow. (Fig. 1186.)

Salix discolor Mulil.

Salix discolor prinoides (Pursh Sali.r prinoides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 613.

Glaucoit.s Willow. Pussy Willow. (Fig. 1187.)

Salix discolor Muhl. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Ber- lin, 4: 234. pi. 6. f. I. 1803. Salix eriocephala Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 225. 1803.

A shrub or low tree, maximum height 25°, trunk diameter 1°; twigs puberulent or glabrous; young leaves sometimes pubescent. Mature leaves usually glabrous, bright green aboA-e, glaucous and nearly white beneath, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, irregularly serrate or nearly entire, slen- der-petioled, 3'-5' long, 8''-i8" wide; petioles 3''- \i" long; stipules obliquely lanceolate or semicor- date, commonly deciduous; aments unfolding much before the leaves, dense, the pistillate '-3' long in fruit; scales persistent, obtuse, brown-purple, vil- lous; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; stigmas nearly sessile; capsule narrowly conic, tapering to a slender beak, tomentose, 2 ^'^-3" long, much longer than its pedicel.

In swamps or on moist hillsides, Nova Scotia to Man- itoba, Delaware and Missouri. Wood soft, weak, j-el- low-brown; weight per cubic foot 27 lbs. March-April.

Anders, in DC. Prodr. 16: Part 2, 209. 1868. 1814.

Pistillate aments looser; capsvdesless tomentose; leaves commonly narrower. Range of the type.

16. Salix sericea Marsh. Silky Willow. (Fig. 1 188.)

Salix sericea Marsh. Arb. Am. 140. 1785.

A shrub, 5°-i2° tall, with slender purplish puberulent twigs, the young leaves densely silky -pubescent. jNIa- ture leaves glabrous or nearly so, lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed or obtuse at the base, serrulate all around with gland-tipped teeth, dark green above, paler and some- what glaucous beneath, turning brown or black in dry- ing, 2Yz'-\' long, wide; stipules narrow, de- ciduous; petioles i"--]" long, sometimes glandular; aments expanding before the leaves, sessile, usually with a few leafy bracts at the base, dense, the staiuinate about \' long, the pistillate i'-i>^' long in fruit; scales villous, persistent; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style very short; capsule ovoid-oblong, obtuse, pubescent, short -pedicelled, about lYz" long.

In swamps and along steams, Maine to Michigan and Virginia. May.

500

SALICACEAE.

17. Salix petiolaris J. E. Smith.

Slender Willow. (Fig. 1189.)

Sali.r petiolaris J. E. Smith, Trans. I.,imi. Soc. 6:

122. 1802.

A shrub, similar to the preceding species, but tlie young leaves oul}' slightly silk}-, the branches slender, upright or ascending. Ma- ture leaves lauccolate, acuminate at both ends, serrulate with blunt cartilaginous teeth, remain- ing green in drying, 4"-S" wide; petioles 2"-^" long; stipules deciduous; aments expanding be- fore the leaves, the pistillate short-peduncled, usually rather loose, about i' long in fruit; sta- mens 2; filaments glabrous; stigmas nearly ses- sile; capsule tapering from an ovoid or oblong base, pubescent, 2"-;^," long, about twice as long as the filiform pedicel.

In swamps. New Brunswick to the Northwest Territorj-, south to Tennessee and Michigan. May. Salix petiolaris gracilis Anders, in DC. Prodr. 16; Part 2, 235. 1868. Salix gt acilis Anders. Proc. Am. Acad. 4: 67. 1858.

Pedicels nearly as long as the capsules; leaves rather narrower. Range undetermined.

18. Salix argyrocarpa Anders. Silver Willow. (Fig. 1 1 90.)

.S. argyrocarpa Anders. Men. Sal. lo"./. 60. 1867.

An erect or diffuse shrub, 6'-2° high, the twigs dark green, nearly terete, shining. Leaves ob- long or oblanceolate, acute at each end or the lower obtuse, short-petioled, entire or crenu- late, bright green and glabrous above, persist- ently silvery-silky beneath, i'-2' long, 3''-6" wide, the margins slightl}- revolute; aments un- folding with the leaves, leafy-bracted at the base, dense, l' or less long; scales persistent, villous; stamens 2, distinct, their filaments glabrous; style slender, longer than the stigmas; capsule oblong-conic, densely silver}-, acute, long, about twice as long as its pedicel.

Labrador and Quebec to the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Hybridizes with .S. pliylicifulia. June-July.

19. Salix desertorum Richards. Desert Willow. (Fig. 1 191.)

Salix desertorjim Richards. Frank. Journ. App. 371. 1823.

A shrub, 6'-i2' high, with purplish-green

twigs. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, acute at

the apex and cuneate at the base or the lower

obtuse at both ends, entire or very nearly so,

very short-petioled, tomentose on both sides or

glabrate above when old, >^'-2' long, 2"-^"

wide; stipules fugacious; aments expanding with

the leaves, dense, Yz' or less long, leafy-bracted

at the base; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style

about as long as the deeply 2-cleft stigmas;

capsule ovoid-conic, acute, densely tomentose,

about 2" long, very short-pedicelled.

Anticosti and Quebec to western arctic America, south along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Summer.

WILLOW FAMILY. 501

20. Salix glauca L. Northern Willow. (Fig. 1 192.)

Sa/t.v ,!^/aiica L,. Sp. PI. 1019. 1753.

A low arctic shrub, with terete brown twigs, the young shoots and leaves densely tonientose, becom- ing glabrate when old. Leaves elliptic or elliptic- lanceolate, entire, obtuse or acute at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, 1^-3' long, wide; petioles i'^-5" long; stipules deciduous; aments borne on short leafy branches, the staminate dense, about long, the pistillate 2^-3' long in fruit, rather loose; stamens 2; filaments distinct; scales persistent, densely white-villous; capsule ovoid-conic, densely white-tonientose, sessile or very short-pedicelled, 3" long; style about as long as the stigmas.

Arctic America from Labrador to Alaska. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer.

21. Salix Candida Fluegge. Hoary Willow. (Fig. 1193.)

Sa/Lv Candida Fluegge; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 708. 1806.

An erect shrub, 2°-5° tall, the older twigs red or purple and terete, the younger densely white- tomentose. Leaves persistently white-tomentose beneath, green and loosely tomentose or becom- ing glabrate above when mature, oblong or oblong- lanceolate, thick, sparingly repand-denticulate or entire, acute at both ends or the lower obtuse at the apex, 2^-4' long, 3'^-8" wide, their margins slightly revolute; petioles lyi"--!" long; stipules lanceolate-subulate, about equalling the petioles, deciduous; aments expanding before the leaves^ dense, cylindric, the staminate about \' long, the pistillate i'-2'longin fruit; bracts villous, persist- ent; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style filiform, red, three times as long as the stigmas; capsule ovoid-conic, acute, densely tomentose, 2j!^''-3'^ long, very short-pedicelled.

In bogs, Labrador and Hudson Bay to the North- west Territory, south to New Jersey, western New York and Iowa. Hybridizes with S. petiolarisznd S. cordata. May.

22. Salix viminalis I,. Osier Willow. (Fig. 1 1 94.)

Salix viminalis l^. Sp. PI. 1021. 1753.

A small slender tree or shrub, with terete green twigs. Leaves elongated-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate at the apex, sparingly repand-crenulate or entire, revolute- margined, short-petioled, dark green and gla- brous above, persistently silvery-silky beneath, 3'-6' long, 2''-8" wide; stipules narrow, decidu- ous; aments expanding before the leaves, dense, the pistillate 2^-3' long and nearly in diam- eter in fruit; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style longer than the stigmas; capsule narrowly ovoid- conic, acute, silky -pubescent, about 3'' long, very short-pedicelled.

Cultivated for wicker-ware and occasionally es- caped into wet places in the Eastern and Middle States. Native of Europe and Asia. April-Ma3'.

502

SALICACEAK.

23. Salix phylicifolia L. Tea-leaved

Willow. (Fig. 1 195.) Salix phylicifolia L,. Sp. PI. 1016. 1753.

A shrub i°-io° high, much branched, the twigs- glabrous, dark purple-green, sometimes glaucous. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or elliptic, acute or ob- tuse at the apex, minutely repand-crenulate or entire, narrowed at the base, bright green and shining above, pale and glaucous beneath, I'/z'-^)' long, wide; petioles 3"-8" long; stipules

minute, fugacious, or wanting; aments sessile, sparingly leafy-bracted at the base, dense, oblong- cylindric, the staminate 1' or less long, the pistil- late i'~2' long in fruit; scales villous, persistent; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style rather longer than the stigmas; capsule conic, acute, pubescent or tomentose, ly^" long, much longer than its pedicel.

Swamps, Labrador to Manitoba and the White Moun- tains of New Hampshire. Also in Kurope. Summer.

24. Salix Brownii Bebb. Robert Brown's Willow.

Salix arciica R. Br. Ross' Voy. cxliv. 1819. Not Pall. Salix Brozunii Bebb, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 14: 115. 1889.

A low, much branched shrub, the twigs 4- angled, slender. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, glabrous or sometimes ciliolate, acute or the lower obtuse at the apex, entire or rarely with a few minute distant teeth, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, i'-2' long, 3"-8" wide, remaining green in drying, the lower surface pale or glaucous, the margins not revolute; petioles only !"-■:>" long; stipules narrow, deciduous; aments borne on short leafy branches, the pistillate I'-^Yz' long in fruit; scales villous, persistent; obovate, ob- tuse, green or black-tipped; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style filiform, much longer than the stigmas; capsule ovoid-conic, tomentose, short- pedicelled, acute, about yYz" long.

Labrador to Alaska, south to Quebec, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Summer.

25. Salix arctica Pall. Arctic Willow. Ground Willow. (Fig. 1197.)

Salix arciica Pall. Fl. Ross, i: Part 2, 86. 1788.

A low branching shrub, the twigs terete or nearly so. Leaves glabrous, elliptic or broadly obovate, entire, obtuse and usually rounded at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, long- petioled, pale and glaucous beneath, long, Yz'-iYz' wide; petioles slender, yi'-iYz' long; aments borne at the ends of short leafy branches, very dense, the pistillate i'-2' long in fruit; scales dark purple, obovate, obtuse, densely white-vil- lous, persistent; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style filiform, longer than the stigmas; capsule conic, villous, verj- short-pedicelled.

Arctic America and Asia. Summer.

WILLOW FAMILY.

503

26. Salix cordata Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow. (Fig. iigS.)

Sa/i'.i- cordata ]\Iulil. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Ber- lin, 4: 236. pi. 6. f. J. 1803.

A shrub, 5°-i2° high, the twigs puberulent or glabrous; young leaves pubescent. Mature leaves oblong-lanceolate, green on both sides or paler be- neath, acuminate at the apex, narrowed, obtuse or subcordate at the base, sharply serrulate with glan- dular teeth, green in drying; stipules oblique, ser- rulate, usually large and persistent; petioles 4^-9" long; aments bracted at the base, expanding before the leaves, the staniinate about i' long, the pistil- late T-}2'-'2%' in fruit; scales silk\ , persistent; sta- mens 2; filaments glabrous; style short; capsules narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous, long, short-

pedicelled.

In wet soil. New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to Virgrinia, Missouri, Colorado and California. Hybridizes with 5. scricea and other species. April- May.

Salix cordata angustata (Pursh) Anders. Mon. Sal Salix aiiguslata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 613. 1814.

Leaves narrower, linear-lanceolate. Range of the type.

Salix cordata Mackenzieana Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 149. 1839. Small tree. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate. Manitoba and Northwest Territory to California.

27. Salix glaucophylla Bebb. Broad- leaved Willow. (Fig. 1 199.)

5. glaucophylla Bebb, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 485. 1889.

A shrub, 4°-io° high, foliage glabrous or when young sparingly pubescent. Mature leaves ovate, obovate or oblong-lanceolate, firm, dark green and shining above, white-glaucous beneath, short- acuminate, the base rounded or acute, serrulate with gland-tipped teeth, 2^-4' long, y^'-i' wide; stipules large, persistent; petioles stout, 3''-6"long; aments expanding before the leaves, leafy-bracted at the base, the staminate long, the pistillate ^Yz'-z' long in fruit; scales densely white- villous, persistent; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style fili- form; capsule beaked from an ovoid base, acute, glabrous, 3"-5'' long, slender-pedicelled.

On sand dunes. Lake Michigan, northern Illinois and Wisconsin. Variable in leaf-form. April.

28. Salix Missouriensis Bebb. Missouri Willow

Salix cordala var. vcslila Anders. Mon. Sal. 159. 1867.

Not S. vestita Pursh, 1814. Salix Missouriensis Bebb, Gard. & For. 8: 373. 1895.

A tree, often 50° high, the trunk sometimes in diameter, the thin gray bark with small appressed scales. Twigs of the season pubescent or puberulent; leaves lanceolate, or oblanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate with minute gland-tipped teeth, rounded or narrowed at the base, pubescent when young, glabrous or nearly so when mature, green above, pale and usu- ally glaucous beneath, 3^-6' long, Yz'-iYz' wide; petioles Yz' long or less; stipules often Y^' long, per- sistent or deciduous; aments narrowly cylindric, un- folding long before the leaves, the staminate about \Yz' long, the pistillate 3'-4' long; scales persistent, villous; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style very short; capsule narrowly ovoid, glabrous, 3-4 times as long as its pedicel.

On river banks, Missouri and Nebraska. Wood dark brown. March-April.

(Fig. 1200.)

504

SALICACEAE.

Salix balsamifera (Hook.) Barratt. Balsam Willow

(Fig. I20I.)

Sa/i.v cofda/a var. balsaiiii/cia Hook. Fl. Bor, Am. 2: 149. T839.

Sali.v balsamifera Barratt; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. loc. cit. As synonym. 1839.

A shrub, 4°-io° high, tlie twigs glabrous, shin- ing, the youngest foliage pubescent. Mature leaves elliptic, ovate-oval orobovate, thin, gla- brous, acute or some of them obtuse at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, dark Krecn above, glaucous and prominently reticulate-veined beneath, 2'-3' long, \'-\]A' wide, slightly crenu- late-serrulate, the minute teeth glandular; stipules minute or none; petioles slender, 2>"~^" long; aments expanding with the leaves, leafy -bracted at the base, cylindric, the staminate dense, about i' long, the pistillate rather loose, 2'-^,' long in fruit; scales villous, persistent; stamens 2; filaments gla- brous; style almost none; capsules very narrow, acute, glabrous, 2"-2yi" long, slender-pcdicelled.

In swamps, Labrador to Manitoba, south to Maine, Ontario and Minnesota. IMaj-.

30. Salix Barclayi Anders. Barclay's Willow

^. Barclayi Ofv. Handl.Vet. Akad. 1858: 125. 1858.

A low shrub, with dark brown glabrous Iwigs, the young shoots pubescent. Leaves obovate, oval, or oval -lanceolate, short-pointed at the apex, serrulate, floccose-pubescent when young, when mature gla- brous, bright green above, pale beneath, i'-2' long, ^''-i' wide; petioles i"-2'''long; stipules ovate, acute, deciduous; aments unfolding with the leaves, borne at the ends of short branches, dense, spreading or erect, the staminate 1' long, the pistillate 2'-^ long in fruit; scales persistent, slightly villous; stamens 2; filaments distinct; capsule narrowly conic, glabrous, acute, 3'^ long; style longer than the stigmas.

Northwestern arctic America. Summer.

Salix Barclayi latiuscula Anders, in DC. Prodr. 16: Part 2, 255. 1868.

Leaves oval or obovate, subcordate at the base; stip- ules cordate. Newfoundland ( according to .\ndersson ).

Salix adenophylla Hook. Furry Willow. (Fig. 1203.)

Salix adenophylla Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2; 146. 1839.

A straggling shrub, 3°-8° high, the twigs, peti- oles, stipules and leaves densely silky-tomeutose, the silky hairs falling away from the leaves when old. Leaves ovate, acute or short-acuminate, or the lower obtuse at the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, finelj' serrulate with gland-tipped teeth, I '-2' long, 8"-iX' wide; petioles stout, lYz"-})" long, dilated at the base; stipules ovate- cordate, obtuse, serrulate, persistent; aments leafy-bracted at the base, dense, expanding with the leaves, the staminate about i' long, the pis- tillate i)^'-4' long in fruit; scales villous, persist- ent; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style fili- form, longer than the stigmas; capsule sessile or very nearly so, ovoid-conic, acute, i>^"-2" long.

On lake and river shores, Labrador to Ontario, Pennsjlvania and Michigan. Hybridizes with .S. rordata. April-May.

WILLOW FAMILY

505

Bog Willow

32. Salix myrtilloides L

Sa/i.r mytiitloides L. .Sp. I'l. 1019. 1755.

An erect slender gLibrous shrub, i°-3° bigli, the twigs light brown, terete. Leaves obloug, elliptic or somewhat obovate, obtuse or acute at the apex, entire, mostly narrowed at the base, x'-iYz' long, 4"-S" wide, short-petioled, bright green above, pale or glaucous beneath, their margins slightly revolute; aments expaudiug with the leaves, leafy- bracted at the base, rather dense, 1' or less long, or the pistillate longer in fruit; scales persistent, obtuse, slightly villous; stamens 2; filaments gla- brous; style shorter than or equalling the stigmas; capsule oblong-conic, obtuse, glabrous, O-Yz" long, 2-3 times as long as ihe filiform pedicel which slightl}- exceeds the scale.

In bogs, New Brunswick and Quebec to British Columbia, south to New Jersey and Iowa. Also in northern Europe. April-Maj-.

Salix myrtilloides pedicellaris Anders. Mon. Sal. 96. 1867 Leaves narrower, oblong-linear or oblanceolate ; pedicels sometimes longer

1204.)

Salix Uva-ursi Pursh. Bearberry Willow.

Range of the t5-pe.

(Fig. 1205.)

Salix Uva-ursi Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 610. 1814. Salix Cnlleri Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 36. 1843.

A depressed or prostrate glabrous shrub, the terete brown branches 6'-i2' long, diffuse from a deep central root. Leaves obovate or elliptic, ob- tuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, crenulate-denticulate or entire, /^"-lo" long, 1"- 5'' wide, prominently veined, deep green and shining above, pale beneath; petioles long; ameuts leafy-bracted at the base, dense, about Yz' long in flower, the pistillate \'-2' long in fruit; scales persistent, obovate, obtuse, densely silk}'; stamens usually solitary, rarely 2; filaments gla- brous; style short; capsule ovoid-conic, acute, glabrous, very short-pedicelled.

Labrador and Hudson Bay, south to the summits of the mountains of New York and New England. May-June.

34. Salix herbacea I,. Dwarf Willow. (Fig. 1206.)

-Salix herbacea L. Sp. PI. 1018. 1753.

A depressed matted shrub, with very slender angled twigs I '-6' long, the youngest foliage somewhat pubescent. Mature leaves glabrous, suborbicular, rounded or refuse at the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, thin, crenulate-denticulate all around, finely reticulate-veined, bright green and shining on both sides, 5"-io" in diameter; petioles ver}- slender, 1"- 4" long; aments terminating 2-Ieaved branchlets, 4- lo-flowered, 2''-4'' long; scales obovate, obtuse, per- sistent, glabrous or nearly so; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style rather longer than the 2-cleft stigmas; capsule narrowly conic, glabrous, nearly sessile.

Labrador and Quebec, through arctic America, and on the White Mountains of New Hampshire and Mt. Katah- din, Maine.' Also in Europe and Asia. Sumtner.

5o6

BETULACEAE.

Family 6. BETULACEAE Agardh, Aphor. 208. 1825. Birch Famii^v.

Monoecious or very rarely dioecious trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled simple leaves, and small flowers in linear-cylindric oblong or subglobose aments. Stiptiles mostly fugacious. Staminate aments pendulous. Staminate flowers 1-3 together in the axil of each bract, consisting of a membranous 2-4-parted calyx or none, and 2-10 stamens in.serted on the receptacle, their filaments dis- tinct, their anthers 2-celled, the anther-sacs sometimes distinct and borne on the forks of the 2-cleft filaments. Pistillate aments erect, spreading or drooping, spike-like or capitate. Pistillate flowers with or without a calyx adnate to the .solitary 1-2-celled ovary; st3de 2-cleft or 2-divided; ovules 1-2 in each cavity of the ovarj^ anatropous, pendulov:s. Fruit a small compres,sed or ovoid-globose, mostly I -celled and i -seeded nut or samara. Testa membranous. Endosperm none. Cotjdedons fleshy. Radicle short.

Six genera and about 75 species, mostly natives of the northern hemisphere. Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, destitute of a calyx ; pistillate flowers with a calyx. Staminate flowers with no bractlets; pistillate aments spike-like; nut small, subtended by or enclosed in a large bractlet. Fruiting bractlet flat, 3-cleft and incised. i. Carpinus.

Fruiting bractlet bladder-like, closed, membranous. 2. Osliya.

Staminate flowers with 2 bractlets; pistillate flowers 2-4, capitate; nut large, enclosed by a leafy involucre. 3. Corr!us.

Staminate flowers 3-6 together in the axil of each bract, with a calyx; pistillate flowers without a calyx. Stamens 2; filaments 2-cleft, each fork bearing an anther-sac; fruiting bracts 3-lobed or entire,

deciduous, 4. Belula.

Stamens 4; anther-sacs adnate ; fruiting bracts woody, erose or5-toothed, persistent. 5. Alnns.

I. CARPINUS L. Sp. PI. 998. 1753.

Trees or shrubs, with smooth gray bark, furrowed and ridged steins and straight-veined leaves, the primary veins terminating in the larger teeth. Aments expanding before the leaves. Staminate ameuts liuear-cyliudric, sessile at the ends of short lateral branches of the preceding season, their flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, consisting of 3-12 sta- mens; filaments short, 2-clcft, each fork bearing an anther-sac. Pistillate flowers in small terminal aments, 2 to each bract, consisting of a 2-celled ovary adnate to a calyx and sub- tended by a flat persistent bractlet, which becomes much enlarged, foliaceous and lobed or incised in fruit, the bracts deciduous; style slender or almost none; stigmas 2, subulate. Nut small, ovoid, acute, borne at the base of the large bractlet. [The ancient name.]

About 12 sp3cies, natives of the northern hemisphere, only the following American.

I. Carpinus Caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Water Beech. (Fig. 1207.)

Carpinus Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 236. 1788.

A small tree, with slender terete gray twigs, attaining a maximum height of about 40° and a trunk diameter of 2%,°. Leaves ovatc-ob- loug, acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply and doubly serrate all around, rounded or subcordate at the base, somewhat inequilat- eral, 2}i'-^' long, I'-ij^' wide, green on both sides, glabrous above, slightly pubescent on the veins beneath, petioles very slender, 4''- long; staminate aments I'-i yi' long, their bracts triangular-ovate, acuminate, puberu- lent; anther-sacs villous at the summit; bract- let of the pistillate flowers 3-lobed at the base, firm-membranous, strongly veined and about i' long when mature, its middle lobe lanceo- late, acute, 2-4 times as long as the lateral ones, incised-dentate on one side, often nearly entire on the otlier; nut somewhat compressed, 2" long.

In moist woods and along streams. Nova Sco- tia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Wood very hard and strong, durable, light brown; weight per cubic foot 45 lbs. April- May, the fruit ripe Aug.-Sept.

BIRCH FAMILY. 507

2. dSTRYA Scop. Fl. Carn. 414. 1760.

Trees similar to the Honibeains, the trunks furrowed, the primary veins of the leaves simple or forked, the ameuts expauding with or before the leaves. Staminate ameuts ses- sile at the ends of branchlets of the preceding season, their flowers as in Carpinus, solitary in the axil of each bract; filaments 2-cleft. Pistillate aments small, terminal, erect, the flowers 2 to each bract, subtended by a tubular, persistent bractlet which enlarges into a membran- ous, nerved, bladder-like sac in fruit. Style slender; stigmas 2, subulate. Nut ovoid-ob- long, compressed, smooth, sessile in the base of the inflated sac. Mature pistillate ament hop-like. [The ancient name.]

Four species, the following, i in the vSouthwest, i in Europe and Asia, i Japanese.

I. Ostrya Virginiana (Mill.) Willd. Hop- hornbeam. Iron-wood. (Fig. 1208.)

Carpinus Virginiana Mill Gard. Diet. Ed. 8. 176S. Ostrya Virginica Willd. Sp. PI. 4; 469. 1805.

A tree, with a maximum height of about 50°, trunk diameter of 2°, twigs of the season pubescent. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, the apex acuminate, the base rounded or inequilateral, sharply and doubly serrate, sparingly pubescent and green above, pubescent or tomentose beneath, 2j^'-4' long, I'-ij^' wide; petioles rarely more than n" long; staminate aments i^'-s' long) their bracts triangular-ovate, acuminate; anther-sacs villous at the summit; bractlet of each fertile flower forming a sac 6"-8" long and in diameter in fruit,

acute, cuspidate, pubescent, villous near and at the base with bristly hairs, parallel-veined and finely re- ticulated; nut 2 long, compressed, shining; ripe fertile aments erect or spreading, i>^'-2)^' long.

In Axy woods, Cape Breton Island to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Wood similar to that of the Hornbeam, but heavier; weight per cubic foot 51 lbs. April-May. Fruit ripe July-Aug.

3. CORYLUS Sp. PL 998. 1753-

Shrubs or small trees, with broad thin serrulate or incised leaves. Staminate aments sessile at the ends of twigs of the previous season, expanding much before the leaves, the flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, of about 4 stamens and 2 bractlets; filaments 2- cleft or 2-divided, each fork bearing an anther-sac, which is villous at the summit. Calyx none. Pistillate flowers from scaly buds, clustered at the ends of short branches of the sea- son, each in the axil of a bract, consisting of an incompletely 2-celled ovary adnate to a calyx, a short style and 2 slender stigmas; bractlets 2, enlarged in fruit, forming a leaf-like involucre to the nut, remaining nearly distinct or united into a tubular beak. Nut ovoid or oblong, sometimes compressed, large, bony. [Name Greek, from the helmet-like involucre.]

Species 7, in the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, another occurs in California. Involucre of 2 broad laciniate bractlets; leaves serrulate. i. C. Americana.

Involucral bractlets united, prolonged into a tubular bristly beak. 2. C. rostrata.

I. Corylus Americana Walt. Hazel-nut. (Fig. 1209.)

Corylus Americana Walt. Fl. Car. 236. 1788.

A shrub, 3°-8° tall, the young shoots russet- brown , densely hispid-pubescent with pinkish hairs, the twigs becoming glabrous. Leaves ovate or broadly oval, acute or acuminate at the apex, serru- late all around, cordate or obtuse at the base, gla- brous or nearly so above, finely tomentose beneath, 3'-6' long, I'-s^yi.' wide; petioles 2'^-4'' long; stam- inate aments mostly solitary, 3^-4' long; involucre of the nut compressed, composed of the 2 nearly distinct finely pubescent leaf-like bractlets, which are laciniate on their margins, commonly broader than high and more or less exceeding the nut; nut compressed, light brown, striate, Yz' high.

In thickets, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba, Florida and Kansas. March-April. Nuts ripe July-Aug.

5o8

BETULACEAE.

2. Corylus rostrata Ait. Beaked Hazel- nut. (Fig. 12IO. )

Corylus rostra/a Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 364. 1789.

A shrub, similar to the preceding species, but the foliage usually less pubescent. Leaves ovate or narrowly oval, acuminate at the apex, cordate or obtuse at the base, incised-serrate and serrulate, glabrous, or with some scattered appressed hairs above, sparingly pubescent at least on the veins be- neath, 2%'-^' long, i'-2^' wide; petioles 2"-^" long; involucral bractlets bristly hairy, united to the summit and prolonged into a tubular beak about twice the length of the nut, laciniate at the summit; nut ovoid, scarcely compressed, striate, ^"-"j" high.

In thickets. Xova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Tennessee, Kansas and Oregon. April- May. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept.

4. BETULA L. Sp. PI. 982. 1753.

Aromatic trees or shrubs, with deutate or serrate leaves, scaly buds and flowers of both kinds in aments expanding before or with the leaves, the pistillate erect or spreading. Stam- inate flowers about 3 together in the axil of each bract, consisting of a membranous, usually 4-toothed perianth, 2 stamens, and subtended by 2 bractlets; filaments short, deeply 2-cleft, each fork bearing an anther-sac. Pistillate flowers 2 or 3 (rarely i) in the axil of each bract, the bracts 3-lobed, or sometimes entire, deciduous with the fruits; perianth none; ovary ses- sile, 2-celled; styles 2, stigmatic at the apex, mostly persistent. Nut small, compressed, membranous-winged on each side (a samara), shorter than the bracts. [The ancient name.]

About 35 species, natives of the north temperate and arctic zones.

* Trees.

Fruiting aments peduncled; bark chalky-white.

Leaves deltoid, acuminate; lateral lobes of fruiting bracts short, divergent.

Leaves ovate or suborbicular; lateral lobes of the fruiting bracts ascending. Fruiting aments peduncled; bark greenish-brown or brown.

Western; leaves ovate, often obtuse at the base.

Eastern; leaves rhombic, acute at both ends. Fruiting aments sessile, at the ends of short branches; bark brown or j-ellowish.

Fruiting bracts 2" long, lobed at the apex; leaves shining above.

Fruiting bracts 4" long, lobed to about the middle; leaves dull above.

* Shrubs.

Twigs glandular- warty; leaves glabrous. Twigs not glandular-warty, glabrous or pubescent.

Leaves glabrous; upper fruiting bracts mostly entire.

Young foliage densely pubescent; bracts 3-lobed.

I. Betula populifolia Mansh. American White Birch.

Belula popitli/olia Marsh. Arb. Am. 19. 1785. B. alba var. populifolia Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. (TL 187. 1841.

A slender tree with very white smooth bark, tardily separating in thin sheets; maximum height 45°; trunk diameter the twigs russet, warty.

Leaves deltoid, pubescent on the veins when young, nearly glabrous when old, minutely glandu- lar, dark green above, light green beneath, long- acuminate, sharply dentate and commonly some- what lobed, obtuse or truncate at the base, xYz'- 21/2' long, \'-2' wide, slender-petioled; petioles channeled; staminate aments 2^-3' long; pistillate aments cyliudric, in fruit 9"-i8" long, i"-^" in diameter, slender-peduncled; fruiting bracts pu- beruleut, \''-2" long, their lateral lobes divergent, larger than the middle one; nut narrower than its wings.

In moist or dry soil, New Brunswick to southern On- tario, Pennsylvania and Delaware. Wood soft, weak, light brown; weight per cubic foot 36 lbs. Leaves tremulous like those of the Aspens. May.

B. populifolia. B. papyrifera.

B. occidenlalis. B. nigra.

5. B. lenia.

6. B. lulca.

7. B. glandulosa.

8. B. nana.

9. B. pumila.

(Fig. I2II.)

15:

BIRCH FAMILY.

509.

2. Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper or Canoe Birch.

Betula papyrifera Marsh. Arb. Am. 19. 1785. Helula papyracea Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 337. 1789.

A large forest tree with maximum height of about 80° and truuk diameter of 3°. Bark, except of the young wood, peeling \w thin layers. Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, dentate and denticulate, subcordate, truncate or obtuse at the base, dark green and glabrous above, glandular and pubes- cent on the veins beneath, slender-petioled, i yz- 4j4' long, I'-i' wide; petioles Yz'-iYz' long; stam- iuate aments I'-i/ long; pistillate aments cylin- dric, slender-peduncled, \'-2' long, yi'-yi' in dia- meter in fruit, spreading or somewhat drooping; fruiting bracts 2"--^" long, puberulent or ciliate; nut narrower than its wings.

Newfoundland to Alaska, northern Pennsylvania, INIichig-an and Washington. Wood hard, strong, red- dish-brown; weight per cubic foot 37 lbs. The chalky- white outer bark interesting to tourists. April-May.

(Fig. 1212.)

Betula papyrifera minor Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 31

occurring on the higher mountains of New England and northern New York

3. Betula occidentalis Hook

1843. This is a low bushy form,

Western

4. Betula nigra L,

Betula nigra L. Sp. PI. 9S2. 1753.

A slender tree, sometimes 90° high and the trunk 2^° in diameter; bark reddish or greenish-brown, peeling in very thin layers; twigs reddish. Young shoots, petioles and lower surfaces of the leaves tomen- tose; leaves rhombic-ovate, apex acute or obtuse, irregularly serrate or somewhat lobed, base cuneate, when mature dark green and glabrous above, pale and glabrous or somewhat tomentose beneath, lYz'-j/ long; petioles lot's! staminate aments mostly

clustered in 2's or 3's, 2^'-3^' long; pistillate aments oblong-cylindric, spreading, peduncled, I'-i' long, ^"-W in diameter in fruit; fruiting bracts tomen- tose, about equally 3-lobed, 3"-5" long; nut broadly obovate, wider than its wings, pubescent at the base.

Along streams and lakes, Massachusetts to Iowa and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. Wood hard, strong, brown; weight per cubic foot 36 lbs. The bark of the branches peels off in almost membranous layers. April-May.

Red Birch. (Fig. 1213.)

Beltila occidentalis Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 155. 1839.

A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 40° and a trunk diameter of the bark smooth, dark bronze, the twigs graj-brown, warty. Leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, acute or obtuse at the apex, sharply serrate, rounded or obtuse at the base, short-petioled, glabrous on both sides or spar- ingly pubescent on the veins beneath, i'-2' long; . petioles slender, 2"-6" long; pistillate aments man- ifestly peduncled, cylindric, spreading or pendant, long, about 5" in diameter in fruit; fruiting bracts ciliolate, about 3" long, their lateral lobes ascending, usually shorter than the middle one; nut much narrower than its wings.

Western Nebraska to British Columbia, California and New Mexico. Wood soft, strong, brittle, light brown; weight per cubic foot 38 lbs. April-May.

River Birch. Red Birch. (Fig. 1214.)

BETULACEAE.

5. Betula lenta L. Cherry, Black or Sweet Birch. (Fig. 1215.)

lietula lenla L. Sp. PI. 983. 1753.

A large forest tree, sometimes So° high, with dark browu close smooth bark, becoming furrowed, not separating in layers; foliage aromatic; twigs smooth, warty, young leaves silky. Mature leaves ovate or ovate-obloug, acute or acuminate, the base cordate or rounded, sharply serrulate, bright green, and shining above, dull green and pubescent on the veins beneath, 2^'-4' long, 1^-2' wide; petioles 2,"-(>" long; staminate aments clustered, ^Yz'-i/ long; pistillate aments sessile, dense, oblong, about \' long and Yz' in diameter in fruit, nearly erect; bracts glabrous or minutely puberulent, appressed, about 2" long, nearly equall}- 3-lobed, the lateral lobes somewhat divergent; nut oblong, broader than its wings.

Newfoundland to western Ontario, Florida and Ten- nessee. Wood hard, strong, dark brown; weight per cubit foot 47 lbs. The aromatic oil of the Ijranches and foliage (same as oil of wintergreen) is distilled in and is an important article of commerce. Tree nuicli resembles the cherrj-. .\pril-May.

quantities

6. Betula lutea Michx. f. Yellow Birch.

i?c/7</fl: /«/fa Michx. f. Arb. Am. 2: 152. pL 5- 1812.

A large forest tree, similar to the preceding species,

reaching a maximum height of about 100° and a trunk

diameter of 4°, the bark yellowish or gray, separating

in thin layers or close, the twigs gray-brown. Leaves

ovate or oblong-ovate, mostly acuminate at the apex,

rounded, obtuse or rarel}' subcordate at the base,

sharply serrulate all around, dark green and dull

above, pubescent on the veins beneath, xyi'-A,' long,

petioles long; staminate aments usually 2-4

together; pistillate aments sessile, oblong or oblong-

cylindric, i^' or less long, 'j"-<^" thick in fruit,

rather loose; bracts nearly equally 3-lobed to the

middle, ciliolate, the lateral lobes ascending; nut

broadly oblong, wider than its wings.

Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to North Carolina and Tennessee, mainly in the AUeghanies. Wood hard, strong, light brown; weight per cubic foot 41 lbs. April- May.

Gray Birch

7. Betula glandulosa Michx. Glandular or Scrub Birch. (Fig. 1217.)

lictiila glandulosa Mich.x. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 180. 1S03.

A shrub, i°-4° high, the twigs brown, glandular- wart}-, not pubescent. Leaves orbicular, oval or ob- ovate, glabrous, rounded at the apex; rounded, nar- rowed or cuneate at the base, crenate-dentate, bright green above, pale green and glandular-dotted beneath, short-petioled, long; petioles long;

staminate aments commonl}' solitarj', about Yz' long; pistillate aments cylindric, erect, peduncled, 5''-! 2''' long and about 2" in diameter in fruit; fruiting bracts glabrous, the lateral lobes divergent, rather shorter than the middle one; nut oblong, usually narrower than its wings.

Newfoundland to Alaska, the higher mountains of Maine and northern New York, Michigan, Minnesota and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Asia. June-July.

BIRCH FAMILY.

511

8. Betula nana L. Dwarf Birch. (Fig. 1218.)

Betula nana L. Sp. PI. 983. 1753. B. Mtchau.x it Spa.ch, Ann. Sci. Nat. (II. ) 15: 195. 1841.

A low diffuse shrub, similar to the preceding species, but the twigs glandless, puberulent or glabrous. Leaves orbicular, obovate, or reniform and wider than long, bright green, firm, glabrous, on both sides when mature, deeply and incisely crenulate, rounded at the apex, rounded, obtuse or cuneate at the base, 3'^-io'^ long; petioles rarely more than i'' long; staminate aments }4^- i' long, solitary or clustered; pistillate aments ob- long, sessile or short-pedunclcd, erect or some- what spreading, 3"-5" long; fruiting bracts gla- brous, the lower usually 3-lobed, the upper ovate or lanceolate, mostly entire; nut oblong, wingless •or narrowly winged.

Greenland and Labrador to Hudson Bay. Also in northern Europe and Asia. May-June.

9. Betula pumila L. Low Birch. (Fig. 1219.)

Beijtla puniila L. Mant. 124. 1767.

A bog shrub, 2°-i5° tall, the twigs brown, be- coming glabrous, the young foliage densely brownish-tomentose. Leaves obovate, broadly oval or orbicular, rounded at both ends or some of them cuneate-narrowed at the base, rather coarsely dentate, when mature glabrous and dull green above, pale, persistently tomentose or becoming glabrous beneath and prominently reticulate-veined, yz'-\yz' long; petioles 1%"- 3" long; fruiting pistillate aments oblong-cyliu- dric, erect, peduncled, 1' long or less, about 3" in diameter; bracts puberulent or ciliolate, the lateral lobes spreading at right angles, shorter than the middle one; nut oblong, mostly rather broader than its wings.

In bogs, Newfoundland to western Ontario and the Northwest Territory, south to New Jersey, Ohio and Minnesota. May-June.

5. ALNUS Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 54. 90. lygi.

Shrubs or trees, with dentate or serrulate leaves, few-scaled buds, and flowers of both kinds in aments, expanding before, with or after the leaves, making«their first appearance during the preceding season, the staminate pendulous, the pistillate erect, clustered. Stam- inate flowers 3 or sometimes 6 in the axil of each bract, consisting of a mostly 4-parted peri- anth, 4 stamens and subtended by i or 2 bractlets; filaments short, simple; anther-sacs ad- nate. Pistillate flowers 2-3 in the axil of each bract, without a perianth, but subtended by 2-4 minute bractlets; ovary sessile, 2-celled; styles 2; bracts woody, persistent, 5-toothed or erose. Nut small, compressed, wingless or winged. [Ancient Latin name derived from the Celtic, in allusion to the growth of these trees along streams.]

About 14 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and the Andes of South America. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the western parts of North America.

Nut bordered by a membranous wing on each side. i. A. Alnobelula.

Nut acute-margined, wingless.

Leaves obovate, broadly oval or suborbicular, dull; aments expanding long before the leaves. Leaves finely tomentose or glaucous beneath. 2. A. incana.

Leaves green, glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath.

Leaves finely serrulate; foliage not glutinous; native. 3. A. riigosa.

Leaves dentate -serrate ; twigs glutinous; introduced tree. 4. A. glutinosa.

Leaves oblong, bright green and shining above; aments expanding in autumn. 5. A. maritinia.

33

512

BETULACEAE.

I. Alnus Alnobetula (Ehrli.) K. Koch. Green or Mountain Alder. (Fig.1220.)

Belula Alnobelula Ehrh. Beitr. 2: 72. 1788. Bettila z'it idisCha.\-x.\ Vill. Hist. PI. Dauph. 3: 789. 1789. Alnus viridis DC. Fl. Fr, 3: .^04. 180.';. Alnus Alnobetula K. Koch, Dendr. 2: Part i, 625. 1872.

A shrub, 2°-io° high, the young foliage glutinous and more or less pubescent. Leaves oval or ovate, obtuse or acute, sharph- and more or less irregularly serrulate or incised-serrulate, when mature dark green and glabrous above, light-green and usually pubescent on the veins beneath, 1'-^' long, i/^''-3'' wide; petioles 4' long; aments expanding with the leaves, the staminate slender, naked, i>^'-2^'' long, the pistillate from scaly buds, oblong or ovoid- oblong, slender-peduncled, becoming 6"-8'^long and in diameter in fruit, their bracts irregularly 5- toothed; nut oblong, the thin wings about as broad as the body.

Newfoundland to Alaska, Massachusetts, New York,, Michigan and British Columbia, and in the higher Alle- ghanies of Virginia and North Carolina. Also in Europe and .\sia. June.

2. Alnus incana (L.) Willd. Speckled or Hoary Alder. (Fig. 1221.)

Belula Alnus var. incana 1,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1394. 1763. Alnus incana Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 335. 1805.

A shrub, or rarely a small tree, 8°-25° high, the twigs glabrous, the young shoots pubescent. Leaves oval or ovate, acute or sometimes obtuse at the apex, finel}' serrulate or dentate, with the teeth serrulate, obtuse or some of them acute at the base, dark green above, pale or glaucous and pubescent, at least on the veins beneath, 2^-5' long, i ^'-4' wide, the veins prominent on the lower surface; stipules oblong- lanceolate, deciduous; petioles 4"-i2" long; aments appearing from naked buds, unfolding much before the leaves, the staminate lYz'-},' long, the pistillate ovoid, about yi' long and 'i"-^" in diameter in fruit, their bracts 5-toothed; nut orbicular, coriaceous- margined.

In wet soil, Newfoundland to the Northwest Terri- tory, south to southern New York, Pennsylvania and Nebraska. Also in Europe and .\sia. Wood soft, light brown; weight per cubic foot 28 lbs. April-May.

Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) K. Koch. Smooth Alder. (Fig

Belula Alnus rugosa DuRoi, Harbk. i: 112. 1771. Alnus serrulala Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 336. 1805. Alnus rugosa K. Koch, Dendr. 2: I>art i, 635. 1872.

A shrub 5°-20° tall, or sometimes a small tree, attaining a maximum height of 40° and a trunk diameter of 6', the bark smooth, the younger shoots somewhat pubescent. Leaves green on both sides, obovate or oval, mostlj' obtuse and ~~f rounded at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the f base, sharply and minutely serrulate, when mature glabrous above, usually pubescent on the veins be- neath, 3^-5' long, stipules oval, deciduous; petioles 4''-i2" long; aments appearing from naked buds, unfolding much before the leaves (or in the South after the leaves), the staminate 2'-4' long, the pis- tillate ovoid, 6''-9" long in fruit; nut ovate, nar- rowly coriaceous-margined.

In wet soil, or on hillsides, Maine to Ohio and Min- nesota, Florida and Texas. Wood soft, light brown; weight per cubic foot 29 lbs. March-April.

1222.

BIRCH FAMILY.

4. Alnus glutindsa (L. ) Medic. Euro- pean Alder. (Fig. 1223.)

Belula Alnus var. ffhilinosa L. Sp. PI. 983. 1753. Alniis glulinosa Medic. Pfl. Anat. 393. 1800.

A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 75° and a trunk diameter of 2>^°, the bark smooth, the branches nearly horizontal, the foliage glutinous. Leaves broadly oval, orbicu- lar or obovate, thick, dark green, dull, often obtuse at both ends, dentate and the teeth den- ticulate, glabrous above, pubescent on the veins beneath, 2^-5' long; petioles long; aments appearing from naked buds, expanding much before the leaves, the staminate 3'-4' long, the pistillate ovoid-oblong, 6"-9" long in fruit; nut wingless, coriaceous-margined.

In wet places, southern New York and New Jer- sey, escaped from cultivation and becoming natu- ralized in a few localities. Native of Europe. Wood soft, brown; weight per cubic foot 35 lbs. April.

5. Alnus maritima (Marsh.) Muhl. Seaside Alder. (Fig. 1224.)

Belula Alnus maritima Marsh. Arb. Am. 20. 1785. Alnus rnarilima Muhl.; Nutt. Sylva, i: 34. /. 102. 1865.

A small tree, sometimes 30° tall and the trunk

6' in diameter, glabrous or very nearly so

throughout. Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong or

obovate, firm, acute at both ends, bright green

and shining above, pale green and dull beneath,

sharply serrulate, long, \'-2' wide; petioles

3''-io'' long; aments unfolding long after the

leaves, their buds developing during the season,

the staminate i'-2^' long, the pistillate oblong,

<^"-\^" long, ^"-']"va. diameter in fruit; nut ob-

long-obovate, wingless, coriaceous-margined.

In wet soil, southern Delaware and eastern Mary- land; also in the Indian Territory. Closely related to A. Japonica of northeastern Asia, and perhaps not specifically distinct from it. Wood soft, light brown; weight per cubic foot 31 lbs. Aug. -Sept.

1879.

Family 7. FAGACEAE Drude, Phan. 409.

Beech Family.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, petioled, simple, dentate, .serrate, lobed, cleft or entire, pinnately veined, the stipules, if any, deciduous. Flowers small, monoecious, the staminate in pendulous erect or spreading aments, or capitate, the pistillate solitary or several together, subtended by an involucre of partly or wholly united bracts, which becomes a bur or cup. Petals none. Staminate flowers with a 4-7-lobed perianth and 4-20 stamens; filaments slender, distinct, simple; anther-sacs adnate, longitudinally dehiscent. PLstillate flowers with a 4-8- lobed urn-shaped or oblong perianth, adnate to the 3-7 -celled ovary; ovules 1-2 in each cavity, only i in each ovary ripening, pendulous, anatropous; styles as many as the cavities of the ovary, linear, terminally or longitudinally stigmatic. Fruit a i -seeded nut, with a coriaceotts or somewhat bony exocarp. Testa thin. Endosperm none; cotyledons large, fleshy, often rugose; radicle short.

About 5 genera and 375 species, of very wide geographic distribution. Staminate flowers capitate; nut sharply triangular. i. Fagus.

Staminate flowers in slender aments; nut rounded or plano-convex.

Pistillate flowers 2-5 in each involucre; involucre becoming globose and very prickly in fruit, enclosing the nuts. 2. Casianea.

Pistillate flower i in each involucre; involucre of numerous scales forming a cup in fruit and subtending the acorn. 3. Quercus.

514 FAGACEAE.

I. FAGUS L. Sp. PI. 997. 1753.

Trees, with smooth light gray bark, and serrate straight-veined leaves. Flowers appear- ing with the leaves, the stamiuate in slender-peduncled pendulous globose heads, the pistillate about 2 together in short-peduncled subulate-bracted involucres in the upper axils. Stamin- ate flowers yellowish green, subtended by deciduous bracts, consisting of a campanulate 4-8-lobed calyx, and 8-16 stamens with filiform filaments. Pistillate flowers with a 6-lobed peri- anth adnate to a 3-celled ovary; ovules 2 iu each cavity, usually r onl}' of each ovary maturing; styles 3, filiform. Nut coriaceous, sharply 3-angled, enclosed in the 4-valved bur. [Name from the Greek, to eat, referring to the esculent nuts.]

About 4 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Only the following is native in North America.

I. Fagus Americana Sweet. American Beech. (Fig. 1225.)

Fagus Americana \_lali/olia] Muench. Hausv. 5: 162. 1770.

Fagus Amet-icana Sweet, Hort. Brit. 370. 1826. Fagus ferrtiginea Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 362. 1789.

A large forest tree, with maximum height of about 120°, and a trunk diameter of 4/''2°, the lower branches spreading. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, firm, acuminate at the apex, ob- tuse or narrowed at the base, 2^-4^' long, \'- 3' wide, densely silky when young, glabrous or nearly so when mature, green on both sides, not shining, rather coarsely serrate; petioles 2"~()" long; heads of starainate flowers 6"-9" in dia- meter, hanging on peduncles i'-3' long; bur (>"-\o" high, densely tomentose, its soft prickles recurved or spreading; nut pubescent, or at length nearly glabrous, brown; seed sweet.

In rich soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Wiscon- sin, south to Florida and Texas. Wood hard, strong, tough, close-grained; color light or dark red; weight 43 lbs. per cubic foot. April-Maj-. Nuts ripe Sept. -Oct. Leaves of seedlings and young shoots are sometimes pinnatifid.

2. CASTANEA Adan.s. Fam. PI. 2: 375. 1763.

Trees or shrubs, with serrate straight-veined leaves, their teeth sharpl}' acuminate. Flowers appearing after the leaves, the staminate in erect or spreading narrowly cylindric interrupted axillary yellowish aments, several in the axil of each bract, the bracts fugacious, the pistillate borne iu prickU- involucres at the bases of the stamiuate aments or in separate axils. Staminate flowers 2-bracteolate, consisting of a mostly 6-lobed campanulate perianth and numerous stamens, sometimes also with an abortive ovary; filaments filiform, long-ex- serted. Pistillate flowers 2-5 (commonly 3 ) iu each involucre, con.sisting of an urn-shaped 6-lobed perianth adnate to the mostly 6-celled ovar}', and usually with 4-1 2 abortive stamens; ovules 2 in each cavity, i ovule only of each ovary usually maturing; stj les as many as the cavities of the ovary, slender, exserted; stigmas minute. Pistillate involucre enlarging and becoming a globose mostly 4-valved very pricklj' bur in fruit, enclosing i-several nuts. Nut rounded or plano-convex, i -seeded, the shell coriaceous. Seed large, sweet. St3-le mostly persistent. [Name Greek, from a city in Thessaly.]

Four or five species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, another occurs in the southeastern United States.

Leaves green on both sides; nuts usually 2-5 in each involucre; large tree. I. C. dcnlala.

Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath ; nut usually solitarj-; shrub or small tree. 2. C. pnmila.

BEECH FAMILY.

515

Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. American Chestnut. (Fig. 1226.)

Fagus Caslanca dentala Marsh. Arb. Am. 46. 1785. Castanea dentata Borkh. Handb. Forstb. 1:741. 1800. C. vesca var. Americana Michx. Kl. Bor. Am. 2: 193. 1803.

A large forest tree, with gray bark rough in longitudinal plates, reaching a maximum height of about 100° and a trunk diameter of 14° ; lower branches spreading. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, firm, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, coarsely serrate, with very sharp-pointed ascending teeth, rather dark green above, lighter beneath, long, I'/z^-y wide; petioles

stout, J-^^-i' long; staminate aments erect, numerous, borne solitary in the upper axils, 6'-i2' long, 4"-5" in di- ameter; burs i>^'-4' in diameter, solitary or 2-4 together, enclosing 1-5 nuts; nuts puberulent, dark brown, plano- convex or angled on the face, or when solitary ovoid.

In rich soil, Maine and Ontario to Michigan and Ten- nessee. Wood coarse-grained, durable, brown; weight per cubic foot 28 lbs. Involucre sometimes suppressed and the nuts naked. June-July. Nuts ripe Sept.-Oct.

2. Castanea pumila (L,. ) Mill. Chinquapin. (Fig. 1227.)

Fagiis pumila L. Sp. PI. 998. 1753. Castanea pinnila Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 2. 1768.

A shrub or small tree, sometimes 45° high and with a trunk 3° in diameter, the young shoots puberulent. Leaves oblong, acute at both ends, sharply serrate with ascending or divergent teeth, dark green and glabrous above, densely white-tomentulose beneath, 3^-6' long, x'-iyi' wide; staminate aments erect or somewhat spreading, 2f-h' long, 3^^-4" in diameter; burs i in diameter or less, commonly spicate, enclosing a soli- tary ovoid brown nut (rarely 2); seed very sweet.

In dry soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Indiana, Florida and Texas. Wood strong, coarse-grained, dark brown; weight per cubic foot 37 lbs. June. Nuts ripe Sept.

3. QUERCUS L. Sp. PI.

Trees or shrubs, with pinnatifid lobed dentate crenate or entire leaves, deciduous or in some species persistent. Flowers very small, green or yellowish, appearing with or before the leaves, the staminate numerous in slender mostly drooping aments, the pistillate soli- tary in many-bracted involucres borne on the twigs of the preceding season or on the young shoots. Staminate flowers subtended by caducous bracts, consisting of a mostly 6-lobed campanulate perianth and 6-12 stamens with filiform filaments, sometimes also with an abor- tive pilose ovary. Pistillate flowers with an urn-shaped or oblong calyx, adnate to a mostly 3-celled ovary; ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary, rarely more than i in each ovary matur- ing; styles as many as the ovary-cavities, short, erect or recurved. Fruit consisting of the imbricated and more or less united bracts of the involucre (cup), subtending or nearly enclos- ing the ovoid, oblong or subglobose i-seeded coriaceous nut (acorn). [The ancient Latin name, probably of Celtic derivation, signifying "beautiful tree."]

About 200 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 30 others occur in the western and southern sections of North America.

* Leaves or their lobes bristle-tipped, deciduous ; acorns viatnri}ig in aiitutnn 0/ second year. t Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed.

Leaves green on both sides.

Cup of the acorn saucer-shaped, much broader than high.

Cup 8"-i2" broad; acorn ovoid; leaves dull. I. Q. rubra.

Cup 4"-8" broad; leaves shining.

Acorn subglobose or short-ovoid; northern. Acorn ovoid; southern. Cup of the acorn turbinate or hemispheric.

Inner bark gray; leaves shining both sides. 4. Inner bark orange; leaves pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath. 5. Leaves white or gray-tomentulose beneath.

Large tree; leaf -lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long. 6. Shrub or low tree; leaf-lobes triangular-ovate, short. 7.

Q. palustris. Q. Te.vatia.

Q. coccinea. Q. veliitina.

Q. digilata. O. nana.

5i6

FAGACEAE.

tt Leaves 3-5-lobed above the middle or entire, obovate or spatulate in outline. Leaves obovate-ciineate, brown-floccose beneatli. 8. Q. J/a)y/aHdtca.

Leaves spatulate, glabrous both sides. 9. Q. nigra.

ttt Leaves entire, oblong, lanceolate or linear-oblong (sometimes lobed in no. ii). Leaves linear-oblong, green and glabrous on both sides. 10. Q. Phellos.

Leaves oblong, glabrous, dark green and shining above. 11. Q. laurifolia.

Leaves oblong or lanceolate, brown-tomentulose beneath. 12. Q. imbricaria.

* * Leaves or their lobes not brislle-lipped, deciduous: acorns maturing in autumn of first year. t Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed. Mature leaves pale, or glaucous and glabrous beneath; cup shallow. 13. Q. alba.

Mature leaves tonientulose beneath; cup one-third to fully as long as the acorn. Upper scales of the cup not awned.

Leaves yellowish-brown-tomentulose beneath; acorn ovoid. Leaves white -tomentulose beneath; acorn depressed-globose. Upper scales awned, forming a fringe around the acorn.

ft Leaves crenate or dentate, not lobed.

Fruit peduncled.

Peduncle much longer than petioles; leaves white-tonientulose beneath.

O. minor. Q. lyrata. Q. macrocarpa.

I. Quercus rubra L.

17. Q. platanoides.

Peduncle equalling or shorter than the petioles; leaves gray -tomentulose beneath.

Teeth of the leaves acute or mucronulate. 18. Q. Michauxii.

Teeth of the leaves rounded. 19. Q. Priniis.

Fruit sessile.

Tall tree; leaves oblong or lanceolate. 20. O. acuminata.

Shrub or low tree; leaves oval or obovate. 21. Q. prinoides.

* * -A- Leaves entire (rarely with a feiu bristle-tipped lobes), evergreen. 22. O. Virginiaria.

Red Oak. (Fig. 1228.)

Quercus rubra L. Sp. PI. 996. 1753. 0. atnbigua Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 2; 120. pi. 24. 1S12.

A large forest tree, with a maximum height of about 140°, and a trunk diameter of 7°, the hark dark gray, slightly roughened. Leaves oval or some- what obovate in outline, deciduous, when mature glabrous, or pubescent in the axils of the veins be- neath, 4'-8' long, 3'-6' wide, dull green above, paler beneath, sinuses rounded, lobes triangular-lanceo- late, tapering from a broad base to an acuminate apex, 1-4-toothed or entire, teeth and apices tipped with filiform bristles; petioles i>2'-3' long; styles slender, spreading; fruit maturing the second autumn; cup saucer-shaped, its base flat or slightly convex, S"-i2" broad, bracts ovate or ovate-lan- ceolate, obtuse or the upper acute, appressed; acorn ovoid, about i' long, 2-4 times as long as the cup.

Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Wood hard, strong, coarse- grained; color light reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 41 lbs, May-June. Acorns ripe Oct.-Nov. Quercus rubra runcinata A. DC. Prodr. 16: Part 2, 60. 1864. Leaf-lobes nearly entire; acorn W high. Near St. Louis. Perhaps a hybrid with Q. digitata.

2. Quercus palustris DuRoi. Swamp Oak. Pin Oak. (Fig. 1229.)

Q. palustris DuRoi, Harbk. 2: 268. pi. 5. fi. 4. 1772.

A forest tree, maximum height about 120° and trunk diameter 5°, the lower branches deflexed; bark brown, rough when old. Leaves broadly oblong or obovate in outline, deeply pinnatifid, sometimes almost to the midrib, bright green glabrous and shining above, duller, glabrous or with tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins be- neath, 3'-5' long, the lobes oblong, lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, divergent, 1-4-toothed or entire, teeth and apices tipped with filiform bristles; styles slender; fruit maturing in the sec- ond autumn; cup saucer-shaped, broad, base flat, bracts triangular-ovate, acute or obtuse, appressed; acorn subglobose or ovoid, 4"-7" high, often striate, 2-3 times as long as the cup.

In moist ground, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, Delaware and Arkansas. Wood hard, verj- strong, coarse-grained; color light brown; weight per cubic foot 43 lbs. May-June. Acorns ripe Sept. -Oct.

BEECH FAMILY.

517

3, Quercus Texana Buckley. Texan Red Oak. (Fig. 1230.)

Q. Texana Buckley, Proc. Phila. Acad, i860: 444. i860.

A forest tree, similar to the preceding species and to Q. rubra, attaining a maximum height of about 200° and a trunk diameter of 8°, usually smaller. Bark reddish-brown, with broad ridges broken into plates; leaves mostly obovate in outline, bright green and shining above, paler and with tufts of wool in the axils beneath, I'-d' long, truncate or broadly wedge-shaped at the base, deeply pinnatifid into 5-9 •oblong or triangular lobes, which are entire or coarsely few toothed, the lobes and teeth bristle-tipped; styles short; fruit maturing in the autumn of the second sea- son; cup deeply saucer-shaped, ^"-W broad, its scales obtusish or acute, appressed; acorn ovoid, Yz'-V long, 2-3 times as high as the cup.

Southern Indiana to Iowa and Missouri, Florida and Texas. Wood hard, light red-brown; weight per cubic foot 57 lbs. April-May. Acorns ripe Sept. -Oct.

4. Quercus coccinea Wang. Scarlet Oak. (Fig. 1231.)

Quercus coccinea Wang. Amer, 44. pi. 4. f. g. 1787.

A forest tree, attaining a maximum height of about 160°, the trunk diameter sometimes 5°; inner bark pale reddish or gray; foliage turning scarlet in autumn. Leaves deeply pinnatifid, glabrous, bright green and shining above, paler and sometimes pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath, 4^-8' long, rather thin, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, divergent or ascending, few-toothed, the teeth and apices bristle-tipped; fruit maturing in the autumn of the second sea- son; styles slender, recurved-spreading; cup hemispheric or top-shaped, its bracts triangular- lanceolate, appressed or the upper slightly squar- rose, mostly glabrous; acorn ovoid or ovoid-glo- bose, 6" -10'^ higli. about twice as long as the cup.

In drj' soil, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Missouri. Wood hard, strong, coarse- grained, light brown or red; weight 46 lbs. per cubic foot. May-June. Acorns ripe Sept. -Oct.

5. Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak. Quercitron

Quercus velutina Lam. Encycl. i: 721. 1783. Q. tinctoria Bartram, Travels, 37. Name only. i7()i. Q. coccinea var. tinctoria A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 454. 1S67.

A large forest tree, similar to O. coccinea, maxi- mum height about 150°, trunk diameter 5°; outer bark very dark brown, rough in low ridges, the in- ner bright orange. Leaves pinnatifid or lobed to beyond the middle, firm, brown-pubescent or some- times stellate-pubescent when young, when mature glabrous and dark dull green above, pale green and usually pubescent on the veins beneath, the broad oblong or triangular-lanceolate lobes and their teeth bristle-tipped; fruit maturing in the autumn of the second season; cup hemispheric or top-shaped, commonly narrowed into a short stalk, its bracts mostly pubescent, the upper somewhat squarrose; acorn ovoid, yz'-\' high, more or less longer than the cup.

Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Wood reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 44 lbs. Maj'-June.

\

\

5i8

FAGACEAE.

6. Quercus digitata (Marsh.) Sudw. Spanish Oak. (Fig. 1233.)

Querctts nigra digitata Marsli. Arb. Am. 121. 1785. Q.falcala Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. 16. pi. 28. 1801. Quercus digitata Sudw. Card. & For. 5: 99. 1892.

A tree, with maximum height of abotit 95°, and trunk diameter of 5°. Leaves dark green and glabrous above, gray-tomeiitulose beneath, deeply pinnatifid into 3-7 linear or lanceolate lobes, often falcate, acuminate, entire or den- tate; teeth and apices bristle-tipped; terminal lobes commonly elongated; styles slender; fruit maturing during the second autumn ; cup saucer- shaped with a turbinate base, ^"-"l" broad, its bracts ovate, obtuse, appressed; acorn subglo- bose or depressed, about twice as high as the cup.

In drj' soil, Long Island ( ?), New Jersej' to Flor- ida, Missouri and Texas. Wood hard, strong, coarse-grained, light reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 43 lbs. May-June. Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct.

7, Quercus nana (Marsh.) Sarg. Bear or Scrub Oak. (Fig. 1234.)

Quercus rubra nana Marsh. Arb. Am. 123. 1785. Quercus ilici/olia Wang. Amer. 79. pi. 6. f. ij. 1787. Quercus nana Sarg. Gard, & For. 8: 93. 1895.

A shrub or rarelj- a small tree, often forming dense thickets, maximum height about 25°, and trunk diameter 6'; bark gray, nearly smooth. Leaves mostly obovate, 1'-^' long, short-petiolcd, dark green and glabrous above, grayish-white tomentulose beneath, 3-7-lobed; lobes triangular- ovate, acute, bristle-tipped; styles recurved; fruit maturing the second autumn; cup saucer-shaped, 4"-6'^ broad, with a turbinate or rounded base; its bracts lanceolate, appressed; acorn globose-ovoid, more or less longer than the cup.

In sandy or rocky soil, Maine to Ohio, Delaware, and the mountains of Virginia and Kentucky. Wood hard, strong, light brown. May. Acorns ripe Oct. -Nov.

A hybrid of this, presumably with O. coccinea, was found by Dr. Robbins at Uxbridge, Mass.

8. Quercus Marylandica Muench. Black-jack or Barren Oak. (Fig. 1235.)-

Quercus nigra /3 L- Sp. PI. 995. 175,S- Quercus Marylandica Muench. Hausv. 5: 253. 1770.

A tree, sometimes 60° high, usually lower; maxi- mum trunk diameter 2°; bark nearly black, very rough in ridges. Leaves obovate in outline, stel- late-pubescent above and brown-tomeutose beneath when young, 3-5-lobed toward the broad usually nearly truncate apex, cuneate below, the lobes short, entire or sparingly toothed, bristle-tipped; mature leaves dark green, glabrous above, paler and more or less floccose beneath, 3'-7' long, 1'-^' wide; fruit maturing the second autumn; styles recurved; cup deep, 5"-S" broad, its bracts oblong- lanceolate, appressed, pubescent; acorn ovoid, 2-3 times as high as the cup.

In dry soil, Long Island, N. Y., to Ohio and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. Wood hard, strong, dark brown; weight per cubic foot 46 lbs. May-June. Acorns ripe Oct. -Nov.

Quercus Rudkini Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 9: 14, a hybrid of this with Q. Phellos, occurs from Staten Island, N. Y,. to North Carolina.

Quercus Brittoni W.T. Davis, Scien. \t\\. 67: 145, is a hybrid with Q. ilici/olia. Staten Island, N. Y.

BEECH FAMILY.

9. Quercus nigra L,. Water Oak. (Fig. 1236.)

Qnerctis nigra L. Sp. PI. 995. 1753.

Qiierais nigra var. aqnatica Lam. Encycl. i: 721. 1783. Quercus aqnatica Walt. Fl. Car. 234. 1788.

A tree, with maximum height of about 80° and trunk diameter of 4° ; bark gray, rough in ridges. Leaves spatulate or obovate, 1-3-lobed at the apex, or some of them entire and rounded, coriaceous, short-petioled, rather bright green and shining on both sides, finely reticulate-veined, glabrous when mature except tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins beneath, i^^-3' long, the lobes low, usually obtuse and bristle- tipped; styles recurved; fruit maturing the second autumn; cup sau- cer-shaped with a rounded base, ^"-1" broad, its bracts appressed; acorn globose-ovoid, 2-3 times as high as the cup.

Along streams and swamps or sometimes on the up- land, Delaware to Kentucky, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Wood hard, strong, cross-grained, light brown; weight per cubic foot 45 lbs. April-May. Acorns ripe Sept. -Oct. Leaves of seedlings and young shoots incised or pinnatifid, very bri,stly.

10. Quercus Phellos L. Willow Oak. (Fig. 1237.)

Quercus Phellos L. Sp. PI. 994. 1753.

A tree, with slightly roughened reddish-brown bark, attaining a maximum height of about 80° and a trunk diameter of 3°. Leaves narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, entire, acute at both ends, very short-petioled, bristle-tipped, glabrous or very slightly pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath when mature, 7.'-\' long, i^"-\2" wide; styles slen- der, recurved-spreading; fruit maturing in the au- tumn of the second season; cup saucer-shaped, nearly flat on the base, broad; acorn subglo-

bose, high.

In moist woods, Long Island, N. Y. to Florida, Missouri and Texas. Wood strong, rather soft and close-grained, reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 46 lbs. April-May. Acorns ripe Sept. -Oct.

Quercus heterophylla Michx. f. Hist. Am. 2: 87, pi. 16, the Bartram Oak, probably a hybrid of O. Phe/lo.fwhh O. r;(6;-(7, but perhaps a distinct species, intermediate in leaf and fruit characters between the two, occurs from Staten Island to North Carolina. O. Phellos hybridizes also with Q. nana.

II. Quercus laurifolia Michx. Laurel Oak. (Fig. 1238.)

Quercus laurifolia Michx. Hist. Chenes Am. no. 10. pi. I/. 1801.

Trunk sometimes 100° tall, reaching 4° in diam- eter at the base; bark nearly black, with flat ridges. Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, often somewhat falcate, very green and shining above, paler be- neath, glabrous when mature, i%'-6' long, 5''-2' wide, entire, or those of young shoots undulate- lobed, the apex bristle-tipped; styles rather short, recurving; fruit maturing in the autumn of the sec- ond season; abortive ovules in the summit of the acorn; cup saucer-shaped, ^'^-6" wide, its base somewhat rounded, its scales ovate, rounded, ap- pressed; acorn ovoid or nearly hemispheric, 3-4 times as long as the cup.

Along streams and swamps, southeastern Virginia to Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the coast. Wood dark reddish-brown, .strong; weight per cubic foot 48 lbs.

520

FAGACEAE.

12. Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak. (Fig. 1239.)

Querctis imbricaria Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. 9. pi. /j. 16. 1 801.

A forest tree, with maximum height about 100°, and trunk diameter of 3j^°. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, coriaceous, acute at both ends, short-petioled, bristle-tipped, dark green above, persistently gray-tomentulose beneath, 2>'~T' long> 9"-2' wide; styles recurved; fruit maturing the sec- ond autumn; cup hemispheric or turbinate, ^"-T" broad, its bracts appressed; acorn subglobose, 5"- ■j" high.

Central Pennsylvania to Michigan, Nebraska, Geor- gia, Tennessee and Arkansas. Wood hard, coarse- grained, light reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 47 lbs. April-Ma3'.

Quercus Leana Nutt. Sylva, i: 134, pi. jb, is a hj'brid of this and O. velutina, with intermediate characters. Ohio to Missouri and District of Columbia.

Quercus tridentata Engelm, Q. nigra var. tridejitata A. DC. Prodr. 16: Part 2, 64, is a hybrid with O. Mary- landica. Illinois and Pennsj'lvania. A hj-brid with 0. paliislris was found bj- Dr. Engelmann near St. Louis, Mo.

13. Quercus alba L. White Oak. (Fig. 1240.)

•Quercus alba L. Sp. PI. 996. 1753.

A large forest tree, with light gray bark scaling off in thin plates; maximum height about 150°, trunk diameter 8°. Leaves obovate in outline, green above, pale and more or less glaucous be- neath, pubescent when young, nearly glabrous when old, thin, pinnatifid into 3-9 oblong obtuse ascending toothed or entire lobes, 4'-7' long, 2'- 4^' wide; petioles about yi' long; styles short, erect; fruit maturing the first season, peduncled; cup depressed-hemispheric, '"-lo" broad, its bracts thick, obtuse, woolly or at length glabrate, ■closely appressed; acorn ovoid-oblong, i' high or less, 3-4 times as high as the cup.

Maine to Ontario, ^Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Wood hard, strong, tough, close-grained; color brown; weight per cubic foot 46 lbs. May-June. Acorns ripe Sept. -Oct.

Hybrids with O. viacrocarpa have been observed in Illinois: with O. minor, from Illinois to Virginia and South Carolina, and with O. Prinus, near Wash- ington, D. C, and New York.

14. Quercus minor (Marsh.) Sarg

Po.st or Iron Oak.

(Fig. 1241.)

Quercus alba minor Marsh. Arb. Am. 120. 1785. Quercus stellata Wang. Amer. 78. pi. 6. f. 75. 1787. Q. oblusiloba Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. i. pi. i. 1801. Quercus ;«/«o;' Sargent, Card. & For. 2: 471. 1889.

A tree, with rough gray bark, or sometimes a shrub; maximum height about 100° and trunk diameter 4°. Leaves broadly obovate in out- line, deeply Ij-rate-pinnatifid into 3-7 broad rounded often deeplj' undulate or toothed lobes, when mature firm, glabrous, dark green and shining above, brown-tonientulose beneath, 5'- 8' long, 4'-6' wide or smaller; petioles stout, long; fruit maturing the first season, nearly or quite sessile; styles short; cup hemi- spheric, 6"S" broad, base narrowed, its bracts lanceolate, subacute, slightly squarrose; acorn ovoid, 6"-io" high, 2-3 times as long as the cup.

In drj- soil, Massachusetts to southern New York, Michigan, Florida and Texas. Wood hard, close- grained, very durable, brown; weight per cubic foot 52 lbs. May-June. Acorns ripe Sept. -Oct.

BEECH FAMILY.

521

Swamp, Overcup or Post Oak. (Fig. 1242.)

15. Quercus lyrata Walt.

Quercus lyrata Walt. Fl. Car. 235. 1753.

A large tree, maximum height about 100° and trunk diameter 3}^°; bark gray or reddish, in thin plates. Leaves obovate in outline, mostly narrowed at the base, 6'-S' long, lyrate-pinnatifid or lobed to beyond the middle, thin, when mature bright green, glabrous and shining above, densely white-tomentulose be- neath, the lobes lanceolate or oblong, rounded or sub- acute, entire or toothed, the upper pair the larger and usually divergent; petioles 3"-9" long; fruit matur- ing the first season, peduncled; styles short; cup de- pressed-globose, \'-il4.' in diameter, high, its bracts broad, thin, cuspidate; acorn depressed-globose, Yz'-^Yz' high, nearly or quite immersed in the cup.

In swamps or along streams, New Jersey to Indiana and Missouri, Florida and Texas. Wood hard, strong, tough, close-grained, very durable, dark brown; weight per cubic foot 52 lbs. April-May.

16. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Mos.sy-cup or Bur Oak. (Fig. 1243.)

Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. 2,

pi. 2j. 1 801. Quercus olivaeformis Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 2: pi. 2. 1812.

A large tree, with gray flaky bark ; maximum height about 160°, and trunk diameter 8°. Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate in outline, rather thin, irregularly lobed, pinnatifid, or some coarsely crenate; when mature bright green and shining above, grayish-white-tomen- tulose beneath, 4^-8' long, the lobes toothed or entire, rounded, ascending or somewhat diver- gent; petioles ^'-i' long; fruit short-peduncled or sessile, maturing the first season; styles short; cup hemispheric or subglobose, W-i' in diameter, its bracts floccose, thick, hard, ovate or lanceolate, the lower acute, the upper subu- late-tipped, the tips forming a fringe around the acorn; acorn 8"-i^' long, ovoid, 1-2 times as high as the cup.

In rich soil. Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Kansas and Texas. Wood hard, strong, tough, close-grained; color dark brown; weight 46 lbs. May-June.

17. Quercus platanoides (Lam.) Sudw. Swamp White Oak. (Fig. 1244.)

Q. Prinus plalanoides Iaxo.. Encycl. 1:720. 1783. Quercus bicolor Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr.

Berlin, 3: 396. 1801. O. platanoides Sudw. Rep. Secy. Agric. 1892: 327. 1893^

A large tree, with flaky gray bark; maximum height about 110° and trunk diameter 9°. Leaves obovate, or oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed or sometimes lobed nearly to the middle, narrowed or rounded at the base, firm, when mature 4^-7' long, Zyi'-Ayi' wide, dark green, dull and glabrous above, densely white-tomentulose beneath; peti- oles stout, 3''-9'' long; fruit maturing the first year; peduncles 2-5 times as long as the petioles; cup hemispheric, its bracts pubescent, lanceolate, appressed, the lower obtuse, the upper acute or acuminate; acorn oblong-ovoid, about high; cup about 6'' high; seed rather sweet.

In moist or swampy soil, Quebec to Michigan, Georgia and Arkansas. Wood hard, strong, tough, close-grained, light brown; weight 48 lbs. per cubic foot. May-June. Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct.

522

FAGACEAE.

i8. Quercus Michauxii Niitt. Cow Oak.

Basket Oak. (Fig. 1245.) Quercus Michau.rii Kxitt. Gen. 2: 215. 1818.

A large tree, with gray flaky bark; maximum height about 100° and trunk diameter 7°. Leaves obovate or broadly oblong, apex acute or acuminate, base narrowed, rounded or subcordate, when mature bright green, shining above, pale and gray tomentu- lose beneath, sharply toothed, 4'-"' long, 2^'-4^' wide, the teeth acute or mucronulate; petioles slen- der, \ong; fruit maturing the first season, short-peduncled or sessile; styles very short; cup depressed-hemispheric, I'-ij^' broad, its bracts thick, ovate or lanceolate, appressed; acorns ovoid, I'-iYz' high, about 3 times as high as the cup.

In moist soil, Delaware to Indiana, Arkansas, Flor- ida and Texas. Wood hard, strong, tough, dense, dura- ble; color light brown; weight 50 lbs. per cubic foot. April-May. Acorns ripe Sept. -Oct, sweet and edible.

Rock Chestnut Oak.

(Fig. 1246.)

19. Quercus Prinus L

Querctis Prinus L. Sp. PI. 996. 1753.

h. large forest tree; maximum height about 100°, and trunk diameter 5°; lower branches spreading; bark brown, ridged, slightly flaky. Leaves coarsely crenate, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or ob- ovate, when mature dark green, glabrous and feebly shining above, finely gray-tomentulose be- neath, 5^-8' long, xY-y'-^' wide; petioles slender, long; fruit maturing the first season; peduncles equalling or shorter than the petioles; styles very short; cup hemispheric, ^'-i^'broad, its bracts tomentose, triangular-ovate, acute or cuspidate, appressed; acorn ovoid, high, 2-3 times as high as the cup; seed edible, but not very sweet.

In dry soil, Maine to southern Ontario, Alabama and Tennessee. Wood hard, strong, close-grained, dura- ble; color dark brown; weight per cubic foot 47 lbs. May-June. Acorns ripe Oct. -Nov.

20. Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Sarg. Chestnut or Yellow Oak. (Fig. 1247.)

Quercus Pi inus acumiiia/aMichx. Hist. Chenes Am. ~ no. 5. />/. .S". 1801.

Quercus Muhlenbergii Engelm. Trans. St. Louis

Acad. 3: 391. 1877. Quercus acuimiiala Sarg. Card. & For. 8: 93. 1895.

A tree with gray flaky bark, much resembling the chestnut; maximum height about 160°, and trunk diameter 3>4°. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or sometimes obovate, apex acuminate or acute, base narrowed or rounded; coarsely toothed, when mature dark green and shining above, pale, gray- tomentulose and prominently veined beneath, 4'-6' long, i'-2^' wide; petioles slender, Y'-i' long; fruit sessile or very short-peduncled, matur- ing the first season; cup hemispheric, 5"-8'' broad, its bracts floccose, ovate, thick, acute or cuspidate, appressed; acorn ovoid, 6"-io" high, about twice as high as the cup.

In dry soil, preferring limestone ridges, Vermont and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Texas. Wood hard, strong, dense, close-grained, durable, dark brown; weight per cubic foot _ 54 lbs. May-June. Acorns ripe Oct. -Nov., edible.

BEECH FAMILY. 523 21. Quercus prinoides Willd. Scrub Chestnut Oak. (Fig. 1248.)

Quercus prinoides Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 3: 397. 1801.

A shrub, 2°-i5° tall, sometimes tree-like, the bark gray. Leaves obovate, coarsely toothed, •when mature bright green and somewhat shin- ing above, gray-tomentulose beneath, 'iYz'-h' long, 2^-3' wide, mostly acute or short-acumi- nate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the teeth short, triangular, subacute or obtuse; petioles slender, s'^-g" long; fruit sessile, maturing the first season; cup hemispheric, thin, about Yz' broad and one-half as high, its bracts floccose, triangular-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, appressed; acorn ovoid, obtuse, 2-3 times as long as the cup; seed sweet.

In drj' sandy or rocky soil, Maine to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Texas. Apparently inter- grades with the preceding-. April-May. Acorns ripe Sept. -Oct. Called also Chinkapin Oak.

22. Quercus Virginiana Mill. Live Oak. (Fig. 1249.)

Quercus Virginiana Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 16. 1768.

Quercus virens Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 356. 1789.

A tree, with rough brown bark, attaining a maximum height of about 60° and trunk diam- eter of 7°, but often shrubby, the young shoots puberulent. Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, ob- long, elliptic or oblanceolate, apex obtuse, base narrowed or rounded, entire or with a few bristle- tipped teeth, bright green and glabrous above, pale green and puberulent or becoming glabrous beneath, 1^-3' long; petioles stout, i''-3" long; fruit peduncled, maturing the first season; pe- duncle long; cup turbinate, broad, its bracts closely appressed, ovate or lanceolate; acorn ovoid-oblong, about twice as high as the cup; seed not edible; cotyledons united.

In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, Texas and Mexico, mostly near the coast. Also in Cuba. Wood very hard, tough, close-grained and dense; color yellow-brown; -weight per cubic foot 59 lbs. March-April. Acorns ripe Sept-Oct.

Family 8. ULMACEAE Mirbel, Elem. 2: 905. 181 5. Elm Family.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple .serrate petioled pinnately veined stipu- late leaves, the stipules usually fugacious. Flowers small, monoecious, dioe- cious, perfect or polygamous, lateral or axillary, clustered, or the pistillate soli- tary. Perianth 3-9-parted or of 3-9 distinct sepals. Petals none. Stamens in our .species as many as the perianth-lobes or sepals and opposite them; filaments straight; anthers ovate or oval, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i -celled (rarely 2-celled), mostly superior; ovule solitary, pendulous, anatropous or amphitro- pous; styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara, drupe or nut. Endosperm of the seed little or none. Embryo straight or curved; cotyledons mostly flat.

About 13 genera and 140 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions.

Flowers borne in clusters on twigs of the preceding season; fruit a samara, or nut-like.

Flowers expanding before the leaves; calyx 4-9-cleft; fruit a samara. i. Ulrnus.

Flowers expanding with the leaves; calyx 4-5-cleft; fruit nut-like. 2. Planera.

Flowers borne on twigs of the season, the pistillate mostly solitary; fruit a drupe. 3. Celtis.

524

ULMACEAE.

I. ULMUS L. Sp. PI. 225. 1753.

Trees, with 2-ranked straight-veined inequilateral serrate leaves, with thin caducous stipules. Flowers perfect or polygamous, fascicled or racemose, greenish, unfolding before the leaves, borne axillary on the twigs of the preceding season. Calyx campanulate, 4-9- lobed, persistent, its lobes imbricated. Filaments erect, slender, exserted. Ovary sessile or stalked, compressed. Styles 2, divergent, stigmatic along the inner margin. Fruit a i-seeded flat orbicular or oval samara, its membranous wings continuous all around except at the apex, commonly as broad as or broader than the body. Embryo straight. [The ancient Latin name of the elm; Celtic eli/i.]

About 16 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, another occurs in the south%vestern United States and one in Mexico.

Leaves smooth or slightlj- rough above; samara densely ciliate.

None of the branches corky-winged; samara-faces glabrous. i. U. Americajia. Some or all of the branches corkj--winged ; samara-faces pubescent.

Leaves 2' -5' long; flowers racemose; northern. 2. L'. racemosa.

Leaves i'-3' long; flowers fascicled; southern. 3. C alata.

Leaves very rough above; samara not ciliate; twigs not cork3--winged. 4. U./ulva.

I. Ulmus Americana L. American, White or Water Elm. (Fig. 1250.)

Ulnuts Americana L. Sp. PI. 226. 1753-

A large tree, with gray flaky bark, and glabrous or sparingly pubescent t%vigs and buds; maximum height about 120°, and trunk diameter 11°; the branches not corky- winged, terete. Leaves oval or obovate, apex abruptly acuminate, base obtuse or obtusish, and ver}- in equilateral, sharply and usually doubly serrate, slightly rough above, pubescent or becoming glabrous beneath, 2'-^' long, i^'-3' wide; flowers fascicled; pedicels filiform, drooping, jointed; calyx 7-9-lobed, oblique, its lobes oblong, rounded; samara ovate-oval, reticulate-veined, 5"- 6" long, its faces glabrous, its margins densely cil- iate; styles strongly incurved.

In moist soil, especiallj' along streams, Newfound- land to Manitoba, Florida and Texas. Wood hard, strong, close-grained, compact, dark brown; weight per cubic foot 40.5 lbs. March-April. Samaras ripe in Mav.

2. Ulmus racemosa Thomas. Cork or Rock Elm. (Fig. 1251.)

Ulmus racemosa'\:\\.ovsi2&. Am. Joum. Sci. 19: 170. 1831.

A large tree, attaining a maximum height of about 100° and a trunk diameter of 4°, the young twigs puberulent; bud-scales ciliate and somewhat pubescent; branches, or some of them, winged by narrow plates of cork. Leaves similar to the pre- ceding, but less sharply serrate, smooth above; flowers racemose; pedicels filiform, drooping, jointed; calyx-lobes oblong, rounded; samara oval, d"-^" long, its faces pubescent or puberulent, its margins densely ciliate; persistent styles strongly incurved and overlapping.

In rich soil, Quebec to Ontario, Michigan, Tennessee and Nebraska. Wood hard, strong, tough, compact; color light reddish-brown: weight per cubic foot 45 lbs. April. Called also Cliff, Hickory or Swamp Elm.

Ulmus campestris L., from Europe, distinguished by its nearly or quite glabrous, not ciliate samaras, and wingless branches, rarely escapes from cultivation.

ELM FAMILY.

525

3. Ulmus alata Michx. Winged Elm. Wahoo. (Fig. 1252.)

Uhiitis alata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 173. 1803.

A small tree, sometimes 50° high and with a trunk diameter of 2j^°; the branches, or most of them, with corky wing-like ridges. Twigs and buds glabrous or nearly so; leaves oblong, oblong-lance- olate or oblong-ovate, acute, doubly serrate, base obtuse, inequilateral and sometimes subcordate, ronghish above, pubescent beneath, at least on the veins, 1^-3' long, >^'-iX'wide, the veins ascending, some of them commonly forked; flowers fascicled; pedicels filiform; calyx-lobes obovate, rounded; sa- mara oblong, long, pubescent on the faces, the margins densely ciliate; styles very slender.

In dry or moist soil, southern Virginia to Florida, west to southern Illinois, Arkansas and Texas. Wood hard, weak, compact; color brown; weight per cubic foot 47 lbs. March.

4. Ulmus fulva Michx. Slippery, Red or Moose Elm

Ulmus pubescens Walt. Fl. Car. in. 1788. ? Ulmus fulva Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 172. 1803.

A tree, with rough gray fragrant bark, maxi- mum height about 70°, and trunk diameter ° ; twigs rough-pubescent; branches not corky- winged; bud-scales densely brown-tomentose. Leaves ovate, oval or obovate, very rough with short papillae above, pubescent beneath, sharply doubly serrate, acuminate at the apex, obtuse, inequilateral and commonly cordate at the base, 4^-8' long, 2'-2^' wide; flowers fas- cicled; pedicels 2" -2," long, spreading, jointed near the base; calyx-lobes lanceolate, subacute, samara oval-orbicular, b"-<^" long, pubescent over the seed, otherwise glabrous, the margins not ciliate, retuse.

In woods, on hills and along streams, Quebec to North Dakota, Florida and Texas. Wood hard, strong, compact, durable; color dark reddish- brown; weight per cubic foot 43 lbs. Foliage and mucilaginous inner bark very fragrant in drying. March-April.

2. PLANERA J. F. Gmel. Syst. 2: Part i, 150. 1791.

Trees, similar to the elms, the flowers monoecious or polygamous, unfolding with the leaves. Staminate flowers fascicled on twigs of the preceding season, the pistillate or per- fect ones in the axils of leaves of the year. Calyx 4-5-cleft, campanulate, persistent, the lobes imbricated. Filaments filiform, straight, exserted. Ovary stalked, ovoid, slightly compressed, i-celled. Styles 2, spreading, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit nut-like; coriaceous, obliquely ovoid, compressed, ridged on the back, covered with short fleshy pro- cesses. Embryo straight. [Name in honor of Johann Jakob Planer, 1743-1789, Professor of Botany in Erfurt.]

A monotypic genus of southeastern North America.

526

ULMACEAE.

I. Planera aquatica (Walt.) J. F. Gmel.

(Fig. 1254.)

Planer-tree. Water Elm.

Anojiymos aquatica Walt. FI. Car. 230. 1788. Planera aquatica J. F. Gmel. Syst. 2: Part I, 150. 1 791.

A small tree, sometimes 40° high, and with a trunk 2° in diameter, the foliage nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate or oblong- lanceolate, acute at the apex, obtuse or cor- date and usually somewhat inequilateral at the base, serrate, i'-2' long; petioles lYz"- 1" long; stipules lanceolate, about as long as the petioles, deciduous; staminate flowers fascicled and somewhat racemose from scaly buds borne at the axils of leaves of the pre- ceding season; perfect or pistillate flowers on short branches; fruit i"--^" long, about equalling its stalk, its soft processes yi" long.

In swamps, Missouri to southern Indiana, Kentucky and North Carolina, south to Louisi- ana and Florida. Wood soft, weak, compact, lig-ht brown; weight per cubic foot 33 lbs. April-May.

3. CELTIS L. Sp. PI. 1043. 1753-

Trees or shrubs, with serrate or entire pinnately veined or in some species 3-5-nerved leaves, and polygamous or monoecious (rarely dioecious ?) flowers, borne in the axils of leaves of the season, the staminate clustered, the fertile solitary or 2-3 together. Calyx 4-6-parted or of distinct sepals. Filaments erect, exserted. Ovary sessile. Stigmas 2, re- cur\-ed or divergent, toraentose or plumose. Fruit an ovoid or globose drupe, the exocarp pulpy, the endocarp bony. Seed-coat membranous. Embryo curved. [Name ancient, used by Pliny for an African Lotus-tree.]

About 60 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 3 others occur in the southern and southwestern parts of North .\merica.

Leaves sharply serrate, thin; ripe drupe 4"-5" in diameter. Leaves entire or nearly so, thick; drupe 2H"-3" in diameter.

1. C. occidentalis.

2. C. Mississippiensis.

I. Celtis occidentalis L. Hackberrj-. Sugar-berry. (Fig. 1255.)

Celtis occidentalis L. Sp. PI. 1044. 1753. Celtis pumila Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 200. 1814.

A tree or shrub, attaining a maximum height of about 125° and a trunk diameter of 5°, the bark dark and rough, the twigs glabrous. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, mostly thin, acute or acumi- nate at the apex, inequilateral and 3-nerved at the base, pinnately veined, lyi'-ix' long, i'-2]4' wide, glabrous above, pubescent, at least on the veins, beneath; staminate flowers numerous; pistillate flowers usually solitary, slender-peduncled; calyx-segments linear- oblong, deciduous; drupe globose and pur- ple, or nearly black when mature, or orange, ^"-5" in diameter, sometimes edible.

In drj- soil, Quebec to Manitoba, south to Louisiana, North Carolina, Missouri and Kan- sas. Wood soft, weak, coarse-grained; color light yellow; weight per cubic foot 40 lbs. April-May. Fruit ripe .Sept. Also known as Nettle-tree and Fal.se Elm.

ELM FAMILY.

527

2. Celtis Mississippiensis Bosc. Southern Hackberry. (Fig. 1256.)

Cellis Mississippiensis Bosc, Diet. Agric. lO: 41. i8io.

A tree, similar to the preceding species, but commonly smaller, the bark light graj', rough and warty. Leaves ovate or lanceo- late, firm, shining, entire or with a few low sharp teeth, 3-nerved and prominentl}' pin- nately veined, glabrous on both sides, long- acuminate at the apex, inequilateral and obtuse or sometimes cordate at the base, 1'- 3' long, Yz'-iYz' wide; peduncles mostly shorter than those of the preceding species; drupe globose, purple-black, ly^''-^," in diameter.

In drj- soil, North Carolina to southern Illi- nois and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Probably intergrades with C. occidentalis. April. Fruit ripe July-Aug.

Family 9. MORACEAE Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 266. 1847. Mulberry Famii^y.

Trees, shrubs or herbs, mostly with milky sap, alternate or opposite petioled stipulate leaves, and small monoecious or dioecious axillary clustered flowers, or the pistillate flowers solitar}- in some exotic genera. Calj^x mostly 4-5-parted. Petals none. Staminate flowers panicled, spicate or capitate, the stamens as many as the calyx-segments. Filaments erect or inflexed in the bud. Pistillate flowers capitate, spicate or cymose. Ovary superior, i -celled in our genera. Ovule solitary, pendulous, anatropous. Stjdes i or 2. Fruit various. Embryo straight, curved or spiral.

About 55 genera and 925 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. The largest genus is Ficus, the Fig, of which there are over 600 known species.

Trees or shrubs; stipules fugacious.

Staminate and pistillate flowers spiked; leaves dentate or lobed Staminate flowers racemose or spiked; pistillate capitate. Pistillate perianth deeply 4-cleft; leaves entire. Pistillate perianth 3-4-toothed; leaves various. Erect or twining herbs; stipules persistent.

Twining vines; pistillate flowers in ament-like clusters. Frect herb; pistillate flowers spicate.

I. MORUS L. Sp. PI. 986. 1753.

Trees or shrubs, with milky sap, alternate dentate and often lobed, 3-uerved leaves, fuga- cious stipules, and small monoecious or dioecious flowers, in axillary ament-like spikes, the pistillate spikes ripening into a succulent aggregate fruit. Staminate flowers with a 4-parted perianth, its segments somewhat imbricated, and 4 stamens, the filaments inflexed in the bud, straightening and exserted in anthesis. Pistillate flowers with a 4-parted persistent perianth, which becomes fleshy in fruit, a sessile ovary, and 2 linear spreading stigmas. Fruiting perianth enclosing the ripened ovary, the exocarp succulent, the endocarp crusta- ceous. Albumen scanty; embryo curved. [The ancient name of the mulberry; Celtic ;;/<?r.]

About 10 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern United States.

Leaves rough above, pubescent beneath; fruit purple; spikes I'-i'A' long. i. Jlf. 7-tibra.

Leaves smooth and glabrous, or verj- nearly so, on both sides; fruit nearly white; spikes 5" -7" long.

2. 71/. a/ba.

1. Morns.

2. Toxylon.

3. Broussonetia.

4. Humithis.

5. Cannabis.

34

I. Morus rubra L,. Red

Mulberry. (Fig. 1257.)

Morus rubra L,. Sp. PI. 986. 1753.

A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 65° and a trunk diameter of 7°, the bark brown and rough. Leaves ovate or nearly orbicular in outline, scabrous above, persistently pubescent beneath, or when young almost tomentose, acuminate at the apex, rounded, truncate or cordate at the base, serrate-dentate or 3-7-lobed, 2)'~5^ long; petioles slender, 7"-i8'' long; stami- nate spikes drooping, I >^ '-3' long; pistillate spikes spreading or pendulous in fruit, 1'- I yi' long, 4''-5" in diameter when mature, slender-peduncled, dark purple-red, deli- cious.

In rich soil, Vermont and Ontario to Michi- gan and South Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. Wood soft, weak, compact, durable; color light j-ellow; weight per cubic foot 37 lbs. April-May. Fruit ripe in June.

2. Morus alba L. White Mulberry. (Fig. 1258.)

Morns alba L. Sp. PI. 9S6. 1753.

A small tree, sometimes 40° high and with a trunk 3° in diameter, the bark light gray, rough, the branches spreading. Leaves ovate, thin, smooth, glabrous and somewhat shining on both sides, acute or abruptly acu- minate at the apex, rounded, truncate or cor- date at the base, varying from serrate to vari- ously lobed, 2'-6' long; petioles slender, shorter than the blades; staminate spikes slender, drooping, about 1' long; pistillate spikes oblong or subglobose, drooping, 5"- long, 3" in diameter and white or pinkish when mature, not as succulent as those of the preceding species. ,

Sparingly escaped from cultivation, Maine and Ontario to Florida. Introduced from the Old World for feeding silkworms. May. Fruit ripe July- Aug.

2. TOXYLON Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: ii8. 1817.

[M.\CLURA Nutt. Gen. 2: 233. 1818.]

A tree, with milky sap, thick entire dark green alternate petioled pinnately veined leaves, stout axillary spines, caducous stipules and dioecious axillary flowers, the staminate racemose, the pistillate capitate. Staminate flowers with a 4-parted calyx, its segments val- vate, and 4 stamens, the filaments inflexed in the bud, straightening and somewhat exserted in anthesis. Pistillate flowers with a 4-cleft calyx enclosing the sessile ovar}-, and a filiform simple long-exserted style, the calyces becoming fleshy and enlarged in fruit, densely aggre- gated into a large globular head. Endosperm none; embryo curved. [Name Oreek, signi- fj'ing bow-wood.]

A monotypic genus of the south-central United States.

MULBERRY FAMILY.

529

I. Toxylon pomiferum Raf. Osage Orange. (Fig. 1259.)

Toxylon pomiferum Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: ii8. 1817.

Madura aurantiaca Nutt. Gen. 2: 234. 1818.

A tree with ridged brown bark, and spreading branches; maximum height about 60°, and trunk diameter 2^°; foliage puberulent when young, glabrous when mature. Leaves ovate, ovate- lanceolate or ovate-oblong, glossy, entire, 3'-6' long, apex acuminate, base obtuse, truncate or subcordate; petioles yi.'-2' long; axillary spines straight, sometimes 3' long; staminate racemes yz'-\' long, usually numerous; flowers about \" broad; head of pistillate flowers peduncled, pen- dulous, about \' in diameter, ripening into a hard yellowish tubercled syncarp 2^-6' in diameter.

In rich soil, Missouri and Kansas to Texas. Wood hard, very strong, dense, durable; color bright orange; weight per cubic foot 48 lbs. Much planted for hedges and occasionally spontaneous in the East. May-June. Fruit ripe Oct. -Nov.

3. BROUSSONETIA L'Her; Vent. Tabl. 3: 547. 1799.

Trees, with milky sap, the leaves alternate, petioled, entire, serrate, or 3-5-lobed, 3- nerved at the base. Flowers dioecious, the staminate in cylindric ament-like spikes, the pistillate capitate. Staminate flowers with a deeply 4-cleft perianth, 4 stamens, and a mi- nute rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers with an ovoid or tubular 3-4-toothed perianth, a stalked ovary and a 2-cleft style. Head of fruit globular, the drupes red, exserted beyond the persistent perianth. [Name in honor of Broussonet, French naturalist.]

About 4 species, natives of eastern Asia.

I. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. ( Paper Mulberry. (Fig. 1260.)

Morus papyrifej-a I,- Sp. PI. 986. 1753. Broussonetia papyri/era Vent. Tabl. 3: 548. 1799.

A small tree, sometimes 40° high, the young

shoots hirsute-tomcntose. Leaves mostly ovate,

thin, loug-petioled, serrate nearly all around,

often deeply 3-lobed, sometimes with a lobe on

one side only, as in Sassafras, rarely 5-lobed,

rough above, tomentose beneath, 3^-8^ long,

the sinuses rounded; petioles ^'-3' long, hir-

sute-tomentose, at least when young; spikes of

staminate flowers 2^-3' long; peduncled; heads

of pistillate flowers in diameter, stout-

peduncled.

Escaped from cultivation, southern Xew York to Georgia and Missouri. May-June,

4. HUMULUS L. Sp. PI. I025

Twining herbaceous pereanial rough vines, with broad opposite thin petioled palmately veined serrate 3-7-lobed or undivided leaves, lanceolate membranous persistent stipules, and dioecious axillary flowers, the staminate panicled, the pistillate in ament-like drooping clustered spikes. Staminate flowers with a 5-parted calyx, the segments distinct and imbri- cated, and 5 short erect stamens. Pistillate flowers in 2's in the axil of each bract of the ament, consisting of a membranous entire perianth, clasping the ovary, and 2 filiform cadu- cous stigmas. Fruiting anients cone like, the persistent bracts subtending the compressed ovate achenes. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo spirally coiled. [Name said to be the diminu- tive of the Latin humus, earth.]

Two species, the following widely distributed through the north temperate zone, the other native of northeastern Asia.

1753

530

MORACEAE.

I. Humulus Lupulus L. Hop. (Fig. 1261.)

Humulus Ltiptilus L. .Sp. PI. 1028. 175.3.

A dextrorsely twining or prostrate vine, often 25° long, very rough with stiff reflexed hairs. Leaves or- bicular or ovate in outline, slender-petioled, deeply 3-7-cleft or some of the upper ones ovate, acute and merely serrate; petioles Yz'-^,' long; stipules re- flexed, ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, \"-\2" long; panicles of staminatc flowers 1'-^' long; ripe pistillate clusters (hops) i'-2>i long; fruiting bracts broadl}^ ovate, concave, thin, glabrous or nearly so, obtuse, much longer than the achenes; fruiting calyx and achene strongly resinous-aromatic.

In thickets and on river-banks, Nova Scotia to Man- itoba, south to southern New York, Pennsj'lvania, in the Alle.sfhanies to Georg^ia, to Kansas, and in the Rockj- :>Iount;uns to Arizona and New Mexico. Ex- tensivelj- escaped from cultivation. Native also of Europe and Asia. July-Aug. Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct.

5. CANNABIS L. Sp. PI. 1027. 1753.

A stout erect rough and puberulent herb, with alternate and opposite petioled digitately 5-11-divided thin leaves, persistent subulate stipules, and greenish dioecious axillary flowers, the staminate panicled, the pistillate spicate. Staminate flowers with a 5-parted calyx, the sepals distinct and imbricated, and 5 short stamens. Pistillate flowers solitary in the axils of foliaceous bracts, consisting of a thin entire calyx clasping the sessile ovary, and 2 fili- form caducous stigmas. Fruit a compressed achene. Endosperm fleshy; embryo curved. [The classic name of hemp.]

A monotypic genus of central Asia.

I. Cannabis sativa L. Hemp. (Fig. 1262.)

Cannabis saliva L. Sp. PI. 1027. 1753.

An annual branching herb, 3°-io° tall, the inner fibrous bark very tough, the branches nearly erect. Leaves divided to the base, the segments lanceo- late or linear-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, sharply and coarsely serrate, 3'-6' long, Y'-'v' wide; staminate panicles narrow, loose, peduncled, 3^-5' long; pedicels filiform, bracteolatc, long; pistillate spikes erect, leafy-bracted, \' long or less in fruit; achene crustaceous, ovoid-oblong, about 2" high.

In waste places. New Brunswick to Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Tennessee and Kansas. Widelj' distributed in all temperate regions through cultivation, and occasionally a troublesome weed. Native of Europe and Asia. July-Sept.

Family lo. URTICACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 83. 1828. Nettle Family.

Herb.s (some tropical species .shrtibs or trees), with water}- sap, alternate or opposite mo.sth' stiptilate .simple leaves, and small greenish dioecious, monoe- cious or polygamous flowers, variouslj- clu.stered. Calyx 2-5 -cleft, or of distinct sepals. Petals none. Stamens in the staminate flowers as man}- as the lobes or segments of the calyx (sepals) and oppo.site them, the filaments inflexed and anthers reversed in the l)ud, straightening at anthesis. Ovary superior, i -celled; style .simple; stigma capitate and penicillate, or filiform; ovule .solitar}^ erect or ascending, orthotropous, or in some genera partly amphitropous. Fruit an achene. Endo.sperm oily, usuallj- not copious; embr5''o straight.

About 40 genera and 475 species of wide geographic distribution.

NETTLE FAMILY.

Herbs with stinging hairs.

Leaves opposite; both kinds of flowers 4-parted; achene straight. Leaves alternate; .staniinate flowers 5-parted; achene oblique. Herbs without stinging hairs.

Klower-chtsters panicled or spiked, not involucrate; leaves mostly opposite. Pistillate calyx 3-parted or of 3 sepals. Pistillate calyx 2-4-toothed or entire. Flower-clusters involucrate by leafy bracts; leaves alternate.

Urlica. Urlicaslrum.

Adicea.

Doehmeria.

Parietaria.

I. URTICA L. Sp. PI. 983. 1753.

Annual or pereuuial simple or branching herbs, with stinging hairs, opposite 3-7- nerved petioled dentate or incised leaves, and distinct or connate stipules. Flowers very small and numerous, axillary, C3'mose- paniculate, or glomerate, dioecious, monoecious or an- drogynous. Staminate flowers with a deeply 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens. Pistillate calyx 4-parted, the segments unequal, the exterior ones usually smaller than the inner; ovary straight; stigma sessile or nearly so; ovule erect, orthotropous. Achene compressed, ovate or oblong, enclosed by the persistent membranous or slightly fleshy calyx. Seed- coat thin; endosperm little; cotyledons broad. [The ancient Latin name.]

About 30 species of wide geographic distribution. Perennials, 2°-~° tall; flower-clusters large, compound.

Leaves ovate, cordate at base. I. U. dioica.

Leaves laciniate, rarely cordate. 2. U. gracilis.

Annuals, 6'-2H° tall; flower-clu.sters small, mostly glomerate.

Leaves oval, laciniate-dentate; plant leafy at the top.

Leaves ovate or lanceolate, crenate; upper leaves very small.

U. nrens.

U. chamaedry aides.

I. Urtica dioica 1^. Stinging or Great Nettle. (Fig. 1263.)

Ui'lica dioica L. Sp. PI. 984. 1753.

Perennial, densely beset with stinging hairs, stem rather stout, 2°-4° tall, puberuleut above. Leaves thin, ovate, long-petioled, acute or acu- minate at the apex, cordate at the base, sharply or incisely serrate with triangular or lanceolate acute teeth, pubescent beneath, 3-5-nerved, 3'- 5' long, wide; petioles very slender, shorter than the blades; stipules lanceolate; flower- clusters large, compound, cymose-paniculate; flowers dioecious or androgynous.

In waste places. Nova Scotia to Ontario and Min- nesota, south to South Carolina and Missouri. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Plant lower, stouter and much more stinging than the following species. July-Sept.

\

2, Urtica gracilis Ait. Slender Nettle. (Fig. 1264.)

Urlica gracilis A.\i. Hort. Kew. 3: 341. 1789.

Perennial, sparingly armed with stinging hairs, stem usually slender, erect, simple or with few erect branches, 2°-j° tall. Leaves lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate, slender-petioled, long- acuminate at the apex, narrowed or sometimes rounded at the base (rarely subcordate), sharply serrate, 3-5-nerved, sparingly pubescent, 3^-6' long, Yz'-iYz' wide; petioles shorter than the blades, usually bristly; stipules lanceolate; flower-clusters compound, smaller than those of the preceding species, but commonly longer than the petioles; flowers dioecious or androgynous.

In dry soil. Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to North Carolina, Louisiana and Kansas. June-Oct.

532

URTICACEAE.

3. Urtica urens L. Small Nettle.

Uriica nreiis h. Sp. PI. 9S4. 1753-

Annual, stem rather stout, 6'-iS' high, ascending or erect, it and its slender branches stinging-bristlj'. Leaves thin, glabrous or very nearl\- so, elliptic, oval or ovate in outline, deeply incised or some- times doubly serrate, with acute, ascend- ing or spreading teeth, 3-5-uerved, ob- tuse at both ends, or acutish, i'-^,' long, slender-petioled; petioles often as long as the blades; stipules short; flower-clusters oblong, rather dense, mostly shorter than the petioles; flowers androgj'uous.

In waste places, Newfoundland to northern New York, New Jersey and Florida. Also on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Eu- rope. May-Sept.

4. Urtica chamaedryoides Piirsh. Weak Nettle. (Fig. 1266.)

Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 113. 1814.

Annual, sparingly stinging-bristly but otherwise nearly or quite glabrous, stem very slender, weak, ascending, simple or branched, 6'-3° long. Leaves slender-petioled, thin, crenate-dentate, the lower broadly ovate or orbicular, obtuse at the apex and usually cor- date at the base, wide, the upper ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, the uppermost ver}' small; stipules lanceolate- subulate; flower-clusters small, glomerate, shorter than the petioles; flowers androgy- nous.

In thickets. Kentucky to .\rkansas, south to Georgfia and Texas. April-Aug.

2. URTICASTRUM Fabr. Enum. 204. 1759.

[L.A.PORTE.\ Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 498. 1826.]

Perennial herbs, armed with stinging hairs, the leaves broad, alternate, serrate, petioled, the flowers monoecious or dioecious, sessile in loose axillarj- compound cymes. Staminate flowers in our species with 5 imbricated sepals, 5 stamens and a rudimentary ovar}'. Pistil- late flowers with 4 unequal sepals, the outer i or 2 minute, an oblique or nearly straight com- pressed ovary and a subulate slender persistent style; ovule erect. Achene very oblique, flat, reflexed. Seed-coat membranous. Endosperm scanty or wanting. [Latin, starnettle.]

About 25 species, mostly of tropical distribution, only the following North American.

NETTLE FAMILY.

533

I. Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Kuiitze.

Wood Nettle. (Fig. 1267.)

Urtica divaricata L. Sp. PI. 985. 1753. Laporlea Canadensis Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 498. 1826. Urticastrum divaricatum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 635. 1891.

Stem rather stout, erect or ascending, i^°-4° tall. Leaves thin, ovate, long-petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex, sharply serrate, 3-nerved and pinnately veined, glabrous or with some stinging hairs, 3^-7' long, 2'-5' wide; petioles very slender, ^Yz'-^' long; stipule solitary, small, lanceolate, 2-cleft, commonly deciduous; flower-clusters large and loose, often longer than the petioles, the lower staminate, the upper pistillate, divergent, 2'-6' broad in fruit; ulti- mate branches of the fruiting clusters flat, cuneate, emarginate; achene twice as long as the calyx, gla- brous, lYz" long.

In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Kansas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Adirondacks. July-Aug.

3. ADICEA Raf. Ann. Nat. 179. 1815. [P11.EA Lindl. Coll. pi. 4. 1821.]

Annual or perennial, glabrous or pubescent stingless herbs, with opposite petioled mostly 3-nerved leaves, connate stipules, and small numerous monoecious or dioecious flow- ers in axillary cymose or glomerate clusters. Staminate flowers mostly 4-parted (sometimes 2- or 3-parted) and with a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers 3-parted, the segments in most species unequal, each subtending a staminodium in the form of a concave scale; ovary straight; stigma sessile, pedicillate. Achene compressed, ovate or suborbicular. Seed-coat thin. Endosperm scanty or none. [Name unexplained.]

About 150 species, chiefly in the tropics, most abundant in tropical America. Besides the fol- lowing, another occurs in the southern United States.

I. Adicea pumila (L. ) Raf. Cleanveed. Richweed. (Fig. 1268.)

Urtica pumila L. Sp. PI. 984. 1753. Adicea pumila Raf.; Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 223. As syno- nym. 1843. Pilea putnila A. Gray, Man. 437. 1848.

Annual, stems pellucid, erect, usually branched, glabrous, succulent, 6'-2° high. Leaves mem- branous, ovate, slender-petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 3-nerved, coarsely dentate, 1^-5' long, sparingly pubescent with scattered hairs; petioles often as long as the blades and much longer than the pis- tillate flower-clusters; sepals of the pistillate flowers lanceolate, nearly equal; achene ovate, acute, Y" long.

In swampy, shaded situations, often on old logs. New Brunswick to western Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Louisiana and Kansas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. Also in Japan. July-Sept.

4. BOEHMERIA Jacq. Stirp. Am. 246. pi. 157. 1763.

Perennial stingless herbs (some tropical species shrubs or even trees), with opposite or alternate petioled 3-nerved leaves, distinct or connate stipules, and small monoecious or dioe- cious flowers, glomerate in axillary spikes or heads, the fertile clusters sometimes leafy at the summit. Staminate flowers mostly 4-parted or the calyx of 4 distinct sepals, usually with a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate calyx tubular or urn-shaped, 2-4 toothed or entire, en- <:losing the sessile or stalked ovary; stigma subulate, papillose or pubescent along one side. Achene enclosed by the withering-persistent pistillate calyx. [In honor of Georg Rudolph Boehmer, 1723-1803, Professor in Wittenberg.]

About 50 species, mostly natives of tropical regions, the following of eastern North America.

534

URTICACEAE.

I. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Willd. False Xettle. (Fig. 1269.)

Urlica cylindrica L. Sp. PI. 1396. 1753. Roelimcria cylindrica Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 340. 1805.

A perennial rough pubescent or nearly smooth and glabrous erect branching herb, I "-3° tall. Stem stiff; leaves ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lan- ceolate, thin, slendcr-petioled, opposite, or some al- ternate, coarsel}- dentate, i'-3' long, wide; petioles shorter than the blades; stipules lanceo- late-subulate, distinct; flowers dioecious or androgy- nous; stamiuate spikes usually interrupted, the pis- tillate mostly continuous, long; achene ovate-oval, acute, rather less than 1" long.

In moist soil, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida and Kansas. July-Sept. Boehmeria cylindrica scabra Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 16: 21. 1889.

Leaves firm, rough above, tomentose beneath, short- petioled or nearlj- sessile, usually reflexed; fruiting spikes much longer than the petioles. Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and southern New York.

5. PARIETARIA L. Sp. PI. 1052. 1753.

Annual or perennial stiugless diffuse or erect herbs, with alternate entire 3-nerved pcr- tioled leaves, no stipules, and axillary glomerate polygamous flowers, involucrate by leafy bracts. Calyx of the staminate flowers 4-parted or of 4 (rarely 3 ) distinct sepals. Fertile flowers with a tubular or campanulate 4-lobed calyx investing the ovary, a short or slender style, and a penicillate stigma. Achene enclosed by the withering-persistent pistillate calyx. [Ancient Latin, referring to the growth of some species on walls.]

About 7 species, widely distributed; besides the following, another occurs in the southern United States.

I. Parietaria Pennsylvanica Muhl.

Pennsj'lvaiiia Pellitor}'. (Fig. 1270.)

Parietaria Pennsylvanica Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 955. 1806.

Annual, pubescent, stem weak, simple or spar- ingly branched, ascending or reclining, very slen- der, 4'-i5'' long. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, membranous, dotted, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-nerved and with 1-3 pairs of weaker veins above, slender-petioled, 1^-3^ long, wide; petioles long, almost fili-

form; flowers glomerate in all except the lowest axils, the clusters shorter than the petioles; bracts of the involucre linear, 2-3 times as long as the flowers; style almost none; achene about %" long.

On drj- rocks and banks, Ontario to British Colum- bia, south to Florida, Colorado and Mexico. June-Aug.

Family 11. LORANTHACEAE D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 142. 1825.

Mistletoe Family.

Parasitic green shrubs or herbs, containing chlorophj^U, growing on woody plants and absorbing food from their sap through specialized roots called haus- toria (a few tropical species terrestrial). Leaves in the following genera oppo- site, in Razouinofskya reduced to opposite .scales. Flowers regular, terminal or axillary, clustered or solitary-, dioecious or monoecious, and perianth simple, or in some exotic genera perfect, and with perianth of both calyx and corolla. Cah'x-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb entire, toothed or lobed. Stamens 2-6; anthers 2-celled or confluently i -celled. Ovary solitan*-, erect; st5'le simple or none; stigma terminal, undivided, obtuse. Frttit a berrj-. Seed .solitary, its testa indistingtiishable from the endosperm, which is usually copious and fleshy; embryo terete or angled.

MISTLETOE FAMILY.

535

About 21 gfenera and 500 species, widely distributed; most abundant in tropical regions. Leaves scale-like, united at the base; anthers i-celled; berry peduncled. i. Razouinofskya.

Leaves thick, flat; anthers 2-celled; berry sessile. 2. Phoradendron.

k

I. RAZOUMOFSKYA HofFm. Hort. Mosq. 1808. [Arceuthoisium Bieb. Fl. Taur. 3: 629. 1819.] Small or minute fleshy glabrous plants, parasitic on the branches of coniferous trees, their branches 4-angled, and leaves reduced to opposite connate scales. Flowers dioecious, not bracted, solitary or several together in the axils of the scales. Staminate flowers with a 2-5-parted calyx and usually an equal number of stamens, the anthers sessile on the seg- ments. Pistillate flowers with the ovary adnate to the tube of the calyx, the calyx-limb 2- parted. Disk present in both kinds of flowers. Berry fleshy, ovoid, more or less flattened, borne on a short somewhat recurved peduncle. Embryo enclosed in the copious endosperm. [In honor of Alexis Razoumofski, Russian botanist.]

About 10 species. Besides the following, 7 or 8 others occur in western North America and Mexico, 2 in Europe and Asia.

I. Razoumofskya pusilla (Peck) Kuntze. Small Mistletoe. (Fig. 1271.)

Arceiilliobinm pusilltim Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 25: 69, 1873.

Arceutkobiiun minitlum Engelm. Bull. Torr. Club, 2:

43. Without description. 1871, Razoumofskya Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 587. i8gi.

Plant inconspicuous, stems 2"-io'' long, nearly te- rete when fresh, somewhat 4-angled when dry, sim- ple or sparingly branched, greenish-brown, slender. Scales suborbicular, appressed, obtuse, about }i" wide, connate at the base; flowers strictly dioecious (the staminate and pistillate plants sometimes on dif- ferent trees), solitary in most of the axils, longer than the scales; berry ovoid-oblong, acute, about 1" long, nodding on a slightly exserted peduncle; seeds enclosed in a viscid mucus.

On twigs of spruces, New Hampshire, northern New York and the Pocono region of Pennsylvania. June.

2. PHORADENDRON Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. (II.) i: 185. 1847-50.

Shrubs, parasitic on trees, with opposite coriaceous flat entire or undulate faintly nerved leaves, terete usually jointed and brittle twigs, and dioecious axillary spicate bracted small flowers, solitary or several in the axil of each bract. Staminate flowers with a 3-lobed (rarely 2-4-lobed) globose or ovoid calyx, bearing a sessile transversely 2-celled anther at the base of each lobe. Pistillate flowers with a similar calyx adnate to the ovoid inferior ovary. Style short, obtuse or capitate. Fruit a sessile ovoid or globose fleshy berry. Endosperm copious. [Greek, tree-thief, from its parasitic habit.]

About 80 species, all American. Besides the following, 5 or 6 others occur in the Western .States.

I. Phoradendron flavescens (Pursli) Nutt. American Mistletoe. (Fig. 1272.)

Visctim flaziesceits Vmsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 114. 1814. Phoradendron flavescens Nutt. ; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 383. 1856.

A branching glabrous or slightly pubescent shrub, the twigs rather stout, terete, brittle at the base. Leaves oblong or obovate, rounded at the apex, narrowed into short petioles, 3-5- nerved, entire, 1^-2' long, 5^^-10^' wide, dark green, coriaceous; petioles long; spikes

solitary, or 2 or 3 together in the axils, linear, shorter than the leaves; berry globose, white, about 2" in diameter

Parasitic on deciduous leaved trees, notably on the Tupelo and Red Maple, central New Jersey to Ohio, Indiana and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. May-July.

536

SANTALACEAE.

Family 12. SANTALACEAE R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 350. 1810.

Sandalwood Family.

Herbs or shrubs (some exotic genera trees), with alternate or opposite entire exstipulate leaves. Flowers clustered or solitarj-, axillarj- or terminal, perfect, monoecious or dioecious, mostly greenish. Calyx adnate to the base of the ovary, or to the disk, 3-6-lobed, the lobes vah-ate. Petals none. Stamens as man}' as the calyx-lobes and in.serted near their bases, or opposite them upon the lobed or annular disk; filaments slender or short. Ox^ar}- i -celled; ovules 2-4, pendulous from the summit of the central placenta; style cylindric, conic or sometimes none; stigma capitate. Fruit a drupe or nut. Seed i, ovoid or globose. Testa none; endosperm copious, fleshy; embryo small, apical.

About 26 genera and 250 species, mostly of tropical di.stribution, a few in the temperate zones. Perennial herbs: flowers perfect, c5-m0.se or solitary. 1. Coma)idra.

Shrub; flowers imperfect, mostly dioecious, racemose. 2. Pyrularia.

I. COMANDRA Nutt. Gen. i: 157. 1818.

Glabrous erect perennial herbs, some (or all ?) parasitic on roots of other plants. Leaves alternate, oblong, oval, lanceolate or linear, entire, piunately veined. Flowers perfect, ter- minal or axillary, rarely solitary, cymose, bractless. Calyx campanulate, the base of its tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed). Stamens 5, or rarely 4, inserted at the bases of the calyx-lobes and between the lobes of the disk, attached to the middle of the lobes by tufts of hairs. Anthers ovate, 2-celled. Fruit drupaceous, globose or ovoid, crowned by the persistent calyx. [Greek, referring to the hairj' attachments of the anthers.]

Four known species, the following North American, one European. Cs'mes mostly corj-mbose-clustered at the simimit of the stem; leaves acute, sessile; style slender.

Leaves oblong, pale green ; fruit globose-urn-shaped. i. C. nmhcllaia.

Leaves lanceolate or linear, glaucous; fruit ovoid. 2. C. pallida.

Peduncles few, axillary; leaves oval, obtuse, short-petioled; style short'. 3. C. livida.

I. Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax. (Fig. 1273.)

Thesiitm nvibellattim L. Sp. PI. 208. 1753. Comandra uinbellala Nutt. Gen. i: 157, 1818.

Stem slender, very leafy, usually branched, 6'-iS' tall. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, pale green, acute or subacute at both ends, sessile, as- cending, Yz'-i]^' long, the lower smaller; cymes several-flowered, corymbose at the summit of the plant or also axillary; peduncles filiform, long; pedicels very short; calyx greenish-white or purplish, about 2" high; style slender; drupe glo- bose, 2y2"-T," in diameter, crowned by the upper part of the calyx-tube and its 5 oblong lobes.

In dry fields and thickets. Cape Breton Island to On- tario and British Columbia, south to Georgia, Arizona and California. April-July.

2. Comandra pallida A. DC. Pale Comandra. (Fig. 1274.)

Comandra pallida A. DC. Prodr. 14: 636. 1857.

Similar to the preceding species but paler and glaucous, usually much branched, the leaves nar- rower, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or the low- est and those of the stem oblong-elliptic; cymes few-several-flowered, corymbose-clustered at the summit; peduncles usualh' short; pedicels about i" long; calyx purplish, about 2" high; fruit ovoid- oblong, 2i"-A" I'igt' atid ^''-^Yi" in diameter, crowned by the short upper part of the cah x-tube and its 5 oblong lobes.

In dry soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to ]Minnesota, Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and California. April-July.

SANDALWOOD FAMILY. 537

3. Comandra Uvida Richards. Northern Comandra. (Fig. 1275.)

Comandra livida Richards. App. Frank. Journ. 734. 1823.

Stem slender, usually quite simple, 4'-i2' liigb. Leaves oval, thin, obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrovfed at the base, short-petioled, Yx'-x' long, ^A'-Yi' wide; petioles \"-2" long; cymes axillary, few (often only i to each plant), 1-5-flowered; pe- duncle shorter than its subtending leaf, filiform; flowers sessile; style very short; drupe globose-ob- long, about 2," in diameter, red, edible, crowned by the ovate calyx-lobes.

In moist soil, Newfoundland to Hudson Baj' and the Northwest Territory, south to Vermont, Ontario, Michigan and British Columbia. June-July.

2. PYRULARIA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 231. 1803. A branching shrub ( the Asiatic species trees), with thin alternate pinnately-veined en- tire short-petioled deciduous leaves, and dioecious or polygamous small greenish racemose flowers. Staminate flowers with a campauulate 3-5-cleft calyx, the lobes valvate, recurved or spreading, pubescent at the base within; disk of 3-5 distinct glands or scales; stamens 4 or 5, inserted between the glands and opposite the calyx-lobes; filaments short; anthers ovate. Pistillate and perfect flowers with a top-shaped calyx adnate to the obovoid ovary; style short, stout; stigma capitate, depressed. Fruit a pear-shaped or oval drupe, the endo- carp thin and endosperm of the seed very oily. [Name from Pyrus, the pear, from the similar shape of the fruit.]

Three species, the following and two Asiatic.

I. Pyrularia pubera Michx. Oil-nut. Buffalo-nut. (Fig. 1276.)

Pyi-ularia pubcra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 233. 1803. Hamiltonia oleifera Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1120.

1805.

Pyrularia oleifera A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 382. 1858.

A straggling or erect much branched shrub, 3°- 15° tall, with terete twigs, the young foliage pubes- cent. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or some- what obovate, nearly glabrous when mature, acute or acuminate at both ends, 3^-5' long, W-iy^' wide; petioles 2"-^" long; racemes terminating short branches, the staminate many- flowered, \'- 2' long, the pistillate few-flowered and shorter; pedicels slender, xYi"-'!" long; staminate flowers about 2" broad; calyx 3-5-cleft; drupe about \' long, crowned by the ovate acute calyx-lobes.

In rich woods, southern Pennsylvania to Georgia, mostly in the mountains. May. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept.

Family 13. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Blume, Enuni. PI. Jav. i: 81. 1830.

BiRTHwoRT Family.

Herbs or shrubs, acaulescent, or with erect or twining and leaf}' stems. Leaves alternate or basal, petioled, mostly cordate or reniform, exstipulate. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitarj- or clustered, perfect, mostly large, regular or irregular. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovarj^, its limb 3-lobed, 6-lobed or irreg- ular. Petals none. Stamens 6-many, inserted on the pistil, the anthers 2-celled, extrorse, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary wholly or partly inferior, mostly 6-celled; ovules numerous in each cavity, anatropous, horizontal or pen- dulous. Fruit a manj'-seeded mostly 6-celled capsule. Seeds ovoid or oblong, angled or compressed, the testa crustaceous, smooth or wrinkled, usually with a fleshy or dilated raphe; endo.sperm copious, flesh}'; embryo minute.

538

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.

Five genera and about 200 species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. Aeaulescent herbs; perianth regular, 3-lobed. persistent; filaments distinct. i. Asarunt.

Leafy erect herbs or twining vines; perianth irregular, deciduous; anthers se.ssile, adnate to the stigma. 2. A)-!Slo!ochia.

I. ASARUM L. Sp. PI. 442. 1753.

Aeaulescent perennial often clustered herbs, with slender aromatic branched rootstocks, thick fibrous-fleshy roots, long-petioled cordate ovate hastate or orbicular entire leaves, and solitary large peduncled purple-brown or mottled flowers, borne very near or upon the ground. Calyx campanulate or hemispheric, adnate to the ovary at least below, regularly 3-lobed, the lobes valvate. Stamens 12, inserted on the ovary; filaments short, stout; con- nective of the anther-sacs more or less continued beyond them as a tip. Ovary partly or wholly inferior, 6-celled, the parietal placentae intruded; ovules numerous, horizontal or pendulous. Capsule coriaceous, crowned by the withering-persistent calyx and stamens, subglobose or hemispheric, at length bursting irregularly or longitudinally dehiscent. Seeds compressed. [The ancient name, meaning obscure.]

About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following^ 3 others occur in western North America. The species are known as Asai'abacca.

Cal^'x-lobes lanceolate, acuminate; style 6-lobed; plant pubescent. i. A. Canadense.

Calyx-lobes short, rounded; styles 6, each 2-cleft; plants glabrous or nearly so. Anthers not pointed; leaves orbicular or broadlj- ovate; caly.x campanulate.

Calyx 6"-S" long, contracted at the throat. 2. A. Virginicum.

Calyx 8"-2o" long, not contracted at the throat. 3. A. macraiilhum.

Anthers pointed; leaves or some of them hastate; calj'.x urn-shaped. 4. A. ai-ifolitini.

I. Asarum Canadense L. Wild Ginger. (Fig. 1277.)

Asarum Canadense L,. Sp. PI. 442. 1753.

Finely ptibescent, petioles rather slender, 6'- 12' long. Leaves commonly 2 to each plant, reniform, thin, short-pointed at the apex, 4^-7' broad, dark green, not mottled, the basal sinus deep and open; flower slender-peduncled from between the bases of the petioles, broad or more when expanded, brownish purple; calyx ovoid, its tube completely adnate to the ovary, its lobes iuflexed in the bud, ovate-lanceolate, acute or long-acuminate, spreading, equalling or longer than the tube; filaments longer than the anthers; style 6-lobed; stigmas radiating on the lobes, capsule 6''-8'' in diameter.

In rich woods, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to North Carolina, Missouri and Kansas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. Called also Canada Snakeroot. .\pril-May. Perhaps includes 2 species. Rootstocks with the flavor of ginger.

2. Asarum Virginicum L,. Virginia A.sarum. (Fig. 1278.)

Asa nun I'irginictini L. Sp. PI. 442. 1753.

Rootstocks slender, scaly, clustered, simple or branched. Leaves 1-3 to each plant or branch, coriaceous, glabrous, orbicular or broadly ovate, rounded at the apex, i>^'-3'' wide, usually mot- tled, the basal sinus open or nearly closed; peti- oles pubescent along one side or glabrous, 3^-7' long, ascending; flower short-peduncled, purple, 6'^-^" long; calyx campanulate, narrowed at the throat, its tube adnate to the lower part of the ovary, free above, the lobes ovate or nearly semicircular, about one-third as long as the tube; peduncle ^'-Yz' long; filaments much shorter than the anthers; anthers not pointed; styles 6, each 2-lobed, the stigmas sessile below the lobes; capsule hemispheric, about \" high.

In rich woods, Virginia and West Virginia to Georgia and South Carolina. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Maj--June.

BIRTHWORT FAMILY. 539

3. Asarum macranthum (Shuttlw.) Small. Large-flowered Asarum.

(Fig. 1279.)

Hoviolropa macranlhum Shuttlw.; Small, Mem.

Torr. Club, 4: 150, as synouym. 1894. Asarum viacranthuvi Small, Mem. Torr. Club,

5; 136. 1894.

Glabrous, rootstocks more or less branched. Leaves i or 2 to each plant or branch, broadly ovate or suborbicular, dark green and usually mottled above, paler beneath, long, 1/4 '-3' wide, obtuse or subacute at the apex, the basal sinus mostly narrow; petioles 3'-S' long, ascending; calyx tubular- campanulate, %"-2o" long, not or scarcely contracted at the throat, the lobes somewhat unequal, obtuse, mottled with violet on the inner side, one-third to one-half as long as the tube; peduncle W-io" long; filaments shorter than the anthers; anthers equally 4- ribbed, not pointed; styles 6, each 2-cleft.

In rich mountain woods, Virginia and North Carolina. Maj'-Jul}'.

4. Asarum arifolium Miclix. Halberd- leaved Asarum. (Fig. 1280.)

A. arifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 279. 1803.

Pubescent, at least on the veins of the leaves,

rootstocks slender, usually branched and with

I or 2 leaves to each branch. Leaves rather

thick, usually mottled, obtuse at the apex, 1'-^'

long, some of them hastate, some suborbicular,

the basal sinus often broad; petioles more or

less pubescent, 3'-8' long, erect or ascending;

flower stout-peduucled, about \' long; calyx

uru-shaped, much contracted at the throat, the

lobes rounded, about one-fifth as long as the

tube, which is adnate to the lower half of the

ovary; anthers nearly sessile, short-pointed;

stj'les 6, 2-cleft, with a sessile stigma below the

cleft; capsule subglobose, about 8'^ in diameter.

In woods, Virginia to Tennessee, Florida and Alabama. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. April- June.

2. ARISTOLOCHIA L. Sp. PI. 960. 1753.

■ Perennial herbs or twining vines. Leaves alternate, mostly petioled and entire (some exotic species 3-7-lobed), cordate, palmately 3-mauy-nerved. Flowers irregular, solitary or clustered. Calyx adnate to the ovary, at least to its base, the tube narrow, usuallj- inflated around the style and contracted at the throat, the limb spreading or reflexed, entire, 3-6- lobed or appendaged. Stamens mostly 6; anthers sessile, adnate to the short style or stigma, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary partly or wholly inferior, mostly 6-celled with 6 parietal placentae. Style 3-6-lobed. Capsule naked, septicidally 6-valved. Seeds very numerous, horizontal, compressed, their sides flat or concave. [Named for its supposed medicinal properties.]

About 180 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the southern and western United States.

Erect herbs.

Calyx-tube bent; flowers solitary, on basal scaly branches. i. A. Serpentaria.

Calyx-tube straight; flowers a.xillary, clustered. 2. A. Cleviaiilis. Tall twining vines; flowers axillarj'; calyx-tube bent.

Leaves minutely pubescent; calyx-limb flat, spreading. 3. A. viacrophylla.

Leaves tomentose ; cal3'x-limb rugose, reflexed. 4. A. lovientosa.

540

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.

I. Aristolochia Serpentaria L.

Virginia Snakeroot. Serpentar3^ ( Fig. 1 28 1 . )

A rislolochia Serpentaria I,. Sp. PI. 961. 1753.

A perennial pubescent nearly erect herb, io''-3° tall, with short rootstocks and fibrous aromatic roots. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, thin, green on both sides, acuminate at the apex, cordate or hastate at the base, J'/i'S' long, Yz'-T.' wide; petioles long; lowest

leaves reduced to scales; flowers solitary and ter- minal, on slender basal scaly branches; tube of the calyx curved like the letter S, enlarged at the ovary and at its throat, the limb short, spreading, slightly 3-lobed; anthers contiguous in pairs; stigma 3-lobed; capsule subglobose, ridged, about in diameter. Flowers sometimes cleistogamous.

In drj' woods, Connecticut and New York to Michi- gan, Florida, Louisiana and Missouri. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. June-July. Fruit ripe Sept.

2. Aristolochia Clematitis L.

Birtliwort. (Fig. 1282.)

Aristolochia Clematitis L. Sp. PI. 962. 1753.

Herbaceous, perennial; stem erect, gla- brous, zigzag, striate, i°-2° tall. Leaves dark green, reniform, subacute or obtuse at the apex, glabrous or their margins mi- nutely spinulose-ciliate, strongly reticulate- veined, 2^-5' wide; petioles shorter than the blades; flowers fascicled in the axils, x'-xy,' long; tube of the calyx yellowish green, straight, enlarged around the ovary, the lobes appendaged; anthers equidistant.

Xear Ithaca and Flushing, X. Y. Escaped from cultivation. Native of southern Europe. Summer.

Aristolochi

a macrophylla Lam. Dutchman's Pipe. (Fig. 1283.)

Aristolochia macrophylla Lam. Encycl. i: 255. 1783. Aristolochia Sipho L'Her. Stirp. Nov. 13. 1784.

A twining vine, the stem sometimes i' in diame- ter and 30° long, the branches very slender, terete, green, glabrous. Leaves thin, broadly reniform or suborbicular, densely pubescent beneath when young, glabrous or nearly so and 6'-i5' broad when mature; petioles slender, I'-Y lo"g! pedun- cles solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils, about as long as the petioles, each with a suborbicular clasping bract at about the middle yi'-i' in dia- meter; calyx-tube strongly curved, 1' or more long, inflated above the ovary, contracted at the throat, yellowish-green, veiny, the limb flat, spreading, purple-brown, somewhat 3-lobed; an- thers contiguous in pairs under the 3 lobes of the stigma; capsule oblong-cylindric, stronglj- parallel- nerved, 2'-3' long, 8"-io" in diameter.

In rich woods, southern Pennsylvania to IMinne- sota, Georgia, Tennessee and Kansas. Ascends to 4500 ft. in Virginia. May-June. Fruit ripe Sept.

2, 211.

1836.

BIRTHWORT FAMILY.

4. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims.

Woolly Pip2-viue. (Fig. 1284.) A. tomentosa Sims, Bot. IMag. pl.ij6g. i8ii-

A twining vine, similar to the preceding, but the twigs, petioles, leaves and pedun- cles persistently tomentose. Leaves sub- orbicular or broadly ovate, obtuse or rounded at the apex, 3^-6' broad when mature; petioles rather stout, long; peduncles axillary, mostly solitary, slen- der, bractless; calyx densely tomentose, the tube sharply curved, yellowish green, about lYz' long, its throat nearly closed, the limb becoming reflexed, wrinkled, dark purple, 3-lobed; anthers contiguous in pairs beneath the 3 spreading lobes of the stigma; capsule oblong-cylindric.

In woods, Missouri and southern Illinois to North Carolina, Alabama and Florida. May-June.

Family 14. POLYGONACEAE Undl. Nat. Syst. Ed.

Buckwheat Family. Herbs, twining vines, .shrubs or trees, with alternate or sometimes opposite or whorled simple mostly entire leaves, jointed stems, and usually sheathing united stipitles (ocreae). Flowers small, regular, perfect, dioecious, monoecious or pol^'gamous, spicate, racemose, corymbose, umbellate or panicled. Petals none. Calyx inferior, free from the ovary, 2-6-cleft or 2-6-parted, the segments or sepals more or less imbricated, .sometimes petaloid, sometimes developing wings in fruit. Stamens 2-9, in.serted near the base of the calyx, or in stami- nate flowers crowded toward the centre; filaments filiform or subulate, often dilated at the base, distinct or iinited into a ring; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Pistil solitary; ovary superior, i -celled; ovule soli- tary, orthotropous, erect or pendtilous; style 2-3-cleft or 2-3-parted (rarely 4-parted), sometimes very short; stigmas capitate or tufted, rareh' 2-cleft; fruit a lenticular 3-angled or rarely 4-angled achene, usually invested by the persist- ent calyx; seed shaped like the pericarp; endosperm mealy; cotyledons accum- bent or incumbent, flat; embryo straight or curved.

About 30 genera and 800 species, of wide geographic distribution. Flowers subtended by involucres.

Ocreae present; calyx 2-4-parted; stamens 3 or fewer. Ocreae none; calyx 6-cleft or 6-parted; stamens 9; achene 3-angled. Flowers not involucrate; stamens 4-8. Ocreae present; stigmas tufted.

Calyx 6-parted; style 3-parted; achene 3-angled.

Calyx 4-parted; .style 2-parted; achene lenticular. Ocreae present; stigmas capitate.

Pedicels mostly several together; achene much surpassing the calyx. 5. Fagopyriim.

Pedicels usually fascicled; achene mostlj' enclo.sed by the enlarged calyx. 6. Polygonum.

Pedicels solitarj'; leaves jointed at the base. 7. Polygonella.

Ocreae obscure or wanting; stigmas 2-cleft. 8. Briinnichia.

I. MACOUNASTRUM Small. [KoENiGi.A L. Mant. 35. 1767. Not Aowz^^ Adans. 1763.]

Low glabrous annual herbs, with fibrous roots, erect or spreading simple or forked stems, alternate or opposite entire leaves, funnelform membranous ocreae, and minute perfect ter- minal clustered flowers, subtended by a several-leaved involucre. Calyx 2-4-parted (usually 3-parted), greenish-white, the segments valvate, equal; pedicels short, subtended by trans- parent bracts; stamens 2 or 4, alternate with and often protruding between the calyx-seg- ments; filaments short, stout; anthers ovoid. Style 2-3-parted; stigmas capitate; achene ovoid, 3-angled or lenticular, exceeding the persistent calyx; embryo eccentric, accumbent.

Two or three species, the following circumboreal, the others of the higher Himalayas.

J/acoiuiastfHDi. Erio°;onu»i.

3. Riiniex.

4. Oxyj'ia.

*Text contributed by Dr. John K. Smali,.

542

POLYGONACEAE.

I. Macounastrum Islandicum (L.) Small. Macounastrum. (Fig. 1285.)

Koenigia Islandica Mant. 35. 1767.

Stems very slender, i'-4' loug, sometimes tufted. Leaves obovate, oblong or almost orbicular, long, fleshy, obtuse at the apex, sessile or short-peti- oled; ocreae about Yz" loug; involucre consisting of 3-6 obovate or orbicular leaves more or less united at their bases; flowers fascicled in the involucres, short- pedicelled; calyx Yz" long, the segments ovate-lan- ceolate, rather obtuse; stamens very short; style- branches short; achene less than \" long, brown, often slightly curved, striate, its faces convex.

Greenland and Labrador to Hudson Bay and Alaska. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer.

2. ERIOGONUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 246. 1803. Annual or perennial acaulescent or leafy-stemmed herbs, some species verj- woody at the base, with simple or branched, often tufted stems, and entire alternate opposite or whorled leaves. Flowers small, fascicled, cymose, umbellate or capitate, subtended by 5-8-toothed or cleft canipanulate top-shaped or almost cylindric involucres. Calyx 6-cleft or 6-parted, usually colored, the segmeuts equal or the outer ones larger. Stamens 9, included or ex- serted; filaments filiform, often villous; anthers oblong. Style 3-parted; stigmas capitate. Achene pyramidal, 3-angled, more or less swollen near the base, invested by the calyx-seg- ments, or winged. Embryo axial or somewhat eccentric. [Greek, referring to the woolly and jointed stems.]

About 160 species, natives of America, mostly of the western United States. Stem leafy to the summit.

Stem leaves alternate; stem strigose. Achene glabrous, winged in fruit. Achene villous, not winged Stem leaves whorled; stem tomentose.

Robust; basal leaves rounded at the base; flowers yellow. Slender; basal leaves narrowed at the base; flowers white or pink. Stem leafj- below, naked above.

Involucres erect on branches of the cj-mes. Involucres in axillarj- and terminal clusters.

Leaves narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, flat, long-petioled. Leaves oblong, more or less crisped, short-petioled. Acaulescent; scapose; scapes more or less tufted. Scape simple; inflorescence capitate.

Densel J' tomentose; leaves spatulate, numerous. Slightly tomentose; leaves linear or linear-spatulate, few. Scape branched at the summit.

Inflorescence regularly umbellate. Inflorescence irregularly umbellate or paniculate. Inflorescence cymose.

E. alaliini.

E. longifoliiim.

E. Alleni. E. Janiesii.

5. E. anminin.

viicrotliecum. coTymbosnm.

mulliceps. pa ticijioruni.

E. flavum. E. laclniooynnni. E. campaniilaltim.

Scape branched throughout; involucres solitary on deflexed pediuicles. 13. E. cernuvDi.

I. Eriogonum alatum Torr. Winged Eriogonum. (Fig. 1286.)

E. alatiivi Torr. Sitgreaves' Rep. 168. p!. S. 1853.

Perennial by a long thick root, stem rather stout, erect, strigose, paniculately branched, somewhat ang- led, i°-3° tall. Leaves mostly basal, spatulate, oblan- ceolate or narrowly obovate, 1^-3' long, those of the stem alternate, nearly linear, short-petioled, all obtuse or subacute at the apex, glalirous or pubescent and with midrib prominent beneath, ciliate; panicle open; bracts lanceolate or subulate; involucres cj-mose at the ends of the branches, campanulate, 5-toothed, 1''-!%" long, the segments obtuse and somewhat reflexed; calyx yellowish, i" long, campanulate; stamens slightly exscrted; achene long-pointed, 2>^"-3" long, reticulated, closel}' invested by 3 wings.

On plains, western Nebraska to Texas, west to Colorado and New Mexico. June-Sept.

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

543

Long-leaved Eriogonum

-2. Eriogonum longifolium Nutt.

Erio^oiuifii longifolium Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.

Soc. (11.) 5: 164. 1833-37. E. Texanum Scheele, I.,innaea, 22: 150. 1849.

Perennial, strigose throughout, stem stout, erect, paniculately or corymbosely branched, leafy, finely grooved, 2°-4° tall. Leaves nar- rowly oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse at the apex, more or less tomentose beneath, the upper sessile, the lower narrowed into petioles with dilated and sheathing bases; bracts lanceolate or subulate; involucres turbinate-canipanulate, iK"~2'' long; peduncles long or less; calyx oblong-canipanulate, 2^-3'' high, 6-parted to near the base, very villous; stamens and style- branches exserted; achene 2><" long, much en- larged at the base, villous, loosely invested by the calyx-segments, not winged.

Southern Missouri to Texas. Also in Florida. June-Nov.

3. Eriogonum AUeni S. Wats. Allen's Eriogonum. (Fig. 1288.)

E. Alleni S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 734. 1890.

Perennial, floccose-tomentose throughout, stem rather stout, erect, sparingly branched above, i°-i^° tall. Leaves oblong, or ovate- oblong, I '-3' long, the basal long-petioled, ob- tuse at both ends, those of the stem in whorls of 3-5 at the somewhat swollen nodes, short -peti- oled, narrowed at the base, the upper small and bract-like; inflorescence compoundly cymose; involucres top-shaped, 5-toothed, 2 Yz"-'^" long, the teeth obtusish; bracts leaf-like, spatulate; calyx yellow, i}-2" long, broadly campanu- late, its segments obovate or orbicular; stamens and style-branches exserted.

White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. July-Aug.

4. Eriogonum Jamesii Benth. James' Eriogonum. (Fig. 1289.)

Eriogonuvi Jamesii Benth. in DC. Prodr. 14: 7. 1856. Eriogomim sericeum Torr. ; T. & G. Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 155. 1870. Not Pursh, 1814.

Perennial, base woody, seal}', somewhat branchec^ stem usually spreading, branched, to- mentose, slender, 6'-iS' long, the branches erect, 3 or 4 times forked, light brown or reddish. Leaves mostly basal, spatulate or oblong, \'-3,' long, long-petioled, the upper smaller, sessile in whorls of 3 or 4 at the somewhat swollen nodes, all obtuse or subacute, dark green and sparingly tomentose above, densely gray-tomentose be- neath, their margins sometimes slightl}' revolute and crisped; inflorescence compoundly cymose; involucres turbinate-campanulate, 1" long, 5- toothed, the teeth rounded; bracts foliaceous, narrowly oblong or oblong-spatidate; calyx white or pink, campanulate, villous, 2>^"-3'' long, its segments oblong or obovate; stamens and style- branches exserted; achene 23^ "-3'' long, smooth, villous near the apex, its angles margined.

On plains, Kansas (?), Colorado to Texas, Arizona and Chihuahua. July-Oct.

35

544

POLYGONACEAE.

5. Eriogonum annuum Nutt. Annual Eriogonum. (Fig. 1290.)

Eriogonum aniiHum Xutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II. )i

S: 164. 1833-37. E. Lindheimerianum Scheele, Linnaea, 22: 149. 1849.

Annual, white floccose-tomentose throughout, simple or branched, leafy below, naked above, i°- 3° tall. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oblance- olate, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed or acu- minate at the base, petioled, the margins somewhat revolute or crisped; inflorescence cymose; involucres top-shaped, \"-\yz" long, secund, erect, 5-toothed, the teeth obtuse; bracts triangular, not foliaceous- cah-x white or whitish, long, campanulate,

6-cleft to bej-ond the middle, the lobes obovate; achene pointed, less than \" long, its angles smooth, its base almost globular.

On plains, Nebraska to Texas, west to New Mexico,, extending into Mexico. July-Sept.

6. Eriogonum microthecum Xutt. Slender Eriogonum . (Fig. 1291.)

En'osionutii microtheaim Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila.

(li.) 1: 172. 1848.

Perennial, wood}', especiallj- below, more or less floccose-tomentose throughout; stem erect or ascending, branched, especiallj^ from the base, leafy below, naked above, 6'-i2' high. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed into short petioles, ^'-2' long, the upper bract-like; inflorescence compoundh- C3"mose; involucres top-shaped, lYz" long, 5-toothed, the teeth obtusish; bracts triangular; calyx yellow, white or pink, lYz" long, campanulate, at length constricted near the middle ; stamens and style- branches included; achene pointed, \" long, rough on the angles.

Western Nebraska to Washington, south to New Mexico and California. July-Oct.

Eriogonum microthecum effusum (Nutt.) T. & G. Proc. Am. Acad. 8; 172. Eriogonum effusum Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. (II.) i: 164. 1848.

More denselj- floccose-tomentose; stem diffuseU- branched; leaves linear-oblong or linear; in- florescence 2-3 times compound, elongated; flowers white. Nebraska to Montana and New Mexico.

7. Eriogonum corymbosum Bentli. Crisp-leaved Eriogonum. (Fig. 1292.)

E. corymbosum Benth. in DC. Prodr. 14: \f. 1856.

Perennial, wood}-, densely floccose-tomentose throughout; stem erect, branched, leafy below, naked above, 6'-i2' tall. Leaves oblong, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, petioled, yi'-iYz' long, their margins more or less crisped; inflores- cence compoundly cymose; involucres short-cam- panulate, 5-toothed, about xyi" long, the teeth subacute; bracts triangular or triangular-lanceolate, not foliaceous; calyx broadly campanulate, \"-\yz"' long, constricted near the middle, 6-cleft, the seg- ments fiddle-shaped, emarginate, the 3 inner ones shorter than the outer; style-branches exserted; achene \" long, enlarged at the base, rough on the angles.

Kansas to New Mexico, west to Utah and Arizona. Aug.-Sept.

1870.

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY

8. Eriogonum multiceps Nees. Branched Eriogonum. (Fig. 1293.)

E. multiceps Nees, Max. Reise N. A. 2: 446. 1841. E. gnaphaloides Benth. Kew Journ. Bot. 5: 263. 1853.

Perennial by a slender root, scapose, densely white-tomentose throughout; stems short, tufted, much branched, sometimes several inches long. Scapes simple, 1^-5' high; leaves spatulate, yi,'- 1' long, numerous, obtuse at the apex, narrowed below into petioles; inflorescence capitate; involu- cres 3-12, sessile, i Yz" long, 5-6-toothed, the teeth acute; bracts foliaceous, spatulate; calyx white or rose-color, \yz"-2Yz" long, campanulate, some- what villous, 6-cleft to aboiat the middle, the seg- ments cuneate, obtuse or emarginate; stamens and style-branches exserted; achene Yz" long.

On dry plains, Nebraska and Colorado. June-Aug.

g. Eriogonum pauciflorum Piirsh. Few- flowered Eriogonum. (Fig. 1294.)

E. paticiflorurn Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 735. 1814. Eriogonum parviflorum Nutt. Gen. i: 261. 1818.

Perennial, root long and slender, stems very short, simple or sparingly branched, loosely tufted, covered by the scarious dilated bases of the petioles. Scapes erect, slender, simple, slightly tomentose, I'-d' high; leaves linear or linear-spatulate, i'-3' long, rather ob- tuse, but apparently acute from the strongly revolute margins, glabrous or sparingly pubescent above, white- tomentose or cottony beneath, narrowed into slender petioles; inflorescence capitate; involucres 4-10, iK'^ long, turbinate-campanulate, 5-toothed, the teeth ob- tuse, more or less reflexed; calyx white, campanulate, lYz" long, glabrous, the segments ovate; achene 'i-Y" long, its faces swollen at about the middle, incon- spicuously striate-reticulated.

On dry plains, Nebraska and Colorado. July-Sept.

10. Eriogonum flavum Nutt. Yellow Eriogonum.

Eriogojinni Jiavuni Nutt. Fras. Cat. 1813. E. sericeiim Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept, 277. 1814.

Perennial, scapose, white-tomentose through- out, root short, scaly, spindle-shaped, stem very short and thick, simple and solitary or tufted and creeping, woody. Scapes 2^-12' tall, erect; leaves crowded on the short stem, linear-oblong or oblong-spatulate, x'-}/ long, mostly obtuse at the apex, flat, narrowed into petioles; petioles dilated at the base and imbricated; inflorescence regularly umbellate; involucres top-shaped, 2"- 2Yz" long, nearly entire, rather densely clustered ; peduncles Y'-iyi' long; bracts spatulate, folia- ceous; calyx yellow, 3" high, top-shaped, verj' villous, the segments obovate; stamens and style- branches exserted; achene constricted at the mid- dle, 2" long, villous at the summit, the angles undulate, the faces swollen.

Nebraska and Kansas to the Northwest Territory and Arizona. June-Sept.

(Fig.

12.

POLYGONACEAE.

II. Eriogonum lachnogynum Torr. Long-rooted Eriogonum. (Fig. 1296.)

Eriogonum lachnogynum Torr. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 14: 8. 1856.

Perennial, .scapose, root long, fusiform, stems .stout and .short, tufted, much branched, covered with the dilated petiole-bases. Scape erect, slender, 4'-i2'' tall, Nvhite-tomentose, sparingh- branched above; leaves numerous, crowded, lanceolate or narrowly oblong, yz'-\' long, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, silky above, white-tomen- tose beneath, long-petioled, their margins some- what revolute; inflorescence irregularly umbellate or paniculate; involucres broadly campanulate or nearly hemispheric, iyz"-2" high, sessile or pe- duncled, 5-toothed, teeth obtuse; bracts small, lan- ceolate; calyx campanulate, i^" long, villous; stamens and style-branches exserted.

Western Kansas to Colorado and .\rizona. Maj'-Nov.

Eriogonum campanulatum Nutt.

Narrow-leaved Eriogonum. (Fig.

1297.)

Acad.

Erios:onum campaHtilatum Nutt. Journ.

Ph'ila. (II.) i: 163. 1848. Eriogonum brevicaxile Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila.

(li.) 1:163. 1848.

Eriogonum niicranlhuvi Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. (II.) 1:164. 1848.

Perennial, scapose, stem short, thick and woody, more or less tomentose; scapes erect or nearly so, glabrous, 4'-i2' tall; leaves crowded, narrowly oblanceolate, spatulate or nearly linear, I '-3' long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed into long petioles, wliite-tonientose on both sides, the margins sometimes revolute; inflorescence com- poundly cymose; involucres oblong-turbinate, \ " long, 5-toothed, teeth obtuse; bracts triangular, not foliaceous; calyx yellow, ovoid-campanulate, about \" long, 6-cleft, the lobes oblong or fiddle- shaped, emarginate; stamens and st3 le-branches exserted; achene \yi." long, enlarged at base.

Nebraska to Oregon, south to Utah and New Mexico. July-Sept.

13-

Eriogonum cernuum Nutt. Nod- ding Eriogonum. (Fig. 1298.)

E. cernuum Nutt. J. Acad. Phila. (11.) i: 162. 1848.

Annual, low, stem very short; scape erect, usu- ally much branched, d'-ii' high. Leaves con- fined to the short stem, orbicular or oblong- orbicular, less than \' long, obtuse or slightly apiculate, flat, floccose-tomentose, especially be- neath, petioled; inflorescence paniculate; involu- cres campanulate, slightly more than Yz" long, solitary on slender deflexed peduncles i' long or less, 5-cleft to near the middle, the lobes obtuse; bracts triangular or lanceolate, not foliaceous; cah-x whitish, campanulate, Yz" long, 6-parted, slightly constricted near the summit, the seg- ments fiddle-shaped; stamens and style-branches included; achene Yz" long, nearl}- globular at the base, rough on the angles.

Nebraska to New Mexico and Utah. July-Sept.

liUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

547

3. RUMEX L. Sp. PI. 333- i753-

Perennial or annual, leafy-stenmied herbs, some species slightly woody, the leaves in some mainly basal. Stem grooved, mostly branched, erect, spreading or creeping. Leaves en- tire or undulate, flat or crisped, the ocreae usuall}' cylindric, brittle and fugacious, the inflor- escence consisting of simple or compound, often panicled racemes. Flowers green, perfect, dioecious, or polygamo-monoecious, whorled, on jointed pedicels. Corolla none. Calyx 6- parted, the 3 outer sepals unchanged in fruit, the 3 inner ones mostl}' developed into wings, one or all three of which usually bears a callosity (tubercle ) ; wings entire, dentate, or fringed with bristle-like teeth. vStamens 6, included or exserted; filaments very short, glabrous; anthers oblong. Style 3-parted; stigmas peltate, tufted; achene 3-angled, the angles more or less margined. Embryo cvirved or nearly straight, borne in one of the faces of the 3-angled seed. [The ancient Latin name.]

About 130 species, of wide geographic distribution, in the southern and western parts of North America.

Besides the following, some 6 others occur

■X- Leaves hastate ; flowers dioecious ; foliage acid ; low species.

Inner sepals not developing wings in fruit; achene granular. Fruiting inner sepals developing wings; achene smooth.

Basal leaves numerous; wings orbicular-cordate.

Basal leaves few; wings broadly oblong-cordate.

Leaves not hastate ; flowers perfect

polygamo-dioecious tall species.

Leaves flat, bright or light green, or glaucescent. Wings li'-i^z' broad, reddish; no tubercles. Wings small, not red, bearing tubercles. Tubercles usually 3.

Pedicels little longer than the wings. Pedicels several times longer than the wings. Tubercle usually i ; pedicels equalling the wings. Leaves wavy-margined or crisped, dark green, not glaucescent Wings entire, more or less undulate.

Lower leaves narrowed or acuminate at the base. Tubercle i. Tubercles 3. Lower leaves cordate or rounded at the base. Tubercles wanting. Tubercles mostly 3.

Inflorescence not leafy; pedicels long. 11. Inflorescence leafy; pedicels short. 12. Tubercle i; inflorescence not leafy; pedicels short. 13. Wings toothed or fringed. Lower leaves cordate.

Wings ovate or oblong-ovate; tubercles mostly 2. 14. Wings hastate or ovate-hastate; tubercle i. 15. Lower leaves mostly narrowed at base; wings with 4 spreading bristle-

16.

1. 7?. Ace/osella.

2. R. haslatulus.

3. R. Acelosa.

foliage scarcely or not at all acid ;

4. R. venosiis.

R. salicifolius. R. verticillatus. R. allissimus.

8. R. Patientia.

9. R. Britannica.

10. R. occidentalis.

R. crispus.

R. conglomeratus.

R. sanguineus.

R. pulclier. R. obtusifolius. like teeth. R. persicaj-ioides.

I. Rumex Acetosella L. Field or Sheep Sorrel. (Fig. 1299.)

Rnviex Acetosella L. Sp. PI. 338. 1753.

Anntial or perennial, glabrous^ dioecious, stem slender, erect or nearly so, simple or branched, the rootstock woody, horizontal or creeping. Leaves narrowly hastate, i '-4' long, obtuse or acute at the apex, ustially widest above the middle, petioled, the basal auricles entire or 1-2-toothed, or the uppermost leaves nearly linear and not auricled, all papillose; ocreae silvery, 2-parted, soon lacerate; flowers in erect panicled racemes; racemes inter- rupted; calyx green, Yz" long, pedicelled; stamens exserted; achene less than \" long, very granular, exceeding the persistent calyx, its angles not margined.

In dry fields and on hillsides throughout North America except the extreme north. In large part naturalized from Europe. Sometimes a trouble- some weed. Foliage very acid. Native also of Asia. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. May-Sept.

54S

POLYGON ACE AE.

2. Rumex hastatulus Muhl. Engelmann's Sorrel. (Fig. 1300.)

Ruine.v Uaslatu!us Muhl. Cat. Ed. 2, 37. 1818. R. Engehnanni Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 64. 1856.

Perennial from a woody base, glabrous, dioe- cious; stem rather strict, simple or branched, erect, 5'-2o' tall. Leaves hastate, oblong or ob- lanceolate, long, the basal numerous, more or less auricled at the base, subacute, petioled, those of the stem linear, all papillose; ocreae sil- ver}', 2-parted, at length lacerate; racemes as- cending, at length interrupted; cal3-x green, slender-pedicelled, winged in fruit; pedicels equalling or longer than the wings; wings orbi- cular, mosth- broader than high, cordate, I'^f- \%" long; stamens slightly exserted; achene reddish, smooth, shining, less than \" long, in- vested by the calyx-wings, its angles margined.

On the sea-coast, southern New York to Florida and on the plains from Kansas to Texas, a geogra- phic distribution nearlj- the same as that of Clietto- podium leplophyllnni. March -Aug.

3. Rumex Acetosa L. Sorrel. Sour Dock. (Fig. 1301.)

Rumex Acelosa L. Sp. PI. 337. 1753.

Perennial, glabrous, dioecious; stem erect, sim- ple, grooved, i°-3° tall. Leaves oblong-hastate or ovate-sagittate, i'-5' long, acute at the apex, crisped or erose on the margins, the basal few, long-petioled, the upper subsessile, the acute au- ricles entire or i-toothed and more or less re- flexed; ocreae lacerate; racemes nearl}- erect, crowded, at length interrupted; calyx green, \" long, pedicelled, winged in fruit; pedicels equal- ling or shorter than the wings, jointed near the middle; wings broadly ovate or orbicular, cor- date, 2"-iyz" long; achene rather more than \" long, pointed, smooth, shining, blackish, invested bj- the calyx-wings.

Labrador to Alaska. Naturalized from Europe in Pennsylvania. Native

4. Rumex venosus Pursh. Veined Dock. (Fig. 1302.)

Rumex venosus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 733. 1S14.

Perennial by a woody rootstock, glabrous, stem rather stout, erect, somewhat flexuous, 6'-i5' tall, grooved, branched. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceo- late or oblong, i'-5' long, acute at both ends or acuminate at the base, petioled, rather coriaceous; ocreae funnelform, thin, brittle; racemes mostlj' erect, soon interrupted; calj x red, pedicelled, very con.spicuously winged in fruit; pedicels at matur- ity rather stout, slightly shorter than the wings, jointed at about the middle; wings large, Yz'-'i-Yz' broad, suborbicular with a deep sinus at the base, veinj-, reddish; style-branches divergent in fruit; achene 3" long, smooth, shining, its faces concave, its angles margined.

Northwest Territory to Oregon and Washington, south to Missouri and Nevada. ]May-Aug.

Vermont. New York and also of Asia. Summer

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

549

5. Rumex salicifolius Weinm. White, Pale or Willow-leaved Dock. (Fig. 1303.)

Jiiime.v salici/oliiis Weinni. Flora, 4: 28. 1821.

Perennial, glabrous,pale green; stem erect, ascend- ing, or sometimes spreading, simple or branched, grooved, flexuous, I "-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or the lower oblong, acute or acu- minate at both ends, or rarely obtuse at the apex, petioled ; racemes erect, divergent or reflexed, dense, in fruit interrupted below; flowers in dense clusters; calyx pale green, \" long, pedicelled, winged in fruit; pedicels slightly longer than the wings, jointed near the base; wings triangular-ovate, long, undulate or subdentate, each bearing a large ovoid tubercle; achene i'^ long, dark red, smooth, shining, its faces concave, its angles slightl}- margined.

In swamps, Labrador to southern New York, Florida, Texas and Lower California. Also in Europe. May- Sept.

6. Rumex verticillatus L,

Swamp Dock. (Fig. 1304.) Rumex vcrlicillatiis L. Sp. PI. 334. 1753.

Perennial, glabrous, rather bright green; stem stout, grooved, simple or nearly so, erect, ascend- ing or decumbent, 2°-5° long, more or less flexu- ous when old. Leaves narrowly oblong, oblong- lanceolate or lanceolate, 2^-12' long, narrowed at both ends or obtusish at the apex, slightly papil- lose, long-petioled; racemes interrupted below, spreading in fruit; flowers in rather dense whorls; cal3-x green, \" long, winged in fruit; pedicels stout, thickened above, jointed near the base, 3-5 times as long as the wings; wings broadly deltoid, 1" long, more or less decurrent on the pedicel, each bearing a narrowly ovoid tubercle; style-branches reflexed in fruit; achene 1%" long, reddish, pointed, smooth, shining, its faces concave.

In swamps, Quebec to Ontario and Iowa, south to Florida and Texas. Maj--Julj-.

7. Rumex altissimus Wood. Tall or Peach-leaved Dock. (Fig. 1305.)

Rnme.v allissimusWooA, Class-book, 477. 1853. Ruviex Britannica Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 47. 1856. Not L. 1753-

Perennial, glabrous, rather pale green; stem stout, erect, simple or sparingly branched above, grooved, 2°-4° tall. Leaves lanceolate, oblong- lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate (sometimes ob- lanceolate) 2'-io' long, acute at both ends, papillose; panicle rather open; racemes slightly interrupted in fruit; flowers densely whorled; calyx light green, \" long, winged in fruit; pedicels slender, jointed near the base, as long as the wings; wings triangular-cordate, 2''-2^" long, usually one of them only bearing an ovoid tubercle; achene \Yz" long, dark red, smooth, shining, its faces concave.

Along streams and in swamps, Massachusetts to Nebraska, Marj-land and Texas. April-June.

550

POLYGONACEAE.

8. Rumex Patientia L. Patience Dock, (Fig. 1306.)

Rume.v Patientia L. Sp. PI. 333. 1753.

Perennial, glabrous, stem erect, simple or spar- ingh- branched, grooved, 2°-5° tall. Lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, long-petioled, 4'-i6' long, the upper oblong-lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, acute or obtusish, the uppermost lanceolate; fruiting panicle dense; racemes erect, somewhat interrupted in fruit; flowers densely whorled; calyx green; pedi- cels slender, 2-4 times as long as the calyx-wings, jointed below the middle; wings orbicular-cordate, 1"-}," long, one of them bearing a prominent ovoid callosit}'; achene iK" longi liglit brown, smooth, shining, its faces concave, its angles obscurely margined.

In waste places, Vermont and Ontario to Wiscon- sin, Pennsj-lvania and Kansas. Also in the Far West. Naturalized from Europe. Ma3'-June.

Great Water-Dock. (Fig. 1307.)

Runtex Britannica L. Sp. PI. 334. 1753. Riimex Hydrolapat/tum var.? Anicricanitin A.

Graj'. Man. Ed. 2, 377. 1856. R. orbiculatus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 420. 1867.

Perennial, glabrous, dark green, stem stout, erect, more or less branched, grooved, 3°-6° tall. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the lower i°-2° long, long-petioled, the upper I'-d' long, short-petioled; fruiting panicle dense; ra- cemes nearly erect, more or less interrupted; flowers densely whorled; calyx light green; pedicels .slender, conspicuouslj- jointed above the base, 5^-2 times as long the calyx-wings; wings broadly cordate, 3" long, irregularly den- ticulate, each bearing a large callosity; achene ovoid-oblong, or oblong, 1" long, pointed at both ends, brown, smooth, shining, its faces concave, its angles slightly margined.

In swamps and wet soil, New Brunswick and Ontario to ^linnesota, New Jersej-, Pennsylvania, Illinois and Iowa. Juh'-Aug^.

Rumex occidentalis

. Wats. Western Dock. (Fig. 1308.)

R. occidentalis S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 253. 1876..

Perennial, glabrous, stem stout, strict, erect or nearl}' so, strongly grooved, simple or sparingly branched, 2°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, bluish-green, somewhat crisped and wavy-margined, papillose, the lower 8'-i2' long, obtuse or subacute at the apex, more or less cordate at the base, long-petioled, the upper smaller and usuall}' lanceolate; panicle rather dense, leafless or nearh' so, erect; racemes usually not interrupted; flowers loosely whorled; calyx pale green, 1" long; pedicels obscurely jointed below the middle, 2-3 times longer than the calyx-wings; wings triangu- lar-ovate, 2>^"-4'' long, somewhat dentate or un- dulate, bearing no tubercles; achene oblong, 2"- 2>^" long, short-pointed, chestnut-brown, smooth, shining.

In wet places, Labrador to Alaska, Ontario, Rocky- Mountains to Texas, and to Califoniia. May-.\ug.

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

II. Rumex crispus L

Rumex cris/>!is Sp. PI. 335. I753-

Perennial, glabrous, dark green; stem rather slender, erect, simple or branched above, grooved, i°-3K° tall. Leaves crisped and wavy-margined, the lower oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 6'-i2' long, long-petioled, the upper narrowly oblong or lan- ceolate, 3'-6' long, short -petioled, all cordate or obtuse at the base, more or less papillose; panicle rather open; racemes .simple or compound, by the elongation of the pedicels apparently continuous in fruit; flowers rather loosely whorled; calyx dark green; fruiting pedicels 1)^-2 times as long as the calyx-wings, jointed near the base; wings cordate, i}i"-2'^ long, truncate or notched at base, erose- dentate, or nearly entire, each bearing a tubercle; achene \" long, dark brown, shining.

In fields and waste places nearly throughout the United States and southern British America. Often a troublesome weed. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Aug.

Curled Dock

12. Rumex conglomeratus Murr. Clus- tered or Smaller Green Dock. (Fig. 1310.)

R. conglomeratus Murr. Prodr. Fl, Goett. 52. 1770.

Perennial, glabrous, pale green; stem slender, erect, simple or branched, grooved, i°-3° tall. Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, 'i.'-^' long, some of them slightly fiddle-shaped, acute at the apex, obtuse at the base, crenulate and slightly crisped on the margins, petioled; panicle loose and open in fruit; racemes leaf)-, slender, ascending, much in- terrupted; flowers loosely whorled; calyx small, green; pedicels shorter than or equalling the calyx- wings, jointed near the base; wings ovate, fiddle- shaped, \yz" long, toothed near the base, each bearing a large oblong callosity; achene less than \" long, pointed, red, smooth, shining, its faces convex.

In waste places, Virginia to South Carolina. Also in California. Naturalized from Europe. May-July.

13. Rumex sanguineus L

Red -veined Dock. (Fig. 131 1

Rumex sanguineus \,. Sp. PI. 334. 1753.

Perennial, glabrous, stem slender, grooved, simple or branched, i°-3° high, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate

Bloody or

)

erect. Leaves I '-6'

long, the lower long-petioled, cordate at the base, acute or obtuse at the apex, usual red-veined, the upper short-petioled ; panicle loose; racemes slender, spreading, not leaf}-, interrupted; flowers loosely whorled; cal3-x very small; pedicels slen- der, times as long as the calyx-wings, jointed at the base; wings oblong, lyi," long, one of them bearing a spherical-oblong callosity; achene less than i" long, sharp-pointed, dark red, smooth, shining, its faces convex.

In waste places and ballast, southern New York to Virginia and Louisiana. Uncommon. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. May-Aug.

552

POLYGONACEAE.

Rumex pulcher L. Fiddle Dock. (Fig. 1312.)

liumex pulcher'L,. vSp. PI. 336. 1753.

Perennial, dark <^reen; stem slender, erect or procum- bent, grooved, diffusely branched, i°-3° long, the branches spreading. Leaves oblong, or some of the lower fiddle-shaped, I '-6' long, long-petioled, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base; upper oblong or oblong- lanceolate, I '-3' long, short-petioled, usually nar- rowed at both ends; petioles more or less pubescent; panicle loose; racemes long, divergent, sometimes re- flexed, much interrupted, rather leafy; flowers few in the whorls; calyx ver}- small, green; pedicels equalling the calyx-wings, jointed at or below the middle; wings ovate or oblong-ovate, 2" long, truncate at the base, one larger than the others or all three of different sizes, fringed with spine-like teeth, usualh- two, sometimes one or all three l)earing tubercles; achene \" long, pointed, reddish, smooth, shining, its faces concave.

In waste places, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Also on the Pacific Coast and in ballast about the northern seaports. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept.

15. Rumex obtusifolius L. Broad-leaved or Bitter Dock. (Fig. 1313.)

Rnniex obl7isi/olitis L. Sp. PI. 335. I753-

Perennial, glabrous, dark green; stem stout, erect, simple or sparingh' branched, grooved, more or less scurfy above, 2°-4° tall. Lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, 6'-i4' long, long-peti- oled, all cordate or rounded at the base, obtuse or acute at the apex, the upper lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, 2'-6' long, short-petioled, the mar- gins somewhat undulate or crisped; panicle rather open; racemes nearly erect, continuous or interrupted below; flowers loosely whorled; pedi- cels slender, somewhat longer than the calyx- wings, jointed below the middle; wings hastate, ■2"-2yz" long, fringed with a few spreading spiny teeth, one of them bearing an oblong tubercle; achene \" long, pointed, dark red, smooth, shining, its faces concave, its angles slightly margined.

In waste places, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Oregon, south to Florida and Texas. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Aug.

16. Rumex persicarioides L,.

Dock. (Fig. 1 3 14.)

Ruviex pcrsicarioides\^. .Sp. PI. 335. 1753.

Annual, pubescent, pale green; stem rather stout, erect and .simple, or diffusel}' branched, i°-3° high, or sometimes spreading or creeping, ver}' leafy. Leaves lanceolate, or oblong, long, narrowed at the

Ijase, or sometimes cordate, or sagittate, acute at the apex, the margins undulate and more or less crisped; panicle simple or compound; racemes erect, leafy- bracted, mostly interrupted; flowers densely whorled; pedicels slender, i-i ^ times as long as the calyx-wings, jointed at the base; cal3'x very small; wings oblong, I'^long, with 1-3 bristles on each mar- gin, each bearing an ovoid or oblong callosity ; achene less than \" long, pointed, reddish, smooth, .shin- ing, its faces convex, its angles slightly margined.

On sandy shores. New Brunswick to Virginia, ex- tending across the continent through British .America, south in the interior to Kansas and New Mexico and on the Pacific Coast to California. Has been confounded with R. iiiariltiinis L. of the Old World. July-Oct.

Golden

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

553

4. OXYRIA Hill, Veg. Syst. 10: 24. 1765.

Low fleshy glabrous perennial herbs, with slender erect stems. Leaves mostly basal, long- petioled, reniform or ort)icular, cordate, palmatel}' nerved, with cj-lindric ocreae. Flowers perfect, small, green, in terminal panicled racemes. Calyx unequally 4-parted, the outer segments smaller than the inner; stamens 6, included; filaments short, subulate, glabrous; an- thers oblong. Ovary i -celled; ovule solitary; style short, 2-parted, its branches divergent; stigmas fimbriate, persistent on the large wings of the fruiting calyx. Achene ovate, lenticular. F;nibryo straight, borne in the centre of the endosperm. [Greek, sour, from the acid leaves.]

Two known species, the following, and one in the Himalayas.

I. Oxyria digyna (L. ) Camptdera. Mountain Sorrel. (Fig. 1315.)

Ruviex digyiijts L. Sp. PI. 337. 1753. O. digyna Camptdera, Rumex, 155. pi. J. /-J- 1819. O.iyn'a reniformis Hook. Fl. Scot. iii. 1821.

Rootstock large, chaffy ; stems scape-like, simple or sparingl}' branched, leafless or nearly so, 2'-i2' tall. Leaves reniform or orbicular-reniform, Yz'- lYz' wide, undulate, sometimes emarginate at the apex, the basal long-petioled; ocreae oblique, loose, those on the stem l)earing flowers; racemes manj^- flowered; flowers slender-pedicelled ; segments ob- long, the inner erect, the outer reflexed in fruit; achene pointed, smooth, surrounded by a broad membranous wing.

Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to the Wliite Mountains of New Hampshire and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Europe and Asia. July-Sept.

5. FAGOPYRUM Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 182. 1791.

Annual or perennial rather fleshy usually glabrous leafy herbs, with erect, simple or branched, striate or grooved stems. Leaves alternate, petioled, hastate or deltoid, with ob- lique, cylindric or funnelfonn ocreae. Flowers small, white or green, in terminal or axillary usually paniculate racemes, perfect, borne solitary or several together from each ocreola, slender-pedicelled. Calyx about equally 5-parted, persistent and unchanged in fruit, the segments petaloid, shorter than the achene. Stamens S, included; filaments filiform, gla- brous; anthers oblong. Ovary i-celled, i-ovuled; style 3-parted; stigmas capitate. Achene 3- angled. Embryo central, curved, dividing the mealy endosperm into two parts; cotyledons broad. [Greek, beech-wheat, from the similarity of the grain.]

About 6 species, natives of Europe and Asia. Racemes panicled or corymbose; angles of the achene not crested. i. F. Fagopyrnin.

Racemes mostly simple; angles of the achene crested, undulate. 2. F. Tatarictim.

I. Fagopyrum Fagopyrum (L. ) Karst. Buckwheat. (Fig. 1316.)

Polygonum Fagopyrum L. Sp. PI. .•?64. 1753. Fagopyrtmi esciilen/iim Moench, Meth. 290. 1794. F. Fagopyrum Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 522. 1880-83.

Annual, glabrous except at the nodes, stem strongly grooved when old, i°-3° high. Leaves hastate, longj abruptly narrowed above the

middle, acuminate, the nerves on the lower sur- face slightly scurfy; ocreae brittle and fugacious; racemes mostl}- panicled, sometimes corymbose, many-flowered, erect or inclined to droop; pedi- cels as long as the calyx; segments white or whit- ish; stamens included; style-branches deflexed in fruit; achene acute, lYz" long, about twice as long as the calyx, its faces pinnately-striate when mature, the angles acute, entire.

In waste places, and persistent in fields after cul- tivation. Reported from almost all parts of the northern United States and southern British Amer- ica. Native of eastern Europe or west^n Asia. Tune-Sept.

554

POLYGONACEAE.

2. Fagopyrum Tataricum (L.) Gaertn. Tartary Buckwheat. (Fig. 1317.)

Polygonum Tataricum L,. Sp. PI. 364. 1753. Fagopyrum Tataricum Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 182. pi. iSg. /. 6. 1 791.

Annual, similar to the preceding species, but the leaves deltoid-hastate or oblong-hastate, often broader than long, 1^-4' wide, acute or short-acumiuate at the apex; racemes terminal and axillarj', mostly solitary, simple and few- flowered, long-peduucled; flowers whitish, short- pedicelled; achene subacute, 2]4." long, its angles crested with 3 prominent lobes above the middle, its faces pinnately sulcate from a conspicuous groove.

In waste places, eastern Canada and New Eng- land. Adventive from .\sia. Summer.

6. POLYGONUM L. Sp. PI. 359. 1753. Annual or perennial, terrestrial or aquatic herbs, some species woody, w'ith erect, pros- trate, climbing or floating stems, alternate sessile or petioled entire leaves, continuous with, or jointed, to the cj'lindric funnelform or two-lobed, often lacerate or fringed ocreae. Flowers small, normally perfect, green, white, pink or purple, variously clustered, the clusters termi- nal or axillary. Pedicels jointed, subtended by ocreae or ocreolae; calyx 4-5-parted or 4-5- cleft, the outer sepals or segments somewhat larger than the inner; stamens 5-9, included or exserted; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base, glabrous; anthers oblong; style 2-3-parted or 2-3-cleft, its branches included or exserted; stigmas capitate; achene lenticular or 3-angled (rarely 4-angled), invested by or exceeding the calyx. Embryo near the end of the seed, in one of its angles. [Greek, many-knees, from the swollen joints of some species.]

About 200 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 33 others occur in the western and southern parts of North America.

1. Flowers in terminal spicate racemes; calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted ; stem not twining.

I. P. viviparum.

Raceme solitarj-; alpine species; perennial, not aquatic. Racemes solitary or 2; aquatic or swamp species; perennials. Leaves oblong, elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, not acuminate. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, not acuminate. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, usuallj- acuminate. Racemes several or numerous; annuals or perennials, mostly terrestrial. Ocreae naked or ciliolate, their limbs not spreading. Racemes drooping.

.\chene ovoid; style 2-parted to near the base. .\chene broadly oblong-ovoid; style 2-cleft to below the middle. Racemes erect.

Style-branches scarcely or slightlj' exserted. Achene broadly oblong, biconvex. Achene orbicular, flat. .Style branches long-exserted; achene ovoid, somewhat gibbous. Ocreae fringed with bristles, their limbs not spreading.

Racemes not interrupted, erect; achene lenticular or 3-angled.

Ocreae conspicuouslj- fringed; achene broadlj' ovoid. 10. P. Persicaria.

Ocreae inconspicuously fringed; achene narrowly ovoid. 11. P. persicarioides. Racemes not interrupted, erect; achene always 3-angled. Ocreolae conspicuously fringed. Ocreolae inconspicuously fringed.

Leaves mostly glabrous above; achene pointed at the top. 15. P. hydropipcroides. Leaves strigose above; achene pointed at both ends. 13. P. setaceum.

Racemes not interrupted, drooping. 12. P. Careyi.

Racemes interrupted, erect or drooping.

.\chene granular and dull; racemes drooping. 16. P. Hydropiper.

.\chene smooth, shining; racemes erect. 17. P. puuclatum.

Ocreae fringed with bristles, their limbs normally spreading. 18. P. orientate.

2. Flowers in long naked much interrupted spicate racemes; calyx 4-parted. 19. P- Virgtmauum . 3. Flowers in axillary clusters; stems more or less wiry, not twining. Plants prostrate; achene invested by the calj'x.

.\chene pointed at the apex, rounded at the base.

Leaves mostly acute; st5'le 3-parted to below the middle. 20. P. aviciilare.

Leaves mostlj- obtuse; stj-le 3-parted to the base. 21. P. Uttorale.

Achene pointed at both ends. 22. P. BcUardi.

Plants prpstrate; achene protruding beyond the calyx.

Leaves mostly longer than the internodes; sea beach species. 23

2. P. amphibium.

3. P. Hartwrightii.

4. P. emersum.

P. incarnatum. P. lapathifolium.

5. P. Portoricense.

8. P. Pennsylvanicum^

9. P. longislyltim.

14. P. Opeloxisanum.

Leaves shorter than the internodes; plant of waste places.

P. viaritimum. 24. P. Rayi.

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

555

25. P. erecinm.

27. P. raniosissiniiim.

28. P. caniponim.

26. P. exsei'tKvi.

33. P. scandens. . 34. P. diinietoruvi.

35. P. crislatuni .

36. P. Ziiccarinii.

Plants erect or ascending, rather stout. Achene invested by the calj'x.

Leaves oval, oblong or obovate, persistent. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear-oblong, persistent. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, fugacious. Achene much exserted beyond the calyx. Plants strictly erect and very slender.

Leaves with a lateral impression on either side of the niidvein; fruiting pedicels stout, erect.

29. P. temie.

Leaves without lateral impressions; fruiting pedicels slender, deflexed. 30. P. Douglasii. 4. Flowers in axillary and terminal clusters, racemes or panicled racemes; stems mostly twining. Stems twining; herbaceous vines.

Outer .segments of the calyx unchanged, or keeled in fruit.

Achene granular and dull; ocreae not bristly. 31. P. Convolvulus.

Achene smooth and shining; ocreae bristly. 32. P. cilinode.

Outer segments of the calyx conspicuously winged in fruit. Calyx-wings not incised.

Fruiting calyx 5"-6" long, the wings crisped. Fruiting calyx 3"-4" long, the wings rather flat. Calyx-wings incised. Stems stout, erect, tall; outer calyx-segments winged in fruit.

5. Flowers in capitate clusters or racemes ; stem climbing by recurved prickles. Leaves sagittate; achene 3-angled. 37. P. sagiitalum.

Leaves halberd-shaped ; achene lenticular. 38. P. arifoliuiu .

I. Polygonum viviparum L. Alpine Bistort. (Fig. 13 18.)

Polygo)iiivi vivipanini L. Sp. PI. 360. 1753.

Perennial by a corm-like rootstock, mostl}^ gla- brous and somewhat glaucous; stems solitary or clustered, erect, simple, slender, 2'-iq' tall. Basal leaves oblong or lanceolate, i^-W long, rather acute at the apex, cordate or subcordate at the base, long- petioled; stem leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, I '-3' long, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, their margins often revolute; ocreae long, clasping below, open above; raceme solitary, terminal, nar- row, rather dense, bearing a number of dark colored bulblets about its base; calyx 5-parted, pale rose- color or white; stamens 8, exserted; style 3-parted, its branches exserted; achene oblong, 3-angled.

Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to the high summits of the mountains of New England, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. June-Aug.

2. Polygonum amphibium L.

Polygoinim aviphibiiim L. Sp. PI. 361. 1753.

Aquatic, perennial, glabrous when mature; stem floating or submersed, simple or spar- ingly branched, 4°-2o° long. Leaves oblong, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, long, peti-

oled, obtuse or subacute at the apex, slightly inequilateral, rounded or narrowed at the base, sometimes ciliate; ocreae cylindric, those of the branches often longer than the inter- nodes, their limbs sometimes spreading, usu- ally glabrous; raceme terminal, usually soli- tary, >^'-i'long, dense, erect, oblong or ovoid; calyx rose-color, 5-parted; stamens 5, exserted; style 2-cleft, exserted; achene orbicular ob- long, lenticular, \yz" long, biconvex, black, smooth and shining, or granular.

In ponds and lakes, Quebec to Alaska, south to northern New Jersey, Kentucky, Colorado and California. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the Adiron- dacks.j Also in Europe, Julj-Aug.

Water Persicaria. (Fig. 1319.)

POLYGONACEAE.

3. Polygonum Hartwrightii A. Gray.

Hart Wright's Persicaria. (Fig. 1320.)

Polygonum Hat tivrighlii A. Gray, Proc. Kxi\. Acad. 8: 294. 1870.

Perennial by rootstocks, more or less hispid throughout; stem ascending, decumbent or erect, 6'-2° long, many-jointed, grooved, usually rather stout. Leaves lanceolate, obloug-lanceolate or ob- long, 3^-6' long, obtuse or suliacute at the apex, short-petioled or sessile; ocreae cylindric, varying from one-half as long to as long as the internodes, the limb abruptly spreading, fringed with short bristles; racemes usually solitar}', dense, Yz'-i' long, oblong; calyx rosc-colored, 5 parted; sta- mens 5, exserted; style exserted, 2-cleft to be- yond the middle; achene oblong, biconvex, lenti- cular, black, smooth, shining.

In swamps or moist soil, Hudson Bay to Oregon, south to southern Pennsylvania, Kansas, Nevada and Lower California. June-Aufr.

4. Polygonum emersum (Michx.) Britten. Swamp Pensicaria. (Fig. 132 1.)

Polygonum amphibiiini var. emersum Michx. Fl. Bor.

Am. i: 240. 1803. P. Muhleubergii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Ac. 14: 295. 1879. Polygonum emersum Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci.

8: 73. 1889.

Perennial by long creeping or horizontal root- stocks, glabrous or strigose- pubescent; stem erector assurgent, commonly simple, channeled, enlarged at the nodes, i°-3° high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, or the upper sometimes nar- rowly lanceolate, 2}4'-S' long, acute or usually acu- minate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, petioled, the lateral nerves prominent, sometimes forking; ocreae cylindric, becoming loose, not cili- ate; racemes i or 2, erect, i'-3' long, linear-oblong, dense, calyx dark rose-color, 5-parted; stamens 5, exserted; style 2-cleft, exserted; achene broadly obovate or orbicular, i^'' long, very convex, lenticular, black and slightl}- granular, but shining.

In swamps and moist soil, Ontario to Northwest Ter- ritorj'and British Columbia, south to Vir,s:inia, Louisi- ana and Mexico. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept.

Polygonum Portoricense Bertero. Dense- flowered Per.sicaria. (Fig. 1322.)

Polygonum densijlorum Meisn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5:

Part I, 13. 1855. Not Blurae, 1825-26. Polygotncm Portoricense Bertero; Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 121. 1856.

Perennial, more or less scurfy; stem erect, decum- bent or floating, 3°-5° long or longer, branched, en- larged at the nodes, often dark brown. Leaves lan- ceolate or linear-lanceolate, i^'-i2' long, acuminate at both ends, obscurely punctate, short-petioled, the nerves prominent beneath; ocreae cylindric, some- times bristly when young, naked when mature, some- times hispid; racemes spicate, paniculate, often in pairs, I '-5' long, dense, erect; calyx white or whitish, 5-parted to near the base; stamens 6-8, included; style 2-3-cleft, somewhat exserted; achene lenticular and strongly biconvex or 3-angled, i"-i long, broadly oblong, orbicular or even broader than high, black, smooth and shining, or minutely granular.

In wet soil, Missouri to Florida, Texas, the West Indies and South America. May-Nov.

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

557

6. Polygonum incarnatum HU. Slender Pink Persicaria. (Fig. 1323.)

Polygonum incarnatum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 456. 1817.

Annual, j^labrous or nearly so, stem erect, simple or branched above, more or less swollen at the nodes, 2°-4° tall. Leaves lanceolate, 3'-9' long, wide, acuminate at both ends, short-petioled, sparingly punctate and ciliate; ocreae cylindric, long, loose, brittle, sometimes ciliolate when young, glabrous when mature; racemes panicled, drooping, i^'-4' long, linear, many-flowered; calyx white or pink, small, 5-parted; stamens 6; style 2-parted to near the base; achene ovoid-oblong, lenticular, about i^'long, flat or biconcave, smooth, shining.

In wet soil, Vermont to Illinois, south to Florida and Louisiana. June-Sept.

7. Polygonum lapathifolium L. Dock- leaved or Pale Persicaria. (Fig. 1324.)

Polygonuvi lapathifolium L. Sp. PI. 360. 1753.

Annual, stem simple or much branched, erect or as- cending, swollen at the nodes, i°-3° high, the pedun- cles and pedicels glandular. Leaves lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, 7.'-\o' long, usually broader than those of the preceding, attenuate to the apex, acumi- nate at the base, short-petioled, ciliate, inconspicuously punctate; ocreae cylindric, ribbed or striate; racemes- panicled, long, drooping, narrow, rather dense;

calyx pink, greenish or white, 5-parted; stamens 6; style 2-parted to below the middle; achene broadly oblong or ovoid, lenticular, i"long, brownish or black, slightly reticulated but shining, its faces concave.

In waste places, throughout temperate North America. Naturalized from Europe. Sometimes a troublesome weed. Native also of Asia. June-Sept. Polygonum lapathifolium nodosum (Pers. ) Small, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 140. 1894. Polygonuvi nodosum Pers. Syn. i: 440. 1805.

Generally robust and glabrous; stem stout, reddish, purple spotted and with a purple ring be- low each ocrea, much thickened at the nodes; leaves conspicuously punctate; racemes i'-3' long,, less drooping, often erect; achene slightly larger. Occasional in the range of the type.

Polygonum lapathifolium incanum (Schmidt) Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. 711, 1837. Polygonum incanum .Schmidt, Fl. Boem. 4: 90. 1795.

Low, stem slender, erect, 2'-i2' high, slightly scurfy; leaves lanceolate, ovate or oblong, usu- ally narrowed at the base, white-tomentose beneath, glabrous above; racemes K'-iH' long. In waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, New York and British Columbia.

8, Polygonum Pennsylvanicum L,.

Pennsylvania Persicaria. (Fig. 1325.)

Polygonum Pennsylvanicum L. Sp. PI. 362. 1753.

Annual, glabrous below ; stem erect, simple or branched, i°-3° tall, the upper parts, the peduncles and pedicels glandular. Leaves lanceolate, acumi- nate at the apex, petioled, ciliate, 2^-11' long, the upper sometimes glandular beneath; ocreae cylin- dric, thin, naked, glabrous; racemes panicled, erect, thick, oblong or cylindric, dense, \'-2' long; calyx dark pink or rose-color, 5-parted; stamens 8 or fewer; style 2-cleft to about the middle; achene orbicular or mostly broader than high, long, short-pointed, lenticular, smooth, shining.

In moist soil. Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept.

558

POLYGONACEAE.

9. Polygonum longistylum Small

Long-styled Persicaria. (Fig. 1326.)

Polygonum lojigislylum Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 169. 1894.

Aunual or perennial, glabrous except the glan- dular upper branches and peduncles; stem erect, rather slender, i°-3° tall, becoming somewhat woody below. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lan- ceolate, i'-6' long, acuminate at both ends, peti- oled, their margins undulate, slightly crisped, more or less ciliolate; ocreae cylindric, entire, brittle, soon falling away; racemes panicled, sometimes geminate, i'-4' long, rather dense, erect; calyx lilac, 5-parted to below the middle, the lobes petaloid; stamens 6-S, included; stj-le 2-parted, slender, conspicuouslj' exscrted; stig- mas black; achene broadly ovoid, lenticular, slightly gibbous on both sides, long-pointed, black, granular, but somewhat shining, 1%^' long.

In moist soil. Southern Illinois and Missouri to Louisiana and Xew Mexico. Aug.-Oct.

10. Polygonum Persicaria L. Lady's Thumb. (Fig. 1327.)

Polygonum Persicaria L. Sp. PI. 361. 1753.

Annual, glabrous or puberulent; stem erect or ascending, simple or much branched, %°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long, short -petioled or nearly sessile, acu- minate at both ends, conspicuously punctate, usu- ally with a dark triangular or lunar blotch near the centre, their margins entire or slightl}' eroded, often ciliate; ocreae cylindric, nearly glabrous, fringed with short bristles; racemes solitary or panicled, Yz'-t.' long, ovoid or oblong, dense, erect; calyx pink or dark purple; stamens mostly 6; style 2-3-parted to below the middle; achene broadly ovate and lenticular, often gibbous or 3-angled, \"-\'%" long, smooth and shining.

In waste places, throughout North America, ex" cept the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe- Often an abundant weed. June-Oct.

II. Polygonum persicarioides H.B.K.

Southwestern Persicaria. (Fig. 1328.)

P. persicarioides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 179. 1817.

Perennial, glabrous or minutely pubescent; stem erect, decumlient or creeping, simple or branched, i°-3° long. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate at l)Dth ends, punctate, short-petioled or subsessile, i ji'-io' long; ocreae cylindric, glabrous or sparingly strigillose, fringed with short bristles; spicate racemes more or less panicled, erect, I'-y long, narrowly oblong or linear, looselj-- flowered; calyx rose-color tinged with .green, 5-parted to below the middle; stamens S or fewer, included; style 2-3- parted to near the base; achene lenticular and biconvex, or 3-angled, more or less gibbous, long, ovoid or broadly oblong, short-pointed, black, minutel}' granular, but shining.

Nebraska to Mexico: widelj- distributed in tropical America. June-Sept.

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

559

12. Polygonum Careyi Olney. Carey's

Persicaria. (Fig. 1329.)

Polygonum Carej'i Olney, Proc. Providence Franklin Soc. i: 29. 1847.

Annual, rough-glandular throughout, stem erect, i°-3° tall, simple or sparingly branched above. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceo- late, the uppermost nearly linear, 2'-ii' long, short-petioled or nearly sessile, acuminate at both ends, hispid on the midrib, ciliate, sparingly punc- tate; ocreae cylindric, sparsely hispid, fringed with long bristles; racemes several, narrow, terminal, loosely-flowered, drooping, i'-2_^'long; calyxpur- plish ; stamens 5 or sometimes 8; style 2-parted to be- low the middle; achene lenticular, broadlj' ovoid or obovoid, long, short-pointed, thick,

smooth and shining.

In marshes, Ontario to Rhode Island, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Pennsylva- nia. Also in Michigan. July-Sept.

Baldw. (Fig. 1330.) Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga.

13. Polygonum setaceum

Bristly Persicaria. Polygonum setaceum Baldw

1:455. 1817-

Perennial, glabrous or strigose-pubescent above, stem 2°-4° high, erect, simple or spar- ingly branched; leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, 2^-9' long, mostly short-petioled, acuminate at both ends, ciliate, inconspicuously punctate; ocreae cylindric, long, strigose, fringed with very long bristles; racemes few, terminal, i'-2^' long, erect, linear-oblong, sometimes geminate, rather loosely flowered; calyx white or pink; stamens 8; style 3-parted to below the middle; achene 3-angled, oblong or obovoid, short, thick-pointed, yz"-2" long, minutely reticulated and rather dull, or smooth and shining.

In swamps, southern Missouri to Louisiana, east to North Carolina and Florida. June-Sept.

14. Polygonum Opelousanum Riddell. Opelousas Persicaria. (Fig. 1331.)

Polygonum Opelousanum Riddell; Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 354. 1892.

Perennial, glabrous or nearly so throughout, stem slender, erect or ascending, sparingly or considerably branched, i°-3° tall, becoming woody below. Leaves linear or linear-lanceo- late, i/^'-5' long, sessile, ciliate; ocreae cylin- dric, strigose, fringed with long bristles; spicate racemes panicled, erect, often geminate, ^'-2^ long, not densely flowered; calyx white, pedi- celled, 5-parted to below the middle; stamens 8 or fewer, included; style deeply 3-parted; achene 3-angled or rarely 4-angled, broadly ovoid or obovoid, long, black, smooth and shining

Missouri to Louisiana, Texas and Mexico. July- Sept. ^

36

56o

POLYGONACEAE.

Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. Mild Water Pepper. (Fig. 1332.)

p. hydtopipcroides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 239. 1803. Polygonum viite Pers. Syn. i: 440. 1805.

Perennial, glabrous or strigillose, stem erect, decum- bent or prostrate, simple or branched above, slender, i°-3° long. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, varying to linear-lanceolate, 2'-6' long, short-petioled, acute at apex, ciliate, pubescent with appressed hairs on the midrib beneath; ocreae cylin- dric, loose, strigose, fringed with long bristles; racemes panicled, terminal, erect, narrow, more or less inter- rupted, 1 .54 '-3' long; calyx pink or greenish; stamens 8; stj'le 3-parted to below the middle; achene 3-angled, ovoid or oblong, \"-\%" long, smooth, shining.

In swamps and wet soil, New Brunswick to Minnesota and California, south to Florida and Mexico. June-Sept.

Polygonum hydropiperoides Macoiini .Small, Mem. Dept. Hot. Col. Coll. i: 81. 1895. More robust than the type, stem 1^-3° long, clothed with stout appressed hairs; leaves lanceolate, obtuse; ocreo- lae more or less ciliate; calyx white or whitish, often con- spicuous. Quebec to West Virginia and Indiana. Also in California.

16. Polygonum Hydropiper L. Smart-weed. Water Pepper.

Polygonum Hydropiper "L,. Sp. PI. 361. 1753.

Annual, glabrous, stem erect, simple or branched, red or reddish, sometimes green, tall. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, long, short-petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, un- dulate or slightly crisped, punctate, ciliate, very acrid, ocreae cylindric, fringed with short bristles, sometimes slightly pubescent, usually swollen at the base by the development of several flowers within; racemes panicled, I'-j' long, narrow, drooping, interrupted; calyx green, 3-5-parted (usually 4-parted) conspicuously punctate; stamens 4 or sometimes 6; style short, 2-3-parted; achene lenticular or 3-angled, broadly oblong or ovoid, slightly gibbous, \%"-\y2" long, granular, dull.

In moist waste places, almost throughout North America. Naturalized from Europe in our area, per- haps indigenous in the far Northwest. July-Sept.

17. Polygonum punctatum Ell. Dotted or Water Smart-weed. (Fig. 1334.)

p. punctatum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 455. 1817. P. acre H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 179. 1817. Not Lam.

Annual or perennial, glabrous or very nearly so, stem erect or ascending, rarely prostrate, simple or branched, i°-3° long. Leaves lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, I '-8' long, acuminate at both ends, petioled, ciliate, conspicuously punctate, acrid, the midrib often with a few scattered hairs; ocreae cy- lindric; falling away at maturity; fringed with long bristles; racemes terminal, narrow, erect or slightly drooping; loosely flowered, y'z'-^/ long; cal3'x greenish; stamens 8; style 2-3-parted to the base; achene oblong, short, thick, lenticular or 3-angled I'/i" long, smooth, shining.

In swamps and wet places, throughout North Amer- ica except the extreme north. June-Oct.

Polygonum punctatum leptostachyum (Meisn. ) Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 356. 1892. Polygonum acrexAX. leptostachyum Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 108. 1856.

Rather smaller; stem slender, i°-2° long; leaves narrower; racemes very slender and much in-

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

561

ternipted, clustered at the summit; achene about i" long, oblong, shining. Vermont to California, south to Florida and Mexico.

Polygonum punctatum robustior Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 477. 1894. Larger and stouter than the type, leafy; stem 2°-5° tall, conspicuously enlarged at the nodes; leaves 2' -8' long; racemes thicker, i'-4' long, interrupted below; achene I'A" long, slightly granular, somewhat obovoid; calyx-segments white. Massachusetts to Florida, near the coast.

18. Polygonum orientale I,. Prince's Feather. (Fig. 1335.)

Polygonum orientale L. Sp. PI. 362. 1753.

Annual, more or less hispid, stem erect, i°-8° tall, branched. Leaves ovate or broadly oblong, 3^-12'' long, petioled, acuminate at the apex, ciliate; peti- oles slightly winged; ocreae C3'lindric, loose, with or without a spreading border, ciliate; racemes panicled, oblong-cylindric, \'-\' long, dense, droop- ing; flowers large for the genus, calyx dark rose- color or crimson; stamens 7, exserted; style 2-cleft to above the middle, included; stigmas large; achene orbicular or broader than long, lenticular, flat, nearly lYz" in diameter, finely reticulated and rather dull.

In waste places, escaped from gardens throughout eastern North America. Native of India. Aug.-Sept.

ig. Polygonum Virginianum I,. Virginia Knotweed. (Fig. 1336.)

Polygonum Virginianum L. Sp. PI. 360. 1753.

Annual, nearly glabrous or strigose-pubescent, stem erect or arching, simple or branched above, i°-4° tall. Leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled, acuminate at the apex, 2^-6^ long, sparingly ciliate; ocreae cylindric, strigose, fringed with short bristles; racemes spicate, erect, terminal and axillary, naked, greatly elongated and interrupted, sometimes 12' long; calyx curved, greenish or rose- color, 4-cleft; stamens 5; style long, exserted, 2-parted to the base, its branches at length curled; achene 2'^ long, ovate-oblong, lenticular, strongly biconvex, dark brown or cream-colored, smooth, shining.

In woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. July-Nov.

20. Polygonum aviculare I,. Knot- grass. Door- weed. (Fig. 1337.)

Polygonum aviculare L. Sp. PI. 362. 1753-

Annual or commonly perennial, slender, gla- brous, dull green or bluish green, stem prostrate or ascending, simple or branched, 4^-2° long. Leaves oblong, linear or oblanceolate, 3"-io" long, nearly sessile or short-petioled, jointed to the ocreae, narrowed at the base, usually acute at the apex, not conspicuously veined; ocreae ob- lique, silvery, 2-parted or at length lacerate; clusters axillary, 1-5-flowered; flowers small, short-pedicelled; calyx green, 5-parted, the lobes with white or pink borders; stamens 5-8; style short, 3-parted to near the base; achene 3-angled, ovoid, i'^ long, acute, reticulated.

A weed in cultivated and waste grounds, common almost throughout North America, Asia and Europe. June-Oct.

562

POLYGONACEAE.

21. Polygonum littorale Link. Shore Knotweed. (Fig. 1338.)

Polygomoii lillorale I.ink in Schrad. Journ. i: 54. 1799-

Annual or perennial, stout, glabrous, bright green or slighth- glaucous, stem i°-4° long, pros- trate or ascending, diffusely branched from a woody base, striate. Leaves oblong, oblong-lan- ceolate or oblanceolate, 2"-^" long, obtuse or subacute at the apex, mostly acuminate at the base, prominentl}- veined, often crisped, jointed to the ocreae; ocrcae oblique, 2-parted, at length lacerate; flowers axillary, 2-6 in each cluster; calyx green, its lobes vi'hitish-margined or car- mine; stamensS; style short, 3-parted to the base; achene broadly ovoid, 3-angled, Yyi" long, more or less narrowed at the base and apex.

On shores and in waste places, New Brunswick to INIinnesota and California, south to Virginia, Illinois and Kansas. Also in Europe. Aug.-Sept.

Bellard's

339-)

205. pi. go. f. 2.

22. Polygonum Bellardi All. Knotweed. (Fig. i

Polygonum Bellardi All. Fl. Fed. 2 1785-

Annual, dingy green, stem slender, prostrate or spreading, i°-3° long, simple or diffusely branched, striate. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceo- late, short-petioled, 2''-2o'' long, acute at the apex, acuminate at the base, distant, prominently veined beneath, jointed to the ocreae; ocreae oblique, sil- very, slightly lacerate when young, becoming much incised when old; flowers 1-3 together in the axils; calj'x green, its lobes white-margined; stamens 8; style 3-parted to the base, verj- short; achene ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 3-angled, rather pointed at both ends, long, reticulated and rather dull.

In waste grounds, Washington, D. C. Adventive from eastern Europe or western Asia.

Polygonum maritimum L. Seaside Knotweed

Polygonmn mai-itimnm L. Sp. Fl. 361. 1753. Polygonum glaucum Nutt. Gen. 1: 254. 1818.

Perennial or sometimes annual, glaucous, gla- brous, root usually deep, woody, stem prostrate or ascending, branched, 8'-2o' long, deeply striate. Leaves ovate or oblong, mostly equal- ling or longer than the interuodes, 3"-i2" long, fleshy, veined beneath, somewhat rugose above, conspicuously jointed to the ocreae, the margins often revolute; ocreae large, silvery, 2-parted or at length lacerate, becoming brown at the base; flowers 1-3 together in the axils, becoming slen- der-pedicelled; calyx white or pinkish; stamens 8; st3-le short, 3-parted; achene 3-angled, ovoid or narrowly ovoid, lYz" long, acute or acuminate, smooth, shining, longer than the calyx.

In sands of the seashore, Maine to Florida, on the coast of Europe. July-Sept.

Al.so

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

563

24. Polygonum Rayi Babingt.

Bot. Ed. 2,

Ray's Knotweed. (Fig. 1341.)

Polygonum Rayi Babingt. Man. Brit 2-5. 1848.

Pereunial or annual, glabrous, slightly glau- cous, stem 3'-24^ long, prostrate, usually much branched, striate. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 3"-i5" long, short-petioled, acute or obtusisli at the apex, veined beneath, incon- spicuously so above, shorter than the intern odes, inconspicuously jointed to the ocreae; ocreae

2- parted, becoming lacerate, silvery, brown and glaucous at the base when old; flowers 2-4 to- gether in the axils; stamens 5 or 6; style short,

3- parted to the base; achene ovoid, 3-angled, 2^'-T," long, slightly granular but shining, much exceeding the calj-x.

In waste places. New Brunswick and Prince Ed- ward Island to British Columbia, south along the Atlantic Coast to Virginia. Naturalized from Europe ? May-Sept.

25. Polygonum erectum L,. Erect Knotweed. (Fig. 1342.)

Polyg07ium erectum L. Sp. PI. 363. 1753.

Annual, glabrous, stem erect or ascending, 8'-2° high, terete, nearly simple or much branched. Leaves oval, oblong or obovate, subsessile or short-petioled, 3"-i8" long, obtuse or subacute at the apex, conspicuously jointed to the ocreae; ocreae oblique, funnelform, soon lacerate, silvery when young; flowers 1-2 together in the axils; calyx greenish, enlarged in fruit; stamens 6 (some- times 5) style very short, 3-parted to near the base; achene ovoid-pyramidal, 3-angled, xYz" long, reticulated and dull, invested by the calyx, or the apex slightly protruding.

In moist or dry soil, Ontario to the Northwest Ter- ritorj', Tennessee and Arkansas. July-Sept.

26. Polygonum exsertum Small. lyong-

fruited Knotweed. (Fig. 1343.) P. exserhim Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 172. 1894.

Annual, glabrous, sometimes slightly glaucous, stem slender, brownish, erect or nearly so, con- spicuously striate, branched, i^°-3° tall. Leaves lanceolate, rarely oblanceolate, Yz'-xYz' long, acute or cuspidate at the apex, acuminate at the base, nearly sessile; ocreae 2-4-parted when young, soon lacerate, silvery, becoming brownish; calyx green- ish, or white, 6-parted to near the base; stamens 5 or 6, included; style 3-cleft or 3-parted, very short; achene 3-angled, narrowly pyramidal, 2^"-3" long, more or less constricted above the middle, chestnut-brown, smooth, shining, 2-3 times as long as the calyx, at length twisted.

Northwest Territorj', south to Illinois, Missouri and Nebraska and on the Atlantic coast, in brackish marshes, from Maine to New York. Aug.-Oct.

POLYGONACEAE.

27. Polygonum ramosissimum Miclix. Bushy Knotweed. (Fig. 1344.)

p. ramosissimum Michx, P'l. Bor. Am. i: 237. 1803.

Annual, bright green or yellowish green, gla- brous, stem erect or ascending, usually very much branched, slender, striate, usually rigid, 4^-4° tall. Leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, short-petioled, ■i,"-io" long, acuminate at both ends, persistent, conspicuously jointed to the ocreae; ocreae oblique, funnelform, few-nerved, becoming deeply lacerate; flowers several together in the axillary clusters, short-pedicelled; calyx 5-6-parted, greenish-white; stamens 6 or fewer; style very short, 3-parted to the base; achene 3-angled, acute, sometimes slightly protruding beyond the calyx, nearly xyi^' long, black, reticulated, dull.

In saline soil, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, New Mexico and California, and on the Atlantic coast from Maine to New Jersey. Julj^-Sept.

Polygonum ramosissimum prolificum Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 171. 1894. Bushy, much branched, stem nearly erect, its internodes short, its nodes giving off 2 or more branches; leaves narrower; flowers and achenes more numerous. Nebraska and Kansas; also on the coast of Maine.

28. Polygonum camporum Meisn. Prairie Knotweed. (Fig. 1345.) P. camporum Meisn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5: 21. 1855.

Annual or perennial, glabrous, stem mostly erect, slightly striate, much branched, some- times slightly glaucous, 2°-3° tall. Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong, soon falling away, subsessile, rather obtuse at the apex, veined be- neath, 3''-i2'' long; ocreae funnelform, early lacerate and fugacious, dark brown; flowers sev- eral together in the axillary clusters, slender-ped- icelled; pedicels short; stamens 8; style short, 3-parted; achene pyramidal-ovoid, 3-angled, black, nearly lyi" long, smooth, shining.

On prairies, Nebraska to Louisiana and New Mexico. Also in South America. July-Sept.

29. Polygonum tenue Michx. Slender Knotweed. (Fig. 1346.)

Polygonuvi /fw?/^ Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 238. 1803.

Annual, glabrous, somewhat rough about the nodes, stem very slender or filiform, erect, simple or branched, somewhat 4-angled, 4'-i2' tall. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile, acumi- nate at the apex, 2"-i2''' long, articulated to the ocreae, i-ribbed with a lateral impression on each side of the rib, the margins minutely scabrous or serrulate; ocreae funnelform, soon lacerate; flowers "■several in the axillary clusters, green, subsessile; calyx-lobes whitish ; stamens S; style 3-parted nearly to the base, its branches diverging; fruit erect; achene 3-angled, black, \"-iyz" long, reticulated on the angles, the centre of its faces smooth.

Drj- soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia and Arkan- sas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in North Carolina. July-Sept.

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

565

30. Polygonum Douglasii Greene. Dougla.s' Knotvveed. (Fig. 1347-)

Polygonum Douglasii Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. (11.) 1:125. 1885.

Annual, similar to the preceding species, gla- brous, somewhat rough at the nodes, sometimes slightly glaucous, stem erect, 8'-i8' tall, simple •or usually much branched, almost terete. Leaves ol)long or narrowly lanceolate, j^'-2'' long, subsessile, rather thin, flat or revolute, •with no lateral impressions parallel to the mid- rib; ocreae oblique, short, soon lacerate; clus- ters axillary, several-flowered; the flowers and fruit deflexed; calyx green with white or rose- •colored margin; stamens 8; style 3-parted; achene 3-anglcd, \yi"-2" long, oblong or ovoid- oblong, black, smooth and shining.

Northwest Territory and British Columbia to New Mexico and Indian Territory, east through Ontario ±0 northern New York and Vermont. June-Sept.

Polygonum Convolvulus L. Black Bindweed. (Fig. 1348.)

Polygonum Convolvulus L- Sp. PI. 364. 1753.

Annual, glabrous, scurfy, stem twining or trail- ing, 6'-3° long, mostly branched, the internodes elongated. Leaves ovate-sagittate or the upper- most lanceolate-sagittate, long-petioled, acuminate at the apex, slightly ciliate, yi'-y long; ocreae ob- lique, short, rough on the margin; axillary clusters or racemes loosely flowered; flowers greenish, pen- dulous on slender pedicels; calyx 5-parted, closely investing the achene, the outer lobes slightly or not at all keeled; stamens 8; style short, nearly entire; stigmas 3; achene 3-angled, obovoid-pyram- idal, lyi." long, thick-pointed, black, granular, rather dull.

In waste and cultivated grounds, nearly throughout North America except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe. Native of Asia. Sometimes a trouble- some weed. Calyx rarely 6-parted. July-Sept.

32. Polygonum cilinode Michx. Fringed Black Bindweed. (Fig. 1349.)

P. cilinode Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 241. 1803.

Perennial, sparingly pubescent, stem red or reddish, twining or prostrate, i°-io° long. Leaves broadly ovate or somewhat hastate, acu- minate at the apex, cordate at the base, rather long-petioled, undulate, finely ciliate, 1^-4' long, or the upper smaller; ocreae small, armed "with reflexed bristles near the base; racemes mostly panicled, axillary and terminal, inter- rupted; calyx whitish; style short, 3-parted to the base; achene 3-angled, oblong-pyramidal or ovoid, nearly i%" long, very smooth and shining.

In rocky places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minne- sota and Pennsylvania, south in the Alleghanies to North Carolina. Ascends to 2000 fl. in the Catskills. June-Sept.

566

POLYGONACEAE.

33, Polygonum scandens L. Climbing False Buckwheat. (Fig. 135 1.) Polygonum scandeus L. Sp. PI. 364. 1753.

Perennial, jjlabrous, stem climbing, 2°-20° long, rather stout, striate, branched, rough on the ridges. Leaves ovate, acuminate, cordate at the base, i'-6' long or the upper smaller, the larger long-petioled, finely punctate, the margins scabrous; ocreae oblique, smooth and glabrous; racemes usually numerous and panicled, interrupted, leafy, 2'-8' long; flowers yel- lowish-green, long-pedicelled; calyx 5-parted, the three outer segments very strongly winged and decur- rent on the pedicels, especially in fruit; stamens 8; style almost none; stigmas 3 ; fruiting caU'x 5"-6"long, the wings crisped, not incised; achene 2^'-2yi" long, 3-angled, rather blunt at both ends, smooth, shining.

In woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario and the Rocky Mountains, south to Florida, Nebraska and Texas. Aug.-Sept.

ly. Copse or Hedge Buckwheat. (Fig. 1350.)

1762.

34. Polygonum dumetorum

Polygoiiiun diimelortim L- Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 522,

Perennial, glabrous, similar to the preceding spe- cies, stem extensively twining, 2°-i2° long, striate, much branched. Leaves ovate or somewhat has- tate, and sometimes inequilateral, acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, i'-2^' long, long peti- oled, or the upper smaller and nearly sessile; ocreae oblique, smooth; racemes mostly axillary, numer- ous, much interrupted, leafy-bracted, 2^-5' long; flowers yellowish green, pendulous; calyx 5-parted, the three outer segments winged or keeled and much enlarged in fruit; stamens 8; style short, 3-parted; fruiting calyx 2>"~\" long, the wings nearly flat, not incised; achene oblong, 3-angled, 2" long, inclined to be pointed at both ends, black, smooth, shining.

Prairies of Illinois and about St. Louis, Mo. Also in the vicinity of Knoxville, Tenn. Naturalized from Europe ? July-Sept.

35. Polygonum cristatum Engelm. & Gray. Crested False Buckwheat. (Fig. 1352.)

Polygonum cristatiim Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 259. 1847.

Perennial, scurfy, stem slender, twining, 2°- 10° long, more or less branched. Leaves trian- gular or ovate, i'-5' long, acuminate at the apex, undulate, truncate or cordate at the base, rather long-petioled; ocreae cylindric-funnel- fomi; flowers in axillary simple or compound often naked racemes 1^-5' long; pedicels about 2l4." long, jointed near the middle; calyx greenish-white, 2''-2%" long, 5-parted to near the base, the 3 outer segments keeled and at maturity winged; stamens 8, included; style none; stigmas 3; fruiting calyx 3"-4" long, its wings incised; achene 3-angled, oblong, black, smooth, shining, about 1%" long. Sandy woods and rocky banks, southern New York to Georgia, the Indian Territory and Texas. Aug. -Oct.

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

567

36. Polygonum Zuccarinii Small. Japane.se Kiiotweed

Poly^onuvi cnsf>idatum Sieb. & Ziicc. Fl. Jap. Fani.

Nat. 2: 84. 1846. Not Wilkl. 1825. Polygonum Zuccarinii .Small, Mem. Dept. Bot. Col.

Coll. i: 158. pi. 66. 1895.

Perennial, glabrous, more or less scurfy, stem stout, erect, woody below, terete or slightly angled, much branched, 4°-8° tall. Leaves ob- long-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, petioled, 2^-6' long, acuminate-cuspidate at the apex, truncate or subcordate at the base, reticulate-veined on both surfaces, their margins undulate; ocreae oblique, smooth, fugacious; racemes mostly ter- minal, panicled, 2^-4^ long, or axillary, many- flowered, more or less pubescent; flowers green- ish-white, long-pedicelled; outer segments of the 5-parted calyx very broadly winged in fruit; stamens 8; style 3 parted; achene 3-angled, nar- rowly oblong or oblong-pyramidal, i)i"-^yi" long, black, smooth, shining.

Escaped from cultivation near Philadelphia, Pa., Schenectady, N. Y., and Atlantic Highlands, N. J. Native of Japan. July-Oct.

(Fig. 1353.)

Polygonum sagittatum L.

I354-)

Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb. (Fig.

Polygonum sagittatum L. Sp. PI. 363. 1753.

Annual, light green, stem slender, weak, de- cumbent, or climbing over other plants by the abundant sharp recurved prickles which arm its 4 prominent angles. Leaves lanceolate-sagittate or oblong-sagittate, yz'-}/ long, obtuse or acute at the apex, slightly rough on the margins, the lower pe- tioled, the upper subsessile; petioles and lower sur- face of the midribs prickly; ocreae oblique, not ciliate, fringed at the base by a few bristle-like prickles; flowers in rather dense terminal heads or racemes; calyx greenish or rose-colored ; stamens usually 8; style 3-parted to below the middle; achene 3-angled, oblong-pyramidal, thick-pointed, lYz" long, dark red, smooth, shining.

In wet soil, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida and Kansas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept.

38. Polygonum arifolium I,. Halberd- leaved Tear-thumb. (Fig. 1355.)

Polygonum arifolium L. Sp. PI. 364. 1753.

Perennial, stem ridged, reclining, 2°-6° long, the ridges armed with recurved prickles. Peduncles and pedicels glandular or pubescent; leaves broadly hastate, long-petioled, i'-\o' long, pubescent or glabrous beneath, the apex and basal lobes acumi- nate; petioles and stronger nerves prickly; ocreae oblique, fringed at the summit with short bristles and at the base with slender prickles; flowers in terminal and axillary heads or racemes; calyx rose- color or greenish, 4-parted; stamens 6; style 2-parted. achene lenticular, broadly obovate, 1" long, strongly biconvex, dark brown, smooth, shining.

In moist or wet soil. New Brunswick and Ontario to Minnesota, south to South Carolina. July-Sept.

568

POLYGONACEAE.

7. POLYGONELLA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 240. 1803.

Annual or perennial glabrous herbs, sometimes slightly woody, with erect branched usually conspicuously jointed stems, alternate narrow leaves articulated to the naked ocreae, and small white or greenish flowers in slender panicled racemes. Calyx unequally 5-parted, persistent, its segments petalloid, loosely investing the achene or its base in fruit, the three inner calyx-segments often winged. Stamens S, included; filaments filiform, or much dilated or auricled at the base; anthers oblong, small. Style 3-parted, short or almost wanting; stigmas capitate; ovary i-celled, ovule solitary. Achene 3-angled, smooth. Embryo slen- der, nearl\- straight, situated in one of the angles of the seed. [Diminutive of Polygonum.]

Five or six species, natives of North America.

Annual; inner sepals not winged in fruit; pedicels reflexed. i. P. ariicnlata.

Perennial; inner sepals winged in fruit; pedicels divergent. 2. P. Americana.

1. Polygonella articulata (L,.) Meisn. Coast Jointweed. (Fig. 1356.)

PolygonuDi arlicidatum L. Sp. PI. 363. 1753. Polygonella ariicnlata Meisn. Gen. 2: 228. i836-'43.

Annual, glaucous, stem slender, wiry, erect or sometimes diffusely spreading, simple or branched, striate or slightly angled, if-\o' long. Leaves linear or linear-subulate (apparently filiform from the revolute margins), sessile, a,"-2o" long, jointed to the summits of the ocreae, cylindric, slightly ex- panded at the summit; racemes numerous, erect, many-flowered, I'-i^' long; ocreolae crowded or imbricated ; pedicels reflexed ; calyx-segments white with a dark midrib, loosely investing the achene, not winged in fruit; achene narrowly ovoid- pyramidal, pointed, i" long, brown, smooth, shining.

In sands of the seashore and sandy soil along the coast, Maine to Florida, and on the shores of the Great Lakes. July-Oct.

2. Polygonella Americana (F. & M.) Small. Southern Jointweed.

(Fig- I357-)

Gonopyrum Americanum F. & M. Mem. Acad. St.

Petersb. (VI. ) 4: 144. 1840. Polygonella ericoides Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat.

Hist. 5: 230. 1845. P. Americana Small, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 141. 1894.

Perennial by a long slender root, slightly glaucous, stem erect or ascending, wiry, somewhat flexuous, i)4°-A° high, simple or slightl}' branched, covered with a ridged more or less scaly bark. Leaves linear or linear-spatulate, long, often fascicled on

short branches, sessile, rather fleshy, obtuse and revo- lute at the apex; ocreae scarious-margined, split on one side; racemes i'-3'long, dense, divergent; calyx white or pink, its three inner segments developing or- bicular cordate wings, the two outer reflexed in fruit; pedicels divergent, jointed below the middle; achene elliptic-oblong, iX'' long, chestnut-brown, pointed at both ends, smooth, shining. In drj- soil, Missouri to Texas, east to Georgia and Alabama. Aug. -Oct.

8. BRUNNl'CHIA Banks; Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. i: 213. ^5. /. 2. 1788.

Perennial, glabrous herbs with elongated, grooved much branched stems climbing by tendrils at the ends of the branches, and alternate entire broad cordate petioled leaves, the ocreae obscure or wanting, and small perfect flowers in panicled terminal and axillary racemes, the flowers fascicled in the axils of lanceolate-subulate Israels. Pedicels slender, jointed near the base. Calyx 5-parted, much enlarged, coriaceous and winged on one side in fruit, closely investing the achene, the segments spreading when fresh, converging when dry. Stamens 7-10, mostly 8; filaments- filiform, much dilated at the base; anthers ovate-

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

569

oblong. Style 3-parted, the stigmas 2-cleft at the summit; ovary imperfectly 2-celled; ovule solitary, pendulous. Achene 3-angled. Seed irregularly 6-grooved, the embryo in one of its angles. [Name in honor of M. T. Brunnich, Norwegian naturalist.]

Two known species, the following of southeastern North America, the other of tropical Africa.

I, Brunnichia cirrhosa Banks. Brunnichia. (Fig. 1358.)

Drunnichia cirrhosa Banks; Gaertn. Fr. & Seni. i:

213. pi. 45- /• 2. 1788. Rajania ovata Walt. Fl. Car. 247. 1788.

Stem 6°-2o° long, somewhat woody, rather tough, slender, grooved. Tendrils numerous, fili- form; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, truncate or subcordate at the base, i'-6' long, petioled, slightly pubescent beneath; ocreae obsolete or represented by a ring of short bristles; racemes 2'-6' long; flowers in fascicles of from 2-5; calyx campanulate, 2>"-A" long, greenish, 5-parted, its base strongly winged along one side; stamens exserted; achene oblong- ovoid, 2," long, brown, smooth, closely invested by the persistent and coriaceous calyx which be- comes i' or more in length.

On banks of streams, southern Illinois to Arkan- sas, east to South Carolina and Florida. May-June. Fruit mature in August.

Family 15. CHENOPODIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 15. 1829.

GoosEFooT Family.

Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with angled striate or terete stems. Leaves alternate or sometitnes opposite, exstipulate, simple, entire, toothed or lobed, mostly petioled (in Salicornia reduced to mere ridges). Flowers perfect, pistillate, polygamous, monoecious or dioecious, small, green or greenish, regu- lar or .slightly irregular, variously clustered, commonly in panicled spikes, bract- less or bracteolate, occasionally solitary in the axils. Petals none. Calyx per- sistent, 2-5-lobed, 2-5-parted or rarely reduced to a single sepal, wanting in the pistillate flowers of .some genera. Stamens as many as the lobes or divisions of the calyx, or fewer, and opposite them; filaments slender; anthers 2-celled, lon- gitudinally dehiscent. Disk usually none. Ovary mostly superior and free from the calyx, i -celled; ovule solitary, amphitropous; .styles 1-3; stigmas capi- tate, or 2-3-iobed or divided. Fruit a utricle, with a thin or coriaceous peri- carp. Seed vertical or horizontal; endosperm mealy, fleshy or waiiting; embryo partly or completely annular or conduplicate, or spirally coiled.

About 75 genera and 550 species, of wide geographical distribution.

* Embryo annular or conduplicate, not spirally coiled; endosperm copious (except in Salicortlia). Leafy herbs; endosperm copious.

Fruit enclosed by or not longer than the calyx or bractlets.

Flowers perfect or some of them pistillate; calyx herbaceous or fleshy. Calyx 2-5-lobed or 2-5-parted; stamens 1-5.

Fruiting calyx wingless, its segments often keeled.

Calyx herbaceous or but slightly fleshy in fruit; flowers in panicled spikes.

I. Clienopodinni.

Frtiiting calyx dry, strongly reticulated; leaves pinnatifid. 2. Ronbieva. Calyx verj- fleshy and bright red in fruit; flowers densely capitate.

3. lililiiDi.

Fruiting calyx horizontally winged. Calyx of I sepal; stamen i. Flowers monoecious or dioecious; calyx of pistillate flowers none bractlets, Bractlets flat or convex, not silkj'. Bractlets silky-pubescent, conduplicate. Flowers perfect; calj-.x membranous; leaves filiform-linear. Fruit much exserted beyond the calyx. Leafless fleshy herbs with opposite branches; endosperm none.

■X- if Embryo spirally coiled ; endosperm little or none. Shrub; flowers monoecious, not bracteolate. Herbs; flowers perfect, bracteolate.

Fruiting calyx wingless; leaves fleshy, not spiny. 12. Dondia.

Fruiting calyx bordered by a thin horizontal wing; leaves very spiny, 13. Salsola.

4. Cycloloma.

5. Mo)iolepis. fruit enclosed by 2

6. A triplex.

7. Eurotia.

8. Kochia.

9. Corispermuin. o. Salicornia.

II. SarcobatKS.

570 CHENOPODIACEAE.

I. CHENOPODIUM L. Sp. PI. 218. 1753.

Annual or perennial, green and glabrous, white-mealy or glandular-pubescent herbs, with alternate petioled entire sinuate-dentate or pinuately lobed leaves. Flowers verj' small, green, perfect, sessile, bractless, clustered in axillary' or terminal, often panicled or compound spikes. Calyx 2-5-parted or 2-5-lobed, embracing or enclosing the utricle, its segments or lobes herbaceous or slightly fleshy, often keeled or ridged. Stamens 1-5; fila- ments filiform or slender. Styles 2 or 3; seed horizontal or vertical, sometimes in both posi- tions in different flowers of the same species, firmly attached to or readily separable from the pericarp; endosperm mealy, farinaceous ; embryo completely or incompletely annular. [Greek, goose-foot, from the shape of the leaves.]

About 60 species, mostlj' weeds, of wide greographic distribution. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the western parts of North America.

-.r Embryo a complete ring. Leaves white-mealy on the lower surface.

Leaves or some of them sinuate-toothed or lobed. Sepals strongly keeled in fruit.

Pericarp firmly attached to the seed; stem erect, tall. i. C. album.

Pericarp readily detached from the seed; stem low. 6. C. J^remoii/ti incaniim.

Sepals not keeled in fruit; stem decumbent. 2. C. glaucum.

Leaves mostly entire, narrowly linear or oblong. 3. C. leplophylltivi.

Leaves green and glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces when mature.

Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, entire. 4. C. polyspcrmum.

Leaves, at least the lower, sinuate, toothed or incised. Stamens 5; calyx not fleshy.

Pericarp readily separable from the seed.

Leaves oblong or lanceolate; calyx-lobes scarcely keeled. 5. C. Boscianum. Leaves triangriilar-hastate; calyx-lobes keeled. 6. C. Fremonlii.

Pericarp firmU- attached to the seed.

Flower-clusters, at least the upper, longer than the leaves.

Leaves oblong, rhombic-ovate or lanceolate, narrowed at the base.

Leaves obtuse or merelj' acute. i. C. album viride.

Leaves or some of them cuspidate or bristle-tipped. 7. C. Berlandieri. Leaves triangular-ovate, truncate or subcordate at base. 8. C. iirbicum. Spikes loosely panicled in the axils, the panicles shorter than the leaves.

9. C. mtirale.

Stamens onlj' i or 2; calyx slightly fleshy, red. 11. C. rubruin.

Leaves very coarsely 2-6-toothed. 10. C. hybridnm.

Leaves broadl3' triangular-hastate, entire or merely undulate. 12. C. Bonus-Henricus.

rr Embryo an incomplete ring. Leaves ovate or oblong, pinnately lobed; flowers in long loose panicles. 13. C. Botiys. Leaves lanceolate; flowers in continuous or interrupted spikes.

Spikes borne in the axils of the numerous small upper leaves. 14. C. ambrosioides.

Spikes in large commonly leafless terminal panicles. 15. C. anlhelininticimi^

I. Chenopodium album L. Lamb's Quarters. White Goosefoot. Pigweed.

(Fig. 1 359-)

Chenopodium albuvi L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753.

Annual, pale green, stem usually slender, stri- ate and grooved at least when dry, erect, com- monly much branched, i°-io° tall, the branches ascending. Leaves rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, acute or sometimes obtuse at the apex, 3- ner\^ed, white-mealy beneath, dentate, sinuate or lobed, or the upper entire, i'-4' long; petiole often as long as the blade; spikes terminal and axillary, simple or compound, often panicled; calyx about broad in fruit, its segments strongly keeled, usually completely enclosing the utricle; seed horizontal, black, shining, firmly attached to the pericarp; embryo a complete ring.

In waste places. A common weed throughout North America except the extreme north. Natur- alized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Widely distributed as a weed in all cultivated regions. Stem often purple-streaked. June-Sept.

Chenopodium album viride ( L. ) Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 71. 1849. Chenopodium viride L. Sp. PI. 219. 17.S3.

Plant brighter green; leaves green on both sides or but slightly mealy beneath. Range of the type. Perhaps a distinct species.

GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.

Oak-leaved Goosefoot.

2. Chenopodium glaucum L.

Chenopod i u in iilaucn ni I<. Sp. PI. 220. 1753. niittnn giaiicuiii Kocli, Syii. Fl. Germ. 608. 1837.

Annual, succulent, stem usually much branched, decumbent or prostrate, or with erect branches, 4'- 18' high. Leaves obloug, lanceolate or ovate-lan- ceolate, sleuder-petioled or the uppermost nearly sessile, obtuse or acute at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, white-mealy beneath, dark green above, i'-2' long, the lower or all of them sinuate-dentate or lobed; flowers in small axillary often branched spikes, the clusters usually shorter than the leaves, or the upper panicled; calyx about Yz" broad, its segments oblong or obovate, obtuse, neither fleshy nor keeled in fruit; utricle brown, depressed, its summit not completely covered by the calyx; seed of lateral flowers vertical, thick, somewhat ex- serted, that of terminal flowers commonly horizon- tal; embryo a complete ring.

A weed in wa.ste places throughout North America except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe; now found in most cultivated areas of the globe. June-Sept.

3. Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt.

(Fig. 1361.)

Narrow-leaved Goosefoot.

Chenopodium album var. leptophyllum Moq. in DC.

Prodr. 13: Part 2, 71. 1849. Chenopodium leptophyllum Nutt.; Moq. in DC. Prodr.

13: Part 2, 71. As synonym. 1849. Chenopodium leptophyllum var. oblongifolium S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 9: 95. 1874.

Annual, scarcely succulent, stem slender, usually erect, striate or grooved, at least when dry, branched, 6'-2>^° tall, mealy above, the branches erect-ascend- ing. Leaves linear to oblong, white-mealy beneath, green above, acute or acuminate, or the lower ob- tuse, entire or the lower rarely toothed, short-peti- oled, >^'-i/^'long, i ''-3'^ wide, 1-3-nerved; flowers in continuous or interrupted axillary and terminal simple or branched spikes; calyx about Yz" broad, its segments strongly keeled and nearly covering the fruit; seed horizontal, readily detached from the pericarp; embryo a complete ring.

In dry soil, Manitoba and the Northwest Territory to Missouri, New Mexico and Arizona. Also on the shores of Lake Erie and on sands of the seashore, Connecticut to New Jersey. July-Sept. Chenopodium leptophyllum subglabrum S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 9: 95. i? Leaves scarcely mealy or quite green; flowers loosely clustered. Western Nebraska and Colorado.

4. Chenopodium polyspermum I,.

Many-seeded Goosefoot. (Fig. 1362.)

Chenopodium polyspermum L. Sp. PI. 220. 1753.

Annual, glabrous, not mealy, stem stout or slen- der, erect or decumbent, commonly much branched, striate, 6^-3° high. Leaves oblong, elliptic or ovate, slender-petioled, entire, thin, green on both sides, obtuse at the apex, narrowed rounded or truncate at the base, 1^-3' long, i/'-xYz' wide; flowers in loose axillary and terminal panicles; calyx less than \" wide, its segments oblong, sub- acute or obtuse, somewhat scarious, not keeled, not completely covering the top of the fruit; seed firmly attached to the pericarp, horizontal; embryo a complete ring.

In waste places and ballast, Massachusetts to New Jersey. Adventive from Europe. July-Sept.

572

CHENOPODIACEAE.

5. Chenopodium Boscianum Moq. Bosc's

Goosefoot. (Fig. 1363.) Chenopodium Boscianum Moq. Enum. Chenop. 21. 1840.

Annual, light green, stem slender, erect, striate, us- ually much branched, i°-3° tall, the branches very slender, divergent or ascending. Leaves thin, green on both sides, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, slender- petioled, i'-2>^' long, the lower sinuate-dentate or nearly all of them entire; flowers in slender terminal and axillary spikes; calyx-segments broadly oblong, obtuse, scarious-margined, not at all keeled, or scarcely so in fruit, herbaceous, nearly covering the utricle; seed horizontal, readily separating from the pericarp, black, shining; embryo completely annular.

In woods and thickets, New York and New Jersey to Indiana and ^linnesota, south to North Carolina and Texas. July-Sept.

6. Chenopodium Fremontii S. Wats. Fremont's Goosefoot, (Fig. 1364.)

ChenopodiMm Fremontii S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 287. 1871.

Annual, glabrous or very nearly so, light green, stem stout or slender, erect, grooved, branched, i°- 3° tall. Leaves thin, green on both sides, broadly triangular-hastate, sinuate-dentate or the upper en- tire, mostl}' obtuse at the apex, truncate or abruptly narrowed at the base, slender-petioled, long and nearly as wide, the uppermost sometimes very small, oblong or lanceolate and acute; spikes slen- der, axillary to the upper leaves and in terminal panicles; calyx Yz" wide, its segments keeled in fruit, and nearly enclosing the utricle; pericarp easily separable from the seed; seed horizontal, shining; embryo completely annular.

In woods and thickets, Nebraska to Colorado and Nevada, south to New Mexico. July-Sept.

Chenopodium Fremontii incanum S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 9: 94. 1874. Low, stems stout and much branched, the branches and lower surfaces of the leaves densely white-mealy; leaves K'-i' long. Range of the type. Possibly a distinct species.

7. Chenopodium Berlandieri Moq. Ber- landier's Goosefoot. (Fig. 1365.)

Chenopodium Berlandieri Moq. Enum. Chenop. 23. 1840.

Annual, slightly mealy when young, green when old, stem erect, commonly much branched, i|2°-3° tall, the branches slender, ascending. Leaves lan- ceolate, oblong or rhombic-lanceolate, slender-peti- oled, thin, some or all of them cuspidate-acuminate at the apex or bristle-tipped, narrowed at the base, sinuate-dentate or entire, Yz'-iyi' long; flowers in rather loose terminal panicled spikes; calyx nearly \" broad, its segments keeled, completel}- enclosing the utricle; pericarp firmly attached to the horizon- tal seed; embryo a complete ring.

In dry soil, southern Missouri to Texas, and in Flor- ida. June-Sept.

GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.

57S

8. Chenopodium urbicum 1,. Upright or City Goosefoot. (Fig. 1366.)

Chenopoditim urbicum h. Sp. PI. 218. 1753.

Annual, green or but slightly mealy, stem com- monly stout, erect, branched or simple, channeled, i°-3° tall. Leaves hastate or triangular-ovate, acute at the apex, truncate subcordate or abruptly narrowed at the base, stout-petioled, coarsely and irregularly dentate or the uppermost entire, the larger 3^-5' long; spikes in terminal and axillary narrow erect panicles, the upper longer than the leaves; calyx broad, its segments oblong, ob- tuse, herbaceous, not keeled and not entirely en- closing the fruit; seed horizontal, rather firmly attached to the pericarp, its margins rounded; embryo a complete ring.

In waste places, especially in the cities, Nova Sco- tia and Ontario to southern New York. Adventive from Europe. Much less common than the following species. June-Sept.

9. Chenopodium murale L. Nettle- leaved Goosefoot. Sowbane. (Fig. 1367.)

Chenopodium murale L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753.

Annual, scarcely or not at all mealy, some- what scurfy above, stem erect or decumbent, usually branched, i°-2^° high, leafy to the summit. Leaves rhombic-ovate, thin, bright green on both sides, acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply and coarsely sinuate-dentate, broadly cuneate or subtruncate at the base, slender-petioled, long; flowers in loose ax- illary panicles shorter than the leaves, often not longer then the petioles; calyx-segments not en- tirely enclosing the utricle; seed sharp-edged, horizontal, firmly attached to the pericarp; em- bryo completely annular; stamens 5.

In waste places, Maine to Michigan and British Columbia, south to Florida and Mexico. Natural- ized from Europe. Widely distributed as a weed in civilized regions. June-Sept.

ID. Chenopodium hybridum I,.

Chenopodium hybridum L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753.

Annual, bright green, not mealy, sometimes more or less scurfy; stem slender, erect, usually branched, 2°-4^° tall. Leaves ovate or rhom- bic-ovate, long-acuminate at the apex, truncate rounded or subcordate at the base, thin, slen- der-petioled, sharply dentate with 1-4 large acute teeth on each side, or the upper lanceo- late and entire, the lower 4^-7' long; flowers in large axillary and terminal panicles; calyx about \" broad, its segments oblong, rather ob- tuse, herbaceous, slightly keeled, incompletely covering the fruit; stamens 5; seed horizontal, sharp-edged, firmly attached to the pericarp; embryo a complete ring.

In woods and thickets, sometimes in waste places, Quebec to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south to southeastern New York, Ken- tucky, Kansas, Utah and New Mexico. Also in Europe. July-Sept.

Maple-leaved Goosefoot. (Fig. 1368.)

574

CHENOPODIACEAE.

12. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus L.

Goosefoot. (Fig

II. Chenopodium rubrum L. Red

Goosefoot. (Fig. 1369.)

Chenopodium rubrum L. Sp. PI. 218. 1753. Blilum rubrum Reichb. Fl. Germ. Exc. 582. 1830-32.

Annual, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, not mealy, stem erect, leafv, i°-2^° tall, often much branched, the branches strict or ascending. Leaves thick, I ^'-4' long, rhombic-ovate or rhombic-lan- ceolate, petioled, acute acuminate or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, coarselj- sinuate-den- tate or the upper entire; flowers in erect compound leafy-bracted axillary and terminal spikes often exceeding the leaves; calyx 3-5-parted, its seg- ments slightly fleshy, red, not keeled, obtuse, about as long as the utricle; stamens i or 2 ; stigmas short; seed horizontal, shining, rather sharp-edged, sepa- rating from the pericarp; embryo annular.

On the seacoast, Newfoundland to New Jerses', and in saline soil in the interior across the continent, south to central New York, Nebraska and British Columbia. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept.

Good King Henry. Perennial 1370-)

Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus L. Sp. PI. 218. 1753. Blilum Bonus-Henricus Reichb. Fl. Germ. Exc. 582. 1830-32.

Perennial by a thick rootstock, glabrous, dark green, not meaW; stem erect, usually stout, simple or little branched, channeled, i°-2j^° tall. Leaves broadly triangular-hastate, palmately veined, entire or undulate (rarely with I or 2 small teeth), the apex and basal lobes usually acute, the lower long- petioled (petiole often twice as long as the blade), the upper much smaller and short-petioled; flowers in terminal and axillary, simple or panicled, com- monly dense spikes sometimes 3^-4' long; calyx 4- 5-parted, the segments not longer than the fruit; stigmas elongated; seed vertical, or that of termi- nal flowers horizontal, black, shining, blunt-edged; embryo a complete ring.

In waste places, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Massa- chusetts and southern New York. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept.

13. Chenopodium Botrys L. Feather Geranium. Jerusalem Oak. (Fig. 137 1.)

Chenopodium Bolrys L,. Sp. PI. 2ig. 1753.

Annual, green, glandular-pubescent and viscid, strong-scented; stem slender, erect, simple or branched, 8'-2° tall. Leaves ovate or oblong, deeply and usually irregularly pinnately lobed, acute or obtuse at the apex, petioled, Yz'-^' long, or the uppermost much smaller, the lobes mostly obtuse and dentate; flowers very small, in numer- ous loose axillarj' cjmose panicles mostly longer than the leaves; calyx 3-5-parted, the segments lanceolate, acute, thin, very pubescent, rather longer then the utricle; seed horizontal or vertical, firmly attached to the pericarp; embryo an incom- plete ring.

In waste places, Nova Scotia to Minnesota and Ore- gon, southeastern New York, Kentucky and Mexico. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. The leaves fall in autumn, leaving the panicles as narrow naked wands. Also called Turnpike Geranium, July- Sept.

GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 575 14. Chenopodium ambrosioides L,. Mexican Tea. (Fig. 1372.)

Clieiiopudii(i)! ambrosioides 1,. Sp. PI. 219. 1753.

Annual, glabrous or slightly glandular-pu- bescent, green, not mealy, strong-scented, stem much branched, ascending or erect, leafy, 2°-3° high, angular and grooved. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute at the apex, narrowed to a short peti- ole, repand-deutate, undulate or the upper en- tire, 1^-3^' lotigi the upper numerous and much smaller; flowers in small dense axillary spikes, mostly shorter than the subtending leaves; calyx usually 3-parted, completely en- closing the fruit; pericarp readily separable from the seed; seed horizontal or vertical, shining; embryo an incomplete ring.

In waste places, Maine and Ontario to Florida, west across the continent to California. Natu- ralized from tropical America. Introduced as a weed also into southern Europe and Asia. Aug.- Oct.

15. Chenopodium anthelminticum L. Wormseed. (Fig. 1373.)

Clienopodiuni anllielminlicum L. Sp. PI. 220. 1753.

Chenopodium ambrosioides var. anthelminticum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 408. 1867.

Annual or sometimes perennial, rather dark green, similar to the preceding species and per- haps intergrading vpith it, stem somewhat stouter, 2l4.°-2>}i° loiig- Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, usually acuminate at the apex and narrowed at the base, slender-petioled, coarsely dentate or incised, 2^-5' long, the lower 1' or more wide, the upper graduall}- smaller, the uppermost commonly linear-lanceo- late and entire; flowers in linear usually bract- less panicled spikes, or the lower spikes leafy- bracted; seed horizontal or vertical; embryo an incomplete ring.

In waste places, southern New York and southern Ontario to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Mexico. Naturalized from Europe. Aug.-Oct.

2. ROUBIEVA Moq. Ann. Sci. Nat. (II.) i: 292. 1834.

A perennial herb, glandular-pubescent, strong-scented, prostrate, and difFusel)' branched, with narrow small short-petioled deeply pinnatifid leaves. Flowers small, green, perfect, or pistillate, solitary, or in small axillary clusters. Calyx urn-shaped, 3-5-toothed, narrowed at the throat, in fruit becoming obovoid, strongly reticulated and closed. Stamens 5. Styles 3, exserted. Wall of the pericarp thin, glandular. Seed vertical. Embryo a com- plete ring in the mealy endosperm. [Name in honor of G. J. Roubieu, French botanist.]

A monotypic genus of South America, often included in Chenopodium.

37

576

CHENOPODIACEAE.

I. Roubieva multifida (I,.) Moq. Cut- leaved Goosefoot. Roubieva. (Fig. 1374.)

Chenopodium mullifidtim L,. .Sp. PI. 220. 1753.

Rottbicva miillifida Moq. .A.nn. Sci. Nat. (II.) i: 293. pi. 10. 1834.

Usually much branched, vet}' leafy, pros- trate, or the branches ascending, 6'-i8' long. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate or linear- oblong in outline, ><'-i>^' long, 1%"-^'' wide, deeply piunatifid into linear-oblong acute en- tire or toothed lobes; flowers 1-5 together in the axils, sessile, less than %" broad, some perfect, some pistillate; fruiting calyx obovoid, obtuse, 3-ner\'ed and strongly reticulate-veined, yi" thick; utricle compressed.

In waste places and ballast, southern New York to Virginia. Naturalized oradventive from tropi- cal America. June-Sept.

3. BLITUM L. Sp. PI. 2. 1753.

Annual glabrous or sparingly pubescent succulent branching herbs, with alternate has- tate petioled rather light green leaves. Flowers small, green, or reddish, aggregated in glo- bose axillary sessile heads, or the upper heads forming an interrupted spike. Calyx 2-5- lobed, becoming pulpy and bright red in fruit. Stamens 1-5. Pericarp separating from the seed. Seed vertical, shining. Embryo a complete ring in the mealy endosperm. [The classical name of orache.]

One or perhaps two species, natives of North America and Europe.

I. Blitum capitatum L. Strawberry- Elite. (Fig. 1375.)

Blitnm capitatum L. Sp. PI. 2. 1753. Chenopodiufii capilatiim Aschers. Fl. Brand. 572. 1864.

Stem ascending, erect, or prostrate, 6'-2° long, commonly much branched, the branches ascend- ing. Leaves usually longer than wide, i/^'-3' long, rather thin, sinuate-dentate, or the upper or sometimes all of them entire, cordate or reniform, the apex and basal lobes acute or acuminate; lower petioles often longer that the blades; heads sessile in the axils and on the sides of the upper part of the stem or branches, 2"-}," in diameter in flower, becoming bright red and in di-

ameter in fruit, and then somewhat resembling strawberries; seed compressed, ovate, enclosed by the calyx, or when quite mature slightly exserted.

In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Illinois, Minnesota, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah and to Nevada. Also in Europe. June-Aug.

4. CYCLOLOMA Moq. Enum. Chenop. 17. 1840.

An annual diffusely branched glabrous or cobwebby-pubescent herb, with alternate peti- oled irregularly toothed leaves, and small sessile bractless flowers in panicled interrupted spikes. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes keeled in flower, a thin horizontal irregularly dentate wing developing below them in fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 2-3. Fruit (except its summit) enclosed by the calyx, depressed. Seed horizontal; embryo a complete ring in the mealy endosperm. [Greek, circle-border, alluding to the calyx-wing.]

A monotypic genus of north central North America.

GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 577

I. Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng. ) Coult. Cycloloma. (Fig. 1376.)

Kochia a/ riplici/ol ia Spreng. Nactr. Fl. Hal. 2: 35. 1801. Cycloloma plalyphvlluiii Moq. Enum. Chenop. 18. 1840. C. atriplici/oliumQouW.. Mem. Torr. Club, 5; 143. 1894.

Pale green or becoming dark purple, bushy- branched, 6'-2o' high, the stem and branches angu- lar and striate. Leaves lanceolate, mostly acumi- nate at the apex, narrowed into slender petioles, irregularly sinuate-dentate with acute teeth, 1^-3' long or the upper much smaller; spikes numerous in terminal panicles, loosely flowered, i'-3' long, slender; fruit, including the winged calyx, 2" broad; calyx-lobes not completely covering the summit of the utricle, which appears as a 5-rayed area.

Along- streams and on banks, Manitoba to Indiana and Illinois, west to the Northwest Territory, Nebraska and Arizona. Summer.

5. MONOLEPIS Schrad. Ind. Sem. Gott. 4. 1830.

Low anniial branching herbs, with small narrow alternate entire toothed or lobed leaves, and polygamous or perfect flowers in small axillary clusters. Calyx of a single persistent herbaceous sepal. Stamen i. Styles 2, slender. Utricle flat, the pericarp adherent to the smooth vertical seed. EJmbryo a very nearly complete ring in the mealy endosperm, its radicle turned downward. [Greek, single-scale, from the solitary sepal.]

Three known species, natives of western North America, the following one reaching our limits.

1. Monolepis Nuttalliana (R. & S.)

Greene. Monolepis. (Fig. 1377.)

Blilum chenopodioides Nutt. Gen. i: 4. 1818. Not Lam. 1783.

Blilum NiitlalHanum R. & S. Mant. 1: 65. 1822. Monolepis chenopodioides Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part

2, 85. 1849-

Monolepis NuUalliana Greene, Fl. Fran. 168. 1891.

Slightly mealy when young, pale green, glabrous or nearly so when old; stem 3'-i2' high; branches many, ascending. Leaves lanceolate in outline, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, Yz'-^yi' long, narrowed at the base, 3-lobed, the middle lobe lin- ear or linear-oblong, acute or acuminate, 2-4 times as long as the ascending lateral ones; flowers clus- tered in the axils; sepal oblanceolate or spatulate, acute or subacute; pericarp minutely pitted, about yi" broad; margins of the seed acute.

In alkaline or dry soil, Manitoba and the Northwest Territorj^ to Minnesota, Nebraska, New Mexico and southern California. June-Sept.

6. ATRIPLEX L. Sp. PI. 1052. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs or low shrubs, often scurfy-canescent or silvery. Leaves alter- nate, petioled or sessile, or some of them opposite. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, small, green, in panicled spikes or capitate-clustered in the axils. Staminate flowers bractless, con- sisting of a 3-5-parted calyx and an equal number of stamens; filaments separate or united by their bases; a rudimentary ovary sometimes present. Pistillate flowers subtended by 2 bractlets which enlarge in fruit and are more or less united, sometimes quite to their summits, their margins entire or toothed, their sides smooth, crested, tubercled or winged; perianth none; ovary globose or ovoid; stigmas 2. Utricle completely or partially enclosed by the fruiting bractlets. Seed vertical or rarely horizontal; embryo annular, the radicle pointing upward or downward; endosperm mealy. [From a Greek name of orache.]

About 130 species, of very wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 45 others occur in the western parts of North America. Annual herbs; stems or branches erect, diffuse or ascending.

Leaves hastate, ovate, rhombic-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate.

Plants green, glabrous or sparingly scurfy, not silvery; leaves slender-petioled.

Leaves lanceolate, several times longer than wide. I. A. patula.

Leaves triangular-hastate, the lower only 1-2 times as long as wide. 2. A. hastata.

578

CHENOPODIACEAE.

Plant ver>' scurfy; leaves rhombic-ovate, short-petiolcd. 3. A. rosea. Plants denselj- silvery: leaves hastate, entire or little toothed.

Staminate spikes dense, short; leaves petioled. 4. A. argenlea.

•Staniinate spikes elongated interrupted; upper leaves sessile. 5. A. expansa.

Leaves oblong, densely silverj-, entire; plant of sea beaches. 6. A. atenaria. Perennial herbs or shrubs; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, entire; plants of the western plains.

Fruiting bractlets suborbicular, wingless, their sides crested or tuberckd. 7. A. yutlallii.

Fruiting bractlets appendaged by 4 vertical reticulated wings. 8. A. canescens.

Atriplex patula L. Spreading Orache. (Fig. 1378.)

Atriplex palula L. Sp. PI. 1053. 1753. Atriplex littoralis L. Sp. PI. 1054. 1753.

Annual, dark green, glabrous or somewhat scurfy above; stem much branched, diffuse, ascending or sometimes erect, i°-3° long. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lauceolate, slender-petioled, or the uppermost nearly sessile, entire, sparingly toothed, or 3-lobed below the middle, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, i'-5' long, 2'^-!^' wide; flowers in panicled interrupted slender mostly leaf- less spikes, and usualh- also capitate in the upper axils; fruiting bractlets united only at the base, fle.sh3% triangular or rhombic, 3"-4"wide, their sides often tubercled; radicle of the embryo ascending.

In waste places and ballast, Nova Scotia and Ontario to southern New York and New Jersey. Naturalized from Europe, or perhaps indigenous northward. Native also of Asia. Much less common than the following species. Julj--Aug.

2. Atriplex hastata L. Halberd-leaved Orache. (Fig. 1379.)

Atriplex hastala L. Sp. PI. 1053. 1753. A. patiilum var. hastatum A.Graj-, Man. Ed. 5, 409. 1867. Atriplex patula var. subspicala S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 9: 107. 1874.

Annual, pale green, or purple, somewhat scurfy, at least when young; stem erect or ascending, branched, i°-2}4° tall. Leaves slender-petioled, acuminate, the lower broadly triangular-hastate, seldom more than twice as long as wide, entire or sparingly toothed, i'-4' long, truncate or narrowed at the base, the basal lobes divergent, acute or acu- minate; upper leaves sometimes triangular-lanceo- late; inflorescence as in the preceding species; the fruiting bractlets sometimes broader.

In salt meadows and waste places mostly near the coast, New Brunswick to South Carolina, and in saline soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, Nebraska and L^tah. Also in Europe. The western plant is more scurfy than the eastern. Aug.-Oct.

3. Atriplex rosea L. Red Orache. (Fig. 1380.)

Atriplex rosea L, Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1493. 1763.

Annual, pale green and very scurfy, stem erect or de- cumbent, usually much branched, i°-2 high. Leaves ovate or rhombic-ovate, short-petioled or the upper ses- sile, coarsely sinuate-dentate, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed or subtruncate at the base, Yz'-^Yz' long, yi'-'iYz' wide, often turning red; flowers mostly in axillary capitate clusters, often dense, or some in few terminal spikes; fruiting bractlets broadly ovate or triangular-hastate, strongly veined, mealy-white, drj', about 3" broad, united onlj- at their bases, their margins toothed or lacerate and sides tubercled.

In waste places and ballast. Nova Scotia to northern New York and New Jersey. Adventive from Europe. Aug.-Oct.

GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.

579

4. Atriplex argentea Nutt. Silvery Orache. (Fig. 1381.)

Atriplex aigeiiica Nutt. Gen. i: 198. 1818.

Annual, pale, densely silvery-scurfy or becom- ing smooth, stem erect or ascending, bushy- branched, 6'-2o' high, angular. Leaves firm, tri- angular-hastate or rhombic-ovate, mostly acute at the apex, narrowed or subtruncate at the base, petioled or the upper sessile, entire or sparingly dentate, ^^-2^ long, the basal lobes short; flowers in capitate axillary clusters, or the staminate in short dense spikes; fruiting bractlets suborbicu- lar, rhombic or broader than high, wide, united nearly to their summits, the margins sharply toothed, the sides sometimes tubercled or crested; radicle of the embryo pointing down- ward.

In dry or saline soil, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, south to Nebraska, Colorado and Utah. June-Sept.

5. Atriplex expansa S. Wats. Sessile- leaved Orache. (Fig. 1382.)

Atriplex expansa S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 9: 116. 1874.

Annual, densely silvery -scurfy, similar to the preceding species, but stouter, the stem erect, widely branched, sometimes 6° tall. Leaves thin, triangular-hastate or rhombic-ovate, toothed or entire, sessile or the lower very short-petioled, ^'-i^' long and nearly as wide at the base; pistillate flowers in axillary clusters, the stami- nate mostly in slender interrupted solitary or panicled spikes sometimes 4' long; fruiting bractlets broad, united nearly to their summits, tubercled, their margins strongly toothed.

Western Kansas (according to A. S. Hitchcock) to Chihuahua and New Mexico, west to California. July-Oct.

6. Atriplex arenaria Nutt. Sea-beach Atriplex. (Fig. 1383.)

Atriplex arenaria Nutt. Gen. l: 198. 1818.

Annual, pale, densely silvery-scurfy, stem bushy-branched, 6'-i8' high, the branches as- cending or decumbent, angular, slender. Leaves oblong, entire, acute or obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, very short-petioled or sessile, Yz' -1]^,' \on^, iYz"-\o" wide, the midvein rather prominent, the lateral veins few and obscure; flowers in axillary clus- ters much shorter than the leaves; fruiting bract- lets triangular wedge-shaped, broadest above, wide, united nearly to the several-toothed summits, their margins entire, their sides reticu- lated, or sometimes crested or tubercled; radicle of the embryo pointing downward.

On sandy sea beaches, Nova Scotia (?); Massa- chusetts to Florida. July-Sept.

CHEXOrODIACEAE.

7. Atriplex Nuttallii S. Wats. Nuttall's Atriplex. (Fig. 1384.)

4

Atriplex Nuttallii ,S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 9: 116. 1874.

A finelj' scurf}' pale green shrub, i°-2}i° tall, tbe branches erect or ascending, rather stiff, striate or terete, leafy, the bark nearly white. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or subacute at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, entire, ^'-2' long, 2'''-5" wide; flowers in terminal spikes and capitate clustered in the axils, often strictly dioecious; fruiting bractlets ovate or suborbicular, united to above the middle, i^"-2>^" broad, the margins toothed, the sides crested, tubercled or spin}-.

In dry or saline soil, Manitoba to the Northwest Territor3% south to Nebraska, Colorado and Nevada. Aug. -Oct.

8. Atriplex canescens (Pursh) James. Bushy Atriplex. (Fig. 1385.)

Calligomim canescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 370. 1814.

Atriplex canescens James, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 2: 178. 1825.

A pale densely scurfy shrub, i°-3° high, re- sembling the preceding species and with simi- lar foliage. Flowers in short terminal spikes and in axillary clusters, commonly dioecious, sometimes monoecious; bractlets ovate in flower, united nearly to their summits; in fruit appendaged by 4 broad thin distinct wings, which are 2"-i/' broad at the middle and usu- alh- about twice as high, strongly reticulate- veined, not tubercled nor crested, toothed near their summits or entire.

In dry or saline soil, South Dakota and Nebraska to New Mexico and Mexico, west to Nevada and California. July-Sept.

7. EUROTIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 260. 1763.

Pubescent perennial herbs or low shrubs, with alternate entire narrow leaves and monoe- cious or dioecious flowers, capitate or spicate in the axils. Staminate flowers not bracteolate, consisting'of a 4-parted calyx and as many exserted stamens. Pistillate flowers 2-bracteolate, the bractlets united nearly or quite to their summits, densely covered with long silkj- hairs, 2-horned; calyx none; ovar}- ovoid, sessile, pubescent; styles 2, exserted. Seed vertical; embrj'o nearly annular in the mealj- endosperm, its radicle pointing downward. [From the Greek for hoariness or mould.]

Two known species, the following of western North .'Vmerica, the other of western Asia and eastern Europe.

GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.

581

I. Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq. American Eurotia. White Sage. (Fig. 1386.)

Diotis lanata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 602. 1814. Eurotia lanata Moq. Enum. Chenop. 8i. 1840.

A stellate-pubescent erect much-branched shrub i°-3° high, the hairs long, white when young, be- coming reddish brown, the branches ascending, very leafy. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, short- petioled or the upper sessile, obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, yi'-^' long, 2^-4^ " wide, their margins revolute, the midvein prominent, the lateral veins few; flowers densely capitate in the upper axils, forming terminal leafy spikes; bracts lanceo- late, -z"-^" long in fruit, appeudaged by 4 tufts of spreading hairs; calyx-lobes acute, pubescent; utricle loose, the pericarp readily separating from the large seed.

In drj' soil, Northwest Territory to western Nebraska and New Mexico, Nevada and California. June-Sept.

8, KOCHIA Roth; Schrad. Journ. Bot. i: 307. pi. 2. 1799. Perennial or annual herbs or low shrubs, with alternate sessile narrow entire leaves, and perfect or pistillate flowers, sometimes bracteolate, clustered in the axils. Calyx 5-lobed, herbaceous or membranous, wingless, or sometimes developing a horizontal wing, enclosing the fruit. Stamens 3-5, their filaments linear. Ovary ovoid, narrowed upward into the style; stigmas 2. Utricle pear-shaped or oblong, the pericarp membranous, not adherent to the seed. Seed inverted; the testa thin; embryo annular; endosperm little or none. [Name in honor of W. D.J. Koch, 1771-1849, Director of the Botanical Garden at Erlangen.]

About 35 species, mostly natives of the Old World, the following introduced from Europe. An indigenous species, K. Americana^ occurs in the western United States.

I. Kochia Scoparia (L. ) Roth. Kochia. (Fig. 1387.)

Chenopodium Scoparia I<. Sp. PI. 221. 1753.

Kochia Scoparia Roth; Schrad. Neues Journ. Bot. 3: 85. 1809.

Annual, pubescent or becoming glabrate, stem erect, slender, rather strict, branched, leafy, i°- 2j^° tall. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, cili- ate, acuminate at the apex, long, wide, the upper gradually smaller; flowers sessile, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, forming short dense bracted spikes; fruiting calyx-seg- ments each with a short triangular horizontal wing.

In waste places, Ontario, Vermont and northern New York. Adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. July-Sept.

9. CORISPERMUM L. Sp. PI. 4. 1753. Annual herbs, with alternate narrow entire i-nerved leaves, and perfect bractless small gre'en flowers, solitary in the upper axils, forming terminal narrow leafy spikes, the upper leaves shorter and broader than the lower. Calyx of a solitary thin broad sepal, or rarely 2. Stamens 1-3, rarely more, and one of them longer. Ovary ovoid; styles 2. Utricle ellipsoid, mostly plano-convex, the pericarp firmly adherent to the vertical seed, its margins acute or winged. Embryo annular in the somewhat fleshy eudosperm, its radicle pointing downward. [Greek, bug-seed.]

About 10 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic zones. Onlj- the following is known to occur in North America.

582 CHENOPODIACEAE.

I. Corispermum hyssopifolium L. Bug-seed. (Fig. 1388.)

Corispermiitn hyssopifolium L. Sp. PI. 4. 1753.

Glabrous or pubescent, rather pale green, somewhat fleshy, stem striate, erect, sometimes- zigzag, usually much branched, 6'-2° tall, the branches slender, ascending or divergent, spar- ingly leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, yz'-2' long, wide, cuspidate at the apex-

upper leaves ovate or lanceolate, appressed- as- cending, or at length spreading, acute or acumi- nate at the apex, ^i'-Yi' long, scarious-mar- gined; utricle long, yz"-\" thick, nar-

rowly winged, obtuse, subacute or mucronate by the persistent styles.

In sandy soil, shores of the Great Lakes to the Northwest Territory, Arctic America and British CoUimbia, south to Kansas, Texas and Arizona. Also in Europe and Asia. The small-fruited form (var. niicrocarpum S. Wats.) occurs from Kansas southward. July-Sept.

10. SALICORNIA L. Sp. PI. 3. 1753.

Fleshy glabrous annual or perennial herbs, with opposite terete branches, the leaves re- duced to mere opposite scales at the nodes, the flowers sunken 3-7 together in the axils of the upper ones, forming narrow terminal spikes, perfect or the lateral ones staminate. Calyx obpyramidal or rhomboid, fleshy, 3-4-toothed or truncate, becoming spongy in fruit, deciduous. Stamens 2, or sometimes solitary, exserted; filaments cylindric, short; anthers oblong, large; ovary ovoid; styles or stigmas 2. Utricles enclosed by the spongy fruiting cal3-x, the pericarp membranous. Seed erect, compressed; embryo conduplicate; endo- sperm none. [Name Greek, salt-horn; from the saline habitat, and horn-like branches.]

About 10 species, natives of saline soil, widelj' distributed in both the Old World and the New. Only the following are known to inhabit North America.

Annuals; stem erect.

Scales very short, acute or blunt; spikes in diameter. I. 5". herbacea.

.Scales mucronate-tipped; spikes 2 -3" in diameter. 2. S. Bigelovii..

Perennial by a woody rootstock; stems trailing or decumbent. 3. .S". ambigua.

I. Salicornia herbacea I,. Slender Glasswort. (Fig. 1389.)

Sa/icornia Eiiropaea var. herbacea L. Sp. PI. 3. 1753. Salicornia herbacea L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 5. 1762.

Annual, 6^-2° tall, stem erect, much branched, the branches slender, ascending or nearly upright, their joints 2-4 times as long as thick. Scales acute or rather obtuse, \" long or less, broadl}' ovate or wider than long; fruiting spikes \'-2> long, about tYz" in diameter; middle flower of the 3 at each joint twice as high as the lateral ones, reaching nearly to the top of the joint; utricle pubescent.

In salt marshes, Anticosti to Georgia; about salt springs in central New York; in saline soil from Mani- toba to British Columbia, south to Kansas and Utah. Also in Europe and Asia. The plant often turns bright red in autumn, forming vividly colored areas in the salt marshes, hence called Marsh Samphire. July-Sept.

GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.

583

2. Salicornia Bigelovii Torr. Bigelow's Glasswort. (Fig. 1390.)

Salicornia rnucronata Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 2. 1824. Not L,ag. 1817.

Salicornia Virginica Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 145. 1849. Not 1753.

Salicornia Bigelovii Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. vSurv. 184. 1859.

Annual, stem and branches stout, erect or nearly so, 2' -12' tall. Scales ovate or trian- gular-ovate, sharply mucronate, i"-i}4.'' long, at length spreading; fruiting spikes yi'-2}i' long, 2"-2)" in diameter, their joints not longer than thick; middle flower slightly higher than the lateral ones, reaching very nearly to the end of the joint; utricle pubescent.

In salt marshes, Nova Scotia to Florida and Texas. Plant bright red in autumn. July-Sept.

3. Salicornia ambigua Michx. Woody Glasswort. (Fig. 1391.)

Salicornia ambigua Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 1803.

Perennial by a woody rootstock, stem trail- ing or decumbent, 6'-2° long, the branches ascending or erect, slender, nearly or quite simple, rather long-jointed, 3'-8' long. Scales broadly ovate or wider than high, acute or obtuse, appressed or slightly diver- gent; fruiting spikes Yz'-iyi.' long, about 2" in diameter, their joints not longer than thick; flowers all about equally high and about equalling the joints.

On sea beaches and salt meadows, Massachu- setts to Florida and Texas, and on the Pacific Coast. Perhaps identical with S.fruiicosa L,., of Europe. Aug.-Sept.

II. SARCOBATUS Nees in Max. Reise N. A. i: 510. 1839.

An erect much branched shrub, with spiny branches, alternate linear fleshy entire ses- sile leaves. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the staminate in terminal ament-like spikes, the pistillate solitary in the axils, or rarely several together. Staminate flowers without a calyx; stamens 2-5 together under peltate rhombic-ovate acute spirally arranged scales; filaments short. Pistillate flowers sessile or very nearly so; calyx compressed, ovoid or ob- long, slightly 2-lipped, adnate to the bases of the 2 subulate exserted papillose stigmas, ap- pendaged by a narrow border which expands into a membranous horizontal wing in fruit. Seed vertical, the testa translucent, double; embryo coiled into a flat spiral, green; endo- sperm none. [Name Greek, flesh -thorn, from the fleshy leaves and thorny stems.]

A monotypic genus of western North America.

5^4 CHENOPODIACEAE.

1. Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Terr. Grease-wood. (Fig. 1392.)

Balis (?) venniculala Hook. FI. Bor. Am, 2: 128. 1 838.

Sarcobalus vermicnlaristoxx. Emory's Rep. iso. 1848.

Glabrous or the young foliage somewhat pu- bescent, much branched, 2°-io° high, the branches slightly angled, leafy, nearly white, some of them leafless and spine-like. Stem i'-3' in diameter; wood yellow, very hard; leaves obtuse or subacute, Yz'-iYz' long, x"- i%" wide, narrowed at the base; spikes of staminate flowers long, i%"-2" in dia-

meter, cylindric, short-peduncled or sessile; wing of the calyx /^"-6" broad when mature, conspicuously veined.

In dry alkaline and saline soil, western Ne- braska, Wj-oniingr to Nevada and New IMexico. Wood extensivelj- used for fuel, for want of better, in the regions where it occurs, June-July. Fruit mature Sept. -Oct.

12. DdNDIA Adaiis. Fam. PI. 2: 261. 1763. [SUAEDA Forsk. Fl. AEg. Arab. 69. pi. i8b. 1775.] Fleshy annual or perennial herbs, or low shrubs, with alternate narrowly linear thick or nearly terete entire sessile leaves, and perfect or polygamous bracteolate flowers, solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Cal}-x 5-parted or 5-cleft, the segments sometimes keeled or even slightlj' winged in fruit, enclosing the utricle. Stamens 5. Stjdes usually 2, short. Pericarp separating from the vertical or horizontal seed. Embryo coiled into a flat spiral. Endosperm wanting or very little. [In honor of Jacopodi Dondi, Italian naturalist of the fourteenth century.]

About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the western and southern parts of North America.

Annuals of the Atlantic sea coast.

Dark green, not glaucous; sepals acutely keeled; seed black. i. D. Americana.

Light green, glaucous; sepals scarcely keeled; seed dark red. 2. D. viaritinia.

Perennial of tlie western plains. 3. D. depressa.

1. Dondia Americana (Pers.) Brit- ton. Tall Sea-Blite. (Fig. 1393.)

Salsola salsa var. Amei-icana Pers. Sj'n. i: 296. 1805.

Stiaeda linearis var. ramosa S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 9: 87. 1874.

Annual, dark green or purplish green, not glaucous, stem erect, strict, i°-3° tall, pale green or nearly white, branched, the branches slender, very leafy, erect-ascend- ing or sometimes recurved, more or less se- cund. Leaves of the stem linear-subulate, yi'-iyi' long, those of the branches much shorter, somewhat 3-angled, lanceolate-sub- ulate, widest just above the base, the upper surface flat; sepals purple-green, glaucous, acutely keeled or almost winged; seed orbicular, black, shining, broad.

On salt marshes and along salt water ditches. Nova Scotia to New Jersey and probably fur- ther south. Aug.-Sept.

GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.

585

2. Dondia mantima (L,. ) Druce. Low Sea-Blite. (Fig. 1394.)

Clienopodiuiii ntavitiniuvi L. Sp. PI. 221. 1753. Stiaeda viaritiDia Dumort. Fl. Belg. 22. 1827. Dondia marilima Druce, Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist. 1896: 42. 1896.

Annual, pale green and somewhat glaucous, stem erect or decumbent, busby-branched, 5'-i5' high, becoming brownish, the branches ascending. Leaves ^"-\2" long, those of the branches not conspicuously shorter than the upper ones of the stem, 3-angled, broad- est at the base; sepals pale green, rounded or very obtusely keeled, somewhat roughened; seed orbicular, dark brownish red, shining, about \" in diameter.

On sea beaches, stony and mudd5' shores, and in salt marshes, Maine to southern New York. Also on the coasts of Europe. Our plant is, perhaps, specificallj' different from the Euro- pean. July-Sept.

3. Dondia depressa (Pursh) Britton. Western Elite. (Fig. 1395.)

Salsola depressa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 197. 1814.

Suaeda depressa S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 294. 1871.

Perennial by a deep slender woody root or sometimes annual, branched from the base and usually also above, 6'-2° tall, the branches decumbent or ascending, usually very leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, long, broadest at or just above the base, or the upper lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and commonly much shorter; sepals acute, one or more of them strongly keeled in fruit; seed about in diameter, rather dull, min- utely reticulated.

In saline soil, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, south to Nebraska, Colorado and Nevada. June-Aug.

13. SALSOLA L. Sp. PI. 222. 1753.

Annual or perennial bushy-branched herbs, with rigid subulate prickle-pointed leaves, and sessile perfect 2-bracteolate flowers, solitary in the axils, or sometimes several together. Calyx 5-parted, its segments appendaged by a broad membranous horizontal wing in fruit and enclosing the utricle. Stamens 5. Ovar}' depressed; styles 2. Utricle flattened. Seed horizontal; embryo coiled into a conic spiral; endosperm none. [Name Latin, a diminutive of salsus, salty.]

About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution on seashores and in saline districts, occa- sionally pernicious weeds in cultivated grounds.

Calyx coriaceous, not conspicuously veined; plant maritime. i. S. A'alt.

Calyx membranous, very strongly veined ; plant an inland weed. 2. 5'. Trains.

586

CHENOPODIACEAE.

I. Salsola Kali L. Saltwort. (Fig. 1396.)

Salsola Kali L. Sp. PI. 222. 1753.

Annual, glabrous or often pubescent, looselj' much branched, i°-2° high, the branches as- cending or spreading, mostly stout, somewhat ridged. Leaves dull green or grayish, t,"-io" long, succulent, lanceolate-subulate, swollen at the base, the midvein excurrent into a stout yellowish green prickle; flowers solitary in the axils; wing of the persistent calyx nearly orbi- cular, lobed, becoming lacerate, not conspicu- ously veined, 2"-4" in diameter; calyx coria- ceous, not conspicuously veined, its wing not longer than the ascending lobe.

On sea beaches, Cape Breton Island to Florida. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept.

2. Salsola Tragus L. Russian Thistle. (Fig. 1397.)

Salsola Tragus 1,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 322. 1762. Salsola Kali var. Tragus Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 187. 1849.

Similar to the preceding species, but bushy branched, the branches usually slender. Leaves and outer branches usually bright red at matu- rity; leaves not noticeably swollen at the base, linear, prickle-tipped, less fleshy; calyx mem- branous, conspicuously veiny, its wing longer than the ascending lobe.

In cultivated fields and waste places, New Jersey to Ontario, the Northwest Territory and Kansas. A very- troublesome weed in many parts of the Central and Western States. Naturalized from northern Europe or Asia. Julj'-Sept.

Family i6. AMARANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. i: 204. 1805.

Amaranth Family.

Herbs, some exotic genera low shrubs, with alternate or opposite simple mostly entire thin leaves. Flowers small, green or white, perfect, monoecious, polygamous, or dioecious, bracteolate, variously clustered, usualh' in terminal spikes or axillarj' heads. Petals none. Calyx herbaceous or membranous, 2-5- parted, the segments distinct or united at the base, equal, or the inner ones smaller. Stamens 1-5, mostly oppo-site the calyx-.segments, h^^pogjniotis; fila- ments distinct, united at the base, or into a tube; anthers i -celled or 2-celled. Ovary ovoid or subglobose, i -celled; ovule solitary' in the following genera, am- phitropous (several in some tropical genera); st3'le short, elongated or none; stigmas 1-3. Fruit a utricle, circumscissile, bursting irregularlj' or indehiscent, i-seeded in ovu: genera. Seed mostly smooth; embryo annular; endo.sperm meal}', usually copious.

About 40 genera and 425 species, widely distributed, most abundant in warm regions.

Anthers 2-cened: leaves alternate.

Calyx 5- parted or of 5 sepals. I. Amaranlhus.

Calyx of the pistillate flowers wanting. 2. Acnida.

Anthers i-celled; leaves opposite.

Flowers in small axillary clusters. 3. Cladothrix.

Flowers variouslj' spicate or paniculate.

Calj-.x 5-cleft; filaments united into a tube. 4. Froelichia.

Calyx 5-parted; filaments united at the base. 5. Iresine.

AMARANTH FAMILY.

587

I. AMARANTHUS L. Sp. PI. 989. 1753.

Annual branched erect or diffusely spreading glabrous or pubescent herbs, most of the species weeds, with alternate, petioled pinnately veined entire, undulate or crisped leaves and small monoecious polygamous or dioecious green or purplish mostly 3-bracteolate flowers in dense terminal spikes or axillary clusters. Calyx of 2-5 distinct sepals. Stamens 2-5; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid or oblong utricle, circumscissile, bursting irregularly or indehiscent, 2-3 beaked by the persis- tent styles. Embryo annular. [Greek, unfading flower, from the dry, unwithering bracts.]

About 50 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following some 22 others occur in the southern and western United States. "Utricle circumscissile, the top falling awaj^ as a lid.

Flowers, at least the upper, in dense terminal spikes. Axils not spine-bearing.

Spikes stout, 4"-7" thick. i. A. reti-ofiexus.

Spikes slender, 2"-3" thick. 2. A. hybridus.

A pair of stout spines in each axil. 3. A. spinosns.

Flowers all in small a.xillary clusters, mostly shorter than the leaves.

Plant prostrate ; sepals 4 or 5. 4. A. blitoides.

Plant erect, bushy-branched; sepals 3. 5. A. graecizans.

Utricle indehiscent, membranous, coriaceous or fleshy.

Upper flowers in terminal, more or less elongated spikes.

Sepals 5, clawed; flowers dioecious; southwestern species.

Bracts cuspidate-tipped, short. 6. A.

Bracts subulate, long and sharp. 7. A.

Torreyi. Palmeri.

Sepals 2 or 3, oblong or spatulate; flowers monoecious or polygamous; in waste places

Utricle smooth, dry, scanous. Utricle fleshy, 3-5-nerved. Flowers all in small axillary clusters shorter than the leaves. Plant not fleshy; stem prostrate; leaves crisped. Sea-coast fleshy plant; stem short, erect; leaves not crisped.

A. Uvidus. A. deflexKs.

A. crispus. A. puniilus.

I. Amaranthus retroflexus L.

Aynaranlhxts retroflexus L,. Sp. PI. 991. 1753.

Roughish-puberulent, rather light green, stem stout, erect or ascending, commonly branched, i°- 10° tall. Leaves ovate, rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, slender-petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, the larger 3^-6' long, their margins undulate or entire; flowers green, densely aggregated in terminal and axillary spikes, which are sessile, stout, obtuse or subacute, ovoid-cylindric, erect or ascending, Yz'-'^yz' long, \"-']" thick; bracts subulate, twice as long as the 5 scarious narrowly oblong or slightly spatulate mucronate-tipped and often emarginate sepals; stamens 5; utricle slightly wrinkled, thin, circumscissile, rather shorter than the sepals.

A weed, in cultivated and waste soil, throughout North America except the extreme north. Also in Eu- rope. Naturalized from tropical America. Aug. -Oct.

Rough Pigweed.

2. Amaranthus hybridus L. Slender Pigweed. (Fig. 1399.)

Amaranthus hybridus I,- Sp. PI. 990. 1753. Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. Sp. PI. 991. 1753. yi. t/z/oroj/at/rj'j- Willd. Amaranth. 34. pi. 10. t. ig. 1790. Amarantus chlorostachys var. hybridus S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 428. 1890.

Similar to the preceding species but darker green, or purple, pubescent or nearly glabrous; stem usually slender, erect, usually branched, 2°-8° tall. Leaves bright green on both sides or paler beneath, usually smaller, slender-petioled; spikes linear-cylindric, axil- lary and forming dense terminal panicles, ascending, somewhat spreading or drooping; bracts subulate, twice as long as the 5 oblong acute or cuspidate sepals; stamens 5 ; utricle scarcely wrinkled, circumscissile.

A weed, in waste grounds, range of the preceding spe- cies. Naturalized from tropical America. Aug.-Oct.

588

AMARANTHACEAE.

Amaranthus hybridus paniculatus (L,. ) Uline & Bray, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 145. 1894. Amaranlliiis pa)iiciilatns L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1406. 1763.

Flowers and foliage more or less deeply tinged with red or purple ; leaves sometimes lanceolate and bracts shorter. Range of the type, but less abundant.

3. Amaranthus spinosus L,. Spiny Amaranth. (Fig. 1400.)

Aniaranlhus spinosus L. Sp. PI. 991. I753-

Rather dark green, glabrous or somewhat pu- bescent above, stem stout, erect or ascending, ridged, usually much branched, sometimes red, i°- 4° high. Leaves ovate, rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, slender-petioled, acute at both ends, \'~ 3' long, with a pair of rigid stipular spines li'-V long at each node, the midvein excurreut; flowers in numerous capitate axillary clusters, mostly shorter than the petioles and in dense terminal linear-cylindric spreading or drooping spikes i'-6' long; bracts lanceolate- subulate about as long as the 5 scarious oblong mucronate-tipped i-nerved sepals, and the thin imperfectly circumscissile utricle; stamens 5.

In waste and cultivated soil, Massachusetts to Penn- sylvania, Ohio and Kansas, south to Florida and Mexico. Naturalized from tropical America. A troublesome weed southward. June-Sept.

4. Amaranthus bUtoides S. Wats. Prostrate Amaranth. (Fig. 1401.) A. bliloides S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 273. 1877.

Nearly or quite glabrous, rather pale green, stem diffusely branched, prostrate and spreading on the ground, ridged, 6'-2° long, often forming mats. Leaves obovate or spatulate, long, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed into slen- der petioles, sometimes longer than the blades; flowers iu small axillary clusters mostly shorter than the petioles; bracts lanceolate-subulate, lit- tle longer than the 4 or 5 oblong-lanceolate acute or cuspidate sepals; stamens 3; utricle nearly smooth, .circumscissile, equalling or slightly longer than the sepals.

In waste places, especially along the principal routes of travel, Maine to southern Ontario and Min- nesota, south to New Jersey, Missouri and Kansas. Naturalized from west of the Rocky Mountains, where it appears to be indigenous from Utah and Colorado to Mexico. June-Oct.

5. Amaranthus graecizans L,. Tum- ble-weed. (Fig. 1402.)

Amaranthus graecizans L. Sp. PI. 990. 1753. Amaranthus albnsX,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1404. 1763.

Glabrous, pale green, stem erect, bushy- branched, whitish, 6'-2° tall, the branches slen- der, ascending. Leaves oblong, spatulate or obovate, Yz'-iYz' long, slender-petioled, papil- lose, the midvein excurrent; flowers polyga- mous, several together in small axillarj^ clusters shorter than the leaves, commonly not longer than the petioles; bracts subulate, pungent- pointed, spreading, much longer than the 3 membranous sepals; stamens 3; utricle wrinkled, circumscissile, longer than: he sepals.

In waste and cultivated sou, throughout North America. Naturalized from tropical America. The leaves fall away in autumn, and on the western plains the plant, thus denuded, is freely uprooted and blown before the wind, whence the popular name. June-Sept.

AMARANTH FAMILY.

589

6. Amaranthus Torreyi (A. Gray) Benth. Torrey's Amaranth.

(Fig. 1403.)

Amblogyne Torreyi A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 5: 167. 1861.

Amarantns Torreyi Benth.; S. Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 42. 1880.

Glabrous or nearly so, stem stout or slender, erect, grooved, usually much branched above, 2°- 3° tall. l,eaves lanceolate or rhombic-lanceolate, thin, narrowed above to a rather blunt apex, mostly cuneate at the base, xYz'-a,' long, H'-x' wide, slen- der-petioled; flowers dioecious, borne in terminal slender sometimes panicled spikes and in small ax- illary clusters; bracts shorter than or about equal- ling the 5 sepals, cuspidate; sepals of the pistillate flowers obovate or broadly spatulate, clawed, obtuse or emarginate, those of the staminate flowers nar- rower and subacute; utricle dry, indehiscent.

In dry soil, western Nebraska to Nevada, south to Mexico. Plant with the aspect of ^c«/rfa. June-Aug.

7. Amaranthus Palmeri S. Wats. Pal- mer's Amaranth. (Fig. 1404.)

Amaranthus Palmeri S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 274. 1876.

Somewhat similar to the preceding species, stem erect, slender, branched, 2°-3° tall, usually pubes- cent above. Leaves ovate, rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base, prominently veined, slender-petioled, the lower petiole often longer than the blades; flowers dioecious, borne in elongated erect or drooping spikes often 1' long or more, and some of them commonly in small clusters in the upper axils; bracts subulate, spiny-awned, spreading, twice as long as the sepals; sepals 5, spatulate, clawed; utricle dry, indehiscent.

In dry soil, western Kansas (according to A. S. Hitchcock) to Texas and Mexico, west to California. June-Sept.

8. Amaranthus lividus L. Purphsh Amaranth. (Fig. 1405.)

Amaranthus lividus L. Sp. PI. 990. 1753.

Etixolus lividus Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 275. 1849.

Glabrous, rather succulent, purplish-green, stem erect, slender, branched, i°-3° tall. Leaves ovate, entire, long, strongly emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, slender-petioled; flowers monoecious or polygamous, in dense terminal spikes and in capitate axillary clusters usually much shorter than the petioles; bracts shorter than the 2 or 3 oblong or spatulate sepals; utricle dry, scar- ious, smooth, indehiscent, longer than the sepals.

In waste places, eastern Massachusetts to southern New York. Adventive from tropical America. July- Sept.

590

AMARANTHACEAE.

9. Amaranthus deflexus L. Low

Amaranth. (Fig. 1406.)

Avtaranthus deflexus L. Mant. 2: 295. 1771. Euxolus deflexus Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 42. 1836.

Glabrous, purplisb-greeu, rather succulent, stem usually much branched, erect, stout or slender, i°-3° tall. Leaves ovate or oval obtuse retuse or emarginate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, long, wide, slender-petioled,

the petioles often as long as the blades or the lower ones longer; flowers polygamous in dense, mostly short and thick terminal spikes and capi- tate in the axils; bracts shorter than the 2 or 3 ob- long or spatulate sepals usually very short; utricle fleshy, 3-5-ner\-ed, smooth, iudehisccnt, rather shorter than the sepals.

In waste places and ballast along' the coast, Massa- chusetts to southern New York. Also in California. Probably adventive from tropical America. July-Sept.

10. Amaranthus crispus (Lesp. &Tliev.) Braun

(Fig. 1407.)

Euxolus crispus Lesp. & Thev. Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 6: 656. 1859.

Amar-anitis crispus Braun; A. Graj-, Man. Ed. 6, 428. 1890.

Pubescent, stem copiously branched, slender, spreading on the ground, prostrate, forming mats ?>'-2%° in diameter. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly acute at the apex and narrowed at the base, petioled, long, their margins remarkably

crisped; petioles shorter than or exceeding the blades; flowers all in small axillary clusters shorter than the petioles; bracts lanceolate, cuspidate, shorter than the 5 spatulate spreading sepals; sta- mens (always?) 3; utricle wrinkled, indehiscent, about as long as the sepals.

In waste places, New York city, Brooklyn and Al- bany, N. Y. Also in France. Native region unknown. June-Sept.

Crisp-leaved Amaranth.

II. Amaranthus pumilus Raf. Coast Amaranth. (Fig. 1408.)

Aviaranlus pumilus Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 360. 1808.

Euxolus pumilus Chapm. Fl. S. States, 381. i860.

Glabrous, fleshy, branched, the branches pros- trate or ascending, s'-S' long. Leaves ovate, rhombic-ovate or suborbicular, most of them clustered toward the ends of the branches, ob- tuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, prominently veined, peti- oled, 3"-io" long, the veins often purple; flowers few together in small axillary clusters; bracts lanceolate, subacute, shorter than the 5 oblong obtuse sepals; stamens 5; anthers yellow; utricle fleshy, indehiscent, faintly 5-ribbed, slightly wrinkled, nearly twice as long as the sepals when mature; seed very large for the genus.

On sea beaches, Rhode Island to North Carolina. June-Sept.

AMARANTH FAMILY. 591

2. ACNIDA L. Sp. 1027. 1753.

Annual, erect or decumbent, glabrous branching herbs, similar to the dioecious Amar- anths, with alternate petioled thin pinnately veined leaves. Flowers small, green, 1-3- bracted, in terminal and axillary, continuous or interrupted spikes, or clustered in the axils. Stamiuate flowers consisting of 5 scarious erect i-nerved mucronate sepals longer than the bracts, and as many stamens; filaments subulate, distinct; anthers 2-celled. Pistillate flowers without a calyx; ovary ovoid or subglobose; stigmas 2-5, papillose or plumose, short or elongated. Utricle fleshy and indehiscent, or membranous and bursting irregularly or cir- cumscissile; seed erect, smooth and shining. [Greek, without nettle.]

About 4 species, natives of eastern North America and the West Indies.

Utricle fleshy, angled, indehiscent; salt-marsh plant. i. A. cannabina.

Utricle membranous, dehiscent or indehiscent, not angled; plants of fresh water swamps.

2. A. tamariscijia.

I. Acnida cannabina L,. Salt-marsh Water-hemp. (Fig. 1409.)

Acnida cannabina L. Sp. PI. 1027. 1753. A. rttsocarpa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 234. pi. §0. 1803.

Succulent, stem stout or slender (sometimes i' in diameter at the base), usually much branched, i°- 10° tall, the branches ascending. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate but generally blunt-pointed and apiculate at the apex, 2'-6' long, wide, narrowed at the

base, entire or slightly undulate; petiole usually shorter than the blade; stamiuate spikes i'-5' long, usually dense; sepals oblong-lanceolate or ovate-ob- long, acute, acuminate or obtusish, cuspidate or mu- cronate; fertile spikes dense or loose; stigmas slender, papillose- hispid, Yz" long; utricle fleshy, indehis- cent, 3-5-angled, subglobose or obovoid, long when mature, becoming black, much longer than the bracts.

In salt and brackish marshes, and up the rivers to fresh water, Massachusetts to Florida, July-Aug,

Acnida Floridana S. Wats, Proc, Am, Acad, 10: 376, a more slender plant, of the southern At- lantic coast, with narrower slender-petioled leaves, the flowers in elongated interrupted spikes, and a smaller utricle, may occur in southern Virginia,

2. Acnida tamariscina (Nutt. ) Wood. Western Water-hemp. (Fig. 1410.)

Aniarantus taniariscimis Nutt, Trans. Am. Phil, Soc.

(II,) 5: 165, 1833-37, Acnida tamariscina Wood, Bot, & Fl, 289, 1873,

Similar to the preceding species, much branched, erect, the branches usually slender, erect-ascending. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2'-6' long, mostly long-acuminate, but sometimes obtuse at the apex and mucronate or cuspidate-tipped, narrowed at the base, the petioles commonly shorter than the blades; spikes mostly loose or interrupted, often 5' long; se- pals lanceolate, subulate-acuminate; stigmas plumose, rather short; utricle membranous, not angled, long, circumscissile; bractlets lanceolate, cuspidate.

In swamps, Illinois to South Dakota, Louisiana and New Mexico. July-Sept,

Acnida tamariscina tuberculata (Moq,) Uline & Bray, Bot, Gaz, 20: 157, 1895, Acnida tuberculata Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 278. 1849, Acnida tamariscina var. submida S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man, Ed, 6, 429, 1890,

Tall, erect, sometimes 10° high, with flexuous branches; inflorescence spicate; utricle ovoid, tubercled, indehiscent, Vermont to Manitoba, Tennessee and Nebraska, This and the following varieties perhaps constitute a distinct species,

Acnida tamariscina concatenata (Moq,) Uline & Bray, Bot, Gaz, 20: 158, 1895, Acnida cannabina var, concatenata Moq, in DC, Prodr, 13: Part 2, 278, 1849. Montelia tamariscina var. concatenata A. Gray, Man. Ed, 5, 413, 1867,

Stem often decumbent; flowers larger, in separated glomerules. Range of preceding variety.

38

592 AMARANTHACEAE.

Acnida tamariscina prostrata I'line & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 158. 1895. Stems diffuse and prostrate or sometimes ascending; leaves rarely over i' long-, spatulate; flowers in axillary clusters or in separated glomerules. Michigan and South Dakota to Missouri.

3. CLADOTHRIX Xutt.; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 359. 1849.

Annual or perennial diffusely branched stellate-pubescent herbs, with opposite entire or slightly undulate petioled leaves, and very small perfect 3-bracted flowers, solitary or clustered in the axils. Calyx of 5 equal pilose erect dry oblong i-nerved sepals. Stamens 5, hypogy- nous, their filaments united at the base, their anthers i-celled. Ovary subglobose; style short; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Utricle globose, indehiscent. [Greek, branch-hair, from the stellate pubescence.]

About 4 species, natives of southwestern North America and Mexico.

I. Cladothrix lanuginosa Nutt. Cladothrix. (Fig. 1411.)

Achyrantltes lanuginosa Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. See. (II.)

5: 166. 1833-37. Cladothrix lanuginosa Nutt.; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13:

Part 2, 360. 1849.

Perennial, somewhat woody at the base, or sometimes annual, stem terete, much branched, sometimes thick- ened at the nodes, the branches prostrate or ascending, 4'-i2' long. Leaves orbicular, broadly ovate or rhom- bic-ovate, obtuse or acute, usually narrowed at the base, entire, inconspicuously veined, rather firm, 2"-i2" wide, the petioles shorter than or equalling the blades; flowers Yz" broad or less, mostly clustered in the axils of small upper leaves toward the ends of the branches.

In dry soil, Kansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. June-Sept.

4. FROELICHIA Moench, Metli. 50. 1794.

Annual, erect woolly or silky, branching or simple herbs, with opposite sessile entire or slightly undulate narrow leaves, or the lower and basal ones contracted into petioles. Flow- ers perfect, 3-bracted, often bracteolate, in panicled dense spikes. Calyx tubular, nearly terete, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, very wooll)', its tube longitudinally crested and sometimes tuber- cled in fruit. Stamens 5, their filaments united into a tube, which is 5-cleft at the summit and bears the i-celled anthers between its lobes. Ovary ovoid; style slender or wanting; stigma capitate or penicillate. Utricle indehiscent, enclosed by the tube of united filaments. [Name in honor of J. A. Froelich, a German botanist.]

About 12 species, all American. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the Southwestern States.

Stout, 2°-4° tall; crests of fruiting calyx continuous, dentate. I. F. Floridana.

Slender, 10' -20' tall; crests of fruiting calyx interrupted. 2. F. gracilis.

I. Froelichia Floridana (Nutt.) Moq. Florida Froelichia. (Fig. 141 2.)

Oplotheca Floridana Nutt. Gen. 2: 79. 1818. Froelichia Floridana Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 420. 1849.

Stem stout, 2°-4° tall, the branches slender, erect- ascending, leafless above. Upper leaves linear or lin- ear-oblong, sessile, acute or acuminate at both ends, 1^-3' long, the lower spatulate or oblanceolate, obtuse or acute at the apex, 3^-6' long, Yz'-i' wide, narrowed into margined petioles; spikes mostly opposite, nar- rowly ovoid or oblong, obtuse or subacute, Yz'-i' long; fruiting calyx with prominent longitudinal wing-like toothed crests.

In dry soil, Illinois and Minnesota to Nebraska and Colorado, south to Tennessee, Florida, Kansas and Texas. June-Sept.

2.

AMARANTH FAMILY

Froelichia gracilis Moq. Slender Froelichia. (Fig. 14 13.)

Froelichia gracilis Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 420. 1849.

Similar to the preceding species but the stem slen- der, branched, especially from the base, or sometimes simple, lo'-ao' tall. Leaves all linear or linear-oblong, acute at both ends, 9'^-2' long, sessile or the lower commonly spatulate, obtusish and narrowed into very short petioles; spikes alternate or opposite, oblong, mostly obtuse, long; fruiting calyx with 5 longi-

tudinal rows of processes or these confluent into inter- rupted crests.

In dry soil, western Nebraska and Colorado to Texas. Perhaps intergrades with the preceding species. June- Sept.

5. IRESINE P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jam. 358. 1756.

Annual or perennial tall herbs, with opposite broad petioled thin leaves and very small polygamous perfect or dioecious 3-bracted white flowers, in large terminal panicles or pan- icled spikes. Calyx 5-parted, the pistillate usually woolly-pubescent. Stamens 5, rarely less; filaments united by their bases, filiform; anthers i-celled. Utricle very small, subglobose, indehiscent. [Greek, in allusion to the woolly pubescence.]

About 20 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following another occurs in the southwestern United States.

I. Iresine paniculata (L,. ) Kuntze. Blood-leaf. Jiiba's Bu.sh. (Fig. 1414.)

Celosia paniculata L. Sp. PI. 206. 1753. Iresine celosioides L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1456. 176,3. Iresine paniculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 542. 1891.

Annual, stem erect, usually branched, slender, 2°-5° tall, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, 2'-6' long, slender-petioled, pinnately veined, nearly or quite glabrous; flowers very numerous, i'' broad or less, in large terminal much branched panicles; calyx and bracts silvery, dry; pistillate flowers white-villous at the base, about twice as long as the bracts.

In dry soil, Ohio to Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. Widely distributed in tropical America. Aug. -Sept.

Family 17. PHYTOLACCACEAE Lindl, Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 213. 1836.

PoKEWEED Family.

Herbs (some tropical species shrtibs or trees) with alternate entire mostly ex- stipulate leaves, and perfect regular polygamous or monoecious usually racemose flowers. Calyx 4-5-parted or of 4 or 5 distinct sepals, its .segments or sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals wanting. Stamens as many as the calj'x-segments or sepals and alternate with them, or more numerous, hypogj'nous; filaments subulate or filiform, distinct or united at the base; anthers 2 -celled, the sacs longittidinally dehiscent, often nearly separated. Ovary superior, several-celled in most of the genera; ovules solitary in the cavities, amphitropous. Styles as many as the carpels, short or none; stigmas linear or filiform. Fruit a berry in the following genus, capsular or samaroid in some tropical genera. Endosperm of the .seed mealy or fleshy.

About 22 genera and 85 species, mcstly in the tropics.

594

PHYTOLACCACEAE.

I. PHYTOLACCA L. Sp. PI. 41. 1753.

Tall perennial herbs (some tropical species wood}'), with ample petioled cxstipulate leaves, and small flowers in terminal racemes, which by the further growth of the stem be- come opposite the leaves. Pedicels bracted at the base and often 1-3 bracted above. Calyx of 4 or 5 persistent rounded sepals. Stamens 5-15, inserted at the base of the calyx; anthers mostly oblong. Ovary subglobose, composed of 5-15 distinct or somewhat united carpels. Fruit a depressed-globose 5-15-celled fleshy berry. Seeds i in each cavity, erect, compressed; embryo annular in the mealj' endosperm. [Name Greek and French, referring to the crimson juice of the berries.]

About ID species, the following of eastern North America, the others of tropical distribution.

I. Phytolacca decandra L. Poke. Scoke. Pigeon-berry. Garget. (Fig. 1415.)

Phytolacca decandra L. Sp. PI. Kd. 2, 631. 1762.

A glabrous strong-smelling succulent erect branching herb, 4°- 12° tall, the root peren- nial, large, poisonous, the stem stout, its pith divided into disks separated by lens-shaped cavities. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, pinnately veined, acute or acumi- nate at both ends, 8'-i2' long; petioles long; racemes peduncled, 2'-8' long; pedicels divergent, 2"-6" long, each with a subulate- lanceolate bractlet at its base and usually 2 similar ones above; flowers perfect; calyx white, 2"-T," broad, its sepals suborbicular, or oval; stamens 10, slightly shorter than the sepals; ovary green, lo-celled; styles recurved; berry dark purple, 5"-6" in diameter, 3^'-4" high, very juicy, its 10 carpels conspicuous when dry.

In various situations, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Sometimes a troublesome weed. Naturalized in Europe. The young shoots are eaten like asparagus. June-Sept. Berries ripe Aug.-Oct. Also called Inkberrj-.

Family 18. NYCTAGINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 213. 1836.

Four-o'clock Family. Herbs (some tropical genera trees or shrubs) with simple entire leaves, and regular flowers in terminal or axillary clusters, in the following genera sub- tended by involucres of distinct or united bracts. Petals none. Calyx inferior, usually corolla-like, its limb campanulate, tubular or salverform, 4-5-lobed or 4-5-toothed. Stamens hypogj'nous; filaments filiform; anthers 2-celled, dehis- cent by lateral slits. Ovarj' enclosed by the tube of the perianth, sessile or stipitate, i -celled, i-ovuled; ovule campy lotropous; style short or elongated; stigma capitate. Fruit a ribbed, grooved or winged anthocarp.

About 17 genera and 250 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in America. Involucre of united bracts; pairs of leaves equal. I. Allionia.

Involucre of separate bracts; pairs of leaves mostly unequal. 2. Abronia.

I. ALLIONIA Loefl. Iter Hisp. i8i. 1758. [OxvBAPHUS L'Her.; Willd. Sp. PI. i: 185. 1797.]

Forking herbs, with opposite equal leaves, and involucres in loose terminal panicles. Involucre 5-lobed (of 5 partially united bracts) 3-5-fiowered, becoming enlarged and reticu- late-veined after flowering. Perianth campanulate, its tube constricted above the ovary, its limb corolla-like, deciduous. Stamens 3-5, generally 3, unequal, hypogynous. Fruit ob- ovoid or clavate, strongly ribbed, pubescent in our species. [Name in honor of Chas. AUioni, 1725-1804, a botanist of Turin.]

About 20 species, natives of North and South America, one Asiatic. Leaves broadlj' ovate, cordate or oblong-ovate, all petioled. i. A. nyctaginea.

Leaves oblong or lanceolate, only the lower petioled.

Plant glabrous or nearly so except the inflorescence. 2. A. albida.

Plant densely pubescent all over. 3. A. Iiirsula.

Leaves linear, sessile.

Plant tall, i°-2° high; branches erect-ascending. 4. A. linearis.

Plants low, 4'-io' high, diffusely branched; branches divergent.

Involucres axillarj-, their lobes ovate-oblong, acute. 5. A. Bodini.

Involucres clustered at the ends of branches, lobes semicircular, obtuse. 6. A. Bushi.

FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.

595

I. Allionia nyctaginea Michx. Heart-leaved Umbrella-wort. (Fig. 1416.)

AUionia nyclaginea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: loo. 1803. Oxybaphns nyctaginens Sweet, Hort. Brit. 429. 1830.

Stem angled, often 4-sided below, rather slender, glabrous or but slightly pubescent, i°-3°tall. Leaves broadly ovate, 2^-4' long, i'-3' wide, acute at the apex, cordate, rounded or truncate at the base, all petioled except the small bract-like uppermost ones, glabrous or nearly so; peduncles and pedicels com- monly somewhat pubescent; involucre shorter than the flowers; perianth red; stamens 3-5, exserted; style exserted; fruit oblong or narrowly obovoid, very pubescent.

In dry soil, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, Illi- nois, Louisiana, Texas and New Mexico. May-Aug.

Allionia nyctaginea ovata (Pursh) Morong, Mem. Torn

Club, 5: 146. 1894. Allionia ovata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 97. 1814. Oxybaphns nyctaginens var. oblongifolius Torr. Bot. Slex. Bound. Surv. 174. 1859.

Leaves oblong, lanceolate, oblanceolate or obovate, not at all cordate at the base; inflorescence very pubes- cent. Nebraska to Texas and New Mexico.

2. Allionia albida Walt. Pale Umbrella- wort. (Fig. 141 7.)

Allionia albida Walt. Fl. Car. 84. 1788. Oxybaphns albidus Choisy in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 434. 1849.

Stem erect, furrowed or striate, 4-sided below, i°-3° tall, glabrous or pubescent above, the pe- duncles and branches commonl}' more or less glandular and viscous. Leaves lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, 3-veined from the base, glabrous, pubescent or ciliate, the upper sessile, the lower short-petioled; involucre much enlarged in fruit, pubescent, ciliate, becoming whitish and purple- veined; perianth pink or lilac; stamens and style often exserted; fruit with 5 or 6 obtuse hispid ribs, roughened in the furrows.

South Carolina to South Dakota and Colorado, south to Florida, Missouri and Texas. May-Aug.

Allionia hirsuta brella-wort.

Pursh. Hairy Um- (Fig. 1418.)

Allionia hirsuta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 728. 1814.

Oxybaphns hirsnttts Choisy in DC. Prodr, 13: Part 2, 433- 1849-

Stem slender, i "-3° tall, erect, angled and stri- ate, glandular-pubescent, especially at the nodes, occasionally glabrate toward the base. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse at the apex, sessile or the lowest sometimes short-petioled, pubescent, i'-3'loug; branches and petioles very pubescent; inflorescence usually contracted; stamens often 5; fruit narrowly obovoid, the ribs obtuse, sometimes with low intermediate ribs in the furrows.

In dry soil, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, south to Wisconsin, Colorado and Texas. July-Aug.

N YCT AGINACE AE .

4. AUionia linearis Pursh. Narrow-leaved Umbrella-wort. (Fig. 1419. )

Allionia linearis Pursh, FI. Atn. Sept. 728. 1814. Calvmenia angtistifolia Nutt. Fraser's Cat. Name only. 1813.

Oxybaphns angusti/olius Sweet, Hort. Brit. 429. 1830.

Stem slender, terete or somewhat 4-aDgled below, glabrous,glaucous,i°-4X° tall, erect, the branches and peduncles sometimes puberulent. Leaves linear, thick, i-nerved, i'-2>^' long, lyi"-^" wide, obtuse or acute at the apex, sessile or the lower occasionally short-peti- oled; involucre about 3-flowered, green before flow- ering; perianth purple, longer than the involucre; sta- mens and style exserted; fruit commonly roughened in the furrows between the 5 prominent ribs.

Tn dry soil, Minnesota to Utah, south to Texas and Mexico. June-.\ug.

AUionia Bodini (Holzinger) Moroiig. Bodin's Umbrella-wort.

287.

Oxybaplius Bodini Holzinger, Contr. Nat. Herb.

pi. 21. 1893. Allionia Bodini Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 355

1894.

Low, glabrous or minutely pubescent, stem whit- ish, diffusely branched, slender, 2'-^' high, the branches divergent. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, long, i'^ wide or less, slightly narrowed at both ends, fleshy; involucres solitary and short-pe- duncled in the upper axils, finely pubescent, about 3'' broad when mature, 5-lobed to about the middle, the lobes ovate-oblong, acute; fruit narrowly obovoid, obtusely 5-ribbed, very pubescent, 2yi" high.

In dry .soil, eastern Colorado and western Kansas. June-July.

6. Allionia Bushi Britton. Bush's Umbrella-wort. (Fig. 142 1.)

Allionia Bushi Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 223. 1895.

Low, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, stem nearly white, diffusel}- branched, about 8' high, the branches slender, widel}- divergent. Leaves nar- rowl}- linear, sessile, \'-2/ long, wide, blunt, their width almost uniform from base to apex; involucres clustered at the ends of the branches, at first campauulate and longer than the flowers, at length rotate and becoming 10" broad, membranous, pubescent, finely reticulate-veined, their short lobes semicircular, rounded, the mid- veins prominent.

In drj- ground; Jackson Co., Missouri. Aug.

2. ABRONIA Juss. Gen. 448. 1774. Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite petioled thick entire leaves, one of each pair somewhat larger than the other. Stems ascending, erect or prostrate, branching, mostly glan- dular-pubescent, with clustered or solitary numerous-flowered involucres on long axillary peduncles. Flowers sessile, usualh' conspicuous. Perianth-tube elongated, tubular or fun- nelform, the limb spreading, 5-lobed, the lobes obcordate or emarginate. Stamens 3-5, un-

FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.

597

equal, inserted ou the tube of the periauth; anthers linear-oblong, inclurled. Style filiform. Fruit dry, 1-5-winged, the wings broad or narrow, reticulate-veined. Seed cylindric, smooth, shining. [Name from the Greek, graceful.]

About 15 species, all American. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in western North America.

Perennial; flowers white; wings of the fruit i" broad or less. Annual; flowers pink; wing's thin, 4"-7" broad, very conspicuous.

1. A. fi-agrans.

2. A. micrantlia.

I. Abronia fragrans Nutt. White Abronia. (Fig. 1422.)

Abronia fragraHS Nutt. ; Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. 5: 261. 1853!

Perennial, viscid-pubescent, stem erect or as- cending, usual!}' much branched, i°-2° high. Leaves oval, ovate or oblong-elliptic, petioled, obtuse at the apex, cuneate, truncate or rounded at the base, i'-2^'long; bracts of the involucre 5 or 6, large, ovate or obovate, white; flowers white, very numerous in the involucres, 5^^-10^' long, fragrant, opening at night; fruit i/'-^" high, coriaceous with 5 or sometimes fewer, un- dulate coarsely reticulated wings about I'^wide, which do not close over its summit.

In dry soil, Iowa to Nebraska and Montana, south to Texas and Mexico. June-Aug.

2. Abronia micrantha. (Torr. ) Chois. Pink Abronia. (Fig. 1423.)

Tripleridiiivi micrantlnim Torr. Freni. Rep. q6. 1845-

Abronia micrantha Chois. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part

2, 436. 1849. Abronia Cycloptera A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.)

15: 319- 1853-

Annual, glabrous below, more or less glandu- lar-pubescent above, stem ascending, branched, i°-2° high. Leaves similar to those of the pre- ceding species in size and outline; involucral bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acumi- nate; flowers several or numerous, about long, bright pink; calyx-limb i/'-W broad; fruit nearly \' high, its 2-4 membranous wings broad, entire-margined, shining, very conspicuous, glabrous, united over the body of the fruit, beautifully reticulate-veined.

In dry soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming and Nevada, south to Texas and New Mexico. June-Aug.

1864.

Family 19. AIZOACEAE A. Br.; Aschers. Fl. Brand. 60.

C\RPET-WEED FaMII^Y.

Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, mostly prostrate and branching, with (in our species) opposite or verticillate leaves and solitar}- cymose or glomerate per- fect, small regular flowers. Stipules none or scarious, or the petiole-bases dilated. Calyx 4-5 -cleft or 4-5-parted. Petals small or none in our species. Stamens perigynous, equal in number to the sepals, fewer, or more numerous. Ovary usually free from the calyx, 3-5-celled, and ovules numerous in each cell in our species. Fruit a capsule with loculicidal or circuniscissile dehiscence. Seeds amphitropous; seed-coat crustaceous or membranous; endosperm .scanty or copious; embryo slender, curved.

22 genera and about 500 species, mostly of warm regions, a few in the temperate zones.

Fleshy, sea-coast herbs; leaves opposite ; capsule circumscissile. I. Sesiivium.

Not fleshy; leaves verticillate; capsule 3-valved. 2. MoUugo.

598 AIZOACEAE.

I. SESUVIUM L. Syst. Ed. lo, 1058. 1759. Fleshy decumbent or prostrate herbs, with opposite leaves and solitary or clustered axil- lary pink or purplish flowers. Stipules none, but the petioles often dilated and connate at the base. Calyx-tube top-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse. Petals none. Stamens 5 60, inserted on the tube of the calyx. Filaments filiform, sometimes united at the base. Ovary 3-5-celled. Styles 3-5, papillose along the inner side. Capsule membranous, oblong, 3-5-celled, circumscissile. Seeds round-reniform, smooth; embryo annular.

About 4 species, natives of sea-coasts and saline regions. Besides the following, another occurs in the Southern States and in the alkaline areas of the Far West.

I. Sesuvium maritimum (Walt.) B.S.P. Sea Purslane. (Fig. 1424.)

Pharnaceum maritimum Walt. Fl. Car. 117. 1788.

Sesiivium pen/andrtini Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 556. 1821..

Sesuvium marilivium B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 20. 1888.

Annual, glabrous, decumbent or as- cending, rarely erect, branches 2'-ii' long. Leaves obovate or spatulate, entire, rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, narrowed into a petiole or the upper ones sessile, long; flowers sessile or very nearly so, about \" broad, mostly solitary in the axils; stamens 5, alternate with the calyx- lobes; capsule ovoid, about 1" high, scarcely longer than the calyx.

Sands of the seashore, eastern Long' Island, N. Y., to Florida. July-Sept.

2. MOLLUGO Sp. PI. 89. 1753.

Herbs, mostly annual, much branched, with verticillate, or in some species basal or al- ternate leaves, and small cymose or axillary whitish flowers. Stipules scarious, membran- ous, deciduous. Calj'x 5-parted. Sepals persistent, scarious-margined. Petals none. Stamens 3-5, when 3 alternate with the cells of the ovary, when 5 alternate with the sepals. Ovary ovoid or globose, usually 3-celled. Capsule usually 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds small, the testa smooth, granular or sculptured.

About 12 species, most of them of tropical distribution. Besides the following, another occurs in the Southwestern States.

I. MoUugo verticillata L. Carpet- weed. (Fig. 1425.)

Mollugo verticillata L. Sp. PI. 89. 1753.

Prostrate, glabrous, not fleshy, much branched, spreading on the ground and forming patches sometimes 20' in diameter. Leaves verticillate, in 5's or 6's, spatulate, ob- ovate or linear, entire, obtuse, 6"-i2" long, narrowed into a petiole; flowers axillary, less than broad; pedicels filiform; sepals ob- long, slightly shorter than the ovoid capsule, which appears roughened by the projecting seeds; seeds reniform, usually smooth and shining.

In waste places and cultivated grounds, New Brunswick and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Xative of the warmer parts of America, now widely distrib- uted as a weed. Also called Indian Chickweed. May-Sept.

Index of Latin Names.

[Classes and Families in smali, capitals; genera in heavy face ; synonyms in italics.'\

Abama	400	Agrostis		Allium	'■412	Andropogon
Americana	401	Elliottiana	160	tricoccum	glomeratus	102
Abies	56	exarata	160	vineale	413	Hallii	lOI
alba	54	filiformis	142	Allosorus	Halepensis	104
balsamea	57	hyemalis	161	acrosliclioides	28	Janiesii	103
Canadensis	54> 56	Indica	154	Alnus	511	macrouruni	102
Caroliniana	56	intermedia	162	Alnobetula	512	maritimus	101
Fraseri	57	juncea	154	glutinosa	513	provincialis	102
Mariana	55	latifolia	158	incana	512	saccharoides	103
nigra	55	longifolia	151	maritima	513	scoparius	lOI
Abronia	596	Mexica >ia	142	rugosa	512	Torreyanus	103
Cycloplera	597	Novae-Angliae	162	serrulala	512	vaginalus	102
fragrans	597	pauciflora	144	viridis	512	Virginicus	102
micrantha	597	perennans	161	Alopecurus	148	Androstephium	415
Achroanthes	475	raceniosa	143	agrestis	148	coeruleum	416
monophylla	475	rubra	161	alpinus	149	violaceum	416
unifolia	476	rupeslris	161	arislulatus	149	AN'GIOSPERMAE	61
Acliyranthes	sea bra	161	fulvus	149	A nonyma	526
lanuginosa	592	serotina	. 156	geniculatus	149	aquatica
Acnida 589, 501	Spica-venii	167	Monspeliensis	157	ca pi lata	443
cannabina	591	sobolifera	142	pratensis	149	Anthoxanthum	131
Floridana	591	sylvatica	159	Amaranthaceae	586	odoratum	131
rusocarpa	591	ten uiflora	144	Amaranthus	587	Apera	167
tamariscina	591	Virgijiica	153	albus	588	Spica-venti	167
tnberculala	591	I'ulgaris	159	blitoides	588	Aplectrum	481
Acorus	364	Aira	168	crispus	590	liyemale	481
Calamus	364	aqtiatica	194	clilorostachys	587	spicatum	481
Acrostic/mm	atropii rpiirea	170	deflexus	590	Araceae	360
alpinum	10	caespitosa	169	graecizans	588	A rceuthobium
areolatum	20	caryophyllea	168	hybridus	587	min utum	535
liyperboreum	10	coerulea	187	hypoch ondriacus	587	pusillum	535
Ih'ense	10	cristata	194	lividus	589	Arctagrostis	157
plalyneiiros	23	flexuosa	170	Palmeri	589	latifolia	157
polypodioides	33	melicoides	210	paniculatus	588	Arethusa	469
Thelypteris	15	nitida	193	pumilus	590	bulbosa	469
Adiantum	27	obtnsata	192	retroflexus	587 588	spicata	481
Capilhis-Veneri	s 27	praecox	169	spinosus	see Pogonia	467-8
pedatum	27	pii rpu rea	185	taniariscinus	591	Arisaema	361
Adicea	533	subspica/a	171	Torreyi	589	atrorubens	361
pumila	533	AlZOACEAE	597	Amaryllidaceae	443	Dracontium	361
Aegilops	Aletris	425	Amaiyllis	triphyllum	361
aromatica	177	aurea	426	Atamasco	4/1-1	Aristida	133
Agave	445	farinosa	425	Amblogyne	A mericana	136
Virginica	445	Alisma	84	Torreyi	589	basiramea	134
Agropyron	226	cordifolia	86	Aniiantliiuni	desmantha	137
(inc. Triticum)	Plantago-aquatica 85	leinianthoides	406	dichotoma	133
canmum	228	tenellum	85	m uscaetoxicK m	403	dispersa	136
dasystachyum	227	subulata	92	Nuttallii	405	fasciculata	136
glaucn >n	226	Alismaceae	84	Ammophila	166	gracilis	133
repens	226	Allionia	594-6	arenaria	166	lanata	135
tenerum	227	albida	595	am ndinacea	166	la nosa	135
unilaierale	228	Bodini	596	Amphicarpon	109	oligantha	135
violaceum	227	Bushi	596	Amphicarpon	110	purpurascens	134
Agrostis	159	hirsuta	595	Pu rshii	no	purpurea	135
airoides	155	linearis	596	Anacharis		ramosissima	134
alba	159	nyctaginea	595	Canadensis	93	stricta	136
algida	150	ovaia	595	Andropogon	100	tuberculosa	136
altissima	162	Allium	411	alopecuroides	9f	Aristolochiaceae 5.-57
arachnoides	160	Canadense	414	ambigu us	178	Aristolochia	539
aspera	151	cernuum	413	argenleus	lOI	Clematitis	540
asperifolia	160	mutabile	414	argyraeus	lOI	macrophylla	540
brevifolia	153	Nuttallii	414	avenaceum	104	Serpentaria	540
canina	160	ornilhogaloides	415	Belvisii	lOI	Sipho	540
conipressa	156	reticulatum	415	dissitiflorus	102	tomentosa	541
crypta ndra	155	Schoenoprasum	412	Elliottii	103	Arrhenatherum	173
diffusa	143	stellatum	413	furcatus	102	avenacetun	173
el a la	162	striaium	415	glazicus	103	elatius	173

6oo

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

Arum	361	Betula		Calamagrostis			Carex
DracoHliitni	papyrifera	509	yobusla		165	castanea	3I9> 320
triphylhim	361	populifolia	508	styicla		■65	cephaloidea	348
I 'in^inictini Arundinaria	362	pumila	5"	sylvatica		164	cephalophora 349, 344
233	I'lt idis 512, 513	Calamovilfa		166	cli ord orb iza	■211
macrospervia	233	Dleclinum		brevipilis		166	Collinsii
tecta	233	\^irgi}iicum	20	longifolia		167 363	com 7n u }iis	111
Arundo		Blelia		Calla		comosa	"JOT
festucacea	209	apliylla	481 576	palustris		363	C07H pacta	296
Pliragviitcs	184	Blitum 571,	sagittaefolia		362	concinna	332
tecla	233	Boh us-H€U 7'ic7is	S74. 01 ~r	Calligonnm		conj uncta	o-f *
see Calamagrostis	capitatuni	=^76	canescois		580	pnn f 11 Hpa	325
	1 6 -5-6	chenopod ioidcs	577	Calochortus		421	rn ^fnfn
Asarum	538	glaitciivi	571	Gunnisoni		422	costellata
arifoliuni		i\u I la 11 ia n u ni	577	Nuttallii		422	Crawei	■?27 -260
Canadeiise	538	yiibt'u )u		Calopogon		crinita	11 A
iiiacrantliuni	00 V	Boehmeria		pulchellns		480	c )'i slat a	00/
\^irginicuni	ss8	cvlindrica	534	Calymenia			cristatella
Asparagus	428	Botrychium	2	anguslifolia Calypso		596	Crus-corvi
officinalis	428	boreale	2		477	crj-ptocarpa	314
Aspidiuni		gj'acile lanceolatum	4	boyealis		477	cni ta var.	351
see Dryopteris	13-18	4	bulbosa		477	cuspidata	311
Asplenium	22	Lunaria	3	Camassia			Davisii	318
acrostichoides	26	niatricariae folium	3	pyaseyi		423	debilis	320, 321
angustifolium	24	simplex	2	Camptosorus		21	decomposita	343
Bradleyi	26	ternatum and var.	3	rhizoi)hyllus		21	defiexa	334
eboicnni	2S	Virginianum	4	Campulosus		177	Deweyana	354
ebenoides	23	Bouteloua	179	aromaticus		177	digitalis	328
Filix-foeiiiina	26	curtipendula	180	Cannabis		530	distans	324
fontanuni	25	hirsuta	180	sativa		5.30	Douglasii	342
niontaLiiuni	2S	oligostachya	180	Capriola		175	Dyummondiana 338
parv'uluni	23	raceniosa	180	Dactylon		175	durifolia
pinnatifidum	22	Brachyelytrum	146	Carex	284-360	ebii ynea	00^
platyneuron	2% 0	avistaluvi	146	abacta		292	eclii naia var.
i'hizophvllci	21	erectum	146	abbreviata		324	Eleocharis
Ruta-muraria	25	Briza	IQQ	acutiformis		303	E))i moHsii	1X1
ilielvpteroidcs	26	Canadensis	211	adusta		357	exilis
Trichonianes	24	media	IQQ	aestivalis		317		101
viride	24.	minor	199	alata		359	festucacea
Aspf'ellcL		Bromeliaceae	374	alba selifolia		332	filifolia	339
Hystvix		Bromus	219	albica ns		334	filiformis	305
J 'i7'ginicci Athe}'opogo}i	I2Q	asper	220	albolutescens		359	filipendzda	314
breviaristatus	223	Albursina		329	flaccosperma	322
oligostacliyus	180	brizaeformis	223	alopecoidea	344,	345	flava	323, 324
Atriplex	S78	ciliatus	219	alpina		306	flex His	319
arenaria	0/ y	erectus	220	altocaulis		326	foenea	357, 358
arg'entea	579	E^iganletis	218	ambusta		297	folliculata	293
cane see ns	580	hordeaceus	222	amphibola		321	formosa	318, 320
expansa	579	Kalmii	221	anguslala apeyla		308	Frankii	301
liastata	=;78	viollis	222		308	Fraseri	336
I i tlOKdl i s	0/ ^	Porteri	221	anceps var.		327	Frasei-iana	336
Nuttallii	s8o	pnrgans 219,	221	aquatilis		309	fulva	324
patula	■^78 0/ "	racemosus	222	arcta		352	fusca	307
rosea	S78	Sell yaderi	224	arctata		320	gigantea glabra	294> 295
Avcna	172	secalinus	222	ayida		355	321
clcitioy	I 7?	squarrosus	22^^	arenaria		342	glareosa	353
	T 7 2 ' / 3	sterilis	221	atgyyanlha aristata		357	glauca	315
Jiavescens	171	tectorum	220		302	glaucodea	322
mollis	171	unioloides	224	Asa-Grayi		293	globnlayis Goodenovii	293
palustris	171	Broussonetia	^2Q 0^7	Assiniboinensis	319	309
Poinsylvanica	171	papj'rifera	529	Atlantica		350	gyacilis	299
Smithii	172	Brunnichia	568	atyala ovata		306	gracillima	317
spicala	174	cirrliosa		atratiforrais		.306	grandis	295
striata	172	Bii cliloc		alyo/iisca		313	granulans	322
AzoUa	35	daclyloidcs	i8-?	aurea	331 > 295	gravida	345
Carolinana	35	Bulbilis	183	Backii		338	Gyayi	293
Balis	dactyloides	i8?	Baileyi		299	grisea	321, 322
vermiciilala	584 181	Bl ■ R^IAN'NIACEAE	455	B ay y at Hi		312	gj-nandra	315
Beckmannia	Burmannia		Bellaydi		284	gynocyates Haleana	340
erucaeformis	181	biflora	456	Bella-villa		294	322
Belamcanda		Calamagrostis	163	Bicknellii		360	Halei 294,	322, 343
Chinensis	453	a yenayia	166	bicolor		"331	Hartii	299
Betulaceae	506	byevipilis	166	Bigelovii		310	Haydeni	308
Betula	508	breviseta	164	blanda		327	Heleonastes	352
alba	508	Canadensis	163	Boolliana		336	lieteyostachya	323
Alnobeliila	.'512	cinnoides	165	bromoides		354	liiysula	316, 317
Alnns 512, .SIS	confinis	165	brunnescens.		351	hirta	306
glandulosa	510	Lapponica	165	buUata		298	Hitchcockiana 325
lenta	510	Langsdorfii	164	Btixbaiimii		307	Hoppneyt	310
lutea	510	longifolia	167	caespilosa		309	Houghtonii	305
Michaiixii	3"	Macouniana	163	canescens	351, 352	liypeyboyea	310
nana	5"	neglecta	165	capillaris		320	hystricina	300
nigra	509	Nuttalliana	165	capitata		339	incurva	341
occidentals	509	Pickeyingii	164	Careyana		328	interior	350, .351
papyracea	509	Porteri	164	Caroliniana		317	intumescens	293

INDEX OF I<ATIN NAMES.

60 1

Caiex

irriffua 313 Janiesii 337 K)i ieskern i 320 laei'iconica 302 lagopina 353 lagopodioides 356 lanug:inosa 305 laxiculinis 329 laxiflora 327-329, 322 Leavenworthii 349 lentieularis 309 leporina 356 leptalea 339 limosa 313, 331

littoralis 312 livida longirostris Louisiatiica lupuliformis hipulina lurida macrokolea Magellanica marcida niaritima ina.vhua Meadii media

vienihranacea niembranopacta Micliatixii Micliaji.viana microglocliin miliacca

294,

331 319 294 294 294 299 315 313 344 314 344 327 334 296 296 292 292 285 3" 295, 296 358 312 297 349 348

niiliaris mirabilis misandra nionile Muhlenbergii niuricata

Muskingumensis 355

mutica 322

nardina 340

Nebraskensis 308

nigro-marginata 335

Norv-egica 351

Novae -Angliae 324

oblita 321

Oederi 323

Olneyi 297

oliga>ttJia 285

oligocarpa 325

oligosperma 295

ovata 306

oxylepis 318

pallescens "324

pahtdosa 303

panicea 330

Parryana 307 pauciflora 285, 292

pedicellata 333

Pec kit 334

pedunculata 333

Pennsylvanica 333

picta 336 plantaginea 329, 330

platyphylla 330

podocarpa 313 polystachya 294, 352

polymorpha 326

polylrichoides 339

Porteri 315

praecox 335

prairea 344

prasina 311

pratensis 354 Pseudo-Cyperus

300, 301

ptychocarpa pubescens puUa Raeana ramosa rariflora

310,

356,

358-

330 336, 317 295, 296 295 344 312

Carex

Redowskyana retrocitri'a retroflexa retrorsa Richardsoni rigida riparia rosea roslrala rupestris sabiilosa salina Salliieiisis Sartwellii saxatilis scabrata scabrior Schweinitzii scirpoidea scoparia setacea setifolia Shortiana siccata silicea Smithii sparganioides squarrosa 301, stelliilata var. stenolepis stenophylla sterilis SI eu del a stipata straminea striata stricta strict ioi- styloflexa stylosa subspathacea siibulata Sulliva?itii supina

sychnocephala tenella tenera tentaculata tenuiflora tenuis teretiuscula tetanica Texensis To7'7-eyana Torreyi torta

tribuloides triceps trichocarpa trisperma Tuckermani typhinoides umbellata utriculata u rsina l^ahlii vaghiata varia

vemista minor verrucosa vestita virescens viridula vulgaris vulpiiia vulpinoidea Walteriana Willdenovii Xalapensis xanthocarpa xanthopliysa xerantica xerocarpa CarpiiTus

320,

326,

318,

311, 356, 316,

333,

316, 309,

340 329 347 298 332 309 303 347 292 338 358 3" 326 346 296 304 346 300 337 358 346 332 303 35,S 358 317 348 302

350 301

341 350 337 343 360 304 308 321 328

307 310 292 317 338 360

358 299 352 321 344 327 347 324 324 314 357 317 302

353 298 302

335 297

353 306 326

334 321

315 304 320 324 310 342 345 304 337 349 345 292

355 308 506

Carpinus

Caroliniana 506

I'irginiana 507

Caiya

alba 485

amara 485

olivaeformis 484

porciiia 487

tomentosa 486 see Hicoria 485-6

Castanea 514

dentata 515

pumila 515 vesca var. Avier. 515

Catabrosa 194

aquatica 194

Can I ill! a

flexilis 81

Guadalupensis 81

Celosia

paniculata 593

Celtis 526 Mississippietisis 527 occidentalis 526, 527

piiiiiila 526

Cenchrus 1 27

Carol inianiis 127

racentosa 105

tribuloides 127

Ceratochloa

breviaristata 223

Ceresia

fliiitans 106

Chamaecyparis 58

sphaeroidea 59

th5'oides 59

Chamaeliriutn 402

Carolinianum 402

luteum 402

Chaniaei'aph is

glauca 126

Italica 111

verticillata 126

viridis 126

Cheilanthes 30

Alabamensis 30

dealbata 32

gracilis 31

lanosa 31

lamiginosa 31

tomentosa 31

Chenopodiaceae 569

Chenopodium 570 album 570, 571

ambrosioides 575

anthelminticum 575

Berlandieri 572

Bonus-Henricus 574

Boscianum 572

Botrys 574

capitatuvi 576

Fremontii 572

glaucum 571

hybridum 573 leptophyllum 548, 571

maritimum 585

mtiltifidum 576

murale 573

polyspermum 571

Scoparia 581

rubrum 574

urbicum 573

viride 570

Chloris 178

curtipendula 180

verticillata 178

Choripetalae 482

Chrosperma 402

muscaetoxicum 403

Chrysopogon 103

avenaceus 104

nutans 104

Cinna 158

arundinacea 158

glomerata 102

Cinna

lateralis

latifolia

pen dill a Cladium

niariscoides Cladothrix

lanuginosa Clintonia

borealis

cilia la

umbellata

umbellulata Coix

dactyloides Col pod iu in

latifoliiim Comandra

livida

pallida

umbellata Commelinaceae Commelina

agraria

communis

ditbia

ere eta

hirtella

longi folia

nudiflora

Virginica

Willdenovii Comptonia

peregrina Conostylis

A niericana

102 158 158 28 r 281 592 592 428 428

429 429 429

98

157 536 537

536 536 374 375 375 375, 376 380 375, 376 375 375 375 376 376

446

Coxvallariaceae 427

Convallaria

bijioi-a

connnntata

majalis

racemosa

st ell at a

trifolia Cooperia

Drummondii Coprosmanthus

herbaceus

la niiiifolius Corallortuza

Corallorhiza

in nata

Macraei

multiflora

odontorhiza

striata

Wisteriana Corispermum

hyssopifolium Corniicopiae

altissinia

hiemalis

peren nans Corylus

Americana

rostrata Crypsis

schoenoides

squarrosa Cryptogramma

acrostichoides Ctenium

Amei'icanum Ciipressiis

disticha

thyoides Cycloloma

atriplicifolia

plalypliyllum Cynibidiiim

hyeniale

odon iorhizon

pnlchellum Cynodon

Daclylon

434 433 434 434 429

430 430 444 444

439 439 477 478 478 479 479 478 479 478 581 582

162 161 161

507 507 508

147 183 28 28

177

58 59 576 577 577

481 478 480

175

6o2

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

f*VTinCllTIl c V VllUoUl Uo		U\\,\Xl Ulllvlld		TTI Art** h OTl e CriCULllallo		ErAgrostis
	182	id Li 1 U 1 id	25/	oclireata	249	tricliodes	191
cristatus		Icii cocc ph (I la	256	oli vacea	250	£riciiithus	98 9»
fij fi 1 /"II r	181	Jbr 1 U XV ilia			251	aloptcuroidcs
0^■ PI' M X CV A "P		^ ilos in scti la	12	^et 1 Li IS	25 ^		99
	234	|JllllCLiiUUUlrl	12	pa ucijloi'us	262	conipcictus	99
a, c 11 111 1 n a. t u s	239	Dicotyledon ES	402	Pygtiiaea	262	saccharoides	99
rtf j"/ d/ n s	237	I^i^' 1 1 a f'la		(juad f'ang'ulala	249	Eriocaulaceae	371
III it tin 1/ fUlCC tlo	247	Jil i_foymis	III	Robbinsii	249	Erioc2iulon	371
JJltld Ct'l fit 1/		// tt }n iy^iisa	III	rostellata	256	uncaps	373
CtiiCU f til ft J	235	paspaloidcs	109	tenuis	255	(ll'tlCUldttl 1)1	371
		Sll Illy >' I ilU-l IS		I^owcya na	253	coniprcssuni	372
cyliiiclncus	245		440	tortilis	253	decaiigularc	372
(Iciitatus		Dioscorea	447	tricostata	254	J^Cl Vtdlt I U 7)1	373
H 1 a 11 rl I'll c		V i 1 iUsct	447	lu uci Luiusa	253		372
f oil 1 n a t n Q				11 /I { C/1 »i 1 ft ill Sif rl I	252	scptaii^ularc	371
E n S^cl 111 fill n 1	243	i (I f I CI I a		w oini	252	£rioc)iloa	1 10
csculeiitus	241	^iplachnc	loo	EleogCH us	polystacJiyci	1 10
crytlirorliizos	241	fascicularis	loD	ochf'caliis	249	punctata	1 10
		Til cnnTii TTi X/lS^UX Ulil	190	All QITIA £rlCLlSlUC	101	Evi oco w d
J L > f 11 I HCoLt, US	242	431	yj ti^yj/i t it	xOZ	cti sptddt d	141
filiculmis	245	lail U^lllOSUTU	43^	Indica	lol	£riogoiium	542
iictv C^SvvIilS	235	L1(1^I1\ i.(lljJLlili	432	/(6 / U fill Hi	1 Oji	alatuiii	542
	237	Til Qti f*hli c J>/10 Llvillllo	198	JZiHJil til		Allcni	543
f IISCU s	239	111/1 t'l i 1 117/7	198	L tt iimic fio IS	93	annuutii	544
	246	opiCdLa	198		230	bi'cz'i cci tile	54"
Halei	241	T^nilHl 21 J^UliUld		.."i DlCflCatlilS	231	cam pan 111 at 11 111	540
Hallii	240	Amcncaua	5^4	arenarius	232	ccrnuuni	546
PTaspan	239	depressa	rftr	Canadensis	231	corj-mbosuni	544
Houghton 1	246	Tuaritima		con den sat us	232	effxisK m	544
M yd I'll	240	D t 'a ca €}ia		el y mo ides	232	flavum	545
in flcxus	237	boi'cal IS	420	g'l a iicifol I us	231	gnap/ialoides	545
IvHiicastricnsis	244	21 })i bcl I H lata	429	g'laucus	231	Janiesii	543
/l/Tl /'II /I 11 ■» /T I J J/ C	242	D } 'a CO ill 1 11 til		f-T 1' c f -y j3 SI f l-^	233	lachnogynum	546
microdontus	237	foe lidu vi	, 303	JMacounii	231	Lindheimerianum
IN 11 L Lai ill	236		13	n 1 t'l /" n c ^ lU I f ic lis	231		544
ovular! s	245	acrosticlioidcs	14	Si la III on	232	longifolium	543
	242	acti lea la	15	striatus	230	viicra)i tJnit>i	546
phytyidtodcs	241		lo	Virg"inicus	2'50	microthecuni	544
pseudoveg'etus	230	Brauiiii	15	iZriyud.	283	niulticeps	545
i C i 1 a.\. LllT!)	244	en stata	16	XjC i idl \A L	284	parviflornni	545
T^i + T'i^T f O r*t"11 c 1 1: LI I fH. LUS	244	d 1 1 ci Ici la	18	c /ii /"n f /I Sy I nil a	284	pauciflorum	545
ri\'ularis	236	Fill x-nias	17	Ely I t'ospeym ti m		sericeum 543, 545
rotviiidus	240	f ragraiis	ID	da I ifo f'n tcu tn	207	Texanttm	543
Scliwcinitzii	230	Gold lean a	17	f^^l^dC Lis	469	Eriophorum	27:
spathdcc^is	247	t iilcyvicdta	lo	con Z'dl la fiotdcs	473 469	alpinuni	271
speciosiis	242	Lonchitis	14	Hell cboi'i n€	c a pi latum	272
StTlg"OSllS		111 arg"i n al i s	^7	la I ifol I a var.	469	cypcrimim	271
	245	Noveboracensis	^5	\ ii iviilKJI d	469	grracile	273
f*T7TiTH n All 1 11 m \« V ^xi pcui Ulli	457	siiiiulata	10	T? r^T T TCTTTA r*!? alT X^yu 1 - V v_ r!v A ri,	35	latifolium	273
acaulc	457	spinulosa	lo	1^/1111 0 A^*!! m £«ljUlSCLUlIl	35	polystachyon	273
/T J rill ■m UlU It III/	45"	Tlidy ptcris	15	dl V CIloC	30	russeolum	272
CLI IC LIIIUUI	457	X/UllUIUUIIl	247	flni'iot"!!*! llUv IdLliC	37	Scheuchzeri	272
bill bosH }}t	477	aruudi naceuni	247	liyeniale	38	Iriquehuni	273
candidum	45°	spalliaccu m	247	laevigatum	30	vaginatum	272
li I rs 11 1 11 iTi	4c)^	Till T\a Q l^UpaLy a	372	// mOSU 771	37	Virginicum	273
parvi fl onmi	459	flavidula	373	li ttorale	37	Erythronium	419
p H bcscc ilS	4o°	Dupontia	209	palustre		albidum	420
	45"	(Toolcyi	210	pratense	^6	Aniericanum	420
Sp€Ci(l07 1£	45°	Fislieri	209	robustum	3»	angiisiatu »i	420
Cystoptsris	1 2	£)atonia	192	scirpoides	39	braclea/u in	420
Tjulbif tra	1 2	Dudley I	193	sylvaticum	3°	mesachoreum	421
	13	nitida	193	van eg^atum	39	propullans	421
montana	13	obtusata	192	l^IdglUoLlb	T Rt 167	Eurotia	580
Dactylis	200	Pennsylvanica	193	ca mpesti'is	191	lanata	581
^ ilwfLIiC i nLd		T^'pIi i TI nH oTii c j^C'iiiiiuuui us	Ac ^5	l-dJJilidllS	188	Euxolus
	i/5~/	1^ r» rr\ ifr^liiic V,U1 vill(JilU3	86	( /It '/1 1 1 ii 1 /I it /J \^ It / i' I I It I ic 11 it	189	crispus	590
T^apf'T/l AptAtiiiim xj<x\j\.y k\}\j Lciii uui		pa j'Z'iil lis	Rc 05	curtipedicellata	1 90	deflexus	590
Aeg^j'ptiiini	Io2	radicans	00	Eragrostis	109	lividus	589
■/i. Cjlj y J-'l lUC It III	182	1 (/Ji / III llj	86	/' i"\) i 11 1 '/i J I /T e / yl ft f i/ fUl	188	puntihis	590
173	Icnellus	^0	In ret ti l" 1 1 r 1 dll K.i 1	188	Fagaceae	513
Allen I	174	£f icUCUd.1 la	z^o	liypnoides	192	Fagopyrum	553
conipressa	174	acicularis	252	maj or	i»9	esculeitlu m	553
sericca	1/4	acuminata	255	771 €^a si a chya	1 09	Fagopyrum	553
spicata	174	albida	254	viinov	109	Tataricum	554
Deschanipsia	I 09	atropurpurea	250	oxylcpi s	191	Fagus	514
at ro purpurea		capitata	250	pectinacea	190	Americana	514
cacspitosa		CO m pvc ssa	255	pilosa	loo	Castanea	515
fiexuosa		Engelmanni	251	poaeoides	189	ferruginea	514
Deyeuxia		equiseloides	248	Purshii	189	pumila	515
Ma count ana	163	intermedia	255	refracta	191	Festuca	215
Dia ri'hena	interstincta	248	7-e plans	192	decinnbens	185
A mericana	196	melanocarpa	254	secundiflora	191	dia ndra	196
Dichromena	256	microcarpa	253	sessilispica	190	duiiuscula	217
colorata	256	mutata	249	te7i uis	191	elatior	217

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

603

Festuca

/ascicularis 186

fluitaits 213

gigantea 218

Myuros 216

nutans 218

octoflora 216

ovina 217

pralensis 217

rubra 216

scabrella 217

Shortii 218

tenella 216

unioloides 224

Fimbristylis 259

autumnalis 260

Baldiviniana 260

capillaris 258

'castanea 259

congesta 260

laxa 260

spadicea 259

Vahlii 260

Fritillaria 419

alba 422

atropurpurea 419

Froelichia 592

Floridana 592

gracilis 593

Fuirena 274

hispida 274

simplex 274

squarrosa 274

Gemmingia 452

Chinensis 453 Gisopteris

palmala 7

Clyceria ' see Panicularia 210-214 Gonopyiurii

AmericanHtu 568 Goodyera

see Peramium 474-5

•Gramineae 94

Graphephorum 210

festttcaceufti 209

flextiosuni 186

melicoideum 210

Gymnopogon 178

ambiguus 178

brevifolius 179

raceniosus 178 1

•Gymnospermae 49

Gyrostachys 470 (inc. Spiranlhes)

cemua 471

gracilis 472

la 1 1 folia 470

odorata 471

plantaginea 470

praecox 471

Romanzoffiana 470

simplex 472 Gymnostichum

Hystrix 233

Gyrotheca 442

capitata 443

tinctoria 443

Habenaria 460 (inc. Orchis in part)

blephariglottis 465

Habenaria

obtusata 461

orbiculata 461

peramoena 466

psycodes 466

Iridentata 463

virescens 464

viridis 463 Haemodoraceae 442 Hamilionia

oleifera 537

Heleochloa 147

sclioenoides 147

Helonias 401

asphodeloides 401

bullata 402

graminea 403

Hemerocallis 410

flava 4n

fulva 411

Hemicarpha 275

micrantha 275

subsquarrosa 275

Heteranthera 379

dubia 380

graviinea 380

limosa 380

reniformis 380

Hexalectris 480

aphyllus 481

squamosus 481

Hicoria 484 {{■ncCarya & Jug- laiis in part

bracteata ciliaris clavellata cristata dilatata fimbriaia flava

grandiflora

Hookeriana

hyperborea

integra

lacera

leucophaea

nivea

463 464, 465 463 464 462 466 464 466 461 462 463 465 465 462

alba

aquatica

glabra

laciniosa

microcarpa

minima

ovata

Pecan

sulcata Hierochlo'e

alpina

boi'ealis

pa nciflora Holcus

alpimis

Halepensis

lanatus

lax us

odoratus Homalocenchrus

(inc. Leersia)

lenticularis

orj'zoides

Virginicus Hoiiiotropa

macranthum Hordeum

jubatum

murinum

nodosum

pra/ense

pusillum Humulus

Lupulus Hyacinthus

botryoides

raceniosus Hydrocharis

cordifoha

Spongia Hymenocallis

occidentalis Hymenophylla-

CEAE

Hypopeltis

obtusa Hypoporum

verlicillatum Hypoxis

erecta

hirsuta

486

485 486, 487 486 486 485 485 484 486

132 132 132 168 132 104 168 197 132 128

129 129 129

539 228 229 229 228 228 229 529 530

424 425

94

94 444 445

283 445 446 446

Hystrix

Hystrix Iresine

celosioides paniculata

IRIDACEAE

Iris

aphylla

Caroliniana

cristata

cuprea

Duerinckii

fulva

Germanica

gracilis

hexagona

Hookeri

lacustris

Missouriensis

prismatica

Pseudacorus

verna

versicolor

Virginica 448,

ISOETACEAE

Isoetes

Bran iiii

Butleri

echinospora

Engelmanni

iacustris

rnaciospora

melanopoda

VI iiricala

riparia

saccharata

Tuckermani Ixia

acuta

Chinensis Ixophorus

( inc. Setaria)

glaucus

Italicus

verticillatus

viridis

JUGLANDACEAE

Juglans

cinerea nigra tomentosa see Hicoria 484-

JUNCACEAE

Juncoides

(inc. Luzula) campestre hyperboreum nemorosum nivale parvifloTum pilosum spicatum Juncus

acuminatus

alpinus

aiistulatus

articulatus

asper

Balticus

biglumis

brachycarpus

brachycephalus

bufonius

bulbosus

Caesariensis

campestris

Canadensis

castaneus

conglomeratus

debilis

dichotomus

difTusissimus

effusus 382,

Engelmanni

filiformis

233 233

593 :

593 ;

593 447 447 450 449 451 450 450 450 450 450 448 449 ( 451 449 450 451 452 448 450 45 45 46 48 46 48 46 46 48 47 47 47 46

452 453 125

126 127 126 126 483 483 484 483 486 -487 381 396

398 398 397 398 397 396 397 381 395 391 388 391 392 384 389 393 394 385 390 392 398 394 389 383 395 387 396 383 393 383

Juncus

Gerardi 385

Greenei 387

gymnocarpus 383

Leersii 383

longistylis 388

marginatus 388

maritimus 384 megacephalus 392, 394

niilitaris 391

nemorosus 397

nodosus 392

parviflorus 397

pelocarpus 390

pi las us 396

polycephalus 393

re pens 388 Richardsonianus 391

robustus 395

Roemerianus 384

scirpoides 393

secundus 386

setaceus 387

Smithii 383

spicatus 397

stygius 389

sublilis 390

tenuis 386

Torreyi 392

trifidus 385

triglumis 390

Vaseyi 386

Juniperus 59

communis 59

nana 60

Sabina 60

Sibirica . 60

Virginiana 60

Kobresia 284

bipartita 284

caricina 284

scirpitia 284

Kochia 581

Americana 581

atriplicifolia 577

Scoparia 581

Koeleria 193

cristata 194

nitida 194 Pennsylvanica 193

Koenigia

Island ica 542

Korycarpus 196

arundi)iaceus 196

diandrus 196

Kyllinga 247

viaculata 275

ovitlaris 245

pumila 247

Lachnanihes

tinctoria 443

Lachnocaulon 373

anceps 373

Michauxii 373

Laportea

Canadensis 533

Lappago

racemosa 105

Larix 54

Americana 54

laricina 54

Leersia see Homalocenchrus 1 29

Leitneriaceae 489

Leitneria 489

Floridana 489

Lemnaceae 365

Lemna 365

Angolensis 365

gibba 367

minor 366

paucicostata 365

perpusilla 366

polyrhiza 365

trisulca 366

6o4

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

Lemna

Valdiviana /.e»iol lys

hyacinlliina Lepta iilhus

see Heteranthera Leptochloa

miicronata Leptorchis

liliifolia

Loeselii Lepturus

filiformis

paiiicitlatus Leucocrinum

montanum

LiLIACEAE

Lilium

andinnm

Canadense

Carolinianum

Catesbaei

Grayi

Philadelphicum

superbum 417,

tigrinuni

umbellatum Limnobium

Spongia Limodorum

praccox

tuberosum

i( nifoliuni Li pa lis

liliifolia

Loeselii Lipocarpha

maculata Liqiiidambar

asplenifolia

peiegrina Listera

aiistralis

convallarioides

cordata Lolium

perenne

temulentum Lophiola

Americana

aiirca Lopliiocarpus Lophotocarpus

calycinus

LORANTHACEAE

Lu~ula

see Juncoides Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium

alpinum

alopecuroides

annotinum

apod II m

Carolinianum

clavatum

complanatum

dendroideiim

inundatum

lucidulum

obscurum

rupestre

sabinae folium

silagi noides

Selag-o Lygodium

palmatum Madura

aitranliaca Macounastrum

Islandicum Maianllicmum

Canadense Mai ax is

liliifolia Manisuris

366

1S2 182 476 476 477 225 226

179 411

4" 410 416 417 417 418

417 418 416 418 419 417 94 94 480

471

480 480

476 477 275 275

489 489 472 473 473 473 225 225 225 446 446 446 86 86 87 534

396 39 39 42 41 42 45 43 43 43 41 41 40

41 44 42

44 40

7

529 541 542

431

476 100

Manisuris

rugosa Marantaceae J/a risen s

cyliiidricus Mariscus

ccliinatns :Marsileaceae Marsilea

inucronata

iiata lis

quadrifolia

vestita Mavacaceae Mayaca

Aubleti

Mictiauxii Medeola

Virginiana Melanthaceae Melanthium

fflancn in

hybrid iim

latifolium

inuscaetoxicnm

parviflorum

racrinosii III

Virginicum Melica

altissinia

diffusa

mutica

par\-i flora

Porteri

Sin itli ii Micros/ylis

inonophylla

opli iogl osso ides Milium

ainphicarpoii

ei Hat II III

coinpressiim

effusum

punetatuiii Milla

coerulea Molinia

coerulea

100 454

245

246

33 33 34 34 33 34 367 368 368 368 435 435 399 406 405 407 407 403 407 400 406 194 195 195 195 195 195

475 476 141 1 10 110 109 141 no

416 187 187

MONOCOTYLEDONES 62

MoUugo

verticillata Monolepis clicnopod ioides Nuttalliana

MORACEAE

Morus

alba

papyri/era

rubra Muhlenbergia

ambigua

capillaris

comata

dehilis

diffusa

erecta

gloiiierata

gracillima

Mexicana

microsperma

pungens

racemosa

sobolifera

sylvatica

tenuiflora

U'llldenovii Mum^oa

squarrosa Muscari

botrj-oides

racemosum Myricaceae Myrica

aspleiiifolia

Carolinensis

598 598 577 577 577 527 527 528 529 528 141 143 145 144

145 144 146 143 145 142 145 146 143 142 143 144 144

183 183 424 424 425 487 487 489

Myrica

cerifera

Gale ^fyrioptcris

gracilis Naiadaceae Naias

flexilis

gracillima

Gaudalupensis

Indiea

major

marina Nardus

stricta Nasmvthia

488 487

31 65 80 81 81 81 81 80 80 224 224

arliculala	371
Narthecinm
Americanum	401
gluliiiosutn	400
ossifragum	401
ptibeiis	400
Nazia	105
racemosa	105
Nemastylis	452
acuta	452
geniiniflora	452
Neottia
see Gytostachys 470-2
pubescens	474
Neplirodium
aerostichoides	14
la no sum	3 1
pii nctilobuluni	12
Notholaena	32
dcalbata	32
nivea	32
Nothoscordum	415
bivalve	415
siriatiim	415
Nyctaginaceae	594
Oakesia
puberula	410
sessilifolia	409 8
Onoclea
sensibilis	9
Struthiopteris	9
Onychium
deiisnm	30
Ophioglossaceae I
Ophioglossum	I
vulgatum	I
Opliiys
ceritua	471
Corallorhiza	478
cordala	473
liliifolia	476
Loeselii	477
nioiiopliyllos	475
Oplotheca
Floridana	592
Orchidaceae	456
Orchis	459
fissa	466
rotundifolia	460
spectabilis	459
see Habenaria	460-6
Ornithogalum	423
bi-'alve	415
liirsutiiin	446
nutans	424
umbellatum	423
Orontium	364
aquaticum	364
Oryzopsis	139
asperifolia	140
Canadensis	139
cuspidata	141
juncea	139
melanocarpa	140
membranacea	141
micrantha	140
OSMINDACEAE	4
Osmunda	5
cinnamomea	5

Osmunda

Claytoniana 6

i nieirii pla 6

lanceolata 4

Lunar ia 3

regalis 5

Struthiopteris 9

teriiata 3

I'irginiana 4

Ostrya 507

Virginiana 507

Virginica 507

Oxybaplius

see AUionia 594-6

august if olius 596

Bod in i 596

hirsutiis 595

Oxyria 553

digyna 553

renijormis 553

Paepalanthus 373

flavidulus 373

Pancraliuin

Carolinian inn 445

occidcntale 445

Panicularia 210 (inc. Glyceria)

acutiflora 213

Americana 212

aiignstata 215

Canadensis 211

distans 215

elongata 212

fluitans 213

laxa 211

nervata 212

obtusa 21 1

pallida 213

Panicum 1 1 2

agrostidiforme 115

agrostoides 115 amarum • 122

aiiceps 115

angustifolium 122

autumnale 1 24

barbulatum 120

boreale 1 19

campestre 123 capillare 123, 124

carinatitin 114

clandestinum 118

colon um 113

commutatum 117 CO nsaiigui Ileum 122

Crus-galli 113

Curt i si i 114

Dad y Ion 175

debt I e 1 25

depauperatum 121

dichotomum 120

diffiisitin 124

digitarioides 114

divaricatinii 114

dii'ergens 1 24

elongatum 115

filiforme 11 1

flexile 124

gcniculalum 123

gibbum 125

glabrtuii III

glaucum 126

hians :i4

hirteUum 113

liispidiiin 113

involutum 121

Italicuiii 127

languinosum 121

latifolium 115

laxiflorum 119

I i Ilea re in

longifolium 116

macrocarpon 117

melicarium 114

microcarpon 116

miliaceum 123

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

605

Panicum

minus nervosum nitidum iiudu »i obtusum pauciflorum pedu >nii!atin)i I'orterianum proliferum pubescens raimtlusuin rostratiini sa nguinalc scofiariron

124 117 120 124 114 118 IlS

117 123

121 120

III 118, 121

IIS 116 121 125 126 122 126 121 117 119

nS

453 534 534 105 III 108 107 109 107 108 107 106 109 III 108 106 108

Scribnerianum sphaerocarpon strictum verrucosum vcrlicillaiitm virgatutn viride viscidum Waited II Wilcoxianum xanthophysum Parda ntlnis Chinensis Parietaria

Pennsylvanica Paspalum ambigidim areiiariu7)i ciliatifolium compressum dasyphyllum debile dilatatum distichum EUiottii filiforme Floridanum flutta lis laeve longipedunculatum 108

macrospervi u ni

merabranaceum

JSIicha u.vian u ni

mucronatum

ovatuvi

paspaloides

platycaulon

pubescens

sa nguinale

setaceum

iristachyuni

Wallerianum Pellaea

atropurpurea

densa

gracilis

Stelleri Peltandra

alba

sagittaefolia

undid at a

Virginica Peramium

(inc. Goodyera)

Menziesii

pubescens

repens Phalaris

A mericana

arundinacea

Canariensis

Caroliniana

erucacformis

interviedia

oryzoides

pic la Pharnaceum

maritininm Phegopteris

106 109 106 107 109 109 107 III 107 109 106

29 29

30 29 29 362 362 362 362 362 474

475 474 474 130 130 130

131 130 181 130 129 130

598 18

Phegopteris

calcarea

Dryoptcris

hexagonoptera

Phegopteris

polvpodioides Philotria

Canadensis Phippsia

algida Phleum

alpinum

pratense

sclioenoides Phoradendron

flavescens Phragmites

coniviiinis

Phragmites Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca

decandra Picea

alba

Canadensis Mariana >iigra rubra Pilea pumila

PiNACEAE

Pinus

alba

austral is balsamea Banksiana Canadensis divaricata echinata Fraseri inops la ricina mil is nigra palustris pendula ponderosa pungens resinosa rigida rubra Strobus Taeda Virginiana Planeta

aquatica Plata nthera see Habenaria 461, holopeiala rotundifolia Pleuropogon

Sabinii Poa

abbreviata airoides alpina alsodes andina aiigustata annua agualica arida

autumnalis brevifolia Buckleyana

caesia capillaris Caroliniana i cenisia Chapmaniana compressa cristata debilis distans elongata

19 19 19 19 "9 93 93 150 150 147 148

147 147 535 535 184 184 ■184 593 594 594 54 54 54 55 55 55

533 49 50 54 51 57 52 56 52 52 57 52 54 52 55 51 54 51 53 51 53 55 50 53 52 525 526

465 465 460 196 196 201 202 215 203 207 208

215 201 212

208 206 207 208 205 188

203 202 202 202 206 214 212

Poa

Eragrostis flava JiexHosa glauca glumaris liypnoides iiiterrupta laxa

niaritima nenioralis nervata obtusa pectinacea pilosa pratensis pseudopratensis refracta seslerioides serotina sylvestris leiiui/ulia tenuis trichodes trivialis Wolfii Pogonia affinis divaricata ophioglossoides pendula trianthophora verticillata

POLYGONACEAE

Polygonatum

biflorum

commutatuni

giganteum Polygonella

Americana

articulata

ericoides Polygonum

acre

amphibium

arifolium

articulatum

aviculare

Bellardi

camporum

Careyi

cilinode

Convolvulus

cristatum

cuspidatuin

densiflorum

Douglasii

dumetorum

emersum

erectum

exsertum

Fagopyruni

gla ucu ni

Hartwrightii

Hydropiper

hydropiperoides

mcanuni

incarnatum

lapathifolium

littorale

longistylum

maritimum

mite

Muhlenberg ii

nodosu in

Opelousanum

orientale

Pennsylvanicuni

Persicaria

persicarioides

Portori cense

punctatum

Rayi

ramosissimum sagittatum

Polygonum

189 ! scan dens

205 1 setaceum

206 Tataricum 205 ! tenue

208 I Virginianum

192 I viviparum

191 I Zuccarinii

203 i POLYPODIACEAE

214 Polypodium

205 ! bulb iff rum

212 I cristatum

111 i dilatatum

190 Dryopteris 188 Filix-foemina

204 Filix-vias

204 fontannin

191 fragile 184 I fragrans

205 hexagonoptera

206 incaiium 208 Lone /litis 188 inarginale 191 inontanum 204 Noveboracense

207 obtusum

467 Phegopteris

468 polypodioides 468 I Robertianuni 467 I spinulosiim 467 vulgare

467 Polypogon

468 I Monspeliensis 541 I Polyslichuni

433 PONTEDERIACEAE

433 Pontederia

434 cordata 434 lancifolia 568 liinosa 568 Populus

568 acuminata

568 alba

554 angulata

560 angustifoHa

555 Atheniensis

567 balsamifera

568 can di cans

561 Carolinensis

562 deltoides

564 dilatata

559 grandidentata

565 I heterophylla

565 I monilifera

566 I nigra

567 tremuloides

556 Potamogeton

565 ! alpinus

566 amplifolius 556 angustifolius

563 Claytonii 563 compressus 553 t confervoides 562 [ crispus

556 diversifolius

560 Faxoni 560 filiformis

557 flabellatus 557 ftuitans

557 foliosus 562 Friesii

558 gemmiparus

562 grainineus

560 heterophyllus

556 Hillii

557 hybridus

559 Illinoensis

561 interruptus

557 lateralis

558 lonchites 558 lucens 556 viajor

560 Mysticus

563 natans

564 Niagarensis

567 Nuttallii

566 559 554 564 561 555 567 8 32 12 16 18

19 26

17 25 13 16

19 33 14 17 13 15 II

19 33 19 18 32 157 157 13 379 379 379 379 380 490 491 490

493 491 492 491 491 493 493 493 492 492 493 493 492

65 68 67 70 67 72^4 72 72 76 68 77 78 68 73 74 76

69

73 76 70 78 75 68 70 74 71 66

73 67

6o6

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

66 73 75

Potamogeton

Oakesianus obtusifolius Panorniilamis paiicifloiiis

pectinatus 77

perl'oliatus 71

praelongus 71

pulcher 67 pusillus 74-76

Robbinsii 78

rxifescens 68

rutilus 74 spathulaeformis 69

Spirillus 77

trichoides 72

Tucker»iani 72

Vasej-i 74

Zizii 70

zosteraefolius 72

Piosarles

lainiginosa 431 Iracliycarpiun 432

Psilocarya 257

nitens 257 rynchosporoides 257

scirpoides 258

Pteridophyta I

Pteris 28

Alabaniensis 30

aquilina 28

atroptirpurea 29

candata 28

gracilis 29

Stelleri 29

Puccinellia 214

airoides 215

angustata 215

distans 214 maritima 214, 215

Pyrularia 537

oleifera 537

pubera 537

Quamasia 422

hyacinthina 423

Quercus 515

acuminata 522

alba 520

ambigua 516

aqzialica 519

bicolor 521

Brittoni 518

coccinea 517

digitata 518

falcata 518

heterophylla 519

ilicifolia . 518

imbricaria 520

laurifolia 519

Leana 520

lyrata 521 macrocarpa 520, 521

Marylandica 518

Michauxii 522

minor 520 3'Iulilenbergii 522

nana 518 nigra 518, 519

obhisiloba 520

olivaeformis 521 palustris 516, 520 Phellos 518, 519

platanoides 521

prinoides 523 Prinus 520, 522 rubra 516, 518

Rudkini 518

stellata 520

Texana 517

lincloria 517

tridentata 520

velutina 517

virens 523

Virginiana 523

Rajania ovata 569

Razoumofskya

pusilla Redfieldia

flexuosa Reneahnia

usneoides Rottboellia filiforniis

ritgosa Roubieva

multifida Rumex

Acetosa

Acetosella

altissimus

Britannica 549,

conglomeratus

crispus

digynus

Eiigelmanni

hastatulus

hydro! a pa th u m

iiiari/inius

obtusifolius

occidentalis

orbicit/a/its

Patientia

persicarioides

pulcher

salicifolius

sanguineus

venosus

verticillatus Ruppia

maritima

lacuslris

occidentalis Rynchospora

(inc. Sc/iocitus)

alba

axillaris

capillacea

cephala 11 tha

corniculata

cyniosa

f usca

glomerata

gracilenta

inexpansa

Knieskernii

viacrostachya

nitens

oligantha

pallida

paniculata

scirpoides

Torre yana Sagittaria

ambigua

arifolia

calycina

cristata

cuneata

Engelmanniana falcata graminea heterophylla lancifolia latifolia longiloba longirostra nata ?is platyphylla pubesceits pusilla radicans rigida

sagittaefolia subulata teres

variabilis Salicaceae Salicomia

ambigua

Bigelovii

535 535 186 186

374

226 100 575 576 547 548 547 549 550 551 551 553 548 548 550 552 552 550 550 550 552 552 549 551 548 549 78 79 79 79 276

277 279 278

279 276 280 279 278 279 280 278 276

257 277

277 278 258 280

87 90 89 87 91 89 88 90

91 90

90 88 89 88 92 92 88 92 86 90 88 92

91 88 490 582

583

Salicomia

Eiiropaea var. 582

fruticosa 583

herbacea 582

viucronata 583

I'irginica 583

Salix 493

adenophylla 504

alba 496

amygdaloides 495

aiigtistala 503

arctica 502

argyrocarpa 500

Babylonica 496

balsamifera 504

Barclayi 504

Bebbiana 498

Brownii 502

Candida 501

coerulea 496

cordata 503

Cxitleri 505

desertorum 500

discolor 499

eriucephala 499

falcala 494

fluviatilis 497

fragilis 496

glauca 501

gracilis 500

glaucophj'lla 503

herbacea 505

humilis 498

lon_^ifolia 497

lucida 495

Missouriensis 503

myrtilloides 505 nigra 494, 495

petiolaris 500 phylicifolia 500, 502

prinoides 499

purpurea 497

reticulata 497

rostrata 498 sericea 499, 503

tristis 499

I'va-ursi 505

vestita 498

viminalis 501

vilellina 496

Wardii 495

Salsola 585

depressa 585

Kali 586

salsa var. 584

Tragus 586

Salviniaceae 34

Salvinia 34

natans 34

Santalaceae 536

Sarcobatus 583

vermiculatus 584 Satyrium

repens 474

Saururaceae 482

Saururus 482

cernuus 482 Savastana alpina odorata pauciflora Schedonnardus paniculatus Tex amis

131 132 132 132 179

179 179

Schei'chzeriaceae 82 Scheuchzeria 84

palustris 84 Schizaeaceae 7 Schizaea 7

pusilla 7 Schoenus

mariscoides 281

rnftis 267 Schoenus

see Rynchospora 276-80

Schollera

graminea Scilla

Fraseri Scirpus

acicularis

acu )>i inatus

Americanus

alropurpurctts

atro virens

antuniiialis

caespitosus

Californicus

canipestris

Canbyi

capillaris

capilatus

caslaneus

Clintoni

cylindricus

cyperinus

debilis

divaricatus

equisetoides

Eriophoruni

fluviatilis

glaucescens

Hallii

intermedins interstinctus lacustris leptolepis lineatus maritimus micranthus microcarpus mucronatus imitatus nanus nitens Olneyi o vat us palustris pauciflorus Peckii planifolius polyphyllus pu ngeiis qiiadrangulatus retjofracttis robustus rostellatus rufus Smithii spadiceus subterminalis supintis sylvaticus

Tat or a ten u is Torreyi tortilis tubeiculosus

Vahlii validus

Wolfii Scleria laxa

oligantha

pauciflora

reticularis

Torrej-ana

triglomerata

verticillata Scolochloa

festucacea Scolopendrium

Sclopendrium

vulga re Selaginellaceae Selaginella

apus

rupestris

selaginoides

spinosa

380

423 261 252 255 265 250 269 260 262

2&J 267 266 258 250

263 266 271 264 270 248 271 268 252 264

255 248 266 266 270 266, 268

275 269 266 249 262

257 265

251 251 262 270 263 269 265 249

244 268 256 267 264

259 263 264 268, 269 267 255 265

253 253 260 266 252 281 282 281 283 282 282 282 283 209 209 21 21 21

44 44 45 44 44 44

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

607

Serapias

viridiflora 469

Sesleria

daclyloides 183

Sesuvium 598

niaritimum 598

penla?idrum 598

Setaria

daclyloides 183 see Ixophoius 126-127

Sieglingia 184

decuiiibens 185

purpurea 185

seslerioides 384

stricta 185

Sisyrinchium 453 anceps 453, 454

angustifolium 454

Atlanticum 454

Bermudiana 453

graminoides 453

niucronatum 454

Silanion

elymoides 232

Smilaceae 438

Svtilacina

bifolia 431

see Vagnera 429

Smilax 438

Bona-nox 441

caduca 440

ecirrhata 439

glauca 440

haslala 441

herbacea 439

hispida 440

lanceolata 442

laurifolia 441

Pseudo-China 441

pulverulenla 439 qtiadrangularis 440

rotundifolia 440

spinulosa 440

tamnifolia 439

lanmoides 441

Walteri 442

Sorghum 104

aveiiaceum 104

Halepense 104

nutans 104

Sparganiaceae 63

Spfirganium 63

androcladum 64

angiisiifoliuni 64

eurycarpum 63

fliiilans 64

minimum 64

simplex 64

Spartina 175

allerniflora 177

cynosuroides 175

glabra 177

gracilis 176

jiincea 176

patens 176

polystachya 176

stricta 177

Spathyema 363

foetida 363

Spermatophyta 49

Spiranlhes

decipiens 475

graniinea var. 471 see Gyrostachys 470

Spirodela 365

polyrhiza 365

Sporobolus 150 (inc. Vilfa)

airoides 155

argutus 154

asper 151

asperifolius 156

brevifolius 153

compressus 156

crj'ptandrus 155

Sporobolus

cuspidatus

depauperatus

heterolepis

Indicus

junceus

longifolius

minor

neglectus

pilosus

serotinus

vaginaeflorus ' Virginicus I Stenanthium

anguslifolinm \ gramineum \ robustum Stenophyllus

capillaris Stipa

avenacea j barbata \ bicolor ' capillaris ! comata j juncea j Macounii

mentbranacea

Richardsonii

spartea i

Virginica

viridula Streptopus

amplexifolius

Ian liginosus

rose us Suaeda

depressa

linearis var.

maritima Symplocarpus

foetidus Ssmtherisma

filiformis

glabra

linearis

praecox

sanguinalis

serolina

villosa Taxaceae Taxodium

distichum Taxus

baccata

brevifolia

Canadensis

minor Thalia

dealbata The si II ni

umbellatum Thuja

occidenlalis Tillandsia

usneoides Tipularia

discolor

unifolia Tofieldia

glutinosa

palustris

pubescens

racemosa Toxylon

pomiferum Trachynotia

polystachya Tradescantia

brevicaulis

fle.vnosa

montana

pilosa

rosea

Virginiana

153 153 155 154 154 151 152 152 152 156 152 153 403 403 403 404 258 258

138 138 138 145 138 139 137 141

137 38, 139 138 138 432 432 431 433

585 584 585

363 110 III III III III III III III 61 57 58 61 61 61 61 61 455 455

536 58 58 374 374 479 480 480

399 400

399 400 400 528 529

176 377 378 378 377 378 378 377

Trichochloa

viicrosperma Trichodium

see Agrostis Trichomanes

radicans Tricuspis

purpurea Triglochin

elala

maritima

palustris

striata

triandra Trillium

145

159 . 6 6

185 82

83 83 83 83 83 435

cernuum 437

erectum 437

erythrocarpuni 438

grandiflorum 437

nivale 436

recurvatum 436

rhontboidetcm 437

sessile 436

undulatum 438

Triodia

cuprea 184

decunibens 185

stricta 185

Tripsacum 97

dactyloides 98

Tripterella

coerulea 456

Tripteridiu m

micranlhuvi ■ 597

Trisetum 170

flavescens 171

paluslre 171

Pennsylvanicum 171

pratense 171

subspicatum 171

Triticum

see Agropyron 226, 228

Tsuga 55

Canadensis 56

Caroliniana 56

Typhaceae 62

Typha 62

angustifolia 63

latifolia 62

Udora 93

Ulmaceae 523

Ulmus 524

alata 525

Americana 524

campestris 524

fulva 525

pubescens 525

racemosa 524

Uncinia 284

microglochin 285

Unifolium 430

Canadense 431

Uniola 197

gracilis 197

laxa 197

latifolia 197

paniculata 198

spicata 198

stricta 198

Urachne

asperi/olia 140

micrantha 140

racemosa 340

Urticaceae 530

Urtica 531

chamaedryoides 532

cylindrica 534

divaricata 533

dioica 531

gracilis 531

pumila 533

urens 532

Urticastrum 532

divaricatum 533

Uvularia 408

Uvularia

amplexifolia 432

grandiflora 409

perfoliata 409

puberula 410

sessilifolia 409

Vagnera 429 (inc. Smilacina)

amplexicaulis 429

racemosa 429

stellata 430

trifolia 430

Vallisneriaceae 92

Vallisneria 92

spiralis 93 Vaseya

comata 144

Veratrum 407

angustifolium 403

luteuni 402"

parvifloruvi 407

viride 408

Woodii 408 Vilfa

see Sporobolus 152-6

Viscum

flavescens 535

Windsoria

stricta 185

pallida 213

Woodsia ' 9

alpina 10

glabella 10

hyperborea 10

Ilvensis 10

obtusa II

Oregana 11

scopulina 11

Woodwardia 20

angustifolia 20

areolata 20

Virginica 20

WolfBa 367

Brasiliensis 367

Columbiana 367

Xanthosoma

sagittaefolia 362

Xerophyllum 401

asphodeloides 401

setifolium 401

Xyridaceae 368

Xyris 368

Caroliniana 370

communis 369

difformis 369

elata 370

fimbriata 370

flexuosa 369

Jupacai 370

montana 369

torta 370

Yucca 426

angustifolia 427

baccata 426

filamentosa 427

glauca 427

Zannichellia 79

palu.'stris 80

Zephyranthes 443

Atamasco 444

Zizania 128

aquatica 128

miliacea 128

Zizaniopsis 127

miliacea 128

Zostera 82

marina 82

Zygadenus 404

elegans 405

glaberrimus 404

glaucus 405

leimanthoides 406

Nuttallii 405

venenosus 405

39

Index of English Names.

Abele 490 Abronia 597 Adam-and-Eve 481 Adam's Needle 427 Adder's Mouth 475-6 Adder's Tongue

Family i Adder's Tongue 2, 420 Agave 445 Alder 512-3 Allionia 595 Alpine Bistort 555 Amaranth Family 586 Amaranth 588-90 AmaryllisFamily 443 Amphicarpon no Androstephium 416 Arbor-vitae 58 Arctagrostis 157 Arethusa 469 Aristida 133-7 Branched 134 Bushy 136 Erect 136 Few-flowered 135 Forked 134 Purple 135 Purplish 134 Sea- beach 136 Slender 133 Western 137 Woolly 135 Arrow-arum 362 Arrow-grass Family 82

Arrow-grass 83 Arrow-head 82-90 Arrowroot Family 454

Arum Family 360 Arum 362-3 Asarum 538-9 Asparagus 428 Aspen 492 Asphodel 399, 401

Atamasco Lily 444 Atriplex 579-80 AzoUa 35 Bald Cypress 58 Bald Rush 257-8 Balm-of-Gilead 491 Balsam Fir 57 Balsam Poplar 491 Barley 228-9 Bastard Toad-flax 536 Bayberry Family 487 Bayberry 488 Beaked Rush 277 Brown 279 Capillary 278 Capitate 279 Clustered 278 Few-flowered 277 Grass-like 280 Knieskern's 278 Nodding 280 Pale 277 Slender 279

280 277 181

Beaked Rush Torrey's White Beckmannia Beech Family 513 Beech 506, 514

Beech-fern 19 Bellwort 409-10 Bindweed 565 Birch Family 506 Birch 508-1 1

American White 508

Black Canoe Cherry Dwarf Glandular Gray Low Paper Red River Scrub Sweet

Western Red Yellow

510 509 510 511 510 510 511 509 509 509 510 510 509 510

BiRTHWORT Family I

537 540 555 485 453 483 402

Birthwort Bistort Bitternut Blackberry Lily Black Walnut Blazing-star Elite 576, 584-5

Blood-leaf 593 Bloodwort Family 442

Blue Beech 506 Blue-eyed Grass 453 Blue Flag 448-50 Bog-asphodel 401 Bouteloua 180 Brachyelytrum 146 Brake, Bracken 28-30 Brome Grass 219-24 Barren 221 Com 223 Downy 220 Fringed 219 Hairy 220 Quakegrass 223 Schrader's 224 Smooth 221 Upright 220 Brunnichia 569 Buckwheat Family 541

Buckwheat 553-6, 566 Buffalo-nut 537 Bugseed 582 Bulrush 265 Bog 266 California 267 Canby's 266 Dark-green 269 Great 266 Leafy 269

Bulrush

Olney's 265 Peck's 270 Prairie 267 Reddish 270 River 268 Salt Marsh 268 Small-fruited 269 Spreading 270 Torrey's 265 Wood 268 Bunch-flower

Family 399 Bunch-flower 406-7 Bur-head 86 Burmannia Family

455

Burmannia 456 Bur-reed Family 63 Bur-reed 63-4 Calamus-root 364 Calypso 477 Cane 233 Carpet-weed Family 597

Carpet-weed 598 Carrion-flower 439 Catbrier 440 Cat-tail Family 62 Cat-tail 62-3 Cedar 58-60 Chain-fern 20 Chair-maker's Rush 265 Cheat, Chess 219-24 Chestnut 515 Chickweed, Indian 598 Chinquapin 515 Chive Garlic 412 Chives 412 Chloris 178 Christmas-grreen 43 Cladothrix 592 Clearweed 533 Cliff-brake 29-30 Climbing False

Buckwheat 566 Climbing Fern

Family 7 Climbing Fern 7 Clintonia 428-9 Club-moss Family 39 Club-moss 40-3 Club-rush 262 Clinton's 263 Chairmaker's 265 Dwarf 262 Few-flowered 262 Hall's 264 Red 267 Smith's 264 Tufted 262 Water 263 Weak-stalked 264 Wood 263 Colic-root 425-6 Comandra 536-7 Conifers 49-53 Cooperia 444

Coral-root 478-9

Crested 481

Eariy 478

Large 479

Small-flowered 478

Striped 479

Wister's 478

Cork-elm 524 Cork-wood Family

489

Cork-wood 489 Cotton-grass 271-3 Cotton- wood 491-3 Couch-grass 226 Crested Dwarf Iris 451 Cucumber-root, In- dian 435 Curly-grass 7 Cycloloma 577 Cypress 58 Cyperus 234 Awned 237 Baldwin's 246 Brown 239 Coarse 242 Coast 237 Elegant 237 Engelmann's 243 Flat 238 Globose 245 Gray's 246 Hale's 241 Hall's 240 Houghton's 246 Lancaster 244 Low 236 Marsh 238 Michaux's 242 Nuttall's 236 Pine-barren 245 Red-rooted 241 Reflexed 244 Rough 244 Schweinitz's 238 Sheathed 239 Shining 236 Short-pointed 239 Slender 245 Straw-colored 243 Toothed 240 Yellow 235, 241 Cypress 58 Cystopteris 12-13 Darnel 225 Day-flower 375-6 Day Lily 411 Dichromena 256-7 Diplachne 186 Disporum 431-2 Ditch-moss 93 Dock 548-51 Bitter 552 Bloody 551 Broad-leaved 552 Clustered 551 Curled 551 Fiddle 552 Golden 552

INDEX OF ENGUSH NAMES.

609

Dock Great Water Pale Patience Peach-leaved Red-veined Sour

Smaller Green Swanjp Tall Veined Water Western White

Willow-leaved Door-weed Dragon -root Duckweed Family'

365

Duckweed 365-7 Dulichium Dupatya Dupontia Dutchman's Pipe Eatonia Eel -grass Elm Family Elm Elyna Equisetum Eragrostis

Blunt-scaled

Capillary

Clustered

Creeping

Frank's

Hair-like

Low

Meadow

Prairie

Purple

Pursh's

Short-stalked

Strong-scented

Tufted Eriogonum

Allen's

Annual

Branched

Crisp-leaved

Few-flowered

James'

Long-leaved

Long-rooted

Narrow-leaved

Nodding

Slender

Winged

Yellow Eurotia False Aloe False Buckwheat False Garlic False Hellebore False Nettle False Oat Feather Geranium Fern Families Fern

Beech

550 549 550 549 551 548 551 549 549 548 550 550 550 549 561 361

247 373 209 540 192-3 82, 93 523 524-6 284

39 188 192 188 191 192 188 191 189 191 190 190

189 igo 189 188 542-6 543 544 545 544 545 543 543 546 546 546 544 542 545 581 445 566 415

14-15 26

534 171

574 1-33 1-33 19

Brake, Bracken 28-30

Bristle Brittle Chain Christmas Cinnamon Clayton's Cliff-brake Climbing Curly-grass Cystopteris Goldie's Grape Hartford Hart's Tongue

6

13 20

14

i

29-30 7 7

12-13

17 2-4

7 21

Fern Hay-scented Holly Lady

Wp 30-31 Maiden-hair 27 Male 17 Moonwort 3 New York 15 Oak 19 Ostrich 9 Polypody 32-3 Rock-brake 28 Royal 5 Sensitive 9 Shield 15-18 Spleenwort 22-26 Sweet 489 Venus-hair 27 Walking 21 Wall Rue 25 Wood 17 Woodsia lo-ii Field Sorrel 547 Filmy-Fern Family 6 Fimbristylis 259-60 Fiorin 159 Firs 57 Flag 364, 448-51

Fleur-de-lis 447, 450 Florida Moss 374 Flower-de-luce 447 Fly-poison 403 Four-o'clock Fam- ily 594 Fox-tail 126, 148-9 Fragrant Hickory 486 Fritillaria 419 Froelichia 592-3 Frog's-bit 94 Fuirena 274 Garget 594 Garlic 412-15 Geranium, Feather 574 Glasswort 582-3 Golden Club 364 Good King Henry 574 GoosefootFamily 569 Goosefoot 570-6 Berlandier's 572 Bosc's 572 City 573 Cut-leaved 576 FeatherGeranium 574 Fremont's 572 Good King Henry 574 Jerusalem Oak 574 Many-seeded 571 Maple-leaved 573 Narrow-leaved 571 Nettle-leaved 573 Mexican Tea 575 Oak-leaved 571 Perennial 574 Red 574 Turnpike Geranium 574

Upright 573 White 570 Wormseed 575 Grape -fern 2-4 Grape-Hyacinth 424-5 Graphephorum 210 Grass Family 94-233 Grass 94-233 Arctagrostis 157 Aristida 133-7 Barnyard 113 Barley 228-9 Bear 427 Beard 98, 101-3, 157 Beckmannia 181 Bent 160-2, 167

Bermuda 175 Black 385

Grass Black Oat 138 Blue-eyed 453-4 Blue 202, 204

Blue-joint 163 Bottle-brush 233 Brachyelytrum 146 Bronie 219-24 Bouteloua 180 Buffalo 183 Bur 127 Canary 130-1 Cane 233 Carnation 330 Catch-fly 129 Chess 219, 221-3 Chloris 178 Cockspur 113 Couch 226 Cotton 271-3 Cord 176 Crab, 109, III, 181 Curly 7 Darnel 225 Diplachne 186 Dog's-tail 200 Dog's-tooth 175 Dropseed 144, 154-6 Dupontia 209 Eatonia 192-3 Eel 72, 93

Egyptian 182 Eragrostis 188-92 False Oat 171 False Red-top 205 Fescue 216-8 Finger 11 i

Fiorin 159 Fox-tail 126, 148-9 Gama 98 Goose 214 Grama 180 Graphephorum 210 Gymnopogon 178-9 Hair 145, 161, 168-170 Hard 226 Heather 185 Hedgehog 127 Herd's 147, 159

Holy 132 Hungarian 127 Indian 104 Indian Rice 128 Ivray 225 Johnson 104 Joint 106 June 204 Koeleria 194 Korycarpus 196 Leptochloa 182 Lyme 232 Manna 211-3 Manisuris 100 Mat 224 Mat- weed 166 Marsh 175, 177

Meadow

201-7, 212, 214-5 Melic 195 Mesquite 180 Millet

no, 123, 127, 141 Molinia 187 Mountain Rice 139-41 Muhlenbergia 142-6 Munro's 183 Nard 224 Nimble Will 144 Nut 241 Oat 138, 171-4, 198 Orchard 200 Oryzopsis 141 Panic 1 1 3-1 25

Phippsia 150 Phleum 148

Grass

Pigeon 126

Pleuropogon 196

Plume 99

Porcupine 139

Poverty 133

Prickle 105 Quake, Quaking 199

Quitch 226

Rattlesnake 211

Ray 225

Redfieldia 186

Red-top 159, 184, 205 Reed 128, 130, 158,

163-7, 176, 184 Rice 128, 139-40

Rice Cut 129 Rush Cat's-tail 147

Rush 151-4

Rye 225, 230

Sand 185

Sand-reed 166

Salt-meadow 176 Schedonnardus 179

Scolochloa 209

Scutch 175

Scutch Cane 233

Sea Oats 198

Seneca 132

Sieglingia 185

Small Cane 233

Smut 154

Soft 168 Spear 201-3, 205-8, 214

Spike 197-8

Squirrel-tail 229

Stagger 444

Star 380, 425, 446

Stipa 137-8

Sweet Vernal 131

Terrell 230

Thin 161

Timothy 147

Toothache 177

Tumble-weed 123

Velvet 168

Water Oats 128

Wheat 227-8

White 129

Whorl 194

Wild Oat 173-4

Wild Rye 230-2

Windlestraw 167

Wire 154, 181

Wirebent 224

Witch 1 23

Wool 271

Yard 181

Yellow-eyed 369-70

Grass-pink 480

Grass-wrack 82

Greasewood 584 Green Arrow-arum 362

Green Brier 440-2

Green Dragon 361 Ground Hemlock 61

Ground Pine 41

Gymnopogon 178-9

Hackberry 526 Hair Grass

Early 169

Long-awned 145

Mountain 170

Rough 161

Silvery 168

Tufted 169

Wavy 170

Hartford Fern 7

Hart's-tongue 21

Hazel-nut 507-8

Hellebore 408

Helleborine 469

Hemicarpha 275

Hemlock 56, 61

Hemp 530, 591

6io

INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.

Hickory	484-7	Lily		Notholaena	32	Osier 496-501
Big Shag-bark	486	Atamasco	444	Nut-grass	2il	Ostrich-fern	9
Bitter-nut	485	Blackberry	'too	Nut-rush	281--?	Panicum, Panic Grass
Fragrant	486	Canada	417	Oak	516-23	114-25
King-nut	486	Carolina	418	Barren		AgTostis-likc	"5
Mocker-nut	486	Day	41 1	Basket		Barbed	1 20
Pecan	484	Mariposa	422	Bear	518	Bealccd	115
Pig-nut	487	Philadelphia	416	Black	517	rsiuiiL	114
Shag-bark	485	Red	416-17	Black-jack	518	Diffuse	124
Shell-bark	48 s	Southern Red	417	Bur	521	orked	1 20
Small-fruited	486	Tiger Turk's-cap	419	Chestnut	522-3	Ga.pinp	1 14
Swamp	485	418	Cow	522	Gibbous	125
White-heart	486	Western Red	417	Iron	520	Ilairy	1 21
White Walnut	485	Wild Yellow	417	Jerusalem	574	Hispid	I lo
Hop	530	Wood	416	Laurel	519	Large - f ru i te d	117
Hop-Hornbeam	507	Yellow	417	Live		lyax-flowered	119
Hornbeam	506-7	LiLY-OF-THE- Valley	Mossy-cup	=;2i	IvOng	115
Horned Rush	276	Family	427	Overcup	0		I 16
Horsebrier	440	Lily-of-the-Valley 431,	Pin	516	Narrow	114
Horsetail Family 35		434	Post	520-1	N^arrow -leaved	122
Horsetail	35-7	Lip-fern	30-31	Quercitron	517	l>i \jl L.11L 1 11	I 19
Hyacinth	423-5	Lipocarpha	275	Red	516		117
Hymenocallis	445	Lizard's-Tail Fam-	Rock Chestnut	522	XVU UIlU-l 1 Ul LCLL	I 16
Indian Chickweec	598	ily 482	Scarlet	517	1 unci »	1 18
Indian Cucumber-	Lizard's-tail	482	Scrub	518		122
root 435	Long-moss	374	Scrub-chestnut	523	Sinning	1 20
Indian Poke	408	Lophiola	446	Shingle	520	SI e n d e r	118
		Lophotocarpus	87	Spanish	518	vjllitlll il Ul LCU.	116
X 11 ucj 1 y	594	Macounastrum	542	Swamp	516-21	Spreading	123
I re sine		Maiden-hair Fern 27	Texan Red	517	OLd.1 VCLl	'^i
A K A i>i 1 1_( X	447	Mariposa Lily	422	Water	519	laii oniooLii	1 22
	451-2	Marsh Samphire	582	White	520-1	Variable	117
	507	Marsilea Family 33	Willow	519	V C 1 VC Lj/	121
	225	Marsilea	33-4	Yellow	522	Warty	125
Jdk-lt-HILllC-^Hl^lL	361	Mayaca Family	367	Oak Fern	19	Wilcox's	119
T^^Tii <ia 1 Oat	0/4	Mayaca	368	Oat	1^8	Wiry	T OA
JUlllV-WtCVX	t;68	Mat-weed	166	False	171	vv uou	124
JULia 3 i3Ubll	593	Meadow Grass		Purple	172	xdjjd iviiiiuciiy	529
Juniper	59-60	201-7,	212-15	Sea	198		105
"K" 1 T1 (T-tl lit" ■IV 1 llg ll UL	486	Annual	201	Smith's	172		107
JV llULg 1 ctSS	■;6t	Arctic	215	Wild	173	V_ 1 d U g 1 dso
iVIlULW ecu	i;6i	Flat-stemmed	202	Oat Grass	173-4	Field	108
	562	Fowl	205	Black	138	Flat	109
Bushy ^	564	Grove	207	Oil-nut 484, 537		108
Uougias	505	Prairie	204	Onion, wild 413-415	Joint-grass	106
Erect	503	Reed	212	Orache	578-9	LvOiig-stalked	108
Japanese	5"7	Roughish	204	Orchid Family	456		107
	561 iPi	Slender	215	Orchis	459-66	Tall	Ten \%
I^rairie	564	Spreading	214	Bog 461, 462	vv al LCI 0
Ray's	503	Wavy	203	Crane-fly	480	W^ater	106
Seaside	562	Wood	205	Crested Yellow	464	Pecan	404
Shore	562	Melanthium	407	Fen	477	PpH itnrv	034
Slender	564	Mexican Tea	575	Fringeless Purple 466	Persicaria	555
Virginia	561	Millet 100,123,127,141 Mistletoe Family	Hooker's	461	Bristly	ccn
Kobresia	■ 284	Large Purple-fringed	Carey 's	oov
Kochia	581		534		466		00^
Koeleria	194	Mistletoe	535	Large Round-leaved	JJUCK-lCdVCU	557
Korycarpus	196	Moccasin Flower	457 486		461	TJo rt 'WricrVit't;
Kyllingia Ladies' Slipper	247	Mocker-nut	Leafy Green	462	T arl^r'*; T^Viiiinll
457 458	Molinia	187	Long-bracted	463	Long- styled	oo"
Large Yellow	Monolepis	577	Northern Bog	461	Opelousas	559
Ram's-head	457	Moonwort	3	Pale Green	464	Pale	00/
Showy	458	Moss, Long, Florida 374	Prairie White-fringed	Pennsylvania	ci;7 00/
Small White	458	Moose Elm	525		465	Slender Pink	557
Small Yellow	459	Mountain Rice	139-41	Purple-fringed	466	Southwestern	558
Stemless	457	Mud Plantain	380	Ragged	465	Swamp	556
Lady-fern	26	Muhlenbergia	142-46	Showy	459	Water	555
Lady's Thumb	558	Filiform	145	SmallGreenWood 463	Phippsia	150
Ladies' Tresses	470-2	Hairy	144	Small Northern Bog	Phleum	148
Fragrant	■471.	Marsh	143		461	Pickerel-weed
Grass-leaved	471	Meadow	142	Small Pale Green 464	Family	379
Hooded	470	Minnesota	143	Small Round-leaved	Pickerel-weed	379
Little	472	Prairie	146		460	Pig-nut	487
Nodding	471	Rock	142	Small So. Yellow 463	Pigeon Berry	594
Slender	472	Slender	144	Smaller Purple		Pigweed 570, 587
Wide-leaved	470	Small-seeded	143	fringed	466	Pine Family	49
Lamb's Quarters	570	Wood	143	Southern Smal'	Pine
Larch	54	Mulberry Family 527	White	462	Bull	52
Leek	412	Mulberry	528-9	Tall Leafy Green 462	Canadian	51
Leitneria	489	Naias	80-1	Tall White Bog	462	Candlewood	53
Leptochloa	182	Necklace Poplar	493	Tuberclcd	464	Frankincense	53
Leucocrinum	411	Neniastylis	452	White-fringed	465	Georgia	51
Lily Family	410	Nettle Family	530	Yellow-fringed	464	Gray	52
Lily 411-44	Nettle	531-34	Oryzopsis	141	Ground	41
Asa-Gray's	418 :	Noah's Ark	457 ,	Osage Orange	529	Hard	51

INDEX OF ENGUSH NAMES.

6ii

Pine

Hickory 53 Hudson Bay 52 Jersey 52 Labrador 52 Loblolly 53 Long-leaved 51 Northern Scrub 52 Old-field 53 Pitch 53 Red 51 Sap 53 Scrub 52 Short-leaved 52 Southern 51 Spruce 52 Table-mountain 53 Torch 53 Virginia 51 Western Yellow 51 Weymouth 50 White 50 Yellow 51 Pine-apple Family

374

Pink, Swamp 402 Pipe-vine 541 PiPEWoRT Family 371 Pipewort 371-3 Planer-tree 526 Plantain 85, 474-5

Pleuropogon 196 Pogonia 467-8 Poke-weed Family

593

Poke, Pokeweed 594 Poke, Indian 408 Polypody 32-3 PoNDWEED Family 65 Pondweed 66-81 Alga-like 72 Blunt-leaved 73 Capillary 76 Clasping-leaved 71 Curled-leaved 72 Eel-grass 72 Faxon's 68 Fennel-leaved 77 P'iliform 77 Floating 66 Fries' 74 Hill's 73 Illinois 70 Interrupted 78 Large-leaved 67 Leafy 73 Long-leaved 68 Mystic Pond 71 Northern 68 Nuttall's 67 Oakes' 66 Opposite -leaved 75 Rafinesque's 76 Robbins' 78 Shining 70 Slender 74 Small 75 Spatulate-leaved 69 Spiral 77 .Spotted 67 Various-leaved 69 Vasey's 74 White-stemmed 71 Ziz's 70 Poplar 490-3 Prince's Feather 561 Purslane, Sea 598 Putty-root 481 QuiLLwoRT Family 45 yuillwort 45-8 Quitch-grass 226 Rattlesnake Plantain

Red Cedar Redfieldia

474-5 60 186

Red-root 443 Red-top 159, 184 Reed 128, 166, 184

Reed Grass 163-7

Bog 165

Langsdorf's 164

Long-leaved 167

Macoun's 163

Narrow 165

Nuttall's 165

Pickering's 164

Porter's 164

Salt 176

Sea sand 166

Short-haired 166

Wood 158

Rice 128

Richweed 533

Rock-brake 28

Roubieva 576 Royal Fern

Family 4

Royal Fern 5

Ruppia 79

Rush Family 381

Rush 382

Awl-leaved 387

Bald 257-8

Baltic 384

Bayonet 391

Beaked 277-80

Black-grass 385

Bog 382 Brownish-fruited 390

Bulbous 390

Bulrush 265-70

Canada 394

Carolina 394

Chair-maker's 265

Chestnut 389

Common 382

Creeping 388

Club 262-4 Clustered Alpine 389

Diffuse 396

Forked 387

Glomerate 383

Grass-leaved 388

Greene's 387

Highland 385

Horned 276

Jointed 391

Knotted 392

Long-styled 388

Many-headed 393

Mat 266

Moor 389

New Jersey 392

Nut 281-83

Pennsylvania 383

Richardson's 391

Roemer's 384

Scirpus-like 393

Sea 384

Secund 386

Sharp-fruited 395

Short-fruited 393

Slender 386

Small-headed 394

Soft 382

Spike 248-56

Stout 395

Thread 383 Three-flowered 390

Three-square 265

Toad 385

Torrey's 392

Twig 281

Two-flowered 389

Vasey's 386

Yard 386

Wood 396-8

Russian Thistle 586

Rye 230-2

Sage, White 581

Sagittaria 90-92

Saltwort 586

Salvinia Family 34

Salvinia 34

Samphire, Marsh 582

Sand-reed 166 Sandalwood Family 536

Savin 60

Schedonnardus 179

Scheuchzeria 84

Scolochloa 209

Scoke 594

Scottish Asphodel 399

Scouring Rush 38 Sea-Blite 584-5

vSea-Purslane 598

Sedge Family 234 Sedge 292-360

Alpine 306 Arctic Hare's-foot 353

Assiniboia 319

Awl-fruited 343

Awned 302

Back's 338

Bailey's 299

Barratt's 312

Bent 328

Bicknell's 360

Bigelow's 310

Black 306

Black-edged 335

Blackened 297

Bladder 293

Blunt Broom 356

Boott's 336

Bottle 297

Bristle-leaved 332

Bristle-stalked 339

Bristly 301

Bristly-spiked 346

Broad-leaved 330

Broad-winged 359

Brome-like 354

Brown 307

Browned 357

Brownish 351

Bur-reed 348

Button 298

Capitate 339

Carey's 328

Carnation-grass 330

Carolina 317

Cat-tail 302

Chestnut 319

Clustered 344

Coast 340

Collins' 292

Crawe's 323

Creeping 341

Crested 357

Curved 341

Cuspidate 311

Cyperus-like 300

Dark green 321

Davis' 318 Dense Long-beaked 360

Dewey's 354

Douglas' 342

Downy Green 316

Drooping 311

Drooping Wood 320

Dry-spiked 355

Eastern 350

Emmons' 334

Fescue 359

Few-flowered 292

Few-fruited 325

Few-seeded 295

Fibrous-rooted 333

Field 325

Fox 345

Fox-tail 344

Fragile 296

Sedge Frank's F'raser's Fringed Glaucescent Glaucous Golden-fruited Goodenough's Graceful Grass-like Gray Gray's Green

Greenish-white Hairy-fruited

301

336 314 322

315 331 309 317 330 321

293 324 359 302

Hairy 306

Hair-like 320

Handsome 318

Hare's-foot 353, 356

Hart Wright's 299

Hay 357

Hayden's 308

Heavy 345

Hidden-fruited 314

Hillside 355

Hirsute 316

Hitchcock's 325

Hop 294

Hop-like 294

Hoppner's 310

Houghton's 305

Hudson Bay 352

Inland 350

Involute-leaved 341

James' 337

Large 295

Large-panicled 343

Leavenworth's 349

Lenticular 309

Lesser Panieled 344

Lesser Prickly 348

Little Prickly 350

Livid 331

Long 293

Long-awned 313

Long-beaked 319

Long-bracted 323

Long-stalked 333

Loose-flowered 327 Loose-flowered

Alpine 312

Low Northern 332

Louisiana 294

Magellan 313

Marsh Straw 358

Meadow 322

Mead's 327

Mud 313

Muhlenberg's 349

Muskingum 355

Nard 340

Narrow-leaved 321

Nebraska 308

Necklace 297

New England 334

Nodding 315

Northeastern 296

Northern 334 Northern Clustered 352

Northern Meadow 354

Norway 351

Oval-headed 349

Pale 324

Parry's 307

Parti-colored 331

Pennsylvania 333

Plantain-leaved 329

Pointed Broom 356

Porcupine 300

Pubescent 336

Rae's 295

Raven 's-foot 343

Redowsky's 340

Reflexed 347

6l2

INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.

Sedge Retrorse Ribbed Richardson's River-bank Rock Rough Russet Sallow Salt-marsh Sand

Sartwell's

Schweinitz's

Scirpus-like

Seabeacli

Seaside

Sharp-scaled

Sheathed

Short-leaved

Short's

Silvery

Slender

Slender-stalked Slender Wood Soft Fox Soft-leaved

29S 316 332 303 338 304 296 299 310 342 346 300 337 358 314 318 326 312 303 351 305 320 328 342 346

Southern Glaucous

3J5

Sparse-flowered 352

Spreading 329

Squarrose 301

vStellate 347

Straw 358

Summer 317

Swamp 303

Texas 347

Thicket 330

Thin-fruited 322

Thin-leaved 348

Thread-leaved 339

Three-fruited 353

Torrey's 324

Tuckerman's 298

Tussock 308

Twisted 311

Umbel-like 335

Variable 326

Variegated 307

Velvet 304

Vernal 335

Walter's 304

Water 309

Weak Arctic 338

Weak Clustered 353

White-Bear 329

White-scaled 355

Willdenow's 337

Wood's 326

Woolly 305

Yellow 323

Yellow-fruited 345

Yellowish 292 Selaginella Family 44

Selaginella 44-5

Sensitive Fern 9

Serpentary 540

Sheep-sorrel 547

Shag-bark 485-6 Shell-bark Hickory 485 Shield-fern 15-18 Sieglingia 185 Silver-leaf Poplar 491 Skunk Cabbage 363 Slippery Elm 525 Small-fruited Hickory 486

Smartweed 560 Smilax Family 438 Smilax 439 Snake-mouth 467 Snake-root 540 Solomon's Seal

430-1. 433-4 Sorrel 547-8, 553 Southern Hackberry

527

Sowbane 573

Spanish Bayonet 426 Spear-grass 201-8, 214

Alpine 203

Arctic 203

Buckley's 208

Chapman's 202

Flexuous 206

Glaucous 205

Large-flowered 208

IvOw 201-2

Mountain 203

Northern 205

Prairie 208

Sea 214

Short-leaved 207

Sylvan 206

Weak 206

Wolf's 207 Spiderwort Family 374

Spiderwort 377-8

Spike -rush 948

Beaked 256

Black-fruited 254

Bright green 250

Capitate 250

Creeping 251

Engelmann's 251

Flat-stemmed 255

Knotted 248

Large-tubercled 253

Matted 255

Needle 252

Ovoid 251

Pale 249

Purple 250

Quadrangular 249

Robbins' 249

Slender 255

Small-fruited 253

' Three-ribbed , 254

Twisted 253

White 254

Wolf's 252

Spleenwort 22-26

Spikenard 429

Spruce 54-55

Stagger-grass 444

.Star-grass 380, 425, 446 Star-of-Bethiehem

423-4

Stenanthiuni 403-4 Stenophyllus 258 Stipa 137-8 Strawberry Elite 576 Sugar-berry 526 Swamp Hickory 485 Swamp Pink 402 Sweet Fern 489 Sweet Flag 364 Sweet Gale 487 Tacaniahac 491 Tamarack 54 Tape-grass Family 92 Tape -grass 93 Tear-thumb 567 Thalia 455 Three-square 265 Thistle, Russian, 586 Timothy 147 Toad-flax 536 Tofieldia 400 Trailing Christmas- green 43 Tumble-weed 123, 588 Turkey-beard 401 Twayblade 473 Broad-lipped 473 Heart-leaved 473 Large 476 Loesel's 477 Southern 473 Twisted Stalk 432-3 Umbrella-wort 595-6 Uncinia 285 Venus-hair 27 Wall 00 525 Wake -robin 436-8 Walking-fern 21 Wall Rue 25 I Walnut Family 483 ] Walnut 483-5 j Water Arum 363 Water Beech 506 Water Elm 526 Water Hemp 591 Water Hickory 485 Water Oats 128 Water Pepper 560 ! Water Plantain

Family 84 Water Plantain 85 Water Thyme 93 Water-weed 93 Waxberry 488 [ Wax-myrtle 488 j Wheat-grass 227-8 ' White Arrow-arum 362 White Hellebore 408 White-heart Hickory

486

White Sage 581 : White Walnut 484-5 Wild Ginger 538 Wild Hyacinth 423 ! Wild Onion 413, 415

Wild Spikenard Willow Family Willow

Arctic

Balsam

Barclay's

Bearberry

Bebb's

Bitter

Black

Blue

Bog

Brittle

Broad-leaved Crack Desert Dwarf Dwarf Gray Furry Glaucous Glossy Ground Golden Osier Hairy

Heart-leaved Hoary Huntingdon Missouri Net-veined Northern Osier

Peach-leaved Prairie Purple Pussy Ring

River-bank Rose

Robert Brown's

Sage

Sandbar

Shining

Silky

Silver

Slender

Tea-leaved

Ward's

Weeping

Whipcord

White Wolffia Wood Rush Woodsia Woolly Pipe-vine Wormseed Yam Family Yam-root Yellow-eyed

Grass Family 368 Yellow-eyed Grass 369- 370

Yellow Flag Yew Family Yew, American Zannichellia Zizaiiiopsis Zygadenus

429 490

494 502

504 504 505 498

497 494 496 505 496 503 496 500

505 499 504 499 495 502 496 498 503 501 496 503 497 501 496, 501 495 498 497 499 496

497 497 502

499 497 495 499 500 500 502

495 496

497 496 367 396-8

lO-IX

541 575 446

447

451 61 61 80 128 404-6

i oQK117.B8:l	scin
1 III
3 5002 00379 5411 Bntton, Nathaniel Lord An illustrated flora of the northern Um

qOE 117 B8

1

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