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An Illustrated History

OF

Skagit and Snohomish

I.

Counties

THEIR PEOPLE, THEIR COMMERCE AND THEIR

RESOURCES

WITH AN OUTLINE OF THE EARLY HISTORY

OF THE

State of Washington

ENDORSED AS AUTHENTIC BY LOCAL COMMITTEES OF PIONEERS

interstate publishing company
1906

, PUBLIC LIBRARY

106540/i

, astob. Lan«« A*«>

1-m.DEN rOONBA-WOHS'

COPVRIGHT. 1906.

BV

INTERSTATE PUBLISHING COMPANY.

Co the Pioneers

of

8ltagit and Snohomieb Counties
dasbington

Those Who Have Gone and Those Who Remain,

This Work is Dedicated as a Token of

Appreciation of Their Virtues

and Their Sacrifices

fi?

"The best heritage the pioneer can leave to future genera-
tions is the simple yet powerful story ot his life — of hardships
endured, of dangers faced, and his final victory over wil-
derness and desert plain." — Theodore Roosevelt.

P R E F A C E

\'ERY community writes its own history just as surely as every community makes its
own history. The compiler and publisher of historical works can do nothing more
than to collect, collate and arrange the accounts which have been already prepared

for him by the actors themselves, whose deeds and achievements he seeks to record.

If he does this thoroughly, skilfully and with conscientious care, he has done all that is

possible to him. If the makers of the history of any locality have failed to write fully
accounts of their deeds, either upon the printed page or the tablets of the memory, no compiler can make
good the resulting loss. A careful effort has been made by the compilers and publishers of this work
to make the best use of all available materials. It is hoped that in some measure, at least, they have
succeeded. If the result of their labors seems deficient to the reader in any respect, let him remem-
ber the possibility that the deficiency may be due partly to the fact that the makers of the history
themselves have not written their history with sufficient care and fullness.

A tribute is due, however, to the pioneers of Skagit and Snohomish counties, both for the faith-
fulness and vividness of the pictures of past experiences which they have hung on memory's walls,
and for the willingness manifested to display those pictures for the benefit of the compilers. A
tribute is also due to the pioneer newspaper men for efficiency in preserving for us a record of events
as they transpired, and for unselfishness in placing before the compilers the files wherein that record
is to be found. It is impossible to thank specifically each of the many persons who have assisted in
the production of this work, but to all who have extended courtesies, or imparted information, and to
those who, by their patronage, have made the publication of the history possible, the most cordial
thanks of the publishers are extended.

Special acknowledgments are due the Puget Sound Mail, the Skagit News-Herald, the Mount
Vernon Argus, the Anacortes American, the Skagit County Times and the Courier of Sedro-Woolley,
the Snohomish Tribune, the Everett Daily Herald and the Morning Tribune, the Arlington Times,
the Stanwood Tidings, the Edmonds Review; to Eldridge Morse and Clayton Packard, editors
respectively of the old Northern Star and the Eye, for use of files; to Melville Curtis, of Anacortes, for
placing in our hands files of the Northwest Enterprise and of the Progress, also some rare maps and
pamphlets; to E. A. Sisson, of Padilla, for the use of his diary and old pamphlets; to Gardner
Goodridge, of Stanwood, and Hon. E. C. Ferguson, of Snohomish, for valuable papers;to the Everett
Improvement Company for maps, newspaper files, etc. ; to Dr. Charles Milton Buchanan, of the
Tulalip Indian Agency, for information and contributions concerning the Indians; to the Everett
Chamber of Commerce for valuable files and documents; to the officers of both counties for numerous
favors and courtesies, and to the special committees of both counties for efficient assistance in revising
the manuscripts and many helpful suggestions.

Free use has been made of official records of county, state and nation. In the preparation of the
history we have had the efficient help of \V. D. Lyman, professor of history and civics in Whitman
College, Walla Walla.

,THE INTERSTATE PUBLISHING COMPANY.

John MacNeil Henderson, President.
Charles Arthur Branscombe, Vice President.
William Sidney Shiach, Editor.
Harrison B. Averill, Associate Editor.

COMMITTEE ENDORSEMENTS

We, the undersigned, citizens of Skagit county, Washington, hereby certify that we have
assisted in a thorough final revision of the manuscript history of said county prepared and to be pub-
lished by the Interstate Publishing Company. We came to this region during the early days, have
taken an active part in its development, and witnessed with no little interest the making of its history
from its dawn to the present time; therefore we are able to give to this revision advantages accruing
from personal knowledge of many events.

The History of Skagit County we have no hesitancy in pronouncing eminently fair and com-
prehensive in its treatment of all sections, impartial toward all interests, interesting in its description
of pioneer life and latter-day growth of our community, and authentic in its spirit and details. The
result, we believe, is a standard county history of substantial and permanent worth.

Thomas P. Hastie, President Pioneer Association.
David Batey, P.x-prcsident Pioneer Association.
E. A. SissON, Secretary Pioneer Association.
Albert L. Graham, For the Islands.

We, the undersigned, pioneer citizens of Snohomish county, Washington, hereby certify that we
have gone over the manuscript history of said county, prepared and to be published by the Inter-
state Publishing Company, and have called the attention of its editor to such errors and omissions as
our knowledge of events enabled us to discover. Having been active participants in, or vigilant
observers of, almost everything that has happened in the county from the early days to the present,
we believe ourselves well qualified to judge of the merits of said history, and we have no hesitancy
in stating that so far as we know it is a full and comprehensive record of events, impartial in its
treatment of the various interests and sections and in all respects a meritorious and authentic work.

E. C. Ferguson, of Snohomish.
E. D. Smith, of Lowell.
Peter Leijue, of Stanwood.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I

INTROIJUCTORV

CHAPTER 1
Explorations by Water

PAGE

Introductory — Gasper Cortereal— Juan de Fuca- His Story— Behring's Explorations — Captain James Cook — Incep-
tion of Fur Trade— Tlie Nootka Controversy— La Perouse—Meares— American Explorations — Discovery of the
Columbia — Vancouver's Explorations 1

CHAPTER II

EXPI-IIRATIONS HV LaND

Verendrye — Moncacht-ape — Alexander Mackenzie— Thomas Jefferson and the Northwest— Lewis and Clark Expe-
dition to the Pacific— Negotiations Leading to the Louisiana Purchase— Details of the Journey of Lewis and
Clark 5

CHAPTER III

The Astor Expedition

Profits of the Fur Trade— John Jacob Astor— His Plan — His Partners— The Tonquin— Fate of That Ship— David
Thompson — Adventures of William Price Hunt and Party— Failure of Astor's Enterprise — Capture and Restora-
tion of Astoria 12

CHAPTER IV

The Northwest and Hudson's Bay Companies

Joint Occupation — Early History of the Northwest Company— Rivalry of the Northwest and Hudson's Bay Com-
panies — Absorption of Northwest Company — Character of the Hudson's Bay Company — Its Modus Operandi^
Its Indian Policy— William H. Ashley— Jedediah S. Smith— Captain B. L. E. Bonneville— Captain Nathaniel J.
Wyeth — Hudson's Bay Company Seeks a New License — The Puget Sound Agricultural Company 18

CHAPTER V

Period of Settlement

Jason Lee and Party — The Reception by the Hudson's Bay Company's Employees— The Political Effect— The Flat-
heads' Search for the Book — Its Results to the Tribe— Settlers in Oregon in 1832-34 — Expedition of Doctor
Marcus Whitman and Doctor Samuel Parker — Whitman's Mission — Whitman's Work — Gray's Return to the
East— New Arrivals— The Large Immigration of 1843— Extract from Nesmith's Lecture, "The Early Pioneer" —
Death of Edwin Young — Attempts to Organize a G ^vernment — Provisional Government at Last 24

viii CONTENTS

CHAPTER VI
The Oregon Controversy

PAGE

Claims of the United States to Northwest Stated— Negotiations of 1826-7 — Evans on Effects of Joint Occupation —
Interest of Congress Finally Aroused— Exploration is Stimulated— Immigration of 1843 — Negotiations of 1831— Of
1842 — Of 1843 -Interest Manifested All Over the Union — Political Parties Take up the Controversy — Negotia-
tions of 1845 — Polk Gives Great Britain a Year's Notice of Intention to Abrogate Joint Occupancy Treaty —
Negotiations of 1846— Great Britain Offers Fort3'-Ninth Parallel— Offer is Accepted — The San Juan Contro-
versy — Its Settlement 8+

CHAPTER VII

The Cavise War

Agent White's Warning to Immigrants — The Renegade Cockstock — Indian Expedition to California — The Indian
Agent's Difficulties — Calamity Averted — Cause of the Whitman Massacre— Joe Lewis — Details of the Massacre —
Rev. Brouillet's Statement — His Interviews with Spalding — Peter Skeen Ogden — His Speech — Indian's Reply —
Prisoners Delivered Up--Eells and Walker — Oregon Rises to the Occasion — Volunteer Regiment Provided for —
Failure of Attempt to Negotiate a Loan — Appeal to Citizens — The Regiment— Expedition Starts from Portland —
Yakimas Choose Peace — Battle of Sand Hollows— Tiloukaikt Outwits Gilliam — Gilliam's Death — Captain Maxom
Takes Command— Condition at l-ort Waters — Women to the Aid of the Suffering — Governor's Proclamation —
Additional Volunteers— Difficulty of Collecting Supplies— Lee Appointed Colonel— Resigns in Favor of Waters —
Sets Out for Nez Perce Country — Cayuses Flee— End of Campaign — Results of War 41

CHAPTER \1II

Early Days in Washington

Early Agricultural Progress— Emigrants from Fort Garry — Michael T. Simmons — Condition of the Sound Country
at the Time Settlements of 1848- Beginning of Commerce on Puget Sound — Settlements of 1850- Of 18i)l —
Convention at Cowlitz Landing — Washington Territory Created— Governor Stevens — Conditions Found by
Him— Territory Organized— Stevens Goes to Washington, D. C. — Indian Council Convened -Extracts from
Kipp's Diary — Governor Stevens' Speech— Arrival of Looking Glass— Treaty Signed— Territory Relinquished. . 56-

CHAPTER IX

The Yakima War

Outbreak— Causes— Gold Discovery — Initial Murders^Murder of Agent Bolen — The Haller Expedition— Its De-
feat — Olney's Letter to Governor Curry — Military Preparations — Major Rains' Expedition— Rains' Reply to
Kamiakin's Letter— Raymond's Message to Major Chinn — Establishment of Fort Henrietta — General Wool
Arrives— Reinforcements sent by Nesmith to Relief of Fort Henrietta— Kelly Assumes Command— His Meeting
with Peo-peo-mox-mox- First Day of Battle — Killing of Peopeomox-mox and other Indian Hostages— Different
Accounts of it — Kelly's Report of the Battle of Walla Walla— Severe Winter Following — Governor Stevens'
Return from the Blackfoot Country— Charges against General Wool-Stevens' Return to Olympia — War on
the Sound — Massacres on White River — Desultory Winter Campaign — Stevens Calls for Additional Volun-
teers-Attack on Seattle— Defeat of Indians on White River — Volunteers Decide on Inland Empire Campaign-
Operations of the Oregon Volunteers — Wool's Instructions to Colonel Wright — Evans' Criticism of Wool —
Wright Starts for Walla Walla- Kamiakin's Attack on the Cascade Settlements— Lawrence W. Coe's Account
of .\ttack on the Bradford Store— Coe's Narrative of Attack on Lower Cascades— .\ttack, on Middle Block-
house Relief Comes— Sheridan's Operations — Steptoe's Return — Wright's Yakima Campaign — Colonel Shaw's
Vigorous Campaign— Stevens' Second Council of Walla Walla — Wool's Congratulations— Failure of the
Council -Stevens' Battle with the Indians— His Criticism of Colonel Wright — Wright's Patched-up Peace-
Indignation of the Territories — Indians' Preparations for Renewal of the War— Steptoe's Ill-starred
Expedition— Wright's Vigorous Campaign— Battle of Four Lakes— Spokane Plains — Peace — Summarj' of the
Results of the Campaign 67

CONTENTS ix

PART II
HISTORY OF SKAGIT COUNTY

CHAPTER I
Period of Settlement

PAGE

First Settlers on Fidalgo Island— Compton's Claim— Fate of Robert Beale— Smoke in 1868— Enumeration of Early
Settlers — First White Woman — Other Arrivals — Miss White's Statement — Agriculture Begun on the Island —
Farm Machinery Introduced — Progress During Early Seventies — Ship Harbor — The Lady of ^hip Harbor —
Settlement of Guemes Island — Copper Prospect Discovered— "King of the Smugglers" — Attempted Settlement
on Mainland in 1855— Quotation from Northern Light— Calhoun Visits the Mainland— His Settlement— Stories
about Swinomish Indians — Settlers following Calhoun and Sullivan — Settlers in 1870 — First White Women —
Settlers in 1871— Conditions in Early Seventies — Grain Raising — First Steam Thresher— Settlement of Padilla —
Arrival of Whitney — Whitney, Sisson &: Company — First Settlers in Skagit Valley— First House — First School
and Church — Skagit City — Logging Bees — Campbell's Store — Election of 1871 — Potatoes as Legal Tender —
Primitive Transportation— Logging — Murder of John Barker — Kimble's Experiences — Other Settlers — Settle-
ment of Upper Valley— First Settler above the Jam — Rev. B. N. L. Davis — Discovery of Coal— Settlement of
Amasa Everett — Some Pioneers in Special Callings — Logging Camps — Settlers at Different Points — N. P. R. R.
Matters— County Division Rumblings of 1873 — Large Crop Yields on the Swinomish — The Samish Valley —
Edison — Early Settlers — Pioneer Merchant — Inauguration of Diking — Public Schools — Killing of Patrick
Mahoney — Concluding Remarks 97

CHAPTER II
Skagit County, 1874-1883

Effects of Crisis of 1873 — First Move for Jam Removal — Cold January in 1875 — Bird's-eye View of County in 1875 —
First Coal Shipments — Scale of Prices in 187()— Beginning of Work on the Jam — Proposed Levee Along the
River — Description of Jam — Importance of Removal — Northern Star's Report of Progress — Dangers of Work —
Tribute to the Jam Loggers — Heavy Grain Shipments in 1876— Progress of Diking— Large Yields of Oats— Star
Correspondents' Statistics -Discovery of Coal— 'Prospecting in 1877— Discovery of Gold in 1878— Excitement
Ensuing— Ruby Creek Mines — Conditions in 1877-8 — Logging above the Jam — Progress of the Upper Valley—
Birdsview — Sedro-Woolley— District Court at La Conner— Restoration of Railroad Lands — Voyage of the
Josephine— Social Life — Drowning of John Inibler — Fishing Industry — Heavy Snow Fall of 1880— Mining —
Steamboating to the Mines— Settlement at Mouth of Baker River— P'racas with Indians— Memorial to Post-
master General— Fine Oat Crops— Floods of 1882— Jam Removal Meeting— Lumbering — Minkler's Mill —
Drowning of J. S. Kelly 112

CHAPTER III

Skagit County, 18S3-1889

County Division— Preliminary Sparring— The Bill Introduced— First Bill Lost— Another Introduced and Carried—
Copy of the Act— Loss of Steamers Josephine and Fanny Lake— Other Steamers— Movements for Improve-
ment of River Navigation— Movement for Improved Roads— Dry Summer of 1883 -Swinomish Flat Develop-
ments in 1883— Floods— Drowning of Walker— Morse's Tide Land Report— Jam Removal Matters Again— Lum-
bering in 1884— Indian Fracas— County Seat Struggle Begun— Its Progress and Conclusion— Minerals— Cold
Weather in December, 1884— General Progress— Auditor's Statistics— Forest Fires in 18S5— Good Crops of
That Year— List of Loggers— Anti-Chinese Demonstrations— General Developments in 1886— Skagit River Tele-
phone Company— Outline of Mail Contracts- List of Tax Payers— Railroad Matters— Skagit Saw-mill and Manu-
facturing Company— Whituey Island— Freshet of 1887— Whatcom— Skagit Struggle Again— Blowing up of the
Bob Irving— Rapid Developments of 1888— Railroad Rumors— Logging— Statistics of Property, 1883-8—
Statehood — Mining Activities — Constitutional Convention — Final Admission 127

CHAPTER IV

Skagit County, 1889-1897

Cold Winter of 1889-90— Railroad Projects— The Seattle & Northern— Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern— Fairhaven &
Southern— Seattle & Montana— Paper Railroads— General Excitement— Anacortes Boom— Mount Vernon—

CONTENTS

Skagit County Agricultural Society— Increase in Population — Memorials to Congress— Anti-Chinese Move-
ments — Attempted Highway Robbery— Smallpox Epidemic — Pioneer Association Organized — List of First Offi-
cers and Members — Road Agitation in 1891 — New County Scheme — Shooting Affair of July 26, 1891 — Bar Asso-
ciation — Great Growth of County— Bridge Building in 1892 County Seat Removal Struggle — Population in
1892 — Assessment Returns — Floods of Winter of 1892-3 — Cold Snap in January knd February — Proposed Motor
Line — Trial for Murder of David C. Moody- -Wilbur Heirs Case — Large Shipments of Oats — Skagit County
Shingle Association — Court-house Erected — Wagon Bridge at Mount Vernon Completed— Crop Conditions in
1893— Marsh Land Reclamation — Flood of 1894 — Damage to Realty Owners and Railroads — Drowning of N. P.
Swanberg and Child — Drowning of Indians — Freshet of July — Results of Flood — Northwest Agricultural Society —
Skagit County Horticultural Society Forest Fire— High Tide of January 12, 1895 — Anacortes Threatened by
Forest Fire— Unfortunate Year I89S — Memorial in Matter of Clearing the Mouth of the Skagit — Fracas on the
Wharf at Samish— Trial of Baldwin, Perkins and Loop— County Immigration Association Projects of 1895-6 —
Floods of 1896— Attempted Murder at Prairie 144

CHAPTER V

Skai.it CoiNTY, 1897-1905

General Revival of Industry— Indian Murder Case— Klondike Excitement - Flood of November, 1897 — Spanish-
American War Summary of Events — Return of the Soldiers Trial of Joe Henry— Murder of D. M. Wood-
bury — Trial of Al. Hamilton — His Final Conviction and Execution— Trouble Over Employment of Japanese-
Invasion of Army Worms— Railroad Accident— Gorsage Case Census of liXH)— Prosperous Year 1901 —
County Fair — Memorial Services — Storm of December 2oth— Railroad Accident of January 1". 1903 — Trial
of Charles Lindgrind — Skagit County at the St. Louis Fair— Refunding of Bonds— Jail Break — Pioneers'
Reunions of 1904-5— Burning of Steamer Elwood — Prosperous Year 19U4 — High Tide of December 2!', 1904 —
Encouraging Outlook 165

CHAPTER VI

PoLiricAi,

Division Movement in 1882 — Officers Elected That Year — Special County Election — Precincts and Official Vote —
Organization of First Board of Commissioners — Ferry Licenses Granted — First Jurors — County Seat Struggle
of 1H84 — Vote on yuestion by Precincts — Democratic Convention of 1884 - Republican Convention — Official
Vote— Commissioner District Ouestion — Local Option Election— Peoples Party Organized- Official Vote" in
1886— Election of 18S9— Special Election of 1889- Conventions and Election of 189(1— Hot Campaign of 1892-
People's Party Appears— Conventions and Official Vote— Conventions and Elections of 1894 — Northwestern
County Combination -Vigorous Campaign of 1896 — Preliminary Conventions— Resolutions of the " Middle-
of-the-Roaders"— Official Returns Official Returns in 19(KI McBride Becomes Governor — Preliminary Con-
ventions in 1902— Official Vote- Republican Resolutions in l'.Mi4 Democratic Convention — Result 1T4

CHAPTER VII

Cities and Towns

Mount Vtrnon-Ais Site— First Settlement— First School — Platting of the Town First Store First Residence —
F''irst Restaurant — Traus[X)rtation — Progress in 1879 - Effect of Ruby Creek Excitement— Logging in the
Vicinity Flag Pole— Fraternal Orders - Progress in 1883-4— School Census of 1^84— Odd Fellows' Hall — Mount
Vernon Made County Seat— Skagit Saw-mill and Manufacturing Company Railroad Matters Telegraphic
Connections Building and Loan .Association — Incorporation Steady (irowth During Boom Period Enterprises
Inaugurated at the Time Municipal Improvements— First Big Fire Great Northern Reaches Mount Vernon -
School Building Erected — Opera House— Chamber of Commerce — "Mass Meeting" of 1894— New Dike-
Effort for City Water System— Fire of April 20, 1895— Later Fires— Progress of Recent Years-Frater-
nities— Churches— Newspapers— Schools— Bank — Summary of Business Houses — Fair .Association — Profes-
sional Men — ^City Officers. La Conner -Vwsi Mercantile Establishment— John S. Conner— La Conner Post-
office — La Conner in 1><82 — James and George (iaches — Efforts for Improvement of Swinoinish Slough —
Development in 1875 — Steamboat Transportation — Business Establishments— Telephonic Connections, Water
System, Etc. — Incorporation — Disincorporation — Re-incorporatiou — I'uget Sound Mail — Public Schools —
Churches — Fraternities— Skagit County Bank Fires — Present Population — Outlook. Anaiortes — Romance of
its History — Excellent Location— Amos Bowman's Article Earliest Settlers in the V'icinity — Bowman's Map —
Terminal Aspirations — Bowman's Account — Anacortes in 1882— Communication— Early Steamboats — Town

CONTENTS xi

I'AGE

Platted— N. P. R. K. Interested— The Boom— Warnings of Skagit News— Cause of Boom— Attitude of Rail-
roads Toward Anacortes— Electric Railroad Enterprise Skagit Motor Line— First Ocean Steamship's Visit —
Municipal Incorporation — First Election — Chamber of Commerce — Schools— Newspapers- Banks — Breaking of
Boom— County Seat Fight— Fish Canneries Established— Banks— Wharves— Churches— F"raternities— Water
System— Fire Department — Conclusion. Seiiro- H^ci^/^t- Marvelous Growth— First Settlement — Arrival of
Mortimer Cook— "Bug" Established by Him — Inception of Business Enterprises — Boom of 1889 in Sedro -
Entrance of Fairhaven & Southern — Other Railroads— Platting of Sedro. AV//r7'»V/^— Business Houses in
1890 — Decline of the Pioneer Town— Kelly's Town Takes the Lead- Sedro Land and Improvement Companj- —
First City Election— St. Elizabeth's Hospital — Woolley Founded — Story of Beginnings— Postoffice Estab-
lished—Early Business Enterprises— First City Election in Woolley— Growth of the Industrial Field— Social
Life Organized— Disastrous Fire of IWll— That of 1893— Hard Times— Union of Sedro and Woolley in 1898—
First City Officials- Progress of the Consolidated City— Story of the Schools— Present System— Churches and
Their History— City's Newspapers — Present City Officers— Fraternities— Business Directory -Present Status—
" The Tale of Two Cities " 189

CHAPTER VIII

Cities and Towns (Continued)

B2irlington—V"\r%\. Settlements- Platting of Town — Early Business Men— Pioneer Loggers Millett's Dwelling
Erected — Postoffice Established — Advent of Railroads— Geographical Surroundings — Incorporation in 1902 -
Belleville Episode— First Business Houses — Mills Established — Business Directory of 1905 — Schools — Churches
—Fraternities. ^(/;'-«»«— Surroundings— First Settlers— Postoffice Meeting — Captain Edwards' Store — Town
Platted — Samish Island— Town in 1878— In 1882— Early Business Men— Disastrous Fire of 1893- Progress —
Industries of Community — Present Business Houses- Schools — Churches — Fraternities. Bow — Founding —
Growth — Present. /}?'c«— Establishment by White and Skaling — Temperance Town — Pioneer Business Men
— Business Features — Business Directory — Churches and Schools — North Avon. Bav-tnciv — Its Incipiency —
— Resources — As it is To-day. Clearlake — History — Present — Resources. McMurray — Establishment of Town
— Location — Growth — Business Houses of To-day. Monthorne — Hamilton — Its Past — Incorporation— Growth —
Business Directory. Baker~Si\o\\ of Its Growth— Present — Seiuk City—Rockport — Cement City—Dewe\ —
Whitney — Fidalgo — Fir — Conivoy — Skagit City — Lyman —Sterling — Thorne — Ehrlichs — Some Historic Boom
Towns— Other Postoffices in Skagit County 228

PART III

HISTORY OF SNOHOMISH COUNTY

CHAPTER I

Settlement and Organization

The First Saw-mill — Military Operations During the Indian War- Beginnings of Snohomish City— Military Road
Operations Abandoned— Founding of Mukilteo— Election of June 9, 1860— Organization of County — The
Creating Act— Census of 1861 — Effects of Eraser River Excitement — Cady and Parsons' Expedition — The
Trans-Cascade Trail Matter — Census of 1862— First White Women— Settlement of the Stillaguamish — Mrs.
Marvin's Pioneering Experiences — Names of Early Settlers— Beginnings of Logging — Logging at Mukilteo—
First Settlers of Port Gardner Bay — Murder of Charles Seebart — First Steamboats— Logging on the Stillaguamish 253

CHAPTER II

CiRRENT Events— 1870-1889

Saw-mill Projects- Assessed Valuations— Population and Conditions in 1870 — First Deaths of Women — Judicial
Matters— Cold Winter of 1874 — Conditions Subsequent to 1873— Statistics of Logging in 1876 — Saw-mill on the
Pillchuck — Agriculture on the Sillaguamish — Development of Water Transportation — The Northern Star —
Death of Low and Batt— Diphtheria Epidemic — Hard Times of 1877— Extract from Governors Report — Military
Companies Organized— Agriculture on the Skykomish — On the Snohomish and Pillchuck — Removal of Stilla-

xii CONTENTS

PAGE

guamish Jam — Assessor's Census for 1877 — For 1878 — Suspension of Northern Star — Tide Lands Report —
Revival of 1882 — Lumbering Operations of Blackman Brothers — W. M. Pattison's Ferry — Incoming Immi-
grants — Work on Snohomish Marshes— Lake Washington Wagon Road — Removal of Snags from the Snohomish
River— Shooting Affray at Stanwopd — Ice on the Snohomish in Winter of 1883^ — Indian Difficulties — Agricul-
tural Progress — Stock Raising — Hard Times for Loggers in 1884 — Progress of Snohomish City — Pillchuck and
Stillaguamish Wagon Road— Mining Operations — Movement for Railroads— Production in 1884 — Revival in
1885 — Blackman Mill Burned — Pillchuck Boom Break — Inception of Shingle Industry — Progress of Agriculture
— First Threshing Machine— Products of 1885 — Anti-Chinese Agitation — New Roads — Stillaguamish in 1886 —
Depression at Granite Creek — Forest Fires — Accident on the Stillaguamish in 1887 — Railroad Matters — Seattle
& West Coast — Belliugham Bay Road — Lumber Industry in 1887 — Silver Creek Road — Indian Matters — Popu-
lation in 1887 — Principal Property Holders — Lively Year 1888 — Accident on the Stillaguamish — Combinations in
Lumbering — Railroad Activity — Building of Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern — Stillaguamish in 1889 — Movement
for Secession — Mining Excitement and General Progress 259

CHAPTER III

Current Events— 1889-1897

Progress of the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern — Mining— County Di\nsion Rumblings — Railroad Matters —
Immigration — Mineral Developments — Lumbering and Agriculture — Arlington — Lumbering — Wages — Brewing
of County Seat Trouble — Building of Courthouse — Railroads Again — Effects of Railroad Building on Realty
Speculations — General Progress — Assessment Summaries— Population— Year 1891 — Court-house Completed —
Disastrous Storm on the Coast — Railroad Progress in 1891 — Attention to Electric Railroading — The Seattle &
Montana — The "Three S" Road — Society for County Advancement — Excursion by Boat to Sultan — Mining in
1891 — Granite Falls— Silver Gulch — Visit of Philip Armour and Others — Erection of the Paper Mill at Lowell —
Inception of Great Industrial Enterprises at the New City of Everett — Water Works Movement at
Everett — The Case of David Montgomery — Expulsion of Guy — Statistics of Progress — Building of the Great
Northern — The Everett & Monte Cristo Railroad — Stillaguamish and Sultan Mining Company— Other Mining
Matters — Raids on Dives — Freshets of November, 1892 — Smallpox — Completion of the Great Northern —
Stillaguamish Construction Company — Tilt with a Steamboat Man— Jail Break^Story of the Trials of Schultz
and Smith, Murderers — Assessor's Report for 1893 — Floods— Opening of 1894— Public Improvements — Steam-
boat Matters— Great Strike of 1894 — Accident on Lake Stevens— County Seat Struggle— Puget Sound National
Bank Fails — Shooting of "Texas Jack" — Trial of "Omaha Bill" — Revival in 1896 — Mining Association
Organized— Mining Activities— Introduction of the Silo — Attack on Nathan Phillips — Snohomish River Flood 278

CHAPTER IV

Current Events- 1897-1905

New Era — Hart vs. Rucker— Removal of Court Records — Interview with D. D. Besse — Developments on the Monte
Cristo- Dairying — Forest Reserve Question — Puget Sound National Bank Troubles Adjusted— Worth Found
Not Guilty— Flood of 1897— Wreck on the S. & I. — Proposed Power Plant on the Stillaguamish — Railroad
Matters in 1898 — Sultan Valley Railroad Company — Canadian Pacific Operations— Pride- Mystery Receiver-
ship — Revival of Shingle Business— Snohomish's Part in Spanish War— Connella-Nelson Case— Indignation
Meeting in Everett — Mining in 1899 — Snohomish County Shingle Manufacturers' Association — Mills of the
County — Excessive Rains in August, 1899 — Fair of 1899 — Monty-Fox Shooting Affair — Railroad Accident —
Activity in Lumbering in 1900— Progress in Mining— Northern Pacific Purchases Everett-Snohomish Road —
Attack on Frank Whited — Population in 1900 — Immigration in 19(X) — Mining Operations— Splendid Harvest of
1901— Accidents of the Year — Malvern Murder Case — Accident on Snohomish Logging Company's Road —
Helena-Bornite Consolidation — Trolley Line Rumors of 1903— Snohomish- Everett Trolley Line Completed —
Trolley Etnerprises of 1904— Wreck on Great Northern — Murder of Fred Alderson — Murder of Henry Hots —
Sad Fate of Boggio — Railroad Disaster — Disaster on Monte Cristo Branch — Accident to Logging Train Near
Robe — Accidental Death of Pete Hansen — Conclusion 294

CHAPTER V

Political

Introductory Remarks— Officers Appointed by Creating Act— Early Officers— Republican Ticket, 1876— Democratic
Ticket— Result of Election of 1876 — Democratic Convention of 1878 — Republican Convention— Official
Returns— Result of Election of 1880— Republican Convention of 1S82— Democratic Ticket in 1882— People's
Ticket— Result of Election— Republican and Democratic Tickets, 1884— The People's Convention — Election of

CONTENTS

PAGE

18S4— County Division Agitation— Campaign of 188(i— Democratic Nominees— People's Ticket -Official Re-
turns—Settlement of Case Against Stretch— Republican Nominees, 1888— Democratic Nominees— Official
Vote — Precincts in 1889— Result of Special Election— Republican Convention, 1890— Democratic Convention-
Official Returns — People's Party Appears— Its Nominees in 1892— Democratic and Republican County Tickets-
Prohibition Ticket— Official Count — Fight Between Whitney and Commissioners in 1893— Conventions in 1894 —
County Seat Removal Issue— Result of Election— Campaign of 1896— Fusion — The Fusion Ticket— The
Republican Ticket— Official Vote— Vote in 1898— Disappearance of Populism— Official Vote in 1900 — Republican
and Democratic Nominees in 1902— Official Vote— Campaign of 1904— Its Result :!05

CHAPTER VI

Cities and Towns

^^'r-rf-.V— Factors in Growth of a Great City— Peculiar Advantages of Everett's Location— "City of Smokestacks" —
First Settlements on the Town Site— Rucker Brothers, Swallwell and Friday Form Land Syndicate— Platting of
Port Gardner by Rucker Brothers— Withdrawal from Market— Arrival of Henry Hewitt, Jr. — Colby-Hoyt
Syndicate Takes Hold- Vast Holdings Secured Incorporation of Town Site Company— Platting of City of
Everett— Swallwell's Landing Forges Ahead— Enormous Land Sales During Boom— Substantial Improvements
Begun— Marvelous Growth of the Riverside— City's Earliest Business Men— Postoffice Established Its Ups
and Downs— Nail Factory— Smalley's Story of Everett— Accuracy of Survey Arrival of Great Northern at
Everett Terminus in 1891— More Early Business Men— "Bucket of Blood" Saloon- Rise of the Bayside Henry
Hewitt's Account of Everett's Founding — Pioneer Bank — Statistics of Early Transactions — Inauguration of New
Industries and Business Enterprises — Committee of Twenty-One — Fire Companies Organized — Business
Men's Association — City Incorporation at Last— First Officials — Activity of 1891-2- Starting of Nail Works —
Enumeration of Factories in 1892— Smelter and Three S Road Built— First Overland Train — Tide Lands Contest —
Launching of Pacific's First Whaleback— Exports of 1896 — Everett Harbor Improvement — Everett Improvement
Company Takes Over Rockefeller Holdings — New Impetus to Growth — Tremendous Growth That F"ollowed —
Resources — Public School System — Churches and Their History Banks— Clubs — Library — Water Front
Societies and Fraternities— Shipping and Railroad Advantages and Connections — Newspapers Prophecy of the
Future— Conclusion. Beginnings of Siio/ioiiiis/i City — First Stores — Pioneer School — Town Platted — Snohomish
in 1873 — Snohomish Atheneum — Northern Star Appears Effects of Logging Industry on Town — Eye Estab-
lished — Pioneer Saw-mill of Blackman Brothers — View of Town in 1883 — Progress to 1887 — Railroad Matters of
Interest — Stimulating Effects — First Train — Verses in Commemoration of Event — Incorporation— Summary of
Business Houses in 18S9 — Era of Rapid Development— Re-incorporation — Mills of Town in 1890 — Disastrous
Fires of 1891 — Serious Trouble with City Marshal — Water System Established — Depression of 1893— Fire of
January, 1893 — Fire of September Kith — Year 1894 -Fire of 1894 — Creamery Secured — Two Mills Destroyed
^Revival in 1901 -Library Site Donated — Fire of 1901 — Terrible Explosion of November, 1902— Progress of the
City — Business Enterprises of the Present — Public Schools — Churches— Fraternities — Beauty of the City's
Environments — Summary of Resources and Prospects 314

CHAPTER VII

Cities and Towns (Continued)

Marys7iiUe — Location— Father of the Town— Comeford's Early Experiences — He Establishes Store — Postoffice
Secured— Other Business Houses Instituted— Railroads Arrive— Town in 1890— Early Mills — The Eye's
Description of Marysville — Incorporation— Founding of Churches— Business Firms of To-day — School System —
F'raternal Orders. Stanwood—'^'vae Situation and Resources — Center\fille Postoffice Established — Changed
to Stanwood— Early Merchants— Oliver Arrives— Pearson Opens Store— Other Enterprises — Survey of Town
Site— Railway Building — Fire of 1892 — Events of 1898 — Cannery— Incorporated as a City — Public Conveniences
■of Present — Co-operative Creamery Association — Lumber Industries of City — Business Houses — Steamboat
Lines — Schools — Churches Founded— City Officials. ^(/;«o«</s— Surroundings — Transportation Facilities —
Early Settlements at Edmonds— Brackett Locates There— He Secures Postoffice— Town Site Dedicated in
1884 — Great Development of 1889-90— The Boom. North Edmonds — Water System Installed — Incorporation —
Present Officers— Commerce for Past Decade— Edmonds' Shingle Industries- Business Directory— Churches-
History of Schools — Conclusion. Zo7£/f//— Intimacy with Everett— Founding — Business Established — Post-
office Established— Smith's Operations— Progress — Development of Early Nineties — Paper Mill Erected —
Industries— The Present. Arlington — Situation — Inception of Settlement — First Stores— Development Follow-
ing Railway Building. Haller C/'/y— Early Business Houses— Rapid Growth of Early Nineties— Hard Times —
Consolidation of Haller City and Arlington— Present Prosperity — Fire of 1899 — Population in 1900 — Steady
Growth Since Then— Present Industries and Stores— Churches — Fraternities — Becomes Railroad Center —

CONTENTS

PAGE

Future of the Town. Monroe — Sightly Location — Park Place — Business Established — Monroe Postoffice.
Tvi' CUv — New Town Built — Depression of 1893 — Disastrous Fire— Incorporation — Industrial Backing — Annual
District Fair — Business Directory, 1905. Granite /"a/A— Commanding Location — The "Portage" — First Set- '
tiers — Mail Service Established — Platting of Town— Industries and Stores Built — Town in 1900— Pioneer
Schools — Churches — Fraternities — Incorporation — A Milling Center — Rapid Growth. Sultan — Resources —
Settlement by John Nailor — Railroad Arrives — Town Springs up in Earnest — Enterprise of Citizens in 1895 —
Becomes a City — Schools — Churches — Fish Hatcheries — Milling and Logging Statistics — Business Directory of
Present. Florence — Location — Site on Oldest Claim on Stillaguamish — Platted by Perkins — Postoffice Estab-
lished — Mills and Other Industries — Business Men— Schools. Miikilteo — Founding by Frost and Fowler —
Oldest Town in County — Postoffice Comes in 1862 — Early Days — Mukilteo Lumber Company — The Town at
Present. Index — Location and Resources — Early History — Growth — Present— Schools. Muchias — Settlement
of Site— Starting of Town — In 1905. Startup — Monte Crista — Silverton — Harrington — Beauty of Location —
History. Bryant — Oso— Cicero — Maltby — Hartford — Robe — Sohey — Gold Bar— Meadowdale — Other Commer-
cial Centers and Postofftces 345

PART IV
SUPPLEMENTARY

CHAPTER I

Descriptive

Puget Sound Country a Challenge to Man — No Place for Weaklings— Its Luxuriant Vegetation — Difficulties of
Agriculture— Of Prosi^ecting and Mining — Inspiration of the Country — Its Inviting Aspect — A Grand View of
the Magnificent Scenery— Puget Sound Sunsets — Washington the "Sunset" State — Mildness of its Climate —
Challenge Accepted— Course of Future Development— Importance of the Aleutian Islands with Regard to the
Sound — A Promising Future — Skagit County — Geographical Position — Boundaries— Skagit River— Its Land
Building Labors — Character of Tide Land— Size of Swinomish Flat — Productiveness— Scenery — Transporta-
tion — Need of Improved Facilities— What Has Been Done — Upper Skagit Valley — Tributary Valleys— Mountains
in the East— Fidalgo Island — Phenomenal Yields — Large Average Yields — Huddleston's Statistics— Cabbage
Seed Production— Fruit Raising — Diversified Farming Common — Lumbering— Logging Camps of the County —
Saw-Mills of the County— Shingle Mills— Mineral Wealth — Cokedale — The Hamilton Field— Efforts at Exploita-
tion—Iron Near Hamilton— Efforts for Sale of Properties— Character of Ore— Cement — Talc — Other Minerals —
Fishing — Salmon Canning — Salmon Hatcheries — Cod Fishing— Oysters— Summary of Attractions— Snohomish
County— Boundaries— Timber Resources — Principal Features— Cascade Mountains— River Systems— Lakes —
Lumbering — Large Trees — Snohomish Timber at Fairs — Logging Methods — Description of Early Logging —
Blackman Brothers' Improvements — The Doukej' Engine — Snohomish County Mills — Sash and Door Factories —
Mineral Outlook — Mineral Belt^Darrington District — The Bornite Mine — Monte Cristo Railroad — The Wayside
Mine — Silverton District — The Bonanza Queen — Copper Independent — The Forty- Five — Monte Cristo District
— Discovery— The Packwood Party— Barlow Pass Discovered— Forming of the Colby-Hoyt Syndicate — Large
Operations— Disastrous Flood of 1897 — The Justice— The Rainy — The Sidney— The Mackinaw — Philo— Rantoul
Group— Monte Cristo Company's Property — Other Mines — Goat Lake Region — Discovery — The Foggy Ledge —
Placer Mining on the Sultan — De Soto Company's Properties — Wallace District — Forty-Five Consolidated — Its
History— Tlie Little Chief— Other Properties — Index District The Copper Bell— Sunset Company's Property —
The Ethel — The Buckeye Copper Mine -Index Mining Company- Other Properties in the District — History of
Silver Creek District — New York-Seattle Company — Bonanza Group— The Ontario— Lucky Day — Orphan
Boy — Everett Smelter — Agriculture in Snohomish County — Stillaguamish Flats — Intensive Agriculture— Dairy-
ing — Fishing— Commercial Trout Conipany--Manufacturing 381

CHAPTER II

Educational

State Schools and Education — Provision for Same — High Schools — Normal Schools — State Agricultural College
— and School of Science — State University — First Schools in Skagit County — Schools in Upper Skagit —
Schools on the Islands — First Teachers' Examination— G. E. Hartson's Report — Progress in 1886 — Teachers'

CONTENTS XV

PAGE

Association Organized — Statistics of Years since 1886 — J. G. Lowman's Report — High Schools-Schools at the
Portland Fair- Private Schools — Alden Academy— Forest Home Industrial Academy— Snohomish County
Schools — District No. 1 — No. 2— No. 3 — Eight Districts in 1875 — Dixon's Report for 1891 — Friar's ReiX)rt for
1898— Stiger's Report for 1904 — Paget Sound Academy — Dorrance Academy— Academy of St. Dominic— Betha-
nia High School and College— Conclusion 420

CHAPTER HI

Press of Skagit and Snohomish Cointies

Puget Sound Mail — Skagit News-Herald— Mount Vernon Argus— Puget Sound Post — Skagit County Courier -
Skagit County Times — Anacortes American — School Bulletin — Hamilton Herald — Skagit County Logger —
Avon Record— Sauk City Star — Northwest Enterprise— Anacortes Progress — Other Pioneer Newspapers — Sedro
Press — The Northern Star — The Eye -Snohomish Tribune — Everett Daily Herald — Morning Tribune — Labor
Journal — Arlington Times — Monroe Monitor — Washington Transcript — Granite Falls Post — Index Miner — Stau-
wood Tidings — Edmonds Review — Marysville Globe — Sultan Star — Everett Times — Everett Herald (discon-
tinued)— Edmonds Chronicle 428

CHAPTER IV

The Indians of Skagit and Snohomish Counties

Local Indian Reservations — Tulalip, Swinomish, Lummi, Port Madison, Muckleshoot — Mukilteo Council — Its
Results — Missionary Work — Priest Point- Government School Established -Present School — Its Employees
and Ecjuipments — Agents — Captain Hill's Report — Area of Reservation— Indian Courts — Areas of Lummi and
Other Reservations— Basket Makiiij,'- Early White Settlements Near or in Tulalip — The Indian: His Origin and
Legendarj' Lore — Multitude of Theories— Immigration from Asia Theory — Forced Migration Theory— Other
Theories — Legendary Pecularities — Linguistic Resemblances — Conclusion of the Matter — Indian's Legend-
ary Accounts of His Origin— Character of Indian Legends — Pacific Indian Fishermen — Their Vocation in the
Legends — Legend Telling in Winter— Summer Work — Happiness of Indian Life— A Picture of Indian Legend
Telling— Indian Philosophy — Indian Legendary Education— Canoes. Canoeing and Canoe Building — Origin of
the Canoe^Expertness of British Columbia Canoe Builders — Birch Bark Canoes — Classes of Canoes on Puget
Sound— Making of Canoes — Methods of Overcoming Defects— Canoe Bailing — Names of Canoe Types — Descrip-
tion of Each — Description of Paddles — Methods of Paddling— Canoe Racing — Canoe and Indian — His Coffin in
Death 443

CHAPTER V

Reminiscent and Poetical

Reminiscence of Twenty-five Years Ago— Some Upper Stillaguamish Historj- — Scraps from a Pioneer's Diary —
Edison's Gold Excitement — A Celebrated Advertisement — The Salmon Age — An Incident of Pioneer Travel —
Alpine, the Deserted Village — Caught in a Puget Sound Blizzard— Reminiscences of an Ex-Indian Agent — Gen-
eral McDowell and Chief Bonaparte — .An Indian Sham Battle — White Man Versus Indians — The Indians and
a Total Eclipse — A Siwash's Revenge — A Claim Seeking Incident — Ancient Cherry Trees — One Pioneer
Woman— Original Methods of a Postmaster— A Camping Incident — A Stirring Incident of '58— A Flood Story —
A Miner's Story — Then and Now— A Sailor's Pioneering— A Bear Story — Adventures with Bruin — A Good
Country to Tie To —Piracy on the High Seas — The "Judge" Throws the Case Out of the Window — Mount-
Ranier — The Swinomish Flats— Sailing of the Whaleback — Port Gardner — The Wild Cherry Tree — The Old
Settler— On the Plains — The Pioneers— The Brave Old Days — The Evergreen State 458

PART V

BIOGRAPHICAL

Skagit County 493

Snohomish County 825

GENERAL ILLUSTRATIONS

PACE

A "Catch" of Fish 405

A Field of Cauliflower 188

A I'ield of Oats 115, 171

A I'ish-Canniiig Tlant 210

A Hop Ranch 211

Anacortes 20"

Anacortes High School 2H>

A •' I'reeiuption" Cabin 188

Arlington 344

A "Saniish F'lats" Residence 171

A Shaded Highway 211

A Skagit County I-aini 15r>

A Sound Steamer 405

• • At Anchor" 211

A Timber Claim 211

Baling Hay, Near Stanwood 351

Baling Hay, Snohomish Flats 171

Battleship "Iowa" 322

• ' Bicycle" Tree, The 2!t8

"Big Tree" Stum[) 107

Blockhouse, Bosart's 107

Blockhouse, Crocket's 107

"Bonnie," The Collie 200

Bridge on "tioat Trail" 124

Burlington : 230

"But I Flow on Forever" < 252

Cabbage Seed, Harvesting 230

Canoe-maker, The 442

Canyon Falls 252

Canyon of the Skagit River 124

Cauliflower. ... li^S

Cedar Log Encircled by Roots of Other Large Trees, 130

Changing the Channel 206

Chief John ....442

"Clearing" 145

CoUaiise of Great Northern R. R. Bridge 107

Court House, Everett 315

Creamery, Stanwood Cooperative 351

Crevasse on Mt. Baker 395

Deception Pass 418

Distant View of Stanwood 344

"Donkey" Logging Engine 175

Dusky Indian Maidens 455

Engine, Donkey 175

Engine, Logging 1 75

Everett 315

PAGE

Exhibit of Snohomish County at Portland, 1905 136

Exposition Buildings, St. Louis, Portland 298

Farm of C. Anderson, Stanwood 322

Field of Oats 115, 171

First Sawmill in Snohomish County, Built 1852 107

First Skagit County Surveying Corps, 1872 155

Fish-Canning Plant 210

Fish H atchery. Baker Lake 380

Fish Hatchery, Sub-station 380

Fishing Boats 107

Fishing Crew 162

Fish Trap. A 115, 162

F'ishtrap Piles. Towing 124

Foot Bridge Suspended on Cables 380

Forresters 282

Fresh Vegetables 200

Getting Out Ship Masts 282

Glaciers on Mt. Baker 395

Goats 260

Goat Trail 124

Governor Isaac Ingalls Stevens 63

Granite Falls 252

"Gum Boot" Kitty 442

Harvesting Cabbage Seed 230

Hauling Fir Logs, 0.\en 129

Hauling Shingle Bolts 136

"Hawaii," Steamer 40&

Hemlock Tree Growing from Old Cedar "Snag" 298

Hereford Cattle 188

Hewitt Avenue, Everett 315

High School. Anacortes 216-

"Hole in the Wall" (Two Views) 41S

' -Home of the Trout" 252

"Home Sweet Home" 380

Hop Ranch 211

Indian in his "Dugout" 124

Indian Tree Burial 455

In the Background, Everett 315

In the Harbor 405

La Conner, 1873 and 1905 200

La Conner Flats (Oat Fields) 115

Large Log Over Which Other Large Trees Have

(irown 136

Library Building, Everett 315

"Limping Liz" 442

Log Bridge 282

XVlll

GENERAL ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

Logging Engine 175

Logging near Pilchuck 136

Logging Scene 380

Logging Teams Ho, 222, 282

Log Leaving Chute 129

Marguerite, Steamer 330

Monte Cristo 252

Monte Cristo R. R. Tunnel, 900 Feet 266

Moonlight on the Sound 405

Mount Vernon 194

Mouth of the Skagit River 107

Mt. Baker 380, 395

Mt. Index 380

Mt. Rainier 395

Old Sawmill on Tulalip Indian Reservation, Built in

1852 107

On Samish Flats, Near Edison 188

Pan-American Exposition Exhibit 175

Pass, Deception 418

Pioneer Cabin 188

Pioneers, The . 282

President Roosevelt at Everett, May 23. 1903 315

Puget Sound Academy, Snohomish 337

Puget Sound from Hat Island 405

Punctured Tree, The 171

Rhododendron, The 9o

Rosario 418

Sawing on the Big Fir Tree 380

Sawing Shingle Bolts 129

Sedro-WooUey 222

Shingle Bolt Drive, Stillaguamish River 136

Shipbuilding at Everett 330

Ship Masts 282

"Siwash" at Home 442

"Siwash" Indian Camp 442

"Siwash" in his "Dugout" 124

Sixty Thousand Salmon in Fish Trap, Strawberry

Bay 162

Skagit River 124

Skagit River Canyon 124

PAGE

Skid Road, A 175

Snohomish, 1886 and 1905 337

Snohomish County Exhibit at Portland, 1905 136

Snohomish County Vegetables 266

'•Sound of the Woodman's Ax" 222

Source of a Mountain Stream 315

Stacking Timothy Hay 230

Stanwood 344

State Flower, The 96

Steamer Hawaii 405

Steamer Marguerite at Snohomish 3.30

Steamer Umatilla 405

Steaming Crater on Mt. Baker 395

Stillaguamish and Skykomish River Falls 252

Stillaguamish River, Changing the Channel 266

"Still Waters Run Deep" 211

Stump Dance Platform 298

Stump Dwelling House 386

Stump Pile, 90 Feet High 145

Surveying Corps, Skagit County, 1872 Ii5

"Swamping," " Barking the Ride," etc 129

Swinomish Indian Reservation 455

Ten- Horse Logging Team 222

The Canoe Maker 442

Threshing Near Stanwood 351

Threshing Oats, La Conner Flats 115

Timber Claim, A 211

Tnlalip Indian Agency 442, 455

Tulalip Indian Belle 4.55

Tulalij) Indian Girls in Tambourine Drill 455

Tunnel on Monte Cristo R. R.. 900 Feet 266

Washington State Exposition Buildings at St. Louis

in 1904 and at Portland in 1905 298

Washington State Flower 96

" Whaleback • Vessel, "City of Everett" 322

W'ilmans Peak 252

"Woodman. Spare that Tree" 386

World's Fair Log, Diameter 16 Feet 136

'i'arding "Donkey" Engine and Ten-Horse Logging

Team 222

INDEX

SKAGIT COUNTY BIOGRAPHICAL

PACE

Abbott, Linus Mount Vernon "51

Abrahamson, John McMurray 802

Adam, Valentine Hamilton 808

Adin, George La Conner d'O

Aldridge, Wilson M Baker 812

Alkire, John W., D. O Mount Vernon 520

Allen, Smith O Prairie 785

Allmond, Douglass Anacortes. 617

Alstraud, Charles Belleville 755

Amskold, John Frederick Mount Vernon 601

Anable, John 1 Mount Vernon 520

Anderson, Andrew Mount Vernon 567

Anderson, Andrew Mount Vernon 568

Anderson, Axel Mount Vernon 5,58

Anderson, Frederick La Conner 669

Anderson, Nels Mount Vernon 572

Anderson, Nels Bow "-16

Andrews, Hon. Laurin L La Conner 649

Armstrong, William Mount Vernon 605

Arnold, George G Sedro- WooUey V03

Axelson, Axel W Mount Vernon 556

Axelson, Elmer A Fir 526

Baldridge, John K Hamilton 807

Ball, John Mount Vernon 535

Ball, Richard H La Conner 648

Barkhousen, Henry C Anacortes 638

Barratt, William Marblemount 707

Bartl, Frank Mount Vernon 543

Bartl, Xaver Clear Lake 796

Batev, David Sedro- WooUey 689

Beale, Charles W Anacortes 624

Beard, Marston G Anacortes 641

Becraf t, Charles E Mount Vernon 591

Bell, Samuel L Mount Vernon 608

Beloit, Eugene Sauk 818

Benedict, Fred W Mount Vernon 602

Benson, Al Bow 742

Benson, Berent A Bow "'il

Bessner, Matthew Mount Vernon 576

Bessner, Nicholas Edison 773

Best, Christopher C Dewey 644

Best, Martin L Mount Vernon 574

Binghan., Hon. Charles E Sedro- Woolley 674

Blumbeig, Frederick Lewis. . .Mount Vernon 512

PAGE

Borseth, Ole J Fir 721

Bowen, James S Mount Vernon 517

Bowen, Jolin L Sauk 816

Bowman, Amos Anacortes. .... 611

Bradlev, Hon. R. Lee Anacortes 6.35

Bradsberry . Frank Sedro- Woolley 698

Bristow, Edward La Conner 650

Brosseau, George A Burlington 737

Brown, William J Bow 756

Buck, Franklin Mount Vernon 723

Buller lirotliers Marblemount 819

Burdon, William H Fidalgo 642

Burns, Sylvester Sedro- Woolley 696

Burton, Walter S Burlington 724

Cain, Thomas Edison 763

Callahan, Edward Mount Vernon 577

Callahan, James Mount Vernon 607

Callahan, John Mount Vernon 577

Carlson, John Edward Mount Vernon 554

Carlson, John H Mount Vernon 561

Carlson, Swan Mount Vernon 542

Carlson, W. Axel La Conner 655

Carpenter, Nelson W Mount Vernon 521

Carter, Fred Leroy La Conner 6.55

Cavanaugh, James H Anacortes 634

Chambers, Samuel La Conner 663

Chellman, Fred P Mount Vernon 557

Chilberg, Isaac La Conner 668

Chilberg, John H La Conner 671

Christenson, Nels Mount Vernon 563

Clothier, Harrison Mount Vernon 511

Cochrane, James Hamilton 808

Colvin, Robert C Mount Vernon 595

Conn, Fletcher W Edison 746

Conner, Herbert S La Conner 647

Conner, James J Hamilton 806

Conner, John S La Conner 644

Conrad, Charles La Conner 672

Cook, Mortimer Sedro-WooUey 673

Coriell, Abner B Mount Vernon 528

Cornelius, William J M ount Vernon 575

Cox, George Sedro-WooUey 696

Cressey, George G Burlington 732

Cressey, William Henry Harrison. .Burlington 729

XX

INDEX

Cressey, WiHiam, Jr Burlington "3-1

Crogstad, Andrew N Fir 792

Crumrine. Edward Bay View 780

Culver, Clement Edison 771

Currier, Oliver C La Conner 069

Curtis, Melville Anacortes 617

Dale, John L Edison 757

Dale, William Mount Vernon 515

Daniels, Eugen Edison 773

Danielson, Lars Mount Vernon 576

Dannenmiller, Henry A Mount Vernon 580

Davis, Rowland E \nacortes ()36

Davison, Adam \V Sedro-Woolley 697

Dawson, William A Bow 757

Dean, George Samish 770

Dean, James M Anacortes 040

Decatur, Capt. David F Mount Vernon 518

Denis, Peter Edison 772

Donaldson, Nils Milltown 802

Donnelly, David M Sedro- Wooiley U85

Douglass. Frank A Sedro-Woolley 093

Downs, Dr. Horace P Mount X'eruon 525

Downs, John L Mount \'ernon 525

Dreyer, Henry H Burlington 086

Dunlap, Isaac La Conner .589

Dunlap, Samuel Mount Vernon 555

Dunlap, William Mount Vernon 590

Dunlop, William A Sedro-Woolley 092

Dunn, George W Clear ],ake 796

Dwelley, Joseph F La Conner 064

Eckenberger, George Samish 775

Egbers, Ahlert H Mount Vernon 552

Egelkrout, John Sedro-Woolley 712

Egtvet, Peter Mount Vernon 538

Elde, Charles Mount Vernon 557

Elde, Nels Mount Vernon 555

Eplin, Lafayette Mount Vernon 594

Hrickson, Nils Mount Vernon .5.59

Everett, .-^masa l>aker 705

Ewing, Joseph I£ Mount Vernon 573

Faller, Frederick K Sedro-Woollev 082

Farrar, Calvin L Sedro-Woolley 077

Fellows, James H Clear Lake 800

I'instad, Bernt J Mount Vernon 000

Flagg, Arthur W Mount Vernon 579

I'lagg, Benjamin Mount Vernon 603

I'ortin, Napoleon Mount Vernon 003

Foster, V. E Sedro-Woolley 075

Franey, Robert Van Horn 815

Eraser, Alexander D Burlington 730

I'redlund, Jules Mount Vernon .524

Fulk, David Padilla 781

Gaches, Charles E La Conner 6.W

Gage, Frederic La Conner 071

Gage, William Mount Vernon 547

Garland, Richard Mount Vernon .542

Gates, Jasper Mount Vernon .S37

PAGE

Gates, John B Mount Vernon 722

Gates, Thumas Mount Vernon 590

Gay, Samuel S Sedro-Woolley 678

Geld. Andrew A. liergseth . . . Mount Vernon 509

Geesaman, William Bow 749

Gilmore, John A Edison 763

Gilmore, William N Edison 75S

Gilmore, William, Sr Edison 758

Good, Tliomas Mount Vernon 543

Gorton, Edgar P Mount X'ernon .537

Graham, Albert I Anacortes 618

Gregory, William () Burlington 714

Gunderson, Ole Mount Vernon 541

Gunther, Robert Mount Vernon 572

Halloran, Patrick Mount Vernon 494

Halpin, William H Anacortes 731

Hamilton, Frank R Sedro-Woolley 700

Hammer, Hiram Sedro-Woolley 078

Hansen, Charles C Mount Vernon .538

Hanson, George J Mount Vernon 723

Harmon, Charles Mount Vernon 514

Harrison, James M Sedro-Woolley 71ii

Hart, Joseph Sedro-Woolley 091

... 518
... 517
... 498
... 597
... .500
... 791
... .507
... 549^
... 5.54
... 793
... 626

Hanson, George A Hamilton 806

Herrle. Lawrence Mount Vernon 59:J-

Hodge, Charles W Samish 776

Hoehn, Frank J Sedro-Woolley 684

Hoff, Gustave C Mount Vernon 567

Hoffman. George Bow 752

Hurley, William Burlington 715^

Hurshman, Henry Lyman 803

Hutchinson, Haley R Mount \'ernon .526

Hartson, George E Mount Vernon

Hartson, Ralph C Mount Vernon

Hastie, Thomas P Mount Vernon ,

Hawkins, William A Mount Vernon ,

Hayton, Hon. Thomas Mount Vernon

Hayton, James B Fir

Hayton, Thomas R Mount \'ernon

Hayton, William Mount \'ernon

Hayward, Darley C Mount Vernon .

Hemingway, Lewis P Fir

Hensler, Gus .Anacortes

Ivarson, Sigurd

.Sedro-Woollev 713

Jackson, John W Bow 748

Jarvis, Frederick J Sedro-Woolley 095

Jenne, George F Mount Vernon 606

Jennings, Isaac La Conner 667

Jewell, Mrs. Elizabeth Burlington 739

Jewett, I'rank A Mount Vernon 591

Johnson, .Mex Fir 792

Johnson, Alfred Mount Vernon 544

[ Johnson, .'\ndrew A Mount Vernon 529

Johnson, Andrew S Bow 745

Johnson, Bengt M illtown 753^

Johnson, Charles Clinton Mount \'ernou .522

I Johnson, Edwin Mount Vernon 566-

I Johnson, Fritz Belleville 777

INDEX

I'Ar-.E

Johnson, Gustaf W Mount Vernon 580

Johnson, Lewis Fir 794

Johnson, Nelse 15 Mount Vernon .')23

Johnson, Ole Burlington 717

Johnson, O. J Mount Vernon 559

Johnson, Peter E Mount Vernon 574

Johnson, Kasnius S Edison 745

Johnson, S. Fred Mount Vernon (i07

Joiner, Judge George A Anacortes 617

Jones, Fayette L Burlington 7;i8

Jungquist, Frank Mount Vernon 500

Jungquist, John Mount V'ernon 530

Kalso, Fred Bay View 721

Kalso, Otto Bay View 721

Kamb, John W Mount N'ernon 549

Kelleher, John Sedro-Woolley 710

Kelly, Mrs. Nancy A Mount V'ernon 718

Kemnierich, August Birdsview 811

Kerr, Samuel E Mount X'ernon 601

Kiens, Fred Sedro-Woolley 709

Kiens, John Sedro-Woolley 689

Kilander, Otto W Padilla 782

Kill, John Mount \'ernon 578

Kimble, David Everett Mount Vernon 527

Kimble, Edward David Mount \'ernon 528

Kinsey, Darius Sedro-Woolley 683

Klingenmaier, Otto Bay View 778

Knisley, George M Mount Vernon 600

Knutzen, Jess H Burlington 715

Koch, David Burlington 725

Kuuzmann, Frederick C Bow 750

Kyle, J. William Sedro-Woolley 682

Eachaiielle, John B Big Lake 801

Larson, Lewis Fir 794

Larsen, Peter Sauk 817

Lawson, Alfred J Fravel 775

I^awson, George H Mount Vernon 562

Lee, Nelse H Mount Vernon 5()9

Lee, Ole N Mount Vernon 541

Lehnhoff, Anton Mount Vernon 608

Lendblom, Gust Mount Vernon 558

Lewis, John Bow 730

Lindamood, Charles A Burlington 735

Lloyd, John Sedro-Woolley 698

l^ockhart, Samuel M La Conner 666

Lockhart, Thomas G Mount Vernon 570

Lockwood, John B Burlington ,.. . . 735

Lonke, Ole Mount Vernon 582

Lough, James Big Lake 801

Lnwman, Jacob W Anacortes 623

I-owman, J. Guy Mount Vernon 498

Lund, John Axel Mount \'ernon 530

Lundin, Albert Burlington 716

Majerus, Jacob La Conner 672

Majerus, Michel Burlington 737

Maloy, Patrick H Mount Vernon 579

Mann, George H Fir 786

Marble, George W Mount Vernon 516

PAGF.

March, Fred H Anacortes 639

March, James T Anacortes 637

Marihugh, Silas W Mount Vernon 598

Martin, John W Edison 772

Martin, Mrs. Mary Lyman 804

Massey, William K Anacortes 639

Matheson, Capt. John A Anacortes 630

Mattice, Dr. Menzo B Sedro-Woolley 679

Meins, William Prairie 784

Melkild, John Conway 6r>6

Melville, Alexander B Clear Lake 799

Miller, Marsh Mount \'ernon 548

Miller, William H Burlington 735

Millet, John P Anacortes 636

Minkler, Hon. Birdsey D Lyman 803

Minter, Richard P Anacortes 629

Moore, Andrew J Bow 748

Moores, James H Mount Vernon 592

Moran, George Mount Vernon 529

Morris, George A Mount Vernon 593

Morris, John C . . Mount Vernon .")9ti

Moss, David H Mount Vernon 493

MacLeod, Kenneth Conway 801

McCormick, David L Mount Vernon 604

McCormick, Thomas J Mount Vernon 599

McCoy, Patrick Edison 7()3

McCuUough, Nathaniel Edison 770

McDonald, James Sedro-Woolley 695

McFadden. Plin V Sedro-Woolley 709

McGlinn, Hon. John P La Conner 662

McGregor, Daniel A Sedro-Woolley 684

McKenna, William J Bay View 777

McKinnon, Peter Mount Vernon 593

McLean, M Mount Vernon 599

McMillin, George Burlington 739

McTaggart, Edward Edison 769

Neely, James Bow 747

Nelson, Columbus Anacortes 633

Nelson, Mrs. Catherine .Anacortes 632

Nelson, John Anacortes 633

Nelson, John C Mount Vernon 548

Nelson, John L Mount Vernon 535

Nelson, Nels .A La Conner 657

Nelson, Oluf Inman Mount Vernon 560

Nelson, Peter E Anacortes 625

Norris, James M Burlington 726

Odlin, Hon. William T Anacortes 612

Odlin, Woodbridge Sedro-Woolley 711

Olsen, Christopher Fir 793

Olson, Charles La Conner 670

Olson. Frank G Mount Vernon 571

Olson, Solomon Mount Vernon 602

Olson, Swan Peter Mount Vernon 5S9

Ormsby, Norris Sedro-Woollej^ 694

Ostrander, Nathan Mount Vernon 582

Ovenell, T. Nelson Burlington 717

Palm, Leander Mount Vernon

544

INDEX

PAGE

. 809
. 522
. 656
. 716
. 557

Patterson, George W Hamilton

Patterson. Ira T M ount Vernon ....

Pearson, Gust La Conner

. Pease, Orson Burlington

Peck, Harris B Mount Vernon ....

Perry, William H Sedro-Woolley 679

Peterson, Peter Mount Vernon 569

Peth, John J Mount Vernon 604

Peth, Richard H Mount Vernon 571

Pettit, Sands C Burlington 724

Phelps, George W Clear Lake 795

Pickens, Michael Mount Vernon 521

Poison, Alfred Fir 786

Poison, Nels Mount Vernon 550

Poison, Perry Seattle 508

Porter, Thomas F Sauk 817

Power, Hon. James La Conner 555

Pulver, Rudolph Burlington 736

Purcell, John Bay View 779

Putnam, R. H Clear Lake 797

Quint, Albanus D Dewey

Rains, William T Clear Lake . . .

Ranous, Bethuel C Anacortes ....

Ratchford, George W Sedro-Woolley

Reed, Edward Bow

Regenvetter, Peter La Conner. . . .

... 643

... 798

... G38

... 694

... 748

... 666

Richards, Nelson B Bow 751

Riemer, John G Clear Lake 800

Ritchford, James Sedro-Woolley 685

Robinson, William F Anacortes 631

Rock, John H La Conner 665

Ross, Alexander Lyman 804

Ross, David Sedro-Woolley 714

Rudene, Hon. John O La Conner 497

Russell, David Birdsview 811

Scanlan, John Mount Vernon 595

Schafer, August W Hamilton 805

Scheurkogel, Hyman La Conner 658

Schidleman, Samuel Mount Vernon 562

Schmitz, Peter Burlington 740

Schricker, Hon. William E... La Conner 648

Scott, James Sedro-Woolley 711

Seabury, Howard Sedro-Woolley 675

Sharfenberg, .Mbert Mount Vernon 565

Sharfeuberg, Joseph Mount Vernon 566

Sharpe. Thomas Anacortes 642

■Shaughnessy, Thomas Burlington 726

Shea, Samuel E Sedro-Woolley 699

Shea, Warren Mount Vernon 515

Shield, J. Madison Mount Vernon 552

Shrauger, Ira E Mount Vernon 49.1

Shumaker, N'ichols Edison 769

Shumway, George N Belfast 664

Singer, William C Mount Vernon 597

Sisson, Edgar A Padilla 780

Slosson, Fred Mount Vernon 5.53

Smith, Alexander K Clear Lake 798

Smith, Harvey Mount Vernon 606

PAGE

.. 797

. . 550

. . 711

. 738

, . 568

Smith, John R Clear Lake

Snowden, Benjamin F Mount Vernon ..

Sorensen, Hans Peter Sedro-Woolley .

Southard, Edward D Burlington

Spahr, Emery Mount Vernon . .

Spaulding, Michael Bow 749

Springsteen, Franklin J Baker 812

Squires, James T Edison 774

Stacey, Alfred J Anacortes 629

Stackpole, Frank H Mount Vernon 523

Stearns, Earl H Bow 741

Stevens, Lafayette S Clear Lake 795

Stevens, Tobias Burlington 732

Stevenson, Charles W Mount Vernon 514

Stewart, Ellsworth M Mount Vernon 596

Storrs, Charles E Mount Vernon 547

Storrs, Dennis Mount Vernon 551

Sullivan, Daniel Edison 764

Sullivan, Daniel P Bow 742

Sullivan, James J Bow 741

Sullivan, Michel J La Conner 668

Summers, Henry Mount Vernon 564

Sumner. Bloomington R Avon 783

Sundstrom, Oscar Mount Vernon 522

Sutter, John Sauk 706

Tait, Thomas H Padilla

Thomas, John G Anacortes

Thomas, Robert P Anacortes

Thompson, Jeremiah Mount Vernon

Thompson, William J Sedro-Woolley

Thorne, Woodbury J Thornwood . . .

Tillinghast, Alvinza G La Conner. . . .

... 781
... 640
... 634
... 553
... 683
... 731
... 661

Tingley, Samuel Simpson . . . .Hamilton 704

Tjersland, Ben Mount Vernon 564

Tollber, Charles Mount Vernon 581

Treat, Charles F Fir 785

Truman, Peter W Lyman 805

Turner, Newton G La Conner 662

Turner, Thomas Edgar Clear Lake 799

Umbarger, Harlton R Burlington 733

, Valentine, Charles La Conner 665

Van Fleet, Emmett Sedro-Woolley 699

I Van Horn, James V Van Horn 815

I Villeneuve Charles Sedro-Woolley 680

I Von Pressentin, .Albert Sauk 816

Von Pressentin, Otto K Sedro-Woolley 681

I Von Pressentin, Paul Marblemount 818

j Warner, Charles Sedro-Woolley 696

' Watkinson, Euphroneous E . . Bow 756

Watkinson, Melbourn Edison 771

Wells, Hiram E Mount Vernon 570

Wells, William R Mount Vernon 573

Wells. William V Anacortes 623

Westlund, Charles G Mount Vernon 544

Wheeler, George Sedro-Woolley 71.'?

White, Frank N Anacortes 641

W'hitnev. Charles P Mount Vernon 519

INDEX

PAGE

Whitney, Rienzi Eugene Anacortes 621

Wicker, George O Sedro-Woolley 693

Wild, Henry Hamilton 810

Wilkins, Thomas P North Avon

Williams, Charles H Bow

Wilson, John H uston Bow

Wilson, Joseph Seattle

Wingreu, Olof j La Conner .

784
740
750
.691
657

PACK

Wingren, Peter La Conner 658

Wolf, George J Mount Vernon 561

Wood, William Fravel 774

Woodburn, Robert Padilla 782

Woods, William Sedro-Woolley 708

Woolley, Philip A Sedro-Woolley 676

Young, James M Sedro-Woolley

708

SKAGIT COUNTY PORTRAITS

PAGE

Abbott, Linus 753

Allmond, Douglass 616

Alstrand, Charles 753

Anderson, Nels 744

Arnold, George G 701

Ball, Eleanor M 533

Ball, John 532

Barratt, William 701

Batey, David 688

Batey, Mrs. David 688

Borseth, Mrs. Ole J 719

Borseth, Ole J 719

Bowman, Amos 610

Buck, Franklin 719

Cain, Thomas 765

Conn, Fletcher W 744

Conner, John S 645

Cressey, William Henry Harrison 728

Curtis, Melville 619

Dreyer, Henry H 688

Dreyer, Mrs. Henry H 688

Dunlop, William A 688

Egtvet, Mr. and Mrs. Peter, and Home 539

Everett, Amasa 701

Eraser, Alexander D 728

Gage, William 546

Caches, James 652

Gaches, Mrs. James 653

Gates, John H 719

Gilmore, William 759

Halloran, Patrick 495

Halpin, William H 728

Hamilton, Frank R 701

Hamilton, Mrs. Frank R 701

H anson, George J 719

PAGE

Hanson, Mrs. George J 719

Hart, Joseph 688

Hay ton, Mrs. Thomas R 505

Hayton, Thomas R 504

Hayton, Thomas, Sr 501

Hensler, Gus 627

Hoffman, George 753

Johnson, Andrew S 744

Johnson, Bengt 753

Johnson, Rasmus S 744

Kalso, Frederick ., . . 719

Kalso, Mrs. Frederick 719

Kelley, Mrs. Nancy A 719

Kiens, John 688

Lewis, John 728

McCoy, Patrick 762

McTaggart, Edward W 768

Odlin, William T 613

Olson, Swan Peter 586

Olson, Mrs. Swan Peter 587

Poison, Mrs. Olof 789

Poison, Olof 788

Poison, Perry 509

Sutter, John 701

Stackpole, Mr. and Mrs., and Home 583

Thorne, Mrs. Adelia Lathrop 728

Thome, Thomas D., D. D 728

Thorne, Woodbury J 728

Tillinghast, Alving G 660

Tingley, Mrs. Samuel Simpson 701

Tingley, Samuel Simpson 701

Van Horn, James V 814

Wilson, Joseph 688

INDEX

SXOHOAIISH COUXTY BIOGRAPHICAL

PAGE

Acme Business College,

Carolyn Pachin, Conductor. .Everett 885

Aldridge, William Oso 1077

Alston, (iuy C Everett 921

Anderson, Charles A Marysville 943

Anderson, Erick O Silvana 1019

Anderson, Fred P Granite Falls lOiU

Anderson, George \V Granite Falls 10(i7

Anderson, Henry C Stanwood 989

Anderson, Louis Marysville !U7

Andersen, Peter Everett 924

Angevine, John I'rancis Everett 913

Arndt, Carl Startup 1110

Arp, Louis P Edmonds Ur>'2

Asbery, Isaac Marysville 941

Atwood, Henry L Granite Falls 10119

Austin, Granis W Monroe 1093

Haitinger, Henry E Index 1112

Bakeman, Charles H Snohomish 850

Bakeman, George Snohomish 802

Baker, Daniel S Arlington 1033

Pjaker. Frederick K Everett 917

Baldridge, Henrv L ....Sultan (now Darrington). . . .1101

Bartlett, Frank L Marysville 942

Baxter, Nathan N Sultan 1105

Bender, John Finley Everett 907

l^engtsou, Andrew Monroe 1094

Blackman, Alanson A Snohomish 853

Blackman, Arthur M Snohomish 829

Blackman, Elhanan Snohomish 851

Blackman, Hyrcanus Snohomish 852

Blair, Aaron L Arlington 1022

Bohl, Ernest Arlington 1044

]5otten, Iver Silvana 1011

Brackett, George Edmonds 9.')9

Brady, James Edmonds 948

Breckhus, Gilbert O Silvana 1014

Breckhus, Jacob G Silvana 1015

Breckhus, John Silvana lOlfi

Breckhus, Severt G Silvana 1013

Britton, Joseph C Arlington 1029

Brown, Peter Snohomish 862

Brown, William Snohomish 865

Browne, Christian Granite Falls UMiS

l?rue, Andrew J Stanwood 993

Brush, Bert Jay Everett 914

Buchanan, Or. Charles Milton. Tulalip Indian Kesv... 842

Buck, Fred S..' Sultan 1109

Bunten, William H Arlington 1041

liiirleson, Hiram H Edmonds 952

Campbell, John A Fortson 1079

Campbell, John L Darrington 1082

Carjjenter, Daniel I Granite Falls 1059

Carpenter, Ira Machias 1058

Chartrand, Felix Oso 1075

Chase, Willie Eastman Lowell 935

Chenier, Joseph Darrington 1083

Cicero. Stephen Cicero 1072

Clark, William A Machias 1057

Clausen, Lars P Silvana 1012

Cochran. George M Snohomish 855

Collingwood, Ralph Cicero 1073

Conners, Frank L Stanwood 993

Conners, William Stanwood 981

Cook, William Sultan 1 103

Cox, Dr. William C Everett 921

Currie, James W .Edmonds 949

Cuthbert, Andrew Norman 1009

Danhof, Garmt Snohomish 872

Darling, F. H Edmonds 9.5U

Davies, Thomas D Marysville 942

Davison, Joseph Everett 925

Deering, William Snohomish 874

Denney, Hon. John C Everett 899

Densmore, Alfred Everett 920

Diffley, Michael Granite Falls 1061

Doolittle, Fred C Index 1116

Drew, Terresser H Lowell 939

Duffy, Bernard J Fortson 1078

Eddy, Wilbert F Snohomish 878

Edsberg, Sigward J Stanwood 1003

Eggert, Ernst Getchell '. 1050

Eide, Ole E Stanwood 986

Eitzenberger, Max Arlington 1045

Ekstran, Nils C) Stanwood 998

Elliiigsen, lohn Arlington 1033

Elwell, Charles F Monroe 1086

Elwell, Tamlin Snohomish 841

Enas, Joseph S Granite Falls 1066

Engeseth, Severt Arlington 1037

Erdahl. Samuel S Bryant 1071

Erickson, Slvrker A Silvana 1019

Erickson, L'lrick K Snohomish 882

Estby, Anders Norman 1010

Everett Public Library,
Gretchcn Hathaway, Libru. Everett 910

Feulason, Wesley J Stanwood 998

Ferguson, Clark Snohomish 833

Ferguson, Emory C Snohomish 825

Ferguson, Fred E Monroe 1097

Fhygesen, Chris Startup HOC

Finnigau, Thomas J Snohomish 875

Fjerlie, Andrew Stanwood 1004

Fjarlie, Ole O Stanwood 10t)5

Flo, Louis I Stanwood 999

Floe, Steffen Stanwood 994

Florance. .\ndrew F Snohomish 874

Folsom, Dr. .\. C Snohomish 844

IXDEX

Foss, Fred V Snohomish .

Ford, WiUiam H ArliDgton . .

French, Alfred Oso

I'riday, Henry Fverett . . .

I'unk, Martin J Silvana ....

Funk, Peter Arlington ..

Furness, Iver Norman . . .

. 849
. l(i:!l
.1077
. !)U
.1015
.lOlil
.1009

Getchell, Joseph F Snohomish 84:!

Getchell, Martin Lowell 9:!(i

Gooding, Marion Arlington 1047

Goodrich, Gardner Stanwood 984

Gorhani, Hon. Charles W . . . .Snohomish WO

Grant, Claude C Cicero 1074

Gravelle, Peter Mukilteo 94^

Green, Andrew J Arlington 103S

Gregory, Horace A Granite Falls 9(14

Gunderson, Emil Stanwood 1005

Gunderson, Peter Stanwood Oli:!

Gunn, Amos D Index Hll

Hall, Arthur E Stanwood 975

Hall, James W Snohomish 8t>0

Hamlin, Capt. William H Edmonds 950

Hancock, Francis H Stanwood 982

Hansen, Chris Stanwood 994

Hansen, John C Stanwood 990

Hanson, Charles F Stanwood 907

Hanson, Julius Granite Falls 1008

Hanson, Lars P Stanwood UK)0 j

Harding, Will Granite Falls 1005 1

Harriman, Charles F Monroe OiiO |

Harter, Isaac Marysville 945

Harvey, Peter Stanwood 976

Haskell, Calvin L Hartford 1052

Hawkinson, Charles Snohomish 850

Hayes, George W Monroe 1095

Headlee, Thomas E Everett 887

Heide, A. F Seattle S97

Helseth, Jens G Jordan 1049

Hevely, Huldo Silvana 1014

Hewitt, Henry, Jr Tacoma 888

Hill, Albert E Edmonds 9.55

Hill, Charles L Snohomish 873

Hillis, Charles D Cicero 1072

Hilton, John H Everett 908

Hingston, Philip Index 1114

Hollingsworth, Ira Hazel 1079

Holmes, Samuel Edmonds 95:i

Horton, Gilbert D Snohomish 840

Hovik, Ludwig A Marysville 945

Howard, Albert S Stanwood 991

Howard, Dr. Henry P Everett 922

Hughes, Robert Snohomish 833

H ulbert, Robert A Everett 919

Husby, Halvor P Stanwood 1003

lies, John Oso 1076

lUman, Harold W Everett 925

lUman, WiUiam H Sultau , 1106

Isberg, Rev. Peter Stanwood 1004

Iverson, Hon. C). B Olympia 907

Jackson, Clous Silvana 1014

Jefferson, Thomas Trafton 1022

Jenny, Fred Cedarhoine 1000

Jensen, Thomas Arlington 1031)

Joergenson, Rev. Christian ... Stanwood 989

Johnson, Abel Snohomish 867

Johnson, George Monroe 1092

Johnson, Hans Snohomish SOti

Johnson, Iver Lowell 940

Johnson, Iver Stanwood 976

Johnson, L. Roy ; • Sultan 1107

Johnson, Nils C Arlington 1028

Johnson, Peter J Getchell 1051

Jordan, Alvah H. I? Lowell "32

Jones, Lewis J Everett 927

Jones, Nathan Barker Sultan HOI

Jones, Rev. William G Seattle 894

Jones, William D Hartford 10.54

Julson, H. A Snohomish 860

jutzik, Theodore Snohomish 860

Kackman, Thees Bryant 1070

Keay, Alexander Everett 898

Kinnear, Robert Edgecomb 1048

Kirk, George W Snohomish 853

Kirn, Charles J Everett 923

Klaeboe, Andrew B Stanwood 979

j Knight, Arthur C Snohomish 858

Knudson, John Darrington 1082

I Knutson, Frederick Monroe 1089

t Knutson, Rasmus Silvana 1012

Koch, Frederick W Silvana 1015

Kraetz, Anton Arlington 1044

Kraetz, Joseph Arlragton 1038

Kroger, Joachim Arlington 1041

La Forge, Charles S Snohomish 826

Lammers, August Arlington

Lane, Edwin J Lochsloy .

Langsjon, Johannes Silvana . . .

Langsjon, John Silvana . . .

Langsav, Peter H Stanwood

Larimer, Floyd M Snohomish

Larsen, Lars Silvana . . .

Larson, Erlend Stanwood

Larson, John C Arlington

Larson, Ole

1042

1054

1017

lOlo

995

8G8

1017

990

1037

Silvana 1018

Lawry, Charles L Snohomish .

Lee, John B Stanwood .

Lenfest, Elmer, C. E Snohomish.

Leque, Nels P Stanwood .

Leque, Peter Stanwood ..

Levison, Levi Stanwood .

Lindley. Joseph Monroe ....

Lohr, Jacob T Cicero

Loose, Ursinus K Snohomish .

Lord, Mitchel Snohomish.

Lorenzen, Lorenz Arlington . .

. 841
. 1000
. 832
. 985
. 972
. 995
.1092
. 1073
. 834
. 876
.1042

INDEX

PAGE

M alksoD, Gilbert H Everett 926

Mallett, Joseph Snohomish 872

Mann, James W Sultan lUKi

Marsh, Calvin L Arlington 1027

Martell, Joseph Snohomish 881

Matterand, Ole S Stanwood 986

Maxwell, Robert Trafton 1020

Menzel, George Granite I-alls 971

Menzel, Henry Granite Falls 970

Meredith, H. M Sultan 1098

Messner, Roy G Granite Falls 1060

Micheels, Herman Snohomish 882

Mickelson, Andrew B Stanwood 997

Moehring, Charles F Snohomish 850

Montague, John Darrington 1081

Moore, Charles E Darrington 1081

Moore, William B Stanwood 995

Moran, Thomas Arlington 1027

Morgan, Alonzo W Snohomish 848

Morgan, Eugene L Sultan 1 108

Morgan, Hiram D Snohomish 847

Morgan, Hon. Benjamin H . . .Snohomish 848

Morgan, Morgan M Snohomish 878

Morgan, Morgan, Sr Snohomish 859

Morgan, William Snohomish 877

Morris, John W Arlington 1034

Moskeland, Ole O Marysville 943

Mudgett, Jacob A Snohomish 871

Munson, David T Florence 1007

Murphy, Andrew J Index 1117

Murphy, Curt J Arlington 1046

McCaulley, Matthew M Arlington . .

McDonald, Charles F Hartford. . .

McEacheran, Dr. Daniel Stanwood .

McGray, Capt. Otis C Monroe . . . .

Mclntire, Dr. Ida Noyes Everett . . .

Mclntire, Hon. Albert W Everett ...

Mclntyre, Thomas Index

McLean, Oliver Snohomish.

McManus, John E Seattle

Naas, Ole Stanwood . . .

Nelson, John W Snohomish. . .

Nelson, Peter Everett

Ness, Peter Stanwood

Nickerson, Earnest A Everett

Nicklason, Gustaf Cedarhome . .

Niles, Frank Granite Falls

Nilson, Lars C Marysville . . .

. 1035
.1052
. 980
.1087
. 905
. 900
.1115
. 834
. 893

.1006
. 861
. 928
.1000
. 915
.1007
.1059
. 944

Oake, Richard L Edmonds . .

Odell, Elmer E Monroe . . . .

Oldfield, Harry L Everett . . .

Oliver, Dr. William Forrest . .Arlington . .

Olsen, Peter Stanwood .

Olson, Olanus and Hans Silvana . . . .

Ostrand, Carl W Edgecomb .

Ovenell, George T Stanwood .

Packard, Myron W Snohomish.

Parker, Leroy Everett . . .

. 955
.1095
. 907
.1026
. 997
.1012
.1049
. 991

. 845
. 912

PAGE

Pattison, Fred O Monroe 1086-

Paiilson, Peter Marysville 944

Pearsall, George V Sultan 1 104

Pearson, Daniel O Stanwood 975

Pearson, Petrus H azel 1080 ■

Peden, Abraham Snohomish 876

Person, Peter Monroe 1090

Persun, Jackson H Arlington 1035

Peterson, A. Louis Sultan 1103

Peterson, Charles P Edmonds 950

Peterson, Jacob Arlington 1030

Phelps, Franklin E Monroe 1089'

Philipsen, Thomas Snohomish 854

Pierson, James R Hazel 1080-

Piles, Senator Samuel Henry . Seattle 892"

Pratt, William Rutherford Everett 918-

Redding, Clifford R Index 1112

Reinseth, Ole O Arlington 1039

Reinseth, Peder Arlington 1039-

Rhoades, John F Snohomish 830

Richards, Thomas N Snohomish 875

Ritter, David A Granite Falls 1060-

Roark, Dell Silvana 1020

Robbins, John M Marysville 960

Robe, Truitt K ■. . . . Granite Falls 969

Robertson, Alexander Florence 1008

Robinet, Jacob Everett 927

Rod, Knut O Arlington 1042-

Roth, Charles Arlington 1047

Roth, Gottlieb Snohomish 865

Rowland, O. O Index 1113

Rudebeck, Nicholas Everett 906

Ruthruff, Hugh C Oso 1074

Sandberg, Charles C^so 1075

Sandmann, Oscar Hartford 1053

Sawyer, Mrs. Jennie M Monroe 1085

Schaf er, Fred Snohomish 855

Scherrer, Ulrich Granite Falls 1066

Schloman, Bernhard C. W ... Arlington 1026

Schloman, John Arlington 1040

Sexton, David F Snohomish 837

Shadinger, John H Snohomish ( South ) . . . 867

Shafer, Alonzo W Trafton. . . ...^. 1021

Shaw, Colby J . . ." Snohomish 861

Shaw, Edgar J Snohomish 861

Shaw, George W Snohomish 857

Siler, Henry O Everett (and Port Gamble) .... 911

Sill, Jasper Arlington 1029

Sill, John W Snohomish 868

Sinclair, Hon. Woodbury B . . Snohomish 857

Smith, Eugene D Lowell 931

Smith, Fred Lowell 939

Smith, Frederick Marysville 941

Smith, Sylvester Index 1113

Snyder, Wilson M Snohomish 839'

Sorensen, Ole E Edmonds 956

Spaulding, Thomas Monroe 1094

Spencer, John Everett 911

Sprau, Charles E Snohomish 856-

INDEX

Sprau, Jacob M Monroe

Spurrell, Henry Snohomish. . .

Stecher, John Everett

Stenson, Ingebregt Silvana

Stephens, Edwin Milton Monroe

Stevens, Sylvester S Arlington ....

Stevens, Winslow B Monroe

Stone, John E Everett

Stretch, John F Snohomish. . .

Stubb, Ludwig O Norman

Suhl, Peter J Monroe

Suttles, Almon J Arlington ....

Swalwell, William G Everett

Swartz, Joseph Granite Falls

Swett, John A Sultan

Sykes, Benjamin Monroe

PAGE

.1085
. 881
928
.1018
.1083
.1045
.1091
. 916
. 826
.1010
.1085
.1032
. 886
.1062
.1099
. 1087

Tackstrom, Andrew Stanwood 981

Theurer, John A Robe 1070

Thomas, Benjamin Snohomish 858

Thompson, Carl Arlington 1043

Thomsen, H ans Arlington 1040

Thomsen, Jens Arlington 1025

Thorsen, Halvor Silvana 1016

Tjernagel, Rev. Helge M Stanwood 983

Torske, Oscar Silvana 1013

Turner, William M Granite Falls

Tvete, Nels K Arlington ....

Urban, T. Venzel Snohomish.

PAGE

.1063
. 1030

. 856

Vail, Charlie S Snohomish 885

Vanasdlen, John A Monroe 1084

Vernon, James Mercer Everett 918

Vestal, Samuel Snohomish 866

Walker, George Snohomish 871

Walters, Henry D Monroe 1096

Ward, William Harrison Snohomish 831

Warner, John F Sultan 1102

Wellington, Giles L Sultan 1104

Westbrook, Herbert Douglas. Everett 923

Westover, Arthur M Marysville 946

Westover, William H Marysville 947

White, William C Monroe 1084

Whitfield, William Snohomish 846

Wilbur, Lot Snohomish 853

Willard, Ben Stanwood 981

Willhite, Alonzo Lincoln Stanwood ... 992

Wilsted, Chris Edmonds 95+

Wood, Joseph Duboise Snohomish 845

Yost, Allen M Edmonds

95 L

SNOHOMISH COUNTY PORTRAITS

PAGE

Acme Business College, Everett 884

Anderson, H. C 988

Blair, Aaron L 1023

Brackett, George 957

Cathcart, Isaac 934

Erickson, Ulrick R 880

Ferguson, Emory C 824

C.etchell, Mr. and Mrs. Martin 9.37

• iregory, Horace A 962

( iregory, Mrs. Horace A 962

Gunderson, Mrs. Peter 962

< lunderson, Peter 962

Hamlin, Capt. William H 957

Hanson, Charles F 962

Hanson, Mrs. Charles F 962

Hanson, Mr. and Mrs. Lars P., and Residence 1001

Harriman, Charles 957

Hewitt, Henry, Jr 889

Iverson, Hon. O. B 966

Jefferson, Thomas 1023

Jones, Rev. William G 895

PAGE

Klaeboe, Andrew B 978

La Forge, Charles S 827

Lane, Edwin J 1055

Leque, Peter 973

Martell, Joseph 880

Menzel, George 966

Menzel, Henry 966

Micheels, Herman 880

Mclntyre, Mr. and Mrs 901

Robbins, John M 957

Robe, Truitt K ' 966

Roth, Gottlieb 864

Schloman, Bernhard C. W 1023

Se.xton, Mr. and Mrs. David F., and Residence 836

Shaffer, Alonzo W 1023

Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Eugene D 930

Spurrell, Henry 880

Thomsen, Jens 1023

Vail, Charles S 884r

Walker, George 870

PART I

INTRODUCTORY

CHAPTER I

EXPLORATIONS BY WATER

The opening of a new century is a fitting time
to glance backward and reconstruct to the eye of
the present, the interesting and heroic events of
the past, that by comparison between past and
jiresent the trend of progress may be traced and
the future in a measure forecasted.

No matter what locality in the Northwest we
may treat historically, we are compelled in our
search for the beginnings of its story to go back
to the old, misty Oregon territory, with its isola-
tion, its pathos, its wild chivalry, its freedom and
hospitality. Strange indeed is its earliest history,
when, shrouded in uncertainty and misapprehen-
sion, it formed the ignis fatuiis of the explorer,
"luring him on with that indescribable fascination
which seems always to have drawn men to the
ever receding circle of the 'westmost west.' "'

Shortly after the time of ColumI)us. attempts
began to be made to reach the western ocean and
solve the mystery of the various passages sup-
posed to lead to Asia.

In 1500 Gasper Cortereal conceived the idea of
finding a northern strait, to which he gave the
name "Anian," and this mythical channel received
much attention from these early navigators, some
of whom even went so far as to claim that they had
passed through it and had reached another ocean.
Among the captains making this bold claim was
Juan de Fuca. He is said to have been a Greek
of Cephalonia whose real name was Apostolos
A'alerianos, and it is claimed that when he made his
discovery he was in the service of the Si)anish
nation. Michael Lock tells his story in the fol-
lowing language :

"He followed his course, in that voyage, west

and northwest in the South sea, all along the coast
of Nova Spania and California and the Indies,
now called North America (all which voyage he
signified to me in a great map, and a sea card of
my own, which I laid before him), until he came
to the latitude of forty-seven degrees ; and that,
there finding that the land trended north and north-
west, with a broad inlet of sea, between forty-seven
and forty-eight degrees of latitude, he entered
thereinto, sailing more than twenty days, and found
that land still trending northwest, and northeast,
and north, and also east and southeastward, and
very much broader sea than it was at the said
entrance, and that he passed by divers islands in
that sailing ; and that, at the entrance of said strait.
there is. on the northwest coast thereof, a great
headland or island, with an exceedingly high pin-
nacle or spired rock, like a i)illar, thereupon. Also
he said that he went on land in divers places, and
that he saw some ])eo]:)le on the land clad in beasts'
skins ; and that the land was very fruitful and
rich in gold, silver and pearls and other things,
like Nova Spania. Also he said that he. being
entered thus far into the said strait, and being
come into the North sea already and finding the
sea wide enough everywhere, and to be about
thirtv or fortv leagues wide in the mouth of the
straits where he entered, he thought he had now
well discharged his office ; and that not being armed
to resist the force of savage people that might
happen, he therefore set sail and turned homeward
again toward Nova Spania, where he arrived at
.Acapulco. anno ]5!)2. hojiing to be rewarded by the
viceroy for this service done in the said voyage."
The curious thing about this and some of the

INTRODUCTORY

otIuT li'i^ciuls is tlu' general accuracy of the descrip-
tions tjiven 1)\' these old mariners. Professor
\\'. D. Lyman thinks it is not imi)ossil)le that they
had either visited the Pacific coast in perfon or
had seen other pilots who had. and that thus they
gatJiered the material from which the\- fabricated
tlieir Munchausen tales.

-Many years passed after the age of myth before
there were authentic voyages. During the seven-
teenth century practically nothing was done in the
way of Pacific coast explorations, but in the
eighteenth, as by common consent, all the nations
of Europe became suddenly infatuated again with
the thought that on the western shores of America
might be found the gold and silver and gems
and furs and precious woods for which they had
been striving so desperately upon the eastern coast.
English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Rus-
sians and Americans entered their bold and hardy
sailors into the race for the possession of the land
of the Occident. The Russians were the first in
the field, that gigantic power, which the genius of
Peter the Great, like one of the fabled genii, had
suddenly transformed from the proportions of a
grain of sand to a figure overtopping the whole
earth, and which had stretched it? arms from the
Baltic to the Aleutian archipelago, and had looked
southward across the frozen seas of Siberia to the
open Pacific as offering another opportunity of
expansion. Many years passed, however, before
Peter's designs coidd be executed. It was 1T2S
when ^■'itus Behring entered upon his marvelous
life of exploration. Not until 1741, however, did
he thread the thousand islands of Alaska and gaze
upon the glaciated summit of Mount Elias. And
it was not until thirty years later that it was known
that the Bay of .Avatscha in Siberia was connected
by open sea with China. In 1T71 the first cargo
of furs was taken directly from Avatscha, the chief
port of eastern Siberia, to Canton. Then first
Europe realized the vastness of the Pacific ocean.
Then it understood that the same waters which
frowned against the frozen bulwarks of Kamchatka
-washed the tropic islands of the South seas and
foamed against the storm-swept rocks of Cape
Horn.

IMeanwhile, while Russia was thus becoming
established upon the shores of Alaska, Spain was
getting entire possession of California. These two
great nations began to overlap each other, Russians
becoming established near San Francisco. To
offset this movement of Russia, a group of Spanish
explorers, Perez, Martinez, Heceta, Bodega and
Maurelle, swarmed up the coast beyond the site
of the present Sitka.

England, in alarm at the progress made bv
Spain and Russia, sent out the Columbus of the
eighteenth century, in the person of Captain James
Cook, and he sailed up and down the coast of

Alaska and of Washington, liut failed to discover
either the Columbia river or the Straits of Fuca.

His labors, however, did more to establish true
geographical notions than had the combined efforts
of all the Spanish navigators who had preceded
him. His voyages materially strengthened Eng-
land's claim to Oregon, and added greatly to the
luster of her name. The great cai)tain, while tem-
porarily on shore, was killed by Indians in 1778,
and the command devolved upon Captain Clark,
who sailed northward, passing through Behring
strait to the Arctic ocean. The new commander
died before the expedition had proceeded far on
its return journey ; Lieutenant Gore, a Virginian,
assumed control and sailed to Canton, China, arriv-
ing late in the year.

The main purposes of this expedition had been
the di.'covery of a northern waterway between the
two oceans and the extending of British territory,
but, as is so often the case in human affairs, one of
the most important rei^wlts of the vovage was
entirely unsuspected by the navigators and prac-
tically the outcome of an accident. It so happened
that the two vessels of the expedition, the Revolu-
tion and the Discovery, took with them to China
a small collection of furs from the northwest coast
of America. These were purchased by the Chinese
with great avidity ; the people exhibiting a willing-
ness to barter commodities of much value for them
and endeavoring to secure them at almost any sacri-
fice. The sailors were not backward in communicat-
ing their discoveries of a new and promising mar-
ket for peltries, and the impetus imparted to the fur
trade was almost immeasurable in its ultimate
effects. An entirely new regime was inaugurated
in Chinese and East Indian commerce. The north-
west coast of America assumed a new importance
in the eyes of Europeans, and especially of the
British. The "struggle for possession" soon began
to be foreshadowed.

( )ne of the principal harbors resorted to by fur-
trading vessels was Nootka, used as a rendezvous
and principal port of departure. This port became
the scene of a clash between Spanish authorities
and certain British vessels, which greatly strained
the friendly relations existing between the two gov-
ernments represented. In 1779, the viceroy of
Mexico sent two ships, the Princess and the San
Carlos, to convey Martinez and De Haro to the
vicinity for the purpose of anticipating and pre-
venting the occupancy of Nootka sound by fur
traders of other nations, and that the Spanish title
to the territory might be maintained and confirmed.
Martinez was to base his claim upon the discovery
by Perez in 1774. Courtesy was to be extended
to foreign vessels, but the establishment of anv
claim prejudicial to the right of the Spanish crown
was to be resisted vigorously,

LTpon the arrival of Martinez, it was discovered
that the American vessel, Columbia, and the Iphi-

EXPLORATIONS BY WATER

genia, a British vessel, under a Portuguese flag,
were lying in the harbor. Martinez at once de-
mandod the papers of both vessels and an explana-
tion of their presence, vigorously asserting the claim
of Spain that the port and contiguous territory were
hers. The captain of the Iphigenia pleaded stress
of weather. On finding that the vessel's papers
commanded the capture, under certain conditions,
of Russian, Spanish or luiglish vessels, Martinez
seized the ship, but on being advised that the orders
relating to captures were intended only to apply
to the defense of the vessel, the Spaniard released
the Iphigenia and her cargo. The Northwest
America, another vesf-el of the same expedition,
was, however, seized by Martinez a little later.

It should be remembered that these British
vessels had, in the inception of the enterprise,
divested themselves of their true national character
and donned the insignia of Portugal, their reasons
being : First, to defraud the Chinese government,
which made special harbor rates to the Portuguese,
and, second, to defraud the East India Company,
to whom had been granted the right of trading in
furs in northwest America to the exclusion of all
other British subjects, except such as should obtain
the permission of the company. To maintain their
Portuguese nationality they had placed the expe-
dition nominally under the control of Jnan Cavalho,
a Portuguese trader. Prior to the time of the
trouble in Nootka, however, Cavalho had become
a bankrupt ancl new arrangements had become
necessary. The English traders were compelled to
imite their interests with those of King George's
Sound Company, a mercantile association operating
under license from the South Sea and East India
companies, the Portuguese colors had been laid
aside, and the true national character of the expe-
dition assumed. Captain Colnutt was placed in
command of the enterprise as constituted under the
new regime, with instructions, among other things,
■'to establish a factory to be called Fort Pitt, for the
I)urpose of permanent settlement and as a center
of trade around which other stations may be
cstablishefl."

One vessel of the expedition, the Princess Royal,
entered Nootka harbor without molestation, but
when the Argonaut, under command of Captain
Colnutt, arrived, it was thought best by the master
not to attempt an entrance to the bay, lest his vessel
should meet the same fate which had befallen the
Iphigenia and the Northwest America. Later
Colnutt called on Martinez and informed the
Spanish governor of his intention to take possession
'>f the country in the name of (jrcat Britain and to
erect a fort. The governor replied that possession
had already been taken in the name of His Catholic
Majesty and that such acts as he (Colnutt) con-
templated could not be allowed. An altercation
followed and the next day the Argonaut was seized
and her captain and crew placed under arrest. The

Princess Royal was also seized, though the .-\mer-
ican vessels in the harbor were in no way molested.

-After an extended and at times heated con-
troversy between Spain and Great Britain touching
these seizures, the former government consented to
make reparation and offered a suitable apology for
the indignity to the honor of the flag. The feature
of this correspondence of greatest import in the
future history of the territory affected is, that
throughout the entire controversy and in all the
royal messages and debates in parliament no word
was spoken asserting a claim of Great Britain to any
territorial rights or denying the claim of sovereignty
so positively and persistently avowed by Spain,
neither was Spanish sovereignty denied nor in any
way alienated by the treaty which followed. Certain
real property was restored to British subjects, but a
transfer of realty under the circumstances could not
be considered a transfer of sovereignty.

We pass over the voyage of the illustrious
French navigator. La Perouse, as of more
importance from a scientific than from a political
view-point ; neither can we dwell upon the explo-
rations of Captain Berkeley, to whom belongs the
honor of having ascertained the existence of the
strait afterwards denominated Juan de Fuca. Of
somewhat greater moment in the later history of the
Northwest are the voyages of Meares, who entered
and described the above-mentioned strait, and who,
in 1T88, explored the coast at the point where the
great Columbia mingles its crystal current with the
waters of the sea. In the diplomatic battle of later
days it was even claimed that he was the discoverer
of that great "River of the West." Howbeit, nothing
can be surer than that the existence of such a river
was utterly unknown to him at the time. Indeed,
his conviction of its non-existence was thus stated
in his own account of the voyage : "We can now
with safety assert that there is no such river as
the St. Roc (of the Spaniard, Heceta) exists as
laid down on the Spanish charts," and he gave a
further unequivocal expression of his opinion by
naming the bay in that vicinity Deception bay and
the promontory north of it Cape Disappointment.
"Disappointed and deceived,"' remarks Evans face-
tiously, "he continued his cruise southward to lati-
tude forty-five degrees north."

It is not without sentiments of patriotic pride
that we now turn our attention to a period of dis-
covery in which the vessels of our own nation
played a prominent part. The nortliern mystery,
which had been partially resolved by the Spanish,
English, French and Portuguese explorations, was
now to be rolibed completely of its mystic chanu ;
speculation and myth must now give place to exact
knowledge ; the game of discovery must hereafter
be played principally between the two branches of
the Anglo-Saxon race, and Anglo-Saxon energy,
thoroughness and zeal are henceforth to characterize
operations on the shores of the Pacific Northwest.

INTRODUCTORY

The United States had but recently won their inde-
pendence from tile I'.ritish crown and their energies
were finding a fit field of activity in the titanic
task of national organization. Before the consti-
tution had become the supreme law of the land,
however, the alert mind of the American had begun
projecting voyages of discovery and trade to the
Northwest, and in September, 1788. two vessels
with the stars and stripes at their mastheads arrived
at Nootka sound. Their presence in the harbor
while the events culminating in the Nootka treaty
were transpiring has already been alluded to. The
vessels were the ship Columbia. Captain John
Kendrick, and the sloop Washington, Captain
Robert Gray, and the honor of having sent them to
our shores belongs to one Joseph Barrel, a prom-
inent merchant of Boston, and a man of high social
standing and great influence. While one of the
impelling motives of this enterprise had been the
desire of commercial profit, the element of patriot-
ism was not wholly lacking, and the vessels were
instructed to make whatever explorations and dis-
coveries thev might.

After remaining a time on the coast, Captain
Kendrick transferred the ship's property to the
Washington, with the intention of taking a cruise
in that vessel. He placed Captain Gray in com-
mand of the Columbia with instructions to return
to Boston by way of the Sandwich islands and
China. This commission was successfully carried
out. The vessel arrived in Boston in September,

1790, was received with great eclat, refitted by her
owners and again despatched to the shores of the
Pacific with Captain Gray in command. In July,

1791, the Columbia, from Boston, and the Washing-
ton, from China, met not far from the spot where
they had separated nearly two years before. They
were not to remain long in company, for Captain
Gray soon started on a cruise southward. On April
29, 1792, Gray met Vancouver just below Cape
Flattery and an interesting colloquy took place.
Vancouver communicated to the American skipper
the fact that he had not >et made any important dis-
coveries, and Gray, with equal frankness, gave the
eminent British explorer an account of his past dis-
coveries, "including." says Bancroft, "the fact that
he had not sailed through Fuca strait in the Lady
Washington, as had been supposed from Meares'
narrative and map." He also informed Captain
Vancouver that lie had been "ofif the mouth of a

river in latitude forty-si.x degrees, ten minutes,
where the outset, or reflux, was so strong as to
prevent his entrance for nine days."

The important information conveyed by Gray
seems to have greatly disturbed Vancouver's mind.
The entries in his log show that he did not entirely
credit the statement of the z^merican, but that he
was considerably perturbed is evinced by the fact
that he tried to convince himself by argument that
Gray's statement could not have been correct. The
latitude assigned by the American is that of Cape
Disappointment, and the existence of a river mouth
there, though affirmed by Heceta, had been denied
by Meares; Captain Cook had also failed to find
it ; besides, had he not himself passed that point
two days before and had he not observed that "if
any inlet or river should be found it must be a
very intricate one and inaccessible to vessels of our
burden, owing to the reefs and broken water which
then appeared in its neighborhood?" With such
reasoning, he dismissed the matter from his mind
for the time being. He continued his journey north-
ward, passed through the Strait of Fuca, and
engaged in a thorough and minute exploration of
that mighty inland sea, to a portion of which he
gave the name of Puget sound.

Meanwhile Gray was proceeding southward "in
the track of destiny and glory." On May 7th he
entered the harbor which now bears his name, and
four days later he passed through the breakers and
over the bar, and his vessel's prow plowed the
waters of that famous "River of the West," whose
existence had been so long suspected. The storied
"Oregon" for the first time heard other sound than
"its own dashing."

Shortly afterward \'ancouver came to Cape
Disappointment to explore the Columbia, of which
he had heard indirectly from Captain Gray. Lieu-
tenant Broughton, of Vancouver's expedition, sailed
over the bar. ascended the river a distance of more
than one hundred miles to the site of the present
\'ancouver, and with a modesty truly remarkable,
took "possession of the river and the country in its
vicinity in His Britannic Majesty's name, having
every reason to believe that the subjects of no
other civilized nation or state had ever entered it
before." This. too. though he had received a salute
of one gun from an American vessel, the Jennie, on
his entrance to the bay. The lieutenant's claim was
not to remain forever unchallenged, as will appear
presently.

CHAPTER II

EXPLORATIONS BY LAND

With the exploration of Puget sound and the
discovery of the Cokimbia, history-making mari-
time adventure practically ceased. lUit as the fabled
strait of Anian had drawn explorers to the Pacific
shores in quest of the mythical passage to the
treasures of Ind, so likewise did the fairy tales of
La Hontan and others stimulate inland exploration.
Furthermore, the mystic charm always possessed
by a tcna incognita was becoming irresistible to
adventurous spirits, and the possibilities of discov-
ering untold wealth in the vaults of its "Shining
mountains" and in the sands of its crystal rivers
were exceedingly fascinating to the lover of gain.

The honor of pioneership in overland explora-
tion belongs to one Verendrye, who, under authority
of the governor-general of New France, in 1773 set
out on an expedition to the Rocky mountains from
Canada. This explorer and his brother and sons
made many important explorations, but as they
failed to find a pass through the Rocky mountains,
by which they could come to the Pacific side, their
adventures do not fall within the purview of our
volume. They are said to have reached the vicinity
of the present city of Helena.

If, as seems highly probable, the events
chronicled by Le Page in his charming "Histoire de
la Louisiane." published in li5S, should be taken as
authentic, the first man to scale the Rocky moun-
tains from the east and to make his way overland
to the shores of the Pacific was a Yazoo Indian,
Moncacht-ape, or Moncachabe, by name. P.ut "the
first traveler to lead a party of civilized men through
the territory of the Stony mountains. to the South
sea" was Alexander Mackenzie, who, in 1793,
reached the coast at fifty-two degrees, twenty-four
minutes, forty-eight seconds north, leaving as a
memorial of his visit, inscribed on a rock with
vermilion and grease, the words, "Alexander Mac-

kenzie, from Canada b\

luh

17!l.i.

His

field of discovery was also without the scope of our
purpose, being too far north to figure prominently
in the international complications of later years.

Western exploration by land had, however,
elicited the interest of one whose energy and force
were sufficient to bring to a successful issue almost
any undertaking worth the efifort. While the other
statesmen and legislators of his time were fully
engagc<l with the jirohlems of the moment, the great

mind of Thomas Jefiferson, endowed as it was with
a wider range of vision and more comprehensive
grasp of the true situation, was projecting exploring
expeditions into the Northwest. In 1786, while
serving as minister to Paris, he had fallen in with
the ardent Ledyard, who was on fire with the idea
of opening a large and profitable fur trade in the
north Pacific region. To this young man he had
suggested the idea of journeying to Kamchatka,
then in a Russian vessel to Xootka sound, from
which, as a starting point, he should make an ex-
ploring expedition eastward to the United States.
Ledyard acted on the suggestion, but was arrested
as a spy in the spring of 1787 by Russian officials
and so severely treated as to cause a failure of his
health and a consequent failure of his enterprise.

The next elTort of Jefferson was made in 1792,
when he proposed to the American Philosophical
Society that it should engage a competent scientist
"to explore northwest America from the eastward
by ascending the Missouri, crossing the Rocky
mountains and descending the nearest river to the
Pacific ocean." The idea was favorably received.
Captain Meriwether Lewis, who afterward distin-
guished himself as one of the leaders of the Lewis
and Clark expedition, offered his services, but for
some reason Andre Michaux, a French botanist,
was given the preference. Michaux proceeded as
far as Kentucky, but there received an orLler from
the French minister, to whom, it seems, he also
owed obedience, that he should relinquish his ap-
pointment and engage upon the duties of another
commission.

It was not until after the opening of a new
century that another opportunity for furthering his
favorite project presented itself to Jefferson. An
act of congress, under which trading houses had
been established for facilitating commerce with the
Indians, was about to expire by liinitation, and
President Jefferson, in reconnnending its continu-
ance, seized the opportunity to urge upon congress
the advisability of fitting out an exjiedition, the
object of which should be "to explore the Mis.souri
river and such principal stream of it as, by its course
of communication with the waters of the Pacific
ocean, whether the Columbia, Oregon, Colorado or
an\- other river, mav offer the most direct and

INTRODUCTORY

jiractical water communication across the continent,
for the purpose of commerce."

Congress voted an ai)propriatioii for the purpose,
and the expedition was placed in charge of Captains
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. President
JelTerson gave the explorers minute and particular
instructions as to investigations to be made by
them. They were to inform themselves, should they
reach the Pacific ocean, "of the circumstances which
may decide whether the furs of those parts may
be collected as advantageously at the head of the
Missouri (convenient as is supposed to the
Colorado and Oregon or Columbia) as at Nootka
sound or any other part of that coast ; and the trade
be constantly conducted through the Missouri and
the Cnited States more beneficially than by the cir-
cumnavigation now practiced." In addition to the
instructions already quoted, these explorers were
directed to ascertain if possible oij arriving at the
seaboard if there w-ere any ports within their reach
frequented by the sea vessels of any nation, and to
send, if practicable, two of their most trusted people
back by sea with copies of their notes. Thev were
also, if they deemed a return by the way they had
come imminently hazardous, to ship the entire party
and return via Good Hope or Cape Horn, as the}-
might be able.

A few days before the initial steps were taken in
discharge of the instruction of President Jefi:'erson,
news reached the seat of government of a trans-
action which added materially to the significance of
the enterprise. Negotiations had been successfully
consummated for the purchase of Louisiana on
April 30, 1803, but the authorities at Washington
did not hear of the important transfer until the first
of July. Of such transcendent import to the future
of our country was this transaction and of such
vital moment to the section witii which our volume
is primarily concerned, that we must here interrupt
the trend of our narrative to give the reader an idea
of the extent of territory involved, and, if possible,
to enable him to appreciate the influence of the
purchase. France, by her land explorations and
the estal)lishment of trading posts and forts, first
acquired title to the territory west of the Missis-
sippi and cast of the Rocky mountains, though
Great Britain claimed the territory in accordance
with her doctrine of continuity and contiguity, most
of her colonial grants extending in express terms
to the Pacific ocean. Spain also claimed the country
by grant of Pope Alexander VL A constant war-
fare had been waged between France and Great
Britain for supremacy in America. The latter was
the winner in the contest, and, in 1T6"2. France,
apparently discouraged, ceded to Spain the province
of Louisiana. By the treaty of February 10, 1763,
which gave (ireat I'.ritain the Canadas. it was
agreed that the western boundary between English
and .Spanish possessions in ,\merica shoidd be the
Mississippi river. Great Britain renouncing all

claims to the territory west of that l)oun(Iary. In
1800 Spain retroceded Louisiana to France "with
the same extent it has now in the hands of Spain
and which it had when France possessed it, and
such as it should be according to the treaties subse-
quently made between Spain and other states."

The order for the formal delivery of the prov-
ince to France was issued by the Spanish king on
October 1.3, 1803, and, as above stated, the United
States succeeded to the title bv treatv of April
30, 1803.

E.xact boundaries had not been established at
the time of the Louisiana purchase, but some idea of
the vastness of the territory thereby acquired by the
United States may be had when we consider that it
extended from the present British line to the Gulf
of Mexico and included what are now the states of
Minnesota, North Dakota, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska,
Missouri, Arkansas and Louisiana, the territory of
(Oklahoma. Indian territory, more than three-fourths
of Montana and Wyoming, and parts of Colorado
and New Mexico.

And so the Lewis and Clark expedition, which

had in its inception for its chief object to promote

the commercial interests of the L^nited States,

acquired a new purpose, namely, the extending of

geographical and scientific knowledge of our oum

domain. L^pon its members a further dutv devolved,

that of informing the natives that obedience was

j now due to a new great father.

i The expedition of Lewis and Clark excited a

1 peculiar interest at the time of its occurrence, and

has since occupied a unique place in our history.

The description of this expedition which follow-s is

condensed from the writings upon the subject of

Professor W. D. Lvman, of Whitman College,

Walla Walla.

To our colonial ancestors, caged between the
sea and the domains of hostile natives and rival
colonies, afterward absorbed in a death struggle
with the mother country, all the vast interior was
a sealed book. And when the successful issue of
the Revolutionary war permitted them to turn
around and see where they were, still more when
the great purchase of Louisiana from France
enabled them to look toward the tops of the "Shin-
ing mountains'' with a sense of proprietorship, all
the romance and enthusiasm and excitement of ex-
ploration, hitherto sternly denied them bv their
narrow lot, seized and fascinated all classes.

On the 14th day of May, 1804. the Lewis and
Clark party left St. Louis by boat upon the muddy
current of the Missouri, to search for the unknown
mountains and rivers between that point and the
Pacific. Their plan was to ascend the Missouri to
its source, cross the divide, strike the headwaters
of the Columbia, and, descending it, reach the sea.

And what manner of men were imdertaking; this
voyage, fraught with both interest and peril ? Meri-
wether Lewis, the leader of the party, was a captain

EXPLORATIONS BY LAND

in the United States army, and in Jefferson's jndg:-
ment was, by reason of endurance, boldness and
energy, the fittest man within his knowledge for
the responsible duties of commander. His whole
life had been one of reckless adventure. It appears
that at the tender age of eight he was already
illustrious for successfvd midnight forays upon the
festive coon and the meditative possum. He was
lacking in scientific knowledge, but when appointed
captain of the expedition had, with characteristic
pluck, spent a few spare weeks in study of some
of the branches most essential to his new work.
William Clark, second in command, was also a
United States officer, and seems to have been equally
fitted with Lewis for his work. The party consisted
of fourteen United States regulars, nine Kentucky
volunteers, two French voyageurs, a hunter, an in-
terpreter and a negro. To each of the common
soldiers the government offered the munificent
reward of retirement upon full pay with a recom-
mendation for a soldier's grant of land. Special
pains were taken to encourage the party to keep
complete records of all they saw and heard and did.
This was done with a vengeance, insomuch that
seven journals besides those of the leaders were
carefully kept, and in them was recorded nearly
every event from the most important discoveries
down to the ingredients of their meals and doses of
medicine. They were abundantly provided with
beads, mirrt)rs, knives, etc., wherewith to woo the
savage hearts of the natives.

After an interesting and easy journev of five
months, they reached the country of the Mandans.
and here they determined to winter. The winter
having been profitably spent in making the acquaint-
ance of the Indians and in collecting specimens of
the natural history of the plains — which thev now
sent back to the jjresidcnt with great care — they
again embarked in a S(|uad of six canoes and two
pirogues. June l:!lh they reached the great falls
of the Missouri.

A month was S])ent within sound of the thunder
and in sight of the peri)etual mist cloud rising from
the abyss, before they could accomplish the difiticult
portage of eighteen miles, make new canoes, mend
their clothes and lay in a new stock of provisions.

The long bright days, the tingling air of the
mountains, the pleasant swish of the water as their
cauDcs breasted the swift current, the vast campfires
and the nightly buffalo roasts— all these must have
made this the pleasantest section of their long
journey.

The partv seems to have pretty nearly exhausted
its supply of names, and after having made heavv
draft.s on their own with various permutatorv com-
binations, they were reduced ti> the extremity of
loading innocent creeks with the ponderous names
of Wisdom, Philosophy and Philanthroi)y. Suc-
ceeding generations have relieved the unjust

pressure in two of these cases with the high sound-
ing appellations of P>ig Hole and Stinking Water.

On the I'.'th day of August the explorers crossed
the great tlivide, the birthplace of mighty rivers, and
descending the sunset slope, found themselves in
the land of the Shoshones. They had brought
with them a Shoshone woman, rejoicing in the
pleasant name of Sacajawea, for the express
purpose of becoming acquainted with this tribe,
through whom they hopetl to get horses and val-
uable information as to their proper route to the
ocean. But four days were consumed in enticing
the suspicious savages near enough to hear the
words of their own tongue proceeding from the
camp of the strangers. When, however, the fair
interpreter had been granted a hearing, she speedily
won for the party the faithful allegiance of her kins-
men. They innocently accepted the rather general
intimation of the explorers that this journey had
for its primary object the happiness and prosperity
of the Shoshone nation, and to these evidences of
benevolence on the part of their newly adopted
great father at Washington, they quickly responded
by bringing plenty of horses and all the information
in their poor power.

It appears that the expedition was at that time
on the headwaters of the Salmon river near where
Fort Lemhi afterward stood. With twenty-nine
horses to carry their abundant burdens, they bade
farewell to the friendly Shoshones on the last dav
of .\ugust. and committed themselves to the dreary
and desolate solitudes to the westward. They soon
became entangled in the ridges and defiles, already
spotted with snow, of the Bitter Root mountains.

Having crossed several branches of the great
river, named in honor of Captain Clark, and becom-
ing distressed at the increasing dangers and delay,
they turned to the left, and, having punished a
brawling creek for its inhospitality by inflicting on
it the name Colt Killed, commemorative of their
extremity for food, they came upon a wild and
beautiful stream. Ini|uiring the name of this from
the Indians, they received the answer "Kooskoos-
kie." This in reality meant simply that this was
not the stream for whicli they were searching, but
not imderstanding. they named the river Kot)skoos-
kie. This was afterward called the Clearwater,
and is the most beautiful tril)utary of the Snake.

The country still frowned- on them with the
same forbidding rocky heights and snow-storms as
before. It l)egan to seem as though famine would
ere long stare them in the face, and the shaggy
])recii)iccs were marked with almost daily accidents
to men and beasts. Their onlv meat was the tlesh
of their precious horses.

L'nder these circumstances Clark decided to take
six of the most active men and push ahead in search
of game and a more hospitable country. A hard
march of twenty miles rewarded him with a view
of a vast open plain in front of the broken mountain

INTRODUCTORY

chain across wbicli they had been struggHng. It
was three days, however, before they fairly cleared
the edge of the mountain and emerged on the great
prairie north and cast of where Lewiston now is.
They found no game except a stray horse, which
they speedily despatched. Here the advance guard
waited for the main body to come up, and then
altogether they went down to the Clearwater, where
a large number of the Nez Perce Indians gathered
to see and trade with them. Receiving from these
Indians, who, like all that they had met, seemed
very amicably disposed, the cheering news that the
great river was not very distant, and seeing the
Clearwater to be a fine, navigable stream, they
determined to abandon the weary land march and
make canoes. Five of these having been con-
structed, they laid in a stock of dog meat and then
committed themselves to the sweeping current \\ith
which all the tributaries of the Columbia hastened
to their destined place. They left their horses with
the Nez Perces, and it is worthy of special notice
that these were remarkably faithful to their trust.
Indeed, it may be safely asserted that the first
explorers of this country almost uniformly met with
the kindest reception.

On the 10th of October, having traveled sixty
miles on the Clearwater, its pellucid current de-
livered them to tlie turbid, angry, sullen, lava-
banked Snake. This great stream they called
Kimooenim, its Indian name. It was in its low
season, and it seems from their account that it, as
well as all the other streams, must have been
uncommonly low that vear.

Thus they say that on October 13th they
descended a very bad rapid four miles in length, at
the lower part of which the whole river was com-
pressed into a channel only twenty-five yards wide.
Immediately below they passed a large stream on
the right, which they called Drew}-er's river, from
one of their men. This must have been the Palouse
river, and certainly it is very rare that the mighty
Snake becomes attenuated at that point to a width
of twenty-five yards. Next day as they were de-
scending the worst rapid they had yet seen (probably
the Monumental rapid), it repelled their efTronterv
by upsetting one of the boats. No lives were lost,
but the cargo of the boat was badly water-soaked.
For the purpose of drying it, they stopped a day,
and finding no other timber, they were compelled
to use a very appropriate pile which some Indians
had stored away and covered with stones. This
trifling circumstance is noticed because of the ex-
plorers' speaking in connection with it of their cus-
tomary scrupulousness in never taking any property
of the Indians, and of their determination to repay
the owner, if they could find him, on their return.
If all explorers had been as particular, much is the
distress and loss that would have been avoided.

They found almost continuous rapids from this
point to the mouth of the Snake, which thev reached

on October 16th. Here they were met by a regular
procession of nearly two hundred Indians. They
had a grand pow-wow, and both parties displayed
great affection, the whites bestowing medals, shirts,
trinkets, etc., in accordance with the rank of the
recipient, and the Indians repaying the kindness
with abundant and prolonged visits and accompany-
ing gifts of wood and fish. C)n the next day they
measured the rivers, finding the Columbia to be nine
hundred and sixty yards wide and the Snake five
hundred and sevent}-five. They indulge in no
poetic reveries as they stand by the river which has
been one principal object of their search, but they
seem to see pretty much everything of practical
value. In the glimmering haze of the pleasant
October morning they notice the vast bare prairie
stretching southward until broken by the roimded
summits of the Ulue mountains. Thev find the
Sohulks. who live at the junction of the rivers, a
mild and happy peo])le, the men being content with
one wife each, whom they actually assist in family
work.

Captain Clark ascended the Columbia to the
mouth of a large river coming from the west,
I which the Indians called the Tapteal. This was, of
course, the Yakima. The people living at its mouth
rejoiced in the liquid name of Chimnapum. Here
Captain Clark shot what he called a prairie cock,
the first he had seen. It was no doubt a sage hen.

After two days of rest, being well supplied with
fish, dog, roots, etc., and at peace with their own
consciences and all the world, with satisfaction at
the prospect of soon completing their journev, thev
re-emljarked. Sixteen miles below the mouth of
the Kimooenim, which they now began to call the
Lewis river, they descried, cut clear against the dim
horizon line of the southwest, a pyramidal mountain,
covered with snow — their first view of Mount Hood.

The next day. being in the vicinity of Umatilla,
they saw another snowy peak at a conjectured
distance of one hundred and fifty miles. Near
here Captain Clark, having landed, shot a crane
and a duck. Some Indians near were almost
paralyzed with terror, but at last they recovered
enough to make the best possible use of their legs.
Following them. Captain Clark found a little cluster
of huts. Pushing aside the mat door of one of
them, he entered, and in the bright light of the un-
roofed hut discovered thirty-two persons, all of
whom were in the greatest terror, some wailing and
wringing their hands.

Having by kind looks and gestures soothed their
grief, he held up his burning-glass to catch a stray
sunbeam with which to light his pipe. Thereat the
consternation of the Indians revived, and thev
refused to be comforted. But when the rest of the
party arrived with the two Indian guides who had
come with them from the Clearwater, terror gave
way to curiosity and pleasure. These Pishquitpaws
— such was their name — explained to the guides

EXPLORATIONS BY LAND

their fear of Captain Clark by saying that he came
from the sky accompanied by a terrible noise, and
they knew there was a bad medicine in it.

Being convinced now that he was a mortal after
all, they became very affectionate, and having heard
the music of two violins, they became so enamored
of the strangers that they stayed up all night with
them and collected to the number of two hundred
to bid them good-bye in the morning. The principal
business of these Indians seemed to be catching and
curing salmon, which, in the clear water of the
Columbia, the explorers could see swimming about
in large niunhers. Continuing with no extraor-
dinary occurrence, they passed the river now called
the John Day, to which they applied the name
Lapage. Mount Hood was now almost constantly
in view, and since the Indians told them it was near
the great falls of the Columbia, they called it the
Timm (this seems to be the Indian word for falls)
mountain.

On the next day they reacheil a large river on
the left, which came thundering through a narrow
channel into the e(|ually turbulent Columbia. This
river, which Captain Lewis judged to contain one-
fourth as much water as the Columbia (an enormous
over-estimate), answered to the Indian name
of Towahnahiooks. It afterward received from the
French the name now used. Des Chutes.

They now perceived that they were near the
place hinted at bv nearly every Indian that they had
talked with since crossing the divide— the great
falls. And a weird, savage place it proved to be.
Here the clenched hands of trachyte and basalt,
thrust through the soil from the buried realm of
the volcanoes, almost clutch the rushing river. Only
here and there between the parted fingers can he
make his escape.

After making several portages they reached
that extraordinary place (now called The Dalles)
where all the waters gathered from half a million
square miles of earth are squeezed into a crack
forty-five yards wide. The desolation on either side
of this frightful chasm is a fitting margin. As one
crawls to the edge and peeps over, he sees the
waters to be of inky blackness. Streaks of foam
gridiron the blackness. There is little noise com-
pared with that made by the shallow rapids above,
but rather a dismal sough, as though the rocks below
were rubbing their black sides together in a vain
effort to close over the escaping river. The river
here is "turned on edge." In fact, its depth has
not been found to this day. Some suppose that
there was once a natural tmnicl here through which
the river flowed, and that in conser|uencc of a vol-
canic convulsion the top of the tunnel fell in. If
there be any truth in this, the width of the channel
is no doubt nnich greater at the bottom than at the
top. Lewis and Clark, finding that the roughness
of the shore made it almost im])ossible to carry
their boats over, and seeing no evidence of rocks

in the channel, boldly steered through this "witches'
cauldron." Though no doubt hurled along with
frightful rapidity and flung like foam flakes on the
crest of the boiling surges, they reached the end of
the "chute" without accident, to the amazement of
the Indians who had collected on the bluff to witness
the daring experiment. After two more portages
the party safely entered the broad, still flood be-
ginning where the town of The Dalles now stands.
Here they paused for two days to hunt and caulk
their boats. They here began to see evidences of
the white traders below, in blankets, axes, brass
kettles, and other ar