o j i u v u g

LiD^nnito on/ii mouii imim iHomuuviN i^wuiuixoimi

'f$ w$\ ” ^ 60

£0 .*

m/ihnjoniino o j i a v a a l

t o

Li D nnn I to oMI I nbUlNIAIN I No I II l
co

DO

_ „ _ O o Q V^VOSVA^ - O

INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI “WlNOSHillNS S3 I H VH 0 11 ~*l I B R AR I ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION^NOIiniilSNI “WlNOSHlIKIS ^S3 I U V

c— -*■ r™ Z r” t

i ^ m X £ rn xw/ m

» - CO \ £ co £ co = «*»•. u, V —

S3iavaan libraries Smithsonian institution NouniiiSNi nvinoshiiws ssiavaan libraries smithsonian“institi

s / j »k> t f\ f n a~F # a • * ” ^ 'Hi

JpU

ivv ^ \f\

o “■ 5 ~^o^y “ o *53^ “ 5 5 xt^

INSTITUTION NOliniliSNI^NVINOSHlIIASS ^S3 I U VH 8 1 1 ”*1 1 B R AR ! ES SMITHSONIAN ^INSTITUTlON^NOIinilXSNI^NVINOSHlIINS^Sa I a V

Z r- z r- _ Z f” z

, xjvo^ g m Xiioc^ w ’«%?// m ^ m

» £ — 00 \ E co £ 05 £ 0) __

saiavaan libraries smithsonian institution NouniiiSNi nvinoshiiins saiavaan libraries smithsonian “institi

2 CO Z ... CO Z in z ... . if> -rr

< A'. 2 S < 2 . ^xo 2 <

S 'L § N^)7!5^ S ^ > 'W*' s x«ix > _

INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVIN0SHlllAls“s3 I U VH 8 11 LI B RAR I ES^SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI^NVINOSHillAIS^Sa I a

^ CO =— yj . CO =-p CO — CO “ CO

x^S^X ^ ^ co w „ W HJ x^Tx £ v4sKo uj

1 i mP’&ta r. /£ATFKWv _j ^1C - h “ .✓*:/ 4 h

_ „ __ __ o

S3iavaan”LIBRARI ES^ SMITHSONIAN^INSTiTUTION^ NOlinillSNI “WlNOSHimS SBIBVaOH^LIBRARl ES^SMITHSONIAN^INSTITt

z «" z r* . z r- z "*

!D X^vosvv^z ^ m x^vos^vz 'tl "<^y pawns' rn ;,W ^ XjvAst^ m vi^osvxv^ ^ rn

to £ co £ co £ co £ co

NSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVIN0SH1IIAIS S3IHVHan LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVINOSHIIWS S3 1 MV

co z CO z CO z » co z

< S < •>* S xCivwoX <r z <

Z o

co Xr/' co

§ s A A 1

> _ _ __ __

Z CO ~ ^ z CO ' w z co ■ Z CO Z

S3iavaan libraries smithsonian institution NouniiiSNi nvinoshiiims S3iavaan libraries smithsonian institi

. *7 c/) rr co ^ ^ ^ co ^

1

inili-SNI NVINUbHXinii) idiavaai ! LI KAK I to SMIIHSUNIAN

to 5 co

LU fz ^H23x bi

No I I I U I IUIN IMU1XI l-U-LOIM! NVlNUOM-UIOfO o 3 I u v a a I I LI S3 KAK I ti
CO 5 \ CO

03

ca

__%» K

<

sXjr 'KWdyyijJ’^/ h V'WAhWJ “■ ■7V/'/' /'*

O ^ XjVASV^7 5 ^ ' O X^VOSViiX “ XJVAS*^ O ' ^ ~ V^VASVV^ Q

2 ■' ' «J 2 _J 2 _J 2 • _i z

RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIlfUUSNI NVIN0SH11IAIS S3iaVBai1 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIinillSN
2 r- z r- z- r~ 2 r- _ _ z

rn ^ m X to m x; m

to “ CO X 5 CO ± CO

lnmsNi nvinoshiii/ms saiBVBsn libraries Smithsonian institution NouniiiSNi nvinoshiiims saiBVBan librarie:

Z .V,. to 2 "* ■”

to

h z /y 2 /-^nwA -1 , ,.•/ a. ' 2 x

CO

o
z

> S > X^iixsSX 2 ^ 2 >

RAR I ESWSMITHS0NIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVIN0SHllWSWS3iavaan LIBRARlES^SMITHSONlAN^lNSTlTUTION^NOlinillSN

to = ___ to — _ to = to = CO

O ~ XgUiiSSX O x^m c>X-^ — o

LnillSNI^NVINOSHll^S S3 I B VB 9 11 Lt B RAR I ES^SMITHSONIAN^INSTITUTION N0linillSNl"JNVIN0SHilWS^S3 I BVB 9 n~*LI B RAR I E
f“ , 2 r- z •” 2 r- » z <-

m • w xc rn x'ftosHyz x; m x£\ ovvy xc xjvasx^x m -'.VS?' x; ^vAsg>^ ^

to " ' _ to 5 to ± to ' — to

RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVSNOSHIIWS S3 I BVB S II LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIinillSN

to ^ z * to z to .z , co

S /SiX < A S S

> xtvA^>- s >'■ S XjayoTv^ >’ 2 >

LnillSNI NVINOSHiHNS^SH I B VB 9 il\| B RAR I ES^SMITHSONIAN^INSTITUTION WN0li 3NI NVINOSHIIWS^SH I B VB 9 V

to

O O x^osvjX ™ O

^ 2 j Z =S

RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIinillSN! NVIN0SH1IWS S3 i BVB 8 II
2 r- z ~

librarie:

co

HI

O

2

.IB RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIinillSN

m 'CIV' £ rn X to m

CO „ £/) X 2 ^ ■' CO _

inillSNI NVIN0SH1IIAIS S3 ! B VB 9 11 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN ""INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVIN0SH1IIAIS S31BVH9I1 LIBRARIE:

CO z to -x 'w,,03 z to tr

< X\' , S S a<

2

CO

o

5

v > XftoTffX 2 X > ^ S x^ui^ > - _ .

to 2 CO X, 2 2 , , „ CO 2 CO *

■RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NV1N0SH1IIAIS S3 1 B VB 9 11 L,BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIinillSN

CO ^ ^ CO . CO 2 ^ Z

cSSES&X ^ . y « CO ^ OT v#Cl W w , A to ^

' /x/ Afe H /^IfrXA ^ /xMvrfcKN h ” /StfTfWA H n&WP^'\ _ Afc H /‘’asswsxa

cc
<

5 m g N"'X^ m X^^P/ 5 X^f^/ “ S

ini!lSNI~NVIN0SHHINS^S3 I B VB 9 II ^Ll B RAR I ES^SMITHSOmAN' ^INSTITUTION _ NOIiniliSNI_NVINOSHillA!S _S 3 I B VB 9 11 1 1 B R AR I E

5 jx ? 5 / \ ® ^ ®

> 1^1

33 Vl)

— V'V'XfiMTr^y

m '".X^ ^ 'xivAsv'^ fTj XXosNlX ^ ' rn ^ x^asvvx m ''\^v ^ rn Xfoos'Lx

RARIES SMITHS0NIAN~INSTITUTI0NC/>N0liniilSNI~NVIN0SHlIIAISWS3 lHVB9n~LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN “INSTITUTION^ NOIinillSN

"* to Z CO 2 , W 2 * CO

2 «=_ >’ 2 X^osu^- > 2 .-XT* g — 2 XX- >

inillSN^NVINOSHlIWS^SB IBVBOIl^LIBRARI ES^SMITHSONIAN^INSTITUTION NOIinillSN I _ NVIN0SH1IIAIS S3IBVB9I1 LIBRARIE!

^ z \ 10 . 2 co ,n * ~ ,n ~

to V w ^

WILLIAM R DALL
SECTIONAL LIBRARY
^VISION OF MOL LUSKS

AN

ILLUSTRATED INTRODUCTION

LAMARCK’S CONCHOLOG Y;

CONTAINED IN HIS

HISTOTRE NATURELLE DES ANIMAUX SANS VERTEBRES:

of

Secticnai Li

BEING

A LITERAL TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTIONS

OF THE

JsUrcut anti ®num

ACCOMPANIED BY

TWENTY-TWO HIGHLY FINISHED LITHOGRAPHIC PLATES :

IN WHICH ARE GIVEN

Instructive Views of the various Genera , and their Divisions, drawn from Nature, from characteristic and

generally well known Species.

EDMUND A. CROUCH, F.L.S.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, & GREEN, PATERNOSTER-ROW;
AND J. MAWE, N°- 149, STRAND.

,A //

i .

-lA-mrA*. i&fL /

1827.

*5X8

vmvsbs

bzary

NOTICE

: ER CAREFUL EXAMINATION OF THE
I ER MARGIN AND TYPE OF MATERIAL
I HAVE SEWN THIS VOLUME BY HAND
I IT CAN BE MORE EASILY OPENED
b READ.

INTRODUCTION.

Lamarcks System of Conchology, which is contained in his “ Histoire
Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertbbres,” is now almost universally adopted
among Naturalists; but that work being destitute of Graphic Illustrations,
is rendered exceedingly difficult of comprehension to those who are not inti-
mately acquainted with the science. The only means which are given for its
attainment are written descriptions and numerous references to voluminous
and expensive works: the former are frequently rendered inefficient, from
the minute distinctions that characterize many of the genera; and the latter
are seldom available, the works referred to being difficult of access to the
student. It is the object of the present Elementary Treatise to remove
these difficulties, by presenting a concise description of the various Classes,
Orders, Families, and Genera composing the System, accompanied with Illus-
trations of characteristic and generally well known Species, drawn from na-
ture, either from my own Cabinet or from those of obliging friends, and,
where it has not been possible to meet with specimens, from the best printed
authorities.

This work being chiefly graphic, I have purposely omitted the various
classes of animals, having found it impossible to supply the requisite in-
formation; but descriptions of them will be found in Lamarck’s Histoire
Naturelle, before mentioned, or in Dubois’ Epitome of Lamarck’s Arrange-

IV

ment of Testacea,” whose Comparative and Synoptic Tables of the Systems
of Linnaeus and Lamarck, together with his judicious observations, will
afford the greatest assistance.

Those Genera which are only to be found in the Fossil state are described
in their natural arrangement, but are brought together in the last two plates,
for the convenience of easy reference.

Some apology may be deemed necessary for the delay which has occurred
in producing this work so long after its announcement; to those who are
acquainted with the vexatious casualties of Lithographic printing, it will
he unnecessary ; but to those who are not, it may be proper to state, that
many of the drawings, from the breaking of the stones, and other accidents,
have been redrawn three or four times over; these and the delays occasion-
ally experienced in procuring specimens of some of the rarer Genera must
be my excuse.

I cannot omit this opportunity of returning my best thanks to Mrs.
Mawe, Mr. G. B. Sowerby, and Mr. J. D. C. Sowerby, for their kind as-
sistance in furnishing me with many specimens from their rich and exten-
sive Cabinets ; also to J. G. Children, Esq. for his polite attention in allow-
ing me access to the collection of the British Museum.

To avoid repetitions in the following pages, where the authority is not
mentioned, the specimens have been taken from my own Cabinet.

E. A. C.

ERRATA,

Page 5

line 25 j

—

26 .

19

11 .

21

34 .

26

33 .

38

last line

Fig. 7 (a) read Fig. 7

— 7 \b) .. — 7 (a)

— , 3 .. — 5

— 13 — 11

— 6 (4) .. — 6

— 5 .. — 4(«)

®©n©st©ifa©<snr«

ANNULATA

Forms the Ninth Class of Lamarck's Division of Animal Nature .

SEDENTARY ANNULATA

Composes the Third Order of the above Class. They are usually found attached to
marine substances, and inhabit membranous or horny tubes ; more or less incrusted with
grains of sand or fragments of shells; or are solid, calcareous, and homogeneous: and are
divided into Four Families, viz. — Dorsalia, Maldania, Amphitritea, and Serpulea.

DORSALIA. — 2 Genera.

Arenicola. — Has no shell.

Siliquaria. — Shell tubular, irregularly twisted, tapering towards the posterior end, which
is sometimes spiral; anterior extremity open; and a longitudinal subarticulated
fissure throughout its whole length.

Plate I. Fig. 1. S. anguina. (Serpula anguina. — Linnaeus.)

MALDANIA. — 2 Genera,

Clymene. — Tube slender, open at both ends, the exterior incrusted with sand and pieces
of shells.

[I have not been able to procure a Figure of the Clymene amphistoma; of which species only the genus
is composed.]

Dentalium. — Tube testaceous, nearly regular, slightly curved, gradually tapering to-
wards the posterior end, open at both extremities.

(а) Tube milk longitudinal ribs or strice,

Plate I. Fig. 3. D. elephantinum. (Idem. — Linnaeus.) [Mrs. Mawe’s Cabinet.]

(б) Tube smooth , or without ribs or strict.

Plate I. Fig. 2. D. politum. (Idem — Linnaeus.) [Mrs. Mawe’s Cabinet.]

B

9

AMPHITRITE A. _ 4 Genera.

Pectinaria. — Tube membranous, or papyraceous, arenaceous, in shape of a reversed
cone, not fixed.

Plate I. Fig. 4. P. Belgica.

Sabellaria. — Tubes numerous, united in a common mass, composed of agglutinated frag-
ments of shells and sand; the orifices cup-shaped.

Plate I. Fig. 5. S. crassissima.

Terebella. — Tube elongated, cylindrical, attenuated and pointed at the base; mem-
branous, with grains of sand and fragments of shells adhering round it: open on-
ly at the apex.

Plate 1. Fig. 6. T. conchilega.

Amphitrite. — Tube elongated, cylindrical, posterior extremity attenuated, membranous
or coriaceous ; the exterior generally naked.

Plate I. Fig. 7- A. ventilabrum. (Sabella penicillus. — Linn.) [Icon. — Journ. Sci. XIV. pi. iii. fig. 6 ]

SERPULEA 5 Genera.

Spirorbis. — Tube testaceous, turned into an orbicular spire, discoidal; the lower surface
flat, and fixed.

Plate I. Fig. 8. S. carinata.

Serpula. — Tubes solid, calcareous, irregularly twisted, grouped or solitary, fixed ; the
aperture terminal, round, very plain.

Plate I. Fig. 9. S. decussata. (Idem. — Linn.)

Vermilia. — Tube testaceous, cylindrical, gradually lessening to the posterior end, more
or less twisted, and fixed at the base to marine substances. Aperture round, the
margin armed with from one to three teeth.

Plate I. Fig. 10. V. triquetra. (Serpula triquetra.— Linn.)

Galeolaria. — Tubes testaceous, very numerous, cylindrical, rather angular, raised, wa-
vy, crowded and matted together, fixed at the base, the upper end open. Aper-
ture orbicular ; the margin terminating in a projecting point. Operculum orbi-
cular, galeiform, the upper part armed with from five to nine testaceous valves,
which are fixed to its margin; the middle one linear, truncate, and larger than
the others.

Plate II. Fig. 1. G. recumbens. Natural size. (Sowerby.)

2. Aperture and Operculum magnified.

Magilus. — The base of the shell turned into a short, oval, snail-like spire; the last four
whorls contiguous, convex ; the last larger than the others, and lengthening into
an erect, wavy, elongated tube. Tube convex above, carinated beneath, plaited,
and rather depressed at the sides; the plaits lamellated, crowded, undulated, ver-
tical, thicker on one side of the tube than on the other.

Plate I. Fig. 11. M. antiquus. [Mr. Dubois’s Cab.]

3

Ztnti) Clajsss;

CXRRHIPEDA.

Shell sessile or elevated, on a flexible, tendinous pedicle ; multivalve ; sometimes moveable,
sometimes fixed; the inside covered by the Mantle of the Animal.

The cirrhipeda

are divided into Two Orders.. — . — .Sessile Cirrhipeda,

Pedunculated Cirrhipeda,

and

ORDER I SESSILE CIRRHIPEDA* 6 Genera.

THE Shells of this Order are fixed on marine bodies.

Tubicinella. — Shell univalve, operculated, tubular, erect, a little attenuated towards
the base, bound with annular transverse ribs, truncated at both ends, open at the
summit, and closed at the base with a membrane. Operculum with four obtuse
valves.

Plate I. Fig. 12. T. balfenarum.

Coronula. — Shell sessile, apparently indivisible, suborbicular, conoidal or blunt-conical,
the extremities truncated, the sides very thick, the inside hollowed into radiating
cells. Operculum composed of four obtuse valves.

Plate I. Fig. 13. (a) C. balsenaris. Upper-side. (Lepas balsenaris. — Linn.)

( b ) Inside.

Balanus. — Shell sessile, fixed, conical, summit truncated, closed at the base by an ad-
hering testaceous lamina. Aperture subtriangular, or elliptical. Operculum inter-
nal, quadrivalve, the valves moveable, inserted near the base of the inside of the

shell.

Plate I. Fig. 14. B. radiatus.

Acasta. — Shell sessile, oval, subconical, composed of separable pieces : cone formed of
six unequal lateral valves united together; the base a lamina or orbicular valve,
concave on the inside, resembling a patella or little cup. Operculum quadrivalve.

Plate I. Fig. 15. A. Montagui.

* Lamarck has erroneously separated this Order into Two Divisions — Operculum quadrivalve, and Oper-
culum bivalve. Sowerby has shewn, in his Genera, that the whole are quadrivalve.

B ^

4

Creusia. — Shell sessile, fixed, orbicular, convex-conical, quadrivalve: valves unequal,
united together, sutures distinct. Operculum internal, quadrivalve.

Plate I. Fig. 16. (a) C. verruca. Outside. (Lepas verruca. — Linn.)

(Z>) Inside.

Pyrgoma. — Shell sessile, univalve, rather globular, ventricose, convex above; apex per-
forated: aperture small, elliptical. Operculum quadrivalve.

Plate I. Fig. 17. (a) P. crenata. Outside.

(i) Inside.

ORDER II. —PEDUNCULATED CIRRHIPEDA.

THE body is supported by a moveable, tubular pedicle, having the base fixed on marine
substances. — This Order consists of Two Divisions, viz. 1. The shell composed of conti-
guous pieces. 2. The shell composed of distant pieces.

Division l. — Shell composed of Contiguous Pieces. — 2 Genera.

Anatifera. — Shell compressed at the sides, composed of five valves, which are contigu-
ous and unequal; the lower side valves the greatest.

Plate I. Fig. 18. A. las vis. (Lepas anatifera.— Linn.)

Pollicipes. — Shell compressed at the sides, multivalve, valves rather contiguous, une-
qual; in number, thirteen or more: the lower side valves smallest.

Plate I. Fig. 19. P. cornucopia. (Lepas pollicipes. — Linn.)

Division 2. — Shell composed of Distant Pieces. — 2 Genera.

Cineras. — Shell composed of five testaceous oblong valves, separate, not covering the
whole of the body: two at the sides of the aperture; the others on the back.

Plate II. Fig. 3. C. vittata. [Icon. — Wood’s Conch. Tab. XII. Fig. 2.]

Otion. — Shell composed of two* testaceous small semi-lunate separate valves, adhering
near the sides of the aperture.

Plate II. Fig. 4. O. Cuvieri. (Lepas aurita. — Linn.) [Icon.— Wood’s Conch. Tab. XII. Fig. 4.]

This Shell has sometimes five testaceous valves ; sometimes two testaceous, and three horny valves.

Vide Sowerby’s Genera.

5

CONCHIFERA.

Shell always bivalve, wholly or partly covering the Animal; sometimes free, sometimes
fixed: the valves mostly joined at the margin by a hinge or ligament. The shell is
sometimes enlarged by testaceous, accessory pieces, not belonging to the valves.

This Class is divided into Two Orders, viz. Conchifera Bimusculosa, and Conchifera

Unimusculosa.

ORDER I CONCHIFERA BIMUSCULOSA.

THE shell presents, in the interior, two separate and lateral muscular impressions : this
order is divided into Four Sections, viz. C. crassipeda, C. tenuipeda, C. lamellipeda,
and C. ambigua or the Chamacea.

SECTION I CONCHIFERA CRASSIPEDA.

Shell gaping at the sides when shut.

This section contains Four Families Tubicolaria, Pholadaria, Solenacea, and Myaria.

TUBICOLARIA. __ 6 Genera.

Aspergillum. — Sheath tubular, testaceous, gradually attenuating to the anterior end,
which is open ; the other extremity larger, and club-shaped ; having two valves
incrusted on one side of the club. The disk at the end of the club, convex, and
perforated with sub-tubular holes, having a fissure in the centre.

Plate II. Fig. 5. A. Javanum. (Serpula penis. — Linn.) [Mrs. Mawe’s Cabinet.]

6. Front view of the disk.

Clavagella. — Sheath tubular, testaceous; the anterior end attenuated and open, the
posterior club-shaped, ovate, and rather compressed with spinous tubes; one
valve fixed in the side of the club, the other free in the tube.

Plate II. Fig. 7 («) C. aperta. (Sovverby.) [British Museum.]

(h) The free valve.

6

Fistulana. — Sheath tubular, mostly testaceous; the posterior closed and turgid; the
other end attenuated and open at the summit, inclosing a free bivalve shell;
the valves of which are equal, and gape when closed.

Plate II. Fig. 8. F. gregata.

(а) One of the bivalves.

(б) One of the side valves.

Sepi aria. — Tube testaceous and very long, gradually diminishing towards the anterior
end; the interior divided by arched partitions, usually incomplete : the anterior
extremity terminated by two other slender tubes, which are not divided inter-
nally.

Plate II. Fig. 9. S. arenaria. (Serpula polythalamia. — Linn.)

Teredina. — Sheath testaceous, tubular, cylindrical; the posterior extremity closed,
shewing the two valves of the shell ; the anterior end open.

Plate XXI. Fig. 1. T. personata. Fossil.

Teredo. — Tube testaceous, cylindrical, flexuous, open at both ends, not belonging to
the shell, and covering the animal. Shell bivalve, situated posteriorly on the out-
side of the tube.

Plate II. Fig. 10. T. navalis. The testaceous tube. (Idem.— Linn.)

(a) One of the bivalves.

( b ) One of the terminating side valves.

(c) A section of the anterior part of the tube.

PHOLADARIA. . — 2 Genera.

Shell without a tubular sheath , having accessory pieces which do not belong to the valves, and gapes

anteriorly. Ligament external.

Piiolas. — Shell bivalve, equivalve, transverse, gaping at both sides, having various acces-
sory testaceous pieces, affixed above or below the hinge. The inferior or poste-
rior margin of the valves reflected outwards.

Plate II. Fig. 11. P. Candida. (Idem. — Linn.)

Gastrocirena. — Shell bivalve, equivalve, rather wedge-shaped, gaping very much; the
anterior aperture large, oval, oblique; scarcely any aperture posteriorly. Hinge
linear, mai’ginal, without teeth.

Plate II. Fig. 12. (a) G. modiolina. Front view.

( b ) Back view.

SOLENACEA. — 3 Genera.

Shell without accessory pieces, and gaping only at the lateral extremities. Ligament external.

Solen. — Shell bivalve, equivalve, transverselyeiongated; gaping at both sides; beaks
very small, not projecting. Cardinal teeth small, the number variable, sometimes
none; rarely diverging; more rarely inserted in pits. Ligament external.

7

(a) The cardinal teeth contiguous to the anterior end.

Plate II. Fig-. 13. S. truncatus. (Dillwyn.)

( h ) The cardinal teeth a little removed from the anterior end.

Plate II. Fig-. 14. S. cultellus. (Idem. — Linn.)

(c) The cardinal teeth nearer the middle than the anterior end.

Plate II. Fig. 15. S. radiatus. (Idem. — Linn.)

Panopaja. — Shell equivalve, transverse, unequally gaping at the sides: one cardinal coni-
cal tooth in each valve; and near it a short, compressed, ascending callosity, not
projecting outwards. Ligament exterior, on the longest side of the shell, fixed
to the callosities.

Plate III. Fig. 1. P. Aldrovandi. (Mya glycymeris. — Gmelin.) [Mrs. Mawe’s Cab.]

2. Hinge of ditto.

Glycymehis. — Shell transverse, gaping much on each side; hinge callous, without teeth:
nymphas projecting outside. Ligament external.

Plate III. Fig. 3. G. siliqua. (Mya siliqua. — Chem.)

4. & 5. Inside of ditto.

MYARIA.__ 2 Genera.

Ligament internal; having one large spoon-shaped tooth in each valve or in one only ; to the cavity
of which the ligament is attached. The shell gapes at one or both sides.

Mya. — Shell bivalve, transverse, gaping at each end; having one large cardinal tooth in
the left valve, broadly compressed, rather rounded, and projecting almost verti-
cally: a cardinal pit in the other valve. Ligament internal, inserted in the pro-
minent tooth and the corresponding pit.

Plate III. Fig. 6. M. truncata. (Idem. — Linn.)

7. Inside, shewing the hinge of ditto..

Anatina. — Shell transverse, nearly equivalve, gaping at one or both sides; one naked,
broad, spoon-shaped cardinal tooth, projecting internally in each valve, and re-
ceiving the ligament. In many species, a lamina or falcated rib runs obliquely be-
low the cardinal teeth.

Plate IV. Fig. 1. (a) A. myalis. (Mya declivis. — Pennant.)

(&) Hinge of ditto.

SECTION II CONCHIFERA TENUIPEDA.

The lateral gaping inconsiderable.

The shells of this section compose Four Families, which are separated into Two Divisions,
viz. — 1. Mactracea and Corbulea, having the ligament internal, with or without any
external ligament.™ — And, 2, Lithophaga and Nymphacea, having the ligament
always external.

%

8

Division I. _ Ligament internal, with or without any external Ligament.

MACTRACEA 7 Genera.

Shell equivalve, mostly gaping at the lateral extremities. Ligament internal, with or without any ex-
ternal ligament.

I — The Ligament always internal.

(1) Shells gaping at the sides.

Lutraria. — Shell inequilateral, transversely oblong or rounded, lateral extremities gap-
ing: hinge with one tooth folded in two; or two teeth, one of which is simple,
with an adjoining, deltoid, oblique pit, projecting inwards ; no lateral teeth. Li-
gament internal, affixed in the pits.

(«) Shells transversely oblong.

Plate IV. Fig. 2. (a) L. elliptica. (Mactra lutraria. — Gmel.)

( b ) Hinge of ditto.

(b) Shells orbicular, or sub triangular .

Plate IV. Fig. 3. L. compressa. (Mactra Listeri. — Gmel.)

Mactra. — Shell transverse, inequilateral, subtriangular, gaping very little at the sides;
beaks prominent. One compressed folded cardinal tooth in each valve, with an
adjoining pit projecting inwards; two compressed entering lateral teeth, near the
hinge. Ligament internal, inserted in the cardinal pits.

Plate IV. Fig. 4. (a) M. stultorum. (Idem. — Linn.)

(b) Hinge of ditto.

(2) Shells not gaping at the sides.

Crassatella. — Shell inequilateral, suborbicular or transverse, the valves close : two ra-
ther diverging cardinal teeth, and a pit by the side of them. Ligament internal,
inserted in the pit of each valve: lateral teeth, none; or obsolete.

Plate IV. Fig. 5. (a) C. kingicola. [Mrs. Mawe’s Cabinet.]

(b) Inside of ditto.

Erycina. — Shell transverse, rather inequilateral, equivalve, rarely gaping: two unequal,
diverging cardinal teeth, having a pit between them; and two oblong compressed,
short, entering lateral teeth. Ligament internal, fixed in the pits.

Plate IV. Fig. 6. ( a ) E. striata. (Sovverby.)

(£>) Inside of ditto.

II. — Ligament shewing itself on the outside, or being double; has one internal

the other external.

Ungulina. — Shell longitudinal or transverse, rounded on the upper part, subequilateral,
valves not gaping : beaks eroded. A short, and rather bifid cardinal tooth in each

9

valve; with an oblong, marginal, adjoining pit, divided in two by a contraction.
Ligament internal, inserted in the pits.

Plate IV. Fig. 7. («) U. transversa. Natural size. [Brit. Mus.]

( b ) Magnified view of the Hinge.

Solenimya. — Shell inequilateral, equivalve, transversely oblong, the extremities obtuse;
the epidermis shining, and extending beyond the margin. Beaks not prominent,
scarcely distinct. One cardinal tooth in each valve, dilated, compressed, and ve-
ry oblique ; rather concave above, to receive the ligament, which is partly internal,
and partly external.

Plate IV. Fig. 8. («) S. Mediterranea. [Mrs. Mawe’s Cabinet.]

( b ) Inside of ditto.

Amphidesma. — Shell transverse, inequilateral, subovate or rounded, sometimes gaping a
little at the sides : hinge having one or two teeth, and a narrow pit for the internal
ligament. Ligament double; one external, short; the other internal, fixed in the
cardinal pits.

Plate IV. Fig. 9. (a) A. reticulatum. (Sowerby’s Genera.) (Tellina reticulata. — Linn.)

( b ) Inside of ditto.

CORBULEA 2 Genera.

Shell inequivalve. Ligament interior.

Corbula. — Shell regular, inequivalve, inequilateral, closed, or very slightly gaping. One
large conical, curved, ascending tooth in each valve, with a pit beside it: no late-
ral teeth. Ligament internal, inserted in the pits.

Plate V. Fig. 1. ( a ) C. porcina.

(b) Hinge of ditto.

Pandora. — Shell regular, inequivalve, inequilateral, transversely oblong; upper valve
flat, and the lower convex. Two oblong, diverging, unequal, cardinal teeth in the
upper valve; two oblong pits in the other. Ligament internal.

Plate V. Fig. 2. (a) P. rostrata. (Tellina inequivalvis.— Linn.)

(b) Inside of ditto.

LITIIOPHAGA. 3 Genera.

Boring Shells, without accessory pieces or sheath, and more or less gaping at their anterior side.

Ligament of the valves external.

Saxicava. — Shell bivalve, transverse, inequilateral; gaping anteriorly at the superior
margin: hinge almost without teeth. Ligament external.

Plate V. Fig. 3. (a) S. rugosa. (Mytilus rugosa. — Linn.)

(b) Inside of ditto.

Petricola. — Shell bivalve, subtriangular, transverse, inequilateral ; the posterior side
rounded, the anterior attenuated ; slightly gaping. Hinge having two teeth in
each valve, or in one only.

Plate V. Fig. 4. ( a ) P. plioladiformis,

{b) Hinge of ditto.

C

10

Venerirupis. — Shell transverse, inequilateral; the posterior side very short, the anterior
gaping slightly. Hinge with two teeth in the right valve, and three in the left ;
sometimes three in each : the teeth are small, approximate, parallel, and but lit-
tle or not at all diverging. Ligament external.

Plate V. Fig. 5. (a) V. perforans. (Venus perforans. — Montagu.)

(b) Inside of ditto.

NYMPHACEA 10 Genera.

Two cardinal teeth, or more, on the same valve: shell often gaping slightly at the sides. Ligament
external; nymphee, in general, projecting outside.

This family is divided into N. Solenaria, and N. Tellinaria.

NYMPHACEA SOLENARIA.

Sanguinolaria. — Shell transverse, rather elliptical, gaping slightly at the lateral extre-
mity ; the superior margin arched, not parallel to the inferior. Hinge with two ap-
proximate teeth in each valve.

Plate V. Fig. 6. (a) S. rosea. (Solen sanguinolentus— Gmel.)

( b ) Inside of ditto.

Psammobia. — Shell transverse, elliptical or oblong oval, rather flat, gaping slightly at
each side ; beaks rather prominent. Hinge with two teeth on the left valve, and
one entering tooth in the opposite valve.

Plate V. Fig. 7 (a) P. cserulescens.

Psammotvea. — Shell transverse, oval or oblong oval, gaping a little at the sides; one car-
dinal tooth in each valve, sometimes in one valve only.

Plate V. Fig. 8. (a) P. variegata. (Solen variegatxis.— Wood.)

(6) Inside of ditto.

NYMPHACEA TELLINARIA.

Is subdivided into I. Shells having one or two lateral teeth And II. Those which

have no lateral teeth.

I, Having one or two lateral teeth.

Tellina.— Shell transverse or orbicular, in general rather flat; the anterior side angu-
lar, with a flexuous and irregular fold on the margin : only one or two cardinal
teeth in the same valve; two lateral teeth, often remote.

(а) Shell transversely oblong .

Plate V Fig. 9. (a) T. punicea. (Idem.— Gmel.)

{0) Inside of ditto.

(б) Shell orbicular, or rounded oval.

Plate V. Fig. 10. T. crassa. (Idem.- Lister.)

11

Tellinides. — Shell transverse, inequilateral, rather flat, slightly gaping at the sides;
beaks small and rather depressed, without the irregular fold on the margin. Hinge
with two diverging teeth in each valve. Two lateral teeth, almost obsolete; the
posterior of which in one valve is near the cardinal teeth.

Plate VI. Fig. 1. (a) T. rosea.

( b ) Inside of ditto.

Corbis. — Shell transverse, equivalve, without any irregular fold on the anterior margin,
having the beaks opposite and curved inwards. Two cardinal teeth; two lateral
teeth, the posterior of which is nearest the hinge. The muscular impressions
simple.

Plate VI. Fig. 2. (<i) C. fimbriata. (Venus fimbriata.— Linn.) [Mrs. Mawe’s Cabinet.]

( b ) Hinge of ditto.

Lucina. — Shell suborbicular, inequilateral; beaks small, pointed, and oblique; two di-
verging cardinal teeth, one of which is bifid, and which vary or disappear with
age; two lateral teeth, sometimes obsolete, the posterior approaches nearest to
the cardinal teeth ; two muscular impressions, very separate, the posterior extend-
ing in the shape of a band, sometimes very long. Ligament external.

Plate VI. Fig. 3. (a) L. Jamaicensis. (Venus Jamaicensis. — Chem.)

( b ) Inside of ditto.

Don ax. — Shell transverse, equivalve, inequilateral, the anterior side very short and very
obtuse; two cardinal teeth, either in both valves, or in one only; one or two late-
ral teeth, more or less distant. Ligament external, short, inserted in the place of
the lunula.

(a) Internal margin entire, or nearly so.

Plate VI. Fig. 4. (a) D. cuneata. (Idem.— Gmel.)

( b ) Inside of ditto.

( b ) Internal margin crenulated or toothed .

Plate VI. Fig. 5. D. trunculus. (Idem. — Chem.)

II. __ Having no lateral teeth.

Capsa. — Shell transverse, equivalve, close: hinge having two teeth in the right valve, and
one entering bifid tooth in the other; no lateral teeth. Ligament external.

Plate VI. Fig 6. (a) C. laevigata. (Donax laevigata. — Chem.)

(b) Inside of ditto.

Crassina. — Shell suborbicular, transverse, equivalve, rather inequilateral, close: hinge
with two strong diverging teeth in the right valve, and two very unequal teeth in
the other. Ligament external, on the longest side.

Plate VI. Fig. 7. (a) C. Danmoniensis. (Venus Danmoniensis.— Montagu.)

C ?

12

SECTION III. — CONCHIFERA LAMELLIPEDA.

This Section is divided into Five Families, viz. Conchae, Cardiacea, Arcacea,

Trigoniana, and Naiada.

CONCHAS 7 Genera.

Three cardinal teeth at leant in one valve , with as many , or less, in the other; sometimes

with lateral teeth.

The Conchae are divided into Fluviatiles and Marina?.

CONCHiE FLUVIATILES.

Cyclas. — Shell ovate-globose, transverse, equivalve, the beaks tumid; cardinal teeth
very small, sometimes scarcely perceptible ; occasionally two in each valve, one of
them plaited in two ; sometimes only one plaited or lobed tooth in one valve, and

two in the other: lateral teeth transversely elongated, compressed, lamellar

Ligament external.

Plate VI. Fig. 8. (a) C. cornea. (Tellina cornea.— Linn.)

( h ) Inside of ditto.

Cyrena. — Shell rounded, triangular, turgid or ventricose, inequilateral, solid, covered
with an epidermis ; the beaks eroded ; hinge having three teeth in each valve ; the
lateral teeth are nearly always two in number ; one of them often near the cardi-
nal. Ligament external, inserted in the larger side.

(a) Lateral teeth serrated or denticulated.

Plate VI. Fig. 9. (a) C . fluminea. (Tellina fluminea. — Gmel.)

(b) Lateral teeth entire.

[I have not been able to procure a species belonging to this division, to make a drawing from.]

Galathea*. — Shell equivalve, subtriangular, covered with a greenish epidermis: cardi-
nal teeth sulcated ; two in the right valve, approaching at their base ; three in the
other, the middle one advanced, and separate: lateral teeth distant. Ligament
external, short, protruding, turgid; nymphas prominent.

Plate VII. Fig. 1. («) G. radiata. (Venus subviridis. — Gmel.) [Mr. G. B. Sowerby’s Cabinet.]

(6) Hinge of ditto.

Galathea having been appropriated to a genus of Crustacea, Bowdich has substituted Megadesma

as a name for this genus.

13

CONCHiE MARINE.

Mostly no lateral teeth; the whole, shell frequently covered with an epidermis , except at

the beaks.

Cyprina. — Shell equivalve, inequilateral, obliquely cordate ; the beaks obliquely curved;
three unequal cardinal teeth, approximating at their base, and diverging a little
above: a lateral tooth distant from the hinge, placed on the anterior side, some-
times obsolete. The callosities of the nymphse large, arched, terminated near the
beaks by a pit. Ligament external, sunk in part under the beaks.

Plate VII. Fig. 2. (a) C. Islandica. (Venus Islandica. — Linn.)

( b ) Hinge of ditto.

Cytherea. — Shell equivalve, inequilateral, suborbicular, triangular, or transverse : four
cardinal teeth in the right valve, three of which diverge and approximate at their
base, and one quite insulated, situated under the lunula: three diverging cardinal
teeth in the other valve, and a pit rather distant, parallel to the margin. No
lateral teeth.

I. Internal margin of the valves very entire.

(а) Anterior cardinal tooth having a striated canal or dentated border.

Plate VII. Fig. 3. (a) C. tripla. (Venus tripla. — Chem )

( b ) Hinge of ditto.

(б) Anterior cardinal tooth without the striated canal or dentated border.

Plate VII. Fig. 4 C. picta. (Venus picta.— Chem.)

II Internal margin of the valves crenated or dentated.

Plate VII. Fig 5*. C. meroe. (Venus ineroe. — Linn.)

Venus. — Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transverse or suborbicular : three approximate
cardinal teeth in each valve, the lateral ones diverging at the summit. Ligament
external, covering the scutcheon.

1. Internal margin of the valves crenated or dentated.

(а) Shells with lamellar strive.

Plate VII. Fig. 6. (a) V. verrucosa. (Idem. — Linn.)

( h ) Hinge of ditto.

(б) Shells without lamellar strive.

Plate VII. Fig 7- V. flexuosa. (Idem.— Gmel.) +

II The internal margin of the valves very entire.

Plate VII. Fig. 8. V. papilionacea. (V. rotundata. — Gmel )

* This species is the Donax meroe of Lamarck; but, as it agrees in the hinge, and in other particulars,
with the Cytherea genus, I have removed it to its present situation, where it forms, with a few others of a si-
milar character, a very interesting group, which are distinguished by the remarkable cavity in which the li-
gament is situated, in addition to the crenated margin.

f Lamarck has named this species Cytherea flexuosa, but its hinge is decidedly that of a Venus.

14

V enericardia. — Shell equivalve, inequilateral, suborbicular, mostly with longitudinal
radiating ribs. Two oblique cardinal teeth, standing the same way.

Plate XXI. Fig-. 2- V. imbricata. — Fossil. [Mr. G. B. Sowerby’s Cabinet.]

CARDIACEA. 5 Genera.

Cardinal teeth irregular, either in their form or in their situation; and in general accompanied by

one or two lateral teeth.

Cardium. — Shell equivalve, rather heart-shaped; the beaks prominent; the internal
margins of the valves dentated or plaited : hinge with four teeth in each valve ; the
two cardinal approximate and oblique, articulating cross-wise with the two in the
other valve ; and two rather distant entering lateral teeth.

(1) Shell with no particular angle on the beaks, and the anterior side at least as large as

the posterior.

Plate VIII. Fig. 1. (a) C. rustieum. (Idem. — Chem.) [Mrs. Mawe’s Cabinet.]

(*) Hinge of ditto.

(2) Shell with the beaks carinated, or having an angle, and the posterior side often larger

than the anterior ,

Plate VIII. Fig. 2. C. retusum. (Idem. — Linn.)

Cardita. — Shell free, regular, equivalve, inequilateral: hinge with two unequal teeth, one
short, straight, situated under the beaks ; the other oblique, marginal, and ex-
tending under the corselets.

(1) Shell subcordate, or oval, more transverse than longitudinal.

Plate VIII. Fig. 3. (a) C. sulcata. (Chama antiquata. — Linn.)

(6) Hinge of ditto.

(2) Shells more longitudinal than transverse .

Plate VIII. Fig. 4. C. calyculata. (Chama calyculata. — Linn.)

Cypricardia. — Shell free, equivalve, inequilateral, obliquely or transversely elongated.
Three cardinal teeth under the beaks, and one lateral tooth extending under the
corselet.

Plate VIII. Fig. 5. (a) C. Guinaica. (Chama oblonga. — Linn.)

(6) Inside of ditto.

Hiatella. — Shell equivalve, very inequilateral, transverse, gaping at the superior mar-
gin : hinge with one small tooth in the right valve, and two oblique teeth, a little
larger, in the left valve. Ligament external.

Plate VIII. Fig. 6. ( a ) H. arctica. (Solen minutus; Mya arctica. — Linn.)

( b ) Inside of ditto.

Isocardia. — Shell equivalve, heart-shaped, ventricose, the beaks distant, diverging, spi-
rally turned on one side: two flat, entering, cardinal teeth, one of them curved,

15

and sunk under the beak ; one elongated lateral tooth, situated under the corselet.
Ligament external, forked on one side.

Plate VIII. Fig-. 7- («) I- cor. (Chama cor.— Linn.)

(6) Hinge of ditto.

AIlCACEx\ 4 Genera.

Cardinal teeth small, numerous, entering, and disposed in each valve, in a straight, arched, or

broken line.

Cucullaea. — Shell equivalve, inequilateral, trapeziform, ventricose; the beaks distant, se-
parated by the facet of the ligament; the anterior muscular impression forming a
projecting angular or auricular margin: hinge linear, straight, with small trans-
verse teeth, and having, at the extremities, from two to five ribs parallel to it. —
Ligament wholly external.

Plate VIII. Fig. 8. (a) C. auriculifera. (Area cucullus. — Gmel.)

( h ) Inside of ditto.

Arca. — Shell transverse, subequivalve, inequilateral; the beaks distant, separated by the
facet of the ligament: hinge in a straight line, without ribs at the extremities, and
furnished with numerous serial and entering teeth. Ligament wholly external.

(1) Shells with the superior margin not crenulated within.

Plate VIII. Fig. 9. A. Nose. (Idem. — Linn )

(2) Shells with the superior margin crenulated within.

Plate VIII. Fig 10. A. Indica. (Idem. — Gmel.)

Pectunculus. — Shell orbicular, almost lenticular, equivalve, subequilateral, close : hinge
arched, furnished with numerous, serial, oblique, entering teeth ; those in the mid-
dle obsolete, nearly obliterated. Ligament external.

(1) Shells with distant longitudinal furrows, and often, besides, fine transverse or longitudinal stria;.

Plate VIII. Fig. 11. P. glycymeris. (Arca glycymeris. — Linn.)

(2) Shells with prominent and radiating longitudinal ribs, with or without transverse strive.

Plate VIII. Fig. 12. P. pectiniformis. (Arca pectunculus. — Linn.)

Nucula. — Shell transverse, ovate-triangular or oblong, equivalve, inequilateral; no facet
between the beaks: hinge linear, broken, many-toothed, interrupted in the mid-
dle by an obliquely extending spoon-shaped pit; the teeth numerous, often pro-
duced as in the pectines; the beaks contiguous, curved backwards. Ligament
marginal, and partly internal, inserted in the pit or spoon of the hinge.

Plate VIII. Fig. 13. (a) N. margaritacea. (Arca nucleus.— Linn.)

( b ) Inside of ditto.

TRIGONIANA 2 Genera.

Cardinal teeth lamellar, transversely striated.

Trigonia. — Shell equivalve, triangular, sometimes suborbicular ; cardinal teeth oblong,
laterally compressed, diverging, transversely furrowed; two in the right valve,

16

furrowed on each side, and four in the other, furrowed only on one side. Li-
gament external, marginal.

Plate IX. Fig. 1. T. pectinata.

Castalia. — Shell equivalve, inequilateral, triangular; the beaks eroded, recurved poste-
riorly : hinge with two lamellar teeth, transversely striated ; the posterior one dis-
tant, shortened, subtrilamellar ; the other anterior, elongated, lateral. Ligament
external.

Plate IX. Fig. 2. (a) C. ambigua. [Mr. G. B. Sowerby’s Cabinet. J
( b ) Inside of ditto.

NAIADA. .4 Genera.

Fresh water shells, the hinge of which is sometimes furnished with an irregular, simple, or divided
cardinal tooth, and a longitudinal one, which extends under the corselet; and sometimes no tooth; or
is furnished with irregular, granular tubercles, through its whole length. Muscular impression
posterior, compound; the beaks decorticated, often eroded.

Unio. — Shell transverse, equivalve, inequilateral, free; beaks decorticate, almost eroded ;
muscular impression posterior, compound : hinge with two teeth in each valve ; one
cardinal, short, irregular, simple, or divided in two, substriated ; the other elon-
gated, compressed, lateral, prolonged under the corselet. Ligament external,

(а) Cardinal tooth short, thick, not crested, and substriated.

Plate IX. Fig. 3. U. brevialis.

(б) Car Final tooth short , compressed, raised, and often crested.

Plate IX. Fig 4. ( a ) U. pictorum. (Mya pictorum.— Linn.)

(6) Hinge of ditto.

Hyria. — Shell equivalve, obliquely triangular, eared ; the base truncated and straight :
hinge with twro low teeth ; the posterior or cardinal one divided into numerous di-
verging parts, of which the interior are the smallest; the other, anterior or lateral,
very long, and lamellar. Ligament external, linear.

Plate IX. Fig. 5. (a) H. avicularis. (Mya syrmatophora.— Gmel.)

( b ) Hinge of ditto

Anodon. — Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transverse: Hinge linear, without teeth; a
smooth cardinal lamina, truncated, or forming a sinus at its anterior extremity, ter-
minates the base of the shell. Two distant, lateral, subgeminal, muscular impres-
sions. Ligament linear, external ; its anterior extremity inserted in the sinus of
the cardinal lamina.

(1) Shells having no distinct angle at the posterior extremity of the cardinal line.

Plate IX. Fig. 6. A. cygnea. (Mytilus cygneus.— Linn.)

(2) Shells having an angle at the posterior extremity of the cardinal line .

Plate IX. Fig- 7- A. trapezialis. [The late Earl of Tanker ville’s Cabinet.]

17

Iridina. — Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transverse; the beaks small, reflected, almost
straight ; muscular impressions similar to the genus Anodon ; hinge long, linear, at-
tenuated about the middle, tuberculated throughout the whole length, almost cre-
nated; the tubercles unequal, frequent. Ligament external, marginal.

Plate X. Fig. 1. I. Nilotica. (Zoological Journal, vol. i. pi. 2.) [Mr. G. B. Sowerby’s Cabinet.]

CHAMACEA 3 Genera.

Shell inequivalve, irregular, fixed; hinge with one thick tooth, or without teeth; two separate and

lateral muscular impressions.

Diceras. — Shell inequivalve, adhering; the beaks conical, very large, diverging, irregu-
larly spiral ; one large, thick, concave, subauricular, prominent tooth in the greater
valve : two muscular impressions.

Plate XXI. Fig- 3. D. arietina. — Fossil. [Mr. J. D. C. Sowerby’s Cabinet.]

Chama.— Shell irregular, inequiyalve, fixed; the beaks curved and unequal: hinge with
one thick, oblique, subcrenate tooth, fitting in a pit in the opposite valve; two dis-
tant, lateral, muscular impressions. Ligament external, sunk.

(1) Shells whose beaks turn from the left to the right.

Plate X. Fig. 2. C. Lazarus. (Idem. — Linn.)

(2) Shells whose beaks turn from the right to the left .

Plate X. Fig. 3. C. radians.

Etheria. — Shell irregular, inequivalve, adhering; the beaks short, almost sunk in the
base of the valves : hinge without teeth, rather sinuous, unequal ; two distant, la-
teral, oblong muscular impressions. Ligament external, tortuous, partly pene-
trating the shell.

(1) Shells having an oblong callosity in their base.

Plate X. Fig. 4 (a), (J). E. elliptica. [British Museum.]

(2) Shells without the callosity in their base.

Plate X. Fig. 5. (a) Inside of E. semilunata. [Mr. J. D. C. Sowerby’s Cabinet.]

( b ) Outside of upper valve of ditto.

D

18

ORDER II CONCHIFERA UNIMUSCULOSA.

SHELL presenting internally one muscular impression, nearly in the centre. This or

tier is divided into Three Sections.

SECTION I.

Ligament marginal, elongated on the margin, sublinear.

This section contains Three Families — Tridacnea, Mytilacea, and Mallacea.

TRIDACNEA 2 Genera.

Shell transverse, equivalve, the muscular impression under the middle of the superior margin, and

is prolonged to each side under it.

Tridacna. — Shell regular, equivalve, inequilateral, transverse, gaping at the lunula:
hinge with two compressed, unequal, anterior, entering teeth. Ligament mar-
ginal, external.

Plate X. Fig-. 6. T. squamosa.

(a) Inside of ditto.

Hippopus. — Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transverse; the lunula close: hinge with
two compressed, unequal, anterior, and entering teeth. Ligament marginal,
external.

Plate X. Fig. 7. H. maculatus. (Chama hippopus. — Linn.)

MYTILACEA — 3 Genera.

1 he ligament at the hinge suhinternal, marginal, linear, very entire, occupying a great part of the

anterior margin ; rarely foliated.

Modiola. Shell subtransverse, equivalve, regular, the posterior side very short; beaks

nearly lateral, depressed on the short side: hinge without teeth, lateral, linear.

Ligament cardinal, almost internal, situated in a marginal canal : one sublateral
muscular impression, elongated, and axe-shaped.

Plate XI. Fig. 1. M. tulipa. (Mytilus modiolus. — Linn.)

Mytilus. — Shell longitudinal, equivalve, regular, pointed at the base, fixed by a byssus;

beaks almost straight, terminal, pointed : hinge lateral, mostly without teeth.

Ligament marginal, subinternal: one elongated, club-shaped, sublateral, muscular
impression.

(1) Shells with longitudinal furrows.

Plate XI. Fig. 2. M. erosus.

(2) Shells without longitudinal furrows,

Plate XI. Fig. 3. M. perna.

#

19

Pinna. — Shell longitudinal, wedge-shaped, equivalve, gaping at the summit, pointed at
the base, the beaks straight: hinge lateral, without teeth. Ligament marginal,
linear, very long, almost internal.

Plate XI. Fig. 4. P- muricata. (Idem. — Linn.)

MALL ACE A. — 5 Genera.

Ligament marginal, sublinear, either interrupted hy indentations or serial teeth, or wholly simple.

Shell subinequivalve, foliated.

Crenatula. — Shell subequivalve, flat, lamellated, rather irregular ; no particular open-
ing or pit for the byssus : hinge lateral, linear, marginal, indented ; indentations
serial, callous, hollowed into pits, which receive the ligament.

Plate XI. Fig. 3. C. mytiloides.

Perna. — Shell subequivalve, flattened, rather deformed, texture lamellar: hinge linear,
marginal ; composed of furrow-like, transverse, parallel, non-entering teeth, be-
tween which the ligament is inserted. A posterior sinus, slightly gaping, situat-
ed at the extremity of the hinge for the passage of the byssus; sides callous.

Plate XI. Fig. 6. P. epliippium. (Ostrea epliippium. — -Linn.)

Malleus. — Shell subequivalve, rude, deformed, mostly elongated, sublobate at the base;
beaks small, diverging: hinge without teeth; an elongated conical pit situated
under the beaks, traversing obliquely the facet of the ligament. Ligament partly
external, short, inserted in the sloping facet of each valve.

Plate XI. Fig. 7- M. albus.

Avicula. — Shell inequivalve, fragile, rather smooth ; base transverse, straight; the ex-
tremities produced, the anterior caudiform or tail-like ; a sinus in the left valve :
hinge linear, unidentate ; a cardinal tooth in each valve under the beaks. Facet
of the ligament marginal, narrow, channelled, not traversed by the byssus.

Plate XI. Fig. 8. A. crocea.

Meleagrina. — Shell subequivalve, rotundate, nearly square, externally squamose; the
inferior cardinal margin straight, not caudate anteriorly ; a sinus at the posterior
base of the valves for the passage of the byssus; the left valve being at this place
narrow and channelled: hinge linear, without teeth. Facet of the ligament mar-
ginal, elongated, nearly external, dilated in the middle.

Plate XI. Fig. 9. M. margaritiferus. (Mytilus margaritiferus. — Linn.)

TD 2

&

20

SECTION II.

Ligament not marginal, contracted into a short space under the beaks; always visible, and not form -

ing a tendinous cord under the shell.

This Section is divided into Two Families, viz. Pectinida and Ostracea.
PECTINIDA 7 Genera.

Ligament internal, or demi~internal. Shell in general regular, compact, not foliated.

Pedum. — Shell inequivalve, subauriculated, lower valve gaping; beaks unequal, distant:
hinge without teeth. Ligament partly external, inserted in an elongated and
channelled pit, formed in the lower side of the beaks. Lower valve notched near
the posterior base.

Plate XII. Fig. 1. P. spondyloideum. (Ostrca spondyloidea. — Gmel.) [Mrs. M awe’s Cabinet.]

Lima. — Shell longitudinal, subequivalve, auriculated, gaping slightly on one side between
the valves; beaks distant; their internal facet inclined outwards: hinge without
teeth. The cardinal pit partly external, receiving the ligament.

Plate XII. Fig. 2. L. glacialis. (Ostrea glacialis. — Gmel.)

(«) Inside of ditto.

Plagiostoma. — Shell subequivalve, free, subauriculated, the cardinal base transverse,
straight; beaks rather distant, their inner sides expanding into transverse, flatten-
ed, external facets, one straight, the other obliquely inclined: hinge without teeth ;
a conical cardinal pit situated below the beaks, partly internal, opening outwards,
and receiving the ligament.

Plate XXI. Fig. 4. P. spinosum. [Mr. G. B. Sowerby’s Cabinet.]

Pecten. — Shell free, regular, inequivalve, auriculated ; the lower margin transverse,
straight; the beaks contiguous: hinge without teeth; a cardinal triangular pit,
wholly internal, receiving the ligament.

(1) Shells with ears equal, or nearly so.

Plate XII. Fig. 3. P. maximus. (Ostrea maxima. — Linnaeus.)

(2) Shells with the ears unequal.

Plate XII. Fig. 4. P. varius. (Ostrea varia. — Gmel.)

Plicatula. — Shell inequivalve, not auriculated, attenuated towards the base, the supe-
rior margin rounded, subplicate; the beaks unequal, and without an external fa-
cet: hinge having two strong cardinal teeth in each valve; a pit between them,
receiving the ligament, which is wholly internal.

Plate XII. Fig. 5. P. ramosa. (Spondylus plicatus.— Gmel.)

Spondylus. — Shell inequivalve, adhering, auriculated, echinated or rough; the beaks
unequal, the lower valve having an external, flattened, cardinal facet, divided by
a channel which lengthens with age : hinge having two strong teeth in each
valve, and an intermediate pit for the ligament, communicating by the base with

21

the external channel. Ligament internal ; the remains of former ligaments are
seen outside in the channel.

Plate XII. Fig-. 6. S. gaederopus. (Idem. — Linn.)

Podopsis. — Shell inequivalve, subregular, adhering by the inferior beak, not auriculated,
the lower valve largest, most convex, and the beak most produced: hinge without
teeth. Ligament internal.

Plate XXI. Fig. 5. P. truncata. Fossil. [Icon. — Encyc. Method. PI 188. Fig. G.]

OSTRACE A 5 Genera.

Ligament internal, or demi-internal. Shell irregular, foliated, sometimes very thin.

This Family is separated into Two Divisions.

(«) Ligament demi-internal. Shell foliated, and often very thick.

Gryph^a. — Shell free, inequivalve, the lower valve large, concave, terminated by a pro-
jecting involute beak, the upper valve small, flat, and opercular: hinge without
teeth ; an oblong, arched cardinal pit ; only one muscular impression in each
valve.

Plate XII. Fig. 7- G. angulata.

Ostrea. — Shell adhering, inequivalve, irregular; beaks distant, becoming very unequal
by age, and the upper valve gradually removed during the life of the animal : hinge
without teeth. Ligament demi-internal, inserted in the cardinal pit of the valves ;
the pit of the lower valve increasing by age, sometimes to a great length.

(1) Margin of the valves simple or wavy, not plicate.

Plate XII. Fig. 8. O. edulis. (Idem. — Linn.)

(2) Margin of the shells distinctly plaited.

Plate XII. Fig. 9. O. folium. (Idem. — Linn.)

Vulsella.— Shell longitudinal, subequivalve, irregular, free; the beaks equal: hinge
with a prominent callosity in each valve, depressed above, shewing an impression
of a conical and obliquely arched pit for the ligament.

Plate XII. Fig. 10. V. lingulata. (Mya vulsella. — Linn.)

(h) Ligament internal. Shell thin, papyraceous.

Placuna.— Shell free, irregular, flat, subequivalve: hinge internal, having two sharp
longitudinal ribs in one valve, approximate at their base, and diverging in form of
a V ; and, in the other valve, two impressions which correspond with the cardinal
ribs ; to which is attached the ligament.

Plate XII. Fig. 13. P. placenta. (Anomia placenta. — Linn.)

Anomia. — Shell inequivalve, irregular, operculated, adhering by the operculum: lower
valve perforated, generally flattened, having a hole or channel at the beak; the
other valve rather larger, concave, entire. Operculum small, elliptical, osseous,
fixed to marine substances.

Plate XIII. Fig. 1. A. ephippium. (Idem.— Linn.)

{a) Operculum of ditto.

SECTION III.

Either no ligament, or none known ; or represented by a tendinous cord, which supports the shell.

This Section contains Two Families Rudista, and Brachiopoda.

RUDISTA 6 Genera.

Ligament, hinge, and animal unknown; shell very inequivalve. No distinct beaks.

Spieerulites. — Shell inequivalve, orbicular-globose, rather depressed above, echinated
externally with large, subangular, horizontal scales ; upper valve smallest, rather
flat, opercular ; the internal surface furnished with two unequal, subconical, curv-
ed, and prominent tuberosities; lower valve largest, rather ventricose, the exter-
nal margin radiated with scales ; cavity obliquely conical, and forming on one side,
by the folding of the internal margin, a crest, or projecting keel: internal side of
the cavity transversely striated. Hinge unknown.

Plate XXI. Fig. 6. S. foliacea. Fossil. [Icon. — Encyc. Method, pi. 172. fig. 7-]

IIadiolites. — Shell inequivalve, externally striated; the strite longitudinal, radiating:
lower valve turbinated, and largest ; the upper, convex or depressed conical, oper-
cular. Hinge unknown.

Plate XXI. Fig. 7» It. turbinata. [British Museum.]

Calceola. — Shell inequivalve, triangular, turbinated, flattened beneath ; the larger valve
hollowed or liood-shaped, obliquely truncated at the aperture; the cardinal mar-
gin straight, transverse, a small notch or indentation in the middle ; the superior
margin arched : the small valve flat, semi-orbicular, opercular, having a tubercle
on each side of the cardinal margin, and, in the middle, a pit with a small lamina.

Plate XXI. Fig. 8. C. sandalina. [Mr. J. D. C. Sowerby’s Cabinet.]

Birostrites. — Shell inequivalve, bicornute, the disk of the valves elevated conically, un-
equal, obliquely diverging, nearly straight, horn-shaped, the one enveloping the
other at the base.

Plate XXI. Fig. 9. B. insequiloba. [Mr. J. D. C. Sowerby’s Cabinet.]

Discina. — Shell inequivalve, oval-rotundate, rather depressed, valves nearly equal, each
having an orbicular disk in the centre, very distinct ; disk in the upper valve not
perforated, with a mammillated protuberance in the middle; that in the other valve
very white, divided by a small transverse slit.

Plate XIII. Fig. 2. D. Norvegica. (Orbicula Norvegica. — Sowerby’s Genera.) [Mr. G. B. Sower-
(«) Lower valve of ditto. by’s Cabinet.]

(b) Upper valve of ditto.

Crania. — Shell inequivalve, suborbicular, lower valve almost flat, perforated in the in-
ternal surface by three unequal and oblique holes ; the upper valve very convex,
furnished interiorly with two prominent callosities.

Plate XIII. Fig. 3. C. personata. (Anomia craniolaris.— Linn.)

(a) Lower valve of ditto.

( b ) Upper valve of ditto.

23

BR ACHIOPOD A. _ 3 Genera.

Shell bivalve , adhering to marine bodies, either directly or by a tendinous cord.

Orbicula. — Shell suborbicular, inequivalve; without any apparent hinge: lower valve
very thin, flat, adhering to marine substances; the upper valve subconical, the
summit more or less elevated.

[I have not been able to meet with any shell agreeing with the above description.]

Terebratula. — Shell inequivalve, regular, subtriangular, attached to marine bodies by
a short tendinous pedicle; the beak of the larger valve produced, often curved,
perforated at the summit by a round hole, or by a notch : hinge with two teeth ;
two nearly osseous, slender, elevated, forked, variously ramified branches rise
from the disk of the small valve, and serve as a support to the animal.

(1) Shell smooth, without longitudinal strive or furrows.

Plate XIII. Fig. 5 T. vitrea- (Anomia vitrea. — Gmel )

(2) Shell striated longitudinally.

Plate XIII. Fig. 4. T. psittacea. (Anomia psittacea. — Gmel.)

Lingula. — Shell subequivalve, flattened, ovate-oblong, truncated at the summit, rather
pointed at the base, elevated on a fleshy tendinous pedicle, fixed to marine bodies :
hinge without teeth.

Plate XIII. Fig. 6. L. anatina. (Patella unguis. — Linn.)

(a) Inside of ditto.

mam

MOLLUSC A,

Body sometimes naked, either destitute of any solid internal parts, or inclosing a shell or
other hard substance, and sometimes provided externally 7vith a shell covering or sheath-
ing, but is never composed of two opposite valves united by a hinge.

This Class is divided into Five Orders, viz. Pteropoda, Gasteropoda, Trachelipoda,

Cephalopoda, and Heteropoda.

ORDER I.

PTEROPODA. — 6 Genera.

Some only are furnished with a thin, cartilaginous or corneous shell.

HvALyEA. — Shell corneous, transparent, ovate-globose ; tridentated posteriorly ; open at
the summit, and at the two posterior sides.

Plate XIII. Fig. 7* H. tridentata. (Monoculus telemus? — Linn.)

Clio. — This genus has no shell.

Cleodora. — Shell gelatinous, cartilaginous, transparent, in shape of a reversed pyramid,
or lanceolate, truncated and open at the summit.

Plate XIII. Fig. 8. C. pyramidata. (Clio pyramidata. — Linn.)

Ltmacina. — Shell thin, fragile, papyraceous, spiral; the whorls re-united in a discoidal
manner, like the Planorbis.

Plate XIII. Fig. 9. (a) L. helicialis. (Clio helicina.— Gmel.) [British Museum.]

Cymbulia. — Shell gelatinous, cartilaginous, very transparent, crystalline, oblong, in shape
of a shoe, truncated at the summit ; aperture lateral and anterior.

Plate XIII. Fig. 10. C. Peronii. [Icon. Encyc. Method, pi. 464. fig. 4 J.]

Pneumodermon. — This genus has no shell.

25

ORDER II GASTEROPODA.

Some are naked, others have a dorsal shell, not enveloping : again, others have a shell more or less

hidden in their mantle.

THIS Order is divided into two Sections Hydrobranchiae and Pneumobranchiae.

SECTION I HYDROBRANCHLE.

Contains Six Families, viz. Tritoniana, Phyllidiana, Semi Phyllidiana, Calyptraciana,

Bullaeana, and Aplysiana.

TRITONIANA. .G Genera.

Without shells, either external or internal.

Glaucus. — No shell.

Eolis. — Ditto.

Tritonia. — Ditto.

ScYLL/EA. Ditto.

Tethys. — Ditto.

Doris. — Ditto.

PHYLLIDIANA. _4 Genera.

Some are without shells, either internal or external: others are wholly or partly covered by a shell,
sometimes composed of one single piece, sometimes of a range of moveable and distinct pieces.

Phyllidia. — Has no shell.

Ciiitonellus. — Body elongated, rather narrow, like a caterpillar, the middle of the back
furnished with a multivalve shell; valves alternate, mostly longitudinal; they are
nearly connected by their extremities.

Plate XIII. Fig-. 11. C. striatus. [Mrs. Mawe’s Cabinet.]

Chiton. — Body oval-oblong, convex, rounded at the extremities; bordered allround by
a coriaceous skin; partly covered by a longitudinal series of testaceous, imbri-
cated, transverse, moveable pieces, set in the borders of the mantle.

Plate XIII. Fig. 12. C. Magellanicus. (Idem.— Gmel.)

Patella. — Shell univalve, not spiral, covering the animal, shield-like, or retuse-conical;
concave and simple below, without any fissure on the margin; the summit entire,
and inclined anteriorly.

Plate XIII. Fig. 13. P. miniata. (P. sanguinolenta. — Gmel.)

(a) Inside of ditto

SEMI-PHYLLIDIANA 2 Genera.

Pleurobranchus. — Shell internal, dorsal, thin, flattened, often oblique-oval.

Plate XIII. Fig. 14, 14 («). P. plumula. (Bulla pluinula.— Montagu.)

E

26

Umbrella. — Shell external, orbicular, sub-irregular, nearly flat, slightly convex above,
white, with a small apex near the middle ; margin acute, internal surface rather
concave, having a callous disk, coloured, depressed in the centre, surrounded by
a smooth border.

Plate XIII. Fig. 15, 16. U. Indica. (Patella umbellata. — Gmel.)

CALYPTRACIANA 7 Genera.

Shell always external, covering the animal.

Parmopiiorus. — Shell oblong, subparallelipipedal, slightly convex above, obtuse at the
extremities, anteriorly channelled by a slight sinus, and having, towards the pos-
terior part, a small pointed apex, inclined backwards ; the lower surface slightly
concave.

Plate XIV. Fig. 1. P. australis. (Patella ambigua. — Chem.)

(a) Under side of ditto.

Emarginula. — Shell shield-like, conical; summit inclined ; the cavity simple, having a
notch or hollow cut on its posterior margin.

Plate XIV. Fig. 2. E. rubra.

Fissurella. — Shell shield-like or depressed conical, concave below, perforated at the
summit ; without any spire ; the perforation oval or oblong.

Plate XIV. Fig. 3. F. pustula. (Patella pustula. — Chem.)

Pileopsts. — Shell univalve, obliquely conical, anteriorly recurved; apex bent, almost spi-
ral; aperture rounded-elliptical; the anterior margin shortest, acute, slightly si-
nuated, the posterior largest and rounded: one elongated, arched, transverse mus-
cular impression, situated under the posterior margin.

Plate XIV. Fig 4. P. ungariea. (Patella ungarica.— Linn.)

Calyptr^a. — Shell conoidal, summit vertical, imperforate, subacute; base orbicular:
the cavity furnished with a convolute lamina, or a spiral diaphragm.

Plate XIV. Fig. 5. C. equestris. (Patella equestris. — Linn.)

(a) Under side of ditto.

Crepidula. — Shell ovate or oblong ; the back almost always convex ; concave under-
neath ; the spire very much inclined towards the margin : the aperture partly
closed by a horizontal lamina.

Plate XIV. Fig. 6 (a). C. fornicata. (Idem. — Linn.)

(5). Under side of ditto.

Ancylus. — Shell thin, obliquely conical, the summit pointed, inclined backwards ; aper-
ture oval ; the margin very simple.

Plate XIV. Fig. 7- A. fluvialilis. (Patella fluviatilis.— Gmel.)

27

BULL/EANA — 3 Genera.

Acera. — This genus has no shell.

BulLjEA. — Shell very thin, partially rolled and spiral on one side, without columella, and
without spire ; the aperture very large, dilated at the upper part.

Plate XIV. Fig. 8. B. aperta. (Bulla aperta.— Linn.)

Bulla. — Shell univalve, ovate-globular, convolute, no columella, spire not projecting:
aperture the whole length of the shell ; external margin sharp,

Plate XIV. Fig. 9. B. lignaria. (Idem. — Linn.)

APLYSIANA 2 Genera.

Aplysia. — Shield dorsal, semicircular, subcartilaginous.

Plate XIV. Fig. 1 0. A. radiata.

(a) Outside of ditto.

Dolabella. — Shell oblong, slightly arched, hatchet-shaped, contracted, heavy, callous,
almost spiral on one side, and larger, flatter, and thinner, on the other.

Plate XIV. Fig. 11. D. Rumphii. (Bulla dubia.)

(a) Underside of ditto.

SECTION II PNEUMOBRANCHLE.

This Section contains only One Family, viz. Limaciana.

LIMACIANA 5 Genera.

Onchidium. — This genus has no shell.

Parmacella. — Lamarck has given a description of the animal of this genus, but only
mentions that the scutcheon contains a shell, without describing it.

Plate XIV. Fig. 12. P. calyculata. (Sowerby’s Genera.) [Mr. H. Stutchbury’s Cabinet.]

(«) Under side of ditto.

Limax. — Lamarck merely mentions that the animal is “ furnished with a coriaceous sub-
rugose shield.

Plate XIV. Fig. 13. L. rufus. [British Museum.]

Testacella. — Shell very small, external, rather ear-shaped, slightly spiral at its summit;
the aperture very large, oval, obliquely dilated ; the left margin involute.

Plate XIV. Fig. 14. T. haliotidea. [Mrs. Mawe’s Cabinet.]

(a) Under side of ditto.

Vitrina. — Shell small, very thin, depressed, terminated above by a very short spire, the
last whorl very large: Aperture large, rounded-oval; the left margin arched,
slightly involute.

Plate XIV. Fig. 15. V. pellucida.

E 2

28

ORDER III. TRACHELIPODA.

THE shells of this Order are spirivalve, ensheatliing. It is separated into Two Sections,

viz. Phytiphaga and Zoophaga.

SECTION I TRACHELIPODA PHYTIPHAGA.

Aperture of the shell entire; base without any ascending dorsal notch or canal.

This Section contains Ten Families, viz. Colimacea, Lymnasana, Melaniana, Peristomi-

ana, Neritacea, Janthinea, Macrostomiana, Plicacea, Scalariana, and Turbinacea.

COLIMACEA. — 11 Genera.

Shell spirivalve , with no other projecting parts on the exterior than the stria; of growth ; the right mar-
gin of the aperture is often recurved or reflected outwards.

Helix. — Shell orbicular, convex, or conoidal ; sometimes globular, the spire rather ele-
vated : aperture entire, transverse, very oblique, contiguous to the axis of the
shell; the margins disunited by the projection of the penultimate whorl.

Plate XIV. Fig. 17. H. haemastoma. (Idem. — Linn.)

Carocolla. — Shell orbicular, more or less convex or conoidal above; the circumference
or periphery angulated or keeled : aperture transverse, contiguous to the axis of
the shell ; the right margin or lip subangular, often toothed or plaited beneath.

Plate XIV. Fig. 16. C. albilabris, (Helix carocolla.— Linn.)

Anostoma. — Shell orbicular, the spire convex and obtuse : aperture round, toothed with-
in, grinning or shewing the teeth, turned upwards to the side of the spire; the
margin of the lip reflected.

Plate XIV. Fig. 18, 18 (a). A. globulosa. [Mrs. Mawe’s Cabinet.]

Helicina. — Shell subglobular, imperforate : aperture entire, demi-oval. Columella cal-
lous, transverse, rather flat, margin acute, forming an angle at the lower base of
the right lip : operculum corneous.

Plate XV. Fig. 1. FI. major. [Gray, in Zool. Jour. Vol. I. p. 251.]

Pupa. — Shell cylindrical, generally thick : aperture irregular, demi-oval, the lower part
rounded and subangular; the margins nearly equal, reflected outwards, disunited
at the upper part by an interposed columella lamina, always affixed.

Plate XV. Fig. 2. P. mumia.

Clausilia. — Shell lflostly fusiform, slender, the summit rather obtuse : aperture irregular,
rounded-oval ; the margins united throughout, free, reflected outwards.

Plate XV. Fig. 3. C. torticollis.

Bulimus. — Shell oval, oblong, or turreted; aperture entire, longitudinal; the margins ve-
ry unequal, disunited at the upper part. Columella straight, smooth, the base
entire, not channelled.

Plate XV. Fig. 4. B. citrinus. (Helix perversa, Variety b.— Linn.) [Mrs. Mawe’s Cabinet.]

29

Aciiatina. — Shell oval or oblong: aperture entire, longitudinal; the right lip sharp,
never reflected. Columella smooth, truncated at the base.

(1) Shells with the last whorl ventricose, not depressed .

Plate XV. Fig. 5. A. virginea. (Bulla virginea. — Linn.)

(2) Shell with the last whorl depressed, or attenuated towards the base.

Plate XV. Fig. 5 (a). A. albo-lineata. (Voluta leucozonias.— Gmel.) [Mrs. Mawe’s Cabinet.]

Succinea.— Shell oval or ovate-conical: aperture large, entire, longitudinal; the right
lip sharp, not reflected, united at the lower part to a smooth, sharp, attenuated
columella. No operculum.

Plate XV. Fig 6. S. amphibia. (Helix putris.— Linn.)

Auricula. — Shell suboval or ovate-oblong: aperture longitudinal, very entire at the
base, contracted at the upper part, where the margins are disunited. Columella
with one or more plaits ; the lip or margin sometimes reflected outwards, some-
times simple and sharp.

(1) Shells with the margin reflected outwards.

Plate XV. Fig. 7- A. Judge. (Voluta auris Judge — Linn.)

(2) Shells with the margin simple and acute.

Plate XV. Fig. 8, 8 (a). A. monile. (Voluta flava. — Gmel.)

Cyclostoma.— The shape of the shell variable; whorls of the spire cylindrical: aperture
round, regular ; the margins circularly united, or reflected by age. An oper-
culum.

Plate XV. Fig. 9. C. volvulus. (Helix volvulus.— Linn.) [Mrs. Mawe’s Cabinet.]
LYMN/EANA 3 Genera.

Shell spirivalve, the external surface mostly smooth; the right margin of the aperture always sharp,

and not reflected.

Planorbis. — Shell discoidal, spire depressed, the whole of the whorls shewn above and
beneath : aperture oblong, lunate, very distant from the axis of the shell ; the
margin never reflected. No operculum.

Plate XV. Fig. 10. P. corneus. (Helix cornea.— Linn.)

Piiysa. — Shell convolute, oval or oblong ; the spire prominent: aperture longitudinal,
contracted at the upper part. Columella twisted: right lip very thin, sharp, part-
ly projecting above the plane of the aperture. No operculum.

Plate XV. Fig. 11. P. rivalis. (Lymnsea rivalis. — Sowerby.)

Lymnlea.— Shell oblong, sometimes turreted ; the spire prominent : aperture entire, lon-
gitudinal, outer lip sharp; the lower part ascending over the columella, forms a
very oblique plait, re-entering the aperture. No operculum.

Plate XV. Fig. 12. L. stagnalis. (Helix stagnalis. — Linn.)

30

MELANIANA. _3 Genera.

Margins of the aperture of the shell disunited, the right always sharp .

Melania. — Shell turreted: aperture entire, oval or oblong, effuse at the base; columella
smooth, incurved. Operculum horny.

Plate XV. Fig. 13. M. amarula. (Helix amarula. — Linn.) [Mrs. Mawe’s Cabinet.]

Melanopsis. — Shell turreted : aperture entire, oval-oblong. Columella callous at the
upper part; truncated at the base, separated from the right margin by a sinus.
An operculum.

Plate XV. Fig. 14. M. laevigata.

Pirena. — Shell turreted : aperture longitudinal, right lip sharp, having a sinus at the
base, and another at the summit. Base of the columella curved towards the right
margin: operculum horny.

Plate XV. Fig. 15. P. terebralis. (Strombus ater. — Linn.)

PERISTOMIANA 3 Genera.

Shell operculated, conoidal or subdiscoidal, the margins of the aperture united.

Valvata. — Shell discoidal or conoidal, the whorls cylindrical, spiral cavity complete, not
modified by the penultimate whorl ; aperture round, the margins united, sharp.
An orbicular operculum.

Plate XV. Fig. 16. V. piscinalis.

Paludina. — Shell conoidal, the whorls rounded or convex, spiral cavity modified by the
last whorl : aperture rounded-oval, oblong, angular at the summit ; the two mar-
gins united, acute, never reflected outwards. Operculum orbicular and horny.

Plate XV. Fig. 17. P. vivipara. (Helix vivipara. — Linn.)

Ampullarja. — Shell globular, ventricose, umbilicated at the base, without any callosity
on the left lip : aperture entire, oblong, margins united, the right not reflected.
An operculum.

Plate XV. Fig 18. A. Guyanensis.

NERITACEA — 4 Genera.

Shell fluviatile, or marine, semi-globular or fattened-oval, without columella, the left margin of the

aperture resembling a half partition.

(1) Fresh-water shells.

Navicella. — Shell elliptical or oblong, convex above, summit straight, depressed to the
margin, concave beneath; the left lip flattened, sharp, narrow, without teeth,
transverse. A solid flat operculum, having an acute and lateral tooth.

Plate XV. Fig. 19, 19 (a). N. elliptica. (Nerita p.orcellana. — Chem.)

Neritina. — Shell thin, semi-globular or oval, flattened beneath, not umbilicated: aper-
ture semi-circular, the left margin flattened, sharp ; no teeth or crenulations on the
surface of the right margin. Operculum furnished with a lateral tooth.

Plate XV. Fig- 20, 20 {a). N. dubia. (Nerita dubia. — Chem.)

31

(2) Marine shells.

Nerita. — Shell solid, semi-globular, flattened beneath, not umbilicated : aperture entire,
semi-circular, the left margin flat, septiform, acute, often toothed ; teeth or crenu-
lations on the inner surface of the right lip. Operculum with a projecting tooth.

Plate XVI. Fig. 1. N. peloronta. (Idem. — Linn.)

Natica. — Shell subglobular, umbilicated : aperture entire, semi-circular; left lip oblique,
not toothed, callous ; the callosity modifying the umbilicus, and sometimes cover-
ing it; right lip acute, always smooth inside. An operculum.

Plate XVI. Fig. 2. N. vitellus. (Nerita vitellus. — Linn.)

JANTHINEA.

Janthina. — Shell ventricose, conoidal, thin, transparent: aperture triangular; columel-
la straight, passing beyond the base of the right lip, which has a sinus in the mid-
dle. No operculum.

Plate XVI. Fig. 3. J. communis. (Helix janthina. — Linn.)

MACROSTOMIANA 4 Genera.

Shell ear-shaped, the aperture much dilated, the margins disunited, no columella, no operculum.

Sigaretus. — Shell sub-auriform, nearly orbicular ; the left lip short and spiral: aperture
entire, much dilated, rounded-oblong; the margins not united.

Plate XVI. Fig. 4. S. concavus.

Stomatella. — Shell orbicular or oblong, ear-shaped, imperforate: aperture entire, large,
sub-longitudinal; right lip effuse, dilated, open.

Plate XVI. Fig. 5. S. imbricata.

Stomatia. — Shell ear-shaped, imperforate, spire prominent: aperture entire, large, ob-
long; right margin and columella equally raised ; a transverse and tuberculated
rib on the back.

Plate XVI. Fig. 6, 6 ( a ). S. phymotis. (H. imperforata. — Chem.)

Haliotis. — Shell ear-shaped, mostly flattened ; the spire very short, sometimes depress-
ed, nearly lateral: aperture very large, ovate-oblong, and entire in perfect shells ;
disk pierced with holes disposed in a line parallel to, and near the left margin,
the last commencing with a notch.

Plate XVI. Fig. 7- H. asinina. (Idem.— Linn.)

PLICACEA 2 Genera.

Aperture of the shell not effuse ; columella plaited.

Tornatella. — Shell convolute, ovate-cylindrical, mostly striated transversely ; no epi-
dermis : aperture oblong, entire, the right lip sharp ; one or more plaits on the
columella.

Plate XVI. Fig. 8. T. fasciata. (Voluta tornatilis.— Linn.)

32

Pyramidella. — Shell turreted; no epidermis: aperture entire, demi-oval ; outer lip sharp.
Columella produced, subperforate at the base, and furnished with three trans-
verse plaits.

Plate XVI. Fig-. 9. P. terebellum.

SCALARIANA 3 Genera.

Shells without plaits on the columella ; the margins of the aperture circularly united.

Vermetus. — Shell thin, tubular, loosely spiral, adhering by the spire: aperture orbicu-
lar, the margins united. An operculum.

Plate XVI. Fig. 10. V. lumbricalis.

Scalaria. — Shell subturreted, ornamented with longitudinal, elevated, interrupted, near-
ly acute ribs: aperture rounded, the margins circularly united, and terminated by
a thin, recurved varix.

Plate XVI. Fig. 11. S. pretiosa. (Turbo scalaris. — Linn.)

Delphinula. — Shell subdiscoidal, or conical ; umbilicated, solid ; whorls rough or angu-
lar: aperture entire, round, sometimes triangular; the margins united, mostly
fringed or ventricose.

Plate XVI. Fig. 12. D. laciniata. (Turbo delphinus. — Linn.)

TURBINACEA 8 Genera.

Shell turreted , or conoidal; the aperture round, or oblong, not effuse; the margins disunited.

Solarium. — Shell orbicular, depressed-conical, umbilicated, crenulated or dentated on
the inner margin of the whorls: aperture nearly quadrangular. No columella.

Plate XVI. Fig. 13, 13 («)• S. perspectivum. (Troclius perspectivus. — Linn.)

Rotella. — Shell orbicular, shining, no epidermis; spire very short, sub-conoidal; lower
surface convex and callous : aperture semicircular.

Plate XVI. Fig. 14, 14 (a). R. lineolata. (Trochus vestiarius.— Linn.)

Trociius. — Shell conical; spire elevated, sometimes rather depressed; periphery more
or less angular, often thin and sharp; aperture transversely depressed; the mar-
gins disunited at the upper part; columella arched, more or less prominent at the
base. An operculum.

Plate XVI. Fig. 15. T. virgatus. (Idem. — Gmel.)

Monodonta. — Shell oval or conoidal : aperture entire, round, the margins disunited at
the upper part; columella arched, truncated at the base. An operculum.

Plate XVI. Fig. 16. M. labio. (Troclius labio. — Linn.)

Turbo. — Shell conoidal, or subturreted; the periphery never compressed: aperture
entire, round, not modified by the penultimate whorl; the margins disunited at
the upper part; columella arched, flattened, not truncated at the base. An
operculum.

Plate XVI. Fig. !/• T. pica. (Idem.— Linn.)

33

Planaxis. — Shell ovate-conical, solid : aperture ovate, sublongitudinal. Columella flat

and truncated at the base, separated from the right margin by a narrow sinus

Interior surface of the right margin furrowed or lineated, and a callosity running
under the summit.

Plate XVI. Fig. 18. P. sulcata. (Buccin.um sulcatum. — Bruge.)

Pii asia nell a. — Shell ovate or conical, solid: aperture entire, oval, longitudinal ; the lips
disunited at the upper part, the right sharp, not reflected: columella smooth,
compressed, attenuated at the base : operculum calcareous, or horny.

Plate XVII. Fig-. 1. P. bulimoides. (Buccinum australe. — Gmel.)

Turritella. —Shell turreted, not pearly: aperture rounded, entire; the margins dis-
united at the upper part: a sinus in the right lip. Operculum horny.

Plate XVII. Fig. 2. T. bicingulata.

SECTION II.

TRACHELIPODA ZOOPHAGA.

Shell spirivalve, ensheathing ; aperture either canaliculated, notched, or inclined at the base.

There are Five Families in this Section, viz. Canalifera, Alata, Purpurifera, Columellaria,

and Convoluta.

CANALIFERA. — II Genera.

Shell with a canal more or less long at the base of the aperture, the right lip of which does not

change its form by age.

This Family is separated into Two Divisions.

Division 1. — No constant varix on the right lip.

Cerithium. — Shell turreted : aperture oblong, oblique, terminated at the base by a short
truncated or recurved canal, never notched ; a small channel at the upper extre-
mity of the right lip. Operculum small, orbicular, and horny.

Plate XVII. Fig. 3. C. palustre. (Stroinbus palustris. — Linn.)

Pleurotoma. — Shell turreted or fusiform, terminated at the lower part by a straight ca-
nal, more or less elongated. A fissure or sinus in the upper part of the right lip.

Plate XVII. Fig. 4. P. nodifera, (Murex Javanus. — Gmel.)

Turbinella. — Shell turbinate, or sub-fusiform ; base canaliculated, having on the colu-
mella from three to five compressed and transverse plaits.

Plate XVII. Fig 5. T. pyrum. (Voluta pyrum. — Linn.)

Cancellaria. — Shell oval or turreted : base of the aperture sub-canaliculated ; little or
no canal. Columella plaited; the plaits sometimes few, sometimes numerous,
mostly transverse ; the right lip furrowed internally.

Plate XVII. Fig. 6. C. reticulata. (Voluta reticulata.— Linn.)

F

34

Fasciolaria. — Shell sub-fusiform, base canaliculate, no varices ; two or three very oblique
plaits on the columella, near the canal.

Plate XVII. Fig. 7. F. trapezium. (Murex trapezium. — Linn.)

Fusus. — Shell fusiform or sub-fusiform ; base canaliculate; ventricose in the middle or
at the lower part ; no external varices ; the spire elevated and elongated. Right
lip without any fissure : columella smooth ; operculum horny.

Plate XVII. Fig. 8. F. antiquus. (Murex antiquus. — Linn.)

Pyrula. — Shell sub-pyriform, channelled at the base, the upper part ventricose; no ex-
ternal varices ; spire short, sometimes flattened. Columella smooth ; right lip with-
out any fissure.

Plate XVII- Fig. 9. P. ficus. (Bulla ficus. — Linn.)

Division II A constant varix on the right margin, in the tvliolc of the species.

Struthiolaria. — Shell oval, the spire elevated : aperture oval, sinuous, terminated at
the base by a very short, straight canal, without any notch. Left lip callous, ex-
panded ; right lip sinuous, with an external varix.

Plate XVII. Fig. 10. S. nodulosa. (Murex stramineus. — Grnel.)

Ranella. — Shell oval or oblong, rather depressed; base canaliculate; two rows of vari-
ces on the exterior: aperture rounded or subovate. Varices straight, or oblique,
half a whorl distant from each other, and forming a longitudinal row on each side
of the shell.

Plate XVII. Fig. 11. R. spinosa. (Murex spinosus. — Dillwyn.)

Murex. — Shell oval or oblong, channelled at the base, with rough, spinecl, or tubercu-
lated varices on the exterior. Three or more varices on each whorl, the lower
ones uniting obliquely with the upper in a longitudinal row: operculum horny.

(1) Shells with slender abrupt tails, always longer than the aperture.

Plate XVII. Fig. 12. M. haustellum. (Idem.— Linn.)

(2) Tails thick, not abrupt, more or less long.

(r<) Three varices.

Plate XVII. Fig. 13. M. palmarosse. (Murex ramosus. — Linn.)

( b ) More than three varices.

Plate XVIII. Fig. 1. M. saxatilis. (Idem. — Linn.) [Mrs. Mawe’s Cabinet.]

Triton. — Shell oval or oblong, channelled at the base ; varices either alternate, or rare,
or nearly solitary, and never forming a longitudinal row : aperture oblong. An
operculum.

Plate XVIII. Fig. 2. T. variegatum. (Murex tritonis. — Linn.)

35

ALATA — 3 Genera.

Shell with a more or less elongated canal at the base of the aperture, the right lip of which changes
its form with age, and has a sinus at the lower part.

Rostellaria, — Shell fusiform or sub-turreted, terminated by a beak-shaped canal ; right
lip entire or toothed, more or less dilated with age ; with a sinus contiguous to
the canal.

Plate XVIII. Fig. 3. R. pes-pelicani. (S trombus pes-pelicani. — Linn.)

Pterocera. — Shell ovate-oblong, ventricose, terminated at the lower part by an elon-
gated canal : the right lip dilated by age into a digitated wing, with a sinus to-
wards the base. Spire short.

Plate XVIII. Fig. 4. P. aurantia.

Strombus.— Shell ventricose, terminated at the base by a short, notched, or truncated
canal : right lip dilated by age into a simple wing, lobed or crenated at the upper
part, with a sinus at the lower part, separate from the canal or notch of the base.

Plate XVIII. Fig. 5. S. auris Dianse. (Idem. — Linn.)

PURPURIFERA. — 11 Genera.

Shell with a short canal ascending posteriorly, or an oblique notch or demi-canal at the base of the

aperture, directed towards the back.

This Family is separated into Two Divisions.

Division I. The canal ascending , or curved toivards the hack.

Cassidaria. — Shell sub-ovate or ovate-oblong: aperture longitudinal, narrow, termi-
nated at the base by a curved, sub-ascending canal. Right lip varicose or repli-
cate; left lip laid over the columella, mostly rough, granulated, tuberculated, or
wrinkled.

Plate XVIII. Fig. 6. C. thyrrena. (Buccinum tliyrrenum. — Linn.)

Cassis. — Shell inflated : aperture longitudinal, narrow, terminated at the base by a short
canal, abruptly curved towards the back of the shell : columella plaited or trans-
versely wrinkled. Right lip mostly toothed.

(«) Spire having varices.

Plate XVIII. Fig. 7- C. zebra. (Buccinum strigatum.— Gmel.)

(6) Spire without varices.

Plate XVIII. Fig. 7- (a) C. testiculus. (Buccinum testiculus. — Linn.)

' F-2

Division II An oblique notch, inclining backwards.

Ricinula. — Shell ovate, the exterior mostly tubercular or spinous : aperture oblong, with
a demi-canal at the lower part, curved towards the back, terminated by an oblique
notch : unequally toothed on the columella, and on the internal margin of the
right lip, usually contracting the aperture.

Plate XVIII. Fig. 8. R. digitata.

Purpura. — Shell oval, smooth, tubercular, or angular: aperture dilated, the lower part
terminating in an oblique sub-canaliculated notch. Columella flattened, pointed
at the base.

Plate XVIII. Fig. 9. P. Persica. (Buccinum Persicum — Linn.)

Monoceros. — Shell oval : aperture longitudinal, the lower part terminating in an oblique
notch. A conical tooth on the internal base of the right margin.

Plate XVIII. Fig. 10. M. cingulatum. [Mrs. Mawe’s Cabinet.]

Concholepas. — Shell inflated-oval, semi-spiral, the summit inclining obliquely towards
the left margin: aperture large, longitudinal, oblique, with a slight channel at the
lower part. Two teeth at the base of the right margin : an oblong, thin, corneous
operculum.

Plate XVIII. Fig. 11. C. Peruvianus. (Patella lepas. — Gmel.) [Mrs. Mawe’s Cabinet.]

Harpa. — Shell oval, more or less inflated, with longitudinal, parallel, inclined, and acute
ribs ; spire short: aperture notched at the lower part ; no canal. Columella smooth,
flattened, and pointed at the base.

Plate XIX. Fig. 1. H. rosea. (Buccinum liarpa, Variety. — Linn.)

Dolium. — Shell thin, ventricose, inflated, mostly sub-globular, rarely oblong, transverse-
ly banded; the outer lip dentated or crenated through its whole length: aperture
oblong, notched at the lower part.

Plate XIX. Fig. 2. D. olearium. (Buccinum olearium. — Linn.)

Buccinum. — Shell oval or ovate-conical : aperture longitudinal, with a notch at the base ;
without a canal. Columella not flattened, swoln on the upper part.

Plate XIX. Fig. 3. B. testudineum. (Idem. — Linn.)

Columella callous, ( Nassce .)

Plate XIX. Fig. 4. B. Thersites. (Idem. — Linn.)

Eburna. — Shell oval or elongated, the right lip very simple : aperture longitudinal, notch-
ed at the base. Columella umbilicated on the upper part, and canaliculated below
the umbilicus.

Plate XIX. Fig. 5. E. glabrata. (Buccinum glabratum.— Linn.)

37

Terebra. — Shell elongated, turreted, very pointed at the summit: aperture longitudi-
nal, many times shorter than the spire, notched at the posterior part of the base.
Base of the columella twisted, or oblique.

Plate XIX. Fig. 6. T. crenulata. (Buccinum crenulatum. — Linn.)

COLUMELLARIA 5 Genera.

No canal at the base of the aperture, but a more or less distinct sub-dorsal notch, and plaits on the

columella.

Columbella. — Shell oval, spire short, the base of the aperture more or less notched, and
without a canal. Columella plaited : aperture contracted by a swelling on the in-
side of the right lip.

Plate XIX. Fig. 7. C. labiosa. (Sowerby’s Genera.)

Mitra. — Shell turreted, sub-fusiform, the spire pointed at the summit, the base notched,
without a canal. Columella plaited, plaits parallel, transverse, the lower ones
smallest ; columella lip thin, and formed on the pillar.

Plate XIX. Fig. 8. M. filosa. (Voluta filosa.— Gmel.)

Voluta. — Shell oval, more or less ventricose ; the apex obtuse, or papillary; the base
notched ; no canal. Columella plaited, the lower plaits largest and most oblique :
no columella lip.

(a) Shell ventricose, inflated, ( Cymbiolce.)

Plate XIX. Fig. 9. V. olla. (Idem. — Linn.)

(5) Shell oval, spinous, or tubercular, (Muricince.)

Plate XIX. Fig. 10. V. vespertilio. (Idem. — Linn.)

(c) Shell oval, sub-tubercular, ( Musicales.)

Plate XIX. Fig. 11. V. musica. (Idem. — Linn.)

(d) Shell elongated, ventricose, nearly fusiform, ( Fusoidece.)

Plate XIX. Fig. 12. V. undulata. (V. fluetuata. — Solander’s MSS.)

Marginella. — Shell ovate-oblong, smooth, spire short; right lip externally thickened:
base of the aperture scarcely notched ; plaits on the columella nearly equal.

(1) Shells with the spire prominent.

Plate XIX. Fig. 13. M. cferulescens. (Voluta prunum.— Gmel.)

(2) Shells with the spire not prominent.

Plate XIX. Fig. 14. M. lineata. (Voluta persicula. — Linn.)

Volvaria. — Shell cylindrical, convolute; spire scarcely projecting: aperture narrow,
the length of the shell. One or more folds on the lower part of the columella.
Plate XIX. Fig. 15. V. pallida. (Voluta pallida. — Linn.)

38

CONV OLUTA. — G Genera.

Shell without a canal, hut having the base of the aperture channelled or effuse; the whorls large,
compressed, convolute, the last nearly covering the whole of the others.

Ovula. — Shell turgid, attenuated at each end, the margins turned inwards : aperture lon-
gitudinal, narrow, effuse at the extremities; without teeth on the left lip.

(1) Right lip indented.

Plate XIX. Fig. 16. O. oviformis. (Bulla ovum. — Linn.)

(2) Right lip smooth, not indented.

Plate XIX. Fig. 17- O. birostris. (Bulla birostris. — Linn.)

Cypr/EA. — Shell oval, or ovate oblong, convex ; the lips curved inwards : aperture longi-
tudinal, narrow, toothed on both sides, the extremities effuse. Spire very small,
hardly perceptible.

Plate XIX. Fig. 18, 18 («) C. talpa. (Idem. — Linn.)

Terebellum. — Shell convolute, sub-cylindrical, pointed at the summit: aperture longi-
tudinal, narrow at the upper part, notched at the base. Columella smooth, the
lower part truncated.

Plate XX. Fig. 1. T. subulatum. (Bulla terebellum. — Linn.)

Ancillaria. — Shell oblong, sub-cylindrical, spire short, not channelled at the sutures:
aperture longitudinal, scarcely notched at the base, effuse. A callous and oblique
varix at the base of the columella.

Plate XX. Fig. 2. A. cinnamomea.

Oliva. — Shell subcylindrical, convolute, smooth, spire short, sutures channelled: aper-
ture longitudinal, notched at the base. Columella obliquely striated.

Plate XX. Fig. 3. O. maura. (Voluta oliva, Variety. — Linn.)

Conus. — Shell turbinated, or inversely conical, convolute : aperture longitudinal, narrow,
not toothed ; base effuse.

(1) Shells coronated.

Plate XX. Fig. 4. C. nocturnus.

(2) Shells not coronated.

Plate XX. Fig. 5. C. monile. (Idem. — Solander’s MSS.)

39

ORDER IV. —CEPHALOPODA.

THIS Order is separated into Three Divisions, viz. Polythalamous Cephalopoda, Mono-
thalamous Cephalopoda, and Naked Cephalopoda.

Division I POLYTHALAMOUS CEPHALOPODA.

Shell multilocular, completely or partially enveloped, situated on the posterior part of the body of

the animal, often adhering.

This Division contains Seven Families — Orthocerata, Lituolata, Cristata, Sphaerulata,

Radiolata, Nautilacea, Annnoneata.

L — Shell multilocular, the septa simple, not shewing any divided sinuous sutures on

the internal surface of the shell.

ORTHOCERATA ,5 Genera.

Shells straight, or nearly so ; not spiral.

Belemnites. — Shell straight, an elongated cone, formed of two distinct and separable
parts. The external sheath solid, full at the upper part, with a conical cavity ; the
internal a conical nucleus, pointed, chambered transversely through its whole
length, multilocular: the chambers perforated by a syphon in the centre.

Plate XXI. Fig. 10. B. subconicus. Fossil. (Nautilus belemnita. — Gmel.) [Brit. Mus.]

Orthocera. — Shell straight, or slightly arched, subconical, striated on the outside by
numerous longitudinal ribs: chambers formed by transverse septa, perforated by
a central, or marginal tube.

Plate XX. Fig. 5. O. raphanus. (Nautilus raphanus. — Gmel.)

5 (a) Ditto magnified.

Nodosaria. — Shell elongated, straight, or slightly curved, subconical, nodular; nodules
globular, very smooth. Chambers formed by transverse septa, perforated in the
centre, or near the margin.

Plate XX. Fig. 6. N. radicula. (Nautilus radicula. — Gmel.) [Icon. — Enc. Method. PI. 465, fig. 4 5. ]

6 (a) Ditto magnified.

Hippurites. — Shell cylindrical, conical, straight, or rather curved, multilocular, septa
transverse. An internal lateral channel, formed by two longitudinal, parallel,
obtuse and converging ledges ; the last chamber furnished with an operculum.

Plate XXII. Fig., 1. H. curva. Fossil. [Mr. J.D. C. Sowerby’s Cabinet.]

Conilites. — Shell conical, straight, slightly bent; sheath thin, distinct from the nucleus,
which it contains. Nucleus sub-separable, multilocular, transversely divided by
septa.

Plate XXII. Fig. 2. C. pyramidata. Fossil. [Mr. J. D. C. Sowerby’s Cabinet.]

40

LITUOLATA — 3 Genera.

H hells partly spiral, the last whorl continuing in a straight line.

Spirula.— Shell cylindrical, thin, nearly transparent, multilocular, partly turned into a
discoidal-spiral form ; the whorls distant from each other, the last produced in
a straight line : septa transverse, equally distant, externally concave; syphon late-
ral, interrupted: aperture orbicular.

Plate XX. Fig. 7. S. Peronii. (Nautilus spirula. — Linn.)

Spirolina. — Shell multilocular, partly discoidal-spiral, the whorls contiguous, the last
terminating in a straight line: septa transverse, perforated by a tube.

Plate XX. Fig. 8. S. clavata.

Lituolites— Shell multilocular, partly turned into a discoidal-spiral form ; the whorls
contiguous, the last terminating in a straight line: chambers irregular, septa
transverse and simple, (without a syphon), the last perforated with from three
to six holes.

Plate XXII. Fig 3. L. nautiloidea* Fossil. [Icon. — Enc. Method. PI. 465, fig. 6.]

CRIST AT A 3 Genera.

Shell semi-discoidal , spire eccentric.

Renulites.— Shell reniform, flat, sulcated, multilocular; chambers linear, contiguous,
curved about a marginal axis, the most distant from the axis the longest.

Plate XXII. Fig. 4. R. opercularis. Fossil. [Icon. — Enc. Method. PI. 465, fig. 8.]

Cristellaria. — Shell semi-discoidal, multilocular; whorls contiguous, simple, progres-
sively enlarging; spire eccentric, sublateral: septa imperforate.

Plate XX. Fig. 9. C. squaimmda. (Nautilus planatus. — Fichtel.)

9 (a) Ditto magnified.

Orbiculina. — Shell sub-discoidal, multilocular; whorls contiguous and compound;
spire eccentric ; chambers short, very numerous ; septa imperforate.

Plate XX. Fig. 10. O. uncinata. (Nautilus aduncus. — Fichtel.)

10 (a) Ditto magnified.

SPFLERULATA 3 Genera.

Shell globular, spheroidal, or oval; whorls of the spire covering, or the chambers united under

one envelope.

Miliola. — Shell transverse, ovate-globular, or elongated, multilocular; the chambers
transverse, surrounding the axis, alternately covering one another: aperture very
small, situated at the base of the last whorl, either orbicular or oblong.

Plate XX. Fig. 11. M. ovata.

41

Gyrogonites. — This genus has been formed from the seed of a species of Chara in a
fossil state.

Melonites. — Shell sub-spherical ; spire central ; whorls contiguous, convolute, tuniciform;
chambers narrow and numerous; septa imperforate.

Plate XX. Fig. 12. M. sphseroidea. [Icon. — Enc. Method. PI. 469, fig. g. /(.]

12. ( a ) Ditto magnified.

RADIOLATA. . — 3 Genera.

Shell discoidal, spire central , chambers elongated , radiated, extending from the centre to the

circumference.

Rotalites. — Shell orbicular, spiral, convex or conoidal above, flattened, radiated, and
tuberculated beneath, multilocular : apertui’e marginal, triangular.

Plate XXII. Fig. 5. R. trochidiformis. Fossil. [Icon.— Enc. Method. PI. 466, fig. 8.]

Lenticui.ites. — Shell sub-lenticular, spiral, multilocular; the external margin of the
whorls folded in two, extending above and below, even with the centre of the shell :
septa entire, curved, the two sides prolonged in form of rays : aperture narrow,
projecting over the penultimate whorl.

Plate XXII. Fig. 6. L. rotulata. Fossil. [Icon. — Enc. Method. PI. 466, fig. 5.]

Placentula.— Shell orbicular, convex above and beneath, multilocular: aperture oblong,
narrow, formed like a ray on the lower, or on both disks

Plate XX. Fig. 13. P. asterisans. [Icon. — Enc. Method. PI. 466, fig. 10, £>.]

13. (a) Ditto magnified.

NAUTILACEA. — 6 Genera.

Shell discoidal, spire central, the chambers short, not extending from the centre to the

circumference.

Discorbites. — Shell discoidal, spiral, multilocular, sides simple : the whole of the whorls
apparent, naked, and contiguous to one another ; septa transverse, frequent, not
perforated.

Plate XXII. Fig. 7. D. vesicularis. Fossil. [Icon. — Enc. Method. PI. 466, fig. 7, «•]

Siderolites. — Shell multilocular, discoidal ; whorls contiguous, not apparent outside ; disk
convex on both sides, and studded with tubercles, with unequal and radiated
lobes on the periphery : septa transverse and imperforate ; aperture distinct,
sublateral.

Plate XXII. Fig 8. S. calcitrapoides. Fossil. [Icon. — Enc. Method. PI. 470, fig. 4, a. &.]

8. (a) Ditto magnified.

Polystomella. — Shell discoidal, multilocular; whorls contiguous, not visible exter-
nally; the exterior radiated by transverse furrows or ribs : aperture composed of
many holes variously disposed.

Plate XX. Fig. 14. P. crispa.

14. (a) Ditto magnified.

G

42

V orticialis. — Shell discoidal, spiral, multilocular ; whorls contiguous, not apparent out-
wardly ; septa transverse, imperforate, not extending from the centre to the peri-
phery : aperture marginal.

Plate XX. Fig. 15. V. strigilata. [Icon.— Enc. Method. PI. 470, fig. 2, a. 6.]

15. (a) Ditto magnified.

Nummulites. — Shell lenticular, thin towards the margins; spire internal, discoidal, mul-
tilocular, covered by many thin plates ; exterior margin of the whorls folded in two,
extending from each side of the shell to the centre, and uniting : chambers very
numerous, small, alternate ; septa transverse, imperforate.

Plate XXII. Fig. 9. N. complanata. Fossil. [Mr. J. D. C. Sowerby’s Cabinet.]

Nautilus. — Shell discoidal, spiral, multilocular, sides simple; whorls contiguous,
the last covering the others. Chambers numerous ; septa transverse, concave
from the side of the aperture ; disk perforated by a tube ; and the margins very
simple.

Plate XX. Fig. 16. N. umbilicatus.

II. Shell multilocular, the septa indented at the borders.

AMMONEATA. — 5 Genera.

Septa sinuous, lobed, and indented at the circumference, united at the inner surface of the shell, and
articulating with it by means of indented sutures .

Ammonites. — Shell discoidal, spiral; the whorls contiguous, and the whole of them ap-
parent ; the internal partitions articulated by sinuous sutures : septa transverse,
lobed and indented at the circumference, their diskswithout a syphon, but pierced
by a sort of marginal tube.

Plate XXII. Fig. 10. A. armatus. Fossil. (Sowerby’s Min. Conch.) [Mr. G. B. Sowerby’s Cabinet.]

Orbulites. — Shell sub-discoidal, spiral ; the whorls contiguous, the last covering the
others, and the internal partitions articulated by sinuous sutures : septa trans-
verse, lobed at the circumference, and perforated by a marginal tube.

Plate XXII. Fig. 11. O. striata. Fossil. [British Museum.]

Ammonoceratites. — Shell corniform, arched, semicircular ; partitions articulated by si-
nuous, ramose, indented sutures: septa transverse, sinuous, lobed and indented at
the circumference. Tube or syphon marginal, not piercing the septa.

Plate XXII. Fig 12. A. glossoidea. Fossil. [Icon. — Bowdich’s Elements of Cone.]

Turrilites. — Shell spiral, turreted, multilocular; the whorls contiguous, and the whole
apparent; the partitions articulated by sinuous sutures : septa transverse, lobed,
and indented at the circumference. Aperture rounded.

Plate XXII. Fig. 13. T. costulata. Fossil. [Mr. G. B. Sowerby’s Cabinet.]

43

Baculites. — Shell straight, cylindrical, sometimes rather compressed, slightly conical;
the partitions articulated by sinuous sutures : septa transverse, a little distant ; the
disk imperforated, lobed, and indented at the circumference.

Plate XXII. Fig. 14. B. Faujasii. Fossil. [Mr. G. B. Sowerby’s Cabinet.]

Division IL — MONOTHALAMOUS CEPHALOPODA.

Shell unilocular, wholly external, and enveloping the animal.

Argonauta. — Shell univalve, unilocular, involute, very thin; spire bicarinated, tubercu-
lar, turning into the aperture.

Plate XX. Fig. 17- A. nitida.

Division III NAKED CEPHALOPODA. — 4 Genera.

No shell either internal or external. A solid, free, cretaceous, or horny substance, is found in the

inside of most of these animals.

Octopus. — No internal solid substance.

Loligopsis. — No internal solid substance.

Loligo. — An elongated, thin, transparent, and horny lamina, inclosed in the interior of
the body, near the back.

Plate XX. Fig. 20. Lamina of L. vulgaris.

Sepia. — A free, cretaceous, spongy, and opake bone, inclosed in the interior of the bo-
dy, towards the back.

Plate XX. Fig. 18. S. officinalis.

ORDER V.

HETEROPODA.™_3 Genera.

Carinaria. — Shell univalve, conical, flattened at the sides, unilocular, very thin, hyaline;
the summit spirally turned, and the back sometimes furnished with an indented
keel : aperture oblong, entire.

Plate XX. Fig. 19. C. fragilis. [Icon. — Enc. Method. PI. 464, fig. 3.]

Pterotrachea. — This genus has no shell.

Piiylliroe. — This genus has no shell.

G 2

44

The following Species are figured in the accompanying Plates, and, 1 believe, have not

been hitherto described.

Tellinides rosea. — Shell ovate, thin, finely striated transversely, rose-coloured, with a
yellowish tint at the umbones, sometimes nearly white ; the anterior side rather
angular, the posterior rounded; two whitish slightly raised ribs in each valve ex-
tend from the hinge nearly to the superior margin.

Locality unknown, supposed to be from the Indian Ocean,

Aplysia radiata.— Shield or cartilage sub-elliptical, smooth, of a pale green, and rayed
with a deeper tint of the same colour ; very thin at the rounded side, and a small
curved callosity at the other.

Locality unknown.

Spirolina clavata. — Shell club-shaped, sub-cylindrical; chambers numerous and finely
striated longitudinally.

Inhabits the coast of the Adriatic.

Miliola ovata. — Shell ovate, white, smooth, rather flat; margins acute.

Inhabits the British coast, on fuci, &c.

45

INDEX

TO

THE RECENT GENERA.

Page .

Acera

27

Acliatina

29

Amphidesma

9

Amphitrite

Ampullaria

30

Anatifera

4

Anatina

7

Ancillaria

38

Ancylus

26

Anodon

16

Anoinia

21

Anostoma • •

28

Aplysia

27

Area

Arenicola

1

Argonauta

43

Aspergillum

5

Auricula ■ ■

29

Avicula

19

Balanus

3

Buccinum

36

Bulimus

28

Bulla • ■

27

Bullaea

27

Calyptraea

26

Cancellaria

Capsa

11

Cardita

14

Cardium

14

Carinaria

Page.

Carocolla

28

Cassidaria

35

Cassis

Castalia

Ceritliium

33

Chama

-••• 17

Chiton

25

Chitonellus •••••■

25

Cineras

4

Clausilia

28

5

Cleodora

24

Clio

24

1

Columbella

37

Concholepas

36

Conus

38

Corbis

11

9

Coronula

3

Crania • ■ ■

22

Crassatella

8

Crassina

11

Crenatula

Crepidula

Creusia

4

Cristellaria

40

Cucullaea

15

Cyclas

12

Cyclostoma

Cymbulia

24

Cyprsea

38

Cypricardia

14

Page.

Cyprina 13

Cyrena 12

Cytherea 13

Delphinula
Dentalium
Discina • • •
Dolabella •
Dolium —
Donax • • •
Doris • • • •

32

1

22

27

36

11

25

Eburna 36

Emarginula 26

Eolis 25

Erycina • • • 8

Etheria 17

Fasciolaria 34

Fissurella 26

Fisiulana 6

Fusus 34

Galathea 12

Galeolaria 2

Gastrochaena 6

Glaucus 25

Glycymeris 7

Gryphaea 21

Haliotis 31

Harpa 36

Helicina 28

46

Page.

Hiatella .......

Hippopus

Hyalsea

Hyria

Iridina

.... 17

Isocardia 14

Janthina 31

Lima 20

Limacina 24

Limax

27

Lingula

Loligo

43

Loligopsis

43

Lucina

Lutraria

Lymnaea

Mactra

Magilus ■

2

Malleus

Marginella

37

Melania * •

Melanopsis 30

Meleagrina 19

Miliola 40

Mitra 37

Modiola

Monoceros

Monodonta

36

Mya

7

Mytilus

18

Natica

31

Nautilus

42

Navicella 30

Nerita

Neritina

30

Nodosaria

39

Nucula

Octopus

43

Oliva

Orbicula

Orbiculina

40

Orthocera

39

Ostrea

Otion

Page.

Ovula 38

Paludina 30

Pandora 9

Panopsea 7

Parmacella 27

Parmophorus 26

Patella 25

Pecten 20

Pectinaria 2

Pectun cuius 15

Pedum 20

Perna 19

Petricola 9

Phasianella 33

Pholas 6

Phyllidia 25

Phylliroe 43

Physa 29

Pileopsis 26

Pinna 19

Pirena 30

Placentula 41

Placuna , 21

Planaxis 33

Planorbis 29

Pleurobranchus 25

Pleurotoma 33

Plicatula 20

Pneumodermon 24

Pollicipes 4

Polystomella 41

Psammobia 10

Psammotaea 10

Pterocera • • 35

Pterotracliea 43

Pupa 28

Purpura 36

Pyramid ella 32

Pyrgoma 4

Pyrula 34

Ranella • • 34

Ricinula 36

Rostellaria 35

Rotella 32

Sabellaria 2

Sanguinolaria 10

Saxicava 9

Scalaria 32

Scyllaea 25

Page.

Sepia 43

Septaria ■ • • 6

Serpula 2

Sigaretus 31

Siliquaria 1

Solarium 32

Solenimya 9

Solen 6

Spirolina 40

Spirorbis 2

Spirula 40

Spondylus 20

Stomatella 31

Stomatia ••••- 31

Strombus 35

Struthiolaria 34

Suceinea 29

Tellina 10

Tellinides 11

Terebella 2

Terebellum 38

Terebra 37

Terebratula 23

Teredo 6

Testacella 27

Tethys 25

Tornatella 31

Tridacna 18

Trigonia 15

Triton 34

Tritonia 25

Trochus 32

Tubicinella 3

Turbinella 33

Turbo 32

Turritella 33

Umbrella 26

Ungulina 8

Unio 16

Valvata 30

Venerirupis 10

Venus 13

Vermetus * 32

Vermilia 2

Vitrina 27

Voluta 37

Volvaria 37

Vorticialis 42

Vulsella 21

47

THE FOSSIL GENERA.

Page.

Ammonites 42

Ammonoceratites 42

Baculites , • 43

Belemnites 39

Birostrites 22

Calceola 22

Conilites 39

Diceras 17

Discorbites 41

Page.

Gyrogonites 41

Hippurites 39

Lenticulites 41

Lituolites 40

Melonites 41

Nummulites 42

Orbulites • • • 42

Page.

Plagiostoma • • 20

Podopsis 21

Radiolites 22

Renulites 40

Rotalites • • 41

Siderolites 41

Sphaerulites 22

Teredina 6

Turrilites 42

Venericardia 14

FINIS,

LONDON

VV. m'DOWALL, PRINTER, PEMBERTON ROW,

GOUGH SQUARE

/

/.

JPui J. J£i 11*6; Q S frond;

Jd s7 i ’roucd jEitf/s

grunted Sy /^Z/ay, 5g, Queens <S9K.

('rcta'-fr

_/ JMcrwe. 140 , Strand

ri 3

■JJKawe, 14$, JTra-?u4

2.J. C lttf>

2a

f/4

4a

J. tAfawe, 14^ $ fraud.

Jl. A. C. Zithoq

PI

2. a

J . Mawe Strand.

P .S. C.Lithg.

S.b.

.

s

swisk

C. _Z itfwg

J.Mawe , •/-/£> Stra/rul.

/ /?

J . ’M-dwe / 4-9 . Strand

/'/ . r. Lit'hoq.

FI. 10.

J Mnwe 14'Q •Sha.ncL

F .A . C Fithcg.

Pi. 44.

' f] . A C . /jitftvg.

J .Mawe, 44.9. Strand

FyJ-

J Mann e. i40. Strand

JS , A, C -JS-vtho^.

FI A 2.

40

'

■

TL./3

dE SL. C Idithoy’*

J ■ Jyikwe j^d. Strand.

u;.

Tio /
X

J3 a

14,

3

n.a

40.,

E.JL. C.JLithopy

ttgj.

J. Jlfawe JAff, jStra n cl

z

Tl. /f.

-£ .JL. C

J jl/Taw Stra?/d.

TV, /7.

J Metwe ■/d&.Jtrand.

J£ . /! . C . /yithog”

"r. -

■ .

Pit/ A.

ft. A. C Llt7lsr/I,

-PL t#

p

■LtMgave LAP. Sir anti.

<5

o

/5, CL

JZa

13

tgi

/3 a

ttc/ /

J4.

JA CL

Jf

'

JO o

T.Ma.ivc. /49 SiraJtd'

E *4. C LiU/ica

7FI. 2 /.

•7 <7Mciwe Sfran-d

77 A C.-LitAogy

tT. JVf.awe if traced

~E .-A .

'

“ “ fi • •

■

■

5 '^Slt ~ III

co * " ■' ^ co m >1^" ^ ~ w

£ CO £ CO * ’ — . CO 5 _.

TUTION NOIinillSNI NVINOSHIIWS S3iavaan 1 S 8 RAR 1 ES SMITHSONIAN !NST!TUTION NOIinillSNI NVINOSHIIIAIS S3iavaE
w z co z ’■* H; ^ z \ w z co

s$x 5 j0- » s X | X E < /r^x E ^

Eiw<vv _ > /ww;7///. ”7 „-*v — ! w r JRxtA "7 .s „_j w$n!r*ys/s^ ^ <— j 'Wy//

<

^ /MWM 2 'SS/WA'/S* 2
CO

O

>-/ 2 >•

>■ S -XT g 2 ",_\X'- >■

va a n“u brar i es^smithsonian^institution WNQ*iniiiSNs_NviN0SHiiiNs^S3 iuvaanzi

w^w jNo%w>y 3>

IBRAR1ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTI
co

55 xf221c&

ruTiow Noiiniiiswi nvinoshiiiais saiavaas
2 r= .. . z

J LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIinillSNI NVINOSHIIIAIS S3 I H Will
6= 2 *” __ z r» .. . z

,?n =="

m ~ ^uu^a m

_ CO = CO _ ^ (/> _

vaan libraries Smithsonian institution NOIinillSNI nvinoshiiws saiavaan libraries Smithsonian institut

Z .... to 2 CO Z Co Z to 2

*SX. §> ^ 5 ,'• — § /fCvJiwT's. 55

2 -« ^ ? xmx h z

O

- ^ » Msgy g >> 'w? s > i-^"r

W * Z CO Z ' CO Z CO ■* *£. c/j

TUTION NOIinillSNI NVINOSHIIIAIS S3IHVH0n LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIinillSNI NVINOSHIIWS SHIHVa
co — .... co 5 to ^ ^ to = . co

w OT ^ /SSSgSD^ W * , ., .4 co w

o

z

vaan libraries Smithsonian institution NoiiniiiSNi nvinoshiiiais saiavaan libraries smithsonian institut

Z f~ z S“ > z f“ Z f”

rn m ^ fr? ^ ^ rn Vv^s^osv^

CO ± CO _ CO . ' * ‘ — CO “ CO

TUTION NOIinillSNI NVINOSHIIIAIS S3iavaail LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIinillSNI NVIN0SH1IWS S3IHVH
co z co z > to z \ (n z co

vaan libraries smithsonian institution woiiniiisNi^NviNosHiiiAjs saiavaan libraries smithsonian institut

““ «=» .fn O-TJ "V tlfi) m° *=®

O X£vosv'£7 ~ o

2 j Z

TUTION NOIinillSNI NVINOSHIIIAIS SHlHVHan LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIinillSNI NVINOSHIIIAIS S3iaVH
z r- z 8“ 2 r= z r* _ . z

m ^ ~ ^sco-tassx m dc^a .-y, ‘‘W'" n ™ m

co X £ co — co = co

vaan libraries smithsonian institution NoiiniiiSNi nvinoshiiiais sasavaan libraries smithsonian institut

z .... co *2: ... co z co z co 2

S v" > s -*c. > W 2 > W S N >

C/3 *Z 03 Z CO Z ■ CO *Z CO

TUTION NOIinillSNI NVIN0SH1WS S3!HVHSn LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIinillSNI NVIN0SH1IIAJS S3IHVH

co — to 5 CO 5 to — co

LU tu <r, ^ . co y&E&y ^ A\..' tu

■— ■ vo5 ^ .

O xg/v. p<^7 __ '4%%* O _

vaan^UBRARi es2 smithsonian-* institution 2 NoiiniusNi^NviNOSHims S3 1 ava a n libraries smithsonian institut

r- z r- z r- > z r- Z

CD

111 #11

m <vw m x^osv'ix ^ m x^os^ m \>^' ^ x^as^ix rn

05 ■ * ■ 5 t/j 5 c/> — ca — c/>

IES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinjLIJLSNI NVIN0SH1ISAIS S3I0V00I1 LI BRAR I ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinilJLSNI

CA zr 05 2 Ui . Z \ 5" - Z \

LSNlf NVINOSHilWS^SH I 0Vd 8 II^LI B RAR S ES^SMITHSONSAN^INSTITUTION WNOIinillSN!_NVINOSHllWS*”s3 I H V0 0 I if LI B RAR I ES*

in “ tn ™ CA x C/J _ — _ <

C/5

o

2

!

o * w “ 5 “ ■ o

2 1 J 2 _j 2

ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVINOSHillAIS SBIdVdail LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI
2 e= 2 S“ ^ S“ 2 f= 2

m vgv.pv^ ^ x^nisi/ m x rn X^^ocJ>// m

— C/5 2 05 X ” c/5 — w —

1SNI NVINOSHillAIS S3idV00n LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVINOSHillAIS S3 I HVUail LI BRAR I ES

C/5 2 ... . 00 2 _v„ ca 2 on 2

* § | | | I | i 2 CO

ES^SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTlON^NOliniliSNI NVINOSHillAIS^Sa I 0 VH 0 11^ L I B R AR I ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI

^ 05 — ... . 05 ^ 05 z

CO

O'

<

pv « •amm' z: ^ ^ 5 “ x|P^ 6 “ v^8§£?/

_ 2 — > 2 — i

LSNI NVINOSHillAIS S3 laVB 011 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI ^NVINOSHillAIS ^S 3 IdVUan^UBRARIES

m <" w '' xivash^ m X^oTvapx oo " rn rn '' ®v z xjvasv^x m

ca ■'*” £ 05 — £ 05 £ </>“'=: CA

IES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVINOSHillAIS S3iava0ll LI BRAR I ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI

"* 2 \ CA 2 CA 2 > J£ 2 \ "*

x < V S £ /cr^5x i A £ V S xgggx £

Xi .%*§ bi mifrlii mi »

33

2
05

o

r 5 | v\y §=.*

LSNI__NVIN0SHiliAIS</>S3 ! 0 V0 8 ll^LI B RAR I ES^SMITHSONIAN^INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI _ NVINOSHillAIS S3 I 0 VH 0 ll_LI B R AR I ES

\ 00 ^ C/5 ^ 00 2 X ^ ^ -v 2

rox w X . ^ w ^ 1

/ ‘>v rf m to ^

CA . ^ " /£^®^o\ CA w ^ CU ca

= s

o • _ \iVA^>- Q N^VOS^X z O

2 J 2 _J 2 —

ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVINOSHillAIS S3S0VH8fll LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSN
2 <r ^ r= 2 «“ 2 ^ ^ 2

O _ xcSviso^TX. O ™ j>SsX' O O . _ O

,=•/ -V»»r ^ | ^ | m | w s '«««■«

ISNl' NVINOSHillAIS S3iaV00n"~llBRARI ES^SMITHSONi'an” INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVIN0SH11MS S3IHVden LIBRARIES
^ ca 2 ca 2 ,v. ca 2 « £

<C S ><rTcv7>x < v . ^ ^ ^

b ^ I i i i I 2 | 2

ES^SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlinillSNI NVINOSHiUNS^Sa I HVd 0 11 LIBRARIES SMITHS0NIAN“ INSTITUTION NOlinillSN.

CA 5 C/5 —.„.</» 5 CA z w

ILlI fr UJ 2 .s5vH' , LlI fr ><aso/uX (UJ y<s\i<50ftAs. (jJ

O — Xguils^X o = x^uns^ q v^a.d.c^ — O

1SNI“NVIN0SH1IWS^S3 lavaan^LIBRARI ESZSMITHS0NIANJ|NSTITUTI0N^N0linillSNI^NVIN0SHlllAJS“S3 ldVd0n_LIBRARIES
r,\ 2 .. I I I 1 /^^\ i - /^

1“ o

o ^ fi i

I Kt t'TITI ITS AM

hai i m i i nui

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

^OAA DDEbSMlM 3

nhmoll qQL403.C95 1827
An illustrated introduction to Lamarck's