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CLASS

UNIVALVE TESTACEOUS

Orver I.— CEPHALOPODA.

Head of the animal emanating from a bag-shaped
mantle, and surrounded by inarticulated arms, provided
with a sucker, and investing the mouth; two sessile
eyes; mouth furnished with two horny mandibles: pro-
vided with three hearts; the sexes in different indivi-
duals.

Division I.—CrpPHaLopopa PoLyTHALAMA.

Shell multilocular, partly or entirely internal, and
placed in the posterior part of the body.

In the arrangement of Lamarck, this is the third
division of the Cephalopoda. The first embraces the
Sepia, or Cuttle Fish, which does not properly rank with
the Testaceous Mollusca, and the second the Argonauta,
or Paper Nautilus, of which genus no fossil species have
yet been discovered.

Famity 1.—NaAvuTILaAcea.

Shell discoid, spiral, multilocular, with simple parti-
tions ; volutions contiguous, the last or the body one
enveloping the rest; the septa transverse, and externally
concave, perforated in the disk; margins entire.

Genus I.—BACULITES.—Zamarck.

Univalve, straight, lanceolate, part of which is inter-
nally divided by septa, or partitions, with sinuated edges ;
the septa are penetrated by a siphuncle near their anterior
margins.

1. B. Fausasi1.—Fauja’s Baculite, pl. I. fig. 1.

Lamarck An-San Vert, VII. p. 647; Sowerby, Mineral
Conchology, VI. p. 186, pl. 592, fig. 1; Fauja’s Hist. Nat.
de la Mont. de St Pierre, p. 140, pl. 21. fig. 2, 3. Brown
in Popular Encyclopedia, V. p. 335, pl. 65. fig. 1. Brown’s
Elements of Fossil Conchology, pl. II. fig. 1.

Smooth, both edges equally rounded, and the sides slightly
compressed.

Found in the chalk at Norwich, by C. B. Rose, Esq. and
has occurred also at Hamsey.

2. B. Ostrquatus.—The Oblique Baculite, pl. I. fig. 6.

Sowerby, VI. p. 186, pl. 592. fig. 2,3; Hamites bacu-
loides, Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 123, pl. 23. fig. 6, 7.
Do. Geology South East of England, pl. 160. fig. 1.

With a very obliquely undulated and annular surface ; the
annulations deepest at the margins, or at that place where
the siphuncle is situate.

Fig. 7 represents a rare variety, wherein the aperture is
placed obliquely ; each side is provided with a large oval
reflected lobe. The aperture is marked by a, and the situation
of the siphuncle by S.

This species is very common in the Gray Chalk Marle of
Lewes, and abundant at Hamsey. Mr Mantell remarks, that

PERS T.

MOLLUSCA.

“ this species may easily be recognized by its extraordinary
length, by the smoothness of its surface, and the great obli-
quity of the few undulations with which it is ornamented.
Fragments from one to six inches in length, and about 0.4
inch in diameter, marked with oblique undulations, and occa-
sionally exhibiting foliaceous septa, are very abundant in
every locality of the Gray Marl near Lewes.”

All the species, whether Foreign or British, which have
yet been discovered, occur in the lower beds of Chalk or
Chalk Marle, and in the upper Green sand.

Genus II.—HAMITES.— Parkinson.

Shell fusiform ; hooked or bent into two parallel limbs ;
chambered ; septa undulated at their margins, with a
siphuncle at their outer edge.

1. H. cigas.—The Giant Hamite, pl. I. fig. 13.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 188, pl. 593, fig. 2.

Abruptly curved, with large, transverse, nodulous, oblique
ribs, the tubercles on each being generally six, which are
laterally expanded; on both sides are three obtuse spines,
united to form each rib, which becomes almost obsolete as
it passes over the front; the larger spines are placed near the
front: section, hexagonal, protruding in front, with the sides
and back concave. Size, from aperture to the extreme edge
of the curve, 64 inches ; greatest thickness, 24 inches.

Found by G. E. Smith, Esq. in the second or lower bed of
limestone, in its uppermost course of Rag and Clay, near
Seabrooke, between Sandgate and Hythe, and on the Roughs,
west of Hythe.

2. H. cranpis.—The Great Hamite, pl. I. fig. 9.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 187, pl. 593, fig. 1.

Surface, with numerous shallow oblique undulations .in
front; each side provided with a few short oblique ribs,
which are largest at their extremities ; between each rib are
six somewhat produced, rounded furrows, reaching to the
line beneath which the siphuncle is situate ; posterior surface
smooth; margins of the septa formed into six extremely acute,
numerous, and complex sinuses, arranged into six very unequal
lobes ; section sub-rotund.

Found in the parish of Smeeth, near Hythe, on the estate
of E. Hughes, Esq. in a quarry of Kentish Ragstone.

3. H. piicatitis.—The Folded Hamite, pl. II. fig. 10.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 59, pl. 234, fig. 1. Mantell,
Geology of Sussex, p. 121, pl. 23, fig. 1, 2.

Shell somewhat compressed, with numerous, regular, an-
nular, continuous, and undivided ridges ; each side provided
with two rows of depressed equal tubercles, which extend
over those of the annular ridges ; with two ridges between
each tubercle ; curvature gradual.

Found in the chalk marle at Bishopstrow, near Warminster

4, H. unpuLatus.—The Waved Hamite, pl. II. fig. 11.

Hamites armatus, Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 59, pl. 234
fig. 2.

Depressed, with irregular transverse undulations ; two rows

2 MOLLUSCA.

of large flattened tubercles, one of which is in the centre,
and the other near the dorsal margin, producing a sort of
undulous ridge on both sides, each separated by a slightly
wayed furrow ; curvature abrupt.

Found in the Isle of Wight, by G. B. Snow, Esq. and in
the Chalk Marle, near Benson, Oxfordshire, by R. Wright,
Esq.

Mr Sowerby considers this as the H. Armatus ; but we
conceive that the single waved ridge separating the tubercles,
in place of two or three ridges, is sufficient to distinguish it.

5. H. armMatus.— The Armed Hamite, pl. II. fig. 6.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 153, pl. 168; Buckland’s
Bridgewater Treatise, II. pl. 44, fig. 9,10. Mantell, Geology
of Sussex, p. 121, pl. 28, fig. 3 and 4.

Depressed; provided with nearly regular, continuous,
transverse, simple ridges ; and a row of flattened tubercles,
nearest to the interior margin; and another close to the dorsal
limb, connecting which are high broad ridges ; on each side
near the front a series of these are armed with long, subulate
spines, thicker at the base, and tapering abruptly ; the limb
of the other side of the curvature with simple, somewhat
elevated tubercles ; the ridges are very indistinct on the dorsal
region ; section elliptical ; greatest diameter one inch and an
eighth.

Found in the upper Green sand at Rook village, near
Benson, Oxfordshire, and in the Chalk Marle of Sussex.
f 5. a@ the section.

6. H. sprntcer.— The Spined Hamite, pl. II. fig. 12.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 29, pl. 216, fig. 12.

Compressed ; with numerous, curved, slightly transverse,
irregularly formed ridges; two rows of somewhat sharp
tubercles on each side, placed near the dorsal limb, those
nearest the front largest; these embrace several of the ridges
into each of their bases, where they terminate, but some of
which ascend the sides of the tubercles; aperture oval ; cur-
vature gradual ; greatest diameter five-eighths of an inch.

Found in marle near Folkstone.

7. H. spinutosus.—The Prickly Hamite, pl. IL. fig. 5.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 29, pl. 216, fig. 1 ; Dentalium
spinulosum, Miller’s MS. Catalogue.

Compressed, with a gradual curvature, describing nearly
the segment of a circle, and equally prominent regular undu-
lations, which are nearly obsolete upon the narrow back,
each alternate one provided with two sharp, slightly divergent
spines, situate along each side near the front; aperture
elliptical. :

Found at Blackdown, by Mr Miller.

8. H. rupercuLatus.—The Tuberculated Hamite, pl. IT.
fig. 3.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p 30, pl. 216, figs. 4, 5.

Compressed, gradually curved, with unequal undulations,
each third one larger than the others, and provided with two
obtuse tubercles on both sides, the lateral ones somewhat
obscure; between each of the tuberculated rings are usually
situate two smaller ones.

This has much the aspect of H. spiniger, but differs in the
above particulars.

Discovered at Folkstone, by Mr Gibbs.

9, H. rurcipus.—The Turgid Hamite, pl. II fig. 8.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 30, pl. 216, fig. 6.

Compressed, with an abrupt irregularly turgid front, and
provided with two rows of small obscure tubercles on each

x
HamitTEs.

side placed upon every alternate annulation, with regular
annulations, which become obsolete over the back: Suffi-
ciently distinguished by the single row of tubercles.

Found at Folkstone.

10. H. noposus.—The Knotty Hamite, pl. II. fig. 5.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 30, pl. 216, fig. 3.

Shell nearly round; externally pearlaceous ; with regular
annular undulations; provided with two rows of obtuse
tubercles placed upon the front, each tubercle seated upon
two of the rings; each pair of annulations with a simple one
between them ; aperture somewhat ovate.

This shell is somewhat more inflated than its congeners, and
the rings are not so numerous as in some other species.

Found at Folkstone.

11. H. renvis.—The Slender Hamite, pl. I. fig. 2.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 136, pl. 61, fig. 1.

Straight, slender, compressed, tapering rather abruptly ;
with obtuse, slightly waved, oblique, somewhat irregular
annulations, which sometimes become obsolete on the back
margin, while at others they reach only about half way.

Found in the Clay at Folkstone, by Mr James Gibbs, and
at Ringmer.

12. H. rorunpus.—The Round Hamite, pl. II. fig. 7.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 136, pl. 61, figs. 2, 3.

Shell round, slightly and gradually curved, with regular,
somewhat obtuse numerous annulations ; aperture round.

Found in the Folkstone clay, and at Ringmer.

13. H. arrenuatus.—The Attenuated Hamite, pl. I. fig. 5,
and pl. II. fig. 15.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 137, pl. 61, figs. 4, 5; Buck-
land’s Geology and Mineralogy Considered, Il. p. 65, pl. 44,
fig. 11. Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 93, pl. 19, figs. 29, 30.

Cylindrically compressed ; larger limb abruptly attenuated
immediately under the curve, from whence it is round; with
numerous obtuse annulations, which become obsolete towards
the back.

Found in the clay at Folkstone, Laughton, Ringmer, Nor-
lington, and in the counties of Kent and Surrey.

14. H. compressus.—Compressed Hamite, pl. III. fig. 7.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 136, pl. 61, figs. 7, 8.

Compressed, with oblique, sharp, regular, slightly undulated
annulations, thickest and most prominent behind, and bending
towards the curve ; thicker end oval ; the breadth two-thirds
its length.

Found in the clay at Folkstone, and at Ringmer.

15. H. maximus.—The Great Hamite, pl. I. fig. 14.

Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 93. Sowerby, Min. Conch.
I. p. 138, pl. 62, fig. 1. Parkinson’s Organic Remains, III.
pl. 10, fig. 4.

Slightly compressed, with somewhat oblique annulations,
becoming nearly obsolete behind; larger end semi-ovate,
smaller end nearly round.

Found in the Clay at Folkstone, and fragments of it have
been gathered at Ringmer and Norlington.

16. H. inrERMEDIus.—The Intermediate Hamite, pl. III.
fig. 2. <

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 139, pl. 62, fig. 4. Mantell,
Geology of Sussex, p. 93, pl. 23, fig. 12. Do. in Geology
South East of England, p. 169, fig. 3.

Compressed, with continuous, oblique, protruding annula-
tions, somewhat flattened, and thickest on the outer surface,
and descending from the internal side.

Hamites.

Found in the Folkstone Clay, and at Ringmer.

17. H. cisposus.—The Bulging Hamite, pl. III. fig. 1.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 140, pl. 62, fig. 4, right hand
figure.

Shell gibbous, with prominent, oblique, somewhat distant
annulations; descending from the outer surface, where they
are thickest ; spreading out into a flattened continuous plate
behind ; back much depressed, front rounded, producing an
oval termination, with the shortest diagonal from back to
front ; contrary to the character of all its congeners.

From the Clay at Folkstone.

18. H. appressus.—The Adpressed Hamite, pl. II. fig. 4.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 140, pl. 61, fig. 6.

Flattened in front; destitute of annulations ; lesser limb
acute, and pressed close to the larger one; surface smooth,
and provided with equidistant circles throughout the whole
shell, which appear to indicate the septa.

From the Clay at Folkstone.

19. H. Bucktanp1.—Buckland’s Hamite, pl. II. fig. 2.

Phillip’s Geology of Yorkshire, pl. 1. fig. ; Buckland’s
Geology and Mineralogy, II. p. 65, pl. 44, fig. 8.

Compressed ; horn-shaped ; much and gradually incurvated,
with somewhat remote, slightly developed, oblique annula-
tions, which become nearly obsolete on the inner margin.

Found in the Galt or Folkstone Marle. Fig. 2 a represents
the transverse section, exhibiting the lobes and saddles, and
the siphunele at 5.

20. H. articuLatus.—The Articulated Hamite, pl. II.
fig. 14.

Buckland’s Geology and Mineralogy Considered, II. p. 65,
pl. 44, fig. 13.

Compressed, curvature gentle, with remote undulous ribs ;
the sinuous terminations of the transverse plates are visible
through the ribs, having their secondary lobes rounded
towards 6, and pointed inwards at c, somewhat resembling the
secondary lobes of the genus Ammonites.

Found in the Green sand at Earl Stoke.

21. H. LyeriitLyell’s Hamite, pl. I. fig. 3.

Buckland’s Geology and Mineralogy Considered, II. p. 65,
pl. 44, fig. 11.

Shell a little compressed, gently curved, with remote,
slightly developed spiral ribs, which are almost lost on the
interior side. The lobes and saddles of the transverse plates
are exhibited on the upper extremity, or aperture.

From the Folkstone Clay.

22. H. cosratus.—The Ribbed Hamite, pl. I. fig. 8.

Hamites intermedius, Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. pl. 62, fig. 2.

Slightly compressed, with remote, strong, oblique, some-
what undulous ribs, or annulations, descending to their in-
ternal side, and most developed towards the outer side ; lobes
and saddles of the aperture well marked.

From the Folkstone Clay.

23. H. incurvatus.—The Incurved Hamite, pl. I. fig. 4.

Parkinson’s Organic Remains, III. pl. 10, fig. 2.

Slightly bent, gently tapering, and a little compressed ;
with well defined regular annulations, which are strongly
elevated throughout.

24, H. rectus.—The Straight Hamite, pl. I. fig. 11.

Parkinson’s Organic Remains, III. p. 144, pl. 10, fig. 1.

Straight, (so far as at present known) with the annulations
numerous, oblique, descending to the right, and but slightly
developed ; aperture roundish oval.

MOLLUSCA. 3

25. H. annucatus.—The Ringed Hamite, pl. I. fig. 10,

Parkinson’s Organie Remains, III. p. 144, pl. 10, fig. 5.

Slightly compressed, considerably incurved, forming nearly
the segment of a circle, with regular, equidistant, distinctly
defined, but not much raised annulations, somewhat less ele-
vated on the inner side.

Found in the Green sand, Wiltshire.

26. H. rnrLexus.—The Inflected Hamite, pl. I. fig. 12.

Parkinson’s Organic Remains, p. 144, pl. 10, fig. 3.

Hooked, with strong, remote, nearly equidistant, slightly
waved annulations, interrupted only by a sub-carina on the
internal side; between these are two short, pointed ribs,
which extend about half over the surface on the external side ;
the whole exhibits the hooked form of this species nearly
complete, and the bend rather gentle.

Found at Shotover Hill, near Oxford.

27. H. evuipricus.—The Oval Hamite, pl. II. fig. 1.

Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 122, pl. 23, fig. 9.

Compressed, surrounded by even undulating ribs, each orna-
mented with two small tubercles situate on the outer margin ;
curvature elliptical.

Found at Middleham by G. A. Mantell, Esq. who justly
remarks, that “this Hamite appears to be identified by its
even undulating ridges, each furnished with two tubercles,
and the elliptical form of its curvature. It must, however, be
acknowledged, that there is considerable difficulty in distin-
guishing the essential characters of a fossil, from the varia-
tions that are produced by age or accident, particularly when
only a single specimen is known.”

28. H. mutticostratus.—The Many-ribbed Hamite, pl.
Il. fig. 9.

Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 123, pl. 23, fig. 5.

Subeylindrical, with numerous, oblique, narrow ribs, with-
out any appearance of tubercles.

Mr Mantell considers this as nearly allied to Hamites
alternatus ; it is, however, much larger in its diameter, being
nearly an inch and an eighth.

Found at Hamsey by Mrs Mantell.

29, H. aLTeRNATUS.—The Alternating Hamite, pl. IL
fig. 13.

Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 122. pl. 23, figs. 10, IL.

Subeylindrical, with distinct, oblique, annular ribs, which
become obsoleie in the internal margin, and two rows of
pretty large tubercles, which are marginal, and placed on each
alternate rib; curvature gradual.

Found at Middleham.

Mr Mantell says the specimen he described was elliptical
from compression ; and the tubercles being placed on each
alternate rib, separates it from every other spiniferous Hamite.

Genus II].—TURRILITES.— Lamarck.

Shell spiral, multilocular, turreted, volutions conti-
guous and all conspicuous; partitions articulated by
sinuous sutures ; septa transverse, foliaceous, close,
imperforate, lobed, and liciniate at the margin ; siphuncle
near the upper part of the volutions; aperture round ;
columella smooth; outer chamber large.

The species of this genus have only been found in the
Chalk marle.

1. T. rupercuLata.—The Tuberculated Turrilite, pl. IIL

2
fig. 5.

4 MOLLUSCA.,

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 169, pl. 74. Mantell, Geology
of Sussex, p. 124, pl. 24, figs. 2, 3, 6, 7. Do. Geology S.E.
of England, p. 159, fig. 1. Brown in Popular Cyclopedia,
pl. 66, fig. 2. Twrrilites costulata, Lamarck. An. San Vert,
VIL. p. 646.

Heterostrophe ; the centre of the volutions provided with
a single row of large tubercles from fifteen to sixteen in
number, being nearly equidistant to their diameter, and those
on the body elongated, forming irregular tubercular coste,
which are reflected towards the aperture, with three bands of
small ones at their base ; volutions much inflated and deeply
divided by an undulating suture, with their inferior surface
provided with radiating ribs, that terminate in the lowermost
row of tubercles ; siphuncle situate intermediately between
the larger tubercles and the upper edge of the volutions,
which is impressed by the ribs of the preceding volution ;
base of the aperture contracted.

Fig. 7. pl. IV. is a perspective representation of a cast of
7. tuberculatus in an inverted position, to exhibit the radiated
ribs on the base of the volutions.

This gigantic shell was discovered by G. A. Mantell, Esq.
in the Marle stratum at Middleham, on the estate of the Rev.
J. Constable, parish of Ringmer, Sussex, about two feet under
the surface, while they generally occur at a depth of six or
eight feet. It measures five inches at the base, and is sup-
posed to have been upwards of two feet when perfect.

This magnificent British specimen, says Mantell, “ is a
cast of indurated marle of an ochraceous colour, retaining in
one part a thin iridescent pellicle of the pearly coat of the
shell. Six volutions remain, the largest of which is five
inches and a half in diameter. Upon a moderate calculation,
the original, when perfect, must have exceeded two feet in
length.”

M. Denis Montfort mentions a specimen found in the
mountain of St Catharine, near Rouen in Normandy, which
measured eighteen inches in length. This fossil “ appears to
have been in such a state of perfection, as to allow of its form
being made out completely. It is regularly formed into a
spire, the whorls of which are projecting and articulated, the
foliaceous sutures produced by the edge of the septa being
apparent. The opening of the shell is nearly round; the
columella flat, without any folds; and the septa perforated
nearly in the centre by a syphon.”

2. T. unputara.—The Waved Turrilite, IV. fig. 1, and
pl. IL. figs. 4 and 9.

Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 124, pl. 23, figs. 14 and
16, and pl. 24, fig. 8. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 171, pl. 75,
figs. 1, 2,3. Mantell, Geology S.E. of England, p. 159, fig. 2.

Volutions heterostrophe, with numerous, prominent, equi-
distant, gently undulating, oblique, longitudinal ribs, gene-
rally covering the whole volution ; those on the body usually
more contiguous, and running into each other.

This species is frequently three inches in diameter. First
noticed and described by G. A. Mantell, Esq., and is charae-
terized by its produced, longitudinal series of ribs, which
reach from one suture of the spire to another, but are undu-
lated in some examples. In a number of specimens the ribs
are oblique, and somewhat tubercular, which has led some
Naturalists to consider them identical with the Turrilites
costatus, In casts of the adult shell, the characters of the
species are, however, distinctly marked, and leave no doubt
of the propriety of their separation.”

TuRRILITES.

\

In Figs. 4 and 9, pl. IIL. the ribs are singularly depressed,
and with little separation between them.

Found at Hamsey Marle pit, Sussex.

There is a variety of Turrilites undulatus with the ribs
somewhat concave, supposed to be a large shell.

3. T. cosrata.—The Ribbed Turrilite, pl. IIT fig. 6.

De Montfort, Journal de Physic, an. 7, p. 1, pl. 1, fig. 1.
Sowerby, Min. Conch, I. p. 81, pl. 36. Parkinson’s Organic
Remains, IL. p. 147. Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 133,
pl. 23, fig. 15, and pl. 24, figs. 1, 4, 6.

Heterostrophe, upper half of the volutions provided with
about twenty smooth, rounded, widely set, prominent, equi-
distant, subulate ribs, which reach to the centre of the volu-
tions ; with a zone of prominent, slightly elliptical tubercles
beneath, towards the inferior margins of the volutions; the
latter nearly obscured by the next volution; those on the
body being all distinctly visible. In many instances the
tubercles and ribs pass into each other. This species varies
from three to six inches in length. The casts of the inside
are compressed into a somewhat oval form.

First discovered at Hamsey Marle pit, Sussex, and at
Clayton, by G. A. Mantell, Esq., and has since been found in
the Green sand at Horningsham, Wiltshire. The Sussex
specimens very rarely exceed three or four volutions, and are
invariably in some degree compressed ; they vary from one
to seven inches in circumference, and from three to five inches
in length; the body is but rarely preserved, and no remains
of the shell are discoverable.

4. T. opLiqua.—The Oblique Turrilite, pl. III. fig. 6.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 172, pl. 75, fig. 4.

Volutions dextral, very deeply divided, the upper portions
being narrow and abruptly widening towards their base, and
when taken individually resemble a truncated cone, the base
of each furnished with a zone of oblique, elliptical tubercles,
giving the volutions an angular appearance ; suture line well
marked.

Fragments only of this species have been obtained. First
found in the Micaceous sandstone near Devizes by Mrs Gent.

5. T. Berceri.—Berger's Turrilite, pl. III. fig. 8.

Buckland’s Bridgewater Treatise, II. p. 65, pl. 44, fig. 14.

Volutions of the spire turreted, deeply divided, and
flattened above; each provided with longitudinal oblong
ovate, continuous rows of tubercles, in the form of ribs, pre-
senting a somewhat catinated appearance; the upper volu-
tion with three, and the next with five series: siphuncle
apparent near the upper or dorsal margin of two volutions
at a a; the sinuous edges of the transverse plates are visible
in the central volution, and the entire surface of a transverse
plate is laid open on the smaller end of the third volution,
shewing its lobes and saddles to be analogous to the same
parts in Ammonites.

Found in the Green sand.

A characteristic specimen of this species, so interesting to
Geological inquirers, is in the cabinet of that excellent Geo-
logist, G. B. Greenough, Esq. of London. We have intro-
duced it to exhibit its peculiarity of structure.

The Turrilites do not appear until the commencement of
cretaceous formations.

Mr Mantell says, “ there are prohably no localities in Eng-
land so rich in the various species of Turrilites as the Marle
pits in the vicinity of Lewes.” And we may add, they are
likewise rich in many other species.

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AMMONITES.

Genus IV.—AMMONITES.—Zamarck.

Shell discoid, multilocular; volutions contiguous, all
visible; inner partitions articulated by sinuous sutures ;
septa transverse, lobed at the circumference and imper-
forated at the disc, but perforated by a single tube situate
near the margin.

In the extensive genus Ammonites the situation of the
siphunele is always upon the ambit or dorsal margin of
the transverse plates, as shewn in the perpendicular
section of Ammonites obtusus, pl. IV. fig. 8. It is repre-
sented in black, and marked by the letters c, d, e, fi g, h.
It is conducted through the plates by a ring, projecting
outwards, and may be traced passing through the whole
transverse plates of the above figure. The body of the
animal has occupied that portion of the shell from a to 6.

The Ammonites occur in all formations from the
transition strata, and disappear with the termination of

the Chalk.

1. A. SrELLaRIs.—The Star Ammonite, pl. IV. fig. 2.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 211, pl. 93.

Involute, with four somewhat depressed volutions; ob-
tusely carinated, on each side of which is a rounded furrow ;
inner volutions about two-thirds visible, with their sides flat-
tened, producing a pentagonal or stellated appearance; with
numerous straight, moderately raised radiating ribs; the
whole surface of the shell covered with obscure, rather remote
decussating stria ; sinuous margin of each septum crossed by
two coste; the septa situated at each fourth rib; siphuncle
placed in the keel ; aperture quadrangular, rather longer than
wide, its length being two-fifths the diameter of the shell.
Greatest diameter four and a half inches.

This species is common at Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.

2. A. Lewesiensts..—The Lewes Ammonite, pl. IV. fig. 3.

Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 199, pl. 22, fig. 2.

Depressed ; three or four wide, flattened volutions, almost
entirely concealed, and with four or five obscure, radiating
ridges ; septa sinuous, very numerous, and the surface usually
covered with thin, foliaceous impressions; external volution
equal to four-sevenths of the diameter of the shell; umbilicus
minute; carene very narrow, rounded; aperture sagittate.
Largest diameter usually about fourteen inches; but speci-
mens have been found eighteen inches in diameter. Width
of the outer volution commonly nine inches; greatest thick-
ness five inches, and at the external edge one and a half inch.

The greatest thickness of this shell is at the inner margin,
from whence the volutions gradually taper to the keel. The
outer volution increases abruptly, and is nearly equal to half
the diameter of the shell. Mantell says, “ This ammonite
may be readily distinguished in a suit of specimens, although
its characters are rather of a negative description. In its
general form it resembles Ammonites complanatus, (Gray
Marle Fossils, No. 34;) but the umbilicus is larger, the
earene less acute, and the surface exhibits no traces of striz
or plicze. In the larger specimens the volutions appear to be
wholly inserted; but probably, in more perfect examples,
their inner margin is exposed.”

Found in the Lower chalk near Lewes.

3. A. B1nus.—The Coupled Ammonite, pl. VII. fig. 11.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 208, pl. 92, fig. 3.

MOLLUSCA. 5

Involute, depressed ; volutions four; the inner ones about
two-thirds exposed; ribs radiating in pairs, emanating from
round tubercles, which are situate near the inner margin of
each volution, turgid, and then bent up-towards the front,
where they become obsolete; keel small, entire; aperture
oblong, rectangular, one-third the diameter of the shell, and
a little more than one-sixth wide, with somewhat rounded
angles. In some specimens a single rib occurs between the
pairs.

Found at Bramerton, Norfolk.

4. A. striatus.—The Striated Ammonite, pl. IV. fig. 6.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 115, pl. 53, fig. 1. Goniatites
striatus, Phillip’s Geology of Yorkshire, II. p. 233, pl. 19,
figs. 1—3,

Discoidal, very gibbose, its thickness being more than half
its diameter; inner volutions entirely concealed ; outer sur-
face obscurely undulated transversely, and covered with nu-
merous fine, very regular, close, concentric strie, the undula-
tions traverse the surface in very regular semicircular
incurvations with the acute terminations meeting in points
upwards, and gradually passing into straighter lines on the
sides; aperture semicircular, with nearly parallel margins ;
septa zigzag, rather remote, with four large, somewhat angular
folds ; siphuncle placed at the external margin of the septum,
where it is provided with a slight notch; shell very thin. The
zigzag divisions are well marked, without passing into foliated
sutures as is usual in the genus Ammonites. Dorsal lobe bifid ;
dorsal sinus and first lateral lobe acute, and twice the length
of the dorsal lobe; second lateral lobe obtusely rounded,
shorter than the first ; marginal sinus angular ; siphuncle not
continuous, but passing rectally from the septal plate for a
short distance.

‘Ihe ribs and striz of the external shell are strengthened by
the repeated intersections of the subjacent edges of the trans-
verse plates.

Found in Pools-hole in the Peak of Derbyshire, and in the
transition slate of Filiagh, near South-molton, Devonshire ;
Bolland, Flasby ; and also in Coal shale of Lough Allen in
Connaught, Ireland.

5. A. spHxRIcus.—The Spherical Ammonite, pl. IV. fig. 7.

Martin, Petrefactions of Derbyshire, pl. 7, figs. 3, 4, and 5.
Sowerby, Min. Conch, I. p. 116, pl. 53, fig. 2. Goniatites
sphericus, Phillip’s Geology of Yorkshire, II. p. 234, pl. 19,
figs. 4, 5, 6.

Orbicular, diameter and_ thickness nearly equal; inner
volutions entirely concealed ; outer surface with very fine
spiral striz; internal ridges variable; septa with four broad,
angular folds, as in the preceding species ; but the lateral lobe
is less acute, or even rounded; aperture a little contracted.

Found in the Limestone of Derbyshire, and at Bolland ;
Isle of Man ; and in the county of Kildare, Ireland.

This grows to double the size of A. striatus.

6. A. ManvELi1.—Mantell’s Ammonite, pl. IV. fig. 4, 9.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 119, pl. 55. Mantell, Geology
of Sussex, p. 113, pl. 21, fig. 9, and pl. 22, fig. 1.

Discoidal, depressed, subumbilicate ; volutions three or
four, subrotund, about two-thirds concealed, margin trigonal ;
with numerous transverse tuberculate ribs, which alternately
reach entirely round the volutions, the shorter ones extending
about two-thirds across the volutions; with from two to eight
rows of tubercles; ambit flattish, provided with two rows of
marginal tubercles; external edges of the septa with five

B

6 MOLLUSCA.

principal folds; aperture approaching to six-sided, equal to
about two-fifths of the diameter, and one side embracing the
adjoining volution ; septa numerous and very foliaceous.

First discovered by G. A. Mantell, Esq. at Ringmer, east
of Lewes, Sussex.

Mr Mantell says, “« The number and disposition of the ribs
and tubercles of this species are so various, that although it
is one of the most abundant productions of the Gray Marle,
its specific characters are not easily defined.

The general form of the shell is discoidal, the volutions
(which, when perfect, are nearly cylindrical) being flattened
by compression, as in the specimens figured by Mr Sowerby.
The inner wreaths in those which are compressed are nearly
two-thirds concealed, but in more perfect examples are less
deeply inserted. The costa are round, and extend alter-
nately across the whorls, the intermediate ones embracing
about two-thirds of the volutions. The tubercles constitute
the following varieties : —

“ Variety 1. costata. —With two rows of tubercles, tablet
21, fig. 9. Two tubercles are placed on every rib, and form
a row on each margin of the ambit or back of the shell. This
is a beautiful cast, from Middleham. The specimen, fig. 1,
tablet 22, also belongs to this variety. It exhibits the folia-
ceous septa, and the situation of the siphunculus. It was
collected by my friend, Thomas Woolgar, Esq. of Lewes.”

We have represented this variety on pl. IV. figs. 4 and 9.

« Variety 2. tuberculo-costata—With six rows of tubercles.
This variety, in addition to the marginal tubercles, has four
rows, which are placed on the lower costa only, each side of
the shell having one set on the margin of the umbilicus, and
another at a short distance above it.

Variety 3. tuberculata. — With eight rows of tubercles.
The two additional sets which distinguish this variety are
placed on each side, midway between the margin of the
ambit and the second row of tubercles from the umbilicus.
These intermediate tubercles occur on every rib, each of the
larger coste being ornamented with eight, while the shorter
ones have but four. From the numerous tubercular projec-
tions on this variety, the outer volution is somewhat penta-
gonal.

The septa of Ammonites Mantelli are numerous, and very
foliaceous. The form of the aperture varies in different
specimens, but its width is in general equal to about two-
fifths of the diameter of the shell. The siphunculus is small,
and extends along the centre of the ambit.

This species frequently attains a large size, exceeding one
foot and a half in diameter, but in these the tubercles are
nearly obliterated.”

Mantell’s Ammonite has been found in almost every spot
in Sussex where an excavation has been made in the Gray
Marle.

7. A. cosratus.—The Ribbed Ammonite, pl.,V. fig. 2.

With four depressed volutions ; margin three-sided, broad,
and flattened; volutions about two-thirds concealed, with
strong radiating ribs, some of which, in the inner volutions,
do not reach entirely across ; sides somewhat flattened ; aper-
ture six-sided ; ambit trigonal.

From the Limestone at Ringmer, Sussex.

This species is nearly allied to Ammonites Mantelli, and is
probably only a variety of that shell.

8. A. mMrinutus.—The Minute Ammonite, pl. IV. fig. 10.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 116, pl. 53. fig. 3.

AMMONITEs.

Orbicular, with a small umbilicus, thickness and diameter
nearly equal; inner volutions concealed, with numerous con-
centric, wide stria, about twenty-four in number ; aperture
semilunar; from two to three lines in diameter.

Found at Folkstone, Kent, by Mr Gibbs.

9. A. Lamperti.—Lambert’s Ammonite, pl. V. fig. 1.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 73, pl. 242, figs. 1, 2, and 3.

Discoid, depressed, numerously radiated, curved over
the back ; alternately long and short, but rarely furcated ;
the longer radii are strong, and emanate from the inner
margin of each volution, curving forward when past the
centre, at which place they sometimes branch, but generally
from this situation the shorter ridges take their rise, and
proceed to the edge, producing an imperfectly crenulated,
sharp carina; aperture lanceolate. Diameter about four
times its thickness ; greatest diameter two inches and a half.

In some individuals the radii are considerably more pro-
duced than in others, especially in the last volution of the
larger ones, where they become proportionally less numerous.

Found at Weymouth, Portland Island, and Sandfoot
Castle.

10. A. acurus.—The Acute Ammonite, pl. V. fig. 3.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 51, pl. 17, fig. 1.

Somewhat depressed, with three or four volutions, the
inner ones half exposed; surface provided with slightly
bent ribs, which gradually thicken as they diverge from the
inner margin, where they commence, and terminate a little
way beyond the centre of the volutions ; slightly carinated,
with the margin crenulated and flattish ; aperture somewhat
cordiform, and two-fifths the diameter of the shell. Diameter
an inch and three-eighths ; thickness three-eighths.

Found in the Cliff, near Minster, Isle of Shepey, and in
Portland Island, and the London Clay.

11. A. ompHaLorDEs.— The Umbilicated Ammonite, pl.
V. fig. 4.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 74, pl. 242, fig. 5.

Gibbous, inner volutions half concealed, the outer ones
increasing rapidly; with produced, waved ribs, bending
forward in the centre of the back, and several of which are
furcated, but not always united to the larger ones; back
broad and rounded ; aperture transversely oblong, occupying
more than half of the diameter of the shell.

Found near Weymouth, and in Portland Island.

Sowerby says the ribs sometimes unite to two alternate
ones on opposite sides of the volutions, forming a zig-zag line
upon the back.

12. A. quaDRATUS.— The Square-mouthed Ammonite,
pl. V. fig. 5.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 52, pl. 17, fig. 3.

Somewhat depressed, with four or five volutions, the inner
ones half concealed ; surface covered with produced, undu-
lating, nearly uniformly thick, fureated ribs, extending into
the carinated and crenated margin, which is not flattened,
with irregular intermediate shorter ribs hardly reaching
the centre; aperture somewhat quadrangular, extending to
about a third of the diameter of the shell. Diameter an inch
and five-eighths ; thickness half an inch.

Found in a gravel pit at Brandstone, near Framlingham,
Suffolk.

13. A. GiGANTEUS.—The Gigantic Ammonite, pl. V. fig. 6.

De Montfort, p. 92; Lister, pl. 1046; Sowerby, Min.
Conch. II. p. 55, pl. 126.

AMMONITES.

Depressed, with usually six volutions; the surface covered
with numerous, sometimes furcated well rounded ribs, and
intermediate shorter ones extending to half the breadth of
the volutions; inner volutions exposed; sides somewhat
straitened ; aperture obovate ; septa numerous, with greatly
sinuated margins. Thickness about equal to one-fourth of
its diameter.

This species is the largest of the genus. There is a spe-
cimen in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, four
feet in diameter. One was said to have been broken at
Chicksgrove quarry, near Hindon, Wiltshire, in a compact
sandy limestone, which was as large as the hinder-wheel of a
carriage. Specimens two feet in diameter are not uncommon.
It is found, besides the above locality, at Peerbeck Isle,
Dorsetshire ; Marleborough Downs, in the Chalk near Mar-
gate ; and at Fonthill.

14, A. ELLIPTIcUS.—The Oval Ammonite, pl. V. fig. 7.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p 209, pl. 92, fig. 4.

Depressed, with a sharp keel; the interior volutions two-
thirds exposed; ribs few, distant, broad, flat, agreeing in
number with the septa, and slightly curved, somewhat obso-
late near the margin; aperture oblongly elliptical.

Found in the Marley clay at Charmouth.

15. A. cornuoipEs.—The Little-horn Ammonite, pl. V.
fig. 8.

Involute, depressed, with a broad, flattened keel; the
whole surface covered by rather prominent, gently bending,
distinct ribs, extending from the internal margin to the
carina, thickening outwards; inner volutions considerably
exposed ; aperture subcordate. Diameter an inch and a
quarter ; thickness three-eighths.

Found at Whitby.

16. A. TRIPLIcATUS.—The Three Pleated Ammonite, pl.
V. fig. 9.

Ammonites triplicatus—Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. pl. 292,
and 293, fig. 4.

Discoid, with six exposed volutions, the two external ones
separated by a depression or flattened spiral groove; the
whole external surface covered by strong, equidistant, regular,
slightly bent ribs, extending from the interior side to nearly
the external side, where they cease, the spaces between them
being greater than the thickness of the ribs; aperture sub-
cordate. Diameter eight inches, and equal to four times its
thickness.

Found near Malton, Yorkshire, and in the Suffolk Clay.

17. A. BipLex.— The Two-Pleated Ammonite, pl. V.
fig. 10.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 167, pl. 293, fig. 1, 2.

Discoid, with six exposed volutions, all separated by a
depression or flattened groove; furnished with large equi-
distant, regular elevated ribs, extending in a straight line
from the margin of the separating groove to two-thirds
across the volutions, where they are fureated, and pass
over the dorsal margin, which is rounded ; aperture oblong,
subcordate. Diameter eight inches; thickness a fourth of

its diameter.
Found in the Suffolk Clay, and also in the London Clay.

1s. A. Bronentarti. — Brongniarte’s Ammonite, pl. VI.
fig. 1.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 190, pl. A. fig. 2.

Gibbous ; thickness about two-thirds its diameter; with a
minute umbilicus ; round within, but externally oblong, pro-

MOLLUSCA. 7

duced by the line of last volution, being straight for a little
distance, from whence it makes a sudden turn towards the |
aperture ; inner volutions concealed ; whole surface covered
with close, undulating, very regular, rather depressed, fur-
cated radii; aperture placed transversely, provided with a
thick inflected lip.

Found at Yeovil and in the Marley Limestone, Normandy.

19. A. CatLoviensis.—The Kelloways Ammonite, pl. VI.
fig. 2.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 3, pl. 104, fig. 1.

Involute, subumbilicate, with five volutions, three-fourths
concealed; front, or ambit, depressed ; with very numerous,
small, bent, radiating ribs, arranged in sets, with a stronger
one reaching across the volution, and from two to five
shorter ones, alternating with a longer rib over the whole
surface ; these are somewhat obscure in the external volutions
of adult shells, in which the aperture is deltoidal, with
truncated angles, but obicular in young specimens ; siphuncle
placed near the upper edge. Greatest diameter three
inches.

Found in the Shell-Limestone at Kelloway’s Bridge.

The form of the volutions in this species is much influenced
by age. When young, they are somewhat rounded, with
numerous sharp ribs arranged in sets; a series of produced
ones, between every two of which are placed from two to
five shorter and more depressed costz, reaching about two-
thirds across the volutions ; the whole ribs passing over the
flattened ambit. The outer volutions of adult specimens are
triangular, the two inner angles being truncated, producing
an umbilicated aspect; the surface with large undulations,
wrinkled near the ambit, and provided with numerous irre-
gular striz in place of ribs; they differ also in the inner
surface of the outer volutions being destitute of strize, and in
losing the ribs sooner. The shell is thick and is frequently
well preserved.

20. A. GEerviL11.—De Gerville’s Ammonite, pl. VI. fig. 3.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 189, pl. A, fig. 3.

Gibbous, largely umbilicate, exposing the ribbed margins
of the volutions; thickness somewhat more than half the
diameter ; with sharp, numerous, close, very regular, bent,
fureated ribs, continuing so to near the completion of the
last volutions, when they are supplanted by two or three
irregular undulations ; inner volutions but slightly exposed ;
aperture transversely oblong, and excavated; lip sharp on
the edge, and arched.

Found in Marley Limestone.

21. A. oprusus.—The Obtuse Ammonite, pl. VI. fig. 4.
and pl. IV. fig. 8.

Sowerby, Min..Conch. II. p. 151, pl. 167; Buckland’s
Bridgewater Treatise, I. p. 347, and II. p. 58, pl. 35, 36.

Discoidal, with an obtusely rounded, considerably elevated
keel, with a slight furrow on each side ; furnished with six
volutions, the inner ones wholly exposed, covered with large,
curved, remote, slightly elevated, strong ribs, equal in
number to the septa; each crossing the inner lobes of a
septum; somewhat sharp in the middle; aperture oblong,
longer than wide, about equal to one-third the diameter of
the shell. Largest diameter five inches and a half.

Found in the Lias at Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.

Sowerby mentions a specimen from which he made his
drawing, sent to him by Miss Philpot of Linley, “ which,
from the high polish and rich colour of the crystallized

8 MOLLUSCA.

carbonate of iron that has lined its chambers, is truly
beautiful.”

Our figure, pl. 1V. fig. 8, is a representation of a longi-
tudinal section of this species, to shew the internal structure
of the shell, and particularly to exhibit the situation of the
siphuncle, (preserved in a carbonaceous state,) which is seen
passing along the whole dorsal margin, to the commencement
of the outer chamber. The body of the animal occupied the
space from a to &. ‘The letters ec, d, e, f; g, 2, point out the
situation of the siphuncle, which is always placed upon the
exterior, or dorsal margin. It is represented in black, and
passes from the external chamber 7 to the inner extremity of
the volutions.

22. A. NurrieLpEensis.—The Nutfield Ammonite, pl. VI.
fig. 5.

Sowerby, ‘Min. Conch. II. p. 11, pl. 108.

Involute, with four or five volutions, much concealed ;
crossed by numerous, strong, prominent ribs, with interme-
diate shorter ones, which are more than three-fourths towards
the internal side of the volutions ; these are frequently arranged
in pairs, but the whole pass over the rounded ambit, or back ;
the larger ones being most prominent in the centre; septa
rather numerous, lobed and sinuated in the ordinary manner ;
aperture subcordiform, two-fifths of the diameter in length,
nearly the same in width, and rounded behind. Diameter
from three inches to one foot.

This species is found abundantly in the Green Sandstone
at Hythe and other places, which rests above the thickest
beds of Fuller’s Earth. Most of the specimens are casts in
dark iron clay, and their external hue generally ochreous.

23, A. TRipLicaTtus.—The Three-Pleated Ammonite, pl.
VI. fig. 6.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 208, pl. 92, fig. 2.

Involute, with four volutions, the inner ones exposed ;
surface covered with doubly curved, alternating, long and
short ribs; between every two long ones are three short,
which reach a little beyond the centre of the volutions ;
septa distant ; aperture obovate, about half the diameter in
length, and its width one-third.

In some instances there are only: two intermediate ribs
between the longer ones.

Discovered at Portland Island by Mr Bryer of Weymouth.

24, A. ExcAvatus.—The Hollow-Ammonite, pl. VI. fig. 7.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 5, pl. 105.

Involute, lenticular, subumbilicate, with a sharp, crenulated
carina ; on each side of which a slightly concave groove inter-
venes between it and the sides of the shell, which are uniformly
convex ; volutions about six, entirely exposed in the young
state, and the whole divided by a flattened groove, forming
a rectangular margin along the interior sides of the volutions ;
the entire shell covered with obscure curved ribs, which are
stronger in the inner volutions and in young shells ; aperture
sagittate, extending to about half the diameter of the shell ;
and its width at back being about a third. Greatest diameter
four inches.

First discovered at Shotover, near Oxford, by Mr Sowerby.

25. A. suGosus.—The Ridged Ammonite, pl. VI. fig. 8.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. p. 207, pl. 92, fig. 1.

Involute, with a small, distinct, sharp carina; four volu-
tions half concealed ; covered with large, obtuse, straight ribs,
very regular, equal to the space between them, and becoming
obsolete behind ; septa not numerous, their margins slightly

AMMONITES.

plaited; aperture ovate, narrower behind, and occupying
about two-fifths the diameter of the shell, and its width one-
fifth ; shell delicate and very thin.

Discovered by Mr Strangeways, in Limestone, at White
Lackington Park, near Ilminster.

26. A. commuNnis.—The Common Ammonite, pl. VI. fig. 9.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 10. fig.2, 3; Corne d’ Ammon
a raies doublées ver le haut du dos. Bourguet, pl. 42.
fig. 276.

Involute, with six or eight rounded, wholly exposed
volutions ; crossed by numerous strong, prominent, straight
ribs, which become furcated towards the dorsal margin,
and are sometimes reunited on the ambit, and again divided
on the opposite side of the shell; aperture three-fourths of
a circle, and occupying about one-fifth the diameter of the
shell ; septum round.

This species is very common in the Alum Clay at Whitby ;
it is generally dark bluish-black, or brownish-black, with a
metallic lustre produced by pyrites.

A superstitious belief prevails at Whitby, and all over the
neighbouring country, that these Ammonites are petrified
snakes which infested the precincts of the monastery of
Whitby ; and these were not only turned to stone, but also
beheaded, by a prayer from the abbess St Hilda. Indeed,
this miracle is much insisted upon by all ancient writers who
have occasion to mention either Whitby or St Hilda. It is
thus alluded to by Sir Walter Scott, in Marmion; the nuns
are said to tell,

And how, of thousand snakes, each one
Was changed into a coil of stone,
When holy Hilda pray’d ;
Themselves, within their holy bound,
Their stony folds had often found.
The Convent, Stanza 13.

There are individuals in Whitby who sell this Ammonite,
and not unfrequently form a head upon the outer volution,
in imitation of that of a snake, and impose upon those who
are unacquainted with their being the remains of testaceous
shells.

27. A. aNGULATUS.—The Angulated Ammonite, pl. VI.
fig. 10. ;

Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 9. pl. 107. fig. 1.

Involute, with seven or eight well rounded and wholly
exposed volutions, which are angular along their inner sides,
and divided by a narrow, concave, flattened space, from
whence proceed numerous prominent ribs, which are furcated
as they pass over the back or ambit,—which is slightly flat-
tened ; aperture somewhat longer than wide, the width being
equal to about one-fifth the diameter of the shell; the sinu-
ated margins of the septa are rather close, and considerably
more so than in the A. communis.

Discovered by J. M. Sowerby, Esq. in the White alum
clay at Whitby, and has much the appearance of A. communis,
but is at once distinguished from that.species by the groove
which separates the volutions.

28. A. Bucktanpi.—Buckland’s Ammonite, pl. VII. fig.
1 and 2.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. IL. p. 69, pl. 130. Buckland’s Geo-
logy and Mineralogy Considered, II. p. 59, pl. 37, fig. 6.

Depressed, consisting of five volutions, the inner ones
entirely exposed, furnished with large obtuse ribs, which
become more produced as they approach the back, round

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AMMONITES.

which they are abruptly reflected, and imperceptibly disap-
pear; back provided with an obtusely rounded carina, on
each side of which is a furrow. Diameter varying from a
foot to twenty-one inches.

First discovered by that zealous geologist, Professor Buck-
land, in the Blue Lias at Bath and its vicinity.

29. A. vAriANS.—The Variable Ammonite, pl. VII. figs.
3, 5, and 8.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 169, pl. 176. Mantell, Geo-
logy of Sussex, p. 115, pl. 21, figs. 2, 5, and 7.

Discoidal, compressed, rather thick, subumbilicate, earinated ;
with three or four half inserted volutions; furnished with
transverse, bifurcated, undulated ribs, studded with from six
to eight rows of somewhat obtuse tubercles ; carina acute,
entire ; aperture sagittate ; siphuncle supposed to be external.

The umbilicus is shallow, and the sides smooth, bor-
dered by a row of small tubercles, from which the ribs ema-
nate, and proceeding obliquely across one-fourth of the
volutions, rise in the form of tubercles, and then diverge into
two branches, all of which terminate in a tubercle on the
exterior margin; the keel is smooth, prominent, and acute ;
each margin furnished with a series of opposite tubercles.

This species is one of the most proteiform of the Ammo-
nites, and subject to great variety in the form, disposition,
and number of the tubercles and cost; but its acute, entire
earina, in connection with the tubercular, bifurcated ribs, at
once distinguish it.

In size this fossil varies from an inch to six inches in
diameter, and is not unfrequently compressed into an ellipsis
or cordiform shape. No specimen has been yet found with
more than four volutions.

Mr Mantell says, “ In a suite of fifty specimens, in which
every individual presented some peculiarity, three principal
varieties were observable, each passing insensibly into the
other.”

Variety 1. subplana, pl. VII. fig. 8.

Mantell, Geology of Sussex, pl. 21, fig. 2.

«“ The volutions depressed, radii linear, inner row of
tubercles obscure, external margin crenated, keel but slightly
elevated, aperture sagittate.

Some specimens of this variety are nearly smooth, and the
keel so much compressed, that without the aid of numerous
examples, their relation to the tubercular variety could not
have been ascertained.

Variety 2. intermedia.

Mantell, Geology of Sussex, pl. 21, fig. 7, 8.

The volutions in this variety are rather depressed, the ribs
broad and well defined, the tubercles small, and distinctly
marked, the external margin tuberculated, the keel prominent,
and the aperture sagittate.

This is the prevailing form of the species, and holds
an intermediate rank between the smooth and tubercular
varieties.

Variety 3. tuberculata.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. pl. 176, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6.

Volutions subrotund ; ribs short, thick, nodulous ; tubercles
elongated, very prominent ; carina acute ; aperture somewhat
rounded in form.

“ A very beautiful variety, distinguished by its projecting
tubercles, of which Mr Sowerby’s fig. 1, affords an excellent
example. The inner rows of tubercles are almost effaced,
but the marginal and intermediate sets are strongly relieved,

MOLLUSCA. 9

and in some examples become spinous. From the thickness
of the volutions, the aperture is obovate.”

This fossil is plentiful at Middleham, Hamsey, and
Stoneham, in Sussex, and also in the upper Green-sand of
Wiltshire. The Gray Chalk Marl is well marked by this
shell, as it prevails abundantly through it. Mr Mantell
mentions that a few examples have been found in the lower
or flinty Chalks.

30. A. Duncant.—Duncan’s Ammonite, pl. VII. fig. 4.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 129, pl. 157.

Compressed, inner volutions exposed about a third, with a
few tubercles upon their sides, the whole shell beset with
numerous, undulating, narrow, oblique ribs, many of which
are irregularly furcated, somewhat obscure on the middle of
the sides, and terminated on their outer extremities by
elongated tubercles on the terminal half of the exterior
volution, but button-shaped on the other half, these last, in
many instances, extend over two of the cost; there is also
a row of tubercles on the sides of the latter half, towards the
centre of the volution; ambit depressed, bounded by two
rows of fibuliform tubercles, which are a continuation of the
ribs ; aperture ovato-sagittate, and equal to about half of the
greatest diameter of the shell.

The sinuated edges of the septa are sharp and distinctly
marked.

Discovered in the Fen Clay at St Neotts, Huntingdon-
shire, by John and Philip Dunean, Esqrs. in honour of whom
it was named by Sowerby.

31. A. ConyBEArt.—Conybear’s Ammonite, pl. VII. fig. 6.

A. Conybeari. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 70, pl. 131 ;
Phillip’s Geology of Yorkshire, II. p. 164, pl. 18, fig. 5.

Compressed, with a large, greatly produced, entire keel, on
each side of which is a concave groove; volutions eight or
nine, usually continuing very perfect to the centre, crossed
by numerous rather obtuse ribs, which are most prominent
in the centre of the volutions, and are much depressed at the
inner sides, a little stronger next the ambit ; inner sides of
the volutions somewhat flattened, and slightly angular ;
aperture oblong-ovate. Varying in size from two to eighteen
inches.

Found in the Lias at Bath, and in the middle of England,
where it is not uncommon, and in the western islands of
Scotland.

32. A. PLANICosTaTUS.—The Flat-ribbed Ammonite, pl.
VII. fig. 7.

A. planicosta. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 167, pl. 73.

Compressed, with six or eight exposed volutions, crossed
by numerous obtuse, nearly straight ribs, which widen as they
approach the hack, and are depressed near the ambit, inclining
towards the aperture ; aperture circular, slightly indented by
the volutions.

Found in the indurated marly limestone, called Marston
Stone, which occurs at Marston Magna, near Ilchester, at
Yeovil and Evershot, Somersetshire. This stone is frequently
cut into large slabs for table-tops, &c. and when polished has
a beautiful effect from the irregular order in which these
numerous specimens of Ammonites planicostatus present
themselves. The limestone is of a dark gray colour, and the
Ammonites are dark brown, or different shades of buff, and
sometimes exhibiting a splendid iridescent lustre. The
divisions of the chambers being filled with erystallized car-
bonate of iron, adds a beautiful variety to the tints. This

c

10 MOLLUSCA.

species also occurs in granular marly limestone, particularly
at Craymouth, but seldom associated with the remains of any
other species of shell.

33. A. aurnirus.—The Eared Ammonite, pl. VII. fig. 9.

A. auritus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 79, pl. 1343
Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 90.

Compressed, with four or five exposed volutions, the last
cue large, occupying about half the diameter of the shell ;
surface covered with depressed, slightly developed, distant
radiating ribs, every alternate one being furnished with a
large obtuse tubercle, towards the inner margin of the volu-
tions ; exterior margin deeply grooved, and provided with a
series of large, obtuse, alternating, compressed tubercles,
projecting in the form of ears ; aperture oblong-ovate, slightly
sagittate.

Discovered in the Micaceous Sand, im the bed of the canal
at Devizes, Wiltshire, by Mr Gent; and it has subsequently
been found at Ringmer in Sussex.

34. A. spLENDENS.— The Splendid Ammonite, pl. VII.
fig. 10.

Corne d’? Ammon fort plate, unié et ornée de fleurs. Bour-
quet Traité des Petrifactions, pl. 48, fig. 312.— Ammonites
splendens. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 1, pl. 103, figs. 1, 2, 3;
Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 89, pl. 21, figs. 13, and 17.

Involute, compressed, provided with three or four volutions,
the inner ones deeply inserted, being about three-fourths
eoncealed, and the outer ones rapidly increasing in dimen-
sions ; sides flattened, with transversely radiating, depressed,
close ribs, slightly curved towards the aperture; a row of
distant, greatly elongated tubercles towards the inner margin,
from each of which two or three ribs emanate, and make an
elegant curve from the inner to the outer margin, where they
terminate in angular eminences, forming crenulated margins
on the sides of the carina, the middle of which is nearly
plain; dissepiments sinuated and very foliaceous siphunculus
situate near the inner margin; aperture oblong, almost equal
in length to half the diameter of the shell, and deeply indented
by the inner volutions. Size varying from half an inch to
two inches in diameter.

This truly splendid Ammonite exhibits, on its external
surface, the most beautiful iridescent play of colours, some-
times equally vivid in lustre to the finest species of Haliotis,
or Ear-shell. It is found in the Pyritaceous Marle at Folk-
stone, Kent, and is common in the Blue Chalk Marle at
Ringmer and Laughton, in Sussex.

This species is often found with the shell remaining, which
is extremely thin, and of a cream white colour. The folia-
ceous sutures are very conspicuous in pyritaceous casts of
this shell ; these differ but little from the fossil itself, except
in the continuous structure, under the more prominent parts
of the ribs, which are somewhat more depressed. Small
specimens are sometimes found with the keel rounded, and
the volutions nearly destitute of ribs, as exhibited in plate
103, fig. 1, of Sowerby’s Mineral Conchology ; in this con-
dition they might be mistaken for a distinet species.

Mantell has figured a cast in Pyritous Marle, which shews
the sinuous septa; small crystals of lime are contained in
eavities on the opposite side of this specimen, and pseudo-
morphous iron pyrites is disseminated through the mass.

35. A. LAuTUs.—The Laurel Ammonite, pl. VIII. fig. 1.

Ammonites lautus. Parkinson, Geological Transactions,
V. p. 58; Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 3, pl. 309, figs. 1, 2,

AMMONITES.

3, 4, 5, and 6; Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 9, pl. 21,
fig. 11.

Discoidal, involute, compressed, with three or four two-
thirds inserted volutions ; back narrow and deeply channeled ;
sides furnished with numerous, strongly areuated slender
ribs, arising in pairs from a row of oblique, elongated
tubercles near their inner margin, and being joined by
alternating, intermediate shorter ones, proceed with an
elegant curve to the outer margin, where they terminate, in
somewhat depressed, large, alternating tubercles, usually
three or four to each tubercle; these are disposed alternately,
so that the edges may be characterized as serrato-tuberculate ;
dissepiments very foliaceous; aperture obscurely sagittate,
and equal in length to half the diameter of the shell. The
situation of the siphunculus is unknown.

Found at Laughton, Ringmer, and Norlington, Suffolk.

Sowerby describes the following varieties of this fossil :—

Ist, Ribs long, considerably arcuated and regular. Mineral
Conch. pl. 319, figs. 1, 2.

2d, Having short irregular ribs provided with large
tubercles: near their inner ends. Min. Conch. pl. 319, fig. 6.
It is this variety which we have figured; the other varieties,
if such they be, have not come under our observation.

This species somewhat resembles the Ammonites dentatus,
pl. 14, fig. 4, but the volutions are more exposed than in that
fossil. It is also allied to Ammonites auritus, pl. 7, fig. 9,
but is distinguished by its prominent and curved ribs, by
the ridges on the inner volutions being less, two-thirds con-
cealed, and by the centre one not being so tuberculous.

36. A. armatus.— The Armed Ammonite, pl. VIII.
fig. 2.

Ammonites armatus.
pl. 95.

Involute, with six or seven entirely exposed volutions,
which are pressed against each other, and crossed by nume-
rous annular ribs, each of which is provided with two series
of large, short, furrowed spines, to the number of five on
each ; the cost, after meeting on the point of the spines, are
continued on the other side; aperture obscurely four-sided ;
siphunele situate near the dorsal margin of the aperture.

Found in the Alum Clay formation at Whitby, Yorkshire ;
the Oxford Clay, middle and south of England, and the Lias
at Bath.

In the young state, this shell is quite plain, without the
slightest appearance of ribs or’spines. In a more advanced
condition, the ribs appear, and, when it has acquired another
convolution, the disk is flattened.

This Ammonite is subject to considerable variety.

37. A. pLANus.—The Flat Ammonite, pl. VIII. fig. 3.

Ammonites planus. Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 90,
pl. 21, fig. 3.

Involute, carinated, compressed, deeply inserted, almost
smooth; volutions crossed by nearly obsolete strie; keel
flat, with its margin crenulated ; aperture sagittate ; dissepi-
ments sinuate ; situation of the siphuncle is unknown.

The inner volutions are three-fourths concealed, and the
outer one consequently appears to increase very rapidly in
dimensions, and is greatly larger than the others.

This species is somewhat allied to Ammonites splendens,
pl. VII. fig. 10, but may at once be distinguished in being
destitute of tubercles on the inner margin of the volutions,
and is also devoid of the radiations, which ornament the

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 215,

AMMONITES.

surface of the former species. It is, however, like that shell,
frequently iridescent on the surface.

Found at Ringmer, by G. Mantell, Esq.

38. A. corpatus.— The Cordate Ammonite, pl. VIII.
fig. 4.

Ammonites cordatus.
pl. 17, figs. 2 and 4.

Involute, carinated; volutions four or five, somewhat
compressed, inner ones half inserted; sides ornamented with
undulating ribs, extending over the inner half of each volu-
tion ; the remaining half provided with about five divergent
undulations to every two ribs, all of which terminate in the
exterior crenated margin; aperture cordiform, two-thirds of
the diameter of the shell in length. Diameter varying
from one to two inches; thickness about a third of its
diameter.

Found in the Limestone of Shotover, Oxfordshire, and
also in Somersetshire.

39. A. Brownt.—Brown’s Ammonite, pl. VIII. fig. 5.

Ammonites Browni. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 114,
pl. 163, figs. 4, 5.

Discoidal, carinated; five half inserted volutions, with
a zone of large distant tubercles placed towards the centre
of the volutions, but rather nearest the inner sides; these
assume the form of ribs on the outer volutions; from the
tubercles, the other half of the volutions are provided with
numerous equidistant, somewhat curving ribs, which extend
over the rounded ambit; aperture cordiform.

Found at Dandry, by G. W. Braikenridge, Esq. and
named in honour of Robert Brown, Esq. the celebrated
botanist.

This species has much the appearance of Ammonites
Kenigi, pl. (X. fig. 2.; but the keel and tubercles upon the
inner volutions sufficiently distinguish it from that shell.

40. A. ANNULATUS.— The Ringed Ammonite, pl. VIII.
fig. 6.

Ammonites annulatus.
pl. 222.

Discoidal, with from five to seven exposed volutions,
crossed by numerous, close, very prominent ribs, which are
frequently bifureated as they pass over the rounded ambit ;
aperture subrotund.

Found at Whitby, Yorkshire; in the lower sand beds of
the inferior Oolite at Cropredy, near Bunbury, Oxfordshire,
and also near Ilminster.

This species, at first appearance, has somewhat the aspect
of Ammonites communis, pl. VI. fig. 9.; but its numerous
ribs sufficiently distinguish it, and, besides, it has more volu-
tions. The ribs are placed very near each other, and a deep
furrow is formed between them; some being bifurcate as
they pass over the ambit. Sowerby says, “* When the outer
surface of the shell,—which adheres strongly to the stone,—is
broken off, the ridges are much diminished ; and, instead of
convex surfaces, like wire wound about the shell, they are
flat, as if they were formed of square wire. ‘The cast, when
all the shell is removed from it, is also marked by slightly
elevated radii.”

In some specimens, the sides of the volutions are somewhat
compressed ; in others, they are a little inflated; in these
separate conditions, they look considerably different, but
may be at once recognized by the numerous strong annu-
lations.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 51,

Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 41,

MOLLUSCA. ll

41. A. curvatus.— The Bending Ammonite, pl. VIII.
fig. 7, and pl. X. fig. 12.

Ammonites curvatus. Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 118,
pl. 21, fig. 8.; Sowerby, Min. Conch. V1. p. 154, pl. 179,
fig. 2.

Discoidal, carinated, compressed, subumbilicate, with three
deeply inserted volutions, which are ornamented by trans-
verse, falciform, numerous ribs ; these are bifurcated at their
commencement, and terminate in broad, curved, tubercular
costa ; keel with a longitudinal sulcus, situate between two
marginal series of tubercles; ambit flat and narrow; umbi-
licus large, aperture obtusely sagittate; siphuncle situate in
the dorsal furrow.

This species is nearly allied to the following, but appears
quite distinct. Mantell says, “« The curvatures are more
numerous in the Ammonites falcatus than the oblique radii; but,
in the present species, the proportions are reversed, two or
three radii uniting to form one curved rib. The terminations
of the ribs in the latter are tubercular, and separated from
each other by a sulcus ; in the former, they are gently curved,
and appear as if folded or plaited over each other.”

The umbilicus is somewhat deeper than in Ammonites fal-
catus, and is provided with a row of oblique tubercular pro-
cesses, from each of which two or three ribs emanate, and
continue to the centre of the volutions, where they unite, to
form a broad curved rib, that terminates in an oblong-ovate
tubercle on the margins of the ambits. Another tubercle is
situate on the middle of the curved parts. The keel is
grooved, and has two belts of prominent, distinct opposite
tubercles formed by the terminations of the ribs.

Discovered at Hamsey by Mr Mantell.

42. A. FaLcATUs. — The Hooked-ribbed Ammonite,
pl. VIII. fig. 8.

Ammonites faleatus. Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 117,
pl. 21, figs. 6 and 12; Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 153,
pl. 579, fig. 1.

Discoidal, carinated, greatly compressed, subumbilicate ;
with three deeply inserted volutions, flat on both edges ;
sides furnished with numerous close, plicated, falciform ribs,
extending a little way down thie sides of the umbilicus, which
is small, and with crenulated margins; ambit flat, narrow,
and provided with a longitudinal sulcus ; margin plicated ;
aperture sagittate ; siphuncle placed in the furrow, which is
in the centre of the dorsum.

This handsome species is nearly flat, its longest diameter
exceeding its greatest thickness almost four-fifths ; the sides
are slightly inflated in the centre, but are contracted at the
ambit into a narrow flattened carina, with a sulcus in its
centre, and with the edges slightly plicated; the ribs are
extremely slender at their origin in the umbilicus, but gra-
dually increase in breadth as they approach the centre of the
volutions, where they become suddenly curved, and sweep
elegantly towards the dorsal margin, where they terminate in
obtuse folds.

Found at Middleham and Stonehaven, Sussex, in the Gray
Chalk Marle.

43. A. Broccui.—Brocchi’s Ammonite, pl. VIII. fig. 9.

Ammonites Brocchii. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 233,
pl. 202.

Compressed, with three or four greatly rounded volutions ;
the inner ones half concealed ; sides hollow ; ambit circular ;
a row of oblong-ovate ribs commence near the inner margin

12 MOLLUSCA.

of the volutions, and extend to nearly the centre, where they
are met by numerous obtuse, arcuated ribs, passing over the
round ambit; aperture semilunar, inclining to a transverse
ellipsis ; thickness half the diameter of the shell ; septa very
numerous, and beautifully sinuated. Greatest diameter
upwards of five inches.

Found in the inferior Oolite, and also at Dundry.

Named to commemorate that zealous naturalist, the late
M. Brocchi of Nice, author of the beautiful work, entitled,
« Conchiologis Fossilis Subappennina.”

44, A. sErRATUS.— The Serrated Ammonite, pl. VIII.
fig. 10.

Ammonites serratus. — Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 65,
pl. 24.

Discoidal, involute, compressed, carinated, having five volu-
tions two-thirds inserted; with distant, strong arcuated ribs
extending from the ambit to nearly the middle of the volu-
tions ; numerous curved coste emanate from the inner margin
of the volutions, and nearly meet the others in the centre ;
sides of the volutions somewhat concave contiguous to the
keel, which is nearly cylindrical, ornamented with sharp
erenulations, and containing the siphuncele ; aperture narrow,
pentangular, and extending to half the diameter of the shell ;
septa close, with numerous deep undulations. Largest
diameter four inches, thickness one inch.

Found in the Marle, parish of Worlingham, near Beccles,
Suffolk.

The central volutions of this species are very thin, and
specimens are frequently found without them.

45. A. SowErBit.—Sowerby’s Ammonite, pl. IX. fig. 1.

Ammonites Sowerbii—Miller, MS. Catalogue ; Sowerby,
Min. Conch. III. p. 23, pl. 213, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Discoidal, carinated; with four volutions, the inner ones
about half inserted, or, to the base of the tubercles, having a
series of about nine or ten spiriform tubercles in the centre of
each, placed upon obtuse ridges; the inner half of the volu-
tion smooth, the outer half with numerous, slightly bending
ribs, terminating at the keel, which is defined and entire,
projecting greatly, rounded externally, and almost separated
from the volutions, with the siphuncle placed in its outer
extremity ; aperture elliptical. :

Found in the inferior Oolite at Deudry.

There is a variety of this species with a circular aperture,
and the keel sometimes impressed. In this variety the ridges
on which the tubercles are seated are more prominent, and
the carina so far sunk as to have a furrow on each side. The
inner volutions in this variety are less inflated than in the
former.

46. A. Kornrc1—Koenig’s Ammonite, pl. IX. fig. 2.

Ammonites Koenigi—Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 113,
pl. 263, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Discoidal, convex, with six volutions, the inner ones about
half inserted ; sides with distant, strong ribs, which assume
the form of oblong tubercles, commencing at the inner mar-
gins of the volutions, and extending to about the centre,
where they are met by numerous, slightly arcuated, gently
raised ribs, which extend over the rounded ambit; aperture
cordiform, elongated ; septa few, with slightly sinuated lobes.

Found at Kelloways and Charmouth.

In the immature condition this species is more gibbose than
in the adult, consequently the aperture is nearly orbicular, In
the perfect shell, the last or body volutions occupies about
half the diameter of the disk.

AMMONITES-

This fossil is named in honour of Dr Koenig, of the British
Museum, an excellent geologist.

47. A. ListErt.—Lister’s Ammonite, pl. IX. figs. 3 and 6.

Ammonites Listeri. Martin’s Petrifactions of Derbyshire,
pl. 35, fig. 3. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 163, pl. 501, fig. 1.

Subdiscoidal, thickness nearly equal to its diameter, with
five or six narrow volutions, the inner ones partly inserted,
and deeply sunk; back or ambit very convex, broad ; sides
inversely conical, with numerous, strong sharp ribs, which
extend over the ambit, and meet on the opposite side, ter-
minating in a series of strong, elevated, pointed tubercles on
the inner margin of the volutions; general size about an inch
and a half in diameter, and sometimes reaching two inches.

Found in the Limestone of Eyem and Middleton, Derby-
shire, in a Shale stratum belonging to the coal formation. It
occurs in nodules of iron-pyrites or limestone; also in shale
on the Bradford road, about two and a half miles from Hali-
fax, Yorkshire. This stratum extends to Idle near Calverly,
and to Farsley in the neighbourhood of Horseforth, and
stretching in various undulations so far as Leeds.

This is one of those remarkably thickened species which
belong to the same tribe as Ammonites Blagdeni, pl. 12. fig. 9.

Remote annular depressions are observable upon the inside
of the casts of this shell, from which it would appear that the
margin of the aperture was thickened at particular stages of
its growth.

48. A. piscus.—The Quoit Ammonite, pl. IX. fig. 4.

Ammonites discus.—Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 37, pl. 12,
figs. 1 and 2.

Discoidal, umbilicate, much compressed, volutions smooth,
much concealed ; outer margin acuminated ; aperture sagit-
tate, occupying half the diameter of the disk, and one-sixth
in breadth; septa irregularly undulated; aperture sagittate.
Greatest diameter four inches; thickness half an inch.

Discovered in a stone quarry near the House of Industry
at Bedford.

49. A. SrRANGEWAyYsSI.—Strangeway’s Ammonite, pl. IX.
figs. 5 and 10.

Ammonites Strangewasii. — Sowerby, Min. Conch. III.
p- 99, pl. 254, figs. 1 and 3.

Discoidal, carinated; five volutions, with their sides nearly
flat; with an obscure concentric furrow, the margin of the
outer one flattened, slanting from the centre, and the inner
edges of the others obliquely depressed ; the whole crossed
by numerous slightly raised, twice curved, undulating ribs,
which are frequently obscure on the inner side and centre of
the volutions, but larger and more determined on the dorsal
edge ; each of these ribs forms two semicircles, reversed to
one another; aperture oblong; occupying nearly one-third
of the diameter of the disk. Greatest diameter about six
inches. Discovered at Ilminster.

50. A. GrEENoviI— Greenough’s Ammonite, pl. IX. figs.
7, and 8.

Ammonites Greenovii—Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 71,
pl. 132, figs. 1, 2.

Discoidal, compressed ; volutions four or five, two-thirds
inserted, the outer one being nearly half the diameter of the
shell; with obscure ribs, which are most apparent towards
the rounded back, over which they pass; those on the inner
volutions quite distinct; aperture elliptical, with a deep
indentation from the insertion of the volution; siphuncle
placed near the centre of the back margin of the aperture ;
septa close, greatly and beautifully sinuated, and locked into

AMMONITES.

each other at their margins. Greatest diameter varying from
twelve to eighteen and even twenty inches.

Found in the Lias, in the middle and south of England,
and also in the Lias at Lyme Regis.

In the larger specimens there is no appearance of ribs, but
sometimes with a few very remote, slightly indented, diver-
gent furrows, such as we have represented. This beautiful
species is frequently formed of pyrites, and exhibits on its
surface the most splendid iridescent play of colours.

This species was named by Sowerby in honour of the cele-
brated and munificent geologist, J. B. Greenough, Esq. of
London.

51. A. veRTEBRALIS.—The Jointed Ammonite, pl. IX.
fig. 9.

Ammonites vertebralis, Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 147,
pl. 165, figs. 1, 2.

Discoidal, carinated, five volutions, the inner ones partly
inserted ; sides furnished with numerous prominent, slightly
undulating ribs, which are tuberculate in the centre, from
whence they are regularly bifureate, each branch being pro-
vided with a somewhat acute, compressed tubercle near its
middle, from whence the branches curve towards the keel,
where, at their termination, another slightly reflected tubercle
is produced, and the branches reunite on the opposite side ;
keel serrato-tuberculate, resembling in some measure the
vertebral column in mammalia; aperture ten-sided.

Found in the beds of Siliceous sand at Dry Sandford and
Marsham, near Abingdon, Berkshire.

52. A.concavus.—The Concave Ammonite, pl. IX. fig. 11.

Ammonites concavus, Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 214, pl.
94, lower figure.

Discoidal, involute, compressed, carinated, umbilicate ; with
four exposed volutions, concave near the centre, crossed by
numerous, curved, unequally long ribs, which are less distinet
towards their centre; keel sharp, entire; aperture half the
diameter of the disk, acutely triangular ; external angle sub-
rotund, with the interior angles obliquely truncated.

Found at Ihninster.

53. A. Becuer.—De La Beche’s Ammonite, pl. IX. fig. 12.

Ammonites Bechet, Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 143, pl.
280, figs. 1, 2.

Gibbous, umbilicate ; inner volutions entirely concealed ;
sides very prominent, with numerous nearly straight trans-
verse ribs, about two to each tubercle, which are less deve-
loped towards the centre, but increase in strength as they
approach the much rounded ambit, over which they pass con-
tinuously ; these are crossed by many close, elevated, con-
centric strize ; each side provided with two rows of numerous,
small, slightly depressed tubercles, those of the inner row
most prominent ; between these rows the sides are a little
flattened ; aperture large, as wide as it is long, occupying
half the diameter of the shell.

Found in the Blue Lias at Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.

54. A. ELEGANS.—The Elegant Ammonite, pl. IX. fig. 13.

Ammonites elegans, Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 213, pl. 94,
upper figure.

Discoidal, involute, with a very acute entire keel, within
which the small siphunele is placed ; three to four volutions,
much compressed on the sides, the inner ones about two-
thirds inserted ; furnished with numerous, equal, doubly
curved ribs; aperture acutely triangular, occupying about
two-thirds of the disk ; internal angles truneate ; thickness of

MOLLUSCA. 13

the shell about one-third its diameter; septa rather close,
with their margins sinuous and greatly plaited.

Discovered between Ilminster and Yeovil by Mr Strange-
ways. ;

55. A. PLANULATUS.— The Flattened Ammonite, pl. X.
fig. 1.

Ammonites planulatus.
pl. 570, fig. 5.

Discoidal, compressed ; volutions four, inner ones about
one-third inserted, and flat as far as is exposed, flattened on
the sides, and contracted by four or five varices, the whole
with their inner half plain, the other having numerous, broad,
slightly bent, regular, equidistant ribs, passing over the back,
which is much rounded ; aperture oblong-oval.

Found by G. Mantell, Esq. in a Marle pit at Hamsey, near
Lewes.

56. A. SurHERLANDI#.—Sutherland’s Ammonite, pl. X.
fig. 2.

Ammonites Sutherlandie. Marchison, Geological Trans-
actions, 2d Series, II. pt. 2, p. 323; Sowerby, Min. Conch.
VI. p. 121, pl. 563, figs. 1, 2.

Discoidal, gibbous, umbilicate; two or three volutions,
inner ones much inserted; and only partly seen within the
large and deep umbilicus ; sides smooth and plain ; back very
thick, and regularly rounded; length of the aperture about
equal to half the diameter of the shell, which is nearly ten
inches.

Discovered by R. I. Murchison, Esq. in the White sand-
stone at Braambury Hill, Brora, Sutherlandshire, and in the
Coral Oolite and Caleareous grit of Yorkshire.

Named in honour of the Duchess Countess of Sutherland.

There is a remarkable specimen in the Collection of the
Geological Society, which was found by the quarrymen, and
presented to the late Duke of Sutherland. It was supposed
to have been a fossil human skull; it is compressed, and
somewhat resembles a Scaphite.

57. A. sELLIGUINOUS.—The Selliguinous Ammonite, pl. X.
fig. 3.

Ammonites levigatus.
pl. 540, fig. 1.

Discoidal, smooth; inner volutions few, almost wholly
inserted, the outer one enlarging rapidly ; external margin or
ambit obtuse; aperture very narrow, forming an elongated
ellipsis, which is rendered sagittate by the indentation of the
volution.

Discovered in the Folkstone Marle, near Warminster, by
Miss Bennet, and found at Cheriton, near Sandgate, Kent, in
the Tile clay, by Dr Fittom.

58. A. cincrus.—The Girdled Ammonite, pl. X. fig. 4.

Ammonites cinctus. Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 116;
Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 122, pl. 564, fig. 1.

Discoidal, subumbilicate ; volutions three, depressed, three-
fourths inserted, with transverse, annular, bifureate, undulated
ribs ; umbilicus expanded, with a marginal zone of oblique
tubercles ; ambit convex, embraced by the ribs; aperture
ovato-sagittate.

Mantell says of his specimen, “ The volutions, although
compressed, have a slight degree of convexity, and are orna-
mented by transverse radiations that arise from a row of small
tubercles on the inner margin. Each radius (vib) divides into
two branches, which pass with a gentle sweep across the

ambit, and unite with the corresponding undulations of the
D

Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 136,

Sowerby, Min. Conch. VII. p. 93,

14 MOLLUSCA.

opposite side; small oblique tubercles are placed on each
radius at the point of bifurcation.” The ambit is slightly
undulated by the ribs. Greatest diameter three inches and
six-eighths ; thickness of the outer volution one inch anda
half; of the aperture one and an eighth of an inch.

This species somewhat approaches in appearance to Am-
monites varians, in having bifurcated ribs, and a row of
tubercles on the inner margin, but is widely different by the
rounded form of its back, and other obvious distinctions.

Found in the Gray Chalk Marle at Middleham, Sussex, by
G. Mantell, Esq.

59. A. catittus.—The Porringer Ammonite, pl. X. fig. 5.

Ammonites catillus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 123,
pl. 564, fig. 2.

Discoidal, much compressed ; three or four volutions, two-
thirds concealed, their inner margins narrow and obtuse ;
sides even, with a row of short tubercles on each side of the
margin, which are transposed into obscure undulations on the
outer volution; aperture lanceolate-sagittate, with obtuse
angles. Greatest diameter six inches; thickness not quite
an inch.

Discovered in the upper Green-sand in a quarry at Nursted,
near Petersfield, by Mrs Murchison.

60. A. Murcuisona#.—Murchison’s Ammonite, pl. X. fig. 6.

Ammonites Murchisone. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 95,
pl. 550.

Discoidal, carinated ; six or seven compressed volutions,
with obtusely truncated inner edges, producing a concave
surface, the inner ones about two-thirds concealed; sides
provided with obtuse undulations or lines of growth, which
are usually bifureate as they approach towards the rounded
ambit ; aperture semi-elliptical, its sides are slightly produced
lobes ; keel but slightly protruding, and containing the
siphuncle.

In the young condition the sides of this Ammonite are
furnished with transverse ribs, which are irregular in their
development, and exist until the fossil is about two inches in
diameter, when they become suddenly smooth, exhibiting only
lines of growth.

Discovered by Mrs Murchison in a calcareous nodule, at
the base of a micaceous Sandstone rock, east of Holme, near
Portree, Isle of Skye, and in the inferior Oolite at Allington
near Bridport.

Named in honour of that scientific lady.

61. A. spr1nosus.—The Spined Ammonite, pl. X. figs. 7,
8; 9.

Ammonites spinosus.
pl. 540, fig. 2.

Discoidal ; four volutions, inner ones exposed ; with nume-
rous sharp, forked ribs, which become nearly lost as they pass
towards the ambit ; aperture subrotund.

When young, the ribs of this shell are furnished with four
rows of spines, about twenty on each, which are connected at
their base by two or three ribs on each; these gradually dis-
appear by age; when the shell has reached an inch in diameter,
they are almost entirely extinct, leaving only sharp, irregular
ribs.

Found in Clay near Weymouth, and also at Braunston.

62. A. pENARIus.—The Denier Ammonite, pl. X. figs.
10, 11.

Ammonites denarius.
pl. 540, fig. 1.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 78,

Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 78,

AMMONITES.

Discoidal, compressed ; four partly exposed volutions, flat-
tened on the edge, and provided with a row of ten or twelve
conical obtuse tubercles on each side, all of which are united
to two ribs, with usually a third rib- between each, and there
are in all about thirty arcuated ribs, which terminate abruptly
near the back, but none of these extend beyond the tubercles
on the interior sides of the volutions ; aperture oblong, which
in the young state is longer than wide, with the tubercles but
slightly elevated.

Discovered on Blackdown Common by H.H. Goodhall, Esq.

This species may be distinguished from the Ammonites
tuberculatus, pl. XIV. fig. 1, and the A. lautus, pl. VIII.
fig. 1, by the blunt and depressed termination of the ribs upon
the back.

63. A. Bropia@1.—Brodie’s Ammonite, pl. X. fig. 13.

Ammonites Brodiei. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 71,
pl. 351.

Discoidal, gibbous, very largely umbilicate ; seven nearly
half concealed volutions, provided with distant transverse
strong ribs, the intervening sulci being about equal in breadth ;
these emanate from near the edges of the volutions, and
extend to the centre, where they become very broad, and are
each ornamented by an obtuse, nearly round tubercle, from
whence proceed numerous lesser, slightly curved ribs, which
pass over the rounded ambit, to the number of about four to
each of the larger ribs, and meet the strong tubercular ribs
on the opposite side ; aperture curved and transversely oblong ;
greatest diameter nearly four and a half inches.

Found on Portland Island by James Brodie, Esq.

64. A. Humpuries1aAnus.—Humphries’ Ammonite, pl. X.
figs. 14, 15.

Ammonites Humphriesianus.
p- 161, pl. 500, fig. 1.

Discoidal, very thick ; with five volutions, the inner ones
exposed; sides ornamented with large, numerous, distant
ribs, extending to nearly the centre of the volutions, where
they are provided with large oblong-ovate, somewhat conical
tubercles, from whence they branch into three arcuated
smaller ribs, and passing over the greatly rounded ambit,
meet at the tubercles on the opposite side; in the inner
volutions the tubercles are placed close to the suture, or line
of separation; these inner volutions are much flatter on the
back than the others, consequently producing quadrangular
sections ; aperture in the young shell arcuated, oblong, and
in the older shell semilunar.

Found in the inferior Oolite of Sherborne.

65. A. PERAMPLUS.—The Very Large Ammonite, pl. XI.
fig. 1.

Ammonites peramplus. Mantell, Fossils of the South
Downs, p. 200; Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 79, pl. 357.

Discoidal, four or five ventricose volutions, the inner ones
nearly half inserted, the outer one increasing rapidly in
dimensions, and occupying one-third the diameter of the
disk ; sides provided with a few, distant, obtuse ribs, which
are most conspicuous on the inner sides of the volutions, and
become obsolete before reaching the rounded and_ plain
ambit; aperture transversely obovate; septa crisped and
deeply sinuated. ‘

Discovered by G. Mantell, Esq. near Lewes. From the
great dimensions of some fragments found by that gentleman,
he supposes the diameter of the shell must have been about
three feet in its perfect condition.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. V.

AMMONITES.

66. A. PERARMATUS.—The Well-armed Ammonite, pl. XI.
fig. 2.

Ammonites perarmatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. p. 72,
pl. 352.

Discoidal, compressed ; four exposed volutions, armed with
two concentric series of acute tubercles; these are transversely
united by eighteen or twenty pairs of obtuse ribs upon each
volution ; the remaining portion of the shell is plain and
flat; ambit rounded; aperture longer than wide, almost
orbicular, and occupying in length about one-third of the
diameter of the disk. Greatest diameter eight and a half
inches.

Found in the Coral Rag at Malton, in the Coral Oolite,
Calcareous Grit, and Kelloway’s Rock, Yorkshire.

67. A. Smrrui.—Smith’s Ammonite, pl. XI. figs. 4, 5.

Ammonites Smithi. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 148,
pl. 406, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

Discoidal, compressed, carinated ; five nearly wholly ex-
posed volutions, crossed by many slightly curved distant
ribs; sides flattened; keel obtuse ; aperture oblong-ovate.
Greatest diameter two inches.

The surface of this species exhibits a beautiful pearlaceous
lustre. It is subject to great variety in its aspect from the
young to the adult state. In its very young stages, it is
nearly globose, entirely plain, and umbilicate, as in fig. 3; as
it inereases in growth, its ribs are gradually developed, first
in the form of somewhat elongated tubercles, near the margin
of the umbilicus ; soon after this, the keel appears, and it
then approaches its mature state, with the flattened shape
and fully formed ribs, as in fig. 4.

Found associated with Ammonites planicosta, pl. VIL. fig. 7,
in the dark Marly Limestone, called Marston Stone, at
Marston Magna, near IIchester, and also at Evershot, Somer-
setshire. It bears some resemblance to that species, but is at
once distinguished by the ribs being destitute of the tubercu-
lated sharpness of that shell.

Named in honour of W. Smith, Esq. an excellent geologist,
and author of a Geological Map of England, &e.

68. A. rrpuLAtus.— The Button and Loop Ammonite,
pl. XI. fig. 5.

Ammonites armatus. Young and Bird, Geology of York-

shire, p. 250, pl. 13, fig. 9. A. fibulatus. Sowerby, Min.

Conch. IV. p. 147, pl. 407, fig. 2.

Discoidal, much compressed ; six volutions, the inner ones
almost entirely exposed, flattened on their sides, with their
inner margins plain; traversed by numerous transverse ribs,
which are joined in pairs by smooth spines; these increase
the uncommon flatness of this species, by filling up at inter-
vals the suture which separates the volutions; there are
placed at unequal distances ribs which pass over the dorsal
margin without uniting with the spines; these are more
numerous in the external volutions, and in some instances,
alternate with the spines; each rib, when disengaged from
the spine, is distinctly separated into two, consequently a
greater number of costez pass over the back than are found
upon the sides of the shell; aperture oblong. It is distin-
guished from Ammonites armatus, pl. VIII. fig. 2, by its
smooth spines.

Found in the Lias, at Whitby, &c. Yorkshire.

69. A. suBaRMATUs.— The Subarmed Ammonite, pl. XI.
fig. 1.

Ammonites subarmatus. Young and Bird, Geology of

MOLLUSCA. 15

Yorkshire, p. 250, pl. 13, fig. 8; Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV.
p- 146, pl. 407, fig. 1.

Discoidal, compressed, concave; six volutions, the inner
ones almost entirely exposed ; sides crossed by slightly curved
ribs, which are frequently united in pairs by smooth spines
at their exterior extremities, continuing to nearly the central
volution, but on the outer volutions these generally disap-
pear; and the ribs, which, in the earlier volutions, are usually
divided before they pass over the back, are but seldom split.

The spines are hollow, the sides of the volutions are
convex and increase rather rapidly in size, but are, like
the Ammonites mutabiles, pl. XIII. fig. 7, a little constricted
in some places.

Found in the Lias, at Whitby, Yorkshire.

70. A. Davat.—Davy’s Ammonite, pl. XI. fig. 7.

Ammonites Davei.— Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 70,
pl. 350.

Discoidal, compressed; about five entirely exposed volu-
tions, their sides almost flat, with very numerous transverse,
slightly arcuated ribs, the interstices between them being
nearly equal to their breadth, with a series of remote obtuse
tubercles in the centre of the volutions, each covering about
four of the sulci; aperture nearly orbicular. Found in the
Blue Lias at Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.

Named in honour of the distinguished Sir Humphrey Davy.

71. A. Lavicatus.—The Smooth Ammonite, pl. XI. fig. 8.

Ammonites levigatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 135,
pl. 570, fig. 3.

Diseoidal, compressed, smooth; three convex volutions,
the inner ones exposed ; aperture transversely oblong-ovate,
with a thickened margin, somewhat produced in front.

Found in the Lias, at Lyme- Regis.

72. A. parvus.—The Small Ammonite, pl. XI. fig. 9.

Ammonites parvus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 70, pl.
449, fig. 2.

Discoidal ; four or five gradually enlarging volutions, the
inner ones exposed; sides furnished with numerous, elevated,
obtuse, divergent, undulating strie; ambit considerably
rounded ; aperture ovate, occupying one-third of the diameter
of the disk.

Discovered in the shaft, while sinking a well at Tunbridge,
eighty feet below the surface.

73. A. cristaTus.—The Cristed Ammonite, pl. XI. fig. 10.

Ammonites cristatus. Defrance, MSS.; Sowerby, Min.
Conch. V. p. 24, pl. 421, fig. 3.

Lenticular, compressed, carinated; inner volutions con-
cealed, the outer one increasing rapidly ; keel thin, largely
and deeply notched.

Found at Weymouth by Mr Bryer.

74. A. Baxertz. — Baker’s Ammonite, pl. XI. fig. 11,
and 14.

Ammonites Bakerie. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 134.
pl. 570, figs. 1, 2.

Discoidal, compressed ; four volutions, inner ones exposed ;
sides with transverse, numerous, furcated, armed ribs, and
about ten or eleven sinuous lines, —which are its distinguishing
characteristic,—extending over the back; aperture oblong-
ovate.

Discovered by Miss Baker in an indurated nodule of
Marle amongst Alluvium, parish of Braunston, Northamp-
tonshire, and named in honour of that lady.

75. A. Herveyi.—Hervey’s Ammonite, pl. XI. fig. 12.

16 MOLLUSCA.

Ammonites Herveyi. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 215,
pl. 195.

Discoidal, gibbous, umbilicate ; four volutions, the inner
ones nearly concealed ; sides with numerous, arcuated, sharp,
bifurcate, or trifureate ribs, commencing within the margin
of the umbilicus, extending to the dorsal margin, and passing
over the ambit, unite with the ribs of the opposite side ;
umbilicus very deep, with the sides smooth, and a little quad-
rangular ; aperture semilunar, with obtuse angles ; thickness
of the shell nearly equal to half its diameter. Greatest
diameter five and a half inches.

In some instances, the branches of the ribs, after having
passed over the back, do not reunite with those immediately
opposite ; and sometimes the third branches are left free at
their terminations.

Discovered on the property of the Earl of Bristol, near
Spalden, Lincolnshire ; and found at Bradford, Wiltshire ;
Knowle’s Hill, Somersetshire ; in the Kelloway’s Rock, and
Cornbrash, Yorkshire ; and in the inferior Oolite, middle and
south of England.

Named in honour of the Earl of Bristol.

76. A. Brooxt.—Brooke’s Ammonite, pl. XI. fig. 12.

Ammonites Brooki. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 203,
pl. 190.

Discoidal, compressed, carinated ; four or five volutions,
the inner ones not quite half concealed ; sides with numerous
strong, simple, arcuated ribs, and also marked by fine lines of
growth, the sulci and ribs being of equal breadth ; keel round,
entire, with a deep furrow on each side; aperture oblong-
ovate, about a third of the diameter of the shell. Greatest
diameter about six and a half inches.

Found in the Blue Lias of Lyme Regis, and named in honour
of H. J. Brooke, Esq.

77. A. varicosus.—The Warted Ammonite, pl. XII. fig. 1.

Ammonites varicosus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 74,
pl. 451, figs. 4, 5.

Discoidal, compressed ; six or seven exposed volutions ;
both sides provided with an irregular row of tubercles
upon their inner margin, and with large semilunar, curved,
obtuse ribs, extending from the inside of the volutions to the
sides of the keel, which is distinct; aperture oblong, about
one-third of the diameter of the disk.

When young, this species is distinctly carinated ; the inner
edges of the volutions are provided with a series of small
tubercles, which are united to the ribs, where they are
developed, and as they increase in size, they become large,
broad, and obtuse, eventually extending over the keel, and
entirely conceal it in the full grown shell. This great
change has frequently led to their being taken for different
species, in those separate conditions of growth, but on a
careful examination of the inner volutions, the form of the
young shell may frequently be traced.

Found in the Green-sand of Blackdown.

78. A. RHoTOMAGENSIS.—The Rouen Ammonite, pl. XII.
fig. 2.

Ammonites rhotomagensis. Cuvier and Brongniart, Eny.
de Paris, p. 83, pl. 6, fig. 2; Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI.
p- 25, pl. 515. Ammonites Sussexensis. Mantell, Geology
of Sussex, p. 114, pl. 20. fig. 2, and pl. 21, fig. 10.

Discoidal, thick, subumbilicate ; four subquadrangular vo-
lutions, the inner ones partly inserted; sides flattish, with
many transverse, nearly straight, strong prominent ribs, having
three short, blunted tubercles upon the back, and two, more

AMMONITES.

or less obtuse, on each side; aperture oblong, and nearly
quadrangular; septa foliaceous. Greatest diameter twelve
inches.

This species is nearly allied to Ammonites Mantelli, pl. 4,
figs. 4 and 9, but is distinguished by the ribs almost invaria-
bly reaching across the volutions, as well as by its flattened
sides, its wide umbilicus, and the central row of tubercles on
the ambit. In the adult shell, the ribs are prominent and
somewhat angular, the ambit broad and flat, and the central
row of tubercles nearly obsolete.

Found at Hamsey, Sussex, in the Gray Chalk Marle, and
in the Chalk of Wiltshire.

78. A. suBRADIATUS.—The Subradiated Ammonite, pl. XII.
fig. 3.

Ammonites subradiatus.
pl. 421. fig. 2.

Lenticular, umbilicate, carinate ; inner volutions entirely
concealed ; sides covered with numerous doubly curved ribs,
obscure in the middle of the disk, but stronger on the outer
margin, where they are furcated ; ambit rather obtuse; keel
small and entire, but not much developed; umbilicus small ;
aperture sagittate ; thickness of the shell about a fifth of its
diameter.

Found betwixt Bath and Bristol, in a mass of Ironshot
Oolite.

79. A. Tayror1.—Taylor’s Ammonite, pl. XII. fig. 4.

Ammonites Taylori. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 23,
pl. 514, fig. 1.

Discoidal, with three entirely exposed volutions,—the inner
ones small,—the whole crossed by about twelve remote, strong,
prominent ribs, all of them provided with a large spiniform
tubercle on each side of the ambit, and one or two slight
protuberances on the rounded sides of the volutions ; aperture
somewhat transverse and nearly round, its length not quite
one-third of the diameter of the shell.

Discovered in a mass of indurated Clay, somewhat like
Ironstone, in Happisbury Cliff.

Named in honour of its discoverer, R. Taylor, Esq. of
Norwich.

80. A. u1ppocostANUM.—The Horse-chestnut Ammon-
ite, pl. XII. fig. 5.

Ammonites hippocastanum.
p- 24, pl. 514, fig. 2.

Gibbose ; thickness equal to two-thirds its diameter ; um-
bilicated ; four convex, deeply inserted, nearly concealed
volutions; crossed by ten or twelve distant, almost straight,
unequal, considerably elevated ribs, each provided with
three tubercles upon the back or ambit, and having obtuse,
oblong, somewhat tubercular elevations on their sides ; aper-
ture transverse, obovate.

This species may at first sight be mistaken for the Ammon-
ites rhotomagensis, but differs in the convexity of the sides of
the volutions, in the ribs being thicker and less numerous, and
in the tubercles being larger, as well as in its greater compa-
rative thickness.

Discovered by H. T. De La Beche, Esq. in the Chalk at
Dowlands, which abounds in grains of Green-sand and Quartz,
and is found also at Lyme Regis.

81. A. BREVISPINA.—The Short-spined Ammonite, pl. XII.
fig. 6.

Ammonites brevispina. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 106,
pl. 556; Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I. p. 174.

Discoidal, with five or six entirely exposed, compressed

Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 23,

Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI.

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AMMONITES.

yolutions, with numerous, somewhat obtuse, slightly curved
ribs, emanating from the suture, and passing over the back,
where they become more elevated, and each rib is furnished
with two small short spines on both sides, situate near the
inner and outer edges of the volutions ; aperture obovate.

Discovered in the Lias at Pabba, Western Islands of Scot-
land, by R. J. Murchison, Esq.; and also in the Lias of
Yorkshire.

82. A. pLaNorBIs.— The Planorbis-shaped Ammonite,
pl. XII. fig. 7. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 248.

Ammonites planorbis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 69. pl.
448. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 248.

Discoidal, with three or four smooth, rapidly increasing
volutions, two-thirds exposed, much compressed, and crossed
by numerous very fine lines of growth.

This Ammonite, for the most part, exhibits, on its external
surface, the most beautiful iridescent reflections.

Found in the slaty clay, connected with the Lias, at Wat-
chet, Somersetshire, and also in Lincolnshire. It is by no
means scarce.

83. A. GuLie-mi1.—Williams’s Ammonite, pl. XII. fig. 8.
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 246.

Ammonites Gulielmii. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 5.
pl. 311.

Lenticular, much compressed, with a narrow and flat ambit;
five or six exposed volutions, crossed by numerous dissimilar,
arcuated, acute ribs ; each of the longer ones provided with a
tubercle at their inner ends, and another at about a third of
their length. Here they divide and alternate with shorter
and more numerous ribs, which terminate in a border of
round, prominent, distinct tubercles, on each side of the
ambit ; aperture elliptical, somewhat more than one-third as
wide as long.

Found in the Oxford clay, south-west of England.

It isnamed to commemorate Dr George Williams, Professor
of Botany, Oxford.

84. A. BLacpEent. — Blagden’s Ammonite, pl. XII. fig. 9.
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 245.

Ammonites Blagdeni. Sowerby, Min. Conch. If. p. 231.
pl. 201. Phillip’s Geology of Yorkshire, I. p. 151.; De Ja
Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 371.

Sub-cylindrical, very deeply umbilicate, occupying the
entire disk; five or six volutions, almost wholly exposed,
crossed by numerous strong radiating ribs, which gradually
thicken as they diverge from the centre, each terminating
upon the outer edge, by a large spiniform tubercle. The
inner volutions are deeply sunk, and not above an eighth of
the thickness of the ambit, which is very broad, slightly con-
vex, and fluted, to the extent of four or five furrows to each
of the marginal tubercles ; aperture transverse, quadrangular,
and three times as wide as long; greatest diameter, about six
inches and three quarters ; thickness, four and a half inches.

Found in the Great or Bath Oolite of Yorkshire, and in
the Inferior Oolite at Dundry and also in Normandy.

Named in memory of Sir Thomas Blagden.

85. A. Leacui1.—Leach’s Ammonite, pl. XII. fig. 10.

Ammonites Leachii. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 73, pl.
242, fig. 4. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 243.

Compressed, with four volutions ; the inner ones half
inserted ; crossed by numerous, undulating, pretty prominent,
frequently furcated ribs, which are arcuated as they pass
over the front, inclining to the aperture ; ambit sharp,
erenated ; aperture ovate.

MOLLUSCA. 17

Found in the Lias at Weymouth ; and named in honour of
Dr William Elford Leach, the late distinguished zoologist
of the British Museum.

This species is nearly allied to Ammonites Lamberti, pl.
V. fig. 1; but differs from it in being more gibbous, and in
the ribs being more prominent and less numerous.

86. A. corruGatus. — The Wrinkled Ammonite, pl. 12,
fig. 11. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 244.

Ammonites corrugatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 74,
pl. 451. fig. 3; De la Beche, Geo. Manual, p. 375.

Discoidal, carinated ; having four volutions, crossed by
numerous, elevated, slightly curved, and furcated ribs, the
fureations near the centre ; the minor ones three-fourths con-
cealed ; with a broad umbilicus, which exposes part of the
inner volutions; back obtuse, with a distinct carina in its
centre ; aperture obovate.

Found at Dundry, in the Iron-shot Oolite.

This shell somewhat resembles the Ammonites leviusculus,
pl. XVII. fig. 7, but is considerably thicker, the back broader,
and the ribs more prominent.

87. A. FUNIFERUS.— The Corded Ammonite, pl. XIII.
fig. 1.

Ammonites funiferus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I.
p- 142, pl. 6. fig. 23.

Lenticular, deeply umbilicate, carinated, thick in the
centre, and thin at the external margins ; slightly and
obscurely ribbed transversely, with stronger grooves passing
over the thinly carinated back ; inner volutions concealed ;
aperture acutely sagittate, much compressed, and nearly
equal in length to half the diameter of the shell ; greatest
diameter about four inches.

Found in the Kelloways Rock at Scarborough.

This species is nearly allied to Ammonites excavatus, pl.
VI. fig. 7.

88. A. prycHompHaLus.—The Plaited-umbilicus Ammo-
nite, pl. XIII. figs. 2 and 11.

Ammonites plicomphalus. Sowerby,
p- 82 and 145, pl. 359 and 404.
De la Beche, Geo. Man. p. 370.

Discoidal, largely umbilicate, around which are from eight
to ten divergent, wide, somewhat acute protuberances ;
ambit rounded and plain; aperture ovate, about three-
sevenths of the last volution in size ; a little straitened
towards the back; greatest diameter about five inches anda half.

Figure 2 represents the adult fossil, and figure 11 the
young, in which condition it is very different from the old
state, being provided with numerous, close, slightly bent,
transverse furrows.

Found in the sandstone at Bolingbroke, Lincolnshire, by
Mr Weir; the Kimmeridge clay, Yorkshire ; and in the
Oxford clay, Normandy.

89. A. LENTICULARIS. — The Lens-shaped Ammonite, pl.
XIII. fig. 3.

Ammonites lenticularis, Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I.
p. 142, pl. 6, fig. 25.

Lenticular, smooth, inner volutions concealed, umbilicate,
with a plain, slightly rounded keel ; aperture sagittate,
equal to nearly the half of the diameter of the shell; consi-
derably thickened in the centre, and sloping off towards the
thin smoothly carinated ambit.

Found by Professor Phillips, in the Kelloways Rock at
Scarborough.

Min. Conch. IV.
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 244.

E

18 MOLLUSCA.

90. A. catrnus.—The Chain Ammonite, pl. XIII. fig. 4.

Ammonites Catina, Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 21. pl-
420. Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 198, pl. 22, fig. 10.
Buckland, Geology and Mineralogy Considered, II. p. 59,
pl. 37, fig. 8.

Depressed, with from six to eight smooth volutions, with
flattened sides, the inner ones exposed; provided with two
series of short, blunt, moderately sized, conical, round pointed
tubercles on each side of the interior and exterior angles of
the volutions ; ambit a little convex; aperture quadrangular ;
margins of the septa sharp and deeply sinuated. Largest
diameter about thirteen inches.

Little is known of the perfect condition of this fossil, as
little else has hitherto been found of it but casts of the
chambers; these have usually suffered so much by the
destroying hand of time, that they are but slightly attached,
and appear like the concatenations of a chain. From the
small portions of the shell which have been seen, it appears to
be quite smooth, divested of ribs or undulations, excepting
in its young condition.

Found embedded in sand, in Marsham Field, near Abing-
don, Berkshire.

9]. A. PaRKENSONI. — Parkinson’s Ammonite, pl. XIII.
fig. 5.

Ammonites Parkinsoni, Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 1,
pl. 307. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 375. Fleming, Brit.
An. p. 244.

Discoidal, with from seven to nine slightly convex
volutions, the inner ones exposed ; crossed by numerous,
considerably elevated and arcuated ribs, which are bent for-
ward at their exterior ends; they are furcated near the ambit,
which is narrow and plain, upon which they nearly meet ;
aperture oblong, narrowed towards the back. Greatest
diameter eighteen inches.

Found in the Lias at Yeovil, and Holienstein, Saxony, and
in the inferior Oolite, Bayeux.

92. A. Sorarts.—The Sun Ammonite, pl. XIII. fig. 6.

Ammonites Solaris, Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I. p.
135, pl. 4. fig. 29. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 370.

Discoidal, carinated, with four nearly flat volutions, the
inner ones exposed; provided with numerous elevated smooth
ribs, reaching entirely across the volutions, and slightly bent
forward at their exterior ends, where they are terminated
by the acutely triangular keel; aperture spatuliform, acute
next the ambit. ‘

Found in the Caleareous Grit at Scarborough, by Mr Wil-
liamson. _

93. A. MUTAEILIs.— The Mutable Ammonite, pl. XIII.
figs. 7 and 9.

Ammonites mutabilis, Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 145,
fizs. 1 and 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 246.

Shell compressed, with from four to five smooth volutions,
the inner ones two-thirds exposed, exhibiting tuberculated,
wide set ribs; ambit rounded; aperture ovato-sagittate.
Largest diameter ten inches; thickness of external volutions
an inch and a half.

Fig. 9 represents the shell in its young state, when there
is a narrow flattened zone in the centre of the ambit, from
whence emanate numerous close-set, somewhat curved ribs,
which extend to about the centre of the volutions, where they
meet a series of compressed, oblong-ovate tubercies, which
reach to the inner margin of the volutions; the whole interior

AMMONITES:-

sides of the volutions are smooth. It is only in the very
immature state that the tubercles are formed, as they are no
longer met with in specimens of two inches diameter; but
the external ribs are visible in specimens of six inches
diameter, after which they imperceptibly disappear; and
the ambit becomes more rounded, the sides quite smooth,
and are somewhat obliquely compressed towards the back,
which produces the obtuse sagittate form of the aperture.
The external surface is nacred; and at remote, but unequal
intervals, there are slight contractions in the volutions.

Discovered in the Clunch Clay near Horncastle, by George
Weir, Esq.

94. A. ocutatus.—The Eyed Ammonite. pl. XIII. fig. 8.

Ammonites oculatus, Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I.
p- 138, pl. 5, fig. 16.

Shell compressed, and slightly depressed; umbilicate ;
interior volutions hidden; numerous depressed undulating
ribs emanate from the margin of the umbilicus, and extend
to near the ambit, where they meet a series of very remote,
nearly circular, depressed tubercles, between which and the
back is smooth; a series of close-set oblong tubercles invest
both sides of the ambit, which is smooth.

Found in the Oxford Clay at Scarborough.

95. A. aTHLETA.— The Champion Ammonite, pl. XIII.
fig. 8.

Ammonites athleta.
141, pl. 6, fig. 19.

Shell strong, with six volutions, the inner ones almost
wholly exposed ; sides crossed by numerous, strong, elevated
ribs, with an oblong produced tubercle at each end, those on
the outer margin considerably larger than the others ; each
of these divide into three narrow exserted smooth ribs, on
the flattened and square ambit, uniting with the tubercles on
the opposite side; the interior volutions gradually diminish
in thickness as they approach the centre, the whole side
forming a widely reversed cone; aperture nearly quad-
rangular.

Found in the Kelloways Rock at Hackness, and in the
Oxford Clay, Yorkshire.

96. A. TUBERCULATUS.—The Tuberculated Ammonite, pl.
XIV. fig. 1.

Ammonites tuberculatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 4,
pl. 310, fig. 1, 2, 3; Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 92;
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 246; De la Beche, Geo. Manuel,
p- 294.

Compressed umbilicate, with five convex volutions, the
inner ones two-thirds exposed ; ambit flat; transversely ribbed,
the costz oblong, arising in threes from large circular tubercles,
uniting in pairs towards the back, and forming large com-
pressed tubercles on each side of the ambit, which is broad,
with a deep narrow sulcus or groove in its centre ; aperture
suborbicular ; septa very foliaceous.

In immature shells, the sides of the volutions are very
convex, with a transverse aperture ; the tubercles are situate
near the centre of the volutions. Length of the aperture
about two-fifths of the diameter of the outer volution, and its
width varying according to age.

Found in a stratum of Marle, under the Chalk at Folkstone,
and in the Blue Chalk Marl at Ringmer, Sussex ; also in the
the same kind of strata at Cambridge, and other parts of
England.

This is a strongly marked species, and has somewhat the

Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I. p.

AMMONITES.

appearance of Ammonites biplicatus, figs. 8. of this plate, but
differs from it in the situation and size of its tubercles, and
in their being united by single ribs, which are not curved ;
in the volutions being less inserted; in the ambit being
sulcated ; and in the marginal tubercles being opposed to each
other in place of alternating, which character also separates it
from A. auritus, pl. VII. fig. 9.

97. A. Sroxesi1.—Stoke’s Ammonite, pl. XIV. fig. 2.

Ammonites Stohesii. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 205, pl.
191; De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 374; Fleming, Brit.
An. p. 242. ,

Lenticular, depressed; inner edge of volutions strongly
defined ; crossed by numerous slightly elevated ribs, which
are narrow at their interior side, and gradually thicken as
they approach the ambit, where they have a slight curvature
towards the aperture, and become obsolete near the back of
the shell; inner volutions half concealed; ambit thin and
crenulated ; the whole shell exhibits marks of concentric striz ;
aperture sagittate.

Found by Professor Buckland in a Marl bed, in the inferior
Oolite series, near Bridport, Dorsetshire, and named in honour
of Charles Stokes, Esq. a zealous and accomplished naturalist.
It also occurs in the middle of England.

98. A. pRoBoscIDEUS.—The Proboscis Ammonite, pl. XIV.
fig. 3.

Ammonites proboscideus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p.
4. pl. 310, fig. 4, 5; Fleming, Brit. An. p. 246.

Depressed, with four or five ventricose partly concealed
volutions ; outer one provided with two rows of large, remote,
blunted, almost cylindrical tubercles ; the inner series con-
tinuing along the exposed portion of the central volutions,
and marking their line of separation; ambit concave, with
the outer series of large tubercles on both its edges ; aperture
orbicular, its width being about a third of the diameter of the
shell.

Sowerby mentions two varieties of this species.

1. With the tubercles connected by very irregular and
short ribs.

2. Destitute of ribs.

This species is distinguished from the A. tuberculatus, fig.
1. of this plate, by having only eight tubercles on each volu-
tion, in place of twelve, which marks that species ; it has also
a broader and ill defined back, with a very large siphuncle.

Found in the Marl, under the Chalk at Folkstone, Cam-
bridge, and other places.

99. A. DeENTAaTUs.— The Toothed Ammonite, pl. XIV.
fig. 4.

Ammonites dentatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 3. pl.
308; Fleming, Brit. An. p. 244. A. serratus; Parkinson,
Geolo. Trans. V. p. 57.

Discoidal, umbilicated ; with numerous, prominent, slightly
curved ribs, fureated near their origin, and terminating upon
the margin of the ambit, where they are a little thickened
and bent forward; producing on each side of the back a
serrated margin, with a plain, flat, intermediate space ; aper-
ture, two-fifths of the diameter of the shell, long, and one-
fourth wide.

Found in the Marle below the Chalk at Folkstone.

100. A. Hystrix.— The Hedgehog Ammonite, pl. XIV.
fig. 5.

Ammonites Hystrix. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I. p.
123, pl. 2, fig. 44; De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 294.

MOLLUSCA. 19

Discoidal, volutions moderately inflated, furnished with
transverse elevated ribs, emanating from the inner margin, —
which is well defined, and terminating on the ambit, where
they have a gentle curve forward; each rib provided with
three series of tubercles, all of which appear to have been
elevated, subulate, and sharp pointed ; those on the inner
margin, a quarter of an inch in length, and pointing back-
wards; the central series are obtuse, as if worn down ; while
the dorsal ones, which are entire, are nearly half an inch in
length, and are curved forward.

Found in the Speeton Clay at Speeton, Yorkshire.

Professor Phillips says, this species is “allied to Ammonites
Mantelli, of which it may prove to be one of the many
varieties which, in Sussex, lie in the gray Marle.” We, how-
ever, cannot agree with the professor in this opinion.

101. A, Wootcari.—Woolgar’s Ammonite, pl. XIV. fig.
6, 7.

Ammonites Woolgari. Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 197,
pl. 21, fig. 16, and pl. 22, fig. 7; Fleming, Brit. An. p. 242 ;
De la Beche, Geo. Man. p. 372 and 383; Sowerby, Min.
Conch. VI. p. 165, pl. 587, fig. 1.

Discoidal, depressed, carinated ; with three or four volu-
tions, the central ones one-third inserted ; sides of the
central volutions compressed, and ornamented with remote,
slightly curved ribs, inclining towards the aperture, termina-
ting on the outer margin in compressed, carinated tubercles,
or spinous projections ; keel acute and deeply serrated. In
some specimens, there are two tubercles on the outer extre-
mity of each rib, and one on the inner margin.

Found in the Lower Chalk, near Lewes, Sussex.

So different are the central volutions of this fossil from the
external one, that they might easily be mistaken as belonging
to distinet species, if separated from each other. They are
considerably compressed, and provided with elevated, curved
ribs ; while the outer one is inflated, and provided with ten
large, conical, spinous, parallel tubercles, on each side of the
keel, one tooth of which is in the centre of each pair. In the
central yolutions, every rib is furnished with a depressed
tubercle, placed near to, and parallel with, the carina. Within
this is placed a smaller tubercle, which increases considerably
in size with the volutions as they progress, and becomes
united with a third tuberculous eminence, which gradually
diverges from the inner edge of the volution, until it becomes
obsolete ; the depressed tubercles being still, however, visible.

This species was named by Mr Mantell in honour of the
late Thomas Woolgar, Esq. a zealous and acute topographer
and naturalist.

102. A. BipLicatus.— The Two Plaited Ammonite, pl.

XIV. fig. 8.
Ammonites biplicatus. Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 91,

pl. 22, fig. 6; Fleming, Brit. An. p. 248.

Compressed, carinated, and slightly umbilicate ; with three
or four volutions, the central ones two-thirds concealed ;
crossed by transverse, prominent, curved, bifurcated ribs,
which emanate from a series of oblong, tubercular promi-
nences, situate on the inner margin of the volutions, and
terminating in distinct tubercles on the outer margin; keel
depressed, bordered by alternating and compressed tubercles ;
aperture obtusely sagittate, its length being somewhat less
than the diameter of the shell.

Found in the Blue Chalk Marle.

This species has some affinity to the Ammonites lautus,

20 MOLLUSCA.

pl. VIII. fig. 1. but differs from it in the flatness of the keel,
and in being provided with two ribs only to each tubercle ;
and is distinguished from A. awritus, pl. VII. fig. 9, by the
volutions being inserted.

103. A. Brrcuit.—Birch’s Ammonite, pl. XIV. fig. 7.

Ammonites Birchii. Sowerby, Min. Conch. -III. p. 121,
pl. 267. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 246; De la Beche, Geo.
Man. p. 374.

Discoidal, with from six to eight wholly exposed, gradually
increasing volutions ; sides concave, each volution ornamented
with about thirty pairs of thin, obtuse tubercles, each pair
united by a slightly elevated rib ; back rounded with obscure
sulci, which traverse the sides, on which, however, they are
nearly obsolete; aperture transverse, its length being very
little more than its breadth; greatest diameter seven inches
and a half.

Found at Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire, by Colonel Birch, and
named in honour of him: it also oceurs at Charmouth and
Cragmouth, and in the Lias in the middle and south of Eng-
land.

104. A. GoopHALLi. — Goodhall’s Ammonite, pl. XIV.
fig. 10.

Ammonites Goodhalli. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 100,
pl. 255; Fleming, Brit. An. p. 243; De la Beche, Geo.
Man. p. 296.

Discoidal, carinated; with five ribbed, somewhat rapidly
increasing volutions, the inner ones one-third inserted ; both
edges of the volutions gradually rounded ; sides nearly flat,
and provided with large, broad, undulated, irregular, rather
flat ribs, obscurely tubereulate at both ends ; between the
principal ribs, sometimes shorter ones intervene, these have
tubercles at the outer ends only ; keel thin and very promi-
nent; aperture oblong, slightly compressed in the centre.

Found at Blackdown, Devonshire, in the Lower Green-
sand, by H. H. Goodhall, and named in honour of him.
Mantell also records it as a fossil of the Lower Greensand of
Sussex ; and in the same at Lyme Regis, according to De
la Beche.

105. A. Bennetianus. — Bennet’s Ammonite, pl. XV.
fig. 1.

Ammonites Bennetianus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 77,
pl. 539. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 248. De la Beche, Geo.
Manuel, p. 295.

Sub-globose, with from four to six rapidly increasing
volutions, the inner ones partly concealed, having a row of nine
or ten large conical, blunted tubercles on each side, and a
series of twenty very large obtuse tubercles invest each side
of the back or ambit; these are connected by prominent,
obtusely rounded ribs, which are stronger and more numerous
between the series of tubercles than upon the inner sides of
the volutions, and become quite obsolete upon the narrow
space over the siphuncle; aperture transversely oblong.

In the very young state, the aperture is nearly circular,
without any appearance of tubercles; but as it increases in
dimensions, the aperture gradually becomes wider, and the
tubercles begin to emanate from the ribs, and soon assume a
produced aspect, those upon the sides being always the
largest and most prominent.

Found among the Tile Greensand Clay at Cockerton, near
Warminster.

106. A. TETRAMMATUs.—The Four-Tubercled Ammonite.
pl. XV. fig. 2.

AMMONITEs.

Ammonites tetrammatus, Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 166,
pl. 587, fig. 2. De la Beche, p. 294.

Discoidal, carinated, with four or five convex volutions
crossed by numerous obscure fureated ribs, each furnished
with four round, blunt tubercles, the external ones compressed,
and two on the shorter branches; carina sharp and entire.

This species bears a considerable resemblance to some of
the varieties of Ammonites varians, pl. VIII. more especially
to that of fig. 5, in which there are some of the sets of
tubercles in fours, but these are only towards the aperture,
all the others being in pairs; the A. ¢itrammatus is, besides,
always a larger shell than the A. varians, and has invariably
four rows of tubercles.

107. A. Vernon1.—Vernon’s Ammonite, pl. XV. fig. 3.

Ammonites Vernoni, Phillips, Geo. Yorkshire, I. p. 138.
pl. 5, fig. 19. Dela Beche, Geological Manuel, p. 370.

Discoidal, with three or four rounded volutions, the inner
ones nearly half inserted; the sides furnished with numerous
elevated fureated ribs, which emanate from the inner sides of
the volutions, and when they reach the centre, split into two
branches of nearly equal thickness, and passing over the
rounded back, meet and join those of the opposite side;
aperture oblong.

Discovered in the Oxford Clay at Scarborough, by Mr
Bean, and is also found in the same kind of strata at Ebber- -
ston, Lincolnshire.

108. A. Wittiamsons. — Williamson’s Ammonite, pl. XV.
fig. 4.

Ammonites Williamsoni. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire,
I. p. 131, pl. 4, fig. 19. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 370.

Shell, with five or six thick, slightly raised volutions, the
inner ones wholly exposed; sides crossed by numerous
straight, elevated, parallel ribs, which rise from the inner
margin of the volutions, and pass continuously over the broad,
flat, and thick ambit, and end on the inner margin of the
volutions on the opposite side; aperture oblong, nearly
quadrangular.

Found in the Coralline Oolite at Ayton, Yorkshire, by
Mr Williamson, and named in honour of him by Professor
Phillips.

109. A. virratus.—The Filleted Ammonite, pl. XV. fig. 5,

Ammonites vittatus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I. p.
164, pl. 13, fig. 1. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 372.

Discoidal, carinated; with four or five slightly raised
volutions, the inner ones a third inserted; the sides crossed
by numerous’ straight, slightly elevated ribs, which have a
slight curvature forward at their outer extremity, and termi-
nate on the side of the sharp, thin, and elevated carina, every
rib provided with two tubercles, one at each extremity ; those
on the inner side but slightly raised, and the outer ones
round and well defined.

Found in Caleareous Nodules in the Lias of Yorkshire,
according to Young and Bird, and Professor Phillips.

110, A. GowErIANus.—Gower’s Ammonite, pl. XV. fig. 6.

Ammonites Gowerianus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 94,
pl. 549, fig. 2. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I. p. 141,
pl. 6, fig. 21, a variety. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 370.

Compressed, deeply umbilicate; with six or seven convex
volutions, the inner ones half inserted, deeply sunk below
the level of the outer one; sides crossed by numerous
elevated and sharp ribs, which take their rise from the inner
edge of the volutions, and extending over half of the sides,

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deposits ; and they have been truly said to be the medals which Nature has cHIEFLY SELECTED to record the history of the
former changes of the globe. There is scarcely any great series of strata that does not contain some marine or fresh water
shells.”—LyYE.1’s Geology, vol. iii. p. 299.

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ILLUSTRATIONS

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In the young shell, the septa are much less sinuated than
in the adult, which is finely exemplified by a specimen in the
possession of the Marchioness of Bath.

Found in the Lias at Whitby, Yorkshire.

Professor Buckland makes the following observations on
this interesting and curious species ; referring to its foliage,
he says, “ Its laws of dentation are the same as in other Am-
monites, but the ascending secondary saddles, which in all
Ammonites are round, are in this species larger than ordinary,
and catch attention more than the descending points of the
lobes.”

The figures of the edge of one transverse plate are repeated
in each successive plate. The animal, as it enlarged its shell,
thus leaving behind it a new chamber, more capacious than
the last, so that the edges of the plates never interfere or
become entangled.

Although the pattern on this Ammonite is apparently so
complicated, the number of transverse plates is but sixteen
in one revolution of the shell; in this, as in almost all other
cases, the extreme beauty and elegance of the foliations result
from the repetition, at regular intervals, of one symmetrical
system of forms, namely, those presented by the external
margin of a single transverse plate. No trace of these folia-
tions is visible on the outer surface of the external shell, as
will be seen by our representation, pl. XVI. fig. 3.

The elevations and depressions on the ambit of this species,
strongly illustrate the theory of Von Buch, respecting the
use of the lobes and saddles, formed by the undulations of
its outer margin.*

118. A. Fissicostatus. — The Cleft-Ribbed Ammonite,
pl. XVI. fig. 4.

Ammonites fissicostatus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire,
I. p. 123, pl. 2, fig. 49. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 294.

Discoidal, with five or six two-thirds exposed, somewhat
depressed volutions, crossed by numerous strong, slightly
undulated ribs, which become fureate about the centre, and
passing over the rounded ambit, meet and join with the cleft
ribs of the opposite side ; aperture subovate, its width being
about five-sixths of its length.

Found in the Speeton Clay, Yorkshire.

119. A. GeEMMatus. — The Gemmed Ammonite, pl. XVI.
fig. 5.

Ammonites gemmatus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I.
p. 141, pl. 6, fig. 17. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 371.

Discoidal, with four or five ventricose volutions, the inner
ones half exposed, and much thinner as they approach the
centre ; inner margin of the volutions slightly flattened, from
which emanate numerous, somewhat distant, strong, elevated,
nearly straight ribs, which, on reaching the centre of the
sides, are united to large, rounded, obtuse tubercles ; from
which the ribs are continued diagonally, and terminate in
large, slightly conical tubercles, on both sides of the broad and
flattened ambit; between each of the exterior half of these
ribs and the back, are two or three smaller costa, which also
terminate on the ambit. Greatest diameter six inches.

Discovered in the Kelloways Rock, Yorkshire.
~ 120. A. suBL&vis.—The Half Smooth Ammonite, pl. XVI.
fig. 6.

Ammonites sublevis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 117, pl.
54. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I. p. 141, pl. 6, fig. 22.

* See our Elements of Fossil Conchology, where this theory is fully
explained. *

22 MOLLUSCA.

AMMONITES.

De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 370. Orbulites levis, Lamarck,
54. Orbulita modiolaris, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 248. Nautilus,
&e. Luidii Lithoph. Brit. Tab. 6, fig. 292.

Orbicular, umbilicate ; inner volutions all enveloped in the
exterior one, and their crenated edges visible only within the
deep conical umbilicus, which is undulated internally, and
provided with a sharp angular edge ; aperture semicircular,
very wide, and truncated at the sides; whole outer surface
smooth, and devoid of inequalities ; septa numerous, with fine
prominent undulations, which are divided into many lesser
and rounded foliations, their margins resembling pinnate
leaves ; siphunculus close to the outer margin of the ambit ;
diameter, five inches, umbilicus, an inch and a quarter in
width.

This species varies much in its young and adult state.
When young, it is considerably compressed, and its surface
provided with slight fureate undulations. In the infant state,
its width is only half its length, and exhibits, on its surface,
transverse ribs ; these become less acute, and assume a more
rounded and depressed form, as the shell progresses, and
consist of longer and shorter ones, some of which are
bifureate. When the shell has reached three inches, these
become less conspicuous, and when it has grown to four or
five inches in diameter, they are entirely obsolete.*

Found in the Coral, Oolite, and Kelloways Rock, York-
shire, and Middle and South of England ; the Fuller’s Earth
of Bath; also in the Oxford Clay of Begginger, Schafen-
hausen, according to Von Buch; and De la Beche says it is
found in the same kind of strata, Normandy.

12]. A. FLEx1costatus.—The Bent-Ribbed Ammonite, pl.
XVI. fig. 7.

Ammonites flexicostatus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire,
I. p. 142, pl. 6, fig. 20. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 371.

Discoidal, compressed ; with four or five two-thirds ex-
posed volutions, slightly raised in the centre of the sides, and
slanting off to the margins, crossed by numerous, elevated,
bent ribs, which become furcate in the middle, and passing
over the somewhat thin and flattened ambit, meet with and
join the fureations on the opposite side ; the outer volutions
increase rather rapidly ; aperture oblong-ovate.

Found in the Kelloways Rock at Hackness, Yorkshire.

122. A. crassus.—The Thick Ammonite, pl. XVI. fig. 8.

Ammonites crassus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I. p.
163, pl. 12, fig. 15. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 371.
Young and Bird, Geo. Yorkshire, p.

Discoidal, with five thick half inserted volutions, somewhat
flattened on their sides, crossed by numerous, straight, pro-
minent, rounded ribs, which, on reaching the centre, are pro-
vided with a round, elevated tubercle, from which the ribs
split into two or three divergent smaller costa, and passing
over the thick rounded ambit, unite with those of the opposite
side ; aperture, subcordiform.

This species has some affinity to Ammonites Brodici, pl.
X. fig. 13, but may at once be distinguished from it by its
inferior size, its greater proportional thickness, in having
fewer volutions, and the central ones being thicker in all stages
of growth, and in the external minor ribs being fewer and
less elevated.

Found in the upper Shale, Lias formation, of Yorkshire.

123. A. pLicaTitis.— The Plaited Ammonite, pl. XVI.
fig. 9.

* See our Elements of Fossil Conchology.

AMMONITES.

Ammonites plicatilis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 149,
pl. 166. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 242. De la Beche, Geo.
Manuel, p. 370.

Discoidal, with six exposed volutions ; sides flat, crossed
by numerous, equal, straight ribs, which become bifureate
or trifurcate towards the rounded ambit, which is smooth in
the centre; aperture quadrangular, with rounded angles, a
little longer than wide; septa acutely sinuated. Thickness
of the shell about one-fourth its diameter.

So straight, close, and uniform are the ribs of this species,
that they have more the appearance of art than of nature; in
some cases, they are simple ; in others, bifid or trifid.

Found in the Sandy Limestone of Dry Sandferd and
Marsham, north west of Abingdon ; in the Kelloways Rock,
Coral and Oolite, Yorkshire; the Coral Rag, middle and
south of England ; and in the same kinds of strata in various
places on the Continent.

124. A. JamEsonr.—Jameson’s Ammonite, pl. XVI. fig. 10.

Ammonites Jumesoni. Sowerby Min. Conch. VI. p. 105.
pl. 555, fig. 1. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I. p. 163.
De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 372.

Discoidal; with five or six volutions, the inner ones ex-
posed ; crossed by large, simple, obtuse, slightly bent ribs,
which curve forward as they pass over the rounded ambit,
meeting those on the opposite side, and are nearly equal to
the intermediate spaces; aperture oblong-ovate, its length
being equal to twice its breadth.

Discovered in the Lias, Island of Mull, by R. I. Murchison,
Esq. and named by him in honour of Professor Jameson of
Edinburgh ; it has also been found in the Lias of Yorkshire,
at Robin Hood’s Bay.

125. A. Jounstont. —Johnston’s Ammonite, pl. XVII.
fig. 1.

Ammonites Johnstoni. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 70.
pl. 449, fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 247. Dela Beche,
Geo. Manuel, p. 375.

Discoidal, with from six to nine greatly compressed,
one-third inserted volutions; crossed by a central series
of numerous, short, straight, elevated ribs, or perhaps more
properly, elongated tubercles; inside of the volutions and
ambit plain ; central volutions destitute of ribs, and of nearly
equal thickness.

When its outer coating is removed, this species exhibits
the most brilliant play of iridescent colouration.

Discovered in the Lias Clay at Watchet, Somersetshire,
by Mr Johnstone, and named by Sowerby in honour of him;
and has since been met with in the Lias at Bath.

126. A roTirorMIs.— The Wheel-Shaped Ammonite, pl.
XVII. fig. 2.

Ammonites rotiformis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 76,
pl. 453. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 247. De la Beche, Geo.
Manuel, p. 375.

Depressed, carinated ; sides somewhat concave, with from
six to eight entirely exposed volutions ; crossed by numerous,
distant, strong, slightly bent ‘elevated ribs, each provided
with an oblong, obtuse tubercle at its outer extremity ; ambit
flat; keel slightly sunk, and with a furrow on both sides ;
aperture almost square, a little longer than wide, and only
one-sixth the diameter of the shell. Greatest diameter seven
inches.

Found at Yeovil in the Lias, and also in the Lias at
Bath.

MOLLUSCA. 23

127. A. Birrons.—The Two-Fronted Ammonite, pl. XVII.
fig. 3.

Ammonites bifrons. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I. p.
141, pl. 6, fig. 18. De Ja Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 371.

Discoidal, subumbilicate ; with three or four moderately
convex, rapidly increasing volutions, the inner ones one-third
concealed ; a series of remote, rounded, prominent, and nearly
straight ribs, emanate from the inner margin of the volutions ;
and after reaching two-thirds across the sides, terminate, and
are met by numerous smaller ribs, which pass over the
rounded ambit, producing a crenulated profile.

Found in the Kelloways Rock at Hackness, in Yorkshire.

128. A. LonGispinus.—The Long-Spined Ammonite, pl.
XVII. fig. 4.

Ammonites longispinus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 164,
pl. 501, fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 247.

Discoidal, thick; with three or four plain, half inserted
volutions ; sides furnished with two concentric series of spini-
form tubercles; ambit thick, smooth, and gently rounded ;
aperture orbicular, deeply indented by the contiguous volu-
tion; its greatest diameter somewhat more than three-fifths
of the diameter of the disk ; external surface pearlaceous.

Found near Weymouth, Dorsetshire.

129. A. conrractus. — The Contracted Ammonite, pl.
XVII. fig. 5.

Ammonites contractus.—Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 162,
pl. 500, fig. 2. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 373.

Subglobose, deeply umbilicate; inner volutions nearly
concealed ; sides contracted, appearing as if drawn into the
umbilicus, around which are a series of large rather acute
tubercles, from which emanate numerous smooth rounded
ribs, these branch into sets of three or four, and pass over
the greatly rounded back or ambit, and join those on the
opposite side ; aperture oblong, arcuated.

Found in the Inferior Oolite at Dundry ; and in the same
strata, Normandy.

130. A. Turnert.—Turner’s Ammonite, pl. XVII. fig. 6.

Ammonites Turnert. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 75, pl.
452. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 244. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel,
p- 372. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I. p. 164, pl. 14,
fig. 14?

Depressed, carinated ; with five volutions, the inner ones
almost entirely exposed ; sides flattened, with numerous equal
ribs, which continue almost straight until reaching nearly the
back, where they are suddenly curved forward; carina but
moderately elevated, with a furrow on each side; aperture
oblong, quadrangular, its length being about one-third the
diameter of the disk.

This shell is not unlike Ammonites Brookie, pl. XI. fig. 13,
but is distinguished by its more exposed volutions, in the
somewhat square aperture, and in the different curvature of
the ribs.

Found in the Lias at Watchet, Wymondham Abbey, and
in the lower Shale of the Lias formation, Robin Hood's Bay,
Yorkshire.

131. A. LzviuscuLus.— The Smoothish Ammonite, pl.
XVII. fig. 7.

Ammonites leviusculus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 73,
pl. 451, fig. 1, 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 244. De la Beche,
Geo. Manuel, p. 373.

Discoidal, carinated, umbilicate ; with four or five rapidly
increasing volutions, the inner ones being partly exposed

24 MOLLUSCA.

within the circumference of the small, shallow umbilicus 5
outer volution very large, its sides rather convex, ornamented
with slightly elevated, smooth, waved, alternately long and
short ribs, or undulations ; ambit obtuse, the carina large and
prominent; aperture sagittate, occupying a half of the dia~
meter of the disk ; the size of the umbilicus being a third of
the remaining half.

In young shells, the inner volutions are exposed, the
umbilicus larger, the ribs more conspicuous, and the aperture
square and oblong, less in proportion to the size of the disk ;
as the shell enlarges, it becomes longer, more deeply indented
by the preceding volution, and more narrowed towards the
front.

Discovered in the Inferior Oolite at Dundry, by G. W.
Braikenridge, Esq. and occurs in the same strata, Normandy.

132. A srriaruLus.— The Minutely-Striated Ammonite,
pl. XVII. fig. 8.

Ammonites striatulus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 23,
pl. 421, fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 244. De la Beche,
Geo. Manuel, p. 371.

Discoidal, carinated; with six convex, entirely exposed
volutions ; sides with numerous slender, doubly undulated
ribs ; the whole surface covered with minute striz, which lie
parallel to the ribs; carina but slightly produced ; aperture
elliptical, its length being about a fourth the diameter of the
disk.

Discovered in a Marly Limestone nodule, in Robin Hood’s
Bay, Yorkshire, by Mr Crawford of Scarborough ; and occurs
not unfrequently in the Inferior Oolite and Lias of Yorkshire.

133. A. Banxsi1.—Banks’s Ammonite, pl. XVII. fig. 9.

Ammonites Banksii. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 229,
pl. 200. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 245. De la Beche, Geo.
Manuel, p. 373.

Discoidal ; umbilicate very thick, with five or six rounded
volutions, with their margins well relieved; sides concave,
provided with a row of ten or eleven large, round, obtuse
tubercles ; back slightly convex, and with a series of oblique
fluted grooves, towards the aperture ; inner volutions narrow,
the outer one very thick, and equal to the remainder of the
disk ; aperture transverse, its length thrice its width.

Found in the Inferior Oolite, Dundry.

Named in honour of the late distinguished friend of science,
Sir Joseph Banks.

134, A. Rusticus.—The Rude Ammonite, pl. XVII. fig. 10.

Ammonites rusticus. Sowerby, Min. Coneh. II. p. 171, pl.
177. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 245. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel,
p- 293. Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 199.

Depressed ; with about three gibbous exposed volutions,
each provided on both sides with a row of conical obtuse
tubercles, and two rows of slightly elevated ones around
the broad and flattened ambit, the bases of the larger ones
spreading widely, and nearly connected; aperture {wider
than long, its inner side concave, and considerably shorter
than the other angles.

This is a ponderous clumsy species, and is of frequent
occurrence in the Lower Chalk at Southerham, but the speci-
mens are very imperfect. Sowerby says it occurs at Comb
Payne, near Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire. It is also met with
in the Lower Chalk of Lewes, according to Mantell.

This Ammonite has some affinity to A. caéinus, pl. XIII.
fig. 4, but is distinguished by the two dorsal rows of tubercles,
and the gibbous form of the volutions.

AMMONITEs,

135. A. MaRGinatus.— The Bordered Ammonite, pl.
XVIII. fig. 1.

Ammoniles marginatus. Phillips, Geo. Yorkshire, I. p.
123, pl. 2, fig. 41 and 43. De la Beche, Geo, Manuel, p. 294.

Subglobose ; umbilicate ; carinate ; the edges of the inner
volutions only visible in the large deep and conical umbilicus ;
which has a subecarinated margin, and a series of round, pro-
minent tubercles along its edge; outer volution very large,
thick, and slightly wrinkled transversely ; carina prominent
and sharp.

The young shell is destitute of tubercles on the margin of
the umbilicus.

Found in the Speeton Clay, Yorkshire.

136. A. MacuLaTus.—The Spotted Ammonite, pl. XVIII.
fig. 2.

Ammonites maculatus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I.
p- 163, pl. 13, fig. 11. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 371.

Discoidal thick ; with five or six exposed volutions, with
flattened sides, crossed by numerous, straight, elevated ribs,
which emanate from the inner margins, and pass over the
broad, flat ambit, proceeding continuously to the inner
margins of the volutions on the opposite side ; aperture nearly
orbicular.

Found in the Lias of Yorkshire.

137. A. siGMIFER.—The S. Ribbed Ammonite, pl. X VIII.
fig. 3.

Ammonites sigmifer. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I. p.
164, pl. 13, fig. 4. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 372.

Discoidal, carinated; with four somewhat compressed
volutions, crossed by rather distant curved ribs, which
emanate from the inner edges of the volutions, and after
passing the centre, bend elegantly forward; inner volutions
half concealed and increasing rapidly ; carina sharp and broad
for the size of the shell. ©

Found in Calcareous nodules, in the Lias formation of
Yorkshire.

138. A. piscus.—The Quoit Ammonite, pl. XVIII. fig. 4.

Ammonites discus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 37, pl. 12.
De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 373.

(See description, page 12, No. 48.)

Found in the Inferior Oolite, Dundry, Yorkshire; and in
the Cornbrash, middle and south of England.

139. A. compREssus.— The Compressed Ammonite, pl.
XVIII. fig. 5.

LElllipsolites compressus.
pl. 38.

Elliptical, compressed, smooth; with four or five flat
volutions, almost entirely exposed; internal margin of the
volutions flat, perpendicular to the sides; ambit broad and
flat; aperture oblong and rectangular. Greatest diameter
seven inches and a quarter.

Found in the Limestone at the Black Rock, Ireland.

140. A. MuLticosratus.—The Many-Ribbed Ammonite,
pl. XVIII. fig. 6.

Ammonites multicostata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 76,
pl. 454. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 247. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel,
p- 375.

Discoidal, much depressed ; carinated, with three or four
entirely exposed volutions; crossed by numerous, strong,
sharp, slightly bent ribs, which are suddenly curved forward,
with a depressed, blunted, oblong tubercle on the outer
extremity of each, and extending over the ambit almost to;

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 84,

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IMPORTANT WORKS ON NATURAL HISTORY.

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AMMONITES.

the dorsal furrow; the carina but slightly raised, with a
furrow on both sides ; aperture oblong, its length being more
than a fourth the diameter of the last volution. Greatest
diameter fourteen inches ; thickness from three to four inches.

Found in the Lias near Bath.

141. A. MoniLE.—The Necklace Ammonite, pl. XVIII.
fig. 7.

Ammonites monile. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 35, pl.
117, fig. 1 and 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 245.

Discoidal, thick, subumbilicate ; with four wholly exposed
volutions ; crossed by numerous, curved, tubercular ribs ; the
tubercles hollow, deep in the interior, and externally obsolete
in the margin; these become gradually more produced and
somewhat elongated as they approach the ambit, where the
last one is cleft; the whole surface crossed by very fine
divergent strize ; ambit somewhat concave, with close, trans-
verse striz; aperture transversely ovate, about a third the
diameter of the shell in length, and almost twice as wide.

Discovered at Sandgate, near Folkstone, Kent.

The surface of this species is frequently highly irri-
descent.

142. A. cReNuLARIS.~The Crenulated Ammonite, pl.
XVIII. fig. 8.

Ammonites crenularis. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I.
p- 164, pl. 12, fig. 22. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 372.

Lenticular, umbilicate; with five two-thirds inserted
volutions, the inner ones decreasing in thinness as they
approach towards the central one, and forming a deep
umbilicus ; external volution thick in the centre, rounded
and somewhat slanting towards the inner side, and on its
outer side, obliquing to a thin sharp ambit; the sides with
a series of strong, elevated, somewhat remote ribs, which,
after reaching the centre, are met by numerous smaller
oblique ones, which pass over the back, and returning rapidly
and continuously on the opposite side -produce a sharply
erenulated ambit ; aperture nearly cordiform, its length being
almost equal to half the diameter of the disk; width about
half its length.

Discovered in the upper Shale of the Yorkshire Lias
formation.

143. A. INFLATUS.—The Inflated Ammonite, pl. XVIII.

fig: 9.
Ammonites inflatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 170,
pl. 178. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 245. De la Beche, Geo.

Manuel, p. 294.

Depressed, carinated; inner volutions wholly exposed, the
external one increasing rapidly in dimensions and inflated
towards the aperture ; sides somewhat flattened, crossed by
large, elevated, and strong ribs, each commencing with a
large compressed tubercle on its inner end, and fureated
towards the ambit, the branches, in some instances, being
divided from each other, all of them ending in elongated
compressed tubercles on the margin of the flattened ambit ;
carina distinct, entire, and obtuse; aperture somewhat
quadrangular.

Discovered in the Greensand, Isle of Wight, by Dr Buck-
land.

144, A. Bratkenripou.—Braikenridge’s Ammonite, pl.
XVIII. fig. 10.

Ammonites Braikenridgii. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p.
187, pl. 184. Fleming, Brit An. p. 242. De la Beche,
Geo. Manuel, p. 373.

MOLLUSCA. 25

Discoidal, compressed; three or four volutions, the inner ones
exposed, the outer one somewhat less than a third the diameter
of the disk in breadth ; crossed by numerous, narrow, acute
ribs, which emanate from the internal margin of the volutions,
and almost immediately become furcate ; at the base of each
furcation, the ribs are furnished with a small blunted tubercle ;
aperture orbicular ; lip expanded into two oblong lobes.

The lip isa remarkable feature in this shell, its base is
square, and after continuing a short distance from the last
rib, suddenly expands on the sides into two oblong lobes,
which exhibit clearly the lines of growth; its edges are acute,
and a little inflected.

Discovered in the Inferior Oolite, at Dundry, near Bristol,
by G. W. Braikenridge, Esq. and named in honour of him.

145. A. Creveanpicus.—The Clevland Ammonite, pl.
XVIII. fig. 11.

Ammonites Clevlandicus—Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire,
I. p. 164, pl. 14, fig. 6. Dela Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 372.

Discoidal ; with five volutions, the inner ones nearly half
inserted ; from the interior margin a series of straight sharp
ribs emanate, these terminate about the centre of the volu-
tion, in an oblong, somewhat blunted tubercle; towards the
aperture, the ribs are longer, thickened externally, and take
a gentle sweep towards the aperture; the whole are met by
numerous smaller nearly obsolete ribs, which pass over the
thin ambit, producing a crenulated subcarinated centre ;
aperture nearly cordiform.

Found at Staithes, Yorkshire, in the Lias.

146. A. HETEROGENUS.—The Heterogenus Ammonite,
pl. XVIII. fig. 12.

Ammonites heterogenus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire,
I. p. 163, pl. 12, fig. 19. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 371.

Discoidal, somewhat compressed ; volutions few, the outer
one crossed by fourteen thick, depressed, rounded ribs, which
pass over the back, and produce a scolloped ambit; these
ribs oceupy about five-sixths of the internal portion of the
volutions, and are met by narrow straight ribs, which rise on
the inner margin, and terminate after extending three-
fourths across the shell ; these are continued to the
aperture.

Found in the upper Lias Shale of Yorkshire.

147. A. ERUGATUS.—The Wrinkled Ammonite, pl. XVIII.
fig. 13.

Ammonites erugatus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I. p.
163, pl. 13, fig. 18. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 372.

Discoidal; thick, with five volutions almost entirely ex-
posed; crossed by obsolete ribs; ambit rounded ; aperture
oblong-ovate, slightly indented by the preceding volution,
its length about a third the diameter of the disk.

Found in the upper Lias Shale of Yorkshire.

148. A. runatus.——The Ropey Ammonite, pl. XVIII.
fig. 14.

Elllipsolithes funatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 81, pl-
32. Natilus funatus. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 231.

Elliptical ; with three or four half concealed volutions,
crossed by numerous, simple, round, rope-like ribs, separated
by somewhat wide grooves, and having constrictions at
intervals, which are marked by small projections on the
ribs; aperture semilunar. Greatest diameter three inches ;
thickness one and a half inch.

Discovered in the Black Rock series, south east of Cork,
Ireland, by Samuel Wight, Esq.

G

26 MOLLUSCA.

149, A. ANGuILIFERUs.—The Hook-Ribbed Ammonite, pl.
XVIII. fig. 15.

Ammonites anguiliferus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire,
I. p. 163, pl. 13, fig. 19. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 372.

Discoidal, with five almost wholly exposed volutions,
crossed by numerous elevated ribs, which pass over the
rather thin ambit, in a somewhat hooked form; aperture a
little cordiform.

Found in the Marlestone and Ironstone series of Yorkshire.

150. A. Loscomsp1.—Loscombe’s Ammonite, pl. XIX. fig. 1.

Ammonites Loscombi. Sowerby, Min. Conch. Il. p. 185,
pl. 183. De Ja Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 374.

Discoidal, compressed, umbilicate ; inner volutions con-
cealed ; surface smooth, sides crossed by numerous waved
flat ribs, with shallow interstices ; back rounded ; aperture
oblong, about two-fifths the diameter of the disk in length ;
the thickness of the shell a third of the length of the aperture.

Discovered in the Blue Lias at Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire,
by C. W. Loscombe, Esq.; found also in the Lias in the
middle and south of England.

151. A. GEomETRICUS. — The Geometrical Ammonite, pl.
XIX. fig. 2.

Ammonites geometricus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I.
p: 164, pl. 14, fig. 9. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 372.

Discoidal, carinated, compressed ; with five flat, almost
wholly exposed volutions; crossed by numerous, sharp,
straight ribs, which gradually thicken as they approach the
ambit, where they suddenly curve forward, over the edge of
the flattened back, producing a crenulated appearance when
viewed in profile; ambit, with a very small, narrow, undu-
lating carina in its centre ; aperture narrow, oblong oval.

152. A. consrRictus.—The Constrained Ammonite, pl.
XIX. fig. 3.

Ammonites constrictus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IL. p. 189,
pl. A. fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 247. De la Beche, Geo.
Manuel, p. 295.

Discoidal, compressed, umbilicate ; inner volutions con-
cealed, sides crossed by many undulating long and short
ribs; with a row of acute tubercles on each side of the
margin of the somewhat rounded ambit; these tubercles are
usually larger near the centre of the volutions, and gradually
diminish towards the inner volutions and aperture, which is
oblong and contracted, by an obtusely edged lip ; septa nume-
rous, and greatly sinuated.

There is a variety of this species with few tubercles near
the centre, and those next the front large.

Found at Dundry; also in the Baculite Limestone of
Normandy, and in the Chalk at Lublin, Poland.

153. A. Henstow1.—Henslow’s Ammonite, pl. XIX. fig. 4.

Ammonites Henslowi. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 111,
fig. 1, 2, pl. 262. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 466. Buck-
land, Geology and Mineralogy Considered, I. p. 360, note,
and II. p. 60, pl. 40, fig. 1.

Discoidal; having about four exposed volutions, with
flattened sides; ambit rounded, with three simple slipper-
shaped lobes on each side, destitute of foliations ; the lobes
are pointed inwards, and the intermediate saddles are rounded
outwards; the siphuncle is placed on the front edge, in an
acute lobe; aperture about four-fifths the diameter of the
shell, and double that in thickness.

Discovered in the Transition Limestone at Scarlet, Isle of
Man, by J. 8S. Henslow, Esq.

AMMONITES.

This species belongs to the genus Goniatites of Von Buch ;
as well as the Ammonites striatus, pl. IV. fig. 6, sphericus, fig.
7, and minutus, fig. 10.

154. A. artiGyrus.—The Perfectly Round-Ribbed Am-
monite, pl. XIX. fig. 5.

Ammonites artigerus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I.
p- 163, pl. 13, fig. 9. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 372.

Discoidal ; with five wholly exposed, slightly rounded
volutions, their sides crossed by numerous, remote ribs, which
emanate from the inner margins of the volutions, and crossing
the sides, proceed continuously over the rounded ambit to
the opposite side ; aperture suborbicular.

Found in the upper Lias Shale of Yorkshire.

155. A. HawskerEensis.— The Hawsker Ammonite, pl.
XIX. fig. 6.

Ammonites Hawskerensis. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire,
I. p. 164, pl. 13, fig. 8. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 372.

Discoidal, umbilicate, carinate, thick ; with six somewhat
flattened, wholly exposed volutions, the inner ones becoming
gradually thinner as they descend to the centre, forming a
deep umbilicus ; the whole are crossed by strong, thick ribs,
which project boldly over the margin of the flattened ambit,
and terminate on each side of the carina, which is narrow,
rounded, and but slightly elevated above the surface ; aper-
ture nearly quadrangular, with its corners slightly rounded,
and equal to about a fourth the diameter of the disk.

Found in the hard Shale and Calcareous nodules, at Haw-
sker, Yorkshire.

156. A. Watcorit.—Walcot’s Ammonite, pl. XIX. fig. 7.

Ammonites Walcotii. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 7, pl.
106. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I. p. 164. Fleming,
Brit. An. p. 242. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 372, and
384.

Discoidal, compressed, carinate; with four one-fourth
inserted volutions; on the inner side of each is a smooth
concentric furrow; external half of the sides crossed by
numerous semilunar ribs, which are about equal in breadth
to the intermediate furrows ; on each side of the carina is a
moderately deep groove ; aperture oblong, its length equal to
one-third of the diameter of the disk: varying in size from
two to four inches.

Found in the Lias of Yorkshire, and in the middle and
south of England; in the Alum Clay, Whitby; the Clay
Ironstone at Colbrook Dale; the Marly Limestone near
Bath ; and at White Lackington Park.

157. A. ExaraTus. — The Ploughed Ammonite, pl. XIX.
fig. 8.

Ammonites exaratus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I.
p- 164, pl. 13, fig. 7. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 373.

Discoidal, lenticular, umbilicate, carinate; with four volu-
tions, the inner ones almost entirely enveloped in the outer
one, and visible only in the small umbilicus ; sides somewhat
flattened, and crossed by broad, flat, undulating ribs, which
suddenly curve forward towards the ambit, and terminate on
the edge of the small and narrow carina.

Found at Boulby, Yorkshire, in the upper Lias Shale.

158. A. LyruEensis.—The Lyth Ammonite, pl. XIX. fig. 9.

Ammonites Lythensis. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I.
p- 164, pl. 13, fig. 6. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 373.

Discoidal, lenticular, umbilicate ; with four volutions, the
inner ones being entirely enveloped in the outer volution,
and their edges only seen in the shallow umbilicus; sides

AMMONITES.

flat, crossed by many broad, flat, waved ribs; which, after
passing the centre, sweep elegantly forward; ambit thin;
aperture somewhat sagittate.

Found in the upper Shale at Boulby, Yorkshire.

159. A. RostRATUS. — The Beaked Ammonite, pl. XIX.
fig. 10.

Ammonites rostratus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 163, pl.
172; Fleming, Brit. An. p. 245; De la Beche, Geo, Manuel,
p- 294. s

Compressed, carinated, with about four wholly exposed,
flattened volutions ; their sides crossed by large, strong,
remote, slightly bent ribs, each of which is provided with
three or four oblong tubercles; larger on the extremity of
the ribs next the ambit, over which they project; aperture,
elliptical, somewhat less than one-third the diameter of the
disk, and, at the ambit, terminating in a slightly reflected and
compressed beak, which is almost closed. The tubercles are
somewhat confluent on the outer volutions, but are more dis-
tinctly divided, and developed on the inner volutions. Great-
est diameter seven inches and a quarter.

Found in Chalk Marle, Rock’s Village, near Benson,
Oxfordshire, and in the Sussex Chalk.

160. A. Hen.Leys1.— Henley’s Ammonite, pl. XIX.
fig. 11.

Ammonites Henleyii. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 161, pl.
172. ; Fleming’s Brit. An. p. 245 ; De la Beche, Geo. Manuel,
p- 371.

Discoidal, with three or four wholly exposed, rapidly
increasing volutions; sides crossed by many flattened ribs,
which emanate from the inner sides of the volutions, curving
slightly from the aperture, and after reaching the centre one,
provided with large compressed tubercles, from whence they
become bifureate, the branches gently curving backwards,
and, after passing over the ambit, unite on the opposite side,
producing a crenulated margin to the back, when viewed
in profile ; the ribs are also furnished with a tubercle, a little
way from their origin; between this and the central row, the
volutions are a little concave ; aperture nearly orbicular,
being two-fifths the diameter of the disk, with a small sinus,
produced by the preceding volution; greatest diameter six
inches.

Found in the Lias at Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire ; and also
that of Yorkshire, and the middle and south of England.

161. A. Batriatus.— The Belted Ammonite, pl. XX.
fig. 1.

Ammonites baltiatus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I.
p- 163, pl. 12, fig. 17; De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 372.

Discoidal ; volutions entirely exposed ; crossed by nume-
rous, strong, elevated ribs, which emanate on the inner mar-
gins of the volutions, and pass over the rounded ambit, every
alternate rib being somewhat less elevated on the back.

Found in the Lias, Yorkshire.

162. A. pEcIPiENS. — The Deceitful Ammonite, pl. XX.
figs. 2 and 9.

Ammonites decipiens. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 169,
pl. 294, fig. 1 and 2; Fleming, Brit. An. p. 243; De la
Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 374.

Discoidal, thick ; with five or six exposed volutions, crossed
by large, elevated ribs, which rise a little way from the inner
margin, and, crossing the sides, become obscure towards the
ambit, which is rounded ; aperture oblong.

This shell presents a very different appearance in the adult

MOLLUSCA. 27

and young conditions. In the latter state, when the large ribs
have passed the centre of the sides, they are met by nume-
rous small ribs, which are entirely wanting in the adult
shell.

Found in Clay at Highgate Hill, and at Pakefield, near
Lowestoft, Suffolk.

163. A. ovarus.—The Ovate Ammonite, pl. XX. fig. 3.

Ammonites ovatus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I. p-
164, pl. 13, fig. 10 ; De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p: 373.

Lenticular, umbilicate ; the inner volutions entirely con-
cealed, their margins alone being visible within the small
and deep umbilicus ; sides thick internally, and sloping
towards the back, which is thin and slightly flattened, crossed
by numerous, undulating, depressed ribs, which emanate at
the internal margin, and after passing the centre, bend
sweepingly forward.

Found in the Hard Bands, in the Lias formation at Haw-
sker, Yorkshire.

164. A. venustus. — The Graceful Ammonite, pl. XX.
fig. 4.

Ammonites venustus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I.
p- 122, pl. 2, fig. 48 ; De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p: 294.

Discoidal, thick, with three or four rapidly increasing
volutions, the inner ones half concealed ; sides erossed by
many straight, elevated ribs, equal to the interstices between
them ; which, on reaching the centre, are met by numerous,

_ Strong, rounded, gently curved ribs, which pass over the

ambit, and meet with those on the opposite side, producing
a crenated margin at the back ; aperture oblong.

Found in the Speeton Clay, at Speeton, Yorkshire.

165. A. concinnus.— The Comely Ammonite, pl. XX.
fig. 5.

Ammonites concinnus.
I. p. 123. pl. 2. fig. 47.
p- 294.

Discoidal, thick, with four rapidly increasing volutions,
the inner ones half inserted; a series of strong remote ribs
emanate from the inner margins of the volutions, bending
slightly forward, and are met in the centre by numerous,
acute, elevated ribs, which pass over the rounded ambit, and
meet with those on the opposite side ; aperture roundish.

Found in the Speeton Clay, at Speeton, Yorkshire.

166. A. Minimus.— The Smallest Ammonite, pl. XX.
fig. 6.

Ammonites, “ like A. parvus.” Phillips,
Yorkshire, I. p. 187, pl. 2, fig. 46.

Discoidal, thick, with three volutions, the inner ones two-
thirds inserted, and the outer ones increasing rapidly ; sides
crossed by numerous, curved ribs which rise on the inner
margins, and pass over the rounded ambit, meeting those of
the opposite side ; aperture oblong.

Found in the Speeton Clay, Yorkshire.

167. A. curviNoIDEs.— The Curved-Ribbed Ammonite,
pl. XX. fig. 7.

Ammonites curvinoides. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I.
p- 123, pl. 2. fig. 50; De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 294.

Volutions, flattened with remote, elevated, waved ribs,
which emanate from the inner edges of the volutions, and as
they approach the ambit are suddenly and acutely curved
towards the aperture; between these are several depressed
and nearly obsolete ribs ; ambit rather thin.

Found in the Speeton Clay, Yorkshire.

Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire,
De la Beche, Geo. Manuel,

Geology of

28 MOLLUSCA.

168. A. vartcostatus.—The Variously-Ribbed Ammon-
ite, pl. XX. fig. 8.

Ammonites varicostatus. Buckland, Geology and Minera-
logy considered, IL. p. 62, pl. 42, fig. 7.

Discoidal, with six two-thirds exposed rounded volutions ;
the inner ones crossed by numerous, narrow, greatly elevated
close set ribs, which are bifurcated on the rounded ambit ;
near to the termination of the outer volution the ribs become
large, broad, distant, and slightly curved, and are destitute
of the dorsal bifurcation ; aperture oblong-ovate. Greatest
diameter nine inches.

Found in the Oxford Clay at Hawnes, four miles south of
Bedford.

169. A. roTuNDUs.— The Round Ammonite, pl. XX.
fig. 10.

Ammonites rotundus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 169,
pl. 293, fig. 3. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 243. De la Beche,
Geo. Manuel, p. 374.

Discoidal ; volutions exposed ; sides crossed by numerous
thick ribs, which become bifurcate as they pass over the
back ; aperture orbicular, interrupted only by a small sinus,
from the insertion of the preceding volution.

This species is nearly allied to Ammonites biplex, pl. V-
fig. 10, but distinguished from it, by the ribs being less
numerous, thicker, shorter, and not so regularly bifureate in
passing over the ambit ; some are trifurcate ; the sides are
less compressed.

Found in the Kimmeridge Clay, at Purbecks, and occurs
in the Inferior Oolite of Normandy.

170. A. FrimBR1ATUS.—The Fringed Ammonite, pl. XX.
fig. 12.

Ammonites fimbriatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IL. p. 145,
pl. 164. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 242. Dela Beche, Geo.
Manuel, p. 372.

Discoidal ; with cylindrical volutions, the inner ones
entirely exposed, crossed by numerous lines of growth,
which have fimbriated margins; aperture orbicular, pro-
vided with an undulating frill.

Found at Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire, in the Blue Lias;
and in the Lias of Yorkshire, and middle and south of
England.

Genus V.—GONIATITES.—Von Buch.

" Shell discoidal, generally very convex or nearly
globose, most of the species deeply umbilicate ; the inner
volutions much, or wholly concealed; with internal,
strengthening, transverse ridges.

1. G. Loonry1,—Looney’s Goniatite, pl. XXI. fig. 1, 2,
and 3.

Goniatites Looneyt. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II. p.
236, pl. 20, fig. 33, and 35.

Depressed, glabrous, sides covered with sigmoidal striz ;
umbilicus very small; aperture elliptical; provided with
numerous septa; the dorsal and lateral sinuses double and
widely set ; but merely waved in immature shells.

Discovered in High-Green Wood, near Todmorden, Hud-
dersfield, Lancashire.

GOoNIATITEs. -

2. G. GriLBeRtsoni.—Gilbertson’s Goniatite, pl. XXI-
fig. 4, 5. é

Goniatites Gilbertsoni. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire,
II. p. 236, pl. 20, fig. 27, 28, and 31.

Depressed ; elliptical, glabrous ; sides covered with greatly
bent, minute striz ; umbilicus small; aperture oblong; septa
numerous, with round lobes and sinuses; the dorsal sinus
double and wide, the lateral sinus simple.

Locality unknown. Named in honour of Mr Gilbertson,
of Preston, a zealous and acute naturalist.

3. G. pAuciLoBUS.—The Few-Lobed Goniatite, pl. XXI.
fig. 67.

Goniatites paucilobus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire,
II. p. 236, pl. 20, fig. 36 to 38.

Depressed; sides with waved striz, and shallow undula-
tions ; umbilicus minute ; aperture elliptical ; the lobes and
sinuses of all the septa are round; the first lateral one very
large. Distinguished from the Goniatites implicatus, fig. 58.
by the form of its lateral sinus.

4. G. piscrepans.—The Diserepant Goniatite, pl. XXI.
fig. 8 and 15.

Goniatites Looney?. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.
p- 236, pl. 20, fig. 32 and 34.

Discoidal, smooth, with a minute umbilicus ; striz doubly
undulating ; slightly compressed towards the ambit; aper-
ture oblong ovate; septa numerous, with double, wide dor-
sal and lateral sinuses.

This species differs from the Goniatites Looneyi, fig. 1, 2,
and 3, in not being depressed, in the more rounded contour
of the disk, in the aperture being more ovate, and sharper
next the back, and in the indentation from the volution being:
more acute.

Lecality unknown.

5. G. Srriotatus.—The Grooved Goniatite, pl. XXI.
fig. 9, 10.
~~ Goniatites striolatus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.
p- 234, pl. 19, fig. 14 to 19.

Nearly globular, sides somewhat flattened, ambit broad ;
with spiral and transverse, very delicate striz; umbilicus
very small; aperture ovate; septa having very wide, acute,
dorsal sinuses, and the lateral lobes much widened and
rounded.

This species differs much in its infant and adult condi-
tions. When very young it is nearly globular, the umbilicus
much larger, in proportion to the size of the disk, and more
acute at the edge than in the adult; the constrictions are
more parallel, and the striz more straight and simple. As
it advances in age, the sides become more compressed, the
constrictions a little undulous, as in fig. 9; and when the
shell is mature the constrictions become obsolete, and the
angularity of the umbilicus is entirely lost; and the septa
and striz hardly vary; as seen in the more elliptical and
beautiful contour of fig. 10.

This species may easily be confounded with the G.
obtusus, fig. 11 and 12, but may be distinguished by its sides,
being less parallel than those of that shell.

Found in the Shale, at High-Green Wood, near Hudders-
field ; and in Shale, at Kulkeagh, near Enniskillen, Ireland.
6. G. optusus.—The Obtuse Goniatite, pl. XXI. fig. 11,
12. 7

Goniatites obtusus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II. p-
234, pl. 19, fig. 10 to 13.

Pp.)

*=

”

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Il. .
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE CONCHOLOGY

OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

BY CAPTAIN THOMAS BROWN, F.L.S., &c.
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ILLUSTRATIONS

OF THE

FOSSIL CONCHOLOGY

OF

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND,

WITH THE

DESCRIPTIONS AND LOCALITIES OF ALL THE SPECIES HITHERTO
DISCOVERED.

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GonIaTITEs. MOLLUSCA. 99

Subglobose, the sides flattened, slightly striate trans-
versely, with a few longitudinal striz, and internal slightly
bent obscure ridges; umbilicus minute; the septa delicately
marked and undulous ; edge of the dorsal lobe very short ;
the dorsal sinuses sharp, and the first lateral lobe rounded.

Distinguished _from the G. striolatus, by its more parallel
sides.

Discovered at Black Hall, Bolland, Queen’s County,
Treland.

7. G. nit1pus.—The Clear Goniatite, pl. XXI. fig. 13,
14.

Goniatites nitidus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II. p.
235, pl. 20, fig. 10 to 12.

Subglobose; sides crossed, with slightly bent, prominent, fur-
eate strize, and with obsolete spiral strize ; umbilicus wide and
angular ; aperture semilunar, and transversely elongate ; septa
irregular in form, with dorsal lobes simple, small, and large,
acute lateral lobes.

Discovered at Ribble River.

8. G. seRPENTINUS.—The Serpentine Goniatite, pl. XXI.
fig. 16, 17.

Goniatites serpentinus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire,
II. p. 237, pl. 20, fig. 48 to 50.

Discoidal, with three rapidly increasing, wholly exposed
volutions ; sides covered with transverse, delicate, bent strize ;
aperture almost circular, very slightly indented by the pre-
ceding volutions; with three approximating, round-lobed
septa; two round lateral sinuses, and a central acute dorsal
sinus.

Found at Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland.

9. G. piscors.—The Discordant Goniatite, pl. XXI. fig.
18 and 18.*

Goniatites Gilbertsoni. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire,
II. p. 238, pl. 20. fig. 29, 30.

Discoidal, smooth, sides with falcate, very minute striz ;
aperture oblong ovate ; septa numerous, with rounded lobes
and sinuses; dorsal sinus wide and double, with a simple
lateral sinus.

This species differs from G. Gilbertsoni, fig. 2, in not being
depressed, in the disk being more orbicular, and in the aper-
ture being less indented by the volution.

Found at Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland.

10. G. cycLtotosus.—The Round Lobed Goniatite, pl.
XXI. fig. 19, 20.

Goniatites cyclolobus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.
p- 237, pl. 20, fig. 40 to 42.

Discoidal ; with three or four half exposed volutions, with
their sides flattened; ambit broad and round; aperture
oblong, its sides flat and rounded, its breadth two-thirds its
length ; septa having four rounded lateral lobes, a small double
dorsal lobe, and small pointed dorsal sinuses; first lateral
sinus double, the next simple, and all of them rounded.

Found at Glassington, Yorkshire.

11. G. mrxotopus.—The Mingling Lobed Goniatite, pl.
XXI. fig. 21, 22.

Goniatites mixolobus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire,
IL. p. 237, pl. 20. fig. 43 to 47.

Discoidal ; with five rapidly enlarging volutions, the inner
ones slightly concealed; septa with four rounded lateral
lobes ; the first lateral sinus double and acute; the second
single and pointed ; and the dorsal lobes and sinuses acute.

Discovered at Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland.

12. G. Gisson1.—Gibson’s Goniatite, pl. XXI. fig. 23,
24, 25.

Goniatites Gibsoni. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II. p-
236, pl. 20, fig. 13 to 18.

Discoidal, with five two-thirds concealed volutions, which
are provided with bent, acute ribs; these are prominent on
the margin, and become fureate on the sides as they approach
the ambit ; and passing over the back meet with the furca-
tions on the opposite side; destitute of spiral stric, but the
sides provided with a few curved constrictions. In the
young state this species is somewhat flattened, with apparent
volutions, but in older shells the volutions gradually become
more involute and gibbous. Diameter, a quarter of an inch.

Found at High-Green Wood.

This curious fossil is not unlike some Ammonites of the
Oolite formation.

13. G. vesica.—The Bladder Goniatite, pl. XXI. fig. 26, 27.

Goniatites vesica. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II. p-
236, pl. 20, fig. 19, 20, 21.

Subglobular, umbilicate, with two volutions, the central
one extremely small, the outer one very large; umbilicus
much rounded; sides transversely and delicately striate ;
undulations of the septa low and rounded; dorsal sinuses
very shallow; aperture semilunar; thickness equal to two-
thirds of the diameter.

Found at Black Hall, in the Kulkeagh Shale, at Bolland.

This species differs but little in its young and adult state.

14. G. InTERCosTaLis.—The Interribbed Goniatite, pl.
XXI. fig. 28, 29.

Goniatites intercostalis. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire,
II. pl. 237, p. 20, fig. 61, 62.

Discoidal, with three rapidly increasing volutions; sides
crossed by claviform ribs, which emanate from the inner
margin of the volutions, and extend about three-fourths
across the sides ; the whole shell with spiral intercostal striz ;
ambit round, slightly produced in the centre ; aperture trans-
versely elongated ; narrowed internally.

Found at Bolland.

15. G. rotiFormis.x—The Wheel Shaped Goniatite, pl.
XXI. fig. 30, 31.

Goniatites rotiformis. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.
p- 237, pl. 20, fig. 56, 57, 58.

Discoidal, carinated, with six half concealed angular volu-
tions; ambit provided with a truncated carina; sides with
transverse furrows, which are placed only on the centre of
the volutions, and do not reach the sides.

16. G. EvoLurus.—The Unfolded Goniatite, pl. XX. fig.
32, 33.

Goniatites evolutus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.
p- 237, pl. 20, fig. 65 to 68.

Discoidal, umbilicate ; with three apparent rapidly increas-
ing volutions ; aperture oblong, with rounded angles; septa
with a deep and acute dorsal sinus; the first lateral lobe
obtuse and angulated.

In the young condition, the section of the volutions is
round, and oblong in the adult state.

Found at Flasby.

17. G. Listert.—Lister’s Goniatite, pl. XXI. fig. 34.

Goniatites Listeri. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II. p.
235, pl. 20, fig. 1.

Spheroidal, umbilicate; the inner volutions concealed by
the outer one, and their edges only being visible within the

H

30 MOLLUSCA.

umbilicus ; ovter volution obsoletely striated transversely ;
constrictions nearly direct ; umbilicus very wide, deep, and
acute, with the edges plaited, crenated, or dentated ; provided
with a double dorsal lobe, an angular deep dorsal sinus ; first
lateral lobe ample ; an extremely round, angular, deep lateral
sinus.

In the young state the transverse strize are very distinet, but
become nearly invisible ; when old, the septa vary but slightly ;
in the young and old shells, only, the angles are blunted.

This handsome Goniatite is by no means rare, for it is
found near Sheffield, Halifax, Colne, and Holmsfrith, Saddle-
worth.

18. G. rRuNcaTus.—The Truncated Goniatite, pl. XXI.
fig. 35, 36.

Goniatites truncatus.
p- 234, pl. 19, fig. 20, 21.

Discoidal, umbilicate, much compressed ; inner volutions
entirely concealed ; sides covered with transverse, strong,
bent striae, which do not all extend from the margins to the
back, but have from two to three intermediate ones, betwixt
the longer striz; ambit in adult shells flattened; aperture
elongated, narrowed next the ambit; and the contiguous
volution intruding about one-third its length.

Found at Bolland.

19. G. cartna.— The Keeled Goniatite, pl. XXI. fig.
37, 38.

Goniaiites carina. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.
p- 237, pl. 20, fig. 63, 64.

Lenticular ; smooth, ambit provided with a sharp keel;
aperture subcordate.

Found at Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland.

20. G. virricER.— The Filleted Goniatite,
fig. 39, 40.

Goniatites vittiger. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.
p- 237, pl. 20, fig. 59, 60.

Lenticular ; carinated ; with five smooth two-thirds con-
cealed volutions ; ambit provided with a flattened carina.

Found at Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland.

21. G. reTicuLatus.—The Reticulated Goniatite, pl. NXT.
fig. 41, 42.

Goniatites reticulatus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.
p- 235, pl. 19, fig. 26 to 32.

Discoidal, compressed, in the adult state, umbilicate ;
inner volutions entirely concealed ; sides of outer volution
crossed by numerous strong, bent striz, which emanate from
the inner margin of the volutions and before reaching the
ambit bend suddenly backwards ; these are crossed by rather
wide spiral strie which produces a somewhat reticulated
appearance; umbilicus, large, deep, and angular; ambit
angulated ; septa with a short dorsal lobe, the first laterals
rounded, large, with their dorsal edges parallel ; constrictions
greatly bent.

The young shell is subglobose, with a rounded umbilicus,
and the outside with radiating furcate strize crossed by fine
spiral striz; the constrictions much bent, in adult speci-
mens the cast of the inside is considerably undulated.

Found at Flasby, Marsden, Wyersdale, Holmfrith and
High-Green Wood.

22. G. crenistri=—The Crenulated-Striate Goniatite,
pl. XXI. fig. 44 and 49.

Goniatites crenisiric.
p. 234, pl. 19. fig. 7, 8, 9.

Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.

pl XXI

Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.

GoniatTITEs.

Subglobose, umbilicate; inner volutions entirely con-
cealed; sides with fine crenulated, reticulated, elegantly
curved striz; the longer ones emanating from the inner
margins, and passing over the ambit, proceed continuously
to the margins of the opposite side; these have from one to
three intermediate shorter striz betwixt them; umbilicus
very small and rounded; septa with the dorsal lobe bifid ;
dorsal sinus acute; first lateral lobe sub-acute, double the
length of the dorsal lobe; second lateral lobe obtusely roun-
ded, shorter than the first; marginal sinus angular.

Some varieties are more globose than our figure.

Found in the Isle of Man, Bolland, Queen’s County, and
Fermanagh, Ireland.

23. G. spirorBis.— The Winding Goniatite, pl. XXL
fig. 45, 46.

Gouialiles spivorbis. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, IT.
p- 237, pl. 20, fig. 51 to 55.

Discoidal ; with seven or eight, rounded or oval, half
exposed, compressed volutions; coiled in the manner of a
watch spring, crossed by extremely fine slightly oblique
strie, and divided by a deep angulated suture; aperture
longitudinal, oblong-ovate, slightly indented by the last
volution ; septa with two rounded lateral sinuses, and an
acute central dorsal sinus.

In the young state this species is nearly globular, with a
semilunar, transverse aperture.

Found at Black Hall, Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland.

24, G. srenoLosus.—The Narrow Lobed Goniatite, pl.
XXI. fig. 47, 48.

Goniatiles sienolobus.
p- 235, pl. 20, fig. 7, 8, 9.

Subglobular, umbilicate; inner volutions entirely con-
cealed, outside covered with minute rugosities, and direct
constrictions ; umbilicus of moderate size; lobes and sinuses
of the suture rounded ; dorsal lobe narrow.

Found at Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland.

25. G. ExcavaTus.—The Execavated Goniatite, pl. XXI.
fig. 49, 50.

Goniatiles excavaius. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.
p- 235, pl. 19, fig. 33, 34, 35.

Depressed, umbilicate ; inner volutions entirely concealed ;
ambit angulated ; sides with somewhat crenulate transverse,
undulaiing slightly fureated striz, which curve suddenly
as they pass over the ambit; constrictions considerably
waved; umbilicus large and acute; lateral sinuses as in G.
reliculatus, No. 21, but more acute.

The young shells are destitute of spiral stvice.

Found at Bowes, Bolland, Queen’s Couity, Ireland, and
also at Flasby.

Professor Phillips thinks it possible that this may be only
a variety of Goniatites reticulatus.

26. G. optusus.——The Obtuse Goniatite, pl. X XI. fig. 51,
52; and 57.

Goniatiies obinsus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.
p- 234, pl. 19, fig. 10, 11, 12, 13.

Subglobose, umbilicate ; inner volutions wholly concealed ;
sides flattened, covered with delicate, transverse, elegantly
bent and furcate strize which sweep backwards as they pass
over the broad and rounded ambit; there are also a few
faint longitudinal striz, and some internal slightly bent
ridges ; aperture oblong-ovate ; narrowed behind the body,
yolution intruding upon it about one-third, and the internal

Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, IT.

————7O

GoNIATITES.

sides bending somewhat abruptly towards the body; septa
delicately marked and waved on the edge; with a short
dorsal lobe, and the dorsal sinuses acute ; first lateral lobe
considerably rounded.

Found at Black Hall, Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland.

27. G. sBiporsatis.— The Double Backed Goniatite,
pl. XXI. fig. 53, 54.

Goniatiles bidorsulis.
p. 235, pl. 20, fig. 2, 3, 4.

Subglobose, umbilicate ; inner volutions entirely concealed 5
sides rounded, with transverse, sigmoidal, sharp ribs, which
curve elegantly backwards before passing over the rounded
ambit, and having fine spiral, distant striz ; umbilicus large,
the lateral lobes and sinus rounded, with a double dorsal
lobe, each part divided.

This species may be confounded with the young of
Goniatites vaviabiles, but the different form of its septa dis-
tinguishes it from that species.

_ Found in Shale, at Woodford.

28. G. murasitis.— The Mutable Goniatite, pl. XXI.
fig. 55, 56.

Goniatiles mutabilis. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.
p- 236, pl. 20, fig. 24, 25, 26.

Subglobose, umbilicate ; inner volutions entirely concealed ;
sides and ambit much rounded, and smooth with direct
constrictions ; aperture transverse, semilunar ; umbilicus large,
with an acute margin ; first lateral lobe narrow.

The young shell is discoideo-cylindrical, very smooth
and shining ; umbilieus wide and acute, exhibiting the sides
of all the inner volutions, four in number; aperture trans-
verse, widest and pointed next the ambit, and the constric-
tions direct.

Locality unknown.

29. G. impLicatus.—The Involved Goniatite, p!. XXI.
fig. 58.

Goniatites implicatus.
p- 235, pl. 19, fig. 24, 25.

Subglobose, umbilicate ; inner volutions entirely concealed ;
sides a little flattened, with delicate transverse striz ; umbi-
licus rather small, septa numerous, with their edges but
moderately waved ; first lateral lobes widely rounded, with
their dorsal margins parallel ; and having a very small dorsal
lobe, with rounded dorsal sinuses.

Found at Black Hall, Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland.

30. G. pLatyLosus.—The Wide Lobed Goniatite, pl.
XXI. fig. 59.

Goniatites platylobus.
p- 235, pl. XX. fig. 5, 6.

Subglobose, umbilicate ; inner volutions wholly concealed ;
sides and ambit rounded, with obsolete spiral striz, and
crossed by direct constrictions ; umbilicus of moderate size,
crenate at its margin; having rounded sutural lobes and
sinuses, and a wide dorsal lobe.

Found at Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland.

31. G. catyx.—The Calyx Goniatite, pl. XXI. fig. 60,
61.

Goniatites calyx. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II. p.
236, pl. 20, fig. 22, 23.

Discoideo-cylindrical, umbilicate ; with about five volu-
tions, which are entirely enveloped in the body or outer one ;
ambit nearly flattened, glabrous, with delicate transverse strize ;
umbilicus very wide and acute, and deep, exposing within it

Phillips, Geology of Yorkshive, LI.

Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.

Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.

MOLLUSCA. 31

the margins of the volutions; and frequently crenate at the
edges ; aperture subluniform, flat, transverse, and acute at
the outer angles; constrictions direct, having round septal
undulations ; the dorsal lobe and sinuses forming a waved
transverse line.

‘This is the young condition of the fossil; the adult is not
known. F

Found at High-Green Wood, Black Hall, and Kulkeagh.

Genus VI.—SCAPHITES.—Parhinsoi.

Shell chambered, involute ; its first volutions small,
and inereasing very gradually, iis last elongated and
dilated or expanded, aod then diminishing and inflated ;
the divisions of the chainbers lobed and sinuous. It
appears to be almost, if not wholly, internal.

1. S. srrratus.—The Striated Seaphite, pl. XXII. fig. 1,
2,3:

Scaphites stiictus. Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 119,
pl. 22, fig. 3, 4, 9, 11, 18, 14, 15 and 16. De la Beche,
Geo. Manuel, p. 293. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 249.

Inner velutions umbilicate, deeply inserted, and wholly
concealed by the outer volution; ambit or back tumid,
suddenly enlarged, and the reflected turn terminating before
reaching the centre; aperture entire, of an irregular trans-
versely ovate form and marginate; margin prominent, and
upper part produced, extending alittle over the spire ; whole
surface covered with numerous oblique, annular, bifurcate
strize, which arise singly from the inner margin, divide into
two or three before passing over the ambit, and unite with
those which correspond on the opposite side; inuer half of
the outer volution somewhat depressed, and from thence the
striz extend obliquely in a radiating manner, and become
birureate at the edge of the depression ; towards the aper-
ture the striz are larger and more distinet, septa slightly
concave, with three principal indentations on their edges,
and with several minute sinuosities. Situation of the
siphuncle unknown, but it seems to have been on the
internal margin. Length about an inch, greatest thickness
one-fourth, and its width an eighth of an inch.

Found in the Gray Chalk Marle at Hamsey, Ranscombe,
Rodmill, and Brighton.

2. S. cosratus.— The Ribbed Scaphite, pl. XXII. fig. 4,
5.

Scaphites cosiaius. Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 120,
pl. 20, fig. 8 and 12. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 241. De la
Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 293.

Volutions convex, laterally compressed ; inner volutions
wholly inserted and concealed ; sides with numerous trans-
verse fureate striz, which embrace the ambit; sides of the
outer volutions smooth, and provided with eight or ten
distant oblique nodular projections; ambit broad, convex.
Length one inch; width an eighth of an inch; thickness of
the ambit a sixth of an inch.

This species is not so delicate as S. striatus, and is dis-
tinguished from it by the nodular projections on the sides of
the outer volutions; these proceed from the centre, and
diverge into numerous striz and encircle the ambit, which
is broad, and the projecting terminations of the striz pro-

32 MOLLUSCA.

duce an undulated appearance in its edges; the aperture is
long, and faces the spiral part.

Found in the Gray Chalk Marle at Hamsey, and is very
rare.

3. S. EquaLIs.—The Equal Scaphite, pl. XXII. fig. 7, 8,
9, and 15.

Scuphites equalis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 53, pl. 18,
fig. 1, 2, 3. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 249. Buckland, Geology
and Mineralogy Considered, II. p. 66, pl. 44, fig. 15, 16.

Involute, umbilicate; inner volutions concealed; inner
parts of the sides with projecting distant ribs; these extend
to nearly the centre, where they are rounded; smaller ribs
equal to two to each of the larger ribs; these pass over the
greatly enlarged ventricose, and thickened ambit; aperture
incurved ; the outer coating preserves part of the pearlaceous
lustre of the original shell. Length about an inch.

Fig. 7, side view; 9, a transverse section of the
portions, exhibiting the arrangement of the lobes and saddles ;
from which it will be observed they are the same as in the
genus Ammonites, the siphuncle also is seen on the dorsal
margin at a; 8 exhibits the front, with the volution central ;
15 is a section through one of the concamerations, exhibiting
part of the undulations.

Found in the Green Sand, at Yeovil, by Dr Leach.

4. S. optiquus.—The Oblique Scaphite, pl. XXII. fig. 10,
11; 12; 13.

Scaphites obliquus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 54, pl. 18,
fig. 4, 5, 6, 7. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 249.

Obliquely involute ; umbilicate ; inner volutions concealed ;
sides transversely striate, which, after reaching the centre,
become doubly or triply fureate, and pass over the rounded
ambit, and meet with those on the opposite side. Length
nearly an inch; width about three quarters, thickest part half
an inch.

Miss Bennet possesses a specimen from the Hard Chalk,
Warminster, which measures an inch and a quarter in
length.

This shell will readily be distinguished by the obliquity of
its curve, the fineness of its striae, and the great incurvation
of the last volution.

Found in the Marle Pit, Lewis, Hamsey, by Dr Mantell,
and is not met with in the Chalk at Brighton.

Fig. 12 exhibits the obliquity of the spire in a front view of
the shell; fig. 13 is a segment shewing the concamerations.

5. S. TuBpercuLatTus.—The Tuberculated Scaphite, pl.
XXII. fig. 6 and 14.

Scaphites tuberculatus.
p. 145, pl. 10, fig. 10, 11.

Involute, umbilicate ; inner volutions concealed ; from the
inner margin a series of wide set ribs emanate, the six outer
ones, on reaching the centre, terminate in a large and pro-
duced tubercle, and are met by numerous small rounded ribs,
which pass over the ambit ; in the remaining portion of the
volution, the large ribs cross the sides entirely, and passing
over the somewhat rounded ambit, proceed continuously to
the inner margins on the opposite side; numerous small
round ribs intervene between these, and terminate about the
centre of the sides ; at the termination of the reflected part at
the mouth, a border is formed by the edge of a regularly
rounded groove. Length an inch.

Found in Dorsetshire, as also in the Chalk Pit, Brighton,
by Mr Herbert.

Parkinson, Organic Remains, III.

Navuti.us.

Famity I].—Nauvurinacra.

Shell discoidal, with a central spire, and short cells,
which do not extend from the centre to the circum-
ference.

Genus VII.—NAUTILUS.—Linneus.

Shell suborbicular, multilocular ; convolute, with con-
tiguous volutions, and simple partitions; septa transverse :
and externally concave, perforated in the disk; margins
entire ; aperture ample.

1. N. TETRAGONIS.—The Quadrangular Nautilus, pl. XXII.
fig. 16.

Nautilus tetragonis. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.

p-

Discoidal, flattened, with tetragonal volutions; ambit
slightly coneave, and provided with a small spiral ridge
within the angles, sides crossed by sharp bent striz, which
rise into ridges, or plaits on the edges ; septa outwardly con-
cave.

Found at Kulkeagh and Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland ;
and also in Northumberland.

2. N. INEquALIs.— The Unequal Nautilus, pl. XXII.
fig. 17.

Nautilus inequalis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 88, pl.
40, lower figures. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 229.

Spheroidal, umbilicate; aperture nearly round, and
obscurely trilobate, embracing the volutions, and nearly
equal to one-half the diameter of the shell in length, and
about the same in width; septa but slightly curved, remote
in the inner volutions, and in the outer ones rather con-
tiguous ; siphunculus situate near the inner margin of the
septum.

It is rather singular that the septa should be closer in the
outer volutions than in the inner ones, where the distance is
equal to their own length.

Found at Folkstone by Mr Gibbs.

3. N. MULTICARINATUS.—The Many-Keeled Nautilus, pl.
XXII. fig. 18.

Nautilus multicarinatus.
129, pl. 482, fig. 1, 2.
p- 232.

Discoidal, subglobose, umbilicate ; umbilicus large, deep,
and angular, with an angular edge, in which the sides
of the inner volutions are half exposed ; ambit compressed,
very broad, and flattened, with its centre plain, and provided
on each side with four sharp carine, exclusive of the one
which invests the margins of the umbilicus.

Found in the Black Rock, at Cork, Ireland, where it is
very rare.

4. N. cAriniFerus.—The Keeled Ammonite, pl. XXII.
fig. 19. |

Nautilus cariniferus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 130,
pl. 182, fig. 3.4. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II. p. 232,
pl. 17, fig. 19.

Discoidal, subglobose, umbilicate; inner volutions half
exposed within the very large, deep, and sharp margined

Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p.
Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, IT.

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MANCHESTER:
AINSWORTH & SONS, 107, GREAT ANCOT'’S STREET;
118, NEW SCOTLAND ROAD, LIVERPOOL; 76, NORTHGATE, BLACKBURN; AND AT
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umbilicus; ambit very broad, with its centre plain, flat, and
provided with two carinz on each side, and a rounded broader
one outside of these, with a considerable smooth space inter-
vening betwixt them and the edge of the umbilicus ; lip pro-
vided with a deep sinus.

This species has some affinity to Nautilus multicarinatus,
but it is provided with a narrow concave space in place of
the keel upon each side ;

In its general contour it somewhat resembles also Nautilus
biangulatus pl. 23, fig. 9 ; but in addition to the angles which
distinguish that shell, it is provided on each side of its broad
and flattened front with two minor keels.

Found in the Black- Rock, Cork, Ireland.

6. N. cycrosromus.— The Circle Nautilus, pl. XXII.
fig. 20.

Nautilus cyclostomus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.
p. 232, pl. 22, fig. 26, pl. 17, fig. 29, and pl. 18, fig. 3.

Shell partly spiral ; inner volutions exposed, and the outer
ones rapidly increasing in size, to a nearly straight line ;
sides crossed by fine flexous striz ; sutures outwardly con-
eave, and slightly retroflected on the back; aperture almost
circular; siphunculus placed near the outer edge ; number of
volutions variable.

Found at Castleton and Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland ;
and also at High-Green- Wood.

7. N. pentaGonus.—The Pentagonal Nautilus, pl. xxii.
fig. 21.

Nautilus pentagonus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IIL. p. 89,
pl. 249, fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 230.

Discoidal, with five volutions ; the inner ones concealed
to the extent of one-third, and increasing rapidly in size ;
ambit subearinated ; aperture orbicular, obscurely five angled,
and considerably indented by the preceding volution, and
extending to nearly half the diameter of the shell; sides
somewhat flattened, with a few oblique, slight wrinkles ;
septa rather numerous, and slightly concave ; the siphuncle
central. Greatest diameter eight and a-half inches.

In the young condition, the aperture is less pentangular
than in the adult.

Discovered in the Black Limestone at Bathgate, Linlith-
gowshire, and has since been found in the Red Limestone, at
Closeburn, Dumfriesshire.

8. N. srnuatus.— The Sinuous Nautilus, pl. XXII.
fig. 22.

Nautilus sinuatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 213, pl.
194. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 231. De la Beche, Geo.
Manual, p. 369.

Very thick, umbilicate ; inner volutions few, and entirely
concealed ; sides depressed, conical, with close, moderately
fine, and elevated concentric stria, which gradually become
obsolete towards the aperture; ambit convex; aperture
obtusely sagittate and truncated; septum greatly elevated
towards the front, with a large marginal sinus on each side ;
umbilicus very shallow ; siphunculus placed a third the
length of the aperture from the ambit. Greatest diameter
five inches; and its thickness two and a-half inches.

Found in the Inferior Oolite at Yeovil.

g. N. astacoipes.— The Little Lobster Nautilius, pl.
XXIII. fig. 1.

Nautilus astacoides. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I.
p- 163, pl. 12, fig. 16. Dela Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 369.

Shell discoidal subumbilicate; inner volutions entirely

MOLLUSCA. 33

concealed ; ambit narrow towards the inner side next the
aperture, but greatly thickened as it approaches the aperture
behind ; sides smooth, coneentrically lineated, with transverse
lines of growth ; aperture very expansive, occupying nearly
two-thirds the diameter of the shell, and rounded towards
the back ; siphuncle nearly central.

Found in the Upper Shale of the Lias formation of York-
shire.

10. N. unpuLtatus.— The Waved Nautilus, pl. XXIII.
fig. 2.

Nautilus undulatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p- 87, pl.
40. Fleming, Brit. An. p.229. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel,
p- 293.

Gibbous ; inner volutions concealed ; sides considerably
produced, with large undulations, which are more deeply
defined as they approach towards the back, and reaching to
more than half the diameter; edge of the back, when viewed
in profile, deeply scalloped; aperture somewhat obcordate ;
siphuncle nearly central ; septa rather numerous, each crossed
on the surface by an undulation; thickness half the diameter
of the disk. Greatest diameter twelve inches.

Found in the Greensand at Nutfield, Surrey.

11, N. oxysromus.— The Sharp-Mouthed Nautilus, pl.
XXIII. fig. 3.

Nautilus oxystomus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.
p- 233, pl. 22, fig. 35, 36.

Lenticular, greatly depressed; consisting of four volu-
tions, the inner ones half exposed; sides smooth; ambit
acute ; septa outwardly concave, as exhibited in the figure.

Found in Limestone, at Enniskillen and Florence Court,
Treland, and in the Isle of Man.

12. N. rruncatus.—The Truncated Nautilus, pl. XXIII.

fig. 4.
Nautilus truncatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 49, pl.
123. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 229. De la Beche, Geo.

Manuel, p. 369. Lister’s Conchology, No. 1048.
Thick, inner volutions entirely concealed, umbilicate ;

‘sides flattened; ambit flat; aperture elongated and quad-

rangular, extending to nearly half the diameter of the disk,
narrowest towards the ambit ; siphuncle oval, placed nearest
the inner end of the aperture, or inner margin of the septum;
septa very numerous, but not recurved towards the umbilical
region ; thickness not quite half the diameter.

13. N. simpLex.—The Simple Nautilus, pl. XXIII. fig. 5.

Nautilus simplex. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p- 47, pl.
122. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 229. De la Beche, Geo.
Manuel, p. 293.

Spheroidal depressed ; inner volutions entirely concealed ;
sides plain, umbilicate; aperture lunate, with truncated
angles, which embrace the sides of the volutions; septa
numerous and somewhat flattened; siphuncle situated near
the inner edge of the septum; thickness nearly four-fifths,
the greatest diameter of the disk, which varies from an inch
to thirteen inches.

Found plentifully in the Greensand, near Boreham, in
the vicinity of Warminster.

This shell bears a considerable similitude to WV. imperialis,
pl. 24, fig. 5, but is more rounded in its curvature, and
somewhat narrower and flatter in the middle.

14. N. excavatus. — The Excavated Nautilus, pl. XXIII.
fig. 6.

Nautilus excavatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 55, pl.

I

34 MOLLUSCA.

29, fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 23]. De la Beche, Geo.
Manuel, p. 429.

Almost globose, very largely umbilicate; umbilicus the
shape of a reversed cone, occupying nearly half the diameter
of the shell, and producing an excavated appearance in the
sides; sides smooth, straight, slightly convergent towards
that part where the volution enters the aperture ; aperture
subquadrangular, considerably produced at the sides by
the convex extremity of the umbilicus, arcuated in front ;
siphuncle nearly central, or rather a little towards the ambit.

Found in the Inferior Oolite, Dorsetshire.

15. N. sutcatus.—The Furrowed Nautilus, pl. XXIII.
fig. 7.

Nautilus sulcatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 137, pl-
571, fig. 1, 2. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 429.

Discoidal ; with four almost wholly exposed volutions ;
sides ventricose, with two large spiral furrows, and two or
three shallow, broad, smaller ones on each side, upon the
most elevated part of the gibbose side; one of the furrows
being concealed in the inner volutions, and with a sharp
carinated elevation between the two larger furrows ; ambit
concave, aid bounded by sharp margins ; aperture one-half
longer than it is wide, and with its sides indented ; siphuncle
situate immediately opposite the inner indentation; septa
numerous, With straight margins.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Castleton.

16. N. potyconatis.— The Many-cornered Nautilus,
pl. XXIII. fig. 8.

Nautilus polygonalis.
pl. 530.

Spheroidal umbilicate ; inner volutions entirely concealed ;
sides compressed, smooth; umbilicus very small; aperture
large, arcuated, occupying about half the diameter of the
disk, its reflected extremities nearly concealing the umbilicus ;
siphuncle situate’ near the outer edge of the septum, and
composed of many straight tubes, each protruding a little
beyond the septum which it penetrates, to join the preceding
tube ; septa distant, considerably concave, with only a slight
curvature at their edges ; thickness equal to about two-thirds
its diameter.

Found in the Inferior Oolite, Dorsetshire.

The whole series of septa have a disjointed aspect.

17. N. prancuLatus. — The Two-angled Nautilus, pl.
XXIII. fig. 9.

Nautilus biangulatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 84,
pl. 458, fig. 2. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 428.

Discoidal subglobose, umbilicate ; inner volutions half
exposed ; ambit rounded ; umbilicus very large and deep, in
the form of a reversed cone, with its margins acutely
carinated ; aperture transversely elliptical, and obtuse at its
extremities, its width being equal to about ,two-thirds the
diameter of the disk.

In the young coudition, the extremities of the aperture are
angular.

Found in the Mountain Limestone near Bristol.

18. N. HExaAGoNUS.—The Six-angled Nautilus, pl. XXIII.
fig. 10.

Nautilus hexagonus.
pl. 529, fig. 2.

Somewhat cylindrical, and short; umbilicate ; inner volu-
tions entirely concealed; sides depressed, with a conical
angle near the centre; ambit broad, straight; umbilicus

Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 56,

Sowerby, Min. (Conch. VI. p. 55,

NautTiLus.

small; aperture sagittate, and truncated on the outer
extremity ; siphunele situate near the inner edge of the
septum ; septa numerous, and but slightly curved.

Found in the Calcareous Grit at Shotover Hill, and also at
Abingdon.

19. N. Gropatus.—The Globular Nautilus, pl. XXIII.
fig. 11, pl. 25, fig. 5, 9.

Nautilus globutus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 129, pl.
48]. Dela Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 428. Phillips, Geology
of Yorkshire, II. p. 248, pl. 17, fig. 20, 28.

Subglobose umbilicate ; inner volutions few, rapidly in-
creasing, and almost wholly concealed; sides smooth;
ambit flattened ; umbilicus rather small, deep, and provided
with a subcarinated margin; aperture large, very wide,
arcuated, and furnished with a deep and wide sinus on the
back, which divides it into two equal lobes; thickness and
diameter nearly equal; septa numerous ; there is a small sinus
formed in the inner end of the aperture by the intrusion of
the preceding volution ; greatest diameter, six inches.

Found in the Black Rock at Cork.

20. N. Woopwarpi1. —Woodward's Nautilus, pl. XXIII.
fig. 12.

Nautilus Woodwardii. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 138,
pl. 571, fig. 3. Ammonites Woodwardii, Martin, Petrifac-
tions of Derbyshire, pl. 35, fig. 4, 5. De la Beche, Geo.
Manuel, p. 429.

Discoidal, with four or five wholly exposed, rapidly
increasing volutions; sides of the volutions angular; the
whole surface provided with many concentric series of
granulated lines; ambit rounded, and provided with a
linear sulcus in its centre ; aperture obovate, with angulated
sides.

Found at Winster, Derbyshire.

21. N. cexrrAtis.—The Central Siphuneled Nautilus, pl.
XXIV. fig. 1.

Nautilus centralis. Sowerby, Min. Conch, I. p. 11, pl. 1.
fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 229. .

Involute umbilicate; inner volutions wholly concealed ;
aperture transversely elongate, and bluntly lunate ; siphunele
placed quite central; umbilicus large, but not deep, placed
behind the projecting sides of the aperture ; sides smooth ;
septa entire, gently bending, concave, but not recurved at
their extremities.

First discovered in Clay, from a well one hundred and
seventy-five feet deep, in Richmond Park.

22. N. cosvatis——The Ribbed Nautilus, pl. XXIV. fig. 2.

Nautilus costalis. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II. p.
233, pl. 22, fig. 30.

Spheroidal, umbilieate ; inner volutions wholly concealed ;
sides covered with transverse flutings, or ribs ; ridges rising
from obscure undulations on the margin of the deep umbili-
cus, and terminating in acute projections on the ambit, which
are very conspicuous when viewed in profile, with slight
contractions at intervals, which are parallel to the ridges,
and also with pretty strong elevated stria, which lie in the
same direction as the ridges ; aperture lunate.

This species attains a very large size, sometimes measuring
fourteen inches.

Found at Kildare and Queen’s County, Ireland.

23. N. Ziczac. The Zigzag Nautilus. Pl. XXIV. fig. 3.

Nautilus Ziezac. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 12, pl. 1.
Lowest figures. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 231; Buckland,

Navuri.us.

Geology and Mineralogy Considered, I. p. 359, and II. p. 63,
pl. 43, figs. 3 and 4.

Involute ; sides somewhat flattened ; inner volutions
entirely concealed ; aperture bluntly triangular ; siphuncle
placed nearest to the inside ; septa concave, greatly recurved
at their extremities, and with a deep indentation in the edge
on each side, producing a zigzag appearance ; thickness
about a third of its diameter.

Found in the Clay at Highgate, in London.

24. N. striatus.— The Striated Nautilus, pl. XXIV.
fig. 4.

Nautilus striatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 183, pl. 182.
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 230. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel,
p- 369.

Discoidal, somewhat gibbose, the inner volutions few,
entirely concealed, and increasing rapidly ; sides covered
with extremely strong, elevated, numerous, irregular, concen-
tric striea, and having almost the appearance of ridges ;
umbilicus large, but not deep, in which the edges of the inner
volutions are slightly indicated ; ambit compressed ; aperture
almost orbicular, a little flattened on the back, and equal
to about half the diameter of the disk ; greatest diameter
about eight inches.

Found not unfrequently in the Lias at Lyme Regis, Dor-
setshire.

25. N. impertatis. — The Imperial Nautilus, pl. XXIV.
fig. 5.

Nautilus imperialis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 9. Fleming,
Brit. An. p. 229.

Discoidal, umbilicate ; inner volutions wholly concealed ;
sides gibbose and smooth, but striated concentrically in the
young state ; aperture lunate, with blunted sides ; siphuncle
placed nearest in the inside ; septa entire, concave, broadest
in the centre, truncated and a little reeurved at their ends ;
umbilicus pretty large, but not deep.

This is a widely diffused species, and is found in the Clay
at Highgate, near Munster, Island of Sheppey, Brentford,
Suffolk, Middlesex, Essex, Berkshire, Hampshire, Wiltshire,
Surrey, and Kent. :

In some specimens the outer coating is of a light, chestnut-
brown colour, especially in young shells, beneath which the
shell is of a fine pearlaceous lustre ; it is also nacred within.

26. N. siropatus.—The Two-lobed Nautilus, pl. XXIV.
fig. 6.

Nautilus bilobatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 89, pl.
249, fig. 2, 3. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 230.

Subglobose, umbilicate ; inner volutions entirely con-
cealed ; sides smooth ; back slightly flattened ; umbilicus very
small, and nearly cylindrical in form; aperture transversely
elongated, its width being nearly four times its length ;
siphuncle almost central, on each side of which the septa are
very concave, forming two elliptical lobes; thickness and
width about equal.

Found at Closeburn, Dumfriesshire, in the Red Limestone,
on the property of C. G. S. Menteith, Esq.

27. N. INTERMEDiIUS.— The Intermediate Nautilus, pl.
XXIV. fig. 7.

Nautilus intermedius. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 53,
pl. 125. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 230. De la Beche, Geo.
Manuel, p. 369.

Globose, umbilicate ; inner volutions about half exposed,
and increasing rapidly ; sides somewhat depressed, concentri-

MOLLUSCA. 35

cally striated ; ambit broad flattened ; aperture a little quad-
rangular; siphuncle round, placed nearest the external mar-
gin; septa numerous.

Found at Keynsham, in Ferruginous Limestone, and at
Castle Hedingham, Essex. ‘This species is nearly allied to
the following, but is distinguished by not being so thick as
the obesus, and the septa are not so numerous. The striae
mentioned are not, however, discernible, except when the
outer coating is removed. But the circular form of the
siphuncle at once distinguishes it from that of the obesus,
which is transversely oval.

28. N. ogesus.— The Swollen Nautilus, pl. XXIV.
fig. 8.

Nautilus obesus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 51, pl. 124.
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 230. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel,
p- 369.

Gibbose, umbilicate ; inner volutions entirely concealed ;
sides plain ; ambit broad and flat ; aperture very large, some-
what quadrangular, its length being two-thirds the diameter
of the disk ; siphuncle oblong-ovate, transverse, and almost
central ; septa very numerous, but not recurved, which pro-
duces an open form to the umbilicus, which is pretty large,
but not deep ; greatest diameter thirteen inches.

Discovered in Ferruginous Limestone at Norton-Under-
ham by Mr Strangeways.

Distinguished from WV. intermedius by its transversely oval
siphuncle, which inclines inwards, and in the umbilicus
exhibiting no indications of the inner volutions.

29. N. compLANATUS.—The Flattened Nautilus, pl. XXIV.
fig. 9.

Nautilus complanatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 109,
pl. 261. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 231. De la Beche, Geo.
Manuel, p. 464.

Discoidal compressed, with four or five volutions; the
inner ones completely exposed ; their inner edges flattened,
leaving a concave surface ; half of the last volution is desti-
tute of septa; sides flat and smooth ; aperture lanceolate, its
length being nearly equal to six times its width; near the
inner angle, the edge of each septum is provided with a
reversed sinus; ambit rounded.

Discovered at Scarlet, Isle of Man, by J. S. Henslow, Esq.
in the Slaty Limestone.

30. N. rusercuLatus. — The Tuberculated Nautilus, pl.
XXIV. fig. 10.

Nautilus tuberculatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 90,
pl. 249, fig. 4. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 230.

Discoidal, thick, very largely umbilicate ; the inner volu-
tions almost wholly exposed ; outer volutions thick, the inner
ones progressively descending to a deep umbilicus, the shape
ofareversed cone; at about a third of the breadth of the volu-
tions, is situated a series of large round tubercles, which are
prolonged to the inner margins by a flattened rib; the inner
volutions are inserted as far as the row of tubercles; ambit
rounded ; aperture transversely elongated, and a little bian-
gular, its width being twice its length; septa but slightly
concave, with their edges a little waved.

Found in the Red Limestone at Closeburn, Dumfriesshire,
by C. G. S. Menteith, Esq.

31. N. porsatis.— The Back-siphuncled Nautilus, pl.
XXV. fig. 1.

Nautilus dorsalis. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II. p.
231, pl. 17, fig. 17, and pl. 18, figs. 1 and 2.

36 MOLLUSCA. \

Discoidal, umbilicate; inner volutions entirely concealed,
and rapidly increasing; sides rounded, smooth; aperture
sub-rotund; siphuncle placed close to the back; septa dis-
tinct; umbilicus large and deep. F

Professor Phillips says, there are three varieties of this
species: A, has a circular umbilicus, with the inner volutions
partly concealed; B, umbilicus somewhat angular, with the
volutions more involute; C, umbilicus open and rounded,
and the shell somewhat less involute. The two former are
found at Bolland, Queen’s County, and the latter are from
Kildare, Ireland.

32. N. BistRIALIs.— The Doubly Striate Nautilus, PI.
XXV. fig. 2.

Nautilus bistrialis. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II. p.

232, pl. 17, fig 2.

Discoidal, umbilicate ; inner volutions entirely concealed ;
sides slightly rounded; umbilicus very large, but not deep,
with several spiral strize on its margin.

Found at Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland.

33. N. GonroLospatus.— The Corner-Lobed Nautilus, pl.
XXV. fig. 5.

Nautilus goniolobus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.
p- 232, pl. 17, fig. 23.

Involute, subglobose, umbilicate ; inner volutions wholly
concealed ; sides smooth, inflated ; ambit rounded; umbilicus
small ; sutures retroflexed in a small dorsal sinus ; first lateral
lobe angular ; the second cannot be traced

Found at Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland.

34. N. 1ncens.—The Huge Nautilus, pl. XXV. fig. 4.

Nautilus ingens. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II. p. 232,
pl. 18, fig. 4. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 428.

Discoidal; inner volutions slightly concealed, and increasing
rapidly; sides smooth; ambit round; aperture orbicular,
obscurely angular towards the inner edges ; siphuncle round,
placed at about a third the length of the aperture from the
ambit ; septa numerous. It is a very large species.

Found at Coniston, near Gargrave; and at Clattering-
dykes, in the Mountain Limestone.

It is nearly allied to V. pentagonus, pl. 22, fig. 21, but may
be distinguished from it by the rounded ambit.

35. N. trneatus.— The Lineated Nautilus, pl. X XV. fig. 7.

Nautilus lineatus, Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 89, pl. 41.
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 229. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel,
p- 369.

Spheroidal, compressed, umbilicate; inner volutions entirely
concealed; sides slightly flattened, and obscurely striated
transversely ; umbilicus small and well defined; ambit flat,
broad, with a spiral concave groove in its centre; aperture
somewhat quadrangular, with a deep indentation from the
preceding volution; siphuncle placed near the middle; septa
very numerous and concave, with three slight marginal
undulations ; diameter about a third longer than its thickness.

Found in the Inferior Oolite at Combdown, near Bath.

36. N. sutcatuLus.— The Suleated Nautilus, pl. XXV.
fig. 8.

Nautilus sulcatulus. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, II.
p- 233, pl. 17, figs. 18 and 25.

Discoidal ; inner volutions quadrangular, partly exposed ;
sides smooth, concave towards the outer edge, and convex
towards the marginal slope, which terminates abruptly, with
many acute sigmoidal, transverse, and a few spiral strie ;
volutions quadrangular; ambit concave along its centre, and

Navti.us.

somewhat bevelled to the sides; aperture oblong, some-
what ten-sided ; siphuncle situate near the outer edge,

Found at High-Green-Wood, and Kildare, Bolland, and
Coalbrookdale.

37. N. eLecans.—The Elegant Nautilus, pl. XXV. fig. 10.

Nautilus elegans. Sowerby, Min. Conch. LI. p. 33, pl. 116.
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 229. Mautell, Geology of Sussex,
p- 112 and 197, pl. 20, tig. 1. pl. 21, figs. 1, 4,8. De la
Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 293.

Subglobose, umbilicate; inner volutions one-third con-
ceaied ; sides with numerous transverse, linear, curved,
reflexed sulci, which divide the surface into broad flat ribs,
which, alter forming an elegant curve on the ambit, proceed
laterally, and are then reflected towards the umbilicus ; aper-
ture obtusely sagittate; the siphunele large, placed central ;
septa concavo-convex, entire, undulating in a gentle man-
ner, with their convex surface placed in an opposite direction
to that of the grooves, and decussating them; umbilicus very
small. Greatest diameter twelve inches ; its greatest thickness
is equal to about twice its width.

This species is pretty widely diffused, and is met with in
the Gray Chalk Marle of Stoneham, Hamsey, Offham, Rans-
combe, Middleham, and Firle, in Sussex.

In a young condition, the furrows are wide, and separated
by sharp transverse ribs, and the whole surface is ornamented
with numerous well defined striz.

38. N. annuLaris.— The Ringed Nautilus, pl. XXV.
fig. 11.

Nautilus annularis.
pl. 12, fig. 18.

Discoidal, with a large circular annulation; sides gently
raised; aperture very large; septa remote, and but slightly
curved.

Found in the upper Lias Shale of Yorkshire.

39. N. reGatis.—The Royal Nautilus, pl. XXV. fig. 12.

Nautilus regalis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 77, pl. 355.
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 230.

Gibbose, destitute of an umbilicus ; inner volutions entirely
concealed ; sides plain and convex; ambit flattened; aper-
ture somewhat wider than long; sides expanded, with a
considerable indentation by the volution, and a little straight
next the back. Largest diameter about nine inches, and its
thickness about five.

This species somewhat resembles V. imperialis, pl. 24,
fig. 5, but differs in its volutions, increasing more rapidly
than in that shell, and its solid axis. In the young state, it
may also be distinguished by the convex sides of the aperture.

Found in the London Clay, at a depth of sixty feet,
Regent’s Canal, Hyde Park, and Island of Sheppey.

40. N. expansus.— The Expanded Nautilus, pl. XXV.
figs. 13 and 14.

Nautilus exrpansus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 83, pl. 458.
fig. 1. De la Beche, Geo. Manuel, p. 293.

Subglobose, umbilicate ; inner volutions wholly concealed ;
sides with fine, sharp, transverse strie, which following the
lines of growth, pass from the umbilicus in an elegant sweep
over the-rounded back, and proceed continuously to the
umbilicus on the opposite side ; umbilicus small, and nearly
circular; aperture transverse, very greatly exposed, laterally,
so much so as to make the axis considerably longer than the
diameter of the shell; the septa intersect the striw, and in
front their edges are nearly straight.

Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, I.

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IMPORTANT WORKS ON NATURAL HISTORY.

In the course of Publication,
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shells ~—Lrerii’s Geology, vol. iii. p. 299.

MANCHESTER: |
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XXXVI,

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NavrtILus.

Discovered in the Chalk Marl at Hamsey, by Dr
Mantell.

The young of J. elegans, pl. 25, fig. 10, bears a conside-
rable likeness to this shell, but the striz are stronger in the
NV. expansus, and the aperture is much more expanded.

41. N. rapiatus.— The Rayed Nautilus, pl. XXY.
fig. 15.

Nautilus radiatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 78,
pl. 356. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 230.

Gibbose, umbilicate ; inner volutions one-third inserted,
the outer one increasing very rapidly ; sides rounded and
ornamented with curved, radiating undulations, which meet
upon the back at an obtuse angle; back or ambit rounded,
umbilicus of moderate dimensions, and exposing the inner
volutions and the edges of the septa; aperture nearly circu-
lar, its length and breadth being about equal, exceeding in
dimensions half the diameter of the disk, and deeply indented
by the intrusion of the volutions ; greatest diameter six
inches and a half.

Found in the Greensand Formation, near Maltor.

In its aspect, this shell appears to resemble NU. elegans,
pl. 25, fig. 10, and also the WV. undulatus, pl. 23, fig. 2. The
undulations are more numerous than in the latter, there being
at least five or six to each septum, and it is more regularly
convex ; besides, the deeply indented ambit of the J.
undulatus, when viewed in profile, will at once distinguish it.

42. N. piscus.—The Quoit Nautilus, pl. IX. fig. 4.

Nautilus discus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 39, pl. 13.
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 230.

Discoidal, much compressed ; margins flat, consisting of
five entirely exposed volutions ; aperture oblong, its greatest
width not exceeding half an inch; its exterior margin nar-
rower than the inner one, and furnished with a notch, result-
ing from asmall groove, which encompasses the margin of
the ambit ; chambers numerous ; septa about an eighth of an
inch apart; siphuncle situate nearest the inner edge of the
septa.

Discovered in the dark coloured Limestone, near Kendal,
Westmoreland.

This species was, by mistake, engraved among the
Ammonites.

Genus VIII—NUMMULITES.—Zamarck.

Shell lenticular, disciform, or thick in the middle, and
attenuated towards the margins ; spire internal, multilo-
cular, covered over by several tables ; volutions gene-
rally numerous, sometimes to the number of twenty ;
outer partitions complicated, produced, extending and
uniting on each side of the centre ; cells very numerous,
small, alternate, and formed by transverse, imperforate
septa, which are convex near the fronts, leaving a fissure
between each of them and the preceding volutions ;
their sides narrow, variously curved, and extending to
the axis.

1, N. Comproni.— Compton’s Nummulite, pl. XXVI.
figs. 1, 2.

Nautilus Comptoni. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 45, pl. 121.
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 229.

MOLLUSCA. 37

Lenticular, obtusely carinated ; surface smooth, with about
ten distinctly marked septa; aperture acutely triangular,
formed of two arcuated lips ; diameter not a line.

Discovered by Earl Compton, at Earl Stoke, near War-
minster, Wiltshire, and named in honour of that scientific
nobleman.

2. N. var1oLari1A.—The Variable Nummulite, pl. XX VI.
figs. 3, 4, 5.

Nummularia variolaria. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 76,
pl. 538, fig. 3. Lenticulites variolaria, Lamarck, Env. de
Paris, p. 168. An. San. Vert, VII. p. 619.

Shell very convex and smooth, with four or five volu-
tions ; margin obtuse ; septa about twenty, forming rays near
the margin.

This species is not above a line in diameter, is subject to
considerable variety in thickness, according to its dimensions ;
the septa are more or less visible on its surface, as it is more
or less opaque.

Discovered at Stubbington, by J. Holloway, Esq. in
Pyrites, in the lower part of the London Clay.

3. N. r=vicara.— The Smooth Nummulite, pl. XXVI.
figs. 5, 6, 7.

Nummulites levigata. Lamarck, Env. de Paris, p. 172.
An. San. Vert. VII. p. 629. Parkinson, Org. Rem. III.
p- 152 and 158, pl. 10, figs. 13, 14. Mantell, Geo. Sussex,
p- 269. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 75, pl. 538, fig. 1.
Nummulita levigata, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 233.

Lenticular, smooth, consisting of about twelve greatly
compressed volutions ; sides convex, a little plain, except
having a few elevated dots, and in the centre being slightly
undulated ; margin narrow, somewhat obtuse, and very finely
striated ; aperture narrow.

This shell is composed of perpendicular fibres, with an
external and internal semitransparent coating.

Discovered at Stubbington Cliff, by J. Holloway, Esq. It
has since been found in Bricklesom Bay, Sussex.

Genus IX.—BELLEROPHON.—Monffort.

Shell thick, univalve, unilocular, involute, umbilicate
on both sides, nearly symmetrical, bicarinated, and
almost spherical, the last volution enveloping the
others ; aperture very large, semilunate, arched, and
terminated by the extremities of the columella or axis,
which is transverse, and provided with a sinus or notch
in the outer edge of the lip, between the keels.

SECTION I.— SHELLS WITH A MESIAL CARINA.

1. B. TANGENTIALIS.—The Tangent-Ridged Bellerophon,
pl. XXVI. figs. 12 and 22.

Bellerophon tangentialis. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II.
p- 230, pl. 17, figs. 6, 7, and 14.

Cylindrico-globose ; umbilicus largely rounded ; aperture
much expanded; ambit broad, and provided with an acute,
narrow carina, from which emanate straight ridges and fur-
rows, which rise perpendicular to the keel, forming tangents
to the inner margin. nf

Found at Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland.

K

38 MOLLUSCA.

2. B. TEeNurascia.— The Thin-banded Bellerophon,
pl. XXVI. figs. 16 and 30.

B. tenufascia. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 109, pl. 170,
figs. 2 and 3. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p. 230, pl. 17,
figs. 9, 10. Nautilus hiuleus Var. c. Martin, Petrefactions of
Derbyshire Systematically Arranged, p. 15.

Nearly globular ; aperture widely expanded; mesial keel
thin, elevated, and acute, with fine, close, transverse stria ;
umbilicus small ; greatest diameter three inches.

Found at Scalebar, Derbyshire ; at Settle, Yorkshire ; also
near Kendal, and at Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland.

3. B .Woopwarpit.— Woodward’s Bellerophon, pl. XX VI.
figs. 14, 20, and pl. XXIII. fig. 12, p. 34, No. 20.

Bellerophon Woodwardii. Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire,
II. p. 281, pl. 17, figs. 1, 2, 8.

Discoidal, lenticular, subrhomboidal, with four or five
rapidly increasing volutions; sides angular; whole surface
covered with many concentric series of granulated lines ;
back rounded, and furnished with a linear sulcus in its
centre ; aperture obovate, with angulated sides.

In old shells, the series of beaded lines assume the appear-~
ance of ordinary striz, and the inner volutions become some-
what concealed.

Found at Bolland, Queen’s County, and Kulkeah, Ireland.

4, B. miutcus.— The Gaping Bellerophon, pl. XXVI.
figs. 17, 19.

Bellerophon hiulcus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 109,
pl. 470, fig. 1. Deshayes, Des. de Coq. Car. des Terr. p. 133,
pl. 8, fig. I, 2. Ency. Method. II. p. 133, No. 1. Brown’s
Elements of Fossil Conchology, pl. II. fig. 15. Fleming,
Brit. An. p. 838. Conchyliolithus Nautilus hiuleus, Martin,
Pet. Derb. pl. 40, fig. 1. Syst. Arrangements, pl. 1. fig. 6.

Globose, expanding widely from the central volutions ;
mesial keel broad and flat; axis perforated ; the sides
covered with close-set, elevated striw, which emanate from
the axis, and pass obliquely to the keel; the front sinus is
deep, and producing arcuated stria upon the carina, whose
sides are well defined by sharp, depressed lines; aperture
much expanding.

Fouad in the Carboniferous Limestone of Derbyshire ; and
at Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland,

5. B. cosratus.— The Ribbed Bellerophon, pl. XXVI.
fig. 24.

Bellerophon costatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 110,
pl. 470, fig. 4. Parkinson, Organic Remains, III. p. 141,
pl. 10, fig. 6. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 338. Phillips, Geo. of
Yorkshire, Lf. p. 230, pl. 17, fig. 15. Conch. Nautilus
hiuleus, Martin, Pet. Derby. p. 15, pl. 11, fig. 1.

Subglobose, with a small rounded umbilicus ; mesial keel
broad, somewhat depressed ; strize sharp, emanating from the
umbilicus in an arcuated form, and terminating in a deep
V-shaped dorsal sinus ; aperture large and expanding.

Found in the Limestone of Craven; and Bolland, Queen’s
County, Ireland.

6. B. sutcatus.—The Furrowed Bellerophon, pl. XX VI.
figs. 23, 26.

Discoidal, with a. large and shallow umbilicus ; sides some-
what inflated, and crossed by numerous, narrow, curved
sulci; mesial keel elevated, with arcuated sulci, which are
continuous with those of the sides; aperture considerably
expanded and arcuated, and much elevated behind.

BELLEROPHON.

Found at Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland.

7. B. expansa.— The Expanded Bellerophon, pl. XX VI.
fig. 29.

Subdiscoidal ; umbilicus concealed ; sides greatly produced,
and crossed by wide-set sulci, which are carried over the
somewhat elevated mesial keel, in an arcuated form; aper-
ture very wide and gaping.

This species is nearly allied to B. apertus in form, but is
at once distinguished by its having a dorsal keel.

Found at Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland.

8. B. pEcussatus. — The Decussated Bellerophon, pl.
XXVI. fig. 21.

Bellerophon decussatus. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 3838.
Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p. 231, pl. 17, fig. 13.;

Subglobose, or somewhat longitudinally ovate, covered by
small spiral ridges and furrows, which are crossed by finer
thread-like, arcuated lines, producing a beautifully decussated
appearance, which, at their point of junction, are somewhat
acute, giving the surface a subtuberculated aspect ; aperture
very much expanded; axis solid; mesial keel tumid and
rounded, and covered by the striae.

Found in the Clay Slate of the Coal Formation, Linlith-
gowshire, and at Kulkeagh, Ireland.

SECTION IIl.— SHELLS DESTITUTE OF A MESIAL CARINA.

9. B. Urir.—Ures Bellerophon, pl. XX VI. figs. 13, 15.

Bellerophon Urii. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 338. Phillips,
Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p. 231, pl. 17, figs. 11, 12. Mautilus,
Ure’s Rutherglen, &c. p. 308, pl. 14, fig. 9.

Globular; sides of the aperture much expanded; axis
solid; shell smooth, with many regular, spiral, shallow fur-
rows, and rounded, narrow ridges ; destitute of a keel.

The cast of the interior of this fossil is smooth.

Found in the Carboniferous Limestone of Rutherglen,
Renfrewshire ; Bowes; Bolland; Harelaw, and Linlithgow-
shire.

10. B. sprratis.— The Spirally-Furrowed Bellerophon,
pl. XXVI. fig. 18.

Bellerophon spiralis.
p- 231, pl. 17, fig. 8.

Ovate, largely umbilicate ; the back and edges of the

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II-

umbilicus obtusely angled, with numerous spiral ridges and.

sulci; the whole surface being very minutely granular, and
only visible by the aid of a strong lens ; lip of the aperture
somewhat triangularly pointed behind,

Found at Bowes; Otterburn, and Harelaw.

11. B. apzrtus.—The Open Bellerophon, pl. XXVI.
figs. 25, 27.

Bellerophon apertus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 108,
pl. 469, fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 338. Phillips, Geo.
of Yorkshire, II. p. 231, pl. 27, fig. 4.

Nearly spherical ; inner volutions concealed; axis solid
and very thick ; sides smooth ; sides of the aperture conside-
rably expanded, and its extremities rather square ; destitute
of a mesial keel ; back rather rounded.

Found in the Limestone at Carlingford, county of Lowth,
and met with in the same formation at Harelaw and Otter-
burn; at Kirby Lonsdale; Bristol ; and Settle, Yorkshire :
from which last locality, they are sometimes met with nearly
four inches in diameter..

OrrHocera.

12. B. Cornu-Arietus.—The Ram’s Horn Bellerophon,
pl. XXVI. figs. 31, 32, 33.

Bellerophon Cornu-Arietus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V.
p- 108, pl. 469, figs. 2, 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 338.
Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, If. p. 231, pl. 17, fig. 16. Nau-
tilus, Ure’s History of Rutherglen, &c. p. 308, pl. 14, fig. 8.

Shell very thick, smooth, and somewhat compressed ; volu-
tions few, the inner ones very small, rapidly enlarging and
much expanding towards the aperture; near which, on the back,
it is provided with a longitudinal, carinated, regular, dorsal
sinus, which divides the aperture into two lobes; aperture
large and greatly dilated ; axis solid and very thick.

The inner volutions are apparent in the cast, fig. 32.

Found in the Limestone of Kendal; Northumberland ;
Renfrewshire, and in the Carboniferous Limestone of Lin-
lithgowshire.

13. B. Ovatus.— The Oval Bellerophon, pl. XXVI.
fig. 28.

Eillipsolites ovatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 83, pl. 37.
Nautilus ovatus. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 231.

Ovate, gibbose, with a shallow, nearly central umbilicus ;
inner volutions concealed ; sides of the shell rounded ; sur-
face smooth; aperture obtusely sagittate, with its sides
narrow ; greatest diameter thrice the thickness of the shell.

Found in the Limestone of Black Rock, near Cork, by
Samuel Wright, Esq.

Famiry I1].—_ORTHOCERATA.

Shell straight, or nearly so, and destitute of any spiral
volutions.

Genus X.—ORTHOCERA.—Lamarck.

Shell elongated, subconie, straight, or slightly arcuated,
with numerous external, longitudinal grooves; cells
formed by transverse septa, perforated by a tube, which
is either central or marginal.

SECTION I.—SHELLS STRAIGHT.

1. O. corpirormts.— The Heart-Shaped
pl. XXVII. fig 3.

Orthocera cordiformis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 85,
pl. 247. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 238. Ure, Hist. Ruther-
glen, &c. p. 306, pl. 17, fig. 1.

Shell obconical, heart-shaped ; sides convex ; aperture
round ; surface smooth and plain ; septa numerous, extending
directly across the shell; siphuncle not quite central; the

“tube of which is inflated into a globular form between each
septum, the last chamber more contracted at its opening than
at its base.

This large species measures nine inches and a quarter in
length, and seven inches at the broadest part.

Found in the Limestone of the Old Red Sandstone, at
Closeburn, Dumfries-shire by C. S. Menteith, Esq.

2. O. GiGANTEA.— The Gigantic Orthocera, pl. XXVII.
fig. 6.

Orthocera,

MOLLUSCA. 39

Orthocera gigantea. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 81, pl.
246. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 239. Phillips, Geo. of York-
shire, IL. p. 237, pl. 21, fig. 3.

Shell straight, gradually tapering ; finely striated ; aperture
oval, somewhat more than eight inches in diameter; septa
direct, deep, and numerous ; siphuncle situate at a little
distance from the centre.

This gigantic species is supposed to grow to the extent of
eight feet, and is, consequently, the largest of all the known
testaceze. The shell is about a quarter of an inch in thickness.
This magnificent fossil was discovered by Charles Stewart
Menteith, Esq. in the Limestone on his estate of Closeburn,
Dumfries-shire, and has since been met with at Flasby, and
at Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland.

3. O. ANGULARUS.—The Angular Orthocera, pl. XX VIL
fig. 5.

Orthoceras angulare.
238, pl. 21, fig. 4.

Shell subeylindrical, with a few longitudinal furrows ; septa
placed very distant.

Found at Bolland, Queen’s County, and at High-Green-
Wood.

4. O. rnEquiseprus.—The Inequally-Partitioned Ortho-
cera, pl. XX VII. fig. 7.

Orthoceras inequiseptum.
p- 238, pl. 21. fig. 7.

Shell straight, gradually tapering ; septa unequal, very
distant in the young shell; section circular.

Found at Bolland, Queen’s County.

5. O. reticuLatus. — The Reticulated Orthocera, pl.
XXVII. fig. 8.

Orthoceras reticulatum.
p- 238, pl. 21, fig. 11.

Shell elongated; septa distant; surface annulated, and
reticulated with moniliform lines ; sections circular.

This figure is taken from a cast.

Found at Bolland, Queen’s County.

6. O. cincuLaris.—The Cireular Orthocera, pl. XXVIII
fig. 2, 3.

Orthocera cireularis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 133,
pi. 60. fig. 6, 7. O.convexa. Fleming, An. Phil. V. p. 202,
pl. 31, fig. 4. Jb. Brit. An. p. 238.

Shell nearly cylindrical, or slightly tapering; partitions
thin and eoneave, approximate, being about the sixteenth of
an inch distant rom each other, with their edges even;
siphuncle situate about midway between the centre and the
margin ; diameter of the large end about an inch.

Found in the Carboniferous Limestone at Dudley.

7. O. crncta.— The Girdled Orthocera, pl. XXVIIFf.
fig. 4.

Orthocera cincta. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 168, pl.
588, fig. 3. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p. 237, pl. 21,
fig. 1.

Shell elongate, almost cylindrical ; surface covered witit
numerous sharp, somewhat undulous, annular strie; siphun-
culas central; septa rather concave and distant ; section

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p.

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, IT.

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II.

very slightly ovate.
Found at Preston; Flasby ; Closeburn, Dumfries-shire, and
Bolland, Ireland.
8. O. Breynut.—Breyn’s Orthocera, pl. XXVIIL. fig. 5.
Orthocera Breynii. Martin, Pet. Derby. pl. 39, fig: 2.

40 MOLLUSCA.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 132, pl. 60, fig. 5. Phillips,
Geo. of York. II. p. 238.

Shell cylindrical, elongated, tapering gradually; septa
numerous, ovate, very oblique and slightly concave, approxi-
mate and shallow ; siphuncle placed in one focus between the
centre and the margin; outer shell very thin and plain;
section of an elongated oval form.

Found in the Derbyshire Limestone ; Kulkeagh ; and
Bowes.

9. O. contcA.—The Conical Orthocera, pl. XXVIII. fig.
OTe

Orthocera conica. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I, p. 131, pl. 60.
fig. 1, 2, 38. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 238.

Shell elongated, conical, smooth ; aperture ovate ; chambers
numerous, increasing in depth «with the size of the shell ;
septa with even margins, and regularly concave surfaces,
and doubly distant from each other at the broad than at the
narrow extremity ; siphuncle small, oval, and almost close to
the margin.

Fig. 7. represents the convex side of one of the septa.

Found in the Alum Clay at Whitby, by the Dowager
Marchioness of Bath.

10. O. unpuLaTA.—The Waved Orthocera, pl. XXVIII.
fig. 9. 10.

Orthocera undulata.
59. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 238.
II. p. 238, pl. 21, fig. 8.

Shell oval, tapering considerably ; thin, smooth; partitions
numerous, nearly parallel, only slightly oblique, and a little
eoncave; their edges ascending, oval, with a wave on each
side, and all equidistant, five or six to an inch; siphuncle
situate near the thicker end, at about a sixth part of the
diameter from the side of the shell, its size being about the
tenth of an inch ; section of a broad oval form as in fig. 10.

Found in the Carboniferous Limestone at Scaleber, near
Settle, Yorkshire ; Castleton, and Cumberland.

11. O. annuLtata.—The Ringed Orthocera, pl. XXVIII.
fig. 11, 12.

Orthocera annulata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 77,
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 239. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire,
p. 239. :

Shell tapering, subcompressed, with strong, slightly oblique,
equidistant annulations, and minute, transverse, undulating
striz; a space equal to about four rings is plain near the
aperture, which is situate in the thicker end, within which
the siphuncle is placed, a little way from the side of the
shell; section a little oval, (fig. 12.)

Found in the Carboniferous Limestone of Colebrookdale,
Shropshire ; Bowes ; Kulkeagh ; High-Green-Wood, and
Northumberland.

12. O, LATERALE.— The Lateral Orthocera, pl. XXVIII.
fig. 14.

Orthocera laterale.
fig. 8.

Shell tapering, smooth, slightly compressed, with equi-
distant, wide-set, somewhat oblique septa, their sides slightly
areuated ; section a little ovate.

Found at Bolland, Queen’s County.

13. O. Srretnuavuerr. — Steinhauer’s
XXVIII. fig. 15.

_ Orthocera Steinhaueri.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 130, pl.
Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire,

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, pl. 21.

Orthocera, pl.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 182,

OrTHOCERA.

pl. 60. fig. 4. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 239. Phillips, Geo. of
Yorkshire, II. p. 238, pl. 21, fig. 5.

Shell circular, very concave, with thin margins, even
edged, wide, elongated, tapering very gradually; with very
parallel and regular transverse striae ; septa distant ; chambers
very deep; siphuncle rather large, situate close to one side ;
section circular.

Discovered, by the Rev. H. Steinhauer, in Limestone on
the Broadford Road, and has been met with at Bolland, and
in Coal Shale at Halifax.

14. O. striata. — The Striated Orthocera, pl. XXVIII.
fig. 17.

Orthocera striata, Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 129, pl. 58.
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 239. Ib. Wernerian Mem. III. p. 96.

Shell nearly cylindrical, and tapering very gradually ; the
whole surface longitudinally striated ; aperture oval, about a
third broader than wide; septa very thin, numerous, but
widely set; chambers deep; siphuncle large and nearly
central ; greatest known length eleven inches.

Diseovered in the Black Rock Transition Limestone, near
Cork, and in the Clay Slate of the same formation, at the
Cove of Cork.

SECTION IIl.—SHELLS ARCUATED.

§ 15. O. pyrirormis. — The Pear-shaped Orthocera, pl.
XXVII. fig. 1, 2.

Orthoceras pyriforme.
p- 238. pl. 21, fig. 14, 15.

Shell pyriform, tumid towards the aperture, and arched
towards the smaller end; smooth; section oval, siphuncle
situate at one-third of the diameter from the edge.

Professor Phillips says, “ In the specimen figured the
large projecting plate, with its plane parallel to the axis, (as
in our fig. 2. pl. XX VII.) and to the longer diameter of the
shell, is covered on the ecnvex side by a white, laminated,
friable inner shell, very analogous to the “ bone” of Sepia
Officinalis, and to the lower lamina of Belemnites quadratus.
_ Found at Bolland and Kildare, Ireland.

16. O. rusrrormis. — The Spindle-Shaped Orthocera, pl.
XXVIII. fig. 1.

Orthocera fusiformis.
pl. 588, fig. 1, 2.

Shell arcuated, fusiform, smooth, round, and tapering
rapidly towards the smaller end, and slightly towards the
broader one ; siphuncle almost central ; outer chamber large.

Found in the Limestone at Bolland, Queen’s County,
Ireland, and in similar Limestone near Preston, Lancashire.

This shell is somewhat allied to the preceding.

17. O. parapoxica.— The Paradoxical Orthocera, pl.
XXVIFE fig. 4.

Orthocera puradoxica, Sowerby, Min Conch. V. p. 81,
pl. 457.

Shell lanceolate, triangular, flattened in front, with the edges
projecting a little, and producing a gentle concavity ; sides
convex, and somewhat dissimilar ; aperture forming an almost
equilateral triangle, with sides somewhat rounded, and slightly
hollowed in front ; the siphunele almost central, but placed a
little nearer the front.

Found in the Mountain Limestone of Ireland.

18. O. GrsneRI.—Gesner’s Orthocera, pl. XXVII. fig. 9.

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 167,

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the records of the changes that have occurred upon the surface of our globe."—Proressor Bucktann’s Geology and Minera-
logy Considered, p. 110.

“© The only true remaining Mrpats or Creation.”— BERGMAN.

“ Shells are by far THE MOST IMPORTANT CLASS OF ORGANIC BEINGS which have left their spoils in the sub-aqueous
deposits ; and they have been truly said to be the medals which Nature has cu1tEFLY SELECTED to record the history of the
former changes of the globe. There is scarcely any great series of strata that does not contain some marine or fresh water
shells.”—LyELi’s Geology, vol. iii. p. 299.

MANCHESTER:
AINSWORTH & SONS, 107, GREAT ANCOT’S STREET;
118, NEW SCOTLAND ROAD, LIVERPOOL; 76, NORTHGATE, BLACKBURN; AND AT
LEEDS, ROACHDALE, BIRMINGHAM, AND INTERMEDIATE TOWNS.

oe. ote ees See

a et

XXXII

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BELEMNITES. MOLLUSCA. 4l

O. Gesneri. Martin, Pet. Derby, pl. 38, fig. 1, 2. Fle-
ming, Brit. An. p. 239. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II.
p. 289, pl. 21, fig. 6.

Shell curved, conical, with about thirty longitudinal, close,
acute, regular ridges and rounded furrows ; siphuncle placed
nearly marginal ; section slightly ovate.

Found in the Carboniferous Limestone of Derbyshire,
Middleton Tyas, Northumberland ; Cumberland ; Isle of Man;
and Bolland, Queen’s County.

19. O. RuGosa.—The Rugged Orthocera, pl. XXVIII.
fig. 8.

Orthocera rugosa. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 239. ib. Ann.
Phil. V. p. 203. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, p. 239, pl. 21,
fig. 16.

Shell subcylindrical, slightly arcuated with annular, undu-
lating, somewhat distant ridges, crossed at intervals by strong
striz producing a knotty appearance, the intervening spaces
with longitudinal, tuberculated, subechinated lines ; siphun-
culus minute, and situate close to the edge; between each
of the transverse annulations are two chambers.

Found in the Carboniferous Limestone of Northumberland.

20. O. Cornu-Isex.— The Ibex-Horn Orthocera, pl.
XXVIII. fig. 13.

Orthoceras annulatum. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II.
pl. 21, fig. 10.

Shell a little areuated, cylindrical, with many slightly
undulous smooth annulations ; intervening spaces smooth.

This shell differs from the O. annulata in being more
bent, in being greatly thicker in proportion to its length, and
in the rings being closer.

Found at High-Green-Wood.

21. O. uNcuis.—The Claw Orthocera, pl. XXVIII. fig. 16.

Orthoceras unguis. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p. 238.
fig. 2.

Shell smooth, abruptly arcuated towards the thicker end ;
septa numerous ; section orbicular.

Found at Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland.

22. O. pbENTALOIDEUM.— The Tooth Orthocera, pl.
XXVIII. fig. 18.

Orthoceras dentaloideum. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II.
p- 239, pl. 21. fig. 12.

Shell greatly curved, and tapering gradually, with nume-
rous small longitudinal ridges and furrows.

Found at Bolland, Queen’s County.

Genus XI. BELEMNITES.—Zamarceh.

Shell straight, conical, elongated, capable of being
separated into two parts, the outer one a solid sheath,
produced above, and excavated, with a conical cell
beneath ; the inner nucleus conical, and multilocular,
divided by numerous transverse septa, perforated by a
central tube.

SECTION. I.—SHELLS LANCEOLATE.

1. B. LaNcEoLatus. — The Spear-Shaped Belemnite, pl.
XXIX. fig. 1.

Belemnites lanceolatus. Sowerby, Min Conch. VI. p. 208,
pl. 600, fig. 8, 9.

Shell smooth, subfusiform, greatly elongated, one-half
narrow, the other thickened, and gradually tapering to a
point; each side with a double obsolete furrow; base ob-
scurely triangular, base convex, or conical.

Found in the Chalk at Hamsey.

2. B. Gracitis.—The Slender Belemnite, pl. XXIX.
fig. 13.

Belemnites gracilis. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, [. p. 138,
pl. 5, fig. 15.

Shell smooth, fusiform, thick at one end, and gradually
tapering to a somewhat obtuse point, and extremely slender at
the other ; section orbicular.

Found in the Oxford Clay at Scarborough.

3. B. arrenuatus.— The Attenuated Belemnite, pl.
XXIX. fig. 3.

Belemnites attenuatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 176,
pl. 589, fig. 2.

Shell subfusiform, somewhat quadrangular, tapering slightly
towards the base, contracting abruptly a little above the
centre, from which to the somewhat obtuse apex, it is nearly
cylindrical, and frequently striated; each side is provided
with an almost obsolete, double, longitudinal furrow, and a
sulcus in front extending a short way from the base.

Found at Folkstone.

4. B. Attanr.—Allan’s Belemnite, pl. XXIX. fig. 8.

Belemnites Allani. Fleming, Brit. An. IL. p. 240. Belem-
nite, Allan, Trans. Royal Soe. Edin. IX. p. 407, pl. 25.
Mantell, Geo. of Sussex, p. 201, pl. 16, fig. 1.

Shell smooth, cylindrical; apex conical, with a slender
produced point; alveolus conical, acute, with a sublateral
point ; a longitudinal section exhibits a small tube extending
from the alveolus to the apex of the spathose part.

Found in Chalk at Brighton and Lewes.

5. B. pentcittatus.—The Pencil-shaped Belemnite, pl.
XXIX. fig. 5.

Belemnites penicillatus. De Blainville, Mem. sur les
Belem. p. 89, pl. 3, fig. 7. Knorr, Part II. pl. 1,* fig. 1 to 4.
Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 181, pl. 590, fig. 5, 6.

Shell compressed, short, tapering in a very gradual man-
ner towards the superior extremity, near which it is abruptly
contracted to an almost central, longitudinally striated or
suleated obtuse point; cavity of the opposite extremity
rather deep.

Found in the Chalk in Shorne Cliff.

6. B. Granutatus.— The Granulated Belemnite, pl.
XXI1X. fig. 6, 7

Belemnites granulatus. De Blainville, Mem. sur les
Belem. p. 63, pl. 1. fig. 10. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p.
207, pl. 600, fig. 3, 5. (

Shell subeylindrical ; surface covered with small granula-
tions, and the impressions of veins ; tapering rather abruptly
to an obtuse mucronated apex ; sides with a double longitudi-
nal nearly obsolete furrow.

Found in the Chalk at Andover and Bridgewick Pit, near
Lewes. It is said to occur in St Peter’s Mountain, near
Maestricht.

7. B. rustrormis——The Spindle-Shaped Belemnite, pl.
XXIX. fig. 14.

Belemnites fusiformis. Parkinson, Org. Rem. III. p. 127,
pl. 8, fig. 13. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 240. Phillips, Geo. of
Yorkshire, I. p. 123, pl. 3, fig. 1.

Fusiform, somewhat compressed in the fore part ; abruptly

L

42 MOLLUSCA.

tapering towards the apex, and gradually towards the other
extremity ; a receptacle for the alveolus is situate towards the
base in a conical form, with a longitudinal sulcus upwards of
an inch in length.

Found in the Lower Oolite, Stonesfield, Oxfordshire ; in
the Speeton Clay at Speeton; and also in the Blue Marle of
Bedfordshire and Kent.

8. B. Lisrer1.—Lister’s Belemnite, pl. XXIX. fig. 9.

Belemnites Listeri. Mantell, Geo. of Sussex, p. 88, pl. 19,
fig. 17, 18, and 23. B. minima. Lister, Anim. Ang. p. 228,
fig. 32. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 240. Phillips, Geo. of York.
I. p. 120, pl. 1, fig. 18.

Subfusiform, cylindrical, with a single, slight, longitudinal
sulcus, and terminating in an acute apex; siphuncle central,
extending through the alveolus to the apex of the spathose
part.

Dr Mantell says, “ The form of this beautiful little Belem-
nite varies considerably,—some of the specimens are fusiform,
others gently taper towards the apex; some are perfectly
cylindrical, and others contract suddenly. The longest
example in my collection, is 0.2 in diameter, and 1.3 inch in
length. These fossils occur in profusion in every locality of
the Blue Marle of Sussex, and also in Surrey, Kent, and
Cambridgeshire.” They also occur in the Red Chalk of
Sussex, according to Professor Phillips.

9. B. votuminus. — The Scroll Belemnite, pl. X XIX.
fig. 10.

Belemnites mucronatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 207,
pl. 600, fig. 7, young shell.

Shell smooth, fusiform, thickest in the centre, gradually
tapering to each extremity, and terminating in blunt poiits ;
section circular.

Found in the Chalk at Norwich.

We cannot agree with Sowerby in considering this the
young of B. mucronatus.

10. B. prstirtirormis. — The Pestle-shaped Belemnite,
pl. XXIX. fig. 22.

Belemnites pistilliformis. De Blainville, Mem. sur les
Belem. p. 89, pl. 5, fig. 14 to 17. Sowerby, Min. Conch.
VI. p. 177, pl. 589, fig. 3-

Shell fusiform, much thickened towards the apex, suddenly
and greatly attenuated and elongated towards the base ; sur-
face bearing slight impressions of veins.

Found in the Lias at Shorne Cliff, to the east of Char-
mouth.

11. B. minrimus.— The Least Belemnite, pl. XXIX. fig.
20, 21.

Belemnites minimus. Miller, Geo. Trans. 2d Series, II.
p- 62, pl. 9, fig. 6. De Blainville, Mem. sur les Belem. p.
75, pl. 4, fig. 1, and p. 119, pl. 5, fig. 5. Sowerby, Min.
Conch. VI. p. 175, pl. 589, fig. 1.

Shell fusiform, slightly quadrangular, spreading towards
the apex, and cylindrical as it approaches the base, but not
expanded; apex obsoletely papillose ; each side with an
obscure double furrow.

Found in Blue Chalk Marle of Bedfordshire, Folkstone,
Maulden, and Cophill.

12. B. mucronatus.—The Sharp-Pointed Belemnite, pl.
XXIX. fig. 15, 16.

Belemnites mucronatus. Brongniart and Cuvier, Geo. des
Env. de Paris, p. 382, pl. 3, fig. 1. De Blainville, Mem.
sur les Belem. p. 64, pl. 1, fig. 12. Sowerby, Min. Conch.

BELEMNITES.

VI. p. 205, pl. 600, fig. 1, 2,4, 6, 7. B. electrinus, Miller,
Geo. Trans. 2d Series, II. p. 61, pl. 8, fig. 18 to 21, and
pl. 9, fig. 1 and 3. Belemnite, Faujas, Maestricht, p. 178,
pl. 32, fig. 3. Actinocamax verus. Miller, Geo. Trans, 2d Ser.
II. p. 64, pl. 9, fig. 17, 18.

Shell subcylindrical ; apex terminating abruptly in an
obtuse point, with a central mucro ; base expanded, near to
which is a slight contraction ; aperture almost circular ; a sul-
cus extends along the expanded portion, which communicates
with the internal cavity ; a flattened space stretches nearly
the whole length of the shell on each side of the back, from
whence numerous vein-like channels emanate, and diverging
round the sides, meet upon the front of the shell, or enter the
sulcus.

Fig. 16 represents a section of the shell.

Found in the Upper Chalk of Norwich, and is to be met
with in the same stratum of almost every country.

13. B. ELoncatus.—The Elongated Belemnite, pl. XXIX.
fig. 11.

Belemnites clongatus. Miller, Geo. Trans. 2d Series, IT
p- 60, pl. 7, fig. 6, 7, 8. De Blainville, Mem. sur les Belem-
nites, p. 75. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 178, pl. 590,
fig. 1. A Belemnite, Plott, Phil. Trans. LIV. p. 38, with
a figure.

Shell elongated, slender, and cylindrical in the centre,
gradually tapering to an obtuse apex, which is round and
plain; gradually expanding in the other direction to a broad
base, and encompassed by numerous obtuse annulations;
chambered portion equal to two-thirds the length of the
shell; diameter of the base equal to about a fourth of its
length.

Found in the Lias Clay at Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire ;
Daventry, Northamptonshire ; Charmouth, and vicinity of
Bath.

14. B. appreviAtus.— The Shortened Belemnite, pl.
XXIX. fig. 18, 19.

Belemnites abbreviatus. Miller, Geo. Trans. 2d Series,
p- 59, pl. 7, fig. 9 and 10. De Blainville, Mem. sur les
Belem. p. 91. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 179, pl. 590,
fig. 2, 3, and 9.

Shell short, subeylindrical ; fore part abruptly tapering to
a slightly recurved eccentric apex, being considerably off the
centre; base expanded; sides somewhat flattened; cavity
equal to half the length of the shell.

The considerable thickness in proportion to the length, the
contraction and curvature of the point, are distinguishing
characteristics of this species.

Found in the Lias and Inferior Oolite at Weymouth.

SECTION II.—SHELLS STRAIGHT AND CONICAL,

15. B. acurus.—The Acute Belemnite, pl. X XIX. fig. 2.

Belemnites acutus. Miller, Geo. Trans. 2d Series, II.
p- 60, pl. VIII. fig. 9. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 180,
fig. 7, 8, and 10.

Shell conical, round, smooth, sides very slightly com-
pressed, and destitute of a furrow, terminating in an acute
apex ; base broad ; cavity deep and central.

Found at Shorne Cliff, Charmouth; and at Weston, near
Bath.

BeLoprera.

16. B. compressus. — The Compressed Belemnite, pl.
XXIX. fig. 4 and 12.

Belemnites compressus. De Blainville, Mem. sur les
Belem. p. 84, pl. 2, fig. 9. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 182,
pl. 590, fig. 4.

Shell thick, straight, slightly compressed ; base wide, oval,
not expanded, and gradually tapering to the apex, which is
surrounded by longitudinal, unequally long, deep furrows, two
of which extend farther down the flattened sides than the
others ; cavity deep, with a central apex ; septa very numerous.

Found in the Inferior Oolite, near Scarborough.

17. B. rusutarta.— The Tubular Belemnite, pl. XXIX.
fig. 17.

Belemnites tubularia. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p. 163,
pl. 12, fig. 20.

Shell tubular, much elongated, smooth, tapering very
gently towards the point, where it again bulges out into a
compressed three furrowed point; thickening gradually to-
wards the base, which is double the diameter of the higher
part of the tube.

Found in the Upper Shale of the Lias at Saltwick.

Genus XII.—BELOPTERA.— Deshayes.

Shell internal, oblong, expanding, concave, thin; with
a chambered cone attached to its inner surface and
placed longitudinally ; from the apex to the cone the
shell is considerably thickened.

1. B. anomaLa. — The Anomalous Beloptera, pl. XXIX.
fig. 23, 24.

Beloptera anomala. Sowerby, Min. Conch. p. 184, pl. 591,
fig. 2.

Shell oblong, smooth, very thin, somewhat curved ; sides
but little expanded ; apex very obtuse, with a small circular
perforation in front, or on the concave side ; cone increasing
in thickness, at the sides and back, to its termination; at the
base of the cone the shell is thin ; the section is trigonal.

Found at Highgate Hill in the London Clay.

Genus XIIJ.—_AMPLEXUS.—Sowerby.

Shell nearly cylindrical, multilocular, with numerous
transverse septa embracing each other with their reflexed

margins.

1. A. coraALLoipes. — The Coral-Amplexus, pl. XXIX.
fig. 25, 26.

Amplexus coralloides. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 165,
pl. 72. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 251.

Shell tubular, unequal in diameter, and irregularly bent ;
surface undulous, and longitudinally striated ; margins of the
septa deeply reflexed, the folds corresponding in width to the
longitudinal strie, and owing to their depth forming elonga-
ted cells, which terminate in the septa; lines of growth
close, well defined, and somewhat unequal in depth; septa
equal to a fourth or fifth part of the diameter of the tube,

MOLLUSCA. 43

remote, with their margins reflexed to the adjoining septum.
Diameter varying from half an inch to an inch and a half.

Found in the Transition Limestone, in the Black Rock at
Limerick.

Genus XIV.—CONULARIA.— Miller.

Shell conical, hollow, multilocular, divided by trans-
verse, imperforate septa; aperture half closed by an
inflection of the lip.

1. C. quapRisuLcata.— The Four-Furrowed Conularia,
pl. XXIX. fig. 27.

Conularia quadrisuleata. A curious fossil, Ure’s History
of Rutherglen and Kilbride, p. 330, pl. 20, fig. 7. Sowerby,
Min. Conch. III. p. 107, pl. 260, fig. 3, 4, 5, 6. Fleming,
Brit. An. p. 240.

Shell straight, four sided, two of the angles opposite each
other being more elongated than the rest, and all of them
equally excavated; each of which is covered with bent,
oblique, transverse sulci, which run close together towards
the base ; the intervening spaces forming narrow ridges ; also
longitudinally striated, which are most conspicuous within
the hollows; labia of the two longer sides, inflected over
somewhat more than half of the base, and meet opposite the
shorter edge, and are sulcated, as in the other parts of the
shell ; septa with delicate transverse, irregular striz.

Found in the Carboniferous Limestone, at Keswick,
Westmoreland, and in Shale at Tronlie Bank, near Glas-
gow.

2. C. TERES.—The Taper Conularia, pl. XXIX. fig. 28.

Conularia teres. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 108,
pl. 260, fig. 1, 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 240.

Shell conical, gradually tapering, round, subcylindrical,
and slightly and irregularly arcuated, with transverse,
irregular strie ; having a smooth space near the apex, which
terminates in a blunted cone.

Found in the Shale, at Tronlie Bank, near Glasgow.

Orpver I1].—TRACHELIPODA.

Body of the animal spirally convolute in its posterior
part, separated from the foot, and always enveloped in
a shell; the foot free, flattened, attached to the inferior
base of the neck, or the anterior part of the body,
forming a member of locomotion. Shell spiral and
enveloping.

SECTION I.—ZOOPHAGOUS TRACHELIPODA,.

Famity I.—INVOLUTE.

Shell destitute of a canal, but having the base of its
aperture notched or effuse, and its spiral convolutions
broad, compressed, and rolled up in such a manner that

the external one nearly envelopes the others.

44 MOLLUSCA.

Genus I.—CONUS.— Linneus.

Shell inversely conical, turbinate; spire generally
short; aperture longitudinal, linear, entire, narrow, and
effuse at the base; pillar smooth; shape of a reversed
cone; most of the species with a notch in the upper
extremity of the outer lip, which, for the most part, is
very straight, and sometimes, although seldom, slightly
arcuated; always destitute of teeth; usually, if not
always, covered with an epidermis, in a recent state.

1. C. concrnnus. — The Neat Cone, pl. XXX. fig. 1 and
10.

Conus concinnus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 180, pl.
302, fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 330.

Subfusiform, somewhat angular in the centre; spire one-
third the length of the shell, with small knobs, and fine
granulated spiral striz ; base a little produced, and provided
with furrows, which are deepest towards the point ; breadth
equal to about a third its length.

Found at Barton and Highgate Hill, London.

2. C. pormiror.— The Long-sleep Cone, pl. XXX. fig.
6, 7.

Conus dormitor. Brander,
Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p.
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 330.

Subfusiform short, tapering to both extremities ;
numerous, transverse, elevated striz, and the intermediate
spaces finely crenulated ; sometimes placed in pairs ; length
of the spire about equal to the greatest diameter of the
base ; aperture extending more than half the length of the
shell ; acute above ; outer lip rising gradually from the body,
and considerably inflated in the centre, and narrowing the
aperture.

Found at Muddiford and Barton.

3. C. crnciLttus.—The Zoned Cone, pl]. XXX. fig. 8.

Conus dormitor. Variety, Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. pl.
179. fig. 1.

Subfusiform, tapering to both extremities, with transverse
close striae, and the intervening spaces crenulated ; a smooth,
broad band ornaments the upper part of the body ; aperture
equal to half the length of the shell; and the spire a third
its length.

This differs from the C. dormitor, in being less acute at
the apex and base; in the outer lip being more inflated, the
body swelling more in the centre; in the transverse band ;
and in being only half the size of the former.

Found at Barton.

4. C. scaBriuscuLus. — The Rough Cone, pl. XXX. fig.
2, 3.

Conus scabriusculus. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 330.

C. scabriculus. Brander, Foss. Hant. Coll. fig. 21.
Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 180. pl. 303. fig. 1.

Subfusiform, somewhat short, bulging in the centre, taper-
ing towards both extremities, terminating in an acute apex,
and in an obtuse base; with transverse, elevated, serrated,
wide-set, compressed striz, which feel rough to the touch ;
aperture more than half the length of the shell, straitened

Foss. Hant. Coll. fig. 24.
179, pl. 301, fig. 2, 3, 4.

with

Oxtva,

above, and effuse at the base; outer lip rising gently from
the body ; arcuated and inflated in the middle.

Sowerby says the right lip is sometimes plaited in the
edge, but this we have not observed.

Found in the London Clay at Barton.

5. C. Higueatrnsis.— The Highgate Cone, pl. XXX.
fig. 4. 5.

C. coneinnus 2 Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. pl. 302, fig. 1.

Shell conical, rather smooth ; spire consisting of about six
volutions, with indications of obsolete tubercles, and the
centre of each volution furnished with a spiral canal ; aperture
narrow, two-thirds the length of the shell.

Found in the London Clay at Highgate Hill.

6. C. Bartonensis.— The Barton Cone, pl. XXX. fig. 9
and 11.

C. scabriculus. Variety 8, Sowerby, Min. Conch. III.
p- 180, pl. 303, fig. 2.

Shell conical, elongated ; spire and body abruptly tapering
to a short point; spire not a third the length of the shell ;
surface covered with numerous close-set, minutely toothed,
transverse striae; aperture contracted, and equal to two-
thirds the length of the shell.

Found in the Clay at Barton.

Genus II].—OLIVA.— Bruguiere.

Shell subeylindrical, convolute, smooth, and glabrous ;
spire short, with canaliculated sutures; above which
the volutions are coated with a fine enamel; aperture
elongated, rather narrow, emarginate at the base ;
columella obliquely striated, or plaited, having a varix-
like appendage.

1. O. BranpErt.— Brander’s Oliva, pl. XXX. fig. 18. 19.

Oliva Branderi. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 159,
pl. 288, upper figure. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 835. Voluta
Ispidula, Brander, Foss. Hant. Coll. fig. 72.

Shell oblong-ovate, smooth ; spire produced, with four, yolu-
tions terminating in a somewhat pointed apex ; body ventri-
cose ; aperture oblong ; outer lip thickened, inner lip plaited,
and a little varicose near the base ; diameter of body equal to
half the length of the shell.

Found in the London Clay, Hampshire.

2. O. SaLisBuRIANA.— Salisbury’s Oliva, pl. XXX. fig.
16, 17.

Oliva Salisburiana.
pl. 288, lower figures.

Shell ovate, smooth, short, ventricose ; its diameter equal
to two-thirds its length, the thickest part being near the
upper margin of the body, from whence it is the shape of
a reversed cone; aperture oblong, somewhat contracted
above, widened in the centre, and again becoming narrower
at the base; both lips tumid above, separating the body
from the spire, which is short, conical, consisting of four
volutions, and ending in a pointed apex.

Found in the London Clay.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 160,

ae

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THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGY
Of ALEXANDER WILSON, and CHARLES LUCIAN BONAPARTE, Prince of Musignano,

with the addition of all the newly discovered Species, systematically Arranged ; and a Life of the
Author. By Captain Tuomas Brown, F.L.S., &c.

1. This Work will appear in Monthly Numbers, each containing Six Coloured Plates, of a royal 4to. size,
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and in some cases the young, and are all at least the sizes of those of the justly celebrated original work ; and many of
the Water Birds have been considerably enlarged.

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ILLUSTRATIONS

OF THE

.

OF

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND,

WITH THE

DESCRIPTIONS AND LOCALITIES OF ALL THE SPECIES HITHERTO
DISCOVERED.

DRAWN FROM NATURE BY

CAPTAIN THOMAS BROWN, F.L.S., M.W.S., M.K.S.,

LATE PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL PHYSICAL SOCIETY,
&c, &e.

“ Concurrent with the rapid extension of our knowledge of the comparative anatomy of extinct families of the ancient
inhabitants of the earth has been the attention paid to Fossts ConcHoLocy, a SUBJECT OF VAST IMPORTANCE in investigating
the records of the changes that have occurred upon the surface of our globe.”—-ProrEssor Bucktann’s Geology and Minera-
logy Considered, p. 110.

“ The only true remaining Mrpats or Creation.”—BERGMAN.

“ Shells are by far THE MOST IMPORTANT CLASS OF ORGANIC BEINGS which have left their spoils in the sub-aqueous
deposits ; and they have been truly said to be the medals which Nature has CHIEFLY SELECTED to record the history of the
former changes of the globe. There is scarcely any great series of strata that does not contain some marine’ or fresh water
shells."—LyEtt’s Geology, vol. iii. p. 299.

EDINBURGH:

MACLACHLAN & STEWART, 64, SOUTH BRIDGE:
JOHN M‘LEOD, 20, ARGYLL STREET, GLASGOW: W. CURRY, JUN. & CO. DUBLIN:
AND SMITH, ELDER, & CO. AND W. S. ORR & CO.

LONDON. ;
TO BE HAD OF ALL OTHER BOOKSELLERS.

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TeREBELLUM.

Genus III.—ANCILLARIA.— Lamarck.

Shell oblong, subeylindrical ; spire short, seldom
more than a third of the length of the shell, the suture
being generally obscured by an enamel, which fre-
quently covers the whole spire, which is not canaliculate
at the sutures; aperture narrow, effuse above, and
notched at the base; lower portion of the columella
smooth, with an oblique, tumid, usually striated varix
at the base; whole outer surface smooth and glossy ;
supposed to be devoid of both epidermis and oper-
eulum.

1. A. AVENIFORMIs.— The Oat-shaped Ancillaria, pl.
XXX. fig. 12.

Ancillaria aveniformis. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 336.
Ancilla aveniformis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 225, pl.
99, middle right figure.

Oblong-ovate, elongated, smooth, shining; spire long;
consisting of four or five volutions, and terminating in a
sharp apex; base two plaited; inner lip with a short exten-
sion; aperture somewhat more than half the length of the
shell, slightly contracted, and angular above, and expanded
below ; enamel of the pillar lip extended over a third of the
yolutions in front.

Found in the London Clay at Barton.

2. A. Anexica.—The English Ancillaria, pl. XXX.
fig. 15.

Ancillaria Anglica. Pilkinton, Linn. Trans. VII. p. 116,
pl. 11, fig. 1. A. aveniformis, Sowerby, Min. Conch. I.
p- 225, pl. 99, middle left figure.

Oblong-ovate, smooth, shining; spire with four or five
volutions, terminating in an acute apex ; aperture somewhat
more than half the length of the shell, contracted above,
widening in the centre, and expanding at the base; varix
with two plaits; outer lip slightly inflected, and extending
considerably below the base of the pillar lip.

Found at Barton, in the London Clay.

3. A. TURRITELLA.—The Turreted Ancillaria, pl. XXX.
fig. 13, 14.

Ancillaria turritella. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 376. Aneilla
turritella. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 226, pl. 99, larger
figures.

Subcylindrical ; spire short, consisting of five subturreted
yolutions, terminating in an acute apex, and covered with
minute, transverse striz, which are only visible by the aid of
a lens; upper portion of the volutions glossy, the middle
parts with minute decussated stria; varix furnished with a
nearly obsolete spiral sulcus, a little above the varix; colu-
mella three plaited, and with a deep sulcus ; aperture exceeding
half the length of the shell, acutely contracted above ; outer
lip greatly expanded below, and extending somewhat lower
than the base of the columella.

Found at Barton Cliff.

4. A. susuLata.— The Awl-shaped Ancillaria, pl. XXX.
fig. 20, 21.

Aneillaria subulata. Fieming, Brit. An. p. 336. Anacilla
subulata. Lamarck, Foss. Eny. de Paris, p. 24. Sowerby,
Min. Conch. IV. p. 37, pl. 333.

MOLLUSCA. 45

Shell subulate, elongated, smooth, glossy ; spire lengthened,
and abruptly acute, consisting of five volutions ; varix at the
base of the columella, finely striated; aperture not quite
half the length of the shell, contracted above and expanded
beneath.

Found in the Upper Marine Formation, Isle of Wight;
also near Christchurch, and Hampshire.

Genus IV.—TEREBELLUM.—Lamarck.

Shell convolute, subeylindrical, rolled round its lon-
gitudinal axis in the form of an elongated cone, and
nearly pointed at the summit; aperture contracted above
and expanded below; base notched ; columella smooth ;
truncated at the base ; outer lip entire and not thickened.

1. T. Fustrorme. — The Spindle-formed Terrebellum,
pl. XXX. fig. 26, 27.

Terrebellum fusiforme. Wamarck, Env. de Paris, p. 22.
Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 157, pl. 287. Fleming, Brit. An.
p- 330.

Subfusiform, subeylindrical, tapering somewhat abruptly
towards the apex, and gradually towards the base; spire
short, consisting of two volutions and terminating in an obtuse
apex ; aperture about three-fifths the length of the shell, with
an adpressed straight canal, emanating from its upper angle,
and terminating in the apex of the spire; pillar lip reflected
on the columella, which descends considerably lower than the
outer lip, which is somewhat inflected and rounded at its base.

Found in the London Clay, at Hordwell.

2. T. convotutum. — The Convoluted Terrebellum,
pl. XXX. fig. 24, 25.

Terebellum convolutum. Lamarck, Env. de Paris, p. 21.
Seraphs convolutus. Montfort, Conch. Syst. II. p. 375.
Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 155, pl. 286. Fleming,
Brit. An. p. 330. Bulla sopita. Ib. Bulla volutata.
Brander, Foss. Hant. Collect. fig. 29. a.

Shell smooth, extremely fragile, subcylindrical, elongated,
tapering gradually to both extremities, superior end termi-
nating in an obtuse, hollow, pointed apex; base obliquely
truncated ; spire internal, concealed ; aperture longitudinal,
extending to the tip of the spire ; columella smooth ; outer
lip sharp, and slightly inflected ; diameter about a third of its
length.

Found in the Clay upon the Coast of Hampshire.

Genus V.—CYPRAHA.— Linnaeus.

Shell ovate, or oblong-ovate, convex ; margins invo-
lute ; aperture longitudinal, narrow, extending the whole
length of the shell, dentate on both sides, and effuse at
the extremities ; spire very small, generally hidden in
the adult, or perfect shells.

1. C. ovirormis. — The Egg-shaped Cyprea, pl. XXX.
fig. 34, 35.
M

e MOLLUSCA.

Cyprea oviformis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 17, pl. 4.
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 331.

Shell oviform, tumid, smooth, shining, and slightly mar-
ginate; most inflated at about a third of its length from the
apical end, and afterwards tapering slightly to a short, rather
broad, canaliculate beak ; spire small, concealed ; aperture
longitudinal, narrow at the broadest extremity, widening
considerably towards the beak, and dentated on both of the
inflected lips.

Found in the London Clay at Highgate Hill.

2. C. AVELLANA.— The Filbert Cyprea, pl. XXX.
fig. 36, 37.

Cyprea avellana. Sowerby, Min. Conch. LV. p. 107;
pl. 378, fig. 3. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 331.

Shell obovate, or nearly spheroidal, with strong, numerous,
wide-set, elevated transverse striz, extending from the
inflected margin of one lip to that of the other, and only
partially interrupted by a shallow longitudinal groove ; aper-
ture contracted and somewhat curved at both extremities.

The striz are sometimes longer and shorter, terminating
before they reach the inner margins of the lips, and the inter-
vening spaces are flattened.

Found in the Suffolk Crag, by the Rev. G. R. Leathes.

3. C. coccINELLoIDES.— The Coccinella Cyprea, pl. XXX.
fig. 28, 29.

Cyprea coccinelloides. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 107,
pl. 378, fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 331.

Shell ovate, somewhat spheroidal, with numerous acute
transverse striz; aperture slightly arcuated, and not con-
tracted in the centre ; outer lip convex.

Found in the Suffolk Crag.

4, C. RETUSA—The Blunted Cypreza, pl. XXX. fig. 38, 39.

Cyprea retusa. Sowerby, Min. Conch. LV. fig. 107,
pl. 378, fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 331.

Shell obovate, subsphzroidal, with somewhat distant, ele-
vated stria; aperture slightly curved at its narrow extremity.

This species will at once be distinguished from the C.
coccinelloides by its few and remote striz, and its nearly
spherical form.

Found in the Suffolk Crag.

Grenus VI.—OVULA.— Bruguieére.

Shell turgid, attenuated at both extremities; margins
conyolute; aperture longitudinal, narrow at its upper
part, and generally more widened below; effuse at both
ends; the left margin destitute of teeth.

1. O. Leatuest.—Leathes’s Ovula, pl. XXX. fig. 82, 33.

Ovula Leathesi. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 124, pl. 478.
Calpurna Leathesi. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 331.

Shell smooth, eliptical, elongated, ventricose in the centre,
and tapering and contracted to each extremity ; columella
with a large plait, and with a thick testaceous glazing ; outer
lip very thick and smooth ; opposed to the lower part of
the lip the body is somewhat flattened.

Found in the Crag at Walton, by the Rey. G. R. Leathes.

VouvTa.

Famity IL—COLUMELLARIA.

Destitute of a canal at the base of the aperture, but
having a subdorsal more or less distinct notch, with folds
or plaits on the columella.

Genus VIL—VOLVARIA.—Lamarch.

Shell cylindrical, convolute; the spire hardly pro-
truding above the body, and appearing as if forced into
the superior part of the shell, where it terminates in an
obtuse salient point; aperture narrow, extending nearly
the whole length of the shell, somewhat wider below
than above, and truncate at the base; columella with
three or four oblique folds at the base.

1. V. acutruscuta.— The Acute Volvaria, pl. XXX.
fig. 30, 31.

Volvaria acutiuscula. Sowerby, Gen. of Shells, Gen.
Volvaria, fig. 3. Min. Conch. V. p. 142, pl. 487. Fleming,
Brit. An. p. 333.

Shell almost cylindrical, slightly contracted towards both
ends; spire concealed, crossed by numerous, transverse,
square-punctured strize ; plaits upon the columella variable in
number and dimensions, generally four or five; aperture
widened at both extremities, and somewhat straitened in
the centre ; outer lip a little thickened, and projecting above
the apex, and giving the spire the appearance of being con-
cealed within a small pit.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

Genus VIIL—VOLUTA.—ZLinneus.

Shell ovate, more or less ventricose ; apex papillose ;
destitute of a canal; emarginate or notched at the base;
columella plicated, the lower folds larger and more
oblique than the others; destitute of a columellar
lamine.

SECTION I.—PAPILLA LARGE, SMOOTH, AND CORONATED.

1. V. Luctator.— The Wrestler Volute, pl. XXXI.
fig. 9. 10.

Voluta Luctator. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 29, pl. 115,
fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 332. Voluta musicalis. Lamarck,
Env. de Paris, p. 26. Strombus luctator. Brander, Hant.
fig. 64.

Shell acutely ovate: spire short, conical, with the volutions
concealed above; crowned with tubercular spines, which
diminish rapidly as they ascend ; body with longitudinal ribs,
corresponding in number to the tubercles ; these terminate at
the base, where they become indistinct ; the whole are crossed
by numerous transverse, somewhat undulous, linear, sulci ;
deepest towards the base ; the whole body and spire covered

VoLura.

with fine longitudinal strie ; spire about a third of the length
of the body, which is angular and slightly ventricose above; its
upper edge crowned with obtuse tubercles, and an angular
depression in some instances; aperture oblong, somewliat
straitened ; outer lip slightly undulous, and plain within ;
columella provided with three or four plaits.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff, and in the
Blue Clay in Richmond Park.

2. V. Aruvera.— The Champion Volute, pl. XXXI.
fig. 14, 15.

Voluta Athleta. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 133,
pl. 396, fig. 1, 2, 3. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 332. Strombus
Athleta. Brander, Hant. fig. 66.

Shell ovate, ventricose ; spire short, conical, consisting of
five or six volutions, abruptly tapering to an acute apex, and
crowned with large, spreading, remote, hollow, inflated
spines; body smooth, somewhat ventricose, with longitu-
dinal, irregular ribs, corresponding in number to the spines
on the lower volution of the spire; base obscurely sulcated ;
spire somewhat more than a fourth the length of the body ;
aperture oblong, narrowed above, expanding in the middle,
and somewhat contracted towards the base; columella con-
siderably reflected on the front with three unequal plaits ;
outer lip plain within.

Distinguished from V. luctator by being shorter, smoother,
and by its larger and spreading spines ; it is also thicker, but
never attains the same size. In the young state, the edges of
the volutions have a few ill defined spines in addition to those
on the upper parts.

Found in the London Clay at Barton.

3. V. pupia.—The Dubious Volute, pl. XX XI. fig. 12, 13.

Voluta Luctator, jun. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 134,
pl. 397. Strombus dubius. Brander, Hant. fig. 68.

a Oblong-ovate ; spire acute, subturreted, with seven volu-
tions, which are concave above, crowned with one row of
large and another of small, short, spinous tubercles, termi-
nating in an acute apex; the whole shel! covered with rather
broad, flat, transverse sulci, and longitudinal ribs, correspon-
ding to the tubercles, which prevail from the apex to the base,
stronger on the spire, and more obscure as they approach the
base, on the body taking the direction of the lines of growth ;
whole shell covered with minute, longitudinal strice ; the spire
about half the length of the body ; aperture oblong, narrowed
above, wider in the centre, and more straitened towards
the base; columella with three or more slightly developed
plaits ; outer lip plaited within, and crenulated at the margin.

Sowerby considers this as the young of V. ductator, but its
more lengthened, acute, and subturreted spire, the breadth of
the furrows, the more cylindrical form of the body, and the
plaits inside the outer lip, are sufficient specific differences.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

4, V. spinosa.—The Spined Volute, pl. XXXI. fig. 18, 19.

Voluta spinosa. Lamarck, Env. de Paris, p. 26. Sowerby,
Min. Conch. II. p. 30, pl. 115, fig. 2, 3,4. Fleming, Brit. An.
p- 332. Strombus Luctator. Brander, Hant. fig. 65.

Shell acutely ovate ; spire conical, consisting of about ten
abruptly diminishing volutions, concave above, spirally striated
below, and crowned with large tubercular spines, with a series
of smaller ones near their upper edge, and terminating in an
acute apex; body ventricose above, and tapering suddenly
from the centre to the base, with a series of thick, longitudinal
ribs, corresponding in number and continuous with the
tubercles in the last volution of the spire ; crossed by trans-

MOLLUSCA. A7

verse, obsolete, distant sulci ; aperture oblong-ovate ; colu-
mella three plaited ; outer lip plain within.

Found in the London Clay at Barton.

5. V. suspensA.— The Uncertain Volute, pl. XXXI.
fig. 3.

Voluta ambigua. Variety Monstrosa. Sowerby, Min.
Conch. If. p. 81, pl. 115, fig. 5. Vi suspensa. Ib. IV. p- 135,
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 332. Brander,
Hant. fig. 70.

Shell ovate ; spire consisting of six or seven volutions, with
a broad canal around it, crowned with sharp spinous tubercles,
and terminating in an acute apex ; each of the volutions with
three or four strong, undulous striz at their base, and all of
them flattened above; body ventricose above, and abruptly
tapering beneath, with pretty strong ribs, corresponding to
the tubercles, slightly curved and becoming obsolete at the
base, which is considerably produced ; aperture elongated,
narrow ; columella three plaited ; outer lip plain.

Found in the London Clay at Barton.

6. V. pepauperata.— The Depauperated Volute, pl.
XXXI. fig. 2.

Voluta depauperata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 183,
pl. 396, fig. 4. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 332. Strombus
luctator. Brander, Hant. fig. 67.

Shell oblong ovate ; spire short, subturreted, consisting of
five abruptly diminishing volutions, somewhat flattened above,
and crowned with a series of erect subacute spines; body
longitudinally and unequally ribbed ; base acute, with nume-
rous transverse sulci, extending nearly half way up the body ;
aperture oblong-ovate, somewhat straitened ; columella with
one plait ; outer lip smooth within.

This shell has much the aspect of V. spinosa, but differs
from it in having but one row of spines around the volutions.

Found at Barton in the London Clay.

7. V. GEminata.—The Double-spined Volute, pl. XXXI.
fig. 4.

Voluta geminata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. 1V. p. 136,
pl. 398, fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 333.

Ovate, ventricose above, and acuminated below from the
centre; spire short, subturreted, consisting of five rapidly
diminishing volutions, and terminating in a pointed apex;
the whole shell provided with longitudinal prominent ribs,
which are terminated above, with two obtuse connected spines ;
the ribs become nearly obsolete after descending below the
middle part of the body, where they are met by numerous,
transverse, oblique, strong striae, which continue to the base};
aperture elongated; columella with one large and several
small curved plaits ; outer lip smooth.

Found in the London Clay at Lyndhurst, Hampshire.

8. V. Lima.—The Rasp Volute, pl. XXXI. fig. 6, 7.

Voluta Lima. Sowerby, Min. Conch. iV. p. 136, pl.-398,
fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 333. Buceinum scabriusculum.
Brander, Hant. fig. 71.

Oblong-ovate; spire short, consisting of five subturreted,
rapidly diminishing volutions, separated by a pretty broad
and deep spiral canal, which with the body are covered
with numerous longitudinal dentato-crenated ribs, crossed by
wide-set, transverse striz; upper margin of the volutions
provided with a series of tooth-like spines, between each of
which is a flattened concave space ; aperture elongated,
somewhat widened in the middle ; columella with three
unequal plaits; outer lip smooth within, and its margin
crenulated.

Murex suspensus.

48 MOLLUSCA.

* Shells smooth and unarmed.

9. V. LaAmBErt1.—Lambert’s Volute, pl. XXX. fig. 22, 23.
Voluta. Lamberti. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 65,
pl. 129. Voluta of Harwich. Parkinson, Org. Rem. III.
p- 26, pl. 5, fig. 13. A Cast. Hist. Lap. Fig. p. 112, pl. 33,

fig. 3. Appendix to Dale’s Hist.of Harwich, p. 289, pl. 10,
fig. 14. Mitra Lamberti. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 333.

~ Shell fusiform, elongated, smooth, tapering to both extre-
mities ; spire short, consisting of five gradually tapering
volutions, which terminate in a blunted papillose apex ; aper-
ture about two-thirds the length of the shell, elongated,
straitened and acute above, widening gradually to the
centre, and contracting beneath, terminating in an oblique,
subtruneated base; columella provided with three or four
plaits; outer lip sharp in the edge, and with a slight sinus
where it unites with the body above.

Found in the Crag Marl at Holywell, Bawdsey Cliff, and
Aldborough, Suffolk.

SECTION II.—SHELLS MEDIUM SIZED, WITH SMOOTH PAPILLA.

* Musicalis.

10. V. noposa.— The Nodulous Volute, pl. XXXI.
fig. ] and 5.

Voluta nodosa. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 135, pl. 399,
fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 333.

Shell ovate ; spire conical, produced, nearly equal in length
to the body, consisting of five tumid volutions, tapering to
an acute apex, the lower one broad and hollow; volutions
well defined, and crowned with two rows of nodulous spines ;
body with irregular, obtuse, longitudinal ribs; the whole
shell crossed by numerous and deep sulci; aperture oblong,
wide in the centre, and narrowed to each extremity ; columella
with three plaits ; outer lip striated within.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

11. V. ampicua.— The Ambiguous Volute, pl. XXXI.
fig. 8 and 11.

Voluta ambigua. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 135,
pl. 399, fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 332. Strombus
ambiguus. Brander, Hant. fig. 69.

Shell ovate-oblong; spire short, rough to the touch, con-
sisting of five volutions, which are hollowed above, and ending
in a pointed apex; the whole shell covered with irregular,
longitudinal ribs, which are angular above, crossed by nume-
rous, transverse, undulous furrows ; aperture elongated,
nearly the entire length of the body, wide in the centre, and
narrowed towards each extremity ; columella with three
plaits ; outer lip rising from the body above, plaited within,
and granulated on the edge.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

SECTION IlI.—MITRE-SHAPED, PAPILLA ACUTE.

12. V. Macorum.— The Magicians’ Volute, pl. XXXI.
fig. 16, 17.

Voluta Magorum. Brocchi, Conch. Foss. Sub. II. p. 307,
pl. 4, fig. 2.? Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 164, pl. 290,
fig. 3. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 332. -

Mirra.

Ovate, fusiform ; spire conical, two-thirds the length of the
body, consisting of five volutions, terminating in a somewhat
obtuse apex, with about twelve narrow ribs; the whole shell
covered with fine, obscure, transverse striae, which become
more conspicuous towards the base ; aperture oblong ovate,
rounded above; columella provided with numerous plaits,
which extend to the top of the pillar lip, the lower ones large,
with an obtuse termination, while the upper ones are small,
and irregularly interrupted; outer lip smooth; beak short,
slightly curved.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff. °

13. V. costata.— The Ribbed Volute, pl. XXXI.
fig. 21, 22.

Voluta costatu. Brander, Hant. fig. 45.
Conch. III. p. 163, pl. 290, fig. 1, 2, and 4.
An. p. 332.

Shell ovate, fusiform; spire conical, consisting of six or
seven volutions, which terminate in an acute apex ; with about
nine longitudinal, broad, obtuse ribs, which are most promi-
nent at their upper ends; crossed by numerous, wide, indis-
tinct striae, which are nearly obsolete about the middle of the
body ; columella with three plaits, the lower one larger than
the others; pillar lip strongly reflected on the body; outer
lip smooth, slightly thickened by a rib; aperture oblong-
ovate, rounded above.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

Sowerby, Min.
Fleming, Brit.

Genus IX.—MITRA.—Lamarck.

Shell turreted or subfusiform, with an acute spire,
which, for the most part, is longer than the aperture,
which is elongated, longitudinal, and notched at the
base, and terminating in a very short canal; columella
plaited, the plaits are sharp at the edge, generally
parallel and transverse, with the lower ones smaller than
the others; outer lip usually somewhat acute at the
edge, but in some instances a little thickened, crenu-
lated, and even provided with a blunt tooth at the upper
part within; external surface in the recent state gene-
rally covered by a thin, horny epidermis.

1. M. scaBra.— The Rough Mitre, pl. XXXI. fig. 20
and 25.

Mitra Scabra. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 142.
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 334. Buceinum scabriculum. Brander,
Hant. fig. 20.

Ovate, fusiform; spire nearly equal to the body in length, and
consisting of five or six volutions, the two upper ones smooth ;
the whole surface crossed by numerous, close, sharp, elevated,
transverse, rough striz, and intersected by many longitudinal,
irregularly elevated, undulating lines of growth; aperture
fusiform ; columella with four nearly uniform plaits, with two
more slender, and nearly obsolete ones above them, which,
however, are frequently wanting; outer lip irregularly
thickened, with a blunt tooth-like process on the margin
near its centre.

Found plentifully in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

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IMPORTANT WORKS ON NATURAL HISTORY.

In the course of Publication,
1
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE FOSSIL CONCHOLOGY

OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
BY CAPTAIN THOMAS BROWN, F.L.S,, &e.

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the whole British Species of Fossil Shells with their Geological positions.

IL. y
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE CONCHOLOGY

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BY CAPTAIN THOMAS BROWN, F.L.S., &c.
SECOND EDITION, WITH ADDITIONS. |

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WITH THE

DESCRIPTIONS AND LOCALITIES OF ALL THE SPECIES HITHERTO
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“ Shells are by far THE MOST IMPORTANT CLASS OF ORGANIC BEINGS which have left their spoils in the sub-aqueous
deposits ; and they have been truly said to be the medals which Nature has cHIEFLY sELEcTED to record the history of the
former changes of the globe. ‘There is scarcely any great series of strata that does not contain some marine or fresh water
shells."—LyeEti’s Geology, vol. iii. p. 299.

EDINBURGH:

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ALAA

TEREBRA.

2, M. parva.—The Small Mitre, pl. XXXI. fig. 24 and 27.

Mitra parva. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 37, pl. 430,
fig. 1. Fleming, Brit An. p. 334.

Shell ovate, fusiform, short ; spire consisting of four rather
tumid volutions, with their upper edges well defined by the
suture ; the whole shell covered by equal transverse furrows,
the upper one on each volution being wider than the others
produces a marginated appearance ; between the sulci
the surface is smooth and shining; aperture elongated,
somewhat straitened above; columella with four plaits ;
outer lip plaited within. Length, a quarter of an inch;
diameter, an eighth.

Found plentifully in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

3. M. pumita.— The Dwarf Mitre, pl. XXXI. fig. 23
and 26.

Mitra pumila. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 37, pl. 430,
fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 334,

Shell ovate, fusiform, short; spire consisting of five some-

-what inflated volutions well defined by the suture, crenated

above, and terminating in a sharp apex; the whole shell
covered with pretty deep transverse sulci, which are decus-
sated by numerous, slightly elevated, longitudinal, equidistant
ribs, dividing the sulci into regular square meshes, and pro-
ducing a rough appearance ; aperture elongated, acute above ;
columella with four plaits ; outer lip plaited within.

Found in the Londen Clay at Barton Cliff.

FAMILY III.—PURPURIFERA.

Shell with a short canal, ascending posteriorly, or
with an oblique notch at the base of its aperture,
directed backwards.

SUBDIVISION I.—SHELLS HAVING AN OBLIQUE NOTCH
DIRECTED BACKWARDS.

Genus X.—TEREBRA.—Lamarch.

Shell greatly elongated, subulate, turreted, acumina-
ted, usually with many volutions, which decrease
gradually in dimensions from the base to the apex;
aperture longitudinal, yenerally a third shorter than the
spire, frequently much shorter, and notched at its
posterior base; base of the columella contorted and
oblique, provided with a short canal; operculum cor-
neous, but not spiral.

gma be
fig. 44.

Terebra vetusta.
pl. 9. fig. 27.

Shell consisting of eleven or twelve gradually tapering
yolutions, terminating in an acute apex, and divided by a
pretty deep suture; whole shell with longitudinal, straight,
and moderately strong ribs ; aperture elongated.

Found in the Bath Oolite at Cioughton, Yorkshire.

2. T. mELANorpEs.—The Blackish Terebra, pl. XXXII.
fig. 45.

Terebra melanoides.
pl. 4, fig. 13.

vetusTA.— The Ancient Terebra, pl. XXXII.

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p. 152,

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p. 130,

MOLLUSCA. 49

Shell consisting of thirteen or fourteen abruptly tapering
volutions, terminating in an acute apex, with wide-set longi-
tudinal ribs, which reach from the upper margin to the centre
of each volution ; aperture straitened above and below.

Found in the Coralline Oolite at Pickering, Yorkshire.

3. T. GRANULATA.—The Granulated Terebra, pl. XXXII.
fig. 43.

Terebra granulata, Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p. 130,
pl. 7, fig. 16.

Shell with thirteen or fourteen gradually tapering volu-
tions, the whole shell with strong spiral granulated striz ;
aperture somewhat rounded above and narrowed below ;
pillar lip a little reflected on the columella, and widened at
the base ; outer lip plain.

Discovered in the Coralline Oolite at Pickering, York-
shire.

Genus XI.—BUCCINUM.— Linneus.

Shell subovate, or ovato-conical, seldom elongated ;
subturreted ; apex a little obtuse; spire of medium
length, somewhat abruptly acuminate, but seldom of
greater length than the aperture, which is suborbicular,
or a little longer than wide; notched at the base, and
hardly acute at its upper termination, where there is
sometimes a small tooth-like process, formed by the
thickening of the inside of the outer lip, with frequently
a similar tooth opposed to it at the superior part of
outer lip, these enclosing a small sinus; outer lip rather
acute at the edge, sometimes internally and transversely
grooved, and,in some instances, with a dentated margin ;
columella smooth, sometimes a little roughened at its
inferior extremity; canal generally very short and
straight; operculum horny and thickened.

]. B. ravatum.—The Washed Buccinum, pl. XXXII.
fig. 1, 2.

Buccinum lavatum. Brander, Foss. Hant, fig. 16. Sower-
by, Min. Conch. V. p. 11, pl. 412, fig. 3, 4. Fleming, Brit.
An. p. 345.

Oblong-ovate, consisting of six considerably acuminated
and convex volutions, terminating in a short apex, with many
prominent, longitudinal, equal, curved ribs, crossed by nume-
rous strong spiral striae, which feel rough to the touch ; aper-
ture oblong, somewhat contracted above; outer lip striated
internally ; crenulated at the margin, and destitute of a
sinus.

Found plentifully in the Blue Clay at Barton Cliff.

2. B. GrRanuLatum. — The Granulated Buccinum, pl.
XXXII. fig. 7.

Buceinum granulatum.
pl. 110, fig. 4. Massa granulatum.
p- 341.

Shell oblong-ovate, consisting of five or six broad slightly

inflated volutions, tapering to an obtuse apex; transversely
striated, and furnished with twenty rows of moderately ele-

vated tubercles, arranged in the form of Jongitudinal ribs, and

sometimes largest on the upper margin of the volutions ;

aperture elongated, and slightly oblique; inner lip smooth,

and reflected on the columella, with a tooth on its upper

part, situate opposite one on the outer lip, producing the
N

Sowerby, Min. Conch. If. p. 18,
Fleming, Brit. An.

50 MOLLUSCA.

appearance of a sinus ; outer lip thickened, internally toothed,
and a little straitened in the middle externally ; basal sinus
slightly curved, varying in size from a quarter to neatly three
quarters of an inch.

Found in the Crag at Ipswich.

3. B. rucosum.—The Rough Buccinum, pl. XXXII.
fig. 11.

Buccinum rugosum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 16,
pl. 110, fig. 3. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 344.

Shell oblong-ovate ; volutions of the spire prominent, and
longitudinally ribbed, with wide-set transverse striz ; aper-
ture obovate, about a third the length of the shell, somewhat
widened below; the sinus of the beak hardly recurved ;
columella smooth.

Found in the Crag at Holywell.

4. B.? impricatum.— The Imbricated Buccinum, pl.
XXXII. fig. 10.

Buccinum imbricatum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 127,
pl. 566, fig. 2.

Shell ovate, spire short, consisting of four or five slightly
inflated volutions, with obtuse upper margins, which closely
embrace the volutions ; the whole shell provided with obscure
longitudinal striz ; aperture oblong-ovate, and half the length
of the shell.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bradley, near New-
ton-Bushel, Devonshire.

5. B. TENERUM.—The Tender Buccinum, pl. XXXII.
fig. 12, 13. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 345.

Shell ovate, thin, spire consisting of four or five somewhat
inflated volutions, with longitudinal imbricated and arcuated
undulations ; crossed by coarse, irregular, wide-set strie ;
beak antiquated ; columella smooth ; aperture oblong-ovate,
slightly narrowed above.

Found plentifully in the English Crag.

6. B. RETIcCOsuM.—The Reticulated Buccinum, pl. XXXII.
fig. 15.

Buccinum reticosum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 17,
pl. 110, fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 344.

Shell oblong-ovate ; spire short, consisting of six volutions
abruptly tapering to a point ; outer surface strongly reticula-
ted with longitudinal and transverse striz ; aperture short,
somewhat ovate, contracted above, and with a recurved sinus
below ; columella smooth, and broadly reflected on the body ;
outer lip even, toothed and striated within; the greatest
width of the shell only half its length.

Found in the Crag at Holywell.

7. B. GLopuLARE.—The Globular Buccinum, pl. XXXII.
fig. 16.

Buccinum globulare.
p- 230, pl. 16, fig. 15.

Shell subglobular, consisting of six much inflated, well
defined volutions ; spire small in proportion to the size of the
body, and terminating in an obtuse apex, with wide-set,
nearly obsolete spiral strize ; aperture subrotund ; columella
with a slight notch near its centre ; outer lip plain.

Found at Bolland, Queen’s County, Ireland.

8. B. GLABRATUM. — The Smooth Buccinum, pl. XXXII.
fig. 19.

Eburna glabrata.
p- 59, pl. 5, fig. 25.

Shell ovate, tumid, smooth ; body very large; spire very
small, consisting of three rounded volutions, terminating in

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II.

Parkinson, Organic Remains, III.

Buccinum.

an obtuse apex; aperture oblong-ovate, narrowed above ;
columella thickened and glabrous; outer lip thin, and
plain at the margin; beak short, with a few indistinet
plications.

Found in the Crag, Essex.

9. B. Date1—Dale’s Buccinum, pl. XXXII. fig. 26, 27.

Buceinum Dalei. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VY. p. 139,
pl. 486, fig. 1, 2.

Shell ovate, thick, smooth, sometimes with indistinct sulci
on the back, near the outer lip; spire short, consisting of
four inflated suleated volutions, well defined by a deep
suture, and terminating in an obtuse apex ; aperture ovate,
contracted above ; columella rather broad, spreading on the
body, and somewhat recurved at the edge ; outer lip plain on
the margin ; canal very short.

Found in the Crag, Suffolk.

There are two varieties of this fossil—a, ventricose, and
but seldom suleated, as in our figure ; § elongated, and
more or less sulcated.

10. B. Lvasratum.— The Thick Lipped Buccinum,
pl. XXXIL fig. 22, 23.

Buccinum labiatum.
pl. 412, fig. 1, 2.

Shell acuminated, with twelve or thirteen long, curved,
prominent ribs, crossed by numerous strong elevated, alter-
nately large and small striz; spire consisting of about six
broad, inflated volutions, which are slightly concave above,
and terminating in an acute apex; body longer than the
spire; aperture oblong, a little angular above; columella
smooth ; beak wide, open, and twisted ; outer lip thin, and
acute at the edge, and somewhat expanded, and incurved in
the centre, and internally striated.

Found in the upper Marine formation, Colwell Bay, Isle
of Wight; Plumsted ; and on the Hampshire coast.

ll. B. xLoncatum.— The Elongated Buccinum,
pl. XXXII. fig. 21.

Buccinum elongatum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 15,
pl. 110, fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 344.

Shell considerably elongated, more than twice its greatest
diameter ; consisting of seven or eight somewhat inflated
volutions, which are separated by a well marked suture; the
external surface traversed by longitudinal ribs, which are
most conspicuous on the spire and higher region of the body,
where they are more undulous than the ribs ; the whole shell
covered with strong, regular, transverse striz, which do not
cross the ribs upon the spire, but become obsolete below ;
aperture oval, not half the length of the shell, with a
short, recurved sinus, and slightly angular above ; outer lip
even on the margin, with obscure crenulations internally ;
pillar lip smooth, and thickest at the base.

Discovered in the Walton le Stoken Crag-pits, Essex.
"12. B. varus. — The Broad Buccinum, pl. XXXII.
fig. 29.

Buccinum latus. Sowerby, Min Conch. I. p. 80, pl. 35,
lower left hand figure.

Shell oblong-ovate, consisting of five or six somewhat
inflated volutions ; spire short, about a third the length of the
shell, and terminating in an acute apex; surface even, covered
with transverse, alternately large and small linear striz ;
upper portion of each volution, with slightly oblique undula-
tions; aperture oblong-ovate ; columella smooth, broadest
above; outer lip even, entire and smooth on the edge, and

Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 11,

Dotium.

internally striate, the striae terminating a little way from the
edge ; beak straight, short, truncated, and expanded into a
wide canal in front.

Found at Plumsted.

13. B. propinquuM.—The Kindred Buccinum, pl. XXXII.
fig. 31, 32.

Buccinum propinguum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 121,
pl. 477, fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 345.

Shell oblong-ovate, acute, with six rapidly decreasing
deeply divided volutions, ending in a sharp apex, covered
with numerous strong longitudinal ribs, and crossed by many
transverse deep sulci, giving the whole surface a tuberculated
appearance ; the upper sulci very broad, producing a sub-
coronated aspect on the upper margin of the volutions ;
aperture nearly circular; columella smooth, and broadly
reflected in the front above, and narrowed below; outer lip
even on the edge; length six-eighths of an inch; breadth
more than three-eighths.

Found in the Suffolk Crag.

14. B. Learnesit. — Leathes’ Buccinum, pl. XXXII.
fig. 28.

Buccinum sulcatum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 122,
pl. 477, fig. 4.

Shell oblong-ovate, consisting of five, slightly defined,
nearly flat volutions, terminating in an obtuse apex ; covered
with strong, wide-set, transverse, striz ; aperture elongated,
somewhat narrowed above; outer lip plain on the margin,
and toothed internally ; length six-eighths of an inch; breadth
not three-eighths.

Found in the Suffolk Crag.

15. B. LaBrosum.—The Gross-lipped Buccinum, pl.X XXII.
fig. 37, 38.

Buceinum labiosum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 122.
pl. 477, fig. 8. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 345.

Shell oblong-ovate, consisting of seven volutions ; spire
tapering rapidly, and terminating in an acute apex ; sides of
the volutions somewhat flattened, and slightly separated ;
covered with fine transverse sulci, from ten to twelve on
each volution, in some instances more ; aperture oblong-
ovate, slightly narrowed above ; pillar lip broadly reflected
on the columella above, and contracting as it descends : outer
lip smooth and thin; length six-eighths of an inch.

Found in the Suffolk Crag.

16. B. evecans,— The Elegant Buccinum, pl. XXXII.
fig. 35, 36.

Buccinum elegans. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 121,
pl. 477, fig. 1.

Shell subconic, acuminated, consisting of seven ventricose,
deeply defined volutions, and terminating in an acute apex ;
with longitudinal, rounded, prominent ribs, and crossed by nine
or ten sharp, distant, elevated striz ; aperture slightly ovate ;
pillar lip smooth ; outer lip toothed within.

Found in the Suffolk Crag.

17. B. sprnosum. — The Spined Buccinum, pl. XXXII.
fig. 24, 25.

Buccinum spinosum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 128,
pl. 566, fig. 5, 6.

Shell conical, elongated, subturreted; each volution
invested by a sharp spiral furrow, above which is a con-
tinuous series of large, blunt, tubercular spines, with a row
of smaller ones at the base ; aperture semiovate ; columella
smooth ; beak somewhat produced.

MOLLUSCA. 51

Found in the Carboniferous or Mountain Limestone of
Torquay and Newton Bushel, Devonshire.

18. B. unitingatum. — The One-Lined Buccinum,
pl. XXXII. fig. 8, 9.

Buceinum unilineatum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 140,
pl. 486, fig. 5, 6.

Shell elongated, consisting of six volutions, with straight
sides, and gradually tapering to a rather obtuse apex; each
volution with a single linear furrow close to its upper edge ;
body rather ventricose ; the whole covered with very fine
spiral strie ; aperture obliquely elongated, narrow, and
straitened at both extremities ; beak short ; columella smooth ;
outer lip thin; length not three-eighths of an inch; breadth
half its length.

Found in the Limestone at Ancliff.

19. B. pARALLELE.—The Parallel Buccinum, pl. XXXII.
fig. 30.

Buccinum parallele. Phillips, Geo. of York. II. p. 229,
pl. 16, fig. 8.

Volutions slightly inflated, and well defined by the suture,
spirally striated, their upper portions plane, the lower por-
tions convex with many equal spiral furrows.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland, Queen’s
County, Ireland.

Genus XII.—DOLIUM.—D drgenville.

Shell suboval, extremely ventricose, thin, sometimes
subglobose, frequently transversely costated, or sul-
cated; spire short ; aperture very large, provided with a
short reflected canal ; outer lip generally thin, in some
instances a little thickened, reflected and crenated at
the margin ; external surface generally covered with a
thin, horny epidermis.

1. D. noposum.— The Nodulous Dolium, pl. XXXIII.
fig. 9, 10.

Dolium nodosum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 34,
pl. 426 and 427. A cast of a species of Dolium, Mantel,
Geo. Sussex, p. 196.

Shell ovate, ventricose ; spire depressed, consisting of three
volutions, and having spiral-rounded belts, crossed by a few
wide-set, longitudinal striz, ending in a flattened apex ;
whole shell provided with numerous transverse rows of large
and somewhat flattened knobs, with intervening sulci.

Discovered in the Chalk at Clayton Pit, by Richard
Weeks, Esq.

Genus XIII.—PURPURA.—Bruguiere.

Shell generally ovate or oblong ; spire short, mostly
grooved, granose, or tuberculate, or externally spinose ;
aperture generally largely dilated and ovate ; margin of
the cuter lip usually sharp, and frequently toothed
within, near the edge ; emarginate at the base, where it
is notched, and ending in a short canal ; columella gene-
rally depressed, often internally acute at the edge, and
terminating below in a sharp point ; operculum horny,
provided with a lateral nucleus, thinner on the margin
next the columella.

52 MOLLUSCA.

1. P. rerRAGoNA.— The Tetragonal Purpura, pl. XXXII.
fig. 17, 18.

Purpura tetragonum. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 341. Bucei-
num tetragonum, Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 13, pl. 414,
fig. 1.

” Shell thick, ovate ; body large; spire short, consisting of
four narrow volutions, a little flattened above ; whole shell
provided with strong, elevated, longitudinal ribs, crossed by
four large, and several smaller, intermediate, transverse fur-
rows between them, which divide the shell into squarish cells ;
aperture oblong-ovate, rounded above, and slightly contracted
below ; columella smooth, broadly and thickly reflected, and
continuous above ; outer lip somewhat undulous on the mar-
gin, provided with strong blunt tubercular teeth within ;
beak short, and but slightly curved.

Discovered by Mrs Cobbold, in the Crag, near Ipswich.

2. P. crispata.— The Curled Purpura, pl. XXXII.
fig. 33, 34.

Purpura imbricata. Lamarck, An. San. Vert. VIL. p. 557.
P. lapillus, Lamarck, Env. de Paris, p. 36. QP. crispatum,
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 341. Buceinum crispatum, Sowerby,
Min. Conch. V. p. 12, pl. 413, fig. 3.

Shell oblong-ovate ; body large; spire short, consisting of
five or six well-defined, inflated volutions, terminating in a
somewhat acute apex; whole surface invested with nume-
rous, close, spiral ribs, which are covered by rough, imbri-
cated scales, with several projecting, longitudinal lines of
growth ; aperture semiovate, rounded above, and slightly
contracted below ; inner lip smooth, and reflected on the
columella, continuous above, and not extending to the
base of the short beak below ; outer lip slightly reflected,
thin, and undulous on the margin, and subcrenated inter-
nally.

Found plentifully in the Suffolk and Norfolk Crag.

3. P. carinata. The Keeled Purpura, pl. XXXII.
fig. 41, 42.

Purpura crispatum. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 341. Bucei-
num crispatum, Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 12, pl. 413,
fig. 2.

Shell oblong-ovate, subturreted ; body large ; spire short,
consisting of four or five volutions, which, with the body and
surface, are obliquely flattened above; whole covered with
strong, remote, transverse, rounded ribs, which are invested
with rough, imbricated scales, the superior rib on the body,
and central one on the spire, being more elevated than the
rest; the intervening furrows with longitudinal curved striz ;
aperture ovate, rounded above ; pillar lip smooth, continuous
above, and extending to the base of the short canal; outer
lip thin, undulous on the margin, and subcrenated inter-
nally.

Found in the Norfolk and Suffolk Crag.

4. P.1ncrassaTa.—The Thickened Buccinum, pl. XXXII.
fig. 39, 40.

Purpura incrassatum. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 341. Bucci-
num inerassatum, Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 13, pl. 414
fig. 2.

Shell very thick, ovate ; body large ; spire very short,
being only a third the length of the body in front, consisting
of four volutions, terminating in an obtuse apex ; all the
volutions obliquely flattened above ; body provided with five
or six strong, rounded, transverse ribs, the superior one the
largest, which continues spirally along the centre of the yolu-

CaLIENDRUM.

tions ; the whole surface covered with irregular, broken,
waved, longitudinal striae, or lines of growth ; aperture rather
small, subovate, rounded above, and slightly contracted
below ; pillar lip broadly reflected on the columella, and con-
tinuous above ; outer lip a little thickened and undulous on
the margin, with obscure furrows, and blunted tubercles
between them internally.

Found plentifully in the Suffolk Crag.

5. P. pEsErTA.— The Forsaken Purpura, pl. XXXII.
fig. 3, 4.

Purpura desertum. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 342. Buecinum
desertum, Brander, Fossil, Hant. fig. 15. Sowerby, Min.
Conch. V. p. 14, pl. 415, fig. 1, two smaller figures.

Shell ovate ; spire short, conical, consisting of five some-
what depressed volutions, abruptly tapering to a point, and
separated by a broad, rounded groove, which winds spirally
close to the suture ; the whole shell provided with numerous,
longitudinal, irregular, rather flattened ribs, with sharp points
upon their upper extremities, which are crossed by remote,
spiral striz ; aperture ovate, widened above and narrow
below, with distant grooves within; columella smooth, with
an obscure fold at its base ; canal very short.

Found at Barton Cliff, in the Blue Clay.

6. P. Denrir. Dent’s Purpura, pl. XXXII. fig. 5, 6.

Buccinum desertum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 14,
pl. 415, fig. 1, larger figure.

Shell oblong-ovate ; spire conical, consisting of five some-
what inflated volutions, tapering rather abruptly to an obtuse
apex; the volutions separated by a double, wide, spiral fur-
row, situate immediately below the suture ; the whole shell
furnished with strong, longitudinal, unequal ribs; aperture
ovate, widened above, and a little contracted below, and
grooved internally ; columella smooth ; aperture short.

This species differs from the preceding in having a double
spiral groove separating the volutions, and in the spire being
somewhat more produced.

Found in the Blue Clay at Barton Cliff.

Genus XIV.—CALIENDRUM.—Brown.

Shell oblong-ovate, acute ; volutions deeply divided ;
aperture irregularly ovate ; columella greatly reflected
and undulous, destitute of a canal at the base ; outer lip
very broad, somewhat reflected and smooth on the
margin.

1. C. virraAtatom.—The Girdled Caliendrum, pl. XXXII.
fig. 20.

Buccinum vittatum. Phillips, Geo. of York. II. p. 230,
pl. 16, fig. 14.

Shell elongated, smooth ; body large, considerably inflated ;
spire consisting of six very ventricose, deeply-divided volu-
tions, terminating in a blunted apex; a broad flat mesial band
commences on the back of the outer lip, and encompasses
the centre of the body and superior volutions, and terminates
in the apex ; aperture irregularly oval ; columella undulous,
broadly reflected on the body, continuous both above and
below, and destitute of a canal; outer lip broad, thick,
reflected, and thin and even on the margin.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland, Queen’s
County, Ireland.

————

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Cassis.
Genus XV.—CASSIS.—Bruguiere.

Shell ventricose, gibbous, mostly subtrigonal; spire
generally very short; aperture longitudinal, narrow, in
some species nearly equal to the whole length of the
shell, in others proportionably wider (in which case the
aperture can hardly be considered as elongated) with a
more produced spire; base of the aperture terminating
in a short canal, abruptly reflected on its inner margin,
which is acute; columella twisted or rugose, and pro-
yided with transverse plaits ; outer lip usually thickened,
inflected, and spread over the lower part of the body,
producing a flattened disk reaching beyond the edge of
the lower varix, internally dentated, and in various
species forming a varix at the completion of each volu-
tion.

1. C. srcatinatus.— The Double-Chained Cassis, pl.
XXXIII. fig. 7, 8.

Cassis bicatinatus.
151, fig. 1, 2.

Shell ovate, ventricose ; spire of medium length, consisting
of five well defined volutions, and terminating in an obtuse
apex; whole surface traversed by numerous, transverse, promi-
nent, narrow ribs, with broad intermediate furrows, decussated
by small, slightly oblique longitudinal coste upon the superior
portions of the volutions, most distinct upon the central volu-

Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 117, pl.

tions, giving a chain-like appearance to two or three pairs of
the furrows, but becoming obsolete below; aperture ovate,
somewhat straitened towards both extremities, and ending in a
short canal; pillar lip spreading broadly over the columella,
which is slightly plaited and extending over an open umbilicus;
outer lip thickened, rounded, reflected, and obscurely tubercu-
lated within.

Discovered in the Crag at Bawdsey, Suffolk, by the Rev. J.
Lambert, of Trinity College, Cambridge.

Genus XVI.—CASSIDARIA.—Lamarck.

Shell obovate, ovate or oblong; ventricose; body very
large; spire short; aperture longitudinal, narrow, ter-
minating at the base in a recurved canal, which points
upwards when the shell is placed with the aperture
downwards; outer lip marginate, thickened, reflected,
and frequently dentated within; inner lip expanded,
covering the lower part of the body and columella, but
detached from it at the base, immediately above the
canal, which in some species is rough, granular, tuber-
culate or rugose; outer surface generally grooved, tuber-
culated, and covered with a thin, horny epidermis.

1. C. cartnata.—The Keeled Cassidaria, pl. XX XIII.
fig. 1, 2.

Cassis carinata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 23, pl. 6, three
upper figures. Morio carinata, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 340.

Shell pyriform; body very large, obliquely flattened above ;
spire very short, consisting of five or six abruptly tapering, de-
pressed angular yolutions, terminating in an acute apex ; body

MOLLUSCA.

53

with three remote, nodulous transverse ribs, and numerous,
close, undulous, transverse, alternately large and small strie,
which are decussated by many lines of growth; aperture
oblong, straitened both above and below, and ending in a nar-
row recurved beak; pillar lip concave, very broadly reflected
on the columella, with numerous tooth-like processes on its
inner margin, and two or three on the inner margin of the
outer lip; outer lip broad, continuous above, smooth on the
margin, and extending over the umbilicus.

Found in the London Clay at Highgate Hill.

2. C. srriata.—The Striated Cassidaria, pl. XXXIII.
fig. 3, 4.

Cassis striata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 24, pl. 6, four
Fleming, Brit. An. p- 339.

Shell ovate; body large; spire small, consisting of five or six
rounded, abruptly tapering, volutions, terminating in a sharp
apex; whole shell covered with transverse wide-set strie; a
spiral ridge of transversely oblong nodules invest the superior
portion of the body, which is also crossed by indistinct lines of
growth ; aperture greatly elongated, narrow, and contracted at
both extremities; pillar lip much reflected on the columella,
broad above and narrowing towards the base, which is provided

lower figures.

with a narrow, slightly bent canal, and toothed within; outer
lip broad, plicated internally, and reflected over the umbilicus
behind.

Found in the London Clay at Highgate Hill.

FAMILY IV.—ALATA.

Shell provided with a canal of greater or less extent,
situate at the base of the aperture; the right lip changes
its form as the animal advances in age, and is provided
with a sinus at the lower part.

Genus XVII—ROSTELLARIA.—Lamatrck.

Shell turreted or fusiform; spire uniformly longer than
the aperture; the superior volutions generally longitudi-
nally grooved; aperture oblong, its upper part prolonged
into an elongated narrow canal, which in some instances
extends to the apex of the spire, and not unfrequently
turns down on the opposite side; base with a more or
less lengthened canal, pointed beneath; outer lip in the
infant state, thin, but becomes greatly dilated with age,
entire, or dentated at its lower margin, or digitated ;
outside covered with a thin horny epidermis; aperture
provided with a thick corneous operculum of an oblong
form, rounded at one end and pointed at the other.

SECTION I.—OUTER LIP EXPANDED.

1. R. macroprera—The Long-Winged Rostellaria, pl.
XXXIII. fig. 17, 18, 19.

Rostellaria macroptera. Lamarck, Eny. de Paris, p. 48.
Lyell’s Elts. of Geology, p. 310, fig. 138. Fleming, Brit. An.
p- 360. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 177, plates 298, 299,

Oo

54 MOLLUSCA.

and 300. Strombus amplus, Brander, p. 76. Hippocrenes
macropterus, Montfort, I. p. 523.

Shell fusiform, smooth; spire taper, acute, the sides of which
are flat, consisting of from ten to fourteen volutions, defined
only by the suture line, and terminating in a sharp apex; aper-
ture oblong-ovate, much contracted, and acute above and below;
inner lip smooth, shining, very broadly reflected on the colu-
mella, extending over three-fourths of the body in front, and in
some instances with a second and more thickened reflection (as
in fig. 18) spreading entirely around the base, and extending to
the point of the beak; outer lip very large, spreading, and semi-
circular, in the form of an expansive wing, extending in some
instances from the fifth or sixth volution of the spire, encom-
passing the apex, and projecting considerably beyond the spire;
at the upper junction of the two lips there is a variously bent
and long canal, which is sometimes nearly concealed by a reflec-
tion of the superior portion of the outer lip; beak short and
pointed, extending a little way beyond the lip, with a contracted
canal.

This shell is subject to much variety in form; in some specimens
the external edge of the outer lip is provided with a deep sinus in
the upper part which separates it from the canal near the spire, as
in fig. 18. In young shells there is no development of the outer
lip, and they may be in consequence mistaken for a Fusus, as in fig.
19. Its sides are nearly parallel, and its surface very smooth and
shining.

Found in the Iondon Clay at Hordwell and Highgate.

SECTION Il—SHELLS TURRETED, OUTER LIP SINUATED.

2. R. PEs pELICANI.—The Pelican’s Foot Rostellaria, pl.
XXXIII. fig. 16.

Rostellaria pes pelicani. Parkinson, Org. Rem. III. p. 63.
Lamarck, An. San. Vert. VII. p. 193. Sowerby, Min. Conch.
VI. p. 109, pl. 558, fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 359. Stvom-
bus pes pelicani, Linn. Syst. Nat. II. p. 1207. Mont. Test.
Brit. p. 253. Brown, Illust. Brit. Conch. pl. 5, fig. 21, 39.

Spire pyramidal, tapering to a fine point, and consisting of
eight or ten transversely ribbed and carinated yolutions, termi-
nating in an acute apex; body yolution with two rows of tuber-
cles placed upon the keels; outer lip greatly expanded and
quadrifid, its upper angle extending high upon the spire; base
ending in a short acutely pointed beak with a shallow canal in
its centre.

This species varies considerably as to the development of the
outer lip, and presents very different aspects in its progress from
the young to the adult condition.

Discovered in a Clay pit at Tottenhill, near Lynn, Norfolk ;
it has also been met with in the Suffolk Crag and at Swaffham.

3. R. Parkinson1.—Parkinson’s Rostellaria, pl. XX XIII.*
fig. 12, 13, 14, 15.

Rostellaria Parkinsoni. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 69,
pl. 349, fig. 1 to 5. Ib. VI. p. 112, pl. 558, upper fig. 3. Ib.
Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series, p. 344, pl. 18, fig. 24. Mantell.
Geo. of Sussex, p. 72, 82, and 108. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 360,
Rostellaria having only one spur-like process, Parkinson, Org.
Rem. III. p. 63, pl. 5, fig. 11.

Shell turreted, with numerous oblique, long longitudinal ribs,
and transversely striated; the lower volution of the spire,
ribbed and obscurely carinated; outer lip considerably ex-

RosTELLARIA.

panded, with but one large, subulate, spur-like process, directed
upwards, with a broad, angular expansion under it; aperture
elongated and narrow; beak long, subulate, and pointed; the
canal very narrow beneath.

Found at Blackdown, Faversham, in the Green sand and
Gray Chalk Marle.

4. R. Firron1.—Fitton’s Rostellaria, pl. XX XIII fig. 15.

Rostellavia Parkinsoni. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 112,
pl. 558, lower fig. 3.

Shell turretted ; body and spire nearly of equal length ; spire
consisting of six somewhat flattened yolutions ; and with nume-
rous longitudinal, somewhat oblique ribs; body with a carina
near its upper extremity; lip expanded, the carina crossing it
behind, and some longitudinal wrinkles near its margin; beak
short and nearly straight.

Found at Feversham.

5. R.Macrostoma.—The Long-mouthed Rostellaria, pl.
XXXIIL* fig. 11.

Rostellaria macrostoma. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd
series, p. 344, pl. 18, fig. 23.

Shell turreted ; body large; spire short, consisting of four or
five rounded carinated yolutions, five on each, the centre one
the most prominent; aperture small, round; outer lip greatly
expanded and flattened, provided with two lobes; beak curved.

Found in the Green sand of Blackdown.

6. R.BispinosA—The Two-spined Rostellaria, pl. XX XIII.
fig. 14.

Rostellaria bispinosa. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p. 107,
pl. 40, fig. 32, and pl. 6, fig. 13.

Shell turreted; spire consisting of seven deeply divided
volutions terminating in an acute apex, with an acute spiral
carina in their centre, which emanates from the superior portion
of the body; and giving to the yolutions a triangular form ;
beneath this on the body is another smaller keel; beak of
moderate length, and terminating in a sharp point.

Found in the Lower Calcareous grit, and in the Kelloways
Rock, by Mr. Williamson, Scarborough.

7. R. carinata—The Keeled Rostellaria, pl. XX XIII.
fig. 11, pl. XX XIIL* fig. 8.

Rostellaria carinata. Mantell, Geo. of Sussex, p. 86, pl.
19, fig. 10, 11, 12,14. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2ud series,
p- 337, pl. 11, fig. 19.

Shell turreted; spire acute, nearly subulate, consisting of
eight or nine convex volutions, which are ornamented with a
series of regular rather elongated small tubercles, assuming
somewhat the aspect of ribs, in the centre of the spire; body
provided with two carinz a little above its centre; whole shell
covered with minute spiral striae; aperture ovate, contracted
both above and below, and ending in a wide canal; outer lip
furnished with a long, fareated projection, produced by an
elongation of the upper keel on the back of the shell; beak
long and subulate.

Found in the blue Chalk Marle, at Laughton, Ringmer, and
Norlington.

8. KR. composira—The Composite Rostellaria, pl. XX XIII.
fig. 22.

Rostellaria composita. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 111,
pl. 558, fig. 2. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p. 124, pl. 9,
fig. 28.

.

RosTELLARIA.

Shell turreted; spire costated, consisting of seven well
defined yolutions terminating in an acute apex, lower volution
bicarinated; columella smooth; outer lip much developed and
spreading, and with a canal at its upper extremity, consisting of
one lobe only, and provided with a spine where the superior
carina terminates upon its margin.

Found in the stratum above the Coal, at Brora, Scotland,
and in the Oxford Clay, at Weymouth, also at Scarborough.

g. R. caucarata.— The Spur-shaped Rostellaria, pl.
XXXIII. fig. 5, 6.

Rostellaria calearata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 70, pl-
349, fig. 6,7. Parkinson, Organic Remains, III. p. 63, pl. 5,
fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p- 360.

Shell turreted, with six or seven well defined volutions,
crossed by numerous longitudinal, somewhat elevated, linear,
curyed ribs, and a few varicose sutures ; lower or body volution
earinated, having a principal and several smaller carine; the
whole exterior surface covered with close striz; outer lip pro-
vided with a large, oblong, squarish, ascending process, in the
form of a curved spur or spine on its upper angle, which is pro-
duced by an elongation of the larger keel; the superior canal of
the lip short and obtusely pointed; beak short and somewhat
acute; inner lip entire with its edges a little rounded.

Found at Blackdown, in the Whetstone pits.

10. R. Triripa.—The Trifid Rostellaria, Phillips, Geo.
of Yorkshire, I. p. 109, pl. 5, fig. 14.

Shell provided with several carine, the outer lip hardly
expanded, and furnished with a long subspatulose, slightly
ascending process; beak arcuated.

Found in the Oxford Clay at Scarborough, by Mr. Bean.

1]. R.ancutata—tThe Angled Rostellaria.

R. angulata. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire. II. p. 230, pl. 16,
fig. 16.

“ Volutions angular, the upper ones tricarinate.”

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland, Queen’s
County, Ireland.

12. R. retusa—The Blunted Rostellaria, pl. XXXIIL*
fig. 10.

Rostellaria retusa.
18, fig. 22.

Shell short ovate ; body long, spire small, consisting of four
narrow, rounded volutions, each provided with one distinct,
elevated carina, and also an obsolete one; whole shell with a
finely polished surface, and covered with close and fine spiral
strie; outer lip furnished with an elongated, narrow, slightly
ascending, spur-like process, projecting from the elevated carina.

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. p. 344, pl.

SECTION IIJ].—OUTER LIP NOT EXPANDED.
ae R. tucipa.—The Shining Rostellaria, pl. XX XIII. fig.

, 21.

Rostellaria? lucida. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 203, pl.
91, fig. 1, 2,3. Fleming, Brit. An. p- 359.

Shell glossy, fusiform ; spire consisting of eight gradually
tapering volutions, and terminating in a somewhat acute apex;
body volution nearly equal in length to the spire; whole shell
covered with many obtusely rounded, longitudinal volutions,
and crossed by numerous, transverse, elevated, obtuse strie ;
inner lip smooth and broadly reflected on the columella; outer
lip thickened and provided with a very short channel at its

MOLLUSCA. 55

upper extremity, with an obscure sinus at its lower extremity,
and terminating in a very short beak.

We have not met with the immature shell, but Sowerby says that
its lip is not thickened ; and when the body volution is about half-
formed its growth appears to cease and then the margin of the lip
is inflected ; and on its becoming perfect the outer lip is thickened,
when the inflected part of the former lip is visible about half a
convolution from the outer lip, in the form of a prominent rib.

Found in the London Clay at Highgate Hill.

14. R.Rimosa—The Cleft Rostellaria, pl. XXXIII. fig.
12, 13.

Rostellaria rimosa. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 204, pl. 91,
fig. 4, 5, 6. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 360. Murex rimosus,
Brander, Fossil Hant. fig. 29.

Shell fusiform and shining; body in front equal to about half
the shell; spire consisting of eight or nine slightly convex
volutions, which are but moderately defined by the suture, and
terminate in an acute apex; whole shell covered with numerous,
slightly rounded, longitudinal, sharp ribs, and transversely stri-
ated; columella strongly defined, and extending to the superior
margin of the fifth or sixth volution of the spire; aperture
obliquely ovate, contracted at both extremities, with a long un-
dulating and pretty deep canal, extending as far as the extremity
of the columella; outer lip reflected, and slightly flattened in
front, with a sinus towards its lower extremity; beak straight
and short.

This species varies considerably from its young to its adult state;
in the very young stage, the reflected and extended columella and
lip are not formed, although the lip in this condition is frequently
thickened ; and when more adyanced, or about half its full size,
the lip extends over about two volutions, which when mature reaches
the fifth or sixth volution, terminating in a gentle curvature.

Found plentifully in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

15. R. ELoncata.— The Elongated Rostellaria. pl.
XXXIII* fig. 5.

Rostellavia elongata.
p- 336, pl. 11, fig. 16.

Shell turreted, greatly elongated; body and spire nearly of
equal length, the latter consisting of four or five volutions,
divided by a broad, hollow suture, crossed by a longitudinal
series of ribs, and transversely striated; the upper edges of the
volutions smooth ; aperture suboyate, pointed, both above and
below; inner lip with a sub-umabilicus.

Found by Dr. Fitton, in the Gualt.

16. R. marcinata.— The Marginated Rostellaria, pl.
XXXIII.* fig. 6, 7.

Rostellaria marginata.
pl. 11, fig. 18.

Shell conical, turreted; body and spire nearly equal, the
latter consisting of six or seven moderately inflated volutions,
divided by an elevated, linear suture, each volution provided
with eight or ten longitudinal, short, obtuse ribs, crossed by
numerous striz; the body destitute of ribs and furnished with
a nearly central, elevated carina; aperture slightly ovate.

This species is nearly allied to Rostellaria Parkinsoni, but may at
once be distinguished by the spiral, elevated band which divides the
volutions.

Found in the Gualt.

17. R. BuccinorpEs.—The Buccinum-shaped Rostellaria,
pl. XXXIII.* fig. 9.

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series,

Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series, p. 336,

56 MOLLUSCA.

Rostellaria Buccinoides. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd
series, p. 336, pl. 11, fig. 17.

Shell subulate ; body short; spire long, consisting of eight
rounded yolutions, each furnished with a single varix, and ter-
minating in an acute apex; whole shell covered with numerous,
slightly bent, longitudinal ribs ; outer lip destitute of a lobe.

Found in the Gualt.

FAMILY V.—CANALIFERA.

Shell with a canal of greater or less length, situated
at the base of the aperture; the outer lip differing but
little in the young and adult state.

Sub-division I. Having a permanent varix on the
outer lip; and varices on the spire.

Genus X VIII.—TRITON.—Lamarck.

Shell oblong; spire rather prominent, and acute at the
apex; volutions with never more than two on each;
aperture nearly round; outer lip thickened; inner or
pillar lip generally rugose; beak somewhat elongated,
and turned backwards; operculum of a horny texture.

1. T. canaLicuLtatum.—The Canaled Triton, pl. XXXIV.
fig. 7, 8.

Buccinum canaliculatum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 14,
pl. 415, fig. 2, 2. Buccinum desertum, Brander, fig. 18, 19.
Nassa canaliculata, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 341.

Shell elongated ; spire consisting of six yolutions with some-
what flattened sides, and separated by a depressed canaliculate
suture, which is provided with a prominent margin; upper
volutions with strong longitudinal ribs, which are less marked
in two or three of the lower volutions, but these are provided
at irregular intervals with a few varices; whole shell trans-
versely striated; inner lip smooth and flattened; outer lip
thickened, with crenulations internally, but plain at the margin;
aperture ovate, with a slight canal at its upper extremity; beak
short and curved.

Found plentifully in the London Clay at Barton Cliff and
Muddiford.

Genus XIX.—MUREX.—Linneus.

Shell subturreted, more or less elongated; spire for
the most part prominent, terminating in an acute apex,
furnished with three or more rows of digitated, muri-
cated, or spinous varices, or with an irregularly foliaceous
or lacerated fringe; aperture suborbicular; columella
smooth; beak generally much elongated, sometimes very
long, and frequently recurved, provided with a horny
operculum.

1. M. coronatus——The Crowned Murex, pl. XXXIV.
fig. 33, 34.

Triton.

Murex coronatus.
230, fig. 3.

Oblong-ovate, turreted; spire consisting of four or five volu-
tions, which are slightly concave above, and terminating in a
somewhat obtuse apex; body and spire covered with ten longi-
tudinal acute ribs, each of which terminate in a sharp point
above; between the ribs the shell is widely striated; aperture
oblong-oyate, wide, and flattened above, and narrowed beneath;
inner lip broadly reflected on the columella; outer lip thick,
and crenulated internally ; beak slightly curved.

Found in the London Clay at Highgate Hill.

2. M. minax.—The Threatning Murex, pl. XXXIV. fig.
9, 10.

Murex minax. Brander, fig. 62.
III. p. 51, pl. 229, fig. 2.

Short; body large in proportion to the spire; spire consisting
of four narrow yolutions, tuberculated above, and terminating
in a sharp apex; body somewhat inflated, and provided with a
double zone of tubercles, those on the upper portion are spine-
shaped, and furrowed on their outer margins; whole shell
eovered with somewhat undulous and close, irregular striz; base
of the body suleated; aperture nearly orbicular; inner lip
smooth, and broadly reflected on the columella; outer lip thin;
beak short, and slightly curved.

Found in the London Clay at Highgate Hill.

3. M. rorosus——The Knobby Murex, pl. XXXIV. fig. 20.

Murex tuberosus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. pl. 229, fig. 1.

Oblong-ovate, subterreted; spire consisting of five or six
volutions, ending in a pointed apex; body and spire provided
with numerous, large, blunted, nearly obsolete ribs, which ter-
minate in large obtuse knobs on the most prominent part of the
volutions; base convex; the whole shell covered with many
rough lines of growth, which are crossed by thick-set, strong
spiral striz ; aperture ovate; outer lip blunt; beak short, and
slightly curved.

Found in the London Clay at Highgate Hill.

4. M.cristatus.—The Crested Murex, pl. XXXIV. fig. 1, 2.

Murex cristatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IIL. p. 52, pl. 230,
fig. 1, 2.

Ovate; body large; spire short, consisting of five abruptly
tapering volutions, terminating in a slightly pointed apex; six
or seven longitudinal, sharp, prominent ribs cover the body of
the shell, and extend to the volutions of the spire, these are all
spiniform and canaliculated above, and each provided with three
plaits, formed by ribs behind; whole shell covered with fine,
spiral strie ; aperture ovate, widest above; beak curved, and of
medium length; canal rather wide; inner lip broadly reflected
on the columella above, and narrowing as it descends, with a
subumbilicus below ; outer lip considerably produced above, in
the form of a canaliculate elongation, and with two other pro-
duced undulations below; back of the beak exhibiting two
tubular, projecting processes, being the former bases of the
beak, produced by the growth of the shell.

Discovered in the London Clay at Highgate Hill, by G. B.
Snow, Esq.

5. M. arcurus.—The Sugar-loaf Murex, pl. XXXIV. fig.
35, 36.

Murex argutus.
p. 59, pl. 344.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 52, pl.

Sowerby, Min. Conch.

Brander, 13. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV.

Murex.

Oblong-ovate; spire consisting of eight prominent, abruptly
tapering volutions, deeply divided by the suture; body furnished
with five or six transverse, rather depressed ribs, which are pro-
minently knotted at somewhat regular intervals; the spire has
only two ribs on each yolution; about three longitudinal varices
traverse the body, which however, do not extend beyond the
inflation of the volutions; whole surface covered with numerous,
elevated, spiral striz, several of which are large towards the
centre of each volution; in the intervals between the ribs at
the backs of the varices are deep hollows; aperture nearly cir-
cular, slightly narrowed above and below; inner lip smooth,
thinly reflected on the columella, and slightly subumbilcate
behind at the base of the body, with a few wart-like tubercles
near its lower extremity; outer lip thick with strong crenula-
tions, within, and also on its outer margin; beak short, thick,
and slightly ascending.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

6. M. atveotatus.—The Celled Murex, pl. XXXIV. fig.
15s, 16;

Fusus alveolatus. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 354. Murex
alveolatus, Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 9. pl. 411, fig. 2.

Oblong-ovate, considerably acuminated; spire nearly equal
to the body in length, consisting of seven rapidly decreasing
volutions, deeply divided by the suture, flattened above, and
terminating in an acute apex; whole shell covered by pro-
minent longitudinal and transverse ribs, producing deep cell-like
interstices, which are provided with less prominent transverse
ribs; aperture ovate, a little pointed above and below; beak
short and but slightly curved; inner lip smooth, reflected on
the columella, with an open umbilicus behind at its base ; outer
lip somewhat thickened, toothed within, and thin at its edge.

Found in the Crag, Suffolk and Norfolk.

7. M. Bispinosus.—The Two-spined Murex, pl. XXXIV.
fig. 24, 25.

Murex bispinosus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 15, pl. 416,
fig. 2.

Oblong-ovate; spire consisting of six volutions terminating
in an acute apex; body with three foliated and laminated
longitudinal varices, beset with two prominent acute canalicu-
lated spines on each varix; these extend over the spire, which
is provided with two or three transverse ridges; between each
varix is placed a small tubercle; aperture ovate; inner lip
slightly reflected on the columella, and continuous with the
outer lip, which is thin on the margin, thickened, and toothed
within; beak nearly straight.

Found at Barton Cliff.

8. M. Catcar.—The Spur Murex, pl. XXXIV. fig. 31, 32.

Murex calcar. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 7, pl. 410,
fig. 2.

Oblong-ovate ; spire acuminated, nearly equal in length to
the body, and consisting of six, subturreted, volutions obliquely
flattened above, and terminating in a pointed apex; the spire
provided with numerous elevated, sharp ribs, and those of the
body somewhat obsolete, where they only appear in the form of
blunted tubercles ; two transverse spinous ribs invest the body
volution, and assume a spur-like appearance on the margin of
the outer lip, with a slight canal in their centre; shell covered
with strong, remote, elevated, partially granulated strie; aper-
ture subquadrangular, slightly pointed on its upper extremity ;

MOLLUSCA. 57

inner lip smooth and narrowly reflected on the columella, and
is continuous on the outer lip, which is thin; beak long, the
canal nearly closed in front.

Found in the Green Sand, Blackdown.

9. M. pEFossus.— The Hidden Murex, pl. XXXIV. fig.
11, 12.

Murex defossus.
fig. 1.
p- 117.

Oblong-ovate; spire acuminated nearly equal in length to
the body, consisting of seven well rounded, deeply defined
volutions, terminating in an acute apex; whole shell covered
with numerous, sharp, elevated, longitudinal, and alternately
large and small transverse ribs ; intervening cells smooth; aper-
ture ovate, slightly pointed above and below; inner lip smooth,
broadly reflected on the columella above,—where it has one
or two irregular plaits,—and narrowing as it descends; outer lip
thin on the edge, considerably thickened within, and provided
with many, elongated, lamellar teeth; beak short, and but
slightly curved.

Found at Hordwell.

10. M. rronposus.—The Leaved Murex, pl. XXXIV. fig.
22, 23.

Murex frondosus. Wamarck, Eny. de Paris, p- 51. Ib.
An. San. Vert. VII. p. 573. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p- 16,
pl. 416, fig. 3.

Oblong-ovate; spire short, subturreted, consisting of five
deeply defined volutions, and terminating in an acute apex;
body with eight or nine sharp, elevated, longitudinal, foliated
varices; crossed by numerous transverse ribs, producing a tuber-

Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p- 9, pl. 411,
Buccinum defossum, Pilkinton, Linn. Trans. VII.

culated appearance as they pass over the longitudinal ribs, and
giving a rough feel and crisped appearance to the whole of their
lamellated surface ; intervening cavities rough ; aperture nearly
circular ; beak short, thick, and slightly curved; canal nearly
closed; inner lip smooth, broadly reflected over the columella
above, and abruptly narrowing as it descends; outer lip sharp
on the edge, with a broad foliated expansion on its outer side.

Found at Highgate Hill and Barton.

11. M. rricarinatus.x— The Three-keeled Murex, pl.
XXXIV. fig. 13, 14.

Murex tricarinatus. Lamarck, An. San. Vert. VII. p. 177.
Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 15, pl. 416, fig. 1. Murea asper,
Brander, fig. 77, 78, 79, and 80.

Oblong-ovate; spire about the same length as the body, con-
sisting of six subturreted volutions, and terminating in an acute
apex; with three elevated, longitudinal, foliaceous, dentated
varices, extending from the body to the tip of the spire ; crossed
by about seven wide-set prominent strie, which correspond with
the plaits of the varices, these are provided with a long, canali-
culate spine on the top of each; aperture semi-ovate ; inner lip
slightly reflected on the columella; outer lip with a broad
foliated margin ; beak considerably recurved; canal rather wide.

Found at Barton Cliff.

12. M. quapratus.—The Squarish Murex, pl. XXXIV.
fig. 37.

Murex quadratus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 7, pl. 410,
fig. 1.

Short, slightly rhomboidal; spire short, consisting of three
gradually tapering, slightly defined volutions, apex rather
P

58

obtuse ; body bicarinated, which become obsolete in the spire ;
whole shell covered with regular elevated striz, which are
obscurely decussated by the lines of growth ; aperture subquad-
rangular ; canal very short and nearly straight.

Found at Blackdown.

13. M. sexpentatus. — The Six-toothed Murex, pl.
XXXIV. fig. 17, 18.

Murex sexdentatus.
411, fig. 3.

Oblong-ovate ; spire nearly as long as the body, consisting of
five ventricose volutions, well defined by the suture; whole
shell provided with numerous longitudinal ribs, which, with the
intervals between them, are decussated with strong, sharp, spiral
striae ; aperture elongated ; slightly narrowed beneath ; inner
lip smooth, behind which at its termination is a subumbilicus ;
outer lip somewhat thickened with five or six obtuse teeth

Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 10, pl.

inside.

Discovered at Colwell Bay, Isle of Wight, by Professor
Sedgwick.

14. M. rortvuosus.—The Tortuous Murex, pl. XXXIV.

fig. 29, 30.

Murex turtuosus.
fig. 2.

Turreted; spire consisting of four or five broad volutions ;
body and spire with three elevated flexuous subfoliaceous
varices, with two or three knobs between each ; and crossed by
wide-set, transverse, nearly obsolete ribs upon the middle and
lower portion of the volutions, and a fourth situate near the
superior part of the volutions; beak short, slightly bent ; aper-
ture oblong-ovate ; inner lip smooth, a little reflected on the
columella; outer lip rather thin and straight, thickened within.

A Crag fossil, found at Woodbridge, by Mrs. Cobbold.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 48, pl. 434,

15. M. Haccanensis.—The Hackness Murex, pl. XXXIV.
fig. 28.

Murex Haccanensis. Phillips, Geo. York, I. p. 102, pl. 4,
fig. 18.

Turreted; spire abruptly tapering, with six or seven yolutions;
with nine or ten strong, elevated, longitudinal ribs, transversely
striated; aperture obovate; outer lip thin; base of body with
several nearly obsolete, transverse folds.

Found in the Coralline Oolite at Hackness.

Genus XX.—TYPHIS.— Fleming.

Shell subeylindrical, subturreted; volutions provided
with numerous cylindrical, pervious processes; aperture
suborbicular; beak short, with a closed tubular canal.

1. T. ristuLosus.—The Pipe Typhis, pl. XXXIV. fig.
5, 6.

Murex fistulosus. Brocchi, Sub. App. II. p. 394, pl. 7, fig.
12. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 201.
Brander, fig. 82.
p- 356.

Subcylindrical, provided with several thick, somewhat foliated
varices, each terminating above in a slightly recurved tube,
most of which are truncated and perforated ; spire short, con-

Murex pungens,

Typhis fistulosus, Fleming, Brit. An.

MOLLUSCA.

Typuis.

sisting of four or five rapidly decreasing volutions, and termi-
nating in an acute apex; aperture entire, suboyate; both lips
continuous, the left or outer one with a marginal foliated
varixo, and four or five sinuated fimbrie behind; beak nearly
straight, closed in front, and obliquely truncated below.

In old shells the beak is frequently double, and sometimes even
triple; diameter of the shell about half its length.

Found at Barton Cliff.

2. T. rupirer.—The Tubular Typhis, pl. XXXIV. fig.
3, 4.

Murex tubifer. Lamarck, Env. de Paris, p.54. Parkinson,
Org. Remains, III. p. 65, pl. 5, fig. 15.
Brander, p. 35, fig. 81. M. horridas, Brocci, Sub. App. II. p.
405, pl. 7. Typhis tubifer, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 356.

Oblong-ovate, with four or five rapidly decreasing volutions,
each furnished with four or five longitudinal rows of tubular
spines, generally set in threes, between each of which is placed
a solitary, erect, somewhat arcuated tube, situate upon the
superior portion of the volution, a little pointed, somewhat
oblique, sometimes double, and open at the base.

Found at Barton Cliff, in the London Clay.

In the young state the beaks of this species, as weli as that of
Jfistulosus, are open.

Murex pungens,

Genus XXI.—RANELLA.—Zamarck.

Shell oval or oblong; subeompressed; with depressed,
straight or slightly oblique distichous varices, situated at
intervals of half a volution, forming a continuous longi-
tudinal row on each side; aperture subovate; base canali-
culated, and frequently with a small canal above, at the
junction of the outer and inner lips; outer lip grooved
with its edge crenated or dentated; inner lip usually
rugose; the outside more or less tuberculate, frequently
set in small bead-like rows, and generally covered with a
thickish olivaceous epidermis.

1. R. Bartonensis.—The Barton Ranella, pl. XXXV.
fig. 1, 2, 3.

Murex Barionensis.
34. Three lower figures.

Oblong-ovate ; spire about half the length of the body, con-
sisting of four gently tapering somewhat rounded yolutions, ter-
minating in an obtuse apex; the body and two lower volutions
of the spire with numerous, nearly straight, longitudinal ribs,
the interstices being crossed by fine, regular, transverse striae,
producing a beautifully cancellated appearance; aperture ob-
liquely elongated, curved, and acute at both extremities; having
a shallow groove or canal above, and with an oblique canal
below; inner lip smooth and broadly reflected on the columella,
somewhat raised, and extending to nearly the superior region of
the body, where it is continuous with the outer lip, which is
undulate, the margin also very broad, and toothed within, with
a furrow which extends from the fourth tooth to the beak;
inner lip also toothed; beak short, thick, and curved.

Not quite half an inch in length.
Found at Barton Cliff, by the Rey. W. Bingley.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 77, pl.

Pyrvu.a.

Genus XXII.—PYRULA.—Lamarck.

Shell thin, oblong, ventricose above, somewhat at-
tenuated below, and usually very regular in form; spire
short and rounded; aperture elongated, lengthened into a
short, broad canal at the base, narrower in its superior
extremity and broader in the middle, in consequence of
the columella sinus; outer lip sharp on the margin, and
minutely crenulated; inner lip very thin, and spreading
over the front, sometimes nearly imperceptible; outside
generally cancellated, but destitute of varices or umbili-
eus; and covered with an excessively thin epidermis.

1. P. NExinis.x—The Wreathed Pyrula, pl. XXXV. fig.
Ose 7

Pyrula nevilis. Lamarck, Envy. de Paris, fig. 67. Sowerby,
Min. Conch. IV. p. 33, pl. 331. Murea nevilis, Brander, 55.

Pyriform, or obovate; spire very short, consisting of three
rounded yolutions, and terminating in a rather obtuse apex;
whole surface covered with wide-set, elevated, longitudinal, and
spiral striee, the transverse strie, the most acute and uniform,
producing a beautiful cancellated appearance; aperture long,
narrow, acute above, and terminating below in a contracted
canal.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

2. P. GreENwoopi1.—Greenwood’s Pyrula, pl. XXXV.
fig. 4, 5.

Pyrula Greenwoodii. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 157, pl.
498.

Pyriform, thin; spire very short, consisting of four rounded
volutions, and terminating in a somewhat obtuse apex ; surface
covered with rather irregular, elevated, longitudinal, and trans-
yerse striae; aperture much elongated and narrow, pointed above,
and terminating below in a narrow canal; beak considerably
pointed.

Found in Hampshire, by Mrs. Greenwood.

3. M. ruserosus.—The Tuberose Murex, pl. XXXIV.
fig. 19.

Murex tuberosus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 152, pl.
578, fig. 4.

Oblong-ovate ; body and spire of nearly equal length; spire
small, consisting of three or four squarish volutions, terminating
in an obtuse apex, with a single row of blunted tubercles upon
the upper part of each yolution; whole shell beset with irregu-
lar spiral striae; aperture subovate ; beak very short, and slightly
produced.

Found in the Pisolite at Malton.

This shell differs considerably from the species of the same name
figured and described by Sowerby, vol. III. pl. 229, fig. 1.

4. P. suttatus.—The Bossed Pyrula, pl. XXXIV. fig. 21.

Murex Smithii. Var. 8. Spire produced. Sowerby, Min.
Conch. VI. p. 151, pl. 578, fig. 3.

Nearly orbicular; body large; spire short, consisting of three
rounded, slightly depressed yolutions, and terminating in a
blunted apex; body covered with large, distant knobs, set in
three interrupted rows; aperture ovate, narrowed above; cha-
racter of the beak unknown.

Found in the London Clay at Maida Hill, Paddington.

This species and the two preceding are nearly allied to each other.

MOLLUSCA. 59

5. P. Smrrait.—Smith’s Pyrula, pl. XXXIV. fig. 26, 27.

Murex Smithii. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p- 151, pl. 578,
fig. 1, 2.

Pyriform ; body large in proportion to the spire, which con-
sists of four depressed volutions, hardly a sixth the length of
the body; on the body are three rows of oblong, short, blunted
tubercles, those of the superior row being the largest, and more
pointed than the others; whole shell covered with unequal
spiral strie ; beak considerably produced, and appears but little
curved ; aperture subquadrangular, extending from the superior
portion of the body; inner lip not thickened upon the colu-
mella; outer lip thin.

Found in Alum Bay, Isle of Wight.

Genus XXIII.—FUSUS.— Lamarck.

Shell fusiform, or subfusiform; spire usually turreted,
with many rounded volutions, and gradually acuminated,
generally terminating in a pointed apex, although it is
sometimes mamillary ; for the most part with longitudinal
ribs and spiral grooves; aperture elliptical, terminating in
a lengthened, straight canal.

1. FP. recutaris.—The Straight Fusus, pl. XXXV. fig. 15,
16, and pl. XXXVI. fig. 22, 23.

Murex antiquus. Brander, Foss. Hant. p- 33, pl. 6, fig. 74.
Murex regularis, Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p: 27, pl. 423, fig.
1, and II. p. 195, pl. 187, fig. 2.

Elongated ; spire moderate, consisting of from five to eight
well rounded and somewhat inflated yolutions, flattened and
nearly smooth above, terminating in a rather obtuse apex ; lon-
gitudinally ribbed, and crossed by numerous, fine, irregular,
spiral, sharp striae; aperture elongated, wide, and somewhat
rounded aboye, narrowed below, and ending in an open, nearly
straight, rather short canal, which is contracted towards the
point; inner lip smooth, in general broadly reflected on the colu-
mella above, and diminishing as it descends; outer lip sharp on
the edge, and thin with a few plaits internally ; aperture to the
point of the beak equal in length to the other portion of the
shell.

Found at Barton Cliff by Miss Salisbury.

2. F. compranatus.—The Flattened Fusus, pl. XXXV.
fig. 21, 23, 24.

Fusus complanatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 27, pl.
423, fig. 2, 3.

Fusiform ; spire consisting of five volutions, with their upper
edges elevated, and pressed upon the spire; the whole surface
covered with large, oblique, longitudinal ribs, and crossed by
numerous, close-set, spiral stria, with obtuse intervening ridges;
aperture ovate, contracted both above and below, and ending
in a curved, slightly expanding canal of medium length; inner
lip smooth, narrowing as it descends; outer lip sharp on the
edge ; beak somewhat shorter than the spire.

Figure 21 is a variety in which the longitudinal ribs are more
prominent than the others, and with a sub-carina in the middle of
the body.

Found in the London Clay at Highgate Hill.

60 MOLLUSCA.

3. F. Lima—tThe File Fusus, pl. XXXV. fig. 19.

Fusus Lima. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 28, pl. 423,
fig. 4.

Fusiform ; spire consisting of six volutions, with their upper
edges elevated and pressed upon the spire, and terminating in a
pointed apex; the shell covered with transverse and longitudinal
elevated ribs, which at the points of intersection produce an
acute spiniform appearance upon the lower parts of the shell,
but upon the superior portions of the volutions, these become
simple striw, and are decussated by depressed lines of growth.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

4. F. conirerus.—The Pine-shaped Fusus, pl. XXXVI.
fig. 1, 2.

Fusus coniferus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 195, pl. 187,
fig. 1.

Shell greatly elongated; spire consisting of six or seven
inflated, deeply divided volutions, slightly flatteded above, and
terminating in an acute apex; body and beak with twelve or
thirteen spiral, distant, narrow, and slightly elevated ribs, the
volutions of the spire with four or five only, the intervals with
numerous close-set, irregular, slightly undulating strie, crossed
by distant, longitudinal, unequally elevated undulations, which
are obsolete on the upper part of the volutions; aperture oblong-
ovate, about half the length of the shell, wide above, narrowed
below, and ending in a short, wide canal; inner lip smooth and
narrow ; outer lip sharp and even on the edge.

The volutions of the spire appear as if they were tuberculate,
from the ribs passing over the longitudinal undulations, which are
more prominent than on the body.

Found at Highgate Hill.

5. F. striatus.—The Striated Fusus, pl. XXXVI. fig.
26.

Murex striatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 61, pl. 22, fig.
(Bes ae

Ventricose ; spire short, being not quite a fourth of the length
of the shell, consisting of five or six rounded volutions, and ter-
minating in a somewhat obtuse apex; the whole shell covered
by numerous, distant, rounded, and rather flattened narrow
transyerse ribs, with from three to five fine, parallel, but not
very equal strie, occupying the intervening spaces; these are
crossed by obsolete lines of growth and strie; aperture semi-
oyate, rounded above, and rather narrow below, and ending in
a short, wide, and nearly straight canal; inner lip smooth and
broadly reflected on the columella, which is widest above, and
contracts as it descends, with a duplicature behind at the beak ;
outer lip smooth and even.

This shell varies in size from three to four inches and a quarter.

Found in the Crag-pits of Suffolk and Essex, and at Holy-
well, near Ipswich.

6. F. cartnatus—The Keeled Fusus, pl. XXXVI. fig.
45.

Murex striatus, variety a carinatus.
II. p. 13, pl. 109, fig. 1.

Oblong-ovate ; spire short with four volutions, terminating in
an obtuse apex, body with six or seven rounded and prominent
transverse ribs, and two on the volutions of the spire, inter-
vening spaces covered with irregular spiral stria ; crossed by
nearly obsolete, longitudinal wrinkles and lines of growth ; aper-
ture oblong-ovate, slightly pointed above, and terminating in a

Sowerby, Min. Conch.

Fusvus.

short, slightly oblique, open canal ; pillar lip smooth and broadly
reflected on the columella; outer lip regular and rather blunted
on the edge.

Found in the Crag pits of Essex and Sussex.

This species is liable to considerable variety in the disposition
and character of its transverse ribs.

7. F.errans—The Wandering Fusus, pl. XXXVI. fig.
33, 34.

Fusus errans. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 139, pl. 400.
Strombus errans, Brander, Foss. Hant. p. 23, pl. 2, fig. 42.

Oblong-ovate; spire acute, subturreted, and of medium
length, consisting of six volutions flattened above and ending in
a pointed apex; body, with two large prominent, and several
lesser intermediate transverse ribs; the whole shell covered by
fine spiral striw, these decussated by minute, longitudinal lines
of growth, which are most conspicuous above the larger ribs;
aperture oblong-ovate, narrowed above and below, ending in a
nearly straight, slightly compressed canal; columella nearly
straight; the inner lip smooth; outer lip thin, angular above,
and waved below.

Found at Hordwell and Barton Cliffs, and it has also been
discovered at Stubbington.

It is distinguished from the following by always having more
than one transverse rib, and also by its inferior size.

8. F. srrasciratus—The Two-faced Fusus, pl. XXXVI.
fig. 43, 44.

Fusus bifasciatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 49, pl.
228. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 352.

Shell elongated; spire long, being nearly equal in length to
the body, consisténg of six turreted yolutions, flattened at top,
and much produced in the centre, nearly in the shape of a keel,
which extends over the centre of the body volution, and termi-
nates in the outer lip ; the sides of this carina are nearly equal
in inclination; the whole shell covered by strong, rough, longi-
tudinal and transverse strie ; body somewhat ventricose below
the keel ; aperture oblong, widest above, and contracted beneath
into a short, nearly straight canal.

Found at Highgate Hill,

9. F. rrimNeatus.—The Three-lined Fusus, pl. XXXVI.
fig. 35, 36.

Murex trilineatus.
fig. 4, 5.

Shell considerably elongated; spire short, consisting of five or —
six not much inflated yolutions, and terminating in a rather ob-
tuse apex; whole shell covered by numerous, transverse, narrow,
projecting ribs, each divided into three thread-like divisions ;
aperture elongated, pointed above, and terminating below in a
straight, short, open canal; inner lip narrowly reflected on the
columella; outer lip thin, even at the edge, with nine or ten’
folds within, situate a little way from the margin

Sometimes extends to upwards of two inches in length.
however, usually the size of our figure.

Found in the London Clay at Highgate.

10. EF. conneus—The Horny Fusus, pl. XXXV. fig. 20.

Murex corneus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 79. pl. 35.
Three upper figures.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 80, pl. 35,

It is,

Shell elongated, somewhat slender; spire long, nearly equal
in length to the body, consisting of seven or eight slightly in-
flated volutions, terminating in a somewhat obtuse apex ; whole

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Fusus.

shell covered with numerous, nearly obsolete, spiral striz ; aper-
ture oblong-ovate, slightly pointed above and below, ending iu
a short, nearly straight canal; inner lip smooth, rather broad in
proportion to the size of the shell; outer lip thin and even on
the edge.

In some fossil specimens the beak is considerably curved.

Found at Holywells, Aldborough and Walton, Suffolk.

11. F. Manni-—Mann’s Fusus, pl. XXXVI. fig. 20, 21.

Murex rugosus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 225, pl. 190,
fig. 1, 2.

Shell subfusiform ; spire consisting of five or six well rounded
yolutions, terminating in a somewhat obtuse apex, with about
twelve longitudinal, elevated ribs ; the whole shell covered with
regular spiral strie, and the body yolution devoid of ribs; aper-
ture elliptical, a little pointed above, and terminating beneath
in a short, straight canal; inner lip smooth, slightly reflected on
the columella above, and gradually widening as it descends,
until it reaches the beak, when it becomes suddenly contracted ;
outer lip slightly thickened and smooth on the margin.

Named in honour of my respected friend Robert Mann, Esq.,
surgeon, Manchester, a zealous naturalist.

Found in the Crag at Plumstead.

12. F. Parxinsonut.—Parkinson’s Fusus, pl. XXXVI. fig.
17.

Murex rugosus.
fig. 16.

Shell elongated ; spire rather more than a third of the length
of the shell, consisting of five or six moderately ventricose
volutions, terminating in an obtuse apex; with many longi-
tudinal, rather flat ribs, crossed by numerous faint striz; aper-
ture ovate, a little contracted above, and ending below in a short,
slightly bent canal; pillar lip smooth and broadly reflected on
the columella; outer lip a little thickened internally.

Found in the Crag, Essex.

13. F. InrERRupTus. — The
XXXVI. fig. 37, 38.

Murex interruptus. Pilkinton, Linn. Trans. VII. p. 117,
pl. 11, fig. 5. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 181, pl. 304, fig.
Hee

Shell subturreted; spire smooth and of medium length, con-
sisting of five or six nearly flat volutions, terminating in a sharp
apex; the smaller volutions with a broad, flattened space, above
which two sharp furrows run along their upper edges: body
rather inflated, covered with many spiral furrows; aperture
ovate, slightly pointed above, terminating beneath in a wide,
slightly curved canal of medium length; inner lip smooth, a
little reflected on the columella, and displays the impression of
the sulci beneath, which produces a striated appearance ; outer
lip plaited internally, and smooth on its margin.

Found in the London Clay in Hampshire, and at Barton.

14. F. suncrus.—The Slender Fusus, pl. XXXVI. fig.
29, 30.

Murex junceus. Brander, Foss. Hant. p. 17, pl. 1, fig. 26.
Buccinum junceum, Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 103, pl.
375, fig. 1.

Shell much elongated and taper; spire greatly produced,
equal in length to the body, with six or seven moderately in-
flated yolutions, divided by a small, plain furrow, and termi-
nating in an obtuse apex; whole shell coyered with sharp,

Parkinson, Org. Rem. III. p. 64, pl. 5,

Interrupted Fusus, pl.

MOLLUSCA. 61

elevated, uniform, spiral and longitudinal strie, producing a fine
reticulated appearance ; aperture long, narrow, acute, and angu-
lar above, with a slight internal notch, terminating below in a
very short, straight canal; inner lip smooth, broad above, and
narrowing as it descends; outer lip somewhat arcuated in its
centre, sharp at the edge, and deeply striated within.

Found at Barton, and in the London Clay at Highgate.

15. F. sutcarus—The Furrowed Fusus, pl. XXXVI. fig.
18, 19.

Buccinum sulcatum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 103, pl.
375, fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 344.

Shell greatly elongated, subturreted ; spire much produced,
equal in length to the body, consisting of six or seven yentricose
volutions, terminating in an obtuse apex, furnished with about
seven linear, transverse furrows on each of the volutions; aper-
ture ovate, ending below in a short, slightly recurved canal; pillar
lip smooth, a little concave; outer lip considerably thickened,
rounded beneath, with about twelve elongated teeth internally.

Found in the Crag at Ramshot.

16. F. Mirrura.—The Mitre-formed Fusus, pl. XXXVI.
fig. 3, 4.

Buccinum Mitrula. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 103, pl.
375, fig. 3.

Shell turreted; spire long, about equal to the body, with six
or seven yolutions, ending in an acute apex; the whole shell
covered with from ten to twelve longitudinal ribs, which are
most prominent on the upper part of the volutions; aperture
elongated, a little contracted both above and below, obtuse
above, terminating in a short, straight, wide canal, which is even
at the base; inner lip narrowly reflected on a straight columella;
outer lip almost straight on the margin, haying a small rounded
sinus near its junction with the body, below which it is slightly
produced.

Found in the Crag at Ramshot.

17. F. cosTELLIFERUS.— The Small-ribbed Fusus, pl.
XXXVI. fig: 11, 12.

Fusus costellifer. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 353. Murex cos-
tellifer, Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 225, pl. 199, fig. 3.

Shell subturreted; spire of medium length, consisting of four
somewhat ventricose yolutions ; with about eighteen rather de-
pressed, slender, longitudinal ribs, crossed by numerous, sharp,
spiral strie ; aperture subovate, slightly contracted above, and
terminating in a short, open, and nearly straight canal; inner lip
reflected on the straight part of the columella only; outer lip
expanded, and smooth on the margin.

Found in the Crag at Malden.

18. F. Grapatus.—The Graduated Fusus, pl. XXXVI.
fig. 7, 8.

Fusus gradatus. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 352. Murex gra-
datus, Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 227, pl. 199, fig. 6.

Shell yentricose; spire short, acute, consisting of four ab-
ruptly tapering volutions, terminating in a sharp apex, with
about ten longitudinal, varicose ribs, which are very prominent
above, and producing a square, strongly turreted, and flattened
step-like appearance in the volutions; aperture oval, slightly
angular above, ending in a short, open, slightly curved canal ;
inner lip smooth; outer lip a little expanded, and even on the
margin.

Found in the Crag at Malden.

Q

62

19. F.curtus—The Short Fusus, pl. XXXVI. fig. 5, 6.
Fusus curtus. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 353. Murex curtus.
Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 227, pl. 199, fig. 5.

Shell ovate, ventricose; spire short, consisting of four ab-
ruptly tapering yolutions, terminating in a rather obtuse apex,
with about twelve longitudinal, rounded, undulating ribs upon
each volution; crossed by numerous, sharp, somewhat distant
strie, which become rather stronger on the base of the shell;
aperture oval, a little pointed above and below, and ending in a
short, slightly curved, and narrow canal; pillar lip slightly re-
flected on the columella; outer lip thin, internally striated with
elevated lines.

The substance of the shell being thin, gives the coste the appear-
ance of concave undulations internally.

Found in the Blue Clay, Highgate Hill.

20. F. ecuinatus—The Spined Fusus, pl. XXXVI. fig.
9, 10.

Fusus echinatus. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 353.
Min. Conch. II. p. 226, pl. 199, fig. 4, 4.

Shell elongated, turreted; spire long, consisting of five ven-
tricose volutions, well defined by a deep suture; the whole shell
covered with numerous, longitudinal, sharp ribs, crossed by re-
mote, transverse, elevated, rounded strie, which preserve their
thickness in passing over the ribs, producing the appearance of
elevated angular spines; aperture ovate, terminating in a short
and slightly curved canal; inner lip not reflected on the pillar,
and the strie continued over the columella; outer lip a little
thickened and striated internally.

Found in the Crag at Malden.

21. F. cancELuatus.—The Latticed Fusus, pl. XXXVI.
fig. 15, 16.

Fusus cancellatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 45, pl.
525, fig. 2.

Shell considerably elongated; spire long, consisting of five
ventricose yolutions, with a sharp apex; covered with acute,
longitudinal, and transverse ribs, producing a beautiful cancel-
lated appearance, with four or five rows of cells to each volu-
tion, the whole intersections provided with short spines; aper-
ture elongated, somewhat contracted above, and terminating
below in a short, slightly curved, open canal; base of the beak
even.

Found in the Crag of Norfolk and Suffolk.

22. F. Heywoop11.—Heywood’s Fusus, pl. XXXVI. fig.
13, 14.

Murex Peruvianus.
434, fig. 1, 1.

Shell oblong-ovate ; spire about half the length of the shell,
consisting of five or six subturreted, inflated volutions; general
surface smooth, provided with fourteen or fifteen thin, laminated,
elevated, longitudinal ribs, and several varices; aperture ovate,
somewhat rounded aboye, and contracted below into a long,
narrow, slightly twisted canal; inner lip smooth, slightly reflected
on the columella; outer lip thin, a little produced above.

Found in the Crag at Woodbridge.

I have named this shell in honor of James Heywood, Esq., of
Acresfield, Pendleton, a zealous and expert geologist.

This is not the F. Peruvianus of Lamarck.

Sowerby,

Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 47, pl.

MOLLUSCA.

Fusus.

23. F. caARINELLUS——Small-Keeled Fusus, pl. XXXVI. fig.
24, 25.

Fusus carinella. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 353. Murex cari-
nella, Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 196, pl. 187, fig. 3, 4.

Shell considerably elongated; spire rather short, consisting of
six convex yolutions, along the middle of which, as well as the
body, there is a sub-carina, produced by one of the strie, which
is more prominent than the others; whole shell with many lon-
gitudinal ribs, crossed by numerous, strong, elevated, unequal,
spiral striae ; aperture oblong-ovate, rounded above, somewhat
contracted below, and terminating in a long, nearly straight,
open canal; inner lip narrowly reflected on the columella above,
widening as it descends, and ending in a sharp point at the
base; outer lip thin, even, and with the strie shining through,
from the thinness of the shell.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

24, F. ricutnEus.—The Fig-like Fusus, pl. XXXV. fig.
8, 9.

Fusus ficulneus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 166,* pl.
291, fig. 7, 7- Fleming, Brit. An. p. 352.
Brander, Foss. Hant. p. 26, pl. 4, fig. 56.

Shell ovate, sub-fusiform, ventricose ; spire short, consisting
of five slightly rounded volutions, flattened at top, and termi-
nating in a sharp apex, with many longitudinal, depressed ribs ;
the margin of the depressed portions of the volutions is fur-
nished with a row of more or less acute tubercles, and in some
instances double, beneath which the space is concave, and from
whence the cost eminate ; base and part of the beak provided
with pretty strong, transverse strie ; aperture oblong-ovate, a
little pointed above, and ending below in a short, oblique, rather
wide canal; inner lip broadly reflected on the columella above,
narrower below, and with a single plait near its base; outer lip
expanded, and even on the edge.

Found in the London Clay at Hordwell Cliff.

25. F. putBirormis.—The Bulb-shaped Fusus, pl. XXXV.
fig. 12, 13.

Fusus bulbiformis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 165, pl.
291, fig. 1 to 6. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 352. Murex Bulbus,
Brander, Foss. Hant. p. 27, pl. 4, fig. 54. Murex Pyrus, Ib.
p- 27, pl. 4, fig. 52, 53. Zusus bulbiformis, Lamarck, Eny. de
Paris, 62.

Shell ovate, ventricose, nearly smooth; spire mucronated,
very short, about a sixth of the whole length of the shell, con-
sisting of six volutions, ending in a short apex; aperture oblong-
ovate, coutracted above and below, and terminating in a short,
slightly curved canal; inner lip smooth, broadly reflected on the
columella, with a slight protuberance inside near the top, which
produces a subcanaliculate depression above the upper angle of
the aperture; outer lip thick, smooth, and sharp on the edge;
beak with obsolete strie.

Found in the London Clay at Hordwell, and the New Forest,
Hampshire.

This shell is subject to several varieties :

a. With the pillar lip plaited within,

B. Spire more elevated, and beak more produced, than in the
variety described, which is the type of the species, with a concave
furrow at the upper part of each volution.

y- Spire considerably produced; shell longer than in the type;
yolutions subyentricose, with a deep, rounded, obtuse canal on the
upper part of each volution of the spire.

Murex turgidus,

Fusus.

26. F.siGmiLintatus—The Sigmi-lined Fusus, pl. XXXV.
fig. 11.

Buccinum sigmilinewm. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, 11. p.
230, pl. 16, fig. 12.

Shell elongated; spire rather lengthened, consisting of six or
seyen ventricose volutions; whole shell covered with sigmoidal
stria ; aperture oblong-oval, ending in a short, nearly straight
beak; outer lip rather thin, and eyen.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland and Kildare,
Queen’s County, Ireland.

27. F. conrrarivs—The Reversed Fusus, pl. XXXV°
fig. 10.

Fusus contrarius. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 253. Lyell’s Elts.
of Geo. p. 303, f. 129. Murex contrarius, Sowerby, Min.
Conch. I. p. 63, pl. 23.

Shell elongated, fusiform, reversed; spire consisting of five
or six hetrostrophe, rather ventricose volutions; whole shell
generally with numerous, rounded, spiral strie (and in some
instances smooth); aperture oblong placed on the right side,
a little pointed above, and terminating below in a short, slightly
bent, open canal; inner lip broadly reflected on the columella;
outer lip somewhat thickened, and expanding.

This species is sometimes met with upwards of four inches and a
half in length.

Found in the Suffolk Crag, &c.

28. F. arveotatus.—The Checquered Fusus, pl. XXXVI.
fig. 27, 28.

Fusus alveolatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 45, pl. 525,
fig. 1.

Shell turreted, much elongated; spire consisting of six or
seven volutions, obliquely flattened above; the whole shell pro-
vided with thick, straight, rounded, longitudinal ribs, crossed by
two obtuse, spiral ribs on the volutions of the spire, and with
six or seven on the body, which gradually diminish in thickness
as they descend upon the beak; the intervals between the ribs
presenting series of square and deep cells; aperture nearly
round, contracting towards the canal below, which is close and
narrow ; inner lip smooth, broadly reflected on the columella,
and descending to the base of the canal; outer lip plain, and
even on the edge; beak half cylindrical in its form.

Found in the Suffolk Crag.

29. F. Ltoncmvus.—The Lengthened Fusus, pl. XXXV.
fig. 14.

Fusus longevus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 141, pl. 63.
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 352. Murea longevus, Brander, Foss.
Hant. p. 22, pl. 2, fig. 40, pl. 6, fig. 73, and pl. 8, fig. 93.

Shell ventricose, smooth; spire consisting of eight or nine
abruptly tapering, turreted volutions, flattened above, with
several knobs on the lower volutions, which extend to the
body, and terminate on the upper and inner margin of the
outer lip, where they are about half an inch in length, and
the same distance apart; aperture nearly circular, contracting
below into a long, nearly straight, narrow canal, which is a
little curved near the base; inner lip smooth, broadly reflected
on the columella, and suddenly contracted as it approaches the
canal, continuing a mere line to the base of the beak, which
is about the same length as the spire; outer lip thin, and even
on its edge.

MOLLUSCA.

63

In the young state, the tubercles are nearly obsolete, and with
some transverse strie upon the upper volutions. The full grown
shell is from seven and a half to eight and three quarter inches in
length.

Found at Hordwell and Barton Cliffs, Hampshire ; and also
at Muddiford.

30. FE. porrectrus—The Elongated Fusus, pl. XXXV.
fig. 17.

Fusus porrectus. Fleming, Brit. An. p- 352. Fusus
rugosus, Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. pl. 274, fig. 8,9. Murex
porrectus, Brander, Foss. Hant. p: 21, pl. 2, fig. 35.

Shell much elongated, and narrow; spire consisting of twelve
or thirteen inflated volutions, well defined by the suture; whole
shell covered by numerous, prominent, longitudinal ribs, each
crossed by eight or nine fine, sharp, elevated strie, producing a
rough appearance on the surface ; aperture subovate, contract-
ing as it descends, and ending in a long, narrow canal; inner
lip smooth, rather broad aboye, and continuing to the base of
the lengthened, nearly straight beak ; outer lip thin.

Found in the London Clay at Hordwell.

31. F.acuminatus.—The Accuminated Fusus, pl. XXXV.

Fusus acuminatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p- 131, fig.
1, 2, 3. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 352. Murew porrectus, Bran-
der, Foss. Hant. pl. 2, fig. 36.

Shell much elongated, acicular ; spire consisting of eight or
ten ventricose volutions; the whole shell provided with many
depressed, nearly obsolete, irregular, Jongitudinal ribs, crossed
by numerous, elevated, spiral striz ; aperture oblong-oyvate, con-
tracting beneath into a narrow, lengthened canal; inner lip nar-
rowly reflected on the columella; outer lip expanded, and even
on the edge.

Found in the London Clay at Hordwell.

32. F. asper.—The Rough Fusus, pl. XXXYV. fig. 18.

Fusus asper. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 131, pl. 274,
fig. 4, 5, 6, 7. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 352.

Shell much elongated ; spire consisting of six or seven ven-
tricose volutions, terminating in an acute apex; whole shell with
numerous, longitudinal, rather depressed ribs, which do not
extend to the beak; crossed by four or five elevated, sharp,
tuberculate ridges, which are most conspicuous as they pass
over the costs, and especially on the upper yolutions; aperture
oblong-ovate, narrowing as it approaches the canal, which is
very long, and contracted; inner lip slightly reflected on the
columella; outer lip thin.

Found in the London Clay at Hordwell Cliff.

33. F. Harputus.—The Little-Harp Fusus, pl. XXXVI.
fig. 31, 32.

Murex Harpula.
578, fig. 5.

Shell oblong-ovate ; spire short, consisting of five depressed,
somewhat square yolutions, terminating in a sharp apex; with
numerous, close, thin, oblique, longitudinal ribs, which increase
in number towards the base, from intervening shorter ones ;
aperture almost orbicular, ending in a nearly straight canal.

Found in the Carboniferous Limestone at Bradley.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 152, pl.

64
Genus XXIV.—CANCELLARIA.—ZLamarck.

Shell oval, subturreted; spire short in most species,
but produced in a few; body large, ventricose, greatly
exceeding the spire in length; aperture not quite entire,
the base being for the most part somewhat extended into
a canal, distinct in some cases, but always short and re-
curved; outer lip transversely sulcated within; inner lip
reflected over the columella, and part of the front of the
body; columella plaited, varying in number and size, for
the most part they are large, compressed, and much de-
pressed, in some instances they are small, few, and placed
far within the columella, so as to be nearly obscured ; at
other times low down.

1. C. quaprata.— The Square-shaped Cancellaria, pl.
XXXVI. fig. 41, 42.

Cancellaria quadrata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 83, pl.
360. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 334.

Oblong-ovate ; spire of medium length, consisting of four
inflated yolutions, the body occupying about two-thirds the
length of the shell, separated by a narrow suture, and termi-
nating in a rather obtuse apex; whole shell provided with sharp,
elevated, spiral, longitudinal, and yery regular strie, the spiral
ones the strongest; the intermediate spaces being small,
hollow squares; aperture oblique, oblong-ovate, contracted both
above and below; inner lip broadly spread over the columella,
on which there are two obtuse plaits, with a spiral fold on its
edge; outer lip sharp, entire, internally striated.

Perfect specimens of this shell are to be met with, varying in size
from three-eighths of an inch to nearly an inch and a quarter.

Found in the London Clay at Barton.

2. C. evutsa—The Drawn-out Cancellaria, pl. XXXVI.
fig. 46, 47.

Cancellaria evulsa. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 84, pl.
361, fig. 2, 3,4. Fleming, Brit. An. p.334. Buccinum evul-
sum, Brander, Foss. Hant. p. 13, pl. 1, fig. 14.

Shell ovate, short; body large; spire short, consisting of five
narrow, subturreted yolutions, terminating in an acute apex;
provided with varicose, longitudinal varices and ribs, crossed by
many elevated, spiral strie, which are most prominent as they
pass over the ribs and varices, with intermediate, less prominent
strie, producing a roughness to the touch; aperture oblique,
oblong-ovate, contracted both above and below; pillar lip
broadly reflected on the columella, the base of which is pro-
vided with two strong plaits and a spiral ridge, beneath which
is a very short, rounded canal; outer lip sharp at the edge,
with a strong varix behind, and striated internally.

Found abundantly at Barton in the London Clay, as also at
Lyndhurst, Southamptonshire.

3. C..meviuscuta.--The Smoothish Cancellaria, pl. XXXVI.
fig. 39, 40.

Cancellaria leviuscula. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 84,
pl. 361, fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 334.

Shell short ; body large; spire small, consisting of four in-
flated volutions, well separated by the suture, and terminating
in an acute apex; provided with longitudinal somewhat waved
varicose varices and ribs, crossed by numerous, obtuse, elevated
strie ; aperture oblique, rounded above, and contracted beneath ;

MOLLUSCA.

PLEUROTOMA.

inner lip broadly reflected on the columella above, and nar-
rowing as it descends, provided with two plaits, and a spiral
ridge; outer lip a little thickened near the edge, and ribbed
internally.

Found in the London Clay at Highgate, Barton, and Lynd-
hurst.

Genus XXV.—PLEUROTOMA.—Lamarck.

Shell fusiform, turreted; spire generally longer than
the body; aperture oval, with a canal more or less
elongated at its hase; outer lip with a notch or fissure
at the upper part, contiguous to the suture; operculum
horny, accuminated, its nucleus situate at the lower
extremity ; some of the species are covered by a thin
epidermis.

1. P. coxron. — The
XXXVII. fig. 10.

Pleurotoma colon. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 106, pl.
146, fig. 7, 8. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 355.

Fusiform; body and spire nearly of equal length; the latter
consisting of six or seven subturreted volutions, terminating in
an acute apex, these are concave above, with their margins cre-
nulated, and deeply divided by the suture; below the projecting
margin, the body and volutions of the spire are provided with
numerous, rugged, spiral ridges, alternating, with fine striz,
which in some specimens divide the undulations into two small
tubercles, crossed by many short longitudinal undulations, which
are frequently doubled in the same manner as the undulations ;
base conical; aperture oblong-ovate, nearly half the length of
the shell, ending in an obtuse beak; diameter about a third of
its length.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

2. P. semicoLton—The Semicolon-marked Pleurotoma,
pl. XXXVII. fig. 5.

Pleurotoma semicolon. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 106,
pl. 146, fig. 6. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 355.

Elongated, turreted; body and spire nearly equal in length ;
spire consisting of four or five inflated volutions, provided with
granuated margins, which correspond with the long, narrow,
curved spiral ribs; base of body conical, decussated; aperture
ovote, one-third the length of the shell, ending in a nearly
straight canal, which is a little expanding below; outer lip thin
on the edge; pillar lip smooth, slightly reflected on the colu-
mella.

Found in the London Clay at Stubbington.

3. P. comma.— The Comma-marked Pleurotoma, pl.
XXXVII. fig. 8, 9.

Pleurotoma comma. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 105, pl.
246, fig. 5. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 355.

Elongated, turreted; body somewhat shorter than the spire,
consisting of five or six volutions, which, as well as the
body are smooth in the middle, with numerous short, curved,
elevated, longitudinal ribs on their superior portion, these are
most prominent above, and pointed below in the form of com-
mas; furnished with a few acute, elevated, sharp spiral stria,

Colon-marked Pleurotoma, _ pl.

IMPORTANT WORKS ON NATURAL HISTORY.

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LONDON:

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PLEUROTOMA.

which are most prominent near the middle of the volutions ;
aperture oblong-ovate, about two-fifths the length of the shell,
terminating in a short, slightly curved canal.

Found in the London Clay at Stubbington.

4, P. acuminatTa.— The
XXXVII. fig. 6.

Pleurotoma acuminata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 105,
pl. 146, fig. 4. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 355.

Shell greatly elongated; body considerably shorter than the
spire, which consists of nine or ten turreted, inflated yolutions,
which are concave aboye, provided with a fimbriated margin,

Acuminated Pleurotoma, _ pl.

and terminating in an acute apex, the yolutions being separated
by an elevated thread-like suture; the whole shell with many
longitudinal, slightly waved ribs, which are thickest and more
elevated above, on the body, and sulcato-striated below; many
spiral, fine strie invest the shell from the apex to the base;
aperture oblong-ovate, which, including the beak, is one-fifth
the length of the shell, and ending in a wide canal.

Found in the London Clay at Highgate Hill.

5. P. ExorTa.—The Risen Pleurotoma, pl. XXXVII.

fig. 2.
Pleurotoma exorta. Sowerby, Min. Conch. Il. p. 104, pl.
146, fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 354. Murea exortus,

Brander, Foss. Hant. p. 20, pl. 2, fig. 32.

Elongated, turreted; base conical; spire and body of nearly
equal length; spire consisting of nine or ten inflated volutions,
which are concave and smooth above, convex below, with twelve
or fourteen longitudinal, undulated costa, which are most pro-
minent on the spire; the smooth and concave portion of the
yolutions is bounded by the abrupt commencement of the ribs,
with many tuberculated, spiral lines; length of aperture and
beak equal to two-fifths of the length of the shell, and elon-
gated in form, ending in a slightly curved, short canal; outer
lip thin; inner lip slightly reflected on the columella.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

6. P. rosrrata—The Beaked Pleurotoma, pl. XXXVII.
fig. 11.

Pleurotoma rostrata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 104, pl.
146, fig. 3. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 354. Murew rostratus,
Brander, Foss. Hant. p. 21, pl. 2, fig. 34.

Shell fusiform ; body and spire of nearly equal length; spire
consisting of eight or nine expanded, convex volutions, slightly
concaye above, somewhat ventricose and rough below, and
separated by a wide suture, granulated in the centre; upper
part of the body, and yentricose portion of the volutions of the
spire, provided with short, broad, rather obscure, longitudinal
ribs; the whole shell crossed by numerous spiral ridges, and
narrow, elevated, sharp, somewhat undulating ribs, which feel
rough to the touch by means of the lines of growth; the whole
surface obscurely decussated, but more distinct towards the edge ;
aperture oyate, ending in a long, narrow, and nearly straight
canal.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff, Hampshire, and
at Devizes. if i

7. P.arrenuara.—The Slender Pleurotoma, pl. XXX VII.
fig. 1.

Pleurotome attenuata.
pl. 146, fig. 1.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 103,
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 354.

MOLLUSCA.

65

Fusiform ; body a little longer thsn the spire; base attenu-
ated; spire consisting of nine greatly produced yolutions, a
little flattened above, deeply separated by the suture, and each
provided with a series of projecting, blunted, wide-set tuber-
cles; body with five or six longitudinal, undulating costa,
crossed by numerous, transverse, sharp, subtuberculated, nar-
row, undulous ribs, with many intermediate and fine strim ;
aperture elongated, narrow, which with the beak is about equal
to half the entire length of the shell; beak tapering gradually
from the upper portion of the body; the longitudinal, irregular
lines of growth make the shell feel rough to the touch. Dia-
meter of the shell about one-fourth its length.

Found in the London Clay at Stubbington.

8. P. BrevirostrRa.—The Short-beaked Pleurotoma, pl.
XXXVII. fig. 3, 4.

Pleurotoma brevirostrum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p.
120, pl. 387, fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p- 355.

Elongated, turreted; body short; spire long, consisting of
ten or eleven ventricose, abruptly tapering volutions, flattened
at top, separated by a deep suture, and terminating in an acute
apex ; lower parts of yolutions of the spire, and upper portion
of the body, with many elevated, longitudinal ribs; whole shell
crossed by numerous spiral strize, which are strongest upon the
middle of each yolution ; aperture obovate, ending in a short,
slightly curved narrow canal; outer lip thin; inner lip smooth,
broadly reflected on the columella.

Found in the London Clay at Muddiford.

9. P. rustrormis—The Spindle-shaped Pleurotoma, pl.
XXXVII. fig. 14.

Pleurotoma fusiformis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. 1V. p. 119,
pl. 387, fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 355.

Elongated, fusiform; body long ; spire short, consisting of
seven abruptly tapering volutions, slightly flattened above, and
subcarinated, separated by a striated, and elevated smoothish
fillet, their lower portions furnished with eight or nine longitu-
dinal, somewhat obscure, depressed ribs; whole shell with deep
spiral striz, and also with longitudinal stria, which is arcuated
near the top of the volutions, and following the sinus in the
upper part of the outer lip; aperture oblong, lanceolate, widest
above, and narrowing as it descends, terminating in a widish
canal; beak not well defined; outer lip rather thick; inner lip
This
shell feels rough to the touch, from the elevated lines of growth
and decussating strie.

reflected on the columella, and transversely striated.

Found in the London Clay at Highgate Hill.

10. P. priscus.—The Ancient Pleurotoma, pl. XXXVII.
figs 12, 13;

Pleurotoma priscus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. 1V. p. 119, pl.
386. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 355. Plewrotoma clavicularis,
Lamarck, Eny. de Paris, p. 69. Hist. Nat. An. San. Vert.
VIL. p.98. Murex priscus, Brander, Foss. Haut. p. 16, pl. 1,
fig. 25, and pl. 3, fig. 44.

Fusiform, turreted, smooth; base of body transversely sul-
cated; body and spire of about equal length; spire consisting
of eight slightly convex yolutions, terminating in a sharp apex ;
the volutions separated by a flat suture, on which are two or
three wide spiral strie; base of shell considerably produced, but
destitute of a distinct beak, blunt at the lower extremity, and

R

66 MOLLUSCA.

strongly striated to the base of the body; outer lip wing-shaped,
and nearly semicircular; aperture elongated, and oblique; inner
lip narrowly reflected on the columella.

Found in the London Clay at Hordwell.

11.
fig. 8, 9.

Pleurotoma levigata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 120,
_ pl. 387, fig. 3. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 355.

Elongated, turreted, almost smooth; body and spire nearly
of equal length; spire consisting of seven ventricose volutions,
a little concave above, well defined by the suture, and provided
with rather flattened, longitudinal ribs; a few obscure spiral
strie invest the shell, and some nearly obsolete lines of growth;
aperture oblong-ovate, pointed above, and ending below in a
short, almost straight, narrow canal, which with the aperture is
nearly equal to the spire in length. ,

Found in the London Clay at Muddiford and Highgate Hill,
London.

Genus XX VJ.—CERITHIUM.—Bruguiere.

Shell greatly lengthened, turreted; with numerous
volutions; more or less tubercular, or spinous, or rough,
in a very few instances smooth, or spirally grooved ;
aperture subquadrate or ovate, its upper part modified
within by the abdominal region of the body; the outer
lip or peritreme a little thickened, and sometimes broadly
reflected, with a groove at its upper extremity; columella
arcuated, with a sharp spiral plait at its base, and form-
ing the upper margin of the canal, which is somewhat
short, truncated, and generally reflected; aperture closed
by a small horny operculum.

1. C. cornucoriA.—The Horn of Plenty Cerithium, pl.
XXXVIL. fig. 17.

Cerithium cornucopie. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 197,
pl. 188, fig. 1, 3, and 4. Terebra cornucopie, Fleming, Brit.
An. p. 347.

Subulate, turreted, punctated; with upwards of thirty vari-
ously ornamented volutions, terminating in a rather acute apex;
volutions contiguous to the apex, with one crenulated keel,
situated a little under the centre; in those immediately suc-
ceeding, the margin imperceptibly assumes a tuberculated
appearance, and a small knobbed carina rises between it and
the middle one, with its lower edge crenulated; the tubercles
on the upper margin gradually increase, the central keel
becomes more depressed, while other carinz arise on each side
of it in the central volutions, tuberculated above, undulated
below with four or five transverse furrows; these carinze
become broader, and the intermediate spaces assume the form
of furrows, while the crenulations and tubercles continue in
an undulating series, those on the upper edge being elongated,
and towards the interior portion of the shell unite with the
undulations under them, and gradually supercede the furrows;
from this point they by degrees recede from the margins,
and on the two or three lower volutions, as well as the body,
assume the form of oblong, obtuse, somewhat oblique knobs,
nine or ten in number; whole surface covered by minute

P. pevicata.—The Smooth Pleurotoma, pl. XXX VII.

CERITHIUM.

punctures disposed in lines, which diverge as they pass over the
tubercles, and converge as they descend; aperture quadrate,
terminating in a short, narrow, curved canal, its edge rising on
the columella in the form of a plait; outer lip semicircular ;
columella with three strong, oblique plaits, and frequently pro-
vided with a ridge above, on the base of the body.

This shell is subject to great variety of aspect in its progress
from the young to the adult condition, and varies in length and
breadth in the full grown shell. It frequently exceeds a foot in
length, the diameter of the body being one-fourth the length of the
shell.

Found in the London Clay, mixed with Green Sand, under
Stubbington Cliff.

2. C. cicAnteumM.—The Gigantic Cerithium, pl. XX XVII.
fig. 18.

Cerithium giganteum. Lamarck, Eny. de Paris, p. 95.
Knorr, III. pl. 107, fig. 1. Parkinson, Organic Rem. III. p.
71. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 199, pl. 188, fig. 2. Terebra
gigantea, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 347.

Subulate; body short; spire very long, gradually tapering,
consisting of numerous, fluted, minutely punctured volutions,
which are separated by a shallow and narrow suture ; superior
portion of the yolutions slightly nodulous, below which are
six or seven equidistant, nearly obsolete transverse striz ; aper-
ture oyate, contracted above and below, columella having four
plaits.

This shell is said to attain the extraordinary length of thirty
inches, while the diameter of the body volution is seven and a half
inches.

3. C.ceminatuM—The Gemmed Cerithium, pl. XXX VII.
fig. 22, 23.

Cerithium gemminatum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 635
pl. 127, fig. 2, 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 357.

Elongated, turreted, conical, smooth; body and spire of
nearly equal length; the latter consisting of ten or eleven
turreted yolutions, terminating in an acute apex; each yolution
provided with seven or eight pairs of longitudinally disposed
tubercles, the upper pair the largest, particularly on the body
volution, where it is frequently bifid; the body is also furnished
with two rows of very small tubercles; two nearly obsolete,
transverse carine uniting one pair of tubercles to the sueceed-
ing ones; aperture nearly orbicular, terminating in a slightly
recurved canal; outer lip even; inner lip pretty broadly reflect-
ed on the columella.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

4, C. runatum—The Corded Cerithium, pl. XXXVII.
fig. 15, 16.
Cerithium funatum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 64, pl.
128. - Fleming, Brit. An. p. 358.

Conical, elongated, tapering gradually to a somewhat pointed
apex; body about half the length of the spire, which consists
of nine or ten volutions, each of which is furnished with two
obtuse crenulated spiral ridges, thickened and tuberculate on
their superior portion, which strongly resemble the twisting of
a cord; body volution differing from the others, in being gar-
nished with two additional transverse ridges; aperture some-
what quadrangular, terminating in a slightly twisted, short
canal; base smooth; outer lip even on the edge; pillar lip
reflected on the columella, narrowed at its connexion with the
body, and widening towards the centre.

Poramis.

In some specimens the tubercles on the superior portion of the
volutions have a coronated appearance.

Found in the Blue Clay, or Plastic Clay, above the indurated
Marle, Castle-hill, near Newhaven, Sussex, and at Hordwell
Cliff.

5. C. PYRAMIDALIS.— The
XXXVII. fig. 28, 29.

Cerithium pyramidalis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 61,
pl. 127, fig. 1, 1. Cerithium hexagonum, Lamarck, Envy. de
Paris, p. 79. Murex hevagonus, Chemnitz Conch. X. p. 261,
pl. 162, fig. 1554-5. Murex angolosus, Brander, p. 24, fig. 46.
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 397.

Pyramidal, turreted; body occupying about a third of the
shell; spire consisting-of nine or ten yolutions, provided with
six prominent, tuberculated ribs, all the volutions having three
transverse, tuberculated, slightly arcuated, obtuse carinz, each
with three tubercles, corresponding to the number of carinz
which cross them; the upper portion of the body volution
furnished with six compressed tubercles, and seven or eight
carine, and is destitute of cost on its lower portion; whole

Pyramidal Cerithium, _ pl.

surface coyered with minute, transverse or spiral striae; aper--

ture somewhat orbicular, terminating in a short, twisted canal ;
outer lip expanded, undulous, but smooth on the edge; pillar
lip broadly reflected on the columella.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff and Hordwell
Cliff.

Genus XX VII.—_NERINEA.—Defrance.

Shell turreted, oblong, subeanaliculated, with numer-
ous volutions; aperture subquadrate; columella provided
with a strong fold, also one on the outer lip, and one on

the inner lip at the edge of the body.

1. N. Goopuatuit.—Goodhall’s Nerinea, pl. XXXVII.*
fig. 2, 3.

Nerinea Goodhallii.
2nd Ser. IV. p. 348, pl. 23, fig. 11.
Conch. Man. fig. 374.

Turreted, smooth; provided with numerous concave yolu-
tions, half as long as they are wide; interior with three plaits,
one situate on the columella, one opposite it, and another above
it within the volutiou; aperture rhomboidal.

Fig. 3 represents a section of the shell, which exhibits its gene-
ric character.

Found by Dr. Fitton in the Oxford Oolite.

J.de C. Sowerby, in Geological Trans.
G. B. Sowerby, Junr.,

Genus XX VIII.—POTAMIS.—Brongniarte.

Shell turreted; aperture almost semicircular, but des-
titute of a canal in the upper angle; base contracted
into a short, slightly truncated beak; outer lip dilated,
provided with a horny operculum, in the recent con-
dition.

1. P. potirus.—The Polished Potamis, pl. XXXVII.
fig. 21.

MOLLUSCA. 67

Cerithium politus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 50, pl.
339, fig. 3. Cerithium melanoides, Ibid. I. p. 109, pl. 147,
fig. 6, 7. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 358.

Subulate, smooth, shining, turreted, with obscure longitudinal
undulations ; body not quite one-third the length of the shell;
spire consisting of ten or eleven volutions, which are yery
conyex in the centre, and separated by a very distinct suture ;
above the centre of the volutions is a spiral carina, which is
beset with large, oblong tubercles, with two or three spiral
tuberculated carina below, and usually with four on the body
volution; aperture nearly circular, terminating in a very short,
slightly curved canal.

Found in the Plastic Clay at Southfleet, Hamsay, near Croy-
don, Kent, and plentifully at Charlton.

2. P. pusius.—The Doubtful Potamis, pl. XX XVII. fig.
20.

Cerithium dubium. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IL. p. 108, pl.
147, fig. 5. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 358.

Subulate, turreted; body about a third of its whole length;
spire consisting of ten volutions, with a spiral carina of sharp,
compressed, ovate tubercles near the centre, and two series of
lesser tubercles below; base with one or two belts of tubercles;
aperture nearly circular, terminating in a very short, twisted
canal.

In this species the tubercles are situate about one-third the length
of the yolutions from its upper edge ; and differs from the P. poli-
tus in the tubercles being sharper.

Found in the London Clay at Stubbington.

3. P. runicuLatus.—The Rope-like Potamis, pl. XXX VII.
fig. 35.

Cerithium funiculatum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. 11. p. 107,
pl. 147, fig. 1, 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 358.

Pyramidal, tapering abruptly; body about one-third the

-length of the shell; spire with ten or eleven yolutions, flattened

on the sides, and separated by a shallow suture, provided with
four nearly equal, crenulated, rope-like carine, the upper and
largest one situate near the margin of the volutions, the next
one the smallest, the whole being nearly equidistant from each
other; aperture almost circular, ending a very short, slightly
twisted canal; margin of the outer lip plain.

The carinz in this shell strongly resemble closely knotted ropes.

Found in the Plastic Clay at Plumstead.

4. P. inrerRMEDIUs.—The Intermediate Potamis, pl.
XXXVII. fig. 32.

Cerithium intermedium. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 107,
pl. 147, fig. 3, 4. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 358.

Pyramidal; body about a third of the length of the shell,
consisting of twelve or thirteen gradually diminishing, flat-sided
volutions, their superior margins closely bounded by a thick,
deeply crenulated carina, with four or five unequal, plain, or
subtuberculated and irregular carina, crossed by strong and
sharp lines of growth; several elevated ridges on the base of
the body; aperture subovate, rounded above, and terminating
below in a short, slightly bent canal.

Found plentifully in the Plastic Clay at Charlton.

This species may be distinguished from the P. funiculatus by the
irregularity of its keels.

5. F. ricipus.—The Rigid Potamis, pl. XXXVII. fig.
30, 31.

Potamides rigidus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 48, pl.

68 MOLLUSCA.

338. Cerithium rigidum, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 358. Buc-
cinum rigidum, Brander, p. 43.

Conical, general surface smooth; body not a third the length
of the shell; spire consisting of seven or eight gradually taper-
ing, flattened volutions, separated by a very narrow and shallow
suture, with a large, somewhat blunted carina towards their
upper margin, or about one-third below the suture; the whole
surface with many regular, curved grooves, or lines of growth ;
aperture oval, ending in an extremely short, almost straight,
very narrow canal, which may be regarded as a mere sinus;
outer lip greatly expanded, and even on the margin; above the
carina, the grooves are sometimes decussated.

This shell differs much in the young and adult conditions; in the
former it is nearly quite smooth, and terminates in an acute point,
while in the adult the apex is generally decorticated.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff, Hampshire.

6. BP. concavus.—The Concave Potamis, pl. XXXVII.
fig. 34.

Potamides concavus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 50, pl.
339, fig. 1, 2. Cerithium concavum, Fleming, Brit. An. p.
358. ’

Shell subulately conical, with transverse, shallow stria ; body
nearly equal to the spire in length; spire consisting of nine
or ten slightly raised volutions, separated by a shallow suture,
and are a little concave towards their superior portion, with
longitudinal, obscure, arcuated, irregular cost, and a slight
eminence above the middle of each; aperture nearly circular,
notched at the base, terminating in a short canal, and hay-
ing a slight groove in the upper angle; outer lip somewhat
enlarged below, and a little inflected; columella smooth; base
convex, provided with one or two granulated carina, and
somewhat recurved.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff, and at Headon
Hill, Isle of Wight.

Distinguished from P. Melanoides by the concavity on the volu-
tions and the curvature of the beak.

7. P. cinctus.—The Girdled Potamis, pl. XXXVII. fig.
26.

Potamides cinctus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 51, pl.
340, fig. 1. Cerithium cinctum, Lamarck, Eny. de Paris, p-
84. Terebra cinctus, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 347.

Shell subulato-conical; body short; spire very long, taper-
ing,
defined volutions, terminating in an obtuse apex, each volution
furnished with three belts of nearly equal granules, and two
carine near the margin of the base, which is somewhat flatten-
ed; aperture subrotund, terminating in a longish canal, obtuse

consisting of ten or eleven somewhat inflated, and well

at its termination; columella provided with a single plait; outer
lip pretty long, and thin.

Found in the Upper Marine formation at Headon Hill, and
also in the same formation, Isle of Wight.

It may be distinguished from the P. Lamarckii in its beak being
longer, and in the plait upon the columella.

8. - P. MaRGARITACEUS.— The Pearly Potamis, pl. XX XVII.
fig. 33.

Potamides margaritaceus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p.
51, pl. 339, fig. 4. Murex margaritaceus, Brocci, p. 447, pl.
9, fig. 4. Cerithium margaritaceum, Fleming, Brit. An. p.
358.

Conical, turreted; body short, equal to a third of the length

Poramtis.

of the shell; spire long, consisting of ten or eleven moderately
ventricose volutions, well defined hy the suture, each furnished
with five spiral bands of elevated: bead-like tubercles, the first
and fourth bands being minute, and the fifth larger than the
remaining two, placed near the upper edge of the volutions,
producing a subcoronated aspect; these numerous granules
giving the surface a rough appearance; aperture subovate,
oblique, narrowed to a point above, and terminating below in
a rounded, short, slightly oblique canal; outer lip expanded,
slightly inflected and plicated, with two or three furrows within,
on its superior part; inner lip smooth, and broadly reflected
over the columella, which is recurved and obtusely carinated.

Found in the Upper Marine formation, Isle of Wight.

9. P. pLicatus—The Wrinkled Potamis, pl. XXXVII.
fig. 24.

Potamides plicatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 52, pl.
340, fig. 2. Cerithium plicatum, Lamarck, Eny. de Paris, p.
84. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 358.

Shell subulate, conical, or subcylindrical ; body large, ventri-
cose, not a third of its length; spire consisting of ten or eleven
rounded and rapidly diminishing yolutions, provided with longi-
tudinal plaits, and three or four spiral sulci; these crossing the
plaits produce arcuated rows of obtuse tubercles, the plaits
being deepest on the superior portion of each volution, gives
the conyex base the appearance of being less regularly tuber-
culate; aperture suboyate, a little oblique, somewhat contracted
above into a canal, and terminating below in a rather wide,
slightly twisted canal; outer lip crenulated; pillar lip smooth,
and rather broadly reflected on the columella.

Found in the Upper Marine formation, Isle of Wight.

10. P. pupLtex.—The Doubled Potamis, pl. XXXVII.
fig. 19.

Potamides duplex. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 52. pl.
340, fig. 3. Cerithium duplex, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 358.

Shell subulate, conical; body short, not a third of its entire
length; spire consisting of eleven or twelve rather flat and gra-
dually tapering volutions, separated by a narrow, ill defined
suture, the upper ones being the largest and ornamented with
two spiral belts of tubercles, and the lower ones with three ;
base of the body flat, with two carinated ridges near its margin;
aperture small, nearly round, terminating in a slightly twisted
and oblique, short canal, with the inner ridge rising upon the
columalla; outer lip a little waved.

This shell is nearly allied to P. cinctus, but may be distinguished
from it by having only two rows of tubercles upon the upper volu-
tions, and also in their being so arranged as to give the spire the
appearance of being nine-sided. The suture line is so indistinct,
that the separations of the volutions can only be determined by the
larger girdie of tubercles near their upper edge.

Found in the Upper Marine formation, Isle of Wight.

11. P. acutus.—The Acute Potamis, pl XXXVII. fig.
27.

Potamides acutus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 53, pl.
341, fig. 2. Potamidum acutum, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 358.

Shell conical, turreted; body nearly equal to half its length;
spire consisting of seven or eight inflated and deeply defined,
acutely bicarinated yolutions, terminating in a sharp apex; base
convex, bistrialed; aperture nearly orbicular, terminating in a
short, narrow, and slightly curved canal; outer lip but little
bent, and inflected.

Ce ica
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TuRRITELLA.

The shell is smooth, except where the sharp carine appear: its
length being only about half an inch, and its diameter half its
length.

Found in the Lower Fresh Water formation, Isle of Wight.

12. P. ventricosus.—The Bellied Potamis, pl. XXXVII.
fig. 25. :

Potamides ventricosus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 53,
pl. 341, fig. 1. Potamidum ventricosum, Fleming, Brit. An.
p- 358.

Shell conical, turreted, body a third of its length; spire
consisting of nine or ten ventricose, longitudinally ribbed, and
sprirally striated, deeply divided volutions, each with two or
three strong strie, which nearly divide the ribs into three
tubercles; base convex, with two additional strie; aperture
orbicular, destitute of an internal furrow on its upper part, and
terminating below in a very short, slightly curved canal; outer
lip but little twisted, and even on the edge; inner lip somewhat
reflected on the columella, and smooth.

Found in the Fresh Water formation at Cowes, Isle of
Wight.

SECTION II.—PHYTIPHAGA.

Shell with the aperture entire, and destitute of a
notch or canal.

FAMILY I.—TURBINACEA.

Shell turreted, or conical, with an oblong or rounded
aperture, not expanding, and the margin disunited.

Genus XXIX.—TURRITELLA.—ZLamarck.

Shell turreted; spire greatly elongated, consisting of
many volutions; body small in proportion to the spire ;
aperture orbicular or subangulated, entire, its margin
disunited above, but not reflected; outer and inner lips
thin, with a slight sinus, situated generally near the
upper part, well marked in some species ; a more or less
distinct sinus at the inferior and inner part of the lip,
which is here very slightly reflected, but not turned back;
aperture furnished with a horny operculum.

1. T. conotpEa.—The Conical Turritella, pl. XXX VIII.
fig. 23.

Turritella conoidea. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 109, pl.
51, fig. 1,4, 5. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 304.

Shell greatly elongated, taper; body occupying about a fourth
of the length; spire very long, consisting of sixteen or seven-
teen almost flat-sided volutions, slightly projecting over each
other at their base, and separated by an angular spiral groove ;
whole shell beset with regular spiral strie, seven or more on
each yolution, with intermediate minute ones, all of which are
acutely crenulated ; aperture nearly circular, slightly contracted
above ; outer lip plain, simple; no reflection of the inner lip
upon the columella.

MOLLUSCA. 69

Found in the London Clay at Highgate; also at Stubbington,
and in the Crag at Holywell.

2. T. spira—The Produced Turritella, pl. XXXVIII.
fig. 21.

Turritella edita. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 111, pl. 51,
fig. 7. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 304. Turbo editus, Brander, pl.
3, fig. 48.

Shell greatly elongated; body somewhat more than a fourth
the length of the shell; spire very long, consisting of eighteen
or nineteen deeply divided volutions, somewhat flattened on the
sides, the lower parts ventricose, with numerous nearly obsolete
spiral strie ; aperture circular; outer lip plain.

Found in the London Clay.

3. T. sutcara.—The Furrowed Turritella, pl. XXXVIII.
fig. 10.

Melania sulcata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 85, pl. 39,
middle fig. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 317.

Shell rather strong, much elongated; body very short, little
more than a seventh of the whole; spire very long, consisting
of sixteen or seventeen ventricose, spirally striated volutions,
separated by a well defined, deep, concave sulcus, and having a
marginated ridge along the superior portions of the volutions.

Found in the London Clay at Stubbington Cliffs.

4. T. ELoncata.— The Lengthened Turritella, pl.
XXXVIII. fig. 1.

Turritella elongata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 110, pl.
51, fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 304.

Shell greatly elongated; body nearly a third of the total
length; spire consisting of thirteen or fourteen lengthened
volutions, separated by a well defined suture, the base of each
volution projecting beyond that below it, upper portion of the
volutions somewhat rounded, flattened in the middle, the lower
portion rather angular and projecting; whole shell covered with
numerous striz#, more remote towards the middle of the volu-
tions, and when viewed through a lens, presents a regularly
crenulated appearance, and with fine intermediate striz.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff, and Christchurch,
Hampshire.

5. T.Brevis.—The Short Turritella, pl. XXX VIII. fig. 3.

Turritella brevis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 110, pl. 51,
fig. 3. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 304.

Shell elongated, body equal to a third of its length; spire
consisting of nine or ten well defined volutions, their superior
and lower margins equally rounded, and furnished with ten or
twelve spiral, finely crenulated striae. Length one inch.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff, Hampshire.

6. T. incrassata.— The Thickened Turritella, pl.
XXXVIII. fig. 28.

Turritella incrassata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 111, pl.
51, fig. 6. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 304.

Shell strong, greatly elongated; body not quite a third of its
total length; spire consisting of about fourteen volutions, with
flattened sides, their lower parts angular, terminating in an acute
apex, with three elevated, nearly equidistant, smooth, spiral
strie, the two lower ones more elevated than the superior one,
that in the centre being the most prominent; opposite to
which, on the outer lip, in full grown shells, it is provided with
an internal eminence, which produces a thickness in the outer
lip in its centre; inner lip reflected on the columella, behind

s

70 MOLLUSCA.

which the base is provided with a deep umbilicus, which is
nearly concealed by the reflection of the columellar lip.

Found in the Crag at Holywell.

7, TT. cinceNDA—The Girdled Turritella, pl. XXXVIII.
fig. 9.

Turritella cingenda. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 160, pl.
499, fig. 3. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p. 129, pl. 11, fig.
28. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 304.

Shell subulate ; body not a third of the total length; spire
consisting of about fourteen yolutions, with concave sides, and
each with a crenated girdle upon their lower edges; whole shell
covered with distinct, but fine, spiral striae, which are closer in
the middle of each vyolution; the superior volutions of the spire
faintly ribbed, but these become obsolete as they descend, until
they totally disappear; base flat, with a rounded edge, from
which the girdle emanates that winds around the spire.

Found in the Shale, Robin Hood’s Bay, near Scarborough ;
and common in the Inferior Oolite.

8. T. muricata—The Prickly Turritella, pl. XX XVIII.
fig. 6.

Turritella muricata. Sowerby, Min. Conch..V. p. 159, pl.
499, fig. 1, 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 304. Phillips, Geo. of
Yorkshire, I. p. 102, pl. 4, fig. 8.

Shell subulate ; body more than a third of its length; spire
consisting of ten or eleven rounded, and deeply separated yolu-
tions, with their upper edges flattened, terminating in an acute
apex; whole surface with strong, rough, muricated spiral striae,
the spinous murications being most prominent on the edges of
the volutions, and also provided with longitudinal arcuated ribs;
base convex, with elevated sharp striz, but destitute of spines.
Length nearly an inch.

Found in the Coral Rag, and Shale of Robin Hood’s Bay,
and also at Steeple Ashton; Seamar, Malton, and Pickering,
Yorkshire.

g. T. apBreviaTA. — The
XXXVIII. fig. 13.

Turritella abbreviata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 125,
pl. 565, fig. 2.

Shell very short, conical, acute ; body large, occupying nearly
half the length of the shell; spire consisting of seven volutions,
each of their edges defined by a large, obscurely granulated
ridge, and two small close-set ones wind round the centre from
the base to the apex; the base produced, and provided with a
single ridge.

Found in the decomposing Mountain Limestone, Bradley,
near Newton Bushel, Devonshire.

10. TT. costaraA—The Ribbed Turritella, pl. XXXVIII.
fig. 24.

Shell subulate, much elongated, and acute; body short, occu-
pying about a fourth of the shell; spire abruptly tapering,
consisting of fifteen or sixteen well divided volutions, at the
base of each a thread-like, carinated spiral ridge strongly marks
the separation of the volutions; whole surface covered with
longitudinal cost, which are crossed by numerous fine striz,
giving the shell a rough appearance; base flat, with a carinated
margin.

Found in the Whetstone pits, Blackdown.

11. T. Eexcavata.— The Excavated Turritella, pl.
XXXVIII. fig. 8.

Shortened Turritella, pl.

TURRITELLA.

Turvitella excavata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 126, pl.
565, fig. 5. Cerithium excavatum, Cuvier and Brongniarte,
Eny. de Paris, p. 399, pl. 9, fig. 10.

Shell subulate, short, smooth; body short, occupying about a
third of the shell; spire with eleven or twelve volutions, which
are concave in the centre, with prominent edges both above and
below; base convex.

Full grown shells have their lower volutions with a ridge in the
middle.

Found in the Limestone at Chilmark, Tisbury, Wiltshire.

12. T. Granutata.— The Granulated Turritella, pl.
XXXVIII. fig. 18.

Turvritella granulata.
565, fig. 1.
p: 71:

Shell subulate, tapering acutely; body occupying more than
a third of the length of the shell; spire consisting of about
fourteen slightly inflated volutions, terminating in an acute
apex, the upper edges of the volutions with a pretty broad, flat
spiral band; whole shell covered with spiral striz and numerous
nearly regular granules, but with three or four of them some-
what larger than the others.

Found in the Whetstone pits at Blackdown.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 126, pl.
Cerithium turritellum, Parkinson, Org. Rem. III.

13. T. TerEBra—The Wimble Turritella, pl. XXX VIII.
fig. 27.
Turritella Terebra. Lamarck, Hist. Nat. VII. p. 56.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 126, pl. 565, fig. 3.

Shell turreted, much elongated; body short, about a third
the length of the shell; spire consisting of thirteen or fourteen
ventricose volutions, and terminating in an acute apex; whole
shell covered with numerous, almost equal, spiral sulci.

This shell is stronger than the recent species of the same name,
but differs in no other particular.

Found in the Suffolk Crag, and has been met with in a clay
pit at Tottenhill.

14. T. Puarurrsit.—Phillips’s Turritella, pl. XXXVIII.
fig. 4.
Turritella? Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, p. 94, pl. 2, fig. 38.

Shell subulate, smooth; body occupying about a fifth of the
entire shell; spire consisting of seven narrow, somewhat ven-
tricose and deeply divided yolutions, terminating in an acute
apex.

Found in the Speeton Clay at Speeton.

15. T. quaprivirrata—The Four-banded Turritella, pl.
XXXVIII. fig. 16.

Turritella quadrivittata. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p.
129, pl. 11, fig. 23.

Shell elongated; body occupying nearly half its length; spire
consisting of six ventricose, deeply divided volutions, crossed by
numerous strong, slightly muricated spiral striz, and terminating
in an acute apex; outer lip thin; inner lip slightly reflected on
the columella.

Found in the Blue Wick of the Inferior Oolite.

This shell feels rough to the touch, in consequence of its muri-
eated striae.

16. T. TeNvIstRI4.— The Thin-striated Turritella, pl.
XXXVIII. fig. 11.

Turritella tenuistria.
229, pl. 16, fig. 11.

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p.

PHASIANELLA.

Shell conical; volutions imbricated, flat-sided, broad, plane,
angular below, and furnished with rather wide spiral strie, and
oblique, distant, longitudinal stri. }

Found in the Mountain Limestone of Yorkshire.

17. T. sprratis——The Spiral Turritella, pl. XXXVIII.
fig. 17.

Turritella spiralis. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p. 229,
pl. 16, fig. 5.

Obliquely conical; with imbricated, broad volutions, their
lower edges projecting over the suture; whole surface covered
with spiral, wide, equidistant striae, and oblique, longitudinal
stria, producing a fine reticulated appearance.

Found in the Mountain Limestone of Yorkshire.

18. T. sururatis.— The Broad-sutured Turritella, pl.
XXXVIII. fig. 2.

Turritella suturalis.
229, pl. 16, fig. 6.

Shell conical, smooth; with broad yolutions, which are pro-
jecting at the edges of the suture, and concave below their
sutural edges.

Phillips mentions one specimen with the sutural and lower edges
of a milk-white colour.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland and Kirby
Lonsdale.

19. T. TRIsErtALiIs—The Three-notched Turritella, pl.
XXXVIII. fig. 5.

Turritella triserialis.
229, pl. 16, fig. 25.

Shell elongated; with numerous ventricose volutions, deeply
divided by the sutural line, each furnished with three medial,
one sutural, and one inferior spiral granulated stri.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Otturburn, Northum-
berland.

20. T. tTz#nrata. — The
XXXVIII. fig. 7.

Turritella teniata. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p. 229,
pl. 16, fig. 7.

Shell turreted, elongated; with broad convex yolutions; pro-
vided with a flat mesial band, and wide flexuous spiral striz.

Found in the Mountain Limestone of Yorkshire.

21. T. actcuta—The Sharp Turritella,

Turritella acicula. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p- 229.

“Very elongate; yolutions with three medial spiral, granu-
lated lines, the upper one set on an angle.”

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Otterburn, Northum-
berland.

22. T. Urit—Ure’s Turritella, pl. XX XVII,* fig. 4.

Turritella Urii. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 305. Ure’s History
of Rutherglen, p. 308, pl. 14, fig. 7.

“ Elongated, striated transversely.”

Found in the Limestone of the Coal formation, at Ruther-
glen, Renfrewshire.

23. T. ELoncata. — The
XXXVII. fig. 5.

Turritella elongata. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 305.
History of Rutherglen, p. 308, pl. 14, fig. 11.

“ Elongated, striated spirally.”

Found in the Limestone of the Coal formation, Rutherglen,
Renfrewshire.

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p.

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p.

Worm-like Turritella, _ pl.

Elongated Turritella, pl.

Ure’s

MOLLUSCA. 71

Genus XXX.—PHASIANELLA.—Lamarck.

Shell oblong, smooth; spire regular, somewhat acu-
minated; volutions rather ventricose, but the suture not
well defined; aperture oblong, entire, contracted and
acutely angulated at its upper part, and rounded at its
base; outer lip not continuous with the pillar lip above ;
inner lip white and thickened, especially at the base of
the columella; operculum testaceous, thick, spiral, exter-
nally convex, with its spire in the inner side, to which
the foot of the animal is adherent.

1. P. anGuLtosa.— The Cornered

XXXVIII. fig. 34.

Phasianella angulosa. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 168,
pl. 175, fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 302.

Shell conical, smooth; body large; spire short, abruptly

Phasianella, _ pl.

tapering, and consisting of five or six slightly raised and some-
what angulated, or subcarinated, volutions; aperture nearly
circular ; outer lip plain, and rather sharp on the edge.

Found in the Limestone at Shalcomb, Isle of Wight.

2. P. orpicuLaris. — The Orbicular
XXXVIII. fig. 29.

Phasianella orbicularis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 167,
pl. 175, fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 302.

Shell conical, acute, smooth; body large; spire small, con-

Phasianella, pl.

sisting of five rather ventricose yolutions, terminating in an
acute apex, and exhibiting a few longitudinal, somewhat oblique
lines of growth, and some spiral stria upon the superior yolu-
tions; aperture nearly orbicular.

Found in the Fresh Water Limestone at Shaleomb, Isle of
Wight.

3. P. minuta.—The Minute Phasianella, pl. XXXVIII.
fig. 35, 36.

Phasianella minuta. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 168, pl.
175, fig. 3. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 302.

Shell elongated, smooth; body large, ventricose; spire short,
consisting of four rather inflated, somewhat squared, and deeply
divided yolutions, a little flattened above, terminating in an
acute apex; aperture oblong.

Found in the Fresh Water Limestone, Isle of Wight.

4. P. cincra.—The Girdled Phasianella, pl. XXXVIII.
fig. 38.

Phasianella cincta. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p. 123,
pl. 9, fig. 29.

Shell conical, smooth; body somewhat longer than the spire,
and provided with a broad, elevated spiral girdle, situate towards
the base of the body; spire consisting of five narrow, slightly
inflated yolutions, terminating in an obtuse apex.

Found in the Grey Limestone, or Cave Oolite, at Cloughton
and Brandsby, Yorkshire.

5. P. pusitta.—The Slender Phasianella, pl. XXXVI"
fig. 6.

Phasianella pusilla. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series,
p- 343, pl. 18, fig. 13.

Shell elliptical, smooth ; body large, being more than double
the length of the spire, which consists of four nearly flat, gra-
dually tapering volutions, terminating in a somewhat obtuse

72 MOLLUSCA.

apex; aperture ovate, rounded beneath, and contracted and
pointed above; outer lip thin, even; pillar lip slightly reflected
at the base.

Found by Dr. Fitton in the Green Sand of Blackdown.

6. P. srriata.—The Striated Phasianella, pl. XXX VII.*
fig. 9, 10.

Phasianella striata.
p- 343, pl. 18, fig. 15.

Shell elliptical; body very large in proportion to the spire,
which is very short, consisting of four abruptly tapering, slightly
inflated volutions, terminating in an acute apex, and occupying
not more than a fifth of the total length of the shell; entire
surface covered with strong, regular spiral striw ; aperture oval,
rounded below, and acute above; outer lip plain, and thin;
inner lip slightly reflected on the columella.

Found by Dr. Fitton in the Green Sand of Blackdown.

7. P. Formosa. — The
XXXVIL-* fig. 7, 8.

Phasianella formosa.
p- 343, pl. 18, fig. 14.

Shell oblong-oval, subcylindrical, smooth; body very large;
spire very small, occupying about a fifth of the entire length of
the shell, consisting of four, not very oblique, slightly inflated
yolutions, and well defined by the suture line; base with a few
strie, conforming to the outline of the pillar lip; aperture
elliptical, slightly contracted below, and acutely pointed above ;
outer lip thin, and even; pillar lip slightly reflected on the
columella.

Found by Dr. Fitton in the Green Sand of Blackdown.

Fig. 7 is the natural size of the species.

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series,

Handsome Phasianella, _ pl.

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series,

Genus XXXI.—TURBO.—Linneus.

Shell turbinated, spiral, and solid; spire most com-
monly of mediocre length, sometimes very short; aper-
ture nearly circular, but sometimes a little transverse
and slightly trapizoidal, with the outer lip acute, but
not reflected, and subeffuse at the base; operculum solid,
testaceous, covered internally with a spiral horny plate,
and extremely variable in its aspect.

1. T. cartnatus.—The Keeled Turbo, pl. XXXVIII. fig.
30 and 37.

Turbo carinatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 69, pl. 240,
fig. 3. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 301.

Shell conical, oblong-ovate; body large; spire rather short,
consisting of five or six deeply divided volutions; whole shell
covered with many strong, spiral, crenulated ridges; the centre
volution provided with a prominent, thick spiral carina; aper-
ture slightly ovate.

Found in the Green Sand.

2. T.muricatus—The Prickly Turbo, pl. XX XVIII. fig.
41, 42.

Turbo muricatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 70, pl.
240, fig. 4. Turbo, Smith, Strat. Syst. p.49. Strata identified,
p- 20. Coral Rag, fig. 1. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p.
102, pl. 4, fig. 14.

Turso.

Shell short, subconic; body large, about double the length
of the spire, with four moderately ventricose volutions, which
suddenly decrease in size, and terminate in a sharp apex; body
considerably inflated; surface invested with many spiral, muri-
cated, regular ridges, which are equal in breadth to the inter-
mediate spaces; the spines are short, semicylindrical, and hollow,
forming a beautiful fimbriated appearance on the margin of
the outer lip, which is plaited internally; inner lip reflected on
the columella, with a longitudinal indentation, or subumbilicus,
behind it, at the base of the shell.

Found in the Coral Rag at Steeple Ashton.

3. T. ornatus——The Embellished Turbo, pl. XXXVIII.
fig. 43, 44.

Turbo ornatus. Millers, MSS. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III.
p- 69, pl. 240, fig. 1, 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 301.

Shell conical, subturreted; body and spire of nearly equal
length; the latter consisting of four or five volutions, termi-
nating in a rather obtuse apex; whole shell longitudinally

striated; each volution furnished with three or four strong, -

acutely tuberculated spiral ribs, the middle one being consider-
ably larger than the others; tubercles a little flattened, and
connected, in transverse ridges, by narrow carine; base pro-
vided with three or four small concentric ridges, with blunt
tubercles; aperture entire, and nearly orbicular.

Found in the Lower Oolite at Dundry.

4. T. moniLirerus.—The Collared Turbo, pl. XXX VIII.
fig. 48, 49.

Turbo moniliferus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 131, pl.
395, fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 301.

Shell conical, short; body and spire of nearly equal length;
the latter consisting of five slightly inflated volutions, separated
by a channelled suture; each yolution provided with a granu-
lated fillet on its superior margin, and the spire with very small
granules; whole surface furnished with many wide, equidistant,
prominent strie; with a prominent base, which is simply and
finely striated; provided with a large, wrinkled umbilicus, which
is granulated within, and undulated on its edge; aperture nearly
orbicular.

Found in the Green Sand at Blackdown.

5. T. sutcatus—The Ridged Turbo, pl. XXXVIII. fig.
31, 33.

Turbo sulcatus. Pilkinton, Linn. Trans. VII. p. 118, pl. 11,
fig. 9. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 301. Turbo sculptus, Sowerby,
Min. Conch. IV. p. 132, pl. 395, fig. 2.

Shell conical; body somewhat longer than the spire, which
consists of four abruptly tapering, inflated volutions, termi-
nating in an acute apex, and deeply divided by the canaliculate
sutural line; whole shell invested by strong, deep spiral grooves,
crossed by minute longitudinal strie; base rounded, provided
with a small umbilicus, near to which is a recurved expansion ;
aperture nearly circular, slightly angulated on the upper part,
corresponding with the upper edges of the volutions; outer lip
thin, and slightly serrated on the margin; inner lip a little
reflected on the columella, narrow above, and becoming broader
as it descends.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

6. T. contcus—The Conical Turbo, pl. XXXVIII. fig.
50, 51.

TuRBo.

Turbo conicus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 45, pl. 433, fig.
1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 301.

Shell ovately-conical ; body large, ventricose; spire short?
consisting of four rapidly decreasing ventricose volutions, deeply
separated by the line of the suture, slightly depressed on their
upper parts, and terminating in a very acute apex; whole shell
inyested by numerous, very fine spiral stria, crossed by distant,
yery slender lines of growth; base rounded, and provided with
asmall and deep umbilicus; aperture nearly circular, and slightly
contracted ahove; outer lip thin, and even; pillar lip not re-
flected on the columella.

Found in the Green Sand of Blackdown.

7. T.RotTunpatus.—The Rounded Turbo, pl. XX XVIII.
fig. 39, 40.

Turbo rotundatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 45, pl. 433,
fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 301.

Shell ovate, subglobose, smooth, with a few longitudinal,
distant, nearly obsolete lines of growth; body very large, ven-
tricose ; spire short, consisting of five inflated, rapidly decreas-
ing yolutions, terminating in a sharp apex; base moderately
rounded, and provided with a narrow umbilicus; aperture large,
suborbicular, oblique, somewhat contracted above, and equal
to about half the length of the shell; outer lip plain; inner lip
slightly reflected on the columella.

Found in the Green Sand of Blackdown.

8. T. optusus——The Obtuse Turbo, pl. XXXVIII. fig.
45, 46.

Turbo obtusus.
fig. 2.

Shell conical, short; body occupying more than half its
length; spire consisting of three gradually diminishing volu-

Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI, p. 97, pl. 551,

tions, with somewhat flattened sides, and terminating in an
obtuse apex; base convex, and solid; aperture suborbicular,
slightly oblique; whole surface covered with numerous fine
strie, exceeding twelve upon each volution, and crossed by very
fine, longitudinal, nearly invisible lines of growth.

Found in the London Clay at Ancliffe.

9. T. Tiara—The Tiara Turbo, pl. XXXVIII. fig. 32.

Turbo Tiara. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 97, pl. 551,
fig. 1.

Shell short, conical, turban-shaped; volutions few, depressed,
flattened on the sides, and each crowned by about twenty large,
somewhat obliquely elongated knobs; body about half its
length; spire consisting of six volutions, terminating in a flat-
tened apex; base convex, and umbilicated.

In the very young specimens the volutions are divested of the
knobs, as are also the superior volutions in the adult shell.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, near Preston, Lan-
cashire.

10. T. sicostatus.— The Double-ribbed Turbo, pl.
XXXVII* fig. 11, 12, 13.

Shell short, conical; volutions depressed; body very large;
spire very short, consisting of two volutions; body girdled by
two strong, elevated, thick spiral ribs, the lower one near the
base, and the upper one on the superior portion of the body ;
top of volutions hollow; the inferior rib terminates above the
outer lip, and the superior one loses itself in the lower volution
of the spire; aperture suborbicular, subtransverse, and yery

MOLLUSCA. 73

slightly contracted above; outer lip thin; inner lip slightly
reflected on the columella, and widening as it descends; whole
shell covered with distant, strong, irregular, waved, longitudinal
wrinkles.

Found by Mr. Samuel Gibson, of Hebden Bridge, in the
Mountain Limestone at Witherell, near Clitheroe; and is in
his cabinet.

11. T. puLcHERRIMUs. — The
XXXVII.* fig. 14.

Turbo ? pulcherrimus.
94, pl. 2, fig. 35.

Shell pyramidal; body considerably shorter than the spire,
which consists of five gradually tapering volutions, with their
sides somewhat flattened, terminating in an acute apex; base
rounded; whole shell covered with very fine, regular spiral
strie; the lower and superior portions of the volutions pro-
vided with longitudinal ribs; the most prominent part of the
body is girdled by an elevated zone, consisting of small, regu-
larly set tubercles; and the whole base covered by a series of
very small tuberculate girdles.

Splendid Turbo, pl.

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p.

This beautiful species was found by Mr. Bean, of Scar-
borough, in the Speeton Clay at Speeton.

12, T. FunicuLatus.— The Rope-girdled Turbo, pl.
XXXVIIL. fig. 59.

Turbo funiculatus. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, p. 102, pl.
4, fig. 11.

Shell short, subconic; body large; spire small, with few
volutions; body provided with six or seven strong, elevated,
transverse, rope-like ribs; base slightly flattened.

Found in the Coralline Oolite at Malton and Leamer.

13. T.suncostomus.—The Sulcated Turbo, pl. XX XVIII.
fig. 60.

Turbo sulcostomus.
pl. 6, fig. 10,

Shell subconic; body large; spire small, consisting of three
smooth ventricose volutions, terminating in an obtuse apex ;
body furnished with three or four sharp spiral coste ; outer lip

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p. 112,

grooved internally.
Found in the Kelloways Rock at Hackness, South Cave.

14. T. txvicatus.—The Smooth Turbo, pl. XXXVIII.
fig. 52.

Turbo levigatus. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p. 129, pl.
11, fig. 31.

Shell subconic, smooth; body large; spire small, consisting
of four abruptly tapering, inflated volutions, terminating in an
acute apex; surface with very indistinct, longitudinal lines of
growth.

Found in the Blue Vick of the Inferior Oolite.

15. T. unputatus.——The Waved Turbo, pl. XXXVIII.
fig. 47.

Turbo undulatus. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, p. 134, pl.
13, fig. 18.

Shell subconic; body large; spire small, consisting of three
or four rapidly diminishing, inflated volutions ; whole shell
covered with spiral, undulating, strong strie, crossed by a few
indistinct and broken lines of growth.

Found in the Marlstone, Lias formation, Yorkshire.

T

74

16. T. Mancunrensis.— The Manchester Turbo, pl.
XXXVIL* fig. 15, 16.

Turbo Mancuniensis. Brown, Transactions of the Manches-
ter Geological Society, I. p. 63, pl. 6, fig. 1, 2.

Shell ovate; body large; spire short, consisting of three
yentricose volutions, separated by a channelled suture; body
provided with many prominent, spiral ribs; three on the body
above, with five or six concentric ones beneath on the base, and
two on each of the volutions of the spire; these are crossed
by numerous longitudinal wrinkles; aperture large, orbicular ;
outer lip expanded, smooth; pillar lip with an oblong umbilicus
behind it: Length upwards of a quarter of an inch; body
nearly the same in diameter.

Found in the Red Magnesian Marl at Collyhurst, Manchester,
by E. W. Binney, Esq., and is in the museum of the Manches-
ter Geological Society.

17. T. minutus.—The Minute Turbo, pl. XXXVII.* fig.
17; 18:

Turbo minutus.
63, pl. 6, fig. 4, 5.

Shell slightly ovate; body very large; spire very small, con-
sisting of three abruptly diminishing volutions, flattened above,
terminating in an obtuse apex, and separated by a somewhat
grooved suture; aperture orbicular ; outer lip slightly notched
on the edge, produced by the projecting ribs; whole shell
covered with strong, slightly undulous transverse cost, two on
the superior portion of the body, the lower one so much larger
than the others, that it produces a carinated appearance, and
with four or five concentric ribs below on the base, which is
flattened ; pillar lip with an umbilicus behind.

Found in the Red Magnesian Marl at Collyhurst, Manchester,
by E. W. Binney, Esq., and is in the Manchester Geological
Society’s museum.

Brown, Trans. Manchester Geo. Soe. I. p.

Genus XXXII.—LITTORINA.—Ferussac.

Shell turbinated, generally ovate, or oblong-ovate, for
the most part thick and solid; spire in general gradually
acuminated and subturreted, in some species very short
and obtuse at the apex; aperture round, or slightly ellip-
tical, somewhat acute above in some species; outer lip,
or peritreme, sharp-edged; columella somewhat flattened ;
operculum horny, spiral, consisting of a few rapidly en-
larging volutions, and furnished with a central nucleus.

1. L.Barronensis.—The Barton Littorina, pl. XXX VIII.
fig. 54, 55.

Turbo littoreus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 163, pl. 71,
fig. 1, two upper figures.

Shell oblong-ovate, thick; body large; spire small, consisting
of three moderately inflated, well defined volutions, with their
upper parts nearly flat, terminating in an obtuse apex; whole
surface covered with fine spiral, somewhat irregular striz; aper-
ture subovate, rounded beneath, and slightly contracted above ;
outer lip even at the edge, considerably thickened within; pillar
lip broadly reflected on the columella.

MOLLUSCA.

Lirrorina.

This shell differs from the Z. communis in being much more erect,
in the volutions being much flatter on the sides, and in its obtuse
apex.

Found in the Crag at Bramerton Hill, near Norwich.
often procured with the coloured bands quite distinct.

2. L. communis.—The Common Littorina, pl. XX XVIII.
fig. 56.

Turbo littoreus.
lower figure 1.

Shell subovate; body large; spire short, acute, consisting of
three or four moderately inflated volutions, terminating in an
acute apex; aperture suborbicular, slightly contracted above;
whole surface covered with numerous, slightly nodulous, but
regular striz.

Found in the Crag at Bramerton Hill, near Norwich.

3. L. rupis.—The Robust Littorina, pl. XXXVIII. fig.
57, 58.

Turbo. rudis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 164, pl. 71, fig. 2.

Shell subovate; body occupying more than two-thirds of the
shell; spire consisting of four moderately inflated and well
defined volutions, swelled above; whole shell covered by
numerous spiral, somewhat irregular strie; these are crossed
by a few inequidistant, longitudinal wrinkles, or lines of growth,
which gives the shell a rugged aspect.

Found in the Crag, near Aldborough.

4. L. puncens.—The Pricking Littorina, pl. XXXVII.*
fig. 19.

Littorina pungens. Sowerby, Trans. Geo. Soc. IV. 2nd
series, p. 343, pl. 18, fig. 5.

Shell conical, smooth; body large, ventricose; spire short,
consisting of five narrow, gradually tapering volutions, a little
flattened at the sides, and terminating in an acute apex; aper-
ture orbicular, with an acute, angular elongation above; outer
lip thin, and even.

Found in the Lower Green Sand, Blackdown, by Dr. Fitton.

5. L. cracitis—The Slender Littorina, pl. XXXVIL*
fig. 20, 21.

Littorina gracilis.
p- 343, pl. 18, fig. 12.

Shell elongated, acute; body shorter than the spire, which
consists of five ventricose, deeply divided, and gradually taper-
ing volutions, terminating in a pointed apex; aperture round,
with a slight angle below; outer lip even; pillar lip slightly
reflected on the columella; whole surface covered with wide,
longitudinal, regular furrows, which are crossed by transverse
spiral strie, giving it a fine decussated aspect.

Found in the Lower Green Sand at Blackdown, by Dr.
Fitton.

It is

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 163, pl. 71,

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series,

Genus XX XIII.—TROCHUS.— Linneus.

Shell conical; spire elevated, sometimes abbreviated ;
aperture more or less transversely depressed, frequently
quadrangular or trapeziform, its edge being oblique to
the direction of the last volution, exhibiting the inferior
portion of the columella; base generally flattish, or, in
some instances concave; columella more or less arcuated,

TrocuHvs.

and its base truncated in some species; operculum horny,
circular, and spiral, with many close-set volutions, and
an external spiral line outside, frequently covered with a
horny epidermis.

1. T. pupiicatus. — The
XXXIX. fig. 1, 2.

Trochus duplicatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 181, pl.
182, fig. 5. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 324.

Shell conical, shining; spire consisting of four volutions,
with plain, concave sides, a single projecting crenulated fillet
on the upper edge, and a double crenulated spiral carina round
the base of each; base with an open umbilicus, the margin of
which is beset with about seven, somewhat prominent tuber-
cles; aperture quadrangular.

Found in the Inferior Oolite at Little Sodbury.

2. T. Grsst.—Gibs’ Trochus, pl. XX XIX. fig. 3, 4.

Trochus Gibsii. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 139, pl. 278,
fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 325.

Shell conical, short, wider than high; spire with four or five
volutions, flattened on the sides, with obtusely carinated edges,
on their upper parts a concentric, elevated spiral band, which is
crossed by curved striae; base convex, furnished with concentric
and radiating striz#, producing a fine reticulated appearance ;
umbilicus large, and almost smooth; aperture rhomboidal; inner
lip somewhat reflected over the base of the columella, but not
encroaching upon the umbilicus.

The semicircular strie on the concentric band seems to indicate
a sinus in the outer lip of the perfect shell.

Found in the Chalk Marl, or Pyritiferous Clay, at. Folkstone.

3. T. pimipratus.—The Divided Trochus, pl. XXXIX.
fig. 5.

Trochus dimidiatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 181, pl.
181, fig. 4. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 324.

Shell conical, surface rough, and free from polish; body
yolution flat on the sides, and concave above, with an entire
carina in the centre; superior volutions convex; base convex,
and provided with a carinated margin; aperture pentangular ;
columella straight, and solid.

Found at Little Sodbury, in the Inferior Oolite.

4. T.concavus.—The Concave Trochus, pl. XX XIX. fig.
Gai

Trochus concavus.
181, fig. 3.

Shell conical; spire consisting of three spirally striated volu-
tions, with concave sides, where it is provided with a slightly
developed row of tubercles, and the lower margin of each cari-
nated; base smooth, destitute of an umbilicus; its diameter
being somewhat more than its height; aperture acutely rhom-
boidal.

Found in the Inferior Oolite, Little Sodbury.

Distinguished from the 7. duplicatus by its spiral striz.

5. T. siminis.——The Similar Trochus, pl. XXXIX. fig.
8, 9,

Trochus similis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 179, pl. 181,
fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 324.

Conical; spire consisting of four flat-sided volutions, the base
of each projecting slightly over that under it; all of them

Two-plaited Trochus, pl.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 180, pl.

MOLLUSCA. 75

provided with numerous transverse, variously-sized ridges, en-
larging as they descend, the lower and largest with minute
intervening ones; several of the ridges on each volution are
granulated, between each of which are small plain ones.

Found in the Crag at Holywell.

6. T.pusrus.—The Doubtful Trochus, pl. XX XIX. fig. 10.

Trochus ——? Mantell, Geo. of Sussex, p. 109, pl. 18,
fig. 7.

Shell smooth, subconic; spire occupying nearly half the
length of the shell, and consisting of three moderately inflated,
well defined volutions; base rounded.

Found in the Grey Chalk Marl at Hamsey, Sussex.

7. T. Mantevit.—Mantell’s Trochus, pl. XX XIX. fig. 11.

Trochus agglutinans 2? Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 224, pl.
223, smaller figs. Trochus ? Mantell, Geo. of Sussex, p.
109, pl. 18, fig. 9. Lamarck, Foss. des Env. de Paris, p. 102.
Trochus umbilicaris, Brander, Foss. Hant. p. 10, pl. 1, fig.
4, 5.

Shell depressed, discoidal, with a slightly convex base, a pli-
cated, wide and shallow, scolloped umbilicus, and its margin

acutely angular; aperture oblong.

Found at Hamsey, Sussex; and Barton Cliff.

8. T. Tiara.—The Tiara Trochus, pl. XX XIX. fig. 12, 13.

Trochus bicarinatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 39, pl.
221, fig. 2. Trochus Tiara, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 325.

Shell subconic, subdepressed ; body large; spire small, with
divergent furrows and ridges; volutions with two obscure
carine ; body spirally striated; base produced, concentrically
striated, and provided with a wide and deep umbilicus.

Found in the Green Sand at Marsham Field, near Oxford.

9. T.¥ascratus.— The Banded Trochus, pl. XXXIX. fig.
14.

Trochus fasciatus. Sowerby, Min.‘ Conch. III. p. 37, pl.
220, fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 324.

Shell conical; body large; spire of medium length, consisting
of six or seven well divided, somewhat convex volutions, with a
spiral band round the centre of each; base rather flattened, its
diameter nearly equal to the height of the shell; whole external
surface covered with rather wide longitudinal and spiral strie ;
the latter being the most prominent, and the longitudinal ones
diverging from the central band in both directions; aperture
large, quadrangular ; columella with a single plait upon it.

Found in the Inferior Oolite at Dundry.

10. TT. moniuirerR—The Necklace Trochus, pl. XX XIX.
fig. 15, 16.

Trochus monilifer. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 91, pl.
367. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 325. Trochus nodulosus, Brander,
Foss. Hant. p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 6.

Conical, sides nearly flat; body occupying about a third of
the length of the shell; volutions but slightly produced, each
provided with three spiral rows of tubercles, and haying the
lower edges crenated; base a little convex, its diameter about
equal to the height of the shell, and provided with six rows of
regularly set granules, its centre smooth; aperture quadrangular,
and placed obliquely, its margin entire and undulous, inside
pearlaceous ; columella truncated, and lying along the inner
margin of the aperture.

Found in the London Clay at Hordwell, where it was dis-
covered by Miss Teed.

76 MOLLUSCA.

11. T. curratus—The Spotted Trochus, pl. XXXIX.
fig. 17.

Trochus guttatus. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, p. 112, pl.
6, fig. 14.

Shell depressed, subconic; base very wide, its diameter being
considerably more than the length of the shell; spire consisting
of four yolutions, at the base of each a band of large granules ;
the general surface smooth, with rust-coloured spots.

Found in the Kelloways Rock, near Scarborough.

12. T. tingaris—The Lineated Trochus, pl. XXXIX.
fig. 18.

Trochus linearis. Mantell, Geo. of Sussex, p. 110, pl. 18,
fig. 17. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 325.

Conical, subdepressed; volutions slightly convex, transversely
striated, with a narrow prominent, spiral fillet in the centre, and
at the base of each volution; base flat; the umbilicus obscured
by the last volution; aperture transversely depressed.

Found at Hamsey and Middleham, Sussex.

13. T. reticutatus. — The Reticulated Trochus, pl.
XXXIX. fig. 19, 20.

Trochus reticulatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 128, pl.
272, fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 325.

Shell conical, subturreted; body large; spire consisting of six
volutions, obliquely flattened above; their upper and under
margins provided with a pretty broad and somewhat elevated
carina, the upper one more prominent than the lower, and
situate on the superior portion of the volutions, where they
commence to be flattened; aperture obtusely quadrangular ;
base provided with a close umbilicus; whole surface covered
with numerous spiral and longitudinal stri~, the former con-
nected by some which are less elevated; diameter of the base
about equal to the length of the shell.

Found in the Kimmeridge Clay at Ringstead Bay, near
Weymouth; and also at Portland Ferry.

14. T. Anciicus—The English Trochus, pl. XXXIX.
fig. 21.

Trochus similus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 95, pl. 142.
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 324.

Conical ; body large; spire small, consisting of six or seven
flat-sided, subturreted volutions, obliquely flattened above, and
each provided with two spiral series of large, somewhat de-
pressed tubercles, the superior one at the slope of the volutions,
and the lower ones at the base of each yolution; three strong,
elevated, spiral strie invest the whole surface of the shell, these
are crossed by numerous sharp, close, and arcuated lines of
growth; aperture quadrangular, with rounded angles; columella
imperforforate ; inner lip thickened.

Found in the Blue Lias, near Yeoyil, Shotover, Lackington
Park, and at Weston, near Bath.

15. T. extensus—The Extended Trochus, pl. XXXIX.

fig. 22, 23.
Trochus extensus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 140, pl.
278, fig. 2,3. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 325.

Shell depressed, conical, its diameter being nearly twice its
height; volutions elevated in the centre, obliquely striated, and
with rugose undulations; margin of the body volution broad,
thin, and undulated; base convex, smooth, with a large and
nearly smooth umbilicus, and is sometimes covered oyer in the
adult shells.

Trocnvs.

Found in the London Clay at Highgate Tunnel; and in the
Cliff, Isle of Sheppy.

16. T. Benerria.—Benett’s Trochus, pl. XXXVIL* fig.
37, 38.

Trochus Benettig. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 224, pl. 98,
larger fig. 3.

Shell conical, depressed ; upper surface of the yolutions ob-
liquely and longitudinally wrinkled, their margin irregularly
undulated; base expanded, and provided with a broad, project-
ing scolloped margin; base concave; umbilicus plicated, and
partly covered; aperture narrow and compressed.

Found in the London Clay by Miss Benett, and named in
honor of her.

17. T. monititectus——The Necklace-roofed Trochus, pl.
XXXVIII. fig. 9..

Trochus monilitectus. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p.
123, pl. 9, fig. 33.

Shell conical, gradually tapering to an acute apex; whole
surface covered with numerous moniliform, spiral ridges; base
produced, and destitute of an umbilicus.

Found in the Caye Oolite at Cloughton Wyke.

18. T. uavicatus—The Smooth Trochus, pl. XXXIX.
fig. 24, 25.

Trochus levigatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 179, pl.
181, fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 324.

Shell conical; body large; spire small, consisting of six
slightly inflated volutions; base convex; columella smooth,
oblique, and angular; aperture subrhomboidal, with rounded
angles; whole surface smooth and glossy, with only a few
nearly obsolete spiral grooves, and crossed by some fine, nearly
invisible lines of growth; destitute of an umbilicus.

Found in the Crag pits at Holywell.

19. T. arENosus.—The Sandy Trochus, pl. XX XIX. fig.
26.

Trochus arenosus. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 324. Trochus
granulatus, Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 37, pl. 220, fig. 2.

Shell conical, short, subturreted; volutions obliquely flat-
tened, and a little rounded above, with a central spiral band ;
base convex, in part almost smooth; whole surface covered
with spiral and longitudinal furrows, which produce a granulated
appearance, varying in depth in different specimens, but for the
most part are deepest towards the margin; height about half
the diameter at the base. :

Found in the Inferior Oolite at Dundry.

20. ‘T. promineus.—The Prominent Trochus, pl. XX XIX.
fig. 27.

Trochus promineus. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 324. Trochus
sulcatus, Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 38, pl. 220, fig. 3.

Shell conical, short, subturreted; spire consisting of four
yolutions, convex and flattened above, with a spiral sulcus
around their centre, and finely striated spirally, sharp covering
the whole surface on the superior volutions, while in the
inferior ones they are limited to the marginal parts below the
sulcus; crossed near the superior margins by many undulations;
sulcus crossed by very minute stri#; the whole surface exhibit-
ing many fine lines of growth.

Found in the Inferior Oolite at Dundry.

Trocuvs.

21. TT. siserTus.——The Two-plaited Trochus, pl. XXXIX.
fig. 28.

Trochus bisertus. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p. 129, pl.
11, fig. 27.

Shell conical ; sides nearly flat; base prominent; each volu-
tion provided with two plaits of small, nearly equidistant
papilla; the intervening spaces covered by minute longitudinal
strie.

Found in the Blue Wick in the Inferior Oolite Sand at Cold
Moor, Yorkshire, by Mr. Williamson.

22. T. pyRamipaTus.— The Pyramidal Trochus, pl.
XXXIX. fig. 29.

Trochus pyramidatus. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p.
129, pl. 11, fig. 22.

Shell conical, abruptly tapering to an acute apex; spire con-
sisting of four slightly raised volutions, well defined by the
sutural line, and provided with oblique, longitudinal flattened
ribs; base flat; aperture subquadrangular.

Found in the Blue Wick of the Inferior Oolite Sand at
Cold Moor, near Glaizedale, Yorkshire, by Mr. Bean of Scar-
borough.

23. T. TorNATILUS.—The Turned Trochus, pl. XXXIX.
fig. 30.

Trochus tornatilus.
pl. 4, fig. 16.

Shell much depressed; spire consisting of three volutions,
but little elevated above the body volution, which is rounded
on the sides; a narrow flattened space emanates from the inser-
tion of the outer lip, and winds spirally along the superior

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p. 102,

margin of the volutions.

Found in the Coralline Oolite at Scarborough.

24, T. puncratus.——The Punctured Trochus, pl. XX XIX.
fig. 31.

Trochus punctatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 211, pl.
193, fig. 1 and 4. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 324.

Conical, its height exceeding the diameter of the base, sides
nearly flat; volutions with numerous, minute, spiral strie, the
upper ones upon each yolution most prominent, and crossed by
longitudinal, oblique, undulating lines, the lower ones studded
with minute granulations; between every two sets, a narrow
spiral fillet.

Found in the Inferior Oolite at Dundry, in the neighbour-
hood of Bristol.

25. T. imBricatus. — The
XXXIX. fig. 35.

Trochus imbricatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 127, pl.
272, fig. 3,4. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 325.

Pyramidal, subturreted, its height being nearly double its
breadth at the base; volutions angular, obliquely flattened
above, imbricating each other at their base; each volution
provided with several elevated, thread-like lines, crossed by
numerous fine longitudinal strie; base very convex; striated
in the same manner as the superior portion of the shell; fur-
nished with a closed umbilicus.

Found in the Lias Clay, near Cheltenham.

26. T. ELoncatus.—The Elongated Trochus, pl. XXXIX.
fig. 33.

Trochus elongatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 211, pl.
193, fig. 2,3. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 324.

Imbricated Trochus, pl.

MOLLUSCA. 77

, Conical, greatly elongated, its breadth at the base being only
two-thirds its height; with nine or ten concave-sided volutions,
each with a rounded, broad prominent band at the base, with
an obscure fillet a little below the middle; whole surface with
strong spiral striz, granulated near the apex; and each of the
volutions slightly undulated near its superior edge.

Distinguished from 7. punctatus by being more elongated, and
the margins of the volutions being more produced.

Found in the Inferior Oolite at Dundry, near Bristol.

27. ‘T. pattium.—The Mantled Trochus, pl. XX XIX. fig.
34,

Trochus pallium. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 325. Trochus
ornatus, Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 39, pl. 221, fig. 1.

Shell subconic, depressed; body large; spire small, consisting
of three or four yolutions, depressed above in the middle, each
provided with a band of elongated divergent tubercles on its
upper margin; body with three series of tubercles; the whole
shell with divergent striz, which are in several parts very
obscure, and are semicircular where they cross the tubercular
band; base convex, furnished with strong tubercular concentric
strie, umbilicated, and plaited in some instances; margin with
large crenulations. Height about half its diameter.

Found in the Inferior Oolite at Dundry, near Bristol.

28. T. Secwicxu.—Segwick’s Trochus, pl. XXXIX. fig.
32.

Trochus Segwickti. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 325. Trochus
concavus, Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 127, pl. 272, fig. 1.

Conical, smooth; volutions somewhat concave above, and
convex below, with an obtuse carinated edge, and elevated
rather indistinct strie; base rather convex, with concentric
strie, which are strongest towards its centre; aperture rhom-
boidal; umbilicus closed.

Found in the Suffolk Crag.

29. TT. appreviATus.— The Shortened Trochus, pl.
XXXIX. fig. 36.

Trochus abbreviatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 212, pl.
193, fig. 5. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 324.

Shell conical, abbreviated; the base of each of the volutions
provided with a greatly produced, rounded spiral fillet ; whole
surface with fine spiral stria, which are faintly decussated by
oblique lines of growth, these are semicircular as they pass
over the fillet; base rather flat, and furnished with sharp con-
centric strie ; the breadth at the base exceeds its height.

Found at Dundry in the Inferior Oolite.

Genus XX XIV.—SOLARIUM.—Lamarck.

Shell subdiscoidal beneath; spire obtusely conical; in
some instances of a more lengthened conical form ; the
lower margin of the body angular, and rather sharp;
umbilicus broad and deep, and reaching to the apex, its
margin crenulated, and exhibiting the internal edges of
the superior volutions in the form of a winding gallery ;
aperture wide, trapeziform, with its angles somewhat
rounded, and the peritreme or outer lip thin and sharp ;
outside covered with a horny epidermis; operculum

U

78 MOLLUSCA.

horny, more or less spiral, and variable in form; outer
side flat; inner side furnished with an irregular, nearly
lateral tubercle.

1. §. piscompeum—The Discoidal Solarium, pl. XLI. fig.
hoo

Solarium discoideum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 36, pl.
11, upper right hand figs. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 325.

Shell discoidal; spire consisting of five or six volutions, some-
what acuminated at the apex; outer edge of the body volution
provided with a very sharp carina, within which, on the base, is
a shallow canal; the upper margin broad, considerably undu-
lated, and spirally striated, but becoming obsolete towards the
spire; umbilicus deep, rounded, and transversely wrinkled ;
aperture rhomboidal, obliquely elliptical, and a little pointed at
both ends; outer lip acute at the margin.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff, Hampshire.

2. S. cANALICULATUM—The Canaled Solarium, pl. XLI.
fig. 3, 4.

Solarium canaliculatum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 43,
pl. 524, fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 326. Lamarck, Envy. de
Paris, p. 104. Turbo, Brander, Foss. Hant. p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 7,
8. Trochus canaliculatus, Brocchi, II. p. 359.

Shell discoidal, convex; body provided with a prominent
crenated margin, both above and below with numerous spiral,
unequal, granulated lines; umbilicus furrowed, and crenated
internally ; aperture quite circular.

Found plentifully in the London Clay at Barton Clif.

3. S.conémeumM—The Conical Solarium, pl. XLI. fig. 5, 6.

Solarium condideum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 36, pl.
11, three middle figs. Ib., Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series, p. 336,
pl. 11, fig. 14. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 325.

Shell conical, its height being equal to the diameter of the
base, smooth; volutions slightly depressed, or concave in the
middle, and covered with decussating striw, producing rows of
granules; umbilicus deep and narrow, with its inner spiral ridges
crenated; aperture rhomboidal, or nearly quadrangular.

Found in the Upper Oolite at Portland, and the Galt, near
Folkstone, Kent.

4. §. Sowersyt1—Sowerby’s Solarium, pl. XLL. fig. 7, 8.

Solarium patulum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 35, pl. 11,
lower left hand figs.

Shell almost discoidal; spire much depressed ; umbilicus
large, with nearly obsolete crenulations on its margin, except in
its interior, where it is striated.

Found in the London Clay at Highgate Hill.

5. §. pricatum—The Plicated Solarium, pl. XLI. fig.
10, 11.

Solarium plicatum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 44, pl.
524, fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 326. Lamarck, Eny. de
Paris, p. 104.

Shell convex, subdiscoidal; upper surface longitudinally
wrinkled, ornamented with three or four very narrow, deep
spiral sulci; base with a small umbilicus, surrounded by a pro-
duced, crenated ridge, which descends into the cavity, and
sometimes half closes it, and in other instances it is left more
open; five or six concentric strong, or unequal sulci; aperture
nearly orbicular.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

SoLaRium.

6. §. patutum.—The Spreading Solarium, pl. XLI. fig.
12, 13.

Solarium patulum. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 35, pl. 11,
lower right hand figs. Lamarck, Ann. du Mus. IV. p. 53, pl.
35, fig. 3. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 325.

Shell depressed, discoidal, smooth; volutions defined by a
erenulated carina, which is strong and produced on the body;
umbilicus wide, with a beautifully crenulated margin, which is
surrounded by a border of small denticles; surface provided
with fine longitudinal stria ; base with divergent strie.

Found in the Dark-coloured London Clay at Highgate.

7. §S. raputatumM—The Boarded Solarium, pl. XLI. fig.
14.

Solarium tabulatum. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p. 94,
pl. 2, fig. 36. P

Shell pyramidal, subturreted; the volutions obliquely flat-
tened above, with a carinated margin on their upper and lower
edges, and terminating in a somewhat acute apex; surface
covered with wide-set, longitudinal, strong striae; base flat;
umbilicus small.

Found in the Speeton Clay at Speeton.

8. S. Carix—The Chalice Solarium, pl. XLI. fig. 15.

Solarium Calix. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p. 129, pl.
1], fig. 30.

Shell pyramidal, turreted; body large; spire small, consisting
of four rapidly diminishing, flat-sided volutions, bounded above
and below by a slightly crenulated, rounded, projecting spiral
band; base rather flat, furnished with a wide, expanding um-
bilicus ; aperture subquadrangular.

Found in the Blue Wick of the Inferior Oolite, Cold Moor,
by Mr. Bean of Scarborough.

9. S. ornatum.—The Adorned Solarium, pl. XXXVII.*
fig. 39.

Solarium ornatum.
p-oa0, ipl. 11) fig. 13;

Shell discoidal; with seven or eight volutions, the three
lower ones produced in the middle, and sloping towards each
side; the other volutions, which are very small, and rising
abruptly in a conical form, terminate in an acute apex; the
three upper ones smooth, all the others ornamented above by
obtuse, smooth radiating ribs, with a sharp carina bounding
the body volution; near the margin, both above and below,
beset with granules, placed in quincunx order; aperture rhom-
boidal.

Found by Dr. Fitton in the Upper Green Sand, Isle of
Wight.

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series,

FAMILY II.—SCALARIDES.

Shell devoid of plaits or folds on the columella; mar-
gins of the aperture united in a circular form.

Genus XXXV.—RISSOA.—Freminville.

Shell oblong, turreted, considerably acuminated; spire —
consisting of numerous yolutions; aperture orbicular, or —

Rissoa.

oval, oblique, pointed posteriorly, and anteriorly dilated,
generally with a slight sinus at the base of the columella;
lips nearly united, the outer one thickened, emarginated,
and not reflected; operculum horny.

1. R.acutTa—The Acute Rissoa, pl. XXXVIII. fig. 25,
26.

Rissoa acuta.

fig. 2. ,
Shell minute, elongated, turreted; body somewhat shorter
than the spire, which consists of six moderately ventricose,
turreted, and gradually tapering volutions, terminating in an
acute apex; aperture rather large, oblique, pointed both above
and below; outer lip considerably expanded; pillar lip a little
reflected on the columella; whole shell covered with longitudi-
nal, prominent ribs, numbering ten or twelve on each volution.
Length about three-sixteenths of an inch; diameter not half its
length.

Found in the Great Oolite at Ancliffe.

2. R. txvis.—The Smooth Rissoa, pl. XX XVIII. fig. 12.

Rissoa levis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 229, pl. 609,
fig. 1.

Shell minute, oblong-oval, smooth, subcylindrical; body con-
siderably longer than the spire, which consists of five flat-sided
yolutions, divided by a slight suture, and terminating in a
moderately pointed apex; aperture placed obliquely, narrow,
slightly acute below, and rather sharp-pointed above; outer lip
broad; pillar lip a little reflected on the base of the columella.
Length about an eighth of an inch; diameter not half its
length.

Found in the Great Oolite at Ancliffe.

3. R.puprricata—The Two-plaited Rissoa, pl. XX XVIII.
fig. 14, 15.

Rissoa duplicata.
609, fig. 4.

Shell minute, elongated, turreted; body occupying about
three-fifths of the shell; spire consisting of five somewhat ven-
tricose volutions, with a flat spiral keel winding along their
centre, and terminating in a very sharp apex; whole surface
covered with numerous longitudinal, straight ribs, which are
divided in the middle by the carina; towards the base of the
body the ribs become obsolete; aperture rather large, oblique,
oblong-oval, and pointed both above and below; outer lip
broad; pillar lip slightly reflected on the columella. Length
about an eighth of an inch; diameter half its length.

Found in the Great Oolite at Ancliffe.

4. R. opriquara.—The Oblique Rissoa, pl. XXXVIII.
fig. 19, 20.

Rissoa obliquata.
609, fig. ae

Shell minute, elongated, subturreted; body and spire about
equal in length; the latter consisting of five moderately ven-
tricose and well defined volutions, terminating in a rather
blunted apex; whole shell invested by numerous oblique, curved
longitudinal ribs; aperture rather small, narrow, oblique, and
pointed both above and below; outer lip broad; inner lip nar-
rowly reflected on the columella. Length three-sixteenths of
an inch; diameter somewhat more than a third of its length.

Found in the Great Oolite at Ancliffe.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 230, pl. 609,

Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 230, pl.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 230, pl.

MOLLUSCA. 79

5. R. pucttita—The Slender Rissoa, pl. XXXVII.* fig.
22, 23, 24.

Rissoa pucilla. Brown, Trans. Manchester Geo. Soe. I. p.
63, pl. 6, fig. 6, 7, 8.

Shell smooth, ovate; body large, inflated; spire short, con-
sisting of three ventricose, deeply divided yolutions, terminating
in a somewhat obtuse apex; aperture ovate; columella subum-
bilicate.

This species differs from the R. Leighi in the volutions being
much less oblique, and being only one-sixteenth of an inch in
length, and nearly the same in diameter.

Found in the Magnesian Marl at Collyhnrst, near Manches-
ter, by E. W. Binney, Esq., and is in his cabinet.

6. R. Lereu1—tLeigh’s Rissoa, pl. XXXVII.* fig. 25, 26,
27.

Rissoa Leighi. Brown, Trans. Manchester Geo. Soe. I. p.
64, pl. 6, fig. 9, 10, 11.

Shell smooth, oblong-ovate; spire long, consisting of four
deeply divided, inflated volutions, terminating in a somewhat
obtuse apex; aperture ovate, slightly contracted above, and
rounded at the base; columella subumbilicated. Length one-
eighth of an inch; breadth one-fourteenth of an inch.

Found in the Magnesian Marl at Collyhurst, and is in Mr.
Binney’s cabinet.

7. R. minuvissimA.— The Very Minute Rissoa, pl.
XXXVIL* fig. 28, 29, 30.

Rissoa minutissima. Brown, Trans. Manchester Geo. Soc.
I. p. 64, pl. 6, fig, 12, 13, 14.

Shell smooth, slightly ovate; body very large, ventricose ;
spire very short, consisting of two abruptly tapering, deeply
divided yolutions, flattened above, and terminating in an acute
apex; aperture nearly orbicular; outer lip smooth, projecting
considerably from the body above.

Found in the Magnesian Marl at Collyhurst.
Binney’s cabinet.

8. R. Gisson1.—Gibson’s Rissoa, pl. XXXVII.* fig. 31,
32, 3a.

Rissoa Gibsoni. Brown, Trans. Manchester Geo. Soe. I. p.
64, pl. 6, fig. 15, 16, 17.

Shell smooth, oblong-ovate; spire and body of nearly equal
length; spire consisting of four not very oblique, but, rapidly
decreasing volutions, terminating in an acute apex; suture well
marked, but not deep; aperture ovate; outer lip smooth.
Length not quite a quarter of an inch; breadth somewhat more
than one-eighth of an inch.

Found in the Magnesian Marl at Collyhurst.
Binney’s cabinet.

g. R. optusa.—The Obtuse Rissoa, pl. XXXVII+* fig. 34,
35, 36.

Rissoa obtusa. Brown, Trans. Manchester Geo. Soc. I. p.
64, pl. 6, fig. 19, 20, 21.

Shell ovate, smooth, ventricose; spire nearly equal to the
body in length, consisting of three depressed, subturreted
volutions, divided by a deep suture; aperture nearly orbicular ;
pillar lip not reflected, but provided with a slight umbilicus at
the base of the columella. Length upwards of a quarter of an
inch; diameter not quite so much.

Found in the Magnesian Marl, Collyhurst. In Mr. Binney’s
cabinet.

In Mr.

In Mr.

80
Genus XXXVI.—CIRRUS.— Sowerby.

Spiral; conical; with a hollow, funnel-shaped axis ;
volutions contiguous, numerous, rounded, or slightly
angulated.

The shells of this genus nearly resemble those of
Trochus, but may be distinguished by their funnel-
shaped umbilicus.

1. C.Noposus—The Knotty Cirrus, pl. XLI. fig. 9 and 21.

Cirrus nodosus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 35, pl. 219,
fig. 1 and 4. Ib., II. p. 94, pl. 141, fig. 2, a cast. Fleming,
Brit. An. p. 313.

Shell conical, rugose, reversed, acuminated ; body large, dis-
coidal, in diameter, occupying not quite a third of the entire
length of the shell; spire acutely conical, consisting of ten or
eleven flat-sided volutions, separated by a narrow suture, with
two rows of lengthened tubercles, and crossed by many small
carine ; body with four series of spiral, undulous carine, which
are crossed by numerous lengthened tubercles; between the
transverse carine are fine, regular, elevated strie, which are
very conspicuous on the lower portion of each yolution.

Found in the Inferior Oolite, Dundry.

Fig. 21 is a cast of the shell.

2. C. Leacuit.—Leach’s Cirrus, pl. XLI. fig. 19.

Cirrus Leachii. Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 36, pl. 219,
fig. 3. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 313.

Conical; with numerous longitudinally striated yolutions, pro-
vided with several rows of tubercles, crossed by numerous small
carine; the superior row of tubercles cn the body volution
crowned with slightly arcuated, strong compressed spines.

Found in the Lower Oolite at Dundry.

3. C. TurBANOIDEs—The Turbanated Cirrus, pl. XLI.
fig. 24.

Cirrus nodosus, var.
219, fig. 2.

Shell reversed; with the body volution discoidal, above which
the spire rises into a flattened cone; the four or five superior
volutions abruptly conical, and terminating in a rather acute

Sowerby, Min. Conch. III. p. 35, pl.

apex; the whole surface covered with divergent ribs, which do
not, however, extend to the four or five superior volutions ;
aperture subovate.

Found in the Lower Oolite at Dundry.

4. (C. PENTAGONALIS.—The Pentagonal Cirrus, pl. XLI.
fig. 16.

Cirrus pentagonalis.
226, pl. 13, fig. 8.

Shell conical, obtuse; body large; spire short, with subpenta-
gonal volutions; base flattish, with an acute margin; umbilicus
large, deep, with an acute margin; aperture subovate, trans-
verse, descending; outer lip thin; inner lip reflected on the
columella, but not intruding upon the umbilicus.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

5. C.sprratis.—The Spiral Cirrus, pl. XLI. f. 18.

Cirrus spiralis. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p. 226, pl.
13, fig. 14.

Shell obtusely conical; body large; spire short, consisting of

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p.

three moderately rounded yolutions, terminating in a sub-acute
apex; base rounded; whole surface coyered with strong, spiral,
and longitudinal nearly obsolete, oblique striz.

MOLLUSCA.

Cirrvs.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

6. (C. piLEopsiDEous.—The Cap-like Cirrus, pl. XLI. fig.
22,

Cirrus pileopsideous.
226, pl. 13, fig. 6.

Shell considerably depressed; body very large; spire small,
consisting of three flattened volutions; whole shell covered
with irregular, somewhat arcuated striz.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

7. C. cincuLatus—The Small-girdled Cirrus, pl. XLI.
fig. 17.

Cirrus cingulatus. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p. 107,
pl. 4, fig. 28.

Shell subconic, subdepressed, somewhat ‘turban-shaped ; body
and spire of about equal length; spire with spiral and longitudi-
nal stri2; each yolution with a smooth girdle at its upper part ;
body with many longitudinal, arcuated smooth bands; base
rounded ; apex obtuse.

Found in the Lower Calcareous Grit at Scarborough; and is
in the cabinet of Mr. Bean, by whom it was discovered.

8. C. pLicatus—The Plicated Cirrus, pl. XLI. fig. 20.

Cirrus plicatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 94, pl. 141,
fig. 3.

Shell conical; body large; spire small, consisting of four flat-
sided volutions, well divided by the suture; the whole shell
with pretty wide spiral strie; base somewhat angular, and its
diameter a little more than the length of the shell; aperture
subquadrangular, its width exceeding its length; umbilicus
plaited, and rather small.

Found at Folkstone.

9. C. acutus.—The Acute Cirrus, pl. XLI. fig. 23 and 25.

Cirrus acutus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 93, pl. 141,
fig. 1.

Shell conical; body large; spire short, consisting of six or
seven somewhat ventricose volutions, with an obscure carina
near the upper part of each, and terminating in a rather acute
apex; base rounded; umbilicus funnel-shaped, expanding; aper-
ture orbicular ; surface with fine, regular lines of growth.

Found in the Limestone, Derbyshire.

10. C. rorunpatus.—The Rounded Cirrus, pl. XLI. fig.
24 and 27.

Cirrus rotundatus.
429, fig. 1, 2.

Conical, smooth; volutions convex; base rounded; umbilicus
large, with an orbicular aperture; lines of growth fine ; height
and diameter of base nearly equal.

Distinguished from C. acutus, in being devoid of the flattened
portions on the upper surface of the volutions; and in its general
aspect has a bluntness, which serves to characterise it.

Found in the Limestone of the Lead measures, near Settle,
Yorkshire.

11. C. raputarus.—The Boarded Cirrus, pl. XLI. fig. 28.

Cirrus tabulatus. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p. 226,
pl. 13, fig. 7.

Shell subconic, depressed ; yolutions few, subquadrate, tabu-
late, or concave above, with flattened sides, and their upper
margins acute; aperture transverse, and ovate.

Found in the Mountain Limestone of Kendal, Bolland, and
Northumberland.

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II, p.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 36, pl.

IMPORTANT WORKS ON NATURAL HISTORY.

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EvoMPHALUs.

12, C. pepressus.—The Depressed Cirrus, pl. XLI. fig.
29, 30.

Cirrus depressus. Mantell, Geo. of Sussex, p. 195, pl. 18,
fig. 18 and 22. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 35, pl. 428, fig. 3.
Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p. 112, pl. 6, fig. 12.

Shell depressed, subdiscoidal; volutions separated by a deep,
wide, canaliculate, angular suture, a small portion of each only
being visible, their internal sides regularly convex, the apical

one hardly elevated above the body volution; aperture obtusely
angular; whole surface covered with strong spiral strie.

This species differs from C. perspectivus, in the spire being hardly
elevated above the margin of the body volution, which renders the
umbilicus shallow.

Found in the Upper or Flinty Chalk, near Lewis, Suffolk ;
Kent, and Wiltshire; also in the Kelloways Rock at Hackness
and Scarborough.

13. C.pERspEcTivus.—The Perspective Cirrus, pl. XLI.
fig. 31 and 33.

Cirrus perspectivus.
18, fig. 12 and 21.
fig. 1, 2.

Shell obtusely conical, not quite so high as wide; volutions
six or seven, convex, a little square- externally; base rather

Mantell, Geo. of Sussex, p. 194, pl.
Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 35, pl. 428,

flattened ; umbilicus wide and deep, exposing about a third of
the width of the inner and convex edges of the volutions; aper-
ture transversely oblong; surface covered with fine spiral striae ;
inner surface pearlaceous.

Found in the Upper Chalk of the South Downs, Sussex ;
Kent, and Wiltshire; and sparingly in the Lower Chalk.

14. C. cartnatus.—The Keeled Cirrus, pl. XLI. fig. 32.
~ Cirrus carinatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 36, pl. 429,
fig. 3, 4.

Shell discoidal, smooth, ; spire depressed, consisting of three
or four ventricose volutions, obtusely carinated, and convex
below; umbilicus large and deep; aperture transverse and sub-
ovate.

Found at Lakehampton Hill, near Cheltenham.

15. C. GRANuLATUS.—The Granulated Cirrus.

Cirrus granulatus. Mantell, Geo. of Sussex, p. 195.

Conical; with five or six obscurely quadrangular volutions,
depressed on their upper and under surface, broad and slightly
convex on the outer margin; ornamented with very regular,
granulated, or moniliform striz.

Found in the Lower Chalk, near Lewis, by Dr. Mantell.

We have never seen either a figure or specimen of this species.

Genus XXX VII._—EUOMPHALUS.— Sowerby.

Orbicular, conical; spire short, with three or four
yolutions, imbricated above, and smooth below; aperture
of a round polygonal form; umbilicus large, penetrating
to the apex of the shell.

The shells of this genus are known only in a fossil
state; the species strongly resemble those of Delphinula,
the volutions, however, of that genus increase in size
much more rapidly than those of Euomphalus.

, MOLLUSCA.

81

1. E. catyx.—The Flower-cup Euomphalus, pl. XLII.
fig. 23.

Buomphalus calyx. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p. 225,
pl. 13, fig. 3. iB

Shell depressed; with three or four volutions, the apical one
hardly elevated above the others; external margin of the volu-
tions provided with a narrow carina, which forms a separating
internal suture to the lower portions of all the volutions; base
of the shell deeply concave.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

2. E. ANcuLATUS.—The Angular Euomphalus, pl. XLII.
fig. 26, 27.

Euomphalus angulatus.
pl. 52, fig. 3.

Shell with three much depressed volutions, and a series of
three spiral ribs on their upper surface, the lower one on the
extreme edge of the yolution; the whole surface being covered
with numerous longitudinal, subimbricated, distant, rough, irre-
gular striz ; base with five concentric, somewhat rounded ribs,
which are crossed by remote, indistinct striae, diverging from
the centre; these concentric ridges on the base form five
sharpish angles, and those of the spire three more acute angles,
on the margin of the outer lip; aperture obscurely octangular.

Found in Limestone at Colebrook Dale.

3. E.runatus.——The Corded Euomphalus, pl. XLII. fig.
24, 25.

Euomphalus funatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 71, pl.
450, fig. 1,2. Skenea funata, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 314.

Shell subconic, very short, consisting of three depressed yolu-
tions; provided with a series of narrow, rounded, thread-like,
spiral ribs, crossed by numerous, transverse, thin strie ; umbili-
cus rather small; base with several concentric ridges.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 114,

This species is distinguished from EF. discors, by having ribs on
its base, and in the transverse strie being much finer, closer, and
less rough in appearance, particularly those upon the upper surface.

Found in the Limestone at Dudley.

4, KE. pENTANGULATUS.—The Five-angled Euomphalus, pl.
XLII. fig. 28, 29.

Euomphalus pentangulatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p.
97, pl. 45, fig. 1, 2. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p. 225,
pl. 13, fig. 13. Ib., Treatise on Geology, I. p. 163, fig. 13.
Skenea perangulatus, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 314.

Shell consisting of five or six depressed, almost entirely
exposed, volutions; the spire being somewhat sunk below the
body, or external volution; the volutions provided with an
acute, elevated, central, spiral carina, or rib, on the superior
portion of the shell, extending from the centre of the aperture
to the apical conyolution; the base with a slightly angular,
nearly obsolete, concentric ridge; the whole crossed by some-
what fine, sharp, elevated strie; aperture obscurely pentangular,
somewhat rounded externally; the under side deeply and widely
umbilicated; internal cavity divided into chambers, by imperfo-
rate septa.

The shell appears to be thin.

Found in the Carboniferous Limestone of Ireland.

5. E. caritius—The Little-dish Euomphalus, pl. XLII.
fig. 30, 31.

Euomphalus catillus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 98, pl.
45, fig. 3,4. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p. 225, pl. 13,

x

82

fig. 1,2. Helix catillus, Martin, Petrificata Derbiensia. Par-
kinson, Org. Rem. III. pl. 6, fig. 1 and 3. Skenea catellus,
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 314.

Shell depressed, consisting of four or five almost entirely
exposed yolutions, with a prominent central carina, or ridge,
both above and below, and one side deeply umbilicate, in the
form of a hollow cone; aperture subtriangular, taking the sharp
form of both the carine, the sides next the body being longest.

Distinguished from E. pentangulatus, by the keel on its inferior sur-
face.

Found in the Carboniferous and Mountain Limestone.

6. E. piscors—The Discordant Euomphalus, pl. XLII.
fig. 32, 33.

Euomphalus discors.
52, fig. 1. Delphinula discors, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 313.

Shell subdepressed; with three or four volutions, the larger
or body one subimbricated the whole surface above, covered
with wide-set, undulating, transverse strie, most conspicuous in
passing over the spiral carine, and producing a cord-like appear-
ance; and with five spiral, rather prominent, rounded ribs on
the superior portion of the volutions, which rise a little above
the body, and the two superior ones terminating in a flattened,
truncated surface; base of the body volution smooth, large, and
rounded; the other volutions small, with a deeply umbilicated
centre.

Found in the Carboniferous Limestone, Colebrook Dale.

7. E. rucosus—The Wrinkled Euomphalus, pl. XLII. fig.
34, 35.

Euomphalus rugosus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 113, pl.
52, fig. 2. Delphinula rugosa, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 313.

Shell with three or four depressed yolutions; with four spiral
ribs above, crossed by oblique, wide-set, undulating strong striae,
which are stronger as they pass over the ribs, the lower one of
which forms an acutely carinated margin to the body yolution;
under surface of the body with strong, irregular, transversely
curved plaits, and deeply umbilicated; aperture subovate,
acutely pointed at the carina, and where it forms a junction
with the body.

This species will be easily recognised from the E. discors, by its
plaited under surface.

Found in the Carboniferous Limestone of Colebrook Dale.

8. E. cristatus—The Crested Euomphalus, pl. XLII.
fig. 36.

Euomphalus cristatus.
225, pl. 13, fig. 5.

Shell with three, widely separated, rather smooth volutions,
nearly equally rounded on both sides; the exterior margin pro-

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p.

vided with a series of alternately large and somewhat smaller,
conical, recurved, rather sharp tooth-like processes, which
extend to the inner volution.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

9. E. Nnoposusx—The Knotty Euomphalus, pl. XLII. fig.
37, 38.

Euomphalus nodosus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 99, pl.
46, fig. 1, 2. Delphinula nodosa, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 313.

Shell depressed, rather smooth, consisting of four yolutions ;
the upper side with a nearly central, elevated, rounded spiral
ridge; under surface with a central, spiral series of ovate, rather
large, nodular elevations; these continue in the lower side of

MOLLUSCA.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 113, pl.

ScALARIA.

all the yolutions, but are only here visible, as the volutions
conceal the external sides of each other to that extent; aper-
ture nearly orbicular, the side next the body being a little
square ; under surface forming a cup-shaped hollow cone.

Found in the Carboniferous Limestone of Derbyshire.

10. E. srrrons——The Double-fronted Euomphalus, pl.
XLII. fig. 39.

Euomphalus bifrons. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p-
225, pl. 13, fig. 4.

Shell with three rounded volutions; with a spiral series of
nearly orbicular, prominent tubercles above, and obtusely angu-
lated and umbilicated below.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

11. E. pucitis—The Champion Euomphalus.

Buomphalus pugilis. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, p. 225.

Volutions tuberculate on both sides, which distinguishes it
from the 2. bifrous, to which it otherwire bears a strong
resemblance.

12. E. coronatus——The Crowned Euomphalus, pl. XLII.
fig. 20, 21, 22.

Euomphalus coronatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 71,
pl. 450, fig. 3.

Shell discoidal, quite flat above, the volutions being ranged
on the same plain; the margin provided with a carina of broad,
flat, slightly pointed, sharp spines; volutions below, rounded,
and deeply concave, terminating in a central umbilicus.

Found at Ancliffe.

Genus XXXVIII.—SCALARIA.—Lamarck.
Shell turreted, elongated, with gibbous, deeply defined

volutions, quite apart in some species, provided with
longitudinal, oblique, acute ribs, which in some instances
are so thickened as to become distinctly varicose, in one
or two instances, however, they are barely elevated
above the surface of the shell; aperture nearly orbicular,
but generally somewhat longer than broad, its margin
thickened all round and reflected, and more so in such
species where the volutions are separated; on one side,
the lower part of the columella assumes the appearance
of an indistinct canal, which is more conspicuous in some
species than in others; operculum thin, and cornuous.

1. §S. rronposa.—The Leafy Scalaria, pl. XLII. fig. 1.

Scalaria frondosa. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 149, pl.
577, fig. 1.

Shell conical, turreted, elongated; with seven or eight deeply
divided, distinct, smooth volutions; each covered with about
twelve longitudinal, membranaceous, very thin, recurved, very
uniform ribs, with their superior portions extending above the
upper margins of the volutions in the form of concave spines.

This beautiful species is found in the Suffolk Crag.

2. §. ror1racea.—The Foliated Scalaria, pl. XLII. fig. 2.

Scalaria foliacea. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 125, pl.
390, fig. 2. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 312. G. B. Sowerby,
Genera of Shells, No. 11.

eee eee ae

en ee

a

|
:

ScaLaRIA.

Shell turreted; with seven or eight well defined, disunited
yolutions, covered with somewhat distant, slender edged, broad
based, slightly curved and oblique, longitudinal, reflected ribs,
a little bent back in the centre; aperture nearly round, and
destitute of a cord round the base, and also of a subumbilicus.

This species is closely allied to the S. clathrus, but a little attention
to the above specific character will shew the difference.

Found in the Suffolk Crag at Woodhall.

3. §S. rETIcULATA.—The Reticulated Scalaria, pl. XLII.
fig. 3, 4.

Scalaria reticulata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 150, pl.
577, fig. 5. Turbo reticulatus, Brander, fig. 27.

Shell subulate, short; with eight well defined, inflated, acute
yolutions, covered with numerous, close, longitudinal ribs, and
crossed by nine or ten prominent spiral striz, producing a reti-
culated aspect ; columella hollow; base smooth.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

4, §. simitis.—The Similar Scalaria, pl. XLII. fig. 5, 6.

Scalaria similis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 49, pl. 16, two
upper figs. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 311.

Shell with eight or nine well defined volutions; provided
with remote, rounded, circular, and prominent longitudinal
ribs; a series of five or six spiral, slightly elevated ribs traverse
the shell from the base to the apex, but are interrupted by
each of the ribs; the lower one on each volution the most
prominent; aperture slightly ovate; lips broad; and nearly of
uniform thickness all round.

This is a Crag fossil, and is found at Bramerton, near Nor-
wich, and at Holywells, near Ipswich.

5. S. inTERRupTA—The Interrupted Scalaria, pl. XLII.
fig. 7, 8.

Scalaria interrupta.
577, fig. 3.

Shell subulate; volutions united and convex; with numerous
longitudinal, obtuse ribs, slightly elevated at both extremities,
and united at both ends by transverse ridges, and a large varix
upon each volution: the whole shell spirally striate between
the ribs; aperture circular, and its base projecting beyond the
lower portion of the body.

A striking character of this shell is the union of all the ribs by a
thread-like, spiral rib.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

6. §. suputata.—The Subulate Scalaria, pl. XLII. fig. 9,
10.

Scalaria subulata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 125, pl.
390, fig. 1. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 312.

Shell subulate, turreted; with eight slightly defined, con-
tiguous volutions; covered by ten or twelve thick, well raised,
longitudinal ribs, which are reflected, and broadest at their
upper ends; aperture nearly circular; destitute of a cord around
the base, and without an umbilicus.

Found in the Suffolk Crag.

7. S$. acura.—The Acute Scalaria, pl. XLII. fig. 11, 12.

Scalaria acuta. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 50, pl. 16, two
lower figs. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 312.

Shell turreted; with eight or nine very gradually tapering,
deeply defined, and somewhat distant volutions; with numer-
ous, longitudinal, expanded, recurved ribs, acutely angular on

Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 149, pl.

MOLLUSCA. 83

their upper ends, uniting the volutions to each other, and form-
ing a flattened space above; three spiral, depressed ribs extend
from the base to the apex, between the longitudinal ribs, and a
fourth more prominent one near the lower margin of each volu-
tion; aperture circular, with its margin reflected, and contracted
into a spine-formed process at its upper and outer extremity,
and slightly peaked below the columellar side.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

8. S. uNDosa.—The Waved Scalaria, pl. XLII. fig. 13.

Scalaria undosa. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 150, pl.
577, fig. 4.

Shell subulate; volutions united, convex; with about twenty-
four slightly elevated, waved, broad, longitudinal ribs, and fine
numerous, spiral strie crossing them, and terminating in a
transyerse band; base almost smooth, with nearly obsolete lines
emanating from the ribs.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

9. S. minuTa.—The Minute Scalaria, pl. XLII. fig. 14, 15.

Scalaria minuta. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 125, pl.
390, fig. 3, 4. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 312.

Shell turreted; with seven or eight contiguous, smooth volu-
tions; each furnished with about twenty obtuse, thin, slightly
eleyated, nearly straight, longitudinal ribs; aperture slightly
ovate, furnished with a narrow lip all round, and is destitute of
an umbilicus.

This shell is only about half an inch inlength. Fig. 14 is a magnified
figure. It strongly resembles the recent species, S. Clathratulus, but the
ribs in that shell are more numerous and sharp. -

Found in the Crag at Ramshot.

10. S.sEmicostaTa.—The Semi-ribbed Scalaria, pl. XLII.
fig. 16, 17.

Scalaria semicostata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 50, pl.
16, middle fig. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 312.

Shell with about seven contiguous, inflated volutions; with
numerous, slightly elevated, longitudinal ribs, extending only
about half way down each yolution, the lower portion being
quite smooth, all the upper portion spirally striated; aperture
circular. Length about half an inch.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

1]. §S. murica.—The Barbless Scalaria, pl. XLII. fig. 19.

Scalaria acuta, var. mutica. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p.
149, pl. 577, fig. 2.

Shell subturreted; with seven inflated volutions, and about
sixteen longitudinal, thick, sharp edged, reflected, unequal ribs
on each yolution, but not produced above; about four flat and
narrow spiral ribs intervene betwixt the longitudinal ones, but
do not cross them; aperture circular ; margin thin.

Found in the London Clay in Alum Bay, Isle of Wight.

12. S, pricara.—The Plaited Scalaria, pl. XLiI. fig. 18.

Scalaria plicata. Deshayes, Foss. Env. des Paris, pl. ,
fig. . Scalaria semicostata, Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p.
150, pl. 577, fig. 6.

Shell greatly elongated; with eleven or twelve attached,
moderately inflated yolutions, ending in an acute apex; with
numerous, nearly straight, longitudinal, blunted ribs, the inter-
stices crossed by fine spiral striz; base of the body smooth ;
aperture slightly ovate; lips smooth and rounded, in their
whole circumference.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

84 MOLLUSCA.

Genus XXXIX.—VERMETUS.—Adanson.

Shell thin, tubulose, loosely spiral in the lower portion,
three or four upper volutions regularly spiral ; adherent
to extraneous substances by the apex of the spiral part ;
aperture orbicular; margins united, and provided with
an operculum.

1. V.Bocnortensis—The Bognor Vermetus, pl. XLII.
fig. 1.

Vermetus Bognoriensis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 194,
pl. 596, fig. 1, 2, 3. Vermicularia Bognoriensis, Mantel, Geo.
of Sussex, p- 272. Serpula ? Parkinson, Org. Rem. III. p.
97, pl. 7, fig. 8.

The spiral portion smooth, circular, conical, and concave
beneath; tube obscurely pentangular, with a furrow above and
below; the tubular projection cylindrical, slightly curved, and
generally exceeding in length the longest diameter of the shell.

This species is gregarious, and is plentiful in the Sandstone
of the Bognor Rocks, and on the coast of Sheppy, as well as at
Highgate Hill. Dr. Mantell mentions a block of Sandstone in
his possession, about four inches square, which contains nearly
twenty specimens lying in relief.

2. V. PoLyGoNnaLis.—The Polygonal Vermetus, pl. XLIII.
fig. 2.

Vermetus polygonalis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 196,
pl. 596, fig. 6.

Spiral portion in the form of a short cone, provided with one
inyolute, prominent, erect ridge, which wind to the apex, and
two less elevated ridges round the margin, where they ter-
minate more prominently, and their points ending in two short
spines; tubular projection, having a trumpet-shaped termina-
tion, and with seven acute angles.

Found at Seabrook, in Limestone belonging to the Lower
Greensand series. -

3. V.concinnus.—The Trim Vermetus, pl. XLIII. fig. 3.

Vermetus concinnus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 195, pl.
596, fig. 5.

Shell circularly conyolute, slightly convex on one side, and
concave on the other, a great portion of the tube projecting;
tube pentangular, four of the angles acute, and the other rather
obscure.

Found plentifully in a brown Sandy Limestone in Robin
Hood’s Bay, Isle of Wight.

4, V. rumipus.—The Tumid Vermetus, pl. XLIII. fig.
4, 5.

Vermetus tumidus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 195, pl.
596, fig. 4.

Shell thick, discoidal ; with few volutions, seldom exceeding
two; tube thick, externally marked with a broad, concentric
furrow or two on the sides; prolonged portion small, short, and
cylindrical; margin of the aperture thickened; apex with a
callus.

Found in the Coral Rag at Scarborough.

5. V.concavus.——The Concave Vermetus, pl. XXX VII*
fig. 40.

Vermetus concavus. J. de C. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV.
2nd series, p. 343, pl. 18, fig. 10. Fitton, Ib., p. 228. Ver-
micularia concava, Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 125, pl. 57, figs.
lto5d.

VERMETUS.

Shell smooth; spiral portion depressed above, and concave
beneath; three or four yolutions, united at the sides by a spiral
projection; prolonged portion always at least double the dia-
meter of the spiral part in length; tube rounded throughout.

Found in the Greensand at Dilton, near Westbury, and in
the Upper Greensand of Dorsetshire.

6. V. srriatus—The Striated Vermetus, pl. XLIII. fig.
14, 15. ‘

Planorbis radiatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 92, pl.
140, fig. 5. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 279.

Shell strong; with the spiral portion of the volutions nearly
lenticular, considerably produced, and nearly concealed in the
lower side; both sides traversed by radiating striae, which are
sharp and acute in and near the umbilicus, but gradually
become obsolete towards the back of the volutions; under side
umbilicated; aperture orbicular, swelling at the margins; thick-
ness about a fourth of its diameter.

Found in the Greensands of Blackdown, Devonshire.

FAMILY III].—PLICACEA.

Shell with the aperture somewhat contracted, and the
columella plaited.

Genus XL.—_TORNATELLA.—Zamarck.

Shell oval or oblong, cylindrical, generally grooved or
striated; spire very short, and somewhat obtuse, in a few
species acute; aperture longitudinal, elongated, not less
than half the length of the shell, but frequently two-
thirds, straitened above, and somewhat widened below;
outer lip simple, with an acute edge; inner lip thin, and
but slightly reflected over the body ; columella, which is
spiral, thickened, plaited, its base confluent with the
outer lip.

1. T. acurus—The Acute Tornatella, pl. XLIII. fig. 6,
gis

Tornatella acutus. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 336. Acteon
acutus, Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 78, pl. 455, fig. 2.

Shell subcylindrical, smooth; spire short, conical, and acute ;
columella provided with one plait; aperture about three-fourths
the length of the shell.

Found in the Oolite at Ancliffe.

Fig. 7, natural size; 6 and 8, magnified.

2. T. Nox.—Noah’s Tornatella, pl. XLIII. fig. 9, 10.

Tornatella Noe. Fleming, Brit. An. p.336. Acteon Noe,
Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 101, pl. 374.

Shell oval, fragile, subcylindrical ; -with one large plait at the
base of the columella; aperture oblong-oyate, straitened, and
pointed above, much widened and rounded below; outer lip
sulcated within; whole surface covered with numerous, equi-
distant, transverse strie, and obscurely decussated by longitudi-
nal striae.

Found in the Crag at Walton, Essex.

'ToORNATELLA.

3. T. cusprpatus——The Pointed Tornatella, pl. XLIII.
fig. 11, 12.

Tornatella cuspidatus. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 336. Acteon
cuspidatus, Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 77, pl. 455, fig. 1.

Shell smooth, subcylindrical; gradually contracting from the
centre to the base, which ends in a narrowed point; superior
portion of the body yolution flattened, and rather hollowed
around the base of the spire; spire conical, consisting of four
volutions, and terminating in a sharp apex; aperture greatly
elongated, extending above the body, and much contracted,
gradually widening as it descends; columeila provided with a
single plait, and an acute spiral edge above it; outer lip slightly
crenated within.

Found in the Oolite at Ancliffe.

4. T. retusus—The Blunted Tornatella, pl. XLIII. fig.
ley

Acteon retusus. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p. 107, pl.
4, fig. 27.

Shell subovate, smooth; body large, ventricose ; spire small,
consisting of three volutions, terminating in an obtuse apex;
aperture subovate; columella with two plaits; outer lip plain,
and rather acute.

Found in the Calcareous Grit at Scarborough.

5, T.ELONGATA—The Elongated Tornatella, pl. XX XIIL.*
fig. 10, 11.

Tornatella elongata. J. de C. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV.
2nd series, p. 335, pl. 11, fig. 1. Fitton, Ib., p. 363.

Shell elongated, elliptical; body large; spire short, consisting
of three or four volutions; aperture elongated, contracted
above, and wide below; outer lip slightly thickened; surface
covered with spiral, regular furrows, crossed by longitudinal
strie, which do not extend over the intervening ribs.

Found in the Chalk Marl of the Upper Greensand, Kent.

6. T. arrinis——The Related Tornatella, pl. XXXIIIL*
fig. 12, 13.

Tornatella afinis. J. de C. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd
series, p. 343, pl. 18, fig. 9.

Shell ovate; body large; spire short, consisting of four
gradually tapering volutions, terminating in an acute apex;
aperture occupying about half the length of the body, ovate,
contracted above, and gradually widening as it descends, the
lower part much rounded, and terminating in a truncated base ;
outer lip plain; columella with one single and one double fold ;
surface covered by numerous, spiral grooves, crossed by many
longitudinal, somewhat oblique striz.

This species has a strong resemblance to Auricula simulata, pl.
XLVI. fig. 40, 41, but is more elongated, more acute, and of smaller
size.

Found in the Gault, Kent.

7. T. Popi1—Pope’s Tornatella, pl. XXXIII.* fig. 14,
15.

Tornatella Popit. J. de C. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd
series, p. 347, pl. 23.

Shell smooth, oblong-ovate ; body large; spire small, con-
sisting of about three volutions; aperture oblong, rather wide,
slightly contracted above, expanding below, and occupying about
two-thirds of the body; columella with two plaits.

Found in the Hastings Sand, Sussex.

MOLLUSCA.

Pe 6)
or

FAMILY IV.._MACROSTOMA.

Shell auriform, with a very wide aperture, and the
margins disunited; destitute of a culumella or oper-
culum.

s

Genus XLI—PLEUROTOMARIA.—Defrance.

Shell turbinated, spiral, for the most part trochiform,
and abruptly conical, and in some species subturreted ;
aperture generally subquadrate, with rounded angles, in
others more orbicular, and flattened at the base; outer
lip sharp edged, with a deep slit near its junction with
the spire; provided with a large umbilicus.

1. P. aromartA——The Atomed Pleurotomaria, pl. XL.
fig. 1.

Pleurotomaria atomaria.
p- 227, pl. 15, fig. 11.

Shell ovate; body large, inflated; spire small, consisting of
three tabulated, rapidly decreasing volutions, terminating in an
obtuse apex; two sharp spiral carine traverse the shell; surface
covered with fine, punctated, spiral, and longitudinal striae, pro-
ducing an obscure reticulated appearance.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

2. P. unpuLata.——The Waved Pleurotomaria, pl. XL.
fig. 2.

Pleurotomaria undulata.
p: 227, pl. 15, fig. 14.

Shell ovate; body large, ventricose; spire small, consisting
of two convex volutions, terminating in an acute apex; a single
broad, flat band traverses the centre of the body, and lower
portion of the spiral convolutions; surface covered with lon-
gitudinal, undulating strie, every third one more prominent
than the others.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

3. P. 1nconspicua.—The Inconspicuous Pleurotomaria, pl.
XL, fig. 3 and 5.

Pleurotomaria inconspicua.
II. p. 227, pl. 15, fig. 8.

Shell somewhat depressed; body very large; spire very small,
consisting of two flattened yolutions; convex at the sides; aper-
ture large, transversely oval, very much expanded; outer lip
plain; inner lip broadly reflected on the columella; an obscure
narrow band traverses the centre of the body, and base of the
volutions of the spire; whole surface covered with distinct,

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II.

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, IT.

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire,

undulating, longitudinal striae.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

4, P. pepressa—The Depressed Pleurotomaria, pl. XL.
fig. 4.

Pleurotomaria depressa. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p.
227, pl. 15, fig. 7.

Shell depressed ; volutions plane above, convex and concen-
trically striated beneath; with a prominent rounded band
investing the central portion of the body.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bollapd.

5. P.¥F1puta—The Button Pleurotomaria, pl. XL. fig. 6.

Pleurotomaria stvialis. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p.

227, pl. 15, fig. 9.

86 MOLLUSCA.

Shell somewhat depressed; body large, inflated; spire very
short, consisting of three volutions, terminating in a very acute
apex; mesial band broad, plain, and investing the body some-
what below the centre; surface covered with fine, regular, spiral
striae.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

I have altered the specific name, as it was too near striata, No. 12.

6. P. sutcata.—The Sulcated Pleurotomaria, pl. XL.
fig. 7.

Pleurotomaria sulcata.
226, pl. 15, fig. 6.

Shell ovoid; body very large; spire very small, consisting of
three rounded yolutions, with an obscure, nearly central, trans-
verse mesial band; surface invested with numerous, rounded,
spiral sulci.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p.

7. P. sutcatuLa.—The Furrowed Pleurotomaria, pl. XL.
fig. 1\1-

Pleurotomaria sulcatula.
p- 226, pl. 15, fig. 5.

Shell subdepressed; body large; spire small, conoidal, with
three slightly inflated, rapidly diminishing volutions, terminating
in a subacute apex; aperture transyersely oblong, much ex-
panded; superior surface spirally furrowed; inferior surface
with fine concentric strie; mesial band rather narrow, and
situate a little below the centre.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bolland, and the Isle of
Man.

8. P. ExpansA-——The Expanded Pleurctomaria, pl. XL.
fig. 8.

Pleurotomaria expansa.
226, pl. 15, fig. 4.

Shell subconic, depressed; body very large; spire very small,
consisting of three depressed, gradually decreasing volutions ;
aperture much expanded transversely; mesial band flattened,
and crossed by arcuated strie; surface covered with oblique
strie, and obsolete spiral striz.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

9. P. trrata—The Ridged Pleurotomaria, pl. XL. fig.
9, 10.

Pleurotomaria livata.
227, pl. 15, fig. 13.

Shell conical; body large; spire small, consisting of four gra-
dually tapering volutions, terminating in an acute apex; aperture

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II.

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p.

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p.

nearly circular, slightly pointed above; outer lip plain; inner lip
narrowly reflected on the columella above, increasing in breadth
as it descends; mesial band prominent, with arcuated transverse

strie; surface above the band with longitudinal, oblique sulci, °

and with straight, longitudinal furrows beneath the band; base
rounded.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

10. P. acuta.— The Acute, Pleurotomaria, pl. XL.
fig. 12.

Pleurotomaria acuta.
228, pl. 15, fig. 21.

Shell reversed, gonical; spire consisting of three inflated
yolutions; body traversed at its angle by a short mesial band;
surface obliquely striated above the carina, and with spiral lines
below.

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p.

PLEUROTOMARIA.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

1]. P. asprra.—The Concealed Pleurotomaria, pl. XL.
fig. 13, 14.

Pleurotomaria abdita. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, IL. p.
227, pl. 15, fig. 15.

Shell smooth, subdepressed; body very large; spire very
small, consisting of three flat volutions, a little rounded at the
sides, ending in an obtuse apex; aperture large, transversely
expanded; outer lip bounded by the band; inner lip reflected
on the columella; mesial band broad, flat, and losing itself in
the suture of the spire.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

ae? sTRIATA.—The Striated Pleurotomaria, pl. XL. fig.
15, 16.

Helix? striatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IL. p. 159, pl. 171,
fig. 1.

Shell conical, subdepressed; body large; spire small, consist-
ing of three flattened volutions, rounded at the sides; aperture
suborbicular, occupying more than half the length of the body ;
an elevated, broad, transverse, mesial band invests the centre of
the body, and is continued along the base of the volutions of
the spire, and crossed by arcuated striz ; columella solid; sur-
face covered by oblique, somewhat wide striz.

Found in the Mountain Limestone of Derbyshire.

13. P. Guasrata.—The Smooth Pleurotomaria, pl. XL.
fig. 17.

Pleurotomaria glabrata. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, IL. p.
229, pl. 15, fig. 28.

Shell depressed, smooth; body large; spire small, with three
gradually tapering volutions; body rounded at the sides; length
only about half its diameter; destitute of a band.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

14, P. rLAmmicERA.—The Flame Pleurotomaria, pl. XL.
fig. 18.

Pleurotomaria flammigera.
II. p. 226, pl. 15, fig. 2.
fig. 11.

Shell subconic; spire with three moderately inflated volu-
tions; body haying a broad mesial band, with arcuated trans-

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire,
Ib., Treatise on Geology, I. p. 163,

verse striae; whole surface covered with longitudinal and
transverse, wide-set strie, producing a fine reticulated appear-
ance; above the band, the surface is covered with handsome
flame-like, zigzag lines of colour.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

15. P. ovoipra.—The Ovate Pleurotomaria, pl. XL. fig.
19.

Pleurotomaria ovoidea.
228, pl. 15, fig. 27.

Shell smooth, ovate, subconic; body large; spire small, con-
sisting of four moderately rounded volutions, subangular below;
surface with flexous lines of growth.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, in Derbyshire, Bolland,
Isle of Man, and Otterburn, Northumberland.

16. P. Hewicoipes.—The Helix-formed Pleurotomaria,
pl. XL. fig. 20.

Pleurotomaria Helicoides.
p- 228, pl. 15, fig. 26.

Shell smooth, subdepressed ; body large; spire small, with
four rounded yolutions, terminating in an acute apex; base

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p. .

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II.

PLEUROTOMARIA.

umbilicated, with its edges spirally striated; aperture lunate ;
surface covered with faint lines of growth, which are retroflexed
in the middle.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

17. P. virrata——The Banded Pleurotomaria, pl. XL.
fig. 21.

Pleurotomaria vittata.
228, pl. 15, fig. 24.

Shell conical, subturreted ; spire and body of nearly equal
length; volutions ventricose; a broad, flat, spiral, mesial band
invests the body, somewhat lower than the centre; surface
covered with longitudinal, slightly oblique strie.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Otterburn and Bolland.

18. P. scutpra.—The Carved Pleurotomaria, pl. XL. fig.
22. -

Pleurotomaria sculpta. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p.
227, pl. 15, fig. 12.

Shell conical, elongated; body large; spire small, consisting
of three slightly inflated, tabulated volutions, each furnished
with three carine, the spaces between which are provided with
very delicate striae; upper and under surfaces longitudinally
plaited.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

19. BP. INTERSTRIALIS—The Interstriated Pleurotomaria,
pl. XL. fig. 23.

Pleurotomaria interstrialis.
II. p. 227, pl. 15, fig. 10.

Shell oblong-ovate, pyramidal; spire conical, of medium
length, consisting of four volutions, terminating in an acute
apex ; body invested by three rather prominent, spiral carine,
each with two or three strong, spiral striz between them; base
convex, concentrically striate; aperture nearly orbicular; whole
surface covered with fine, longitudinal, fimbriated strix.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

20. P. carinaTa.—The Keeled Pleurotomaria, pl. XL. fig.
24, 25.

Pleurotomaria carinata. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p.
226, pl. 15, fig. 1. Helix carinatus, Sowerby, Min. Conch. I.
p- 34, pl. 10, upper and lower figures.

Shell pyramidal; body large; spire small, consisting of four
flat-sided yolutions, terminating in a rather acute apex; body
invested by a broad, flat, elevated, spiral, mesial band, emanat-
ing from the superior edge of the outer lip, winding along the
centre of the body, and continued at the base of each yolution,
until it loses itself in the apical one; portion of the body below
the band smooth, as well as the base, which is furnished with a
pretty large, open umbilicus; superior portion of the body and
spire, as well as the band, covered by oblique striz; aperture
large, and expanded laterally.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Settle, Yorkshire.

21. P. rumipa—The Tumid Pleurotomaria, pl. XL. fig.
26.

Pleurotomaria tumida.
226, pl. 15, fig. 3.

Shell subdepressed ; body large, tumid; spire short, consist-
ing of three rounded volutions, excavated above, as well as the
body; a broad, flat, spiral, mesial band invests the centre of the
body; whole surface covered with nearly obsolete, spiral striz,
and with longitudinal arcuated striz.

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p.

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire,

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p.

MOLLUSCA. 87

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

22. P. pupiA.—The Doubtful Pleurotomaria, pl. XL. fig.
27.

Cirrus, probably C. rotundatus.
shire, p. 250, pl. 15, fig. 31.

Shell cirriform, depressed, smooth; spire small, consisting of
two flat volutions.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

23. P. GEMMULIFERA—The Gemmed Pleurotomaria, pl.
XL. fig. 28, 29.

Pleurotomaria gemmulifera. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire,
II. p. 227, pl. 15, fig. 19.

Shell subconic, subdepressed ; body large; spire small; volu-
tions convex above, and flat beneath; edge nodular; aperture
very large, transversely expanded; the whole upper surface
covered by gemmuliferous, spiral striz.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

24, P. MonitirErRA—The Necklace-striate Pleurotomaria,
pl. XL. fig. 30 and 34.

Pleurotomaria monilifera. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II.
p- 227, pl. 15, fig. 10, a.

Shell oblong-ovate; superior portion of the body and spire
conical; body with a large, prominent, spiral, mesial band on
its extreme edge, with a smaller one below, these extend to the
spire; aperture of moderate size; whole snrface covered with

Phillips, Geo. of York-

moniliform, spiral striae.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

25. P. concEenTRIcA.—The Concentric Pleurotomaria, p!.
XL. fig. 31.

Pleurotomaria concentrica.
p: 228, pl. 15, fig. 23.

Shell turreted; with quadrate, subtabulate volutions above,
conyex below; umbilicus closed; whole surface covered by
numerous, strong, spiral sulci, the basal furrows being the

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II.

largest.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

26. P. contca——The Conical Pleurotomaria, pl. XL. fig.
323

Pleurotomaria conica. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II. p-

- 228, pl. 15, fig. 22.

Shell conical; body ventricose; spire consisting of five nearly
flat-sided volutions, ending in an acute apex; base umbilicated ;
aperture large, subovate, laterally expanded; a bicarinate, spiral,
mesial band invests the lower portion of the body, and, aseend-
ing, winds round the base of the volutions of the spire, covered
with oblique, acutely elevated strie.

In some varieties the band is tricarinate, with a sulcus separating the
two superior ones.

Found in the Mountain Limestone of Derbyshire, and at
Bolland.

27. P. uimBpaTa—The Bordered Pleurotomaria, pl. XL.

fig. 33.

Pleurotomaria limbata. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, Il. p.
227, pl. 15, fig. 18.

Shell conical, subdepressed; spire consisting of five rather
flat-sided volutions; base of the volutions, as well as the body,
provided with numerous, oblique ribs; the superior margin of
all the volutions nodular ; base flat.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

88 MOLLUSCA.

28. P. BISERRATA.—The Doubly-serrated Pleurotomaria,
pl. XL. fig. 35.

Pleurotomaria biserrata. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, IE
p: 228, pl. 15, fig. 29.

Shell acutely conical; body not quite so long as the spire ;
suture of the spire, and lower angle of the volutions, provided
with a doubly serrated carina, and between them a crenulated
line; base provided with three concentric furrows; and the
whole surface obliquely striate.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Derbyshire.

29, P. rornatitis.—The Turned Pleurotomaria, pl. XL.
fig. 36.

Pleurotomaria tornatilis.
p- 228, pl. 15, fig. 25.

Shell ovate; body large, inflated; spire small, consisting of
four ventricose volutions; base somewhat pointed, and acute;
body invested by a very broad, spiral, mesial band, with a fur-
row on each side, continued around the base of the volutions
of the spire; base provided with two concentric furrows; the
whole surface covered with distinct, spiral striz.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

30. P. squamuta.—The Scaly Pleurotomaria, pl. XL.
fig. 37.

Pleurotomaria squamula.
p» 227, pl. 15, fig. 17.

Shell regularly conical; body and spire of nearly equal
length; sides almost flat; spire consisting of five volutions ;
whole surface covered with numerous, squamous, oblique ribs,
either entire or bifurcate, or alternately long and short.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

31. P. cirrirormis.—The Cirrus-shaped Pleurotomaria,
pl. XL. fig. 38 and 42.

Helix 2? cirriformis.
171, fig. 2.

Shell conical, ventricose; volutions a little tabulate above ;
aperture nearly circular ; a broad, raised, mesial band traverses
the centre of the body and volutions of the spire, and is crossed
by arcuated strie ; whole surface covered with longitudinal and
spiral, distinct, small, arcuated strie ; base with a narrow um-
bilicus.

Found in the Mountain Limestone of Derbyshire.

32. P. Excavata.—The Excavated Pleurotomaria, pl. XL.
fig. 39.

Pleurotomaria excavata.
p> 228, pl. 15, fig. 20.

Shell conical; the volutions tumid, and provided with a sharp
carina on their sides; almost plain above and below; umbilicus

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, Il.

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 160, pl.

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, II.

closed.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

33. P. Fusirormis.—The Spindle-shaped Pleurotomaria,
. XL. fig. 40.
Pleurotomaria fusiformis.
p- 227, pl. 15, fig. 16.

Shell smooth, fusiform ; spire not quite so long as the body;
sides of the volutions rather flat, and furnished with three spiral
carina, the lower one sutural ; aperture ovate.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

34. P. sERRILIMBA.—The Tooth-bordered Pleurotomaria,
pl. XL. fig. 41.

a
~

Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, IT.

Natica.

Pleurotomaria serrilimba. Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, If.
p. 228.

Shell acutely conical; body very short; spire long, with nearly
flat sides; the band which traverses the lower margin, with a
serrated margin. ~

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Derbyshire.

35. P. compressa.—The Compressed Pleurotomaria, pl.
XXXIII.* fig. 16, 17.

Helicina compressa.
10, three middle figures.

Shell thick, strong, depressed; body large; spire short, con-
sisting of three nearly flat-sided volutions; aperture subovate, a
little angular above; body provided with an elevated, sharp,
narrow, mesial band, which also invests the lower part of the
volutions of the spire.

Found in the Mountain Limestone of Leicestershire.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. II. p. 33, pl.

Genus XLII.—_SIGARETUS.—Lamarck.

Shell subauriform, somewhat orbicular, and depressed,
generally with a nearly marginal, hardly prominent spire,
consisting of two or three volutions; aperture entire,
longer than wide, greatly dilated, with its edges disunited
at the upper extremity, and embracing the lower part of
the body; inner lip short, spirally twisted, and for the
most part a very little reflected above, but in some in-
stanees so much so, as to form a small umbilicus; inside
of the aperture exhibiting two muscular impressions, one
at the upper, and the other at the lower extremity.

1. §. canaticutatus——The Canaled Sigaretus, pl. XLITI.
fig. 16, 17.

Sigaretus canaliculatus.
pl. 384.

Shell slightly ovate, convex; spire depressed, with two canali-
culate volutions, terminating in a pointed apex; aperture sub-
ovate, rounded below, and somewhat square next the columella,
over which the inner lip is broadly reflected, with a large
umbilicus behind; whole surface covered by longitudinal strie,
which are decussated by transverse lines of growth. Length
varying from half an inch to three-quarters.

Found in the London Clay at Hordwell.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 115,

FAMILY V.—NERITACKEA.

Shells inhabiting the sea and fresh waters; semi-
globular, or oval in their form; destitute of a columella ;
the margin of the inner lip sharp edged, and placed
transversely ; always provided with an operculum.

Genus XLIIJI.—NATICA.—Adanson.

Shell subglobose, oval, or oblong; umbilicate ; spire
short, sometimes very short, with apex very rarely
pointed; aperture large, semicircular, and very seldom

Es

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Natica.

effuse; outer lip sharp-edged, smooth within; columellar
lip transversely oblique, destitute of teeth, generally
thickened, and sometimes with a coating of enamel
spread thickly over the umbilicus; umbilicus usually
large, having a spiral callosity within, which in some
instances increases so as to cover it, in others it is very
small, and in a few instances nearly obsolete, so much
so, as to be hardly perceptible as an umbilical opening ;
operculum testaceous in some species, and horny in
others.

1. Natica GLauctnorpes. — The Grayish Natica, pl.
XLIII. fig. 30, 31.

Natica glaucinoides. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 19, pl. 5,
three upper figures. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 320.

Shell semiglobular; body very large, inflated, slightly flat-
tened, and a little concave above; spire small, consisting of
four rounded, rapidly decreasing volutions, terminating in a
pointed apex; umbilicus large, simple, while in some specimens
it is partly closed, by a slight elongation of the glazing of the
pillar lip; surface very glossy, of a light grayish-brown colour,
with indications of darker bands.

This shell strongly resembles JV. glaucina, but its spire is more pro-
duced than in that species, the inner lip is also stronger, and liable to
become callous over the umbilical region.

Found in the London Clay at Highgate, and in the Suffolk
Crag.

2. Narica simiLis—The Similar Natica, pl. XLII. fig.
28, 29.

Natica similis.
Fleming, p. 320.

Shell smooth, somewhat rhomboidal, or slightly ovate; spire
very short, consisting of three or four depressed volutions, the
apicial one obtuse; aperture sublunate, longitudinal ; outer lip
not much expanded, and plain; inner lip thickened, bilobate,
dividing the umbilicus, which is deep, and with a flattened area
at its lower side.

Found in the London Clay at Highgate, and also at Bognor.

3. Natica pDiscrepaNns.—The Differing Natica, pl. XLIII.
fig. 24.

Natica glaucinoides. Sowerby, V. p. 126, pl. 499, fig. 4.

Shell ovate, smooth, and glossy; spire very short, consisting
of four depressed volutions, with the apicial one obtuse; aper-
ture large, sublunate, with the outer lip considerably expanded,
and plain at the edge; pillar lip broadly thickened upon the
columella above, but narrowed below; umbilicus deep and wide,
but suddenly contracting internally.

This shell differs from the JV. glaucinoides, in its more expanded

outer lip, and in the aperture being larger in proportion to the size of
the shell.

Found in the Suffolk Crag, and at Bramerton, Norfolk.

4. Narica sicaraTina—The Sigaritus-formed Natica, pl.
XLIII. fig. 18, 19.

Natica sigaratina. Sowerby, V. p. 126, pl. 479, fig. 3.
Fleming, p. 321.

Shell smooth, greatly depressed; spire small, with three ill
defined volutions, hardly rising above the body; aperture ovate,
obliquely curved, and contracted above; outer lip even; thick-
ening on the pillar narrow; umbilicus large, nearly filled with a
lenticular callus, a small portion, however, is always open.

Sowerby, I. p. 20, pl. 5, two middle figures.

MOLLUSCA. 89

Found in the London Clay.

5. Narvica cIRRIFORMIS.—The Cirrus-shaped Natica, pl.
XLII. fig. 20, 21.

Shell subglobose ; spire rather short, consisting of three well
rounded, but somewhat depressed yolutions, the apicial one
much blunted; body rather flattened above ; aperture small,
sublunate, rounded both above and below; pillar lip thickened,
with a central sinus; umbilicus very large, intruding upon the
columella, destitute of a spiral ridge, and exposing the volutions
internally as far as the apicial one ; behind the pillar lip some
strong, elevated, nearly equidistant, longitudinal ridges.

Found in the Suffolk Crag.

6. Natica patuta—The Open Natica, pl. XLIII. fig.
22, 23.

Natica patula.
figures.

Sowerby, IV. p. 99, pl. 373, three lower
Fleming, p. 321.

Shell slightly ovate; body very large, flattened in front; spire
very short, and much depressed, hardly rising above the general
surface of the body, consisting of four very small volutions, ter-
minating in an acute apex; aperture sublunate, rounded both
above and below; pillar lip considerably thickened; umbilicus
large, and partly filled by a eallus, with a smaller one, forming
a spiral ridge within; general surface smooth, with very minute,
concentric striae, and rather obsolete lines of growth.

Found at Ipswich, in the Suffolk Crag.

7. Natica cincta.— The Girdled Natica, pl. XLIII.
fig. 25.

Natica cincta. Phillips, I. p. 101, pl. 4, fig. 9.

Shell ovate; spire depressed, consisting of three volutions,
flattened above; body with a large obliquely flattened space
above, with a subcarinated edge; aperture sublunate, with a
sharp outer lip, and a moderately thick columellar glazing; um-
bilicus rather small; outer surface smooth, with distinct lines of
growth; the body invested by a spiral fillet or band.

Found in the Coralline Oolite at Malton.

8. NaticA AMPLIATA—The Ample Natica, pl. XLIII. fig.
26; 211

Natica ampliata. Phillips, II. p. 224, pl. 14, fig. 21 and 24.

Shell hemispherical; body very large, much inflated; spire
very small, sunk behind the outer lip, and consisting of two
much depressed, ill defined volutions; aperture ample; outer
lip much expanded; columellar lip plane; whole surface covered
with small, equidistant, filiform, longitudinal striz.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland, and in Nor-
thumberland.

9g. Nartica pLicistr1a.—The Plicistriate Natica, pl. XLIII.
fig. 32.

Natica plicistria. Phillips, II. p. 225, pl. 14, fig. 25.

Shell oblong-ovate; body large, smooth; spire small, sub-
conic, consisting of three plicistriate volutions, their superior
edges being obliquely flattened, as well as that of the body.

When the shell is old, the flat space Vecomes concave.

Found in the Mountain Limestone of Bolland, Bristol, Nor-
thumberland, Kirby Lonsdale, and Kildare, Ireland.

10. Narica appucta——The Close Natica, pl. XLII. fig.
33 and 41.

Natica adducta. Phillips, I. p. 123, pl. 9, fig. 30, and p.
129, pl. 11, fig. 35.

90 MOLLUSCA.

Shell smooth, nearly hemispherical; body large spire pretty
large, produced, consisting of four rather inflated volutions, ter-
minating in a sharp apex; a few indistinct lines of growth.

Found in the Oolite called the White Nab, at Cloughton,
and in the Inferior Oolite Sand called the Blue Wick.

11. Narica Eviietica—The Elliptical Natica, pl. XLII.
fig. 34.

Natica elliptica. Phillips, II. p. 224, pl. 14, fig. 23.

Shell elliptical ; body very large, covered with fine, oblique
striz; spire short, very small, consisting of three greatly de-
pressed volutions, with the apicial one quite obtuse; columella
plain, and arcuated.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, in Northumberland, and
at Bolland.

12. Natica PLANispira.— The Flat-spired Natica, pl.
XLIIL. fig. 35.

Natica planispira. Phillips, Il. p. 224, pl. 14, fig. 30.

Shell oblong-ovate ; body very large; spire very small, con-
sisting of two well defined volutions, flattened above; aperture
large, wide, and subquadrate; outer lip much expanded, and
produced in the centre ; columellar lip widely thickened above,
and narrowing as it descends; umbilicus closed; body flattened
above, and plicistriate.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

13. Narica HEMICLAUSA—The Half-closed Natica, pl.
XLIII. fig. 36, 37.

Natica hemiclausa.
Fleming, p. 321.

Shell smooth, subovate; body very large in proportion to the
size of the spire, which consists of two very small, ill defined
volutions; aperture ovate, occupying about two-thirds of the
length of the shell; outer lip smooth-edged; pillar lip consider-
ably thickened above, narrow beneath, and slightly reflected
into the moderately-sized umbilicus, which it half closes; it is

Sowerby, V. p. 125, pl. 479, fig. 2.

destitute of a spiral ridge; the shell is thickened in the middle,
and gradually tapers towards the apex, and also towards the
base, which is somewhat produced.

Found in the Crag at Woodbridge, Bramerton, Ipswich, and
yarious other places in Suffolk and Norfolk.

14. Natica t1rata.—The Lyre-shaped Natica, pl. XLIII.
fig. 38, 39.

Natica lirata. Phillips, IT. p. 224, pl. 14, fig. 22.

Shell suborbicular ; body very large; spire very small, mam-
millary, consisting of two or three volutions, the lower one large
in proportion to the others, and terminating in a rounded apex;
aperture smooth internally, rather large; outer lip greatly ex-
panded; body somewhat flattened above, and the whole surface
covered with longitudinal, lamellar, raised, thread-like striz,
resembling the strings of a lyre.

A variety is found with interlaminar striz.

This species occurs in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

15. Narvica TapuLata—The Tabulated Natica, pl. XLIII.
fig. 40.

Natica tabulata. Phillips, II. p. 225, pl. 14, fig. 29.

Shell oblong-ovate; spire produced, consisting of three volu-
tions, flattened, or tabulated above; body subcylindrical, with a
subacute base; and its superior portion flattened, and slightly
oblique, with five longitudinal striz.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

Natica.

16. Natica TumipuLA—The Slightly-tumid Natica, pl.
XLIII. fig. 42, 43.

Natica tumidula. Phillips, I. p. 129, pl. 11, fig. 25.

Shell smooth, nearly orbicular ; body large and tumid; spire
exceedingly small, consisting of two very ill defined yolutions,
which hardly rise above the body; aperture very large, extend-
ing nearly the whole length of the shell; outer lip sharp at the
edge; pillar lip broadly reflected on the columella, slightly waved
on the side next the aperture, the other side considerably in-
dented above, with a large callus, which completely closes the
umbilicus.

Found in the Blue Wick, by Mr. Bean, of Scarborough, and
has also been met with in the Oolite Sand, Somersetshire.

17. Narica ELoNGATA.—The Elongated Natica, pl. XLIII.
fig. 44.

Natica elongata. Phillips, II. p. 225, pl. 14, fig. 28.

Shell oblong-ovate; body large, oblique; spire small, con-
sisting of two or three mammillated volutions ; surface covered
with oblique, minute striz.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

18. Natica vartata—The Variable Natica, pl. XLIII.
fig. 45, 46.

Shell subovate, slightly flattened above; spire small, consist-
ing of two volutions, with an acute apex; surface covered with
strie, which is partly oblique and partly spiral ; aperture sub-
oval; outer lip rather expanding; pillar lip broadly reflected on
the columella; umbilicus closed.

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

19. Narica striata—The Striated Natica, pl. XLIII.
fig. 47, 48.

Natica striata. Sowerby, IV. p. 99, pl. 373, two upper
figures. Fleming, p. 321.

Shell smooth, oblong-ovate; spire small, consisting of three
narrow, but well defined volutions, the apicial one somewhat
obtuse; aperture, occupying about three-fourths of the length
of the shell, rounded below, and a little contracted above; outer
lip blunted at the edge; inner lip broadly reflected on the colu-
mella above, but with a sinus at the umbilical region; umbilicus
of medium size, open, and destitute of spiral ridges; base con-
centrically striated.

Found in the London Clay.

20. Natica DEPREssA—The Depressed Natica, pl. XLII.
fig. 49, 50.

Natica depressa.
Fleming, p. 320.

Shell slightly ovate; spire of medium length, consisting of
five well defined and rounded volutions, their superior surface
subtabulated ; body volution subcompressed above the centre,
the top being flattened; aperture slightly ovate, rounded
below, and slightly contracted above; inner lip rather broadly
reflected on the columella, and of nearly uniform breadth
its whole length; umbilicus rather small, oblong, and rather
shallow.

Found in the Crag Marl at Woodbridge, Suffolk.

21. NatIcA CANALICULATA.— The Canaled Natica, pl.
XXXIII* fig. 19, 20.

Natica canaliculata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series,
p- 336, pl. 11, fig. 12, and pl. 18, fig. 6. Ampullaria canalicu-
lata, Mantell, Geo. of Sussex, p. 87, pl. 19, fig. 13.

Sowerby, I. p. 21, pl. 5, lower figures.

NERITA.

Spherical, depressed, smooth ; spire short, consisting of two
inflated volutions, their upper edges furnished with a concave,
transversely striated groove or band, with a blunted apex; um-
bilicus large, circular, gradually expanding into the base of the
body.

Found in the Gault at Folkstone, Kent.

22. Narica ELEGANS—The Elegant Natica, pl. XXXIIL*
fig. 21.

Natica elegans.
347, pl. 23, fig. 3.

Oblong, smooth; spire small, with four flat-sided volutions,
their upper edges a little rounded, ending in an acute point;
aperture somewhat more than two-thirds the length of the
shell.

Found in the Portland Stone, Vale of Wardour, South Wilt-
shire.

23. Narica cartnata.—tThe Keeled Natica, pl. XX XIIL*
fig. 22, 23.

Natica carinata.
343, pl. 18, fig. 8.

Shell transversely ovate; body very large, flattened above ;
spire small, with two volutions, placed obliquely to the base of
the shell, and obtuse at the point; body provided with five pro-
minent and rugged keels, which terminate on the margin of the
widely expanding outer lip, and forming a scolloped edge; aper-
ture very large, semilunar; inner lip very broadly reflected on
the columella.

Found in the Sands of Blackdown, Devonshire.

24. NaTiIca GRANOSA.—The Granola Natica, pl. XX XIIL*
fig. 24, 25.

Natica granosa.
343, pl. 18, fig. 7.

Subglobose; body very large, much inflated, and covered
with numerous, regular, spiral, rounded ridges, which are cros-
sed by many longitudinal striz, or lines of growth, producing
rounded granulations; spire small, consisting of three well
rounded, rapidly diminishing yolutions, ending in a sharp point;
aperture oblong, slightly twisted, contracted above, and orbicu-
lar below; outer lip much dilated; inner lip broad, with a large
open umbilicus behind it.

Found in the Sands at Blackdown, Devonshire.

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series, p.

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series, p.

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series, p.

Genus XLIV.—NERITA.—ZLamarck.

Shell solid, generally thick, semiglobular, or obovate ;
spire very short; base of the body for the most part flat-
tened beneath, but destitute of an umbilicus; aperture
semicircular; margin of the outer lip sharp, and crenu-
lated, or toothed on the inner side; pillar lip generally
oblique, flattened, sharp on the margin, which lies ob-
lique to the axis of the shell, and for the most part den-
tated or crenated; a small prominence exists at the lower
extremity of the inner lip, between which and the inner
lip the small appendage to the operculum slides, as the
animal opens or closes the aperture for egress; moving
in the same manner as a door on its hinges, when the
animal protrudes its body ; operculum testaceous.

MOLLUSCA. 91

1. Nenita costaTa—The Ribbed Nerita, pl. XLIV. fig.
1y2.

Nerita costata.
ming, p. 319.

Shell nearly globular; spire much depressed, consisting of
two volutions, with a canaliculate suture; whole surface covered
by numerous, thin, sharp, longitudinal ribs; aperture nearly
orbicular, much expanded; outer lip rather thickened ; pillar
somewhat produced, and obtuse, and nearly divided by a slight
sinus into two blunt teeth.

Found in the Oolite at Ancliffe.

2. Nerira Lavicata—The Smooth Nerita, pl. XLIV.
fig. 3, 4.

Nerita levigata.
ming, p. 318.

Subglobose, smooth, glossy ; spire conical, consisting of two
slightly divided, flat-sided volutions ; body invested by a sub-
central, nearly obscure, transverse sulcus; base convex; aper-
ture sublunate, its width greater than its length; outer lip
smooth-edged; columella obscure.

Found in the Oolite at Dundry.

3. Nerira minura.—The Minute Nerita, pl. XLIV. fig.
5637.

Nerita minuta.
ming, p. 318.

Orbicular, smooth; spire obscure, much depressed, consisting
of one volution and a half; aperture oval; outer lip blunted ;
pillar lip destitute of any appearance of teeth.
an eighth of an inch. Fig. 7, natural size.

Found in the Oolite at Ancliffe.

4. Nerita aperta—The Open Nerita, pl. XLIV. fig.
8, 9.

Neriia aperta.
Fleming, p. 318.

Suborbicular, smooth, with acutely zigzag brown lines, which
are equal in thickness to the white intervals between them;
spire depressed, with two volutions; aperture wide, semilunate;

Sowerby, V. p. 94, pl. 463, fig. 5,6. Fle-

Sowerby, III. p. 31, pl. 217, fig. 1. Fle-

Sowerby, V. p. 93, pl. 463, fig. 3,4. Fle-

Diameter not

Sowerby, V. p. 30, pl. 424, fig. 2, 3, 4

outer lip much thickened, its edge sharp and even; inner lip
broadly reflected on the columella, its inner edge obscurely cre-
nated, and furnished with one large tooth.

Found in the London Clay at Cowell Bay, Isle of Wight.

5. Nerira GLogosa.-—The Globular Nerita, pl. XLIV.
fig. 10, 11.

Nerita globosa.
ming, p. 318.

Suborbicular; spire hardly elevated above the body, with two
volutions; aperture somewhat orbicular, within which, near its
lower end, a lamelliform tooth; outer lip thin, destitute of cre-
nulations; pillar lip narrowly reflected on the columella above,
but wider below, provided with one very obtuse tooth near its
upper end; whole surface transversely sulcated.

Found in the London Clay, Hampshire.

6. Nenrrra sprrata—The Short-spired Nerita, pl. XLIV.
fig. 24, 25.

Nerita spirata.
ming, p. 319.

Subglobose, smooth; spire very small, in proportion to the
size of the shell, consisting of two volutions, and with an
obscure canal round their base; body extremely large, broadly

Sowerby, V. p. 29, pl. 424, fig. 1. Fle-

Sowerby, V. p. 93, pl. 463, fig. 1, 2. Fle-

92

canaliculate above, and exhibiting inequidistant lines of growth,
which are more conspicuous above, and nearly obsolete below ;
aperture transversely ovate.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Gloucestershire.

7. Neniva sinvosa—The Sinuated Nerita, pl. XLIV. fig.
26, 27.

Nerita sinuosa. Sowerby, IV. p. 32, pl. 217, fig. 2. Fle-
ming, p- 318.

Subovate ; spire short, with three rather inflated volutions,
the apicial one obtuse; aperture elongated; outer lip plain, with
a sinuated lobe on its edge, near the base; columellar lip broad
and flat; body with an angular, transverse sinus above the
middle, and bordered with an obtuse keel; whole surface with
irregular, well defined lines of growth.

Found in the Portland Oolite at Chilmarsh.

8. Nerira ancutata.— The Angulated Nerita, pl.
XXXVIL* fig. 40, 41.

Nerita angulata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. N. series, p.
347, pl. 23, fig. 2. Benetts, Cat. p. 4.

Subglobose? body large, with an elevated spiral carina some-
what below its centre; spire small, and obtuse; aperture
oblong.

A cast of the shell.

Found in the Portland Stone, North Wiltshire.

Genus XLV.—PILEOLUS.—Cookson.

Shell concave; spire internal, very short ; with a sub-
central, erect vertex; base concave, nearly orbicular, and
somewhat cushion-shaped; aperture situate in the lower
disk, and provided with a crenulated, internal lip; exter-
nal lip furnished with a raised margin.

1. Pitzotus Ltavis—The Smooth Pileolus, pl. XLIV.
fig. 16, 17.

Pileolus levis. Sowerby, V. p. 43, pl. 432, fig. 5, 6, 7, 8.
Fleming, p. 363. G. B. Sowerby, Gen. Ree. and Foss. Sh.

Rather depressed, smooth, or with irregular, nearly obsolete,
divergent furrows; margin entire ; the inner lip obscurely cre-
Fig. 16, natural size.

Found in the Oolite at Hinton and Ancliffe, Somersetshire.

2. Pieoius pricatus—The Plicated Pileolus, pl. XLIV.
fig. 13, 14.

Pileolus plicatus. Sowerby, V. p. 43, pl. 432, fig. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Fleming, p. 363. G. B. Sowerby, Gen. Ree. and Foss. Sh.

Obtusely conical, with divergent ridges emanating at the

nated.

apex, and terminating on the margin, which is irregularly cre-
nated; centre of the base divided into a cushion-like form, and
divided in the centre into two parts, by a slight sulcus; height
not equal to the diameter of the base; inner lip strongly cre-
nated.

Found in the Oolite at Hinton and Ancliffe.

Genus XLVI.—NERITINA.—Zamarch.
Shell thin, external surface generally smooth, and fre-
quently covered with a strong, horny epidermis; spire
usually very short, sometimes nearly concealed, and at

MOLLUSCA.

NERITINA.

others obsolete; aperture semicircular; outer lip plain,
sharp, and destitute of teeth or crenulations internally,
but within the lower region of the aperture, it is pro-
vided with a somewhat elongated, transverse prominence,
which seems the fulcrum for the articulation of the oper-
culum; inner lip flattened, reflected on the columella, and
placed obliquely to the axis of the shell; edge generally
short, and dentated or crenulated; as the animal enlarges
in dimensions, part of the columellar lip is absorbed,
which gives it the appearance of being devoid of a colu-
mella; operculum testaceous, semicircular, closing the
aperture entirely, covered with a horny epidermis, and
provided internally at the lower end with a tooth-like
appendage, which fits into a hollow between the promi-
nence and lip.

1. Neritina concava.—The Concave Neritina, pl. XLIYV.
fig. 20, 21.

Neritina concava. Sowerby, IV. p. 118, pl. 385, fig. 1 to
8. Fleming, p. 321.

Obliquely subovate; body large, the surface ornamented with
deeply undulating, zigzag, fine dark-coloured lines, which nearly
approximate at their angles, and produce a reticulated appear-
ance; spire short, oblique, and somewhat prominent, with three
volutions, each of which is concave above; aperture semicircu-
lar; outer lip entire, smooth, and even on the edge; pillar lip
broadly reflected on the columella, and narrowed above and
below.

This species has much the aspect of WV. fluviatiles, but differs in the

aperture being smaller, and in the columella being less flattened than in
that shell.

Found in various strata from the London Clay to the Crag.

2. Neririna uNipLicata—The One-plaited Neritina, pl.
XLIV. fig. 18, 19.

Neritina uniplicata. Sowerby, IV. p. 118, pl. 385, fig. 9,
10. Fleming, p. 321.

Smooth, subglobular ; body large; spire concealed, and only

indicated by a sunk point, from which emanates a curved line, —
terminating in the aperture, which is semilunar; outer lip sharp -

at the edge; inner lip extremely broad, and somewhat convex,
its edge somewhat curved, and provided with a single tooth-like
projection.

In some specimens the remains of an olive-green epidermis is discover-
able.

Found in the London Clay at Woolwich and Charlton.

3. Neritina Firronti—Fitton’s Neritina, pl. XXXVIL*
fig. 42, 43.

Neritina Fittonit. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series, p.
346, pl. 22, fig. 7. Mantell, Geo. S.E. of England, p. 248.

Conyex, much depressed above; spire very small, consisting —

of a single volution; body large, with three prominent, rounded,
transverse carina, or ribs; aperture large.
Found in the Hastings Sand of Sussex.

FAMILY VI.—PERISTOMIDA.

Shell conoidal, or subdiscoidal, with the margins of
the aperture united; aperture protected by an opercu-
lum; fluviatile, and the animals respiring in water.

AMPULLARIA.

Genus XLVII._AMPULLARIA.—Zamarch.

Shell globular, or globularly discoidal, or discoidal and
umbilicated ; spire short, the volutions ventricose ; aper-
ture entire, oblong-oblique, and its length considerably
exceeding its breadth; operculum testaceous, annular,
with its nucleus almost central, but placed rather nearer
the inner side ; covered by an olive-green epidermis, and
exactly fitting the aperture.

1. AMPpULLARIA PpATULA.— The Wide Ampullaria, pl.
XLIV. fig. 23.

Ampullaria patula. Lamarck, Envy. de Paris, p.148. Sow-
erby, III. p. 152, pl. 284, two middle figures. Fleming, p. 316.
Helix mutabilis, Brander, fig. 57.

Slightly ovate, ventricose, smooth; body large; spire small,
very short, consisting of four rapidly decreasing, rounded volu-
tions, sometimes slightly flattened above, terminating in an
acute apex; aperture subovate; outer lip expanding, smooth,
and even on the edge; inner lip broadly, but thinly reflected
on the columella, with a large open umbilicus situate in its
centre, very slightly closed on the left edge of the opening,
below which a lamina protrudes, which forms the lining of the
umbilicus.

Found in the London Clay at Barton.

2. AMPULLARIA NoBILIs.— The Noble Ampullaria, pl.
XLIV. fig. 28.

Ampullaria nobilis.
Fleming, p. 317.

Body subglobose; spire occupying about a third of the
length of the shell, conical, consisting of five slightly inflated
volutions, with a rather sharp apex; base convex, and destitute
of an umbilicus; aperture oblong-oval, sublunate, somewhat
contracted above, and extending about a half of the length of
the shell.

Found in the Carboniferous Limestone called the Black
Rock, Queen’s County, Ireland.

3. AMPULLARIA HELICOIDIS—The Helix-like Ampullaria,
pl. XLIV. fig. 29, 30.

Ampullaria helicoidis. Sowerby, VI. p. 40, pl. 522, fig. 2.
Fleming, p. 317.

Sowerby, VI. p. 39, pl. 522, fig. 1.

Nearly discoidal, smooth; spire short, obtuse, the volutions
inflated, and deeply divided by the sutural line; body consider-
ably inflated at the sides; base with a deep, moderately-sized
umbilicus; aperture ovate, somewhat contracted above, and well
rounded below; the outer lip considerably expanded. Diame-
ter nearly double its length.

Found in the Carboniferous Limestone of Cork and Queen’s
County, Ireland.

4, AMPULLARIA AMBULACRUM.—The Gallery Ampullaria,
pl. XLIV. fig. 31, 32.

Ampullaria ambulacrum.
Fleming, p. 317.

Nearly spherical, smooth; body large, much inflated; spire
small, abruptly conical, consisting of seven ventricose volutions,
with a deep spiral, flat-bottomed canal, with nearly perpendicular
margins, winding round the base of each; aperture oblong-ovate,
contracted above, and rounded at the base; outer lip smooth,
and even; inner lip broadly reflected on the columella above,

Sowerby, IV. p. 97, pl. 372.

MOLLUSCA. 93

but becoming gradually narrower as it descends, and is lost in
the outer lip as it passes the umbilicus, which is open, and plain
internally.

The A. canaliculata of Lamarck has a strong resemblance to this
species; but the umbilicus being destitute of an internal spiral groove,

the trench-like appearance of its canal, and the inflation of its sides,
form good distinctions.

Found in the London Clay at Stubbington, Hordwell, and
Muddiford.

5. AMPULLARIA acuTa.— The Acute Ampullaria, pl.
XLIV. fig. 33, 34.

Ampullaria acuta. Lamarck, Eny. de Paris, p. 147. Sow-
erby, III. p. 151, pl. 284, three upper figures. Fleming, p.
316. Helix mutabiles, Brander, fig. 58, 59.

Subovate, smooth, yentricose ; body large; spire conical, a
fourth of the length of the shell, consisting of five inflated,
deeply divided volutions, terminating in an acute apex; aperture
oblong-ovate, its length nearly double its width, contracted and
pointed above, rounded at the base; outer lip plain, and smooth
on the edge, and not so much expanded as the former species 5
pillar lip gently curved, reflected on the columella, moderately
broad, equal in width its whole length, and generally covering
half of the umbilicus, which is naturally rather small.

Found in the London Clay at Christ Church.

6. AmpuLiaria SiGARETINA—The Sigaretus-like Ampul-
laria, pl. XLIV. dig. 35, 36.

Ampullaria Sigaretina. Lamarck, Eny. de Paris, p. 148.
Sowerby, III. p. 152, pl. 284, two lower figures. Fleming, p.
316.

Body of the shell large, much inflated, and forming a short,
oblique oval; spire small, subconic, consisting of four ventricose,
deeply defined, rapidly decreasing volutions; aperture large,
suborbicular, a little contracted and pointed above, and much
rounded at the base; outer lip much expanded, smooth, and
even on the edge; inner lip broadly reflected on the columella,
and subdivided, one part entering the umbilicus, and lining
more than half its internal surface; the other portion closes the
umbilicus; external surface with sharp, elevated, irregular,
slightly waved striw, or lines of growth.

Found in the London Clay at Bognor, Hampshire.

Genus XLVIII.—PALUDINA.—Lamarck.

Shell ovate, or oblong; spire somewhat turreted; volu-
tions smooth; rounded and subcarinated in most species:
aperture subrotund, ovate, or oblong, a little angulated
above, and slightly modified on the inner side by the
gibbosity of the body volution; operculum corneous,
with concentric lines of growth, and provided with a
sublateral nucleus.

1. Patuprna concinna—The Neat Paludina, pl. XLV.
fig. 1.

Paludina concinna. Fleming, p. 316.
Sowerby, I. p. 80, pl. 31, fig. 4, 5.

Conical, smooth; spire with four well defined, slightly inflated
yolutions, angulated below, and ending in a sharp apex; aperture
ovate, acute above, and rounded beneath.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff.

2a

Vivipara concinna,

94 MOLLUSCA.

2. Patupina LeNTA—The Flimsy Paludina, pl. XLV.
fig. 2, 3, and 9.

Paludina lenta. Fleming, p.316. Vivipara lenta, Sowerby,
I. p. 79, pl. 31, fig. 3. Helix lenta, Brander, fig. 60.

Oblong-ovate, smooth; spire consisting of four inflated,
deeply divided volutions, ending in an acute apex; aperture
nearly orbicular, entire, slightly contracted above, and rounded
below; surface sometimes exhibiting distinct lines of growth.
Length an inch; breadth not half an inch.

Found in the London Clay at Barton Cliff and Hordwell.

3. Patupina ExTENSA—The Long Paludina, pl. XLV.
fig. 4, 5.

Paludina extensa. Fleming, p. 316. Sowerby, I. p. 78, pl
31, fig. 2.

Smooth, oblong-ovate; body inflated; spire consisting of four
somewhat ventricose volutions, a little angular below; aperture
nearly orbicular, a little contracted above; outer lip somewhat
extended; inner lip slightly reflected over the columella, with a
small, narrow umbilicus behind it.

Found in the London Clay at Blackdown, Hordwell, and
Barton.

4. PatupINa suBopERTA—The Half-covered Paludina,
pl. XLV. fig. 7, 8.

Paludina suboperta. Fleming, p.316. Vivipara suboperta.
Sowerby, I. p. 80, pl. 31, fig. 6. q

Convex, smooth; spire with four inflated volutions, with a
flattened line on their superior portion, and terminating in an
acute apex; aperture ovate, contracted above; inner lip a little
reflected on the columella.

Found in the Crag at Holywells.

5. PaLupina FLUvIORUM—The Fresh Water Paludina, pl.
XLV. fig. 12, 13.

Paludina fluviorum. Fleming, p. 316. Vivipara fluvio-
rum, Sowerby, I. p. 79, pl. 31, fig. 1. Mantell, Geo. of
Sussex, p. 45, pl. 17, fig. 56. Fitton, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd
series, p. 363.

Ventricose, smooth; spire with four or five inflated yolutions, -

well defined by the sutural line, and terminating in an acute
apex; lines of growth sharp, nearly equidistant, and haying the
appearance of fine strix.

Found in the Weald Clay, above and below the Iron Sand,
Sussex and Isle of Wight.

6. PaLupina caRinirERA.— The Keeled Paludina, pl.
XLV. fig. 10, 11.

Paludina carinifera, Sowerby, VI. p. 12, pl. 509, fig. 3,
Fleming, p. 316. Fitton, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series, p- 363.

Elongated, smooth, convex; spire with three or four volu-
tions, ending in a blunted apex, the two superior volutions
encompassed with a linear keel at their lower edge; aperture
slightly ovate, a little contracted above.

Found in the Purbeck Limestone and Hastings Sand, Sussex.

7. Patupina ELonGaTA—The Lengthened Paludina, pl.
XLV. fig. 14, 15.

Paludina elongata. Sowerby, VI. p- 11, pl. 509, fig. 1, 2.
Fleming, p. 316. Fitton, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series, p- 363.

Considerably elongated, smooth; body and spire of nearly
equal length; the latter with four not much inflated, but well
defined, rather oblique volutions, with a sharp apex; aperture
oblong, somewhat contracted above.

Patupina.

Found in the Weald Clay at Compton Grange, Chive, Isle of
Wight; East Peckham, Kent; and Sussex.

8. Patupina Sussexensis.— The Sussex Paludina, pl.
XXXIIL* fig. 18.

Paludina Sussexensis. Sowerby, Zool. Trans. IV. N. series,
p- 346, pl. 22, fig. 6.

Elongated, smooth; spire acute, consisting of four flat-sided
volutions.

Found in the Hastings Sand, Sussex.

FAMILY VII._MELANIDES.

Fluviatile shells, with the margin of the aperture
disunited, the outer lip edged; animal furnished with
two tentacula.

Genus XLIX.—_MELANOPSIS.—Férussac.

Shell oblong, fusiform, or conico-cylindrical; spire
with from five to fifteen volutions, terminating in a
pointed apex, but decollated in some species; body fre-
quently equal to two-thirds of the whole shell; aperture
oblong-ovate, pointed at the upper extremity; outer
lip somewhat thickened, slightly inflected, and deeply
notched above; columella twisted, solid, callous, and
separated from the exterior margin at the base, by a
deep sinus, in most species, but devoid of it in some;
callosity thickest at its junction with the upper extremity
of the aperture; operculum spiral, corneous, and not
quite fitting the aperture.

1. Metanopsis previs—The Short Melanopsis, pl. XLV.
fig. 24, 25.

Melanopsis brevis. Sowerby, VI. pl. 523, fig. 2. Fleming,
p- 359.

Ovate; body large, inflated, smooth; spire short, with three
well rounded yolutions, a little contracted above; apex acute;
aperture oval, a little narrowed both above and below; outer
lip plain; inner lip thickened, equal in breadth its whole length;
callus rather flat. Diameter about two-thirds of its length.

Found in the Hampshire Fresh Water formation of Hord-
well. ;

2. Mexanopsis cartnata—The Keeled Melanopsis, pl. ;
XLV. fig. 18, 19.

Melanopsis carinata. Sowerby, VI. p. 41, pl. 503, fig. 1.
Fleming, p. 359. :

Oblong-ovate, considerably acuminated, smooth; body very
large; spire short, consisting of five yolutions, with a spiral keel
winding along the upper edge of each, giving a turreted aspect
to the spire; tip acute; body with flattened sides, and an
obscure carina near its upper edge; aperture elongated, a little
contracted both above and below; outer lip thin, and plain on
the edge; inner lip broadly reflected upon the columella.
Length somewhat more than double its diameter.

MELaNnopPsIs.

3. Mevanorsis DeprrorDENsIs——The Deptford Mela-
nopsis, pl. XLV. fig. 22, 23.

Melanopsis fusiformis. Sowerby, IV. p. 36, pl. 332, fig. 5.

Shell smooth, oblong-ovate, fusiform, acuminated both above
and below; body considerably ventricose in the middle; spire
short, with three flat-sided volutions, and acutely pointed; aper-
ture elongated, sharp and contracted above, and also narrowed
below; outer lip slightly undulated ; inner lip broadly reflected
on the columella above, and gradually becoming narrower as it
descends.

This differs from the preceding, in being much shorter in proportion
to its breadth, in being more ventricose, and tapering more abruptly to
both extremities.

Found in the Marine formation, Isle of Wight.

4. MeELanopsis FusirorMis—The Spindle-shaped Mela-
nopsis, pl. XLV. fig. 20, 21.

Melanopsis fusiformis. Sowerby, IV. p. 35, pl. 332, fig. 2,
3,6, and 7. Fleming, p. 359.

Smooth, subcylindrical, fusiform, acuminated at both extre-
mities; spire with four flat-sided volutions, defined by a very
narrow sutural line, and ending in an obtuse apex; aperture
oblong, half the length of the shell, contracted both above and
below; inner lip very glossy, broadly spread over the columella
above, becoming narrower as it descends, and ending in a mere
point at the base.

Found at Hordwell and New Charlton, in the Upper Marine
formation.

5. MELANopsis suBsuLATUs.—The Awl-shaped Melanopsis,
pl. XLV. fig. 16, 17.

Melanopsis subulatus. Sowerby, IV. p. 36, pl. 332, fig. 8.
Fleming, p. 359.

Smooth, subulate, and conical; spire rather elongated, with
six or seven nearly flat-sided yolutions; aperture ovate, short,
being only one-third the length of the shell.

Found in the Upper Marine formation, Isle of Wight.

6. Mevanorsis Sepeyicxit.—Sedgwick’s Melanopsis, pl.
XLV. fig. 6.

Melanopsis fusiformis. Sowerby, IV. pl. 332, fig. 1.

Smooth, oblong, fusiform, tapering to both extremities; body
very large; spire very short, consisting of three flat-sided volu-
tions; aperture oblong, occupying nearly half the length of the
shell; outer lip slightly inflected; pillar lip a little spread over
the columella.

This shell differs from M. Deptfordensis, in being less fusiform, and
in the upper portion of the body being more inflated.

Found in the Upper Marine formation, Isle of Wight.

7. Mevanopsis? rricartnata—The Three-keeled Mela-
nopsis, pl. XXXIIL* fig. 26.
Melanopsis tricarinata.
series, p. 346, pl. 22, fig. 4.

VII. N. series, p. 376.

Turreted, subulate, conical ; spire consisting of six carinated,
deeply divided volutions; three carinw occupy the exposed
portion of the yolutions, the central one considerably more
elevated than the others; these are crossed by strong, distinct
lines of growth; aperture suborbicular, slightly contracted both
above and below.

Found in the Blue Clay of Punfield, Dorsetshire, and in the
Hastings Sand at Pounceford, near Burford, Sussex.

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd
Melania tricarinata, Ann. Phil.

MOLLUSCA.

95

8. MELaNopsis? aTTENUATA—The Attenuated Melanop-
sis, pl. XXXIII.* fig. 27.

Melanopsis attenuata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series,
p- 346, pl. 22, fig. 5.

Subulate, attenuated; with seven or eight somewhat inflated,
deeply divided volutions, with several carine on each, the upper
one the strongest; crossed by undulating, irregular strie, or
lines of growth; aperture subovate, short, and not occupying
more than a fourth of the length of the shell.

Found in the Blue Clay of Punfield, Dorsetshire, and in the
Hastings Sand at Hollington and Pounceford, Sussex.

Genus L.—_MELANIA.—Zamarck.

Shell turreted, or subturreted ; spire for the most part
elongated, with the volutions divided by a deep suture,
and generally terminating in an acute apex; aperture
entire, oval or oblong, in most species acuminated at the
superior extremity, and rounded below; with an indis-
tinct canal at the base of the columella; outer lip simple,
and somewhat sharp; columella smooth, incurved; out-
side covered with a strong, horny, olivacious, brown, or
black epidermis ; operculum horny, oblong, spiral, with
two or three volutions.

1. MELANIA SCALARIOIDEA—The Scalariform Melania, pl.
XLV. fig. 46.

Melania scalarioidea. Phillips, II. p. 229, pl. 16, fig. 3.

Somewhat scalariform, elongated; volutions broad, rather
convex on the sides, with longitudinal, equal, thread-like strie.
Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bolland.
2. Meania sutcutosa—The Sulcated Melania, pl. XLY.
. 26.
Melania sulculosa. Phillips, II. p. 228, pl. 16, fig. 1 a.
Elongated; with convex, deeply divided volutions, which are
thickly invested with longitudinal, arcuated sulci, which deepen
towards the lower portion of the volutions.

Mountain Limestone, Kildare and Bolland.

3. Merania tTruNcATA.— The Truncated Melania, pl.
XLV. fig. 27, 28.

Melania truncata.
Fleming, p. 317.

Smooth, polished, elongated, conical; body short; spire long,
consisting of eight or nine flat-sided volutions, which are some-
what angular below; aperture ovate, contracted above, and
truncated below; outer lip somewhat thickened. Not a line in

fi

oS

Sowerby, III. p. 72, pl. 241, fig. 4.

length.

London Clay, Brakenhurst.

4. Meanra minima—The Least Melania, pl. XLV. fig.
29, 30.

Melania minima. Sowerby, III. p. 72, pl. 241, fig. 3. Fle-
ming, p. 317.

Smooth, subulate; body short; spire long, with eight or nine
flat-sided yolutions, the apicial one acute; aperture ovate, con-
tracted above, and rounded below. Length equal to four times
its diameter; very minute, not a line in length.

London Clay, Brakenhurst.

96 MOLLUSCA.

5. MELANIA LINEATA—The Lineated Melania, pl. XLV.
fig. 31, 32.

Melania lineata. Sowerby, III. p. 33, pl. 218, fig. 1.
ming, p. 317.

Acuminated; body short; spire long, with nine or ten slightly
raised yolutions, with a slight constriction towards the upper
portion of each; whole surface covered with very fine, regular
strie, which is slightly bent towards the base of each yolution,
and on the body they follow the curve of the outer lip; aper-
ture subovate, a little contracted above, and rounded beneath.
Length about four times the diameter of the body.

Inferior Oolite, Dundry.

6. Merania Heppinctonensis—The Heddington Mela-
nia, pl. XLV. fig. 33.

Melania Heddingtonensis. Sowerby, I. p. 86, pl. 39, right
and left hand figures. Fleming, p. 317. Phillips, I. p. 116.

Fusiform; body short; spire long, with eight or ten nearly
flat-sided volutions, with their upper portion slightly raised and
obtusely angular, and a little hollow in the middle; whole sur-
face rugged, with rather deep lines of growth. Length about
three times its diameter.

Upper and Middle Oolite at Heddingtons near Calne, Wilts.

7. Mevania striata—The Striated Melania, pl. XLV.
fig. 35.

Melania striata. Sowerby, I. p. 101, pl.47. Fleming, p.
YE

Elongated, abruptly tapering to the apex; spire with eleven
or twelve well separated, somewhat inflated yolutions; body
nearly half the length of the shell; whole surface covered with
spiral, narrow, slightly elevated ribs, with about sixteen on each
yolution, crossed by as many somewhat sharp, but fine longitu-
dinal strie. Length about twice and a half its diameter; some-
times occurring about eight inches in length.

Lias at Lymington, Somersetshire.

8. Mevania rasciata—The Banded Melania, pl. XLV.
fig. 36, 37, 38.

Melania fasciata. Sowerby, III. p.71, pl. 241, fig-1. Fle-
ming, p- 317.

Turreted; spire consisting of about five volutions, each coro-
nated with rather remote, obtuse knobs; surface with three
slightly coloured, transverse bands, and numerous spiral strie ;
aperture ovate, oblique. Fig. 38, natural size.

Fresh Water formation, Isle of Wight.

9. Mevania? virtata—The Filleted’ Melania, pl. XLV.
fig. 34.

Melania vittata. Phillips, I. p. 116, pl. 7,.fig. 15.

Elongated; volutions deeply defined, with an obliquely flat-
tened fillet on the superior portion of each, and hollow in the
middle.

Cornbrash at Scarborough and Gristhorpe.

10. Mevania costata—The Ribbed Melania, pl. XXXV.
fig. 39, 40, 41.

Melania costata. Sowerby, III. p. 71, pl. 241, fig. 2. Fle-
ming, p. 317.

Turreted; spire long, consisting of six or seven gradually
tapering, nearly flat-sided volutions, with numerous, longitudi-
nal, slightly elevated ribs, crossed by fine spiral strie ; aperture
ovate, oblique. Length about three times its diameter.

Fle-

Fig.

41, natural size.

MEe.ania.

1]. Mevanta tumipa—The Swollen Melania, pl. XLV.
fig. 42.

Melania tumida. Phillips, II. p. 229, pl. 16, fig. 2.

Turreted, smooth; body short; spire long, consisting of
about eight very tumid, and deeply defined yolutions; whole
surface covered with fine, regular, longitudinal strie ; aperture
oblique, ovate, wider than long.

Mountain Limestone, Kildare and Bolland.

12. Mevania constricta—The Constricted Melania, pl.
XLV. fig. 43, 44.

Melania constricta. Sowerby, lI. p. 33, pl. 218, fig. 2.
Fleming, p. 317. Phillips, IL. p. 228, pl. 16, fig. 1. Conchby-
liolithus constrictus, Martin, Pet. Derb. I. pl. 38, fig. 3.

Turreted, smooth; spire of eight or nine volutions, con-
stricted above, tumid on their lower parts, with an adpressed,
crenated, sutural, fimbriated margin.

Mountain Limestone at Tideswell, Derbyshire, and Kildare.

13. Mevania rucirera—The Rugged Melania, pl. XLV.
fig. 45.

Melania rugifera. Phillips, II. p. 229, pl. 16, fig. 26.

Turreted, greatly elongated, smooth, finely striated; body
short ; spire long, consisting of eleven or twelve yolutions, con-
vex below, and adpressed at the suture, on the lower half of
each, oblique, slightly arcuated, very strong, longitudinal ribs, —
which are very prominent at their base, terminating in an acute
apex ; aperture subovate.

Mountain Limestone, Otterburn, Northumberland, &c.

14, Mevania compressa—The Compressed Melania, pl.
XXXIIL-* fig. 28, 29.

Elongated; body and spire about equal in length; the latter
with six or seven abruptly tapering volutions, separated by a
deep waved, sutural line, and terminating in an acute apex, a
spiral depression occupies the upper portion of each; whole sur-
face marked by irregular waved, longitudinal strix.

Found at Gisborne, Yorkshire, by Mr. S. Gibson, of Hebden
Bridge, and in his cabinet.

FAMILY VIII._LYMNZECEA.

Shells spiral, generally smooth on the external sur-
face; margin of the outer lip always acute, and not
reflected. The animals of this family are fluviatile, am-
phibious, and usually destitute of an operculum.

Genus LI—LYMNA2A.—Lamarck.

Shell oblong, thin, sometimes elongated, and acutely
turreted; spire always produced; aperture large, entire,
oblong, generally straitened, somewhat acuminate above,
and rounded below; outer lip acute; the lower part of
the inner lip ascending on the columella, forming an
oblique fold, or plait, and rising, spreads more or less on —
the columella, or front of the body volution; external
surface smooth, frequently polished; destitute of an
operculum.

LyMN#A.

1. LyMN#A PYRAMIDALIS.—The Pyramidal Lymnza, pl.
XLVI. fig. 1, 2.

Lymnea pyramidalis. Brard; Ann. du Mus. XV. pl. 24,
fig. 1, 2. Deshayes, II. p. 95, pl. 10, fig. 14, 15. Sowerby,
VI. p. 53, pl. 528, fig. 3. Fleming, p. 276. Brown, Elements
Fossil Conchology, p. 59, pl. 4, fig. 13.

Elongated, subcylindrical; body large; spire pyramidal, small,
with five inflated, well defined volutions, the apicial one acute ;
aperture oblong, half the length of the shell, a little contracted
above, and rounded below; outer lip sharp on the edge, and
but slightly expanded; callus on the columella, with a shallow,
faintly defined furrow in its centre.

Fresh Water formation, Headon Hill, Isle of Wight.

2. Lymnaa Maxima.—The Great Lymnea, pl. XLVI.
fig. 3, 4.

Lymnea maxima. Sowerpy, VI. p. 53, pl. 528, fig. 1, 1.
Fleming, p. 276.

Oblong-ovate, subcylindrical ; body large, and slightly inflated ;
spire a little pyramidal, with five moderately convex volutions,
terminating in an obtuse apex; aperture oblong, a little con-
tracted above, and rounded below, occupying about half the
length of the shell; outer lip thin; columellar lip but slightly
reflected.

Fresh Water formation, Isle of Wight.

3. Lymnaa minima.—The Least Lymnza, pl. XLVI. fig.
5, 6, 7.

Lymnea minima. Sowerby, II. p. 156, pl. 169, fig. 1.
Fleming, p. 276.

Oblong-oval, convex, smooth; body large; spire small, with
four rather inflated volutions, terminating in an acute apex 5
aperture elongated, contracted and pointed above, and slightly
straitened below, occupying half the length of the shell. Length
a little more than a quarter of an inch.

Fresh Water formation, Isle of Wight.

4, LymMn#@a Lonciscata.—The Lengthened Lymnea, pl.
XLVI. fig. 8, 9.

Lymnea longiscata. Sowerby, IV. p. 57, pl. 343. Fleming,
p- 276. Limneus longiscatus ? Brongniart, Mem. sur des Terr.
p- 16, pl. 1, fig. 9. Ann. du Mus. XV. pl. 22, fig. 9.

Elongated, smooth, shining, with regular lines of growth ;
body large; spire of medium length, with six or seven broad,
oblique, slightly inflated volutions, ending in an acute apex;
aperture ovate, elongated, occupying two-fifths the length of
the shell, contracted and acute above, and rounded below; outer
lip thin-edged; pillar lip broad, obtuse at the edge, with a shal-
low twisted plait.

Upper Fresh Water formation, Headon Hill, Isle of Wight.

5. LymMNnaA Frusirormis.—The Spindle-shaped Lymnza,
pl. XLVI. fig. 10, 11.

Lymnea fusiformis. Sowerby, I. p. 155, pl. 169, fig. 23.
Fleming, p. 276.

Subfusiform, smooth, and shining; body large, slightly inflated ;
spire small, pyramidal, with five rather flat-sided yolutions, the
apicial one acute; aperture elongated, narrow, slightly contracted
above, and rather rounded below, occupying about half the
length of the shell; entire surface coverod with rather sharp,
regular lines of growth.

Fresh Water formation, Isle of Wight.

MOLLUSCA. 97

6. LymMN#A cCOLUMELLARIS—The Columellar Lymnza,
pl. XLVI. fig. 16, 17.

Lymnea columellaris. Sowerby, VI. p. 53, pl. 528, fig. 2.

Oblong-ovate, smooth; body very large; spire short, with
four inflated yolutions; aperture oblong, wide, occupying about
half the length of the shell, contracted above, much expanded
and rounded below; outer lip thin, ample; inner lip with a
broad, greatly twisted, thick columella.

The shortness of the spire will readily distinguish this from its fossil
congeners,

Fresh Water strata, Hordwell Cliff.

Genus LII.—PLANORBIS.— Miller.

Shell discoidal, umbilicate ; spire and base depressed ;
apex always distinct; the volutions turning nearly on the
same plane, from right to left, so that when the spire is
held upwards, and the aperture next the observer, it is
situate on the left hand side; volutions ventricose, in
many species, often carinated, either above or below;
aperture entire, obliquely semilunate, its length and
breadth being nearly equal, but broader than long in
some instances; outer lip sometimes thickened; umbili-
cus very wide; destitute of an operculum.

1. PLANoRBIS optusus.— The Obtuse Planorbis, pl.
XLVI. fig. 12, 13.

Planorbis obtusus.
Fleming, p. 279.

Depressed, discoidal, smooth, pellucid, and shining; volutions
few, greatly concealed, embracing; aperture oblique, obtuse,
subcordiform.

Fresh Water formation, Isle of Wight.

2. PLANORBIS HEMESTOMA.—The Red-mouthed Planorbis,
pl. XLVI. fig. 18, 19, 20.
Planorbis hemestoma.

Fleming, p. 279.
Discoidal, depressed, smooth; volutions partly concealed ;
spire convex, umbilicate ; base flat; aperture subtriangular, ob-

Sowerby, II. p. 91, pl. 140, fig. 3.

Sowerby, II. p. 91, pl. 140, fig. 6.

lique. Diameter one line; thickness the fourth of a line.
Plastic Clay, Plumstead.
3. PLANORBIS CYLINDRICUS.—The Cylindrical Planorbis,
pl. XLVI. fig. 21, 22.
Lymnea cylindricus.
Fleming, p. 279.
Cylindrical; three or four adpressed volutions, with concen-

Sowerby, II. p. 90, pl. 140, fig. 2.

tric, and obscurely elevated, striae on the left side; aperture
transverse, oblong, quadrangular, the angles obtuse, its width
exceeding its length, but without any indentation from the
second yolution. Diameter nearly three times its thickness.
Fresh Water formation, Isle of Wight.
4. Putanorsis Lens—The Lens-shaped Planorbis, _ pl.
XLVI. fig. 26, 27.
Planorbis Lens.

ming, p. 272.

Sowerby, II. p. 91, pl. 140, fig. 4. Fle-
Lenticular, flat, equally concave above and below, subcari-
nated, with embracing volutions; aperture subcordate, and very
oblique.
Fresh Water formation, Isle of Wight.
2B

Thickness about equal to a sixth of its diameter.

98

5. Pranorpis Evompnatus.— The Euomphalus-formed
Planorbis, pl. XLVI. fig. 23, 24.

Planorbis Euomphalus. Sowerby, I. p. 92, pl. 140, fig. 7,
8,9. Fleming, p. 279.

Discoidal, with five or six depressed volutions, subcarinated,
and covered with pretty strong, equal concentric strie, a few on
the superior side larger and more prominent than the others;
upper side flat; under side rounded, and largely umbilicated ;
aperture subtriangular, with a slight impression from the second
volution.

Fresh Water formation, Isle of Wight.

Genus LIII.—CRASSIDORSA.— Brown.

Shell discoidal, involute; spire equally flat both above
and below, the whole of the volutions exposed; aperture
circular, entire; substance of the shell thicker on the back
than on the inner side; outer volution subcarinated.

1. Crassiporsa EQuALIS—The Equal-sided Crassidorsa,
pl. XLVI. fig. 25.

Planorbis equalis. Sowerby, II. p. 89, pl. 140, fig. 1.
nea equalis, Fleming, p. 314.

Smooth, equilaterally concave, with a single, nearly obsolete
keel on the right side, and two on the left; with five entirely
exposed, rounded yolutions ; aperture orbicular, not embracing
the volntions; the substance of the shell thick towards the
outside; whole exterier covered with somewhat obsolete, con-
centric strie.

Carboniferous Limestone, Kendal.

Ske-

FAMILY IX.—COLIMACEA.

Shell spiral; external surface generally smooth, exhi-
biting only lines of growth; right margin of the aperture
frequently reflected outwards; animals terrestrial, with
cylindrical tentacula; some species with | an operculum,
and others devoid of one.

Genus LIV.—AURICULA.—Lamarch.

Shell solid, oval or oblong-ovate, cylindrical or conic ;
body large; spire very small, obtuse; aperture elongated,
narrow, generally contracted near the centre, and rounded
below; outer lip thickened, reflected, or denticulated ;
inner lip with two or three strong plaits; outer surface
covered with a horny epidermis.

1. Avricuta Sepcvict.—Sedwick’s Auricula, pl. XLVI.
fig. 28.

Auricula Sedgvici. Phillips, I. p. 129, pl. 11, fig. 33.

Ovate; body large; spire very small, with three volutions, the
apex obtuse; aperture oval; one plication on the pillar lip.

Blue Wick, Inferior Oolite, Yorkshire.

2. AURICULA oBsoLETA.— The Obsolete Auricula, pl.
XLVL. fig. 29.

Auricula obsoleta. Phillips, I. p. 94, pl. 2, fig. 40.

MOLLUSCA.

AURICULA.

\

Suborbicular ; body large; spire small, with two volutions,
the apicial one rather obtuse; entire surface covered with a
numerous series of spiral, regular punctated strie.

Speeton Clay at Speeton.

3. AURICULA PYRAMIDALIS~——The Pyramidal Auricula, pl.
XLVI. fig. 32, 33.

Auricula pyramidalis. Sowerby, IV. p. 109, pl. 379, fig.
iar.

Ovate, smooth; body large; spire small, pyramidal, consist-
ing of five or six narrow, well defined yolutions, rounded above,
with an acute apex; aperture elongated, narrow above, occupy-
ing half the length of the shell; outer lip sharp; inner lip some-
what thickened, with two rather contiguous, slightly obtruding
plaits upon the columella, and a small umbilicus behind it.

4, AuricuLa 1ncrassata.—The Thickened Auricula, pl.
XLVI. fig. 44, 45.

Auricula incrassata. Sowertfy, I. p. 143, pl. 163, fig. 1, 2,
3. Auricula ringens, Parkinson, Org. Rem. III. p. 84, pl. 5,
fig. 4.

Ovate, ventricose ; body very large; spire small, with three
well rounded volutions, the apicial one very minute; aperture
smooth within, oblong, semilunar, contracted above, wide below;
outer lip very broad, greatly thickened behind, with very strong
longitudinal lines of growth, instead of sulci, slightly reflected in
front; pillar lip broad, thick, with three plaits; whole surface

covered with numerous, regular, spiral ribs, the intervening fur- {

rows furnished with longitudinal, regular, sharp, elevated, wide-
set strie, dividing them into small, oblong, rectangular cells,
which can only be distinctly seen by the aid of a strong lens.

London Clay at Blackdown.

5. AvuRIcULA TURGIDA—The Swollen Auricula, pl. XLVI.
fig. 46, 47.

Auricula turgida. Sowerby, II. p. 143, pl. 163, fig. 4.

Subovate, glossy; body large, nearly orbicular; spire short,
with three slightly rounded, but not deeply defined volutions,
the apex acute; aperture oblong, a little oblique, contracted
above; outer lip thick, smooth internally at the edge, and some-
what elevated and contracted in the middle; inner lip rather
broadly and thickly reflected on the columella, with two thin,
prominent folds; surface covered with fine, regular, spiral strie.
Length somewhat more than an eighth of an inch.

London Clay at Highgate Hill, London.

6. AurRicuLA veNTRICOsA—The Ventricose Auricula, pl.
XLVI. fig. 34, 35.

Auricula ventricosa. Sowerby, V. p. 99, pl. 465, fig. 1.

Subovate; body large, inflated; spire conical, of medium
length, with four well rounded volutions, slightly flattened
above, and acute at the apex; aperture elongated, contracted,
narrower above; outer lip much thickened, a little reflected on
the edge; inner lip with a broad and thick callous, and three
elevated, sharp plaits; base notched; surface with pretty strong,
regular, spiral strie. Length three-eighths of an inch.

A Crag fossil from near Ipswich.

7. Avuricuta Buccinea—The Buccinum Auricula, pl.
XLVI. fig. 38, 39.

Auricula Buccinea. Sowerby, V. p. 100, pl. 465, fig. 2.
Voluta Buccinea, Brocchi, p. 319, pl. 4, fig. 9.

Subovate, smooth; body ventricose; spire of medium length,
with four slightly rounded yolutions, terminating in an acute

Bu.inus.

apex; aperture elongated, narrow, acutely pointed above; outer
lip much thickened and elevated in front, and distinctly defined
behind; inner lip with a broad reflection, and three strong,
sharp plaits, the upper one partly concealed by the callous, the
lower one formed by the spiral edge of the columella; base
slightly notched. Length upwards of three-eights of an inch.

The Crag at Ramshot.

8. AURICULA SIMULATA—The Dissembled Auricula, pl.
XLVI. fig. 40, 41.

Auricula simulata. Sowerby, II. p. 144, pl. 163, fig. 5, 6.
Bulla simulata, Brander, p. 61.

Oblong-ovate; spire of medium length, consisting of four
ventricose, well defined yolutions; aperture elongated, narrowed
both above and below; outer lip sharp, even on the edge, not
much expanded, and striated internally ; columellar lip slightly
thickened, and provided with two broad, prominent, laterally
compressed plaits, and a slight sinus dividing this from the
outer lip; whole surface covered by spiral, close-set ribs, ser-
rated on both sides, facing each other on the opposed ribs, and
forming a series of cell-like hollows. Length three-quarters of
an inch.

The London Clay, Barton Cliff.

9. AURICULA DISCREPANS——The Discrepant Auricula, pl.
XLVL. fig. 42, 43.

Auricula simulata. Sowerby, I, p. 144, pl. 163, fig. 7, 8.

Oblong-ovate; spire conical, of medium length, with five
slightly ventricose volutions, ending in an acute apex; aperture
oblong, contracted and pointed above, as well as below; outer
lip plain and sharp at the edge, and internally striated; pillar
lip broadly reflected on the columella, with three rather oblique
plaits, the superior one shorter and more slender than the
others; surface covered with spiral, close-set, serrated ribs, the
points of each nearly joining with those of the opposing ribs,
leaving cell-like openings between them.

London Clay at Barton Cliff and Hordwell.

This shell may easily be mistaken for A. simulata, but differs in being
somewhat more elongated, the spire less ventricose and more acute, in

haying an additional volution, and in the plaits of the lip being more ob-
lique, with a third and smaller one above the others.

10. AuricuLa INFLATA.— The Inflated Auricula, pl.
XXX.* fig. 30.

Auricula inflata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. N. series, p.
336, pl. 11, fig. 11. Bennett, Cat. Wilt. Foss. p> 2

Oblong-ovate ; body long; spire short, with four rather in-
flated volutions, the apicial one acute; aperture subquadrangular
below, but with one of its upper angles acutely elongated; outer
lip much thickened, obtuse on the edge, and united with the
inner lip, which has two strong plaits, the upper one slightly
inclined downwards at the point, the lower one sometimes
divided in the middle by a longitudinal groove; surface with
numerous spiral lines of elongated punctures.

This species differs from A. incrassata, in being much longer, with the
lip less enlarged.

Found in the Gault, Kent and Wiltshire.

Genus LV.—BULINUS.—Bruguiere.

Shell oval or oblong, generally thin, and covered with
a slender epidermis; spire obtuse, variable in length and

MOLLUSCA,

99

number of its volutions, which for the most part are few;
aperture oval, wide, anteriorly rounded; outer lip simple,
reflected, continuous, joining the columellar lip without
an emargination, and reflected over part of the body;
columella smooth, straight, without a truncature, or
widening at the base.

1. Buxinus costertatus.— The Ribbed Bulinus, pl.
XLVI. fig. 30, 31.

Bulinus costellatus. Sowerby, IV. p. 89, pl. 366. Fleming,
p- 266.

Oblong-ovate, slightly inflated ; spire with four nearly flat-
sided yolutions, the apex rather obtuse ; aperture elongated,
acute above, and rounded below, occupying about half the
length of the shell; surface covered with numerous, small, thin,
sharp, longitudinal, slightly oblique ribs, the interstices plain.

Fresh Water formation, Isle of Wight.

This species differs from the following, but the aperture in this is much
larger in proportion to the size of the shell, and, besides, it is always a
dextral shell, while all the specimens of B. ellipticus are sinistral.

2. Buwinus Evuipticus.— The Elliptical Bulinus, pl.
XLVI. fig. 36, 37.

Bulinus ellipticus. Sowerby, IV. p. 46, pl. 337. Fleming,
p: 266.

Shell an elongated ellipsis, thickened in the centre, and gra-
dually tapering to both extremities; body occupying about half
the length of the shell; spire with five reversed, very slightly
inflated yolutions, with an obtuse apex, and the sutural line
shallow; aperture small, narrow, its length being equal to twice
its width, situate on the left side, contracted above, and wide
below; columella a little oblique; outer lip plane; base equally
blunt with the apex; whole surface covered by numerous, some-
what obtuse, longitudinal, slightly oblique ribs, with furrows
between them. Sometimes attains the size of four inches.

Fresh Water formation at Schalcomb, Isle of Wight.

Genus LVI. _COCHLICARIN A.— Brown.

Shell subdiscoidal; spire variable, subdepressed in
some, and more subconic in others; body provided with
a carina on its upper edge; base imperforate, and ven-
tricose; aperture subquadrangular; columella with a
broad, thickened callus.

1. CocHLicaRINA ExpANSA—The Expanded Cochlicarina,
pl. XLVII. fig. 1, 2.

Helicina expansa.
3. Fleming, p. 258.

Suborbicular, nearly smooth; body flattened above, with an
acute carina on its superior edge, which is continuous at the
base of the volutions to the apicial one; spire conical, depressed,
consisting of four flattened, abruptly diminishing volutions, end-
ing in an acute apex, and obscurely striated; body very ventri-
cose below, with an expanded callus at the columella, spreading
over a considerable portion of the base.

Blue Lias at Lyme Regis.

2. CocHLICARINA SOLARIOIDES.—The Sun-like Cochlica-
rina, pl. XLVII. fig. 3, 4.
Helicina solarioides.

258.

Sowerby, III. p. 129, pl. 273, fig. 1, 2,

Sowerby, III. p. 129. Fleming, p.

100

Subdiscoidal ; spire depressed, with four flattened volutions,
with an indistinct carina at the base of each; body flat above,
and carinated, convex beneath; callus, narrow, and rather ele-
vated, and not so distinct as in the former species; surface with
obscure stria.

Lias, Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.

3. Cocuiicarina compressAw—The Compressed Cochli-
carina, pl. XLVII. fig. 7, 8.

Helicina compressa. Sowerby, I. p. 33, pl. 10, three middle
figures. Fleming, p. 258.

Subglobose, smooth, thick, and strong; spire slightly depres-
sed; superior portion of the body, and base of the volutions of
the spire, carinated; base convex; callus broad; aperture some-
what angular above.

In Lias Limestone, Gloucestershire.

4. Cocuticartna potita.—The Polished Cochlicarina, pl.
XLVIL. fig. 5, 6.

Helicina polita. Sowerby, III. p. 153, pl. 285. Fleming,
p- 258.

Subrotund, smooth, polished; spire subconic, consisting of
five volutions, subdepressed above, with a carina at their base,
which continues along the superior portion of the body, and
terminates in the outer lip; body separated from the spire by
an impressed fillet, and finely rounded below, with a thin callus
expanded half over the base ; aperture subquadrangular ; upper
parts with perversely arcuated lines of growth, which indicate a
sinus in the right lip.

In Marly Sandstone of the Lower Oolitic series at Cropredy.

Genus LVII.—HELIX.—Linneus.

Shell orbicular, thin, subglobose; body very large;
spire short, and small in proportion to the body; aperture
oblique; outer lipsreflected, and interrupted by the bulg-
ing of the body; columella confluent with the outer lip,
and situate on the lower portion of the axis; destitute of
an operculum.

}. Hewix Genti1.—Gent’s Helix, pl. XLVII. fig. 9, 10.

Helix Gentii. Sowerby, II. p. 101, pl. 145. Fleming, p. 264.

Subglobose, smooth; body large; spire small, cgnsisting of
three depressed volutions, the apex obtuse ; superior portion of
the body, and base of the volutions, provided with a spiral,
narrow, hollow band, or sulcus; aperture elliptical, ample,
much expanded; whole surface furnished with obscure, arcu-
ated lines of growth, except in the sulcus, where they are more
conspicuous.

Greensand near Devizes.

2. Hetrx crosposa.—The Globular Helix, pl. XLVII. fig.
33, 34.

Helix globosus. Sowerby, II. p. 157, pl. 170. Fleming, p. 264.

Globular, slightly longer than broad; body very large; spire
rather short, obtuse, consisting of three rather broad, slightly
tumid, and gradually increasing volutions, with obscure, irregu-
lar, spiral stria, and crossed by lines of growth; aperture semi-
lunate ; outer lip slightly reflected; umbilicus concealed by the
expanded glazing on the columellar lip.

Young shells are somewhat depressed, provided with an umbilicus,

Crag, Fresh Water formation, Isle of Wight.

MOLLUSCA.

Buta.

\

ORDER IV.—GASTEROPODA.

Animals with the body straight, never spiral, nor
totally enveloped in their shell; the foot, or dise, situated
under the belly, united to the body nearly its whole
length, and serving as an organ of locomotion.

Granvb-Diviston I.—PNEUMOBRANCHIAE.

Branchiz in the form of a vascular net, or the wall of
a particular cavity, opening by a hole, which the animal
contracts or dilates at pleasure. ‘They respire air.

FAMILY I.—BULLACEA.

Shells greatly distended, and without any apparent
columella.

Genus L.—BULLA.—Linneus.

Shell convolute, oval, with a depression above instead
of a spire; aperture longitudinal, as long, or longer than
the convolutions, straitened above, and expanded beneath,
where it is effuse; outer lip thin; columellar lip generally
reflected, with a coating of shelly matter.

1. Butia convotuta—tThe Convoluted Bulla, pl. XLVII.
fig. 11, 12.

Bulla convoluta. Brocchi, p. 277, pl. 1, fig. 7. Sowerby,
V. p. 95, pl. 464, fig. 1. Fleming, p. 295.

Cylindrical, smooth; aperture narrow, linear, widened near
the base; vertex obtuse, subtruncated, perforated, exposing a
deep umbilicus.

In the Crag at Ipswich.

2. Bourta Evuiptica.—The Elliptical Bulla, pl. XLVII.
fig. 13, 14.

Bulla elliptica.
ming, p. 295.

Regularly elliptical, elongated, rounded at both extremities ;
vertex deeply perforated; aperture linear, wider below than
above; surface with fine, regular, transverse strim, somewhat
wider near the base. Three lines long.

London Clay, Barton Cliff.

3. Butta eroncata.—The Elongated Bulla, pl. XLVIL.
fig. 19.

Bulla elongata.

Sowerby, V. p. 96, pl. 464, fig. 6. Fle-

Phillips, I. p. 102, pl. 4, fig. 7.

Elongated, smooth, narrow, and umbilicated above, wide
beneath; outer lip thin, and somewhat hollow in the centre;
aperture contracted above, rounded, and wide beneath.

Coralline Oolite, in the lower beds at Seamar, Malton, and
Scarborough.

4. Butva ritosa—The Thready Bulla, pl. XLVU. fig. 20.

Bulla filosa. Sowerby, V. p. 97, pl. 464, fig. 4. Fleming,
p- 295.

Elliptical; aperture narrow above, wide, and rounded beneath;
outer lip considerably expanded; surface covered with numerous,
regular, transverse striae.

Distinguished from the preceding by its expanded lip and numerous
strie,

Urricurus.

5. BuLia ATTENUATA—The Attenuated Bulla, pl. XLVII.
fig. 24.

Bulla attenxata.
ming, p. 295.
Elliptical, narrow above, ventricose in the middle, with an
expanded, well rounded base; aperture long, curved, narrow
above, expanded below; outer lip extending beyond the top of
the body, which is truncated above, with a deep perforation ;
surface covered with fine, transverse striae, which are narrower
and less conspicuous in the middle, and close set and deep
above, more numerous below, but rather indistinct. About
twice as long as wide.

London Clay at Hordwell.

6. Burta acuminata. — The
XLVII. fig. 15, 16.

Bulla acuminata. Sowerby, V. p. 98, pl. 464, fig. 5.

Elongated, cylindrical; vertex acuminated ; aperture linear,
narrow, a little wider at the base; outer lip rising a little above
the vertex, and produced to a point; surface with fine, regular,
transverse strize, which are somewhat obscure in the middle.
Length equal to thrice its diameter.

London Clay, Barton Cliff.

7. Burta constricra.— The Constricted Bulla, pl.
XLVII. fig. 17, 18.

Bulla constricta. Sowerby, V. p. 96, pl. 464, fig. 2.

Subcylindrical, with a central constriction; vertex truncated,
and deeply perforated; aperture linear, contracted above, and
considerably widened below; base rounded; superior portions
of the exterior smooth; base with obscure, spiral striz. Length
three times its diameter.

London Clay at Barton Cliff.

8. Burta Manrevriana.—Mantell’s Bulla, pl. XXXIII*
fig. 31.

Bulla Mantelliana. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series,
p. 346, pl. 22, fig. 3. Mantell, Geo. S.E. of England, p. 249.

Cylindrical, smooth; truncated at both extremities, but not
umbilicated; aperture contracted above, and considerably
widened below; outer lip a little inflected in the centre.
Length nearly double its diameter.

Hastings Sand, Tilgate Forest.

Sowerby, V. p. 97, pl. 464, fig. 3. Fle-

Acuminated Bulla, pl.

Genus II.—UTRICULUS.—Brown.

Shell small, oblong-ovate; body very large; spire very
short, with rounded volutions; aperture frequently as
long as the body, and others not, narrow above, wide,
and rounded at the base; lips continuous; outer lip thin,
and slightly inflected; inner lip not reflected on the
columella.

SECTION I.—APERTURE NOT SO LONG AS THE BODY.

1. Urricutus HuMERALIS—The Shouldered Utriculus,
pl. XLVII. fig. 26.

Act@on humeralis. Phillips, I. p. 129, pl. 11, fig. 34.

Subcylindrical, smooth; body long, a flat space on its superior
margin; spire short, consisting of four subturreted volutions,
flattened above, and ending in an acute apex; apex oblong-oval,
a little compressed above, and rounded below; outer lip with a

MOLLUSCA.

101

slight flexure near its centre; inner lip narrowly reflected on
columella.

Blue Wick of the Inferior Oolite.

2. UrricuLus crENATUS——The Crenated Utriculus, pl.
XLVI. fig. 21, 22, 23.

Acteon crenatus. Sowerby, V. p. 87, pl. 460, fig. 1.
natella crenetus, Fleming, p. 336.

Tor-

Oblong-ovate; body large, a little ventricose ; spire small,
acute, with four very slightly inflated volutions, and a shallow
sutural line; aperture elongated, narrow, about two-thirds the
length of the body, contracted and pointed above, gradually
widening below, and terminating in a rounded base; outer lip
sharp, almost straight ; columella with a series of minute cre-
nulations. Fig. 23 is the natural size of the shell.

London Clay, Barton Cliff.

3. Urricutus ELoNGATUs.—The Elongated Utriculus, pl.
XLVII. fig. 27, 28, 29.

Acton elongatus. Sowerby, V. p. 88, pl. 460, fig. 3. Tor-
natella elongatus, Fleming, p. 337.

Greatly elongated, subcylindrical ; body long; spire of me-

‘ dium length, with four gradually tapering volutions, defined by

a narrow sutural line, and ending in an obtuse apex; aperture
short, about half the length of the body, slightly oblique, con-
tracted above, and rounded and widened beneath; outer lip a
little expanded, and slightly inflected in the centre; whole sur-
face covered with very fine spiral stria, which are very indistinct
on the spire and superior portion of the body. Fig. 28 is the
natural size of the shell.

London Clay, Barton Cliff.

SECTION II.—APERTURE AS LONG AS THE BODY.

4. Urricutus GLaBer.— The Smooth Utriculus, pl.
XLVIL. fig. 30.

Utriculus glaber. Brown, Elts. Foss. Conch. p. 64, pl. 5,
fig. 9. Act@on glaber, Phillips, Geo. of Yorkshire, I. p. 129,
pl. 9, fig. 31.

Cylindrical, oblong; body very large; spire very short,
depressed, consisting of three slightly inflated, gradually dimi-
nishing volutions, the apicial one obtuse; aperture elongated,
narrow, extending the whole length of the body, straitened
above, gradually expanding as it descends, and pretty wide
below; outer lip nearly straight; columellar lip destitute of a
thickening; whole surface smooth, with wide-set, indistinct,
nearly equidistant, transverse striz ; base rounded.

Grey Limestone of the Cave Oolite at Cloughton.

FAMILY JI.—_CALYPTRACEA.

The branchiz of the animal situated in a dorsal cavity,
or projecting beyond its shell, which is invariably exte-
rior.

Genus II].—ANCYLUS.—Miiller.

Shell thin, obliquely conical, patelliform; vertex some-
what pointed, short, turned backwards, and slightly
inwards, but not spiral; aperture oval, or oblong, with
the margins simple and entire.

2c

102

1. AncyLus ELEGANS—The Elegant Ancylus, pl. XLVII.
fig. 32 and 35.

Ancylus elegans. Sowerby, VI. p. 64, pl. 533. Fleming,
p- 280. Brown, Elts. Foss. Conch. p. 64, pl. 4, fig. 14.

Subconical, rather convex, smooth; apex pointing obliquely
to one side, and situate near the narrower end of the shell;
aperture subovate, narrower at the apicial end, and more point-
ed, the opposite extremity rather flattened; surface covered
with extremely minute, divergent strie, which are only disco-
verable by the aid of a strong lens. Height nearly equal to
half its greatest diameter.

Dark-gray sand of the London Clay at Hordwell.

Genus IV.—CALYPTRAA.—Lamarch.

Shell conical; vertex subcentral, imperforate, and
acute; base of aperture orbicular, or nearly so, its mar-
gins sharp and entire; internal cavity provided with a
lateral salient appendage, or septum, which varies much
in form in different species; various species have a
strongly marked, muscular impression, just above the
fold of the inner lip; in other species, it is situate on the
outside of the inner cup, but never within it.

SECTION I—TROCHIFORM, THE SEPTUM SOMEWHAT SPIRAL.

1. CaLypTR#A ECHINULATUM.—The Spined Calyptrea,
pl. XLVII. fig. 36, 37.

Infundibulum echinulatum. Sowerby, I. p. 221, pl. 97, fig.
2. Fleming, p. 363.

Smootn, conical, depressed, oblique, inflated on the sides;
with three or four spiral convolutions, the apicial one acute, and
two or three lower ones smooth; body with regular series of
rather obscure, short spines, which are most developed near the
edge. Diameter three-quarters of an inch.

Plastic Clay at Plumstead.

2. Catyprr@a rEcTuM—The Rectangular Calyptrea, pl.
XLVII. fig. 38, 39.

Infundibulum rectum. Sowerby, I. p. 220, pl. 97, fig. 3.
Fleming, p. 362.

Conical; apex central; body inflated; spire with two or three
obsolete volutions, ending in an acute, nearly central vertex ;
aperture nearly circular; internal plate rectangular, and with
one volution; columella slender; external surface concentrically
striated.

The Crag at Holywells.

3. CALyPTR&#A OBLIQUUM—The Oblique Calyptraa, pl.
XLVIL. fig. 40, 41, 42.

Infundibulum obliquum. Sowerby, I. p. 220, pl. 97, fig. 1.
Fleming, p. 363.

Subconic, somewhat depressed, very smooth, oblique; vertex
turned to one side; aperture circular; internal transverse parti-
tion reaching two-thirds across the inside, its edge reflected near
the columellar region, and having the aspect of an umbilicus.
Fig. 42, natural size of the shell.

London Clay, Barton Cliff, and at Brakenhurst, Surrey.

MOLLUSCA.,

PILEopsis.

4. CALYPTREA SPINULOsUM—The Spinous Calyptrea, pl.
XLVII. fig. 46, 47.

Infundibulum spinulosum. Sowerby, I. p. 222, pl. 97, fig.
6. Fleming, p. 363.

Subconic, ventricose; with three or four obscurely defined
yolutions, the superior ones slightly inflated; vertex nearly
central, the apex acute; surface covered with numerous, small,
extremely short, somewhat reflected hollow spines; aperture
orbicular ; outer lip curved internally; the transverse septum
reaching three-fourths across the cavity ; slightly twisted at the
base of the columella, producing the appearance of a subum-
bilicus. Diameter nearly an inch and a half.

London Clay at Barton Cliff.

5. CaLYPTR&A TUBERCULATUM.—The Tuberculated Ca-
lyptreea, pl. XLVII. fig. 45.

Infundibulum tuberculatum. Sowerby, I. p. 221, pl. 97, fig.
4, 5. Fleming, p. 363. Trochus apertus, Brander, Foss.
Hant. pl. 1, fig. 1, 2.

Subconic, inflated, oblique; spire with two or three volu-
tions, apex obtuse; whole surface covered with spiral bands of
rugose tubercles; aperture subrotnnd.

London Clay, Hampshire.

Genus V.—PILEOPSIS.—LZamarch.

Shell obliquely conical, posteriorly recurved, with an
uncinate spiral apex; the volutions serrated, and rolled
inwards; aperture large, ovate; anterior margin shortest,
the posterior one large, and rounded; inside with two
elongated, arcuated, muscular impressions, situated under
the posterior margin; external surface covered with a
thick, horny, somewhat pilous epidermis.

1. PitEopsis uNGuis—The Hoof Pileopsis, pl. XLVII.
fig. 43, 44.

Patella unguis. Sowerby, II. p. 88,* pl. 139, fig. 7. Capu-
lus unguis, Fleming, p. 364. ;

Subdepressed, suborbicular; vertex recurved, oblique, extend-
ing beyond the margin, the convolution small and acute; base
suboval, contracting internally; outer lip even. Height about
a third of its width.

Found in the Crag at Holywells.

2. PitEopsis striatus. — The Striated Pileopsis, pl.
XLVII. fig. 49.

Pileopsis striatus. Phillips, II. p. 224, pl. 14, fig. 15.

Oval; apex placed near one end; vertex incurved, and free;
arcuated from the base to the vertex; outer surface covered
with strong, sharp, radiating strie, crossed by numerous, remote,
transverse lines of growth; base suboval.

Mountain Limestone, Northumberland, Bolland, and County
of Kildare, Ireland.

3. Piteoprsts NerirorpEs—The Nerita-formed Pileopsis,
pl. XLVII. fig. 48 and 51.

Pileopsis Neritoides. Phillips, Il. p. 224, pl. 14, fig. 16,
17, 18.

Obliquely spiral; spire depressed, with two volutions, the

apex blunted; aperture oval; outer surface with strong, irregu-

lar lines of growth, and concentrically striate at the base.
Mountain Limestone at Bolland.

EMARGINULA. MOLLUSCA. 103

4. PiEopsis TRILOBUS——The Three-lobed Pileopsis, pl.
XLVIL. fig. 50 and 55.

Pileopsis ? trilobus. Phillips, II. p. 224, pl. 14, fig. 12, 13.

Subconic, smooth, arcuated from the base to the vertex,
which is straight, gradually tapering and acute at the vertex,
pointing downwards, and nearly reaching the margin; aperture
trilobate; base taking the undulous character of the lobes.

Mountain Limestone of Bolland.

5. PrLeopsis TUBIFER—The Tubed Pileopsis, pl. XLVII.
fig. 52.

Pileopsis tubifer. Sowerby, VI. p. 224, pl. 607, fig. 4.
Phillips, II. p. 224, pl. 14, fig. 14.

Elongated, smooth, narrow, arcuated; vertex but slightly
curved; three obscure, divergent, spinous ridges emanating
near the vertex, and terminating on the margin, with three
rows of long tubular spines, extending upwards of half an inch
beyond the margin.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland, and near Preston.

6. Piteopsis vetustus.— The Ancient Pileopsis, pl.
XLVII. fig. 53.

Pileopsis vetusta. Sowerby, VI. p. 223, pl. 607, fig. 1, 2, 3.
Phillips, II. p. 224, pl. 14, fig. 19?

Subconical, considerably arcuated, smooth; vertex blunt, and
slightly bent; posteriorly contracted, and compressed on the
sides; each with two or three irregular undulations, crossed by
nearly obsolete, waved lines of growth; aperture oblong-ovate,
broadest in front, the margin sinuous, conforming to the undu-
lations.

Mountain Limestone, Queen’s County, Ireland, Preston, and
at Bolland.

7. Piteopsis ancustus.—The Straitened Pileopsis, pl.
XLVII. fig. 54.

Pileopsis angustus. Phillips, I. p. 224, pl. 14, fig. 20.

Subconic, spiral, smooth, narrow above; vertex turned to one
side, obtuse; with transverse, wide-set lines of growth; aper-
ture elongated, and expanded behind.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

Genus VI.—FISSURELLA.—Bruguiere.
Shell oblong, shield-shaped, or conically depressed ;

concave within; destitute of spiral convolutions; with
the vertex perforated, and directed towards the front of
the shell, the perforation subovate in some species, and
nearly round in others; margin of the shell thickened
around the inside, and generally crenulated; muscular
impression visible near the inner edge, all round, widest
on the sides near the front; outer surface striated,
grooved, or radiated, from the vertex to the margin, and
generally decussated by lines of growth.

1. Fissuretta Graca.— The Greek Fissurella, pl.
XLVIII. fig. 7, 8.

Fissurella Greca. Sowerby, V. p. 132, pl. 483. Fleming,
p- 365. Patella Greca, Brocchi, II. p. 259.

Oblong-ovate, convex, somewhat longitudinally arcuated, per-
foration oval; whole surface with many small ribs, radiating
from the apex to the base, composed of sets, consisting of one

large and two small ones, and between each set is a still larger
rib; these are intersected by numerous, transverse, elevated,
narrow thread-like ribs, which produce a thickening at their
intersections ; inside oblong-oval, smooth; margin crenulated,
and a little arcuated.

The Crag at Ipswich.

Genus VII.—SIPHO.—Brown.

Shell ovate, subconic; vertex reflected, and slightly
spiral; with a small dorsal fissure situate near the vertex,
terminating internally by a rhombic, funnel-shaped sy-
phon, or cup, in some species, but devoid of it in others;
base ovate; exterior surface ribbed or striated.

1. SipHo cattHrata.—The Barred Sipho, pl. XLVIII.
fig. 1, 2.

Emarginula? s. Fissurella? clathrata. Sowerby, VI. p.
33, pl. 519, fig. 1. #%sswrella clathrata, Fleming, p. 365.

Prominently conical; the vertex thick, and considerably in-
curved, reaching nearly to the base; whole surface with strong,
longitudinal, divergent ribs, emanating from the apex, and ter-
minating on the base, each of which project beyond the edge,
and form a crenulated margin, in the centre is a much thicker
rib, with an awl-shaped fissure, extending from the back of
the apex about half way down; these ribs are crossed by
transverse ribs, which produce a beautifully reticulated aspect ;
aperture oval.

The Oolite at Ancliffe.

Genus VIIIL—EMARGINULA.—Lamarck.

Shell conical, shield-shaped; vertex inclined to the
posterior extremity; anterior margin with a notch, or
fissure; internal cavity simple; anterior sides of the mus-
cular impression interrupted, expanded, and not con-
tinued across the front.

1. EmarGInuLa RETICULATA.— The Reticulated Emar-
ginula, pl. XLVIII. fig. 3, 4.

Emarginula reticulata. Sowerby, I. p. 74, pl. 33, lower
figures. Fleming, p. 365.

Greatly conical, elongated; vertex elevated, slightly turned
to one side, but not acute; surface with twenty-four, or more,
strong, divergent ribs, crossed by numerous thread-like strie,
which produce a fine reticulated appearance; fissure short ;
aperture oval; inside smooth.

From the Crag, Holywells.

2, EmarGInuta scaRLaris.——The Ladder-like Emarginula,
pl. XLVIII. fig. 5, Bs? (Oe

Emarginula scalaris. Sowerby, VI. p. 34, pl. 519, fig. 3.
Fleming, p. 366.

Conical; vertex but very slightly bent, somewhat eccentric,
and obtuse; with many divergent, equal ribs, the central one
cleft by the marginal fissure, the intervals crossed by very fine
strie; aperture obovate. Diameter a little more than an eighth
ofan inch. Fig. 5,* natural size.

Found in the Oolite at Ancliffe.

104

3. EmarcinuLa sutcata—The Furrowed Emarginula, pl.
XLVIII. fig. 16, 16,* 17.

Emarginula scalaris. Sowerby, VI. pl. 519, fig. 4.

Somewhat acutely conical, with the vertex slightly turned
downwards; surface with about seventeen rather flat ribs,
which hardly protrude beyond the margin, the central one cleft
by the fissure, with broad furrows between each, which are
crossed by fine, somewhat irregular, nearly obsolete stria; mar-
ginal fissure very short; aperture suborbicular. Fig. 16,* the
natural size.

Found in the Oolite at Ancliffe.

This shell has been confounded with the preceding species, but will at
once be distinguished by the ribs being more acute, and better defined.

4. EMARGINULA TRICARINATA.—The Three-keeled Emar-
ginula, pl. XLVIII. fig. 14, 14,* 15.

Emarginula tricarinata. Sowerby, VI. p. 34, pl. 519, fig.
2. Fleming, p. 366.

Conical; the vertex considerably bent down, and rather acute
at the apex; surface with three principal, much thicker, more
prominent, and widely-set divergent ribs, situated in front, the
central one cleft by the fissure, which is gradually closed as the
shell increases in size, and leaves a longitudinal, transversely
striate space in the centre of it, and about ten or twelve lesser
ribs on the sides and back, the intervening furrows almost
smooth; aperture elongated, and slightly quadrangular. Fig.
14,* the natural size of the shell.

Found in the Oolite at Ancliffe.

5. Emarcinuta crassa. —The Thick Emarginula, pl.
XLVIII. fig. 9, 10.

Emarginula crassa. Sowerby, [. p. 73, pl. 33, two upper
figures. Fleming, p. 365.

Obtusely conical, very thick; vertex short, turned backwards,
and subacute at the apex; whole surface with nearly equidis-
tant, divergent, flat ribs, the intervening furrows with four or
five longitudinal striw between each, crossed by many lines of
growth, which in old shells become very close and irregular
towards the base; marginal fissure wide, and filled up half its
length by thinner shelly matter than the other parts ; aperture
oblong-oval, glossy within, margin somewhat undulated.

The Crag near Ipswich.

FAMILY IIIl—PHYLLIDIACEA.

The branchiz of the animals situated beneath the
margin of the mantle, in a longitudinal series around the
body. They respire in water. Shell simple.

Genus IX.—PATELLA.—Linneus.

Shell ovate or oblong, more or less of a conical form,
sometimes, although rarely, pyramidal; vertex rarely
central, generally placed anteriorly, with its apex inclined
towards the head of the animal; concave within, and the
margin entire; muscular impressions distinct, and same
form as the shell, placed about half way betwixt the
summit and the margin, interrupted in front, where the
head of the animal is situated; external surface striated

MOLLUSCA.

Parewua.

or ribbed in a variable manner, from the apex to the
base, in the latter case, the margin is variously dentated
or crenulated.

1, PaTeLLA mMucronATA.— The Pointed Patella, pl,
XLVIII. fig. 11.

Patella mucronata. Phillips, II. p. 223, pl. 14, fig. 3.

Smooth, subconic, depressed; apex mucronate, central, and
acute; aperture nearly orbicular, the marginal lips a little con-
cave.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

2. Paretia striata.—The Striated Patella, pl. XLVIIL
fig. 12, 13.

Patella striata.
p- 288.

Oblong-oyate, slightly oblique, irregularly conical; with nu-
merous, acute, irregularly large and small divergent ribs, here
and there interrupted by somewhat irregular lines of growth;
sides frequently pressed inwards; vertex acute, and placed
towards the anterior end; inside thickened towards the apicial
region.

Young shells are nearly flat, and acquire the conical form as they ad-
vance in age.

London Clay at Stubbington.

3. PaTrELLA ruGosA—The Rugged Patella, pl. XLVIII.
fig. 18.

Patella rugosa. Sowerby, II. p. 87,* pl. 139, fig. 6. Par-
kinson, III. p. 50, pl. 5, fig. 21. Fleming, p. 288.

Obovate, thick, depressed; apex placed near one end, de-
pressed, and slightly recurved; dorsal end somewhat concave ;
surface with numerous, rather regular, divergent ribs, and with
two or three large reflected concentric undulations, which are
so much developed behind the vertex, that they give the
appearance of having been rolled together, and provided with
indistinct lines of growth.

The Lower Oolite, Gloucestershire.

4. PaTeLta stnvosa—The Crooked Patella, pl. XLVIII.
fig. 19.

Patella sinuosa. Phillips, II. p. 223, pl. 14, fig. 2.

Oviform, smooth, depressed, subconic; vertex irregular, pro-
minent, and situate near the narrow end; surface with indistinct

Sowerby, IV. p. 123, pl. 389. Fleming,

lines of growth.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

5. PavreLta scurTirormis——The Scuttle-shaped Patella,
pl. XLVIIL. fig. 20.

Patella scutiformis. Phillips, IL. p. 223, pl. 14, fig. 1.

Scutiform, smooth, elliptical, depressed; vertex inflexed,
acute, situate near the margin of the narrow end; surface with
very fine, divergent striw.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

6. Pavretta Lavis—The Smooth Patella, pl. XLVIIL.
fig. 21, 22.

Patella levis. Sowerby, II. p. 86,* pl. 139, fig. 3, 4.
tella levior, Fleming, p. 288.

Subconic, slender, depressed; vertex obtuse, and eccentric;
surface very smooth, and shining; aperture oviform.

Alum Clay of Whitby and Folkstone.

7. Paretva rata—The Broad Patella, pl. XLVIII. fig. 23.

Patella lata. Sowerby, V. p. 133, pl. 484, fig. 2. Fleming,
p- 288.

Pa-

:
:
a
J

d

MeEToPpToMa.

Obovate, its length and breadth being nearly equal, depres-
sed; vertex eccentric, situate about one-third of the length of
the shell from the anterior end; external surface with about
thirty obtuse, distant, rounded, divergent ribs, those upon the
posterior end strongest.

Lower Oolite, Stonefield.

8. Parerta Nanus.—The Dwarf Patella, pl. XLVIII. fig.
24, 25, 26.

Patella Nanus. Sowerby, V. p. 134, pl. 484, fig. 3. Fle-
ming, p. 288.

Oblique, smooth, subconic; vertex obtuse, situate half way
between the centre and the anterior end of the shell; both
extremities equally obtuse; aperture oval. Fig. 26, the natural
size of the shell.

The London Clay, Ancliffe.

9. PATELLA ANCYLOIDES.—The Ancilla-shaped Patella, pl.
XLVIIL. fig. 27, 28, 29.

Patelia ancyloides. Sowerby, V. p. 134, pl. 484, fig. 2.

Convex, smooth, depressed; vertex slightly spiral, situate
near the anterior end; the apex curved downwards, and a little
to one side. Fig. 29, natural size of the shell.

The London Clay at Ancliffe.

10. PATELLA RETROSA.— The Retroflexed Patella, pl.
XLVIII. fig. 30.

Patella retrosa. Phillips, II. p. 223, pl. 14, fig. 5.

Subconic, smooth, depressed; apex retroflexed, acute, placed
about two-thirds towards the anterior end; with about fourteen
broad, flat, divergent, undulating ribs, and shallow, broad, inter-
mediate furrows; aperture elliptical; margin undulated.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

11. ParTeLLa £QuALIs.—The Equal Patella, pl. XLVIII.
fig. 31, 32.

Patella equalis.
ming, p- 288.

Abruptly conical, its height and breadth being nearly equal,
smooth, with a few obsolete radii; posterior end nearly perpen-
dicular; apex obtuse; base oviform, the anterior end broadest.

In the Crag at Holywells.

12. ParTELLA curvaTa.—The Curved Patella, pl. XLVIII.
fig. 33.

Patella curvata. Phillips, II. p. 223, pl. 14, fig. 4.

Conical, smooth; anterior end curved; vertex inclined pos-
teriorly, acute at the apex; aperture deep and orbicular; mar-
ginal lip plane.

‘The Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

13. PaTELLA LatTissimA—The Very Broad Patella, pl.
XLVIII. fig. 35.

Patella latissima. Sowerby, II. p. 85, pl. 139, fig. | and 5.
Fleming, p. 288.

Sowerby, II. p. 87,* pl. 139, fig. 2. Fle-

MOLLUSCA.

105

Depressed, smooth, and very thins; vertex eccentric, flat ;
concentrically undulated ; aperture nearly orbicular, or slightly
oval.

In the Slaty Clay, Lincolnshire.

14. PATELLA LATERALIS. — The
XLVIII. fig. 36.

Patella lateralis. Phillips, II. p. 223, pl. 14, fig. 6.

Subconic, smooth; vertex depressed; the apex acute; pro-
vided with a lateral sulcus, and posterior radiations.

The Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

Lateral Patella, pl.

Genus X._METOPTOMA.— Phillips.

Shell subconical, depressed; vertex subcentral; face
under the apex truncated; general form somewhat shield-
shaped.

1. MeEroproma imBricata.—The Imbricated Metoptoma,
pl. XLVIII. fig. 35 and 40.

Metoptoma imbricata. Phillips, IT. p- 224, pl. 14, fig. 8.

Conical, shield-shaped ; apex rather obtuse; surface covered
with concentric, imbricated ribs.

The Mountain Limestone at Bolland, and near Dowall, Der-
byshire.

2. MerToprona suLcata—The Furrowed Metoptoma, pl.
XLVIII. fig. 37.

Metoptoma sulcata. Phillips, II. p. 224, pl. 14, fig. 11.

Convex; posterior side arcuated; outer surface concentrically
suleated; apex obtuse.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

3. Mertroproma opLonca—The Oblong .Metoptoma, pl.
XLVIIL. fig. 38.

Metoptoma oblonga. Phillips, II. p. 224, pl. 14, fig. 10.

Oblong, cordiform; conical, rather convex; expanded ante-
riorly, with the margin rounded; vertex obtuse.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

4, Merroproma piLeus.— The Bonnet Metoptoma, pl.
XLVIII. fig. 39.

Metoptoma pileus. Phillips, II. p. 224, pl. 14, fig. 7. Brown,
Elts. Foss. Conch. p. 67, pl. 5, fig. 18.

Shield-shaped, conical, smooth ; apex obtuse.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland, and Dowall, Derbyshire.

5. Meroptoma Eviiprica.— The Elliptical Metoptoma,
pl. XLVIII. fig. 41.

Metoptoma elliptica. Phillips, II. p. 224, pl. 14, fig. 9.

Elliptical, subconic, smooth; vertex terminal, acute, and
elongated.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

CLASS SECOND.

CONCHIFERA;

Animals soft, inarticulate, destitute of a head or organs
of vision, and always fixed within a bivalve shell; pro-
vided with external branchiz, their circulation is simple,
and heart unilocular.

All the species are aquatic, living either in the sea or
fresh waters. None of the animals have an internal
shell, the body is invariably soft, and the mouth is situate
near the left side of the hinge.

Granv-Drvision I.

Ligament none or unknown, or in its stead a tendinous
chord, which supports the shell.

ORDER I.—MONOMY ARIA.

Animals provided with but one muscle of attachment,
or adductor muscle, which leaves one subcentral muscu-
lar impression inside of each valve.

FAMILY I.—BRACHIOPODA.

Shell bivalve, adhering to extraneous marine bodies,
either by the shell itself being in contact with them, or
attached by a tendinous chord. Shells not quite equi-
valve, and open by a hinge.

Genus IL—LINGULA.—Bruguiere.

Shell equivalve, equilateral, oblong-ovate, compressed,
thin; acute and gaping at the umbones; slightly trun-
cated or trilobate at the base; muscular impressions
situate towards the centre of the valves; external surface
covered with a glossy, thick epidermis; hinge destitute
of teeth; shell suspended by a cylindrical, fleshy, tendi-
nous pedicle, attached to the umbones.

1. Lineura ovaris—The Oval Lingula, pl. XLIX. fig. 2.

Lingula ovalis. Sowerby, I. p. 56, pl. 19, fig. 4.
p- 368.

Oblong-oval, smooth, depressed ; beaks rounded and blunt;
base broad and circular. Length half an inch; breadth a

Fleming,

quarter.

London Clay, Pakefield, Suffolk.

OR BIVALYVES.

2. Lineura ELiiptica—The Elliptical Lingula, pl. XLIX.
fig. 3.

Lingula elliptica. Phillips, II. p. 221, pl. 11, fig. 15.

An elongated ellipsis, retrally acuminated; surface plane, with
wide-set, slender stri#, radiating from the umbones; basal line
rather acute.

Mountain Limestone, Ashford, Derbyshire.

3. LincuLa squamirorMis——The Scale-shaped Lingula,
pl. XLIX. fig. 4.

Lingula squamiformis. Phillips, II. p. 221, pl. 11, fig. 14.

Oblong; umbones acuminated ; base truncated; superior por-
tion of the valves inflated, compressed below; an oblong-oval
depression in the centre ; sides parallel; surface with longitudi-
nal and concentric lines, and with radiating striew at the base.

4. Lineura Myrtittoipes.—The Mytilus-like Lingula, pl.
XLIX. fig. 6.

Lingula Mytiloides.
Fleming, p. 368.

Oval, smooth, shining; umbones obtuse; narrower aboye, and
well rounded at the base, where it is somewhat flattened.

Carboniferous Limestone of Durham, &e.

5. Lrixeuta Beanit—Bean’s Lingula, pl. XLIX. fig. 7.

Lingula Beanii. Phillips, I. p. 128, pl. 11, fig. 24.

Oblong-ovate, smooth, glossy; somewhat narrow above, with
projecting beaks, which are somewhat obtuse at the point; sides
nearly parallel; base rounded; surface with delicately marked

Sowerby, I. p. 55, pl. 19, fig. 1, 2.

lines of growth.

Blue Wick of the Inferior Oolite.

6. LincuLa paraLLELA—The Parallel Lingula, pl. XLIX.
fig. 11 and 15.

Lingula parallela. Phillips, II. p. 221, pl. 11, fig. 17, 18, 19.

Ovate, nearly equal at both extremities, front a little more
rounded than the other end; umbones a little elevated, but not
projecting beyond the extremity ; surface with shallow lines of
growth. Fig. 11, the flatter valve; fig. 15, the deeper one.

Mountain Limestone, Northumberland.

7. _Lincuta MARGINATA—The Marginated Lingula, pl.
XLIX. fig. 12.

Lingula marginata. Phillips, II. p. 221, pl. 11, fig. 16.

Much elongated, truncated in front, retrally rounded; edges
of the valves turned up; sides parallel; valves flattened on their
centres, with an elevated mesial ridge; whole surface covered
with small, oval, hollow, fine, concentric and radiating strie.

The Mountain Limestone at Bowes.

8. LincuLa scutTrrormis—The Scuttle-shaped Lingula,
pl. XLIX. fig. 20.

Lingula parallela. Phillips, II. p. 221, pl. 11, fig. 18.

Scuttle-shaped; truncated behind, and produced in front; sur-
face smooth, with nearly obsolete lines of growth; sides almost
parallel.

LincuLa.

The Mountain Limestone, Northumberland.

9. Lineuna TRUNcaTA.—The Truncated Lingula, pl. LIII.
fig. 4.

Lingula truncata.
339, pl. 14, fig. 15.

Ovate, smooth, longitudinally compressed, most so in the
centre of the valves; base parallel.

Lower Greensand, Kent.

10. Lineuta corneA—The Horny Lingula, pl. XLIX.*
fig. 1.

Lingula cornea. Murchison, Sil. Syst. p. 603, pl. 3, fig. 3.

Oblong; umbonal region subacute, gradually widening to-

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series, p.

wards the centre, from whence the sides are nearly parallel ;
base very slightly rounded, or nearly flat.

Lowest beds of the Old Red Sandstone.

11. Lincura minima.— The Very Small Lingula, pl.
XLIX.* fig. 2.

Lingula minima. Murchison, Sil. Syst. p. 612, pl. 5, fig. 23.

Oblong, somewhat elongated; beaks subacute ; flat, smooth,
and thin, with parallel sides, a little broader below than above ;
base but slightly rounded. Length four lines; width two lines
and a half.

Found in the Upper Ludlow Rock at Dowton Castle and
Delbury.

12. Lincura rara.—The Broad Lingula, pl. XLIX.* fig. 3.

Lingula lata. Murchison, Sil. Syst. p. 618, pl. 8, fig. 11.

Obovate; beaks rather produced; flat, smooth; sides and base
rather rounded. Length three lines; breadth about two lines.

Lower Ludlow Rock, in escarpments, at Evenhay, Elton, &c.

13. Liyeuna striata—The Striated Lingula, pl. XLIX.*
fig. 4.

Lingula? striata. Murchison, Sil. Syst. p. 619, pl. 8, fig. 12.

Obovate, very much compressed, somewhat quadrangular ;
beaks but slightly developed ; base nearly parallel; whole sur-
face with minute, transverse striz. Length five lines; breadth
four lines.

Lower Ludlow Rock near Amestry.

14. Lincuta atTenvata.—The Attenuated Lingula, pl.
XLIX.* fig. 5.

Lingula attenuata. Murchison, p. 641, pl. 22, fig. 13.

Elongated, compressed, smooth, acuminated above, wide be-
low; beaks prominent and acute; sides rather flat above, some-
what rounded below; and the base slightly arcuated. Length
seven lines and a half; breadth five lines.

Lower Silurian Rocks, Golden Grove, Caermarthenshire ;
Meadow Town and Rorington, Salop.

15. Lineura Lewisi1.—Lewis’s Lingula, pl. XLIX.* fig. 6.

Lingula Lewisii. Murchison, p. 615 and 631, pl. 6, fig. 9.

Oblong, compressed, smooth; beaks very obtuse; a little flat
above, and somewhat produced below; sides parallel. Length
one inch and two lines; breadth nine lines and a half.

Common in the Silurian Rocks, of which it is highly charac-
teristic; the Amestry Limestone, Ludlow promontory; at Mary
Knoll; Palmer’s Cairn; and Sunny Bank: it also occurs in the
Wenlock Shale at Tynewydd, Wenlock, and Buildbwas.

16. Lincuta? truncata—The Truncated Lingula, pl.
XLIX.* fig. 7.

Lingula truncata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series, p.
339, pl. 14, fig. 15.

MOLLUSCA. 107

Ovate, compressed; beaks hardly elevated above the body ;
sides nearly parallel; base straight.
Lower Greensand, Kent.

Genus I].—CRANIA.—Retzius.

Shell inequivalve, suborbicular, mostly equilateral,
slightly irregular; upper valve patelliform, very convex,
interiorly provided with two projecting callosities, its
umbo placed rather behind the centre; lower valve adhe-
rent, nearly flat, pierced on its end or surface with three
unequal or oblique holes; each valve with four muscular
impressions ; two of those in the upper valve are situate
near the posterior margin, the other nearer the centre,
but always close to each other; in the lower valve two
are almost marginal, and remote, but the other two are
nearly central, and so close together that they seem
united, with usually a small projection between them ;
destitute of a hinge.

1. Cranra Paristensis—The Parisian Crania, pl. LIII.
fig. 1, 2, 3, 4.

Crania Parisiensis. De France, Dict. des Sci. Nat. La-
marck, VI, pt. Ist, p. 259. Cuvier and Brongniarte, Geo. des
Envy. de Paris, Ed. 1822, p. 15, pl. 3, fig. 2. Sowerby, V. p. 3,
pl. 408. Criopus Parisiensis, Fleming, p. 377.

Suborbicular, compressed; upper valve thin, smooth in the
centre, with obscure, granulated, irregular spines round the
edges; its umbo small, acute, and placed a little to one side;
margin folding over, and descending beyond the elevated edge
of the lower valve; lower valve thick, with a considerably
elevated margin, and cellular in its structure, a few nearly obso-
lete, divergent strie upon its inner surface, and attached by its
whole outer surface ; muscular impressions variable, sometimes
exceedingly indistinct, and at others very deep; the elevation
between the central ones also varies, being sometimes elevated
along with it, in which case it has a strong resemblance to the
human cranium.

Found attached to fragments of the shells of Catillus, &., in
the Chalk, particularly that of Norfolk.

Genus II].—SPIRIFER.— Sowerby.

Shell transverse, equilateral, inequivalve ; hinge
straight, linear, widely extended equally on both sides
of the umbones, which are more or less remote, being
separated by an intermediate flattened area, varying con-
siderably in breadth in different species, and consists of
three triangular parts, a central and two lateral ones;
this area is divided in the centre by a triangular pit, for
the passage of a byssus; within the smaller valve, and
near the umbo, two spiral testaceous appendages are
attached, whose convolutions diminish in size as they
diverge from the centre of the shell.

108

Section I.—Cuspmata.—Beaks imperforate, sepa-
rated by a triangular area, the lower one not incurved ;
upper valve convex; hinge line generally straight, and
equal to the breadth of the shell.

1. Sprrirer cusprpaTus. — The Pointed Spirifer, pl.
XLIX. fig. 25, 36, 37, 38.

Spirifer cuspidatus. Sowerby, II. p. 42, pl. 120. Ib. V. p.
90, pl. 461, fig. 2. Fleming, p-371. Brown, Elts. Foss. Conch.
p: 71, pl. 7, fig. 8. Anomia cuspidata, Martin, Linn. Trans.
IV. p. 45, pl. 3, and pl. 4, fig. 5. Ib. Pet. Derb. pl. 46 and 47,
fig. 3, 4, 5.

Shell inversely pyramidal, longitudinally suleated; deeper
valve nearly flat on the back, triangular, and equilateral; beak
very slightly incurved, or straight in some specimens, and in
some instances recurved; depth equal to its greatest width,
which is occupied by the hinge line; front elevated by a semi-
circular sinus, corresponding to a produced, longitudinal ridge,
and depression in the lower valve; opposite valve about one-
third the depth of the other, its length being about equal to
one-half its width; margin semicircular; on each side of the
smooth, central undulation, it is provided with about fifteen
sulci; surface marked with a few lines of growth, and continuing
over the beak, which is covered with fine, longitudinal striz ;
foramen with reflected edges.

Found in the Carboniferous Limestone of Derbyshire; Gla-
morganshire; near Cork, and also near Dublin, Treland.

2. SprrirER 1NscuLpTa.—The Carved Spirifer, pl. XLIX.
fig. 29, 30.

Spirifera insculpta. Phillips, IL. p. 216, pl. 9, fig. 2, 3.

Cardinal area very wide, with the mesial and two or three
lateral folds very large, triangular and deep, acute at the edges,
and with wide-set, transverse stric.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland, Derbyshire.

3. SpmrIFER sENILIS.— The Aged Spirifer, pl. XLIX.
fig. 29.

Spirifera senilis. Phillips, II. p. 216, pl. 9, fig. 5.

Cardinal area large, transversely striated, with an indistinct
mesial fold; surface rather smooth, and covered with radiating
striae.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

4, SPIRIFER CRENISTRIA—The Creni-striated Spirifer, pl.
XLIX. fig. 30.

Spirifera crenistria. Phillips, II. p. 216, pl. 9, fig. 6.

Cardinal area rather narrow; mesial fold nearly obsolete ;
surface smooth, with strong, very numerous, close-set, divari-
cating strie, which are crossed by pretty strong lines of growth,
giving it a crenulated aspect.

The Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

5. SpirRIFER DiIsTANs.—The Distant-beaked Spirifer, pl.
XLIX. fig. 33, 34.

Spirifer distans.
ming, p. 375.

Gibbose, semicircular; sides with from ten to twelve longitu-
dinal furrows; cardinal area broad, triangular, and curved; beaks
incuryed, distant; mesial ridge plain, elevated in front, with a
slight hollow in its centre; in the opposite valve a furrow.
Length about two-thirds of its width.

The Carboniferous Limestone, near Dublin.

Sowerby, V. p. 153, pl. 494, fig. 3. Fle-

MOLLUSCA.

SPIRIFER.

6. SprrirFER sEPTOsA—The Diked Spirifer, pl. XLIX.
fig. 35.

Spirifera septosa. Phillips, II. p. 216, pl. 9, fig. 7.

Upper valve more convex than the other, both provided with
very wide, deep furrows, which in many instances become bifur-
cate, or trifurcate, towards the margins; with two strong, diver-
gent, intervening ribs on each side.

Phillips remarks, ‘* The septa in the lower valve divide it into three
parts, as in Gypidium, to which by this insufficient character it would
be referred. Many Spiriferee exhibit, less distinctly, the same pheno-
menon.”

Found in the Mountain Limestone at Burton Fell, Cumber-
land, and Ribblehead.

7. SPIRIFER RHOMBOIDEA.——The Rhomboidal Spirifer, pl.
LI. fig. 2 and 16.

Spirifera rhomboidea. Phillips, II. p. 217, pl. 9, fig. 8, 9.

Width more than double its length; cardinal area very wide;
mesial fold well defined; surface with smooth, rounded, longi-
tudinal, divergent ribs, the intervening sulci rather deep, and
quite plain. Fig. 16 is a less elongated variety of this species.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

This species differs from S. fusiformis, in the elevated ridge being

much more produced beyond the base, in which character it also disagrees
with S. convoluta.

8. SPIRIFER FUSIFORMIS——The Spindle-shaped Spirifer,
pl. LI. fig. 4, 5.

Spirifera fusiformis. Phillips, II. p. 217, pl. 9, fig. 10, 11.

Width greatly exceeding its length; mesial fold not quite
central, and ill defined; cardinal area rather broad, and some-
what hollowed; surface with rather obtuse, longitudinal, diver-
gent ribs, and shallow intervening furrows; the rounded central
ridge not much produced at the base.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

9. SpiriFER convoLuTA.——The Rolled Spirifer, pl. LI.
fig. 15.

Spirifera convoluta. Phillips, II. p. 217, pl. 9, fig. 7.

Very much elongated transversely, its width being about
thrice its length; cardinal area concave, with obsolete, remote
strie ; central projection ill defined, as well as the mesial fold ;
surface with obtuse, unequal, longitudinal, divergent ribs.

10. SPIRIFER TRIANGULARIS.— The Triangular Spirifer,
pl. LI. fig. 7.

Spirifer triangularis. Sowerby, VI. p. 120, pl. 562, fig. 5, 6.
Fleming, p. 374. -Anomites triangularis, Martin, Pet. Derb.
pl. 56, fig. 2.

Transversely elongated, triangular, convex; cardinal area
flat, with the extremities pointed; front elevation acute, and
producing an angulated appearance in the valve, as well as a
sharpness at the base; mesial fold narrow; surface with smooth,
rounded, divergent, longitudinal ribs. ;

Carboniferous Limestone, Derbyshire.

1]. SpiriFER TRIGONALIS—The Trigonal Spirifer, pl. L.
fig. 1, 2, 3, 4.

Spirifera trigonalis. Sowerby, III. p. 117, pl. 265, fig. 1,
2, 3,4. Fleming, p. 374. Anomites trigonalis, Martin, Pet.
Derb. pl. 36, fig. 1. Anomie striata, Ure, Hist. Ruth. and
Kilb. p. 314, pl. 15, fig. 1.

Gibbose; cardinal area acute at the extremities; umbones
incurved, and approximate; front or upper valve semicircular,
greatly rounded; surface with longitudinal, divergent ribs, the

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S44,

SPIRIFER.

three central ones thicker and more elevated than the others,
and obscurely divided, the central into three and the others
into two; back or lower valve flat, meeting the sides at an
acute angle; whole surface with fine, sharp, elevated, rather
distant, transverse striz.

Figs. 3 and 4 represent the internal spiral appendages, from whence
the name of this genus is derived.

Carboniferous Limestone, Derbyshire; and the Mountain
Limestone in many localities.

Section I].—AneusTaL”%.—Cardinal line as wide as
the shell; valves with incurved umbones; mesial fold
defined between two deeper furrows on the upper valve.

12. SprRIFER PYRAMIDALIS.—The Pyramidal Spirifer, pl.
LI. fig. 7.

Spirifera triangularis. Phillips, II. p. 217, pl. 9, fig. 12.

Triangularly pyramidal; mesial fold narrow; umbo of lower
valve greatly produced, and inflected ; lower sides of the valves
acutely triangular, ending in a sharp base; surface with from
seventeen to nineteen longitudinal, divergent, rather flattened
ribs, the central one considerably thicker than the others, the
lateral ones few in number.

Mountain Limestone at Bolland, Kirby Lonsdale, and Der-
byshire.

13. SprRIFER ROTUNDATUS.—The Rounded Spirifer, pl.
L. fig. 17, 18.

Spirifer rotundatus. Sowerby, V. p. 89, pl. 461, fig. 1, 1.

Globose, transversely obovate; cardinal area triangular, of
medium length, and not so long as the sides; beaks incurved,
and approximating, that of the lower valve pretty large; middle
of the upper valve with a smooth, elevated ridge; whole surface
with rather depressed, longitudinal, divergent ribs, crossed at
intervals by nearly obsolete lines of growth; cavity of the lower
valve with some obscure, longitudinal lines, but destitute of a
central division ; margins of the valves very sharp.

Found in the Black Limestone at Limerick, Ireland.

14. Spirirer Beanu.—Bean’s Spirifer, pl. L. fig. 8.

Spirifera rotundata. Phillips, II. p. 218, pl. 9, fig. 17.

Beaks somewhat approximate; cardinal area rather con-
tracted ; hinge line quite parallel, angular at the extremities ;
the sides bulging considerably from below the angles; whole
surface with strong, radiating sulci; mesial fold broad, nearly

smooth.
Distinguished from S. rotundatus by the cardinal area being narrower,
and its extremities more acute.

Mountain Limestone, Kildare, Bolland, and Queen’s County.

15. SprrireR octopLicatus.—The Eight-plaited Spirifer,
pl. L. fig. 9, 10.

Spirifer octoplicatus.
2, 3, 4.

Transversely elongated, semicircular, inflated; beaks remote ;
cardinal area wide, curved, and triangular, with from eight to ten
deep, angular, longitudinal ribs or plaits, producing a strongly
crenulated margin; mesial fold plain.

The Mountain Limestone, Derbyshire.

16. SprriFER prncuis—The Plump Spirifer, pl. L. fig.
13, 14.

Spirifer pinguis.
p- 375.

Sowerby, VI. p. 120, pl. 562, fig.

Sowerby, III. p. 125, pl. 271. Fleming,

MOLLUSCA.

109

Gibbose, nearly globular, slightly transversely obovate ; beaks
rather close ; cardinal area shallow, not so wide as the shell ;
with eight or nine rounded, longitudinal ribs on each side of
the mesial fold; groove in the lower side corresponding to the
mesial fold, but not sulcated ; intervening furrows rounded at
bottom.

Black Rock Limestone of Ireland.

17. Spirirer Watcorri.—Walcott’s Spirifer, pl. L. fig.
Wy Le

Spirifer Walcottii. Sowerby, IV. p. 106, pl. 377, fig. 2.

Suborbicular, both valves gibbese, smooth; cardinal area tri-
angular, shorter than the width of the valves; umbo of the
larger valve pointed and incurved; both beaks provided with
an angular foramen; mesial fold wide, rounded, with four rather
elevated, rounded, longitudinal ribs on each side.

Found in the Lias at Camerton.

18. SprrirER MINIMUS.—The Least Spirifer, pl. L. fig.
155916:

Spirifer minimus. Sowerby, IV. p. 105, pl. 377, fig. 1.

Transversely oblong, inflated, smooth, and subrhomboidal ;
umbones produced, and rather acute at the points; cardinal area
long, flat; foramen between the umbones an elongated triangle ;
surface with fifteen flat, longitudinal ridges, the three central
ones more elevated than the others, and but ill defined.

Found in the Mountain Limestone near Bakewell, Derby-
shire.

19. SpiRireR sTRiaTus.—The Striated Spirifer, pl. L. fig.
19, 20.

Spirifer striatus. Sowerby, III. p. 125, pl. 270. Anomites
striata, Martin, Pet. Derb. pl. 23. Terebratula striata, Sower-
by, Linn. Trans. XII. p. 515, pl. 28, fig. 1, 2. Fleming,
p- 375.

Transversely elongated, subcompressed ; cardinal area wide,
shallow, long, smooth, slightly striated, and acute at the sides ;
mesial sinus angular ; beaks of moderate length, and incurved ;
whole surface with numerous, longitudinal, narrow, irregular
ribs, and inequidistant lines of growth.

The Mountain Limestone of Derbyshire and Cork.

20. SpiriFER BisuLcATUS.—The Two-furrowed Spirifer,
pl. L. fig. 21, 22.

Spirifer bisulcatus.
Fleming, p. 375.

Gibbous, semicircular, its width but slightly exceeding its
length ; cardinal area long, straight, with parallel sides, caused

Sowerby, V. p. 152, pl. 494, fig. 1, 2.

by the edges of it upon the deeper valve being reflected; beaks
rather prominent, curved, and nearly meeting ; a deep furrow
on each side of the mesial ridge ; the whole surface with about
thirty rather regular, longitudinal ribs, two on each side, near
the centre, considerably deeper than the others, with the
intervening spaces frequently convex, although they are flat in
some.

Carboniferous Limestone, neighbourhood of Dublin.

21. SpiRIFER ATTENUATUS.—The Attenuated Spirifer, pl.
L. fig. 25, 26.

Spirifer attenuatus. Sowerby, V. p- 151, pl. 493, fig. 3, 4,
5. Fleming, p. 375.

Convex, transversely elongated, its breadth more than double
its length; cardinal area long, straight, with nearly parallel
edges ; sides produced, and acute ; beaks short, and but little

25

110

elevated above the hinge line ; front rounded, with an elevated
mesial fold, on each side of which is a deep furrow; whole
surface covered with numerous, linear furrows, which increase
in number towards the margin, the spaces between the furrows
in the form of thin branched ribs.

The Carboniferous Limestone near Dublin.

22, SprrireR UNDULATUS—The Waved Spirifer, pl. L.
fig. 27, 28.

Spirifer undulatus. Sowerby, VI. p. 119, pl. 562, fig. 1.

Convex, transversely elongated, its width being twice its
length ; cardinal area flat, rather narrow, with almost parallel
edges, and acute at the extremities; beaks approximate, and
not much elevated; mesial elevation rather inflated, and round-
ed; whole surface with numerous, well defined, longitudinal
ribs, sixteen on each side of the mesial sinus, crossed by deep,
wide-set, regular strie, which are semicircular in passing over
the ribs.

From the Magnesian Limestone at East Thickly, West Auk-
land, County of Durham.

23. SprrIFER SEMICIRCULARIS—The Semicircular Spirifer,
pl. L. fig. 23, 24.

Spirifer semicircularis. Phillips, I. p. 217, pl. 9; fig. 15, 16.

Upper valve nearly semicircular; cardinal area variable in
width, sharp at the extremities; beaks rather obtuse ; mesial
fold very broad, and suleated; surface with smooth, radiating,
longitudinal ribs, fifteen or sixteen on each side of the mesial
fold, and divarigated at their base.

Subject to a little variety; some with the cardinal area rectangular,
and others acute.

Mountain Limestone at Chipping; Whitewell, Queen’s Coun-
ty, Ireland; and Isle of Man.

24. Spirirer pricatus—tThe Plaited Spirifer, pl. LII.*
fig. 1.

Spirifer plicatus. Murchison, p. 638, pl. 21, fig. 6.

Semicircular, convex ; cardinal area long, narrow, extending
to nearly double the length of the shell; whole surface with
wide-set, divergent plaits; beaks approximate. Length eleven
lines ; breadth one inch and seven lines.

Cardoc Sandstone, Goleugoed and Llandovery, Wales.

25. SpmRirER ALATus——The Winged Spirifer, pl. LIL*
fig. 3, 4.

Spirifer alatus. Murchison, p. 638, pl. 22, fig. 7.

Semicircular; cardinal area long, narrow, terminating in con-
siderably expanded, cuspidate sides; centre of the valves a little
inflated; whole surface with about eighteen acute plaits.
Length five lines and a half; width nine lines and a half.

Cardoe Sandstone, Pensarn and Mount Pleasant, Caermar-
then.

26. Sprrirer pinnatus.—The Pointed Spirifer, pl. LII.*
fig. 4, 5.

Spirifer alatus. Murchison, pl. 22, fig. 7, the lower figs.

Transverse, oblique, somewhat semicircular; hinge line
straight, very narrow, and prolonged to an acute point at both
sides, one side more lengthened than the other; beaks a little
elevated ; surface with numerous, divergent plaits.

This differs from S. alatus, in being much longer in proportion to its

breadth, and in being a little oblique, with one wing longer and more
acute than the other.

Cardoc Sandstone, Mount Pleasant, Caermarthen.

MOLLUSCA.

SPIRIFER.

27. SpirtreR HUMEROSA—The Hooded Spirifer, pl. LI.
fig. 3.

Spirifera humerosa. Phillips, I. p. 218, pl. 11, fig. 8.

Subcordiform ; lower valve very large, and very turgid near
the umbones, with a produced mesial fold, which receives the
angular and elevated ridge of the upper valve; surface with
numerous, small, longitudinal, divergent ribs.

Mountain Limestone, Greenhow Hill, Yorkshire.

Section [II.—Raprara.—Cardinal area not so wide
as the shell; surface radiated.

28. SpirirER LinEaATus——The Lineated Spirifer, pl. L.
fig. 6, 7.

Spirifer lineatus. Sowerby, V. p. 151, pl. 493, fig. 1, 2,
Fleming, p. 375.

Gibbose ; umbones produced, somewhat remote, with their
beaks approximate ; cardinal area long, rounded, rather narrow,
and with a triangular foramen; front semicircular, with a pretty
elevated, mesial fold, ending in the beak; whole surface with
numerous, divergent, sharp, granulated stria. Breadth some-
what more than its length.

Dudley Limestone at Dudley.

29. SprrirER ovatis—The Oval Spirifer, pl. LI. fig. 1.

Spirifera ovalis. Phillips, II. p. 219, pl. 10, fig. 5.

Elliptical ; cardinal area triangular ; umbones produced, in-
curved; mesial fold large, obtusely rounded, spreading widely at
the base; with six or seven pretty broad ribs on each side.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

30. SprrirER PLANATA—The Plane Spirifer, pl. LI. fig. 6.

Spirifera planata. Phillips, II. p. 219, pl. 10, fig. 3.

Suborbicular ; cardinal area rather wide; umbones obtuse,
and remote; surface with numerous, flat, plain ribs; upper
valve nearly plane.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

31. Sprrirer TrisuLcosa.—The Three-furrowed Spirifer,
pl. LI. fig. 9.

Spirifera trisulcosa. Phillips, II. p. 219, pl. 10, fig. 6.

Elongated, rather smooth; beaks produced ; cardinal area
subtriangular ; upper valve with a pretty large, produced, mesial
fold, and a lateral plait on each side.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

32. Sprrirer rnreGricosta—The Inter-ribbed Spirifer,
pl. LI. fig. 8.

Spirifera integricosta. Phillips, If. p. 219, pl. 10, fig. 2.

Nearly orbicular, and greatly inflated ; umbones large, much
curved, the beaks nearly meeting; mesial fold of medium size ;
longitudinal ribs few, obtuse, entire, and smooth.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland and Northumberland.

33. Sprrirer TRiRADIALIS—The Three-rayed Spirifer, pl.
LI. fig. 10.

Spirifera triradialis. Phillips, II. p. 219, pl. 10, fig. 7.

Orbicular, smooth; beaks of under yalve large, incuryed ;
upper valve depressed, with a broad mesial fold and a lateral
fold on each side.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

34. SpirirER sExRADIALIS——The Six-rayed Spirifer, pl.
LI. fig. 17.

Spirifera sexradialis. Phillips, Il. p. 219, pl. 10, fig. 8.

SPIRIFER.

Oblong-ovate, rather smooth; cardinal area rather long ;
upper valve flattened, with a broad mesial ridge and three
lateral ridges on each side.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

35. SpiriFER DuPLicicosta—The Double-ribbed Spirifer,
pl. LI. fig. 13.

Spirifera duplicicosta. Phillips, II. p. 218, pl. 10, fig. 1.

Transversely elongated; umbones pointed; cardinal area
pretty wide; mesial fold angular ; surface with numerous, lon-
gitudinal, divergent ribs, which become duplicate towards the
basal margin; sides of the shell rounded.

Mountain Limestone, Derbyshire, Bolland, and Northum-
berland.

36. SpirtrER GuLoveri.—Glover’s Spirifer, pl. LI. fig.
Wel:

Spivifer Glovert. Brown, Trans. Manchester Geo. Soc. I.
p- 224, pl. 7, fig. 60, 61.

Nearly circular, very convex, with rounded sides; both valves
with a mesial furrow, which widen as they retire from the um-
bones, deep in the upper valve, shallow and more effuse in the
lower one ; beaks produced, rounded, and rather approximate ;
both valves with longitudinal, divergent strie, crossed by dis-
tinct lines of growth; lower margins of valves flexuous, the
central base of the upper one terminating in a considerably
produced, beak-like process, and hollow in the opposite valve ;
hinge line rather short.

Lower Scar Limestone Gravel at Sheden Clough, near Cle-
viger.

37. SPIRIFER FILARIA—The Threaded Spirifer, pl. LI.
fig. 30, 31.

Spirifer filaria. Brown, Trans. Manchester Geo. Soc. I. p-
224, pl. 7, fig. 62, 63.

Nearly orbicular, rather flat ; beaks small, pointed, and con-
tiguous, but not inflected; exterior surface covered with fine,
divergent, longitudinal strie, crossed by numerous lines of
growth ; inside of valves with fine, divergent strie ; hinge line
very short.

Mountain Limestone near Settle, Yorkshire.

38. SPiRIFER RADIATUS.—The Rayed Spirifer, pl. LIL.*
fig. 6.

Spirifer radiatus. Murchison, p. 624, pl. 12, fig. 6.

Cardinal area wide; beaks produced, incurved, and pointed ;
mesial fold with a hollow, longitudinal groove, producing a
doubly pointed base; whole surface with numerous, regular,
radiating striz.

Wenlock and Dudley Limestone at Wenlock, Dudley; Ab-
berley Lodge and Tynewidd, Caermarthenshire.

39. SPpirIFER pTycHoIpEs.—The Bent Spirifer, pl. LIL*
fig. 7, 8.

Spirifer ptychoides. Murchison, p- 603, pl. 3, fig. 13. Del-
thyris Dalm. Act. Holm. 1827, p. 124, pl. 3, fig. 5.
Pet. Succ. p. 73, pl. 21, fig. 8.

Somewhat elongated, smooth; mesial fold longitudinally fur-
rowed, with two rounded plaits on each side; umbo of the
larger valve produced, and incuryed. Length three lines and a
half; width nearly the same.

Lowest beds of Old Red Sandstone at Felindre, and also in
the Upper Ludlow Rocks at Abberley.

Hising.

MOLLUSCA.

111

40. Sprrirer crispus?—The Curled Spirifer, pl. LII.*
fig. 9.

Spirifer crispus. Murchison, p. 610 and 624, pl. 12, fig. 8.
Delthyris crispa, Dalm. 1. e. p. 122, pl. 3, fig. 6. Hist. Pet.
Succ. p. 73, pl. 21, fig. 5.

Transyersely elongated, gibbose; surface with five or six lon-
gitudinal plaits, crossed by elevated lamine; cardinal area wide,
obtuse at the sides; umbones remote, with incurved beaks.
Length three lines and a half; width five lines and a half:
sometimes found larger.

Dudley Limestone, Walsall; and Wenlock Limestone at
Abberley.

4]. SpmRirER TRAPEZOIDALIS—The Trapeziform Spirifer,
pl. LIL* fig. 10, 11.

Spirifer trapezoidalis. Murchison, p. 610, pl. 5, fig. 14.
Cyrtia trapezoidalis, Dalm. Act. Holm. 1827, p- 119, pl. 3, fig.
2. Hist. Pet. Suce. p. 72, pl. 21, fig. 1. Von Buch, pl. 1, fi
15, 16.

Almost semicircular, transversely elongated; cardinal area
large and arcuated, the foramen narrow, somewhat shorter than
the diameter of the shell, with rounded extremities ; a mesial,
elevated rib extends from the beak to the base in the upper
valve, with a corresponding furrow in the lower one.

Upper Ludlow Rock at Usk, Craig-y-garcyd, and Cornbrook-
dale.

42. SPiRIFER INTERLINEATUS.—The Interlined Spirifer,
pl. LIL* fig. 12, 13.

Spirifer interlineatus. Murchison, p. 614, pl. 6, fig. 6.

Transversely oval, convex; cardinal area wide; umbo of the
larger valve produced, and its beak so much incurved that it
meets the beak of the opposite valve ; rounded at the extre-
mities ; with numerous, longitndinal, rounded ribs, five on each

og
Ss

side and a more elevated one in the middle, interlined with fine
stria. Length five lines and a half; width six lines and a half.

Amestry Limestone, Amestry; and also in the Wenlock
Limestone.

43. SpriRIFER sINuATUS.—The Sinuated Spirifer, pl. LII.*
fig. 14, 15, 16.

Spirifer sinuatus. Murchison, p. 630, pl. 13, fig. 10. Tere-
bratula sinuata, Sowerby, Linn. Trans. XII. p. 516, pl. 28, fig.
5,6. Delthyris cardiospermiformis, Hist. Anteckn. IV. pl. 7,
fig. 6. Dalm. 1. c. p. 124, pl. 3, fig. 7. Hist. Pet. Suce. p. 74,
pl. 21, fig. 9. Spirifer cardiospermiformis, Von Buch. Sp. et
Ort. pl. 1, fig. 7.

Somewhat obtusely heart-shaped, deeply bilobate, and eared;
surface with numerous, fine, longitudinal striae; larger valve
very deep, with an incurved beak; cardinal area triangular.
Length and width about three lines and a half.

Wenlock Shale, Melvern and Hay Head.

Section [V.—Guasrate.—Cardinal area not so wide
as the shell; surface for the most part divested of rays.

44. SprrirER MESOLOBA.—The Middle-folded Spirifer, pl.
LI. fig. 18.

Spirifera mesoloba. Phillips, IT. p. 219, pl. 10, fig. 14.

Suborbicular, compressed, smooth ; umbo of the larger valve
produced, beak acute, inflected ; cardinal area triangular; mesial
fold broad.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

112

45. SPpmIRIFER THNIATA—The Filleted Spirifer, pl. LI.
fig. 19.

Spirifera teniata. Phillips, IL. p. 219, pl. 10, fig. 17. Spr-
rifera lineata, Phillips, p. 219.

Nearly orbicular, smooth ; cardinal area narrow, transversely
filleted ; mesial fold obsolete.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland and Queen’s County.

46. SprrirerR optatus.— The Raised Spirifer, pl. LI.
fig. 20.

Spirifer oblatus. Sowerby, III. p. 123, pl. 268.

Gibbose, transversely obovate, its width somewhat more than
its length, very smooth; mesial rib rather depressed ; the cor-
responding furrow in the other valve flattened in the middle ;
beaks approximate ; foramen of the cardinal area triangular.

Mountain Limestone, Westmoreland, Derbyshire, and Flint-
shire.

47. Spirirer ELLIPTICA—The Elliptical Spirifer, pl. LI.
fig. 21.

Spirifera elliptica. Phillips, Il. p. 219, pl. 10, fig. 16.

Transversely oval; beaks not much produced; mesial fold
obtuse, and broad ; surface with wide, somewhat irregular rays,
and concentrically striated ; cardinal area flat, smooth.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland; Queen’s County, Ireland.

48. SprrireR oprusa.— The Obtuse Spirifer, pl. LI.
fig. 22.

Spirifer obtusus. Sowerby, Il. p. 124, pl. 269, two lower
figures. Fleming, p. 375.

Gibbous, transversely ovate; with nearly obsolete, longitudi-
nal strie ; central elevation obtuse, and rounded; beaks blunt,
and distant. Width nearly double its length.

Differs from S. glabra, in the central elevation not being flattened
along the middle, with a deeper sinus at its edge; the umbo in the lower
valve also considerably more produced.

Mountain Limestone at Scaliber, near Settle, Yorkshire.

49. SpirRIFER sYyMMETRICA.—The Symmetrical Spirifer,
pl. LI. fig. 23.

Spirifera symmetrica. Phillips, II. p. 219, pl. 10, fig. 13.

Subquadrate, very gibbous, smooth; with a wide mesial fold,
which is sometimes divided in the middle; beaks pointed, in-
curved, and remote; the umbo of the lower valve greatly larger
than the other.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

50. Spirirer rara.—The Broad Spirifer, pl. LI. fig. 24.

Spirifera glabra. Phillips, II. p. 219, pl. 10, fig. 12.

Gibbous, considerably elongated transversely, its breadth
being more than double its length, smooth; mesial fold ele-
vated, round, and subdepressed ; with obscure, lateral radia-
tion ; umbones blunt, and short.

Mountain Limestone, Arran and Derbyshire.

51. SprrRIFER GLABRA.—The Smooth Spirifer, pl. LI. fig.
27, 28, 29.

Spirifer glabra. Sowerby, Ill. p. 123, pl. 269, two upper
figures. Fleming, p. 375. Phillips, II. p. 219, pl. 10, fig. 10,
11. Anomites glaber, Martin, Pet. Derb. pl. 28, fig. 9, 10.

Gibbous, rounded, smooth; umbones subacute, approxima-
ting; mesial fold rounded, depressed in the middle; margins
sharp ; indistinct lines of growth.

This species is subject to variety in its form.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland, Derbyshire, Arran, Ireland,
and Isle of Man.

MOLLUSCA.

SPIRIFER.

52. SPpIRIFER IMBRICATA—The Imbricated Spirifer, pl.
LI. fig. 25.

Spirifera imbricata. Phillips, II. p. 220, pl. 10, fig. 20.

A short, transverse ellipsis; mesial fold obsolete ; umbones
approximate ; surface with strong, radiating striz, crossed by
concentric, imbricated lamin, which interrupt the striz.

Mountain Limestone, Derbyshire, Northumberland, and
Bolland.

53. SpririrFER DEcCORA—The Adorned Spirifer, pl. LI.
fig. 26.

Spirifera decora. Phillips, II. p. 219, pl. 10, fig. 9.

Almost orbicular, convex; umbones prominent; beaks rather
acute ; cardinal area triangular, wide ; mesial fold rather indis-
tinct, and slightly divided below; surface with obscure, nearly
obsolete radiations.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

54. SprriFER LINGUIFERA—The Tongue-shaped Spirifer,
pl. LI. fig. 14.

Spirifera linguifera. Phillips, II. p. 219, pl. 10, fig. 4.

Slightly oblong longitudinally, convex, destitute of angles ,
mesial fold rounded, prominent ; umbones produced, approxi-
mating, and with rather obtuse beaks; lateral radiations ob-
secure ; lines of growth indistinct.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

Section V.—TEREBRATULIFORMES.—Destitute of a
cardinal area.

55. Sprrirer squamosa.—The Scaly Spirifer, pl. LII.
fig. 1.

Spirifera sqguamosa. Phillips, I. p. 220, pl. 10, fig. 21.

Depressed, transversely oblong-ovate; mesial fold small ;
smooth, with transverse imbrications ; umbones approximating.

Mountain Limestone, Kendal and Florence Court.

56. SpirIreR FimBriata.—The Fringed Spirifer.

Spivifera fmbriata. Phillips, Il. p. 220.

« Orbicular, depressed ; beak of the lower valve prominent,
but small; surface strongly radiated, and concentrically imbri-
cated.”

Mountain Limestone, Florence Court.

57. SPIRIFER PLANOSULCATA—The Flat-furrowed Spirifer,
pl. LII. fig. 4.

Spirifera planosulcata. Phillips, I. p. 220, pl. 10, fig. 15.

Somewhat pentaedral, depressed ; the central furrows in each
valve flattened ; umbones approximate.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland and Queen’s County.

58. SpirIFER EXpaNsA—The Expanded Spirifer, pl. LII.
fig. 5.

Spirifera expansa. Phillips, II. p. 220, pl. 10, fig. 18.

Transversely subovate, compressed; destitute of a mesial
fold; with fine, longitudinal radiations, crossed by concentric
strie.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

59. SpirtrER GLoBuLaris.— The Globular Spirifer, pl.
LII. fig. 12.

Spirifera globularis. Phillips, I. p. 220, pl. 10, fig. 22.

Subglobose, smooth ; umbones obtuse, approximating ; mesial
fold broad.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

SPIRIFER.

60. SprrireR ELONGATA.— The Elongated Spirifer, pl.
LIL. fig. 3.

Spirifera elongata. Phillips, II. p. 220, pl. 11, fig. 9.

Elongated, somewhat pentaedral, sides nearly flat, smooth ;
with numerous, rather broad, depressed, longitudinal radiations;
a shallow mesial furrow; base flat, and straight.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

Section VI.—Fitosx.—Surface with prominent, radi-
ating, thread-like striz.

61. SprrirER RESUPINATA.—The Resupient Spirifer, pl.
LIL. fig. 6.

Spirifera resupinata. Phillips, I. p. 220, pl. 11, fig. 1.

Transversely elliptical; umbones small, approximate ; upper
valve depressed in the middle; lower valve concave, and undu-
lating; surface covered with numerous, fine, longitudinal, diver-
gent stri, which at intervals rise into prominent spinous lines.

Mountain Limestone, Dowall, near Buxton, Derbyshire ;
Bolland, Greenhow Hill, Hawes, and Otterburn.

62. SpririrER RADIALIS—The Radiating Spirifer, pl. LII.
fig. 8.

Spirifera radialis. Phillips, I. p. 220, pl. 11, fig. 5.

Semielliptical, greatly elongated transversely, its width being
upwards of three times its length; hinge line nearly parallel ;
base semicircular; whole surface covered with strong, divergent
ribs, with intervening smaller ones, crossed by imbricated
lamellae ; umbones obtuse.

Mountain Limestone, Cumberland and Florence Court.

63. SprRIFER GLABISTRIA.—The Smooth-striated Spirifer,
pl. LIL. fig. 7.

Spirifera glabistvia. Phillips, II. p. 220, pl. 10, fig. 19.

Transyersely oblong ; umbones obtuse, approximating ; sur-
face with fine, longitudinal, radiating stri ; mesial fold pro-
duced.

The Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

SUPPLEMENTARY SECTION.

64. SprrirER HETEROCLITUS.—The Heterocitical Spirifer,
pl. LIL.* fig. 17, 18, 19.

Spirifer heterocliticus. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 72, pl. 29, fig.
125.

Acutely pyramidal, or converging on four faces to the pointed
umbo of the lower valve, the widest area of the four being that
under the beak; the smaller valve forming a rounded base to
the shell; foramen very long, narrow, and frequently obtect ;
mesial fold broad, and well defined in the larger valve, with
four or five lateral, obtuse, radiating plaits, provided with trans-
verse striw; beaks in some specimens are bent irregularly back-
ward or forward.

Found at Barton, Newton, and South Devon.

65. Spirtrer spectosus.— The Handsome Spirifer, pl.
LIL* fig. 24, 25.

Spirifer speciosus. Schloth, pl. 16, fig. 1. Spirifer costata,
Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 77, pl. 30, fig. 134. Sowerby, Geo. Trans.
V. 2nd series, pl. 55, fig. 5, 6.

MOLLUSCA. 113

Transversely elongated, fusiform, convex, with broad, pro-
minent, divergent ribs, five or six on each side of the umbones,
where there are two approximate and more elevated than the
others ; lower valve with a deep and broad depression, circum-
scribed by two strong ribs; cardinal area broad, with parallel
margins. Length hardly a sixth of its width.

In soft Slate-stone at Fowey, and in hard Blue Slate at Looe
and Tintagel, also at Hope, Ogwell, and Berry.

66. Sprrirer BiLopa.—The Two-lobed Spirifer, pl. LIL*
fig. 20, 21, 22.

Terebratula sinuata. Sowerby, Linn. Trans. XII. p- 516,
pl. 28, fig. 5, 6. Spirifer sinuatus, Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 630,
pl. 13, fig. 10.

Obcordate, deeply bilobate, eared, and longitudinally striated ;
larger valve more convex than the smaller, with an incurved
beak ; hinge area triangular. Length and breadth three lines
and a half.

Found in the Wenlock Shale at Hay Head and Malvern.

67. SpIRIFER GIGANTEUS.—The Gigantic Spirifer, pl. LIL.*
fig. 23.

Spirifer giganteus. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.
55, fig. 1, 2, 3, 4. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 219, pl. 30, fig. 130.

Convex, sides cuspidate, and with numerous, divergent, radi-
ating ribs, emanating from the umbones, nine or ten of which
are more prominent in front, which is deeply emarginated; with
somewhat conspicuous, concentric lines of growth crossing the
ribs. Frequently attaining nine inches in width.

Found at Tintagel and Petherwin.

68. SpririFER sTRIATULUS.—The Striated Spirifer, pl. LU.*
fig. 26.

Atrypa polygramma. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 637, pl. 21, fig.
4a. Terebratula striatula, Schloth, pl. 15, fig. 4.

Transversely obovate ; valves unequally convex, the lower
one with a wide, shallow, longitudinal canal along the middle ;
sides with numerous, fine, radiating strie, increasing as they
approach the sides and base of the valves. Length and breadth
about an inch.

Found in the Lower Silurian Rocks at Powis Castle.

69. Spirirer rApDiaTus.—The Rayed Spirifer, pl. LII.*
fig. 27, and fig. 60, var.

Spirifer radiatus. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 625, pl. 12, fig. 6.
Ib. p. 638, pl. 21, fig. 5, var.

Larger valve with the umbo much produced, and an incur-
vected beak; hinge area subtriangular ; lesser valve with a
double produced rib in the centre, and an intermediate furrow;
whole surface with numerous, somewhat irregular, divergent
strie. Length fourteen lines ; width sixteen lines; each valve
six lines in depth.

Sowerby considers this as identical with S. lineatus, pl. L. fig. 6, 7,
but its greatly produced beak and general contour at once point it out as
separate. Fig. 60 is a variety with straight beaks.

Found in the Dudley and Wenlock Limestone at Abberley
Lodge, Dudley, Wenlock, and Tynewidd, Caermarthenshire.

70. SPpiriFER PHALENA.—The Moth-like Spirifer, pl. Lil*
fig. 28.

Spirifera phalena. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 71, pl. 28, fig. 123.

Transversely elongated, the sides rounded ; larger valve with
a deep, broad, mesial furrow ; surface with regular, equidistant,
small ridges, and shallow intermediate furrows ; beak produced.

2F

114

Found on the Devonian Shale, at Hope, near Torquay, and
in South Devon.

71. SpIRIFER OBLITERATUS—The Obliterated Spirifer, pl.
LIL.* fig. 29.

Spirifera obliterata. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 77, pl. 31, fig.
135.

Convex, semicircular, its width twice its length; cardinal area
with acute terminations; surface with slightly elevated radia-
tions, crossed by remote, well marked lines of growth; mesial
furrow shallow, situate between two convex, but obtuse, nearly
central radiations.

Allied to S. speciosus, fig. 24, 25.

Found in the Mountain Limestone, in North Devon and
Brushford.

72. SPIRIFER INORNATUS.—The Unadorned Spirifer, pl.
LIU* figs 37:

Spirifera inornata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.
53, fig. 9.

Much elongated transversely, fusiform, compressed, and
smooth; sides with obscure radiations; base even; beaks ob-
scure.

Found at Ilfracombe, in the Devonian Shale.

73. SPIRIFER EXTENSUS—The Extended Spirifer, pl. LII.*
fig. 38.

Spirifera extensa. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.
54, fig. 11.

Convex, greatly elongated transversely, and fusiform; with
numerous radii, about seven in the middle of the upper valve
being more prominent than the others, and its beak small.

Found in the Devonian Shale at Petherwood, Staunton, and
Barnstaple Bridge.

74. SprriFER costatus—The Ribbed Spirifer, pl. LII.*
fig. 35, 36.

Spirifer costata.
55, fig. 5, 6, 7.

Convex, fusiform, much elongated transversely ; surface with
two approximate, central, elevated ribs, and about five or six
rounded thick ones on each side of these; lower valve with
a broad, deep sulcus, bounded by two strong ribs; hinge
area broad, with parallel edges. Length hardly a sixth of its
width.

Found in soft Slaty Stone at Fowey, and in hard Blue Slate
at Tintagel and Looe.

75. SpIRIFER prycHopEs.—The Tooth-folded Spirifer, pl.
LIL* fig. 32, 33.

Spirifer ptychodes. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 603, pl. 3, fig. 13.

A little elongated, smooth, with fine, rounded, longitudinal
folds; beak of larger valve produced, and curved. Length and
width three lines and a half.

Found in the Old Red Sandstone at Felinder, and also in the
Upper Ludlow Rocks.

76. SpiriFeER Pisum.—The Pea Spirifer, pl. LII.* fig.
30, 31.

Spirifera Pisum. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 630, pl. 13, fig. 9.

Convex, lenticular, smooth, indistinctly hexagonal; base even
truncated; beaks small, of equal length; cardinal area small, and
triangular. Length and width three lines.

Found in the Wenlock Shale at Hay Head.

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.

MOLLUSCA.

SPIRIFER.

77. SPIRIFER AFFINIS.—The Allied Spirifer, pl. LII.* fig.
34.

Spivifera affinis.
57, fig. 11.

Lenticular, with numerous, longitudinal, rounded ribs, branch-
ed and crossed by thin lamine; cardinal area flat, triangular,
shorter than the breadth of the shell; beak of the lower valve
produced.

Found in the Devonian Shale at Plymouth.

78. SpririFER suBconicus.—The Subconic Spirifer, pl.
LIL.* fig. 59.

Spirifera subconica. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series,
pl. 57, fig. 10. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 72, pl. 29, fig. 126. Ano-
mites subconicus, Martin, Pet. Derb. pl. 45, fig. 6.

Larger valve subconic, with a central, longitudinal sulcus, and
several strong, rounded, divergent ribs, crossed by a few distant
lines of growth; cardinal area large, triangular, and flat.

Found in the Carboniferous Limestone of Derbyshire, and
the Devonian Shale at Plymouth.

79. SPIRIFER INTERLINEATUS.—The Interlined Spirifer,
pl. LII* fig. 41, 42.

Spirifer interlineatus.
fig. 6.

Convex, transversely ovate, with large, rounded ribs, five on
each side of a large, prominent, central one, and fine, close-set,
longitudinal striz; beak of larger valve produced, and so greatly
incurved as to meet the beak of the smaller valve. Length five
lines and a half; breadth six lines and a half.

Found in the Amestry and Wenlock Limestones.

80. SPmIRIFER TRAPEZOIDALIS.—The Trapezoidal Spirifer,
pl. LIL.* fig. 43, 44.

Spirifer trapezoidalis. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 610, pl. 5, fig.
14. Cyrtia trapezoidalis, Von Buch, pl. 1, fig. 15.

Nearly semicircular; larger valve with a wide, deep, mesial

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.

Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 614, pl. 6,

sulcus, and a corresponding elevated ridge in the other, with
fine, radiating striae; hinge line somewhat shorter than the
diameter of the shell; area large, curved, with a narrow
foramen.

Found in the Upper Ludlow Rock at Usk, Craig-y-gareyd,
and Iron Bridge, Coalbrook Dale.

81. SprrirER GRAND&vus.—The Aged Spirifer, pl. LII.*
fig. 45, 46.

Spirifera grandeva.
131.

Semielliptical ; hinge line nearly straight, slightly projecting,
with somewhat square terminations; lesser valve with a large,
elevated, rounded, mesial ridge, with distinct furrows on either
side, and about ten radiations on both sides.

Found in the Devonian Shale at Petherwin, Cornwall.

82. SpirireR crispus.—The Curled Spirifer, pl. LII.*
fig. 47.

Spirifer crispus 2? Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 624, pl. 12, fig. 8.
Delthyris crispa, Dalm. 1. c. p. 122, pl. 3, fig. 6.

Gibbose, transversely elongated; with from five to seven
elevated plaits, crossed by strong lamin; hinge line with obtuse
ends; beaks remote. Length three lines and a half; breadth
five lines and a half: sometines larger.

Found in the Wenlock Limestone at Dudley and Walsall.

Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 76, pl. 30, fig.

SPIRIFER.

83. SpirirFER DissJuNcTUs.—The Disjoined Spirifer, pl.
LII.* fig. 48.

Spirifera disjuncta. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series,
pl. 53, fig. 8, and pl. 54, fig. 12, 13.

Very convex, semicircular; base emarginate ; upper valve
with about twelve divergent, pretty strong ribs, raised in front,
producing a rounded elevation; lower valve with numerous,
rounded ribs, about twenty-five on each side of the mesial one;
hinge area broad, curved, with nearly parallel edges; beaks
remote.

Differs from S. bisulcata, pl. L. fig. 21, 22, in being less convex, and
in its more numerous strize, with its hinge line broader.

Found in the Devonian Shale at Petherwin and Barnstaple.

84. SprriFER partTiTus.—The Divided Spirifer, pl. LII.*
fig. 50, 51.

Spirifera partita.
fig. 3.

Round; lower valve with a deep sinus, extending to the base ;
the opposite valve with a corresponding rib; the furrows and
ribs, between which and the sides are strongly marked, vary in
number from three to six.

Approaches in form to S. speciosus, fig. 24, 25.

Found in the Carboniferous Limestone at Kildress, Ireland.

85. SPpIRIFER sIMPLEX.—The Simple Spirifer, pl. LII.*
fig. 49 and 58.

Spirifer simplex.
124.

Pyramidal; cardinal area very large, triangular; mesial rib
with obtuse borders; triangular foramen narrow, reaching to the
point of the beak in the larger valve; smaller valve convex ;
destitute of ribs or furrows.

Found in the Devonian Shale at Plymouth and Newton,
South Devon.

86. SpirirER Lxvis.—The Smooth Spirifer, pl. LIi.*
fig. 52.

Spirifer levis? Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 638, pl. 21, fig. 12.

Transyersely elongated, semicircular, smooth, compressed; a
slight obsolete rib along the middle; beaks of umbones pro-
minent, divided by a narrow area, with parallel edges. Length
eight lines; breadth double its length.

Found in the Lower Silurian Rocks at Noeth-grag; Land-
overy; May Hill, Gloucestershire; Gullet Wood, Estnor Park,
and Hope Hill, Salop.

87. SpirRIFER CcALCARATUS.—The Spur Spirifer, pl. LII.*
fig. 53.

Spirifer calearatus. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.
53, fig. 7. Phillips, Pal. Fos. pl. 29, fig. 128.

Transversely elongate, semicircular; sides very convex, pro-
duced, cuspidate, smooth, with longitudinal sulci; front hardly
elevated ; with numerous rounded ribs, about nine on the front
circumscribed by two deep furrows; cardinal area very narrow.
Width double its length.

Distinguished from S. attenuata, pl. L. fig. 25, 26, by the sudden
contraction of the sides, and the very slight elevation in front.

88. SpirirFER Urit—lUre’s Spirifer, pl. LIL” fig. 54, 55.

Spivifer Urii. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 313. Ure, Ruth. and
Kil. p. 313, pl. 14, fig. 12. Spirifer Unguiculus, Phillips, Pal.
Fos. p. 69, pl. 28, fig. 119. Atrypa Unguiculus, Sowerby,
Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl. 54, fig. 8.

Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 567, pl. 38,

Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 71, pl. 29, fig.

MOLLUSCA.

115

Hemispherical, somewhat wider than long, smooth, with the
beak inflated; base emarginate; lower valve very convex, with
its beak channelled; upper valve compressed, with a central im-
pressed line.

Found in the Devonian Shale at Petherwin, near Barnstaple,
Pilton, Brushford, and Rutherglen, Renfrewshire.

89. SpirirerR Nupus.—The Naked Spirifer, pl. LII.*
fig. 56.

Spirifer nuda. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl. 57,
fig. 8.

Semicircular, with the beaks prominent and smooth; a mesial
rib, with a furrow on each side; margin obtuse.

Found in the Devonian Shale at Plymouth.

90. SpririrER pLicaTus.—The Plaited Spirifer, pl. LII.*
fig. 57.

Spirifer plicatus. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 638, pl. 21, fig. 6.

Transversely elongated, semicircular, convex; with numerous,
radiating, sharp plaits, which are narrow above, and become
wider towards the base; beaks contiguous; cardinal area narrow;
hinge line nearly double the length of the valves.
eleven lines; width one inch and seven lines.

Found in the Lower Silurian Rocks at Goleugoed, Llan-
dovery.

Length

Genus 1V.—GYPIDIUM.— Sowerby.

Shell inequilateral, inequivalve ; the larger valve with
an incurved umbo, remote from the hinge; the larger
valve divided by a central suptum into two parts; the
other by two parallel, approximate septa into three un-
equal parts; umbones imperforate, and incurved.

1. Gypipium AyLEsrorp11.—Aylesford’s Gypidium, pl.
XLIX. fig. 31, 32.

Pentamerus Aylesfordii.
ming, p. 378.

Almost orbicular ; with rather strong, longitudinal ribs, the
intervening furrows narrow below; larger valve more inflated
than the other, with a prominent, greatly incurved beak.

In the young condition the umbones are not so different in size, as in
the adult, and they are proportionally more approximate.

Carboniferous Limestone, Colebrookdale; and in the Ames-
try Limestone, Croft Ambery Park, and Yeo-edge.

2. Gypipium Knicuri.—Knight’s Gypidium, pl. XLIX.
fig. 2.

Pentamerus Knightii.
figure. Fleming, p. 378.
fig. 8, a, b, c.

Suborbicular ; one valve small, the other large, with a long,
considerably incurved beak ; surface with numerous, strong,
rounded, longitudinal ribs, crossed by inequidistant lines of

Sowerby, I. p. 75,* pl. 29. Fle-

Sowerby, I. p. 73,* pl. 28, upper
Murchison, Sil. Syst. p. 615, pl. 6,

growth ; cardinal area smooth, and triangular.

The Amestry Limestone at View Edge, Ludlow; Amestry ;
Sedgeley, near Dudley; Dowton-on-the-Rock, and Yeo-edge.

3. Gypipium L&vis—The Smooth Gypidium, pl. XLIX.
fig. 39, 40, 41, 42, 43.

Pentamerus levis. Sowerby, I. p. 76,* pl. 28, right hand
figure. Ib. Sil. Syst. p. 641, pl. 19, fig. 9. Fleming, p. 378.

116

Smooth, subcordiform ; beaks greatly incuryed; base some-
what produced.

Carboniferous Limestone, Bildwas, Shropshire.

4. Gypipium GALEaTuM.—The Helmet Gypidium, pl.
XLIX. fig. 44, 45.

Atrypa galeata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 618, pl. 8, fig. 10,
and pl. 11, fig. 4. Dalm. 1. c. p. 130, pl. 5, fig. 4.

Nearly globular, longitudinally furrowed, crossed by distinct
lines of growth; base somewhat depressed in the centre; larger
valve very deep, with a large, rounded, incuryed umbo, termi-
nating in a blunted beak; lesser valve convex. Diameter four-
teen lines; depth of each valve half an inch.

Found in the Wenlock Limestone at Westhope, Wenlock
Edge, near Amestry, and Lower Ludlow Rock.

5. Gypip1umM oBtoncum.—The Oblong Gypidium, pl.
XLIX. fig. 46, 47.

Pentameris oblongus.
fig. 10.

Depressed, oblong-ovate, smooth; beak of larger valve pro-
duced, with sometimes a few shallow furrows on the surface;
margin of valve undulated by the furrows, without deviating
from the same plane. Length two inches and three-quarters ;
width two inches and a quarter.

Found in the Cardock formation, the Hollies, Soudley and
Norbury, Salop; Castell Craig-gwyddon, Llandovery.

Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 641, pl. 19,

Genus V.-_MAGUS.— Sowerby.

Shell inequivalve, equilateral; one valve convex, pro-
vided with an angular sinus along an incuryed beak; line
of the hinge and back of the other valve straight, with
two projections near the centre; a partial longitudinal
septum attached to the hinge within.

1. Macus pumitus.——The Dwarf Magus, pl. XLIX. fig. 5
and 13.

Magus pumilus. Sowerby, II. p. 40, pl. 119, fig. 1 to 5.

The beaked valve spherical, smooth, with its edge circular ;
beak small, straight, and slightly incurved at the point; flat
valve quite depressed; the hinge line long, and parallel; outer
surface beset with numerous, very minute punctures, disposed
in a quincunx order, which, however, are indistinct without the
aid of a lens.

Found in the Chalk near Maudesley, Norwich.

Genus VI._TRIGONOSEMUS.—Kénig.

Shell inequilateral, subtrigonal ; one valve generally
more convex than the other; one of them prolonged into
a lengthened beak, truncated at the point, and perforated
for the passage of a tendon, by which the animal attaches
itself to extraneous substances; hinge destitute of a
ligament, but provided with two teeth in one valve,
which lock into corresponding cavities in the other; two
muscular impressions, situate near the centre of both
valves.

MOLLUSCA.

SPIRIFER.

1. TRicoNosEMUs LYRA—The Lyre-formed Trigonose-
mus, pl. LII.* fig. 11.

Trigonosemus Lyra. Kénig, Icon. Foss. Sci. p. 76. Tere-
bratula Lyra, Sowerby, II. p. 87, pl. 138, fig. 2.

Elongated; the upper valve equal to double the width of the
shell; beak of lower valve much elongated, and containing two
longitudinal septa; that of the upper valve short, and incurved ;
surface with divergent, furcated plaits, crossed by inequidistant,
remote lines of growth.

Found in the Upper Greensand at Chute Farm, near Hor-
ningsham, Warminster, and Blackdown.

Genus VIL—STRIGOCEPHALUS.—Defrance.

Lesser valve suborbicular; larger valve extending be-
yond it, into an elongated, acute angled, incurved beak ;
foramen situate on a broad, flattened, and sharply bor-
dered area, striated lengthways and across.

In the more adult condition the triangular foramen is
partially contracted with shelly matter, and presents a
round perforation, which is finally closed.

1. SrRIGOCEPHALUS BREVIROSTRI.— The Short-beaked
Strigocephalus, pl. LII.* fig. 5.

Strigocephalus brevérostris. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 80, pl.
32, fig. 143.

Tumid, smooth, suborbicular; lesser valve nearly orbicular ;
the larger one extending beyond it into a short, incurved umbo,
ending in a tumid beak; beneath which is an acute, broad fora-
men, which receives the beak.

Found in the Devonian Shale, South Devon, Plymouth, and
Newton.

2. STRIGOCEPHALUS PORRECTUS.—The Extended Strigo-
cephalus, pl. LIL.* fig. 6.

Terebratula porrecta. Sowerby, VI. p. 147, pl. 576, fig. 1.

Subquadrangular, convex, smooth, with rounded angles; beak
of Jarger valve considerably produced and subacute, and slightly
curved; area large, margin acute; perforation situate within the
apex.

This species differs from S. Burtini in the beak being straighter, and
the shell more quadrangular.

Found in the Carboniferous Limestone at Bradley.

3. STRIGOCEPHALUS GIGANTEUS.—The Gigantic Strigoce-
phalus, pl. LII.* fig. 12, 13.

Strigocephalus giganteus. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. pl. 56, fig.
10,11. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 80, pl. 32, fig. 142.

Smooth, convex, suborbicular; valves nearly equal; beak of
larger valve straight, and pointed; beneath which is a rectangu-
lar-triangled, flat area; foramen narrow.

Found in the Devonian Shale at Plymouth and Newton
Bushel.

4. SrricocepHatus Burtint.— Burtin’s Strigocephalus,
pl. LIL* fig. 15, 16.

Strigocephalus Burtini. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 79, pl. 31, fig.
141. Defrance, Dic. des Sci. Nat. pl. 75.

Subglobose, smooth, with a few obsolete lines of growth;
both valves much inflated, the lower one with a long, consider-
ably curved, somewhat acute beak; foramen long, wide, and flat
at bottom.

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OrrTHISs.

Found in the Devonian Shale at Combe Martin, Hagginton,
Bradley, and Ogwell.

Genus VIII—ORTHIS.—Dalman.

Shell inequivalve, with a rectilinear hinge; umbones
distant; larger valve with a transverse, smooth area, and
a triangular pit.

Distinguished from Spirifer by the long narrow hinge,
and circular flat form of the striated shells.

1. Ortuis AracHNoiDEA—The Spider’s-web Orthis, pl.
LII. fig. 19.

Orthis arachnoidea. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 67, pl. 27, fig.
114. Spirifer arachnoidea, Ib. Geo. York. II. p. 220, pl. 11,
fig. 4.

Shield-shaped, much compressed ; hinge line nearly parallel,
and as wide as the shell; umbones very small, and blunt; upper
valve a little convex; whole surface covered with fine, sharp,
divergent strie, which are crossed at intervals by remote lines
of growth.

Mountain Limestone, Haltwhistle, Stradone, Allenheads, and
near Hesket, Newmarket, South Devon and Hope, Torquay.

2. ORTHIS SUBARACHNOIDEA.—The Spider Web-like Or-
this, pl. LUI. fig. 27.

Orthis subarachnoidea. Vernon, Geo. Trans. 2nd series, VI.
pl. 36, fig. 3. Orthis arachnoidea, Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 67, pl.
27, fig. 114.

Elongated; hinge line nearly parallel, and equal to the width
of the valves; lesser valve convex; surface with very numerous,
continually subdivided and resubdivided striz, arcuated near
the hinge, and a few of which are more prominent than the
others.

Devonian Shale, Hope, near Torquay.

3. OrTuHis ANoMALA—The Anomalous Orthis, pl. LIII.
fig. 28.

Orthis anomala. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 638, pl. 21, fig. 10.
Anomites anomalus, Schl. Nacht. Pet. p. 65, pl. 14, fig. 2.

Longitudinally oblong; convex; umbones obtuse; sides nearly
straight ; hinge line almost as wide as the valves; surface with
very numerous, longitudinal strie; base slightly rounded.
Length one inch and seven lines; width one inch and five
lines.

Lower Silurian Rocks, Cardock ; Berwyns and Horderley.

4. Orruis riu1artA.—The Thready Orthis, pl. LII. fig. 3.

Spivifera filiaria. Phillips, If. p. 220, pl. 11, fig. 3.

Slightly elongated, nearly pocket-shaped, much compressed,
narrow above; hinge line short; cardinal area very narrow ;
umbones greatly blunted; a shallow mesial furrow; surface with
rather wide-set, radiating, filamentary processes.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland, Fountains’ Fell, Dowall, Der-
byshire, and Otterburn.

5. Ortuis conniveNs.—The Connivant Orthis, pl. LII.
fig. 13.

Spirifera connivens. Phillips, II. p. 220, pl. 11, fig. 2.

Subglobose, with an undulated margin; whole surface covered
with coarse, waving, divergent, longitudinal striz.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland and Pembrokeshire.

MOLLUSCA.

117

6. Orruis GRanDis—The Great Orthis, pl. LIL* fig.
I, 2:

Orthis grandis. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 638, pl. 20, fig.
12, 13.

Greatly compressed, semioval, short; with numerous inter-
nal bifureate radiations. Length one inch and a half; breadth
two inches.

Found in the Lower Silurian Limestone at the Flank of
Cardoc, Horderley, and Acton Scott.

7. ORTHIS ELEGANTULA—The Elegant Orthis, pl. LII.*
fig. 3, 4.

Orthis canalis. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 640, pl. 20, fig. 8.

Transversely semioval; larger valve very deep, with an acute
incurved beak; smaller valve with a concave mesial furrow, and
slightly convex along the sides; base somewhat pointed, and
much compressed; hinge line a little shorter than the width
of the valves; whole surface covered with fine radiating striae.
Length and breadth six lines and a half.

Found in the Wenlock Shale at Croft; Delves Green; Wool-
hope and Falfield, near Tortworth; and in the Cardoc Sand-
stone at Whittingslow, Horderley, &c.

8. Orruis Vircata—The Branched Orthis, pl. LII.*
fig. 7.

Orthis virgatus. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 639, pl. 20, fig. 15.

Transyersely obovate, with about thirty rounded, smooth
radii; hinge line shorter than the breadth of the valves, and
slightly arcuated. Length eight lines and a half; width eleven
lines.

Found at. Acton Scott; Llanwyth, Builth, and Horderley, in
the Lower Silurian Rocks.

9. Orruis VEsPERTILIO.—The Bat Orthis, pl. LII.* fig.
8, 9.

Orthis Vespertilio.
WIE

Semicircular ; with numerous, thin, radiating ridges; upper
valve a little convex, with a broad, angular, longitudinal, central
rib; lower valve convex, with a deep mesial furrow; sides an-
gular, at the ends of the hinge line. Length three-quarters of
an inch; width one inch and three lines.

Found in the Lower Silurian Rocks at Cortor, near Clun-
burg; Acton Burnell and Stevens Hill, in the Cambrian Packs
at Bala, &c.

10. OrrHis TRIANGULARIS—The Triangular Orthis, pl.
LII* fig. 14.

Orthis triangularis. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 640, pl. 20, fig.
ie

Triangular, rounded in front, convex; surface with numerous,
fine radiations. Length four lines and a half; width five lines.

Found in Volcanic Grit, Lower Silurian Rocks at Marring-
ton Dingle, near Chirbury.

11. Orrnis Frasettutum—tThe Little Fan Orthis, pl.
LIL.* fig. 39, 40.

Orthis Flabellulum. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 639, pl. 21, fig. 8.

Transversely subovate; hinge line slightly arcuated, not so
wide as the valves; one valve flat, the other convex, with a
slight mesial channel ; surface with about twenty-four rounded
radii. Length eight lines and a half; width thirteen lines.

Found in the Cardoe Sandstone at Corton, Clunbury; and at
Bala and Snowdon, in the Cambrian Rocks.

2G

Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 640, pl. 20, fig.

118

12, Orruis pLicata—The Plicated Orthis, pl. LII.*
fig. 61.

Orthis plicata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl. 53,
fig. 10.

Transversely elongated, depressed, with numerous sharp
plaits. Width twice its length.

Found in the Devonian Shales at Barnstaple.

13. Ortuis TENUISTRIATA—The Thin-striated Orthis, pl.
LIII. fig. 11, 12.

Orthis tenuistriata.
57, fig. 12.

Semicircular; base straight, with numerous, very fine striz ;
one valve convex, the other considerably flatter; hinge area
narrow and parallel.

Found in the Devonian Shales at Morebath.

14. Orruis orBicuLata.—The Orbicular Orthis, pl. LIII.
fig. 6, 7, 8.

Orthis orbicularis.
fig. 16.

Nearly orbicular, with fine, regular, deep, radiating stria; the
larger valve very convex, with a slightly curved beak, furnished
internally with a straight, longitudinal ridge, with a curved one
on either side; the other valve slightly convex, with a wide,
Length six lines ;

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.

Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 611, pl. 5,

central depression; hinge area very small.
width seven lines.

Abundant in the Upper Ludlow Rock at Ludlow; Delbury;
Sutton, near Wenlock; Dog Hill, near Ledbury; and Cwm-
nantgwyn, near Buleth.

15. Ortuis cANALIS.—The Canaled Orthis, pl. LIII. fig.
34, 35, 36.

Orthis canalis.
pl. 13, fig. 12 a.

Longitudinally semiovate ; one valve very convex, beak pro-
duced, pointed, and incuryed; the other rather flat, and with a
broad central furrow, a little convex along the sides; base some-
what pointed, and slightly depressed; hinge line not so wide as
the valves; surface with many fine, radiating stria, which are
Length and width six

Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 640, pl. 20, fig. 8, and

more numerous towards the margins.
lines and a half.

Differs from O. elegantula in its more elongated form, and in the beak
of the larger valve being longer and more incurved.

Wenlock Shale, Tame Bridge, Woolhope, and Delves Green;
and also in the Cardoc Sandstone at Horderley and Whittings-
low, near the Cardoc, &c.

16. Orruis TESTUDINARIA—The Tortoise Orthis, pl.
LIL* fig. 10.

Orthis testudinaria. Dalman, p. 115, pl. 2, fig. 4.
Sil. Syst. p. 640, pl. 20, fig. 9.

Nearly orbicular; with numerous granulated radii of unequal
length; larger or upper valve very convex, being nearly sub-
conic, with an incurved beak; the lower valve with a mesial
furrow; hinge line almost as wide as the valves. Length six
lines and a half; width eight lines.

Sowerby,

This differs from O. elegantula in being more convex, and in the radia-
tions being stronger. It also differs in its internal structure.

Found in the Lower Silurian Rocks at Gaerfawr, east and
south of Cardoc and Powis Castle.

17. Orrais Lunata.—The Moon-shaped Orthis, pl. LIII.
fig. 56, 57, 58.

MOLLUSCA.

OrruIs.

Orthis Pecten? Dalman, |. c. p. 110, pl. 1, fig. 6. Hist.
Pet. Suec. p. 70, pl. 20, fig. 6. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 638, pl.
21, fig. 9.

Semioval, convex; with numerous, nearly equal, fine, slightly
raised striz, intercepted by almost equidistant lines of growth;
hinge line almost as wide as the shell; one valve nearly flat.
Length one inch and a half; width one inch and eleven lines.

18. Ortuis Pecten?—The Pecten-formed Orthis, pl.
LIII* fig. 1.

Orthis Pecten, var. Dalman, pl. 1, fig. 6. Hist. Pet. Suec.
pl. 20, fig. 6. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 614.

Transversely ovate; depressed, with many sharp, radiating
sulci, with intermediate ones towards the margins. Length ten
lines and a half; width one inch and four lines.

Sowerby says this is a much wider shell than the true O. Pecten.

Found in the Aymestry Limestone, Aymestry and Coniston.

19. Orruis rustica——The Rude Orthis, pl. LIII. fig. 17.

Orthis rustica. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 624, pl. 12, fig. 9.

Transversely subquadrate, depressed; hinge area rather large,
and triangular; surface uneven, with from forty to fifty rounded,
divergent ribs, and intermediate ones as they approach the
margins; base nearly straight. Length one inch and one line;
width one inch and a half.

Wenlock Limestone, Wenlock and Valley of Woolhope.

20. Orrnis ALTERNATA—The Alternately-ribbed Orthis,
pl. LIII. fig. 18, 19.

Orthis alternata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 624 and p. 638, pl.
19, fig. 6.

Transversely obovately subquadrangular; with extremely nu-
merous, fine, unequal, raised strie, increasing in number towards
the margins; hinge line shorter than the width of the shell.
Length ten lines; width thirteen lines.

Lower Silurian Rocks, Whittingslow; Cardoc, Soudley ;
Lower Lickey Ridge; Berwyns, &c.

21. Orruis pRoTENSA—The Stretched-out Orthis, pl.
LIII. fig. 21.

Orthis protensa. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 638, pl. 22, fig. 8, 9.

Semiovate, depressed; hinge line nearly the width of the
valves; unequally thick; surface covered with sharp, linear,
divergent striz, crossed by a few remote lines of growth.
Length eight lines; width seven lines.

Lower Silurian Rocks, Berwyns; Goleugoed, and Meadow
Town, near Shelve.

22. OrrTHis COMPRESSA~—The Compressed Orthis, pl.
LIII. fig. 20.

Orthis compressa. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 38, pl. 22, fig. 12.

Semiovate, lenticular, compressed; hinge line parallel; whole
surface covered with very numerous, close-set, punctated strie.
Length one inch; width fourteen lines.

Lower Silurian Rocks, Hope Quarry, near Shelve, Shrop-
shire.

23. ORTHIS SEMICIRCULARIS.—The Semicircular Orthis,
pl. LIII. fig. 30, 31.

Orthis semicircularis.
fig. 7.

Semicircular, convex; base slightly rounded ; surface covered
with about thirty sharp, radiating strie, increasing in number
towards the margin; umbo protruding. Length three lines and
a half; width half an inch.

Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 639, pl. 21,

OnrruHIs.

Lower Silurian Rocks at Hope, and near Barnstaple, Devon-
shire.

24. ORTHIS MULTIFURCATUS—The Many-forked Orthis,
pl. LIII. fig. 47.

Orthis flabellum ? var. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 639, pl. 19,
fig. 8.

Fan-shaped, moderately convex; hinge line much shorter
than the width of the shell; base rounded; surface with a num-
ber of radiating, strong, forked ridges. Length eleven lines;
width fourteen lines.

Lower Silurian Rocks, east flank of the Caradoc.

25. Orrnis cosrata.—The Ribbed Orthis, pl. LIII. fig.
50.

Orthis ? costata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 639, pl. 21, fig. 11.

Semicircular; one valve a little conical; hinge line slightly
arcuated; umbones a little produced, with a large triangular
area beneath it; sides somewhat angular; surface with about
twenty sharp, radiating ribs. Length five lines and a half;
width seven lines and a half.

Lower Silurian Limestone, Cefn, near Welshpool.

26. Ortuis Actonta#.—Acton’s Orthis, pl. LIII. fig. 38.

Orthis Actoniz. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 639, pl. 20, fig. 16.

Transversely obovate; one valve convex, the other flat; with
about fourteen large radiating ribs, quadrifed or trifid at their
outer extremities. Length eight lines and a half; width eleven
lines.

Closely resembling O. flabellum, but distinguished by its furcated ribs.

Lower Silurian Rocks, Acton Scott, Church Stretton, and in
the Cambrian Rocks at Bala.

27. Orruis sEmiLuNATA—The Semilunar Orthis, pl.
LIII. fig. 51, 52.

Orthis lunata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 603 and p. 611, pl. 5,
fig. 15.

Transversely subquadrangular; finely and deeply striated lon-
gitudinally; beaks not very prominent; hinge area small; lesser
valve with a slight, longitudinal, central depression; internally
provided with two semicircular ridges. Length five lines;
width seven lines.

This species and orbiculata are so similar, that unless the specimens
are yery perfect, it is nearly impossible to identify them; the charac-
teristic internal ridges are the best criterion.

Found plentifully in the Upper Ludlow Rock at Delbury ;
also in the lowest beds of the Old Red Sandstone at Horeb
Chapel.

28. Orruis ExpANsA.—The Expanded Orthis, pl. LIII.
fig. 26.

Orthis expansa. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 638, pl. 20, fig. 14.

Semicircular, compressed; hinge line parallel, internally
plaited near the margin; muscular impression with deep fur-
rows; base slightly rounded. Length one inch and seven lines;
width two inches.

Lower Silurian Rocks, Moel-y-Garth and Gaerfawr, near
Guilsfield.

29. Orruis rapDIANS—The Radiated Orthis, pl. LIII.
fig. 10.

Orthis radians. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 639, pl. 22, fig. 11.

Semicylindrical, compressed; base concave; with about fif-
teen sharp plaits; beaks produced. Length four lines and a
half; width half an inch.

MOLLUSCA. 119

Lower Silurian Limestone, Goleugoed and Llandegley.

30. Orruis cautactis, 6 ?—PI. LIII. fig. 22.

Orthis callactis. Dalman, |. c. p. 113. Sowerby, Sil. Syst.
p- 639.

Nearly circular, but its width somewhat greater than its
length; much compressed; hinge line as long as the breadth ;
with about twenty radiating, slightly elevated ribs, which are
obsolete towards the beaks. Length seven lines; width nine
lines.

Resembles O. flabellum, but the convex valve is considerably flatter.

Lower Silurian Rocks at Cardoe Hills, Hope Mill, Shrop-
shire ; and Old Storridge Hill, Worcestershire.

31. Orruis BILoBpaTa.—The Two-lobed Orthis, pl. LIII.
fig. 39, 40.

Orthis bilobata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 640, pl. 19, fig. 7.

Transversely subquadrate ; hinge line parallel; upper valve
concave, with a broad, subangulated, longitudinal, central eleva-
tion; lower valve convex, with a deep, broad, central, longitudi-
nal channel; sides at the hinge line produced, and somewhat
rounded; surface with numerous, radiating ridges. Length one
inch and two lines; width one inch and seven lines.

Nearly allied to O. vespertilio, but more convex.

Lower Silurian Rocks at Acton Scott, Horderley, and Upper
Cambrian Rocks, Bala.

32. Orruis FiLosa—The Threaded Orthis, pl. LIII. fig.
42.

Orthis filosa. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 630, pl. 13, fig. 12.

Semioval, thin, much flattened; hinge line somewhat longer
than the width of the shell; beaks hardly elevated; sides rather
straight; surface with numerous, thread-like, radiating strie,
extending from the beaks to the margin. Length and width
ten lines.

Wenlock Shale, Barrington and Oldcastle, Melvern.

33. Orruis ANTIQUATA—The Antiquated Orthis, pl. LIII.
fig. 24, 25.

Orthis antiquata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 630, pl. 13, fig.
13.

Semicircular, compressed ; hinge area narrow, as wide as the
shell; lesser valve flat; surface with numerous, radiating striz,
a few larger ones, with many lesser ones intervening, parti-
cularly towards the margins, all of which are intersected by
somewhat remote lines of growth. Length six lines; width
eight lines.

Wenlock Shale at Woolhope.

34. Orruis nyBripaA.—The Hybrid Orthis, pl. LIII. fig.
59, 60, 61.

Orthis hybrida. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 630 and p. 640, pl.
13, fig. 11.

Nearly orbicular, a little wider than long; lenticular, but
thickest towards the beaks; valves equal; hinge line shorter
than the width of the valves; base rather straight; surface
with numerous, radiating strie, which increase in number to-
wards the margins. Length five lines and a half; width six
lines.

The shortness of the hinge area of this species gives it the appearance
of an Atrypa, with which it forms a connecting link.

Wenlock Shale at Hay Head, Walsall.

35. Orruis Lata—The Wide Orthis, pl. LIII. fig. 29.

Orthis lata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 640, pl. 22, fig. 10.

120

Transversely semicylindrical, depressed; base somewhat
straight; sides rounded; surface with linear, unequally thick,
divergent strie. Length five lines ; breadth nine lines.

Nearly allied to Zeptena lata, but differs in both valves being convex,
in being destitute of spines on the hinge, and in the unequally sized strie.

Lower Silurian Rocks, Gorllwyn; Goleugoed and Berwyns,
Caermarthenshire.

36. Orruis aLaTA—The Winged Orthis, pl. LIII. fig.
13, 14.

Spirifer alatus. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 638, pl. 22, fig. 7,
upper figures.

Semicircular ; hinge line parallel, with extended, cuspidate,
auriform processes, slightly inflated in the middle of the valves;
surface with about eighteen acute, radiating plaits, larger in the
centre of the valves, and smaller and closer towards their upper
portions; sides slightly crenated. Length five lines and a half;
width nine lines and a half.

Lower Silurian Rocks, Mount Pleasant and Pensarn, Caer-
marthen.

37. Ortuis PENNATUS.—The Unequal-winged Orthis, pl.
LIIL. fig. 4, 5.

Spirifer alatus. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 638, pl. 22, fig. 7,
lower figures.

Longitudinally semiovate, oblique, inflated; hinge line paral-
lel, extended on either side into long, auriform processes, one
of which is considerably longer and more acute than the other ;
surface with numerous, acute, arcuated, radiating ribs, which
are smaller and more numerous towards the margins, with two
or three remote, slightly marked lines of growth; margins
slightly crenated. Length six lines; width seven lines.

Lower Silurian Rocks, Mount Pleasant, Caermarthen.

38. ORTHIS INTERLINIATA—The Interlinear Orthis, pl.
LIII. fig. 1, 2, 3.

Orthis interliniata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.
53, fig. 11, and pl. 54, fig. 14. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 63, pl. 26,
fig. 106.

Transyersely elliptical, much compressed ; larger valve not
very convex; beak a little prominent; smaller valve with a
shallow depression ; hinge line little more than half the width
of the valves; base nearly straight; surface with numerous,
fine, filiform, radiating, unequally long strie, which are stronger
towards the margins of the valves; convex valve with nearly
equal muscular impressions, and the subrostral plaits arcuated
so as to include a cordiform area; impressions of the cardinal
teeth in the other valve broad.

Sowerby remarks as to this species, that it forms a link serving to
connect five other species. It approaches O. Jata in its wide form, and
irregularity of its strie; it resembles O. orbicularis and O. canalis in the
depression of the cardinal teeth of the flatter valves, and these species are
exact analogues of O. lunata and O. testudinaria.

Abundant in the Devonian Shales at Petherwin, Croyde, and
Leary, North Devon; Barnstaple, Morebath, and Landlake,
Cornwall.

39. ORTHIS PARALLELA—The Parallel Orthis, pl. LIII.
fig. 9 and 16.

Orthis parallela.
a, b, ec, d.

Oblong-oval, considerably compressed; hinge line narrow,
occupying about half the width of the valves; base wide; deeper
valve with a slightly tumid, mesial line; flatter valve with a

Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 64, pl. 26, fig. 109,

MOLLUSCA.

OrTHIS.

hollowed mesial depression; surface with numerous, sharp,
unequally long and short, radiating strie, crossed by lines of
growth; subrostral ridges of the deeper valve parallel, and
much lengthened, and including a long, divided area.

Devonian Shales, Pilton and Brushford, North Devon; and
Petherwin, Cornwall.

40. OrTHIs GRANULOSA—The Granular Orthis, pl. LUI.
fig. 15.

Orthis granulosa. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 65, pl. 26, fig. 111.

Nearly orbicular, considerably compressed, and lenticular ;
hinge line somewhat more than half the width of the valves;
surface with numerous, fine, granulated, unequally long striz,
increasing to double the number towards the margin, and pro-
ducing a bordered aspect.

Devonian Shales at Hope, near Torquay, South Devon.

41. Orruis arcuata—The Arquated Orthis, pl. LIII.
fig. 23.

Orthis arcuata. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 64, pl. 26, fig. 107.

Transversely oblong-ovate, very much compressed; one
valve uniformly convex, the other with a slight mesial furrow ;
whole surface with very fine, divergent strie, arcuated towards
the sides.

This species is subject to variety: var. a with the sulcated valve flat;
var. b, the suleated valve convex on both sides of the mesial furrow.

Distinguished from O. interliniata by its more lengthened shape, and
greatly arcuated and very fine striz.

Devonian Shales, Hope, near Torquay.

42. OnrrHiIs LoncisuLcatTA—The Long-furrowed Orthis,
pl. LIII. fig. 37.

Orthis longisulcata.
105.

Transversely elliptical, compressed; sides rounded; hinge
line a little arcuated; surface with very numerous, fine, divari-
cating strie, which are interrupted by concentric, imbricated,
distant lines of growth; internal plates divergent, situate near
the beak of the lower valve.

Devonian Shales, Watersmeet; Woodabay; West Lee, and
Linton, North Devon.

43. ORTHIS CONCENTRICA—The Concentric Orthis, pl.
LITI. fig. 41.

Orthis concentrica.
fig. 1.

Semicircular, compressed; hinge line nearly parallel; mus-
cular impressions deeply furrowed, internally plaited near the
margins; surface with fine, divergent, filiform striz.

Silurian Strata, Tyrone, Ireland.

44, OrTHIs uMBRAcULUM.—The Shaded Orthis, pl. LIII.
fig. 32, 33.

Orthis umbraculum. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 456, pl. 37,
fig. 5.

Almost semicircular; hinge line nearly parallel; lower valve
slightly convex towards the beak, but nearly flat at the margin;
cardinal area low, and strongly sulcated; upper valve flat, with
a low, triangular, cardinal area; surface with twelve or thirteen
filiform cost, emanating from the umbones, and radiating
towards the margins, with very numerous, extremely fine,
intervening strie, the dichotomy being by insertion, and not by
furcation; besides the strie, by the aid of a lens, extremely
fine, longitudinal lines are observable.

Shale of the Silurian series, Fermanagh, Ireland.

Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 62, pl. 26, fig.

Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 452, pl. 37,

LEprxna.

45. Orruis INTERCOsTATA.—The Inter-ribbed Orthis, pl.
LIIL. fig. 43.

Orthis intercostata.
fig. 3.

Nearly orbicular; hinge area triangular, its height being
equal to about a fourth of the width; surface with fine, thread-
like, divergent ribs, about sixteen of which have finer inter-
vening striz, but with those next the umbones equal.

Silurian Strata, Desertcreat, Tyrone, Ireland.

46. Orruis LENs.—The Lens-shaped Orthis, pl. LIII.
fig. 44, 45.

Orthis lens. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 65, pl. 26, fig. 110, a, 0.

Suborbicular, much compressed, valves equally convex; lower
valve with a mesial sulcus near the umbo, and prolonged in a
shallower furrow towards the base; external surface with about
twenty undulated stria, narrower than the intervening spaces,
which are striated transversely.

Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 454, pl. 37,

Devonian Shales at Hope, near Torquay.

47. Orruis paraLLELA—The Parallel Orthis, pl. LIII.
fig. 49.

Orthis parallela. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 64, pl. 26, fig. 109,
a, b, c, d.

Oblong, subovate, much compressed, broadest towards the
base; hinge line about half the breadth of the valves; umbones
produced ; deeper valve a little tumid on the mesial line, and
somewhat hollowed on the other; subrostral ridges of the
deeper valve much lengthened, almost parallel, and including a
considerably lengthened, divided oval area; whole surface
covered with numerous, sharp, radiating strie, of unequal length
and thickness, with several transverse, well-marked lines of
growth.

Devonian Shales at Pilton and Brushford, North Devon; and
South Petherwin, Cornwall.

48. Orrais cancELtata.—The Cancellated Orthis, pl.
LIII. fig. 46.

Orthis cancellata.
19.

Suborbicular, compressed; hinge line same width as the
valves; umbones but slightly produced; whole surface with
numerous, fine, somewhat elevated, radiating ribs, about
twenty-five in number, with four or five finer intervening,
longitudinal strie; the whole surface crossed by numerous,
fine, concentric stri#, producing an elegant cancellated appear-
ance.

Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 450, pl. 32, fig.

Silurian Strata at Desertcreat, County of Tyrone, Ireland.

49. Orruis 1NTERSTRIALIS.—The Interstriated Orthis, pl.
LIII. fig. 48.

Orthis interstrialis.
103.

Semicircular; hinge line parallel, and considerably broader
than any other part of the valves, forming subauriform pro-
cesses; one valve uniformly convex, the other depressed;
whole surface with numerous, sharp, radiating striae, of unequal
length, with very numerous, much finer, intermediate ones ;
on the flatter valve the striae are stronger and more elevated
towards the umbo, and assume the character of furrows towards
the margin.

Devonian Shales, Barton, South Devon.

Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 61, pl. 25, fig.

MOLLUSCA.

121

50. Orruis Carcar.—The Spur Orthis, pl. LIII. fig. 55.

Orthis calcar. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 138, pl. 58, fig. 112.**

Semicircular, a little elongated; hinge line equal to the
breadth of the valves; whole surface covered with about twelve
granulated, indistinct, divergent ribs, which become strongly
marked towards the margins of the valves, and being regularly
defined, resembles a fringe all round.

Devonian Shales at Pilton, North Devon.

51. Orruis Pecren.—The Combe Orthis, pl. LIIL*
fig. 1.
Orthis plicata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 53, pl. 21, fig. 9.

Somewhat elongated, compressed ; hinge line flat the whole
breadth of the shell; umbones not elevated; sides nearly
parallel; base gently rounded; whole surface covered with
numerous, radiating striae, crossed by many, nearly equidistant,
remote lines of growth.

Lower Silurian Limestone at Coniston.

Genus I1X.—LEPT/ENA.—Dalman.

Shell equilateral, and inequivalve; one valve being
convex for the most part, and very rarely somewhat
depressed; its anterior edge rounded, very thin, deflected
or bent downwards, and produced into an irregularly
cylindrical form, a little expanded towards its lower
edge; the opposite valve is usually flat, or slightly con-
cave on the outside, with its anterior margin reflected,
so that its inner edge lies against the inside of the con-
eave valve; the cardinal margin is transverse, parallel
and linear, sometimes so much produced on both sides as
to give it a winged appearance; hinge with two some-
what tooth-like processes in the upper valve, and the
under valve with a crenulated, internal hinge line in
most species, which is provided with two elevations,
bounding the cicatrices of the muscles.

1. Lepra2na aNnaLtoca.—The Analogical Leptena, pl.
LIII.* fig. 10.

Leptena analoga. Phillips, Geo. York. pl. 7, fig. 10. Ib.
Pal. Fos. p. 56, pl. 24, fig. 93. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd
series, pl. 56, fig. 3. Ib. Min. Conch. VII. p. 9, pl. 615,
fig. 1.

Semicircular, compressed; hinge line generally straight, or
sometimes slightly concave, prolonged into pointed auriform
processes; lower valve slightly convex near the umbo; flattened
on the disk near the base concentrically, and angularly bent
towards the upper valve; surface somewhat corrugated, with
flexuous, rounded wrinkles, which are somewhat irregular on
the ears; the whole crossed by pretty equal, rounded, straight,
radiating strie. Length about an inch.

Found in the Carboniferous and Mountain Limestone at
Bolland, Cork, Barnstaple, and Plymouth.

2. Lepr#@Na cCAPERATA.—The Wrinkled Leptena, pl.
LIIL* fig. 7.

Leptena caperata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.
53, fig. 4. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 58, pl. 25, fig. 98.

2H

122

Semielliptical, very convex; hinge line somewhat longer than
the width of the valves; margin slightly deflected; lower valve
greatly and regularly convex, the other nearly equally concave ;
the whole surface concentrically wrinkled, but almost obsolete
near the disk; with adpressed spines, those contiguous to the
hinge line considerably elongated.

Found in the Deyonian Shales at Petherwin, Barnstaple, and
Croyde.

3. Leprana sorpipA—The Dilapidated Leptena, pl.
LIIL* fig. 19.

Leptena sordida.
53, fig. 5 and 16.

Transversely elongated, somewhat conyex; hinge line not
quite equal to the breadth of the valves, with rounded angles ;

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.

surface irregularly striated; muscular impressions occupying
Variable in width, sometimes
almost orbicular, at others its width nearly double its length.

Carboniferous Limestone, Tenby; Devonian Limestone,
Linton and Torquay; and the Upper Ludlow Rocks, West-
morland.

4. Leprmna FRAGARIA——The Rough Leptena, pl. LIV.
fig. 9.

Leptena fragaria. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series,
pl. 54, fig. 3, and pl. 56, fig. 5, 6. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 59, pl.
25, fig. 100.

Nearly hemispherical, with the sides slightly produced; beak
of the convex valve subacute; hinge line somewhat shorter than
the width of the valves; surface concentrically undulated, almost
smooth, and pustulated.

Found in the Devonian Shales at Plymouth and Petherwin.

5. Lepr@na rucosa.—The Rugged Leptena, pl. LIV.
fig. 36.

Leptena rugosa. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.
56, fig. 4. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 57, pl. 24, fig. 95.

Semicircular ; hinge line prolonged into two short, auriform
processes; lower valve a little convex, and bent upwards on the
edge to meet the upper valve; surface with regular, concentric
wrinkles; border provided with rounded undulations, crossed by
numerous, equal, straight, filiform strie. Length one inch.

Found in the Devonian Shales at Plymouth and Newton
Bushel; and in the Lower Silurian Rocks at Coniston.

6. Leprana pr&_onca—The Lengthened Leptena, pl.
LIII. fig. 62, 63.

Leptena prelonga. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series,
pl. 53, fig. 29.

Transversely obovate, convex, with a central furrow; beak of
larger valve ventricose, and overhanging that of the smaller one,
which is concave; margin considerably deflected; hinge line
shorter than the width of the shell, from which emanate a few
concentric undulations; whole surface with coarse, irregular,
transverse stria.

Found in the Devonian Shales at Croyde Bay.

7. Lepr&na RETICULATUs.—The Reticulated Leptena,
pl. LILI. fig. 53, 54.

Spirifera? crenistria.
pl. 57, fig. 7.

Subovate, subcompressed ; hinge line parallel, extending the
entire breadth of the valves; sides nearly straight; base round-
ed; whole surface covered with strong, divergent strix, and

nearly half the internal area.

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series,

MOLLUSCA.

LEPTENA.

crossed by concentric, less decided strie, giving it a finely
reticulated aspect.

Mountain Limestone, Matlock, Derbyshire.

8. Leprana Lepisma.—The Silvery Leptena, pl. LIII.*
fig. 25.

Leptena Lepisma. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 618, pl. 8, fig. 7.

Semicircular, conyex, with a shining, silvery, or satin-like
lustre; surface with a few obscure, slightly elevated, forked
radiations, and indistinctly punctated ; hinge line as wide as the
shell; base moderately deflected. Length nearly three lines;
breadth five lines and a half.

Lower Ludlow Rock, near Clangunford.

9. Lrprana EUGLYPHA.—The Well-carved Leptzna, pl.
LIII. fig. 28.

Leptena euglypha. Dalman, Act. Holm. 1827, p- 118, pl.
1, fig. 3. Ib. Hist. Pet. Suec. pl. 20, fig. 4. Sowerby, Sil. Syst.
p- 618 and 623, pl. 12, fig. 1. Orthis euglypha, Von Buch.

Subtriangular; base obtuse; flat above; hinge area long,
straight, and narrow; surface covered with numerous, radiating,
slender ridges, with intermediate, fine, elevated strie. Jength
of flat space one inch; width two inches and a half; depth in
front at base one inch.

This species is liable to considerable variation in form: the sides in
some specimens being considerably Jess flattened than in our figure; the
intermediate strize sometimes as large as the ridges; and the sides at the
hinge line shooting out to extended angles; the striz are also frequently
like those of Orthis alternata.

Wenlock Limestone at Aston, near May Hill, Daley; Fawn-
hope; Abberley and Wigmore.

10. Leprana pEpREssA.—The Depressed Leptzna, pl.
LIII.* fig. 29, 30, 31.

Leptena depressa. Dalman, |. c. p. 106, pl. 1, fig. 2. Ib.
Hist. Pet. Suec. p. 69, pl. 20, fig. 3: Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p.
623, pl. 12, fig. 2. Producta depressa, Sowerby, Min. Conch.
V. pl. 459, fig. 3.

Nearly semicircular, depressed above, with strong, longitudi-
nal strize, which are interrupted by transverse, wide-set, narrow
furrows; hinge area long, with the sides extended into auriform
processes; upper valve with a rounded and somewhat produced
umbo, and concave near the margin; front or basal margin
abruptly curved, deflected, and descending into a very broad
space, which in depth is equal to the length of the shell; lower
valve concave in the centre. Length of flat portion about
three-quarters of an inch; width one inch and a half; deflection
one inch.

This species must not be confounded with Z. analoga, to which it is
very nearly allied. The outline of the latter approaches nearer to a
semicircle, and it is usually larger than the L. depressa.

Very common in the Amestry and Wenlock Limestones ;
and is also met with, although sparingly, in the Mountain
Limestone.

Its localities are Dudley, Wenlock; Amestry, May Hill;
Abberley and Stourbridge.

11. Leprmna papiLionacea.—The Butterfly-like Lep-
tena, pl. LII. fig. 24.

Spirifera papilionacea. Phillips, I. p. 221, pl. 11, fig. 6.

Extremely wide, almost semielliptical; hinge line parallel ;
umbones very small; surface covered with very fine, longitudi-
nal, bent, divergent strie; crenulated in the young state.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland, Otterburn, and Kendal.

LEPTENA.

12. LeprxNaA TRANSVERSALIS.—The Transverse Leptena,
pl. LIV. fig. 2, 3.

Leptena transversalis. Dalman, |. c. p. 109, pl. 1, fig. 4.
Ib. Hist. Pet. p. 69, pl. 20, fig. 5. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 629,
pl. 13, fig. 2.

Semicircular, greatly convex; lesser valve concave ; hinge
inflected, with its line parallel, and equal to the width of the
shell; surface with wide-set, longitudinal ribs, and fine interme-
diate strie. Length seven lines; width somewhat more than
eight lines.

Wenlock Shale, Tame Bridge and Hay Head, near Walsall ;
Buildwas Bridge; Burrington; and Stumps Wood, near Led-
bury.

13. Leprzna mintma.—The Least Leptena, pl. LIV.
fig. 6, 7.

Leptena minima. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 629, pl. 13, fig. 4.

Semicircular; hinge line parallel, very greatly inflated; with
numerous, sharp, alternately long and short, smooth, radiating
ribs; sides a little prolonged, and auriform. Length two lines;
breadth three lines.

Wenlock Shale, Burrington.

14. Lepr£na t&yicata.—The Smooth Leptena, pl.
LIII.* fig. 35.

Leptena levigata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 629, pl. 13, fig. 3.

Semicircular, depressed; hinge line parallel, its sides pro-
longed into short, auriform processes; surface smooth, shining,
with a few radiating striz, and small, obscure, concentric undu-
lations; base slightly depressed. Length two lines and a half;
width, exclusive of the prolonged sides, four lines.

Wenlock Shale, Burrington, near Ludlow.

15. Lepra&na sErtceEaA—The Silky Leptena, pl. LIIL*
fig. 23, 24.

Leptena sericea. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 636, pl. 19, fig. 1.
Leptena striatella ? Dalman, |. c. p. 111, pl. 1, fig. 5.

A transversely elongated semicircle; larger valve convex,
the other much depressed, or nearly flat; base considerably
deflected at the margin; surface with a silky lustre, and very
numerous, close-set, radiating stri, a few of which are deeper
than the others; some obscure, concentric lines of growth.
Length five lines; breadth ten lines.

Much resembling Z. /ata, but the strie are finer and more regular
sided, and the base more parallel.

Lower Silurian Rocks at Whittingslow; Horderley, Guils-
field, &c.

16. Lepr#na Lata—tThe Broad Leptena, pl. LIV. fig.
19, 20.

Leptena lata. Von Buch. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. II. p. 603
and 610, pl. 3, fig. 10 6 and 12 ¢, and pl. 5, fig. 13. Ure, Hist.
Ruth. and Kil. p. 317, pl. 16, fig. 10, 11.

Semicircular, with a rather straight base; upper valve convex,
slightly depressed in the middle; lower valve concave; covered
exteriorly with fine, radiating ridges; hinge line parallel, pro-
vided with from eight to ten tubular, simple, divaricating, thin,
tapering, acute spines. Length half its width.

This is one of the most characteristic and abundant species of the
Upper Ludlow Rock.

Found in the Old Red Sandstone at Felindre, Horeb Chapel ;
in the Upper Ludlow Rock, Ludlow Promontory; Delbury ;
Munslow; Woolhope Valley; Bagnor Hill; Presteign; and
Lawrieston, near Rutherglen, Renfrewshire.

MOLLUSCA.

123

17. Lerrana compLanata.—The Even Leptena, pl.
LIV. fig. 12.

Leptena complanata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 636, pl. 20,
fig. 6.

Semiovate, somewhat shorter than wide, much compressed ;
hinge line slightly arcuated, and rounded on both extremities ;
beak a little produced; surface with numerous, fine, radiating,
linear striz, which increase in number towards the margin,
crossed towards the base by undalating lines of growth; base
deflected. Length eleven lines; width one inch.

Lower Silurian Rocks at Acton Burnell, Shropshire.

18. Leprana pupiicata—tThe Double-plaited Leptena,
pl. LIV. fig. 13.

Leptena duplicata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 636, pl. 22, fig. 2.

Semicircular, transversely elongated, convex; inside of valves
with longitudinal furrows, arranged in pairs. Length five lines
and a half; width nine lines.

Lower Silurian Rocks, Cefn, near Welshpool; and Robeston
Wathen, Pembrokeshire.

19. LeprxNna TENUISTRIATA.—The Thin-striated Lep-
tena, pl. LIII.* fig. 12.

Leptena tenuistriata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 636, pl. 22,
fig. 2 a.

Semicylindrical, with very numerous, close-set, longitudinal
strie, crossed by from twelve to fourteen slight, concentric,
convex furrows; sides expanded.

Closely allied to Z. depressa, but the strie are much finer and closer.

Lower Silurian Rocks, Norbeth and Marloes Bay, Pembroke-
shire; and in the Cardoc Limestone, Gaerfawr, Montgomery-
shire.

20. Leprmna pistorTa.—The Distorted Leptena, pl.
LIII* fig. 2, 3, 4.

Leptena distorta.
615, fig. 3.

Irregularly orbicular, convex; hinge line parallel, with a tri-
angular area; beaks prominent ; concentrically undulated, with
strong, longitudinal, interrupted striae; margins flattened.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. VII, p. 10, pl.

Distinguished from Z. analoga by its prominent beak, near to which
it is not compressed, and very convex valves.

Carboniferous Limestone, Isle of Man.

21. Leprmna ampicuaA—The Ambiguous Leptena, pl.
LIV. fig. 16.

Producta depressa.
fig. 18.

Compressed; hinge line nearly parallel; beaks very slightly
produced; deeper valve concentrically angulated; whole surface
covered with rather strong, smooth, longitudinal, divergent
strie ; crossed by flexuous, rounded ribs, on the flat surface.

Mountain Limestone, Florence Court.

22. Leprmna pLicaTitis—The Plicated Leptena, pl.
LIIL®* fig. 6.

Producta plicatilis. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 85, pl.
459, fig. 2. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 219, pl. 8, fig. 4.

Transversely elongated; hinge line nearly parallel; umbo
slightly produced; a little hollow in the middle; surface with
transverse, prominent, somewhat flexuous, irregular ribs, and
fine, longitudinal, divergent stri ; basal line hollow in the
middle.

Mountain Limestone, Castleton, Derbyshire.

Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 215, pl. 8,

124

23. LEPTHNA MARGARITACEA—The Pearly Leptena, pl.
LIII* fig. 5.

Producta margaritacea.
pl. 8, fig. 8.

Suborbicular, very much inflated; hinge line nearly parallel ;
beaks very large, and prominent; ears rounded; with numerous,
rounded, smooth, radiating striz; with two or three spines on
the ears, and also on the sides.

Mountain Limestone, Florence Court.

24, Leprana Scotica.—The Scottish Leptena, pl. LIII.*
fig. 8, 9.

Productus Scoticus.
69, fig. 3.

Semicircular; hinge line parallel, as long as the valve; umbo
of larger valve large, and prominent; both valves gibbous
towards the beaks; sides expanded; convex valve with the
divergent striz interrupted by nearly obsolete spines, and short
intervening striz#, and remote, nearly parallel lines of growth,
which produce irregular undulations, more especially towards
the sides; middle somewhat depressed; shallow valve with
divergent stria, but devoid of the spines.

Carboniferous Limestone, Linlithgow and Arran, Scotland ;
and Cork, Ireland.

LEPT&NA SPINOSA.—The Spinous Lepteva, pl. LILI.*

Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 215,

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 158, pl.

25.
fig. 11.

Productus spinosus.
69, fig. 2.

Suborbicular, gibbous, a little wider than long; hinge line
short; convex valve with many elongated, cylindrical spines,
bending towards the front; concave valve destitute of spines 5
whole surface with numerous, longitudinal striz.

Carboniferous Limestone, Linlithgow and Arran.

26. Lxeprana aurira.—The Eared Leptena, pl. LV. fig.
1 and 10.

Producta aurita. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 214, pl. 7, fig.
6, 7.

Hemispherical; sides prolonged into prominent, rounded,
rugose ears, which are angular in the young condition; surface
with obtuse, radiating strie, and a few remote lines of growth.

Mountain Limestone, Ulverston, Bolland, and Kendal; and
Queen’s County, Ireland.

27. Lepra@na scapricuLa.—The Rough Leptena, pl.
LV. fig. 2, 3.

Productus scabriculus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p- 157, pl.
69, fig. 1. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p- 214, pl. 8, fig. 2, and pl.
8, fig. 20°? Ib. Pal. Fos. p. 58, pl. 24, fig. 97.
scabriculus, Martin, Pet. Derb. pl. 36, fig. 5.

Nearly orbicular; hinge line parallel, and equal to the breadth
of the shell; sides rather straight, producing a somewhat quad-
rangular appearance; beak large, and prominent; smaller valve
flat, with obscurely punctated, radiating strie#, the remains of
the spines producing a concentric, reticulated appearance; larger
valve with longitudinal, elongated, prominent, tuberculated,
sharp pointed striz, set in nearly quincunx order; mesial furrow
broad.

Mountain Limestone, Derbyshire, Bristol, Bowes, Coalbrook-
dale, Harelaw, Pilton, and Brushford.

28. Leprana concinna.—The Neat Leptena, pl. LY.
fig. 4.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 157, pl.

Anomites

MOLLUSCA.

LepTana.

Products concinnus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 16, pl.
318, fig. 1. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 214, pl. 7, fig. 9.

Semicylindrical; smaller valve concave, and deeply inserted ;
larger one convex, concave along the middle; neatly striated,
and spined longitudinally; general surface smooth, and po-
lished.

Somewhat resembling Z, Martini, but smaller and smoother.

Carboniferous Limestone, Derbyshire; Richmond and Bol-
land, Yorkshire ; and Cork.

29. LEPTHNA QUINCUNCIALIS——The Squarish Leptena,
pl. LV. fig. 7.

Leptena quincuncialis.
7, fig. 8.

Suborbicular; cardinal area flat; hinge line not so wide as
the valves; beak large, and prominent; sides rounded; surface
with strong, longitudinal ribs, alternately elevated into oblong
tubercles, and intersected by remote, nearly equidistant lines
of growth.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

30. Leprana pusruLosa.—The Pustulous Leptzna, pl.
LV. fig. 2.

Leptena pustulosa.
fig. 16.

Nearly orbicular, but inclining to quadrate, much inflated,
with transverse, shallow furrows; hinge line not so wide as the
valves; beak prominent, and acute; surface with some scattered
pustule-like, flat tubercles, which become more and more ad-
pressed towards the margins; ears angular, furrowed, but des-
titute of spines.

31. Leprana sprnuLosa—The Prickly Leptena, pl. LV.
fig. 6.

Productus spinulosus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 155, pl.
68, fig. 3. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 216, pl. 7, fig. 14.

Semicircular, compressed; hinge line the whole width of the
valves; convex valve inflated towards the beak, which is large,
and produced, with numerous, short spines, arranged in quin-
cunx order; lesser valve concave, and spinous; the whole sur-
face longitudinally striate.

Carboniferous Limestone, Linlithgow, Bolland, and Walsing-
ham.

Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 214, pl.

Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 216, pl. 7,

32. Lepr&na Martini.—Martin’s Leptena, pl. LV. fig.
9 and 19.

Productus Martini. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 15, pl.
317, fig. 2, 3,4. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 213, pl. 7, fig. 1,
and pl. 8, fig. 19. Anomites productus, Martin, Pet. Derb. pl.
22, fig. 1, 2, 3.

Semicylindrical; hinge line two-thirds the width of the valves,
and produced; umbo very much inflated; with a flattened base,
and numerous, thread-like, longitudinal, spinous striz, which in
some specimens are furcated towards the base; lesser valve
nearly flat, and deeply inserted; auricles distinct, with two rows
of spines.

Mountain Limestone, Castleton, Derbyshire; Bolland; High-
Green-Wood; Kirby Lonsdale; Hudsewell; Harrowgate; and
Northumberland ; and Arran, Scotland.

33. Lepramna LAXxIsPINA—The Wide-spined Leptena, pl.
LV. fig. 16.

Producta rarispina. Phillips, Geo. York. p. 248, (fim-
briata ? p. 215.) Ib. Pal. Fos. p. 59, pl. 25, fig. 29.

; j

: aN
Daa
\y

IMPORTANT WORKS ON NATURAL HISTORY.

In the course of Publication,

\ )

‘.
JILLUSTRATIONS OF THE FOSSIL CONCHOLOGY

OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
BY CAPTAIN THOMAS BROWN, F.L.S., &e.

1. Each Number will contain Four Coloured Plates, engraved on Steel by the first Artists, with Four Pages of
Descriptive Letter-press; together with the Localities in which they occur, &c., price Three Shillings Coloured, or
Two Shillings Plain. A Fasciculus will appear regularly on the first day of every month.

2. The Work will extend to Twenty-five Numbers, containing in all One Hundred Plates. The Species will be
systematically arranged, agreeably to the classification of Lamarck, with the recently formed Genera of Deshayes,
Sowerby, Parkinson, &c., introduced into their respective places. Every Number will comprise at least Forty Shells.

3. At the end of the Work will appear a Stratigraphical Index, on an entirely new plan, exhibiting at one view
the whole British Species of Fossil Shells, with their Geological positions.

Il.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE CONCHOLOGY

OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
BY CAPTAIN THOMAS BROWN, F.L.S., &c.
SECOND EDITION, WITH ADDITIONS.

1. Each Number will contain Four Coloured Plates, with complete Descriptions, Localities, &e. A Fasciculus
will appear regularly every month. Price Three Shillings Coloured, or Two Shillings Plain.

2. The Work will extend to Fifteen Numbers, containing in all Fifty-eight Plates, with about Twelve Hundred
Figures of Shells, being Representatives of ALL the Species discovered up to the present time, including Marine,
Land, and Fresh Water; together with Illustrations of the Animals of nearly the whole Genera. The Plates are all
already engraved by Mr. W. H. Lizars, so that the Work will appear with the utmost regularity.

3. This is the only Work which contains Representations of ALL the Species, and the only British Concho-
logy, in which the ANIMALS have been introduced, and is sold at a price not a third of others which do not contain a ~
half of the Species, while the Engravings are executed in a much higher style of art. ;

Opinions of the Press on the First Edition.

«The Work is now completed, and forms a very handsome volume, alike creditable to the facile pencil of Captain Brown, and the matchless burin
of Lizars. The volume contains no less than 53 plates, embracing 135 new species, and in all 1156 figures. ‘Of the exquisite manner in which the
Shells are finished, we feel it impossible to convey an adequate idea; could we transport one of these splendid delineations to our columns, we should
require no words to enhance its value.”— Observer.

‘While there are talent and accuracy in the Drawings, we need hardly say that Mr. Lizars has executed the engraving department in a tasteful
and able manner. The colouring is here so much elaborated, and so judiciously managed, that the specimens have many of the beauties of painting;
and this work, we imagine, will go far to make the public think more highly of the Shells of the British Isles.” Scotsman.

“A slight glance at other works on the same subject, will be the best mode of showing the superior claims to attention which the present volume

S8CS,

‘The two best works which we have on our native Conchology are, first, ‘Montagu’s Testacea Britannica,’ quarto, published in 1803. It only
contains 205 species, drawn and etched by a lady, and very indifferently executed; the price of this work is £6. 6s. The Shells represented are mostly
minute species. The second work is, ‘ Donovan's British Shells,’ in octavo, published also in 1803, containing only 184 species, principally the
shells—engraved in a stiff and slight manner; price £7. 15s. So that it requires both these works to be possessed of all the Shells known even in
their time—the joint price amounting to £14. 1s,—and then you have only the small number of 389 species, and these very indifferently done.

‘Brown's Illustrations are sold at £6. 16s. 6d. The Rigrsvings are highly finished, and, as we have said, beautifully coloured. The volume
consists of 53 elegant quarto plates, containing 1156 figures of Shells, 135 of which are entirely new, and never before published; besides 148, which
have only appeared in the Transactions of different learned Societies."—Edinburgh Evening Post. i

Gay” This Work, originally published at £6. 16s. 6d., will now cost only £2. 5s. with Six additional Plates.

III.
In the Press, and Speedily will Appear,

THE ELEMENTS OF FOSSIL CONCHOLOGY,

Illustrated by Figures, engraved on Steel, of ALL the known Genera; with their Generic Characters, and a complete

Description of their application to the elucidation of the various Geological periods. By Captain Thomas
Brown, F.L.S., &c. Royal 18mo.

IV.
Speedily will Appear, ;
THE ELEMENTS OF CONCHOLOGY,
BY CAPTAIN THOMAS BROWN, F.L.S., &c.,

ilustrated by Figures, engraved on Steel, of ALL the known Genera, Sub-Genera, and Sections, with their Generic
Characters, very fully elucidated.

The arrangement adopted is that of Lamarck, with the addition of all the New Genera which modern investigation
has rendered necessary,

Par D7, DS Cotourep PLarEs. Price >}:

ILLUSTRATIONS

OF THE

FOSSIL CONCHOLOGY

OF

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND,

WITH THE

DESCRIPTIONS AND LOCALITIES OF ALL THE SPECIES HITHERTO
DISCOVERED.

DRAWN FROM NATURE BY

CAPTAIN THOMAS BROWN, F.L.S., M.W.S., M.K.S.,

LATE PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL PHYSICAL SOCIETY,
_ &e &e.

“« Concurrent with the rapid extension of our knowledge of the comparative anatomy of extinct families of the ancient
inhabitants of the earth has been the attention paid to Fosstt ConcHotocy, a SUBJECT OF VAST IMPORTANCE in investigating
the records of the changes that have occurred upon the surface of our globe." Prorgssor Bucktanp’s Geology and Minera-
logy Considered, p. 110.

“ The only true remaining Mrpats or CREATION.” BERGMAN.

** Shells are by far THE MOST IMPORTANT CLASS OF ORGANIC BEINGS which have left their spoils in the sub-aqueous
deposits ; and they have been truly said to be the medals which Nature has cHIEFLY SELECTED to record the history of the
former changes of the globe. There is scarcely any great series of strata that does not contain some marine or fresh water
shells."—LyEtt’s Geology, vol. iii. p. 299.

EDINBURGH:

MACLACHLAN & STEWART, 64, SOUTH BRIDGE:
JOHN M‘LEOD, 20, ARGYLL STREET, GLASGOW: W. CURRY, JUN. & CO. DUBLIN:
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TO BE HAD OF ALL OTHER BOOKSELLERS.

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LEPTzNA.

Hemispherical ; hinge line equal in length to the diameter ;
margin regular; lower valve regularly convex, but destitute of
a mesial furrow; surface covered with unequally distributed,
slender spines, with elongated bases; these are long, and in-
curved outwards on the hinge line.

Bolland; and South Petherwin, Devonshire.

34. Lxeprmna tirata—The Ridged Leptena, pl. LV.
fig. 5.

Producta livata. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 248, (/im-
briata, p. 215,) pl. 8, fig. 16.

Suborbicular; umbo very large, and produced; hinge line the
entire width of the valves; larger valve with longitudinal sulci,
and blunt ridges.

Mountain Limestone, Moulton, and Isle of Man.

35. Lepr#na MESOLOBA.—The Middle-lobed Leptena,
pl. LV. fig. 15.

Leptena mesoloba? Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 61, pl. 25, fig. 102.
Producta mesoloba, Ib. Geo. York. II. p. 215, pl. 7, fig. 12, 13.

Suboyate ; hinge line the whole breadth of the valves, which
are wider than long; auricles obtusely angled; a mesial ridge
on the convex valve, with a corresponding furrow on the other;
surface smooth, or slightly wrinkled across.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland; Derbyshire; and Codden
Hill, North Devonshire ; and Queen’s County, Ireland.

36. Leprana setosa.—The Bristled Leptena, pl. LV.
fig. 17.

Producta setosa.
9 and 17.

Semicircular ; hinge line parallel, extending the whole width
of the valves, prolonged into auriform processes; front fre-
quently produced into a ridge; surface with strong, longitudinal
strie, and very long, needle-shaped spines, set in quincunx
order.

Mountain Limestone, Rokeby and Northumberland.

37. Lepr@na muricaTA—The Muricated Leptena, pl.
LV. fig. 16.

Producta muricata.
fig. 3.

Nearly orbicular; umbo very large, and produced; hinge line
the width of the valves; back somewhat flattened; surface with
broad, strong, rounded, continuous ridges; with regular, blunt
murications.

Carboniferous Limestone, Kirby Lonsdale and Harelaw.

38. Leprana sutcata.—The Furrowed Leptena, pl.
LIIL* fig. 20.

Productus sulcatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p- 17, pl.
319, fig. 2.

Semicylindrical, short, very convex above, with a mesial
sulcus; hinge line as wide as the valves; whole surface with
strong, spinose, longitudinal ridges.

Mountain Limestone, Derbyshire.

39. Luprana PrctinoipE—A—The Pecten-shaped Lep-
tena, pl. LIII.* fig. 22.

Producta pectinoides.
7, fig. 11.

Orbicular ; hinge line not so wide as the valves, terminating
in distinct, auricular processes; umbo large, and prominent ;
whole surface covered with numerous, pretty strong, smooth,
longitudinal ribs, which are furcated towards the base.

Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 214, pl. 8, fig.

Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 214, pl. 8,

Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 215, pl.

MOLLUSCA.

125

Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

40. Leprmna Nnoputosa.—The Nodulous Leptena, pl.
LIIL.* fig. 21.

Leptena nodulosa. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 56, pl. 24, fig. 94.

Somewhat semicircular, its width greatly exceeding its length;
lower valve concentrically and irregularly angulated, and some-
what nodulous near the border, where it is rectangularly
reflected, and broadly undulated, its disk flat from the umbo
to the border; surface with irregular, interrupted, concentric
ridges and furrows; whole shell with very fine and numerous,
close, flexuous, longitudinal striae.

Devonian Limestone, Newton Bushel, and Hope, Torquay.

41. Lerrana EpELBurcensis.—The Addleburgh Lep-
tena, pl. LIII.* fig. 27.

Producta Edelburgensis. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p- 214,
pl. 7, fig. 5.

Semicircular; hinge line nearly parallel, and very wide; beak
but slightly produced ; deeper valve evenly convex; extreme
sides compressed; whole surface with coarse, longitudinal striz,
which is frequently duplicate ; spines few, or none.

Nearly allied to Z. latissima, but differs in its flattened ears.

Carboniferous Limestone, Addlesburgh; Fountains’ Fell; and
Bolland.

42. Leprana costata—tThe Ribbed Leptena, pl. LIII.*
fig. 15.

Producta costata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p- 115, pl.
560, fig. 1. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 213, pl. 7, fig. 2.

Transversely elongated; convex valve with a deep, triangular,
mesial furrow, and broad, rounded, longitudinal ribs, which are
decussated aboye by rather strong, concentric furrows, and
compressed at the base, which is deflected, the intervening
furrows narrow, and deep; each side provided with two or three
spines, and a small lobe.

Carboniferous Limestone, Glasgow; Bolland; Richmond,
Yorkshire ; and Hawes.

43. Lepramna antiquata.—The Antiquated Leptena, pl.
LV. fig. 11.

Productus antiquatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 15, pl.
317, fig. 1,5, 6. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 213, pl. 7, fig. 3.
Anomites semistriatus, Martin, Pet. Derb. pl. 32 and 33, fig.
Wh PAS ah Zk

Semicylindrical, or quadrato-hemispherical; hinge line some-
what shorter than the width of the shell, terminating in auriform
processes; sides nearly parallel; umbo extremely large, and
produced ; larger valve very much inflated; lesser valve nearly
flat; mesial furrow wide; whole surface with rounded, radiating
ribs, reticulated at the umbo by concentric undulations, which
are larger, fewer, and more spinose towards the auricles.

Young shells are plano-convex, with fine longitudinal and transverse
strie.

Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland; Coverdale; Northumber-
land; Derbyshire; Flintshire; and Kildare, Ireland.

44, Leprmna pucitis.—The Fighting Leptena, pl. LIII.*
fig. 13.

Producta pugilis. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 215, pl. 8,
fig. 6.

Semicircular; hinge line as wide as the shell, and terminating
in acute, spinous, auricular processes; umbo large, and much
produced; whole surface with numerous, equal, strong, radiating

21

126

striz, and longitudinal, scattered spines ; towards the sides and
basal margin a series of strong, irregular ribs, with a few blunted
and large spines; margin much indented, and irregular.

Carboniferous Limestone, Kirby Lonsdale.

45. Lepr£na FIMBRIATA—The Fringed Leptena, pl.
LIV. fig. 8.

Producta fimbriata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. V. p. 85, pl.
459, fig. 1. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 215, pl. 8, fig. 11, 12.

Oblong, nearly hemispherical; umbo large, and produced ;
mesial furrow slight, or none; with from six to eight transverse,
crenated furrows, the ridges spinose on their superior margin ;
lesser valve concave, and similar to the large one.

Carboniferous Limestone, Derbyshire ; Bolland; Greenhow
Hill; Moulton; and Isle of Man.

46. Leprana comoipes.—The More-handsome Leptena,
pl. LIIL* fig. 16.

Productus comoides. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 31, pl.
329. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 213, pl. 7, fig. 4.

Semicircular; globose near the beak; disk much inflated;
surface with fine, undulating strie, and some large, shallow, lon-
gitudinal furrows 5 hinge area flat; substance of the shell very
thick, and rough within.

Carboniferous Limestone, Llangaveni and Conishead, Wales;
and Bolland, Yorkshire.

47. LEpT#NA MEMBRANACEA.—The Membranous Lep-
tena, pl. LIII.* fig. 17.

Leptena membranacea.
fig. 101.

Semicircular, very flat, and thin; hinge line parallel, extend-
ing the whole width of the shell, and produced, with spines ;
concentrically striated; with undulating lines, among which are

Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 60, pl. 25,

some irregular, small spines.

Phillips mentions two varieties, viz., a, pl. 25, fig. 101 a, with nume-
rous transverse lines; and 6, fig. 101 5, with few transverse lines.

Devonian Limestone, Pilton, North Devon; and South
Petherwin, Cornwall.

48. Leprzna acuLEata.—The Spined Leptena,
LIII.* fig. 36, 37.

Productus aculeatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 156, pl.
68, fig. 4. Conchiliolithus (Anomites) aculeatus, Martin, Pet.
Derb. pl. 37, fig. 9, 10.

Orbicular ; hinge line half the breadth of the shell; concave
valve smooth; convex valve gibbous, with adpressed, reflected
spines, most numerous towards the sides, and a few obscure,
concentric undulations; base slightly indented.

Carboniferous Limestone, Bakewell, Derbyshire.

49. LEpr@Na Loncispina.—The Long-spined Leptena,
pl. LIV. fig. 62, 63.

Productus longispinus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 154, pl.
68, fig. 1. Productus Flemingit, lb. p. 155, pl. 68, fig. 2.

Semicircular, broader than long; hinge line extending the
whole width of the valves, and prolonged into large, auricular

pl.

processes, somewhat blunted at their termination; convex valve
with a mesial furrow; smaller valve concave; one very long,
round, tubular, hcrizontal spine, and several smaller ones, placed
near each side in the convex valve.

Carboniferous Limestone, Kilbride, Lanarkshire; and Moun-
tain Limestone, Linlithgowshire, Scotland; and North Sunder-
land.

MOLLUSCA.

LEpPTzNA.

50. Leprzna saRcINULATA—The Little-truss Leptena,
pl. LIII* fig. 40.

Leptena sarcinulata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 610, pl. 3, fig.
10 b and 12 ¢, and pl. 5, fig. 13. Ure’s Rutherglen, p. 317, pl-
16, fig. 10, 11.

Semicircular; hinge line parallel; provided with eight or ten
long, divaricating, simple, tubular spines; upper valve convex,
somewhat depressed in the middle; lower valve concave; sur-
face covered with numerous, very fine, radiating ribs. Length
about half its breadth.

This is one of the most characteristic species of the Upper Ludlow
Limestone.

Lower Silurian Limestone, Horderley; Cardoc, Bala, Conis-
ton, Felindre, Horeb Chapel, &c.

51. Leprana Latissima.—The Very-broad Leptena, pl.
LIIL.* fig. 38.

Productus latissimus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 32, pl.
330. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 214, pl. 8, fig. 1.

Much elongated transversely, fusiform, or convoluted ; hinge
line whole width of valves, and partially concealed by the beak;
umbo much incurved; entire surface with coarse, longitudinal
strie, and many small, bristle-like spines.

This has somewhat the appearance of Z. comoides, but is much shorter
than that species, with the cardinal area considerably narrower.

Carboniferous Limestone, Kirby Lonsdale; Fountains’ Fell ;
Otterburn, Northumberland; Anglesea, Wales; and the Island
of Arran, Frith of Clyde, Scotland.

52. Leprmna convotuTa.—The Convoluted Leptena,
pl. LIIL.* fig. 39.

Leptena convoluta.
96.

Somewhat semicircular ; hinge line the whole width of the
valves, and extended into rounded, auriform processes; middle
of lower valve regularly convex, with a depression between it
and the auricles; surface with fine, rounded, numerous, longi-

Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 57, pl. 24, fig.

tudinal, divergent striae.

Devonian Limestone, Croyde Bay, North Devon.

53. LrepraNa GIGANTEA.—The Gigantic Leptena, pl.
LV. fig. 12.

Productus giganteus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 19, pl.
320. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 215, pl. 8, fig. 5, reduced.

Transyersely elongated, much inflated; hinge line nearly
parallel, and extended into auriform processes; surface with
irregular, undulating, radiating, obtuse ribs, covered with waved,
unequal striae.

This species attains the size of nine inches in diameter.

Carboniferous Limestone of Derbyshire; Hawes; Dent Dale;
Northumberland; and Fifeshire.

54. Leprana punctata—The Punctured Leptena, pl.
LV. fig. 20, 21, 22, and 24.

Productus punctatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 22, pl.
323. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 215, pl. 8, fig. 10. Anomites
punctatus, Martin, Pet. Derb. pl. 37, fig. 6, 7, 8.

Obovate ; hinge line about a third less than the width of the
shell; larger valve gibbose, with a deep mesial furrow; surface
with concentric, wide, imbricated, laminar ridges, and furrows ;
and numerous, minute, short spines; lesser valve nearly flat,
with shallow concentric furrows, and flattened ridges.

Mountain Limestone, Derbyshire; Bolland; Settle; Buxton ;
Otterburn; and Cork, Ireland.

:
:

ATRYPA.

55. Leprena ovaris.x—The Oval Leptena, pl. LV.
fig. 23.

Producta ovalis. Phillips, Geo. York. p. 216, pl. 8, fig. 14.

Oblong; hinge line slightly arcuated; larger valve very gib-
bose; umbo very large, and much produced; mesial furrow
slight, with nearly obsolete, concentric furrows ; provided with
numerous, spinulose puncta; lesser valve very flat, with a few
slight, concentric furrows.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

56. Lrepra&Na HEMISPHZRICA——The Hemispherical Lep-
tena, pl. LV.* fig. 16.

Producta hemispherica. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 117,
pl. 561.

Orbicular ; larger valve inflated, with numerous, fine, longi-
tudinal, irregular stria, and wide, concentric, slightly developed
ridges; hinge line parallel, occupying about two-thirds of the
width of the shell; lesser valve flat, and longitudinally striated.

This species has been found five inches in diameter.

Carboniferous Limestone, Coalbrook Dale.

57. Leprn@a INTERRUPTA.—The Interrupted-stria Lep-
tena, pl. LIIL* fig. 34.

Leptena interrupta. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series,
pl. 56, fig. 7.

Semicircular, very gibbose; hinge line about equal to the
width of the shell; umbo but little produced; larger valve with
longitudinal stria, interrupted by concentric ribs.

Nearly allied to Z. punctata.

Devonian Limestone, Petherwin and Plymouth.

58. Leprana Lopata—The Lobed Leptena, pl. LIII.*
fig. 41, 42.

Productus lobatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 16, pl.
318, fig. 1 to 6. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 214, pl. 8, fig. 7.

Oblong, gibbose ; beak much incurved; larger valve divided
into two lobes, by the deep and wide mesial furrow; surface
with numerous, deep, longitudinal, coarse, spinous striz.

Distinguished from Z. concinna, by the more deep mesial furrow and
coarser striz.

Carboniferous Limestone, Derbyshire; Clifton; the Island of
Arran, Frith of Clyde; and Cork.

59. Lepr#na Harprensis——The Hardren’s Leptena, pl.
LIII* fig. 32, 33.

Orthis Hardrensis. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 138, pl. 58, fig.
104, a, b, ec, d, and pl. 60, fig. 104.*

Semicircular, almost twice as wide as long; hinge line straight,
spinous, with acute and spined terminations; smaller valve a
little concave; surface with numerous, very fine, radiating striz,
minutely crossed by lines of growth; internal surface minutely
punctated, with cordiform, muscular depressions.

Devonian Limestone, Westleigh, North Devon.

60. Leprzna aNomaLa.——The Anomalous Leptena, pl.
LIV. fig. 10, 11, and pl. LXVII. fig. 12.

Leptena anomala. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VII. p. 9, pl.
615, fig. 1. Pinna inflata, Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 211, pl.
6, fig. 1. Mytilus striatus, Fischer, Orgoht. Mosc. p. 181, pl.
19, fig. 4.

Elongated, irregularly triangular; hinge area long, large, tri-
angular, and acute; beak much produced, with spinose sides ;
compressed, and longitudinally striated.

This species is generally very irregular, and distorted; the spines near
the hinge are small.

MOLLUSCA. 127

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

61. Leprana catva—The Smooth Leptena, pl. LV.
fig. 13, 14.

Producta calva. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 115. Pro-
ductus horridus, Ib. IV. p. 17, fig. 1.

Subquadrangular; hinge line nearly parallel, with a row of
spines on each side; beak large, much incurved; larger valve
greatly inflated, with a deep and wide mesial furrow; surface
smooth, with nearly equidistant, slightly marked lines of growth;
lesser valve smooth, a little raised in the centre, with transverse
lines of growth.

Magnesian Limestone, Humbleton; Derbyshire; Midde-
ridge ; and Glucksbrunn, Ireland.

62. Leprana numMEROsuS.—The Shouldered Leptena, pl.
LIIL.* fig. 43.

Productus humerosus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 21,
pl. 322.

Oblong, somewhat square, compressed ; hinge line not equal
to the width of the valves; larger valve with two deep cavities
near the beak, and a third connected with the beak; smaller
valve rather flat ; surface with fine, longitudinal striz.

Carboniferous Limestone, Breden, near Derby; and York-
shire.

63. Lepr#NA PERSONATA—The Masque Leptena, pl.
LIIL.* fig. 44.

Productus personatus. Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 20,
pl. 321.

Hemispherical ; hinge line arcuated; larger valve with three
deep cavities, one connected with the beak, and two others
remote ; surface smooth, irregularly striated longitudinally.

Carboniferous Limestone, Derbyshire.

64. Leprmna pEcErTA.—The Deceptious Leptena, pl.
LIIL.* fig. 26.

Leptena sericea, var. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. pl. 19, fig. 2.

Subtriangular; hinge line parallel, extending into auriform
processes; base rather pointed; surface with remote, nearly
equidistant, divergent, narrow ribs.

Lower Silurian Rocks at Cefn, Rhyddan, and Llandovery,
Wales.

Genus X._ATRYPA.—Kénig.

Shell longitudinal, equivalve, equilateral; hinge line
slightly curved; umbones small, and not incurved.

This genus is distinguished from its congeners by its
short hinge line, and in being destitute of a large area,
and also in having no foramen, or only a small triangular
one. ‘The shells are rounded, and without furrows; they
have acute beaks, without a perforation.

1. Arrypa DipyMA.—The Spread Atrypa, pl. LIII.* fig.
45, 46.

Atrypa didyma. Dalman, Act. Holm. 1827, p. 146, pl. 6,
fig. 7. Hisinger, Pet. Suec. p. 77, pl. 22, fig. 7. Sowerby, Sil.
Syst. p. 610 and 614, pl. 6, fig. 4.

Nearly globular; umbones small ; base emarginate; each
valve provided with a central furrow, emanating from a little
way below the beaks, and terminating at the base. Length
and breadth five lines.

128

Found in the Aymestry Limestone at Wallsgrove quarry ;
Sunny Hill Bank, Ludlow; and also in the Upper Ludlow
Rock, Fownhope; and Dog Hill, Ledbury.

2. Arrypa AFFiInis——The Allied Atrypa, pl. LIV.* fig.
eae

Atrypa affinis. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 610 and 614, pl. 6,
fig. 5. Atrypa reticularis, Dalman, Act. Holm. 1827, p. 127,
pl. 4, fig. 2. Hisinger, Pet. Suec. p. 75, pl. 21, fig. 11. Tere-
bratula affinis, Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 24, pl. 324,
fig. 2. Terebratula priscus, Von Buch, p. 71. Schl. pl. 17,
fig. 2.

Orbicular, with strong, deep, regular, radiating strie 5 upper
valve gibbous, with an obtuse, elevated sinus in front, filled at
the base with the longer-shaped sinus of the opposite valve ;
lower valve nearly flat.

Found in the Carboniferous Limestone at Horncastle; the
Melvern Hills; very common in the Upper Silurian Rocks;
occurs in the Aymestry Limestone at Ludlow and Aymestry,
and many other places; and in the Wenlock Limestone at May
Hill, Eastnor Park; Abberley Lodge; and Malvern Hills.

3. ArTrYPA asPpERA——The Rough Atrypa, pl. LIV. fig.
49, 50.

Atrypa aspera. Dalman, |. c. p. 128, pl. 4, fig. 3. Hist.
Pet. Suec. p. 75, pl. 21, fig. 12. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 623, pl.
12, fig. 5. Terebratula asper, Schloth, Nat. Pet. 1822, p. 68,
pl. 18, fig. 3.

Orbicular; valves equally convex; with the base slightly
truncated; surface covered by numerous, radiating furrows,
increasing in number by intermediate ones as they approach
the margins, these are crossed by undulating lamine. Diame-
ter half an inch.

Very closely allied to A. affinis, but distinguished from it by the valves
being equally convex, and their form being more orbicular.

Found in the Wenlock Limestone, Wenlock Edge.

4. ArRyPa TENUISTRIATAW—The Thin-striated Atrypa, pl.
LIV. fig. 80.

Atrypa tenuistriata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 623, pl. 12, fig.
3. Terebratula obtusa, Ib. Linn. Trans. XII. p. 516, pl. 28,
fig. 3, 4.

Slightly ovate transversely, gibbose; beaks small, a little pro-
minent, considerably waved, bent, and close to each other; base
with a narrow protrusion; surface with fine, longitudinal striz.
Diameter one inch and three-quarters.

Nearly allied to A. oblata, but will be distinguished by the position of
the beaks.

Wenlock Limestone, Dudley, Wenlock, Abberley, Aymestry ;
May Hill and the Lye, near Stourbridge.

5. ATRYPA COMPRESSA.—The Compressed Atrypa, pl.
LIV. fig. 44, 45.

Atrypa compressa.
fig. 5.

Slightly transverse, ovate, somewhat compressed, smooth ;
base with a very slight indentation; beaks small, and a little
produced; sides rounded. Length five lines; breadth six lines.

Wenlock Shale, Nash and Woodside, near Presteign.

6. ATRYPA LINGUIFERA—The Tongue-shaped Atrypa, pl.
LIV. fig. 21, 22.

Atrypa linguifera.
fig. 8.

Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 629, pl. 13,

Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 629, pl. 13,

MOLLUSCA.

ATRYPA.

Orbicular, nearly globular, very convex, smooth; beaks large,
unequal, that of the larger valve considerably produced; base
elevated, tongue-shaped. Length seven lines; depth of valves
united seven lines and a half.

Wenlock Shale, Stumps Wood; Delves Green; and Valley
of Woolhope.

7. ArryPpA DEPRESSA—The Depressed Atrypa, pl. LIV.
fig. 78, 79.

Atrypa depressa. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 629, pl. 13, fig. 6.

Transversely obovate, compressed, smooth; sides depressed ;
base much elevated, the elevated portion square; beaks une-
qual; with three or four, nearly obsolete, longitudinal furrows
along the middle. Length four lines; width five lines.

Wenlock Shale, Delves Green and Stumps Wood.

8. Arrypa RoTUNDA—The Rounded Atrypa, pl. LIV.
fig. 64, 65.

Atrypa rotunda. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 629, pl. 13, fig. 7.

Almost orbicular, very convex, and smooth; base elevated ;
beaks small, equal; surface with fine, longitudinal, obscure fur-
rows towards the base. Length seven lines; width seven lines
and a half.

Wenlock Shale, Escarpments of Wenlock Edge.

9. ATRYPA CASSIDEA.—The Little-helmet Atrypa, pl.
LIV. fig. 53.

Atrypa cassidea. Dalman, pl. 5, fig. 5. Phillips, Pal. Fos.
p- 83, pl. 34, fig. 148, a, }, ¢.

Oblong-ovate, ventricose, smooth; beak large; sides and base
rounded; a few indistinct lines of growth on both valves.

Devonian Limestone, South Devon and Newton.

10. Arrypa cuBorpEs.—The Slightly-cubular Atrypa, pl.
LIV. fig. 4, 5.

Atrypa cubsides. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.
56, fig. 24. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 84, pl. 34, fig. 150.

Subglobose; base elevated, and very flat on the surface ;
margin with a deep square sinus; beak small, acute; lower
valve small, almost flat, with a large, produced, square append-
age, filling the sinus in the upper one; surface with numerous,
narrow ribs, emanating from the beaks, with about fifteen on
the mesial sinus, more elevated than the others, those on the
sides greatly curved, and on the base parallel.

Devonian Limestone, Plymouth; and Hope, near Torquay.

11. ATRYPA EXPANSA.—The Expanded Atrypa, pl. LIV.
fig. 70, 71, and pl. LII. fig. 5, Spirifer expansa.

Atrypa expansa. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VII. p. 14, pl. 617,
fig. 1. Spirifera expansa, Phillips, Geo. York.

Transyersely suboyate, somewhat inflated; base nearly
straight; destitute of a mesial fold; surface covered with
broad, striated, imbricated fringes; beak small, produced, and
incurved.

When this species is deprived of its fringes, it presents the appearance
and answers to the description which I have given of it, p. 112, pl. LII.
fiz. 5, under the name of Spirifer expansa. It is distinguished from A.
fimbriata by its even and inflated surface.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

12. Arrypa PLANosuLCATA—The Flat-furrowed Atrypa,
pl. LIV. fig. 81, 82, and pl. LII. fig. 4.

Atrypa planosulcata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VII. p. 15, pl.
617, fig. 2. Spirifera planosulcata, Phillips, Geo. York. II. p.
220, pl. 10, fig. 15. See also p. 112.

ATRYPA.

Pentraedral; sides rounded; depressed; the mesial furrow in
both valves flattened; surface covered with broad, undulating
fringes, the external or marginal one very greatly expanded.

Mountain Limestone, Bolland.

13. ATRYPA FIMBRIATA—The Fringed Atrypa, pl. LIV.
fig. 72, 73.

Atrypa fimbriata. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VII. p. 16, pl.
617, fig. 4. Spirifera fimbriata, Phillips, Geo. York. II. p.
220. See also p. 112.

Transversely subovate, subcompressed ; centre of each valve
somewhat longitudinally depressed; surface uneven, with im-
bricated and striated fringes.

Mountain Limestone, Kendal, Westmorland.

14. ArryPA PROTRACTA—The Continued Atrypa, pl.
LIV. fig. 55, 56.

Atrypa protracta. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.
56, fig. 16.

Transverse, triangular; lateral angles rounded; beak pro-
duced, and acute; sides flattened; seam undulating; base
elevated, with about four plaits, its sides smooth.

Devonian Limestone, Plymouth.

15. ATRypA oBLONGA—The Oblong Atrypa, pl. LIV.
fig. 47, 48.

Atrypa oblonga. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VII. p. 16, pl. 617,
fig. 3.

Oblong-oval, very convex; base hollowed; beak small,
pointed, and incurved; sides obtuse; centre of each valve with
a plain, shallow, mesial furrow.

There are some slight indications of its being fimbriated.

Mountain Limestone, Queen’s County, Ireland.

16. ATRYPA CRENULATA.—The Crenulated Atrypa, pl.
LIV. fig. 34, 35.

Atrypa crenulata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.
56, fig. 17. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 85, pl. 34, fig. 152.

Pentagonal, compressed ; surface smooth ; beak very small ;
base broadly and suddenly elevated; with numerous, small,
lengthened crenulations near the margins; sides smooth.

Devonian Limestone, Barton and Plymouth, Devonshire.

17. ATRYPA PECTINIFERA—The Comb-like Atrypa, pl.
LIV* fig. 3, 4.

Atrypa pectinifera. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VII. p. 14, pl.
616.

Transversely obovate, equally convex, subcompressed ; beak
small; surface covered with concentric, ciliated fringes; the
external one with a rather lengthened fringe.

Plentiful in the Magnesian Limestone, Humbleton Hill, near
Sunderland.

18. ArTrypA DEsquAMATA.—The Peeled Atrypa, pl. LVI.*
fig. 1, 2, 3, 4.

Atrypa desquamata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.
56, fig. 19, 20, 21,22. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 82, pl. 33, fig. 146.

Oblong, gibbous; base obtuse, gently and broadly raised at
the edge, without elevating the surface; smaller valve deeper
than the other; surface deeply striated longitudinally, increasing
in number towards the margin; internal surface striated, or
punctated.

This shell is liable to considerable variety in size, convexity, and
coarseness of striw. In the young condition specimens are found nearly
globular, while others are lenticular and compressed.

Devonian Shales, Devonshire and Cornwall.

MOLLUSCA. 129

A variety of this species is called by Sowerby Atrypa desqumata com-
pressa, fig. 21, 22. It is suborbicular, compressed, the valves equal,
with nearly rectangular sides.

19. Arrypa FALLAX.—The False Atrypa, pl. LIV. fig. 18.

Atrypa fallax. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl. 54,
fig. 15. Terebratula pleurodon, Phillips, Geo. York. II. p.
229, pl. 12, fig. 25, 26.

Transversely ovate; rather inflated, with many strong, ele-
vated, sharp ribs, and deep intervening furrows, producing a
strongly crenulated margin.

Devonian Shale at Petherwin and Barnstaple.

20. Arrypa uispiDA.—The Bristly Atrypa, pl. LIV. fig. 1.

Atrypa hispida. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.
54, fig. 4.

Transversely oval, compressed; beak but slightly produced ;
surface with concentric fringes of spines.

Devonian Limestone, Petherwin.

21. Arrypa impLETA—The Filled-up Atrypa, pl. LIV.
fig. 32, 33.

Atrypa impleta. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.
57, fig. 2.

Transversely elongated, its width considerably more than its
length, ventricose; sides rounded; beaks slightly produced ;
base elevated, with six furrows; whole surface with radiating
flattened ribs and shallow furrows.

Devonian Limestone at Plymouth.

22. ATRYPA IMPLEXA.—The Plaited Atrypa, pl. LIV. fig.
83, 84.

Atrypa implexa. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.
57, fig. 4.

Transversely obovate; base straight, flat; margin of the base
and sides broad; surface with numerous, acute plaits, producing
a toothed margin, with the edges of the valves deeply locked
into each other.

Devonian Limestone, Plymouth.

23. AtTRypa TRILOBAAW—The Three-lobed Atrypa, pl. LIV.
fig. 27.

Altrypa triloba. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.
56, fig. 14.

Tetrahedral, with rounded angles, three lobed; upper valve
much inflated; lower one nearly flat; base much elevated, with
about twelve plaits, its sides smooth; lateral lobes reflexed, and
obscurely plaited; whole surface with broad, flat, radiating ribs,
and shallow intervening furrows.

Devonian Limestone, Plymouth.

24. ATRYPA TRIANGULARIS.—The Triangular Atrypa, pl.
LIV.* fig. 9.

Atrypa triangularis. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series,
pl. 54, fig. 9.

Triangular; base with two folds; beaks hardly produced
beyond the circumference of the valves.

Ferruginous Soft Devonian Limestone, Plymouth.

25. ATRYPA sUBDENTATA—The Half-toothed Atrypa, pl.
LIV. fig. 36, 37.

Atrypa subdentata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series,
pl. 54, fig. 7. Terebratula subdentata, Phillips, Pal. Fos. p.
90, pl. 35, fig. 164. Terebratula rotunda, Miinster, Beit. 3,
pl. 14, fig. 15.

Orbicular, somewhat longer than wide, a little convex, smooth ;
beak very small, but prominent; base three-plaited, and raised.

2K

130

Plentiful in the Devonian Limestone at Petherwin.

26. ATRYPA INDENTATA—The Indented Atrypa, pl. LIV-
fig. 23, 24.

Atrypa indentata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.
54, fig. 6.

Transversely obovate, with an indented base; beak small, and
produced ; edge of the lower valve elevated.

Devonian Limestone, Petherwin and Barnstaple, where it is
very abundant.

27. ATRYPA JUVENIS——The Young Atrypa, pl. LIV. fig.
74, 75.

Atrypa juvenis. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl. 56,
fig. 8. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 90, pl. 35, fig. 165.

Longitudinally ovate, slightly convex, smooth, curved; base
a little pointed; valves nearly equal, the lower curved upwards,
with a small beak.

Devonian Limestone, Plymouth.

28. ATRYPA LACHRYMA.—The Tear Atrypa, pl. LIV. fig.
B05 ails

Atrypa lachryma.
56, fig. 9.

Longitudinally subglobose, smooth; beak hardly prominent ;
sides rounded, and nearly equal; base straight, or slightly waved,
scarcely raised, except at the edge, which is deeply sinuated by
the projection of the inferior valve; mesial furrow broad, flat,
and bounded by two sharp ridges.

Devonian Limestone, Plymouth.

29. ATRYPA STRIATULA—The Finely-striated Atrypa, pl.
LIV. fig. 46.

Atrypa striatula. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.
54, fig. 10.

Suborbicular, convex; surface with fine, close-set, longitudi-
nal, divergent striz.

Devonian Limestone, Petherwin, Barnstaple, and Fowey.

30. ATRYPA PLEBEIA—The Common Atrypa, pl. LIV.
fig. 51, 52.

Atrypa plebeia. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl. 56,
fig. 12, 13. Spirifera plebeia, Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 70, pl. 28,
fig. 121.

Transversely obovate, smooth, and but slightly convex; beak
hardly protruding; base produced, and but little turned up;
lower valve with a very slight depression.

Devonian Limestone, Mount Wise, Plymouth, and Barton.

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.

31. ATRYPA spH@HRICA—The Spherical Atrypa, pl. LIV.
fig. 57, 58.

Atrypa spherica. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.
57, fig. 3.

Ventricose, nearly spherical, slightly wider than leng; beak
small, adpressed; surface with large, longitudinal, rounded ridges,
and shallow intervening furrows; base deeply sinuated, with five
elevated ribs.

Devonian Limestone, Plymouth.

32. ATRYPA HEMISPH£ZRICA.—The Hemispherical Atrypa,
pl. LIV. fig. 14, 15.

Atrypa hemispherica.
fig. 7.

Nearly orbicular, fan-shaped; valves unequal, the one hemis-
pherical, the other almost flat ; with a nearly straight back, and
about twelve angular radii. Length four lines; breadth five lines,

Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 637, pl. 20,

MOLLUSCA.

ATRYPA.

Lower Silurian Rocks, Ansterdine Hill; Worcestershire ;
Damory Hill, Michaelwood Chace, Gloucestershire.

33. ArrRypa LaATIssImMA—The Very Broad Atrypa, pl.
LIV. fig. 16, 17.

Atrypa latissima.
56, fig. 25.

Transversely oblong-ovate; beak short, and nearly straight ;
one valve gradually rounded, the other with the centre of the
base suddenly reflected, and slightly hollowed, with a corres-
ponding ridge in the other; a series of radiating ribs invest the
margins of the valves, producing a crenulated edge; upper
portion of the valves smooth, with a few lines of growth.

Devonian Shales, Plymouth.

34. Arrypa GLoBosA.—The Globular Atrypa, pl. LIV.
fig. 25, 26.

Atrypa globosa. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 637, pl. 22, fig. 2 6.

Globular, smooth, with obscure channels. Diameter about

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.

six lines.

Lower Silurian Rocks, Castell Craig; Gwyddon; and
Gorllwyn; Caermarthenshire.

35. ArRYPA GIBBERA—The Gibbous Atrypa, pl. LIV-
fig. 42, 43.

Atrypa gibbosa. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 460, pl. 38, fig. 1.

General form nearly orbicular; both valves convex, the ven-
tral one remarkably so, having a haunch-backed aspect, with a
faint mesial ridge, corresponding to the tongue in the other
valve; dorsal valve depressed for nearly half its length, from
whence it suddenly descends, and contracts in the centre into a
small tongue-shaped process, which protrudes into the ventral
valve; beaks distant; when viewed through a lens the surface
presents a finely radiated appearance.

Carboniferous Limestone, Tyrone, Ireland.

36. Arrypa pDEcussaTa.— The Decussated Atrypa, pl.
LIV. fig. 54.

Atrypa decussata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, pl.
54, fig. 5. Spirifera decussata, Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 70, pl.
28, fig. 120,* b, c, d.

Circular; both valves uniformly convex; beaks incurved, ap-
proximate; whole surface with rather sharp, concentric striz,
and very fine, equal, interrupted, radiating lines, which give it a
slightly crenulated appearance.

In some specimens every third or fourth of the concentric strie are
larger than the others.

Devonian Shales, Brushford; Boggy Point; Pilton; and
Petherwin.

37. ATRYPA LINEATA—The Lineated Atrypa, pl. LIV.
fig. 60, 61.

Terebratula lineata. Sowerby, IV. p. 39, pl. 334, fig. 1, 2.
Spirifera lineata, Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 70, pl. 28, fig. 120, a.
Anomites lineatus, Martin, Pet. Derb. pl. 36, fig. 3.

Transversely oval, gibbose; umbones rather produced, in-
curved, and approaching, the intervening area with an angular
sinus; whole surface with transverse, rather distant sulci, and
very minute, close, longitudinal striz.

Carboniferous Limestone, Kirby Lonsdale; Castleton, Der-
byshire; South Petherwin; and Treland.

38. Arrypa imBRicaTa.—The Imbricated Atrypa, pl.
LIV. fig. 66, 67.

Terebratula imbricata. Sowerby, IV. p. 40, pl. 334, fig.
3,4. Spirifer imbricata, Phillips, Geo. York. II. pl. 10, fig. 20.

TEREBRATULA.

Transversely oval, gibbous; beaks produced, and incurved ;
hinge line short; surface with about twelve sulcated, laminz
thin edges, lying close upon each other, and having longitudinal
furrows.

Carboniferous Limestone, Derbyshire; and at Settle, York-
shire.

39. ArRyPA oRBICULARIS.—The Orbicular Atrypa, pl.
LIV. fig. 29.

Atrypa orbicularis.
3, 4.

Suborbicular; valves equal; a little wider than long, with a
slight sinus in the base, and numerous forked furrows, the inter-
vening ridges not scaly. Length seven lines; width eight lines.

Somewhat like Atrypa aspera, but smoother.

Lower Silurian Rocks, Gorllwynfach; Conygree Coppice ;
Woodford Hill; Abberley; and Melvern Ridge, End Hill.

40. ArrYPA UNDATA—The Waved Atrypa, pl. LIV. fig.
76, 77.

Atrypa undata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 637, pl. 21, fig. 2.

Transversely elliptical, inflated, and smooth; one valve with a
central elevation leading to a tongue-shaped sinus in the edge;
and with a corresponding projection in the other. Length ten
lines; width one inch and four lines.

Lower Silurian Limestone, Cefn Rhyddan, Llandovery ; and
Robeston, Walthen, Pembrokeshire.

41. Arrypa Lens.—The Lens-formed Atrypa, pl. LIV.
fig. 68, 69.

Atrypa lens. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 637, pl. 21, fig. 3.

Suborbicular, compressed, smooth, with obscure radiations ;
the upper valve elevated along the middle. Length about two
inches and three-quarters; width nearly two inches.

Lower Silurian Rocks, north end of Snead’s Heath, Mundi-
nam, and Cefn Rhyddan, Llandovery.

42. Arrypa crassa.—The Thick Atrypa, pl. LIV. fig.
38, 39.

Atrypa crassa. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 636, pl. 21, fig. 1.

Spherical, smooth, very thick; with three very deep, muscu-
lar impressions, the central one tongue-shaped, and striated ;
the lateral ones with five or six more or less deep furrows.

Lowest Silurian beds, Cefn, Rhyddan, Caermarthenshire.

43. ATRYPA oBovaTA—The Obovate Atrypa, pl. LIV.
fig. 40, 41.

Atrypa obovata.

Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 637, pl. 19, fig.

Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 618, pl. 8, fig. 8, 9.
Transversely obovate, convex, smooth; beaks small, con-
tiguous; base with a marginal elevation in one valve, producing
a rounded sinus in the edge of the other.
width five lines and a half.
Lower Ludlow Rocks, Mathon Lodge, Malvern Hills.

Length five lines ;

Genus XI.—COMPOSITA.—Brown.

Shell somewhat pentangular; hinge line very short ;
beak of the larger valve produced, with a small circular
perforation ; inside furnished with spiral appendages.

This genus is founded upon the Spirifer ambiguus of Sowerby, and is
intermediate between that genus and Terebratula. The perforated beak

removes it from Spirifer, and the internal spiral appendages never exist
in the genus Terebratula, but are peculiar to the genus Spirifer.

MOLLUSCA.

131

1. Composira amBicua.—The Ambiguous Composita, pl.
LIV.* fig. 6, 7.

Spirifer ambiguus. Sowerby, IV. p. 105, pl. 376.

Subpentangular; beak considerably produced, and perforated;
hinge line extremely short; sides slightly rounded; a wide
mesial furrow in the larger valve, with a corresponding ridge in
the other; base three-sided ; whole surface smooth.

Mountain Limestone, Derbyshire, Northumberland, and Pem-
brokeshire.

Genus XII.—TEREBRATULA.—Bruguiere.

Shell inequivalve, equilateral, generally trigonal and
gibbous; attached by a short peduncle to extraneous
marine bodies; the larger or upper valve with a project-
ing umbo, frequently bent, and perforated at its apex,
or notched at its inner edge, and having a small curved
tooth on each side of its hinge, which fits into a corres-
ponding pit in the opposite valve; the inside of the
smaller valve is provided with two slender testaceous
processes, which are sometimes simple, short, and re-
curved; at others considerably elongated, branched, bent
in various directions, and anastomosing for the most part;
sometimes they are situate near the centre of the valve,
and in other instances are united by their points to the
shell; these usually emanate from each side of the hinge;
both valves provided with two nearly obsolete, muscular
impressions, but sometimes they are strongly developed ;
those of the larger or perforated valve are oblong, central,
and close to each other; in the smaller valve they are tri-
angular, with their angles rounded, also nearly central,
but more distant than in the other valve.

DIVISION I.—GENERALLY OBLONG, AND SMOOTH; THE MIDDLE
OF THE FRONT EVEN, OR DEPRESSED.

1. TrrEBRATULA HAsTaTA—The Spear-shaped Terebra-
tula, pl. LIL. fig. 9, 10, and pl. LIV.* fig. 24.

T. hastata. Sowerby, V. pl. 446, fig. 2, 3. Phillips, Geo.
York. II. pl. 12, fig. 1. Ib. Pal. Fos. p. 91, pl. 35, fig. 168.

Elongated, elliptical, semicompressed; valves nearly equal ;
base truncated, and indented, in which situation it is a little
concave ; edges sharp. Width about two-thirds its length.

Subject to considerable variety in its outline. Var. b obovate, edges
blunt, smaller, deeper, and less concave towards the base.

Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland, Derbyshire, Otterburn,
and Bristol; and Queen’s County, Ireland.

2. TEREBRATULA INDENTATA.—The Indented Terebratula,
pl. LIL. fig. 11, 14, and 20.

T. indentata. Sowerby, V. p. 65, pl. 445, fig. 2.
39, fig. 8, and pl. 44, fig. 3.

Elliptical, its length a half more than its width, smooth, more

Zeit. pl.

or less inflated; valves equally convex ; beak small, and much
incurvated; base with a deep, obtuse-angular notch; each valve
with rather broad furrows, extending into about a third their
length; the two sides not always equal.

Found in the Fullers’ Earth, Banbury, in Oxfordshire.

132

3. TeresratuLa Kveint—kKline’s Terebratula, pl. LII.
fig. 17, 18.

T. globata. Sowerby, V. pl. 436, fig. 1.

Subglobular ; both valves considerably inflated; umbo small,
and incurvated; lesser valve with a double sinus, for the recep-
tion of the elevated front of the other, and with slightly pro-
duced ridges, extending a little way towards the centre, which
is provided with obtuse angles, and hardly any furrows from the
sinuses; surface covered with minute punctures.

Fullers’ Earth at Nanney, near Frome, and the Inferior
Oolite at Cotswold Hills.

4. TEREBRATULA PEROVALIS—The Somewhat Oval Tere-
bratula, pl. LII. fig. 16, 16.

T. perovalis. Sowerby, V. p. 54, pl. 436, fig. 2, 3.

Subovate; both valves equally convex; smooth; beak in-
curved, and acute; margin obtuse; base with two elevated
sinuses, and an intervening depression; these sinuses produce
three very obtuse ridges, two in the upper and one in front of
the lower valve.

Distinguished from 7. biplicata by its regular oval form and rather
acute beak.

Inferior Oolite, Dundry and Cotswold Hill.

5. TEREBRATULA MAXILLATA—The Combe Terebratula,
pl. LII. fig. 29, 30.

T. maxillata. Sowerby, V. p. 52, pl. 436, fig. 4.

Subquadrangular, rather convex; umbo large, and consider-
ably incurvated; base with two acutely elevated sinuses, and
one obtuse sinus on each side; upper valve with three well-
marked furrows, extending half way to the beak, and two in the
lower; base rounded.

Distinguished from 7. intermedia by the depth of the sinuses.

Great Oolite, Stonesfield; and Inferior Oolite, Nanney.

6. TereBRATULA EMARGINATA—The Emarginate Tere-
bratula, pl. LII. fig. 22, 23.

T. emarginata. Sowerby, V. p. 50, pl. 435, fig. 5.

Subrhomboidal; the larger valve convex; the smaller one
nearly flat; base emarginate, or having two angles; the edge
becomes blunt when old.

Inferior Oolite at Nunney and Cotswold Hills.

7. TeREBRATULA La&viuscuLA—The Very Smooth Tere-
bratula, pl. LVI.* fig. 5.

T. leviuscula. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 631, pl. 13, fig. 14.

Somewhat rhomboidal, a little convex, and smooth; base
rounded; sides angular. Diameter three lines.

Wenlock Shale, Tynewidd and Llandovery.

8. TEREBRATULA CANALIS—The Canaled Terebratula, pl.
LV." fig. 33.

T. canalis. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 611, pl. 5, fig. 18.

Elongated, elliptical, smooth; beak slightly incurved; a nar-
row, longitudinal, central furrow; base emarginate. Length
half an inch; width four lines and a half.

Lower Ludlow Rocks, near Usk.

gy. Teresratura navicuta—The Little Ship Terebra-
tula, pl. LIV.® fig. 39, 40.

T. navicula. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p.611 and 615, pl. 5, fig. 17.

Oblong, boat-shaped, smooth; beak short, incurved; upper
valve almost flat, with its sides elevated and its base depressed ;
lower valve with an obtuse keel. Length 7 lines; width 5 lines.

Upper Ludlow Rock, Ludlow promontory; Clyro Hills, Rad-
norshire, and several places in Brecon, Yeo Edge, &c.

MOLLUSCA.

TEREBRATULA.

10. TEREBRATULA TRIQUETRA—The Triangular Terebra-
tula, pl. LIT. fig. 14 and 21.

T. triquetra. Sowerby, V. p. 65, pl. 445, fig. 1.

Suborbicular; valves equally convex; beak produced, in-
curved, and obtusely keel-shaped ; with a carina on each side ;
perforation triangular; base a little indented, producing a slight
concavity on the surface; upper valve of equal length and
breadth, its edge level and sharp; surface very smooth.

Great Oolite, Felmersham, Bedfordshire.

11. TEREBRATULA BULLATA—The Swelled Terebratula,
pl. LII. fig. 25, 26.

T. bullata. Sowerby, V. p. 49, pl. 435, fig. 4.

Orbicular, very ventricose, depth greater than its width;
beak considerably produced, and incurved; base indented, from
which an obscure furrow ascends a little way upwards; edges
regularly level; surface minutely punctated, which, however, is
only observable by the aid of a strong lens.

Distinguished from the inflated variety of 7. digona by its base being
narrow.

Coral Rag, Nunney; the Cornbrach, Atford; the Fullers’
Earth, Cold Ashton.

12. TEREBRATULA oBTuUsA.-—The Obtuse Terebratula, pl.
LII. fig. 27, 28.

T. obtusa. Sowerby, V. p. 53, pl. 437, fig. 4.

Suborbicular, somewhat depressed; lesser valve a little wider
than long; surface of both valves equally and regularly convex,
except near the edges, where they are abruptly bent, and form
a rather square, obtuse margin; base broad, and elevated.

Gault, Cambridgeshire.

13. TEREBRATULA BUCCULENTA—The Full-cheeked Tere-
bratula, pl. LIT. fig. 37, 38.

T. bucculenta. Sowerby, V. p. 54, pl. 438, fig. 2.

Somewhat square; valves nearly equal; very convex; beak
short, incurved; sides convex; edges nearly level, and not
sinuated ; base considerably produced, and truncated.

Some authors think this a variety of 7. bullata, but I am of a dif-
ferent opinion, judging from a series of specimens.

Coral Rag, Malton.

14. TrrepratTuLaA SeLtta—The Saddle-formed Terebra-
tula, pl. LIL. fig. 31, 32.

T. Sella. Sowerby, V. p. 53, pl. 437, fig. 1.

Subquadrangular, or trigonal, convex; length and breadth
nearly equal; beak obtuse, slightly curved; sides compressed,
and a little rounded; base considerably elevated, and narrow; a
depression in its centre, from whence it becomes suddenly pro-
duced, and occasions a hollow on each side.

Lower Greensand, Maidstone, and Chart, near Ashford, Kent.

15. TEREBRATULA BiPLicata.—The Two-plaited Tere-
bratula, pl. LIV.* fig. 25.

T. biplicata. Sowerby, I. p. 201, pl. 90.

Oblong, gibbose; beak large, prominent, very slightly in-
curved ; sides rounded; base rather parallel, from which ema-
nate in the lower valve two large, distant, well defined plaits or
obtuse ribs, ascending two-thirds the length of the valve.

In the young condition the plaits are hardly visible.

This species is common to various beds, as the Lower Chalk,
Warminster ; the Upper Greensand, Shute Farm, Cambridge-
shire, and Lyme; the Gualt, Folkstone; Lower Greensand,
Kent; and the Red Chalk, Hunstanton, Blackdown.

TEREBRATULA.

16. TerEBraTuLa SowerBit.—Sowerby’s Terebratula, pl.
LII. fig. 35, 36.

T. biplicata. Sowerby V. p. 53, pl. 437, fig. 2, 3.

Oblong-oveid, inflated; both valves equally convex; beak
obtuse, very little incurved; sides straight, and obtuse; base a
little hollowed; smaller valve with two large, flat, rounded
plaits, gently merging into a flat furrow on both sides; surface
very smooth.

Upper Greensand, Cambridgeshire.

17. TEREBRATULA ELONGATA—The Elongated Terebra-
tula, pl. LIL. fig. 33, 34.

T. elongata. Sowerby, V. p. 49, pl. 435, fig. 1.

Oval; valves equally, regularly, and moderately convex ;
beak small, acute, and slightly incurved; surface smooth.

Distinguished from 7. carnea by its length.

Lower Greensand, Court-at-Street, and the Chalk at Norwich.

18. TEREBRATULA CARNEA.—The Flesh-coloured Tere-
bratula, pl. LIV.* fig. 30, 31, 32, 33.

T. carnea. Sowerby, I. p. 45, pl. 15, fig. 5. Brongniart,
Env. de Paris, pl. 4, fig. 9.

Subrotund, obtusely pentangular, depressed; valves equally
convex, slightly flattened along the middle, smooth; beak small,
flat; base flat, and short ; sides plain. Diameter one inch.

The Upper Chalk, near Norwich, contains specimens of a
fine flesh-colour; also at Warminster, Devizes; Northfleet,
Lewis, and Yorkshire.

19. TrrEeBRatTuLa Saccutus.——The Little Bag Terebra-
tula, pl. LII. fig. 39, 40, and pl. LV.* fig. 31.

T. Sacculus. Sowerby, V. p.65, pl. 446, fig. 1. Phillips, Geo.
York. II. p. 221, pl. 12, fig.2. Ib. Pal. Fos. p.91, pl. 35, fig. 166.
Anomites Sacculus, Martin, Pet. Derb. pl. 46, fig. 1, 2.

Obovate, gibbose; with a broad and deep central furrow,
which divides the larger valve into two lobes; the smaller valve
has also a shallow space near the edge, from whence proceeds
an elevation, emanating from a minute sinus in the edge; beak
small, and sharp.

Carboniferous Limestone, Limerick, Dublin; Bolland, Bristol,
Rutherglen, and Orton.

20. TEREBRATULA LATA.—The Broad Terebratula, pl.
LIV.* fig. 14.

T. lata. Sowerby, I. p. 227, pl. 100, lower figure.

Suborbicular, smooth, subdepressed; length and width of
smaller valve about equal; larger valve subcarinated; beak pro-
minent, and nearly straight; base rounded.

Inferior Oolite, Cheltenham.

21. TEREBRATULA OvoIDEs.—The Oval Terebratula, pl.
LIV.* fig. 34.

T. ovoides. Sowerby, I. p. 227, pl. 100, upper figure.

Oblong-ovate, smooth; beak produced; larger valve gibbous,
and subcarinated ; lesser valve convex; base a little produced ;
sides obtusely angled, at about a third from the beak. Length
a half more than its width.

Calcareous Grit, Suffolk, Scarborough, and Gristhorpe.

22. TEREBRATULA TRILINEATA.—The Three-lined Tere-
bratula, pl. LIV.* fig. 15.

T. ornithocephala. Young and Bird, p. 229, pl. 8, fig. 14.

Ovate-rhomboidal, subdepressed ; margin very faintly undu-
lated; both valves with two or three strie; beak moderately
convex, and nearly straight ; base slightly produced.

MOLLUSCA. 133

Inferior Oolite, Glazdale and Coldmoor; Lias, Whitby.

23. TEREBRATULA VARIABILIS.—The Variable Terebratula,
pl. LIV.* fig. 19, 20, 21, 22.

T. variabilis. Sowerby, VI. p. 148, pl. 576, fig. 2, 3, 4, 5.

Oblong, or suborbicular, rather convex, and smooth; beak
considerably produced, and truncated, with the perforation
round, large, straight, and truncated; internal area with a large
sinus.

Common in the Red Crag, Sutton; and the Coralline Crag,
Ramshot.

24. TrREBRATULA OBESA——The Swollen Terebratula, pl.
LIV.* fig. 28, 29.

T. obesa. Sowerby, V. p. 54, pl. 438, fig. 1.

Ovate, globose; both valves regularly convex, their width
and depth equal to about two-thirds of the length of the shell ;
larger valve regularly convex to the margin; beak short, very
obtuse, and incurved; base rather obtuse, and elevated, with a
shallow, broad sinus in the middle; smaller valye somewhat
depressed on each side of the produced base, and also near
the edge into the central sinus.

Gault, Cambridgeshire.

25. TEREBRATULA INTERMEDIA.—The Intermediate Tere-
bratula, pl. LIV.* fig. 35.

T. intermedia. Sowerby, I. p. 48, pl. 15, fig. 8.

Obscurely-pentangular, somewhat depressed, smooth; larger
valve with two depressions, and more convex than the smaller
one, which has three depressions; base with moderately deep
undulations, which extend half way along the valves, from which
they are regularly convex.

Coral Rag, Malton; the Calcareous Grit, Castle Howard ;
and the Great Oolite, Weston.

26. TEREBRATULA SUBUNDATA.—The Half-waved Tere-
bratula, pl. LIV.* fig. 43, 44.

T. subundata. Sowerby, I. p. 47, pl. 15, fig. 7.
Geo. York. I. p. 94, pl. 2, fig. 25, 26.

Nearly circular, rather depressed, smooth; valves equally
convex; base straight, or slightly depressed in the centre, with
a single undulation on each side of it.

Upper and Lower Chalk, Norfolk and Suffolk; Danes Dyke
and Speeton, Yorkshire.

Phillips,

27. TEREBRATULA RESUPINATA—The Back-lying Tere-
bratula, pl. LIV.* fig. 41, 42.

T. resupinata. Sowerby, II. p. 116, pl. 150, fig. 3,4. Phil-
lips, Geo. York. I. p. 134, pl. 13, fig. 23.

Oblong-ovate; beak small, slightly incurved; lower valve ob-
tusely carinated; base depressed by a large plait, rounded in the
middle; sides elevated; lower valve with an obtuse, broad and
rounded keel, and a longitudinal ridge on each side.

Inferior Oolite, Ilminster, and the Lias, Wilton Castle.

28. TEREBRATULA sSEMIGLOBOSA.— The Nearly-globular
Terebratula, pl. LIV.* fig. 45, 46.

T. semiglobosa. Sowerby, I. p. 48, pl. 15, fig. 9. Brongni-
art, Env. de Paris, pl. 9, fig. 1.

Nearly globular, very much inflated, smooth; larger valve
deepest, and uniformly gibbous; smaller valve with two slight
elevations; base undulated.

Upper Greensand, Warminster and Tetsworth; and Upper
Chalk, Danes Dyke.

21L

134

29. TEREBRATULA PRELONGAThe Prolonged Terebra-
tula, pl. LIV.* fig. 8 and 10.

T. prelonga. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. IV. 2nd series, p. 339,
pl. 14, fig. 14.

Ovate, greatly elongated, gibbose; base a little elevated, with
a depression in its centre ; beak large, and prominent; surface
smooth.

Lower Greensand, near Sandgate, Kent.

30. TEREBRATULA SUBLOBATA.—The Sublobate Terebra-
tula, pl. LIV.* fig. 11, 12, 13.

Atrypa sublobata. Portlock, Geo. Sur. p. 567, pl. 38, fig. 2,
a, b, ¢.

Elongated; dorsal valve generally grooved from the beak
to the base; smaller valve also grooved, extending to the
margin, and more or less trilobate; lines of growth crossing
the valves.

In some instances this shell is pentahedral; and the longitudinal groove
line as in the upper valve, and frequently not extending to the margin;
the trilobate form frequently disappears ; and in some cases the transverse
lines of growth are strongly imbricated.

Carboniferous Strata, in the gritty bed at Hartness House,
Parish of Kildress, Tyrone, Ireland.

31. TrreBRATULA TAMARINDA.—The Tamarind Terebra-
tula, pl. LIV. fig. 37, 38.

T. Tamarindus. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. V. 2nd series, p. 338,
pl. 14, fig. 8.

Almost orbicular, smooth; margin very obtuse; disk rather
depressed; beaks slightly curved, with an angular, flat ridge on
each side, passing down the margin of the valves.

Lower Greensand near Hythe, County of Kent.

32. TEREBRATULA COARCTATA.—The Straitened Terebra-
tula, pl. LV.* fig. 3, 4.

T. coarctata. Sowerby, IV. p. 7, pl. 312, fig. 1, 2, 3,4. 7.
reticulata, Smith, Strat. Syst. p. 83. Strata Identified, p. 30,
fig. 10. Terebratulites coarctatus, Parkinson, II. p. 229.

Subheptagonal, gibbose; length exceeding the width; larger
valve biplicated, with a deep sulcus between the plates; lesser
valve convex, subtrilobated; beak produced; whole surface de-
cussated with longitudinal, elevated striw, and transverse striz,
which cut the longitudinal ones, and with numerous minute,
tubular bristles, which are situated upon the angles of intersec-
tions of the striz.

Great Oolite, Hinton, near Bath, &c.

33. TEREBRATULA DECUSSATA.—The Decussated Terebra-
tula, pl. LV.* fig. 21, 22.

T. decussata. Lamarck, VI. p. 344. Ency. Meth. pl. 245,
fig. 4. Sowerby, IV. p. 8, pl. 312, fig. 5, 6.

Obovate, gibbose; base obscurely three-sided; larger valve
obtusely biplicated, with a shallow groove between the ridges ;
lesser valve convex ; whole surface with longitudinal and trans-
verse striz, producing a beautiful reticulated appearance, and
with blunt, rather obscure spines, which scarcely rise above the
surface, and appear as if pressed into it.

Great Oolite, Hampton Cliff, Bradford, and the Forest Mar-
ble, Pickwick and Frome.

34. TEREBRATTLA coRNUTA.—The Horned Terebratula,
pl. LV.* fig. 10.

T. cornuta. Sowerby, V. p. 66, pl. 446, fig. 4.

Irregularly pentagonal, short, convex, edges obtuse, four-
lobed, the central ones considerably produced, the others short ;

MOLLUSCA.

'TEREBRATULA.

beak short, incurved, with a sharp carina on each side; whole
surface smooth, and shining.

Inferior Oolite, Ilminster.

35. TEREBRATULA DIGONA.—The Digonal Terebratula,
pl. LV. fig. 11, 12, 13.

T. digona. Sowerby, I, p. 217, pl. 96, fig. 1 to 5.
Meth. pl. 240, fig. 3. Phillips, I. pl. 6, fig. 7.

Triangular, oblong, gibbous; beak produced; sides rounded;
base convex in some specimens, and concave ia others; bound-
ed by two prominent angles in the adult condition; surface
minutely punctated, which is only conspicuous by the aid of a

Ency.

lens.

This species is liable to considerable variety of form.

Cornbrash, Scarborough.

36. TEREBRATULA LAMPAs.—The Lamp-shaped Terebra-
tula, pl. LV. fig. 10. :

T. lampas. Sowerby, I. p. 228, pl. 101, fig. 3.

Oval, subrhomboidal, gibbous; base parallel, produced; sides
of larger valve slightly concave; lesser valve considerably de-
pressed.

Lias, Lyme Regis.

37. TEREBRATULA ORNITHOCEPHALA—The Bird’s Head
Terebratula, pl. LV. fig. 5.

T. ornithocephala. Sowerby, I. p. 227, pl. 101, fig. 1, 2, 4.

Ovate, somewhat rhomboidal, elongated, gibbous; base
straight, bounded by two obtuse lateral depressions, alike in
both yalves; beak with a large perforation; the sides being
depressed, give an angular aspect to the base.

Inferior Oolite, Limpley; Lias, Lyme Regis.

38. TEREBRATULA AMBIGUA—The Ambiguous Terebra-
tula, pl. LV.* fig. 16.

T. ambigua. Phillips, II. p. 221, pl. 11, fig. 21.

Pentagonal; base deeply undulated; beak produced, with a
large circular aperture ; lesser valve with two longitudinal, cen-
tral ridges; surface smooth.

Carboniferous Limestone, Northumberland, Derbyshire, and
Pembrokeshire.

39. TEREBRATULA FIMBRIA.—The Fringed Terebratula,
pl. LV.* fig. 25, 26.

T. fimbriata. Sowerby, IV. p. 27, pl. 326.

Orbicular, gibbose; beak much rounded, with a pretty full
and round perforation; margin with a series of undulating plaits,
which occupy about a fifth part of the diameter of the valves,
from whenre the disk of the valves become suddenly inflated.

Inferior Oolite, Charlton and Cheltenham.

40. TEREBRATULA PUNCTATA—The Punctured Terebra-
tula, pl. LV. fig. 27, 28.

T. punctata. Sowerby, I. p. 46, pl. 15, fig. 4.

Oblong-ovate, subcompressed; valves equally convex; margin
straight at the base; whole surface with fine punctures, arranged
in undulating lines.

Lias, Horton and Yorkshire.

41. TrresratuLa ovata—The Ovate Terebratula, pl.
LV.* fig. 34, 35.

T. ovata. Sowerby, I. p. 46, pl. 15, fig. 3. Nilsson, Pet.
Suec. pl. 4, fig. 3. d

Ovate, or oblong-oval, compressed; lesser valve slightly pent-
angular, and subdepressed; beak considerably produced; whole
surface smooth.

TEREBRATULA.

Upper Greensand, Chute Farm; Gault, Cackerton and Hunt-
stanton; Lower Greensand, Parham and Sandgate.

42. TEREBRATUUA SPH#ROWALIS—The Speroidal Tere-
bratula, pl. LV.* fig. 36, 37.

T. spheroidalis. Sowerby, V. p. 49, pl. 435, fig. 3.

Nearly spheroidal, very slightly compressed; beak produced,
and incurved; edges of valves even; surface smooth.

Inferior Oolite, Dundry, Somersetshire.

43. TEREBRATULA SUBROTUNDA—The Subrotund Tere-
bratula, pl. LV.* fig. 40, 41.

T. subrotunda. Sowerby, I. p. 45, pl. 15, fig. 1, 2.

Nearly circular, compressed; both valves regularly and equally
convex; beak short, very slightly curved, and angular on each
side; surface smooth.

In some specimens the larger valve is a little deeper than the other.

Upper and Lower Chalk, Norfolk, Lewis, and Hamsey.

44. TEREBRATULA OBOvATA—The Obovate Terebratula,
pl. LV. fig. 43.

T. obovata. Sowerby, I. p. 228, pl. 101, fig. 5.

Obovyate; sides slightly rounded; subdepressed; margin rather
flat; base nearly parallel, bounded by two nearly obsolete plaits;
beak rather produced.

Lias, Chatley, Somersetshire.

45. ‘TeREBRATULA PROAVA.—The Great-Grandfather Te-
rebratula, pl. LV.* fig. 52.

T. proava. Phillips, II. p. 223, pl. 12, fig. 37.

Oblong; larger valve with the beak considerably produced ;
haying a square mesial fold; valves with numerous, rather ob-
tuse, and large radiating ribs.

Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland, Yorkshire.

46. TEREBRATULA BIDENTATA.—The Two-toothed Tere-
bratula, pl. LVI. fig. 31, 32.

T. lidentaia. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 625, pl. 12, fig. 13 a.
Dalman, |. c. p. 142, pl. 6, fig. 5. Hist. Act. Holm. 1826, pl.
7, fig. 5.

Triaugular, smooth, depressed; strongly and acutely plaited,
about eight of which in the front are raised. Length three
lines; width three lines and a half.

Wenlock Limestone, Dudley and Abberley.

47. TEREBRATULA CUNEATA—The Wedge-shaped Tere-
bratula, pl. LV.* fig. 1, 2.

T. cuneata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 625, pl. 12, fig. 13. Dal-
main, Act. Holm. pl. 6, fig. 3. Hist. Pet. Suec. p. $1, pl. 23,
fig. 5.

Triangular, its length exceeding its width; beak of the larger
valve straight, and produced; surface with from ten to twelve
plaits, of which a few in the front are elevated. Length half
an inch; depth of each valve two lines.

Wenlock Limestone, Wenlock; Dudley, Lincolu Hill, and
Abberley.

48. TEREBRATULA BIFERA.—The Double Terebratula, pl.
LVI. fig. 76, 77. '

T. bifera. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 84, pl. 34, fig. 154.

Tetrahedral, with four of the angles rounded, two of the
sides almost straight, the other two concave; beak acute; upper
valve trilobate, the middle one longest, and elevated towards
the base; surface with numerous, fine, radiating striae, which
are bifureate, at unequal distances from the beaks, particularly
towards the margins, where they are from 50 to 60 in number.

MOLLUSCA. 135

Devonian Shales, Hope, near Torquay.

49. TEREBRATULA DEFLEXA.—The Bending Terebratula,
pl. LV.* fig. 81, 82.

T. deflexa. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 625, pl. 12, fig. 14.

Transyersely obovate, gibbose; lower valve with a sinus ;
beaks small, and adpressed; with about twenty-four sharp plaits,
of which the four o” five central ones in front are turned down-
wards. engtl nearly five lines; width six lines; depth four
lines and a half.

A peculiarity in this species is the sinus being in the larger valve.

Wenlock Limestone, Wenlock Edge.

50. Trerespratuta Gatiina.—The Fowl Terebratula, pl.
LVI. fig. 78, 79.

T. Gallina. Brongniart, Eny. de Paris, pl. 9, fig. 2. Wood-
ward, Geo. Nor. p. 49, pl. 6, fig. 12.

Transversely obovate; moderately convex; lower valve with a
wide, central furrow; beak rather acute, and small; both valves
with wide, pretty large, numerous, longitudinal, divergent ribs.

Under-Chalk formation, Harford Bridge, Norfolk.

51. Teresratuta Witsont.— Wilson’s Terebratula, pl.
LV.* fig. 90, 91.

T. Wilsont. Sowerby, II. p. 38, pl. 118, fig. 3. Ib. Sil. Syst.
p. 615, pl. 6, fig. 7 a. J. lacunosa, Wahl. Dalman, 1. c. cil. p.
139, pl. 6, fig. 1. Hisinger, Pet. Suec. p. 80, pl. 23, fig. 3.

Circular, plaited; valves compressed near the beaks; base
cylindrical, the seven central plaits elevated, margin acutely
dentated, and with nine or ten plaits on each side; front sinus
deep.

This species is highly characteristic of the central Ludlow
Rock, Aymestry Limestone, Salop; Radnor, Hereford; Aymes-
try, and Eastnor Park.

52. TrErREBRATULA Uncuis.—The Cloven Terebratula,
pl. LVI. fig. 36.

T. Unguis. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 640, pl. 21, fig. 13.

Orbicular, much inflated; beak incurved; with about twelve
large, sharp plaits. Length 53 lines; width 5 lines.

Caradoc Sandstone, Horderley and Welshpool.

53. TEREBRATULA PusILLA.— The Slender Terebratula,
pl. LVI. fig. 18.

T. pusilla. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 641, pl. 21, fig. 18.

Almost globose, with about fourteen sharp plaits, four of them
elevated on the base. Diameter nearly four lines.

Lower Silurian Rocks, Cefn, Rhyddan, Llandovery.

54. TrrepraTuLa Tripartira.—The Three-parted Tere-
bratula, pl. LVI. fig. 29.

TY. tripartita. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 641, pl. 21, fig. 15.

Transyersely oval, convex; with froin fifteen to twenty rough
plates, frequently furcated; centre much elevated, so as to divide
the surface into three nearly equal parts. Length half an inch;
width one inch and two lines.

Caradoc Sandstone, Goleugoed, Llandovery.

55, ‘CEREBRATULA DECEMPLICATA.—The Ten-plaited Te-
rebratula, pl. LV.* fig. 88.

T. decemplicata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 641, pl. 21, fig. 17.

Almost globular; beaks small, rather acute; with ten angular
plaits, two of them much elevated on the base. Length four
lines; width four lines and a half.

Caradoc Sandstone, Eastnor Park; Ankerdine Hill; May
Hill; Prescoed Common, Usk.

136

56. TEREBRATULA NEGLECTA.—The Neglected Terebra-
tula, pl. LVL. fig. 37.

T. neglecta. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 641, pl. 21, fig. 14.

Orbicular, convex; beaks small; with seventeen acute plaits.

Caradoc Sandstone, Mondinam, Llandovery.

57. TEREBRATULA FURCATA.—The Forked Terebratula,
pl. LVI. fig. 47, 48, 49.

T. furcata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 640, pl. 21, fig. 16.

Orbicular, very smooth; beak of one valve greatly curved ;
interior with several furrows, and a furcate channel in the mid-
dle. Diameter four lines.

Caradoc Sandstone, Corndon Hills.

58. TEREBRATULA BOREALIS.—The Northern Terebratula,
pl. LVL* fig. 40, 41.

T. borealis. Schloth. T. lacunosa, Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 611,
pl. 5, fig. 19. J. plicatella, Dalman, pl. 6, fig. 12.

Obovate, gibbose, obscurely three-lobed; beak small, pointed,
slightly incurved; with about sixteen acute plaits, four or five
middle ones much elevated at the base. Length seven lines ;
width eight lines.

Upper Ludlow Rocks, Ludlow promontory, and Delbury,
Salop; Abberley Hills; Aram, near Newnham, &c.

59. TEREBRATULA BREVIROSTRA.—The Short-beaked Te-
rebratula, pl. LVI. fig. 3, 4.

T. brevirostra. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 631, pl. 13, fig. 15.

Transversely elliptical; valves very convex, and nearly equal;
beaks large, and short; with about twenty-five sharp plaits.
Length four lines; width six lines.

Wenlock Shale, Croft Valley and Woolhope.

60. TEREBRATULA STRICKLANDII.—Strickland’s Terebra-
tula, pl. LVI.* fig. 28, 29.

T. Stricklandii. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 631, pl. 13, fig. 19.

Transversely obovate, ventricose; the upper valve more con-
vex than the other; beaks small, adpressed, and pointed; close
to that of the upper valve is a longitudinal canal; with about
thirty sharp plaits, five of them elevated on the base, producing
a broad projection in the upper valve, and a corresponding canal
in the under valve; contiguous to the beaks the sides are
smooth. Length eleven lines; width thirteen lines.

Wenlock Shale, Longhope.

61. TEREBRATULA CREBRICOSTA.—The Many-plaited Te-
rebratula, pl. LVI.* fig. 31, 32.

T. crebricosta. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 631, pl. 13, fig. 18.

Transversely obovate, subcylindrical, depressed; beaks small,
acute; with about thirty rather sharp plaits, six or eight of them
elevated into a deep sinus on the edge of the upper valve.
Length seven lines; width eight lines.

Wenlock Shale, Tynewidd, Llandovery.

62. TEREBRATULA cRIsPATAW—The Curled Terebratula,
pl. LVI. fig. 80.

T. crispata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 624, pl. 12, fig. 11.

Rhomboidal, convex, transverse; beaks small, subtrilobate ;
with about eighteen acute plaits, all of them terminating on the
base, about six of them elevated in the middle; sides smvoth.
Length ten lines; width eleven lines.

Wenlock Limestone, Nath Scar.

63. TEREBRATULA IMBRICATA.—The Imbricated Terebra-
tula, pl. LV. fig. 89, and pl. LVI.* fig. 16, 17, var.

T. imbricata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 624, pl. 12, fig. 12, and
p. 634, pl. 13, fig. 27.

MOLLUSCA.

TEREBRATULA.

Transversely obovate, trilobate; with many bifurcated and
trifureated plaits, crossed by imbricating scales, more especially
near the edge; base much elevated. Diameter eight lines.

Wenlock Limestone, Wenlock Edge.

The variety, pl. LVI.* fig. 16, 17, is shorter, and generally much
more ventricose, and is from the Wenlock Shale, Woolhope; Stumps
Wood; Hay Head; Tame Bridge; and Croft.

64. TEREBRATULA INTERPLICATA—The Interplaited Te-
rebratula, pl. LVI. fig. 7, 8.

T. interplicata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 631, pl. 13, fig. 23.

Transversely obovate; valves nearly equal, and very convex;
beaks short, and almost equal in length; with many plaits, and
about fourteen principal ones, the four central ones depressed on
the base, and between each of the lateral ones is an intervening
shorter plait; sides near the beaks smooth, with their edges pro-
minent. Length 5 lines; width 54 lines; depth 3 lines.

Weniock Shale, Woolhope and Delves Green.

66. TrREBRATULA sPH£RICA.—The Spherical Terebra-
tula, pl. LV.* fig. 86, 87.

T. spherica. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 631, pl. 13, fig. 17.

Orbicular, ventricose; beaks equal; with about fourteen rather
obtuse, and frequently forked plaits, the three or four central
ones much depressed on the base, forming a longitudinal canal ;
sides concave. Diameter about six lines.

Wenlock Shale, Tame Bridge.

66. TrrEesratuta Nucuta.—The Kernel Terebratula, pl.
LVI. fig. 1, 2.

T. Nucula. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 603 and 611, pl. 5, fig. 20.

Globose, obscurely trilobate ; lower valve slightly flattened ;
beak small, adpressed; with about fifteen sharp plaits, three or
four of which are prominent, and elevated in the centre of the
base. Diameter five lines.

Upper Ludlow Rock at Ludlow; Delbury; Presteign, and a
number of other localities; also in the Old Red Sandstone at
Horeb Chapel.

67. TEREBRATULA CONCINNA.—The Neat Terebratula, pl.
LV.* fig. 55.

T. concinna. Sowerby, Min. Conch. I. p. 192, pl. 83, fig. 6.

Almost globose; width somewhat more than its length; beak
projecting, and very sharp-pointed; centre elevated by seven
plates, with twelve or more uniform, well-defined, sharp plaits,
which are well defined and acute to the very beaks; length and
depth nearly equal.

Great Oolite, Aynhoe.

68. TEREBRATULA PULCHRA.—The Beautiful Terebratula,
pl. LVI. fig. 35.

T. pulchra. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 612, pl. 5, fig. 21.

Globose, somewhat triangular; beak small, produced; ob-
scurely trilobate; with about twenty sharp plaits, the five central
ones elevated at the base. Diameter four lines.

This resembles 7. Nucula, but is more angular, with smaller and
sharper plaits, differing from the more clumsy aspect of that species.

Upper Ludlow Rock, Delbury ; Bagbarrow Hill; and Melverns.

69. TEREBRATULA ROSTRATA.—The Beaked Terebratula,
pl. LV.* fig. 46, 47.

T. rostrata. Sowerby, VI. p. 71, pl. 537, fig. 1, 2. T.
pectunculata, Schloth, Min. Tosch. VII. pl. 1, fig. 3.

Suborbicular; beak large and projecting, with its inner sur-
face more convex than in most species, slightly incurved, and
rather acute at the point; surface with nearly thirty rounded
plaits; front a little elevated, but irregular.

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IMPORTANT WORKS ON NATURAL HISTORY.

In the corse af Bitdousioh,
I.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE FOSSIL CONCHOLOGY

OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
BY CAPTAIN THOMAS BROWN, F.LS,, &e.

1. Each Number will contain Four Coloured Plates, engraved on Steel by the first Artists, with Four Pages of
Descriptive Letter-press ; together with the Localities in which they occur, &c. price Three Shillings Coloured, or
Two Shillings Plain. A Fasciculus will appear regularly on the first day of every month.

2. The Work will extend to Twenty-five Numbers, containing in all One Hundred Plates. The Species will
be systematically arranged, agreeably to the classification of Lamarck, with the recently formed Genera of Deshayes,
Sowerby, Parkinson, &c. introduced into their respective places. Every Number will comprise at least Forty Shells.

3. At the end of the Work will appear a Stratigraphical Index, on an entirely new m exhibiting at one view
the whole British Species of Fossil Shells, with their Geological positions.

. . IL.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE CONCHOLOGY

OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

BY CAPTAIN THOMAS BROWN, F.L.S., &e.
SECOND EDITION, WITH ADDITIONS.

1. Each Number will contain Four Coloured Plates, with complete Descriptions, Localities, &c. A Fasciculus
will appear regularly every month. Price Three Shillings Coloured, or Two Shillings Plain. f

2. The Work will extend to Fifteen Numbers, containing in all Fifty-eight Plates, with about Twelve Hundred
Figures of Shells, being Representations of ALL the Species discovered up to the present time, including Marine,
Land, and Fresh Water ; together with Illustrations of the Animals of nearly the whole Genera. The Plates are all
already engraved by Mr W. H. Lizars, so that the Work will appear with the utmost regularity. :

3. This is the only Work which contains Representations of ALL the Species, and is the only British Concho-
Joey in which the Animats have been introduced, and is sold at a price not a third of others which do not contain a
half of the Species, while the Engravings are executed in a much higher style of art.

II.
In the Press, and Speedily will Appear,

THE ELEMENTS OF FOSSIL CONCHOLOGY,

Illustrated by Figures, engraved on Steel, of ALL the known Genera; with their Generic Characters, and a
complete Description of their application to the elucidation of the various Geological periods. By Caprain Txomas
Brown, F.L.S., &c. Royal 18mo.

IV.

THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGY
Of ALEXANDER WILSON, and CHARLES LUCIAN BONAPARTE, Prince of Musignano,

with the addition of all the newly discovered Species, systematically Arranged ; and a Life of the
Author. By Captain Tuomas Brown, F.LS., &c.

1. This Work will appear in Monthly Numbers, each containing Six Coloured Plates, of a royal 4to. size,
accompanied by Twelve Pages of Letter-press. Price Three Shillings and Sixpence.

2. The Work will extend to Thirty-one Numbers, and will form, when complete, two handsome royal 4to.
volumes, with One Hundred and Kighty-six Plates. The whole of the Land Birds the dimensions of a pigeon and
under are the size of nature, and exhibit both male and female where a difference exists in the plumage of t e sexes,
and in some cases the young, and are all at least the sizes of those of the justly celebrated original wens and many of
the Water Birds have been considerably enlarged.

3. Nearly the whole Plates are already engraved, by Lizars, Scott, Mitchell, Miller, Milne, Harvey, and other
celebrated artists.

4. This Work, when completed, will not have cost the subscribers, even with the addition of upwards of One
Hunprep AND Firry Brrps, more than an eighth part of the re ne American edition, now out of print, which
was published at a sum exceeding £40, and is in the hands of very few individuals in Great Britain.

CONCLUDING PART.
Nos. 29 to 35. Coloured. Price £1,

ILLUSTRATIONS

OF THE

|
FOSSIL CONCHOLOGY
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

BY CAPTAIN THOMAS BROWN, M.R.P.S.

&e. &e. &e.

LONDON:
SMITH, ELDER, AND CO.
EDINBURGH: MACLACHLAN AND STEWART.

«= Uniform Supplementary Nos. will appear from time to time, as discoveries are made.
Parties wishing to continue the Work, will be pleased to signify the same, as soon as possible,
to the Publishers, or to the Author, Museum, Manchester.

Oeream” A
' 2 p94
; é

as :2 ae
Pie ILLUSTRATIONS

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ILLUSTRATIONS

OF THE

FOSSIL CONCHOLOGY

. OF

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND,

WITH DESCRIPTIONS AND LOCALITIES OF ALL THE SPECIES.

BY CAPTAIN THOMAS BROWN, M.P.S.

MEMBER AND FORMERLY PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL PHYSICAL SOCIETY; MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY;
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ARCHAOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION; LOCAL SECRETARY OF THE SYRIO-EGYPTIAN
SOCIETY; HONORARY SECRETARY OF THE MANCHESTER GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY; MEMBER OF THE
MANCHESTER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, AND CURATOR OF ITS MUSEUM.

LON DOWN:
SMITH, ELDER, AND CO.
AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH.
MDCCCXLIX.

fl To

CHARLOTTE-ANNE,

Duchess of Buccleuch ond Cueensherry,

THE FOLLOWING WORK

MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED

BY

HER GRACES MOS OBE DL NT
HUMBLE SERVANT,

The Author,

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PREFACE.

THERE is no branch of Paleontology of so much importance to the Geologist, as the study of
Fossil Shells. In this opinion the Author is supported by three of the greatest living authorities.
Dr. Buckland says—‘‘ Concurrent with the rapid extension of our knowledge of the comparative
anatomy of extinct families of the ancient inhabitants of the earth, has been the attention paid
to Fossil Conchology ; a subject of vast importance in investigating the records of the changes
that have occurred upon the surface of the globe.” Sir Charles Lyell remarks that ‘shells
are by far the most important class of organic beings which have left their spoils in the
sub-aqueous deposits, and they have been truly said to be the Models which Nature has chiefly
selected to record the history of the former changes of the globe. There is scarcely any great
series of strata that does not contain some marine or fresh water shells.’’ And again, Buckland
justly observes, in descanting on the indispensable utility of the study of Fossils to a thorough
knowledge of Geology, that “to attempt an investigation of the structure and revolutions of the
earth, without applying minute attention to the evidence afforded by organic remains, would be
no less absurd than to undertake to write the history of any ancient people, without reference
to the documents afforded by their medals and inscriptions, their monuments, and the ruins of
their cities and their temples. The study of Zoology and Botany has therefore become as indis-
pensable to the progress of Geology, as a knowledge of Mineralogy.’ And as Mantell truly
observes, “the shells of Mollusca, from their durability, often escape obliteration under cireum-
stances in which all traces of the higher orders of animals are lost, and they become, therefore,
of the utmost importance in the speculations of the geologist. In loose sandy strata, they often
occur in a high degree of perfection; in mud and clay, in a fragile state; in some instances, they
are silicified; and many limestones are wholly composed of shells, cemented together by calca-
reous spar.”

When the Author undertook the publication of the following work, it was with a view of
supplying to Geologists a long-felt desideratum: namely, a work arranged either in systematic
or in stratigraphic order, embracing all the species known up to that time, and which might be
discovered during the progress of the publication. Mr. Sowerby’s work, destitute of both these
advantages, had been discontinued for upwards of nine years, and there was no prospect of

its being resumed.
B

vi.

It was not without considerable hesitation that the systematic arrangement was chosen
in preference to the stratigraphical. An attentive consideration led to the adoption of the
former, as its advantage appeared two-fold. First, it seemed evident that it was more easy to
identify individuals by comparison with the plates, where the species were placed in juxta-
position, than when scattered through the various strata of which they were members. Secondly,
as many of the species prevailed in different formations, had the stratigraphical distribution
been adopted, a repetition of these would have been requisite, which would have considerably
extended the number of the plates, and consequently increased the expense of the work, both of
which the Author was most studious to avoid; his object being to produce a work, executed in
a high style of art, at the lowest possible price, so that it might become more extensively
useful.

It will be seen by comparing the first fowr plates, (which were the specimen of the work,)
with most of the others which follow, that a very great additional quantity of work has
been given, as well as improvement in the style of execution, without increase in the charge
for the publication.

The classification followed is that of the celebrated Malacologist Lamarck, according to
the descending scale, with the addition of such new genera, and slight deviations from his
system, as time, and a more minute knowledge of families and species, has rendered necessary.

The Ilustrations of * Fossil Conchology,” with its sister work, ‘‘ Illustrations of the
Recent Conchology of Great Britain and Ireland,’ will be found to embrace pretty full
representations, descriptions, and localities, of all the known species, both fossil and recent,
which have hitherto been met with in the strata, seas, land, and fresh waters, of the British
Islands. These have been engraved by artists of established reputation ; the names of Lizars,
Aikman, Miller, Turvey, &e., being well-known to the public as men of celebrity. The whole
of the engravings have been executed from drawings made by the Author expressly for the work,
and amount to 116 plates, comprehending 3,521 figures.

di

SeY¥.S)TB.M.A.T EC

IN, DE. X).

CLASS FIRST.

DON. Ae VY Ee Des A CE OWS ROL Us CA.

Orper I—CEPHALOPODA
POLYTHALAMA.
Family I.—Ammonacea.

Sub-Division I.—MonotHatama.
Pace.

Genus 1. Bellerophon, Montfort 37

2. Baculites, Lamarck... 1

3. Hamites, Parkinson... 1
4. Turrilites, Lamarck... 3
5. Criocera, Lévellé...... 250

6. Goniatites, Von Buch 28
7. Scaphites, Parkinson 31
8. Ammonites, Lamarck 5

Family I1.—Navrivacea.
Genus 9, Clyminia, Munster ... 250

10. Nautilus, Linneus ... 32

11. Nummulites, Lamarck 37

Family II1I.—Ortsocerata.
Genus 12. Lituites, Montfort ... 250
13. Cyrtocera, Goldfuss 250
14. Conularia, Miller ... 43
15. Actinoceras, Bronn 250
16. Orthocera, Lamarck 39
17. Gomphoceras,Sowerby 250

18. Phragmoceras, Bro-
Cerippese.seecoceose 250
19. Belemnites, Lamarck 41
20. Amplexus, Sowerby 43

Orper IL—TRACHELIPODA,

Section L.—ZoopHacous TRACHE-
LIPODA.
Family I.—Invo.vte.
Genus }. Conus, Linnzeus

Granp Division I.

Orper IL—MONOMY ARIA.

Family I.— Bracuiopopa.

Genus }. Lingula, Bruguiére ... 106
2. Crania, Retzius ...... 107
3. Sperifer, Sowerby ... 107

Genus 2. Oliva, Bruguiére ...... 46
3. Pseudoliva, Swainson 251
4. Ancillaria, Lamarck... 45
5. Terebellum, Lamarck 45
6. Cypreea, Linnzeus...... 45
7. Ovula, Bruguiére...... 46

Family IT.—CoLuMeE Lari.
8. Volvaria, Lamarck ... 46
9. Voluta, Linnzus ...... 46
10. Mitra, Lamarck

Family III.—Purpurirera.
Genus 11. Terebra, Lamarck ... 40
12, Buccinum, Linnezus 48
13, Nassa, Lamarck ...... 252
14, Dolium, Lamarck ... 51
15. Purpura, Bruguiére 51
16. Caliendrum, Brown 52
17. Cassis, Brnguiére ... 53
18. Cassidaria, Lamarck 53

Family IV.— Arata.
Genus 19. Rostellaria, Lamarck 53

Family V.—CanaLIFERa.
Genus 20. Triton, Lamarck...... 56
21. Murex, Linnzus...... 56
22. Typhis, Montfort ... 58
23. Ranella, Lamarck ... 58

24. Pyrula, Lamarck ... 59
2 25. Fusus, Lamarck...... 59
26. Cancellaria, Lamarck 250
27. Pleurotoma,Lamarck 64
28. Cerithium, Bruguiére 66
29. Nerinwea, Defrance 67

PAGE.
Genus 30, Potamis, Brongniart 67

Section II.—Puytirnaca.
Family .—Turprnacea.

Genus 31. Turritella, Lamarck 69
32. Phasianella, Lamarck 71
33. Turbo, Linnzus ...... 72
34, Littorina, Ferussac... 74

35. Pyramis, Brown ...... 254
36. Trochus, Linneus ... 74
37. Solarium, Lamarck... 77

Family I1.—Scaaripes,
Genus 38. Rissoa,Freminville... 78
39. Cirrus, Sowerby...... 80
30. Euomphalus,Sowerby 81
41. Scalaria, Lamarck... 82
42. Vermetus, Adanson. 84

Family III.—Ptutcacea.
Genus 43. Tornatella, Lamarck. 84

Family [V.—Macrostoma.
Genus 44, Pleurotomaria, De-

45. Sigaretus, Lamarck 88
46. Velutina, Fleming ... 255

Family V.—NeERITACEA.
Genus 45. Globulus, Brown ... 256
46. Natica, Adanson ... 88

47. Nerita, Linnzus...... 91
48. Pileolus, Cookson ... 92
49. Neritina, Lamarck... 92

Family VI.—Perristomipa.

Genus 50. Ampullaria, Lamarck 93

CLASS SECOND.
CONCHIFERA,

Genus 4. Gypidium, Sowerby .. 115
5. Magus, Sowerby ...... 116
6. Trigonosemus, Konig. 116
7. Strigonocephalus ...... 116
8. Orthis, Dalman ...... 117 |
9. Leptena, Dalman ... 121

|
10, Atrypa, Kinig ...... 127 |

Genus 11. Composita, Brown... 131
12. Terebratula, Bruguiére 131
13. Orbicula, Cuvier...... 142
Tribe If.—Rvpisra. |
Genus 14. Hipponyx, Defrance 143 |

15. Caleeola, Lamarck... 144 |

Pace.
Genus 51. Paludina,Lamarck... 93

Family VII.—MELAnIDEs.
Genus 52. Melanopsis, Ferussac 94
53. Melania, Lamarck... 95

Family VIII.—Lymn2xcea,
Genus 54. Lymnea, Lamarck... 97
55. Planorbis, Miiller ... 97
56. Crassidorsa,Brown... 98

Family IX.—Corrmacea.
Genus 57. Auricula, Lamarck... 98
58, Bulimus,Bruguiére... 99
59, Cochlicarina, Brown, 99
60. Helix, Linneus ...... 100

Orver III—GASTEROPODA.

Grand Division I.—PNeumo-

BRANCHIZ.
Family I.—Burwacea.
Genus |. Bulla, Linnzeus......... 100
2. Utriculus, Brown...... 101

Family Il.—Catyprracez.
Genus 3. Ancylus, Miiller ...... 101
4, Calyptrea, Lamarck... 102
5. Pileopsis, Lamarck... 102
6. Fissurella, Bruguiére.. 103
7. Sipho, Brown ......... 108
8. Emarginula, Lamarck 103

Family III.— Paycuipracea.
Genus 9. Patella, Linnzus ..... 104
10. Metoptoma, Phillips. 105

OR BLY AL V Es.

Sub-Division IT,

Family I.—Ostracea.

--. 144
17. Ostrea, Linnzus...... 145

Genus 16. Anomia, Linnzeus

18. Gryphea, Lamarck 148

Family I1.—Percrenrpes.
PAGE.

Genus 19. Plicatula, Lamarck 150
20. Plagiostoma, Lluyd 150
21. Dianchora, Sowerby 152

22. Hinnus, Defrance ... 153
23. Pecten, Bruguiére... 153
24. Lima, Bruguiére ... 158

Sub-Genus. Limatula, 8. Wood 159
Granp Drviston III.

Tribe I.— MaLacea.

Genus 25. Avicula, Lamarck ... 159
25. Pterinea, Goldfuss... 164
26. Monotis, Bronn ...... 164
27. Gervillea, Defrance.. 164
28. Crenatula, Lamarck. 165
29. Catillus, Brongniarte 165
30. Posidonia, Bronn... 168
31. Perna, Bruguiere ... 168
Tribe II.—Mytitacea.

32. Pinna, Linnzus...... 169
83. Dreissina, Van Beni-
CGT aera 170
34, Mytilus, Linneus. ... 170
35. Modiola, Lamarck ... 171
36. Lithodomus, Cuvier.. 257
Onper II.—DIMYARIA.
Grand Division I.
Tribe 1.—CuHamacea.
1. Chama, Braguiére ... 176

2 Caprina, D’Orbigny ... 176

Grand Division II.—LaMet.iPeDEs.
Tribe 1.—NayaDes.
3. Anodon, Bruguiére... 176

CIRREPEDA,

OrvER I.—PEDUNCULATA.

Genus 1, Pollicipes, Leach ... 236

OrvER I.—SEDENTARIA.
Family I.—SerpuLacea.

Genus 1. Serpula, Linnezus ... 238

PAGE.
Genus 4. Unio, Bruguiére ...... 176
5. Alasmodon, Say...... 181
Tribe II.—TRIGONACEA.
6. Trigonia, Bruguiére... 181
7. Nucula, Lamarck...... 184
8. Pleurodon, 8S. Wood... 158
9. Pectuneulus, Lamarck 188
10. Macrodon, Lycett ... 190
Il. Area, Linnzus ...... 190
12. Cuculleea, Lamarck .. 192
13, Axinus, Sowerby ... 104

Family [V.—Carpiacea,
14,
15,

Pachymya, Sowerby. 195
Hippopodium, Cony-

195
196
196

16,
17.
18.

Megalodon, Sowerby
Isocardia, Lamarck ..
Cardiomorpha, Ko-

197
197
20. Sphera, Sowerby ... 197
. Edmondia, Koninck. 198
22. Cypricardia, Lamarck 198
23. Cardium, Linnzus... 199

. Opis, Defrance

24. Pleurorhynchus, Phil-
lipsbestse $3. 53 201
25. Cardiola, Broderip... 202

- Myoconeha, Sowerby 202

Family V.—ConcHacra.

Sub- Division I.— Marine.
27. Venericardia,Lamarck 202
28. Pullastra, Sowerby... 203
29, Venus, Linnzus...... 204
30. Cytherea, Lamarck.. 205

PAGE

Genus 31. Artemis, Poli......... 207

32. Cyprina, Lamarck ... 207
Sub-Division I1.—FLvviatie.

33. Cyrena, Lamarck ... 208

34, Cyclas, Bruguiére ... 209

35. Piscidium, Pfeiffer... 109

Grand Division II1I.—TenutPepDEs.
Tribe I.---NyYMPHACEA.
Sub-Division I.

36. Astarte, Sowerby ... 210

37. Cardinia, Agassiz ... 218
Sub-Division, II.
38. Donax, Linnzus...... 214

39, Trigonellites, Parkin-

EQ) Netisssaseastoseds 214
40. Lucina, Bruguiére... 215
41. Corbis, Cuvier ...... 216
42. Tellina, Linneus ... 216
43. Arcopagia, Leach ... 218

Sub-Division III.—Sorenarres.
Genus 44. Psammobia,Lamarck 218
45. Sanguinolaria, ditto. 219

Tribe IJ.—Lirnopnact.

Genus 46. Petricola, Lamarck... 220
47. Sphenia, Turton...... 222
48, Saxicava, Lamarck... 221
49, Agina, Turton ...... 221

Tribe III.—Corpuracea.
| Genus 50. Pandora, Bruguicre.. 2
51. Corbula,Bruguiére ...
52. Nera, Gray

CLASS
O

Orper II.—SESSILIA.

Genus 1. Balanus, Lamarck ... 237

THIRD.

R BARNACLE

Genus 2, Adna, Leach
3. Clitia, Leach

237
238

CLASS FOURTH.

ANNE

Genus 2. Vermilia, Lamarck... 241 |
3. Spirorbis, Lamarck... 242 |
4. Cyclogyra, S. Wood, 242

Hoa DA.

Genus 5. Cornuoides, Brown... 242

Pace.
Genus 53. Potomomya, J. Sow-

erby

Family IV.—Mactracea.
Genus 54. Amphidesma, La-
marck .....:.2-... 225
55. Crassatella, Lamarck 225
56. Tellimya, Brown ... 225
57. Montacuta, Turton... 225

58. Thetis, Sowerby...... 225
Sub-Division III.

Genus 59. Mactra, Linnzeus ... 226

60. Mactrina, Brown ... 226

61. Lutraria, Lamarck... 226

Grand Division [1V.—CRassIPEDEs,
Family I.—Myarla,

Genus 62. Mya, Linneus.........
63, Thracia, Leach
64, Anatina, Lamarck... 229
65, Lysianassa, Minster. 229

Tribe IT.—SoLen1peEs.
Genus 66. Solemya, Lamarck... 230
67. Panopza, Menard ... 230

68. Solen, Linnzus ...... 281

69. Pholadomya, J. Sow-
QLDY fesse caer 231

Family I1I.-—Psovaparia.
Genus 70. Pholas, Linnzus ... 233

Family I1.—Tusicota.

Genus 7], Gastrochena, ,Spen-

Ser Wits. ood 234

72. Teredina, Lamarck. . 234
73. Teredo, Linneus ... 235
74, Fistulana, Bruguiére 236

Ss.

Genus 4. Coronula, Lamarck. . 233

Family II.—Matpan1z.

6. Serpulites,Murchison 242 | Genus 7. Dentatum, Linneus, 243

TEREBRATULA.

In the immature state the elevation in front is hardly per-
ceptible.

Chalk Marl, Hamsey.

70. TrrepRaTULA PENTAGONA—The Pentagonal Tere-
bratula, pl. LVI. fig. 33, 34.

T. pentagona. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 612, pl. 5, fig. 22.

Pentagonal, depressed; its width exceeding its length ;
beak very small ; obscurely trilobate ; with about twenty-five
rounded plaits, but not extending to the beaks; the nine or

ten central ones elevated at the base. Length six lines ; breadth

six and a-half lines.

Upper Ludlow Rock, Delbury, Salop.

71. TereBratuLsa opLtonca.—The Oblong Terebratula,
pl. LV.* fig. 53, 54.

T. oblonga. Sowerby, VI. p. 68, pl. 535, fig. 4, 5, 6.

Oblong, gibbose ; beak large, broad, and slightly curved, its
length once and a-half its width, with sixteen or more forked
plaits, with their edges rounded; hinge line broad; front
even.

Lower Greensand, Hythe, Lockswell, and Farringdon.

72. TEREBRATULA ORBICULARIS.—Lhe Orbicular Terebra-
tula, pl. LV.* fig. 58, 59.

T. orbicularis. Sowerby, VI. p. 68, pl. 535, fig. 3.

Uniformly convex ; lesser valve orbicular, the larger with a
large incuryed beak ; surface minutely punctated with about
fifteen angular simple plaits; but sometimes furcated near
their commencement. j

Lias, Weston, near Bath.

73. TEREBRATULA ANGULATA.—The Cornered Terebratula,
pl. LY.* fig. 48.

T. excavata. Phillips, II. p. 223, pl. 12, fig. 24. Anomia
angulata. Linn. Syst. p. 1154.

Oblong, compressed ; beak small, incurved; surface with
seven or eight very large angular flat-sided plaits, and deep
furrows ; somewhat excavated on their sides near the beak ;
base deeply indented.

Carboniferous Limestone, Cork, Dublin, and Isle of Man.

74. Treresratuta Martin1—Martin’s Terebratula, pl.
LV.* fig. 79, 80.

T. Martini. Mantell, Geo. Sus. p. 131. TZ. pisum.
Sowerby, VI. p. 70, pl. 536, fig. 6, 7.

Suborbicular; somewhat quadrangular, thick and com-
pressed ; beak small, incurved ; surface frequently granulated
with numerous simple plaits ; base slightly elevated.

Chalk Marl, Hamsey and Folkstone, and the Under Green-
sand, Isle of Wight and Blackdown.

75. TrReEBRATULA FLABELLULUM.—The Fan Terebratula,
pl. LV.* fig. 63, 64.

T. flabellula.. Sowerby, VI. p. 67, pl. 535, fig. 1.

Depressed ; beak straight, rectangular, and projecting ;
lesser valve transversely obovate ; surface with about sixteen
simple rounded plaits.

Great Oolite, Ancliff, Wiltshire.

76. Terepratota pucnus—The Fist-like Terebratula,
pl. LV. fig. 49.

T. pugnus. Sowerby, V. p. 155, pl. 497. Phillips, Geo.
York. II. p. 223, pl. 12, fig. 17. Ib. Pal. Foss. p. 87, pl. 35,
fig. 156. Conch. Anomites pugnus ; Martin, Pet. Derb. pl.
22, fig.4,5. Atrypa pugnus ; Sowerby, Geo. Tran. 2d Ser. V.
pl. 56, fig. 15, 18.

;

MOLLUSCA. 137

Obovate-deltoidal, somewhat compressed ; beaks very short
and nearly straight ; sides of the valves convex, with several
plaits on their edges, from whence a few furrows emanate, and
extend a considerable way into the shell, nearly reaching the
beaks in some instances ; base considerably elevated, with from
four to six short rather obtuse plaits in the middle of the sinus ;
surface striated, but hardly visible to the naked eye.

Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland, Derbyshire, Ireland.
Devonian Series, Plymouth.

This species is liable to great variety.

77. TEREBRATULA AcUMINATA.—The Acuminated Tere-
bratula, pl. LV.* fig. 66 to 74.

T. acuminata. Sowerby, IV. p. 23, pl. 324, fig. 1. Phillips,
Geo. York. II. p. 222, pl. 12, fig. 4 to 9. Ib. Pal. Foss. p- 88,
pl. 35, fig. 159.

Heart-shaped, gibbose; beaks very small; one valve with
a deep and wide central sinus, nearly dividing it into two
lobes, the other elevated ; surface with numerous nearly obso-
lete divergent striz.

Carboniferous Limestone, Yorkshire, Derbyshire, and Cork,
Treland.

This species is so variable, that no single specific character will apply
to these. It also varies considerably in its progress from the young to
the adult condition. Professor Phillips arranges them thus :—

Variety 1.—Front angular. a. No mesial plaits; with or without

lateral plaits, fig. 66, 67, 68 ; the young, fig. 72.
b. Mesial plaits variable ; with or without lateral plaits ;
whole surface sharply pointed.
Vanriery 2.—Front arched, with mesial plaits, fig. 69 ; young of the
same, 70, 71, 73.

Variety Plicata, fig. 74. — With from three to five plaits; from
Ireland and near Clitheroe.

Variety Sulcata, fig. 67.—From the Carboniferous Limestones,
Clitheroe, Lancashire.

78. TEREBRATULA TETRAHEDRA.—The Four-sided Terebra-
tula, pl. LV.* fig. 85, and pl. VI. fig. 45, 46.

Terebratula tetrahedra. Sowerby, I. p. 191, pl. 83, fig. 4,
and T. media, fig. 5, Liet. Pet. pl. 41, fig. 1.

Obtusely deltoidal, gibbose ; general form a tetraedon, with
rounded edges ; beaks a little incurved ; front with a central
elevation, provided with four or five sharp plaits on each side,
which emanate from the beak, and terminate on the sides;
the distance between the lateral and central plaits about three-
fourths the length of the valves.

The variety 7’. media, fig. 83, is more rounded, and the plaits
six in number.

Kelloway’s Rock, Kelloway ; Oxford Clay, Wheatley ; the
Fuller's Earth, Aynhoe and Banbury ; Inferior Oolite, So-
mersetshire and Hebrides ; and the Lias, Yorkshire.

79. TEREBRATULA CORDIFORMIS.—The Heart-shaped Tere-
bratula, pl. LV.* fig. 92, 98, 94.

T. cordiformis. Sowerby, V. p. 154, fig. 2, 4.

Heart-shaped ; front greatly elevated, with a deep marginal
sinus; sides rather convex, with sharp edges; centre with
three or more acute angular furrows, emanating near the beaks
and reaching to the base ; exceedingly variable in size.

Carboniferous Limestone, Cork and Connaught, Ireland.

80. TrREBRATULA cruMENA.—The Pocket-shaped Tere-
bratula, pl. LV.* fig. 96, 97. '

T. crumena. Sowerby, I. p. 190, fig. 2, 2*, and 3.

Anomites crumena. Martyn. Pet. Derbs. pl. 36, fig. 4.
2M

138

Deltoidal, gibbose; beak prominent; centre of the front
elevated, with three long plaits emanating near the beak ;
sides with four or more plaits below the middle.

Carboniferous Limestone, Winster and Ardconnaught,
Treland.

81. TEREBRATULA LATISSIMA.—The Very Broad Terebra-
tula, pl. LVI. figs. 86, 87.

T. lata. Sowerby, V. p. 165, pl. 502, fig. 1.

Transyersely elongated, convex; larger valve the flattest,
with a produced beak ; front elevated ; surfaceswith forty regu-
lar divergent narrow ribs, ten or twelve of which are raised
with the front.

Upper Greensand, Warminster and Devizes ; Lower Green-
sand, Athenfield and Parham.

82. TEREBRATULA DEPRESSAA—The Depressed Terebra-
tula, pl. LVI. figs. 9, 10.

T. depressa. Sowerby, V. p. 165, pl. 502, fig. 2.

Triangular, depressed ; front elevated, with about eight
plaits ; beaks produced ; lateral angles rounded ; whole surface
with about twenty regular divergent ribs.

Upper Greensand, Isle of Wight and Blackdown, and Lower
Greensand, Pulborough.

83. TEREBRATULA NUCIFoRMIs.—The Nut-Shaped Tere-
bratula, pl. LVL.* fig. 13.

T. nuciformis. Sowerby V. p. 166, pl. 502, fig. 3.

Transyersely elongated ; globose ; front elevated ; beak pro-
duced ; surface with thirty rounded, regular, narrow, diver-
gent ribs, many of which have a slight groove near the front,
their edges plain and rounded.

Upper Greensand, Rowde Hill, and Lower Greensand,
Shanklin and Pulborough.

84, TrrEpraTuLa acutaA.—The Acute Terebratula, pl.
LVI. fig. 82, 83.

T. acuta. Sowerby, II. p. 115, pl. 150, fig. 1, 2.
Geo. York. I. p. 134, pl. 13, fig. 25.

Triangular, a little transverse; middle elevated, with one
very large acutely angular plait; sides slightly rounded, with
one large and several small lateral plaits, on each seldom
exceeding two, the first large and sharp, extending nearly to
the obtuse beak, the others merely undulations; front sinus
almost an equilateral triangle.

Inferior Oolite, minster and Cheltenham, and the Lias,
Wilton Castle, and Bilsdale.

85. TrREBRATULA ACUTA-PLICATA.—The Acute-Plaited
Terebratula, pl. LV.* fig. 98, 99.

T. acuta. Sowerby, V.p. 166, pl. 502, fig. 4.

Transversely elongated ; somewhat pocket-shaped ; gibbose ;
beak a little produced, but small, and slightly-curved ; front
elevated, with six plaits, the lateral ones being largest, the
whole surface with many sharp plaits.

Inferior Oolite, Bilsdale and Cheltenham.

86. THREBRATULA PLICATELLA.—The Folded Terebratula,
pl. LVI. fig. 68, 69.

T. plicatella. Sowerby, V. pl. 503, fig. 1.

Elongated, somewhat quadrangular, inflated ; beak small,
incurved, with an ovate concaye depression on each side under
it; surface provided with about forty rounded plaits, some-
times fureated near the beaks, ten or twelve of which are
gradually elevated with the front ; sides descending in a rather
straight line from the umbones.

Phillips,

MOLLUSCA.

TEREBRATULA.

Found very sparingly in the Inferior Oolite, Bridport.

87. TEREBRATULA SERRATA.—The Serrated Terebratula,
pl. LVI.* fig. 24, 25,

T. serrata. Sowerby, V. p. 168, pl. 508, fig. 2.

Suborbicular, subtriangular, inflated, with an obtuse margin ;
beak small, incurved, with a large, concave, ovate space on
each side beneath it ; surface with about eleven sharp plaits, of
which five are somewhat elevated in front.

Lias, Lyme Regis.

88. TEREBRATULA TRUNCATA.—The Truncated Terebra~
tula, pl. LVI. fig. 20, 21.

T. truncata. Sowerby, VI. p. 71, pl. 531, fig. 3.

Slightly ovate ; hinge line nearly straight, and extending
the whole width of the valves ; larger valve subconical, with a
large, short, straight beak, flattened in front, and provided with
an ample round aperature ; surface with about twenty sharp,
sometimes fureated plaits; front with from two to five ele-
vated ones ; lesser valve much flattened.

Lower Greensand, Farringdon.

89. TEREBRATULA MANTELLIANA.—Mantell’s Terebratula,
pl. LVI. fig. 53, 54.

T. Mantelliana. Sowerby, VI. p. 72, pl. 587, fig. 5.

Transyersely obovate, and inflated, with a small produced
slightly incurved beak ; with about sixteen large, sharp, simple
plaits,from four to six of which are considerably eleyated in front.

Chalk Marl, Hamsey.

90. TrrEeBrRaTULA Grppstana. — Gibb’s
pl. LVI. fig. 66, 67.

T. Gibbsiana. Sowerby, VI. p. 72, pl. 587, fig. 4.

Suborbicular, somewhat triangular, and inflated ; beak small,
acute, and incuryed ; lesser valve more convex than the other ;
surface with numerous rounded simple plaits; front greatly
elevated, with about ten or twelve flattened plaits,

Lower Greensand, Folkstone, Sandgate, Boughton, and Isle
of Wight.

91. TEREBRATULA INCoNSTANS.—The Inconstant Terebra-
tula, pl. LVI. fig. 11, 12, 13.

T. inconstans. Sowerby, III. p. 137, pl. 277, fig. 3, 4.

Phillips, Geo. York. I. p. 94, pl. 2, fig. 24.

Globular, beak small, acute, and incurved ; one-half of the
margin turned up and the other down, but sometimes in the
right, and at others the left ; a medial depression in the larger
valve; surface with from twenty-four to twenty-six angular
plaits, half of them on one side elevated.

Speeton Clay, Speeton and Knapton, and the Oxford Clay,
Heddington and Osmington.

92. TrREBRATULA oBLIQUA.—The Oblique Terebratula,
pl. LVI.* fig. 8.

T. obliqua. Sowerby, III. p. 137, pl. 277, fig. 2.

Subcompressed and transversely obovate ; beak produced and
slightly incurved ; surface with about fifteen angular plaits,
on one side five, central ones elevated, and turned downwards.

Upper Chalk, Norwich and Ramsgate.

93. TerepratuLta Manrim.—Mant’s Terebratula, pl. LV1.*
fig. 13.

T. Mantie. Sowerby. III. p. 137, pl. 277, fig. 1.

Subcompressed and subtrigonal, with the beak prominent
and slightly incurved, and forming nearly an equilateral tri-
angle; front rounded; surface with about sixteen angular
plaits, half of them on one side elevated ; upper valve convex.

Terebratula,

eT ali ee
e

oem ff ee

TeREBRATULA.

Carboniferous Limestone, Ireland; Devonian Shales,
Plymouth and Newton.

94. THREBRATULA DIMIDIATA.—The Divided Terebratula,
pl. LVI.* fig. 22, 23.

T. dimidiata. Sowerby, III. p. 138, pl. 277, fig. 5.

Transvyersely obovate, and subeompressed, and wider than
long; beak straight, a little produced ; upper valve convex ;
surface with abont thirty plaits, the half of which on one side
elevated, producing the appearance of being medially divided.

Its straight beak and greater width than length distinguish it from

T. inconstans.

Greensand, Haldon.

95. TrreprRatuLa pecrita.—The Little-Comb Terebra-
tula, pl. LVI. fig. 88, 89.

T. pectita. Sowerby, II. p. 87, pl. 138, fig. 1. Brongniart
Envy. de Paris, pl. 9, fig. 3.

Suborbicular; gibbose ; with a medial hollow, extending
from the beaks to the base; beak considerably produced and
slightly ineurved ; surface with very numerous longitudinal
rounded strix, which are frequently furcated towards the
base.

Under Greensand, Warminster and Swanage Bay.

96. TrREBRATULA sEMINULA.—The Little Seed Terebra-
tula, pl. LV." fig. 6, 7.

T. seminula. Phillips, II. p. 222, pl. 12, fig. 21, 22, 23.

Nearly orbicular; beak rather pointed, perforation very
small ; surface smooth, with one lateral plait.

Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

98. TEREBRATULA ANTIQUATA.—The Ancient Terebratula,
pl. LV." fig. 17, 18.

T. antiquata. Phillips, II. p. 223, pl, 11, fig. 20.

Oblong-oval, beak prominent ; hinge line nearly parallel ;
base rounded ; upper valve plane, with two ribs emanating from
the combs, and divergent ; lower valve convex ; surface smooth.

Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

99. TeREBRATULA PENTZDRA.—The Pentagonal Terebra-
tula, pl. LV.* fig. 19, 20.

T. pentedra. Phillips, II. p. 221, pl. 12, fig. 3.

Pentagonal ; compressed ; beak rather large, the perforation
minute ; front and sides emarginate ; surface undulated.

Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

100. TereBRATULA LENTIFORMIS. — The Lens-shaped
Terebratula, pl. LV.* fig. 23, 24.

T. lentiformis. Woodward, Geo. Nor. pl. 6, fig. 11.

Nearly orbicular, slightly lerticular ; beak small, perforation
minute ; surface smooth.

Upper Chalk, Norwich.

101. TereBRATULA RHOMBOIDEA.—The Rhomboidal Tere-
bratula, pl. LV.” fig. 29, 30, 38, 39.

T. rhomboide. Phillips, II. p. 222, pl. 12, fig. 18, 19, 20.

Ib: Pall. Foss. p. 88, pl. 35, fig. 158.

Subrhomboidal ; beak large and rounded, perforation minute,
destitute of lateral plaits.

Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland and Whitehall.

102. TrREBRATULA oBsoLETA.—The Obsolete Terebra-
tula, pl. LVI. fig. 90.

T. obsoleta. Sowerby, I. p. 192, pl. 83, fig. 7.

Almost orbicular, gibbose ; centre of the front a little elevated
by seven plaits; beak produced; sides with from seyen to
eleven sharp plaits ; depth about two-thirds the length.

MOLLUSCA. 139

103. TrEREBRATULA PENTAGONALIS.—The Pentagonal Tere-
bratula, pl. LV.* fig. 14, 15.

T. pentagonalis. Phillips, I. p. 91, pl. 1, fig. 17. 7. pen-
tangulata. Woodward, Geo. Nor. p. 54, pl. 6, fig. 10.

Pentagonal ; beak but slightly produced ; sides nearly paral-
lel ; a shallow mesial furrow, extending from the beak of the
larger valve to the base; small valve depressed in the centre ;
base concave in the centre ; surface smooth.

Under Chalk, Dane’s Dike and Hartford. Red Chalk,
Hunstanton.

104. TEREBRATULA LINEOLATA.—The Lined Terebratula,
pl. LV.* fig. 32.

T. lineolata. Phillips, I. p. 95, pl. 2, fig. 27.

Subquadrate, beak considerably produced ; slightly ineurved,
sides moderately rounded ; base with a broad central projec-
tion; surface with rather wide divergent stri~# or linea-
tions.

Speeton Clay, Speeton and Knapton.

105. TEREBRATULA CONVEXA.—The Convex Terebratula,
pl. LV.* fig. 50, 51. .

T. convexa. Sowerby, Geo. Tr., 2d Ser. IV. p. 339, pl.
14, fig. 12.

Subtriangular, sacculiform ; beak large, considerably pro-
duced and slightly incurved ; angles rounded ; valves regularly
convex ; front a little elevated ; surface with numerous diyer-
gent slightly rounded ribs.

Lower Greensand, near Hythe.

106. TEREBRATULA ELEGANS.—The Elegant Terebratula,
pl. LV.* fig. 75, 76.

T. elegans. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. IV. p. 338, pl.
14, fig. 11.

Transyersely obovate, or nearly orbicular ; beak prominent,
acute, almost straight ; front a little elevated and straight
surface with numerous sharp, divergent, narrow ribs.

Lower Greensand, Lympne, Kent.

107. TereBRATULA FABA.—The Bean-shaped Terebratula,
pl. LIV.* fig. 20, 21.

T. faba. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 338, pl. 14,
fig 10.

Longitudinally elliptical, narrow, gibbose; beak short but
prominent ; front concaye, but not elevated ; surface smooth.

Lower Greensand, near Folkstone.

108. TEREBRATULA PARvIROsTRIS—The Short-Beaked
Terebratula, pl. LY.* fig. 83, 84.

T. parvirostris. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 339, pl.
14, fig. 13.

Slightly tetrahedral, orbicular ; beak small and acute ; sides
angular, and slightly produced ; surface with numerous angular
divergent ribs, eight or nine of them considerably elevated
in front.

Lower Greensand, East of Shanklin.

109. TEREBRATULA piLaTaTa.—The Enlarging Tere-
bratula, pl. LVI. fig. 70, 71.

T. dilatata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. IV. p. 343, pl.
18, fig. 2.

Transversely elliptical, imperfectly trilobate ; central lobe
elevated ; beak of the larger valve short and large, with the
point considerably ineurved and sharp; surface with about
fifty sharp divergent plaits, giving the whole external margin
a serrated appearance.

140

This species bears a resemblance to the Terebratula vespertilio of
Brocci, but is not so wide, nor so distinctly trilobate.

Greensand, Blackdown.

110. TeREBRATULA MEGATREMA ?—The Largely-Perforated
Terebratula, pl. LV.* fig. 100.

T. megatrema. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 343, pl.
18, fig. 3.

Transyersely obovate, moderately conyex; beak large,
rounded and produced, with a very ample perforation ; surface
with a few large, distant, rounded divergent ribs.

Greensand, Blackdown.

11h. TEREBRATULA PsITTAcus.—The Parrot-beak Terebra-
tula, pl. LV.* fig. 56, 57.

T. psittacea. Bruguiere, Ency. Meth pl. 244, fig. 3. Tur-
ton, Conch. Dict. pl. 11, fig. 42. Brown, Ilust. Conch. Brit.
p- 68, pl. 46, fig. 2, 3, 4.

Convex, nearly globose ; beaks greatly produced and curved ;
sides abruptly turned inwards, and provided with a few longi-
tudinal strize ; front margin somewhat indented on both sides,
and produced in the middle, invested with five longitudinal
divergent strix ; perforation subtriangular.

Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ayrshire, Scotland; and
Mammaliferous Crag, Bramerton.

112. TrREBRATULA TRIPLICATA.—The Three-plaited Tere-
bratula, pl. LV.* fig. 60.

T. triplicata. Phillips, Geo. York. I. p. 134, pl. 15,
fig. 22.

Transversely elongated ; much inflated ; beak short and ob-
tuse ; upper valve convex, with three large and deep longitu-
dinal folds ; under valve concave, with three large and deep
plaits.

Lias, Yorkshire.

113. TeREBRATULA TUMIDA—The Tumid Terebratula, pl.
LV.* fig. 65.

T. tumida. Phillips, IT. p. 222, pl. 12, fig. 35.

Obovate, tumid; beak indistinct ; lower valve flatter than
the other; surface with rather large longitudinal ribs,
stronger and rounded in the centre, smaller and curved on
the sides.

Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

114. TEREBRATULA BIDENS.—The Two-toothed Terebratula,
pl. LV.* fig. 95.

T.bidens. Phillips, I. p. 134, pl. 13, fig. 24.

Suborbicular ; beaks small ; upper valve convex, lower one
concave, each provided with two very large central and deep
plaits, with two tooth-like plaits in the sides.

Lias, Wilton Castle, and Staithes.

115. TrerEBratuLa comra.—tThe Elegant Terebratula, pl.
LV.* fig. 77, 78.

T. comta. Phillips, Pal. Foss. p. 89, pl. 35, fig. 161.

Oblong, convex, pentahedral ; beak long, nearly straight ;
surface with nnmerous rounded ribs ; front elevated.

Devonian Shales, Newton and Barton.

116. TerepratuLa FERITA.—The
LVI. fig. 5, 6.

T. ferita. Phillips, Pal. Foss. p. 89, pl. 35, fig. 163. Von
Buch, pl. 2. fig. 37, a, 0, ¢.
Subtriangular ; beak long, straight, and acute ; lateral angles
truncated, depressed ; surface with a few very large ribs, and
deep intermediate furrows, curved on the sides, and trans-

Terebratula, pl.

MOLLUSCA.

TEREBRATULA.

versely striated; hinge line very short and straight; space
under the beak of lower valye depressed.

Deyonian Shales, Barton, Plymouth, and Newton.

117. TerepraruLa PROoBosCcIDALIS.—The Trunked Tere-
bratula, pl. LVI. fig. 22, 23.

L. proboscidalis. Phillips, Pal. Foss. p. 84, pl. 34, fig. 149,
a, b.

Elongated ; beak prominent ; front margin broad and pro-
truding ; middle of the valves uniformly convex in the centre ;
surface with numerous equal strize, which are most conspicuous
near the edges.

Deyonian Limestone, Hope, near Torquay.

118. TaReBRATULA RADIALIS.—The Radiating Terebratula,
pl. LVI. fig. 16, 17.

T.radialis. Phillips, II. p. 223, pl. 12, fig. 40, 41.

Orbicular, destitute of a mesial fold; beak slightly ele-
vated, straight; surface with many equal rounded radiating

ribs.

Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

119. TEREBRATULA QUADRATA.—The Square-shaped Tere-
bratula, pl. LVI. fig. 24, 25.

T. quadrata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 338, pl. 14,
fig. 9.

Oblong-ovate, gibbose ; beak large ; base nearly parallel ;
both valves with eight or nine large, rounded, longitudinal ribs.

Lower Greensand, Hythe.

120. TrEReBRATULA suBPLIcATA.—The Half-plaited Tere-
bratula, pl. LVI. fig. 27, 28.

T. subplicata. Mantell, Geo. Suss. p. 211, pl. 26, fig. 5, 6, 11.

Transversely ovate; gibbous, nearly smooth; beak very
slightly produced ; upper valve convex, lower valve depressed ;
margin serrated ; front sinuate, with three or four sharp pluits.

Upper Chalk, near Lewis.

121. TEREBRATULA HEMISPHERICA——The Hemispherical
Terebratula, pl. LVI. fig. 41, 42.

T. hemispherica. Sowerby, VI. p. 69, pl. 586, fig. 1.

Hemispherical; beak produced, incuryed ; lesser valve nearly
flat, with numerous longitudinal granulated ribs; margin
toothed.

Great Oolite, Ancliff, Wiltshire.

122. TrrEBRaTULA rigipsA.—The Rigid Terebratula, pl.
LVI. fig. 43, 44.

T. rigida. Sowerby, VI. p. 69, pl. 536, fig. 2.

Orbicular ; beak small; lesser valve nearly flat; larger
valve very convex ; surface with numerous, granulated plaits,
increasing in number towards the margin ; front eyen.

Upper Chalk, Trimmingham.

123. TEREBRATULA STRIATULA.—The Finer-Striated Tere-
bratula, pl. LVI.* fig. 36, 27, and 38 Var.

T. striatula. Sowerby, VI. p. 69, pl. 536, fig. 3, 4, 3.
Mantell, Geo. Suss. p. 131, pl. 25, fig. 7, 8,and 12. Phillips,
I. pl. 2, fig. 28.

Longitudinally oblong-ovate, compressed ; beak large, but
short, with a large circular aperture ; front truncated, some-
times furnished with a sinus; surface with numerous very fine
granulated striae, many of which are forked.

This species is liable to considerable variety of_form, some specimens
being nearly orbicular.

London Clay, Isle of Skepey ; Upper Chalk at Norwich ;

‘Terepratua.

Lower Chalk, Hamsey, Leeds, and Dorking, and the upper
Greensand, Warminster and Blackdown.

124, TrrepratTuLa PLicatiLis.—The Fine-plaited Tere-
bratula, pl. LVI. fig. 51, 52, and 62, 63.

T. plicatilis. Sowerby, II. p. 37, pl. 118, fig. 1; and 7.
octoplicata, ib. fig. 2; Brongniart; Envy. Paris, pl. 4, fig.
a; Se

Gibbose, transversely obovate, length somewhat more than
its depth, width about one-third greater than the length ; beak
rather short, and slightly incurved ; larger valve less inflated
than the other; centre elevated by twelve obtuse plaits, with
fifteen or more on each side. Fig. 62 and 63, a variety dif-
fering from the other in being somewhat longer, and in having
from seyen to nine plates only on the sinus.

Upper Chalk, Gravesend and Norwich.

125. TreREBRATULA PLEURODON.—The Side-toothed Tere-
bratula, pl. LVI. fig. 57 and pl. LVI.* fig. 2 to 7.

T. pleurodon. Phillips, II. p. 222, pl. 12, fig. 16, 25, 26,
27, 28, 29, and 30. . Ib. Pall. Foss. p. 86, pl. 35, fig. 155.

Transyersely ovate ; beak prominent ; hinge line arcuated ;
surface with large prominent ribs, emanating from the um-
bones, and terminating on the base; the intermediate furrows
wide ; sides very deeply reflexo-dentate.

The species is subject to much variety, and are thus defined by Pro-
fessor Phillips, viz.—

a. The mesial portion elevated, large ; sides much reflexed, with very
acute ribs, as in fig.

6. Raricosta—The ribs few.

ce. Poliodonta—Mesial ribs numerous; margin squared.

Fig. 57, pl. LVI. is a gigantic specimen.

Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland, Orton, and Ireland ;
Deyonian Limestone, Pilton and Petherwin.

126. TrreBRATULA ANGULARIS.—The Angular Terebra-
tula, pl. LVI. fig. 14, 15.

T. angularis. Phillips, Pal. Foss. p. 89. pl. 35, fig. 162.
Atrypa principilaris. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. V. pl.
57, fig. 5, 6, and pl. LV.« fig. 61, 62, the young shell.

Pentagonal, convex ; beak prominent ; front elevated, with
three or four plaits; margin compressed ; a deep angular fur-
row emanates from the centre of the lower valve, and is
bounded by two angular ridges, terminating on the base.

Devonian Limestone, Plymouth, Barton, and Eifel.

127. TreREBRATULA LATERALIS.—Ilhe Broad Terebratula,
pl. LVI.* fig. 30.

T. lateralis. Sowerby, I. p. 189, pl. 83, fig. 1.

Semiovate, gibbose, its breadth exceeding its length; beak
a little elevated and curved ; front greatly elevated in the
centre, with three deep short plaits, producing three very deep
angular notches, filled by sharp teeth in the opposite valve ;
each side furnished with two plaits, which extend considerably
below the centre; perforated or longer valve flatter than the
other; there is a great length in the edge, between the central
and lateral plaits.

Carboniferous Limestone, Cork, Ireland, and Bolland, York-
shire.

128. TrREBRATULA RENIFORMIS.—~ The Kidney--shaped
Terebratula, pl. LVI. fig. 40, 55, 56, and 38, 39.

T.reniformis. Sowerby, V. p. 154, pl. 496, fig. 1,2, 3, 4.

Reniform, bilobate, rounded, and inflated ; middle provided
with three or four longitudinal rounded ridges, terminated by

MOLLUSCA. 141

acute plaits in the frontal margin ; sides inflated ; the ridges
and intermediate furrows are rounded; the corresponding
notches in the margin acutely augular.

This shell is liable to considerable variety in the general contour and
in the number of its ridges.

Vantery 1,—Destitute of a mesial ridge.

Varixty 2,—With from three to five obtuse mesial ridges.

Variety 3,—From three to five acute mesial ridges.,

Carboniferous Limestone, Dublin and Cork.

129. TeEREBRATULA PLATYLOBA.—The Flat-lobed Terebra-
tula, pl. LVI. fig. 30 and 50.

T. platyloba. Sowerby, V. p. 155, pl. 496, fig. 5, 6.

Transversely ovate, considerably compressed, its width be-
ing nearly double its length; umbo obtuse; base with seven

_or eight rather obtuse ridges, which extend upwards two-thirds

the length of the valves ; several of the central ones somewhat
acute ; sides with one or two nearly obsolete plaits on their
edges.

Carboniferous Limestone, Clithero.

130. TrreBRATULA BOREALIS.—The Northern Terebra-
tula, pl. LVI. fig. 26.

T. borealis. Schloth, Nac. pl. 20, fig. 6.
Dalmain, pl. 6, fig. 12.
p- 611, pl. 5, fig. 19.

Oboyate, gibbose, obscurely trilobate, and provided with
about sixteen acute longitudinal plaits, four or five of the
middle ones in front considerably more elevated than the
others ; beak small, acute, and slightly incurved. Length
seven lines, width eight lines.

Devonian Shales, Ogwell and Plymouth ; Upper Ludlow
Limestone, Ludlow and Braubach, and the Wenlock Lime-
stone, Wenlock and Presteign.

131. TereBraTULA cHrysaLis.—The Chrysalid Terebra-
tula, pl. LVI. fig. 60, 61.

T. chrysalis, T. Gervillii. Woodward, pl. 6, fig. 14, Schloth,
M.G:S. Fr. pl. 16, fig. 9. Faugas, Mt. St., pl. 26, fig. 9.

Oblong-ovate, sub-compressed ; beak extremely long, acute,
and slightly incurved ; hinge line of lesser valve straight, with
small auriform processes ; whole surface with pretty large
but not deep divergent ribs, producing a slightly crenulated
margin.

T. plicatella.
T. lacunosa. Sowerby, Sil. Syst.

Woodward supposes it possible that this may be the young of J'rigo-
noscimus lyra ; but it is totally distinct from that species,

The Upper Chalk, Norwich.

132. TrREBRATULA FLEXISTRIA. — The Waved Striate
Terebratula, pl. LVI. fig. 64, 65.

T. flexistria. Phillips, II. p. 222, pl. 12, fig. 33, 34.

Oblate, sub-depressed ; beak very small, hardly protruding
beyond the hinge line; mesial elevation rounded ; lower valve
somewhat smaller and flatter than the other, with an incon-
spicuous beak ; sides considerably curved ; surface with many
flexous obtuse strise or small ribs.

Carboniferous. Limestone, Bolland and Newton.

133. TrrepratuLa MEsoconta.—The Interangular Tere-
bratula, pl. LVI. fig. 72, 73.

T. mesogona. Phillips, II. p. 222, pl. 12, fig. 10, 11, 12.

Tetrahedral, frontal elevation single or cleft; sides pro-
vided with one or two ribs.

Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

142

134. TEREBRATULA CRENULATA.—The Crenulated Tere-
bratula, pl. LVI. fig. 74, 75.

T. crenulata. Phillips, Pal. Foss. p. 85, pl. 34, fig. 152.

Pentagonal; beaks very obtuse and rounded, compressed ;
sides and base nearly parallel ; whole surface, except near the
umbonal regions, covered with fine numerous deep furrows,
with rather flat intermediate ribs.

Deyonian Shales, South Devon and Barton.

135. TEREBRATULA VENTILABRUM.—The Bellied Terebra-
tula, pl. LVI. fig. 84, 85.

T. ventilabrum. Phillips, II. p. 223, pl. 12, fig. 36, 38, 39.

Rhomboideo-deltoidal ; margins sharp, with obtuse ribs ;
upper valve sulcate near the beak, which is obtuse; sides
nearly obliquely parallel, with five or six mesial ribs.

Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

136. TeREBRATULA ANISODONTA.—The Unequal-notched
Terebratula, pl. LVI. fig. 58, 59.

T. anisodonta. - Phillips, Pal. Foss. p. 86, pl. 34, fig. 154.

Transyersely oval, depressed ; beak somewhat prominent ;
front straight, with a large angular elevation raised to a straight
mesial edge, which is deeply indented by six narrow rounded
ribs ; sides rather reflected towards the deeper valve ; broadly
and deeply notched by short considerably elevated ridges.

Deyonian Shales, Barton, South Devonshire.

137. TeREBRATULA soctaLis.—The Social Terebratula.

T. socialis. Phillips, I. p. 112, pl. 6, fig. 8.

Transversely oblong-ovate ; beak short; mesial elevation
with four prominent ribs ; sides slightly rounded; whole sur-
face with very strong and rather acute ribs.

Caleareous Grit, and Kelloway’s Rock,
Hackness.

138. TEREBRATULA sPInosA—The Spinous Terebratula,
pl. LVI. fig. 1.

T. spinosa. Smith, p. 108; Knorr, Tet. Dil. 2 pl. B. 4,
fiz. 4. Phillips, Geo. York. I. p. 123, pl. 9, fig. 18. 7. aspira.
Konig, Icon, fig. 219.

Subtriangular ; beaks rather obtuse ; sides gradually round-
ed ; surface with rather broad longitudinal ribs, provided with
obtuse, somewhat distant spines.

Great Oolite Cave, and Bath, and the Inferior Oolite,
Dundry ; Cheltenham, Bayeux, and Bole.

139. TEREBRATULA AMBLIGONIA.—The
Terebratula, pl. LVI fig. 33.

T. ambligona. Phillips, Pal. Foss. p. 88, pl. 35, fig. 160.

Pentrahedral, oblong, a little convex, with the surface
slightly elevated ; umbones somewhat produced, from whence
a mesial furrow proceeds, and terminates on the basal margin,
on each side of which are five rather large and rounded diver-
gent ribs ; mesial furrow on the deep valye bounded by two
ribs, which are shorter than the others.

Devonian Shales, South Devon, Barton, and Babbacombe.

140. TEREBRATULA SULCIROSTRIS.—The Furrowed-beaked
Terebratula, pl. LVI. fig. 9 and 12.

T. sulcirostris. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 222, pl. 12, fig.
31, 32.

Rhomboideo-deltoidal ; beaks slightly developed; central
area with from five to nine pretty deep divergent furrows,
with intermediate ribs, and producing a square projection on
the base; ribs on the sides flat, and slightly defined ; edge
sharp ; upper valve with the furrows reaching the beak.

Scarborough and

Obtuse-angled

CONCHIFERA.

TEREBRATULA.

This species is subject to two varieties, one of which has numerous
ribs, and the other with fewer.

Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

141. TEREBRATULA LATICosTA.—The Broad-ribbed Tere-
bratula, pl. LVI.* fig. 10, 11, 63, 64.

T. laticosta. Phillips, Pal. Foss. p. 85, pl. 34, fig. 153.

Transyersely elliptical ; beaks small, slightly produced, and
angulated, with a very small perforation ; front provided with
a mesial sinus; about twenty obtuse, almost equal, prominent
ribs cover the surface ; these are more enlarged towards the
borders, which are obtuse, and crossed by distinct lines of
growth.
" There are two varieties of this species. Fig. 63 and 64 are the ordi-
nary form, and 10 and 11 the variety ; the former is from the Limestone

at Boggy Point, North Devon, and the latter from Barton, North
Devon.

142. TrereBratuta tacunosa, pl. LVI.* fig. 15.

T. lacunosa. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 624, pl. 12, fig. 10.

Transversely elliptical, with a projecting sinus; surface
with numerous divergent rounded ribs, which project beyond
the edges; larger valye with the beak considerably incurved,
and both of them obtuse.

Wenlock Limestone, Wenlock Edge ; Nash Lime Sear, aud
Wallsall.

Gents XIII ORBICULA.—Cuvier.

Shell inequivalve, nearly orbicular, compressed, generally
irregular in form, adherent, flat, and attached by means of a
fibrous substance passing through an orifice near the centre of
the lower valve. Upper valve patelliform, its vertex pos-
terior or nearly central ; each valve provided with four mus-
cular impressions, two of which are large, approximate, and
situate near the centre ; two smaller and more distinct ones
placed near the posterior margin ; those of the lower valve
not so well defined as the others; near the inner extremity of
the orifice there is an obtuse testaceous process, destitute of
hinge—teeth, or ligament.

1. Orpicuna punerata.—The Punctured Orbicula, pl.
LVI.* fig. 54.

O. punctata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst., p. 636, pl. 20, fig. 5.

Lenticular, much compressed ; apex 'submarginal ; surface
with fine granulations, each of whichis punctured. Diameter
half an inch.

Lower Silurian Rocks, Chatwall, Caradoc.

2. OnrsrcuLa ruGATA—The Rough Orbicula, pl. LVI.*
fig. 57, 58.

0. rugata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst., p. 608, pl. 4, fig. 47, 48, and
p- 610, pl. 5, fig. 11.

Almost orbicular ; upper valve a much depressed cone, with
the surface concentrically wrinkled; lower valve nearly flat.
Diameter six lines, height two lines.

Upper Ludlow Rock, Ludlow, Promontory, Richard’s Caste,
and many other localities.

3. ORBICULA sTRIATA.—The Striated Orbicula, pl. LVI.*
fig. 61, 62.

O. striata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst., p. 610, pl. 5, fig. 12.

Orbicular, very convex ; apex deflected, marginal, covered
with minute radiating strie. Diameter seven lines, height
three lines.

Upper Ludlow Rock, Delbury and Ludlow Hills.

we

Oreicura.

4. ORBICULA GRANULATA.—The Granulated Orbicula, pl.

XLIX. fig. 16 and 26.
O. granulata. Sowerby, VI. p. 6, pl. 506, fig. 8, 4.

Brown's Elements Fossil. Conch. p. 75, pl. 9, fig. 10.

Nearly orbicular ; conical, patellweform, with a rather
acute apex, and sides a little rounded; surface with numer-
ous granulated radiating strix, crossed by many lines of growth.

Great Oolite, Ancliff, Wiltshire.

5. Orsicuta Humpnrrestana.—Humphrie’s Orbicula, pl.
XLIX. fig. 8, 9.

O. Humphriesiana. Sowerby, VI. p. &, pl. 506, fig. 2.

Conical, orbicular ; conical, depressed; apex eccentric, and
rather obtuse ; surface with many divergent stris.

Kimmeridge Clay, Shotover Hill, Oxfordshire.

6. OrBIcULA REFLEXA.—The Reflexed Orbicula, pl. XLIX.
fig. 17, 18, 19.

O. refleca. Sowerby, Il. p. 4, pl. 506, fig. 1. Ib. Zool.
Jour. II. 321.

Somewhat elliptical ; thin, surface smooth, polished ;
upper valve convex, covering the reflex edge of the lower
valve ; apex eccentric, placed very near to one end, lower
valve flat, with the vertex nearly central, and a reflexed
margin in consequence of the dise behind the apex being con-
caye ; byssal sinus large and elongated.

7. OrxicuLa LatissiMmA.—The very Broad Orbicula, pl.
XLVIII. fig. 35. Patella latissima, p. 105.

Patella latissima. Sowerby, II. p. 88, pl. 189, fig. 1 and 5.

Depressed, smooth, slightly ovate, and very thin; vertex
eccentric ; surface concentrically undulated.

Oxford Clay, Scarborough and Elberston.

8. OrsicuLa nitipa. The Shining Orbicula, pl. XLIX.
fig. 10, 21, and 22.

O. nitida. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p. 221, pl. 11, fig.
10,.11, 12, 13.

Slightly ovate ; upper valve conico-lenticular ; apex obtuse,
situate near the narrow end ; surface covered with fine wide-
set strie, radiating from the apex to the sides.

Carboniferous Limestone, at Bowes, Pateley Bridge, Lee,
Harelaw, and Otterburn, Coalbrookdale.

9. OrpicuLa muTABALA.—The Changeable Orbicula, pl.
XLIX.* fig. 1.

Q. nitida. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 446, pl. 32, fig. 14,
variety.

Slightly ovate, glabrous, with somewhat irregular and
faintly defined lines of growth, and extremely fine radiating
strie, which can only be seen by the aid of a lens; beak
remote, distant about one-fourth of the diameter from the
margin, its elevation being about one-third of its diameter ; in
most instances, however, only about a fourth.

Distinguished from 0. nitida by the nearly obsolete very faint radiat-
ing striz.

Carboniferous Strata, in Shale, at Benburb, Ireland.

10. Orprcuta crncta.—The Girdled Orbicula, pl. XLUX.”
fig. 9.

O. cincta. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 446, pl. 32, fig. 15.

Nearly circular, with fine concentric lines of growth ;
apex nota third of the diameter from the margin, and ele-
vated about a third ; lower valve also convex, with a truncated
apex.

CONCHIFERA. 143

Carboniferous Limestone Shale, Benburb and Tyrone, Ire-

land.
11. Orsicuta tmvicata——The Smooth Orbicula, pl.

XLIX. fig. 10.

O. laevigata. (Miinster.)—Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 445, pl.
82, fig..11,.12.

Circular, highest towards the beak, which is only slightly
arched, short, and at the outer margin depressed ; shell smooth,
the lines of growth hardly visible.

Silurian, gritty coarse Schists, Tyrone, Ireland.

12. Orpicuta optoncara.—The Oblong Orbicula, pl.
XLIX.” fig. 12.

O. elongata. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 445, pl. 32, fig. 13.

Elongated, greatly flattened, and smooth; beak slightly
raised, and situate near the margin.

Differs from 0. levigata in the beak not being so close to the margin.

Silurian, gritty Schists, Tyrone, Ireland.

13. OrpicuLa RADIATA.—The Rayed Orbicula, pl. LXTX.*
fig. 13.

O. radiata. Phillips, Geo. York. I. p. 101, pl. 4, fig. 12.

Slightly ovate ; apex placed near the narrow end ; general
surface smooth; with a series of radiating striae round the
margin.

Coral Crag, Malton, Yorkshire.

14. OrpicuLa susroTUNDA.—The Half-round Orbicula,
pl. XLIX.* fig. 14.

O. subrotunda. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 445, pl. 82, fig. 10.

Slightly oyal; apex situate one-fourth the diameter from
the margin.

Silurian Schists, Tyrone, Ireland.

15. Orxpicuta Norvecica——The Norwegian Orbicula,
pl. XLIX.* fig. 11.

O. Norvegica. Lamarck, An. San. Vert. VI. pt. I. p. 242.
Brown's Illustrations of Recent Conchology of Brit. p. 6, pl.
20, fig. 21, 22, and pl. 22, fig. 9.

Form irregular ; margin ruggid, upper valve pattelliform,
a little convex, with concentric lines of growth; vertex a
little off the centre ; under valve quite flat, adhering its whole
circumference to other bodies ; provided with four muscular
impressions.

Coral Crag, Sutton.

Tree II.—RUDISTA.

Animal unknown, as are also the ligament and hinge; shel
with very unequal valves, and destitute of distinct umbones.

Genus XIV. HIPPONYX.—Defrance.

Generic Character.—Shell bivalve, adherent, inequivalve,
irregular; muscular impressions in both valves horse-shoe
shaped ; lower valve affixed to marine bodies, orbicular, much
compressed, and considerably thickened in some instances,
with its margins always elevated, particularly in front, its
muscular impression consisting of two contiguous semilunar
portions, which are distant, broad, and rounded in front,
nearly confluent and narrow behind ; upper valve patelliform,
generally subconic, in some instances compressed, with a
posteriorly submarginal umbo pointing backwards; muscular
impressions situate near the posterior margin, with its two
lobes considerably more remote, and obliquely truncated in

144

front, but entirely confluent behind ; hinge destitute of a liga-
ment or teeth.

1. Hrpronyx cornucop1#.—The Horn of Plenty Hip-
ponyx, pl. LVI.* fig. 41, 42, 43; 44, 45.

Piliopsis cornucope. Lamarck, An. San. Vert. VI. pt. 2,
p- 19. Desheyes, 609 ; Foss. pl. 2, fig. 13, 14, 15, 16.

Lower valve a depressed cone, with the vertex nearly cen-
tral, and slightly inclining, crossed by rugose lines of growth ;
upper valve very conical, with its apex inclining considerably ;
surface girdled by many irregular rugose lines of growth,
with numerous slightly undulating divergent longitudinal striz.

The London Clay, Bracklesham, and Grignon, France.

2. Hipponyx txyis.—The Smooth Hipponyx, pl. LVI.*
fig. 46, 47, 48,49, 50, 51. H. levis. Sowerby, Gen. Ree.
and Foss. Shells, No. I.

Lower valve nearly flat; upper valve oblique, extremely
conical, and the whole surface smooth, with a few regular
lines of growth.

Loudon Clay, Barton, Hampshire.

Genus XV. CALCEOLA.—Lamarck.

Generic Character.—Shell equilateral, inequivalye, trian-
gular ; umbones separated by a large, depressed, irregularly
and transversely striated, trigonal area in the lower valve,
which is the larger of the two, and very deep, funnel-shaped,
and obliquely truncated at its upper side ; hinge margin trans-
versely straight, linear, notched, and slightly toothed in the
centre ; the upper edge arcuated ; upper or smaller yalye semi-
orbicular, semicircularly striated, and serving as a lid to the
lower valve ; internal cardinal edge furnished with two lateral
tubercles, a central pit and smaller plate.

1. CALcroLa sANDALINA.—The Sandal-shaped Calceola,
pl. LVL» fig. 52, 53.

C. calceola. Phillips, Pal. Foss. p. 137, pl. 60, fig. 102.”

Devonian Shales, Chircombe Bridge, near Newton, South
Devon.

Soz-Drviston II.

Ligament not marginal, but placed in a short hollow under
the beak, always perceptible, and not forming a tendinous
cord beneath.

Famity I. OSTRACEA.

Ligament placed either interiorly or nearly so; shell irre-
gular in form, foliaceous and sometimes papyraceous.

Sus-Diviston I.
Ligament placed interiorly ; shell thin, papyraceous.

Genus XVI. ANOMIA.—Linneus.

Generic Character.—Shell inequivalve, irregular, opereu-
lated ; under yalve flattened, with a large circular or ovate
perforation near the hinge, and its edges turned back, through
which protrudes a testaceous or bony, straight, elliptical oper-
culum or plug, with a dilated base, by which the shell adheres
to extraneous bodies ; upper yalve the larger, concave and
entire ; ligament large, transverse, internal, placed within the

CONCHIFERA.

Anomia.

upper valve, at the umbo, and attached to a prominent, ex-
panding appendage in the depressed valve; lower valve with
a single, orbicular, nearly central muscular impression ; upper
yalve with three impressions, situated contiguous to each other,
the largest is next the base of the shell, which is connected, by
means of itsmuscle, with the plug, and the other two are also
connected, by the medium of their muscle, with the single im-
pression in the lower or flattened valve.

1. Anomia tinEaTa.—The Lineated Anomia, pl. LVII.
fig. 5, 6, 7, 8.

A. striata. Sowerby, V. p. 32, pl. 425.

Suborbicular, convex ; surface with fine numerous distinct
radiating strie.

In the adult condition it is contracted towards the beak.

Loudon Clay, Barton and Bagnor.

2. ANoMIA SEMISTRIATA.—The Semistriated Anomia, pl.
LVI. fig. 23.

A. semistriata.
p. 61, fig. 21.

Elliptical, a little convex, and thick, with concentric lines of
growth, and numerous longitudinal undulating striw, which
are only visible from about the centre of the valve to the
margin ; umbosmall and acute, situate nearly central. Length
one inch, breadth three quarters.

Cornbrash, Scarborough.

8. Anomia acuLiaTa.—The Spined Anomia, pl. LVII.
fig. 17.

A. aculiata.
22, fig. 6.

Orbicular, compressed, with numerous raised divergent striz,
surmounted by concave obtuse murications, or spines; um-
bones small, inclined ; under valve flat and smooth. Diameter
three-eights of an inch.

Pleistocine Marine Formation, Ayrshire, and Ireland.

4. ANomIA EPHIPPIUM.—The Saddle-shaped Anomia, pl.
LIX. fig. 13.

A. ephippium.
22, fig. 1 and 4,

Suborbicular, irregularly waved and wrinkled; one valve
convex, the other flat ; perforation rather large.

Pleistocine Marine Formation, England and Suffolk Crag.

5. ANoMIA convexA.—The Convex Anomia, pl. LVIT.
fig. 18, 19.

A. conrexa.
pl. 14, fig. 7.

Remarakably conyex ; beak large and prominent ; surface
smooth.

Lower Greensand, Shanklin, Isle of Wight.

6. ANnomIa L&vIGATA.—The Smooth Anomia, pl. LVII.*
fig. 20, 21.

A. levigata.
pl. 14, fig. 7.

Nearly circular, very thin and flat ; surface smooth ; umbo
hardly elevated.

Lower Greensand, Sandgate.

7. ANomIa unDULATA.—The Waved Anomia, pl. LIX.
fig. 14.

A. undulata.
22, fig. 2, 3.

Strong, flat, and suborbicular, with numerous strong, elevat-

Bean, Mag. Nat. Hist. New Series, TI.

Brown, Illust. Ree, Conch, Brit. p. 70, pl-

Brown, Illust. Ree. Conch., Brit. p. 69, pl.

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. IV. p. 338,

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. IV. p. 338,

Brown, Illust. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 69. pl.

Ostrea.

ed divergent stria ; umbo flat ; part of the sides slightly crenu-
lated ; perforation very large.

Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ayr and Suffolk Crag.

8. Anomia RADIATAA—The Rayed Anomia, pl. LX VI.*
fig. 22.

A. radiata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. IV. p. 338,
pl. 4, fig. 5.

Flat, irregularly orbicular, with fine radiating striae.

Lower Greensand, Sandgate.

9. Anomr1a squamuLA.—The Scaled Anomia, pl. LVII.*
fig. 16.

A. squamula. Brown, Illust. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 69,
pl. 22, fig. 5.

Suborbicular, very thin and flat, with indistinct concentric
wrinkles.

Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ireland, and Coral Crag,
Malton.

Genus X VII.—OSTREA.—JLinnaus.

Shell inequivalve, irregular, and foliaceous ; umbones some-
what separated, and of unequal size; lower valve largest,
concave, and often adherent ; upper valve smallest, and some-
what plain; hinge destitute of teeth, but sometimes slightly
crenated on the anterior side near the beaks ; ligament partly
external ; the facet to whichit is attached subtrigonal and
tripartite, and divided by two elevated lines which divaricate
from the umbo; each valve provided with two muscular im-
pressions, the one large, suborbicular, and nearly central ;
the other very small and situate near the hinge.

1. OstrEA AcumINaTA—The Acuminated Oyster, pl.
LVII. fig. 2, 3.

O. acuminata. Sowerby, II. p. 81, pl. 35, figs. 2, 3.

Much elongated, depressed, and incuryed ; upper valve a
little concave, and rather smooth ; distinctly eared, and with
rather acute umbones ; base acuminated ; surface with large
subimbricated transverse undulating lamin.

Fuller's Earth, Bathford Hill, Great Oolite, Stonesfield
and Cain’s Cross ; Inferior Oolite, Limpley Stoke.

2. OsTREA CANALICULATA.—The Canaled Oyster, pl.
LVII. fig. 9.

O. canaliculata. Sowerby, II. p. 81, pl. 35, fig. 1.

Depressed, much elongated, curved, slightly and equally
eared ; one or two descending sinuses in the anterior margin
near the base; sidé8 almost parallel, posterior side fequently
gaping ; near the beak a few concentric laminz, and two or
more canaliculated projections in the lower valve, which is
more convex than the other; upper valve flat.

Upper Chalk, Lewes and Norwich.

3. Ostrea Berxtiovactya.—The Bellovian Oyster, pl.
LVII. fig. 1.

O. Belovacina. Lamarck, An. du Mus. VIII. pl. 159,
and XIV. pl. 20, fig. 1. Deshayes, Coq. Fos. pl. 48, fig. 12.
Ib. Ann. San. Vert. VI. pt. 1, p. 228. Sowerby, IV. p. 121,
pl. 388, figs. 1, 2.

Oblong ; form irregular, somewhat orbicular or wedge-shap-
ed, thick ; lower valve convex, composed of undulating, sub-
imbricated lamin ; beak considerably produced, and straight

CONCHIFERA. 145

on each side ; ligamental area, a little elevated above the sur-
face of the shell; in the hollow valve it is curved and acute,
with a deep canal in the middle.

Plastic Clay, Phumstead, Woolwich, Reading, Headley, &c.

4. OsTREA EDULINA.—The Small Edible Oyster, pl. LVII.
fig. 15.

O. edulina. Lamarck, An. San. Vert. VI. pt. 1, p. 218.
Sowerby, IV. p. 122, pl. 388, figs. 3, 4.

Suborbicular, or subovate ; moderately thick; lower valve
convex, composed of undulating lamine ; upper valve very
smooth and depressed ; beak curved and pointed; but desti-
tute of straight lines on its sides,

Plastic Clay, Charlton and New Cross.

5. OsTREA L&viuscuLa.—The Very Smooth Oyster, pl.
LVII. fig 13.

O. leviuscula. Sowerby, V. p. 143, pl. 488, fig. 1.

Depressed, rounded, or somewhat triangular, beak subacute
and retroflected ; scales distant ; surface smooth and obscurely
imbricated ; lower valve destitute of ribs.

Kimmeridge Clay, Aylesbury and Bedford.

6. Ostrea costata.—The Ribbed Oyster, pl. LVIII. fig. 9.

O. costata. Sowerby, V. p. 143, pl. 488, fig. 3.

Suborbicular, lower valye with numerous fureated and
doubly fureated divergent ribs; upper valve flat, with an
undulated margin ; beak obscure.

Great Oolite, Hampton and Ancliff.

7. OsTREA opscURA.—The Obscure Oyster, pl. LIX. figs. 3, 4.
Sowerby, V. p. 143, pl. 488, fig. 2.

Oblong; irregular; beak obtuse and curved; hinge area
large, triangular ; lower valve very deep, the other flat.

Great Oolite, Ancliff, Wiltshire.

8. OstREA Dorsata.—The Backed Oyster, pl. LIX. fig. 2-

O. dorsata. Sowerby, V. p. 144, pl. 489, figs. 1,2. Des-
hayes, Coq. Fos. I. pl. 58, figs. 9, 10, 11, and pl. 64, figs. 1,
2, 3, 4.

Oblong ; form variable ; convex ; beaks blunt ; upper valve
very convex, with numerons longitudinal subimbricated, many-
branched strie ; inner margin toothed.

London Clay, Barton.

9. OstTREA sEMIPLANA.—The Half-plain Oyster, pl. LEX.
fig. 7.

O. semiplana. Sowerby, V. p. 144, pl. 489, fig. 3, Man-
till, Geo. Suss. p. 207, pl. 25, fig. 4.

Oval ; depressed ; surface largely foliated ; valves flat in the
middle ; edges free from deep sinuations.

Upper Chalk, Gravesend, Lewes, and Wiltshire.

10. OsrrEA DELTOIDEA.—The Deltoidal Oyster, pl. LIX.
fig. 10.

O. deltoidea. Lamarck, Eny. de Paris, p. 265. Sowerby,
IV. p. 111, pl. 148.

Equivalve, thin, flat, much compressed, triangular ; laminar ;
beaks equal, much produced, and straight, and pointing on
one side; one side with a deep sinus ; edges extending con-
siderably beyond the enamelled surface of the interior, giving
the external contour a more rounded aspect than the internal.

Kimmeridge Clay, Portland, Weymouth, and.counties of
Buckingham, Bedford, and York.

11. OsrrREA ExPANSA.—The Expanded Oyster, pl. LVIII.
fig. 7.

2N

146

O. expansa. Sowerby, III. p. 65, pl. 238, fig. 1.

Broad ; length and breadth nearly equal; deltoidal, with
obtuse angles; beaks obscure, hinge area wide, flat ; slightly
elevated, and nearly straight ; cicatrix broad, with a sinus at
the beak; margin with large undulations, surface laminar ;
muscular impressions very large and deep.

Portland Sand, Whitchureb ; Quainton, Buckinghamshire ;
Wiltshire and Bedfordshire.

12. OsTrEA UNDULATA.—The Waved Oyster, pl. LVIII.
fig. 6.

O. undulata. Sowerby, III. p. 65, pl. 238, fig. 2.

Subtriangular, recurved, convex, and rounded posteriorly ;
thick ; beaks blunt ; surface with many longitudinal depressed
ribs, and shallow intervening furrows, with numerous distant,
undulating, imbricated lamine ; cicatrix elongated, ovate, and
oblique ; hinge pit slightly elevated.

Portland Sand, Vale of Wardour.

13. OsTREA FLABELLULA.—The Little Fan Oyster, pl.
LVIL. figs. 11, 12.

O. flabellula. Sowerby, III. p. 97, pl. 258. O. cymbula.
Lamarck, An. San. Vert. VI. pt. 2, p. 215. 0. chama pli-
cata. Brander, p. 36, pl. 7, fig. 84, 85. Deshayes, pl. 63,
figs. 5, 6, 7.

External form very variable, oblong, and always subarcuated ;
beaks prominent, that of the larger valve much curved ; larger
valve deep, longitudinally and irregularly curved and plaited,
with the margin dentated ; smaller valve flat, smooth, with
remote imbricated lamina; margin plain; the lateral crenu-
lations are well marked, on the sides and margin of the flat
valve near the hinge.

London Clay, Barton and Bracklesham.

14. OstREA TENERA.—The Tender Oyster, pl. LVI. fig. 14.

O..tener. Sowerby, III. p. 95, pl. 252, figs. 2, 3.

Much elongated, slightly curved, thin, depressed; beak of
the upper valve acute, and included in the frequently curved
beak of the under valve, and canaliculated ; surface almost
plain and smooth, with obsolete imbricated lamine.

Plastic Clay, Woolwich.

15. Osrrea Mrapit.—Meade’s Oyster, pl. LVIIL fig. 3.

O. Meadii. Sowerby, III. p. 95, pl. 252, figs. 1—4.

Much elongated, thick; hinge area large, the pit wide;
beaks projecting ; attached valve very deep, and longitudin-
ally rugged and undulated ; the other plain and flat, with
lateral crenulations near the hinge ; edges very irregular.

Great Oolite, Somersetshire.

16. OstrEa GiGANTEA.—The Gigantic Oyster, pl. LVII.
fig. 4.

O. gigantea.
p. 143, pl. 64.

Slightly elongated, very thick, irregular in form, umbo
short, very littie incurved; hinge-pit large, tripartite, situ-
ated upon a slightly oblique elevation, with its sides flat and
striated, and its internal end perpendicular to the surface of
the valyes, and not gradually curved into the sides of the
shell, as in other species.

Brander, p. 87, pl. 8, fig. 88. Sowerby, I.

This shell is very large, frequently measuring upwards of seven and
a half inches, and weighing two to three pounds.

London Clay, Barton and Bognor.
17. OstREA PULCHRA.—The Fine Oyster, pl. LIX. fig. 12.

CONCHIFERA.

Osrrea.

O. pulchra. Sowerby, III. p. 141, pl. 279.

Nearly orbicular, compressed ; one valve convex, with an
obscure beak, and numerous radiating flat ribs and shallow
furrows, crossed by wide-set undulating lamine ; the other
valve almost flat, with a short, blunted, slightly incurved
beak ; hinge-line parallel.

Plastic Clay, Woolwich and Sundridge.

18. OsTREA sotiTartaA.—The Solitary Oyster, pl. LUX.
figs. 8 and 11.

O. solitaria. Sowerby, V. p. 105, pl. 468, fig. 1.
ligera. Goldfuss, pl. 72, fig. 11 ?

Obovate, thick ; sometimes incurved ; beaks short ; surface
with many divergent strong and frequently furcated ribs, and
deep intervening furrows, crossed. by elevated rugged imbri-
cated laminz ; one valve flatter than the other.

Portland Stone, Dunton, Bucks; and the Coral Rag,
Malton.

19. OstreA MAcRopTERA.—The Long Winged Oyster,
pl. LVIII. figs. 1, 2.

O. macroptera. Sowerby, V.p. 105, pl. 468, figs. 2, 3.
Parkinson, III. pl. 14, figs. 4.

Falciform, compressed, with a large rectangular wing within
the curve; surface with irregular, undulating, deep plaits ;
deeply furrowed and acutely ribbed towards the margin of
the valves, producing a series of deep and sharp tooth-like
processes, locking into each other; hinge area wide, triangu-
lar, the pit for the ligament broad and much incurved ; beaks
long, incurved and pointed.

Gualt, Folkstone, and Lower Greensand, Atherfield and
Berehead.

20. OsTREA cARINATA.—The Keeled Oyster, pl. LUX.
fig. 6.

O. carinata, Lamarck, VI. pt. I. p. 216, Ency. Meth.
pl. 187, figs. 3, 4, 5. Goldfuss, Pet. pl. 74, fig. 6. Sowerby
LV. p. 89, pl. 365.

Elongated, arcuated, irregular and much inflated, and point-
ed at both extremities; sides flattened ; whole surface with
numerous transverse deep furrows, and strong elevated angu-
lar sharp ribs; the centre with a keel ; margin with strong
deep tooth-like processes locking into each other.

Chalk Marl, Dover and Lyme Regis; Upper Greensand,
Chute Farm, and Southbourn ; Lower Greensand, Kent and
Isle of Wight.

21. OsrreA Marsau.— Marsh’s Oyster, pl. LIX.
fig. 10. 7

O. Marshii. Sowerby, I. p. 103, pk 48. Goldfuss, pl.
73. 0. diluviana. Parkinson, III. pl. 15, fig. 1.

Longitudinal, oblique, compressed, beak obscure ; obscurely
eared, 7 or 8 angular, large, obliquely longitudinal ribs and
furrows, crossed by concentric, zigzag, undulating lamine ; edge
thick, with strong and very deep-set triangular tooth-like
processes locking into each other.

Middle Oolite, Yorkshire and Wiltshire ; the Inferior Oolite,
Yorkshire and Gloucestershire.

22. OstREA GREGARIA.—The Gregarious Oyster, pl. LVII.
fig. 10.

O. gregaria. Sowerby, IIL., p. 19, pl. III. fig. 1.

Clustered, oblong, generally curyed ; substance of the shell
thin, especially towards the edges; beaks long, very slightly

O. pul-

Osrrea.

ineuryed ; hinge-pit with a central cavity in the lower valve
and a corresponding projection in the upper one; one valve
considerably deeper than the other; surface with a broken
longitudinal plait or furrow, from which diverge numerous
irregular sharp, frequently furcated or brauched ribs, crossed
by imbricated laminz.

Coral Rag, Malton, Wiltshire, and Caleareous Grit, Scar-
borough and Upware.

23. OsTReA puRTUsScULA.—The Ragged Ostrea, pl. LIX.
fig. 1.

O. duriuscula. Phillips, Geo. York, I. p. 101, pl. 4, fig. 1.

Obliquely ovate ; hinge with a produced auriform process on
one side; surface with rude irregular longitudinal wrinkles
and concertric lines of growth. Length 2 inches.

Coral Rag, Malton ; and near Scarborough, Yorkshire.

24. OsTREA INZQUALIS.—The Unequal Oyster, pl. LIX.
fig. 5.

O. inequalis. Phillips, Geo. York, I. p. 109, pl. 5, fig. 13.

Surface extremely rugged, and the margins irregularly
undulated ; lines of growth waved.

Oxford Clay, Scarborough, Yorkshire.

25. OsTREA uNnposA.—The Waved Oyster, pl. LVIII.
fig. 4.

O. undosa. Phillips, Geo. York, I. p. 112, pl. 6, fig. 4.

Obliquely ovate, umbones nearly central ; sides near the
hinge almost even, on one side an indistinct longitudinal
furrow reaching two-thirds of the length from the basal mar-
gin ; the other side with a series of obliquely transverse, pretty
strong, nearly equidistant undulations.

Kelloways Rock, Scarborough, Yorkshire.

26. OsTREA ARcHETYPA.—The Original Ostrea, pl. LVIIE.
fig. 5.

O. archetypa. Phillips, Geo. York, I. p. 112, pl. 6, fig. 9.

Umbo placed near to one side, and somewhat obtuse; a
large wide furrow emanating from the dise, increasing as it
descends to the base; and a narrower one in front, general
contour of the shell oblique, with the margins undulated.

Kelloways Rock, Scarborough and Wheatcross.

27. OstREA PALMETTA.—The Palmated Ostrea, pl. LXI.*
figs. 3, 4.

O. palmetta. Sowerby, II. p. 20, pl. 111. fig. 2.

Oblong-oyate, depressed ; umbo straight, nearly central,
slightly turned to one side, and a little curved ; with a single
obscure ear; a longitudinal space running from the umbo to
the base, from which diverge numerous blunt, oblique ribs ;
margins plaited.

Differing from O. gregaria in being flatter, with the plates
fewer and more irregular.

Great Oolite, Marston, near Oxford.

28. OsTREA ALZFORMIS.—Wing-shaped Ostrea, pl. LXI.*
figs. 1, 2.

O. aleformis. Woodward, Geo. Nor. p. 48, pl. 6, figs.
1, 2, 3. 0. serrata. Brongniart, Eny. de Paris, pl. 3, fig. 10.

Wing-shaped ; umbo situate near one side, which is yery
short, the other side extending laterally, and is five times the
dimensions of the other side; a nearly central space from the
umbones, from which diverge numerous ribs; margins with
numerous plaits, and with a horizontal frill extending toa con-
siderable extent, valves very irregular in form.

CONCHIFERA.

147

Upper Chalk, Norwich.

29. OstreA DistorTA.—The Distorted Ostrea, pl. LX VI.**
figs. 23, 24. ,

O. distorta. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. IV. p. 346, pl.
22, fig. 2, Ann. of Phil. N. S. VIII. p. 376.

Elongated, narrow towards the hinge ; one valve quite flat ;
surface of both valves smooth.

Purbeck, Lowth, Wiltshire, and Portland Sand, Buckingham.

80. Osrrea EpuLiIs.—The Edible Ostrea.

O. edulis. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch., p. 71, pl. 30,* figs. 6, 7.

Form variable, generally roundish oval, upper valve flat, with
transverse scaley foliations ; the under valve convex, and the
inner margin entire.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Renfrewshire, and the
Coral Rag, Ramshot, and common many other places.

31. OsrrEa ratcata.—The Hooked Ostrea, pl. LX VI.**
6, 7, fig. 27.

O. falcata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. IV., p. 347, pl.
23, fig. 1.

Considerably elongated and curyed towards the posterior
side ; one valve flat and thick, surface with numerous foli-
ations, the characters of the other valve unknown.

Portland Sand, Chicksgrove and Swindon.

32. OsTREA 1Na&QuICosTaTA.—The Unequal-ribbed Ostrea,
pl. LXI.* fig. 13.

O. inequicostatus. Woodward, Geo. Nov. p- 68, pl. 6, fig. 4.

Obliquely quadrangular, umbo placed much to one side;
hinge-line nearly parallel; surface with many unequal ribs ;
margins plicated.

Upper Chalk, Harford Bridge, Norfolk.

33. OsTREA LATERALIS.—The Lateral Ostrea, pl. LXI.*
figs. 5-8.

O. lateralis. Goldfuss, pl. 82, fig. 1.

Oblong-ovate, incurved, anterior beak inyolute ; the upper
valve with concentric lineations ; the lower valve plain, with
deep foliations attached by the beak.

The Chalk, Norfolk.

34. OsTREA LUNATA.—The Crescent-shaped Ostrea, pl.
LXI.* figs. 20, 21.

O. lunata. Goldfuss, pl. 75, fig. 2.

Equivalve, oblong, crescent-shaped, with the surface and
margins undulating and smooth ; posterior side triancular.

In the chalk ? ;

35. Ostrea rETUsA.—The Blunt Ostrea, pl. LXVI.**
fig. 28.

O. retusa.
14, fig. 4.

Form exceedingly variable, but for the most part orbicular
and greatly curved ; moderately thick, plain in the middle,
but furnished with angular plaits on the margin. It occurs in
masses.

Lower Greensand, Artherfield, Isle of Wight.

36. OsTREA suLcIFERA.—The Furrowed Ostrea, pl.
LXI.* figs. 30, 31.
O. sulcifera,

fig. 35.

Oblong-ovate, inflated, umbones nearly central, from whence
emanates a broad central furrow in both valves, which ter-
minate at the base of the valves; several indistinct oblique

Sowerby, Geo. Trans., 2d Ser. IV. p- 328, pl.

Phillips, Geo. York, I. p- 123, pl. 9,

148

undulations diverge from the central furrow ; margins slightly
foliated.

Great Oolite, Western Yorkshire.

37. Osrrea rinpisTincTta.—The Indistinct Ostrea, pl.
LVIII. fig. 8.

Ostrea? Geo. York, I. p. 109 and 180, pl. 5, fig. 12.

Oblong, obliquely triangular, surface smooth.

The Oxford Clay, Scarborough.

38. OsTREA TRIANGULARIS.—The Triangular Ostrea, pl.
LXI* figs. 9, 10.

O. triangularis. Woodward, pl. VI. fig. 6, 7.

Triangular, oblong, oblique, with acute beaks ; surface rather
smocth.

In the Chalk, Norfolkshire.

Genus XVIII.—GRYPHAHA.—Lamarck.

Shell free, inequivalye, upper valve small, flat, and acting
apparently as a lid to the under one, which is large, concave,
and arcuated, with an incurved prominent umbo ; hinge des-
titute of teeth, with a curved depressed area; provided in-
teriorly with one muscular impression in each valve.

1. Grypuma incurvA.—the Incurved Gryphza, pl. LX.
fig. 1.

Gryphea incurva. Sowerby, II. p. 23, pl. 112, figs. 1, 2.
Parkinson, p. III. 209, pl. 15, fig. 3. Goldfuss, pl. 84, fig. 1.

Elongated ; larger valve greatly incurved, the point of the
beak frequently concealed ; when visible, it is usually sharp,
seldom exhibiting any impression; lesser valve a little ob-
long, in the form of a lid, narrow towards the inner side, and
gradually widening outwards, and externally concave ; surface
considerably undulated concentrically ; sometimes laminated ;
sides straight, gradually widening towards the rounded front.

The Lias, of which it is a highly characteristic fossil, in
England, Germany, and France.

2. GRYPHHA BULLATA—The Gem Gryphea, pl. LX.
fig. 2.

Gryphea bullata. Sowerby, IV. p. 93, pl. 368.
Geo. York, I. p. 4, fig. 36.

Transversely obovate, irregular, thin, smooth, and com-
pressed ; upper valve considerably less than the other, which
is undulated, concave, with concentric irregular lines of growth ;
beaks very small, that of the lower valve much incuryed ; lateral
lobe small and obscure ; point of attachment very small.

Kimmeridge Clay, Bedford and Norfolk, the Middle
Oolite, Wiltshire and Yorkshire.

3. Grypuza Macuxtocui.—Maculloch’s Gryphea, pl.
LX. fig. 19.

Gryphea} Macullochii. Sowerby, VI. p. 89, pl. 547.
Goidfuss, pl. 64, fig. 4.

Longitudinal, obovate, gibbose, and oblique; beaks much
produced and incurved ; base rather angular ; posterior lobe
more or less distinct ; surface strong, with curved lines of
growth.

This fossil is intermediate between G. incurva and G. dila-
tata, but is much shorter than the latter and greatly thicker.

Lias, at Pabba and Scalpa, Hebrides, and Robin Hood’s
Bay.

Phillips,

CONCHIFERA.

GrRYPHzA.

4, GrypHma CotumBa.—The Pigeon Gryphxa, pl. LXI.

fig. 15.
°C. Columba. Sowerby, IV. p. 113, pl. 383, figs. 1 and 2.
Exogyra Columba. Goldfuss, pl. 86, fig. 9.

Ovate ; rounded ; beak nearly central, much attenuated ;
incurved obliquely ; posteriorly expanded ; surface smooth ;
upper valve slightly striated near the hinge, and more or
less quadrangular ; largely undulated ; its posterior margin
thick and flattened ; opposite valve obtusely carinated.

Greensand, Lyme and Devonshire.

5. Grypnaa pepressA.—The Depressed Gryphea, pl.
LXI. figs. 19.

G. depressa. Phillips, I. p. 184, pl. 14, fig. 7.

Oyate, oblique ; beaks obtuse, turned to one side; margins
and surface smooth, with distinct lines of growth; flat valve
nearly plain.

Lias, Bilsdale, Yorkshire.

6. GrypHxa pinaTata.—The Extended Gryphea,_ pl.
LXI, fig. 1, 6, 7.

G. dilatata. Sowerby, I1.p. 113, pl. 149, figs. 1, 2, variety
Phillips, I. p. 112. pl. 6, fig. 1.

Orbicular, obscurely lobed, upper valye compressed, quite
flat, with an obtuse umbo; under valve hemispherical, with
its umbo rather large and incurved, remote from that of the
other valve.

The variety, fig. I. has a distinct lobe, and longitudinal furrow on the
narrow side of the deeper valve.

Portland Sand, Langecomb, Oxon; Kimmeridge Clay, Bed-
ford; Kelloways Rock ; Scarborough and Hackness, and the
inferior Oolite, near Cheltenham.

7. GrypHma gicanTEa.—The Gigantic Gryphea, pl.
LXI. fig. 5.

Gryphea gigantea. Sowerby, IV. p. 127, pl. 391.
fuss, pl. 85, fig 5.

Nearly orbicular; upper valve thin and concave ; lower
valye convex, with a small,sharp, incuryed umbo ; hinge
small ; surface rather smooth, with imbricated lamin, which
in the lesser valve are but slightly developed, even, and situate
at regular intervals ; anterior lobe separated by a small sinus
in the edge of the lamin ; depth about a fifth of its length.

It is probable that G, bullata and dilatata are only varieties of this
species.

Great Oolite, White Nab; Inferior Oolite, Ilminster and
Lias, Prees.

8. GrypHza GLoposa.—The Globular Gryphza, pl. LXI.
fig. 2.

G. globosa. Sowerby, IV. p. 127, pl. 392. Ostrea fassicu-
laris, Brongniart, Eny. de Paris, pl. 3, fig. 5.

Obliquely subglobose, thin and smooth ; beak much trun-
eated ; upper valye concave; hinge-line straight ; anterior
lobe very conspicuous; a small additional muscular impres-
sion situate near the hinge.

Upper Chalk, Gravesend and Sussex; and the Red Chalk
Hunstanton.

9. GrypHzA NaNA.—The Dwarf Gryphea, pl. LXI. figs.
3, 4.

G. nana. Sowerby, IV. p. 114, pl. 383, fig. 3.

Oblong-oyate, inflated; surface rugged ; umbo pointed,
obliquely incurved ; upper yalve acute and thick ; variable in

Gold-

GryPHeza.

form, but always longer than wide ; hinge-pit narrow and much
curved.

Portland Sand, Dinton, Buckinghamshire. The Kimmeridge
Clay, Aylesbury, and Oxford Clay, Dorsetshire.

10. Grypuxa minuta.—The Minute Gryphea, pl. LXI.
figs. 10, 11, 12.

G. minuta. Sowerby, VI. p. 90, pl. 547, fig. 4.

Orbicular ; shell thin ; gibbose; beak spiral ; the lobe ob-
scure ; much compressed.

Great Oolite, Ancliff, Wiltshire.

11. Grypoma optiquata.— The
pl. LXI. figs. 16, 17.

G. obliquata. Sowerby, II. p. 24, pl. 112, fig. 3, Goldfuss,
pl. 85, fig. 2.

Obliquely oblong-ovate ; a little involute ; an obscure lobe on
the right side ; smaller valve irregularly ovate, and externally
concave ; beak pointing to the right side.

Lias, Gloucestershire.

12. GrypHxa stnuata.—The Bent Gryphea, pl. LX.
fig. 5.

G. sinuata. Sowerby, IV. p. 43, pl. 336, Phillips, I. p. 94,
pl. 2, fig. 23.

Obliquely ovate; larger valve very concave, much bent,
with one side completely flattened, towards whieh the umbo
is inclined, curved, and very small ; lesser valve quite flat and
triangular ; surface rather smooth, with numerous equidistant
lines of growth ; hinge-pit marginal, long, narrow, and curved.

Lower Greensand, Kent and Sussex ; Speeton Clay, Spee-
ton, Yorkshire.

13. GrypHma vesicuLosa.—The Bladder Gryphxa,
pl. LXI. figs. 8, 9.

G. vesiculosa. Sowerby, IV. p. 98, pl. 369.

Sub-rhomboidal, oblong, deep; lesser valve concave, small,
and euryed ; composed of various distant laminz ; beaks point-
ed, and the hinge small ; width and depth nearly equal ; lobe
distinct, but not sharply defined ; surface smooth,

Chalk at Lyme Regis.

14. Gryeuxa Purimiresu.—Phillips’ Gryphea, pl. LXI.
figs. 13, 14.

Gryphea 2? Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 9, fig. 26.

Longitudinal, incurved ; beaks rather large ; and both valves
inflated.

Upper Lias Shale, Yorkshire.

15.GRYPHzZA HALIoTOIDEA.—The Haliotis-formed Gryphea,
pl. LX. figs. 6, 7, 8, 9.

Exogyra Haliotoidea. Goldfuss, pl. 88, fig. 1.
Haliotoidea. Sowerby, I. p. 67, pl. 25, fig. 2.

Oval, compressed ; one valve deeper than the other, and
provided internally with a deep curved groove, extending from
below the beak on one side ; the other parts of the valve very
shallow ; margin thin, broad, and slightly fringed externally,
and crenated internally, with a large muscular impression ;
surface transversely wrinkled ; beaks slightly inyolute ; nearly
the whole surface of the under valve attached ; length about
A} inch.

Upper Greensand, Warminster and Blackdown.

16. GrypH®a REcURVATA.—The Recurved Gryphea,
pl. LX. fig. 4.

Chama recurvata.

Oblique Gryphea,

Chama

Sowerby, I. p. 69, pl. 26, fig. 2.

CONCHIFERA.

149

Sub-rotund ; one yalve very convex and conical, with its
apex curved, the other shallow and lid-shaped ; beak sub-
inyolute, hinge indistinct, and the surface smooth.

The Upper Greensand, Halldown, near Exeter.

17. Grypuma conica.—The Conical Gryphwa, pl. LX.
figs. 3, 11, 12, 13.

Chama conica. Sowerby, I. p. 69, pl. 26, fig. 3, and pl. 605,
figs. 1, 2, 3.

Oblong, curved ; the convex and larger valve considerably
longer than the other, with a conical obtuse beak, and a small
wing-like process ; lesser valve oval, flat, with the margin and
wing crenated ; hinge formed like a ball and socket.

The Upper Chalk, Charlton; the Under Greensand, Dor-
setshire and Wiltshire ; the Gault, Hythe and Cambridge-
shire ; and the Greensand, Dorset and Devonshires.

18. Grypuma pricata.—The Plaited Gryphea, pl. LXI.*
fi gs. 26, 27, 28.

G. plicata. Goldfuss, pl. 87, fig. 5.

Oblong-ovate, much areuated ; beaks much incurved, sur-
face very rugged, with transverse and longitudinal, irregular,
strong, waved, striated ridges and furrows ; margins scolloped,
inside deep, with a very large, well-defined muscular impres-
sions under the beak.

Tn the Chalk, Sussex.

19. GrypoHa picitata.—The Fingered Gryphea, pl. LX.
fig. 16.

Chama digitata. Sowerby. II. p. 165, pl. 174.

Obliquely elongated, curved, and gibbose ; with five or six
marginal, elongated, canaliculated, finger-like processes ; sur-
face smooth ; deeper valye with several ridges.

The Greensand, Lyme Regis.

20. GRypHmA LEVIGATA.—The Smooth Gryphza, pl. LX.
fig. 17.

Exogyra levigata. Sowerby, VI. p. 220, pl. 605, fig. 4.

Slightly elongated, curved, and smooth ; deeper valve some--
what inflated, and obtusely carinated near the hollow side ;
flat valve semicircular, with a small pointed beak.

The Upper Greensand, Worbarrow Bay, and the Lower
Greensand, Sandgate and Berehead.

21. GrypH#A unDATA.—The Wayed Gryphxa, pl. LX,
figs. 14, 15.

Exogyra undata. Sowerby, VI. p. 220, pl. 605, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Elongated, convex ; deeper valve carinated along the centre ;
with a series of branching ribs, that diverge from the keel ;
flat yalye smooth and plain.

Upper Greensand, Western Lines, Isle of Wight, and
Blackdown.

22. GryPHXA BULLA.—The VesicularGryphxa,pl.LX VI.**
fig. 22.

Exogyra bulla.
pl. 22; fig. 1.

Oblong, convex ; beaks short, and laterally curved ; sur-
face nearly smooth; form in general extremely variable.

‘fhe Purbeck, Durlestone, Dorsetshire.

23. Grypuaa CANALICULATA.—The Canaled Gryphza,
pl. LXI. fig. 18.

Chama canaliculata. Sowerby, I. p. 68, pl. 26, fig 1.

Oblong-oval, rather depressed, transversely and concentri-
cally furrowed ; deeper valye with a wing-shaped, lateral,

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d. Ser. IV. p. 346,

150

canaliculated appendage ; and with its umbo curved towards
the wing ; beak of the opposite valve rather short.

The Upper Greensand, Western Lines, Isle of Wight, and
the Greensand, Blackdown and Lyme Regis.

24. GrypH#a mima.—The Mimic Gryphea.

Gryphea mima. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 4, fig. 6.

The Coralline Oolite, Malton, and Caleareous Grit.

25. Grypuxa sumua. The Swine Gryphea, pl. LXI.*
fig. 14.

G. suilla. Goldfuss, p. 30, pl. 85, fig. 4.

Sub-orbicular, with concentric striated lamin ; the su-
perior valve plain ; the inferior one with a short blunt oblique
beak ; the lateral edges of the lips turned much inwards.

The Lias, near Cheltenham.

26. GrypHxa vircuta—The Fallen Gryphea, pl.
LXVI.** figs. 25, 26.

Exogyra virgula. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. pl. 23,
fig. 10. Goldfuss, pl. 86, fig. 3. !

Greatly elongated and arcuated; one valve convex, with
elevated lines, the other flat.

The Kimmeridge Clay, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.

27. Grypuma INH#RENS.—The Inherent Gryphea.

G. inherens. Phillips, Geo. York, I. p. 163.

The Coral Rag and Caleareous Grit, Malton, &c.

28. GrypH#a cyMBIUM.—The Boat Gryphea, pl. LXI.*
figs. 22, 23.

G. cymbium. Goldfuss, p. 29, pl. 85, fig. 1.

Oblong-ovate ; the superior valve concave, concentrically
striated ; the lower valve boat-shaped, and concentrically
lineated and striated; beak acute and turned to one side;
length 5} inches; breadth 34.

Inferior Oolite, Cotswold Hills.

29. GrypH#a peEcussaTa.—The Decussated Gryphea,
pl. LXI.* figs. 15, 16.

G. decussata. Goldfuss, II. p. 35, pl. 86, fig. 11.

The lower valve oblong-oval, conyex, with the apex later-
ally attached ; surface with decussated waved striz.

The Chalk, Northfleet.

30. Grypnxa aquita. The Eagle-heaked Gryphea, pl.
bXI.* figs. 17, 18, 19.

G. aguila. Goldfuss, pl. 87, fig. 3.

Obliquely sub-triangular, larger valve deep, with an undu-
lated ridge, emanating from the beak and ending on the base,
from whence the side is abruptly flattened, and wrinkled ob-
liquely, with an undulating margin; from the ridge to the
posterior side the valve gradually slopes, and its surface is
transversely waved and wrinkled longitudinally towards the
base; beak large, and much turned to one side; upper
yalye flat, with an obtuse beak; smooth and uneven in the
centre, and the other portion with many concentric broad
strie.

This is a large species, measuring 43 inches in length and
34 in breadth.

The Lower Chalk, Sussex.

Famiuty [I.—PECTINIDES.

Ligament placed interiorly, or partly so; shell in general
irregular, compact, and not foliaceous.

CONCHIFERA.

Puicatuta.

Genus XIX.—PLICATULA.—Lamarck.

Shell irregular, inequivalve, and destitute of ears, attenu-
ated at the base, rounded and plaited at the upper margin ;
umbones unequal and entire ; hinge with two strong, gene-
rally perpendicularly grooved teeth in each yalve, with
their points recurved, and a central cavity or pit for the
reception of the ligament, which is internal; under valve
generally more convex than the upper one; muscular im-
pressions strong, orbicular, and situate near the centre of
the valves.

1. PurcaruLa sprnoss.—The
LXII. figs. 1, 2.”

P. spinosa. Sowerby, III. p. 79, pl. 245.
134, pl. 14, fig. 15, Goldfuss, pl. 107, fig. 1.

Obliquely-ovate, compressed, with an angle at the beaks ;
deeper valve, with radiating undulations, and numerous sharp
spines; opposite valve externally concave, and destitute of
undulations, but with irregular sharp hollow spines, which are
frequently hooked ; margins entire.

Lias, Lyme Regis, and Vale of Gloucestershire, Yorkshire,
and Hebrides.

2. PuicaruLA PECTINOIDES.—The Pectinated Plicatula,
pl. LXII. 3, 4.

P. pectinoides. Sowerby, V. p. 5, pl. 409, fig. 1.
diata. Goldfuss, pl. 107, fig. 7 (?)

Oblong-oyate, curved and depressed; beaks curved and
projecting ; surface with numerous longitudinal, divergent
ridges, surmounted by many depressed irregular spines ; free
valye externally concave. When old this shell is frequently
sub-globose.

Chalk Marl, Cambridge, Dover, &c. ; Lower Greensand,
Court-at-Street, and Broughton.

8. Pricatuta mnrLata.—The Inflated Plicatula, pl. LXII.
fig. 5.

P. inflata. Sowerby, V. p. 6, pl. 409, fig. 2. P. spinosa.
Mantell, Geo. Suss. pl. 26, figs. 16, 17. Goldfuss, pl. 107, fig. 6.

Sub-orbicular, gibbose ; both valves convex ; beaks nearly
central, and rather obtuse ; surface rather smooth, and pro-
vided with a few longitudinal ridges, mostly emanating from
the dise, and terminating on the base, each furnished with a
few depressed spines.

Chalk Marl, Cambridge and Sussex; Upper Greensand,
Petersfield and Isle of Wight.

Spinous Plicatula, pl.

Phillips, I. p.

P. ra-

Genus XX.—PLAGIOSTOMA.—Lluyd.

Shell inequilateral, sub-equivalve, oblique, and provided
with small ears, mostly higher than long; generally covered
with grooves or strie diverging from the umbones, and pass-
ing to the basal margin; hinge-line transverse, straight,
oblique, and destitute of teeth ; umbones remote; depression
for the ligament either straight or slightly angular.

1. PxaciostoMa GIGaNTEUM.—The Gigantic Plagiostoma,
pl. LXVI. fig. 10.

P. gigantea. Sowerby, I. p. 176, pl. 77.
101, fig. 1.

Obliquely-oblong, sub-compressed, and deltoidal, with the
posterior side rounded into the front; umbones, nearly

Goldfuss, pl.

ee

Puicatuta.

straight and obtuse; auricles small, the anterior one longest,
situated in a large, broad, deep furrow ; surface smooth, with
obscure longitudinal divergent strive; and crossed by a few
hollow lines of growth.

Inferior Oolite, Glaizdale and Cotswold, and the Liae,
Weston and Lyme Regis.

2. PLaciostoma spinosuM.—The Spinous Plagiostoma,
pl. LXVI.* fig. 4.

P. spinosa. Sowerby, I. p.177, pl. 78.
fuss, pl. 105, fig. 5.

Obovate ; umbones nearly central and rather blunt ; sides
nearly equal, and not much arched ; one valve flat and the
other more inflated ; surface with numerous flat ribs and deep
intermediate furrows, which extend to the inside of the valves,
terminating in regular crenulations on the margins; the
convex valye provided with irregularly set, somewhat dis-
tant, curved, and long spines, each of which has a dorsal ridge
and a furrow beneath; some of those nearest the base of the
shell are equal to half the length of the valve, whole surface
covered with very fine, raised, transverse strix.

Upper Chalk, Northfleet, Lewis, Norfolk, and Wiltshire.

8. Pxiaciostroma punctatuM.—The Punctured Plagios-
toma, pl. LXVI. fig. 19.

P. punctata. Sowerby, II. p. 25, pl. 113, figs. 1, 2. Lima.
Goldfuss, p. 81, pl. 101, fig. 2.

Obliquely obovate, compressed ; anterior side long and
nearly straight ; ears nearly equal ; whole surface covered with
numerous, nearly regular, longitudinal coarse stris, and very
fine transyerse strie, which produces a somewhat punctated
appearance.

Inferior Oolite, Cotswold Hills, Lias, Weston, and Picke.
ridge Hill.

4, Puaciostoma ELoNGATUM.—The Elongated Plagios-
toma, pl. LX VI. fig. 4.

Modiola parallela. Sowerby, I. p. 31, pl. 9. Upper right-
hand figure, Zd. VI. p. 113, pl. 559, fig. 2.

Transyersely elongated, nearly twice as broad as long, acutely
convex, anterior and posterior sides parallel ; beaks rather
sharp ; lower margin straight, short, and nearly at right angles
with the sides, which are almost straight and parallel ; surface
with a few transverse furrows.

The Gualt, Folkstone aud Ridge; the Lower Greensand,
Artherfield Point, Isle of Wight, and Court-at-Street.

5. PuaGiostoma concentRIcuM.—The Concentric Plagios-
toma, pl. LXVI. fig. 2.

P. concentrica. Sowerby, VI. p. 113, pl. 559, fig. 1.

Avicula ovalis. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 3, fig. 36 (?)

Obliquely elliptical, convex, most so towards the beaks,
hinge-line short and oblique ; surface with numerous longi-
tudinal divergent striw, and a few concentrical lines of growth ;
beaks slightly produced ; shell thick.

The Lias, Ethie, Cromarty.

6. Puagiostoma pupLicatuM.—The Double-Plaited Pla-
giostoma, pl. LXVI. fig. 6.

P. duplicata. Sowerby, pl. 559, fig. 3, Phillips, Geo. York,
I. pl. 6, fig. 2.

Obliquely oboval, convex ; beaks rather produced ; surface
with numerous sharp, divergent ribs, with a sharp elevated

Spondylus, Gold-

CONCHIFERA. 151

line intervening between each. The ribs are about twenty-five
in number.

The Coral Rag, Malton and Scarborough, the Kelloways
Rock, Hackness, and the Lias, Bredon and Weston.

7. Puaciosroma Hoprrt.—Hoper's Plagiostoma, pl. LXVI.
fig. 18.

P. Hoperi. Sowerby, IV. p. 111, pl. 380.

Transversely and obliquely ovate ; convex ; almost smooth ;
surface with very slender, nearly obsolete, divergent, obscurely
puntated strie, which are strongest at the sides; anterior side
straight and alittle concave, ears unequal, small, with longi-
tudinal strix. °

The Chalk, Lewis and Norwich, and the Upper Greensand,
Isle of Wight.

8. Pxacrosroma rusticum.—The Rude Plagiostoma, pl.
LXVI. fig. 1,

P. rusticum. Sowerby, IV. p. 111, pl. 381.

Transversely oblong-ovate, oblique, smooth, convex, hinge-
line very short, ears obscure and very short, the anterior side
straight, convex along the middle, surface with about twenty-
five deep, irregular, strong, somewhat waved, divergent, longi-
tudinal furrows; beak a little prominent.

The Portland Stone, Great Hazely, Oxfordshire, and the
Coral Rag, Malton and Shotover.

9. PxLaGiosroma LAEVIUscULUM.—The Smooth Plagios-
toma, pl. LX VI. fig. 17.

P. leviusculum. Sowerby, IV. p. 112, 382.

Subtriangular, oblique, its length exceeding its breadth,
hinge-line oblique, short, and intercepted ; ears small, un-
equal, longitudinally furrowed ; anterior side straight, whole
surface covered with many large, slightly elevated, longi-
tudinal, divergent ribs, and numerous irregularly elevated
concentric lines of growth; margin slightly scolloped.

The Coral Rag, Malton, Yorkshire.

10. Puaciosroma RicipuM.—The Rigid Plagiostoma, pl.
LXVL fig. 5.

P. rigidum. Sowerby, II. p. 27, pl. 114, fig. 1.

Inflated, obliquely obovate ; hinge-line rather long, and
considerably oblique, ears narrow and nearly equal; anterior
side long, straight, and a little concave ; posterior side round-
ed, beaks obtuse, surface with numerous, sharp, irregularly
undulating thread-like, longitudinal, divergent ribs, with very
minute, intervening striw, which cannot be discerned without
the use of a lens; beaks rather produced.

The Lower Greensand, North Wiltshire, and the Coral
Rag, Malton and Shotover.

11. Puacrostoma ovaLe.—The Oval Plagiostoma. pl.
LXVI. fig. 13.

P. ovalis. Sowerby, II. p. 27, pl. 114, fig. 3.

Somewhat yentricose, elongated, moderately oblique ; sides
nearly equal, the anterior one a little concave, and slightly
recurved, ears rather large ; surface with numerous small
rounded, equidistant, divergent ribs, and the intervening
spaces, with minute, transverse striz.

The Great Oolite, near Bath.

12. Puaciostoma opscurumM.—The Obscure Plagiostoma,
pl. LXVI. fig. 3.

P. Obscura, Sowerby, II. p. 28, pl. 114, fig. 2.

152
«

Somewhat gibbose, obliquely sub-ovate ; anterior side a
little flattened below the beaks, ears unequal, beaks produced ;
surface smooth, with numerons fine divergent ribs, and a few
concentric distinct lines of growth.

The Kelloways Rock, Kelloways.

13. Piaciostoma PECTINOIDES.—The Pectinated Plagios-
toma, pl. LXVI. fig. 9.

P. pectinoides. Sowerby, II. p. 28, pl. 114, fig. 2.

Oblong-ovate, considerably oblique, compressed, back some-
what angular; beaks acute ; hinge-line long, ears nearly equal,
and rather large ; both sides a little straight, the anterior one
considerably exceeding the posterior; surface with twenty or
more carinated, slightly divergent ribs, and the intervening
furrows transyersely striated ; margin scolloped ; inside, plane.

The Lias, Pickeridge, Yorkshire.

14, PLaGiosroMA CARDIIFORME.—The Cardium-shaped
Plagiostoma, pl. LXVI. fig. 14.

P.cardiiformes. Sowerby, II. p. 26, pl. 113, fig. 3.

Nearly circular, inflated ; anterior side short and straight ;
ears equal ; beaks prominent ; surface smooth, with numerous
longitudinal divergent furrows, crossed by nearly obsolete
transverse strie, which are hardly visible but in the furrows,
where they have the appearance of minute punctures.

The Oxford Clay, Cambridge, Kelloways Rock, Glouces-
tershire, and the Inferior Oolite, Cotswold.

15. Puaciostoma BricguTonENsE.—The Brighton Plagios-
toma, pl. LXI.** fig. 26.

P. Brightonenses. Mantell, Geo. Sussex, p. 204, pl. 25,
fig. 15.

Oboyate, compressed, posterior side with an ear; anterior
side concave, lunulate, small and acuminated ; surface with
numerous divergent rounded ribs ; the margin crenulated.

The Upper Chalk, Brighton.

16. PxLaGiosroma AspERUM.—The Rough Plagiostoma,
pl. LXI.* fig. 11.

P. aspera. Mantell, p. 129, pl. 26, fig. 18.

Oboyate, sub-compressed, with numerous flat ribs, the edges
of which are fringed with minute sharp prickles; lines of
growth few.

The Gray Chalk Marl, Hamsey, Sussex.

17. PLaciosroma INTERSTINCTUM.—The Divided Plagios-
toma, pl. LXVI. fig. 11.

P. interstinctum. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 7, fig. 14.

Obliquely obovate, sides straight about half way below the
hinge ; beaks produced ; ears indistinct ; surface with many
sharp, somewhat irregular divergent ribs; margin crenated.

The Great Oolite, Whitwell, Yorkshire.

18. Puaciostoma RIGIDULUM.—The Rigid Plagiostoma,
pl. LXVI. fig. 7.

P. rigidulum. Phillips, Geo. York, pl. 7, fig. 18.

Elongated, sub-triangular, considerably oblique; anterior
side elongated and concave ; posterior side short and rounded ;
ears unequal ; that of the posterior side very small, anterior
one extending a considerable way down the side; beak large
and obtuse; surface smooth, with many oblique divergent
rounded ribs.

The Cornbrash, Scarborough.

19. PLaciosToMA oBLIQUATUM.—The Oblique Plagiostoma.

CONCHIFERA.

Diancnora.

P. obliquatum. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. II. p. 319.

The Portland Stone, Thame and Brora.

20. Puaciostoma Hermani ?—Herman’s Plagiostoma,
pl. LXVI. fig. 12.

Plagiostoma Hermani. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 14, fig. 18.

Sub-rotund, slightly oblique ; anterior side straight, and a
little concave below the beaks ; posterior side shorter than the
other ; ears unequal, of medium size ; beaks slightly produced,
surface smooth, with about 15 very flat longitudinal ribs, and
a few remote lines of growth.

In the Marlestone and Caleareous Nodules, Upper Lias,
Yorkshire.

21. Puaciosroma AMBIGuUM.—The Ambiguous Plagios-
toma, pl. LX VI. fig. 8.

Plagiostoma. Phillips, Geo. York, pl. 6, fig. 23.

Sub-triangular, sides nearly equal, hinge-line short, slightly
oblique; beaks acute and produced; surface with about twenty-
three rounded divergent ribs, crossed by a few distant lines of
growth ; margins scolloped.

The Mountain Limestone, Yorkshire.

22. Puaciostoma Manretur(?)—Mantell’s Plagiostoma, pl.
LXI.* fig. 41.

P. Mantelli. Goldfuss, II. pl. 104, fig. 9.

Obliquely semicircular ; right side truncated; surface with
radiating strie, and a few concentric ones, which become ob-
solete on the back ; the lunule hollow and lineated.

The Upper Greensand, Lyme Regis.

23. Puaciosroma puBiumM.—The Doubtful Plagiostoma,
pl. LXVI. fig. 16.

Plagiostoma (?) Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. V. 10.

Obliquely ovate, anterior side nearly straight ; posterior
side rounded ; beaks obtuse ; surface with numerous flat, diver-
gent ribs, which are obsolete towards the apex; with a few
remote lines of growth.

The Oxford Clay, Yorkshire.

Genus XXI.—DIANCHORA.—Sowerby.

Shell inequivalve, sub-triangular, oblique, adherent ; attach-
ed yalve provided with an angular hiatus instead of an umbo ;
the other valve auriculated, and with an obtuse umbo; hinge
destitute of teeth.

1. Drancnuora striata.—The Striated Dianchora, pl.
LXVI.* figs. 1, 2.

D. striata. Sowerby, I. p. 183, pl. 80, fig. 1.

Triangularly-ovate, oblique, length and breadth nearly equal ;
beak prominent ; free valve obscurely ribbed ; ears small, and
continuous along the sides of the valves.

Greensand, near Warminster, Dane’s Dyke, Wiltshire and
Blackdown.

2. Diancnora LATA.—The Broad Dianchora, pl. LX VI.*,
fig. 3.

D. lata. Sowerby, I. p. 184, pl. 80, fig. 2.

The attached convexity moderate ; semicircular ; beak of
valve produced ; free valve plain ; surface with obscure lines
of growth, and provided with a few obsolete strie ; edge very
sharp.

Chalk, near Lewes, Sussex.

Pecren.

Genus XXII.—HINNUS.—Defrance.

Shell inequivalye, nearly equal sided; valves eared ; the
area of the hinge quadrangular ; tripartite ; the cartilage sunk
in a deep longitudinal pit in the centre; the lateral portions
striated, supporting the ligament; sinus for the byssus small,
provided with one large muscular impression, connected with
the pallial impressions.

1. Hiynvs Duptssont.—Dubisson’s Hinnus, pl. LX. fig. 18.

H. Dubissoni. Sowerby, VI. p. 210, pl. 601, Defrance, Dict.
des Sci. Nat. XXI. p. 170.

Oblong ; shell rather thick ; surface with numerous, narrow,
distant, divergent ribs, with short intervening ones towards the
base of the valves; the whole of the ribs are a little imbri-
cated towards the lower part of the valves, and with remote
irregular lines of growth ; ears nearly equal, with a few longi-
tudinal shallow furrows ; umbo obtuse.

The Coral Crag, Ramshot.

Genus XXIII. PECTEN.—Bruguiére.

Shell inequivalve ; the under valve generally more convex
than the upper; sub-equilateral, with many grooves or ribs
diverging from the umbones to the margins ; provided with
two ears, which are usually unequal in size; close below one
of them, in the upper valve, is a small notch for the
passage of a byssus ; muscular impression large, placed
somewhat to one side ; pallial impressions destitute of a sinus ;
hinge linear, without teeth ; ligament consisting of three por-
tions, of which the two lateral parts are elongated, and follow
the hinge line, the third portion thick and triangular, and
fitted into a central, triangular, shallow pit within the hinge.

1. Pecren Granpis.—The Great Pecten, pl. LXIII. fig. 2.

P. grandis. Sowerby, Min. Conch., VI. p. 163, pl. 585,
figs. 1 & 2.

Shell sub-orbicular, somewhat broader than long ; the conyex
valve provided with thirteen greatly elevated, rounded, more
or less compound, divergent ribs, most of which with a cen-
tral sulcus, and between each is a single secondary rib; one
yalye rather convex, towards the umbones somewhat concave,
and the other very convex; ears square, almost equal, and
longitudinally striated ; whole surface of the convex valve
covered with very irregular, slightly raised, concentric striae,
upon the other they are regular, close-set, and elevated, ap-
proaching to the form of sharp laminw.

Found in the Crag at Newbourn, Ramshot, and Suffolk.

2. Peeren quapricostatus.—Lhe Four-Ribbed Pecten,
pl. LXV. fig. 2.

iP: guadricostata. Sowerby, I. p. 121, pl. 56, figs. 1, 2.

Triangular ; length somewhat more than the width ; poste-
rior auricle large; nearly eyen; front semicircular ; margin
notched; convex valve with six large ribs, and three smaller
ones intervening between each: making five series of four ribs
each ; towards the sides the ribs are less regular and smaller.

The Upper Greensand, Isle of Wight, Dorsetshire, and
Wiltshire ; and the Greensand, Parham and Haldon Hill.

3. Pecren quinquEecostatau.—tThe Five-Ribbed Pecten,
pl. LXV. fig. 3.

Pecten quinquecostatu. Sowerby, I. p. 122, pl. 56, figs. 5 to 8.

CONCHIFERA. 153

Sub-triangular, somewhat oblique, length a little exceeding
its width ; front semicircular, toothed ; conyex valve gibbose ;
with five or six principal ribs, and four lesser intervening
ones; upper valve flat, toothed ; whole surface with minute
transverse strix, and intersected by deep lines of growth,
which give the surface a fringed appearance.

The Chalk, Lewes, Gravesend, and Antrim, Ireland ; the
Upper Greensand, Petersfield ; the Gualt, Isle of Wight ; and
the Lower Greensand, Sandgate, Sussex, Haldon, and Staple
Hill, Devises.

4, Pecren Freminer.—Fleming’s Pecten, pl. LVI.* fig. 40.

Convex, with numerous elevated, slightly undulating ribs
between each, one or more smaller, less elevated ones; in many
of the interstices, towards the base, the intermediate ribs are
superseded by six or seven longitudinal striw ; base and sides
crossed by numerous, irregular lines of growth and stris, pro-
ducing a denticulated appearance.

Found by my esteemed friend Dr Fleming of Pendleton,
Manchester, in the Great Oolite, Melton, and in his cabinet.

5. Pecren asper.—The Rough Pecten, pl. LXV. fig. 23.

P.asper. Sowerby, IV. p. 95, pl. 370, fig. 1.

Nearly orbicular; slightly oblique; both valves convex ;
ears nearly equal ; surface with about seventeen ribs, arranged
in series of from five to seven, which are rendered very rough
by a series of sub-tubular, imbricated scales, the centre of each
set being provided with larger scales; margin crenated, and
presenting a fringed appearance; inside plain, with a fringed
margin.

The Upper Greensand, Petersfield and Wiltshire, and the
Greensand, Blackdown and Lyme Regis.

6. Pecten oBLiquus.—The Oblique Pecten, pl. LXIV. f. 19.

P. obliquus. Sowerby, IV. pl. 370, fig. 2.

Obliquely oval, its breadth about two-thirds its length ; both
valves convex, but unequally so; ears large; surface with
numerous ribs, roughened by semicircular imbricated scales,
every third rib being larger than the intermediate ones, alto-
gether amounting to about twenty.

The Upper Greensand, Hythe, Parham, and Isle of Wight ;
the Great Oolite, Stonesfield.

7. Pecren cinctus.—The Girdled Pecten, pl. LXII. fig. 7.

P. cinctus. Sowerby, LV. p. 96, pl. 371.

Almost circular, gibbose, valves nearly equally convex ; ears
small, and covered with close ridges ; longitudinally striated,
the stris covered with thin erect concentric laminz, becoming
very numerous towards the edges, which are entire ; substance
of the shell thick, especially towards the beaks.

The Inferior Ooalite, Horncastle.

8. Pecren BARBATUS.—The Bearded Pecten, pl. LXIV. f.7.

P. barbatus. Sowerby, III. p. 53, pl. 231.

Orbicular, compressed ; the spinous valve flatter than the
opposite ; ears nearly equal; surface with about fourteen flat-
tened divergent ribs ; those upon one valve beset with spines
and transverse strie, which are sharp and considerably ele-
vated upon the sides of the ribs, from whence they curve into
the bases of the spines, there being about five on each rib ; ribs
upon the opposite valve conyex, and equal in width to the in-
tervening spaces, and crosse1 by less elevated striw ; sides of
both valves pectinated near the ears.

The Inferior Oolite, Dundry and the Lias, Weston.

20

154

9. Pecten Beavert.—Beaver’s Pecten, pl. LXII. fig. 12.

P. Beaveri. Sowerby, II. p. 131, pl. 158.

Orbicular, compressed ; general surface smooth, with irre-
gular longitudinal ribs, sometimes with one or two smaller
cost between the larger ones; ears nearly equal, and as wide
as the shell ; the substance of the shell thin.

The Chalk, Norwich and Sussex, the Red Chalk, Hunstan-
ton, and the Under Greensand, Hants.

10. Pzcrnn cornevus.—The Horny Pecten, pl. LXII. fig. 6.

P. cornea. Sowerby, III. p. 1, pl. 204.

Orbicular, much compressed, smooth, and shining ; beaks
prominent, and well marked; ears small, nearly equal; two
obtuse teeth in each valve near the ears ; substance of the shell
thin and fragile.

The London Clay, Stubbington.

11. Prcren penratus.—The Toothed Pecten, pl. LXIV.
fig. 16.

P. dentatus. Sowerby, VI. p. 143, pl. 574, fig. 1.

Almost orbicular, convex; ears small, unequal ; surface
with about twenty close, large, angular, obtuse, longitudinal
ribs, crossed by minute, concentric, regular strie; margin
deeply toothed.

The Inferior Oolite, Dundry.

12. Prcren reconpitus.—The Recondite Pecten, pl.
LXIIL. fig. 12.

P. reconditus. Sowerby, VI. p. 146, pl. 575, figs. 5, 6.

Orbicular, oblique ; valves unequally convex ; ears unequal,
obliquely ribbed ; surface with about twenty rounded, longitu-
dinal ribs, the intermediate surface destitute of strix, and
covered with concentric lines of sharp scales ; ribs with three
rows of scales; the interstices have only one ; internal surface
furrowed.

The London Clay, Barton and Stubbington.

13. Pecren =QuiIvaLves.—The Equal-valved Pecten, pl.
LXV. fig. 6.

P. equivalvis. Sowerby, II. p. 83, pl. 186, fig. 1.

Lenticular ; valves equally convex, the lower one smoothest ;
ears equal, rather large; surface with about twenty rounded
longitudinal ribs, crossed by numerous acute concentric strie,
which are more or less inconspicuous as they pass over the ribs,
and the intervening spaces rather concave.

The Inferior Oolite, Ilminster and Cotswold, and the Lias,
Prees and Yorkshire.

14, Prcren riprosus.—The Fibrous Pecten, pl. LXIV.
fig. 21.

P. fibrosus. Sowerby, II. p.85, pl. 136, fig. 2.

Orbicular, somewhat longer than broad, compressed ; ears
equal; rectangular ; surface with nine or ten longitudinal, broad,
divergent furrows, and numerous deep concentric strix ; beak
rectangular ; margin internally and rather deeply undulated.

The Middle Oolite, Yorkshire, Wiltshire, and Oxfordshire.

15. Prcren GRaANosus.—The Granulated Pecten, pl. LXV.
fig. 16.

P. granosus. Sowerby, VI. p. 144, pl. 517, fig. 2.

Nearly orbicular, somewhat wider than long; oblique, a
little convex, ears unequal, undefined, extending nearly the
whole breadth of the shell ; surface with about thirty granu-
lated longitudinal ribs, with intervening smooth ones.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland, Kildare, and Cork.

CONCHIFERA.

Prcren.

16. PrcrEN pricatus.—The Plicated Pecten, pl. LXIII.
fig. 1.

P. plicatus. Sowerby, VI. p. 144, pl. 574, fig. 3. _

Almost orbicular, somewhat oblique and convex ; ears un-
defined, extending the whole width of the shell; surface with
numerous irregular, smooth, elevated striz.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Ardconnaught, Ireland, and
the Devonian Shales, Plymouth.

17. Proren puprticatus.—The Double-plaited Pecten, pl.
LXIV. figs. 4, 5.

P. duplicatus.
1yi25B.

Orbicular, compressed ; ears small, defined; surface with
one yalye nearly smooth, the other very rough, and with
many distant, thin, rounded, longitudinal ribs, which become
more numerous towards the margin, numbering about ten
near the beak, and amounting to about forty at the basil mar-
gin; also covered with minute sharp scales.

The London Clay, Hamstead and Primrose Hill.

18. Pecren carrnatus.—The Keeled Pecten, pl. LXIV.
fig. 1.

P. carinatus. Sowerby, VI. p. 145, pl. 575, fig. 4.

Orbicular, somewhat elongated, convex; ears rather large
and smooth, square and defined ; surface with about seven-
teen longitudinal, distant, rounded ribs, with a sharp keel
along the middle of each, and a broad, flat, smooth, interven-
ing space, with a sharp line along its middle.

The London Clay, Barton.

19. Prcren comepranatus.—The Plain Pecten, pl. LXIII.
fig. 10.

P. complanatus. Sowerby, VI. p. 164, pl. 586.

Sub-orbicular ; its width exceeding its length; one valve
nearly flat, concave near the beak; ears square and equal ;
surface with thirteen or fourteen broad, elevated, flattened
ribs, with nearly perpendicular sides.

The Coral Crag, Aldborough.

20. Prcren LamELLosus.—The Plated Pecten, pl. LXII.
o. 9.

P. lamellosus. Sowerby, III. p. 67, pl. 239.

Orbicular, both valves convex, the lower more so than the
other; ears large, distant ; beaks rectangular; surface with
concentric imbricated lamin, and divergent small strie near
the beaks, which are gradually lost towards the front.

Portland Stone, Portland, Wiltshire, Oxfordshire, and
Buckinghamshire.

21. Pecren opscurus.—The Obscure Pecten, pl. LXII.
fig. 8.

P. obscurus. Sowerby, III. p. 3, pl. 205, fig. 1.

Nearly orbicular, a little longer than wide ; compressed ;
ears rather large ; nearly parallel above ; surface smooth, with
obsolete, longitudinal, divergent furrows ; edge thick.

The Upper Greensand, Hythe, Parham, and Isle of Wight ;
and the Great Oolite, Stonesfield.

22. Pecren LeNs.—The Lens-shaped Pecten, pl. LXII.
fig, 11.

P. lens. Sowerby, III. p. 3, pl. 205, figs. 2, 3.

Orbicular, convex, and nearly lenticular, but deepest near
the beaks ; surface with divergent, arcuated, deeply punctured
strizs ; substance of the shell thin.

Sowerby, VI. p. 145, pl. 575, figs.

fi

:

Pecren.

The Kimmeridge Clay, Brick Hill. Bedfordshire ; the Middle
Oolite, Yorkshire and Brora; the Inferior Oolite, Glaizedale
and the Blue Wick.

23. Pecren Laminatus.—The Laminated Pecten, pl. LXII.
fig. 14.

P. laminata. Sowerby, III. p. 4, pl. 205, fig. 4.

Sub-orbicular, compressed; ears unequal, triangular, the
larger plaited ; surface with arcuated, slightly undulating
strie.

The Cornbrash, Chatley Lodge, Somersetshire.

24, Prcren ancuatus.—The Arcuated Pecten, pl. LXII.
fig. 15.

P. arcuata. Sowerby, III. p. 4, pl. 205, figs. 5 and 7.

Orbicular, compressed ; ears large, dissimilar, the larger
quadrangular and punctated; side of the shell below arcuated ;
surface with arched, punctated, divergent striz, and sometimes
with forked furrows.

The Kimmeridge Clay, Aylesbury, and the Coral Crag,
Calne.

25. Pecren opsotetus.—The Obsolete Pecten, pl. LXIII.
figs. 4, 5, 6, & 7. ¥

P. obsoletus. Sowerby, VI. p. 79, pl. 541.

Obovate ; ears very unequal ; surface with many divergent
ribs, varying considerably in number and development; in
some there are five or six broad obtuse ribs, with the interven-
ing furrows longitudinally striated ; others have furrows with
the flat parts striated ; while some are plain, with very minute,
nearly obsolete, longitudinal striz ; in some specimens the
lower margin is considerably inflected.

The Mammiferous Crag, Bramerton, and Red Crag, Sutton.

26. Pecren annuLatus.—The Ringed Pecten, pl. LXIIT.
fig. 9.

P. annulatus. Sowerby, VI. p. 80, pl. 542, fig. 1.

Orbicular, convex ; surface with numerous thin, erect, con-
centric lamin, about a line apart, crossed by many fine, close-
set, longitudinal striw, also passing over the ears, which are
rather large.

This species has a considerable resemblance to P. cinctus, but is
much less inflated.

The Oxford Oolite, Osmington, Dorsetshire, and the Corn-
brash, Felmersham Bedfordshire.

27. PecreN Gracitis.—The Slender Pecten, pl. LXIII.
fig. 11.

P. gracilis. Sowerby, 1V. p. 129, pl. 393, fig. 2.

Orbicular, a little longer than wide, convex ; very thin and
slender ; with numerous small longitudinal ridges, every fourth
one being a little more elevated than the others, and these in-
ternally produce grooves which are more conspicuous than the
rest; these are crossed by numerous close, elevated, sharp,
uniform. concentric striv, which are strongest near the mar-
gins ; ears unequal, and the margin ecutire.

The Red Crag, Sutton.

28. Pecren vimineus.—The Wicker Pecten, pl. LXIII.
fig. 8.

P. cimineus. Sowerby, VI. p. 81, pl. 543, figs. 1 & 2.

Conyex, somewhat longer than wide ; with about twenty
prominent longitudinal ribs, some of which are obscurely tri-
partite towards the edge, all of them provided with close-set,

CONCHIFERA. 155

thick, elevated scales, which are less numerous on the left
valve.

Some specimens are furnished with small intervening ribs.

The Oxford Clay, Upware, Cambridgeshire, and in the
Coral Crag, Malton and Brora.

29. Pecren inaQuicostatus.—The Unequal-ribbed Pecten,
pl. LXIII. fig. 3.

P. inequicostatus. Phillips, Geo. York, I. p. 101, pl. 4,
fig. 10.

Nearly orbicular, smooth, with nine broad, flat, divergent,
unequal ribs, the four central ones considerably larger than
the others ; ears moderate, and nearly equal.

The Coralline Oolite, Malton.

30. Prcren nitipus.—The Shining Pecten, pl. LXIV.
fig. 2.

P. nitidus. Mautell, Geo. Sus. pl. 26, figs. 4,9. Sowerby,
IV. p. 130, pl. 394, fig. 1.

Obovate, shining, one valve convex, with numerous crenula-
ted ridges ; the other nearly flat, with as many almost smooth
ridges, with the interstices minutely striated transversely ;
ears nearly equal, and the margins entire.

The Under Chalk, Lewis and Gravesend. :

31. Proren gsacopzus.— The Jacobean Pecten, pl.
LXIV. fig. 3.

P. jacobeus. Sowerby, VI. p. 164. Brown, Recent
Conch. Brit. p. 71, pl. 25, fig. 5.

Upper valve flat, depressed towards the beak, with about
sixteen longitudinally grooved, decussated, quadrangular, ele-
vated ribs ; lower valve with sixteen rounded, grooved ribs,
and the interstices transversely striated; ears equal, rect-
angular, with decussated strive,

The Coral Crag, Aldborough.

32. Prcren Maximus.—The Great Pecten, pl. LXIV.
figs Mie }

P. maximus. Sowerby, VI. p. 164. Brown, Recent
Conch. Brit. p. 71, pl. 25, fig 1.

Upper valve flat, depressed towards the beak, with from
fourteen to seyenteen rounded longitudinally striated, or grooy--
ed ribs ; lower valve very convex, and longitudinally striated ;
the interstices between the ribs of both valves striated ; ears
rectangular, with decussated striz.

The Coral Crag, Aldborough, and Pleistocene Marine For-
mation, Ayrshire.

33. Prcren simiiis.—The Similar Pecten, pl. LXIV.
fig. 11.

P. similis. Sowerby, III. p. 5, pl. 205, fig. 6.

Sub-orbicular, compressed, with longitudinal arched striz ;
one ear larger than the other, with the side straight beneath
it; sides nearly straight.

The Coral Crag, Shotover, Oxfordshire.

34, Precren ricipus.—The Rigid Pecten, pl. LXII. fig. 10.

P. rigida, Sowerby, III. p. 5, pl. 205, fig. 8.

Orbicular, compressed ; hinge-line triangular ; ears unequal,
large ; surface with strong longitudinal striw, and slender, ir-
regular, concentric strive.

The Forett Marble, Castle Combe, Wiltshire.

35. Prcren opercuLaris.—The Lid-shaped Pecten, pl.
LXIV. fig. 15.

156

P. sulcatus. Sowerby, IV. p. 129, pl. 393, fig. 1.

Orbicular, both valves convex, somewhat oblique, with from
eighteen to twenty obscurely tripartite ribs; the whole sur-
face rough with small scales; and the intercostal sulci longi-
tudinally striated ; margins scolloped ; ears nearly equal.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Paisley, Ayrshire ;
Mammiferous Crag, Southwold, the Red Crag, Sutton, and
the Coral Crag, Ramshot.

36. Prcren srriatus.—The Striated Pecten, pl. LXIV.
fig. 18.

P. striatus. Sowerby, IV. p. 130, pl. 394, figs. 2, 3, 4.

P. limatus. Goldfuss, p. 59, pl. 94, fig. 6.

Oval, both valves nearly equal and conyex, with smooth,
irregular, scaly ridges ; margins entire; ears rather large and
unequal, substance of the shell thick.

The Red Crag, Sutton, and Coral Crag, Ramshot.

87. Prcren vacans.—The Wandering Pecten, pl. LXIV.
fig. 20.

P. vagans. Sowerby, VI. p. 82, pl. 543, fig. 3, 4, 5.

Oyate, a Jittle longer than wide, convex ; with about eleven
large, convex ribs, provided with large, erect, concave scales,
wnich are close upon the right, but distant upon the left
valve; ears nearly equal, crossed by scales. Sometimes ob-
‘scure furrows appear between the ribs.

The Middle Oolite, Yorkshire and Wiltshire.

38. Prcren princers.—The Emperor Pecten, pl. LXII.
fig 13.

P. princeps. Sowerby, VI. p. 80, pl. 542, fig. 2.

A little ovate, compressed ; ears large, unequal, and squa-
mose; surface with numerous divergent, narrow ribs ; thickly
covered with erect, equidistant concaye scales ; margins cren-
ated by the projecting ribs.

Tn the Coral Crag, Ramshot.

39. Puoren orBICULARIS.—The Orbicular Pecten,pl. LXIV.
fig. 6.

P. orbicularts. Sowerby, II. p. 193, pl. 186.

Orbicular; greatly compressed ; one valve smooth, with
wide-set, equidistant, elevated, sharp, concentric stri ; ears
nearly equal, rather large, and broadest at the base; shell
rather tender.

The Upper Greensand, Devizes and Hamsey, and the Lower
Greensand, Maidstone and Pulborough.

40. Pecren absectus.—The Abject Pecten, pl. LXV. fig. 9.

P. abjectus. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 9, fig. 37.

Nearly orbicular, hinge-line oblique, ears small ; surface with
numerous longitudinal, divergent, narrow ribs; crossed by
indistinct concentric striw ; margin slightly crenulated,

The Great Oolite, or Gray Limestone, Malton and Whit-
well, Yorkshire.

41, Proren ANISOTUS.— — pl. LXV. fig. 24.

P. anisotus. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p, 212, pl. 6, fig. 22.

Oblong-oval, oblique ; ears unequal, one very large and the
other very small, both longitudinally and transversely striated ;
surface with obscure divergent stria, with distant lines of
growth. :

Carboniferous Limestone, Yorkshire.

42. Precten areNosus.—Ihe Sandy Pecten, pl. LXY.
figs. 10, 11.

P. arenosus. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 212, pl. 6, fig. 20.

CONCHIFERA.

Proren.

Equal sided, body abruptly increasing ; ears small, unequal,
and square ; surface with numerous radiating striz, alternately
larger and smaller; crossed by many minutely crenulated
strie.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Closterdale, Bolland, and
Derbyshire ; and Kildare and Kulkeah, Ireland.

43, Pecren crinGittatus.—The Banded Pecten, pl. LXIV.
fig. 8.

P. cingillatus. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. V. fig. 11.

Elongated ; ears very small and nearly equal : surface cross-
ed by many wide set, equidistant, transverse ribs.

Cornbrash, Scarborough.

44, ProrEN concenTRIcUs. — The
pl LXI.** fig. 18.

P. concentricus. Woodward, Geo. Nor. pl. 5, figs. 27, 28.

Elongated, smooth, with irregularly placed, concentric ribs,
and depressed, divergent ribs ; ears unequal ; sides even.

Upper Chalk, Hartford Bridge, Norfolkshire.

45. PectENn pemissus.—The Humble Pecten, pl. LX V.fig.15.

P. demissus. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 6, fig. 5.

Elongated, sides finely rounded ; ears equal and small.

The Kelloways Rock, Scarborough ; the Coral Crag, Mal-
ton ; the Cornbrash, Gristhorpe, Yorkshire; and the Great

Concentric Pecten,

_ Oolite, Cloughton.

46, Prcren pEorNatus——Unadorned Pecten, pl. LXY.
fig. 25.

P. deornatus. Phillips, Geo. York, I. p. 213, pl. 6, fig. 26.

Nearly orbicular and smooth, with small, nearly equal ears ;
surface with numerous equidistant, smooth, concentric furrows.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Yorkshire.

47. Prcoren pisstmiLis.—The Dissimilar Pecten, pl. LXV.
figs. 20, 21. :

P. dissimilis. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 212, pl. 6, fig. 17.

Sub-orbicular, slightly elongated ; the right or lower valves
with numerous longitudinal, slightly scaled ribs ; ears nearly
equal, slightly ribbed ; transversely and longitudinally striated ;
upper valve concave, with flat, nearly obsolete, concentric ribs.

Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

48, Pecren ELLIPTICUS.—The Elliptical Pecten, pl. LXV.
fig. 19.

P. ellipticus. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 212, pl. 6, fig. 15.

Elliptical, compressed, smooth ; ears unequal, short; sides
not much rounded.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

49. Pecren rimpriatus.—The Fringed Pecten, pl. LXV.
fig. 22.

P. fimbriatus. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 218, pl. 6,
fig. 28.

Ovate ; compressed ; ears small and plain; surface with
numerous imbricated, radiating ribs and furrows; margin
slightly crenulated.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Castleton, Derbyshire.

50. PectEN INTERSTITIALES. —The Interstriate Pecten,
pl. LXV. fig. 28. .

P. interstitiales. Phillips, Geo. York, IT. p. 212, pl. 6, fig. 24.

Oblong, oblique, with medium-sized, acute ears; surface
with about sixteen longitudinal, sharp, radiating ribs ; the
intervening furrows with three finer ribs or striz.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Hawes and Bolland.

Percten.

51. Prcren Orronts.—The Ottonian Pecten, pl. LXI.**
fig. 6.

P. Otionis. Portlock, Geo. Report, p. 436, pl. 36, fig. 10.

Sub-orbicular ; a little convex, oblique ; surface with numer-
ous longitudinal, sharp, radiating ribs, decussated by fine con-
centric striw ; ears unequal; hinge-line a little triangular ;
margin crenated.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Fermanagh, Ireland.

52. Prcren semicosratus.—The Semi-ribbed Pecten,
pl. LXI.** fig. 4.

P. semicostatus.
fig. 9.

Nearly orbicular, conyex; ears almost equal, the posterior
one square, the anterior somewhat more pointed ; surface with
numerous rounded ribs, extending from the base about half-
way to the beak.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Tyrone.

53. Prcren sexcostatus.—The' Six-Ribbed Pecten, pl.
LXI.* fig. 7, 8. Woodward, Geo. Nor. pl. 5, fig. 29.

Triangular, convex, with small, nearly equal ears ; beak of
the larger valve incurved, and receiving the smaller flat valve,
both valves with six pretty large, longitudinal, divergent ribs ;
margins deeply crenated.

The Upper Chalk, Harford Bridge, Norfolkshire.

54. Proren stettaris.—The Little Star Pecten, pl. LXV.
fig. 7.

'P. stellaris. Phillips, Geo. York, IT. p. 212, pl. 6, fig. 18.

Sub-orbicular, with about fifteen strong, smooth, longitudinal,
divergent ribs.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Yorkshire.

55. Prcren sustmvis.—The Half-smooth Pecten, pl.
LXV. fig. 14.

P. sublevis. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 14, fig. 5.

Shell convex, nearly orbicular; ears unequal, blunt; sur-
face with about nineteen rounded, smooth, longitudinal ribs ;
margins crenulated.

The Lias, Bilsdale, Yorkshire.

56. Prcren piscrspAns.—The Discrepant Pecten, pl.
LXV. fig. 17.

P. fibrosus. (A large variety.) Phillips, Geo. York, I.
p- 112, pl. 6, fig. 3.

- Sub-orbicular ; ears nearly equal, with obliquely longitudinal
ribs, which render the hinge-line uneven ; surface with about
twelve large, rounded, longitudinal, divergent, sub-imbricated
ribs ; margins scolloped.

In the Kelloways Rock, Scarborough and Hackness.

57. Prcren Vatontensis.—The Valonian Pecten, pl.
LXI.** fig. 12.

P. Valoniensis.
figs. 14, 15.

Sub-orbicular ; ears nearly equal and blunt; the larger
one with radiating, small ribs, crossed by numerous close-set,
longitudinal strie ; surface with numerous rounded, longitudinal
irregular ribs, and sharp towards the edge ; part of the pos-
terior and anterior margin is finely striated obliquely over
the ribs with obsolete lines of growth.

The Oolite, Aghanloo, Ireland.

58. Pecren vircuitirerus—The Whitish Pecten, pl.
LXV. fig. 18.

Portland, Geo. Report, p. 436, pl. 36,

Portlock, Geo. Report, p. 126, pl. 25 A,

CONCHIFERA.

157

P. virguiliferus. Phillips, Geo. York, I. p. 11, fig. 20.

Oblong, rather flat; ears unequal; surface with numerous
longitudinal, divergent striw, which are covered with short
slightly imbricated scales.

The Inferior Oolite and Blue Wick, Yorkshire.

59. Prormn stmptex.—The Simple Pecten, pl. LXV. figs.
26, 27.

P. simplex. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 212, pl. 6, fig. 27.

Oblong-ovate, oblique ; lower valve tumid, with strong,
radiating, arched ribs ; upper valve considerably flatter, with
the furrows corresponding, but flatter ; ears of medium size ;
hinge-line oblique.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

60. Prcren carvas.—The Bald Pecten, pl. LXI.** fig.
17. P.calvas. Goldfuss, p. 74, pl. 99, fig. 1.

Orbicularly ovate, equilateral ; convexo-plano, pellucid,
shining, with nearly obsolete radiating striw ; ears obtusely
angular, the anterior the largest.

The Oolite, Ballentoy, Ireland.

61. Proren centinis.—The Kindred Pecten, pl. LXI.**
fig. 2.

P. gentilis.
fig. 19.

Ovate, convex, smooth, with fifteen slightly elevated, longi-
tudinal, divergent ribs, which are alternately long and short ;
ears equal and of medium size.

The Coal Measures, Coalbrook Dale.

62. Purcren scaLaris.—The Ladder Pecten, pl. LXI.**
fig. 3.

P. scalaris. J.C. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. V. pl.
39, fig. 20.

The Coal Measures, Coalbrook Dale.

63. PrcreEN TRANSVERSUS.—The Transyerse Pecten, pl.
LXI.** fig. 13.

P. transversus. Sower. Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 53, fig. 3.
Phillips. ;

Transversely obovate, very slightly convex ; ears large, and
nearly equal ; surface with numerous longitudinal ribs, set in
threes, and erossed by numerous regular lines of growth.

64. Precren nexinis.—The Wreathed Pecten, pl. LXI.**
fig. 10.

P.nexilis. J. C. Sowérby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. V. pl. 53,
figs. 1, 2.

Sub-orbicular, slightly convex, somewhat inequilateral ; ears
large, nearly equal, radiated ; the anterior one less so than the
other ; whole surface with very fine longitudinal divergent
ribs.

Devonian Shales, Barnstaple.

65. Pxrcren compositus.—The- Composite Pecten, pl.
LXIV. figs. 12, 13, 14.

P.compositus. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. IV. p. 342,
pl. 17, fig. 20.

Oblong, with about twenty sharp, radiating ribs; and two
rows of scales in each of the intervening furrows.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

66. Pecren Mitteru.—NMiller’s Pecten, pl. LXIV. figs
9, 10.

P. Milerii.
fig. 19.

J. C. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. V. 2d Ser. pl. 39,

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. IV. p. 342,

158 CONCHIFERA. Lima.

Oblong oval, rather inflated ; sides nearly straight half their
distance from the beaks; ears unequal and small ; surface with
many smooth, sharp, divergent ribs, which become more
numerous towards the margins by intervening ones.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

67. Pecren Srurcuspurtensis.—Stutchbury’s Pecten, pl.
LXV. fig. 1.

P. Stutchburiensis. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. IV. p.
342, pl. 18, fig. 1.

Sub-triangular, elongated, compressed, with upwards of
sixty irregularly larger and smaller, close-set, scaly ribs ; the
intervening furrows with oblique striz.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

68. PrcreNn 1sLANpicus.—The Islandic Pecten.

P. islandicus. Brown, Recent Conch. Brit. p. 72, pl. 24,
fig. 3.

Rather elongated, ears unequal, the larger one with oblique
ribs, crossed by concentric strix ; surface with numerous flat,
divergent, irregularly grouped, rough ribs, varying from seventy
to one hundred, and which appear internally ; the intervening
furrows are reticulated.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Dalmuir and Ardincaple,
Renfrewshire, Bute, and Ayrshire.

69. Pucren stnvosus.—The Distorted Pecten.

P. sinuosus. Brown, Recent Conch. Brit. p. 73, pl. 24, f. 4.

Sub-orbicular, variously distorted, one valve convex, and the
other rather flat; irregularly and longitudinally ribbed, which

in some shoot into foliations and spines; ears unequal, the
larger one foliated.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ireland, and Dalmuir,
Renfrewshire.

70. Pecren vartus.—The Variable Pecten.

P. varius. Brown, Recent Conch. Brit. p. 72, pl. 24, f. 4.

Oblong, nearly equivalve, with from twenty-six to thirty
acute, divergent, spined ribs; the intervening furrows finely
reticulated.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Dalmuir, Renfrew-
shire, and Ayr. ;

71. Pecren susputatus.—The Elongated Pecten, pl.
LXI.* figs. 24, 25.

P. subulatus. Goldfuss, pl. 98, fig. 12. Portlock, Geo.
Rep. p. 128.

Somewhat elongated, large and suboyate ; hinge-line straight,
ears unequal, one very small, the other large, with a hiatus at
its lower angle in the deep valve; whole surface of the upper
valve with very slightly raised longitudinal ribs, which, as well
as the intervening furrows, are crossed by extremely minute
undulating, concentric stri, quite invisible except by the aid
of a lens; lower valve smooth:

The Oolite, Magilligan, Ireland.

72. Preren Textinis.—The Woven Pecten, pl. LXI.*
figs. 30, 31.

P. textilis. Goldfuss, pl. 89, fig. 38. Portlock, Geo. Rep.
p- 129.

Orbicular, hinge-line oblique, ears nearly equal and obtuse ;
deeper valve with numerous narrow, radiating ribs, with wide
intervening furrows, crossed by fine concentric strie ; upper
valve nearly flat, with close-set radiating strie, crossed by
numerous exceedingly fine concentric strie, giving the

>

surface a fine embroidered appearance ; margin slightly cre-
nated.

The Oolite, Magilligan, Ireland.

Genus XXIIT.—LIMA.—Bruguiére.

Shell longitudinal, equivalve, inequilateral ; sides somewhat
thickened and gaping; umbones divergent, their internal
facets inclined outwards ; hinge provided with two lateral teeth,
one on each side in both valves, which become nearly obsolete
in adult shells ; area between the beaks, to which the ligament
is attached, divided ; tripartite ; the middle or hinge pit is
rounded above, and contains the chief portion of the ligament,
the remaining portions are attached to the somewhat elongated
linear divisions ; muscular impression lateral, sub-orbicular,
from the inner margin of which the muscular impression of the
mantle emanates, and, traversing the other side of the valves
in a circuitous form, appears to terminate near the beak ; ex-
ternal surface coyered with a very thin epidermis.

1. Lima Grpposa.—The Gibbose Lima, pl. LX VII. figs. 8, 9.

L. gibbosa. Sowerby, II. p. 120, pl. 152.

Elongated, gibbose, slightly oblique, nearly twice as long as
wide ; ears undefined ; surface smooth, with a series of radiat-
ing furrows in, the centre of the yalves.

The greatest depth of the shell is near the beaks, where it is
nearly as deep as wide.

The Inferior Oolite, Cotswold and Dundry.

2. Lima prozoscipEA.—The Proboscis Lima, pl. LX VIT.
fig. 20.

L. proboscidea. Sowerby, III. p. 115, pl. 244.

Sub-ovate, hardly oblique, broad, convex; ears small; sur-
face with about twelve elevated, rounded ribs, each furnished
with several large tubular processes, with a funnel-shaped
termination ; variously bent and pressed to the surface.

The Inferior Oolite, Weymouth ; Glaizedale, and Antrim,
Treland.

3. Lima rupis.—The Rugged Lima, pl. LXVITI. fig. 11.

L, rudis. Sowerby, III. p. 25, pl. 214, fig. 1.

Obovate, oblique, inflated, somewhat longer than wide ;
anterior ear open, with thickened lobes ; the other small, with
thick inflated edges to the valves; surface with about seven
large, convex, rugged, longitudinal ribs ; edges of valves thick
and reflected.

The Middle Oolite, Yorkshire and Wiltshire.

4, Lima antiquata.—The Antiquated Lima, pl. LX VIL. £.7.

L. antiquata. Sowerby, III. p. 25, pl. 214, fig. 2.

Elliptical, depressed; anterior ear deeply wrinkled and
open; smaller ear striated; surface with numerous coarse,
longitudinal, irregular striz.

The Lias, Weston; Frethern, Vale of Evesham, and Glou-
cestershire.

5. Lima sub-ovanis.—The Sub-oval Lima, pl. LX VII.
figs. 3, 4. .

L. sub-ovalis. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Series, IV. p. 342,
pl. 17, fig. 21.

Somewhat quadrangular, elongated, with very numerous,
divergent, rounded ribs, each of which is furnished with rather
distant, regularly-set, obtuse scales ; the intervening furrows
equal in breadth to the ribs.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

-

AvicuLa.

6. Limsa semisutcata.—The Half-Furrowed Lima, pl.
LXVIL. figs. 15, 14.
L. semisulcata.

pl. 11, fig. 10.

Plagiostoma semisulcatum. Nilsson, Petrif. Suec. XXV.
ph 11, fig. 3.

Oblong-ovate, very conyex, auricles small, nearly equal ;
beaks incurved and short ; disk with a series of twelve to six-
teen radiated rounded ribs, extending from the beaks to the
base ; where the lines of growth cross these, they assume the
form of short granular scales ; sides smooth.

The Lower Greensand, Hythe, Blackdown, and Pul-
borough.

7. Lima exttts.—The Small Lima.

L. exilis. Wood, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839, p. 234, pl. 8, fig. 1.

Inequilateral, oblique, slender, gaping at the sides; some-
what inflated ; hinge-line a little oblique, and sloping slightly
on both sides of the beaks, which are distant ; ligamental
area large, with a rectangular central pit; lunule smooth
' surface with numerous, fine, radiating, irregular ribs, which
project a little over the margins; the interstices with many
very fine concentric striw ; length and breadth about an inch
and a half.

The Coralline Rag, Ramshot, and the Red Crag, Walton,
Essex.

8. Lima optonca.—The Oblong Lima.

L. oblonga. Wood, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839, p- 234, pl. 3,
fig. 2.

Inequilateral, oblique, sub-compressed, gaping at both
sides ; hinge-line oblique, sloping on both sides of the beaks,
which are prominent and distant ; ligamental area broad, with
a pretty large rectangular pit; auricles with a notch below
each ; surface with many slightly waved, longitudinal, diver-
gent ribs, projecting a little beyond the margins; length
one inch, breadth six-tenths.

The Coralline Crag, Ramshot.

9. Lira rracitis.—The Fragile Lima.

L. fragilis, Wood, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839, p. 253, pl. 3,
fig. 3. Brown's Rec. Conch. Brit. p.,74, pl. 23, figs. 6, 7, 7.*

Inequilateral, sub-ovate, very convex, fragile; one side
straight, the other areuated ; hinge-line oblique ; ligamental
area broad, with a large sub-triangular pit for the reception
of the cartilage ; auricles small, imperfectly defined; beaks
prominent ; whole surface with numerous, slightly undulating,
longitudinal strie, with two or three exceedingly minute in-
termediate ones ; length three-fourths of an inch, breadth about
one-half inch.

The Coralline Crag, Sutton, and the Red Crag, Walton,
Essex.

10. Liwa piicatuLa.—The Plicated Lima, pl. LXI.* f. 33.

L. plicatula. Wood, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839, p. 235.

Convex, inequilateral, obliquely ovate, orbicular ; anterior
side truneated ; posterior side much produced ; beaks project-
ing ; hinge-line a little oblique ; ligamenal area small ; Iunule
transversely crenulated; surface with fourteen or sixteen
rather strong, divergent punctated ribs, whieh project beyond
the margin ; the intervening furrows slightly striated concen-
trically ; length two-tenths of an inch.

The Coralline Crag, Sutton.

Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Series, IV.

CONCHIFERA.

159

Sun-Genus.—_LIMATULA.—S. Wood.

Shell longitudinal, equivalve, equilateral ; sub-auriculated ;
umbones rather large and prominent ; ligamental area broad,
with a triangular pit for the reception of the cartilage ; sides
of the valves close.

1. Limarvta ovyata.—The Oyate Limatula, pl. LXI.*
fig. 35.

L. ovata. Wood, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839, p. 235, pl. 3, f. 5.

Equilateral, oblong-ovate, convex ; ligamentary area large,
with a sub-triangular cartilage pit; hinge-line nearly
straight ; beaks projecting ; surface with from six to eight
rounded, divergent ribs occupying the centre of the disk,
emanating from the beaks, and terminating on the basal
margin, beyond which they project; sides bulging consider-
ably in the centre ; length three-tenths of an inch, breadth
two-tenths.

The Coralline Crag, Sutton.

2. Limatuna suB-AURICcULATA.—The Sub-auricled Lima-
tula, pl. LXI.* fig. 34.

LL. sub-auriculata. Wood, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839, p. 236,
pl. 3, fig. 6. Lima sub-auriculata. Brown, Rec. Conch. Brit.
p- pl. 23, fig. 45.

Equilateral, oblong-ovate, convex; hinge-line sloping on
both sides of the beaks ; surface with many longitudinal di-
vergent stri, the two central ones opaque, larger, and more
conspicuous than the others, and visible internally ; the basal
margin finely crenulated ; length half an inch, breadth one-
fourth,

The Coralline Crag, Sutton and Ramshot.

Granp Division III.
Shells with an elongated marginal ligament.

Trise —MALLACEA.

Shells foliaceous, more or less inzequivalye, with the liga- *

ment marginal, partly linear, and either simple or interrupted
by crenulations.

Genus XXIV.—AVICULA.—Lamarck.

Inequilateral, inequivalve, foliaceous, sub-quadrate, and ob-
lique; hinge rectilinear, and produced on each side into
straight auriform appendages, with a small indistinct tooth
in both valves; an elongated, marginal, ligamentiferous area,
widened near its centre; inside pearlaceous, with one sub-
central muscular impression, and a series of smaller ones in a
line towards the umbo.

1, AvicuLa pApyracea.—The Papyraceous Avicula, pl.
JED Sethi Oat

Pecten papyraceus. Sowerby, IV. p. 75, pl. 354.

Obliquely sub-ovate, much compressed ; valves nearly equal
and flat ; ears large, unequal, rectangular, with broad, diver-
gent stri, and rather close, longitudinal striae on the larger

ear; surface with numerous eleyated striw, which are crossed
by rather distant lines of growth.

This is not Avicula papyracea of Goldfuss, which I have in
plate LXI.* fig. 11, and named A. tenuwissima, nor is it A.
papyracea of J. D. C. Sowerby, Geo. Trans, 2d Ser. V. p-
136, pl. 8, fig. 16, as I consider that a Posidonomya, aud have
named it papyracea, see pl. LXI.** fig, 23.

160

The Coal Measures, Bradford, Leeds, and Coalbrook Dale.

2. Avicuta Owent.—Owen’s Avicula, pl. LXY. fig. 13.

Nearly orbicular, very much compressed, with large unequal
ears, which are destitute of strie ; surface with numerous,
rather close, divergent strie, and a few distant, distinct lines
of growth ; sides plain.

Differs from the preceding in the valves being perfectly
straight. In the Museum of the Manchester Natural History
Society, and named in honour of its Secretary.

The Coal Measures, Vale of Todmorden.

3. Avicuta smmit.—The Similar Avicula, pl. LXV. fig.
12.

Nearly orbicular; ears very large, with transverse oblique
radiated striz, and longitudinal, nearly obsolete ones ; hinge-
line a little triangular ; surface smooth, with divergent strie,
and remote indistinct lines of growth, one side with the ear
and margin straight.

The Coal Measures, Vale of Todmorden.

4. AyicuLa pricata—The Plicated Avicula, pl. LXV.
fig. &.

Nearly orbicular ; somewhat oblique ; the valves much com-
pressed ; hinge-line somewhat triangular ; ears large, unequal,
with divergent, transverse, distinct stris, crossed by wider
curved striw ; one ear concave on the side ; whole surface with
numerous radiating striw, crossed by remote, indistinct ones ;
margins even.

The Coal Measures, Middleton, near Leeds.

5. AvicuLa HEMISPH#RICA.—The Hemispherical Avicula,
pl. LXV. fig. 5.

Pecten hemispherica. Phillips, Geo. York, Il. p. 212,
pl. 6, fig. 16.

Nearly orbicular ; the lower valve circular and very con-
vex, with the sides gradually passing into the undefined ears ;
hinge-line straight and a little oblique; surface with squa-
mose str.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

6. AvicULA RETROFLEXA.—The Bent-back Avicula, pl.
UXVI." fig. 17.

A, retrofiexa. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. II. p. 609, pl. 5, fig. 9.

Short, very broad, semicircular, oblique, somewhat convex,
transversely wrinkled; anterior ear very small, length 10
lines, breadth 12 inch.

The Upper Ludlow Rock, Hale-end, Melverns, near Usk.

7. AvicuLa costaTA.—The Ribbed Avicula, pl. LX VI.*
figs. 7, 8, 9.

A. costata. Sowerby, III. p. 77, pl. 244, fig. 1.

Deeper valve transversely ovate; auricles nearly equal;
surface with eight smooth, longitudinal, curved, divergent
ribs, with internal furrows corresponding to the external ribs,
which project beyond the margin; shallow valve nearly flat,
with numerous external rays, the posterior auricle of which
is separated from the shell by a deep narrow sinus, and pro-
vided with a few sharp teeth on the sides under the auricle,

the opposite auricle large, much elongated and acute, extend- ©

ing considerably beyond the body of the shell.
The Cornbrash, Stoney Stratford.

8. AvicuLs INZQUIVALVIs.—The Unequal-valved Avicula,
pl. LX VI.* figs. 5, 6.

A. inaquivalvis. Sowerby, III. p. 78, pl. 244, fig. 2.

CONCHIFERA.

AVICULA.

Deeper valve obliquely elliptical, convex, enveloping the
smaller valve, and furnished with a large projecting auricle,
which is a little rounded at the point; surface with thir-
teen narrow, divergent, rounded ribs, projecting beyond the
margin, and striated in the interstices; flatter valve a little
convex, smooth, with divergent furrows ; posterior auricles
of both valves very small; substance of the shell extremely
thin.

There are two varieties of this fossil, the one with strong
and the other with slender striz.

The Kelloways Rock, Kelloways; the Inferior Oolite,
Dursley and Blue Wick; and the Lias in many localities.

9. AvicuLa oBLiquA.—The Oblique Avicula, pl. LX VI.*
fig. 25.

A. obliqua. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. pt. II., p. 635, pl. 20, fig. 4.

Elongated, obliquely ovate, conyex, smooth; hinge-line
rather short, auricles undefined. Length 13 inch.

This species occurs in clusters in the Caradoc Sandstone,
Soudley, near Acton Scott, east flank of Cuer Caradoc.

10. AvyireuLa EcHINATA. —The Spinous Avicula, pl.
LXVI.** figs. 9, 10, 11.

A. echinata. Sowerby, III. p. 75, pl. 243.

Obovate, gibbose, a little longer than wide, deeper valve
with numerous muricated ribs, and unequal auricles, the ante-
rior one is nearly rectangular ; flatter valve generally wider
than long, smooth, with the anterior auricle acute.

The Cornbrash, Atford, and Chippenham, the Great
Oolite, Bath, and the Lias, Yorkshire.

11. AvicuLa LaNcEoLaTA.—The Lanceolate Avicula, pl.
LXIX. fig. 3.

A. lanceolata. Sowerby, VI. p. 17, pl. 512, fig. 1.

Extremely lengthened transversely, very flat; obliquely
linear, lanceolate, and compressed ; its width about six times
its length ; posterior auricle large and obtusely angled, extend-
ing to about one-third the breadth of the shell; the anterior
auricle minute and pointed; beaks placed near the anterior
extremity.

The Lias, Lyme Regis, Dorsetsbire.

12. Avicuta ovara.—The Ovate Avicula, pl. LXVI.**
fig. 18.

A. ovata. Sowerby, VI. p. 18, pl. 512, fig. 2.

Convex, transversely ovate ; posterior side elongated and
obtuse ; hinge-line long, occupying more than half of the shell,
forming part of the posterior wing, which is somewhat obscure.

The Great Oolite, Stonesfield.

13. AvicuLA meEp1a. — The
LXXXIII. figs. 19, 20.

A. media. Sowerby, I. p. 13, pl. 2.

Ovate, compressed ; auricles large, unequal, one large and
acute ; hinge-line lengthened and parallel ; surface smooth.

The London Clay, Highgate and Sheppy.

14, AvicuLA LINEATA.—The Lineated Avicula, pl. LX VI.*
fig. 10.

A. lineata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. pt. II. p. 610, pl. 5, fig. 10.

Obliquely ovate, compressed, surface with many radiating
elevated lines; anterior auricle minute, posterior one well
marked, triangular, half as long as the posterior side. Length

nine lines ; width one inch and two lines.

The Upper Ludlow Rock, near Ludlow.

Medium Avicula, pl.

'
:
}

AVICULA.

15. AvicuLA rETICULATA.—The Reticulated Avicula, pl.
LXVI.* fig. 20.

A. reticulata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. pt. II. p. 614, pl. 6, fig. 3.

Oblong ovate, oblique, one valve rather convex, and the
other nearly flat; both pointed towards the beaks, and broad
at the base; surface with numerous, longitudinal, divergent
ribs, decussated by rather strong lines of growth ; auricles un-
equal ; one hardly developed, the other very large and rectan-
gular.

Aymestry Limestone, Croft Valley, Aymestry; Lower
Ludlow, Myddleton Hall, Wenlock Limestone, Falfield and
Totworth.

16. AvicuLA orBicuLARIs.—The Orbicular Avicula, pl.
LXVI.* fig, 21.

A. orbicularis. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. pt. II. p. 635, pl. 10, fig. 2.

Nearly orbicular, convex, and almost smooth ; with a few
almost obsolete lines of growth ; beaks produced; auricles
small, the anterior one round, the posterior not protruding be-
yond the margin; hinge-line straight ; length and breadth
nearly equal.

The Caradoc Sandstone, Acton Scott, near Caradoc ;
Honderly and Cheney Longyille.

17. Avicuta Murcutsonr.— Murchison’s Avicula, pl.
LXVI.* fig. 18.

A. orbicularis. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. pt. II. p. 635, pl. 20,
fig. 3.

Obliquely elongated, rather inflated, smooth, or with nearly
obsolete lines of growth, and very obtuse, imperfectly deve-
loped, concentric ridges ; beaks small, acute ; anterior auricle
very small, its outline undulous; posterior auricle not pro-
truding beyond the margin; with a very slight obtuse flexure
beneath it.

The Caradoc Sandstone, Acton Scott.

18. AvicULA RECTANGULARIS.—The Rectangular Avicula,
pl. LXVI+* fig. 11.

A. rectangularis. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. pt. IT. p. 603, pl. 3, f. 2.

Smooth, obliquely sub-triangular, and very convex ; hinge-
line long, straight ; anterior side almost straight; posterior
side produced, in the form of a lobe; front rounded; beaks
rather acute and slightly turned downwards ; auricles not de-
fined.

The Old Red Sandstone, Horeb Chapel, in the Cwm-dwr,
between Trecastle and Llandovery, Wales.

19. AvicuLa numMATA.—The Buried Avicula, pl. LX VI.**
fig. 1.

A. obliqua. Brown, Trans. Manch. Geo. Soc. I. p. 225, pl. 7,
fig. 64.

Sub-depressed, yalves very oblique ; hinge-line long, nearly
straight ; surface with numerous elevated, divergent, longitu-
dinal ribs, emanating from the slightly protruding beaks, and
terminating a little beyond the margin, producing a crenulated
edge, crossed by many fine lines of growth ; auricles of medium
size, the anterior one only defined ; length and breadth about
half an inch.

The Coal Shale, Crimsworth and Vale of Todmorden.

20. Avicuta Samvetsi.—Samuels’ A vicula, pl. LX Vi.**
fig. 29.

A. Samuelsii. Brown, Trans. Manch. Geo. Soc. I. p. 225,
pl. 7, fig. 65.

CONCHIFERA. . 161

Semicircular, wider than long, hinge-line straight; the
auricles undefined ; beaks small, pointed, and not much pro-
duced beyond the hinge-line; surface covered with rounded,
longitudinal, divergent ribs, which emanate from the beaks
and pass oyer the margin, giving a fine pectinated appearance,
crossed by numerous distinct lines of growth. Length up-
wards of a quarter of an inch ; breadth, « third more. f

The Coal Shate, High-Green Wood, Vale of Todmorden.

Named in honour of my friend John Samuels, Esq., of Barton
House, Manchester, Vice-President of the Manchester Na-
tural History Society.

21. Avicuta Bryyeyi.—Binney’s Avicula, pl. LXVI.**
figs. 5, 6.

A. Binneyi. Brown. Trans. Manch. Geo. Soe. I. p. 65,
pl. 6, figs. 27, 28.

Smooth, oblique, beaks prominent, acute; larger auricle
nearly parallel with the hinge-line and undefined ; the other
small ; hinge-line straight ; posterior side abruptly contracted ;
interior side very broad; centre of the valves considerably
ventricose. Length three-sixteenths of an inch; breadth
nearly a quarter of an inch,

The New Red Sandstone, Newtown, Lancashire.

22, AvIcULA INFLATA—The Inflated Avicula, pl. LX VI.**
figs. 4and 8.

A. inflata. Brown, Trans. Man. Geo. Soc. I. p. 65, pl. 6,
figs. 25, 26. -

Oblique, inflated, transversely oblong-ovate ; hinge placed
much to one side, where it is narrow and subeompressed, with
a small and acute auricle, widening rapidly towards the oppo-
site side. Length three-sixteenths of an inch, breadth a quar-
ter of an inch.

The New Red Sandstone, Newtown, Lancashire.

23. AyicuLa TEnuA.—The Thin Avicula, pl. LXVIII.
fig. 9.

P. Brown, Trans. Man. Geo. Soe. I. pl. 5, fig. 23.

Oblique, compressed ; hinge-line slightly oblique ; anterior
side nearly straight, with the auricle undefined ; posterior side
with a considerable curvature under the ear, beneath which it
is produced and rounded ; surface smooth, with irregular in-
equidistant, concentric, slight wrinkles.

In the Black Bass, Pendleton Coal Mine, near Man-
chester.

24, AvICULA squamMuLA.— The Scale Avicula, pl.
LXVIII. fig. 10.

Oblique, compressed ; hinge-line slightly oblique ; anterior
side nearly straight; posterior side very slightly curved ;
surface smooth, with a few nearly obsolete concentric
wrinkles,

The Coal Shale, Vale of Todmorden.

25. AvicULA ANOMALA—The Anomalous Avicula, pl.
LXVI.* fig. 22.

A. anomala. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 342, pl. 17,
fig. 18.

Very obliquely elongated, imperfagtly five angled, disk
flattened ; beaks acute, protruding beyond the hinge-line,
which is greatly obliqued ; surface with many longitudinal
narrow elevated ridges, crossed by slightly defined lines of
growth ; valves very deep, together measuring about one anda
half inch, with a square section ; basal line sub-triangular.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

2P

162

26. AvICULA MODIOLIFORME.—The Modiolaformed Avyicula,
pl. LXVI.* fig. 19.

A.modiola. Rhind, Age of the Earth, p. 167, pl. 2, fig. 5.

Much elongated transversely ; umbones placed near one
side, gradually widening towards the opposite side ; hinge-line
not defined, a triangular small ear on one side ; surface trans-
versely wrinkled.

The Coal Shale, Woodhall, on the River Leith, near Edin-
burgh.

27. AyICULA NovEMCOSTAE.—The Nine-Ribbed Avicula,
pl. LXVE** fig. 12.

A. inaquivalvis. Phillips, Geo. York, I. p. 133, pl. 14,
fig. 4.

Obliquely oval; hinge-line slightly oblique; one ear very
small, the other large ; surface smooth, with nine longitudinal
rounded, divergent ribs, gradually thickening from the beaks to
the basal margin.

The Marlstone, in many localities.

28. AvicuLA EXPANSA.—The Expanded Avicula, pl.
LXVI.** fig. 13.

A. expansa. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 3, fig. 35.

Oblong-ovate, very oblique; the posterior side extremely
produced ; anterior side short and gently curved; auricles
well defined, very unequal ; the anterior one very small, and
the posterior one large, curved on the side ; hinge-line a little
oblique; surface smooth, with about sixteen rounded, divergent,
longitudinal ribs.

The Coral Rag, Malton, the Kelloways Rock, South Cove,
and Oxford Clay, Scarborough.

29. AvicuLA ovaLis.—The
fig. 14.

A. ovalis. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 3, fig. 36.

Oblong-ovate ; ears unequal, the anterior one about half the
size of the other ; hinge-line considerably oblique and straight ;
beaks produced ; sides a little unequal, gently rounded ; sur-
face with numerous, divergent, shallow, longitudinal furrows,
and a few concentric, shallow lines of growth.

The Coral Rag, Yorkshire.

30. Avicuta pEcepta.— The Deceptive Avicula, pl.
LXXXIIL. fig. 18.

Obliquely transverse ; hinge-line nearly straight ; auricles
undefined ; the anterior one acute ; lower part of the dorsal
umbones obsolete; surface transversely

Oval Avicula, LXVI.**

side produced ;
wrinkled.

The Coal Shale, Vale of Todmorden.

31. Anomra GryPHOIDES.—The Graphite Avicula, pl.
LXVI.** fig. 19, 20.

A. gryphoides. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 335, pl.
tiga

Obliguely elongated ; the convex valve ovate, with a pro-
duced, incurved beak, and two small nearly equal auricles ;
upper valve nearly flat, suborbicular, and furnished with a
single auricle.

The Upper Greensarfl, near Petersfield.

32. AVICULA ELEGANTIssIMA.—The Very Elegant Avicula,
pl. LXVI.** fig. 21.

A. elegantissima. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 4, fig. 2.

Transyersely elongated ; its bteadth twice and a half its
length; hinge-line a little hollowed; beaks produced, large,

CONCHIFERA.

AvicuLa.

rounded, and situate near the anterior side, which is extremely
short, and almost straight; posterior side much elongated,
with a large auricle, nearly equal to half the breadth of the
shell ; surface smooth, and provided with from seven to nine
divergent, longitudinal, smooth ribs in the centre of the
valves.

The Coral Rag, Malton.

33. AvicuLA RADIATA.—The Rayed Avicula, pl. LX VI.**
fig. 30.

A. radiata. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 211, pl. 6, fig. 8.

Sub-orbicular ; hinge-line straight ; beaks nearly central ;
auricles unequal, acute, and extending beyond the sides of the
valves ; surface with many radiating, rather broad ribs, and
narrow intervening furrows ; base rounded.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

34, AvicuLA cycLopTERA.—The Cyclops Avicula, pl.
LXVI.** fig. 34.

A. cycloptera. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 211, pl. 6, fig. 5.

Sub-quadrangular ; hinge-line sloping downwards from both
sides of the beak ; sides a little conical ; surface smooth, with
four or five radiating ridges, arising a little below the beaks,
and terminating on the rounded and scolloped basal margin ;
lines of growth slightly imbricated on the disk of the valves.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

35. AVICULA TESSELLATA—The Tessellated Avicula, pl.
LXVI.** fig. 31. ‘

A. tessellatta. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 211, pl. 6, fig. 6.

Sub-quadrangular ; hinge-line slightly curving downwards
from the beak, and extending beyond the sides; auricles yery
large, unequal, and subacute ; surface with from eight to fif-
teen radiating rounded ridges, extending beyond the basal
margin, producing a scolloped edge.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland and Colster Dale.

36. AvicuLa suBLoBATA.—The Half-lobed Avicula, pl.
LXVI.** fig. 32.

A. sublobata.
fig. 25.

Oval, slightly oblique; hinge-line short, straight, with a
small auricle on one side; surface with numerous divergent,
flat, narrow ribs, the intermediate furrows with fine.concentric
strie.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Castleton, Derbyshire.

37. Avicuta Brampuriensis.—The Brambury Avicula,
pl. LXVI.** fig. 33.

A. Bramburiensis. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl, 6, fig. 6.

Oyate, slightly oblique ; hinge-line obliqne, auricles a little
unequal ; surface with many longitudinal, divergent ribs,
which are furnished with numerous imbricated scales ; basal
margin a little scolloped; beaks obtuse, extending a trifle
beyond the hinge-line.

The Great Oolite, Cloughton and Brora.

38. Avicuna Moprotaris.—The Modiola-like Avicula,
pl. LXI.** figs. 23, 24.

A. modiolaris. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 39, fig. 18.

Obliquely and transversely elongated ; compressed ; keeled
towards the beaks ; auricles undefined; hinge-line straight.

The Coal Measures, Coalbrook Dale.

39 AvicuLa Qquaprata.—The Squarish Avicula pl.
LXI.** 27, 28.

Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 211, pl. 6,

AVIcULA.

A: quadrata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 39, fig. 17.

Sub-quadrangular, convex ; hinge-line straight ; anterior
auricle small, rounded ; posterior auricle not defined ; a keel
extending from the beak to the basal margin, which is
rounded.

The Coal Measures, Coalbrook Dale.

40. AvicuLa piscors.—The Discordant Avicula, pl.
LXVI.** fig. 3.

A. discors. Brown, Trans. Manch. Geo. Soe. I. p. 56, pl.
VI. fig. 28.

Smooth, oblique ; anterior side short acute, posterior side
broad; superior auricle large; the inferior one small and
parallel with the hinge-line ; beaks small and prominent ;
length a quarter of an inch ; breadth nearly three-eightlis.

The New Red Sandstone, Newton, near Manchester.

41. AvicuLa AnTIQUA——The Ancient Avicula, pl. LXI.**
fic. 5.

A. antiqua. Goldfuss, pl. 160, fig. 9.

Obliquely sub-orbicular ; hinge-line straight ; auricles rather
large ; the anterior slightly defined ; the posterior one large ;
concave on the edge; whole surface with numerous, longitu-
dinal, oblique, divergent strong ribs, with from one to three
smaller intervening ones ; crossed by many concentric, broad,
shallow lines of growth.

Upper Silurian Limestone, Westmoreland.

42, AyicuLA LUNULATA.—The Crescent-shaped Avicula, pl.
LXVII. fig. 17.

Gervillia lunulata. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 211, pl.
6, fig. 12.

Very oblique, and much arcuated ; hinge-line greatly ob-
lique ; auricles unequal ; the anterior one short and blunt ; the
posterior very long, and acute at the upper angle ; posterior
side much lengthened, and with pretty strong concentric
ridges ; anterior side short; the beaks obtuse; surface with
slight imbricated striae.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

43. Avicuta Neprune.—Neptune’s Avicula, pl. LXI.** f.21.

Sub-orbicular, sub-compressed ; hinge-line horizontal ; auri-
cles unequally undefined; anterior one short; posterior
projecting, in a line with the side, and acute; whole surface
with numerous, divergent, rounded, narrow ribs, with some-
times smaller intervening ones ; crossed by yery close, numer-
ous concentric, raised striw ; anterior side rounded ; posterior
side rather straight.

The Upper Silurian Limestone, Westmoreland.

44, AVICULA TENERA.—The Tender Avicula, pl. LXI.**f. 11.

A. papyracea. Goldfuss, pl. CXVI. fig. 5.

Sub-orbicular, oblique; hinge-line nearly horizontal ; auri-
cles unequal; the anterior small and well defined ; the poste-
rior large and undefined ; concave on the edge; whole sur-
face covered with numerous oblique, divergent, somewhat

unequal ribs, most of them with a central groove, the ribs as
well as the intervening furrows crossed by numerous close-set,
strong striw ; sides and base rounded.

The Coal Measures, Bradford.

45. AvicuLaA pEcTINATA.—The Pectinated Avicula, pl.
LXVI.** fig. 2.

A. pectinata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d. Ser. IV. p. 338.
pl. 14, fig. 3.

‘

CONCHIFERA. 163

Obliquely-elongated, slightly arcuated, and a little convex ;
hinge-line straight and horizontal ; beaks obtuse and produced
above the hinge area; auricles large ; the posterior one con-
cave on the margin, as well as on the side of the valve ; ante-
rior side convex and rounded, and surface with alternately
long and short linear ridges.

The Lower Greensand, Risborough, Kent.

46, AvicuLa stmpLex.— The Simple-ribbed Avicula, pl.
LXV. figs. 26, 27.

Pecten simplex. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 212, pl. 6, fig.
27.

Obliquely-elongated ; hinge-line straight and oblique ; auri-
cles nearly equal; lower valve tumid ; the surface with strong
divergent ribs and furrows; upper valve rather flat, with
the furrows and ribs corresponding to the other, but shallower
and flatter.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

47. AvicuLA suB-RADIATA.—The Sub-rayed Avicula, pl.
LXI.** fig. 29.

A. sub-radiata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr, 2d Ser. V. pl. 34, fig. 1.
Phillips, Pal. Foss. pl. 23, fig. 86.

Obliquely and transversely elongated ; breadth extending
the whole length of the shell; hinge-line horizontal ; one
valve flat, the other convex ; auricles not defined, the poste-
rior one smooth, with a few concentric lines, with radiations
along the middle; anterior side narrow and pointed ; poste-
rior side broad, and a little concave ; surface with remote ra-
diating lines, crossed by raised concentric lines of growth.

The Devonian Shales, Petherwin. ]

48. AvicuLA cyenires.—The Swan’s-foot Avicula, pl.
TERA VAL She 7 i

A, cygnipes. Phillips, Geo. York, I. p. 134, pl. 14, fig.
8. Pecten cygnipes. Young and Bird, Geo. Sur. York,
Coast, p. 235, pl. 9, figs. 4 and 6.

Sub-quadrate, oblique; lower valve convex, the other flat ;
hinge-line straight, oblique; umbo of the conyex valve
rounded and obtuse, projecting above the hinge area ; auricles
very unequal, the anterior one exceedingly small and pointed ;
the posterior one very large, concave on the edge, the point
obtuse, and protruding beyond the side; surface with from
four to five longitudinal, divergent, curved ribs, inclining pos-
teriorly, and extending half an inch beyond the margins, ter-
minating in acute points; the intercostal spaces covered with
fine longitudinal strie; lower margin concave between the
ribs; flat valve with furrows corresponding in number to the
ribs of the other valve, and with rather coarser, longitudinal
strie between the furrows, and with a few concentric lines of
growth towards the base, the auricles and hinge-line corre-
sponding with the under valye.

The Ironstone Bands in the Aluminous Strata, near Whitby,
and in the Lias at Bilsdale and Wilton Castle, Yorkshire.

49. AvicuLA LonercostataA—TLhe Long-Ribbed Avicula,
pl. LXVI.** figs. 15, 16.

A. longicostata. Stutchbury, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839, p. 163,
fig. 28.

Ovyate, inequivalve, the lower one convex and the upper
flat; lower valve with the hinge-line horizontal, and a little
curyed ; ears very unequal, the anterior one extremely small
and obtuse, the posterior very large, somewhat rounded

J64

above, protruding in a lengthened sharp point, and consider-
ably concave on the margin ; surface with six elevated, narrow,
longitudinal, divergent ribs, extending beyond the margins,
and acutely pointed ; the central, second, and sixth ribs being
higher than the others, which are intermediate ones; the rib
next the larger ear is invariably tripartite; the intercostal
spaces with fine, irregular, longitudinal strix ; crossed towards
the base with lines of growth; margins between the ribs con-
vex ; flat valve, with the hinge-line quite straight, the anterior
auricle corresponding with that of the lower valve; the larger
one undefined, acute above, and much less concave on the
margin than that of the other valve; surface with five or six
longitudinal divergent furrows, corresponding with the ribs in
the opposite valve, the intermediate spaces with numerous,
fine, longitudinal strie ; margins plain and quite circular.
The Lias, Saltford, near Bath.

Althougk Mr Stutchbury’s figure is scarcely two inches in length, the
ribs protrude six-eighths of an inch beyond the margins.

Genus XXV.—PTERINEA.—Goldfuss.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, both sides furnished with
lateral auricles ; the anterior one short ; the posterior distinctly
defined ; hinge area broad and lengthened, its superior margin
straight, and the surface generally with a series of parallel
lines; ligament internal ; hinge with several oblique cardinal
teeth, situate below the beaks, and with one or more lateral,
very oblique, remote teeth, sloping considerably downwards
from the umbones to the anterior side, with one large muscu-
lar impression in each valve.

The shells of this genus may easily be mistaken for those of
Avieula, where the inside of the valves are hidden from view.

1. Prerinra ventricosa.—The Inflated Pterinea, pl.
LXI.** figs. 16, 17.

P. ventricosa. Goldfuss, pl. 119, fig. 2.
p- 49, pl. 22, fig. 82.

Much and obliquely elongated, its length more than double
its breadth ; ventricose; hinge-line straight and slightly ob-
lique; auricles unequal, the anterior ones very small and
xeute, the other very large, extending below the centre of the

Phillips, Pal. Fos.

side; beaks obtuse ; hinge with oblique narrow teeth, gradu-_

ally lengthening posteriorly, forming a triangular series, with
a series of shorter teeth behind them; surface smooth.

The Devonian Shales, Newton Bushel.

2. PrERINEA RADIATA.—The Rayed Pterinea, pl. LX
fig. 22.

P. radiata. Goldfuss, pl. 119, fig. 7.

Transversely oblong ; surface with a series of wide-set lon-
gitudinal, rounded, divergent ribs, with one or two intervening
ones between each, the whole surface crossed by numerous
waved striz ; margin scolloped.

The Devonian Shale, Newton Bushel.

3. Prerinea sPrInosA.—The Spinous Pterinea.

P. spinosa. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 48, pl. 22, fig. 8.

Oblique; deeper valve very convex along the middle, as
well as the anterior, which is small, rounded, and separated
from the middle by a deep, broad sinus, and depression ; ante-
rior side expanded and flattened ; whole surface with large,
longitudinal, wide-set, oblique ribs, which are provided with

L#*

CONCHIFERA.

GerRviIcia.

imbricated, distant spines, and crossed by fine concentric
strie ; on the disks the intercostal spaces are flat, longitudi-
nally striated, as also the posterior wing.

Devonian Shale, Petherwin.

4, Prertnea THompsont.—Thompson’s Pterinea.

P. Thompsoni. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 431, pl. 25 A,
fig. 10.

Much elongated transversely; convex ; body of the shell
oblique ; hinge-line quite sharp and horizontal, extending the
entire length of the valye, terminating on both sides with
lengthened acute auricles, with a slight contraction under the
anterior one; the posterior margin sigmoidal; beak not ex-
tending beyond the hinge-line.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Tyrone, Ireland.

Figs. 36 and 37 represent Pterinea levis, to shew the teeth of another
division of the genus.

Genus XX VI.—MONOTIS.—Bronn.

Sub-equivalve, inequilateral sub-orbicular ; compressed ;
close ; anterior auricle small, with a larger continuous one on
the posterior side; hinge-line straight, thick, and destitute of
teeth ; beaks depressed and sub-medial, with a canal below
them in front, inclining in the right valve, and a plait
within. Muscular impressions unknown.

1. Monoris pEcussata.—The Decussated Monotis, pl.
LXI.** figs. 18, 19.

M. decussata. _Goldfuss, pl. 120, fig. 8.

Sub-orbicular ; under valve convex, the other rather fiat ;
hinge-line straight and horizontal ; auricles not refined ; umbo
rounded and blunt; surface with numerous fine, divergent
ribs, thickly beset with imbricated spines, the intercostal spaces
with fine longitudinal strix, crossed by numerous flat, broad
strie ; margins scolloped ; upper valve with a large posterior
auricle, hollowed on the side, and defined by four radiating
ribs; the anterior side with a small acute ear, separated be-
low by a notch; from the umbo emanate numerous undulating,
divergent, irregularly-set ribs, which occupy the central por-
tion of the valve, leaving a space destitute of ribs on both
sides ; the intercostal spaces with numerous shallow, concentric
grooves, which cover the whole surface. Length six-eighths
of an inch ; breadth somewhat less.

The Lias, Gloucestershire.

Fig. 20 repsesents the hinge of Monotis subcostata.

Genus XX VII.—GERVILLIA.— Defrance.

Shell oblong, nearly equivalve, greatly inequilateral, and
oblique ; hinge-line rather long, linear and nearly straight,
with several irregular, somewhat transverse, small pits, for
the reception of the ligament ; teeth numerous, more or less
lamelliform, interlocking, variable in direction and size, situ-
ate below the dorsal edge ; each valve with one: muscular im-
pression.

1, GERVILLIA SOLENOIDEs.—The Solen-shaped Gervillia,
pl. LXIX. fig. 6.

G. solenoides. Sowerby, VI. p. 14, pl. 510, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

Greatly elongated transyersely, its width being nearly eight

Carituus.

?

times its length ; depressed, slightly curved, and smooth ; ante-
rior extremity truncated, open; teeth of the hinge variously
dispose, irregular, and linear, those of the exterior extremity
are most produced, and placed perpendicular to the hinge-
line ; the others lie in the same direction with it, and are fre-
quently curved, with about four depressions.

The Lower Greensand, Sussex; Isle of Wight ; Dorset and
Devonshires.

2, Gervintra acuta ?—The Acute Geryillia, pl. LXTX. f 5.

G. acuta. Sowerby, VI. p. 15, pl. 510, fig. 5.

Ovate and lanccolate, its width four times its length ; ob-
lique, narrow, somewhat depressed, and a little curved ; sub-
stance of the skell very thin; anterior portion greatly attenu-
ated, the opposite extremity rounded; teeth of the hinge
variously disposed.

In the Great Oolite, Collyweston.

3. GERVILLIA AvicuLompEs.—The Birds-Wing Gervillia,
pl. LXIX. figs. 7, 8, 9.

G. aviculoides. Sowerby, VI. p. 16, pl. 511.
culoides. Ib. I. p. 147, pl. 66.

Obliquely ovate, and lance-shaped, somewhat curved, with
both extremities acute; hinge-line occupying nearly half the
length of the shell; teeth few, all similarly disposed.

Greensand, Blackdown and Lyme Regis; Lower Green-
sand, Sandgate; the Portland Sand, Langcombe ; and the
Oxford Clay, Osmington and Upware.

4, GERVILLIA LANCEOLATA.—The Lance-shaped Gervillia,
pl. LXIX. fig. 4.

G. lanceolata. Goldfuss, p. 123, pl. 115, fig. 9.
Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 9, fig. 36.

Much elongated transversely, its breadth being five times its
length ; the hinge-line long, nearly half the width of the shell,

Perna avi-

G. acuta.

nearly straight and oblique, tapering to a point, the opposite ~

side a little narrowed from the hinge, with a rounded, blunt
termination ; surface nearly smooth, with a few nearly regu-
lar, faint lines of growth.

The Great Oolite, Collyweston, Brandsby, and Cloughton.

5. GeRVILLIA INconspicua,—Thie Inconspicuous Gervillia.

G. inconspicua. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 212, pl. LXI.**
fig. 30.

Transversely elongated ; hinge-linge extending the whole
length of the vaive ; anterior side short, rounded ; posterior
side truncated ; surface with concentric wrinkles.

Carboniferous Limestone, Castleton, Derbyshire.

6. GERVILLIA LAMINosAW—The Laminated Gervillia, pl.
LXVII. figs. 10, 16.

G. laminosa. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 212, pl. 6, fig. 10.

Very oblique inflated hinge-line, extending the whole length
of the shell, with auriform processes on both sides of the beaks,
the anterior one short and blunt ; the posteriorlengthened and
acute ; surface smooth, with concentric lines of growth; base
rounded.

Fig. 16 is a cast of the inside.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland, Colsterdale.

7. GERVILLIA M1nor.—The Small Gervillia, pl. LXI** f.31.

G. minor. Brown, Trans. Manchester Geo. Soc. I. p. 227,
pl. 7, fig. 70.

Very oblique; umbones flat, placed much to one side;

hinge-line long, straight ; surface with numerous concentric,

CONCHIF ERA.

165

strong, rude wrinkles, with lesser intermediate ones. Length
three-eighths of an inch, breadth three-fourths of an inch.

Carboniferous Limestone Shhle, High-Green Wood, Vale
of Todmorden.

8. GERVILLIA squAMOsSA.—The Scaly Gervillia, pl. LX-VII.
fig. 18.

G. squamosa. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 212, pl. 6, fig. 9-

Greatly oblique ; hinge-line nearly straight ; one ear large,
the other small; posterior side ridged; surface with scaly
striae.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

9. Gervinura Lata.—The Broad Gervillia, pl. LXITX.
figs. 1, 2.

G. lata. Phillips Geo. York, I. pl. 11, fig. 16.

Obliquely transverse, much inflated, hinge-line long, oblique,
anterior side short, posterior side yery large, beaks obtuse ;
surface smooth, with many equidistant concentric lines of
growth.

The Inferior Oolite and Blue Wick, Glaize Dale.

Genus XXVIII.—CRENATULA.—Lamarck.

Shell sub-equivalve, compressed, inequilateral, oblique ;
somewhat distorted and lamellar; hinge-line lateral, linear,
nearly straight, marginal, and internally crenulated ; the cre-
nule formed in a continuous series along the hinge, each of
them presenting a small rounded callosity, and excavated for
the reception of part of the cartilage, the intervening ridges
covered with a true ligament; muscular impressions almost
obsolete, of an oblong form, and situate near the anterior mar-
gin of the pearlaceous substance.

1. ORENATULA VENTRICOsA.—The Bellied Crenatula, pl:
LXI.*** fig. 4.

O. ventricosa. Sowerby, V. p. 64, pl. 443.

Ovate, elongated, gibbose, ventricose, and carinated :
hinge-line short, posterior side much compressed, with its
edges a little produced, but not lobate ; front and anterior
side rounded ; inside pearlaceous.

In the Lias, Bosworth, Leicestershire, Yorkshire, and Vale
of Gloucester.

2. Crenatuta Listert.—Lister’s Crenatula, pl. LXI.
fig. 5.

C. Listeri. Parkinson, Org. Rem. III. p. 220, pl. 15, f. 9.

Elongated ; hinge-line oblique ; crenulations large ; valves
narrow above and wide below.

The Great Oolite, Shotover.

3. CRENATULA PRopUcTA.—The Produced Crenatula, pl.
LXI.*** fig. 6. ;

C. producta. Parkinson, Org. Rem. III. p. 221, pl. 15,
figs. 6, 7.

Much elongated ; hinge-line considerably oblique, with four
large crenulations ; beaks rather prominent, and a little turned
to one side ; basal margins of the valves much produced, and
extending considerably below the body of the shell ; external
surface with concentric laminz.

The Oolite, Shefford, Bedfordshire.

Genus XXIX.—CATILLUS.—Brongniart.

Shell thick, inequivalve, inequilateral ; triangular, deep,

166

with incurved umbones; hinge linear, consisting of a series of
transverse grooves, and extending on one side of the beaks
only, its direction, as regards the transverse diameter of the
shell, being generally oblique ; cartilage partly external.

1. Carmxius Cuviert.—Cuvier's Catillus, pl. LXVII.
fig. 21.

Inoceramus Cuvieri. Sowerby, V. p. 59, pl. 441, fig. 1.

Convex ovate, curved, generally one-third longer than
wide, and rather shallow ; anterior side concave, with a small,
almost smooth lobe near the beak; beaks short, and rather
acute, hardly raised above the hinge-line, which is long ; sur-
face with transverse, distant, waved, shallow furrows; the
laminated lines of growth are nearly equidistant, with the sur-
face between them smooth.

This is a gigantic species, sometimes being found from four
to five feet in length.

The Lower Chalk, Lyme Regis, Lewes, Royston, and
Petersfield.

2. Catmuivs Broneniartu.—Brongniart’s Catillus, pl.
LXVIIL. figs. 4, 5, 6.

Inoceramus Brongniartii. Sowerby, V. p. 60, pl. 441,f. 2, 3.

Oblong, gibbose, its length not quite double its breadth ;
posterior side cordiform, angular, and lobed ; anterior side
truncated, flat, and smooth ; beaks small, curved, and acute ;
surface with large transverse undulations.

This species grow8 to a large size.

The Chalk, Lewes and Dover.

3. CATILLUS corDIFoRMIs.—The Heart-shaped Catillus, pl.
LXVIILI. fig. 15.

Inoceramus cordiformis. Sowerby, V. p. 61, pl. 440.

Equivalved, heart-shaped, width and depth nearly equal,
and its length a little more than the breadth ; anterior side
angular ; posterior side not defined, but emanates gradually
from a hollow beneath the beaks, which are large and in-
curved ; surface transversely and interruptedly waved.

In the Chalk, Gravesend, Lewes, and Norfolk.

4. CatTmutus MyTILomwEs.—The Mytilus-shaped Catillus,
pl. LX VII. fig. 5.

Inoceramus mytiloides. Sowerby, V. p. 62, pl. 442.

Equivalved, depressed, and elongated ; convex and obtuse
towards the beaks, which are short and sharp-pointed ; pos-
terior side produced ; hinge-line oblique ; surface with slight
irregular undulations.

In the Chalk, Norwich, Gravesend; the Lower Chalk,
Lewes, Warminster, Petersfield, and Lyme Regis.

5. Carittus tatus.—The Broad Catillus, pl. LX VIII.
fig. 8.

Tnoceramus latus. Sowerby, VI. p. 159, pl. 572, fig. 1.

Depressed, ovate-rhomboidal ; valves equal; anterior side
concaye; posterior side broad and expanding towards the
hinge-line, which is very oblique; beaks small and short;
surface with slightly elevated cencentric undulations and
sharp strize.

The Chalk, Brighton and Norfolk, and the Lower Green-
sand, Brasted, Kent. ;

6. Cariuius str1aTus.—The Striated Catillus, pl. LX VIII.
fig. 3.

Tnoceramus striatus. Sowerby, VI. p. 160, pl. 582, fig. 2.

Sub-globose, plain. anterior side concave and smooth ;

CONCHIFERA.

Catinivs.
beaks very short and obtuse; surface with shallow concentric
furrows, and striated.

Lower Chalk, Haytesbury and Lewes.

7. Catittus tnvoLtutus.—The Involute Catillus, pl.
LXVIII. figs. 12, 13.

Inoceramus involutus. Sowerby, VI. p. 160, pl. 583.

Somewhat globular, valves very unequal, one of them consi-
derably inflated and even, with a large incurved beak, and its
side very concave, the other valve nearly flat, with deep, con-
centric undulations; its margin very thick and deflected ;
hinge-line placed upon an elevated narrow lobe.

The Chalk, Lewes and Norfolk.

8. Carmutus GrypuxorpEs.—The Gryphe-formed Catil-—
lus, pl. LX-VIII. fig. 16.

Inoceramus grypheoides. Sowerby, VI. p. 161, pl. 584, fig. 1.

Ventricose, ovate ; inequivalve, the smaller globose; beaks
incurved, acute, and approximating ; surface concentrically
undulated.

The Lower Greensand, West of Lyme Regis, ahd at Ring-
mer, &c.

9. Cariiius pustus.—The Doubtful Catillus, pl. LX VIII.
fig. 2.

Inoceramus dubius. Sowerby, VI. p. 162, pl. 584, fig. 3.

Concave, ovate, pointed ; valves unequal ; beaks short and
pointed ; surface concentrically striated and indistinctly undu-
lated. '

Lias, Whitby, Yorkshire, and Vale of Gloucester.

10. Carriius prctus.—The Painted Catillus, pl. LX VIII.
fig, 7.

Inoceramus pictus. Sowerby, VI. p. 215, pl. 594, fig. 1.

Convex, oblong, valves equal; anterior side somewhat
flattened and smooth ; surface a little wavy, almost covered
with small concentric furrows, and generally with longitudinal
stripes of brown colour.

In the Chalk Marl, Guildford.

11. Carvittus pieiratus——The Fingered Catillus, pl.
LXVIII. fig. 14.

Inoceramus digitatus. Sowerby, VI. p. 215, pl. 594, fig. 2.

Shell very large, covered with large longitudinal furrows,
with the intervening ribs round and equal to the furrows,
crossed by distinct lines of growth.

The Chalk, Debden, Essex.

12. CaTILLUs concENTRICUS.—The Concentric Catillus, pl
LXVIII. fig. 11.

Inoceramus concentricus. Sowerby, III. p. 183, pl. 305.

Oyate, inequivalve, length nearly double its width, one valve
deeper than the other, with the beaks much produced and in-
curved ; beak of the shallower valye very short; both are
transversely undulated and striated, the strie being the
edges of distant, imbricated plates or laminz ; hinge-line con-
taining about twelve grooves for the reception of the ligament.

The shell consists of two coats, the outer one of a fibrous
structure, and brown coloured ; the inner pearlaceous.

The Chalk Marl, Lyme Regis and Warminster ; the Gault,
Folkestone and West Malling ; the Red Chalk, Hunstanton ;
and the Lower Greensand, Pinhay, Devonshire, and Isle of
Wicht.

13. Catmius suLoatus.—The Furrowed Catillus, pl.
LXVIILI. fic. 1.

Catituvs.

Inoceramus sulcatus. Sowerby, III. p. 184, pl. 306.

Oblong, inequivalve, beaks prominent, that of one valve in-
curved and acute ; surface with about nine large longitudinal
plaits.

The Chalk Marl, Cambridge and Beerhead ; and the Gault,
Folkstone, Ringmer, Maidstone, and Vale of Wardour.

14. Caririus opiiquatus—The Oblique Catiilus, pl.
LXVII. fig. 23.

C. obliquatus. Brown, Trans. Manch. Geo. Soc. I. p. 226,
pl. 7, fig. 69.

Ovate, smooth ; umbones rather large, and placed consider-
ably to one side ; surface with several distinct lines of growth;
sides unequal, one considerably produced, the other short and
nearly straight.

Carboniferous Limestone Shale, High-Green Wood, Vale of
Todmorden.

15, CaTILLUs L&vIs.—The Smooth Catillus, pl. LXVIT. f. 22.

C. levis. Brown, Trans. Manch. Geo. Soc. Trans. I. p.
226, pl. 7, fig. 67.

Oblong-ovate, smooth; with numerous concentric, nearly
obsolete wrinkles ; umbones small, rounded, and but slightly
produced. Length nearly three-fourths of an inch; breadth
half an inch.

The Carboniferous Limestone Shale, High-Green Wood,
Vale of Todmorden.

16, Carinius Kirxmant.—Kirkman’s Catillus, pl. LX VIL.
fig. 24.

C. Kirkmani. Brown, Trans. Manch. Geo. Soe. I. p. 225,
pl. 7, fig. 66,

Oblong-ovate, convex, smooth ; sides nearly equal, marked
with four concentric lines of growth ; umbones prominent,
central, and rounded, with several inequidistant, concentric
lines of growth ; margins sharp and even.

The Carboniferous Shale, High-Green Wood, Vale of Tod-
morden.

17. Carimius costatus.—The Ribbed Catillus, pl. LA VII.
ig. 25.

C. costatus. Brown, Trans. Manch. Geo. Soc. I. p. 226,
pl. 7, fig. 68.

Oblong-ovate ; with numerous very flat, longitudinal, diver-
gent small ribs emanating from the umbones and terminating
on the margins; these are crossed by numerous distinct lines
of growth. Length half an inch ; breadth, three-eighths.

18. Carimius Kenity11.—kKelly’s Catillus, pl. LX VIII.
fig. 17.

C. Kellyii. Brown, Trans. Manch. Geo. Soc. I. p. 226, pl.
7, fig. 73.

Mytilliform, elongated, smooth, with concentric lines of
growth ; umbones small, rounded, and considerably turned to
one side; valves narrow above, wide and rounded towards the
base.

The Carboniferous Limestone Shale, High-Green Wood,
Vale of Todmorden.

19. Carttius minutus.—The Minute Catillus, pl. LX VIII.
figs. 18, 19.

C. minutus. Brown, Trans. Manch. Geo. Soc. p. 226, pl. 7,
figs. 71, 72.

Modioliform, much elongated, smooth, with distinct, con-
centric lines of growth ; umbones small, rounded, and placed

fi

’

CONCHIFERA.

167

to one side. Length about one line; breadth two-thirds its
length.

The Carboniferous Limestone Shale, High-Green Wood,
Vale of Todmorden.

20. Caritius Crisprt.—Crisp’s Catillus, pl. LXI. *** £.8, 9.

C. Crispii. Mantell, Geo. Sus. I. p. 133, pl. 27, fig. 11.

Obovate, greatly compressed, with numerous transverse
ridges ; beaks acuminated ; posterior side small, depressed ;
anterior side expanded ; hinge-line oblique.

In the Red Chalk, Hunstanton, and the Gault, Folkstone
and Hamsey.

21. Carintus Lamarck1.—Lamarck’s Catillus, pl. LXI.***

Inoceramus Lamarckii. Mantell, Geo. Suss. p. 214, pl. 27,
fig. 1.

Valves equal, very convex, with a few obscure longitudinal
undulations, and distant transverse ridges; surface covered
with numerous concentric stria; posterior side sub-com-
pressed or slightly concave ; anterior side lobate and expanded,
separated from the body of the valve by a deep furrow ; hinge-
line nearly transverse.

In the Chalk, Lewes and Norfolkshire.

22. CarItLus TRIGONUS.—The Trigonal Catillus.

Inoceramus trigonus. Portlock, Geo. Sur. p. 422, pl. 33, f. 4.

Much elongated, nearly three-sided, compressed ; the flat-
tened arch strongest at the beak ; beaks rather sharp, and re-
flected towards the hinge-line ; surface with irregular, concen-
tric wrinkles, between each a series of fine strize ; hinge-line
greatly oblique and extending downwards, being equal to
nearly half the length of the shell, and broadest at the end of
the hinge-line.

Silurian Limestone, Tyrone, Ireland.

23. CatitLus conrortus.—The Contorted Catillus.

Inoceramus contortus. Portlock, Geo. Sur. p. 422, pl. 33,
fig. 5.

Elongated ; hinge-line short; beaks incurved; the entire
shell much arcuated, giving it a twisted appearance ; surface
with fine concentric wrinkles and stri.

Silurian Limestone, Tyrone, Ireland.

24. Catinuus TENUIS.—The Thin Catillus.

Inoceramus tenuis. Mantell, Geo. Suss. p. 132.

Both valves regularly convex and deepest in the middle;
beaks convex, incurved ; hinge-line short, rather oblique ; pos-
terior side small and lunulate; surface with numerous lamel-
lated, concentrie wrinkles, generally about four inches long,
and three wide ; substance of the shell thin.

25. CATILLUS TRANSVERSUS.—The Transverse Catillus.

Inoceramus transversus. Portlock, Geo. Sur. p. 423, pl. 33,
fig. 11.

Transyersely elongated, considerably flattened, but more
inflated towards the beaks; hinge-line long, straight, horizon-
tal ; beaks placed towards the end, and rather indistinet ; sur-
face with shallow concentric undulations.

Silurian Limestone, Tyrone, Ireland.

26. Cariuius pernores.—The Perna-like Catillus.

Inoceramus pernoides. Portlock, Geo. Sur. p. 567, pl. 38, f.5-

Elongated; hinge-line considerably oblique, forming an
angle of thirty degrees; beaks acute, and slightly curved,
smooth.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Derryloran, Ireland.

168

Genus XXX.—POSIDONIA.—Bronn.

Shell free, roundish oval, inequilateral, both sides with
rudimentary, rounded, not well defined auricles ; cardinal area
linear, thick, and toothless, with a fusiform, striated canal
below the beaks, anteriorly extended ; beaks equal, sub-medial,
generally obtuse, and sub-depressed ; interior with one muscu-
lar impression.

1. Posrponta CompLANATA.—The Compressed Posidonia,
pl. LXI.+* fig. 33.

P. complanata.
fig. 12.

Inequivalve, transverse, oblong-ovate, one valve a little
convex, the other quite flat, and enveloped by the opposite
one; hinge-line nearly straight ; beaks nearly obsolete ; surface
with fine concentric lines of growth ; breadth not an eighth of
an inch.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Ballynascreen, Derry, Ire-
land.

2. Postponi TRANSVERSA.—The Transverse Posidonia, pl.
Na tion

P. transversa. Portlock, Geo, Rep. p. 745, pl. 38, fig. 9.

Transverse, slightly oblique, and compressed; beaks obtuse
and rounded, placed near the anterior margin; surface with
strong, transverse folds. '

The Carboniferous Limestone, Fermanah, Ireland.

3. Posmponta veNusTa.—The Handsome Posidonia, pl.
LXI.** fig! 38.

P. venusta. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 424, pl. 25 A, fig. 4.

Transversely oval, frequently oblique, generally concentri-
cally wrinkled, and striate ; the ear large, separated from the
rest of the shell by a slight bend; umbo short, projecting a
little beyond the hinge-line.

Silurian Limestone, Tyrone, Ireland.

4. Postponta minuta.—The Small Posidonia, pl. LX1.**
fig. 32.

P. minuta. Sowerby, Geo. Trans, 2d Ser. V. pl. 28, fig. 4.

Sub-triangular, rather inflated ; umbo large, obtuse ; surface
with transverse wrinkles.

This is not Posidonia minuta of Bronn and Goldfuss.
shell is obliquely orbicular, pl. LXI.** fig. 40.

The Keuper Sandstone, Bunge Hill Quarries.

5. PostpontA LATERALIS.—The Lateral Posidonia, pl.
LXI.*** fig. 2.

P. lateralis. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 52, fig. 1,
Phillips, Pal. Foss. p. 45, pl. 20, fig. 74.

Transversely elongated, oblong-ovate, oblique, and com-
pressed ; beaks situate near the anterior extremity ; surface
with concentric angular ridges, :

The Carboniferous Limestone, Venn, Barnstaple, Swim-
bridge, and Brampton, North Devon, and Lew Trenchard,
South Devon.

6. Postponta Brcureri.—Becher’s Posidonia, pl. LXI.**
fig. 35.

P. Becheri. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 52, fig. 3.
Phillips, Pall. Foss. p. 45, pl. 20, fig. 73.

Obliquely sub-triangular, compressed, with numerous con-
centric ridges, and very fine concentric strie, which are
hardly visible without the aid of a lens; posterior slope
straight ; umbones nearest the anterior side.

Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 472, pl. 34,

Their

CONCHIFERA.

Perna.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Venn, Swimbridge, &c., and
the Deyonian Shales, Herborn.

7. PostpoNIA ANODONTOIDEA.—The Anodon-shaped Posido-
nia, pl. LXI.*** fig. 1.

P. Beeheri. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 52, fig. 2.

Transyersely oblong-oyate; posterior slope lengthened,
oblique, and narrowed at the termination ; hinge-line curved ;
umbones obtuse ; anterior side short and obtuse; whole sur-
face covered with numerous, rather close, very narrow, concen-
tric ridges, separated by a narrow groove ; towards the mar-
gins the ridges become mere strixe, which is a characteristic of
most of the shells of this genus.

This species might easily be mistaken for an Anodon.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Venn.

8. Postponta tRUNcATA.—The Truncated Posidonia, pl-
LXI.** fig. 26.

P. Becheri, Var. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. V. 2d Ser. pl. 52, 4.

Sub-quadrate, a little oblique; hinge-line nearly straight
and horizontal ; anterior side very short, and considerably nar-
rower than the posterior, which is large, sloping obliquely from
the hinge-line, and obtuse below; umbones obtuse; surface
with many close-set concentric ridges, with very narrow fur-
rows ; and also with very minute concentric striz,

I agree with Mr Sowerby that this surely cannot be the P. Becheri.

The Carboniferous Limestone.

9. Postponta TUBERCULATA.—The Tuberculated Posidonia,
pl. LXI.** fig. 34.

P. tuberculata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 52, fig. 5.
Phillips, Pall. Foss. p. 44, pl. 25 A, fig. 4. )

Sub-triangular, compressed, somewhat elongated ; umbones
nearly central ; surface with many concentric ridges, and three
or four longitudinal slight ribs, which produce a tuberculated
appearance, as they cross the ribs.

Carboniferous Limestone, Budle, Northumberland, and Venn,
Swimbridge.

10. Postponza yverusta.—The Ancient Posidonia, pl.
LXVII. fig. 15.

Inoceramus vetustus. Sowerby, VI. p. 162, pl. 584, fig. 2.

Sub-ovate, rather convex; beaks prominent; both slopes
considerably oblique; sides a little straight, and rounded below ;
surface smooth, with broad concentric ribs, and shallow fur-
rows ; anterior side with a concave space resembling a lunette.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Castleton and Settle, York-
shire.

Genus XXXI.—PERN A.—Bruguiere.

Shell sub-equivalve, flattened, and somewhat irregular, a
little distorted, thickish, and externally lamellar ; the lamine
composed of minute perpendicular fibres ; beaks small, nearly
equal, and situate at the posterior extremity of the hinge
margin ; hinge linear, marginal, with numerous transverse,
parallel, opposite grooves, which, together with flattened ridges
between them, are destined for the reception of the ligament ;
the anterior extremity of the hinge is narrower than its poste-
rior termination ; situate immediately under the extremity of
the hinge margin is a posterior sinus, for the passage of the
byssus ; with a parietal callosity, which is more distinct in the

*

—

Pinna. CONCHIFERA. 169

right hand valve than in the opposite ; the interior pearlaceous
substance of the shell is spread out almost in the same form as
the exterior fibrous and more extended portion ; one distinct,
somewhat oblique and irregular muscular impression, and a
series of small dots, are placed at the posterior side, near the
sinus for the byssus, which answer as points of attachment for
a part of the mantle.

1. Perna Atmrormis.—The Wing-shaped Perna, pl.
LXXI. fig. 20.

Modiola (?) aleformis. Sowerby III. p. 93, pl. 251.

Triangular ; length nearly twice its breadth, producing a
wing-like appearance; yentricose; anterior lobe somewhat
compressed ; posterior lobe very small; back parallel ; disk
convex ; beaks produced, between one and the other a con-
caye space intervenes ; surface rough and somewhat imbricat-
ed; thickness of the united valves equal to the width of the
shell.

The Lower Greensand, Court- at-Street.

2. Perna MytiLompEs.—The Mytilus-formed Perna, pl.
LXVII. figs. 1, 2

P. mytiloides. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 9, fig. 21.

Mpytiliform, elongated ; posteriorly incurved; hinge-line
slightly curyed and Gansiterably oblique ; ligamentary grooves,
seven or eight, elongated ; beaks rather obtuse, pointing pos-
teriorly ; surface smooth, with shallow, concentric lines of
growth.

The Cornbrash, Bullwick ; the Great Oolite, White Nab,
Cloughton Wyke, and the Inferior Oolite, Cheltenham.

3. Perna quaprata.—The Squarish Perna, pl. LXUX.
fig. 11.

P. quadrata. Sowerby, V. p. 149, pl. 492.

Elongated, somewhat square ; valves with one side shorter
than the other, gibbose and unequal; hinge-line a little
curved ; the cartilage pits large and few ; beak rather pointed,
that of the larger valve prominent, the other somewhat shorter ;
surface smooth, with a few indistinct, shallow lines of growth.

The Portland Stone, Swindon and Garsington.

4. Perna rostrata.—The Beaked Perna, pl. LXIX. figs.
14, 15.

P. rostrata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 342, pl. 17,
fig. 17.

Oyate, compressed ; hinge-line straight and horizontal ;
lesser wing produced and well defined ; base rounded ; beaks
rather obtuse and not protruding ; substance of the shell thin.

In the Greensand, Blackdown.

5. Perna ruGcosa.—The Rugged Perna, pl. LXI.*** f. 3.

P. rugosa. Goldfuss, pl. 108, fig. 2

Sub-quadrate ; hinge-line lengthened, oblique; area with
eighteen or nineteen oblong parallel grooves ; beaks acute, con-
siderably turned to one side, with a lunular excavation under
them ; surface with many irregular, raised, concentric rough
lines of growth.

The Great Oolite, Scarborough.

Tare I].—MYTILACEA.

Hinge with the ligament sub-anterior, marginal, linear,
very entire, occupying a great portion of the anterior bor-
der ; shell rather foliaceous.

Genus XXXII.—PINNA.—Linneus.

Shell equivalve, longitudinal, oblique, wedge-shaped ; beaks
forming an elongated point; posterior side generally trun-
cated, and always gaping; the anterior margin nearly a
straight line, and a little open in the centre for the passage
of the byssus; hinge without teeth; ligament margin greatly
lengthened and linear; ligament partly internal, and continu-
ing along the whole dorsal margin; two muscular im-
pressions in each valve, the posterior one yery large, almost
central, the anterior one terminal, and sometimes double ;
muscular impressions of the mantle destitute of a sinus.

1. Piyna ampLta.—The Spacious Pinna, pl. LXXI.
fig. 19.

Mytilus amplus. Sowerby, I. p. 27, pl. 7.

Triangular, compressed ; posterior side straight, slightly
undulous ; base gradually curyed to the back; length
nearly twice its breadth, somewhat compressed ; surface with
rather wide, longitudinal, undulating striae, which proceed from
the beaks and back near to the base, the posterior side not
striated ; substance of the shell thin,

The Great Oolite, Bath and Malton, and the Inferior
Oolite, Somersetshire and Yorkshire.

2. PINNA FLABELLIFORMIS.—The Fan-shaped Pinna, pl.
LXVII. fig. 19.

P. costata. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 211, pl. 6, fig. 2.

Much elongated, narrow, nearly straight ; beaks acute, mid-
dle of the valves with many longitudinal, narrow, deep
grooyes, crossed by remote, concentric lines of growth ; to-
wards the beaks the valves are destitute \of grooves.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Ashford, Bakewell, Bo-
land and Moulton.

3. Pinna Gracitis.—The Slender Pinna, pl. LXIX.
fig. 12.

P. gracilis. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 2, fig. 22.

Much elongated, slender, slightly arcuated; beaks rather
obtuse; anterior side with longitudinal shallow furrows;
and remote, shallow, transyerse lines of growth.

The Specten Clay, Speeton, Yorkshire.

4. Pinna LanceotaTa.—The Spear-shaped Pinna, pl.
LXIX. fig. 10.

P. lanceolata. Sowerby, III. p. 145, pl. 281.

Lanceolate, much elongated, its length being equal to four
times its breadth; and a little arcuated, section quadran-
gular ; each valye being divided into two flat sub-triangular
parts by a mesial line; surface with some longitudinal wide-
set stri# at the beaks, and extending downwards for some
inches, with transverse, shallow wrinkles.

The Coral Rag, Scarborough, Malton, and Magilligan,
Treland.

5. Pryna rrtata.—The Inflated Pinna, pl. LXVII.
fig. 12.

P. inflata. Phillips, Geo. York, Il. p. 211, pl. 6, fig. 1.

Conical, inflated ; beaks nearly central ; surface with many
small, close-set, equal furrows.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland, Raiksliite:

6. Pinna cuneata.—The Wedge- valieped Pinna, pl. LXIX.
fig. 13.

P. cuneata. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 9, fig. 17.

2Q

170

Conical, wedge-shaped ; umbones obtuse; surface smooth,
with a few transverse shallow wrinkles.

The Cave Oolite, Cloughton, Yorkshire.

7. Pinna ancuata.—The Arcuated Pinna, pl. 70, fig. 1.

P. arcuata. Sowerby, IV. p. 10, pl. 313, fig. 3.

Short, somewhat equilateral; arcuated and ventricose ;
beaks obtuse, and considerably curved ; hinge-line gently bent :
depth and length nearly equal; anterior half with wide, shallow,
longitudinal striz or narrow furrows, separating the narrow
flattened ribs ; opposite side smooth, with some nearly equi-
distant, transverse lines of growth.

The London Clay, Highgate.

8. Pinna rot1um.—The Leaf Pinna, pl. LXX. fig. 2.

P. folium. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 14, fig. 17.

Elongated, slightly curyed ; sub-quadrate; one side with
oblique, transverse folds, the other with curved shallow folds ;
valves separated by a longitudinal ridge.

The Lower Lias Shale, Robin Hood’s Bay, and Boulby
Cliffs.

9. Pinna TETRAGONA.—The Tetragonal Pinna, pl. LXX.
fig. 3.

P. tetragona. Sowerby, IV. p. 9, pl. 313, fig. 1.

Abruptly conical, narrow above and wide beneath ; a little
arcuated ; smooth, with obscure, longitudinal, slightly elevated
ribs, occupying more than half of the surface, with a suture in
the middle ; section generally square.

The Lower Greensand, Lympne and Pulborough, and the
Greensand, Blackdown and Isle of Wight.

10. Pinna mitis—The Buried Pinna, pl. LXX. fig. 4.

P. mitis. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 5, fig. 7.

Elongated, nearly straight ; beaks acute ; surface with con-
centric ridges.

The Oxford Clay, Scarborough, and Inferior Oolite, Chel-
tenham.

11, Pinna arrinis.—The Allied Pinna, pl. LXX. fig. 6.

P.affinis. Sowerby, IV. p. 10, pl. 313, fig. 2.

Nearly equilateral, ventricose, straight, wedge-shaped,
smooth, with irregular, longitudinal, divergent ribs, which,
however, only occupy the anterior portion of the valves, and
disappear near the edge.

The London Clay, Highgate and Bognor.

12. Pinna GRanuLATA.—The Granulated Pinna, pl. LXX.
fig. 5.

P. granulata. Sowerby, IV. p. 65, pl. 347.

Broad, conical, nearly equilateral, convex; anterior side
rounded, with a rounded elevation near the posterior side ; edge
very thick towards the anterior side ; surface obscurely decus-
sated ; length about eight inches, breadth six inches.

The Kimmeridge Clay, Weymouth and Pabba.

13. Pinna Hartrmanni.—Hartmann’s Pinna.

P. Hartmanni. Goldfuss, pl. 127, fig. 3.

Longitudinal, conical ; surface with numerous, divergent,
narrow, obtuse ribs, with close-set transverse strix ; a sharp
ridge rises from the beaks, and is lost about half-way down the
valve ; section of the shell lozenge.

The Oolite, Magilligan, Ireland.

14, Proyna sutcata.—The Furrowed Pinna.

P. sulcata. Woodward, Geo. Nor. pl. 5, fig. 23.

Considerably elongated, club-shaped; anterior side with

CONCHIFERA.

Myritus.

longitudinal, narrow furrows; posterior side large, expanding
longitudinally ; furrowed and ribbed.
The Upper Chalk, Harford Bridge, Norfolk.

Genus XXXIIIL—DREISSINA.—Van Beneden.

Shell boat-shaped, or mytiliform ; valves carinated ; liga-
ment internal, except in a little fissure in both valves ; exter-
nally, a rude cardinal tooth is situate under the umbo in the
right valve, which locks into a corresponding cavity in the left
valve ; in the umbonal angles of both valves are placed trans-
verse partitions, for sustaining a closing muscle ; anterior mar-
ginal seam with a fissure near its centre, for the passage of the
byssus.

1. DretssinA Brarpit.—Brard’s Dreissina, pl. LXXI.
figs. 3, 4.

M. Brardii. Sowerby, VI. p. 60, pl. 532, fig. 2.

Convex, straight, fusiform, elongated; beaks acute, within
each of which there is a transverse plate for the tendon;
beneath is a flat angular process towards the beak; the valves
are somewhat arcuated.

Lower Fresh-water Formation, Hordwell.

Genus XXXIV.—MYTILUS.—Linneus.

Shell equivalye, regular, longitudinal, somewhat wedge-
shaped, with the beaks terminating in a pointed summit;
posterior side rounded and closed ; base forming a continuous
line with the interior margin, in a direction oblique to the
hinge-line ; anterior margin gaping slightly in the centre for
the passage of the byssus ; hinge destitute of teeth ; ligament
marginal, linear, greatly elougated, and sub-internal ; outside
covered with a strong horny epidermis; two muscular im-
pressions, the posterior one large and irregular, the anterior
very small and terminal; muscular impressions of the mantle
irregular ; destitute of a sinus.

1. Myritus arrinis.—The Allied Mytilus, pl. LX XI. f. 16.

M. affinis. Sowerby, VI. p. 59, pl. 532, fig. 1.

Obliquely elongated ; sides parallel, straight ; anterior mar-
gin reflected ; arcuated; surface smooth, destitute of teeth.
Posterior side arcuated in the young shell.

The Upper Marl, Colwell Bay, Isle of Wight.

2. Myvinus anTiquorum.—The Ancient Mytilus, pl.
LXXI. fig. 17.

M. antiquorum. Sowerby, IIL. p. 133, pl. 275, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Oblong-ovate ; length somewhat more than twice its width ;
gibbose; beaks obtuse, nearly meeting when the valves are
closed ; hinge with three or four slight teeth ; surface smooth.

The Mammiferous Crag, Bramerton.

8. Mytitus epuxis.—The Edible Mytilus, pl. LXXI.
fig. 11.

M. aleformis. Sowerby, II. p. 133, pl. 275, fig. 4.

Oboyate ; beak acuminated, curved, smooth; hinge with
three teeth ; side deeply indented, and forms a regular curve.

The Mammiferous Crag, Norwich, and the Red Crag,
Bawdsey.

4. Myrinus
LXXI. fig. 1.

M. edentulus. Sowerby, V. p. 55, pl. 439, fig. 1.

Elongated; beak sharp, below which the shell is deep ;
disk obtusely carinated ; posterior -side nearly straight ; front

EDENTULUS.—The Toothless Mytilus, pl.

Mopiota.

.
rounded and obtuse ; surface smooth; hinge destitute of
teeth.

The Lower Greensand, Pulborough and Blackdown.

5. The Mytitus Lancrotatus. — Spear-shaped Mytilus,
pl. LXXI. fig. 2.

M. lanceolatus. Sowerby, V. p. 55, pl. 439, fig. 2.

Lanceolate, a little curved, smooth ; beaks acute ; disk carin-
ated, smooth; posterior side flat; anterior side sweeping
regularly from the beaks to the front; within each beak a
lamellar tooth.

Greensand, Parkham and Lyme Regis.

6. Myrinus susnxvis.—The Half-smooth Mytilus, pl.
LXXI. fig. 26.

M. sublevis. Sowerby, V. p. 56, pl. 439, fig. 3.

Oblong, triangular, somewhat arcuated ; beaks acute ; disk
obseurely carinated ; front straight ; hinge-line parallel, ex-
tending to half the length of the shell, where it is a little
flattened ; surface with pretty strong lines of growth.

The Cornbrash, Felmersham, Bedfordshire.

7. Myriius rectinatus.—The Toothed Mytilus, pl. LX-XT.
fig. 18.

M. pectinatus. Sowerby, III. p. 147, pl. 282.

Rather quadrangular, slightly areuated ; oblong and gibbose ;
beaks produced; front straight; surface with longitudinal,
rather deep, very regular strie, which increase in number as
they diverge towards the front or base of the valves, from
which two obtuse angles emanate, giving a quadrangular form
to the shell.

The Kimmeridge Clay, Weymouth.

8. Mytinus maxquivatvis.—The Unequal--valved Mytilus,
pl. LXXI. figs. 6, 7.

M. inequivalvis. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Series, IV.
p- 342, pl. 17, fig. 16.

Sub-triangular ; beaks nearly central, broad, sub-compressed ;
one valye considerably flatter than the other; surface smooth,
with faint concentric lines of growth.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

9. Myritus praLoneus.—The Lengthened Mytilus, pl.
LXXI. figs. 9, 10.
M. prelongus.

17, fig. 15.

Considerably elongated, narrow, a little arcuated and carinat-
ed; hinge-line nearly straight and rather long, destitute of
teeth ; surface smooth ; substance of the shell very thick.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

10. Myrizus rripens.—The Three-toothed Mytilus, pl.
LXXI. figs. 7. 8.

M. tridens. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. LV. p. 342, pl. 17,
fig. 14, Ib. Min. Coneh. p. 55, pl. 439, fig. 1.

Elongated, convex; carinated; beaks acute; hinge-line
nearly straight ; hinge with three unequal teeth ; posterior side
almost even ; surface very smooth.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

11. Mytitus Lyeviu.—Lyell’s Mytilus, pl. LX-XI. f. 27.

M. Lyellii. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 346, pl. 21,
fig. 18.

Oblong-ovate; a little flattened, especially towards the
front ; much narrowed above and expanded below ; beaks very
sharp, beneath which the valves are inflated.

Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. LV. p. 342, pl.

CONCHIFERA. 171

The Weald, Battle and Pounceford.

12. Myrius cunrarus.—The Wedge-shaped Mytilus, pl.
LXXI. fig. 14.

M. cuneatus. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 11, fig. 21.

Somewhat wedge-shaped, short; posterior side nearly
straight, anterior side much produced ; beaks obtuse ; surface
smooth, with rather wide striw occupying the lower half of the
valves.

The Inferior Oolite, Glaizedale, Yorkshire.

13. Myrinus crncrvus—The Girdled Mytilus.

M. cinctus. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 426, pl. 25, figs. 5, 6.

Considerably elongated, narrowed above, with rather acute
beaks, and expanded and rounded below ; hinge-line a little
curved ; surface smooth, with “fine thread-like striwe, proceeding
from the apex, first straight, and then curving back over the
back concentrically to the rounded front, proceed straight up
to the levelled line of the apex, or upper line of the wing.”

The Silurian Strata, Fermanagh and Lisbellaw Schists,
Tyrone.

14. Myrinus semi-rugatus.—The Semi-ragged Mytilus.

M. semi-rugatus. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 430, pl. 25 A, f. 7.

«Wide, rudely trigonal ; beak sharp, front wide, and usually
more or less twisted or distorted ; for about one-third of the
length from the beak transversely wrinkled ; longitudinally
striated or very finely costated. In‘some specimens the shell
is much more contorted or arched.”

Silurian Strata, Fermanagh, Tyrone, Ireland.

15. Myritus rrrancuLaris.—The Triangular Mytilus,

M. triangularis. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 39,
fig. 16.

Elongated, sub-triangular, slightly oblique ; sub-compressed ;
a flat oblique ridge running from the apex to nearly the basal
margin ; beaks obtuse, surface smooth.

The Coal Measures, Coalbrook Dale.

16. Myritus Danmonrensis.—The Devonshire Mytilus.

M. Danmoniensis. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 37, pl. 17, fig. 61.

Much elongated and oval; hinge-line short, straight, and
prominent ; base broad and flat.

Devonian Shales, Newton Bushel.

17. Mytiius xquiiatus.—The Equal-sided Mytilus, pl.
LXXI. fig. 15.

M. antiquorum. Young shell, Sowerby, III. pl. 275, f. 3.

Oblong-oval, sub-compressed ; sides broad, nearly equal ;
hinge-line occupying almost half the length of the shell, and
nearly straight ; beaks obtuse, nearly central ; surface smooth,
with remote, slightly-marked lines of growth.

The Suffolk Crag, Ipswich.

Genus XXXV.—MODIOLA.—Zamarch.

Shell sub-transverse, equivalye, regular, oblique ; form ob-
long, somewhat wedge-shaped, and generally inequilateral ;
anterior side very small and obtuse ; posterior side rounded
and closed ; anterior margin slightly gaping for the passage of
the byssus, and forming, with the base, a line oblique to the
dorsal one; beaks nearly lateral; outside covered with a
strong horny epidermis; hinge without teeth; ligament
elongated, and sub-external; two muscular impressions, the
posterior one large, sub-lateral, elongated, and irregular; the

172

anterior one small and terminal; the mantle muscular im-
pression irregular, and destitute of a sinus.

1. Moproia sEMI-sULCATA.—The Semi-furrowed Modiola,
pl. LXXIL* fig. 17.

M. (2) semi-sulcata. Murchison, Silur. Syst. pt. II. p. 617,
pl. 8, fig. 6. Cypricardia semi-sulcata. Phillips, Pal. Foss. pl.
17, fig. 57.

Shell transversely ovate, convex, sub-bilobate ; anterior
considerably smaller than the other; beaks prominent,
near the anterior extremity ; surface covered with transverse,
irregular, concentric furrows; length one inch, width two
inches.

Found in the Lower Ludlow Rock at Shelderton Hill, and
near Aymestry.

2. Moproia antiqgua.—The Ancient Modiola, pl. LX XII.*
fig. 8.

M. antiqua. Murchison, Silur. Syst. pt. II. p. 628, pl. 13,
fig. 1.

Shell obliquely ovate, somewhat convex, almost smooth,
with a few nearly obsolete concentric wrinkles ; anterior lobe
rather indistinct ; beaks small, placed near the anterior side ;
length three-eighths of an inch, breadth six-eighths.

Found in the Wenlock Shale, at Glass-House Hill, east
flank of May Hill.

3. Moprona runata.—The Buried Modiola, pl. LX XI.
figs. 12, 13.

M. arcuata. _Williamson’s MSS.

Transversely oblong-ovate; hinge-line arcuated; beaks
very blunt ; surface with wrinkled lines of growth.

Coal Shale, Wakefield.

4. Moprota Wiiitamsont.— Williamson’s Modiola, pl.
LXXI. figs. 24, 25.

M. elongata. Williamson's MSS.

Much elongated transversely, narrow, compressed ; anterior
side short; posterior side greatly elongated; umbones de-
pressed and blunt; surface with slightly wrinkled lines of
growth.

The Coal Shale, Wakefield.

5. Moptota prEpressa.—The Depressed Modiola, pl.
LXXIL. fig. 41.

M. depressa. Sowerby, I. p. 29, pl. 8, three upper figures.

Ovate; breadth nearly twice and a-half its length ; greatly
depressed, and narrowing towards the posterior side ; margin
even and very regularly curved, much so at the anterior side ;
beaks rounded ; surface smooth and shining, and pearlaceous
within.

The Lower Greensand, Atherfieid, Isle of Wight.

6. Moprora pAttips.—The Pale Modiola, pl. LX XII.
fig. 40.

M. pallida.
lower figures.

Oblong ; breadth about twice its length ; gibbose ; inferior
margin straight; posterior side slightly inflated; beaks ob-
tuse ; surfacé smooth, and somewhat glossy.

The Portland Stone, Fonthill and Brora.

7. Mopiota txvis——The Smooth Modiola, pl. LX XII.
fig. 37.

M. levis. Sowerby, I. p. 30, pl. 8, left-hand figure.

Sub-triangular ; breadth not quite twice its length ; convex ;

Sowerby, I. p. 30, pl. 8, three right-hand

CONCHIFERA.

Mopiora.

posterior and lower margin nearly straight ; posterior side a
little produced, united by a short curve ; beaks small ; surface
very smooth ; the lines of growth nearly obsolete.

The Lias, Lyme Regis, near Weymouth, Dorsetshire.

8. Moprota ELEGANS.—The Elegant Modiola, pl. LX-XIT.
fig. 7.

M. elegans. Sowerby, I. p. 31, pl. 9, left-hand upper figure,
middle and lower figures.

Oblong, gibbose ; breadth about twice its length, moderately
convex; lower margin straight, dentated, with transverse
furrows ; posterior side inflated, with a few transverse furrows
near the base; beaks slightly curved, and with fine, close,
slightly undulating stri#, which pass over the most prominent
portion of the surface, and diverge over the anterior side to
the base, where they become obsolete; interior frequently
pearlaceous.

The London Clay, Bognor and Highgate.

9. Moptora Atpam1.—Aldam’s Modiola, pl. LX_XII. f. 17.

M. aspera. (?) Var. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 11, fig. 9.

Elongated ; anterior side narrow ; posterior side large and
rounded ; hinge-line nearly straight and rather lengthened ;
umbones small and obtuse ; surface with numerous fine striz.

The Inferior Oolite, Blue Wick, Glaizedale.

10. Moptoxa pricata.— The Plicated Modiola, pl.
LXXIL* fig. 1.

M. plicata. Sowerby, p. 87, pl. 248, fig. 1.

Much elongated transversely, its length about a fifth of its
width, a little curved; anterior side separated by a ridge, above
which it is striated, the strie becoming gradually obsolete
towards the beak, where strong oblique plications commence
divergent from the beaks ; the other parts of the shell smooth ;
but with a few irregular lines of growth ; back almost straight ;
anterior side a little truncated, and the posterior obtuse.

The Fuller’s Earth, near Radstock, and the Inferior Oolite,
Cotswold Hill.

11. Moprota mpricata.—The Imbricated Modiola, pl.
LXXII. fig. 36.

M. imbricata. Sowerby, III. p. 21, pl. 212, fig. 13.

Oval, elongated, its breadth twice its length; front con-
cave ; anterior lobe forming a slightly elevated ridge, extend-
ing to the beak, which is angular; surface with imbricated
ridges.

The Lower Greensand, Pulborough, and the Cornbrash,
Felmersham.

12. Moprora Hirrana.—Hill’s Modiola, pl. LXN.XIL. f. 8.

M. Hillana. Sowerby, III. p. 21, pl. 212, fig. 2.

Elongated ovate, its width a little more than twice its
length, depressed ; posterior side narrow ; posterior lobe ob-
scure ; front a little concave; back carinated, and tapering
towards the beaks, which are but slightly prominent ; surface
concentrically striated.

The Fuller's Earth, Bathford Hill.

13. Moptora asprra.—The Rough Modiola, pl. LX XII.
figs. 13, 14.

M. aspera. Sowerby, III. p. 22, pl. 212, fig. 4.

Ovate, transversely elongated ; length half its width ; pos-
terior side acute, very gibbose ; posterior lobe obseure, small,
and pointed ; surface with numerous transverse, elevated, rough
stri#, which are strong towards the broader side of the shell,

Muprota,

and are lost near the beaks; depth of the united valyes ex-
ceeding the length of the shell.

The Lower Greensand, Hythe.

14. Moprota minrma.—The Small Modiola, pl. LXXIT.
fig. 28.

M. minima. Sowerby, III. p. 19, pl. 210, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Sub-triangularly ovate, its width one and a-half its length ;
sides nearly rounded, broad anteriorly ; posterior lobe small,
distinct ; front nearly straight; beaks small. The margin
forming a prominent angle with the hinge-line at their junction ;
surface smooth.

The Lias, north of Shropshire, and Vale of Gloucester.

15, Moproxa arsposa.—The Gibbous Modiola, pl. LX-XII.
figs. 5, 6.

M. gibbosa. Sowerby, III. p. 19, pl. 211, fig. 1.

Transversely elongated ; reniform, very gibbose ; its width
double its length ; depth of each valve nearly equal to the
length ; back broad, arcuated ; posterior lobe well defined
and inflated; surface smooth.

Great Oolite, Ancliff and Bradford, and the Inferior Oolite,
Cotswold Hills,

16. Moproua RENIFoRMIs.—The Kidney-shaped Modiola,
pl. LXXII. figs. 32, 33.

M. reniformis. Sowerby, III. p. 20, pl. 211, fig. 3.

Transyersely-oblong, sub-reniform ; its width not twice its
length ; anterior lobe considerably expanded and pointed ; pos-
terior lobe small ; surface smooth ; centre of the front consider-
ably indented.

The Inferior Oolite, near Bath.

17. Moptoia suB-cArinata.—The Sub-carinated Modiola,
pl. LXXII. figs. 21, 22.

M. sub-carinata, (?) Sowerby, III. p. 17, pl. 210, fig. 1.
Lamarck, Foss. de. Paris, p. 191; Ann. du Mus. VI. p. 122,
and IX. pl. 17, fig. 10. :

Transversely-oblong ; its width double its length; front
arcuated ; anterior side keel-shaped; posterior lobe convex
and rather obtuse ; surface smooth, with well-defined lines of
growth.

The London Clay, Highgate.

18. Moproza Brpartira.—The Two-parted Modiola, pl.
LXXII. figs. 9, 10, and pl. LX XI. figs. 22, 23.

M. bipartita. Sowerby, III. p. 17, pl. 210, figs. 3, 4.

Transversely elongated ; its width more than twiceand a-
half its length; somewhat gibbose and smooth ; anterior side
obtuse, abruptly raised above the posterior ; the posterior lobe
irregular ; beak sub-carinated ; front waved.

19. Moprora xquatis.—The Equal Modiola, pl. LX XII.
fig. 35.

M. equalis. Sowerby, III. p. 18, pl. 210, fig. 2.

Transversely oblong, convex, smooth; anterior lobe ob-
scurely defined ; front nearly parallel ; width not quite twice
its length.

The Lower Greensand, Parham, Sussex.

20. MoproLa tineatTaA.—The Lineated Modiola, pl. LAXIL.
figs. 1, 2.

M. lineata.
fig. 2.

Elongated, ventricose, arcuated; beaks ubtuse ; margins
arched, and nearly parallel ; depth of each valve equal to its

Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 338, pl. 14,

CONCHIFERA.

173

width ; surface covered with fine regular stviw, diverging from
the beaks to the opposite extremity, crossed by remote lines
of growth.

The Lower Greensand, near Hythe.

21. Moptona BeLtua.—The Neat Modiola, LXXII. fig. 3.

M. bella. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Series, IV. p. 336, pl. 11,
fig. 9.

Ovate, convex; beaks obtuse; edges parallel; surface
smooth, with fine distinct striz ; sides nearly equal.

The Lower Greensand, Hythe and West of Sussex.

22. Moprora propucta.—The Produced . Modiola, pl.
LXXII. figs. 11, 12.

M. producta. Williamson’s MSS. and in his Collection.

Elongated, moderately inflated, somewhat arcuated ; beaks
obtuse ; side under the hinge-line much produced; surface
smooth ; lines of growth slightly defined.

The Coal Shale, Wakefield.

23. MoproLa suB-TRUNCATA.—The Sub-truncated Modiola,
pl. LXXII. figs. 15, 16.

M. gracilis. Williamson’s MSS. and in his Collection.

Sub-quadrangular; beaks hardly protruding; hinge-line
much lengthened, and nearly straight, and obliquely sloping
downwards from the extreme angles ; surface smooth.

The Coal Shale, Wakefield.

24. Mopiota curTata.—The Cut-off Modiola, pl. LX XII.
figs. 19, 20.

M. Curtata. Williamson’s MSS. and in his Collection.

Oblong ; beaks small and flat ; anterior side short, rounded ;
posterior side large, with a considerable expansion above, and
the extremity truncated ; surface smooth, with some nearly
obsolete lines of growth.

The Coal Shale, Wakefield.

25. Mopiota FLEXvosA.—The
LXXII. fig. 18.

Elongated ; anterior side narrow and short; beaks obtuse ;
basal-line nearly straight, and lengthened from the anterior side,
with a flexure below it ; surface smooth, with remote, shallow
lines of growth ; side below the beaks flexuous on the edge.

In the Cabinet of Thomas Allis, Esq. York.

The Marlstone, Gloucestershire, in the lower bed of the
Oolitic Series. .

26. Mopiora Rosertsonr.—Robertson’s
LXXII. figs. 24, 25.

Cabinet of Mr Robertson, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Elongated, considerably inflated ; beaks sub-central, very
obtuse, and rounded ; hinge-line short, with an expansion near
it; surface smooth, with remote shallow lines of growth.

The Coal Shale, Neweastle Coal-field.

27. MopioLa REVERSA.—The Reverse Modiola, p!. LX XII.
fig. 23.

M. reversa.
17, fig. 13.

Transversely elongated, rather compressed ; anterior side
narrow, short; umbones obtuse; posterior side considerably
expanded ; surface with narrow, very regular, concentric
ridges, which are reflected upon the surface.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

28. Moviota Mooret.—Moore's Moiliola, pl. LXCXII. f. 27.

M. Moorei. Brown, Man. Geo. Tr. I. p. 227, pl. 7, fig. 74.

Flexuous Modiola, pl.

Modiola, pl.

Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Series, IV. p. 342, pl.

174 .

Transverse, sub-cuneiform, inflated, smooth ; base oblique ;
anterior side narrow ; posterior side wide, and obliquely sub-
truncated ; surface with many concentric lines of growth, and
very fine intermediate irregular striz, which is only visible by
the aid of a lens. Length an eighth of an inch; breadth
somewhat more.

The Carboniferous Shale, Crimsworth Dean, Vale of Tod-
morden, Yorkshire.

29. Mopiona minura.—The Minute Modiola, pl. LX-XII.
fig. 29.

M. minuta. Brown, Manchester, Geo. Trans. I. p. 227,
Pleieeige ior

Transversely oblong-ovate ; smooth ; beaks small, consider-
ably produced and pointed; anterior side short, and a little
acute; hinge-line rather long, and nearly straight ; length
one-eighth of an inch; breadth somewhat more.

The Carboniferous Shale, Low Moore, near Bradford.

30. Mopiora putcHra.—The Beautiful Modiola, pl.
LXXII. fig. 26.

M. pulchra. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 5, fig. 26.

Transversely elongated ; beaks rounded, and placed near
the anterior side, which is rounded and short ; posterior side
expanded, and obliquely truncated ; surface smooth and shin-
ing, with a series of fine, radiating strie, emanating from the
beaks, and occupying the posterior half of the valves; lines of
growth remote, distinctly marked ; basal line almost straight,
and nearly parallel with the superior line.

The Kelloways Rock, Scarborough.

31. Moprota squamirera.—The Scaly Modiola, pl.
LXXII. fig. 39.

M. squamifera. Phillips, Geo. York, IT. p. 209, pl. 5, f. 22.

Transversely elongated, narrow ; beaks obtuse, hardly rising
above the surface ; hinge-line greatly lengthened, and quite
straight, ending in a point, beneath which lies an abrupt flex-
ure ; anterior side very short; posterior side much elongated ;
surface with distinct, broad, laminated lines of growth.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

32. Mopiona Lineuatts.—The Tongue-shaped Modiola, pl.
LXXII. fig. 42.

M. lingualis. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 209, pl. 5, f. 21.

Greatly elongated, transversely tongue-shaped ; anterior
side narrow, gradually widening towards the posterior side ;
hinge-line nearly straight and lengthened, from whence it
gently curves to the posterior side ; beaks depressed ; anterior
side extremely short; basal line gently, curved ; surface
smooth, with very delicate lines of growth.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Castleton, Derbyshire.

33. Mopiota ELoncata.—The Elongated Modiola, pl.
LXXII. fig. 43.

M. elongata. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 210, pl. 5, f. 24.

Much elongated ; arcuated, rather gibbose, margins nearly
parallel ; sub-carinated ; surface smooth, with very shallow,
nearly obsolete lines of growth.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

34, Moprota inctusa.— The Inclosed Modiola, pl.
LXAXILI. figs. 34.

M. inclusa. Phillips, Geo York I. pl. 3, fig. 20.

Ovate, beaks slightly produced ; gently curved both above
and below ; surface smooth.

CONCHIFERA.

Mopio.a.

The Coral Rag, Malton, Wiltshire, and Oxfordshire.

35. Moprota unputata.—The Waved Modiola, pl.
LXXIL. fig. 38.

M. cuneata (Var.?) Phillips, Geo. York, pl. 5, fig. 28.

Transyersely elongated, oblique ; beaks large; very obtuse,
hinge-line curved, and with a large wing-shaped expansion,
beneath which is a double flexure, anterior side obliquing from
the beaks ; base with a considerable curve towards the centre.

The Kelloways Rock, South Cave, Scarborough.

36. Moprota cunzata.—The Wedge-shaped Modiola, pl.
LXXII. figs. 30, 31.

M. cuneata. Sowerby III. p. 19, pl. 211, fig. 1.

Elongated, convex, especially towards the beaks; beaks
obtuse, hinge-line nearly straight, and protruding beyond the
surface ; anterior side not projecting so far as the beaks ; base
a little concave, seam of the valves waved.

The Inferior Oolite, Somersetshire.

37. MopioLra tarisstima.—The Very Broad Modiola, pl.
LXXI., fig. 21.

M. cuneata. Sowerby, III. p. 87, pl. 248, fig. 2.

Transversely: elongated ; length one-fourth its width ; alittle
compressed ; anterior side slightly curved and produced ;
posterior side small, ill defined; beaks short and obtuse,
placed near the posterior side ; surface nearly smooth; with
a few irregular, nearly obsolete lines of growth.

38. Moproua rectus.—The Straight Modiola, pl. LX XII.*
fig. 7.

Extremely lengthened transversely ; nearly straight ; beaks
hardly defined ; back nearly straight, base with a slight curve,
anterior side excessively short; posterior side very much
lengthened ; back with a series of oblique ribs, which extend
about a third into the valves, and are then lost ina number of
retroverted wrinkles, which form an oblong triangular space
from the anterior side of the hinge-line to the opposite extre-
mity; the other portion of the valves rather smooth, with
some shallow lines of growth.

The Middle Oolite, Yorkshire.

39. Mopiota scatprum.—The Bill-shaped Modiola, pl.
LXXIL* fig. 6.

M. scalprum. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 14, fig. 2.

Extremely lengthened transversely, and much curved ;
beaks blunt and placed close to the anterior side; hinge-line
much elongated and slightly bent from its termination; the
shell is abruptly curved ; surface with numerous shallow lines
of growth.

The Marlstone, Robin Hood’s Bay, Yorkshire.

40. Moprota AmyG@paLina.—The Almond-shaped Modiola,
pl. LXI.*** figs. 11, 12. j

M. amygdalina. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 38, pl. 17, fig. 62.

Elliptical, gibbous ; obliquely elongated; narrowed ante-
riorly ; beaks close to the anterior side and incurved over the
lunule, which is excavated and small; surface with fine con-
centric striz and sharp lines.

The Devonian Shale, Petherwin, Cornwall.

41, Moprona rxpansa.—The Expanded Modiola, pl. LXI.*
fig. 13.

M. expansa. Portlock, Geo. Rep. 425, pl. 33, fig. 6.

Elongated ; front produced considerably beyond the beaks ;
hinge-line straight, and equal in length to about half of the

Mopiota.

posterior section of the shell; rounded and narrowed anterior-
ly; expanded posteriorly, with an oblique curved truncation.

The Silurian Rocks, Tyrone, Ireland.

42. Mopro.a securtrormis.—Lhe Axe-shaped Modiola.

A. securiformis. Portlock, Geo. Sur. p. 425, pl. 35, f. 8.

Elongated ; anterior sidé narrowed and rounded ; posterior
side expanded and rounded, but destitute of the oblique trun-
cation ; an oblique ridge extends from the beak to the poste-
rior margin.

The Silurian Rocks, Tyrone, Ireland.

43. Mopiota Brycrt.—Bryce’s Modiola,

M. Brycei. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 425, pl. 33, fig. 7.

Attenuated and rounded anteriorly ; hinge-line rather ex-
tended ; the diagonal ridge strongly marked ; surface smooth,
with faint-lines of growth.

The Silurian Rocks, Tyrone, Ireland.

44. Moprota cartnata.—The Keeled Modiola, pl. LXI.***
figs. 19, 20.

M. carinata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 39, fig. 15.

Obliquely elongated, ventricose, boat-shaped ; valves deep ;
anterior side short ; posterior side lengthened ; beaks obtuse ;
an abrupt carinated ridge extending from the beaks to the
posterior lower angle of the valves; surface with a few obso-
lete lines of growth.

The Coal Measures, Coalbrook Dale.

45. Mopsora Macapami.--Macadam’s Modiola, pl. LXI.***
figs. 14, 15, 16.

M. Macadami. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 432, pl. 34, figs.
13, 14, 15.

Variety 1.—Angusta, pl. LXI.*** fig. 14. Portk. pl. 34, fig. 13.

Lengthened, narrow, convex, somewhat cylindrical, but
wider behind than before; beaks obscure, situate very near
the anterior side ; front rounded, and with a slight obliquity
in the posterior margin ; hinge-line straight, but not distinct ;
surface with fine concentric striz.

“‘ This diverges as much from the ordinary form in one direction as
fig. 15 does in another.’’—Portlock.

Variety 2.—Elongata, pl. LXI.*** fig. 15. Portk. pl. 34, fig. 14.

Elongated ; narrowed at both extremities ; beaks quite de-
pressed ; hinge-line straight, oblique, terminating in an angle,
and equal to about half the length of the shell; from thence
the side gradually slopes downwards; surface with fine raised
thread-like stria.

‘ This approximates to Modiola lingualis (Phillips.)"—Portlock.

Variety 3,.—Lata, pl. LXI.*** fig. 16. Portk. pl. 34, fig. 15.

Ovate ; beaks obsolete ; hinge-line straight, and exceeding
one-half the length of the shells, and terminating in an angle ;
anterior side extremely short and rounded ; posterior side ex-
panded and compressed ; surface wrinkled on the anterior side
and at the beaks, and exhibiting the appearance of the shell
having been originally covered with concentric thread-like
raised striw.

“ The flattened form is probably the result of pressure, as it is rare ;
and the ordinary form exhibits a more distinct rise, or rounded ridge,
from the beak to the posterior margin, and is narrower.”—Por(lock.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Ballynascreen, Derry and
Tyrone.

Tf formn goes for anything, the three varieties of this shell would appear
to be distinct ; and looking at the lines of growth on figs. 14 & 15, we
eannot see how they could assme the form of fig. 16.

CONCHIFERA. 17?

46. MopioLa GRANuLosA.—The Granular Modiola.

M. granulosa. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 210, pl. 5, f. 23.

* Very much elongated, depressed; surface granulose.”—
Phillips.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland and Northumber-
land.

47. Moprota Neret.—Neres Modiola, pl. LXI.*** f. 17.

M. Nerei. Mytilis(?) Nerei. Munster, Beit. 1840, pl. 11,
fig. 14; Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 424, pl. 33, fig. 10.

Obovate, convex, thick ; beaks terminal, a little produced ;
sides almost equal, curved, and the basal extremity rounded ;
hinge-line straight ; surface with fine regular concentric striz.

The Silurian Rocks, Desertcreat, Tyrone, Ireland.

48. Mop1oLa MARMOoRATA.—The Marbled Modiola.

M. marmorata. Brown, Recent Conch. Brit. & Ir. p. 78,
pl. 27, fig. 10. MM. discors. Turton, p. 210, pl. 15, figs. 4, 5.

Oval, very tumid; anterior side a little pointed; beaks
terminal, rounded, and somewhat conyolute; centre of the
valves a little constricted towards the margin ; surface smooth,
with a series of longitudinal divergent grooves at both sides,
and slightly striated transversely at the pointed extremity.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ayrshire, and the
Coral Crag, Sutton.

49. Moprona suB-PARALLELA.—The Sub-parallel Modiola,
pl. LXI.*** fic. 18.

M. sub-parallela. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 433, pl. 34, f. 16.

Oblong-ovate ; convex; beaks obtuse ; hinge-line long and
nearly straight ; anterior side short, the posterior long; both
extremities almost equally rounded ; with a slight contraction
from the beaks to the margin, forming an obscure anterior lobe ;
a diagonal rise from the beak to the margin, not constituting
a ridge; surface with somewhat irregular thread-like con-
centric striae.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Ballynascreen, Tyrone, Ire-
land.

50. Moprota scaLaris.—The Ladder Modiola.

M. scalaris. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 137, pl. 60, fig. 62.*

“ Depressed, transversely elongated to a parallelogramic
figure, with elliptical terminations; front edge straightened,
or slightly sub-concaye near the middle ; surface ridged by
about fifteen elevated narrow threads, parallel to the margin,
separated by wider flat spaces, in which are fine stri:e parallel
to the elevated threads.’ —Phillips.

Devonian Shales, Berry Pomeroy, South Devon.

51. Moprota paruana.—The Common Modiola.

M. papuana. Brown, Ilust. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 77, pl:
27, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

Transversely oblong; anterior side short; posterior side
lengthened, dilated, and rounded; beaks tumid and obtusely
angular ; surface smooth.

The Mammiferous Crag, Postwick.

52. Mopioua acuminata.—Sowerby, Geo, Tr. 2d Ser.
III. p.119.—Not deseribed.

The Magnesian Limestone, Humbleton, Durham.

53. Moptota pecussata.—The Decussated Modiola, pl.
LXI.*** figs, 22, 23.

M. (?) Jelly, Mag. Nat. Hist. III. New Ser. p. 551, fig.
69. be.

176

Transyersely oblong-ovate ; anterior side short, hardly ex-
tending beyond the beaks, which are obtuse ; posterior side
obliquely rounded, and angulated below; surface with fine,
numerous, radiating strie, crossed by sharp, pretty regular
lines of growth, producing a reticulated appearance.

In the Bath Oolite, in various localities : it is very frequently
found in numbers of four or five individuals, enveloping one
another, within the Modiola inclusa, in the manner represented
in fig. 23.

Orver IT1.—DIMYARIA.

Shells with two distinct, remote, muscular impressions ;
which are widely separated, and inserted towards the lateral
extremities of the valves,

Granpv Drytston I.

Shells irregular, and always inequivalve.

Trize I.—CHAMACEA.

Shell inequivalve, irregular, attached to other bodies ; hinge
with one or more large teeth, and provided with two separate
lateral muscular impressions.

Genus IL—CHAMA.—Bruguiére.

Shell irregular, thick, usually very inequivalve, for the most
part covered with irregular spines or foliated processes ; um-
bones distorted, unequal, distant, and inyolute; that of the
attached valve salient at the base, and in some instances pro-
jecting considerably beyond it, the other is for the most part
reflected over upon its valve, appearing as if imbedded in it ;
hinge with one strong, thick, irregular, oblique, striated, and
generally crenated tooth in one valve, which fits into an irre-
gular striated groove in the opposite valve ; each valve pro-
vided with two distant, lateral, muscular impressions ; line of
the mantle attachment entire ; ligament external, subdivided
at its posterior extremity ; one of the segments decurrent to
the point of the umbo in each yalve.

1, Cama squamosa.—The Scaly Chama, pl. LX XIL.*
figs. 4, 5.

C. squamosa.
pl. 348.

Sub-globose, or nearly orbicular, attached by the right valve,
which is somewhat larger than tho left; surface with nume-
rous transverse, imbricated, erect lamina, anteriorly produced
and adpressed ; posterior portion of the right valve with obso-
lete ribs; left valve rather convex ; inner surface smooth.

The London Clay, Barton and Bracklesham Bay.

Brander, figs. 86, 87. Sowerby, IV. p. 67,

| Genus I].—CAPRINA.—D Orbigny.

Shell irregular, imequivalve, inequilateral, with conical
divergent apices, more or less unequally prolonged, and in-
curved upon two opposite planes; hinge and ligament un-
known ; cavity of the valves divided by a partition into two
conical unequal chambers ; two muscular impressions situated

CONCHIFERA.

Unuio,

within the small cavities, the one before and below, and the
other aboye and behind.

1, Caprina Lonspati.—Lonsdal’s Caprina, pl. LX XI1.*
figs. 10, 11.

Diceras Lonsdalii.
pl. 13, fig. 4.

Inequivalve, the larger one in the form of an elongated cone,
somewhat flattened, and curved twice round; the opposite
valve with an oblique conical umbo; external surface squa-
mose.

The Lower Greensand, near Calne.

Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 338,

Granp Drviston II.—LAMELLIPEDES.

The foot of the animal depressed, lamelliform, and not
posterior. i

Trise —NAYADES.

Shells inhabiting fresh waters.—Hinge sometimes provided
with an irregular, simple, or divided tooth, and a longitudinal
prolonged one; sometimes toothless; some haye irregular
granulated tubercles, extending the whole length of the hinge-
line; provided with a compound muscular impression; the
umbones or beaks frequently decorticated.

Genus III.—ANODON.—Bruguiére.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, and transverse, for the most
part very thin; hinge-line nearly straight; destitute of
cardinal teeth ; the hinge being glabrous, and provided with
smooth lamin ; truncated, or forming a sinus at the anterior
end, terminating the apex of the shell; two lateral, remote,
muscular impressions, the posterior one being compound ;
muscular impression of the mouth entire, and seldom dis-
tinetly marked; ligament linear, external, sunk in a cleft at
the anterior extremity.

1, Anopon cyGNea.—The Swan Anodon, pl. LX XIV.*
fig. 7.

Anodon cygnea.
Brit. p. 101, pl. 13.

Inequilateral, oval, tumid, somewhat pointed at both ex-
tremities, slightly oper at the sides; beaks depressed ; surface
transversely wrinkled and sub-striated.

In the Pleistocene Fresh-water Formation, Cropthorn; Bac-
ton, Stutton ; Clacton and Grays,

Brown, Land and Fresh-water Conch.

Genus LV.—UNIO.—Bruguiére.

Shell generally transverse, equivalve, inequilateral, free ;
sometimes sub-cordate, or sub-orbicular ; pearlaceous within;
generally covered with a dark olivaceous epidermis; umbones
usually decorticated and prominent; hinge provided with a
short, irregular, simple, or double compound tooth, which is
almost always striated ; with two elongated, compressed, late-
ral teeth, the front one produced, sometimes obsolete ; two
muscular impressions in each valve, the superior one compound,
or composed of seyeral divisions ; ligament external.

Unio.

1. Unio Gerarvt.—Gerard’s Unio, pl. LX XIII. fig. 23.

Pachyodon Gerardi. Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1843,
pl. 15. figs. 1, 2.

Transyersely ovate, inflated, thickness equal to half its
breadth ; umbones produced, rounded, and contiguous; pos-
terior side short and obliquely truncated ; anterior side long
and sub-truncated ; hinge-line almost parallel ; external sur-
face with a few remote concentric wrinkles or lines of growth.

I found this species in the Coal Shale at Dalkeith, Mid-Lothian,
Named in honour of my valued friend, James Gerard, Esq-, Retreat,

East Lothian.
2. Unio tateratis.—The Broad Unio, pl. LX-XIII. f. 26.

Pachyodon lateralis. Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1843,
pl. 15, fig. 3.

Transversely elongated, sub-quadrate, cuneiform ; sides very
unequal, the anterior one very long, gradually sloping from
the umbones, and terminating in an obliquely truncated point ;
posterior one very short; umbones produced, with acute but
not inflected beaks. Length somewhat more than half an
inch ; breadth nearly an inch and a-half.

In the Coal Shale, Whitehaven.

3. Unto sutcatus.—The Furrowed Unio, pl. LX XIII,
figs. 28, 29.

Pachyodon sulcatus.
pl. 15, figs. 4, 5.

Sub-triangular, rather compressed ; umbones prominent, very
close, slightly reflected, sub-acute, and placed considerably to
one side ; general surface smooth, with inequidistant concen-
tric furrows ; posterior side arcuated, with a rounded point situ-
ate low ; anterior side gently rounded ; basal line nearly paral-
lel. Length one and a-half inch ; thickness one half inch.

The Shale near Whitehaven.

This species is liable to some variety in external contour.

4. Unto ruGosus.—The Rugged Unio, pl. LX XIII. figs.
{4° 15.

Pachyodon rugosus.
pl. 15, figs. 6, 7.

Sub-triangular, greatly ventricose in proportion to its size,
its depth being equal to five-sixths of its whole length ; um-
bones yery prominent, situate considerably to one side, point-
ing posteriorly, and remote from each other; anterior side ab-
ruptly descending and rounded ; posterior side gradually slop-
ing and considerably more acute than the other ; ligament
produced ; external surface with unequal, rugose, concentric
wrinkles. Length two inches five-eighths ; breadth three
inches and a-half; thickness two inches and a quarter.

The young shells are much more rugosely wrinkled than the

Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1843,

Brown, Ann. Nat. Fist. Dec. 1843,

adult.

Found in the Ironstone Shale at Sheden, by Mr8. Gibson of
Hebden Bridge, and in his cabinet.

5. Unio svuB-rotunDUs.—The
LXXIII. fig. 22.

Pachyodon sub-rotundus. Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dee.
1843, pl. 15, fig. 8.

Sub-rotund ; umbones sub-central, produced, blunt, and
somewhat remote from each other ; hinge-line considerably
arcuated ; surface with irregular, acute, concentric wrinkles ;
thickness about equal to half its length.

The Coal Shale, Oldham.

6. Unio BIRENNIS.—T wo-winged Unio, pl. LX-XIII. f. 27.

Sub-rotund

Unio, pl.

CONCHIFERA.

lag
Pachyodon bipennis. Brown, Ann, Nat. Hist. Dec. 1843,
pl. 15, fig. 9.

Transversely elongated, somewhat hatchet-shaped ; sides
unequal; umbones produced and remote; hinge and basal
lines nearly parallel ; anterior side short and rounded ; poste-
rior side elongate, and obliquely sub-truncate from the hinge-
line, terminating below in a short, slightly acuminated curve ;
surface rather smooth, with a few distant, transverse, shallow
grooves.

The Ironstone Shale at Low Moore, Yorkshire.

7. Unto Dawsont.—Dawson’s Unio, pl. LX XIII. fig. 3.

Pachyodon Dawsoni. Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1843,
pl. 15, fig. 10.

Orbicular ; umbones central, large, produced and remote ;
surface nearly smooth, with only a few nearly obsolete concen-
tric wrinkles ; thickness equal to more than half its diameter.

Found in the Ironstone Shale at Low Moore, near Bradford,
and is in the Cabinet of Mr S. Gibson, and named in honour
of Miss Dawson of Low Moore, an accomplished geologist.

8. Unio nanus.—The Little-vessel Unio, pl. LX-XIII. f. 7.

Pachyodon nanus. Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dec, 1843, pl.
16, fig. 1.

Smooth, posterior side elongated, and obliquely sub-truncate
above; sub-acute above ; anterior side rounded ; umbones pro-
duced and rounded ; hinge-line arcuated.

Coal Shale at Middleton, near Leeds.

9. Unto Rutyp1.—Rhind’s Unio, pl. LX_XITI. fig. 5.

Pachyodon Rhindii. Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1843,
pl. 16, fig. 2.

Sub--acute at both extremities ; basal line considerably arcu-
ated, rather produced opposite the umbones ; posterior side
turned slightly upwards; umbones sub-central, rather pro-
duced, and very close ; hinge-line curved ; surface with trans-
verse, shallow, irregular wrinkles. Length equal to two-thirds
of its breadth.

In the Coal Shale, Polmont, Stirlingshire, by my friend
William Rhind, Esq., author of “ The Age of the Earth,” &e.

10. Unto amyapaLa.—The Almond Unio, pl. LX XIII.
fig. 4,

Pachyodon amygdala.
pl. 16, fig. 3.

Inflated, anterior side rounded ; posterior side acuminated,
with an acute beak-like termination ; umbones rather obtuse
and remote; basal line considerably arcuated ; surface with
many irregular acute wrinkles.

Ironstone Shale, Low Moore, Yorkshire.

11. Unto exotetus.—The Worn Unio, pl. LX XITI. f. 25.

Pachyodon exoletus. Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dee. 1843,
pl. 16, fig. 4.

Shell transversely elongate, its breadth about double its
length ; surface quite smooth ; umbones blunt, placed near to
the anterior side, which is round ; posterior side acuminated
and sub-acute ; hinge-line slightly arcuated ; basal line nearly
parallel ; thickness somewhat more than half its length.

Ironstone Shale, Low Moore, near Bradford.

12. Unto pusrus.—The Doubtful Unio, pl) LX:XIIT. f. 13.
Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1843,

Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1843,

Pachyodon dubius.
pl. 16, fig. 5.
Sub-ovate, both sides rounded ; umbones slightly produced
2k

178

and rounded ; hinge and basal lines arcuated ; surface with
nearly obsolete, irregular, concentric wrinkles.

Coal Shale, near Newcastle-on-Tyne, by Mr Robertson.

13. Unio suB-TRIANGULARIS.—The Sub-triangular Unio,
pl. LX XIII. fig. 12.

Pachyodon sub-triangularis. Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dee.
1843, pl. 16, fig. 6.

Sub-triangular, rather inflated, umbones very prominent,
remote, being nearly a quarter of an inch apart; hinge-line
almost parallel ; basal line with an undulation; both sides
rather abruptly sloping ; surface smooth, with a slight eleva-
tion towards the umbones.

Tronstone Shale at Coalbrook Dale.

14. Unto Smrrai.—Smith’s Unio, pl. LN XITT. f. 10, 11.

Pachyodon Smithii. Brown, Aun. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1843,
pl. 16, figs. 7, 8.

Sub-triangular ; umbones sub-central, prominent,
rounded, inflected and quite close ; anterior side rounded ; pos-
terior side sub-acute ; surface with transverse, rather deep,
irregular wrinkles; breadth about a third more than its length.

Tronstone Shale at Sheden.

15. Unto Empteront.—Embleton’s Unio, pl. LX XIIL. f. 6.

Pachyodon Embletoni. Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1843,
pl. 16, fig. 9.

Sub-triangular; anterior side short and rounded ; umbones
placed much to one side; obtuse above ; beaks inflected and
sharp-pointed ; hinge-line considerably arcuated ; posterior
side gradually sloping, and terminating in a narrow, sub-trun-
cated, rather short beak ; surface with transverse irregular
wrinkles.

Coal Shale at Middleton, near Leeds.

Named in honour of Thomas William Embleton of Middle-
ton Hall, from whom I received all the Unionidae from that
locality.

16. Unto Heyr1.—Hey’s Unio, pl. LX XIII. fig. 1.

Pachyodon Heyii. Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1843, pl.
16, fig. 10.

Sub-triangular, inflated; anterior side abruptly sloping ;
posterior side gradually descending, terminating in an oblique
sub-truncation, and slightly beaked; hinge-line arcuated ;
basal line very slightly curved ; umbones prominent, but ob-
tuse and quite close at the beaks; surface with many concen-
tric wrinkles; a longitudinal, gradually widening, shallow
groove emanates from the umbones, and terminates on the
basal margin.

Tronstono shale at Sheden.

Named in honour of Mrs Willians Hey of Leeds, an expert
conchologist.

17. Unto acrestis.—The Rustic Unio, pl. LX XIII. f. 20.

Pachyodon agrestis. Brown, Aun. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1843,
pl. 16, fig. 11.

Sub-compressed, transversely elongated ; anterior side much
rounded, posterior side lengthened and sub-acute, descending
in a nearly parallel line from the umbones, which are very
obtuse and remote ; on the posterior side a longitudinal, wide,
oblique, shallow groove takes its rise on the dise and termi-
nates on the basal margin, below which there is a flexure on
the edge; whole surface covered with very coarse transverse
wrinkles; thickness six-eighths of an inch.

and

CONCHIFERA.

Unio.

Tronstone Shale near Sheden.

18. Unto srwiuis.—The Similar Unio, pl. LX XIII. fig. 9.

Pachyodon similis. Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1843,
pl. 16, fig. 12.

Compressed ; anterior side rounded from the umbones,
which are hardly produced, but very contiguous ; posterior
side nearly parallel, obliquely truncate, with a slightly turned-
up beak below ; hinge-line nearly straight, basal line some-~
what arcuated ; surface irregularly wrinkled transversely.

Coal Shale at Middleton, near Leeds, by T. W. Embleton,
Esq.

19. Unto turcmwus.—The Turgid Unio, pl. LX XIII.
figs. 16, 17.

Pachyodon turgidus.
pl. 16, figs. 13, 14.

Inflated ; thickness nearly seven-eighths of an inch ; breadth
an inch and three-eighths ; umbones prominent, set a little
apart ; anterior side short, slightly sub-truncate ; posterior side
nearly parallel above, with a truncated termination ; hinge-line
almost parallel, basil line with a slight flexure ; surface with
pretty strong irregular wrinkles.

Coal Shale at Wakefield, by W. C. Williamson, Esq.
surgeon, Manchester.

20. Unto nucteus.—The Kernel Unio, pl. LX XIII. f. 8.

Pachyodon nucleus. Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dee. 1843,
pl. 16,* fig. 1.

Inflated, tranversely ovate ; umbones sub-acute and remote ;
hinge-line nearly straight ; anterior side a little acute, poste-
rior side elongated and acuminate ; basal line sub-arcuated ;
surface with shallow transverse wrinkles.

Coal Shale at Woodhall, on the north side of the Pentland
Hills, near Edinburgh.

21. Unio Braypsu.—Blayds’ Unio, pl. LX XIII. fig. 2.

Pachyodon Blaydsii. Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1845,
pl. 16,* fig. 2.

Obliquely sub-triangular, inflated ; umbones prominent and
remote ; hinge-line nearly straight; anterior side parallel
above its termination, suddenly rounded ; posterior side acumi-
nated, straight above, with an obliquely truncated termination,
sharply beaked below ; basal line ascending from a line with
the umbones. Length five-eighths of an inch ; breadth seven-
eighths ; thickness nearly half an inch.

Coal Shale at Middleton,

22. Unto senex.—The Old Unio, pl. LX XIII. fig. 31.

Pachyodon antiqguus. Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1843,
pl. 16,* fig. 4.

Transyersely elongated, sub-compressed ; umbones very ob-
tuse and remote; anterior side short, nearly straight above,
with a cleft termination ; posterior side long, with an obliquely
sub-truncate termination ; point below a little rounded ; hinge-
line very slightly arcuated ; a pretty deep transverse furrow
runs close to and nearly parallel with the superior margin on
the posterior side ; basal margin with a slight hollow poste-
riorly ; surface with strong transverse wrinkles, and a few
irregular, nearly obsolete, longitudinal furrows, producing an
antiquated appearance ; thickness three-eighths of an inch.

Tronstone Shale, Low Moore, near Bradford.

23. Unio TRANsveRsUS.— The Transverse Unio, pl.
LXXIII. fig. 21.

Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dec. 18438,

Unto, CONCHIFERA. 179

Pachyodon transversus. Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dee.
1843, pl. 16,* fig. 5.

Transversely elongated; umbones blunt and_ obliquely
rounded ; anterior side short, rounded, and slightly produced at
the extremity ; posterior side long, gradually declining from
the umbones, ending in an obliquely truncate termination,
rather acutely beaked below ; hinge-line nearly straight, basal
line with a slight flexure posteriorly ; surface rather smooth.

Coal Shale at Middleton, near Leeds.

24. Unio numatus.—The Buried Unio, pl. LXXII.* f. 18.

Pachyodon humatus. Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1843,
pl. 16,* fig. 6.

Oblong-ovate, considerably inflated; umbones large, pro-
duced, and slightly inflected ; anterior side rounded, posterior
side sub-acute ; hinge-line nearly parallel ; basal margin a little
arcuated ; surface with strong concentric wrinkles,

In the Coal Shale at Gristhorpe Bay.

25. Unto LEvVEDENSIs.—The Coarse Unio, pl. LX XIII. f.30.

Pachyodon levedensis. Brown, Aun. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1843,
pl. 16,* fig. 8.

Sub-triangular, wedge-shaped ; umbones rounded, situate
considerably to one side ; anterior side very short and abruptly
descending ; posterior side long, acuminated, its superior
margin gradually inclining to a truncated termination ; basal
margin nearly straight ; surface with transverse antiquated
wrinkles.

Coal Shale at Middleton.

26. Unio pyramipanus.—The Pyramidal Unio, pl.
LXXIII. f. 19.

Pachyodon pyramidalus. Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dee.
1843, pl. 16,* fig. 9.

Sub-triangular, cuneiform, somewhat pyramidal; umbones
large, contiguous, extremely obtuse ; anterior side very short,
abruptly descending and rounded below ; posterior side elon-
gated, its superior line gradually descending to a blent acumi-
nated termination, thick on the anterior side, and becoming
rapidly compressed posteriorly ; base acute, slightly flexuose
and thin at the edge ; surface with shallow irregular wrinkles ;
thickness equal to two-thirds its length.

Ironstone Shale at Low Moore ; also in Shale at Woodhall,
near Edinburgh.

27. Unro Arvamit.—Aldam’s Unio, pl. LX XIII. fig. 18.

Pachyodon Aldamii. Brown, Ann. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1843,
pl. 16,* fig. 3.

Sub-compressed, flexuose, and sub-triangular ; umbones sub-
central, very obtuse, set one-eighth of an inch apart; hinge-
line slightly areuated ; anterior side abruptly descending from
the umbones, beneath which it is slightly rounded, with a
flexure below, somewhat produced on the margin immediately
under the umbones ; posterior side gently sloping and rounded,
with a shallow furrow emanating from below the umbones,
and rapidly widening, terminates on the base ; basal line
flexuose. Length one inch five-eighths ; breadth two inches
one-eighth ; thickness one inch.

The greatest thickness of the shell is at the middle of the
disk, from whence it rapidly becomes thin towards the
margins.

Coal Shale at Whitehaven.

Named in honour of Miss Aldam of Leeds, an excellent conchologist.

28. Unio corpirormis.—The Heart-shaped Unio, pl.
LXIV. fig. 21.

U. cordiformis. Sowerby, VI. p. 191, pl. 595, fig. 1.

Heart-shaped ; posterior side rounded ; anterior side pointed,
its length and thickness being nearly equal ; beaks rounded,
large, and considerably produced.

The Weald Clay, Tilgate Forest.

29. Unto sus-rruncatus—The Sub-truncated Unio, pl.
LXXIV. fig. 6.

U. sub-truncatus. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. IV. p-
346, pl. 21, fig. 15.

Ovate, compressed ; edges of the valves obtuse; posterior
side obliquely wedge-shaped ; beaks small and a little remote.

The Hastings Sand, Sussex.

30. Unto Martint.—Martin’s Unio, pl. LX XIV. fig. 7.

U. Martini. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d. Ser. IV. p. 346, pl.
21, fig. 7.

Convex, beaks slightly produced and nearly central ; poste-
rior side very large and rounded; anterior side somewhat
acute ; surface nearly smooth.

The Weald Clay, Henhurst, Sussex.

31. Unto Manterim.—Mantell’s Unio, pl. LXXIV.
fig. 16.

U. Mantellii. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 346, pl.
21, fig. 14.

Oblong-ovate, compressed, with the dorsal and basal margins
nearly parallel and straight; posterior side short; anterior
side lengthened ; beaks slightly produced ; surface smooth ;
length about equal to half the breadth.

The Weald Clay and Hastings Sand, Sussex.

32. Unto tumipus.—The Swollen Unio, pl. LXXIV.*
figs. 5, 6.

U. tumidus. Brown, Illust. Land and Fresh-water Shells,
p- 110, pl. 21, figs. 8, 9.

Somewhat cylindrical, or wedge-shaped; much inflated,
with the beaks produced ; anterior side short, rounded ; poste-
rior side long, gradually sloping from the beaks ; the termina-
tion sub-truncated ; cardinal tooth large, thick, and elevated,
with the edge finely serrated, and double in the opposite valve ;
muscular impressions small; surface with strong concentric,
wrinkles.

The Pleistocene Fresh-water Formation, Sutton, Grays, and
Cropthorn.

33. Unio ovaris.—The Oval Unio, pl. LXXIV.* f. 3, 4.

U, ovalis. Brown, Land and Fresh-water Shells, p. 111,
pl. 18, figs. 4, 5.

Transversely ovate ; hinge-line arcuated ; beaks prominent,
wrinkled, and closely approximate ; right valve with a strong
double, erect, cardinal tooth, the higher portion situate below
the beak, and considerably elevated above the margin, with
two long, oblique, lateral teeth; muscular impressions of mo-
derate size, the anterior ones deep ; left valve with a simple,
erect, oblique, cardinal tooth, and a long, eleyated, lateral one
which fits into the cleft between those of the opposite valve.

The Pleistocene Formation, Cropthorn.

34, Unto Sovanpri.—NSolander’s Unio, pl. LX XIV. f. 10.

U. Solandri. Sowerby, Min. Conch, VI. p. 29, pl. 517,
Fleming, Brit. An. p. 417.

Shell transversely oblong-oyate, compressed, thin; hinge-

180

line very straight ; umbones a little rugose, very small, and
contiguous ; posterior slope shorter, more pointed than the
anterior one, which is obliquely sub-truncated and a little
pointed at the extremity ; basal line slightly hollow; length
about equal to half its width; thickness three eighths of an
inch ; surface smooth, with indistinct, transverse undulations,
and of a pearlaceous tinge.

Found in the Crag at Hordwell.

35. Unto compressus.—The
LXXIII. fig. 11.

U. compressus. Sowerby, VI. p. 189, pl. 594, fig. 2.

Shell ovate, compressed ; umbones nearly central, and a
little produced; hinge-line slightly arcuated; length two-
thirds its breadth.

Found in the Clay of Tilgate Forest.

36. Unto antiquus.—The Ancient Unio, pl. LX XIII.
fig. 12.

U. antiquus.
figs. 3, 4. 5.

Shell elongated, transversely ovate; beaks somewhat pro-
duced and sub-compressed ; posterior side short, rounded ; an-
terior side elongated and sub-acute ; hinge-line straight ; sur-
face smooth.

Found in the Weald Clay, Tilgate Forest.

37. Unto porrectus.—The Extended Unio, pl. LX XIV.
fig. 14.

U. porrectus. Sowerby, Min. Conc. VI. p.189, pl. 594,f. 1.

Shell sub-compressed, much elongated ; beaks placed much
to the posterior side, which is rounded; anterior side greatly
elongated, obliquely sub-truncated, and pointed below ; hinge-
line nearly straight ; length about half its width; surface con-
vex and smooth.

Found in the Limestone of Tilgate Forest.

38. Unto potmonrensts.—The Polmont Unio, pl. LX XIII.
figs. 32, 33.

U.—(?) Rhind, Age of the Earth, p. 167, pl. 2. figs. c, d.

Oblong ; umbones nearly central, somewhat acute, and re-
mote; hinge-line straight, posterior slope but little more
rounded than the anterior one ; surface smooth, with a few
nearly obsolete transverse furrows.

Found in the Coal Shale at Polmont, by William Rhind,
Esq. Surgeon, Edinburgh, and in his cabinet.

39. Unio apuncus.—The Crooked Unio, pl. LX XIV. f. 1.

U. aduncus. Mantell, Foss. of Tilgate Forest, p. 57, pl.
10, fig. 11. Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. p. 190, pl. 595, f. 2.

Shell cuneiform, inflated, very thick; umbones rounded ;
posterior slope very short ; anterior slope long, straight above,
sub-truncated, concave, and slightly bent downwards; length
somewhat more than half its breadth.

Found in the Wealden Clay, Tilgate Forest.

40. Unto Watterir.—Walten’s Unio, pl. LX XIV. f. 2,3.

U. Walterit. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. IV. p. 346, pl.
21, tig. 16.

Sheil compressed, nearly square; anterior slope rounded ;
posterior side slightly eared; surface almost smooth, with a
few transverse, nearly obsolete wrinkles ; a central longitudi-
nal depression, emanating from the back of the umbones, ex-
tends to the basal margin.

Sowerby says this depression is not a constant character.

Compressed Unio, pl.

Sowerby, Min. Conch. VI. f. 190, pl. 594,

CONCHIFERA.

Unio.

In the Weald, Lenthington, Tunbridge.

41. Unto prcrorum.—The Painter's Unio, pl. LXXI1V.*
figs. 1, 2, and pl. LXX XVIII. fig. 8.

U. pictorum. Brown, Land and Fresh-water Conch. Brit.
pl. 19, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

Transversely oblong-oval, ventricose ; beaks a little pro-
duced; hinge-line somewhat curved ; anterior side short and
rounded, posterior side elongated and acuminated ; hinge,
with a strong, double, compressed, elevated, elongated, arcuat-
ed cardinal tooth in the left valve, with a perpendicularly
striated papillose one behind, on which the tooth of the opposite
valve rests; lateral teeth in both valves long and narrow :
surface with shallow, transverse undulations.

The Pleistocene Fresh-water Formation at Cropthorn,
Feversham, Bacton and Grays.

42. Unto (?) Auvsricer.—Austice’s Unio, pl. LXX XVIII.
figs. 25, 27.

U. Austicei. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 39, fig. 7.

Transversely elongated, sub-quadrate, and very convex ;
hinge-line a little bent; beaks very obtuse, rounded, and ap-
proximate ; anterior side obliquely truncated and short ; pos-
terior side rounded ; beaks curved ; basal line nearly straight ;
surface with concentric wrinkles, and slight indications of ra-
diating, longitudinal strie.

The Coal Measures, Coalbrook Dale, Staffordshire.

43. Unto Urtt.—Ure’s Unio, pl. LX XXVIII. figs. 9, 10.

U. Urii. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 417. Sowerby, Geo. Tr.
2d Ser. V..pl. 39, fig.-6. Ure’s Hist. Rutherglen and Kil-
bride, p. 311, pl. 16, fig. 4.

Greatly elongated transversely; very conyex; hinge-line
nearly straight; beaks much depressed; anterior side short ;
posterior side much elongated, and rather acute at its lower
termination ; back and basal lines straight and nearly parallel;
surface with rough, transverse undulations.

The Coal Measures, Rutherglen, Renfrewshire, and Coal-
brook Dale, Staffordshire.

44. Unto moprotaris.—The Modiola-shaped Unio, pl.
LXXXVIIL. figs. 5, 6.

U. modiolaris. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. V. pl. 39,
fig. 10.

Transversely elongated; convex ; anterior side short and
narrow ; posterior side lengthened, deep, and rounded ; beaks
very obtuse ; hinge-line straight; back quite straight; base
a little curved, and nearly parallel to the back ; a slight ele-
vation extends from the beaks to the posterior side; surface
nearly smooth.

« The Coal Measures, Coalbrook Dale, Staffordshire,

45. Unto acutus.—The Acute Unio, pl. LX XIV. fig. 13.

U. acutus. Sowerby, I. p. 84, pl. 23, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Transyersely elongated ; anterior side short, rounded, and a
little pointed towards the centre; posterior side much elon-
gated, acuminated, and rounded ; hinge-line nearly straight ;
beaks considerably incuryed, with the points approximating ;
surface smooth, with afew concentric shallow wrinkles.

The Coal Measures, Bradford.

46. Unto centratis.—The Central-beaked Unio, pl.
LXXXVIII. fig. 15.

U. centralis. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 39, fig. 13.

Qyal ; anterior side rather shorter than the posterior side,

Triconta.

and a little narrower ; beaks obtuse, and nearly central ; basal

line a little arcuated.

The Coal Measures, Coalbrook Dale, Staffordshire.

47. Unto puaseoius.—The Phaseola Unio, pl. LX XXVIII.
fig. 21, 22.

U. phaseolus. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 39, fig. 11.

Considerably elongated transyersely ; anterior side very
short, and pointed; posterior side lengthened, obtuse, and a
little flattened; beaks obtuse, and hardly developed; back

nearly straight; base a little concave in the middle.

The Coal Measures, Coalbrook Dale.

48. Unto rospustus.—The Strong Unio, pl. LX XXVIII.
fig. 16.

U. robustus. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 39, fig. 14.

Sub-conic, convex ; beaks nearly central and obtuse; both
sides sloping almost equally from the beaks ; the anterior one
large and rounded ; posterior side a little narrowed ; basal line
convex ; surface with strong lines of growth.

The Coal Measures, Coalbrook Dale.

49. Unto rirrorarts.—The Shore Unio, pl. LXX XVIII.
fig. 7.

U. littoralis. Drapernaud, pl. 10, fig. 20.

Oblong-ovate ; much inflated ; anterior side very short, and
terminating rather abruptly ; beaks obtuse ; back considerably
arcuated ; a little narrowed at the lower posterior end ; basil
line a little concave; surface with nearly obsolete, shallow
lines of growth.

The Coal Measures, Bradford.

50. Unio potopratus.—Squared Unio, pl. LX XXVIII.
fiz. 17.

U. dolobratus. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 39, fig. 9.

Sub-quadrate ; rather flat, with an oblique convexity along
the middle ; anterior side exceedingly short ; posterior side
lengthened ; hinge-line a little curved, base oblique, surface
rather uneven.

The Coal Measures, Coalbrook Dale.

51. Unto aquriinus.—The Eagle’s-beak Unio, pl. 39,
LXXXVIII. fig. 23.

U. aquilinus. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. V. pl. 39,

fig. 12.

Transversely oblong-ovate; beaks very small; anterior
side very short with a small terminal projection ; posterior
side lengthened and pointed ; hinge-line a little curved ; back
and base slightly convex ; surface with transverse, rather rag-
ged ridges.

The Coal Measures, Coalbrook Dale, Staffordshire.

52. Unto PARALLELUS.—The Parallel Unio, pl. LXX XVIII.
fig. 25.

U. parallelus. Sowerby, Geo. Trs. 2d Ser. V. pl. 39, f. 8.

Transversely elongated, sub-quadrate, and somewhat flat-
tened ; beaks nearly terminal, from whence the side abruptly
descends in a slightly oblique line; posterior side, back
and basal line straight, and parallel to each other; surface
with well-marked concentric lines of growth.

The Coal Measures, Coalbrook Dale.

53. Unto piscrepans. — The Discrepant

LXXXVIII. fig. 24.

Transversely oblong-ovate, and much inflated ; beaks ob-

tuse; hinge-line a little curved and oblique ; anterior side

Unio, pl.

CONCHIFERA. 18]

rounded and of medium length; a slight hollow below the
beaks ; posterior side elongated ; sub-truncated and contract-
ed at the termination ; back somewhat arcuated ; basal line
arcuated ; a little concave near the posterior side.

The Coal Measures, Low Moore, near Bradford, Yorkshire.

54, Unto sus-constricrus.—The Sub-constricted Unio, pl.
LXXIV. figs. 15, 17.

U. sub-constrictus. Sowerby, I. p. 83, pl. 33, figs. 2. 3.

Oblong-ovate, beaks sub-central, incurved and approximate $
posterior side lengthened ; contracted near the end; anterior
side rounded ; hinge-line sub-triangular, a sub-constriction, or
oblique groove running from the beaks to the margin ; basal
line arcuated interiorly, and a little concave posteriorly ; sur-
face smooth, with some shallow concentric furrows.

In the Argillaceous Ironstone, Derbyshire.

“ 55. Unto untrormis.—The Uniform Unio, pl. LXI. ***
g. 23.
aU. uniformis. Sowerby, I. p. 83, pl. 23, fig 4. Mya ovalis,
Martin, Pet. Derby, pl. 27, fig. 28.

Transversely oblong ovate; beaks sub-central; anterior
side a little rounded, posterior side slightly acuminated ; hinge-
line triangular ; surface smooth, with a few shallow transverse
lines of growth. ;

In the Clay of the Middle Oolite, Felmersham, Bedford-
shire, and Derbyshire.

Genus V.—ALASMODON.—Say.

Shell thick, generally transversely elongate, but variable in
form, equivalve, inequilateral; a little gaping posteriorly ;
with or without auricles ; umbones for the most part rough
and decorticated, more so anteriorly ; hinge with a lamellar,
blunted, lateral tooth on the posterior side, situate under the
ligament, but destitute of one on the anterior side; a short,
irregularly indented, cardinal tooth in the right valve, which
locks between the two irregularly crested teeth in the left
valve ; ligament exterior and much elongated ; muscular im-
pressions large, irregular, frequently double, and placed near
the extremities ; pallial impression deeply defined.

1. ALAsmopon vestusTAs.—The Ancient Alasmodon, pl.
LXXII.* fig. 19.

Pachyodon vestustas. Brown, Aun. Nat. Hist. 1843, pl.
16,* fig. 7.

Transversely elongated, compressed ; umbones very obtuse
and depressed ; anterior side short and sub-acute ; posterior
side long, broad, and rounded at the extremity ; hinge and
basal lines very slightly arcuated ; external surface with pretty
broad, shallow, concentric wrinkles.

In the Carbonaceous Shale, at Gristhorpe.

I consider this species as belonging to the genus A/asmodon, with
which it agrees in all its external characters.

Trise I1.—TRIGONACEA.

Primary teeth lamelliform, and transversely striated.

Genus VI.—TRIGONIA.—Bruguiére.
Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transverse, trigonal, some-
times sub-orbicular ; cardinal teeth oblong, laterally compress

182

ed, divergent, two in the right valve transversely grooved on
both sides ; the grooves regularly marked, each forming the
segment of a circle ; four teeth in the left valve grooved in one
side only, but these alternately in pairs ; consequently the four
teeth of this valve receive within their grooved sides the two
teeth of the right valve ; two principal muscular impressions,
the lateral ones very distinct, one of which is situate close to
the superior end of the cardinal tooth, and a little behind it ;
the other somewhat more distant, with a minute one between
it and the cardinal tooth ; pallial impressions almost entire ;
ligament marginal, thick, rather short, and external.

1. Triconia costata.—The Ribbed Trigonia, pl. LX XV.
fig. 4.

F. costata. Parkinson, Org. Rem. III. pl. 12, fig. 4.
Sowerby, I. p. 195, pl. 85.

Trigonal, posterior side somewhat yentricose, with a series
of transverse, elevated, curved, smooth ribs, and smooth inter-
costal spaces ; anterior side large, divided from the flattened
anterior by an elevated, longitudinal, obliquely curved, cren-
ated rib, reaching from the beak to the margin, and projecting
a little beyond it in some specimens ; two additional equi-
distant longitudinal ribs divide the side ; several longitudinal,
raised, crenated, thread -like strie occupy the intercostal spaces;
beaks nearly central, and sub-acute.

A widely diffused species, existing through various forma-
tions, viz.: the Oxford Clay, Osmington, Dorsetshire; the

Joral Rag, Malton and Steeple Ashton; the Great Oolite,
White Nab, Stonefield; and the Inferior Oolite, Limpley
Stoke and Cotswald Hill.

2. Triconia ELONGATA—The Elongated Trigonia, pl.
LXXII* fig. 13.

T. elongata. Sowerby, V. p. 39, pl. 431.

Elongated ; sub-triangular, slightly oblique, and gibbose ;
beaks nearly central, a little reflected ; anterior side moderately
arcuated, with a series of transverse, elevated, smooth ribs,
with wide intervening furrows ; posterior side separated from
the anterior side by a longitudinal curved furrow and a crenu-
lated rib, with two additional distant ribs; the broad inter-
vening spaces being covered with wide-set, longitudinally
curyed strive, crossed by waved transyerse strie, producing a
scaly appearance,

In the Lower Greensand, Ashford, Kent, and the Portland
Stone, Dorsetshire.

3. Triconta pupLicata.—The Two-plaited Trigonia, pl.
LXXII* fig. 14.

L. duplicata. Sowerby, III. p. 63, pl. 287, figs. 4, 5.

Transyersely and obliquely oblong ; somewhat compressed ;
anterior side large, with small, arcuated, curved ridges ; and a
strong tuberculated curved rib separating it from the posterior
side, which is small, and covered with obliquely transverse
narrow furrows; beaks rather large and prominent; basal
margin ‘crenated.

The Inferior Oolite, Glaizedale, Yorkshire.

4, TRiGoN1A PENNATA.—The Winged Trigonia, pl. LX XI1.*
fig. 9.

T. pennata. Sowerby, III. p. 64, pl. 287, fig. 6.

Obliquely oblong, and considerably areuated ; the anterior
side arched, with from ten to twelve elevated, obliquely curved
ribs, which are striated on their fronts; with smooth inter-

CONCHIFERA.

Trigonra.

costal spaces ; posterior side flattened, concave, and divided
into two lobes by a longitudinal furrow, on each side of which
a series of tuberculated ribs diverge downwards; beaks sub-
acute, a little bent ; basal line cleft.

The Greensand, Teignmouth, Devonshire.

5. Trigonia str1ATA.—The Striated Trigonia, pl. LX XII.*
fig. 15.

T. striata. Sowerby, III. p. 63, pl. 237, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Elongated, sub-triangular, inflated ; posterior side with large,
thick, crenated, transverse ribs ; anterior side with numerous .
oblique, waved strie, subdivided by a longitudinal furrow ;
basal line of the posterior side waved ; beaks sharp-pointed ;
beneath them a longitudinal, lanceolate lunule.

The Inferior Oolite, Dundry, Yorkshire, and Cotswold
Hill.

6. TRigon1a ANGULATA.—The Angular Trigonia, pl. LX XV.
fig. 1.

T. angulata. Sowerby, VI. p. 9, pl. 508, fig. 1.
clavellata, var. I. p. 197, pl. 87, lower figs.

Transversely sub-triangular and elongated ; rather convex ;
anterior side sub-arcuated, and abruptly sloping ; surface with
transverse, curved, raised ribs, each of which, on reaching the
disk, changes into a continuous series of nodules; posterior
side much produced, and divided from the anterior by a curved,
longitudinal, crenated rib, with the extremity considerably
acuminate and truncated; crossed by transyerse, wide-set
strize ; the upper edge concave.

The Inferior Oolite, Nunney and Blue Wick.

7. TRIGONIA ALZFORMIS.—Tho Wing-shaped Trigonia, pl.
LXXV. fig. 7.

T. aleformis. Parkinson, Org. Rem. III. p. 176, pl. 12,
fig. 9. Sowerby, III. p. 27, pl. 215, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

Sub-triangular; wing-shaped ; anterior side arcuated, and
occupying the greater part of the valye; with many trans-
yerse, tuberculous ribs, which become smooth, plain, and nar-
row towards the inner side ; intercostal spaces smooth ; pos-
terior side lengthened into an acuminated, sub- truncated beak,
and separated from the other portion by a broad, curved, flat-
tened ridge, extending from the beak, and rapidly widening as
it approaches the basal margin; beyond the ridge is a flat
space, crossed by oblique, flat ribs, divided by very narrow
furrows ; beaks acute, and much incurved.

In the Gault, Vale of Wardour; the Lower Greensand,
Broughton, Blackdown, and Lyme Regis.

8. TRIGONIA ImBRICATA—The Imbricated Trigonia, pl.
LXXV. fig. 2.

T. imbricata. Sowerby, VI. p. , pl. 507, figs. 2, 3.

Triangular ; compressed ; anterior side with five or six trans-
yerse, imbricated ribs ; posterior side obliquely truncated, with
oblique, transverse, flattened ribs.

The ribs upon this shell resemble a series of terraces, situate one
above another.

The Great Oolite, Ancliff.

9. TriconrA QuapRATA.—The Squarish Trigonia, pl.
LXXV. fig. 5.

T. quadrata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. IV. p. 342, pl.
17, fig. 12.

Sub-quadrangular; compressed ; anterior side short and
mach rounded ; posterior side broad and truncated ; beaks ob-.

Ibs gh

TRIGONIA.

tuse ; superior line nearly straight ; basal line a little arcu-
ated ; surface with concentric ribs, each of which is bent at a
right angle in the middle, where there is a line of large tu-
bercles extending in an angle from the beaks to the margin.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

10. Triconra sprvosa.—The Spinous Trigonia, pl. LXXV.
fig. 8.

T. spinosa. Parkinson, Org. Rem. II. Pld) figs ae
Sowerby, I. p. 196, pl. 86. Var. Ib. Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. IV.
p. 196, pl. 13, fig. 3.

Obliquely ovate ; compressed ; beaks obtuse; anterior side
large, and separated from the posterior by an oblique ridge
extending from the beaks to the margin; on each side of
which the surface is covered with many divergent spinous ribs,
bending upwards, and increasing in thickness as they diverge
from the ridge, and producing a crenulated margin all round.

The Lower Greensand, Seabrook, Pulborough, Sandgate,
and Lyme Regis.

11. TrigontA sPEcTABILIs—The Notable Trigonia, pl.
LXXV. fig. 9.

T. spectabilis. Sowerby, VI. p. 83, pl. 544.

Sub-ovate, sub-trigonal, convex ; an obtuse, nearly central,
slightly curved elevation, emanates from the beaks, and ter-
minates on the base ; beaks obtuse, a little turned to one side ;
near to them, three or four smooth, concentric, rounded ribs ;
surface almost smooth, with seven or eight semicircular rows
of large, blunt, round tubercles, and a few irregular smaller
ones on the posterior side ; both edges rather straight, undu-
lous, produced by the projecting tubercles ; base rounded.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

12. Triconta Noposa.—The Nodulous Trigonia, pl.
LXXV. fig. 10.

T. nodosa. Sowerby, V. p. 7, pl. 507, fig. 1.

Somewhat obovate ; beaks obtuse, and nearly central ; sur-
face smooth, covered anteriorly with indistinct, irregular rows
of large, depressed knobs, and some smaller ones on the poste-
rior portion; anterior side rounded, or arcuated; posterior
side nearly straight from the beak for two-thirds the length of
the valve ; anterior side arcuated ; base rounded.

The Lower Greensand, Seabrook, Kent.

13. TriGontaA CLEVELLATA.—The Club-shaped Trigonia,
pl. LXXYV. fig. 11.

T. clecellata. Parkinson, Org. Rem. III. p. 175, pl. 12,
fig. 3. Sowerby, I. p. 197, pl. 87, upper figs.

Sub-triangular, obliquely elongated, curved ; anterior side
straight, flattened, with three longitudinal, linear rows of small
round tubercles; posterior side much arcuated, with from
twelve to fourteen transverse, curved series of rounded
tubercles ; the surface rather rough; anterior seam undulous,
slightly gaping under the curved and small beaks.

The Lower Greensand, Seabrook, Kent; the Portland
Stone, Langcombe and Swindon ; and the Kelloways Rock,
Weymouth and South Cave. 7

14. Triconta GrpBosa.—The Gibbous Trigonia, pl. LXXV.
fig. 13.

T. gibbosa. Sowerby, III. p. 61, pl. 235.

Sub-triangular, transversely elongated, oblique, and gibbose ;
anterior side nearly straight; posterior side produced, nar-
rowed, and obliquely sub-truncated, with a broad, oblique,

CONCHIFERA. 183

longitudinal, shallow furrow, or depressions emanating from
the beak, and terminating on the extreme point of the some-
what beaked terminations; beaks narrow, incurved, and
approximating ; basal line regularly arcuated ; back concave ;
surface smooth, with transverse, shallow lines of growth,
which increase in depth and proximity at the base.

The Lower Greensand, Lockswell Heath.

15. Trreonta pustuLaTA.—The Pustulous Trigonia, pl.
LXXV.. fig. 12.

T. gibbosa. Var. B., Sowerby, III. p. 61, pl. 236.

Sub-triangular, gibbose ; anterior side rounded; posterior
side produced, and obliquely sub-truncated ; back somewhat
concave ; base considerably arcuated anteriorly, and poste-
riorly a little concave, giving it a beaked aspect ; beaks ob-
tuse and incurved; whole surface with shallow concentric
furrows, the anterior portion with series of irregularly set,
oval pustules.

The Portland Stone, Portland; the Vale of Wardour ;
Swindon, and Brill.

Although the two preceding shells bear a striking similitude in form,
yet I cannot agree with Sowerby and others that they are the same
species,

16. TrrGonta cusprpAta.—The Pointed Trigonia, pl.
LXXV. figs. 14, 15.

T. cuspidata. Sowerby, VI. p. 8, pl. 507, figs. 4, 5.

Sub-triangular, compressed ; anterior side rounded ; poste-
rior side abruptly truncated, with a projecting tag at its lower
angle; surface with about seven concentric ribs, which are
pointed and angular at the posterior division of the valves ;
beaks acute; teeth of the hinge much elongated ; back
rounded ; basal line arcuated ; texture of the shell thin.

The Great Oolite, Ancliff, Wiltshire.

17. Triconta putLus.—The Bug Trigonia, pl. LXXV-
figs. 16, 17.

T. pullus. Sowerby, VI. p. 10, pl. 508, figs. 2, 3.

Sub-triangular, inflated; anterior side rounded ; posterior
side obliquely truncated, angular at its lower extremity ; beaks
rather obtuse; anterior portion with numerous transverse>
smooth ribs, and separated from the other side by a longitudi-
nal, rather thickened, curved, slightly crenated rib, with seve-
ral similar ones on the flattened posterior side ; lunette large
and transversely striated.

The Oxford Oolite, Upware, near Cambridge, and the
Great Oolite, Ancliff, and Cain’s Cross.

18. TriGonta AFFINIS—The Allied Trigonia, pl. LX XVI.
fig. 41.

T. affinis. Sowerby, III. p. 11, pl. 208, fig. 3.

Transversely ovate; anterior side rounded, smooth, and
covered with transverse, flattened ridges ; posterior side a little
produced, slightly and obliquely sub-truncated, a little beaked
at its lower angle; basal line nearly straight ; beaks very ob-
tuse.

The Greensand, Blackdown and Parham.

19. Triconta EccenTRICA.—The Eccentric Trigonia, pl.
LXXVI. fig. 45.

T. eccentrica. Parkinson, Org. Rem. III. p. 175, pl. 12,
fig. 5. Sowerby, III. p. 11, pl. 208, figs, 1, 2.

Transversely sub-triangular, convex; anterior side short,
rounded ; posterior side elongated, acuminated, and truncated ;
its length little more than half its width; beaks obtuse, in-

184

curved, and approximating; back gradually sloping from the
beaks ; basal line gently curved; surface with regular, trans-
verse, shallow furrows, or lines of growth, and a few short,
oblique, shallow ones crossing in a lozenge manner at the an-
terior side.

The Greensand, Staple Hill and Devonshire.

20. TrigonIA D&#DALEA.—The Handsome Trigonia, pl.
LXXVI. fig. 21.

T. dedalea. Parkinson, Org. Rem. IIL., p. 176, pl. 12,
fig. 6. Sowerby, I. p. 198, pl. 88.

Oblong-ovate, trigonal ; a longitudinal, tuberculated ridge,
dividing the valves into nearly equal halves; both sides an-
gular near their centre, the anterior one gradually rounded
both above and below the angle; posterior side slightly hol-
lowed beneath the beaks, and thence a little arcuated till it
reaches the centre, below which there is a double flexure ;
beaks small and pointed; anterior side with many series of
large tubercles, set in arcuated ridges; posterior side with
a series of less regular ones running downwards from the side
towards the central ridge.

The Lower Greensand, Parham and Blackdown.

21. Triconta rincurva.—The Inecurved Trigonia, pl.
LXXVI. fig. 42.

T. incurva. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 347, pl.
22, fig. 14. Bennet, Wiltshire, Foss. pl. 18, fig. 2.

Transversely and obliquely longitudinal, its width nearly
double its length, convex ; posteriorly flattened; surface tu-
berculate, set in curved series.

The Portland Stone, Portland;
Swindon.

22. TRIGONIA mMPRESSA.—The Impressed Trigonia.

T. impressa. Sowerby, Zool. Journ. II. p. pl. 11. fig. 1.

Sub-triangular, anterior side rounded ; posterior side some-
what truncated, beaks obtuse ; surface with a series of con-
centric papillose ribs.

The Great Oolite, Stonefield.

23. TRIGONIA LITERATA.—Lettered Trigonia, pl. LXI.***
fig. 21.

T. literata. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 14, fig. 11.

Sub-triangular, sub-conic, moderately convex ; anterior side

Vale of Wardour and

rather abruptly sub-truncated ; posterior side concave above,
considerably produced, and somewhat acuminated below, se-
parated from the other portion by a longitudinal, linear row of
obtuse tubercles, which emanate from the beak, and with an
obscure longitudinal row of pustules in its centre, obliquely
crossed by lines of growth; anterior portion of the surface
with a series of very strong, rugged, longitudinal ribs, which
rapidly thicken as they descend, emanating from the pus-
tular division, which, on reaching the centre of the valve,
suddenly turn upwards at an acute angle, in the form of the
letter V, and again turn to the anterior margin ; all the ribs
are crossed by irregular rough strize ; beaks acuminated and
incuryed ; lunule, large, and bounded by a margin of trans-
versly elongated pustules : basal line convex.

The Lias, Robin Hood’s Bay, Yorkshire.

Trise I1]T.—ARCACEA.
Shells provided with numerous small primary teeth, dis-
posed in a straight or interrupted line in each valve.

CONCHIFERA,

Nucvra.

Genus VII.—NUCULA.—Lamarck.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transverse, oval, trigonal, or
oblong; generally covered with a strong epidermis; hinge
linear, narrow, diyided into two parts by an oblique, produced,
nearly central pit, which is destined for the reception of the
ligament ; the one anterior, and the other posterior; lateral
teeth on each side numerous, acute, elevated, somewhat re-
curved, those of the opposite valves locking into the inter-
vening spaces ; umbones contiguous, and not separated by an
intervening area; two simple, muscular impressions ; mantle
impression destitute of a sinus.

1, Nucuxa ovauis.—The Oval Nucula, pl. LXXVI. fig.
33.

NV. (2) ovalis. Murchison, Silur. Syst. pt. II. p. 609, pl. 5,
fig. 8.

Shell transversely ovate, smooth, rather convex ; beaks sub-
acute, and placed near the anterior side; length about four
lines, breadth five lines.

The Upper Ludlow Rock, Trewerne Hills on the Wye,
Radnorshire.

2. Nucuia Lavis.—The Smooth Nucula, pl. LX XVI. fig.
22.

N. levis. Murchison, Silur. Syst. pt. II. p. 635, pl. 22, f.1.

Shell oval, transversely elongated, smooth, ventricose ; beaks
large, acute; length three-eighths of an inch, breadth two-
eighths.

Found in Black Schist, in the Lower Silurian Rocks, Pen-
sarn, near Caermarthen, Wales.

3. Nucuta Cossotpim.—Cobbold’s Nucula, pl. LX XVI.
fig. 55.

NV. Cobboldiw. Sowerby, II. p. 177, pl. 180, fig. 2.

Transversely obovate, convex ; posterior side yery short,
with numerous, shallow, smooth, zigzag furrows, diverging
over the sides ; space between the teeth elongated and deep ;
margin entire.

The Mammiferous Crag, Bramerton, and the Red Crag,
Sutton.

4. NucuLa LancEoLATA.—The Lance-shaped Nucula, pl.
LXXVL. fig. 55.

N. lanceolata. Sowerby, Il. p. 178, pl. 180, fig. 1.

Transyersely lanceolate and ovate ; width double the length ;
sides nearly equal, the anterior very slightly the largest ; pos-
terior side a little pointed ; beaks a little produced ; surface
smooth ; hinge with a deltoidal concave space ; margin entire ;
substance of the shell strong.

The Red Crag, Bawdsey.

5. Nucuna pELTorpra.—The Deltoidal Nucula, pl.
LXXVI. fig. 51.

N. deltoidea. Sowerby, VI. p. 103, pl. 554, fig. 1.

Triangular, ventricose; anterior side short, and rounded ;
posterior side obliquely truncated, flat, and pointed ; generally
smooth, but sometimes longitudinally striated towards the an-
terior margin.

The Upper Marle, Isle of Wight, and Bagshot Sands, Shap-
ley Heath.

6. Nucuia mnrtata.—The Inflated Nucula, pl. LX XVI.
figs. 11, 12.

NV. inflata. Sowerby, VI. p. 103, pl. 554, fig. 2.

Almost globular ; the posterior side small, and a little pro-

Nucuta.

duced ; compressed, and somewhat pointed ; with the surface
smooth,

The London Clay, Highgate and Sheppey.

7. Nucura unpuLata.—The Wavyed Nucula, pl. LXXVI.
figs. 6, 7.

N. undulata. Sowerby, VI. p. 104, pl. 554, fig. 3.

Globular, its width a little more than its length, and some-
what oblique ; posterior side produced, narrowed, and acute ;
surface concentrically waved.

The Gault, Folkstone.

8. NucuLa amyGpa.omes.—The Almond-shaped Nucula,
pl. LAXVI. figs. 35, 36.

N. amygdaloides. Sowerby, VI. p. 104, pl. 554, fig. 4.

Transyersely elliptical, elongated, compressed, its width be-
ing nearly double its length ; sides equal, surface with numer-
ous small, regular, transverse furrows.

The London Clay, Sheppey and Hampstead.

9. Nucuna tayicata.—The Smooth Nucula, pl. LX XVI.
fig. 50.

N. laevigata. Sowerby, II. p. 207, pl. 192, figs. 1, 2.

Transyersely elliptical, convex; posterior side truncated ;
lunetie impressed, convex and oblong, with surface smooth ;
edge entire ; a pit or compressed tooth in the hinge.

The Red Crag, Walton, Naze, and the Coralline Crag,
Sutton.

10. Nuevta stmiuis.—The Similar Nucula, pl. LX XVI-
figs. 28, 19, and 48.

N. similis. Sowerby, II. p. 207, pl. 192, f. 3, 4, and 10.

Transyersely obovate, compressed ; posterior side straight ;
lunette oblong, sunk, concave in the middle ; surface longitu-
dinally striated ; edge crenulated,

The London Clay, Barton and Highgate.

11. Nvcuna trigona.—The Triangular Nucula, pl.
LXXVI. fig. 43.

N. trigona. Sowerby, II. p. 208, pl. 192, fig. 5.

Triangular, compressed ; sides nearly equal ; lunette con-
cave ; surface smooth; hinge-pit short ; edge crenulated.

The London Clay, Barton, Hampshire.

12. Nucvuna prcrmyata.— The Toothed Nucula, pl.
LXXVL fig. 54.

N. pectinata. Sowerby, II. p. 209, pl. 192, figs. 6, 7.

Transversely elliptical, elongated, convex ; posterior side
truncated ; lunette sunk, flat, and heart-shaped ; surface with
numerous small divergent furrows, which are intersected by
very fine transverse strie.

The Gault, Folkstone and Cambridgeshire ; and the Green-
sand, Blackdown and Lyme Regis.

13. Nucuta minima.—The Small Nucula, pl. LX XVI.
fig. 53.

NV. minima. Sowerby, II. p. 209, pl. 192, figs. 8, 9.

Transversely ovate, nearly twice as wide as long, gibbose ;
posterior side pointed ; lunette straight and elongated, reach-
ing from the beak to the angle of the posterior side ; surface
transversely striated ; edge without crenulations ; hinge-pit
minute.

The London Clay, Barton and Highgate.

14, Nucuta patmM#A.—The Palm Nucula, pl. LXXVI.
fig. 39.

NV. palmea. Sowerby, V. p. 117, pl. 475, fig. 1.

CONCHIFERA,

185

Transversely elongated, nearly cylindrical, with tke ends
rounded and equal ; very gibbose ; beaks nearly central ; sur-
face smooth and shining, with irregular lines of growth.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Derbyshire.

15. Nucuna vartasiiis—The Variable Nucula, pl-
LXXVI. figs. 1, 2.

XV. variabilis. Sowerby, V. p. 117, pl. 475, fig. 2.

Transversely ovate, elongated ; sometimes oblique; rather
compressed ; sides unequal ; beaks placed near to the posterior
side, which is usually less rounded than the other; valves
deepest towards the beaks; surface smooth ; lunette inconspi-
cuous.

The Great Oolite, Ancliff and Cloughton, and the Inferior
Oolite, Blue-Wick.

16. Nucuza impressa.—The Impressed Nucula, pl.
LXXVI. Hips elon 16s

NV. impressa, Sowerby, V. p. 118, pl. 475, fig. 3.

Transversely ovate, compressed ; sides unequal, the beaks
situated nearest the posterior extremity ; margin regularly
curved, except at the lunette; lunette deeply impressed, conyex,
and elongated ; surface smooth ; edges destitute of crenulations.

The Lower Greensand, Parham and Pulborough,

17. Nucura antiguata.—The Antiquated Nucula, pl
LXXVI. figs. 3, 4.

NV. antiquata. Sowerby, V. p. 118, pl. 475, fig. 4.

Triangular, rounded, inflated, and antiquated; beaks in-
curved, and nearly touching; lunette cordiform and sunk ;
surface longitudinally striated; margin crenulated.

The Lower Greensand, Pulborough and Blackdown.

18. Nucuta ovum.—The Egg-shaped Nucula, pl. LXXVI.
fig. 37.

NV. ovum. Sowerby, V. p. 118, pl. 476, fig. 1. Phillips,
Geo. York, I. pl. 12, fig. +.

Transversely obovate, inflated and smooth ; pointed a little
anteriorly ; posterior side regularly rounded ; almost as deep
as long.

The Lias, Whitby, Yorkshire.

19. Nucuta cuavirormis.—The Club-shaped Nucula, pl.
LXXVI. fig. 38.

N. claviformis. Sowerby, V. p. 119, pl. 476, fig. 2.

Transyersely elongated, its width upwards of twice its
length; yentricose; anterior side rounded; much produced
and attenuated, and slightly truncated posteriorly, on which
side there isa broad concave area, bounded by two ridges,
emanating from the beaks, and terminating on the anterior ex-
tremity ; surface with fine concentric ridges,

The Lias, Northamptonshire, and Magilligan, Ireland.

20. NucuLta Ltacryma.—The Tear Nucula, pl. LXXVI.
fig. 23, 24,

NV. lacryma. Sowerby, V. p. 119, pl. 476, fig. 3, Phillips,
Geo. York, I. pl. 11, fig. 14.

Ovate, ventricose ; its width twice its length; anterior side
produced, pointed, and convex above ; posterior side rounded ;
surface smooth.

The Great Oolite, Ancliff and Cloughton, and the Inferior
Oolite, Blue-Wick, Yorkshire.

21. Nucuta mucronata.—The Mucronated Nucula; pl.
LXXVI. figs. 18, 19.

NV. mucronata. Sowerby, V. p. 120, pl. 476, fig. 4.

2s

186

Sub-rhomboidal, two-thirds as long as wide, rounded, ven-
tricose ; anteriorly mucronated, and drawn out in the form of
a flattened spine ; surface concentrically furrowed.

A very minute species, found in the Great Oolite, Ancliff,
Wiltshire.

22. NucuLa ancutatTa.—The Angled Nucula, pl. LXXVI.
figs. 31, 32.

N. angulata. Sowerby, V. p. 120, pl. 476, fig. 5.

Rhomboidal, its width about once and a-half its length, front
rounded ; both sides equal, angular; their lines from the sides
to the beaks almost straight; most convex near the beaks;
surface with fine concentric furrows, rather inconspicuous to
the naked eye.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

25. Nucuna apicuLata.—The Bee-like Nucula, pl. LXXVI.
figs. 13, 14.

N. apiculata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d. Ser. p. 342, pl. 17,
fig. 10.

Sub-orbicular, convex, anterior side rounded ; posterior side
concave above, with the lower extremity much pointed ; sur-
face smooth.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

24. NucuLa suB-comPpREssA.—The Sub-compressed Nucula,
pl. LXXVI. fig 90.

NV. undulata. Phillips, Geo. York, IT. p. 210, pl. 5, f. 16.

Transversely ovate, compressed ; both sides equally rounded ;
beaks obtuse and approximating; surface with delicate, re-
gular, concentric striz ; posterior side with a depressed ridge.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

25. Nucuua tinEAta.—The Lineated Nucula, pl. LXXVI.
figs. 8, 9, 10.

N. lineata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. IV. p. 342, pl.
17, fig. 9.

Elliptical; beaks nearly central, small, and hardly de-
veloped; anterior side rounded; posterior side a little
truncated, with a short point at its superior angle; surface
transversely striated, which are straighter than the lines of
growth, and consequently cross them twice.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

26. NucuLa cRENISTRIATA.—The Crenistriated Nucula, pl.
LXXVI. fig. 91.

N. lineata. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 39, pl. 18, fig. 64.

Deltoidal, or obliquely triangular; convex ; sides nearly
straight; surface smooth, with numerous close, transverse
striae, every third or fourth being much more prominent than
the others, and crenulated on their lower edge; beaks obtuse,
and approximating.

A variety of this species has the strize all even and plain.

The Devonian Shales, in Limestone Nodules, Boggy Point,
North Devonshire.

27. NucuLa suB-REcURVA.—The Sub-recurved Nucula, pl.
LXXVI. fig. 26.

NV. sub-recurva. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 2, fig. 11.

Transversely oblong-ovate ; anterior side somewhat turned
up, rather acute; posterior side rounded ; beaks very obtuse ;
surface smooth.

The Speeton Clay, Speeton, Yorkshire.

28. NucuLA AXINIFoRMIs.—The Canopy-formed Nucula,
pl. LXXVI. fig. 34.

CONCHIFERA.

Nucwura.

N. axiniformis. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 11, fig. 13.

Transversely elongated; anterior side terminating in an
acute point, the dorsal line being straight, and the basal
line also nearly so; posterior side sub-acute, the superior
line sloping downwards, and inclining suddenly from the
centre; beaks obtuse; basal line gently curved; surface
smooth.

The Blue-Wick, Inferior Oolite, Yorkshire.

29. Nucuna rivircata.—The Double-streaked Nucula,
pl. LXXVI. fig. 44.

NV. biwirgata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d. Ser. IV. p. 335, pl.
11, fig. 8.

Obliquely sub-triangular, wider than long; very convex ;
back gently curved, ending in a sub-acute point; posterior
side concave, with the extremity pointed ; base considerably
arcuated, beaks obtuse, and approximating; surface with two
sets of linear furrows, which converge towards the posterior
slope, where they meet at acute angles, directed towards the
beak of each valve; the junction producing a regular line,
without forming a ridge; lunette broad; two transverse
bands near the base.

The Gault, Folkstone.

30. Nucuza e.urprica.—The Elliptical Nucula, pl. LXXVI.
fig. 40.

NV. elliptica. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 5, fig. 6.

Elliptical ; both extremities rounded ; anterior side short ;
beaks rather large, and turned anteriorly ; surface smooth.

The Oxford Clay, Scarborough.

31. Nucuta pisum.—The Pea Nucula, pl. LXXVI. figs.
46, 47.

Sub-orbicular; very convex; beaks obtuse, approximate ;
both sides rounded, the anterior one a little narrowed; surface
smooth.

In the Coal Measures, near Newcastle-on-Tyne, by Mr
Robertson.

32. Nucuta pusia.—The Dubious Nucula, pl. LXXVI.
fig. 30.

Nucula(?) Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 4, fig. 4.

Transversely oblong-ovate; both extremities pointed ;
beaks very obtuse and nearly central; base gently rounded ;
surface smooth.

The Coralline Oolite, Malton.

33. Nucuta optusa.—The Obtuse Nucula, pl. LXXVI.
fig. 49.

NV. obtusa. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d. Ser. IV. pl. 17, fig. 11.

Transyersely ovate, convex, and smooth ; lunette prominent,
and elongated ; beaks rather obtuse.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

34. Nucuta compLanata.—The Flattened Nucula, pl.
LXXVLI. fig. 27.

N. complanata. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 12, fig. 8.

Transversely elongated, anterior side rounded ; posterior
side concave above, with a narrowed, sub-truncated, produced
termination ; surface smooth.

The Upper Lias Shale, Whitby.

35. Nucuta ovata.—The Ovate Nucula, pl. LXXVI.
fig. 17.

N. ovata. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 2, fig. 10.

Ovate ; anterior side short and obliquely truncated; pos-

Nucura.

terior side elongated and rounded; beaks very obtuse ; surface
smooth.

The Speeton Clay, Speeton, Yorkshire.

36. Nucuna accrerens.—The Admitted Nucula, pl. LXXVI.
figs. 56, 57.

NV. accipiens. Sowerby, Geo. Tran. 2d. Ser. V. pl. 39,f. 4.

Transversely elongated ; oblong-oval ; much compressed ; an-
terior side rounded ; posterior side truncated; beaks nearly
central ; surface with fine, regular, concentric striz.

The Coal Measures, Coalbrook Dale, Staffordshire.

37. Nucuta acuta.—The Acute Nucula, pl. LXXVI. fig.
58.

N. acuta. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d. Ser. V. p. 639, fig. 5.

Transyersely oblong, conyex; anterior side rounded ; pos-
terior side acuminated, and terminating in a sharp point ;
beaks rather acute, and sub-central; surface with fine con-
centric striz.

The Coal Measures, Coalbrook Dale.

38. Nucuta quatis.—The Equal Nucula, pl. LXXVI.
fig. 59.

N. equalis. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 39, fig. 3.

Transyersely sub-ovate ; convex ; anterior side short, round-
ed ; posterior side separated by a ridge and truncated ; beaks
situate nearest the anterior side ; surface with numerous fine
concentric ridges.

The Coal Measures, Coalbrook Dale, Staffordshire.

39. NucuLa arrenuata.—The Attenuated Nucula, pl.
LXXVI. fig. 70.

N. attenuata. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 403.
Rutherglen, &c. pl. 15, fig. 5.

Transversely elongated, greatly arcuated, ventricose ; an-
terior side short, obliquely truncated; posterior side much
elongated and attenuated, terminating in a blunted point ;
hinge area wide and very concave; beaks much produced, a
little incuryed; surface with fine, delicate, transverse striz ;
base much arcuated.

Coal Shale, Renfrewshire.

40. Nueva BrevrrostrA.—The Short-beaked Nucula,
pl. LX XVI. fig. 74.
N. brevirostra.

tig. lla.

Ovate, anterior side short and attenuated ; posterior side
large and rounded ; beaks short ; surface with fine concentric
striw ; back and base equally curved.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Harelaw, Northumberland.

41. Nvucuna tonetrostRa.—The Long-billed Nucula, pl.
LXXVI. figs. 68, 69.

N. claviformis. Phillips, Geo. York, Il. p. 210, pl. 5,
fig. 17a.

Claviform, much elongated, transversely convex ; anterior
side rounded ; posterior side lengthened, and rapidly attenu-
ated, with the termination acute ; beaks short, a little incurv-
ed; basal line ascending abruptly from the point opposite
the beaks.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Harelaw and Otterburn,
Northumberland.

42. Nucuna erpposa.—The Tumid Nucula, pl. LX XVI.
fig. 79.

N. gibbosa.

Ure, Hist.

Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 210, pl. 5,

Fleming, Brit. An. p. 403. Ure, Rutherglen,

CONCHIFERA. 187

p- 310, pl. 15, fig. 6.
fig. 15.

Transyersely ovate, ventricose ; anterior side short; poste-
rior longer and rounded ; beaks obtuse and incurved ; surface
with shallow remote lines of growth.

The Coal Shale, Renfrewshire.

43. Nuctia Lucinirormis.—The Lucina-formed Nucula,
pl. LXXVI. figs. 80, 81.

NV. luciniformis. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 210, pl. 5,
fig. 11.

Obliquely ovate ; inflated ; smooth; anterior side rounded :
posterior side obliquely truncated, with some narrow striz ;
base considerably arcuated.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

44. Nucuna cunrata.—The Wedge-shaped Nucula, pl.
LXXVI. fig. 72.

NV. cuneata. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 210, pl. 5, fig. 14.

Transversely elongated ; wedge-shaped ; beaks obtuse, situ-
ate near the anterior end ; hinge-line straight, and extending
nearly the whole breadth of the shell; anterior end narrow,
and increasing in breadth towards the other extremity, which
is rounded ; surface with a few remote, radiating strize, and
concentric lines of growth.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

45. Nucuta Bowrrsanxit.—Bowerbank’s Nucula, pl.
LXXVI. figs. 82, 83.

NV. Bowerbankii. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. p. 136, pl.
8, fig. 11.

Sub-elliptical, convex; anterior side obliquely truncated,
with a nearly flat, pointed lunette, occupying the whole side ;
posterior side rounded ; external surface smooth, striated in-
ternally ; edge toothed; impressions of the obductor muscles
shallow.

The London Clay, Hampstead Heath.

46. Nucura Wernerettu.—Wetherell’s Nucula, pl.
LXXVI. figs. 76, 77.

N. Wetherellii. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. p. 136, pl.
8, fig. 12.

Nearly orbicular; gibbose; smooth; both sides slightly
pointed ; beaks small, nearly central; hinge-line triangular ;
margin crenulated.

The London Clay, Hampstead Heath.

47. Nucuva compressa.—The Compressed Nucula, pl.
LXXVL. figs. 63, 64.

NV. compressa. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. p. 136, pl. 8,
fig. 14.

Sub-ovate, smooth ; compressed ; anterior side rather short,
contracted, and a little pointed; posterior side large and
rounded ; base arcuated ; destitute of a lunette.

The London Clay, Hampstead Heath.

48. Nucuna striata.—The Striated Nucula, pl. LX XVI.
figs. 60, 61.

N. striata.
pl. 8, fig. 13.

Transversely elliptical; anterior side rather short, and a
little pointed ; posterior side rounded, acute above ; hinge-line
straight ; external surface with very fine concentric strie.

The London Clay, Hampstead Heath.

49, Nucuta nupa.—The Bare Nucula, p]. LAAVI. f. 75.

Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 210, pl. 5,

Variety, Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. p. 136,

188

N. nuda. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 5, fig. 5.

Transversely elongated ; anterior side short ; posterior side
elongated ; beaks obtuse; surface smooth ; base a very little
curved,

Oxford Clay, Scarborough.

50. NucuLa LmyiRostrRA.—The Smooth-beaked Nucula,
pl. LX XVI. fig. 71.

N. levirostrum. Portlock, Geo. Sur. p. 439, pl. 36, f. 12.

Oblong-ovate, club-shaped ; anterior side short and rounded ;
posterior side lengthened and obtuse ; beaks obtuse ; surface
with fine concentric striz.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Tyrone and Armagh, Ireland.

51. Nucura tatissima.—The Very-broad Nucula, pl.
LXXVI. fig. 73.

N. latissima. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 137, pl. 58, fig. 65.*

Oblong-ovate ; both extremities almost equally round, with
a slightly produced angle superiorly.

The Devonian Shales at Pelton.

52. Nucuta pyemma.—The Pigmy Nucula, pl. LXXVI.
figs. 66, 67.

N. pygmea. Goldfuss, pl. 125, fig. 17. NV. gibbosa. Forbes,
Wern. Tr. VIII. pl. 2, fig. 10, 10.* (?)

Sub-triangular ; anterior side a little pointed; posterior side
slightly rounded ; base much arcuated ; beaks obtuse ; surface
smooth.

The Pleistocene Marine Formations, Greenock Railway,
and the Coral Crag, Ramshot and Sutton.

53. Nucuna pLicata.—The Plicated Nucula, pl. LX XVI.
fig. 62.

N. plicata. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 38, pl. 18, fig. 63.

Obliquely ovate, compressed; beaks prominent; surface
smooth, shining, concentrically striated, with the posterior area
finely plicated.

The Devonian Shales, Boggy Point.

54, Nucuta rapiata.—The Rayed Nucula, pl. LX XVI.
fig. 65.

N. (2) radiata. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 430, pl. 36, fig. 11,

Transversely elongated; anterior side rounded ; posterior
side acute, and obliquely truncated, and with a ridge emanat-
ing from the beak, and terminating on the side; the flattened
space with radiating thread-like striz ; beaks well defined.

The Silurian Rocks, Tyrone, Ireland.

55. Nucuna minuta.—The Minute Nucula.

NV. minuta. Brown, Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 84, pl. 33, fig. 18.

Transversely elongated ; anterior side rounded ; posterior
side produced, acuminated, sub-truncated, and a little curved
upwards ; surface with strong, transyerse strie.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Dalmuir, and the Red
Crag, Sutton.

56. Nucuta nucLteus.—The Kernal Nucula.

N. margaritacea. Brown, Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 85, pl. 33,
fig. 12.

Ovate ; both sides rounded ; beaks near the anterior side ;
surface with numerous fine lines of growth.

The Pleistocene Marine Formations, Ayr, and the Red
Crag, Sutton.

57. Nucuna rostrata.—The Beaked Nucula.

N. rostrata. Brown, Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 84, pl. 33, f. 16.

Transversely elongated ; anterior side rounded ; posterior

CONCHIFERA.

Pecruncucus.

side produced and curved upwards, and transversely striated ;
surface slightly ribbed longitudinally, and obliquely crossed by
the striz.

The Pleistocene Marine Formations, Sutton, &c.

58. Nucuna Tenuis.—The Thin Nucula.

NV. tenuis. Brown, Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 85, pl. 33, fig. 13.

Obliquely ovate ; both sides rounded ; surface smooth and
shining.

Pleistocene Marine Formation, Dalmuir and Paisley ; the
Mammiferous Crag, Southwold, and the Red Crag, Bawdsey.

59. Nucuta opnoncorpEs.—The Oblong Nucula, pl.
LXXVI. figs. 84, 85.

Wood, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, p. 297, pl. 14, fig. 4.

Transversely ovate, lanceolate ; somewhat inequilateral, the
anterior side rounded ; posterior side acuminated ; lunule lan-
ceolate ; surface smooth.

Mammiferous Crag, Bramerton, and the Red Crag, Butley.

60. NucuLa semi-str1ata.—The Half-striated Nucula, pl.
LXXVI. figs. 86, 87.

NV. semi-striata. Wood, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, p. 297, pl.
14, fig. 5.

Transversely ovate ; somewhat inequilateral ; anterior side
rounded and smooth; posterior side acuminated, and trans-
versely striated ; substance of the shell thin.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

61. Nucuta rricgonuLA.—TheTrigonal Nucula,pl. LX XVI.
figs. 88, 89.

N. trigonula. Wood, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, p. 295, pl.
14, fig. 3.

Obliquely ovate, deltoidal, tumid ; beaks prominent ; lunule
embedded ; convex in the middle; surface smooth ; internal
margin crenulated ; longitudinal diameter three sixteenths,
transverse diameter a quarter of an inch.

The Coralline Crag, Sutton.

Gents VIII.—PLEURODON.—S. Wood.

Shell bivalve, inequilateral ; hinge-line curved ; several
uniform, converging, cardinal teeth placed in a row, immedi-
ately under the umbo ; one large lateral tooth, situate poste-
riorly ; ligament external.

1, PLevropon ovatis.—Pl. LXI.*** figs. 24, 25.

P. ovalis. Wood, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, p. 230, pl. 13, fig.
1. Nucula miliaris (?) Deshayes, Foss. des Eny. de Paris,
pl. 36, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Ovate, deltoidal, gibbose, sub-orbicular ; smooth, margin en-
tire ; hinge with five or six converging cardinal teeth, and a
large lateral tooth in each anterior side of the valves ; largest
diameter three thirty-seconds of an inch.

Genus IX.—PECTUNCULUS.—Lamarck.

Shell orbicular, sub-equilateral, with the valves close ; um-
bones near to each other, and separated by a narrow facet or
area ; hinge semicircular ; teeth numerous, areuated, oblique,

Pecruncutus.

serrated, placed in two rows, one on each side of the umbones,
and are separated by a small triangular disk in each valve,
which contains the ligament, those of the opposite valves alter-
nately inserted between each other, and becoming nearly obso-
lete towards the umbones; two lateral, strongly marked,
distant, muscular impressions, which are united by an uninter-
rupted pallial impression ; ligament external.

1, PecruncuLus BREVIRosTRIS.—The Short-beaked Pec-
tunculus, pl. LA XVII. fig. 1.

P. brevirostris.. Sowerby, V. p. 112. pl. 472, fig. 1.

Nearly orbicular, slightly oblique, and inequilateral ; mode-
rately convex ; hinge-line triangular ; teeth few and oblique ;
beaks short, rather obtuse, and approximating, with a slight
elevation on the anterior side, emanating from the beaks, and
terminating on the margin, where it projects a little ; surface
with very flat, longitudinal ribs, crossed by fine concentric
strie, which are invisible without the aid of a glass.

In the London Clay, Bognor and Reading.

2. Pecruncutus pitosus—The MUairy Pectunculus, pl.
LXXVIL. fig. 5.

P. cariabilis. Sowerby V. p. 111, pl. 471.

Nearly orbicular, very slightly oblique, and rather convex ;
beaks large, rounded, and approximate ; hinge area large, with
the triangular lines numerous; teeth numerous ; surface with
fine, wide-set, divergent strisw, crossed by remote lines of
growth, which become more numerous towards the basal mar-
gin. 2
In the Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ayr and Ireland ; the
Mammiferous Crag, Thorpe; the Red Crag, Sutton, and the
Coral Crag, Ramshot.

3. PecruncuLvs oBtiquus.—The Oblique Pectuneulus, pl.
LXXVIL. fig. 9.

Obliquely sub-ovate ; somewhat compressed ; beaks small,
rather approximate ; ligament area triangular, with rather
numerous deep lines; teeth of the hinge numerous and con--
tinuous ; anterior_side a little narrowed ; posterior side con-
siderably broader ; surface with numerous wide-set, longitudi-
nal, divergent striae, crossed by many concentric shallow ones ;
marginal crenulations small and numerous ; substance of the
shell rather thin.

The Red Crag, Bromswell.

4. PrcruncuLus miximus.—The Least Pectunculus, pl.
LXXVII. figs. 2, 3, 4.

P. minimus. Sowerby, V. p. 114, pl. 472, fig. 5.

Orbicular ; convex; equilateral ; hinge-line straight, with
about five teeth on each side ; beaks rather prominent ; surface
smooth ; destitute of internal marginal crenulations.

The Great Oolite, Ancliff, Wiltshire.

5. Pecruncutus opLoncus.—The Oblong Pectunculus, pl.
LXXVII. figs. 6, 7, 8.

P. oblongus. Sowerby, V. p. 114, pl. 472, fig. 6.

Transversely ovate ; rather inequilateral and convex ; sides
slightly truncated obliquely ; surface smooth, and destitute of
internal marginal crenulations,

The Great Oolite, Ancliff.

6. Precruncutus pEeLectus.—The Delectible Pectunculus,
pl. LXXVIL. fig. 13.

P. costatus. Sowerby, I. p. 72, pl. 27, fig. 2.

Orbicular, compressed ; ligamental area small ; beaks rather

CONCHIFERA.

189

large ; hinge with about fourteen uninterrupted teeth; surface
with about twenty-five sharp, divergent ribs, and a few con-
centric, distant strise ; margin finely crenulated within.

The London Clay, Barton.

7. Pecruncutus precussatus.—The Decussated Pectuncu-
Jus, pl. LX XVII. fig. 20.

P. decussatus. Sowerby, I. p. 71, pl. 27, fig. 1.

Sub-orbicular; sides rather straight ; slightly compressed ;
ligamental area small; hinge with from twenty-five to thirty
continuous teeth ; beaks small and obtuse ; surface with nume-
rous, very fine, longitudinal, divergent striew, which are hardly
visible without the aid of a lens; margin thick, and destitute
of crenulations.

The London Clay, Highgate and Bognor.

8. Prcruncutus PLumsreaprensts —The Plumstead Pec-
tunculus, pl. LX XVII. fig. 14.

P. Plumsteadiensis. Sowerby, I. p. 72, pl. 27, fig. 3.

Sub-orbicular ; slightly oblique ; one side a little straight ;
beaks produced ; ligamental area small ; hinge rather straight,
with numerous teeth ; surface with obscure, longitudinal, nar-
row furrows, with minute concentric striw ; margin internally
crenated.

The London Clay, Plumstead and Upnor.

9. PrcruncuLUs umMBonatus.—The Large-beaked Pectun-
culus, pl. LX XVII. fig. 11.

P. umbonatus. Sowerby, V. p.4@13, pl. 472, fig. 3, and pl.
156, figs. 2, 3, 4.

Nearly orbicular ; almost equilateral and gibbose; beaks
large and prominent, somewhat oblique; hinge area large,
the ligamentary lines triangular; teeth numerous and con-
tinuous ; anterior side a little concave above; surface with
fine longitudinal, radiating striw, and very obscure concentric
ribs; inner margin with large crenulations.

In the Gault at Ridge, South Wiltshire ; and the Green-
sand, Blackdown and Haldon.

10. PecruncuLus susLa=vis.—The Half-smooth Pectun-
culus, pl. LX XVII. fig. 10.

P. sublevis. Sowerby, V. p. 112, pl. 472, fig. 4.

Almost orbicular, equilateral, and somewhat convex ; an-
terior side with a longitudinal depression ; beaks short, ap-
proximate, and rounded; ligamentary space exceedingly
narrow ; surface with many obtuse ribs, occupying the centre
portion of the valves, the sides being smooth; inner edge
with small crenulations,

In the Greensand, Blackdown and Lyme Regis.

11. Pecruncutus scaLaris.—The Ladder Pectunculus, pl.
LXXVII. fig. 23.

P, scalaris. Sowerby, V. p. 113, pl. 472, fig. 2.

Obvate, considerably narrowed above; the beaks promi-
nent ; hinge-line short, angular at the extremities, with a
triangular pit in its centre; centre of the surface with strong
regular ribs ; internal margin with fine irregular crenulations.

The London Clay, Barton.

12. Pecruncutus Arsount.—Apjohn’s Pectunculus.

P. Apjohni. Portlock, Geo. Sur. p. 429, pl. 34, fig. 8.

Orbicular, convex ; beaks prominent ; hinge-line and teeth
gently arcuated, the teeth more numerous behind than before
the beaks ; margin smooth.

The Silurian Limestone, Desertcreat, Tyrone, Ireland.

190

13. PrcruncuLus sEMI-TRUNCATUS.—Lhe Semi-truncated
Pectunculus.

P. semi-truncatus.
fig. 7.

Nearly orbicular, a little oblique ; moderately convex, with
a slight truncation behind ; hinge-line very moderately eurved,
extending a short distance behind the beaks, but more length-
end in front ; surface smooth ; margin slightly depressed.

The Silurian Limestone, Desertcreat, Tyrone, Ireland.

14, Prcruncutus amBicuus.—The Ambiguous Pectun-
culus.

P. (?) ambiguus. Portlock, Geo. Sur. p. 430, pl. 34, f. 11.

Sub-orbicular; compressed; beaks small and pointed ;
hinge-line straight and short; both sides equally rounded ;
surface smooth, with very faint lines of growth.

The Silurian Limestone, Desertcreat, Tyrone, Ireland.

Portlock, Geo. Sur. p. 429, pl. 34,

Genus X.—MACRODON.—Lyeett.

Shell equivalve, transverse, inequilateral, sub-quadrate,
somewhat ventricose ; hinge-line nearly parallel ; beaks small,
placed near to one end, remote, separated by a pretty broad
area; hinge with six obliquely-parallel linear teeth in the
right valve, situated near *he anterior extremity, the inner-
most tooth stretching transversely nearly the entire length
from the hinge-line ; these teeth are received into correspond-
ing cavities formed for their reception in the opposite valve ;
base, or ventral margin, provided with a hiatus for the pas-
sage of the byssus, and producing a corrugation in the edge of
the valves ; two muscular impressions in each valve, the an-
terior one furnished with a prominent ledge projecting from
the side of the shell, the posterior one expanded and in-
distinct.

1. Macropon rva@osts.—The Rough Macrodon, pl.

M. rugosus.
pl. 5, fig. 5.

Transyersely elongated, its width being a little more than
twice its length ; surface and marginal outline flexuous ; both
extremities somewhat truncated ; numerous elevated concen-
tric lines of growth traverse its surface, with many strong,
prominent, radiating, narrow ribs crossing the intervening
spaces ; basal line undulating.

In the Oolite, top of Leckhampton and Critchley Hills, and
near Minchinhampton.

Murchison, Geo. Cheltenham, 2d Ed. p. 99,

Genus XI.—ARCA:—Linneus.

Shell transverse, equivalve, sub-quadrate, inequilateral,
ventricose ; hinge-line straight, generally angular at both ex-
tremities, sometimes a little rounded; hinge with numerous
small, close-set, notched teeth, for the most part increasing in
size as they diverge from the beaks ; umbones remote, sepa-
rated by a wide area, on which the ligament is spread in cross
rows; surface mostly longitudinally ribbed; two lateral,

CONCHIFERA.

ARCA.

distant, muscular impressions in each valve; ligament ex-
ternal.

1. Arca Eastnori.—The Eastnor Arca, pl. LX XVII.
fig. 27.

A. Kastnori. Murchison, Silur. Syst. Part II. pl. 20, f. 1.

Shell thick, transversely ovate, extremely convex; beaks
short, nearly central ; muscular impressions deep; the poste-
rior one considerably so; hinge-line nearly rectilinear; teeth
small, upright, and numerous, and slightly divergent; length
upwards of half an inch; breadth nearly an inch.

In the Curadoc Sandstone, at Golden Grove, Llandeilo, and
also in Eastnor Park.

2. ArcA AppENDICULATA.—The Appendaged Arca, pl.
LXXVII. fig. 17.

A. appendiculata. Sowerby, III. p. 135, pl. 276, fig. 3.

Transyersely elongated, rhombic, gibbose ; beaks somewhat
distant and incurved ; two oblong appendages on the hinge
area, between the beaks; whole surface pretty closely decus-
sated ; the longitudinal ridges frequently furcated, and deeply
intercepting the lines of growth; teeth not very numerous ;
internal margin toothed.

The London Clay, Barton Cliff.

3. Arca Branpert.—Brander’s Arca, pl. LX XVII. f. 16.

A. Branderi. Sowerby, IIT. p. 135, pl. 276, figs. 1, 2.

Transversely elongated, gibbose ; beaks remote ; hinge-line
straight, each side terminated by an auriform process ; an ob-
tuse ridge emanates from the beak, terminating near the front
in the lower side ; space between the beaks plain, except hav-
ing three or four impressed strize, which are more perpendicu-
lar than usual ; surface very finely decussated ; teeth numer-
ous ; external edge entire.

The London Clay, Barton Cliff.

4. Anca cCANCELLATA.—The
LXXVITL. fig. 18.

A. cancellata. Sowerby, V. p. 115, pl. 4738, fig. 2. Arcites
cancellatus, Martin, Pet. Derby, pl. 44, fig. 7.

Transversely elongated, its width being nearly double its
length ; beaks somewhat produced, and nearly touching ; pos-
terior side rounded ; anterior side nearly parallel, defined by a
keel ; marginal sinus short and deep, whole surface covered
with longitudinal and transverse striw, producing an elegant
cancellated appearance.

Carboniferous Limestone, Derbyshire.

5. Arca putcHra.—The Splendid Arca, pl. LXXVII.
fig. 29.

A. pulohra. Sowerby, V. p. 115, pl. 478, fig. 3.

Elongated, transversely ovate, its width nearly twice its
length, depressed ; anterior side considerably impressed, ob-
liquely truncated ; beaks approximating, whole surface with
close, uniform, fine striae.

Great Oolite, Ancliff, Wiltshire.

6. ARCA QuapRisuLcaTa.—The Four-furrowed Arca, pl.
LXXVII. fig. 30.

A. quadrisulcata. Sowerby, V. pl. 473, fig. 1.

Convex, its width twice its length ; anterior side truncated
and defined by a keel, furnished with four deep, well-defined
furrows ; posterior side small, rounded ; margin furnished with
a large marginal sinus ; surface longitudinally striate, and
crossed by lines of growth, producing a rugged aspect.

Cancellated Arca, pl.

a

Arca. CONCHIFERA. 19]

Coral Rag, Malton, Yorkshire.

7. Anca DuPLICATA.—The Two-plaited Arca, pl. LX XVII.
fig. 19.

A. duplicata. Sowerby, V. pl. 474, fig. 1.

Convex-ovate, transversely elongated, with double longitu-
dinal ribs, which are furrowed along the middle; margin
toothed ; marginal sinus obscure ; beaks approximate.

London Clay, Hordwell and Barton Cliff.

8. Arca pEpREssA.—The Depressed Arca, pl. LX XVII.
fig. 24.

A. depressa. Sowerby, V. pl. 474, fig. 2.

Compressed, transversely elongated ; both sides rounded ;
surface with distant elevated crenulated striaw, decussated by
lines of growth, the striz upon the anterior side very wide-set,
appearing like knotted threads ; marginal sinus obscure.

The Plastic Clay, Woolwich.

9. Anca tumipa.—The Tumid Arca, pl. LX XVII. fig. 15.

A. tumida. Sowerby, V. pl. 474, fig. 3.

Very gibbose, the depth of each valve nearly equalling its
length, transversely elongated, with the anterior side acute ;
marginal sinus short and deep; umbones remote, situate near
the posterior side ; surface with obsolete ribs.

The Magnesian Limestone, Durham and Humbleton.

10. Arca suB-acuta.—The Sub-acute Arca, pl. LX XVII.
fig. 33.

A. sub-acuta. Sowerby, I. p. 95, pl. 44, wpper figures.

Gibbose, transversely oblong; its breadth exceeding its
length ; hinge-line extending the whole length of the valves ;
surface longitudinally striated ; marginal plaits rounded, and
very deep, particularly at the anterior side ; teeth sharp and
numerous.

The Chalk Marl, Hamsey.

11. Arca cartyata.—The Keeled Area, pl. LX XVII.

A. carinata. Sowerby, I. p. 96, pl. 45, lower figure.

Very convex, parallelipedal, its width twice its length ;
anterior side flattened, separated by an acute angle, truncated
at almost a right angle ; posterior side rounded ; surface lon-
gitudinally ribbed, every alternate one more prominent than
the other.

The Upper Greensand, Hampshire.

12. Arca rorunpATA.—The Rounded Arca, pl. LXX VIE.
fig. 26.

A. rotundata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 340, pl.
17, fig. 8.

Transverse ; beaks small, quite contiguous; anterior side
narrow ; posterior side large and expanded, both extremities
rounded; disk hollowed towards the base, where it is a little
coneave ; surface with fine, radiating, longitudinal strie, and
a few concentric fine lines of growth.

The Greensand, Blackdown and Lyme Regis.

13. Arca mporira.—The Unpolished Arca.

A. impolila. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. p. 136, pl. 8,
fig. 10.

Transversely ovate ; very convex ; beaks small, hardly pro-
truding ; anterior side small, rounded ; posterior side larger
and rounded ; hinge and basal lines parallel to each other ;
surface with longitudinal lines of small punctures ; substance
of the shell thin.

The London Clay, Hampstead.

14, Arca nrrens.—The Shining Arca.

A. nitens. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. V. p. 136, pl. 8,
fig. 9.

Transyersely ovate, convex ; anterior side small, somewhat
rounded ; posterior a little wedge-shaped ; surface smooth and
shining ; substance of the shell thin.

In the London Clay, Hampstead.

15. Arca parrLLosa.—The Pimpled Arca, pl. LXXVII.
fig. 28. :

A. papillosa. Brown, Wernerian Mem. VIII. pl. 1, fig. 19.

Transversely elongated; beaks much produced, a little
curved inwards, and remote from each other; hinge-line long
and straight, with numerous small teeth ; ligamental area
broad and elongated; anterior side shortest and rounded ;
acute above ; posterior side obliquely truncated ; a ridge ema-
nating from the umbo terminates on the lower angle of the
truncations ; basal and hinge lines parallel ; surface with nume-
rous divergent, longitudinal, papillose ribs ; and a few strong
transverse lines of growth.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Portrush, Ireland.

i6. Arca costata.—The Ribbed Arca, pl. LX XVII. f. 32.

A. costata. Brown, Mem. Man. Geo. Soe. I. p. 66, pl. 6,
figs. 34, 35.

Transversely oblong-ovate ; anterior side very short and
acute; the posterior lengthened and sub-truncated; beaks
small and slightly produced ; surface with three or four pro-
minent ribs emanating from the beaks and terminating on the
posterior side, with many nearly obsolete concentric ‘wrinkles.

The New Red Sandstone, Newton, Manchester.

17. Arca mmuLta.—Emulating Arca, pl. LXXVII. fig. 36.

A.@mula. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 3, fig. 29.

Transversely elongated, oblique; beaks large, obtuse, and
approximating ; disk slightly hollowed ; base a little concave
in the centre ; surface with divergent, longitudinal strix, in-
terrupted by the transverse lines of growth, which are pretty
strong, and following the concave direction of the basal line.

The Coral Rag, Malton, Yorkshire.

18. Anca Lactea.—The Milk-white Arca.

A. lactea. Brown, Illust. Conch. Gt. Brit. and Ird. p. 86,
p- XXXIIL fig. 6.

Transyersely oblong, and slightly oblique; beaks obtuse,
remote; posterior side a little angulated ; somewhat open at
the base for the passage of a byssus ; longitudinally ribbed,
and crossed by numerous lines of growth, producing a decus-
sated aspect ; with the interstices punctured ; margin plain.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, in the Forth.

19. Arca ELonGaTA.—The Elongated Arca, pl. LXX VIL.
fig. 34.

Transversely elongated ; oblique; beaks very obtuse ; liga-
mental area of medium width; anterior side angular above
and rounded below ; posterior sub-truncated obliquely, rather
acute above, and rounded below ; hinge-line and base nearly
parallel, the latter a little concave im the centre ; surface with
fine divergent, longitudinal striw ; crossed by remote, rather
regular lines of growth.

In the Greensand, Blackdown.

20. Arca cyLinprica.—The Cylindrical Arca.

A. cylindrica. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 428, pl. 34, fig. 9.

192

Transyersely elongated, cylindrical and convex ; anteriorly
rounded ; obliquely truncated posteriorly ; teeth nearly ina
straight line.

The Silurian Rocks, Tyrone, Ireland.

21. Arca Nom.—Noah’'s Arca.

A. Now. Brown, Recent Conch. Brit. p. 8, pl. 33, figs.
Me Pes

Transversely oblong, sub-rhomboidal ; ligamentary area
wide; beaks remote at their points, and rather prominent ;
surface decussated with fine longitudinal and transverse striae ;
base with a central hiatus between the valves.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

22. ARCA SUB-TRUNCATA.—The sub-truncated Arca.

A. sub-truncata. Portlock, Geo. Sur. p. 427, pl. 34, fig. 1.

Transversely ovate, convex ; beaks nearly central, slightly
produced ; hinge-line a little curved ; anterior side obliquely
sub-truncated ; base a little rounded.

The Silurian Rocks, Tyrone, Ireland.

23. Arca REGULARIS.—The Regular Area.

A, regularis. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 427, pl. 34, fig. 2.

Almost semicircular transversely ; hinge-line nearly straight ;
teeth slightly circular ; beaks central ; sides rounded ; surface
smooth.

The Silurian Rocks, Tyrone, Ireland.

24. ARCA DISsIMILIs.—The Dissimilar Arca.

A. dissimilis. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 428, pl. 34, fig. 5.

Obliquely oval, convex ; anterior side narrow ; posterior
side broad ; slightly truncated obliquely ; hinge-line straight,
with the teeth oblique to the line; those behind the beaks
in a line a little curved; those in front few ; beaks very
obtuse.

The Silurian Rocks, Tyrone, Ireland.

25. Arca optiqua.—The Oblique Arca.

A. obliqua. Portlock, Geo. Sur. p. 429, pl. 34, fig. 6.

Obliquely transverse ; ovate ; anteriorly’short and rounded,
with an oblique sub-truncation behind ; beaks placed very
near the posterior side ; teeth slightly oblique to the hinge-line.

The Silurian Rocks, Tyrone, Ireland.

26. ARCA LACTANEA.—The Whitish Arca.

A. lactanea. Wood, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, p. 282, pl.
13, fig. 3.

Transversely oblong-ovate ; beaks approximate ; surface
with fine longitudinal strie, decussated with numerous strong
lines of growth; internal margin destitute of crenulations ;
cardinal teeth vertical, becoming gradually inclined towards
the extremities of the hinge-line.

In the Red Crag, Walton, and the Coral Crag, Sutton.

27. ARCA RARIDENTATA.—The Few-toothed Arca.

A. raridentata. Wood, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, p. 232, pl.
13, fig. 4.

Rhomboidal, rather tumid ; anterior side short and rounded ;
posterior larger, obliquely sub-truncated above, and round-
ed below ; the basal'line undulous ; beaks large, obtuse ; teeth
much inclined externally, and with a plain space on the car-
dinal area below the beaks—three on the shorter side set at
an angle of 45° with the hinge-line, and three nearly hori-
zontal ones on the longer side; surface with fine, longitudinal
strie, decussated by elevated lines of growth.

In the Coral Crag, Sutton.

CONCHIFERA,

CucuLue”a.

Genus XJJ.—CUCULLEA.—Lamarck.

Shell sub-equivalve, trapeziform, or sub-quadrate; ex-
tremely ventricose ; beaks distant, separated by a flat-area,
on which the external ligament is placed; two muscular
impressions in each valve; the anterior one is elevated into
a sharp-edged plate or ledge, projecting from the side of the
shell ; posterior muscular impression flat and indistinct ; hinge
rectilinear, with a series of angular, somewhat irregular teeth,
set in a straight line, very small near the umbones, larger and
more oblique towards both extremities ; outside covered by an
epidermis. t

1, Cucurnma antiqgua.—The Ancient Cucullea, pl.
LXXVIIL. figs. 8, 9.

C. antigua. Murchison, Silur. Syst. pt. II. p. 602, pl. 3,
figs. 1 b and 12a.

Shell transversely ovate, smooth, rather convex ; posterior
side larger than the anterior, and acutely angular ; internal
lamina longitudinal ; umbones rather obtuse; length about
three-eighths to half an inch; breadth from half an inch to
three-quarters.

Found in the lowest beds of the Old Red Sandstone, at
Horeb Chapel, Felindre-on-the-Teme, Wales.

2, CucutLma ovata.—The Ovate Cuculleea, pl. LX XVIII.
fig. 4.

C. ovata. Murchison, Silur. Syst. pt. Il. p. 602, pl. 3,
fig. 12 b.

Shell transversely ovate, aud nearly convex; umbones
placed near the anterior side; interior lamina longitudinal ;
both sides gradually rounded ; length one inch and an eighth ;
breadth one inch and a-half.

Found in the lowest beds of the Old Red Sandstone, at
Horeb Chapel, Wales.

3. Cucurnma Cawporr. — Cawdor’s
LX XVIII. fig. 15.

C. Cawdori. Murchison, Silur. Syst. pt. I. p. 602, pl. 3,
fig. 11.

Shell transversely oval, convex, nearly smooth ; anterior
side rounded; posterior side obliquely truncated ; umbones
rather acute and nearly central, from whence a rounded ridge
extends to the posterior angle of the margin, with oblique in-
ternal laminz.

Found in Upper Silurian Rocks at Freshwater East, Pem-
brokeshire.

4, CuUCcULLHA GLABRA.— The Smooth Cucullea, pl.
LXXVIII. figs. 1, 2.

C. glabra. Sowerby, I. p. 151, pl. 57.

Rhomboidal, slightly ventricose, its width about a fourth
more than its length ; anterior angle obtuse; posterior edge
of the front rounded ; hinge area with four divergent furrows ;
beaks somewhat incurved; whole surface with fine longi-
tudinal strie, which are decussated by numerous lines of
growth ; hinge-line finely striated ; teeth deeply striated.

Upper Greensand, Warminster and Lime; the Lower
Greensand, Petersfield.

5. Cucunnma carinata.—The Keeled Cucullea, pl.
LXXVII. fig. 41.

C. carinata. Sowerby, III. p. 9, pl. 207, fig. 1.

Cucullea, pl.

Cucutiea.

Obliquely wedge-shaped ; length and breadth nearly equal ;
anterior side pointed, with a ridge running from the beaks to
the margins ; surface yery smooth.

Greensand, Blackdown.

6. CucuLt®a Fisrosa.—The Fibrous Cucullea, pl.
LXXVII. fig. 40.

C. fibrosa. Sowerby, III. p. 9, pl. 207, fig. 2.

Gibbose, ovate; width somewhat more than the length ; an-
terior margin straight, and prominent near the hinge ; surface
with numerous elevated, longitudinal stris, crossed by lines of
growth.

Greensand, Blackdown.

7. Cucttt#®s ELoNGATA.—The Elongated Cucullwa, pl.
LXXVIII. fig. 19.

C. elongata. Sowerby, V. p. 67, pl. 447, fig. 1.

Elongated, its width nearly thrice its length, sub-cylindrical ;
anterior side pointed ; posterior side very short ; beaks small,
incurved, and remote from the anterior side; whole surface
covered with very fine longitudinal strie.

The Coral Rag, Malton and Cove; the Inferior Oolite,
Crosshands, Yorkshire ; and the Lias, Vale of Gloucester.

8. CucuLL©®A cosTELLATA.—The Small-ribbed Cucullexa,
pl. LX XVIII. fig. 7.

C. costellata. Sowerby, V. p. 67, pl. 447, fig. 2.

Gibbose, transversely oblong, breadth being about twice
its length; the general outline being an oblique parallelogram ;
anterior lobe wing-shaped and strongly ribbed, with interme-
diate strie between them, and with a carinated division sepa-
tating it from the disk; posterior side rounded and ribbed ;
beaks distinct from each other, and sharp-pointed ; whole sur-
face covered with longitudinal striw, distant in some specimens,
and numerous in others, slightly decussated by lines of growth.

The Lower Greensand, Seabrook, Kent.

9. Cucuruea minuta.—The Minute Cucullea, pl.
LXXVII. fig. 37.

C. minuta. Sowerby, V. p. 68, pl. 447, fig. 3.

Convex, ovate, elongated, its width being more than double
its length, and smallest at the extremities, the ridge which
divides the anterior lobe forming a projecting angle upon the
margin ; anterior side rather small, very obliquely truncated ;
beaks nearly close ; surface longitudinally striated.

The Great Oolite, Ancliff, Wiltshire.

10. Cucutnma rapis.—The Rough Cucullea, pl. LX XVII.
fig. 22.

C. radis. Sowerby, V. p. 68, pl. 447, fig. 4.

Convex, transversely oblong ; beaks incurved, and nearly
meeting ; surface rugged, and longitudinally ribbed ; anterior
lobe ill-defined ; disk deeply striated.

The Great Oolite, Ancliff, Wiltshire.

11. Cucvutt#a optonca.—The Oblong Cucullwa, pl.
LXXVIL. fig. 25.

C. oblonga. Sowerby, III. p. 7, pl. 206, figs. 1, 2; Phillips,
Geo. York, I. pl. 3, fig. 34.

Gibbose, transversely oblong, its width about twice its
length ; anterior side wedge-shaped ; front inclining slightly
to the posterior side, which is small; beaks elegantly in-
eurved ; hinge area rhomboidal, with from nine to twelve
parallel lozenges ; surface with numerous longitudinal, irre-
gular, elevated strim.

CONCHIFERA.,

193

Coral Rag, Malton, Yorkshire, and Inferior Oolite, Dundry.

12. CucuLumA CaNcELLATA.—The Cancellated Cucullea,
pl. LXXVII. fig. 18, and pl. LXXVIII. fig. 16.

C. cancellata. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 19, fig. 24, and
pl. 11, fig. 44.

Obliquely sub-ovate ; hinge-line straight and oblique, and
acute at both extremities; ligamental area narrow; beaks
small, approximating ; anterior side gently curving ; posterior
side depressed, and nearlyjobliquely straight ; a ridge, emana-
ting from the beak, diverges to the base, which is arcuated ;
surface decussated with transverse and longitudinal strix.

The Great QOolite, Cloughton, and Inferior Oolite, Blue
Wick.

13. CuctLuma crassaTina.—The Thickened Cucullea, pl.
LXXVII. fig. 39.

C. crassatina. Wamarek, An. du Mus. 6, p- 338.
cussata. Sowerby, IIL. pl. 206, figs. 3, 4.

Gibbose, transyersely ovate, about one-fifth wider than long,
anterior side angular ; surface with somewhat flattened longi-
tudinal ridges, and decussated by fine close lines of growth ;
interior margin crenated ; teeth of the hinge striated on their
sides; lines beneath the cartilage few.

The London Clay, Feversham and Herne Bay.

14. Cucunnma contracta.—The Contracted Cucullwa,
pl. LX XVII. fig. 21.

C. contracta. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 3, fig. 30.

Obliquely sub-quadrangular, inflated ; hinge area of moderate
width; beaks large, rather obtuse; base rather straight ;
surface smooth.

The Coral Rag, Malton, Yorkshire.

15. CucULLEA RETICULATA.—The Reticulated Cuculliea,
pl. LX XVIII. fig. 13. é

C. reticulata. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 11, fig. 18.

Transversely elongated; rather inflated; anterior side
large and rounded; posterior side narrowed ; straight and
oblique above, and obliquely truncated, with a produced angle
below ; beaks very large and obtuse ; base slightly hollowed ;
surface with longitudinal radiating stricee on the anterior side
and middle, crossed by transyerse shallow ridges, producing
a reticulated appearance.

The Inferior Oolite, Yorkshire.

16. CucuLuma ovirormis.—The Egg-shaped Cucullea,
pl. LX XVIII. fig. 3.

C. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. pl. 3, fig. 1.

Transversely oviform, hinge-line curved; anterior side
rounded, posterior side narrowed ; base and back a little ar-
cuated ; surface smooth.

Old Red Sandstone, Ludlow.

17. CucutLxa pectinata.—The Pectinated Cucullea, pl.
LXXVIILI. fig. 5.

C. pectinata. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 3, fig. 32.

Transversely elongated ; beaks obtuse, placed near the an-
terior side, which is somewhat rounded ; posteror side a little
produced below ; back and base gently curved; surface with
numerous radiating striw crossed by remote equidistant lines
of growth.

The Coral Rag, Malton, Yorkshire.

18. CucuLL#a TRIANGULARIS.—The Triangular Cuculliea,
pl. LX XVIII. fig. 6.

C. de-

2

194

CO. triangularis. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 3, fig. 31.

Sub-triangular, wedge-shaped, anterior side obliquely straight;
beaks pointed, surface smooth, with a few remote lines of
growth.

The Coral Rag, Malton, Yorkshire.

19. CucuLL #4 cyLinprica,—The Cylindrical Cucullza, pl.
LXXVIILI. fig. 17.

C. cylindrica. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 9, fig. 20.

Transversely elongated, cylindrical, and yentricose ; beaks
prominent, approximating, and situate towards the anterior
side; posterior side with a ridge emanating from the beaks,
and terminating on the basal margin; surface with many
elevated, concentric ridges.

Great Oolite, White Nab, Yorkshire.

20. CucuLLma concinna.—Neat Cuculleea, pl. LX XVIII.
fig. 18.

C. concinna.
31.

Transversely elongated ; short ; moderately inflated, beaks
rather large ; anterior side rounded ; posterior side obliquely
truncated and flattened, with a ridge from the beak to the
margin, and longitudinally striated; anterior side obscurely
ribbed ; hinge-line lengthened ; base gently curved.

The Oxford Clay, Scarborough, and the Kelloways Rock,
Cove.

21. CucULLHA IMPERIALIS.—The Imperial Cucullea, pl.
LXXVIII. fig. 20.

C. imperialis. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 9, fig. 19.

Transversely lengthened; inflated; anterior side rather
short; posterior side hollow, considerably elongated ; beaks
very large, prominent, incurved, and approximate ; superior
portion of the surface with wide-set radiating strie, extending
downwards for more than half the length of the valve ; crossed
by remote concentric lines of growth; basal line nearly
straight, with a slight hollow near the centre.

The Great Oolite, Cloughton Wyke.

22. CucuLLmA arGuTA.—The Sharp Cucullea.

C. arguta. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 210, pl. 5, fig. 20.

Transversely lengthened ; posterior side angulated ; beaks
situate near the anterior side ; surface with deep regular fur-
rows parallel to the margin.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland, Yorkshire.

23. CucuLL#a optusa.—The Obtuse Cucullea.

C. obtusa. Phillips, Geo. York, IT. p. 210, pl. 5, fig. 19.

Trausyersely lengthened; oblong-oval ; anterior side short,
a little inflexed ; posterior side obliquely sub-truncated and
reticulated ; hinge-line and base nearly parallel ; beaks rather
large and obtuse.

24. CucULL@A DEPRESSA.—The Depressed Cucullea.

C. depressa. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 42, pl. 17, fig. 71.

Oblique ; sub-triangular; its breadth and length nearly
equal; cardinal area narrow ; surface smooth.

The Devonian Strata, Marwood.

25. CucuLt#a AMYGDALINA.—The Almond-shaped Cucul-
lea,

C. amygdalina. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 40, pl. 18, fig. 66.

Transversely elongated ; width double its length ; anterior
side short and rounded ; posterior side much acuminated and
somewhat depressed, with a ridge extending from the beaks to

Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 5, figs. 9 and

CONCHIFERA.

AXINUS.

the extreme point below; surface with concentric lines of
growth ; beaks obtuse.

The Devonian Shales, Marwood, North Devonshire.

26. Cucutnma Harprnei.—Harding’s Cucullea.

C. Hardingii. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 53, figs.
26, 27. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 40, pl. 18 and 19, fig. 67.

Transyersely oblong-oval ; posterior side large and obliquely
sub-truncated ; anterior short and rounded; beaks rather large
and rounded, and obtuse; surface smooth.

Devonian Shales, Marwood, North Devon.

27. CucuLLmA aANGusta.—The Narrow Cucullza.

C. angusta. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. V. pl. 53, fig. 25.
lips, Pal. Fos. p. 41, pl. 19, fig. 68.

Sub-quadrangular, length exceeding the width; convex ;
anterior side rounded ; posterior side truncated, angular above
and a little so below; beaks small, nearly central; surface
smooth.

The Devonian Rocks, Marwood.

28. CucuLLma sutcata.—The Furrowed Cucullea.

C. sulcata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IIT. p. 119.

29. CUcULLMA TRAPEZIFORM.—The Trapeziform Cucullza.

C. trapezium. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 53, fig.
23. Phillips, Pal. Fos. pl. 19, fig. 70.

Nearly quadrangular, or trapezoidal; convex ; anterior side
rounded ; posteriorly truncated and large; surface smooth ;
hinge-line sub-triangular ; beaks rather prominent.

The Devonian Shales, Marwood, North Devon.

30. CucULLHA UNILATERALIS.—

C. unilateralis. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 53, fig-
24. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 41, pl. 19, fig. 69.

Obliquely ovate ; inflated; posterior side oblique, flattened ;
beaks nearest the anterior side, which is short and slightly
rounded.

The Deyonian Shales, Marwood, North Devon.

Phil-

Genus XIII.—AXINUS.—Sowerby.

Shell equivalve, transverse, free, posterior side very short,
rounded ; hinge provided with a long, oblique ligament, situate
in a furrow, stretching along the whole edge; anterior side
considerably produced, angulated, and somewhat obliquely
truncated, with a flattish lunette near the beaks.

1, Axrus (?) Latus.—The Broad Axinus, pl. LX XIX.
fig. 4.

Transyersely elongated; beaks blunt, placed much to the
anterior side, which is short, and gently rounded ; posterior
side much lengthened, and somewhat acuminated ; breadth
double its length; basal line very little curved; surface
smooth.

In the Sandstone, Vale of Todmorden Yorkshire.

2. AxiINUs DuBIUS—The Doubtful Axinus, pl. LX XIX.
fig. 8.

Transyersely elongated, slightly curved ; anterior side short,
and somewhat narrowed ; posterior side lengthened and broad ;
basal line moderately arcuated.

Sandstone, Vale of Todmorden.

3. Axinus opscurvs.—The Obscure Axinus, pl. LX XIX.
figs, (55/65 i

Hiproropium.

A. obscurus. Sowerby, IV. p. 12, pl. 314.

Sub-triangular, transverse ; beaks obtuse and nearly cen-
tral ; anterior side rather abruptly abbreviated, and moderately
rounded ; posterior side wedge-shaped, and attenuated below
into an obtuse point ; base gradually curved ; surface smooth.

The Magnesian Limestone, Garforth, near Leeds.

4. Axinus ANGULATUS.—The Angular Axinus, pl. LX XIX.
fig. 17.

A. angulatus. Sowerby, IV. p. 11, pl. 315.

Sub-triangular ; convex ; oblique; breadth and length
nearly equal; anterior side very short; a little curved ; pos-
terior side wedge-shaped, and depressed, with a ridge rising
from the beaks and terminating on the side ; producing an ob-
tuse angle on both sides; surface nearly flat, with a few lines
of growth ; lunette ovate, pointed, and curved.

The London Clay, Hampstead and Sheppy.

5. Axrnus sutcatus.—The Furrowed Axinus.

Donax sulcatus. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 39, fig.1.

Sub-triangular ; convex ; anterior side short; straight for
some distance below the beaks ; rounded below ; posterior side
wedge-shaped ; acuminated ; beaks incurved and approxi-
mating ; surface smooth, with a few furrows; transverse to-
wards the base, which is a little rounded anteriorly, and slop-
ing from them upwards to the pointed extremity.

The Coal Measures, Coalbrook Dale.

6. Axinus rotuNDATUS.—The Rounded Axinus, pl. LXXTX.
fig. 1.

A. rotundatus. Brown, Tr. Manchester, Geo. Soe. I. p.
65, pl. 6, fig. 29.

Nearly orbicular; umbones almost central and acute, and
remote ; surface smooth; length upwards of three-eighths of
an inch ; breadth nearly half an inch.

The New Red Sandstone, Newtown, Manchester.

7. Axinus parvus.—The Small Axinus, pl. LX XIX. f. 12.

A. parvus. Brown, Geo. Trans. Manchester, Geo. Soc.
I. p. 65, pl. 6. fig. 30.

Smooth, sub-triangular ; somewhat inflated ; umbones pro-
minent, inflated, and contiguous ; posterior side acute, oblique,
and elongated; anterior side short and rounded; length
upwards of a quarter of an inch, breadth nearly three-eighths
of an inch.

The New Red Sandstone, Newtown, Manchester.

8. Axinus unpaTus.—The Waved Axinus, pl. LX XIX.
fig. 9.

A. undatus. Brown, Trans. Manch. Geo. Soc. I. p. 65, pl.
G, fig. 31.

Sub-triangular, smooth, inflated ; umbones small, obtuse ;
sides nearly equal; anterior side rounded ; posterior side
acute ; from the centre of the valve emanates a triangular
flexure, terminating in the basal margin ; length three-eighths,
breadth half an inch.

The New Red Sandstone, Newtown, Manchester.

9. Axrnus puctttus.—The Slender Axinus, pl. LX X XIX.
fig. 10.

A. pucillus. Brown, Trans. Manch. Geo. Soc. I. p. 66, pl.
6, fig. 32.

Triangular ; smooth; beaks very prominent and nearly
central ; length one-eighth of an inch; breadth the same.

The New Red Sandstone, Newtown, Manchester.

CONCHIFERA. 195

10. Axtvus mivimus.—The Least Axinus, pl. LX XIX.
figs. 2, 3.

Nearly orbicular ; a little transverse ; beaks central, large,
and produced ; hinge-line nearly straight ; surface smooth ;
width something more than an eighth of an inch.

The New Red Sandstone, Newtown, Manchester.

Famity [V.—CARDIACEA.

Primary teeth irregular both in form and situation, and, in
general, accompanied by one or two lateral teeth.

Genus XIV.—PACHY MY A.—Sowerby.

Shell very thick, equivalve, transversely elongated ; sub-
lobate, with the umbones situate near the anterior extremity ;
ligament short, partly internal, and attached to a prominent
process or fulcrum ; close at both extremities.

1. Pacnymya gieas.— The Giant Pachymya, pl.
LXXVIII. figs. 11, 12.

P. gigas. Sowerby, VI. p. 2, pl. 504, 505. Brown, Elts.
Foss. Conch. p. 84, pl. 7, figs. 12, 13.

Shell gibbose, ponderous, width twice its length ; anterior
side small, rounded ; posterior side somewhat truncated; a
ridge in both valves, emanating at the umbones, terminating
on the posterior margin, gives a boat-shape to the general
contour of the shell; umbones very obtuse, placed much to
one side, general surface smooth, except near the basal mar-
gin, where it is provided with imbricated lamine ; thickness
of the shell exceeding its length.

Found in the Chalk at Dowlands, near Lyme Regis.

Genus XV.—HIPPOPODIU M.— Conybeare.

Shell equivalve, obliquely transverse, very thick, deep, and
inequilateral ; umbones incuryed ; ventral margin situated so
as to produce a bilobate appearance ; hinge much thickened,
and furnished with one rugged oblique tooth.

1. Hreropoprum ponpERosuM.—The Ponderous Hippo-
podium, pl. LX XTX. figs. 20, 21.

H. ponderosum. Sowerby, III. p. 91, pl. 250. Fleming,
p- 420. Brown, Elts. Fossil Conch. p. 95, pl. 7, figs. 21
and 23.

Gibbose, rugged, thick, and ponderous; anterior lobe
somewhat angular, and a little acute ; posterior lobe consider-
ably smaller, rounded, and following the curvature of the
umbones, forms the boundary of the cordiform pit beneath
them, the width of which is greater than its length; this
heart-shaped pit is deep, and extends to the hinge tooth, and
upon which the lines of growth are well defined, and con-
tinue to the margin of the valve ; one valve is in depth equal
to its smallest diameter, which measures about half the distance
from the point of the anterior lobe to the beaks.

When this shell rests upon the prominent parts of the ante-
rior lobe, it bears a striking similitude to tlie general contour

196

of the foot of a horse, which suggested the idea of its generic
name.

Found in the Upper Lias, Cheltenham, at Toddenham, near
Shipson-on-Stour, and near Oxford.

Genus XVI.—MEGALODON.—Sowerby.

Shell bivalve, equivalve, longitudinal, acuminated towards
’ the beaks; a large bifid tooth placed upon a septum across
the beak of the right valve, and one irregular and more acute
tooth, similarly situate in the left valve ; a small pit near the
teeth for the reception of the ligament, which is anterior, long,
and external.

1. MreGALopon cucuLLATUS.—The Hooded Megalodon,
pl. 79, figs. 13, 14.

M. cucullatus. Sowerby, VI. p. 132, pl. 568.

Oblong, smooth, convex, thick, ponderous ; beaks pointed,
incuryed ; a deep, acute-edged pit, for the reception of the
anterior muscle, situate close to the thick plate on which
the hinge-teeth are situated.

Limestone, Bradley, near Newton Bushel, Devonshire.

2. MrcGatopon cartnatus.—The Keeled Megalodon, pl.
LXXXIII. figs. 21, 22.

M. carinatus. Goldfuss, pl. 132, fig. 9; Phillips, Pal.
Foss. p. 136, pl. 60, fig. 60%.

Transversely elongated, oblique; sub-lobate anteriorly ;
surface diagonally carinated and elevated; beaks recurved
over the small and rather deep lunule ; surface with oblique
and prominent lines of growth.

In the Devonian Rocks, Newton, and Ogwall.

Genus X VII.—ISOCARDIA.—Lamarck.

Shell equivalve, heart-shaped, ventricose ; beaks very dis-
tant, divergent, and inyolute ; hinge with two primary com-
pressed teeth in each valve, the one next the apex inflected
under the umbo ; and with one elongated, lateral tooth, situ-
ate immediately before the ligament, which is external, and
divided into two segments at its posterior extremity, both of
which are divergent to the point of the beak in each yalve ;
both valves provided with two lateral, remote, muscular im-
pressions, the linear impression of the mantle is entire, and
extending from one muscular impression to the other.

1. Isocarpra mintma.—The Very Small Isocardia, pl.
LXXxX, figs. 2" 3.

I. minima. Sowerby, III. p.171, pl. 295, fig. 1. Phillips,
Geo. York, I. pl. 11, fig. 40.

Sub-deltoidal, globose; anterior side a little truncated ;
posterior side somewhat flattened and heart-shaped.

The Cornbrash, Scarborough and Wiltshire.

2. Isocarpra ABRUPTA—The Abrupt Isocardia, pl.
LXXX. fig. 7.

Cardita abrupta. Sowerby, I. p. 200, pl. 89, fig 2.

Triangular, inflated ; anterior side nearly straight ; beaks
produced near one of the angles; surface covered with oblique
striz, some of which meet the longitudinal ones upon the an-
terior side ; the others terminate abruptly on the first trans-

CONCHIFERA.

Tsocarpia.

verse rib; the anterior side longitudinally striated ; front
provided with five or six longitudinal ridges.

Inferior Oolite, Swanwick, Somersetshire.

3. Isocarpra sTr1aTaA—The Striated Isocardia, pl.
LXXX. fig. 4.

Cardita striata. Sowerby, I. p. 199, pl. 89, fig. 1.

Nearly rectangular and quadrangular, much inflated ; beaks
situated near to one of the angles ; anterior side rounded ; the
whole surface with longitudinal curvilinear striz.

Inferior Oolite, Swanwick, Somersetshire.

4, IsocARDIA TENER.—The Tender Isocardia, pl. LX XTX.
figs. 26, 27.

I. tener. Sowerby, II. p. 171, pl. 295, fig. 2.

Oboyate, anteriorly sub-truncated, and posteriorly rounded ;
beaks produced ; surface smooth; the anterior side is cireum-
scribed by a slight ridge, which has bent strize projecting some-
what beyond it ; texture of the shell thin.

The Kelloways Rock, Kelloway and Wiltshire.

5. IsocarpIA RostRATA.—The Beaked Isocardia, pl.
LXXIX. figs. 18, 19.

I. suleata. Sowerby, III. p. 172, pl. 295, fig. 3.

Very yentricose, deltoidal; anterior side produced and
acute; posterior side depressed and rounded ; beaks short ;
size of a hazel nut.

The Inferior Oolite, Cotswold and Yorkshire.

6. Isocarpra suLcata.—The Furrowed Isocardia, pl.
LXXIX. figs. 22, 23.

T. sulcata. Sowerby, III. p. 172, pl. 295, fig. 4.

Orbicular, its depth exceeding its width; beaks remote,
much incurved, with a heart-shaped depression beneath them ;
surface pearlaceous, with longitudinal, broad, numerous fur-
rows.

The London Clay, Islington and Sheppy.

7. IsocaRDIA CoNCENTRICA.—The Concentric Isocardia, pl.
LXXIX. figs. 28, 29.

I. concentrica. Sowerby, V. p. 147, pl. 491, fig. 1.

Oval, heart-shaped, transversely elongated, the depth and
length nearly equal, and considerably less than the width ;
beaks projecting and incurved ; surface smooth, with numerous
shallow, transverse furrows, which become more distant as
they approach the edge ; shell thin.

The Fuller’s Earth, Widcombe, and Great Oolite, Bath.

8. Isocarpi1a stmiLis.—The Similar Isocardia, pl. LX XX.
fig. 12.

I. similis. Sowerby, VI. p. 27, pl. 516, fig. 1.

Ventricose, transversely oblong ; middle of the disk slightly
flattened ; anterior side small, turned a little up ; base nearly
straight ; surface with very shallow transverse undulations.

The Lower Greensand, Sandgate, near Margate.

9. Isocarpta Cor.—The Heart Isocardia, pl. LX XX. f. 5.

I. cor. (2) Sowerby, VI. p. 27, pl. 516, fig. 2. Brown,
Tllust. Recent Conch. Brit. &c. p. 86, pl. 30, fig. 9, and pl.
30*, fig. 5. Chama cor. Montagu, p. 134.

Heart-shaped, greatly inflated, with strong, irregular, trans-
verse wrinkles, which increase in coarseness and elevation as
they approach the base ; beaks much curved and acute.

The Red Crag, Sutton, and the Coral Crag, Ramshot.

10. IsocARDIA TRIANGULARIS.—The Triangular Isocardia,
pl. LX XX. fig. 11,

SPHARA.

I. triangularis.
60, fig. 20.

Triangular, smooth, inflated ; beaks small, considerably in-
flected ; surface with pretty strong, concentric lines of growth,
and ‘fine, somewhat regular, longitudinal striw ; basal line
much arcuated.

In the Cornbrash, Scarborough, Yorkshire.

11. Isocarpra ANGULATA.—The Angulated Isocardia, pl.
LXXIX. figs. 24, 25.

I. angulata. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 2, figs. 20, 21.

Sub-triangular, beaks obtuse and large; surface smooth ;
base very little curved, and rather acute at both extremities.

The Specten Clay, Speeton, Yorkshire.

12. IsocaRDIA RHOMBOIDALIS.—The Rhomboidal Isocardia,
pl. LX XIX. fig. 16.

I. rhomboidalis. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 3, fig. 28.

Rhomboidal, or obliquely quadrate ; anterior side depressed ;
smooth ; posterior side with many narrow concentric furrows ;
basal line triangular.

The Coral Rag, Malton, Yorkshire.

13. IsocARDIA AXINIFORMIS.—The Axinus-formed Isocardia,
pl. LX XX. fig. 6.

I. axiniformis. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 209, pl. 5, f. 13.

Transversely elongated, wedge-shaped ; beaks rather short
and involute; surface glabrous, with many fine, concentric
strie.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Northumberland.

14, Isocarp1a ntripa.—The Shining Isocardia, pl. LX XX.
fig. 17.

Tf. nitida, Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 9, fig. 10.

Heart-shaped ; beaks involute ; surface smooth and shining.

The Great Oolite, Coughton, Wyke.

15. Isocarp1a TuMIDA.—The Tumid Isocardia, pl. LX XIX.
fig. 15.

I. tumida. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 4, fig. 25.

Heart-shaped, much inflated, rather elongated ; beaks tumid,
considerably inyolute ; surface with transverse lines of growth,
and crossed by longitudinal, radiating, shallow furrows, com-
mencing on the disk, and terminating in the basal margin all
round.

The Caleareous Grit, Gristhorpe, Yorkshire.

Beau. Mag. Nat. Hist. N. Ser. III. p.

Genus XVIII.—CARDIOMORPHA.—Koninck.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, frequently oblique, and trans-
versely elongated ; ventricose and heart-shaped ; hinge-line
straight, and extending from behind the beaks, and terminating
in a produced acute point; hinge destitute of teeth ; inside
with two muscular impressions ; the pallial impression simple,
and destitute of a sinus ; texture of the shell thin.

1. CarpiomMorPHA oBLonGA.—The Oblong Cardiomorpha,
pl. LX XIX. figs. 30, 31, and pl. LXXXI. fig. 5.

C. oblonga. Yoninck, p. 103, pl. 2, fig. 7. Isocardia ob-
longa. Sowerby, V. p. 148, pl. 491, fig. 2. Phillips, Geo,
York, II. p. 209, pl. 5, fig. 9.

Oblong, sub-compressed, anteriorly expanded, and very
short; with the beaks close to and curved into it; posterior
side large; hinge-line nearly straight ; surface smooth.

CONCHIFERA.

197

The Carboniferous Limestone, Dublin, Kildare, and Bol-
land, Yorkshire.

Genus XIX.—OPIS.—Defrance.

Shell equivalve, rhomboidal, heart-shaped, inflated; beaks
inyolute and approximate, nearly touching ; hinge-area ob-
lique ; hinge with a large striated tooth, fitting into a cavity
in the opposite valve; lunette very large, deep, oval, and
pointed below the cavity, which has two smaller teeth on
each side.

1. Opis tunutATA.—The Luniform Opis, pl. LXXX.
figs. 15, 16.

Cardita lunulata. Sowerby, IIL. p. 55, pl. 232, figs. 1, 2.

Rhomboidal, inflated, and pointed anteriorly, and separated
by a projecting keel ; beaks involute, considerably produced ;
posterior side rounded, and with an incurved margin, which
confines the deeply excavated Innette, and strongly impressed
by the involute beaks ; anterior side furnished with a series of
steps, the first of which is somewhat concave, giving the mar-
gin a truncated aspect; right valve with two teeth, and one
in the left, which looks into a cavity between the two in the
opposite valve ; surface with transverse ribs ; base acute.

The Great Oolite, Cain’s Cross, and the Inferior Oolite,
Dundry.

2. Opts smii1s.—The Similar Opis, pl. LXXX. fs. 13, 14.

Cardita similis. Sowerby, III. p. 56, pl. 232, fig. 3.
Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 3, fig. 23.

Gibbose, rhomboidal, anterior side separated by a produced
serrated keel; lunette nearly heart-shaped, and almost flat ;
beaks involute ; surface transversely ribbed.

Resembling 0. /wnulata, but the shell is shorter, more inflated ; the
ribs less prominent on the sides, and the base not so acute.

The Coral Rag, Malton and Scarborough, and the Inferior
Oolite, Dundry.

Genus XX.—SPH ERA.—Soverby.

Shell bivalve, globular, with short, obtuse, incurved ears ;
with one central and two (?) remote teeth about the hinge, the
line of which is lengthened, slightly incurved, and terminating
at one end with an indistinct tooth, beneath the insertion of
the ear; in its centre is a large irregularly-formed tooth,
transversely depressed, and pointing towards the incurved ap-
proximate beaks. It is a heavy shell, gibbose in its shape.

1. Spu#ra corruGata.—The Corrugated Sphera, pl.
LXXX. fig. 10.
S. corrugata.
fig. 2. Venus Ringmerensis.

pl. 25, fig. 5.

Shell gibbose, ponderous ; surface with coarse corrugations ;
ruge placed transversely and obtuse, more conspicuous near
the sides, nearly smooth in the middle, but extending over the

Sowerby, Min. Conch. IV. p. 42, pl. 335,
Mantell, Geo. Sussex, p. 126,

ears.

In the Iron Sand Formation, east of Sandown Bay, Isle of
Wight; and at Middleham and Ringmer, and the Lower
Greensand, Sandgate and Shanklin.

198

Genus XXI.—EDMONDIA.—Koninck.

Shell tumid; equivalve, inequilateral; transversely sub-
oval or rounded ; surface with transverse strie ; lunule with
a hiatus; hinge destitute of teeth; the cardinal lamine
transverse and internal ; ligament internal, situate in a deep
pit.

1. EpMONDIA UNIONIFORMIs.—The Unio-formed Edmondia,
pl. LXXXI. fig. 15.

FH. unioniformis. Koninck, p. 67, pl. 1, fig. 4. Lsocardia
unioniformis. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 209, pl. 5, fig. 18.

Transverse, slightly ovate, gibbose; anterior side rather
shorter than the other, and rounded ; posterior a little nar-
rowed ; beaks obtuse, incurved, and approximate ; base
considerably arcuated ; surface with the posterior side con-
siderably wrinkled transversely.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

Genus XXII.—CYPRICARDIA.—Zamarch.

Shell equivalve, ineyuilateral, obliquely or transversely
elongated ; posterior side very short; hinge with three teeth
in each valve, situated immediately within and behind the
umbo ; and one rather lengthened lateral tooth extending to-
wards the anterior side ; two somewhat irregular lateral mus-
cular impressions; mantle, or palial impression, very indis-
tinct, and nearly obsolete.

1, CypricarpIa CyMB&FoRMIS.—The Boat-formed Cypri-
cardia, pl. LX XXI. figs. 1, 2.

C. cymbeformis. Sowerby, Silur. Syst. pt. IL. p. 602, pl.
3, fig. 10 a. Variety, p. 609, pl. 5, fig. 6.

Transyersely oblong, its breadth being nearly double its
length ; beaks small, incurved, placed near the heart-shaped
anterior side ; produced ; posterior side suddenly contracted into
a point; valves very deep, acutely carinated, extending from
the beak to the angular extremity ; striated towards the beaks,
which are short and incurved, and obscurely undulated trans-
versely below.

Found in the lowest beds of the Old Red Sandstone, at
Felindre-on-the-Teme, ten miles west of Knighton. Variety
a, fig. 2, differs from fig. 1, in being less inflated and somewhat
wider. It is found in the Upper Ludlow Rock at Ludlow.

2. CYPRICARDIA IMPRESSA.—The Impressed Cypricardia,
pl. LXXXI. fig. 14. ‘

C. (?) impressa. Sowerby, Silur. Syst. pt. II. p. 609, pl.
5, fig. 3.

Shell transversely oblong-ovate, much inflated, smooth 2
hinge-line long, and almost straight; anterior side slightly
truncated ; posterior side obtusely pointed; base concave ;
beaks rather blunted, and placed near the anterior extremity ;
«a depression from the umbones towards the base, where there
is a slight flexure ; length nearly seven-eighths of an inch ;
breadth one inch and three-eighths.

Found in the Upper Ludlow Rock at Delbury, near Lud-
low.

3. CYPRICARDIA AMYGDALINA.—The Almond-shaped Cy-
pricardia, pl. LX XXL. figs. 5, 6.

CONCHIFERA.

CypricarpIA.

C. (2?) amygdalina.
pl. 5, fig. 2.

Shell transversely oblong-oyate, smooth ; valves deep and
obtusely carinated ; anterior side short, cordiform, and obtuse ;
posterior side somewhat acute ; beaks short, obtuse, and placed
very near the anterior side ; length one inch ; breadth one inch
and a quarter.

Found in the Upper Ludlow Rock, of which it is a good
characterestic, from its abundance. It has much the general
aspect of C. impressa, but not so much rounded as that species.

4, CypRICARDIA UNDATA.—The Waved Cypricardia, pl.
LXXXI. fig. 4.

C. (2) undata. Sowerby, Silur. Syst. pt. II. p. 609, pl. 5, f. 4.

Shell transversely elongated, extremely convex ; surface
with rather deep and wide undulations; beaks short, placed
close to the anterior side; lunette cordiform ; front concave,
a slight hollow proceeding from the umbones in an arcuated
form towards the margin ; length about half an inch ; breadth
one inch.

In the Upper Ludlow Rock, near Aymestry.

5. CYPRICARDIA SOLENOIDES.—The Solen-formed Cypricar-
dia, pl. LX XXI. fig. 9.

C. solenoides. Sowerby, Silur. Syst. pt. II. p. 617, pl.
8, fig. 2.

Shell transversely elongated, somewhat compressed ; beaks
obtuse, placed near the anterior side, which is short and
rounded ; posterior side obliquely sub-truncated, terminating
in a produced point ; lunette large and deep; length nearly
six-eighths of an inch ; breadth about an inch and an eighth.

In the Lower Ludlow Rock, at Ludlow Escarpements and
Abberly.

6, CypricarpIA RETUSA.—The Blunted Cypricardia, pl.
LXXXI. fig. 12.

C. retusa. Sowerby, Silur. Syst. pt. IL. p. 609, pl. 5, f. 5.

Shell cordiform, smooth, sub-depressed ; beaks large, long,
and sub-acute ; anterior side a little pointed, and separated
from the other parts by a concave space ; posterior side long
and slightly truncated obliquely ; length a little more than
half an inch ; breadth about an inch.

In the Upper Ludlow Rock, at Delbury.

7. CypRIcarDIA RHOMBEA.—The Rhomboidal Cypricar-
dia, pl. LX X XI. fig. 3.

C. rhombea. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 209, pl. 5, fig. 10.

Rhomboidal ; anterior side short, a little rounded ; posterior
side large, obliquely truncated, with a keel extending from the
beak to the extreme angle of the base, which is nearly straight ;
back a little convex ; beaks obtuse.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland and Northumberland.

8. CyPRICARDIA GLABRATA.—The Very Smooth Cypri-
cardia, pl. LX-XXI. fig. 10.

C. glabrata. Phillips, Geo. York, IL. p. 209, pl. 5, f. 25.

Transversely rhomboidal ; anterior side very short, nearly
straight ; posterior side lengthened, with an oblique keel from
the beak to the margin; surface glossy, with transverse fur-_
rows ; basal line nearly straight.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

9. CyPRICARDIA PECTENIFERA.—The Pectinated Cypricar-
dia, pl. LXXXI. fig. 11.

Venus (2) pectenifera. Sowerby, III. p. 26, pl. 422, fig. 4.

Sowerby, Silur. Syst. pt. IT. p. 609,

Carpium.

Transversely sub-quadrangular, with a keel running from
the beak at the posterior side to the base ; surface longitu-
dinally furrowed, with three or four erect transverse lamelle,
which are pectinated upon their lower sides; anterior side
smooth and truncated.

The London Clay, Barton.

10. Cypricarpta Detrorpra.—The Deltoidal, Cypricar-
dia, pl. LXXXI. fig. 7.

C. deltoidea. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 37, pl. 17, fig. 59.
Portlock, Geo. Rep. pl. 36, fig. 7.

Ovate, rhomboidal, compressed ; anterior side rounded ;
posterior side obliquely truncated below, with an oblique
ridge from the beaks to the base; beaks obtuse, nearly cen-
tral ; base rounded ; surface smooth.

The Devonian Shales, Petherwin, Cornwall, and the Carboni-
ferous Limestone, Tyrone, Ireland.

11. Cypricarpra TRIcostaTA.—The Three-ribbed Cypri-
cardia, pl. LX XXI. fig. 13.

C. tricostata. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 441, pl. 34, fig. 17.

Much elongated transversely, moderately inflated ; hinge-
line lengthened, and nearly straight ; anterior side short and
rounded; posterior side lengthened, with a pretty strong
diagonal ridge from the beak to the margin; a little above
this are two other ridges, and one running parallel, and close
to the hinge-line ; surface with irregular concentric striz.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Carnteel, Tyrone, and
Drumkeeran, Fermanagh, Ireland.

Captain Portlock considers this species as highly characteristic of the
iron-gray Limestone in which it occurs,

Genus XXII.—CARDIUM.—Linneus.

Shell equivalve, nearly equilateral, and more or less gaping
posteriorly ; generally with strong ribs radiating from the um-
bones or beaks to the margins ; inside of the lips crenulated
or dentated, corresponding in size to the ribs, two approximate
oblique cardinal teeth in each valve, locking into each other
cross-ways, and with two remote, lateral teeth in both valves ;
two lateral, distant, muscular impressions in each valve ; man-
tle impressions entire ; ligament external.

1. Carpium striatum. — The Striated Cardium, pl.
LXXXI. fig. 21.

C. (2) striatum. Sowerby, Silur. Syst. pt. II. p. 614, pl. 6. f. 2.

Shell sub-orbicular, convex, beaks prominent; surface co-
vered with numerous longitudinal, divergent strie ; length an
inch and seven-eighths ; breadth an inch and five-eighths.

In the Aymestry Limestone, near Shelderton, in Lower
Ludlow, and also at Aymestry.

Murchison mentions a variety of this species larger than the above,
more oblique in its form, and provided with more distant and deeper

striz ; it is found in the landslip, in Wheeler Vallets Wood, north flank
of Brindgwood Chace,

2. CarpiuM GENTIANUM.—Gent'’s Cardium, pl. LXXX, f. 1.

Cardita tuberculata. Sowerby, II. p. 97. pl. 143.

Heart-shaped, valves equal, laterally compressed, and longi-
tudinally sub-carinated, one side somewhat lobated, the other
nearly flat; beaks much incurved; surface with numerous
longitudinal, tuberculated ribs, placed in sets of three or four,
with longer aud more conspicuous ones intervening.

CONCHIFERA.

199

Upper Greensand, Devizes, and Lyme Regis, Dorset.

3. Carpium Hitranum.—Hill’s Cardium, pl. LX XXII.
fig. 3.

C. Hillanum. Sowerby, I. p. 41, pl. 14, upper fig.

Nearly circular, a very little wider than long, and slightly
oblique ; somewhat gibbose, with longitudinal furrows, which
occupy about a fourth of its breadth on the anterior side ; whole
surface with numerous concentric strix, the interstices between
which are smooth.

Greensand, Blackdown and Haldown.

4. Carpium Piumsteprense.—The Plumsted Cardium, pl.
LXXXI. fig. 22.

C. Plumstedianum. Sowerby, I. p. 42, pl. 14, right and
left hand upper figures.

Sub-cordate, smooth, anterior side longitudinally furrowed,
the serrations on the edge of the shell being rather acute, with
transverse, irregular, slightly defined lines of growth, which
cover but a fifth of the surface.

Plastic Clay, Plumsted and Upnor.

5. Carpium NiTeNs.—The Shining Cardium, pl. LX XXII.
figs. 6, 7.

C. nitens. Sowerby, I. p. 43, pl. 14, lower right hand
figures.

Rather round, anterior side a little produced ; smooth and
shining ; surface covered with faint, punctated lines of growth,
which are most distinct at the anterior side; near the base
longitudinally striated.

The London Clay, Highgate-and Nuneham.

6. Carpium ANGusTATuM.—The Narrowed Cardium, pl.
LXXXII. fig. 8.

C. angustatum. Sowerby, III. p. 149, pl. 283, fig. 2.

Transversely elongated, its length equalling two-thirds of its
breadth ; thin, somewhat depressed ; anterior side truncated ;
posterior side rounded ; surface with twenty-seven longitudinal
ribs ; margin toothed,

Red Crag, Sutton ; and Alderton, near Woodbridge.

7. Carpium EpuLINUM.—The Small Edible Cardium, pl.
LXXXII. fig. 13.

C. edulina. Sowerby, III. p. 149, pl. 283, fig. 3.

Thick, almost orbicular ; convex, and slightly oblique ; an-
terior side a little truncated ; posterior side somewhat pro-
duced; surface covered with eighteen rugose longitudinal ribs.

Differs from C. edule in the form of the anterior side, which is less
wedge-shaped, and is somewhat shorter.

The Red Crag, Sutton, and the Coralline Crag, Ramshot.

8. Carprum Parxrysont.— Parkinson’s Cardium, pl.
LXXXI. fig. 20.

C. Parkinsoni. Sowerby, I. p. 105, pl. 49.

Gibbose, somewhat oblique ; posterior side a little parallel ;
with thirty-eight to forty longitudinal ribs, with transverse
slight elevations on each, which are most prominent towards
the margin.

Differs from C. edule in its more delicate form, and in being less acute
at the posterior side.

Red Crag, Walton.

9. CarDIUM PROBOScIDEUM.—The Produced Cardium, pl.
LXXXI. fig. 19.

C. proboscideum. Sowerby, II. p. 127, pl. 156, fig. 1.

Gibbose, sub-orbicular ; anterior side nearly parallel ; sur-
face with about twenty slightly elevated longitudinal ribs, each

200

surrounded by numerous large, channelled, conical spines, with
two series of lesser ones between each.

Greensand, Blackdown, Devonshire.

10. Carpium SEMI-GRANULATUM.—The Semi-granulated
Cardium, pl. LX XXII. fig. 21.

C. semi-granulatum. Sowerby, Il. p. 99, pl. 144.

Gibbose, transverse, sub-triangular ; shell smooth ; slender ;
posterior side nearly straight, longitudinally suleated, and with
large granulations; general surface with fine longitudinal
stri, which upon the anterior side become enlarged, and as-
sume the form of sharp sulci; the intervening ridges furnished
with numerous small, irregular, globose granules; marginal
edge minutely dentated.

London Clay, Barton Cliff and Wandsworth.

11. CarpiuM strraTuLuM.—The Small-striated Cardium,
pl. LXXXI. fig. 27.

C. striatulum. Sowerby, VI. p. 101, pl. 553, fig. 1. Phil-
lips, Geo. York, I. pl. 11, fig. 7.

Convex, orbicular; posterior side longitudinally striated,
and ending in a toothed margin ; general surface concentrically
and irregularly striated.

The shell strongly resembles C. Hillanum, but is more perfectly orbi-
cular, the transverse striz less regular, and the longitudinal ones doubly
numerous.

12. Carpium pisstmiLe.—The Dissimilar Cardium, pl.
LXXXII. fig. 22.

C. dissimile. Sowerby, VI. p. 101, pl. 553, fig. 2.

Gibbose, transversely obovate; its length a trifle less than
its breadth ; smooth; shell thick, except near the beaks; pos-
terior side bounded by a small rib, and longitudinally striated ;
front rather straight.

The Lower Greensand, Sandgate, and the Portland Sand,
Tisbury, Swindon, &e.

13. Carpium tureiIpuM.—The Swollen Cardium, pl.
LXXXIL fig. 2.

C. truncatum. Sowerby, IV. p. 63, pl. 346, fig. 1.

Gibbose, obovate, slightly transverse, smooth ; anterior side
a little truncated, with from twenty to thirty longitudinal fur-
rows, and with fine, nearly obsolete strie; margins bluntly
toothed.

The London Clay, Barton, Hampshire.

14, CarDIuM TRUNCATUM.—The Truncated Cardium, pl.
LXXXI. fig. 25.

C. truncatum. Sowerby, VI. p. 102, pl. 553, fig. 3. Phil-
lips, Geo. York, I. pl. 13, fig. 14.

Gibbose, transversely ovate, its length nearly equal to its
width ; smooth ; posterior side obliquely truncated, and longi-
tudinally striated, the interstices between which, towards the
heaks, are a little scabrous ; beaks small.

The Lias, Yorkshire, Cotswold Hill, and Brambury Hill.

15. Carprum poruLosum.—The Porous Cardium, pl.
LXXXI. fig. 16.

C. porulosum. Sowerby, IV. p. 64, pl. 347, fig. 2.

Nearly orbicular; right side a very little truncated ; sur-
face with many longitudinal deep furrows ; on the intervening
flat, smooth spaces, a series of erect, sub-acute, approximating
spines, which are united a great part of their length by thin
laminw, projecting from their sides, their bases and points being
tree ; margin deeply denticulated all round ; hinge-line straight.

CONCHIFERA.

Carpium.

The London Clay, Barton, and Bracklesham.

16. Carpium GLozosum.—The Globular Cardium, pl.
LXXXL. fig. 16.

C. globosum. Beau. Mag. Nat. Hist. New Ser. III. p. 60,
fig. 19.

“N early orbicular, inflated ; surface smooth, with many fine
concentric strie; posterior side somewhat flattened for a
little way below the beaks.

The London Clay, Barton.

17. Carpium acuLEatuM.—The Prickly Cardium, pl.
LXXXI. fig. 17.

C. aculeatum. Pennant, Brit. Zool. LY. p. 90, pl. 1, f. 37.

Elongated, oblique ; anteriorly short; posteriorly long, and
somewhat truncated; surface with many longitudinal, trian-
gular, large ribs, which extend beyond the margins, armed
with a series of sharp, curved, regular spines along their
centre; furrows striated transversely.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Stevenston, Ayrshire.

18. Carpium Ecuinatum.—The Spined Cardium, pl.
LXXXI. fig. 23.

C. echinatum. Donovan, Brit. Sp. pl. 107, fig. 1.

Convex, and nearly orbicular, with about eighteen irregular
raised ribs, armed with a row of numerous inflected spines
along their centre; the intervening furrows striated transversely.

This shell is rounder and not so oblique as the last.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Largs, Frith of Clyde,
and Ireland.

19. Carpium acutancuLuM.—The Acute-angled Cardium,
pl. LXXXI. fig. 24.

C. acutangulum. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 11, fig. 6.

Sub-triangular ; anterior side rounded ; posterior side flat-
tened ; obliquely truncated, defined by a ridge emanating from
the beak, and terminating in an acute angle on the margin;
surface smooth.

The Great Oolite, Brandsby, Yorkshire, and the Inferior
Oolite, Glaizedale.

20. Carpium EpuLE.—The Edible Cardium, pl. LXX XII.
figs. 4 and 16.

C. edule. Pennant, Brit. Zool. IV. p. 91, pl. 50, fig. 41.

Somewhat globose, with from twenty-four to twenty-six
rounded, longitudinal ribs, crossed by transverse, scale-like
protuberances, separated by very narrow furrows.

The Mammiferous Crag, Bramerton, and the Red Crag,
Sutton.

21. CarpiuM GIBBERULUM.—The Inflated Cardium, pl.
LXXXII. fig. 1.

C. gibberulum. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 11, fig. 8.

Sub-triangular, inflated; anteriorly rounded ; posteriorly
sub-truncated above; surface smooth, crossed by remote and
equidistant lines of growth.

The Inferior Oolite, Yorkshire.

22. CARDIUM CITRINOIDEUM.—The Citron-like Cardium,
pl. LXXXII. fig. 20.

C. citrinoideum. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 7, fig. 7.

Oblong-ovate ; beaks large ; hinge-line straight; short ; sides
gently rounded ; base arcuated ; surface smooth and shining.

The Cornbrash, Scarborough. r

23. Carpium LopatuM.—The Lobed Cardium, pl. LX-XII.
fig. 26.

PLevrosaynNouus.

C. lobatum. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 9, fig. 14.

Nearly circular, oblique ; anterior side short, with a central
flexure, from whence it is finely rounded nearly to the beaks
on the opposite side; surface smooth, with a few remote,
rather regular, indistinct lines of growth.

The Coral Rag, Malton, Yorkshire.

24. CarpIuM SEMI-GLABRATUM.—The Half-smooth Car-
dium, pl. LX XXII. fig. 12.

C. semi-glabratum. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 9, fig. 15.

Transyersely ovate; oblique; posterior side smooth, a little
produced below; anterior side with longitudinal divergent strie.

The Great Oolite, Cloughton Wyke, Yorkshire.

25. Carpium iNcertum.—The Doubtful Cardium, pl.
LXXXII. fig. 5.

C. incertum. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 11. fig. 5.

Slightly transyerse ; anterior side short and rounded ; pos-
terior side large, rounded, and slightly concave above ; beaks
protruding ; surface smooth.

The Inferior Oolite, Yorkshire.

26. CarpIUM sEMI-STRIATUM.—The
dium, pl. LX XXII. fig. 9.

C. semi-striatulum. Deshayes, Coq. Foss. I. pl. 29, figs.
9, 10.

Elongated ; sub-triangular; inflated ; anterior side short,
and gently curved; posterior side concave ; surface with the
lower portion of the valves longitudinally striated, and a few
faint lines of growth ; base arcuated.

The London Clay, Bracklesham.

27. Carpium Granianpicum.—The Greenland Cardium,
pl. LX XXII. fig. 30.

C. Grenlandicum. Chemnitz, VI. pl. 19, fig. 198.

Elongated ; a little pointed towards the beaks, which are
nearly central; anteriorly curved ; posteriorly slightly con-
cave ; surface with many flattened longitudinal ribs, with nar-
row intervening furrows; the whole crossed by narrow, flat,
circular lamine.

The Red Crag, Bawdsey.

28. Carpium cocnatuM.—The Kindred Cardium, pl.
LXXXIL. fig. 27.

C. cagnatum. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 4, fig. 3.

Nearly circular; beaks central, much produced, and large ;
sides nearly alike ; surface smooth, with a few remote lines of
growth.

The Great Oolite, Cloughten Wyke, Yorkshire.

29. Carpium LxvicatuM.—The Smooth Cardium, pl.
LXXXIL. fig. 28.

C. levigatum. Brown, Illust. Recent Conch. Gt. Brit. p.
88, pl. 35, figs. 12-15.

Elongated ; sub-oval ; somewhat oblique, and sub-com-
pressed ; narrowed towards the beaks, and expanded beneath ;
surface with many flat longitudinal ribs, divided by narrow,
shallow furrows ; the posterior side being destitute of these ;
internal margin crenulated.

The Pleistocene Marine Formations, Largs and Stevenston,
Ayrshire.

30. Carpium ELonGaTuM.—The Elongated Cardium, pl.
LXXXII. fig. 29.

C. elongatum. Brown, Illust. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 88, pl.
35, figs. 16, 17.

Semi-striated Car-

CONCHIFERA.

201

Elongated ; oval; a litttle oblique; moderately inflated ;
with numerous flat ribs, and narrow intervening furrows,
crossed by very indistinct lines of growth; internal margin
with crenulations all round.

In the Pleistocene Marine Formation, Portrush, Ireland.

The former species and this are nearly allied ; but this is distinguished
by being narrower, more elongated, and more veutricose.

Gexus XXIV.—PLEURORH YNCHUS.—Phillips.

Shell transversely elongated ; hinge-line long, straight ; an-
terior side with a short prolongation; posterior side length-
ened into an acute, wing-shaped, auricular process; generally
longitudinally ribbed ; beaks but slightly produced.

1, Prevroruyncuus Uipernicus.—The Irish Pleurorhyn-
chus, pl. LX XXII. figs. 14, 15.

P. Hibernicus. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 210, pl. 5, fig. 26.
Cardium Hibernicum. Sowerby, I. p. 187, pl. 82, figs. 1, 2,
and VI. p. 100, pl. 552, fig. 3.

Deltoidal ; anterior side much produced; posterior side
greatly truncated, and in the form of a horse-hoof; bounded
by a large ridge, which encompasses its entire margin with a
nearly central produced wing ; beaks small, flat, and ineurved ;
whole surfaced with numerous sharp longitudinal ridges ; these
on the truncated or concave side concentrical ; margins locked
together with sharp, serrated, small crenulations.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Limerick, Mendip Hills and
Dovedale, Derbyshire.

2. PLeuRORHYNCHUS ARMATUS.—The Armed Pleurorhyn-
chus, pl. LX XXII. fig. 11.

P. armatus. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 211, pl. 5, f. 29.

Anteriorly gibbose ; slightly sub-truncate obliquely ; poste-
rior side with an elongated, slender, and acute wing; surface
with longitudinal, flat, divergent ribs and furrows.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Kildare, Ireland.

8. PLEURORHYNCHUS ALIFORMIS.—The Wing-shaped Pleu-
rorhynchus, pl. LX XXII. figs. 24, 25.

P. aliformis. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 34, pl. 17, fig. 51.
Cardium aleforme, Sowerby, VI. p. 100, pl. 552, fig. 2. Ib.
Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 56, fig. 2. Goldfuss, pl. 142, fig. 1.

Sub-triangular; anterior side convex, heart-shaped,
bounded by a carinated marginal ring ; posterior side wedge-
shaped ; beaks incuryed; surface with many pretty strong
longitudinal ribs.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland and Isle of Man ;
and the Devonian Rocks, Barton and Newton.

4. PLEURORHYNCHUS ELONGATUS.—The Elongated Pleuro-
thynchus, pl. LXI.* figs. 29, 50.

P. elongatus. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 211, pl. 5, fig.
28. Cardium elongatum, Sowerby, I. p. 188, pl. 82, fig. 3.
Goldfuss, pl. 142, fig. 2.

Transversely elongated ; ventricose; anterior side elongated
and conical ; posterior side very short, inflated beneath the
beaks ; surface with numerous fine, regular, longitudinal, radi-
ating strix, which assume the form of ribs on the lengthened
side.

Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland, Yorkshire, and Derby-

shire.
2u

202

5. PLevRoRHYNcHUS LONGIPENNIS—The Long-Winged
Pleurorhynchus, pl. LX XXII. fig. 10.

Transversely and muck elongated; hinge-line nearly
straight ; body deltoidal, with fine radiating strive, crossed by
some irregular thin lines of growth; centre of the valves
rising into a prominent keel-shaped projection, which emanates
from the beaks, on which portion the striz are double, and
much closer than towards the sides; rings, consisting of
greatly lengthened, smooth, wing-shaped processes, that on
the anterior side shortest, and acutely pointed ; the other,
broader throughout, and a little obtuse at its termination, and
with a few nearly obsolete transverse ribs at its point ; length
not quite three-eighths ; breadth upwards of an inch.

This beautiful shell is in the cabinet of my friend, Dr Fleming, of
Broughton View, Pendleton, who found it at Dovedale, Derbyshire, in
the Carboniferous Limestone.

6. PLEURORHYNCHUS MINAX.—The Menacing Pleurorhyn-
ebus, pl. LX XXII. figs. 17 and 25.

P. minax. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 210, pl. 5, fig. 27.
Pal. Foss. p. 33, pl. 17, fig. 60. Cardium aleforme. Sower-
by, VI. p. 100, pl. 552, fig. 2, (the lower shell.)

Deltoidal, transversely elongated ; gibbous anteriorly, with
a contracted, slightly concave space around the umbo ; poste-
rior side conically elongated ; beaks anterior; surface with
many equal, longitudinal, divergent ribs, except on the cordi-
form anterior space, where they are much finer than on the
other portions, and are distinctly separated by the ring which
circumscribes the depression.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland and Kildare, and
Deyonian Rocks, Bradley and Halberton.

7. PLevRORHYNCHUS TRIGONALIS.—The Trigonal Pleuro-
rhynchus, p). LXXAXII. figs. 12 and 19.

P. trigonalis. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 211, pl. 5,
figs. 30, 31, 32.

Elongated, horse-hoof shaped ; gibbose anteriorly, with a
short smooth wing ; oblique; hinge-line nearly straight ; pos-
terior side elongated, and somewhat wedge-shaped ; obliquely
obtuse at the termination, which, as well as the body, is
covered with many flat, divergent, longitudinal ribs.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

Genus XX V.—CARDIOLA.—Broderip.

Shell equivalve, oblique, inequilateral ; beaks prominent and
curved ; hinge-line long, with a flat area ; surface concentric-
ally furrowed.

The shells of this genus are highly characteristic of the
lower members of the Upper Silurian Rocks, and are spread
over a wide extent of country.

1. CarproLa FIBROSA.—The Fibrous Cardiola, pl. LX XXII,
fig. 31.

C. fibrosa. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. pt. II. p. 617, pl. 8, fig. 4.

Cordiform ; beaks acuminated and elongated ; slightly in-
curved ; upper portion of the surface smooth, with a few con-
centric furrows ; lower portion with longitudinal striz, finely
decussated by numerous transverse striz.

The Lower Ludlow Rock, Ludlow ; Welchpool, Maryknoll,
Dingle, &e.

CONCHIFERA.

V eENERICARDIA.

2. CARDIOLA INTERRUPTA.—The Interrupted Cardiola, pl.
LXXXII. fig. 32.

C. interrupta. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. pt. II. p. 617, pl. 8, fig. 5.

Ovately cordiform and sub-compressed ; beaks nearly cen-
tral and short; surface covered with many deep concentric
furrows, and more numerous longitudinal divergent ones,
which are less deep than the others,

The Lower Ludlow Rock, Breidden Hills; Garden House
Quarry, near Aymestry ; Radnor Forest, &c.

Genus XX VIL.—MYOCONCHA.—Sovwerby.

Bivalye, equivalve, oblique, sides very unequal ; hinge with
an elongated oblique tooth in the left valve, and provided with
an external ligament, which is seated in a deep groove ; beaks
placed close to the posterior extremity ; destitute of a sinus in
the impression of the mantle.

1, Myoconcna crassa.—Thick Myoconcha, pl. LX XXIII.
figs. 35, 36.

M. crassa. Sowerby, V. p. 103, pl. 467.

Longitudinally elongated; its length nearly twice its width;
conyex ; slightly curyed, and pointed at the beaks ; surface
almost smooth, with a few concentric lines of growth; sub-
stance of the shell thick, and the valves rather shallow.

In the young condition there are three or four elevated strize crossed
by lines of growth.

The Inferior Oolite, Dundry and Brakenridge.

Fammy V.—CONCHACEA.

Shells with three primary teeth at least in one valve, and
the other generally with the same number, but m some in-
stances fewer.

Sus-pivision I—MARINE,

Generally destitute of lateral teeth.

Genus XXVII.—VENERICARDIA.—Lamarck.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, sub-orbicular, the surface ge-
nerally with longitudinal radiating ribs or furrows ; two oblique
primary teeth, directed to the same side; substance of the
shell thick,

1, VENERICARDIA PLANICOSTA.—The Flat-ribbed Veneri-
cardia, pl. LX XXIII. fig. 23.

V. planicosta. Sowerby, I. p. 107, pl. 5.

Somewhat heart-shaped ; rather smooth, with about twenty
flat, broad, curved, longitudinal ribs, and narrow, shallow, in-
tervening furrows ; on the internal posterior margin a few
large crenulations, which do not extend to the margin ; beaks
much incurved ; substance of the shell very thick and ponder-
ous ; hinge very large and powerful.

The London Clay, Blackdown.

2. VENERICARDIA SCALARIS.—IThe Ladder Venericardia,
pl. LX XXIII. fig. 24.

Pur.asTra,

V. scalaris. Sowerby, V. pl. 146, p. 490, fiz. 3.

A little elongated; nearly straight, and sub-triangular ;
slightly compressed ; beaks obtuse, and nearly central ; car-
dinal teeth long and thin; surface with about twenty very
flat, straight, divergent ribs, crossed by fine concentric strix ;
internal margin denticulated.

The Red, and also the Coral Crag, Sutton.

3. VENERICARDIA CHAMAEFORMIS.—The Chama-formed
Venericardia, pl. LX XXIII. fig. 29.

V. chamaeformis. Sowerby, V. p. 145, pl. 496, fig. 1.

Oblong ; conyex; a little acuminated towards the beaks,
which are slightly curyed and produced, with about four-
teen large, rugged, prominent, distant ribs, with flat, inter-
vening furrows.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

4. VENERICARDIA DELTOIDEA.—The Deltoidal Venericardia,
pl. LX XXIII. fig. 34.

V. deltoidea. Sowerby, III. p. 106, pl. 259, fig. 1.

Deltoidal ; a little oblique ; hinge very strong; surface with
about twenty almost smooth, carinated, curved, longitudinal
ribs; lunette small and obsolete; internal margin crenated ;
hinge remarkably strong.

The London Clay, Barton and Lyndhurst.

5. VENERICARDIA AcuTICOsTA.—The Sharp-ribbed Veneri-
cardia, pl. LX XXIII. fig. 32.

V. carinata. Sowerby, III. p. 106, pl. 259, fig. 2.

Transyersely oblong; gibbose ; beaks very large and ob-
tuse; lunette obsolete ; a little indented below the beaks;
surface with about twenty almost smooth, prominent, curved,
carinated ribs ; internal margins denticulated.

The London Clay, Bracklesham Bay; Stubbington and
Barton.

6. VENERICARDIA GLOBOsA.—The Globular Venericardia,
pl. LXXXIII. figs. 30, 31.

V. globosa. Sowerby, III. p. 161, pl. 289, upper and
middle figs.

Globular; beaks rather large and obtuse; surface with
from fifteen to twenty carinated, strong, curved ribs, the ca-
rine being provided with compressed tubercles; inner mar-
gin strongly denticulated.

The London Clay, Barton and Hordwell.

7. VENERICARDIA OBLONGA.—The Oblong Venericardia, pl.
LXXXIII. fig. 26.

V. oblonga. Sowerby, III. p. 162, pl. 289, three lower
figures.

Transversely oblong ; sub-quadrangular ; gibbous ; oblique ;
sides unequal ; surface with eleven to thirteen strongly tuber-
culated, curved, distant ribs; internal margin with large
crenulations.

The London Clay, Barton.

8. VENERICARDIA ORBICULARIS.—The Orbicular Veneri-
cardia, pl. LX XXIII. fig. 27.

V. orbicularis. Sowerby, V. p. 145, pl. 490, fig. 2.

Orbicular, rather convex ; surface with about sixteen cren-
ated, longitudinal ribs ; the intervening furrows concentrically
striated ; hinge small.

The Red Rag, Sutton.

9. VENERICARDIA SENILIS—The Aged Venericardia, pl.
LXXXII. fig. 33.

CONCHIFERA.

203

V. senilis. Sowerby, III. p. 105, pl. 258.

Obliquely heart-shaped, convex ; hinge very strong ; sur-
face with from sixteen to eighteen strong, sub-imbricated
ribs; lunette obsolete ; substance of the shell thick ; internal
margin crenulated.

The Red Crag, Sutton, and the Coral Crag, Ramshot.

10. VenericarpIa TENUICOsTA.—The Thin-Ribbed Vene-
ricardia, pl. LX XXIII. fig. 25.

V. tenwicosta. Geo. Traus. 2d Ser. IV. p- 335, pl. 11,
fig ie:

Nearly orbicular, or slightly quadrangular; convex, and
somewhat heart-shaped ; surface with numerous fine longitu-
dinal ribs, crossed by strong striw, which make the ribs feel
rough to the touch ; lunette oblong, rather hollow ; posterior
side slightly even ; internal margin crenulated.

The Gault, Folkstone, and Vale of Wardour.

Genus XX VIIIL—PULLASTRA.—Sowerby.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, the anterior side being the
shorter ; three cardinal teeth in each yalve, situate near to
each other, and generally within a notched or cleft termina-
tion; and in a few species the central tooth is deeply so; two
lateral, somewhat rounded, muscular impressions ; pallial im-
pressions with a large sinus; ligament external, and partly
concealed by the dorsal margins of the valves.

1, PuULLASTRA LHyIs.—Smooth Pullastra, pl. LX XXIII.
fig. 7.

P. levis. Sowerby, Silur. Syst. pt. IL. p. 602, pl. 3,
fig. la.

Shell transversely elongated, a little convex, smooth, plain ;
beaks very small; anterior side short; posterior side large,
somewhat flattened or sub-truncated, and nearly parallel with
the hinge-line ; length three quarters of an inch; breadth one
inch and a quarter.

In the lowest beds of the Old Red Sandstone, at Horeb
Chapel, Wales.

2. PULLASTRA CoMPLANATA.—The Smooth Pullastra, pl.
LXXXIIL fig. 8.

P. complanata.
fig. 7.

Shell transversely elongated, its width being double its
length, compressed, smooth ; anterior side short and rounded ;
posterior side long and sub-acute, with an oblique edge’;
beaks obtuse, and placed near the anterior side ; length three
quarters of an inch; breadth an inch an a half.

The Upper Ludlow Rock, Darley Brook, Linley, near
Bridgenorth.

3. PuntastRA PERTGRINA.—The Marsh Pullastra, pl.
LXXXVIII. figs. 1, 2.

Unio peregrinus, Phillips, Geo. York, I. p. 115, pl. 7,
fig. 12.

Ovate ; beaks rather obtuse, and somewhat remote ; hinge-
line oblique ; anterior side short; posterior side long ; both
extremities rounded ; basal line gently arcuated; back gra-
dually sloping downwards; surface smooth, with a few well-
marked concentric furrows.

Sowerby, Silur. Syst. pt. IL. p. 609, pl. 5,

204

The Cornbrash, Scarborough.

-4, PoLLASTRA VIRGINEA—The Virgin Pullastra, pl.
LXXXIIL fig. 1.

P. virginea. Brown, Ilust. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 89, pl.
36, fig. 6, and pl. 37, figs. 8, 9.

Oblong-ovate ; sub-compressed ; smooth and shining, with
wide-set, shallow, concentric stris, here and there interrupted
by a deeper one; lunule lanceolate; margins smooth.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ayrshire, and the Red
Crag, Sutton. ‘

5. Putuastrs Decussata.—The Decussated Pullastra, pl.
LXXXIII. fig. 6.

P. decussata. Brown, Illust. Ree. Conch. Brit. p. 88, pl. 37,
figs. 5, 6.

Transverse, inequilateral; anterior side shortest ; sub-rhom-
boidal ; anterior side a little truncated ; whole surface covered
with longitudinal and transverse striz, producing a beautiful
and decussated appearance, which is stronger on the anterior
side; beaks obtuse, with a lanceolate lunule.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ayr and Paisley.

6. Puxnnastra opiita.—The Forgotten Pullastra, pl.
LXXXIII. fig. 5.

P. oblita. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 11, fig. 15.-

Transversely oblong-ovate ; anterior side acutely rounded ;
posterior side slightly flattened and acuminated; beaks
obtuse; surface with almost equidistant regular lines of
growth.

The Inferior Oolite, Blue Wick, Yorkshire.

7. PuLnasrra ReEconpITA.—The Hidden Pullastra, pl.
LXXXIII. fig. 11.

P. recondita. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 9, fig. 18.

Transversely ovate ; both extremities rounded ; a ceutral
ridge from the beak to the margin ; whole surface with nume-
rous concentric furrows; beaks small.

The Great Oolite, Cloughton, Wyke and Brora.

8. Puttastra ELLipticA.—The Elliptical Pullastra, pl.
LXXXIII. fig. 12.

P. elliptica. Phillips, Pal. Foss. p. 35, pl. 17, fig. 54.

Regularly ovate, much compressed ; beaks hardly protrud-
ing; surface smooth, with wide-set concentric strice.

9. Punnastra antIqua—The Ancient Pullastra, pl.
LXXXII. fig. 10.

P. antiqua. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 53, fig. 28.
Phillips, Pal. Fos. pl. 17, fig. 55.

Transyersely oblong-ovate; moderately convex ; anterior
side rounded ; posterior side slightly and obliquely truncated ;
beaks scarcely developed ; surface with regular wide-set con-
centric strie.

The Devonian Rocks, Pilton, Marwood, and Plymouth.

10. PULLASTRA IRUS.—The Stone Pullastra, pl. LX X XIII.
fig. 13.

P.irus. Brown, Illust. Ree. Conch. Brit. p- 89, pl. 36,
fig. 9. Venirupus perforans, Turton, Biv. p: 29, pl. 2, figs.
15-18.

Transversely sub-ovate ; surface with concentric, membran-
aceous, elevated, undulating ridges, reflected upwards, fre-

quently interrupted; the interstices with fine longitudinal
strie.

The Red Crag, Walton Naze.

CONCHIFERA.

Venus.

Genus XXTX.—VENUS.—Linneus.

Shell smooth, equivalve, inequilateral, transverse, subglo-
bose, or sub-oval ; external surface sometimes rugose ; margin
close ; three divergent cardinal teeth in each valve, all approxi-
mate ; umbones prominent for the most part, with a cordi-
form depression immediately below them ; two lateral, remote,
somewhat orbicular muscular impressions, united by a pallial
impression, which is generally sinuated behind ; ligament ex-
ternal, although sometimes almost hidden by the extension of
the outer edge of the shell.

1. Venus supmersa.—The Bulged Venus, pl. LXXIV.
fig. 2.

V. submersa.
17, fig. 4.

Nearly orbicular; extremely tumid ; beaks approximate ;
lunette obscure ; hinge slope gently curved; posterior side a
little truncated ; surface quite smooth.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

2. Venus sup-Levis.—The Half-Smooth Venus, pl.
LXXXIV. fig. 8.

V. sub-levis. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. p. 342, pl. 17, f. 5.

Elliptical, compressed ; beaks pointed, situate near to one
side ; lunette not sunk or defined ; surface smooth, with a few
shallow, hardly impressed lines of growth.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

3. Venus immersa.—The Immersed Venus, pl. LX XXIV.
fig. 9.

V. immersa.
17, fig. 6.

Transyersely elliptical ; much compressed ; beaks consider-
ably acute; lunette deeply sunk, its edge not defined; back
and base elegantly curved; posterior side a little narrowed ;
anterior side a little concave below the beaks ; surface smooth,
with remote, nearly obsolete lines of growth.

The Greensand, Blackdown and Lyme Regis.

4, Vrnus oyais.—The Oval Venus, pl. LX XXIV. f. 16.

V. ovalis. Sowerby, VI. p. 129, pl. 567, figs. 1, 2.

Transyersely oval; convex; beaks well defined; lunette
obscure, elongated, prominent, and smooth; surface with
numerous yery fine concentric striz.

The Lower Greensand, Parbam.

5. Venus vartcosa.—The Warted Venus, pl. LX XXIV.
figs U7.

V. varicosa. Sowerby, III. p. 173, pl. 296, figs. 1, 2.

Sub-globose; beaks large, produced, and incurved ;. sides
nearly alike; surface with shallow, concentric furrows, and
two longitudinal varicose ridges within each valve.

The Cornbrash, Felmersham, Bedfordshire. :

6. Venus rucosa.—The Rough Venus, pl. LX XXIV. f. 5.

V. rugosa. Brown, Illust. Recent Conch. Brit. and Ire-
land, p- 90, pl. 36, fig. 14.

Sub-triangularly sub-cordiform ; rather convex; lunette ob-
long, heart-shaped ; beaks considerably turned to one side ;
surface with numerous rough concentric ridges; a hollow
elongated space on the cartilage hinge-line ; margin blunt,
and crenated internally.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Dalmuir, on the Clyde,
&e.

Sowerby Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 342, pl.

Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 342, pl.

Cyruerea,

7. Venus Gattina.—The Hen Venus, pl. LX XXIV. f. 10.

V. gallina. Brown, Illust. Ree. Conch. Brit. &e. p. 89, pl.
36, fig. 11.

Sub-triangularly sub-cordiform ; moderately convex ; beaks
considerably turned to one side, and approximate ; lunette
oblong, and longitudinally striated ; surface with numerous
prominent, rounded, concentric ribs; internal margin finely
crenated.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ayr.

8. Venus FaBa.—The Bean Venus, pl. LX XXIV. figs.
24, 25.

V. faba. Sowerby, VI. p. 129, pl. 567, fig. 3.

Transversely obovate; sub-compressed, flattened in the
middle; beaks short ; lunette deep and lanceolate ; surface
with numerous fine concentric strie, and inequidistant lines of
growth.

The Lower Greensand, Parham and Blackdown.

9. Venus ELtiptica.—The Elliptical Venus, pl. LX XXIII.
fig. 9.

V. elliptica. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 209, pl. 5, fig. 7.

Elliptical ; compressed ; posterior side a little narrowed ;
anterior side rounded ; surface with broad, concentric, shallow
furrows. 7

The Carboniferous Limestone, Northumberland.

10. Venus Gisposa.—The Inflated Venus, pl. LX XXIV.
fig. 6. ;

V. gibbosa. Sowerby II. p. 126, pl. 155, figs. 3, 4.

Orbicular ; gibbous; hinge area very strong and broad ; an-
terior side alittle truncated ; lunette large and short ; surface
with distant concentric lines of growth; inner edge with very
fine, hardly visible crenulations.

The Crag, Suffolk.

11. Venus turGIpA.—The Swollen Venus, pl. LX XXIV.

fig. 1.
V. turgida. Sowerby, III. p. 101, pl. 256. Dosina tur-
gidus. Wood.

Orbicular ; gibbose; hinge strong; beaks large, rounded ;
surface with many distant, concentric ridges; inside with a
series of inflated crenulations a little way from the margin,
which is much thickened ; substance of the shell thick.

The Red Crag, Sutton ; and the Coral Crag, Ramshot.

12. Venus rascrata.—The Banded Venus, pl. LX XXIII.
fig. 15.

V”. fasciata.
fig. 10.

Sub-triangular ; sub-compressed ; beaks nearly central, con-
siderably turned to one side, and acute, with a shallow ovate
lunette under them ; striated longitudinally ; that portion of the
valves rather concave ; cartilage side flat, with a large lanceo-
late depression ; surface with flat, transverse, broad, reflected
ribs.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Inch Marnock, on the
Clyde ; the Mammiferous Crag, Brammerton ; and the Red
and Coral Crags, Sutton.

13. Venus oyata.—The OvateVenus, pl. LX XXIII. fig.14.

V. ovata. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 91, pl. 37, fig. 11.

Sub-triangular ; oblique; sub-compressed ; beaks nearly
central, straight, and slightly inflexed ; sides nearly equal ; sur-
face with rather strong, longitudinal, divergent ribs, crossed

Brown, Illust. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 91, pl. 36,

CONCHIFERA.

205

by fine transverse strizw, producing a beautifully cancellated
appearance.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ireland ; and the Red
Crag, Sutton.

14, Venus rmpricata.—The Imbricated Venus, pl.
LXXXVII. fig. 20.

Astarte imbricata. Sowerby, VI. p. 37, pl. 521, fig. 1.

Cordiform ; orbicular; convex; lunette elongated and flat ;
tooth in the left valve under the lunette rather small ; hinge-
line areuated ; edge finely crenulated internally ; surface with
from nine to eleven transverse imbricated ribs.

The Red Crag, Sutton ; and Coralline Crag, Ramshot.

15. VENUS PARALLELA.—The Parallel Venus, pl. LX XXIII.
figs. 3, 4.

V. parallela. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 209, pl. 5, fig. 8.

Transversely ovate, with sub-parallel sides; back gently
sloping from the beaks, which are small and pointed ; lunette
lanceolate, and rather deep ; surface with delicate concentric
furrows.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

Genus XXX.—CYTHEREA.—Lamarck.

Shell bivalve, equivalve, generally more or less equilateral,
or obtusely trigonal and transverse, or ovate ; smooth, or va-
riously striated ; with three or more short divergent cardinal
teeth, and one anterior approximate lateral tooth in both
valves, situate near the primary teeth; two remote lateral
muscular impressions, united by a pallial impression ; ligament
external.

1. CyTHEREA tncRAssaTa.—The Thickened Cytherea, pl.
LXXXIV. fig. 4.

Venus incrassata. Sowerby, II. p. 126, pl. 155, figs. 1, 2.

Nearly orbicular ; slightly oblique; sub-compressed ; smooth,
with shallow lines of growth; anterior side a little concave
under the beaks ; lunette large, and not well defined ; internal
margin entire.

The Upper Marle, Isle of Wight.

2, CyTHEREA PARVA.—The Small Cytherea, pl. LX XXIV.
fig. 20.

Venus parva. Sowerby, VI. p. 32, pl. 518, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Transversely obovate ; rather convex; beaks obtuse; sur-
face smooth; with remote shallow lines of growth ; lunette
narrow.

The Gault, Folkstone; and Ridge, Wiltshire; and the
Lower Greensand, Parham and Blackdown.

8. CyTHerREA LINEOLATA.—The Lineated Cytherea, pl.
LXXXIV. fig. 28.

Venus lineolata. Sowerby, I. p. 57, pl. 20, upper figure.

Transyersely ovate, subcordate ; rather ventricose ; anterior
side smooth ; the other portions covered with zig-zag strie ;
beaks prominent; internal margin entire ; substance of the
shell very thick.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

4, CYTHEREA coNVExA.—Tho Convex Cytherea, pl.
LXXXIV. fig. 19.

C. convera. Brongniart, Env. de Paris, pl. 8, fig. 7.

C. scutellaria (?) Mantell, Geo. Suss. p. 263, pl. 25, fig. 2.

206

Sub-triangular ; beaks nearly central ; sides abruptly slop-
ing from the beaks; base rather straight ; surface with shal-
low, concentric furrows.

The Plastic Clay, Castlehill, Newhaven.

5. CyTHerEA NiTIpULA.—The Shining Cytherea, pl.
LXXXVI. fig. 4.

C. nitidula. Wamarck, Ann. du Mus. VII. p. 133, No. 8
et 12, pl. 40, f. 1,2. Defrance, Dict. des Sc. Nat. XII. p. 421.
Deshayes, Coq. Foss. I. p. 134, pl. 21, figs. 814, 315, 316.

Shell ovately rounded ; tumid, smooth, and shining ; exter-
nal surface provided with nearly obsolete transverse striz ;
strie very slight; lunule cordiform ; hinge with three teeth ;
lateral teeth large, conical.

Found in the London Clay at Bracklesham Bay.

6. Cyruprea optiqguA.—The Oblique Cytherea, pl.
LXXXVI. fig. 24.

C. obliqua. Deshayes, Coq. Foss. pl. 21, figs. 7, 8.

Shell ovate, oblique, tumid, sub-quadrate, and inequilateral ;
umbones obliquely recurved ; lunule large and heart-shaped ;
with numerous thin, somewhat irregular, transverse striz ;
hinge with three teeth, the posterior one bifid.

Found in the Plastic Clay at Stratford.

7. CyTHEREA sUB-ERYCINOIDES.—The Erycina-like Cy-
therea, pl. LXX XVI. fig. 25.

C. sub-erycinoides. Deshayes, Coq. Foss. I. p. 129, pl. 22,
figs. 8, 9.

Shell transversely ovate, sub-depressed, and provided with
numerous rounded, regular, transverse furrows; lunule small
and smooth ; hinge with three divergent teeth ; the posterior
one cleft; the lateral one very small.

Found in the London Clay at Bracklesham.

8. CyTHEREA pustLta.—The Slender Cytherea, pl.
LXXXVI. fig. 19.

C. pusilla. Deshayes, Coq. Foss. I. p. 137, pl. 22, fig.
14.

Shell small, orbicular, oblique, sub-transverse ; with thin,
numerous, transverse strize ; umbones very small, oblique, and
recurved ; destitute of a lunule ; hinge with two teeth in one
valve and three in the other ; lateral teeth small.

Found in the London Clay at Barton.

9. CYTHEREA TELLINARIA.—The Tellina-like Cytherea, pl.
LXXXVI. fig. 15.

C. tellinaria. Lamarck, Ann. du Mus. VII. p. 135, No. 6
et XII. pl. 40, fig. 4. Tb. Ann. Sans. Part V. p. 582, No. 9.
Deshayes, Coq. Foss. I. p. 180, pl. 22, figs. 4, 5.

Shell transversely-ovate, trigonal, smooth, sub-striated,
transversely and posteriorly sinuated; lunule large, and
ovately oblong ; hinge with three cardinal teeth; the two an-
terior ones approximate.

Tn the London Clay at Barton.

10. CyrnHEREa suLCATARIA.—The Furrowed Cytherea,
pl. LXXXVI. fig. 21.

C. sulcataria. Deshayes, Coq. Foss. I. p. 133, pl. 20,
figs. 14, 15.

Shell ovate, tumid, sub-transverse, inequilateral ; trans-
versely furrowed; umbones small and oblique; lunule large,
ovate; hinge with three teeth ; left valve with the posterior
one bifid ; that of the right valve lamellose.

Found in the London Clay at Bracklesham Bay.

CONCHIFERA.

CyrHerEs-

11. CyrHEREA TRIGONULA.—The Trigonal Cytherea, pl-
LXXXVI. fig. 23.

C. trigonula. Deshayes, Coy. Foss. I. p. 139, pl. 21, figs-
12, 13.

Shell trigonal, sub-equilateral, smooth, and transversely
sub-striated ; umbones small, acuminated, and oblique ; lunule
heart-shaped and deep; hinge with three teeth ; the lateral
ones large and elongated.

In the London Clay at Bracklesham Bay.

12. CytTHrreA ruGosa.—The Rough Cytherea, pl.
LXXXIV. fig. 11.

C. rugosa. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 346, pl. 22,
fig. 13.

Sub-triangular, acuminated towards the beaks, which are
produced ; posterior extremity pointed ; valves very convex
near the beaks; surface with many concentric furrows, which
are more numerous on the anterior side.

The Portland Stone, Chicksgrove and Swindon.

13. CyTHEREA DoLOBRA.—The Axe-shaped Cytherea, pl.
LXXXIV. fig. 13.

C. dolobra. Phillips, Geo. York, pl. 9, fig. 12.

Sub-triangular ; moderately convex ; beaks produced ; lunette
very narrow ; posterior side a little concave under the beaks ;
posterior side rather straight; surface smooth, with a few
remote lines of growth.

The Cave Oolite, Cloughton Wyke, Yorkshire.

14. CyTHEREA ELEGANS.—The Elegant Cytherea, pl.
LXXXIV. fig. 21.

C. elegans. Deshayes, Fos. Coq. pl. 20, fig. 89.
Sowerby, V. p. 26, pl. 422, fig. 3.

Oboyate, moderately convex ; beaks obtuse, lunette oval ;
surface glossy, and concentrically furrowed, the intervening
spaces a little rounded.

The London Clay, Barton and Bracklesham Bay.

15. CYTHEREA TENUI-STRIATA.—The Thin-striatedCytherea,
pl. LXXXIV. figs. 22, 23.

Venus tenui-striata. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. V.
p- 186, pl. 8, fig. 8.

Sub-triangular, gibbose; nearly smooth; anterior side a
little concave; beaks prominent; lunette rather broad, and
pointed at both extremities ; surface with numerous very close
concentric striae.

The London Clay, Hampstead, Highgate, and Sheppy.

16. CyTHEREA Cutone.—Chione’s Cytherea, pl. LX XXIV.
fig. 18.

C. Chione. Brown, Illust. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 91, pl. 87,
fig. 2.

Obliquely ovate, moderately convex; beaks small, a little
incuryed ; lunette cordiform ; surface smooth and shining, with
a few concentric shallow lines of growth ; margins thick and
rounded ; pallial impression with a broad transverse sinus,
acuminated at the point.

The Coral Crag, Ramshot.

17. CyrHEREA TRUNCATA.—The Truncated Cytherea, pl.
LXXXIV. fig. 26.

Venus (2) truncata.
p. 341, pl. 17, fig. 3.

Sub-quadrate ; beaks placed near the anterior extremity,

which is exceedingly short ; posterior side large, and obliquely

Venus.

Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV.

ee EE EE ooo ae eeooooOoereremrmrmemeeeeeee

Cyprina.

truncated; back arcuated; base nearly straight; lunette
lanceolate and obscure ; surface with strong lines of growth.

The London Clay, Barton.

18. Cyruersa suB-RoruNDA.—The Half-Round Cytherea,
pl. LXXXIV. fig. 29.

C. sub-rotunda. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 341,
pl. 17, fig. 2.

Lenticular, nearly orbicular; much compressed; lunette
narrow and lanceolate ; back arcuated ; beaks obtuse ; surface
smooth.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

19. CyrHeREA PLANA.—The Plain Cytherea, pl. LX XXIV.
fig. 27.

Venus planus. Sowerby, I. p. 58, pl. 20, lower figs.

Somewhat elongated, its length slightly exceeding its
width ; sub-depressed; anterior side a little concave under
the beaks, and rounded below ; posterior side arcuated ; sur-
face smooth ; lunette lanceolate.

The Greensand, Blackdown and Lyme Regis.

20. CyTHEREA TRANSVERSA.—The Transyerse Cytherea,
pl. LXXXVI. fig. 22.

Venus transcersa. Sowerby, V. p. 25, pl. 422, fig. 1.

Transyersely elongated, oblong-ovate ; gibbose ; posterior
side a little pointed; surface smooth, with a few concentric
lines of growth ; beaks considerably incurved ; lunette elongat-
ed and narrow.

21. Cyruerea rotunDaTA.—The Rounded Cytherea, pl.
LXXXIV. fig. 7.

Venus linceolata. Sowerby, V. p. 25, pl. 422, fig. 2.
Brander, fig. 91.

Nearly orbicular; gibbose ; surface with numerous, deep,
regular, concentric striz.

The London Clay, Barton.

Genus XXXI.—ARTEMIS.— Poli.

Shell nearly orbicular and lenticular, externally and con-
centrically grooved ; beaks much turned to one side, beneath
which is a short, strongly-marked, cordiform depression ; three
cardinal teeth in each valve, two of which are contiguous, and
the other divergent, which is broad in the right valve, cleft in
the centre, to receive that of the opposite valve, which is
slender, with a small lateral and closely approximated tooth ;
pallial impression with a large, oblique, and straight-sided
sinus; cartilage external.

1. ARTEMIS LENTIFORMIs.—The Lentil-shaped Artemis,
pl. LXXXV. fig. 5.

A, lentiformis. Wood, Cat. Venus lentiformis. Sowerby,
III. p. 235, pl. 203.

Orbicular, compressed ; anterior side slightly angulated, and
somewhat compressed ; surface with numerous, fine, imbricated,
narrow, concentric ridges.

The Red Crag, Walton Naze.

2. ARTEMIS EXOLETA.—The Worn Artemis, pl. LXXXYV.
fig. 6.

A. exoleta, Brown, Illust. Ree. Conch. Brit. p. 92, pl. 36,
figs. 1, 3, 19, 20.
Orbicular, lentiform, moderately convex ; anterior side with

CONCHIFERA, 207

a nearly obsolete longitudinal furrow ; surface with numerous
concentric filiform striae, those on the disk, and as far as the
umbones, smooth, slightly depressed, and thin and elevated on
the sides ; lunette cordiform, with fine longitudinal strix.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Dalmuir and Ayr.

3. ARTEMIS SINUATA.—The Sinuated Artemis, pl. LXXXV.
fig. 4.

A. lincta. Brown, Ill. Ree. Conch, Brit. p. 92, pl. 36,
figs. 2 and 4.

Lentiform, slightly elongated, and moderately gibbose ; sur-
face with numerous, very fine, filiform, concentric strize on the
disk, and sub-lamellated on the sides; posterior side with a
longitudinal furrow ; lunette cordiform, with extremely fine,
concentric, longitudinal stri.

The Red Crag, Walton, Walton Naze ; and the Coral Crag,
Ramshot.

This species is at once distinguished from any of the former two, by
the strize being much finer, and by its lengthened form.

4, ARTEMIS PARVA.—The Small Artemis, pl. LXXXY.
fig. 9.

A. parva. Brown, Manchester Geo. Tr. I. p. 1, pl. 7,
fig. 77.

Nearly orbicular; surface smooth, with a few distant, dis-
tinct lines of growth; diameter somewhat more than an eighth
of an inch.

The Coal Shale, Vale of Todmorden, Yorkshire.

Genus XXXII.—CY PRINA.—Lamarck.

Shell ventricose, equivalve, inequilateral, sub-orbicular, ob-
liquely heart-shaped ; umbones obliquely curyed anteriorly ;
three cardinal teeth in each valve, approximated at their bases,
and diyergent aboye, with a posterior lateral tooth remote from
the primary teeth ; external surface covered by a thick, rough,
dark, horny epidermis; each valye with two lateral, remote,
muscular impressions; pallial impression with a slight sinus ;
ligament external, inserted into a deep, marginal, posterior,
dorsal sinus.

1, Cyprina cunEATA—The Wedge-shaped Cyprina, pl.
LXXXV. fig. 1.

C. cuneata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 341, pl. 16,
fig. 19.

Transversely elongated, wedge-shaped ; posterior side
lengthened and acuminated ; anterior side short, concave
under the prominent and curyed beaks ; lunette heart-shaped
and hollow ; back conyex ; base nearly straight ; surface even,
with shallow lines of growth; valves deep; substance of the
shell thin.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

2. CypRINA TRIANGULARIS.—The Triangular Cyprina, pl.
LXXXV. fig 2.

C. cuneata. Var. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser, IV. pl. 16,
fig. 19, the smaller figure.

Triangular, elongated ; beaks almost central ; sides nearly
equal, the posterior one sub-truncated below ; surface smooth,
with distant, shallow lines of growth.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

208

3. Cyprina EQuALIs.—The Equal Cyprina, pl. LXXXV.
fig. 7.

Venus equalis. Sowerby, I. p. 59, pl. 21.

Sub-orbicular, convex ; beaks obtuse, incurved ; hinge yery
streng ; surface covered with numerous concentric strie, and
a few shallow lines of growth; substance of the shell very
thick.

From the Crag, Suffolk.

4, CYPRINA PLANATA—The Plain Cyprina, pl. LXXXYV.
fig. 8.

C. planata. Sowerby, VII. pl. 619.

Nearly orbicular and sub-cordiform ; gibbose; beaks ob-
tuse ; on the posterior side a furrow, emanating from the back
of the beaks, terminates on the margin ; surface with shallow,
unequal lines of growth.

The London Clay, Nuneham, Brentford, and Bracklesham.

5. Cyprina Morrtsu.—Morris'’s Cyprina, pl. LXXXYI.
fig. 17.

C. Morrisii. Sowerby, VII. pl. 620, fig. 1.

Sub-orbicular ; moderately gibbose; beaks obtuse, incurved ;
surface with shallow concentric lines of growth ; back rather
straight ; base arcuated.

The London Clay, Herne Bay, Watford, Plumstead, and
Reading.

6. Cyprina ANGULATA—The Angulated Cyprina, pl.
LXXXV. fig. 10.

Venus angulata. Sowerby, I. p. 145, pl. 65.

Transversely ovate ; beaks short, very obtuse, and incurved ;
anterior side with a slight longitudinal ridge, and a very little
truncated ; surface smooth.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

7. CypRINA TRANSVERSA.—The Transverse Cyprina, pl.

XXXV. fig. 3.

C. Morrisii. Var. Sowerby, VII. pl. 620, figs. 2, 3.

, Transversely ovate, gibbose ; beaks obtuse, slightly incurv-
ed; anterior side short and rounded ; posterior side elongated ;
back arcuated, and bending suddenly downwards, forming an
angle where it meets the basal line ; an elevation extends from
the beaks to the posterior margin; surface smooth, with un-
equal shallow lines of growth.

The London Clay, Watford.

8. CypriIna rostrata. — The
LXXXVI. fig. 18.

C. rostrata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 341, pl. 17,
fig. 1.

Obliquely triangular; beaks large, much produced, and in-
curved, projecting nearly in a line with the margin, and under
them the side is very concave, hollow; dorsal line very little
curved ; posterior side considerably lengthened, and narrowed
at the extremity, with a gentle ridge running from the beaks
to the margin ; basal line arcuated ; surface rather smooth.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

9. Cyprina RusTICA—The Rude Cyprina, pl. LX X XVI,
fig. 31.

C. rustica. Sowerby, II. p. 217, pl. 196.

Sub-orbicular, transverse, gibbose ; beaks obtuse, a concave
space under them ; anterior side narrowed ; dorsal line nearly
straight ; anterior side large and rounded ; base arcuated ;
surface smooth ; lines of growth rather strongly marked.

Beaked Cyprina, pl.

CONCHIFERA.

Cyrena.

Red Crag, Sutton, and the Coral Crag, Ramshot.

10. Cyprina vuLGaris.—The Common Venus, pl.
LXXXVIL. fig. 29.

C. culgaris. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 93, pl. 37.
fig. 1, and pl. 38, fig. 11.

Obliquely sub-orbicular, gibbose ; beaks rather large ; sur-
face covered with numerous fine, concentric striz ; dorsal and
basal line arcuated ; posterior side a little narrowed.

The Pleistocene Marine Formations, on the Clyde; and the
Coral Crag, Ramshot.

Sus-Driviston I].—FLUVIATILE.

Shell covered with a spurious epidermis, and the hinge
provided with lateral teeth.

Genus XXXIIIL—CYRENA.—Zamarck.

Shell sub-orbicular, sub-trigonal, equivalve, ventricose,
inequilateral, and solid; external surface covered with
a strong epidermis, and the umbones usually decorticat-
ed; three cardinal, and two remote lateral teeth in each
valye; in one valve the posterior one is situate near the
primary teeth, the anterior one being more remote, and placed
before the ligament; in the opposite valve a deep groove
intervenes between two teeth, one of which is large, and the
other nearly obsolete ; two lateral remote muscular impres-
sions; pallial impression destitute of a sinus; ligament
external.

1, Cyrena tTRiGoNULA.—The Trigonal
LXXXVL. fig. 5.

Cyrena trigonula,
fig. 45, a and 6.

Ovately trigonal, sub-equilateral, thick, with sub-imbricated
transverse lines of growth, with three cardinal teeth in each
valve ; lateral teeth largely serrated ; umbones obtuse ; mar-
gin plain.

Found in the Lacustrine Formations at Stutton, where it
is very abundant.

2. CyRENA CYCLADIFORME.—The Cyclas-formed Cyrena,
pl. LXXXIII. fig. 28.

C. cycladiformis. Deshayes, Coq. Fos. pl. 19, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Ovate; anterior side rounded, posterior side somewhat
acuminated ; surface smooth.

The London Clay, Barton.

8. CYRENA DEPERDITA.—The Lost Cyrena, pl. LXXXVI.
fig. 2.

Cyclas deperdita. (2?) Sowerby, III. p. 139, pl. 162, fig. 1.

Transyersely oval, rather gibbose ; umbonate ; anterior side
a little angulated ; surface with elevated, irregular lines of
growth ; hinge with three bifid cardinal teeth and two lateral
ones, which are sometimes striated perpendicularly.

The Plastic Clay, Charlton and Plumstead.

4. CYRENA CUNEIFORMIS.—Ihe Wedged-shaped Cyrena,
pl. LXXXVI. fig. 3.

Cyclas cuneiformis. Sowerby, II. p. 140, pl. 172, figs. 2, 3.

Cyrena, pl.

Wood, Mag. Nat. Hist. VII. p. 275,

Piscipium.

Transversely wedge-shaped; anterior side considerably
angulated ; surface with numerous fine lines of growth.

The Plastic Clay, Charlton, Upnor, Plumstead, and New-
cross.

5. CYRENA

LXXXVI. fig. 1.

Cyclas obovata. Sowerby, II. p. 140, pl. 162, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Obovate, length and breadth equal; gibbose ; anterior side
obtuse ; beaks large; surface with rather strong, irregular
lines of growth.

Upper Marl, Colwell Bay, and Barton.

opovata.—The Egg-ovate Cyrena, pl.

6. Cyrena puLcHra.—The LBeautiful Cyrena, pl.
LXXXIII. fig. 30.
Cyclas pulcher. Sowerby, VI. p. 51, pl. 527, fig. 1.

- Sub-orbicular, convex ; posterior side truncated ; surface

smooth ; hinge with one sharp-edged and two bifid teeth ;

lateral teeth obtuse and plain ; substance thin and slender.
The Upper Marl, Hampstead Cliff and Isle of Wight.

Genus XXXIV.—CYCLAS.—Bruguéire.

Shell generally sub-orbicular ; ventricose, equivalve, nearly
equilateral, transverse, and thin, covered with a delicate oliva-
ceous epidermis ; two very minute, divergent, cardinal teeth
in both valves, one of which is double in the left one ; lateral
teeth two, remote and a little elongated, laminar, compressed,
and acute ; and four in the other, two of which are very small,
situate on each side of the hinge; two lateral ovate muscular
impressions in both valves, that of the mantle entire, and des-
titute of a sinus; ligament external and slender. —

1. Cycnas mepta (?.)—The Middle Cyclas, pl. LXX XVI.
fig. 14.

C. medius. Sowerby, p. 51, pl. 527, fig. 2.

Depressed, thick, transversely obovate ; anterior side small,
posterior side somewhat pointed ; surface smooth ; one tooth
under the beaks in both valves.

The Weald, of which it is the characteristic, Kent, Sussex,
and Surry.

2. Cycnas MEMBRANACEA.—The Membranaceous Cyclas,
pl. LXXXVI. fig. 28.

C. membranacea, Sowerby, VI. p. 52, pl. 527, fig. 3.

_ Depressed ; very thin ; transversely ovate ; anterior side
small ; posterior side a little pointed.

The Weald, Dorset, Sussex, and Wiltshire.

8. CycLas ANGULATA.—The Angular Cyclas, pl. LXXVI.
SiG.
C. angulata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. pl. 21, f. 12.

Sub-triangular; beaks prominent ; anterior side rounded,
posterior side truncated ; its line from the beaks to the trun-
cation nearly straight ; surface smooth, with shallow lines of
growth.

The Weald, Sussex, the Isle of Purbeck, and South Wilt-
shire.

4. Cycnas sus-qguapratTa.—The Half-square Cyclas, pl.
LXXXVI. fig. 18.

C. sub-quadrata.
fig. 8.

Transyersely elongated; an oblong square; both sides

fi

0g

Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. pl. 21,

CONCHIFERA.

209

nearly straight; beaks central and small; back and base
straight and parallel; surface with strong concentric furrows.
The Weald Hastings, and St Leonards.
5. CycLas ELoncata.—The Elongated Cyelas, pl.
LXXXVI. fig. 12.
C. elongata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. pl. 21, fig. 9.
Transyersely elongated; beaks nearly central; anterior
side rounded, posterior side obliquely truncated, and angular
above, rounded beneath ; dorsal and basal lines nearly straight
and parallel ; surface smooth, with three or four distinct lines
of growth.
The Weald, Sussex, and the Purbeck Beds, Whitchurch
and Teffont.
F 6. Cyctas magsor.—The (irreater Cyclas, pl. LXXXVI.
g. 7.
C. Major. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. pl. 21, fig. 13.
Sub-rotund; rather convex; beaks nearly central, and
produced ; one side rounded, the other a little narrow, with
a slight angle; basal line undulous ; surface smooth.
The Weald, Kent, Pulborough, Henhurst, &c.
7. Cycnas aipposa. The Gibbous Cyclas, pl. LXXXVI.
figs. 8, 9.
C. gibbosa. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. pl. 21, fig. 11.
Slightly ovate transyersely ; beaks nearly central, large,
and produced; a concave space under them; anterior side
rounded; posterior side narrowed, a little truncated, and
acute below ; surface smooth,
The Weald, Sussex, and Purbeck Beds, Whitchurch.
A 8. Cyctas parva.—The Small Cyclas, pl. LXXXVI.
ig. 16.
C. parva. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. pl. 21, fig. 7.
Sub-orbicular, slightly oblique ; posterior side a little nar-
rowed below ; surface smooth.
The Purbeck Beds, Whitchurch, Quainton, and Chicks-

grove.

9. Cycuas corneA.—The Horny Cyclas, pl. LXXXYI.
fig. 20.

C. cornea. Brown, Illust. Ree. Conch. Brit. p. 93, pl. 39,
fig. 19.

Sub-globose, ventricose; beaks obtuse, with extremely fine,
concentric, nearly obsolete striv.

The Pleistocene Marine Formations, Clapton, Clockthorn,
Grays, and Stutton.

10. Cycnas r1vicotaA.—The River Cyelas, pl. LX X XVI.
fig. 26.

C. rivicola. Brown, Ree. Conch. Brit. p. 93, pl. 39, figs.
16, 17, 18.

Transyersely ovate, gibbose; beaks central; both sides
equally rounded ; surface with strong, close, regular, concen~
tric strix.

The Pleistocene Fresh-water Formation, Felyersham and
Southend.

Genus XXXV.—PISCIDIUM.— Pfeiffer.

Shell eyuivalve, transverse ; sides unequal, completely clos-
ing; in the right valve one, and in the left two opposite, very
small, primary teeth; behind and before two thin lamellar

2x

210

side teeth; those of the latter cleft in the right valve, in order
to receive the opposite ones.

1. Pisctprum Henstow1ana.—Henslow’s Piscidium, pl.
LXXXVI. fig. 27.

P. Henslowiana, Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. VI. p. 54.
P. appendiculata. Brown, Il. Ree. Conch. Brit. p. 95, pl. 39,
fig. 25.

Obliquely oval, much inflated ; beaks tumid, considerably
produced, and somewhat tuberculated ; surface with regular,
well-defined, concentric grooves.

The Pleistocene Fresh-water Formations, Clackton, Stutton,
Crapthorn, and Grays.

2. Piscrptum amnicum.—The Favourite Piscidium, pl.
LXXXVI. fig. 10.

P. obliquum. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 94, pl. 39,
fig. 22.

Obliquely oval; beaks tumid, a little produced; surface
with numerous concentric furrows, which are finely striated.

The Pleistocene Fresh-water Formations, Grays, Erith,
Crapthorn, Clackton, Stutton, and Feversham.

3. Pisciprum pusituum.—The Weak Piscidium, pl.
LXXXVI. fig. 11. j

P. pusillum. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 95, pl. 29,
fig. 28.

Slightly ovate, nearly orbicular, sub-compressed, with pro-
minent beaks, obtuse at the points ; sides somewhat flattened ;
surface with very fine concentric striz.

The Pleistocene Fresh-water Formations, Harwich, Cop-
ford, Grays, Clackton, Stutton, and Crapthorn.

Granp Drviston IIL—TENUIPEDES.

The mantle barely united before ; foot small, narrow, and
compressed ; shell haying but a moderate gape.

Trine I1.—NYMPHACEA.

Having never more than two primary teeth in the same
valve ; shell often gaping slightly at the lateral extremities ;
ligament external ; umbones generally projecting outwards.

Sus-prviston I.—Destitute of lateral teeth.

Genus XXXVI —ASTARTE—Sowerby.

Shell sub-orbicular, transverse, equivalve, inequilateral ;
hinge with two strong, divergent, cardinal teeth in the
right valve, and two unequal primary teeth, and one small,
nearly obsolete tooth, together with an indistinct lateral
one in the left valve; two ovate or oblong, remote, lateral,
simple muscular impressions in each valve, with a third very
small one, situate immediately below the indistinct lateral
tooth, or at the end of the posterior external depression, and,
in some instances, mingling with the lower termination of the
posterior muscular impression, which is always simple and not
sinuated ; ligament external.

CONCHIFERA.

ASYARTE.

1. AsTaARTE LURIDA.—The Pale Astarte, pl. LXXXVII.
figs. 10 and 42.

A. lurida. Sowerby, II. pl. 137, fig. 1.

Convex, transversely oblong, its width being one and a half
its length ; depressed; surface with numerous transverse,
unequal ribs ; margin internally crenulated ; lunette elliptical.

Oxford Clay, Scarborough, and Inferior Oolite, Dundry,
Oxfordshire.

2. ASTARTE ELEGANS.—The
LXXXVII. fig. 12.

A. elegans. Sowerby, II. p. 86, pl. 187, fig. 3.

Convex, transversely oblong ; disk depressed ; surface with
numerous small, transverse ribs; lunette cordate; margin
internally crenulated.

Elegant Astarte, pl.

Differs from C. /wrida, in the front being more rounded, the back less
rounded, and the teeth are more distant.

Coralline Oolite, Malton, Yorkshire ; the Inferior Oolite,
Yeoyel and Brora, and the Lias, Prees and Whitby.

8. AsTARTE CUNEATA.—The Wedge-shaped Astarte, pl.
LXXXVII. fig. 31.

A. cuncata. Sowerby, II. p. 86, pl. 187, fig. 2.

Gibbose, somewhat heart-shaped, or sub-triangular; back
broad and flattened ; anterior side produced; lunette heart-
shaped ; margin entire within.

The Greensand, Blackdown, and Portland Sand, Tisbury
and Garsington.

4. AsTaRTE ExcAvATA.—The Excavated Astarte, pl.
LXXXVII. fig. 22.

A. excavata Sowerby, I. p. 57, pl. 233.

Conyex, obovate, nearly one-third wider than long ; ante-
rior side truncated ; back arched ; beaks ill-defined, greatly
inclined to the posterior side, which is small; lunette hemi-
spherical; excavated; cartilage enclosed in a deep furrow,
bounded by sharp edges, which nearly approach each other ;
margin toothed ; surface with flat, transverse ribs, which, in
the anterior side, run into irregular undulations ; teeth slightly
striate.

The Inferior Oolite, Dundry, Somersetshire, and the Lias
of Banz.

5. ASTARTE NITIDA.—Shining Astarte, pl. LX X XVII. f. 8.

A. nitida. Sowerby, I. p. 37, pl. 521, fig. 2.

Somewhat depressed, transversely obovate; angular above ;
beaks pointed ; lunette lanceolate; surface plain, and rather
minutely sulcated near the beaks; edge crenulated.

Coralline Crag, Ramshot.

6. AsTARTE BIPARTITA.—The Double-parted Astarte, pl.
OO. NSE Ie

A. bipartita. Sowerby, VI. p. 38, pl. 521, fig. 3.

Globose ; obcordate; beaks acute; lunette large, short,
concave, and smooth; surface with from six to eight large,
flat, transverse ribs, placed on the flat space near the beaks ;
internal edge crenulated.

Coralline Crag, Ramshot.

7. ASTARTB oOBLONGA. — The
LXXXVIL. fig. 15.

A. oblonga. Sowerby, VI. p. 38, pl. 521, fig. 4.

Convex ; transversely oblong; beaks small, and not very
prominent; lunette heart-shaped, pointed, and concave; sur~
face with large, transverse ribs; interior edge crenated.

Oblong Astarte, pl.

Asrartr.

Coral Crag and Mammiferous Crag, Sutton, &e.
8. AsTARTE oBovaTa.—The Obovate Astarte, pl.
LXXXVII. fig. 21.

A. obovatz. Sowerby, IV. p. 73, pl. 353.

Uniformly convex, obovate ; anterior margin sub-truncated ;
lunette impressed ; surface corrugated, with the transverse
obscure ribs most visible on the anterior portion ; interior
margin crenated.

The Lower Greensand, Hythe and Sandown Bay.

9. AsTaRTE BorREALIs.—The Northern Astarte, pl.
LXXXVII. fig. 1. *

A. plana. Sowerby, II. p. 173, pl. 179, fig. 2.

Depressed, sub-orbicular, and nearly equilateral ; beaks
rather small and pointed ; lunette elongated, acute, and deep ;
surface with irregular fine lines of growth ; margin entire.

Pleistocene Marine Formation, Bridington, Bramerton, and
Wick.

10, AsTaRTE OBLIQUATA.—The Somewhat Oblique Astarte,
pl. LXXXVII. fig. 19.

A. obliquata. Sowerby, II. p. 173, pl. 179, fig. 3.

Oboyate, transverse, depressed ; surface with many oblique,
concentric stri#, which traverse a few obscure ribs or lines
of growth; internal margin crenulated ; spaces between the
strie rounded and smooth ; substance of the shell slender.

The Red Crag, Sutton.

11. AstTarRTE LINEATA.—The
LXXXVII. fig. 37.

A. lineata. Sowerby, II. p. 174, pl. 179, fig. 1.

Obovate, nearly lenticular, depressed; anterior side
smallest and slightly truncated ; lunette Janceolate and small ;
eartilage slope long and straight ; surface with about thirty
concentric, acute, transverse ribs; the intervening furrows
with numerous fine, minute strive ; substance of the shell thin ;
margin entire.

Greensand, Blackdown, and the Kimmerage Clay, Hed-
dington.

2. ASTARTE
Ethie 27

A. planata. Sowerby, III. p. 103, pl. 257.

Gibbose, transversely obovate ; anterior side slightly trun-
cated ; lunette concave, somewhat heart-shaped ; surface with
many small, obtuse, close-set, concentric ridges ; edge fre-
quently broad and flat, and crossed by furrows, which are
a continuation of the crenulations; substance of the shell
thick.

The Inferior Oolite, Barton and Dundry.

13. ASTARTE RUGATA.—The Wrinkled
LXXXVII. fig. 30.

A. rugatus. Sowerby, III. p. 13, pl. 316.

Obovate, rather gibbose; anterior side sub-truncated ;
lunette, obovate, concave, and pointed ; a few ribs at and be-
low the beaks, under which the surface is slightly wrinkled
transversely ; edge internally crenated.

In the young state, the surface is covered with distinct transverse
ribs, which become obsolete in the adult.

London Clay, Highgate and Sheppy.

14. AstarTe stRIata.—The Striated
LXXXVIL. fig. 40.

A. striata. Sowerby, VI. p. 35, pl. 520, fig. 1.

Lineated Astarte, pl.

Astarte, pl.

OBLIQUA.—The

Oblique

Astarte pl.

Astarte, pl.

CONCHIFERA.

211

Lenticular; beaks small, approaching near to each other ;
lunette ovate, flat, deeply impressed ; surface with very nume-
rous, regular, transverse strive ; margins obtuse ; substance of
the shell thick.

The Greensand, Blackdown and Lyme Regis.

15. Astarte RotunpA.—The Rounded Astarte, pl.
LXXXVILI. figs. 35, 36.

A. orbicularis. Sowerby, VI. p. 85, pl. 520, fig. 2.

Lenticular, somewhat inflated, particularly towards the
beaks ; lunette elongated and yery deeply seated, and com-
posed of two planes, which meet in an acute angle in the
middle ; surface with small concentric furrows ; posterior sur-
face plaited, with an angle at its edge; internal edge with
elongated crenulations ; substance of the shell very thick.

Great Oolite, Hampton Cliff, Bath.

16. ASTARTE TRIGONALIS.—The Trigonal Astarte, pl.
LXXXVIL. fig. 29.

A. trigonalis. Sowerby, V. p. 63,* pl. 444, fig. 1.

Triangularly heart-shaped, compressed ; beaks rather acute ;
anterior side smooth, and separated by an angle ; posterior
edge concave near the beaks; surface somewhat flattened ;
disk with numerous, rather shallow, transverse furrows, which
terminate on the ridge.

The Inferior Oolite, Dundry.

17. ASTARTE ORBICULARIS—The Orbicular Astarte, pl.
LXXXVII. figs. 27, 28.

A. orbicularis. Sowerby, V. p. 64,* pl. 444, figs. 2, 3.

Lenticular; hinge-line terminating in a projecting angle ;
surface with numerous concentric, slightly elevated, reflected
lamellee ; edge smooth.

Great Oolite, Ancliffe.

18. ASTARTE PUMILA.—The Dwarf Astarte, pl. LXX XVII.
figs. 2, 3, 4.

A. pumila. Sowerby, V. p. 64,* pl. 444, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Obliquely ovate, slightly convex ; anterior side produced
and obtuse; posterior side small, with a semicircular edge ;
surface with numerous concentric, narrow, slightly raised
ridges, to which the intervening furrows are equal in width ;
edge strongly crenulated within; when old, the length exceeds
the width.

The Great Oolite, Ancliffe, Wiltshire.

19. Asrarte impotita.—The Unpolished Astarte, pl.
LXXXVII. figs. 5, 6.

A. impolita. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 341, pl. 16,
fig. 18.

Obovate, convex, somewhat wedge-shaped ; rather angular
at the beaks; lunette situate in a lanceolate groove ; surface
with numerous antiquated transverse grooves.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

20. ASTARTE MULTISTRIATA.—The Many Striated Astarte,
pl. LXXXVII. figs. 32, 33.

A. multistriata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 341,
pl. 16, fig. 17.

Sub-triangular, very convex, somewhat wedge-shaped ;
beaks turned much to one side, and a considerable concavity
below them ; surface with many concentric, elevated ribs, the
intervening spaces with fine longitudinal striw ; lunette very
large and broad.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

212

21. AsTARTE concinNAa.—The Neat
LXXXVIL. fig. 38.

A. concinna. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 341, pl.
16, fig. 15.

Oblong-ovate, rather conyex; beaks oblique; a concave
space on the posterior side near the base ; lunette elongated
and deeply sunk ; surface with numerous concentric furrows.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

22. AsTARTE FoRMosA.—The Handsome Astarte, pl.
LXXXVIL figs. 23, 24.

A. formosa. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 341, pl. 16,
fig. 16.

Sub-triangular, rather compressed, with the edges thicken-
ed; beaks obtuse; lunette elongated and concave; surface
with about ten prominent transverse reflected ribs.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

23. AsTARTE EXTENSA.— The Extended Astarte, pl.
LXXXVI. fig. 13.

A. extensa. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 3, fig. 21.

Sub-trigonal, elongated obliquely; beaks obtuse; surface
smooth, with an elevated ridge extending from the beak to the
base ; three or four remote concentric furrows, which take the
abruptly angular form of the valves.

The Coral Rag, Malton, Oxon, and Wiltshire.

24. <AsTARTE carRInaTa.—The Keeled Astarte, pl.
LXXXVI. fig. 26.

A.carinata. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 5, fig. 3.

Sub-triangular, sides rather straight ; a pretty prominent
ridge emanates from the beak, and terminates on the margin ;
surface with broad concentric ribs and narrow furrows.

The Kelloways Rock, South Cave; and the Calcareous
Grit, Scarborough,

25. ASTARTE TRIANGULATA.—The Triangular Astarte, pl.
LXXXVIL. fig. 9.

A. rugatus. Sowerby, IV. p. 13, pl. 316, fig. 3.

Triangular ; beaks much produced, with a concave space
under them ; posterior side very slightly curved ; rounded on
the lower portion of the sides; basal line straight ; surface
with rude transverse, antiquated ribs and furrows.

The London Clay, Highgate.

26. ASTARTE ALIENA.—The Alienated Astarte, pl.
LXXXVII. fig. 39.

A. aliena.

Sub-orbicular, a little elongated ; beaks nearly central and
rather acute; sides sloping, and nearly equal ; surface with
nearly obsolete transverse furrows.

The Coral Rag, Malton, Yorkshire,

27. AsTARTE LHVIs.—The Smooth Astarte, pl. LXX XVII.
fig. 11.

A. levis. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 2, figs. 18, 19.

Sub-orbicular, convex, a little elongated; beaks rather
acute; surface smooth.

28. AsTaRTE MINIMA.—Least Astarte, pl. LX XXVIL. f. 33.

A. minima. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 9, fig. 83. Gold-
fuss, pl. 134, fig. 15.

Sub-orbicular ; beaks obtuse, nearly central ; sides nearly
equal ; surface with strong concentric ribs.

The Great Oolite, Bransby ; Inferior Oolite, Blue Wick,
Rosebury.

Astarte, plate

CONCHIFERA.

ASTARTE.

29. ASTARTE MULTI-cosTATA.—The Many-Ribbed Astarte,
pl. LXX XVII. fig. 16.

Crassina multi-costata.
p- 56, pl. 1, fig. 20.

Sub-orbicular, somewhat compressed ; beaks prominent, con-
siderably turned to one side ; lunette lanceolate ; surface with
many close-set concentric ribs.

Pleistocene Marine Formation, Dalmuir.

30. Astarre Gatrensts.—The Gairloch Astarte, pl.
LXXXVIL fig. 14.

Crassina ovata. Brown, Edinburgh Jour. Nat. Geo. Sec. 1,
p- 12, pl. 1, fig. 8.

Transversely ovate; sub-compressed; beaks small and
pointed ; lunette lanceolate and deep ; surface with numerous
broad, elevated, concentric ribs, which become nearly obsolete
as they approach the base of the valyes; external margin broad
and plain.

The Pleistocene Marine Formations, Bute and Ayrshire.

31. Astarte Scorica.—The Scottish Astarte, plate
LXXXVII. figs. 17, 18.

Crassina Scotica. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 95, pl.
88, fig. 9. f

Sub-cordiform, sub-compressed ; umbones nearly central ;
lunette somewhat heart-shaped ; surface with many parallel,
transverse ribs, which are narrowed towards the posterior side.

The Pleistocene Marine Formations, Ayr and Banff.

82. AsrarTE ovata.—The Ovate Astarte, pl. LXXXVII.
fig. 34,

A. ovata. Phillips, Geo. York, pl. 3, fig. 25.

Obovate ; beaks obtuse ; lunette lanceolate and very nar-
row; surface with nearly obsolete, antiquated, concentric
wrinkles.

The Coral Rag, Malton ; Wiltshire and Oxon.

33. AsTARTE suLcATA.—The Furrowed Astarte, plate
LXXXVII. fig. 41.
Crassina sulcata.

38, fig. 10.

Sub-orbicular, considerably compressed ; beaks very promi-
nent, and nearly central; lunette lanceolate and shallow ;
surface with a series of flat, broad, concentric ribs; internal
margin finely crenulated.

The Pleistocene Formations, Clyde; and the Red Crag,
Sutton.

34. AsTARTE Gracitis.—The Slender Astarte.

A. gracilis. Goldfuss, pl. 134, fig. 4.

Nearly orbicular; beaks almost central and acute ; lunette
large, lanceolate; surface with numerous, very regular, ele-
vated, concentric ribs, which become narrower and less defined
as they approach the base ; internal margin with strong crenu-
lations.

The Coral Crag, Gedgraye, Suffolk.

35. ASTARTE LENTICULARIS.—The Lens-shaped Astarte.

A. lenticularis. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 442.

Transversely sub-cylindrical; anterior side defined by a
ridge, the extremity contracted and pointed ; posterior side
much rounded ; beaks approximate; surface radiated.

The Chalk, Tamlaght, Ireland.

36. AsTARTE pyGmMzA.—The Pigmy Astarte.

A. pygmea. Goldfuss, pl. 135, fig. 5.

Brown, Wernerian Mem. VIII.

Brown, III. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 96, pl.

Carpinta.

Sub-orbicular ; beaks nearly central; sides sloping almost
equally ; surface with many strong concentric ridges; external
edge with large prominent crenulations.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

Genus XXXVII.—CARDINIA.— Agassiz.

Shell transverse, elliptical, equivalve, inequilateral, thick ;
hinge very strong, with one oblique, thickened, cardinal tooth
in the right valve, and a pit for its reception in the left valve ;
anterior lateral tooth in the right valve obtusely conical ; the
posterior tooth in the left valve elongated, and attenuated to-
wards the umbo ; right valve with a flattened fold lying paral-
lel to the ligament, and divided obliquely near the umbo by a
faint groove ; from the anterior extremity of this fold a de-
pression extends beneath the lunule, in front of the anterior
lateral tooth, with a corresponding elevation ; umbones closely
approximating ; muscular impressions deep; pallial impres-
sions entire, deeply defined, and destitute of a sinus; ligament
external, situate in a deep, marginal, dorsal sinus.

1, Carprnra aBpucta.—The Distant Cardinia, pl. LX XIV.
fig. 9.

Pachyodon abducta, Stutchbury, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1842, p.
484, pl. 10, figs. 9,10. Unio abductus. Phillips, Geo. York,
I. p. 127, pl. 11, fig. 42.

Sub-trigonal, inflated; beaks small and approximating ;
anteriorly produced, nearly central, and considerably turned
to one side; lunule cordate; surface smooth, with a few re-
mote, nearly obsolete transverse lines of growth.

The Inferior Oolite, Dundry and Yorkshire; and the Lias,
Cheltenham.

2. Carpinta cunEATA.—The Wedge-shaped Cardinia, pl.
LXXXVIII. figs. 3, 4.

Pachyodon cuneata. Stutchbury, Ann. Nat. Hist. VIII.
Suppt. p. 484-9, figs. 10, 11.

Sub-triangular, cuneiform ; beaks acute, with a deep cordi-
form lunule under them ; anterior side short, rounded ; poste-
rior side long, acute ; surface covered with numerous, nearly
equidistant, and rather deeply defined transverse furrows.

The Lias, Frethern, Gloucestershire.

3. CarpINIA ImBRiIcaTA.—Tho Imbricated Cardinia.

Pachyodon imbricatus. Stutchbury, An. Nat. Hist. VIII.
Suppt. p. 483, pl. 9, figs. 5, 6.

Sub-triangular, with numerous transverse, imbricated, deeply
defined ribs; beaks acute, with a heart-shaped lunule ; basal
line slightly bent.

In the Lias, on the banks of the Severn, Gloucestershire ;
and at Bridport, Somersetshire.

4, CARDINIA ATTENUATA.—The Attenuated Cardinia, pl.
LXXXVIII. fig. 20.

Cuneiform, transverse ; posterior side considerably elong-
ated and attenuated ; anterior side rounded, and of medium
length; beaks rather acute, but not inflected; lunule small
and deep; basal line rather arcuated ; breadth of the shell
once and a half its length.

In the Lias at Battledown, near Cheltenham.

CONCHIFERA.

213

This species has much the aspect of a Unio, but the teeth at once point
out its connection with the present genus.

5. Carpinia ovais.—The Oval Cardinia, pl. LX XXVIII.
figs. J1, 12.

Pachyodon ovalis. Stutchbury, Ann. Nat. Hist. VIII.
Suppt. p. 485, pl. 10, figs. 17, 18, 19.

Elliptical, transverse ; beaks obtuse, approximate ; lunule
small and narrow; auterior side rounded ; posterior side a
little attenuated and sub-acute ; back and basal margin areu-
ated; external surface with irregular, concentric, rather shal-
low lines of growth.

The Lias, Frethern, Gloucestershire.

6. CARDINIA LANCEOLATA.—The Spear-shaped Cardinia,
pl. LXX XVIII. figs. 18, 19.

Pachyodon lanceolata, Stutchbury, Ann. Nat. Hist. VIII.
Suppt. p. 484, No. 8.

Lanceolate, thick, transverse ; anterior side short and round-
ed; posterior side very long and produced ; hinge-line nearly
straight ; beaks obtuse ; lunule small and narrow ; back and
basal line arcuated ; external surface with irregular, concen-
tric, well-defined lines of growth.

The Lias, Scarborough.

This is nearly allied to P. attenuata, but differs in the posterior side
being more acute, in the hinge-line being straighter, and in its superior
thickness. Its external contour has much the form of a true Unio.

7. Carpinta Listert.—Lister’s Cardinia, pl. LX XIV. f. 20.

Pachyodon Listeri. Stutchbury, Ann. Nat. Hist. VIII. p.
482, pl. 9, figs. 1,2. Unio Listeri. Sowerby, II. p. 123, pl.
154, figs. 1, 3, 4.

Heart-shaped, somewhat wedge-shaped, thick ; beaks de-
pressed, recurved, acute, and nearly central ; lunule rather
deep but small; back considerably rounded; base with a
slight flexure ; surface with sub-imbricated, concentric ridges,
and somewhat flattened on the disk ; length and breadth nearly
equal.

The Inferior Oolite, Durham and Norfolk ; the Lias, Fre-
thern, Gloucestershire, and Battledown, near Cheltenham.

8. CarpInIa concInNA.—The Neat Cardinia, pl. LXXIV.
fig. 4.

Unio concinnus. Sowerby, III. p. 43, pl. 223.

Transyersely oblong-ovate; beaks small, rather pointed,
and approximate ; hinge-line a little curved ; anterior side
short, somewhat narrowed; posterior side lengthened and
rounded ; surface smooth, with transverse, nearly regular,
somewhat sharp wrinkles and intervening lines ; cardinal teeth
small; lateral tooth large and long; back and base gently
curved ; muscular impressions very deep,

The Inferior Oolite, Cropredy, near Bambury, Oxfordshire.

9. Carpinta scutuLa,—The Scuttle-shaped Cardinia, p.
LXXXVIII. figs. 13, 14.

Pachyodon concinna. Stutchbury, Aun. Nat. Hist, VILT.
p, 485, pl. 10, fig, 15. Unio concinnus. Goldfuss, pl. 132, f. 2,

Much elongated transversely ; compressed; beaks obtuse
and approximate; hinge-line gently curved; lunule long and
very narrow ; anterior side short and rounded ; posterior side
lengthened, and somewhat acute ; back and base moderately
arcuated ; the point of the basal line a little turned up behind ;
surface smooth, with nearly equidistant lines of growth, and
intervening shallow lines,

214

In the Lias, Langar, Nottinghamshire, and Saltford and
Weston.

This is not the Unio concinna of Sowerby—that shell being more
regularly ovate and considerably shorter in proportion than Cardinia
scutula, which is also more acuminated and inclining upwards at the
posterior side than P. concinna.

10. Carpryia cRasstssiaa.—The Very Thick Cardinia,
pl. LXXIV. fig. &.

Pachyodon crassissima. Stutchbury, Ann. Nat. Hist. VIII.
p. 483, pl. 9, fig. 7. Unio crassissimus. Sowerby, II. p.
121, pl. 153.

Ovate, very thick; beaks much incurved and acute ; hinge-
line considerably arcuated, with a large triangular cardinal
tooth fitted into a pit in the opposite valye, and a very
broad, curved, and long lateral tooth in each valve, with
grooves for their reception in the opposing valves; ante-
rior side rather short and rounded ; posterior side long, and
slightly narrowed at its lower angle; beak convex, the base
nearly straight; surface with rather regular, equidistant,
transverse lines of growth; muscular impressions deep.

The Inferior Oolite, Dundry, Somersetshire.

11. CARDINIA cRAsstUscULA.—The Thickened Cardinia,
pl. LXXIV. fig. 18.

Pachyodon crassiusculus. Stutchbury, Ann. Nat. Hist. Supp.
VIII. p. 483, pl. 9, fig. 8. Unio crassiusculus, Sowerby, I.
p- 191, pl. 185. Pudlastra antiqua, Phillips, Geo. York, I.
pl. 18, fig. 16.

Regularly elliptical, sub-compressed ; valves very thick ;
beaks depressed, and projecting beyond the elliptical line,
with fine, very slightly incurved points; hinge-line un-
dulous, much thickened; muscular impressions deep ; pallial
impressions strongly defined; both sides almost equally
rounded ; back and base moderately arcuated ; surface smooth,
with a few equidistant, remote, shallow lines of growth.

In the Lias at Langar, Cheltenham, Blue Anchor, Somer-
setshire, and Robin Hood’s Bay, Yorkshire.

12. Carpinta Hysrips.—The Mongrel Cardinia, pl.
LXXIV. fig. 19.

Pachyodon hybridus, Stutchbury, Ann. Nat. Hist. VIII.
Supp. p. 482, pl. 9, figs. 8, 4. Unio hybrida. Sowerby, II.
p- 123, pl. 154, fig. 2.

Cuneiform, sub-triangular ; hinge-line curved; beaks
closely approximating ; the lunule elongated, lanceolate, and
deeply impressed ; anterior side concave below the beaks, and
rounded beneath ; posterior side considerably arcuated from
the beaks to the base, which is concave ; surface smooth, with
transverse, rather deep furrows, or lines of growth.

The Lias at Langar, Nottinghamshire, and near Cheltenham.

Sus-Divis1on I[.—With one or two lateral teeth.

Genus XXXVIII.—DONAX.—Linneus.

Shell transverse, trigonal, equivalve, inequilateral ; outer
surface generally coyered with a thin horny epidermis; ante-

CONCHIFERA.

T RIGONELLITES.

rior side for the most part the shorter; left valve with two
more or less distinct cardinal teeth ; right valve with only one
cardinal tooth, which is generally cleft at its extremity ; later-
al teeth variable, either one or two very minute and remote ;
two muscular impressions in each valve, that of the mantle
with a large sinus; ligament external and short.

1. Donax tTRuNcuLUS.—The Little Stock Donax, pl.
LXXXIX. figs. 6, 7.

D. trunculus. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 97, pl. 39,
fig. 11.

Transversely oblong, somewhat compressed ; beaks small ;
anterior side nearly straight above, and rather contracted ;
posteriorly rounded ; surface smooth, with fine radiating, lon-
gitudinal strie ; internal margin crenulated.

The Mammiferous Crag, Bramerton.

Genus XXXIX.—TRIGONELLITES.— Parkinson.

Shell slightly rounded, trigonal, thick ; gaping on each side ;
anterior side nearly straight; posterior side gently waving ;
hinge-line quite linear ; destitute of teeth ; with an appro-
priate surface on the anterior margin of each valve, for the
attachment of the cartilage externally ; no visible muscular
impressions ; substance of the shell very thick.

1. TRIGONELLITES LATUS.—The Broad Trigonellites, pl.
LXXV. fig. 6.

T. latus. Parkinson, Org. Rem. III. p. 184, pl. 13, figs.
9, 10, 11.

Sub-triangular ; anterior side concaye below the beaks, and
rounded beneath ; posterior side nearly straight, with a longi-
tudinal shallow furrow extending from the beaks to the side ;
basal line arcuated ; surface smooth, with concentric shallow
lines of growth ; beaks acute ; inside of the valves porous.

The Kimmeridge Clay, Whitchurch, Buckinghamshire, and
Southrey.

2. TRIGONELLITES poLitus.—The Polished Trigonellites,
pl. LXXIL* fig. 16.

T. politus. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 5, fig. 8.

Considerably elongated transversely, its breadth being more
than twice its length; anterior side extremely short, and
nearly in a straight line with the very obtuse beaks, which
are quite terminal; posterior side lengthened, with a very
wide, shallow, obliquely, longitudinal furrow, emanating from
the back of the umbones, and terminating on the margin, which
is a little cleft. Surface smooth, with minute, shallow lines
of growth; back nearly straight ; base a little curved.

The Oxford Clay, Yorkshire and Wiltshire.

8. TRIGONELLITES ANTIQUATUS.—The Antiquated Trigo-
nellites, pl. LX XII.” fig. 12.

Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 3, fig. 26.
Transversely oblong-ovate; anterior side very short, rounded,
and hardly extending beyond the obtuse beaks ; posterior side
long and rounded, a deep furrow extending from behind the
beaks, and terminating on the margin ; beneath this a shallow
furrow ; back arcuated, with many rather wide, transverse,
equidistant furrows ; the other portions of the shell with wide-
set, concentric, very narrow furrows, crossed by several
radiations ; basal line alittle concave in the middle.

T. antiquatus.

OC Ce eee

Lueina.

Genus XL.—LUCINA —Bruguiere.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, usually orbicular, lenticular,
and sub-depressed ; teeth variable, most commonly two minute
cardinal teeth divergent from the umbo, frequently nearly ob-
solete ; in one valve one lateral tooth on each side of the
umbo, and two on each side in the other; the anterior lateral
ones being situate near the primary teeth, and the posterior
immediately behind the ligament ; two muscular impressions
remote from each other, the anterior one generally extruded
backwards and downwards in the form of an elongated band ;
pallial impression destitute of a sinus; ligament external,
elongated, and partly hidden by the inflected margins of the
valves when closed, consequently, the internal tendinous por-
tion is frequently sunk into a deep, elongated cavity, situate
between the teeth and hinge margin.

1, Luctna pespecta.—The Despised Lucina, pl. LXXXIX.
fig. 5.

LL. despectus. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 9, fig. 8.

Nearly orbicular; beaks large and obtuse ; anterior side a
little smaller than the posterior ; surface smooth, with remote
lines of growth.

The Great Oolite, Cloughton Wyke, and the Inferior
Oolite, Blue Wick.

2. LuctINa LIRATA.

L. livata. Phillips, Geo. York, pl. 6, fig. 11.

Sub-orbicular, anterior side short, the line from the apex
being very slightly bent ; a longitudinal furrow close to the side
line ; posterior side rounded ; surface with many concentric,
narrow furrows, nearly straight, in the centre of the valves,
and turning abruptly up at both ends, those in the posterior
side bounded by the furrow.

The Kelloways Rock, Scarborough.

3. Lucina Goopuatii.—Goodhall’s Lucina, pl. LX X XIX.
figs. 1, 2, 3.

L£. Goodhallii. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. p. 136, pl.
8, fig. 6.

Sub-globose ; anterior side concave, posteriorly rounded ;
lunette broad, flat, and rather deeply sunk, meeting near the
edge, with a broad and a narrow groove on each side of it ;
surface nearly smooth.

The London Clay, Highgate and Sheppy.

4. Luctina GLoposa.—The Globular Lucina,p]. LXXXIX.
fig. 17.

L. globosa. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 335, pl. 11,
fig. 2.

Nearly globular, anterior side straight for a short distanco
below the beak; posteriorly with a long flattened space ;
beaks sub-acute ; base much arcuated ; surface smooth, with
some shallow lines of growth, which are peculiarly waved near
the posterior margin.

The Upper Greensand, Kent and Sussex.

5. Lucina mites.—The Gentle Lucina, pl. LXX XIX.
fig. 16.

L. mites. Sowerby, VI. p. 107, pl. 557, fig. 1.

Circular, convex ; lunette oval, and very deep; surface
covered with minute, longitudinal, numerous striw, crossed by
very regular lamin ; cardinal teeth obscure, and destitute of

CONCHIFERA. 215

a lateral tooth ; inside rough, but not punetated like many of
its congeners.

The London Clay, Barton and Highgate.

6. Lucina GiGanTEA.—The Gigantic Lucina, pl. LXX XTX.
fig. 33.

L. gigantea. Deshayes, Coq. Foss. p. 91, pl. 15, fs. 11, 12.

Very broad, smooth, sometimes sub-striated, and internally
punctated ; hinge toothless, umbones large ; length frequently
upwards of three inches and a-half ; breadth three inches and
three quarters.

The London Clay, Barton.

7. Lucina pivaricata.—The Divergent Lucina, pl.
LXXXIX. fig. 25.

L. divaricata. Lamarck, Eny. de Paris, p. 244, Sowerby,
V. p. 18, pl. 417.

Circular, gibbose ; surface with two sets of arcuated, ob-
lique, convergent strie, crossed by three or four deep, well-
marked lines of growth; inside dull, and a little granulated ;
substance of the shell thick.

The Mammiferous Crag, Bramerton, and the Red Crag,
Sutton and Barton.

8. LuctnA rapuna.—The Rasp Lucina, pl. LXXXIX.
fig. 19.

L. radula. Brown’s Illust. Conch. Brit. and Ireland. Z.
antiquata. Sowerby, VI. p. 108, pl. 557, fig. 2.

Circular, convex; lunette lanceolate, flat; surface with
many irregular, concentric, sharp lamine ; anterior side an-
gular ; substance of the shell moderately thick.

The Red Crag, Sutton and Ramshot ; Mammiferous Crag,
Thorpe.

9. Lucina crassa—The Thick Lucina, pl. LXXXIX.
figs. 9, 10.

L. crassa. Sowerby, VI. p. 108, pl. 557, fig. 3.

Nearly circular, somewhat broader than long; convex ;
beaks very small, ‘superior margin obtuse ; lunette linear,
sunk ; surface with slightly elevated, concentric lamine ;
valves thick.

The Caleareous Grit, Cloughton Wyke, Yorkshire.

10. Lucrna orpicutaris.—The Orbicular Lucina, pl.
LXXXIX. figs. 11, 12.

L. orbicularis. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. p. 341, pl. 16,
fig. 13.

Nearly orbicular; a little elongated; convex ; beaks small,
central, remote ; sides equal ; surface with numerous, divergent,
longitudinal, frequently forked strie, and a few distant lines
of growth.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

11. Luctna p1sum.—The Pea Lucina, pl. LXXXIX. fig. 13.

I. pisum. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. IV. p. 341, pl.
16, fig. 14.

Nearly orbicular; beaks obtuse; surface with fifteen or
more concentric, reflected ridges.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

12. Lucina Porrianpica.—The Portland Lucina, pl.
LXXXIX. fig. 15.

L. Portlandica. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. p. 347, pl. 22,
fig. 12.

Orbicular, compressed ; beaks nearly central and small ; sides
equal ; surface with fine, very regular, concentric strix.

216

The Portland Stone, Swindon.

13. Lucina_ Laminata.—The
LXXXIX. fig. 20.

L. laminata. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 209, pl. 5, f. 12.

Transyersely ovate, much compressed, slightly oblique ; an-
terior side very short; beaks obtuse ; posterior side large and
rounded ; surface with transverse imbricated ridges.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland, Yorkshire.

14 Lucrya scuneta.—The Engraven Lucina, pl.
LXXXIX. fig. 8.

L. sculpta. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 2, fig. 15.

Sub-trigonal, transversely elongated; anterior side ex-
tremely short and straight, not extending beyond the obtuse
beaks; back nearly straight; posterior side truncated ; a
ridge extending obliquely from the lower side of the beaks to
the basal margin, which is straight ; surface with transverse
curved ridges posteriorly, which are abruptly angulated from
the ridge.

The London Clay, Speeton, Yorkshire.

15. Lucrya pu Noyvert—Du Noyer’s Lucina, pl.
LXXXIX. fig. 21.

LI. du Noyeri Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 571, pl. 38, fig. 12.

Orbicular, slightly oblique, compressed; beaks placed a
little towards the anterior side, and protruding a little beyond
the hinge line; surface with fine concentric, thread-like
striae.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Eifel, Tyrone, Ireland.

16. Luctna PuExvosa.—The Flexuous Lucina, pl.
LXXXIX. fig. 22.

L. flexuosa. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 442. Cryptodon
flexuosa. Brown, Illust. Brit. Conch. p. 99, pl. 39, figs.
4, Oo.

Transversely sub-globular, with a furrow, or flexure, eman-
ating from the back and terminating on the margin ; surface
smooth ; substance of the shell thin.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Dalmuir, Clyde.

17. Luctna unpata.—Thbe Wavyed Lucina, pl. LXX XIX.
fig. 24.

LL. undata.
figs. 1, 2.

Nearly orbicular, moderately convex, flexuous ; beaks pro-
minent and slightly inflated; surface with numerous fine,
close-set, irregular, concentric striw, which, in some instances,
run into irregular wrinkles.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ayrshire.

18. Luctva rotunpata.—The Rounded Lucina, pl.
LXXXIX. fig. 18.

L. rotundata. Brown, Rec. Con. Brit. p. 98. pl. 40, f. 11.

Orbicular, moderately convex ; beaks small, nearly central
and obtuse, slightly inflated ; surface with very fine concentric
striae.

The Red and Coral Crags, Sutton.

19. Lucrna pierrarta.—The Finger- Striated Lucina.

Fellina digitaria. Turton, Ann. King, IV. p. 196. Chem-
nitz, VI. pl. 12; figs. 120, 121.

Sub-globular ; surface surrounded with uniform striz, which
incline obliquely towards the outer margin, like the lines at
the ends of the fingers, giving it the appearance of being
spirally striated.

Laminated Lucina, pl.

Brown, Illust. Ree. Conch. Brit. p. 98, pl. 39,

CONCHIFERA.

TELLINA.

Genus XLI.—CORBIS.—Cuvier.

Shell transverse, equivalve, free, oval, thick, extremely
ventricose, and sub-equilateral ; umbones small and incurved,
two cardinal and two lateral teeth in each valve, the posterior
one placed nearer to the cardinal teeth than the other, which
is rather remote from the umbones, and situate near the termi-
nation of the ligament ; two lunulate muscular impressions in
each valve, simple, somewhat oblong in form, and placed close
behind the umbones ; pallial impression entire, and destitute
of a sinus ; ligament external, the parts to which it adheres
forming a deep groove when the valves are closed.

C. levis. Plate IX. fig. 17.

1. Corpis Ltxvis.—The Smooth Corbis, pl. LXX XIX.
fig. 32.

C. levis. Sowerby, VI. p. 156, pl. 580.

Slightly gibbose, transversely oval, its breadth considerably
exceeding its length ; posterior extremity with transverse im-
brications, the other portions smooth; margin entire.

The Coralline Rag, Malton, and near Oxford; and the
Kelloways Rock, South Cave.

2. CorBis oyaLis.—The Oval Corbis, pl. LXXXIX. f. 28.

C. ovalis. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 5, fig. 29.

Transyersely oblong-oyal; beaks rather large, prominent,
and incurved ; surface smooth, with distinct concentric lines
of growth.

The Kelloways Rock, Scarborough.

3. CorBis UNIFoRMIS.—The Uniform Corbis, pl. LX X XIX.
fig. 4. ‘

C. uniformis. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 12, fig. 3.

Oval, slightly contracted at both extremities ; beaks central,
and hardly produced ; surface smooth, with indistinct lines of
growth.

The Upper Lias Shale, Whitby, Yorkshire.

Genus XLIIL—TELLINA.—Linneus.

Shell compressed, transverse, sub-equivalve, inequilateral ;
posterior side usually rounded; the anterior somewhat pro-
duced, or beaked and angular; anterior yentral margin with
an irregular flexuosity ; generally with two cardinal teeth in
each valve, but only one in some instances ; usually two late-
ral teeth in both valves ; but sometimes with only one, and, for
the most part, remote from the primaries ; two distant mus-
cular impressions ; pallial impression with a very large sinus ;
ligament external. f

1, TeLuIna pDoNActALEs.—The Donax-like Tellina, pl.
LXXXIX. fig. 51.

Tellina donaciales. Lamarck, Ann. du Mus. VII. p. 233,
No. 5. Deshayes, Coq. Foss. p. 83, pl. 12, figs. 7, 8, 11, 12.

Shell obliquely ovate ; sub-trigonal, inequilateral, smooth
and thin; anterior side short and rounded ; very slightly in-
flexed and sub-angulated.

Found in the London Clay at Hedgerly.

2. TELLINA SUB-ROTUNDUS.—The Half-rounded Tellina, pl.
LXXNIX. fig. 46.

TELLINA.

Tellina sub-rotundus.
figs. 16, 17.

Shell orbicular, deep, thick ; surface covered with numerous
thin concentric strie ; sub-plicated on the anterior side ; hinge
with two teeth in one valve and one in the other; and with
one lateral tooth.

Found in the London Clay at Bracklesham.

3. TELLINA TENUIS.—The Thin Tellina, pl. LX X XIX. f, 26.

T. tenuis. Brown, Ill. Ree. Conch. Brit. p. 100, pl. 40,
fig. 19.

Transversely ovate, much compressed, extremely thin and
fragile; beaks small, nearly central; surface with extremely
fine, concentric, irregular strive.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Dalmuir, the Forth and
Ayrshire.

4. TeLtina raABuLA.—False Tellina, pl. LX X XIX. fig. 34.

T. fabula. Brown, Ill. Rec. Con. Brit. p. 101, pl. 40, f. 18.

Transyersely elongated, much compressed, and flexuous,
thin ; posterior side narrowed, and obliquely truncated ; ante-
rior side rounded ; beaks very small; and nearly central ; left
valve with yery fine, regular, diagonal strie; right valve
plain, with remote irregular concentric stri«.

The Mammiferous Crag, Bramerton.

5.TELLINA DoNACINA.—Donax Tellina, pl]. LXXXIX. f. 31.

T. donacina. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 101, pl.
40, fig. 16.

Transyersely oblong ovate, thin, compressed ; beaks small,
placed much to one side, which is sub-truncated and angular
below ; opposite side much rounded ; surface with fine con-
centric stria.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

6. Tenuina riNxquatts.—The Unequal Tellina, pi.
LXXXIX. fig. 30.

T. inequalis. Sowerby, V. p. 80, pl. 456, fig. 2.

Oval, convex, smooth; anterior side obtuse. its surface with
fine striw radiating from the beak, a little angular below ; pos-
terior side longer and rounded ; beaks nearly central.

The Lower Greensand, Parham.

7. Tevtina Branpert.—Brander’s Tellina, pl. LXAXXIX.
fig. 27.

T. Branderi. Sowerby, IV. p. 143, pl. 402, fig. 1.

Sub-orbicular, slightly transverse, compressed; anterior
margin with a small sinus; beaks nearly central and pro-
duced.

The London Clay, Barton.

8. TeLtina oBLiqua.—The Oblique Tellina, pl. LX X XIX.
fig. 37.

T. obliqua. Sowerby, II. p. 137, pl. 161, fig. 1.

Sub-orbicular, oblique ; beaks nearly central, anterior side
gently curving to near the centre of the valve, where there is
a small angle ; posterior side with a slight ridge; surface
smooth, muscular impressions large.

The Mammiferous Crag, Postwick and Ramshot ; the Red
Crag, Sutton.

9. TeLLina ovATA.—Ovate Tellina, pl. LX XXIX. fig. 46.

T. ovata. Sowerby, II. p. 138, pl. 161, tig. 2.

Transversely ovate; anterior side with furrow, and a little
contracted ; posterior side rounded; surface smooth, with
rather regular, deeply marked lines of growth ; beaks small,

Deshayes, Coq. Foss. p. 81, pl. 12,

CONCHIFERA.

217

The Mammiferous Crag, Bramerton, and the Red Crag,
Sutton.

10. TrLLmNA spPLENDENS.—The Splendid Tellina, pl.
LXXXIX. figs, 35, 36.

T. splendens. Sowerby, Geo, Tr. V. p. 136, pl. 8, fig. 6.

Transversely ovate, convex ; beaks central, small ; posterior
side pointed and bent to the right ; surface highly polished.

The London Clay, Highgate.

11, Tevcina ritosa.—The Threaded Tellina, pl. LXX XIX.
fig. 38.

T. filosa, Sowerby, LV. p. 143, pl. 402, fig. 2.

Sub-triangular ; anterior side gently sloping above; trun-
cated, with an angular point beneath; aslight ridge and fur-
row emanating from the beak terminates on the base ; pos-
terior side rounded; surface coyered with numerous acute,
elevated, thread-like, concentric strize, which are enlarged an-
teriorly, and curved upwards as they pass over the eleyation.

The London Clay, Barton.

12. Tetnina caLcarEA.—The Chalky
LXXXIX. fig. 41.

T. calcarea. Chemnitz, VI. pl. 13, fig. 136. TZ. prowima.
Brown, Wern. Mem. VIII. pl. 1, fig. 21.

Transversely ovate, compressed, thin ; beaks small, nearly
central; surface with many irregular, concentric striz ; an-
terior side narrowed, posterior side rounded.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Dalmuir and Bute ; the
Mammiferous Crag, Bramerton, and the Red Crag, Sutton.

13. Tetuina ampicua.—The Ambiguous Tellina, pl.
LXXXIX. fig. 42.

T. ambigua. Sowerby, IV. p. 144, pl. 403.

Transversely oblong-oval, rather convex, valves unequal,
right valve thicker, curved, and more convex than the other,
with one tooth only; both sides equally rounded, beaks ob-
tuse and small ; surface obscurely sulcated, deeper at the sides.

The Upper Marine Formation, Bramerton, and Colwell Bay.

14. Tenumya aAmpiiata.—The Enlarged Tellina, pl.
LXXXIX. fig. 47.

T. ampliata. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 3, fig. 24.

Sub-orbicular; beaks nearly central; surface with many
lines of growth ; anterior side straight from the beaks, with a
gentle ridge ; posterior side large and rounded,

The Coral Rag, Malton, Yorkshire.

15. Te.xiNa stR1ATULA.—The Partly-striated Tellina, pl.
LXXXIX. fig. 29.

T. striatula. Sowerby, V. p. 79, pl. 456, fig. 1.

Much elongated transversely ; its width double its length ;
rather convex, anterior side shortest, a little pointed, with a
slight elevation on its surface which is smooth, with a few
longitudinal indistinct striz, posterior side rounded,

The Greensand, Blackdown.

16. TeLuina soLipuLaA.—The Thick Tellina, pl. LX XXIX.
fig. 55,

T. solidula.
40, fig. 14.

Sub-orbicular, strong, thick, convex ; anterior side arcuated,
with a longitudinal furrow terminating below in an angle, pos-
terior side rounded ; beaks nearly central and straight ; sur-
face smooth, with a few transyerse, obsolete wrinkles.

The Upper Marine Formation, Headon Hill.

2¥

Tellina, pl.

Brown, Ill, Ree. Conch, Brit, p, 101, pl.

218

Genus XLIII.—ARCOPAGIA.—Leach.

Shell thick, transverse, slightly inequivalye, inequilateral ;
right valve sub-depressed ; beaks very small, nearly straight ;
with two primary teeth in both valves, each of the larger ones
cleft ; left valve with two remote, lateral teeth, that on the
anterior side large, with a sinus betwixt it and the margin,
for the reception of the lateral tooth of the opposite valve,
muscular impressions large and deep; pallial impression
interrupted by a broad, very large, tongue-shaped, oblique,
nearly central sinus, reaching two-thirds across the valves, both
defined by a broad, deep, irregular groove; which passes
through the muscular impressions; margin very broad and
glossy, as far as the pallial impressions ; ligament sub-external,
near the centre punctated.

1. ARcopaGia crassa.—Thick Arcopagia, pl. LXXXIX.
fig. 39.

Tellina crassa. Turton, Brit. Bia. p. 109, pl. 7, £. 2, Arco-
pagia crassa, Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 99, pl. 40, f. 8.

Transversely sub-ovate, somewhat oblique and twisted, and
slightly unequal valved, the left one being the longer, and
considerably more convex than the other; beaks short and
rather obtuse, and sub-central; whole surface with pretty
regular, strong, concentric stri#, which become wider as
they approach the base, with irregular lines of growth ; from
the beaks a well-marked furrow emanates, and terminates on
the margin.

Mammiferous Crag, Postwick, and the Red Crag, Sutton.

Sus-pivision III.—SOLENAIRES.

Genus XLIV.—PSAMMOBIA.—Zamarchk.

Shell transverse, oblong, somewhat angular, gaping at each
extremity, and covered with a thin horny epidermis ; with two
short, bifid, cardinal teeth, in the left valve, and one in the
right; two distant, sub-orbicular, muscular impressions in both
valves, situate near each end of the valve; pallial impressions
with a very large sinus; ligament external, and supported
upon a prominent fulcrum.

1. PsamMmopria Ricip14.—The Rigid Psammobia, pl.
LXXXIII. fig. 16, and pl. LXXXIX. fig. 48.

P. rigida. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. pt. II. p. 617, pl. 8, fig. 3.

Considerably elongated transversely, its length not half its
width ; anterior side somewhat attenuated; posterior side
truncated; beaks obtuse, situate nearest the anterior side ;
base straight; surface with from ten to twelve sharp trans-
verse ribs and furrows; and three divergent ridges emanating
from the beaks and passing towards the base.

The Lower Ludlow Rock, near Aymestry.

2, PsaAmMmosria FrRRoENSIS.—The Ferro Psammobia, pl.
LXXXIX. fig. 44.
P. Ferroensis.

40, figs. 1, 2.

Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 101, pl.

CONCHIFERA.

PsaMMosia.

Transversely elongated, compressed ; anterior side obliquely
truncated, and with an elevated ridge running from the beaks
to the base ; posteriorly a little contracted and rounded ; sur-
face with strong transverse strie, which are angulated on the
truncations.

The Coral Rag, Sutton.

3. PSAMMOBIA VESPERTINA.—The Bat’s-wing Psammobia,
pl. LXXXIX, fig. 54. :

P. vespertina. Brown, Ill. Ree. Conch. Brit. p. 102, pl.
29, figs. 30, 31.

Transyersely oblong ovate, both sides rounded ; beaks small,
nearly central ; surface with fine concentric striae.

The Coral Crag, Ramshot.

4. Psammospra soLtipA.— The Solid Psammobia, pl.
LXXXIX. fig. 47.

P. solida. Sowerby, IV. p. 55, pl. 342.

Transyersely elongated, compressed, slightly twisted ; ante-
rior side obliquely truncated, with a ridge running from the
beaks to the margins, and forming a point ; surface smooth.

The Upper Marine Formation, Headon Hill.

5. PsamMMmosia TELLINOIDES.—The Tellina-like Psammo-
bia, pl. LX X XTX. fig. 49.

P. tellinoides. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 176, pl.
21, fig. 6.

Oblong ovate ; anteriorly slightly rounded, with a few short
longitudinal strie ; the rest of the shell smooth; posterior side
rounded ; beaks nearly central.

The Wealden, Pomiesfield, Sussex.

6. PsamMopia GRAcILis.—The Slender Psammobia, pl.
LXXXIX. fig. 45.

P. gracilis. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 341, pl. 16,
fig. 12.

Transversely elongated, the breadth double the length, near-
ly cylindrical ; anterior side obliquely truncated, with an acute
point below; surface with many transverse striz, which are
eleyated at their extremities, and abruptly angular on the
truncations.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

7. Psammopra Scoputa.—The Scopula’s Psammobia, pl.
LXXXIX. fig. 50.

P. Scopula. Turton, Brit. Biv. p. 98, pl. 6, fig. 5.

Transversely oblong ; kidney-shaped ; beaks nearly cen-~
tral; sides equally rounded ; anterior side striated in two direc-
tions ; the rest of the surface smooth.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

8. PsammosiA FLorIDA.—The Florid Psammobia, pl.
LXXXIX. fig. 53.

P. florida. Turton, Brit. Biy. p. 86, pl. 6, fig. 9.

Transyersely oblong oval; beaks nearly central; both sides
almost equally rounded; surface with close-set, concentric
strix, and minute longitudinal ones.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

9. PsamMmMopia Lavicata.—The Smooth Psammobia, pl.
LXXXIX. fig. 52.

P. leviata. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 4, fig. 5.

Transversely elongated ; obliquely truncated anteriorly, and
rounded pesteriorly ; beaks small, sub-central ; surface smooth.

The Great Oolite, Cloughton and Scarborough ; and the
Inferior Oolite, Blue Wick.

SANGULNOLARIA.

Genus XLV.—SANGUINOLARIA.—Lamarck.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transverse, sub-elliptical, or
oyate ; sometimes transversely oblong, compressed, and for the
most part thin, and generally covered with a glossy, olivaceous
epidermis ; length of the two sides of each valve varying in
different species, and gaping at both extremities; margins
generally rounded, but not parallel to each other ; both valves
provided with two cardinal teeth, but destitute of lateral teeth ;
ligament external, the fulerum or space to which it is attached
generally prominent; two very irregularly shaped, lateral,
muscular impressions in each valve, pallial impressions with a
large sinus.

1. SanGurvoLariaA aTTenvaTa.— Attenuated Sanguino-
laria, pl. XC. fig. 11.

S. attenuata. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 435, pl. 36, fig. 3.

Much elongated transversely ; rounded at the anterior side,
and attenuated posteriorly ; rounded at the terminations ; sur-
face smooth ; destitute of a diagonal ridge.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Errigle Keerogue, Tyrone,
Treland.

2. SANGUINOLARIA LIRATA.—The Ridged Sanguinolaria,
pl. XC. fig. 8.

S. lirata. Phillips, Pal. Foss. p. 136, pl. 58, fig. 53*, a, b.

Transyersely elongated, width more than double the length ;
convex ; anteriorly rounded, and posteriorly sub-truncated and
ridged; surface smooth, with acute thread-like strie parallel
to the margin ; strongest on the posterior portion.

Devonian Rocks, Pilton, North Devonshire.

5. SancurvoLaria vetusta.—The Ancient Sanguinolaria,
pl. XC. fig. 15.

S. cetusta. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 14, fig. 1.

Oblong ovate; anteriorly short and narrowed, and long
and expanded posteriorly ; with strong, concentric lines of
growth.

The Lias, Robin Hood’s Bay, Yorkshire.

4. Saneurnotarta Hottowaysu.—Holloway’s Sanguino-
laria.

S. Hollowaysii. Sowerby, II. p. 133, pl. 159.

Much elongated transversely ; beaks very small, situate
near the posterior side, which is short ; anterior side lengthen-
ed and expanded; surface smooth, with rather short lines of
growth; a furrow extends from the beak on the anterior side
to the margin ; shell thin.

The Londen Clay, Bracklesham Bay.

5. SANGUINOLARIA comMPREssA.—Compressed Sanguino-
laria, pl. XC. fig. 20.

S. compressa. Sowerby, V. p. 91, pl. 462.

Transversely oblong ovate compressed ; anterior side largest,
with a rounded truncation; surface rather smooth ; several
obscure rays emanate from the beaks and terminate on the mar-
gins; posterior side obliquely truncated ; shell thin.

The London Clay, Barton and Bracklesham.

6. SanaurnoLarra TUMIDA.—The Tumid Sanguinolaria,
pl. XC. fig. 13.

S. tumida. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 208, pl. 5, fig. 5.

Transyersely elongated; diagonally gibbous ; hinge-line
straight ; surface supposed to be imbricated.

CONCHIFERA.

219

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland, Coalbrook Dale,
Kirby, Lonsdale, and Kildare, Ireland.

7. SANGUINOLARIA arcuata—The Arcuated Sanguino-
laria, pl. XC. fig. 16.

S. arcuata. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 208, pl. 5, fig. 4.

Transversely elongated ; anterior side short and attenuated ;
posteriorly lengthened and expanded; hinge-line arcuated ;
surface smooth.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Harelaw, Northumberland.

8. SANGUINOLARIA ANGUSTATA.—The Narrowed Sanguino-
laria, pl. XC. fig. 12.

S. angustata. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 208, pl. 5, fig. 2.

Much elongated transversely ; compressed ; posterior side
smooth, with a diagonal ridge from the beak to the margin ;
hinge-line straight ; surface with furrows parallel to the mar-
gin.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

9. SANGUINOLARIA MAXimMA.—The Large Sanguinolaria,
pl. XC. fig. 14.

S. maxima. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 434, pl. 36, fig. 1.

Transversely elongated and sub-quadrate; beaks situate
close to the anterior side, which is extremely short and nearly
square; hinge and basal lines quite parallel; surface with
many concentric furrows and stri.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Donaghery, Tyrone.

10. SaNGuINOLARIA OBLONGA.—The Oblong Sanguinolaria,
pl. XC. fig. 43.

S. oblonga. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 434, pl. 36, fig. 2.

Transyersely sub-quadrate; anterior side extremely short,
the beaks close to that side, and rounded ; posterior side
lengthened, and nearly straight at the end ; hinge and basal
lines parallel ; surface concentrically furrowed and striated.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Errigle and Keerogue, Tyrone.

11. SaNGurnoLaRta pLicata.—The Plaited Sanguinolaria,
pl. XC. fig. 19.

S. plicata. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 433, pl. 34, fig. 18.

Transyersely elongated; compressed ; anteriorly rounded,
and obliquely sub-truncated posteriorly ; beak near the ante-
rior side, from which a faint ridge proceeds to the margin ;
hinge-line straight, with a slight furrow below it; surface
with many transverse folds, parallel to the margin, until they
reach the ridge, where they run abruptly angular towards the
hinge-line.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Benburb, Tyrone.

12. SANGUINOLARIA UNDATA.—The Wayed Sanguinolaria.

S. undata. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 434, pl. 34, fig. 20.

Transversely elongated ; narrow ; hinge-line quite straight ;
a furrow extends from the beak to the posterior margin below
and almost parallel to the hinge-line ; surface with broad fur-
rows.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Tyrone and North Sunder-
land.

13. SANGUINOLARIA TRANSVERSA.—The Transverse San-
guinolaria, pl. XC. fig. 33.

S. transversa. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 434, pl. 34, fig. 21.

Extremely elongated transversely, compressed and short ;
anteriorly rounded and short ; beaks near to this side; poste-
rior side much lengthened, obliquely truncated, with a diago-
nal ridge extending from the beaks to the margins ; hinge-line

220

nearly straight ; surface with concentric furrows, which be-
come suddenly angular as they pass over the ridge and proceed
to the hinge-line.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Fermanagh, Ireland, and
Loweek.

14. SANGUINOLARIA PARVULA.—The Small Sanguinolaria,
pl. XC. fig. 38.

S. parcvula. Bean, Mag. Nat. Hist. N.S. III. p. 59, f. 18.

Transyersely oblong oval, compressed, smooth, with a few re-
mote lines of growth ; anterior side somewhat rounded ; poste-
riorly more acute and sub-truncated ; beaks nearly central, and
very obtuse ; length, a quarter of an inch ; breadth, half an inch.

The Cornbrash, Scarborough, Yorkshire.

15. SANGUINOLARIA ELEGANS.—The Elegant Sanguinolaria,
pl. XC. fig. 28.

S. elegans. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 12, fig. 9.

Elliptical ; anterior side a little narrowed and rounded ;
posterior side obliquely sub-truncated; hinge-line nearly
straight ; beaks obtuse ; surface with many regular transverse
furrows emanating from the anterior side, and terminating
where the diagonal sides pass from the beak to the margin,
where it produces an angle.

The Lias, Upper Shale, Yorkshire.

16. SancurnonaRiA ELLIPTICA—The Elliptical Sanguino-
laria, pl. XC. fig. 18.

S. elliptica. Phillips, Pal. Foss. p. 34, pl. 17. fig. 53.

Nearly elliptical and equilateral ; hinge-line almost-straight ;
the sides rounded; beaks obtuse; surface concentrically striated.

The Devonian Rocks, Combe, near Ashburton, and Yealm
Bridge, near Launceston.

17. SANGUINOLARIA GIBBosA.—The Gibbous Sanguinolaria,
pl. XC. fig. 29.

S. gibbosa. Sowerby, V. p. 92, pl. 548, fig. 3.

Much elongated transversely; gibbose, smooth ; sides
slightly gaping and rounded ; beaks obtuse, situated near the
anterior side ; surface smooth.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Ireland.

18. SANGUINOLARIA suLcATA.—The Furrowed Sanguino-
laria, pl. XC. fig. 41.

S. sulcata. Phillips, II. p. 209, pl. 5, fig. 5.

Transversely elongated; anteriorly short and narrowed ;
posteriorly lengthened, and somewhat expanded ; beaks obtuse,
situate near the anterior side; hinge-line a little curved and
hollow ; surface transversely furrowed, which become broad at
the posterior side ; a few obsolete, longitudinal strie.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Otterburn and Kendal.

Trise If.—LITHOPHAGI.

Boring shells, destitute of accessory pieces, and more or less
gaping at their anterior side ; ligament of the valves external.

Genus XLVI.—PETRICOLA.—Lamarck.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transverse, for the most part

CONCHIFERA.

Sprenia.

rather triangular ; but some species are transversely elongated,
and others sub-quadrate; posterior side rounded; anterior
side somewhat produced, more or less attenuated, and gene-
rally gaping; each valye provided with two cardinal teeth,
which, in some instances, are curved and acute, especially the
posterior tooth in the left valve, and the anterior tooth in the
right; the teeth are sometimes grooved internally, and the
anterior touth in one valve is broad and bifid; and in some
instances the teeth are obtuse and short; two muscular im-
pressions in each valve, that on the posterior side somewhat
oblong, and the anterior one sub-orbicular ; pallial impression
with a large sinus; ligament external, but, in some species,
nearly concealed by the prominent anterior margin of the
valves near the beaks.

1. Perricora tNrLatTA.—The Inflated Petricola, pl. XC.
figs. 1, 2, 3.

Sub-triangular, gibbose, and somewhat cordiform ; beaks
produced and approximate, anteriorly short, rounded below ;
posterior side with the hinge-line angular, and obliquely trun-
cated at the terminations; surface smooth, with an obscure
ridge on the posterior side from the beaks to the margin, and
with remote shallow lines of growth.

Found in the Lias, while cutting for Kirby Tunnel beyond
Coventry.

2. PerricoLa LavIs.—The Smooth Petricola, pl. XC. f. 6, 7.

Obovate, sub-compressed ; beaks rather produced and ap-
proximate ; anterior side rounded and shortest ; posteriorly
lengthened, and a little narrowed; surface smooth, with re-
mote, irregular lines of growth.

In the Lias, at Barrow.

3. PrrricoLa LAmMINosa.—The Laminated Petricola, pl.
XC. figs. 4, 5.

P. laminosa. Sowerby, VI. p. 142, pl. 578.

Ovate, gibbose, anterior side shortest and rounded ; poste-
rior side somewhat acuminate ; beaks obtuse and approxi-
mate ; one broad cleft tooth in the left valve, and two small
ones in the other; surface with erect, laminated, concentric,
narrow ribs.

Fig. 5 is probably a distinct species.

In the Red Crag, Sutton, and the Coral Crag, Ramshot.

4, PETRICOLA CANALICULATA.—The Canaled Petricola.

P. canaliculata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 16, f. 11.

Orbicular, very convex ; beaks nearly central, and approxi-
mate ; surface with numerous longitudinal furrows, which are
nearly covered over ; internal edge granulated.

In the Greensand, Blackdown.

5. Prrricota Nuctrormis.—The Nut-shaped Petricola.

P. nuciformis. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 341, pl.
16, fig. 10.

Sub-orbicular, very convex; beaks nearly central, and
quite approximate ; surface longitudinally striated ; the inter-
nal edge serrated.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

Genus XLVIIL.—SPHENIA.—Turton.

Shell transverse, inequivalve, inequilateral ; genera] form

CorsuLa.

flattish, wedge-shaped, gaping at the anterior end; hinge of
the left valve with an elevated, transversely dilated tooth—
that of the right valye with a concave tooth, and a small
denticle behind it, destitute of lateral teeth; two small muscu-
lar impressions in each valve ; pallial impression with a large,
tongue-shaped sinus, emanating from the anterior side, and
reaching nearly the middle of the valves ; ligament external.

1. Spuenta BincuHami.—Bingham’s Sphenia, pl. XC. figs.
44, 45.

S. Binghami.
17, 18, and 22.

Transyversely oblong ovate ; anterior side short and rounded ;
posteriorly truncated ; beaks rather prominent, and not quite
opposite ; surface smooth.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

2. SpHenta Swarnsont.—Swainson’s Sphenia, pl. XC. f. 37.

S. Swainsoni. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 104, pl.
42, figs. 16, 23, 24.

Transyersely oblong oval, wedge-shaped; anteriorly rounded
and short ; posteriorly elongated and truncate ; a concave tooth
lying horizontally and pointing inwards; surface smooth.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Bute.

Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. p. 104, pl. 42, figs.

Genus XLVIII.—SAXICAVA.—Lamarcek.

Shell transverse, irregular in form, generally oblong, inequi-
lateral, sub-equivalve, gaping anteriorly ; ligament exterior ;
two lateral muscular impressions in each valve ; pallial im-
pression interrupted, but not sinuated; hinge in the young
condition with sometimes two or three minute, obtuse, mostly
indistinet cardinal teeth, which become obsolete in the adult.

1. Saxicava RuGosA.—The Rugged Saxicava, pl. XC. fig.
17.
S. rugosa. Sowerby, V. p. 101, pl. 466. Brown, Ill. Rec.
Conch. Brit. p. 103, pl. 47, fig. 1.

Transyersely oblong ovate, gaping at one side ; beaks small,
obtuse, and placed near the anterior side ; posterior side sub-
truncated ; surface with irregular, rugged, concentric wrinkles.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Dalmuir and Bute,
Mammiferous Crag, Thompe, and the Red and Coral Crags,
Sutton.

Genus XLIX.—AGINA.— Turton.

Shell transverse, oval, equivalve, inequilateral, open at the
anterior side; hinge with a single erect, conic, penetrating
cardinal tooth in each valve, destitute of lateral teeth ; liga-
ment external.

1. AGINA puRPURA.—The Purple Agina, pl. XC. fs. 26, 27.

A. purpura. Turton, Brit. Biy. p. 55, pl. 4, fig. 9.

Transyersely oval; posterior side obliquely truncated ;
beaks prominent, close to the shorter anterior side; surface
with irregular, transverse strie ; length one-eighth of an inch,
breadth one-quarter.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

CONCHIFERA. 221

Trine I1].—CORBULACEA.
Shells inequivalvye, the ligament interior.

Genus L.—PANDORA.—Bruguiere.

Shell free, thin, internally pearlaceous, inequivalve, trans-
verse, inequilateral, the anterior side the longer, sub-rostrated,
and slightly gaping at its extremity ; one valve flat, with two
internal anterior ribs, and with its anterior margin turned
downwards, provided with a single, oblong, obtuse, cardinal or
hinge tooth, situate behind the ligament; the opposite valve
concave and destitute of teeth, but furnished with an indistinct
cicatrice on which the tooth of the flat valve rests when the
shell is closed ; in each valve are two distant, lateral, muscular
impressions ; ligament internal, its sides lodged in, and at-
tached to an elongated cicatrice, which lies inclined to the an-
terior side of the valyes; in some species the cicatrice is pro-
duced into an elongated divergent lamina, stretching from the
umbo towards the anterior side of the shell, and terminating
near the inner side of the anterior muscular impression.

1. PANDORA MARGARITACEA.—The Pearly Pandora, pl. XC.
figs. 23, 24, 25.

P. margaritacea. Turton, Brit. Biy. p. 40, pl. 3, figs. 11-14.

Transversely oblong ; arcuated ; one valve nearly flat, the
other moderately convex ; beaks situate near the anterior side,
which is rounded ; surface rather smooth and pearly.

The Red Crag, Walton Naze, and the Coral Crag, Sutton.

Genus LI.—CORBULA.—Bruguiére.

Shell inequivalvye, one valve being generally small and flat-
tened, the other large and convex ; sub-equilateral, transverse,
generally gibbose and close ; each valve usually furnished with
a single conical, recurved, ascending, pointed tooth, at the side
of which is a small concave depression, very deep in some
species, which serves either for the reception of the ligament,
or the tooth of the opposite valve; two distant, lateral, some-
what irregular muscular impressions in each yalve ; pallial
impression posteriorly angulated, with a very small sinus;
ligament internal, fixed to the tooth of the lesser valve, and
inserted in the depression by the side of the tooth in the larger
valve.

1. Corputa GaLLica.—The Maple-like Corbula, pl. XC.
figs. 1, 2, 3.

C. gallica. Tamarck, Ann. du Mas. VIII. p. 466, No. 1.
Ib. An. Son. Vert. V. p. 497, No. 10. Erey. Meth. pl. 230,
fig. 5, a,b,c. Deshayes, Coq. Foss. p. 49, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell transversely ovate; the larger valve turgid ; the um-
bones with thin, transverse striw; beaks smooth; smaller
valve with longitudinal remote rays.

Found in the London Clay at Bracklesham.

2. CorBuLA LoNGrRostTRUM.—The Long-beaked Corbula,
pl. XCI. figs. 6, 7.

222

C. longirostrum. Deshayes, Coq. Foss. p. 52, pl. 7, figs. 20,
21. Tellina cuspidata, (?) Olivi, Zoologia Adriatica, p. 101,
pl. 4, fig. 3.

Shell transversely ovate, with thin concentric striz ; a long
beak in front ; umbones very small.

Found in the London Clay at Bracklesham.

3. CorBULA sTRIATA.—Striated Corbula, pl. XCI. fig. 15.

C. striata. Lamarck, Ann. du Mus. VIII. p. 467, No. 3.
Ib. An. San. Ver. V. p. 497, No. 13.

Shell transversely oval, with a short beak ; surface covered
with numerous fine, thin, transverse striz.

Found in the London Clay at Bracklesham and Barton.

4, CorBuLA UMBonELLA.—The Little Shield Corbula, pl.
XCI. fig. 89.

C. umbonella. Deshayes, Coq. Fos. p. 52, pl. 7, figs. 18, 19.

Shell transversely ovate, thick, and globose, with a short
beak in front; umbones large, recurved, and prominent ; sur-
face with strong scaleriform striz.

Found in the London Clay at Bracklesham.

5. CoRBULA GIGANTEA.—Gigantic Corbula, pl. XCI. f. 38.

CO. gigantea. Sowerby, III. p. 13, pl. 209, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Gibbose, transversely oblong; anterior side produced and
recurved ; posterior and part of the front side furnished with
short spines, placed in longitudinal rows; surface concentric-
ally furrowed near the beaks; this side very concave, and
separated by an obscure ridge.

Young shells gibbose, with very equal ribs between furrows, being
broadest in the middle, and narrowing towards the sides.

The Greensand, Hants and Blackdown.

6. CorBuLa eLososa.—Globular Corbula, pl. XCI. fig. 19.

C. globosa. Sowerby, III. p. 14, pl. 209, fig. 3.

Globular, smooth ; its thickness equal to its length; ante-
rior side of the larger valve produced into a lip, and obtuse in
front ; posterior side round, and the front obtuse ; beaks equal.

London Clay, Highgate and Wandsworth.

7. CorBuna ELEGANS.—The Elegant Corbula, pl. XCI.
figs. 23, 24.

C. elegans. Sowerby, VI. p. 139, pl. 572, fig. 1.

Sub-globular; right valve more convex than the left ; con-
centrically sulcated ; posterior side somewhat produced, smooth,
and truncated ; left valve sub-triangular, smooth; the beak
of the suleated valve is somewhat curved, and destitute of
a beak.

Greensand, Blackdown.

8. CoRBULA sTRIATULA.—The Minutely Striated Corbula,
pl. XCI. figs. 21, 22.

C. striatula. Sowerby, VI. p. 139, pl. 572, figs. 2, 3.

Slightly ovate, ventricose ; valves nearly equal; minutely
striated ; beak long, straight, and doubly channeled internally.

In the Gault, Folkstone.

9. CorBuLA RoTUNDATA.—The Rounded Corbula, pl. XCI.
fig. 31.

C, rotundata. Sowerby, VI. p. 140, pl. 572, fig. 4.

Gibbose, ovate, sides nearly equal, the posterior one slightly
truncated; beaks produced; concentrically furrowed ; sides
nearly equal.

The Red Crag, Sutton; Pleistocene Marine, Ayr and
Forth ; and Norwich Crag, Bramerton.

10. CorBuLa opscurA.—Obscure Corbula, pl. XCI. f. 25.

CONCHIFERA.

Corsuta.

C. obscura. Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. II. p. 320. Sowerby, VI.
p- 140, pl. 572, fig. 5.

Gibbose, oyate, smooth ; posterior side flattened.

Inferior Oolite, Brora, Sutherlandsbire.

11. CorBuLa NITIDA.—Shining Corbula, pl. XCI. fig. 29.

C. nitida. Sowerby, IV. p. 85, pl. 362, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Gibbose, ovate, sub-trigonal, equilateral; anterior side
truncated, smooth, and shining; valves nearly equal; beak
produced and rather inflated.

This species hardly exceeds three-tenths of an inch.

Upper Marl, Isle of Wight.

12. CorBuLA cuspipaTs.—The Pointed Corbula, pl. XCI.
figs. 13, 14.

C. cuspidata. Sowerby, IV. p. 85, pl. 362, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Tumid, transversely oblong, sub-equilateral ; anterior side
carinated and pointed ; lower margin of left valve expanded
and inflated, bending over the margin of the opposite valve ;
disk somewhat rugged; length not quite two-eighths of an
inch; breadth two and a-half eighths.

Upper Marl, Colwell and Whitecliff Bay.

13. CorBULA coMPLANATA.—The Flattened Corbula, pl.
XCI. fig. 30.

C. complanata. Sowerby, p. 86, pl. 362, figs. 7, 8.

Depressed, transversely ovate, elongated, its length about
half its width ; anterior side smaller than the posterior ; sub-
truncated, and defined by an obtuse ridge; posterior portion
of the right valve exceedingly depressed and thickened; sur-
face with seven or eight transverse furrows, the interstices be-
ing smooth; left valve most convex, and enveloping the
right.

Red Crag, Sutton.

14. CorBuLA PisuM.—The Pea-shaped Corbula, pl. XCI.
fig. 20.

C. pisum. Sowerby, III. p. 15, pl. 209, fig. 4.

Sub-globular ; anterior side slightly truncated ; margin of
one valve produced ; beaks unequal, that of the larger valve
very prominent and yentricose; surface concentrically fur-
rowed; margin extending beyond the anterior side of the larger
valve and a portion of the front.

The London Clay, Barton.

15. CorpuLa REyoLUTA.—The Reyolvyed Corbula, pl. XCI.
figs. 16, 17, 18.

C. revoluta. Sowerby, III. 16, pl. 209, figs. 8, 9, 10.

Tumid, transversely oblong, its width double its length;
anterior side produced and truncated, with a keel running to
the beak; margin of larger valye prominent and inflected ;
beaks unequal ; transversely furrowed ; larger valve envelop-
ing the edge of the lesser one, and with the front expanding,
and reyolving inwards.

The London Clay, Barton, and Herne Bay.

A variety of this species has fewer and deeper furrows, with the ante-
rior side somewhat pointed.

16. CorBULA cURTANSATA.—The Shortened Corbula, pl.
XCI. fig. 4.

C. curtansata. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 3, fig. 27.

Transverse; anterior side large and rounded ; posteriorly
acuminated ; beaks almost central ; surface smooth, with well-
marked lines of growth; basal line triangular.

The Coral Rag, Malton, and South Cave, Yorkshire.

Poromomya.

17. CorBULA DEPRESSA.—Depressed Corbula,pl. XCI. f. 5,

C. depressa. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 9, tig. 16.

Sub-orbicular ; beaks nearly central and much produced ;
slightly arcuated posteriorly from the beaks downwards; an-
teriorly finely rounded ; the basal line arcuated ; surface with
regular concentric ridges, and a few lines of growth.

The Great Oolite, Cloughton Wyke, Yorkshire.

18. Corsuta Hennanit.—Hennah’s Corbula, pl. XCL.f. 10.

Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. pl. 56, fig. 1.

Transyersely elongated, ovate; posterior side projecting
into ashort beak ; moderately convex ; valves rather unequal ;
posterior side obliquely truncated ; surface smooth.

The Devonian Rocks, Plymouth.

19. Corsuxa Ficus.—The Fig Corbula, pl. XCI. fig. 12.

Solen fieus. Brander, fig. 103.

Orbicular, with the posterior side projecting into a beak ;
whole surface with strong transverse ribs ; beaks obtuse.

The London Clay, Barton.

20. CorpuLa Atata.—The Winged Corbula, pl. XCI.
fig. 34.

C. alata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 176, pl. 21,
fig. 5.

Sub-orbicular, convex ; anteriorly rounded ;_ posteriorly
contracted and truncated ; surface smooth ; beaks incurvyed.

The Weald, Pouncefield, Burwash.

21. CorpuLa costata.—The Ribbed Corbula, pl. XCTI.
figs. 26, 27, 28.
C. revoluta.

VI, 12, 13.

Transyersely oblong ; tumid ; anterior side narrowed, pro-
duced, pointed, and obliquely truncated ; surface with a few
deep transyerse furrows.

The London Clay, Barton Cliff.

22. CorBpuLA TRUNCATA.—The Truncated Corbula, pl.
XCTI. figs. 32, 33.

C. truncata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 341, pl. 16,
fig. 8.

Transversely oblong ovate; beaks large, nearly central ;
posterior side produced, obliquely truncated, and pointed to-
wards the front ; surface transversely striated.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

23. CorpuLA punctuM.—The Punctured Corbula, pl. XCI.
fig. 36.

C. punctum. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 2, fig. 6.

Triangular, convex, oblique ; beaks produced ; sides nearly
straight ; surface with fine, longitudinal, and transverse strix>
which, without the aid of a lens, seem to be punctures.

The Speeton Clay, Specten, Yorkshire.

24. CorBULA LimosA.—The Mudd Corbula.

C. limosa. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 426.

Transyersely sub-triangular, and longitudinally _ heart-
shaped ; beaks gibbous; surface slightly grooved by the lines
of growth ; shell thin.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Scotland.

25. CorsuLa carDIomES.—The Cardium-like Corbula, pl.
XC. fig. 42.

C. cardioides.
Mactromga globosa.
9-14, (?)

Var. B. Sowerby, III. p. 16, pl. 209, figs.

Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 14, fig. 12.
Agassiz et Crit. (Myes) pl. 9 d, figs.

CONCHIFERA. 223

Slightly transversely ovate, much inflated ; anterior side the
larger, and rounded ; posteriorly shorter and truncated ; beaks
large, and greatly produced and incurved ; surface smooth,
with regular, almost equidistant lines of growth.

The Lias, Robin Hood’s Bay and Cheltenham.

Genus LII.—N EZ ARA—Gray.

Transversely oblong ovate; shell very convex; posterior
side large and rounded ; anterior side abruptly tapering to a
lengthened and acuminated beak-like elongation ; beaks small,
inflected ; hinge-teeth with one large, elevated, and recurved
cardinal tooth in the right valve, which fits into a pit under
the edge of the superior margin of the left valve; cartilage
attached in central pits beneath the beaks ; two muscular im-
pressions in each yalye ; pallial impression obsolete.

1. Nara pispar.—The Differing Nwara, pl. XCIII. f. 21.

Corbula dispar. Deshayes, Coq. Foss. p. 57, pl. 18, figs.
36, 37, 38.

Transyersely and acutely oval, thin, biangulated in front,
and acuminated into a beak-like elongation; the right valve
concentrically furrowed, and the left smooth.

In the London Clay, Barton.

Genus LIU.—POTOMOMYA.—J. Sowerby.

Shell sub-triangular, inequivalve, gaping, and generally sub-
truncated at the anterior side; left yalve encompassing the
other all round, receiving its edges upon the thickened parts
on each side of the hinge; right valve with a large, erect,
spoon-shaped double tooth ; left valve with small hollow for
the reception of the ligament ; pallial impression with a small
rounded sinus, forming a quarter of a circle, situate close to
the anterior muscular impression.

The remote tooth, with its accompanying hollow, forming a
secure nest from the edges of the opposite valves ; the inequal-
lity of the valves, and the form aud situation of the sinus,
are the chief characters which distinguish this genus from
that of Mya.

1. Poromomys GREGARTA.—The Gregareous Potomomya,
pl. XC. figs. 8 and 10.

P. gregaria. Sowerby, IV. p. 87, pl. 383.

Sub-triangular, its breadth being about one and a half its
length; anterior side of the right valve slightly produced and
truncated ; left valve somewhat larger than the other, and re-
ceiving it within its entire margin upon the thickened parts
on each side of the hinge, with the lower margin a little in-
curved ; posterior side with a remote tooth, and with a slight
furrow within the anterior edge; beaks depressed and obtuse ;
surface smooth.

Fresh Water, top of Headon Hill, Isle of Wight, and Cal-
bourne.

2. PoromMoMYA PLANA.—The Plain Potomomya, pl. \CII.
fig. 31.

Mya plana. Sowerby, I. p. 173, pl. 76, fig. 2.

224

Ovate, somewhat depressed, nearly equilateral ; anterior
side rather elongated, gaping very slightly, and very little
truncated ; front rounded ; beaks much depressed and obtuse ;
surface smooth, and somewhat polished internally.

The London Clay, Plumstead, near Woolwich, Kent.

8. PoromomyA suB-ANGULATA.—The Sub-angulated Poto-
momya, pl. XCII. fig. 30.

Mya sub-angulata. Sowerby, I. p. 174, pl. 76, fig. 3.

Transversely oblong ovate, somewhat compressed, nearly
equilateral ; anterior side angulated above, and a little acu-
minated and slightly gaping ; front a little marginate ; cardinal
tooth very large; surface smooth.

The London Clay, Barton.

Famiry [LV.—MACTRACEA.
Shells equivalve, often gaping at the lateral extremities ;

ligament interior, or partly external ; animal with the foot
small and compressed.

Sus-Drviston I.—Ligament seen externally, or double.

Genus LIV.—AMPHIDESM A.— Lamarck.

Shell equivalve, transverse, slightly inequilateral, somewhat
ovate or orbicular; some species gaping at the sides; each
valve provided with one, or, in some instances, two small,
slender, cardinal teeth, and two distinct, elongated, lateral
teeth, situate near the hinge in one yalve, and are nearly ob-
solete in the other ; pallial impression with a very large sinus;
ligament double, its external portion slender, and rather short,
and the internal cartilage generally longer and larger, adhe-
rent in both yalves to an elongated groove or pit, which varies
in length in different species, and takes its rise immediately
within the umbo, and is prolonged within the anterior lateral
tooth.

1. AMPHIDESMA TENUISTRIATUM.—The Thin-striated Am-
phidesma, pl. XCI. fig. 48.

A. tenuistriatum. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 314,
pl. 16, fig 7.

Transyersely elongated, sub-ovate, very flat, posteriorly
sub-truncated; beaks nearly central, very obtuse; surface
with numerous concentric striz.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

2. AMPHIDESMA SECURIFORME.—The Hatchet-shaped Am-
phidesma, pl. XCI. fig. 37.

A. securiforme. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 7, fig. 10.

Transversely oblong ovate ; beaks obtuse, nearly central,
narrowed and rounded at both extremities ; surface smooth,
with remote lines of growth.

The Inferior Oolite, Glaizedale,

CONCHIFERA.

AMPHIDESMA.

3. AMPHIDESMA DELTOIDE.—The Deltoidal Amphidesma,
pl. XCI. fig. 39.

A. deltoide. Portlock, Geo. Sur. p. 439, pl. 36, fig. 7.

Nearly orbicular, much inflated, regularly rounded ante-
riorly ; sharply truncated posteriorly ; a well defined diagonal
ridge proceeds from the beak to the margin.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Derry and Tyrone.

4. AMPHIDESMA AXINIFORMIS.—The Axe-shaped Amphi-
desma, pl. XCI. fig. 41.

A. axiniformis. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 439, pl. 36, fig. 6.

Nearly triangular; beaks almost central ; truncated poste-
riorly, and straight anteriorly ; surface smooth.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Clogher, Tyrone, Ireland.

5. AMPHIDESMA ALBUM.—The White Amphidesma, pl.
XCL. fig. 46.

A. album. Fleming, Brit. An. p. 432. Mactra alba.
Wood, Linn. Trans. VI. p. 174, pl. 16, figs. 9, 10.

Transversely ovate, sub-triangular, rounded at both extre-
mities ; beaks sub-central; surface smooth.

The Mammiferous Crag, Bulcham; the Red Crag, Bawd-
say, and Coral Crag, Sutton.

6. AMPHIDESMA CARBONARIUM.—The Coal Amphidesma,
pl. XCI. figs. 44, 45.

Venus carbonarium.
pl. 39, fig. 2.

Nearly orbicular, very convex, most so towards the beaks ;
anterior side rounded; posterior side truncated, and rather
square ; beaks rather prominent, inflected, and remote.

The Coal Measures, Coalbrookdale.

7. AmpnipesMA Porttockit.—Portlock’s Amphidesma,
pl. XCI. fig. 40.

A. carbonaria. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 488, pl. 36, fig. 8.

Sub-orbicular, rounded anteriorly ; very slightly truncated
posteriorly, with a slight inflection of the margin below the
truncation; beaks nearly central and obtuse ; surface appears
to have been concentrically and finely striated.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Clogher, Tyrone.

8. AMPHIDESMA PRISMATICUM.—Prismatic Amphidesma,
pl. XCI. fig. 47.

A. prismatica.
42, fig. 5.

Transyersely oblong ovate, much compressed, thin, and fra-
gile ; rounded anteriorly, and acuminated posteriorly, with a
slight oblique sub-truncation ; surface with very minute con-
centric stric.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

9. AMPHIDESMA RECURVUM.—The Recurved Amphidesma,
pl. XCI. fig. 49.

A.recurvum. Phillips, Geo. York, pl. 5, fig. 25.

Transversely oblong oval ; beaks large, produced, and sub-
central, both sides somewhat recurved ; surface smooth, with
shallow lines of growth.

The Coral Rag, Malton, and the Kelloways Rock, near
Scarborough.

Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV.

Brown, Il]. Ree. Conch. Brit. p. 105, pl..

Sus -Drviston II.—Shell not gaping at the side; ligament
external.

Tuetis.

Genus LV.—CRASSATELLA.—Zamarck.

Shell thick, equivalve, transverse, inequilateral ; external
surface generally covered with a brown horny epidermis, and
more or less transversely grooved ; one valve provided with
two strong cuneiform, rugose, cardinal teeth, which are some-
times perpendicularly grooved, and one primary tooth in the
opposite valve ; lateral teeth awanting or nearly obsolete, two
strong oblong depressions, the one on the anterior side of the
umbo somewhat elongated, and not so well marked as that in
the posterior side ; two remote, lateral, rather oblong muscu-
lar impressions ; ligament internal, attached to a concave pit
situate on the anterior side of the hinge, this space is divided
by a rib into two portions, the outer half of the ligament is
externally visible when the valves are closed.

1, CRASSATELLA suLCATA.—The Furrowed Crassatella, pl.

XC. fig. 31.
C. sulcata. Sowerby, IV. p. 62, pl. 345, fig. 1. Tellina
sulcata. Brander, fig. 89.

Ovate, transversely elongated ; anterior side produced, ob-
liquely truncated, and defined by a moderately distinct ridge ;
posterior side rounded ; surface covered with transverse ribs
with deep intervening furrows, which are but faintly marked
on the truncated side; beaks rather pointed ; internal edge
crenated.

The London Clay, Barton.

2. CRASSATELLA PLIcATA,—The Plaited Crassatella, pl.
XC. fig. 22.

C. plicata. Sowerby, IV. p. 62, pl. 345, fig. 2.

Oblong-ovate ; anterior side defined by an oblique, obtuse
ridge, and slightly truncated ; whole surface with numerous
fine transverse plaits ; margin crenated within.

The London Clay, Barton.

3. CRASSATELLA COMPRESSA.—The Compressed Crassa-
tella, pl. XC. fig. 36.

C. compressa. Lamarck, An. du Mus. 6, p. 410, pl. 20,
fig. 5. Deshayes, Coq. Fos. pl. 3, figs. 8, 9.

Sub-triangular ; anterior side shertest and rounded ; pos-
terior side nearly straight from the two-thirds downwards,
from thence obliquely truncated ; the diagonal ridge termin-
ating in an acute angle ; surface with many transverse narrow
furrows, which become abruptly angular after passing the ridge ;
internal margin destitute of crenulations.

Genus LVI.—TELLIM Y A.—Browen.

Shell equivalve, slightly inequilateral ; sub-orbicular; con-
yex; close all round ; left valve destitute of cardinal teeth, but
provided with a pretty large hiatus, and two projecting later-
al teeth, each haying a groove in its centre; sometimes with
one or two rather long teeth on the right side ; right valve with
two recurved, prominent teeth, which occupy the vacant space
below the beak in the opposite valve; muscular impressions
large and distinct; pallial impressions entire; ligament internal.

1. TELLImyA sUB-orBICULARIS.—The Sub-orbicular Telli-
mya, pl. XC. figs. 34, 35.

CONCHIFERA.

225

Kellia sub-orbicularis.
figs. 5, 6.

Sub-orbicular, very convex, thin; beaks nearly central, and
slightly inflected ; sides nearly equal and rounded ; basal mar-
gin rather straight, a single tooth in one valve immediately
under the beak, locking into a double incurved one in the
other ; with a laminated tooth behind the umbo in each valve.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Largs, and the Coral
Crag, Sutton.

Turton, Brit. Bio. p. 57, pl. 11,

Genus LVIL—MONTACUTA.—Turton.

Shell oval or oblong, equivalve, inequilateral, mostly closed ;
hinge with two teeth in each valve, and a cavity between them ;
destitute of lateral teeth ; ligament internal.

1. Monracura suB-sTRIATA.—The Sub-striated Montacuta.

M. sub-striata. Turton, Brit. Biv. p. 59, pl. 11, figs. 10, 11.
Tellimya. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 107, pl. 40, f. 23.

Sub-ovate, somewhat oblique, a little inflated, slightly con-
tracted in the middle of the valves ; beaks prominent, straight,
and not quite central; anterior side large and rounded, the
other short and narrowed ; surface with nearly obsolete dis-
tant strice.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

2. Monracura GLaBRA.—The Smooth Montacuta, pl. XC.
fig. 32.

Tellimya glabra.
figs. 20, 21.

Elliptical, moderately convex, thin, and smooth ; anterior
side rounded, and posteriorly sub-truncated ; beaks placed
considerably to one side; one broad primary tooth in each
valve; with a central hiatus.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

3. Monracura rerruGinosa.—The Rusty Montacuta.

M. ferruginosa. Turton, Brit. Biy. p. 60. Tellimya ellip-
tica. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 106, pl. 42, figs. 16, 17.

Transyersely sub-ovate, moderately convex, with obsolete
concentric wrinkles ; beaks obtuse, sub-central, basal margin
nearly straight ; hinge with two projecting teeth, one of which
is erect, the other slopes inwards and downward, separated by
a triangular hiatus.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ireland.

Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. p. 107, pl. 42,

Genus LVIII.—THETIS.—Soverby.

Shell bivalve, equivalve, sub-equilateral, more or less orbi-
cular and convex; ligament marginal ; hinge with three or
four acuminated teeth; line of attachment of the mantle (?)
with a deep sinus, extending nearly to the beak ; muscular
impressions round, small, and remote from the hinge.

1. TuETIs Mrnor.—The Small Thetis, pl. XCII. f. 3, 4, 5.

T. minor. Sowerby, VI. p. 21, pl. 518, figs, 5 and 6.
Corbula levigata. Ib. p. 14, pl. 209, figs. 1 and 2. Venus,
Mantell. Geology of Sussex, p. 73, No. 12.

Shell gibbose, wider than long ; beaks pointed, nearly ap-

22

226

proximate, and incurved; margin plain; posterior edge
rounded.

In the Lower Greensand, at Parham Park, Sussex, and at
Shanklin Chine, Isle of Wight; in the Lower Greensand,
Lyme Regis and Blackdown.

2. TuEetTis MAJoR.—The Large Thetis, pl. XCII. figs. 1, 2.

T. major. Sowerby, VI. p. 20, pl. 513, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

Orbicular, or oblong oval, yery conyex ; beaks produced,
and nearly central, much incuryed and approximate ; poste-
rior side rather angular ; surface smooth.

The Upper Greensand, Devizes and Blackdown ; and the
Lower Greensand, Isle of Wight, North Wiltshire, &c.

It will be seen from our figures that there is considerable difference
of form in the species.

Sus-Drviston I[J.—Ligament internal ; shell gaping at the
sides.

Genus LIX.—MACTRA.—Linneus.

Shell generally thin, sometimes thick ; equivalye—for the
most part nearly equilateral, and more or less regularly trian-
gular, slightly gaping at one end, and almost imperceptibly so
at the other; each valye with one V-shaped cardinal tooth,
the point being next the umbo, and diverging from it, and in
some species the limbs are disunited at the base, so as to give
the appearance of two distinct teeth ; close on the posterior
side is situate a very thin sharp tooth; immediately behind
the angular tooth is situate the pit for the reception of the liga-
ment, and projecting somewhat within the shell; one valve
with two lateral teeth on each side, and one on both sides in
the other, diverging from the beaks, placed near the margin of
the shell, and fitting into the space between the two in the
opposite valve ; two lateral, remote, muscular impressions ;
mantle muscular impression with a small sinus ; ligament con-
sisting of two portions, the one considerably larger than the
other, and internal, and the other half external.

1, Macrra ancuLata.—The Angulated Mactra, pl. XCI,
fig. 87%.

M. angulata.
16, fig. 9.

Nearly triangular, convex; posterior side defined by a
ridge ; beaks small, nearly central, and approximating ; sur-
face smooth.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

2. Macrra striata.—tThe Striated Mactra, pl. XCI. f. 42.

M. striata. Brown, Wern. Mem. VIII. p. 98, pl. I.f. 22.

Sub-triangular, conyex, with nearly equal sides; beaks
central, and slightly turned to one side; lateral teeth promi-
nent ; surface with very strong concentric stri.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Steyenston, Ayrshire.

3. Macrra pEpressa.—Depressed Mactra, pl. XCI. f. 51.

M. depressa. Deshayes, Coq. Foss. p. 31, pl. 4, fs. 11-14.

Shell thin, trigonal, depressed ; umbones somewhat promi-
nent ; cardinal teeth simple, and not plicated; lateral teeth
close to the cardinal ones ; lunule depressed and plain.

Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 341, pl.

CONCHIFERA.

Macrrina.

The London Clay, Bracklesham.

4, Macrra arcuata.—The Arcuated Mactra, pl. XCI. f. 56.

M. arcuata. Sowerby, p. 135, pl. 160, figs. 1 and 6.

Ovate, length equal to about four-fifths its width ; both
sides arched, the posterior one smallest ; hinge narrow ; late-
ral teeth striated; surface smooth, with a few well-defined
lines of growth.

In the Mammiferous, Red, and Coralline Crags, Sutton.

5. Mac?Tra souipa.—The Strong Macra, pl. XCI. figs.
58, 57, 58.

M. ovalis. Sowerby, II. p. 136, pl. 160, fig. 5.
Illust. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 108, pl. 41, figs. 8, 4.

Sub-triangular, strong; sides nearly equal; surface smooth,
with a few concentric wrinkles.

The Mammiferous Crag, Thorpe ; the Red and Coral Crags,
Sutton.

6. Macrra suB-rRuNcATA.—The Sub-truncated Mactra, pl.
XCI. fig. 43.

M. cuneata. Sowerby, II. p. 136, pl. 160, fig. 7. Mactra
sub-truncata. Brown, Illust. Rec. Conch. Great Britain and
Ireland, p. 108, pl. XCI. fig. 43.

Sub-triangular, inequilateral, strong, and moderately con-
vex ; anterior side rounded; posteriorly somewhat acumin-
ated and flattened ; surface with strong transverse strie.

The Mammiferous Crag, Thorpe, and Red Crag, Sutton.

7. Mactra pEaurAta.—The Gilded Mactra, pl. XCI. f. 53.

M. deaurata. Turton, Brit. Biv. p. 71, pl. 5, fig. 8.

Oblong oval, inequilateral, rather flat; beaks obtuse and
incurved, placed a little to the posterior side, which is sub-trun-
cated ; anteriorly rounded ; surface smooth.

The Red Crag, Sutton.

8. Macrra cuauca.—The Grey Mactra, pl. XCI. fig. 50.

M. glauca. Brown, Illus. Rec. Conch. Brit. pl. 41, fig. 1.

Sub-triangular, convex, thin ; beaks central, obtuse, and in-
flected ; anterior side slightly wrinkled ; surface with very
fine concentric strie.

The Red Crag, Sutton.

9. Mactra stuLTORUM.—The Foolish Mactra, pl. XCI. f. 55.

M. stultorum. Brown, Illus. Ree. Conch. Brit. p. 108, pl.
41, fig. 2.

Sub-triangular, thin, moderately convex ; beaks central,
rather prominent, and inflected; sides nearly equal; surface
with very fine, rather irregular, concentric striz.

The Mammiferous Crag, Thorpe, and the Red Crag, Sutton.

9. Macrra truncata.—The Truncated Mactra, pl. XCI.
fig. 55.

M. truncata.
4d, fig. 5.

Triangular, moderately convex, strong, and thick; sides
nearly equal and straight; surface smooth, with a few obsolete
lines of growth.

Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ayrshire, and Frith of
Forth.

Brown's

Brown, Illust. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 108, pl.

Genus LX.—MACTRINA.—Brown.

Shell sub-triangular, equivalve, nearly equilateral ; beaks

CrassIPepEs.

almost central ; left valye with a strong, central, triangular,
slightly bifid tooth, which locks into a corresponding pit in the
opposite valve, on each side of which are triangular transverse
pits for receiving two small, depressed, cardinal teeth in the
right valve ; ligament external ; two strong muscular impres-
sions in each valve ; pallial impressions entire.

1. Macrra TRIANGULARIS.—The Triangular Mactrina.

M. triangularis. Brown, Illus. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 108,
pl. 40, fig. 25. Goodallia triangularis. Turton, Brit. Biy.
p- 77, pl. 6, fig. 14.

Sub-triangular, rather strong; sides slightly unequal ; sur-
face smooth; internal margin strongly crenated ; diameter
about a quarter of an inch.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ireland.

Genus LXI.—LUTRARIA.—Zamarck.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, thin, transversely ovate or
oblong; gaping at both sides; the posterior side generally
the longer, and always gaping more than the other; one valve
with two thin laminar teeth, one of which is sometimes com-
pound ; the opposite valve with three teeth, the central one
compound in some instances, and the posterior one slender and
compressed ; two distant lateral muscular impressions ; mus-
cular impression of the mantle with a large sinus; ligament
internal, situate in a deltoidal, oblique, internally projecting,
spoon-shaped pit, with a prominent margin placed next to the
teeth in each valve.

1. LurraRIA CARINIFERA.—The Keeled Lutraria, pl.
XCII. figs. 6, 7.

L. carinifera. Sowerby, VI. p. 66, pl. 534, fig. 2.

Transyersely oval; its width about twice its length ; con-
vex ; surface longitudinally striated ; posterior side truncated,
smooth, bounded by an obtuse keel, and with its edge
straight.

The Lower Chalk, Dowlands, Devonshire.

2. LuTRaria str1Ata.—The Striated Lutraria, pl. XCIT.
figs. 8, 9.

L. striata. Sowerby, VI. p. 65, pl. 534, fig. 1.

Transversely oval, its length being two-thirds its width ;
compressed ; posterior side smallest, rather pointed, gaping,
and turned outwards ; beaks prominent; surface with nume-
rous equidistant concentric strive.

Greensand, Blackdown and Lyme Regis.

3. Lurrarta pEcurTATA.—The Divided Lutraria, pl.
XCII. fig. 12.

L. decurtata. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 7, fig. 11.

Transversely oblong, elongated ; beaks obtuse and ineurved ;
placed towards the anterior side; both sides rounded, surface
with several strong transverse furrows below the beaks; disk
divided by a strong line of growth; remaining portion
smooth.

The Cornbrash, Scarborough and Gristborpe ; Great Oolite,
White Nab, Wiltshire ; and the Lias, Rosebury, Yorkshire.

4. LUTRARIA PRIMZVA.—The Primeval Lutraria, pl. XCII.
fig. 15.

L. primeva. Portlock, Geo. Sur. p. 441, pl. 36. fig. 5.

CONCHIFERA. 227

Transyersely elongated, somewhat square, and a little
twisted ; beaks tumid, situate near the posterior side, which
is flattened above and a little curved below ; anterior side a
little rounded ; back and basal lines nearly parallel; surface
with irregular concentric striw, and some indistinct lines of
growth.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Carnteel, Tyrone.

5. Lurrarta rotunpata.—The Rounded Lutraria, pl.
XCILI. fig. 16.

L. rotundata. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 12, fig. 6.

Transyersely ovate ; beaks obtuse and incuryed ; both sides
a little narrowed; surface with strong irregular lines of
growth.

The Lias, Yorkshire.

6. LurRaARIA DONACIFORME.—The Donax-shaped Lutraria,
pl. XCII. fig. 17.

L. donaciforme. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 12, fig. 5.

Transversely oblong ovate ; rather convex; a ridge, extend-
ing from the obtuse beaks, terminates on the base; surface
smooth, with strong lines of growth ; basal lines nearly straight,
with a slight hollow.

The Lias, Rosebury, Yorkshire.

7. Lurrarta eipposa.—The Gibbous Lutraria, pl. XCIL
fig. 10.

L. gibbosa. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 9, fig. 6.

Transversely elongated, gibbous; both sides rounded ; the
posterior one a little produced below ; beaks depressed, sur-
face smooth, with strong, regular, concentric lines of growth ;
on the posterior side a few remote radiations extending from
the beaks.

The Great Oolite, Cloughton.

8. Lurrarta ELLiptica.—The Elliptical Lutraria, pl.
XCII. fig. 14.

L. elliptica. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 109, pl. 43,
figs. 2, 3.

Transyersely oblong ovate, compressed ; longer side with a
shallow groove, emanating from the beak and extending to the
basal line, over which there are some irregular striw-like
lines ; surface with fine, nearly obsolete, concentric strix,
and a few wrinkles.

The Red Crag, Sutton; Coral Crag, Ramshot; and the
Great Oolite, Cloughton.

9. Lurrarta compressa.—The compressed Lutraria, pl.
XCII. fig. 19.

L. compressa. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch, Brit. p. 109, pl.
43, fig. 4.

Transversely sub-ovate ; beaks rather obtuse; anterior side
rounded; the other slightly acuminated; surface covered
with pretty strong transverse strie-like wrinkles; pallial im-
pression very large.

The Mammiferous Crag, Bramerton, and the Red Crag,
Sutton.

Granp Diviston [V.—CRASSIPEDES.

Mantle entirely or partly united before, foot thick, placed
posteriorly, shell gaping when closed.

bo
to
oO

Trise .—MYARIA.

Ligament internal; a broad, spoon-shaped tooth in each
valve, or in one only; shell gaping at both sides, or at one
only.

Genus LXII.—MYA.—Linneus.

Shell transverse, nearly equivalve, gaping at both extremi-
ties, but widest at the posterior end; one valve with a large
compressed, dilated, spoon-shaped, vertically projecting tooth ;
the opposite valve destitute of teeth; two lateral, distant,
muscular impressions, the anterior one narrow, and the poste-
rior one orbicular; mantle muscular impression with a large
sinus ; ligament internal, large, and fixed in the cavity of the
tooth, in one valve, and to a large sub-umbonal cicatrice in
the other.

1. Mya rorunpata.—The Rounded Mya, pl. XCII. f. 22.

M. rotundata. Sowerby, Silur. Syst. pt. II. p. 613, pl. 6,
fig. 1.

Shell transversely oblong, convex ; beaks obtuse, and situate
near the anterior side, which is separated by a concave space
from the middle of the valves; posterior side rounded ; surface
wrinkled transversely.

This species strongly resembles Cypricardia undata, but will at once
be distinguished by its want of a lunette,

From the Aymestry Limestone, or Middle Ludlow Rocks,
at Caynham Camp, near Ludlow.

2. Mya manprpuLa.—The Jaw Mya, pl. XCII. fig. 13.

M. mandibula. Sowerby, I. p. 93, pl. 43.

Transversely elongated, its breadth being once and a half its
length ; gibbose; disk flattened in the middle; anterior side
square, gaping, the opening oblong ; posterior side somewhat
straight ; depth about two thirds its length ; surface with about
25 transverse undulations ; beaks pointed and incurved.

Upper Greensand, Devizes and Blackdown; the Gault,
Isle of Wight and Dorsetshire ; and the Lower Greensand,
Pulborough and Lyme.

3. Mya aveustrara.—The Narrowed Mya, pl. XCII. figs.
26, 27, 28, 29.

M. augustata. Sowerby, VI. p. 57, pl. 531, fig. 1.

Transversely elongated ; its width sometimes thrice its
length ; valves unequal ; shell thin and antiquated ; irregularly
compressed ; both sides obtuse and gaping ; base of the lesser or
right valve concave; beaks small, placed nearest the anterior
side. Hinge like those of M. sub-angulata and plana.

The Upper Marl, Colwell Bay.

4. Mya ovauis.—The Oval Mya, pl. XCII. figs. 24, 25.

M. ovalis. Turton’s Brit. Bia. pl. 3, fig. 1, 2. Mya pullus.
Sowerby, VI. p. 58, pl. 531, fig. 2.

Transversely ovate; its length a little more than half its
width ; anterior side longest and rounded ; posterior side
somewhat pointed ; surface concentrically striated, and a little
compressed ; lines of growth well defined.

Mammiferous Crag, Postwick ; the Red Crag, Butley, and
and the Pleistocene Marine Series, Isle of Bute.

5. Mya arenarta.—The Sand Mya, pl. XCII, fig. 23.

CONCHIFERA.

Mya.

M. arenaria. Sowerby IV. p. 88, pl. 364.

Transversely ovate ; anterior side pointed ; posterior side
rounded ; surface with concentrical sub-strize and undulations.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ayr and Dalmuir, Dum-
bartonshire ; the Mammiferous Crag, Bramerton, and Red
Crag, Sutton.

6. Mya tata.—The Broad Mya, pl. XCIII. fig. 4,

M. lata. Sowerby, I. p. 185, pl. 81.

Ovate ; length about two thirds its width, compressed ; an-
terior side acuminated and truncated, having an arcuated
margin, slightly gaping; beaks rather produced and acute ;
surface smooth, with a few shallow undulations; tooth very
large.

The Mammiferous Crag, Bramerton, and the Red Crag,
Sutton.

7. Mya mquata.—The Equal Mya, pl. XCII. fig. 20.

M. equata. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 11, fig. 12.

Transversely oblong ovate ; beaks nearly central, and obtuse;
sides equally rounded ; surface smooth,

The Inferior Oolite, Blue Wick, Coldmoor.

8. Mya catcirormis.—The Shoe-Shaped Mya, pl. XCIII.
fig. 6.

M. calciformis. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 11, fig. 3.

Transyersely lengthened, short, rounded at both extremities ;
the posterior side a little narrowed ; a slight inflection towards
the centre at the base; surface smooth.

The Kelloways Rock, Scarborough, and the Inferior Oolite,
Blue Wick, Cheltenham.

9. Mya pirata.—The Dilated Mya, pl. XCII. tig. 18.

M. dilata. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 11, fig. 4.

Much elongated transversely, a little twisted ; anterior side
a little narrow at the extremity ; posterior side considerably
dilated and truncated, acute above and below ; beaks sub-cen--
tral, curved backwards, between which and the angle the back
is concave ; basal line nearly straight.

The Inferior Oolite, Glaizedale.

10. Mya taviuscuLa.—Smooth Mya, pl. XCII. fig. 11.

M. leviuscula. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 340,
pl. 16, fig. 6.

Transyersely oblong, somewhat square; a depression from
the beaks to the base in the centre of the valves ; beaks rather
prominent ; sides bluntly rounded ; surface smooth, with a few
transverse wrinkles.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

11. Mya puHastorina.—The Little Pheasant Mya, pl.
XCILI. fig. 21.

M. phasiolina. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 2, fig. 13.

An elongated ellipsis, both sides equally rounded ; beaks
obtuse ; surface smooth.

The Speeton Clay, Specten, Yorkshire.

12. Mya TRuNcATA.—The Truncated Mya, pl. XCIII. f. 1.

M. truncata. Brown, Illust. Rec. Conch. Brit., p. 111, pl.
45, fig. 2.

Sub-ovate ; anterior side rounded ; posterior side much trun-
cated, and gaping widely ; hinge line nearly straight; basal
line almost parallel to the back, and slightly hollow in the
middle ; surface with numerous concentric wrinkles.

Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ayrshire, the Red Crag,
Sutton, and the Coral Crag, Ramshot.

. LysiaNassa.

Genus LXIII.—THRACIA.—Leach.

Shell very thin, transverse, inequivalve, inequilateral, one
valve usually more convex than the other; beaks generally
obtuse, and sub-central; hinge with a broad, transverse, fre-
quently thickened tooth in the centre, in which the cartilage
is situate ; surface covered with a very thin epidermis ; two
well-marked but dissimilar muscular impressions in both
valves ; pallial impression interrupted by an arcuated sinus
at the posterior side, which is truncated.

1. Turacta optata.—The Brought-up Thracia, pl.
XCLIII. figs. 2, 3.

Lutraria (?) oblata.
fig. 3.

Transversely oval, compressed; both sides obtuse and
slightly bent; beaks prominent; both sides obtuse ; surface
small; near the posterior side a small keel ; pallial impres-
sion with a deep sinus.

The London Clay, Pegwell, Herne Bridge, and Bognor.

2. THRacta DEPRESSA.—The Depressed Thracia, pl. XCIII.
fig. 5.

Mya depressa. Sowerby, V. p. 19, pl. 418.

Obovate, compressed, very slightly gaping, anterior side
shorter than the other; hinge-line straight and depressed ;
ligament external and short ; beaks prominent and ineurved ;
surface smooth, with many undulating lines of growth ; sub-
stance of the shell thin.

The Portland Stone, Brill, and Isle of Purbeck, and the
Kimmeridge Clay, Weymouth and Specten.

3. Turacta pEcLIves.—Bent-Down Thracia.

F. declivis. Brown, Illust. Ree. Conch. Brit. p. 109, pl.
44, fig. 5.

Transyersely oblong ovate; rather compressed and thin ;
beaks large, very obtuse, and not quite central, that of the
latger valye with a hiatus for the reception of the beak of the
other valve, not to prevent the opening of the shell; posterior
side rounded ; anterior side truncated, with a shallow, oblique
furrow near the hinge line; basal line nearly straight ; sur-
face strongly wrinkled, and irregularly striated concentri-
cally.

The Red Crag, Sutton ; and the Coral Crag, Ramshot.

4. Turacta pupra.—The Dubious Thracia, pl. XCIITI.
figs. 7, 8, 9.

Transversely ovate; beaks approximate; a flexure from
the beaks to the base ; surface smooth.

The London Clay, Bognor.

Sowerby, VI. p. 66, pl. 534,

Genus LXIV.—ANATINA.—Lamuarck.

Shell transverse, free, inequilateral, generally with unequal
valves ; sometimes gaping at both ends, and in some species
nearly closed; generally provided with a small accessory
spoon-shaped appendage, internally, ineach valve, to which the
ligament is attached ; connected with this, and also adhering
to the ligament, is a small irregularly-shaped testaceous inter-

CONCHIFERA.

229

nal process, which serves to assist in strengthening the adhe-
sion between the valves.

1. ANATINA UNDULATA.—The Waved Anatina, pl. XC.
fig. 30.

Sanguinolaria undulata. Sowerby, VI. p. 91, pl. 548, figs.
1, 2. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 5, fig. 1.

Much elongated transversely ; its width being considerably
more than twice its length ; thin, convex, rounded before and
sub-truneated behind ; gaping slightly ; surface with transverse
undulations, which generally become obsolete towards the
posterior side ; slightly pearlaceous within.

The Caleareous Grit, Malton and Brora; the Oxford Clay
and Cornbrash, Scarborough.

Genus LXV.—LYSIANASSA.—Miunster.

Shell thin, transverse, inequilateral, oval, convex, or ven-
tricose ; gaping at both sides; surface ribbed ; those on the
cardinal margin anteriorly bent backwards, and the ribs on the
posterior side bent forwards, and radiated on the middle of the
back ; beaks sub-central ; hinge unknown.

1. LysIANASsA ANGUILIFERA.—The Angled Lysianassa, pl.
XCII. fig. 32.

Mya anguilifera. Sowerby, III. p. 46, pl. 224, figs. 6, 7.

Transyersely elongated; width nearly thrice its length ;
gibbose ; anterior side broadest and gaping ; posterior side
being small; surface with obtuse angularly bent ridges, which
extend beyond the central portion, many of them reaching the
front without bending ; beaks a little produced, but obtuse.

The Fuller’s Earth, Smallecomb ; Bath and Bathford Hill.

2. LystANAssA LITERATA.—The Lettered Lysianassa, pl.
XCII. fig. 34.

M. literata. Sowerby III. p. 45, pl. 224, fig. 1.

Transyersely elongated; its width more than twice its
length ; sub-equilateral, convex ; surface smooth, with obtuse
angularly bent ridges, their angles upon the central portion
in a longitudinal direction ; substance of the shell thin.

Coral Rag, Malton ; Cornbrash, Scarborough ; the Inferior
Oolite, Coldmoor, Yorkshire.

8. Lystanassa y. scrtpta.—The Letter V. Lysianassa,
pl. XCIL. fig. 33.

M. V. scripta. Sowerby, III. p. 46, pl. 224, f. 2, 3, 4, 5.

Transversely elongated, sub-equilateral, convex, smooth,
with obtuse, angularly bent ridges upon the central portion ;
angles of the ridges acute, in an oblique direction.

Distinguished from L. anguilifera, by the oblique direction
of the angles of the ridges, which are likewise more acute.

There is another variety which has an oblique elevation bounding the
anterior side,

The Kelloways Rock, Wiltshire ; the Cornbrash, Bedford ;
and the Inferior Oolite, Claydon and Brora.

4, LystANASSA RHOMBIFERA.—The Rounded Lysianassa,
pl. LXI.*** fig. 28.

Ovately trapeziform; narrow in front; obliquely truncated
and gaping posteriorly ; beaks sub-central ; the ribs angulated,
truncated, and bent backwards.

The Lias, Antrim, Ireland.

230

Trise I1.—SOLENIDES.

Shell transversely elongated, destitute of accessory pieces;
and gaping only at the lateral extremities ; ligament external.

Genus LX VI.—_SOLEM Y A.—Lamarck.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transversely oblong, rounded
at the extremities ; beaks near the posterior side ; hinge desti-
tute of teeth ; ligament partly internal, situate in the margin
of an oblique, flattish, posterior rib ; two distant lateral mus-
cular impressions.

1. SoLemyA PRIMZVA.—The Primeval Solemya, pl. XCIII.
fig. 10.

S. primeva. Phillips, Geo. York, II. p. 209, pl. 5, fig. 6.

Transversely oblong oval, compressed, rounded at both
sides; beaks depressed ; surface with rather wide radiating
striae.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Heiton ; Lowick and Fer--
managh, Ireland?

Genus LX VII.—PANOPA.—Menard.

Equivalve, oval, inequilateral, gaping unequally at both ex-
tremities ; hinge with an acute erect primary tooth in each
valve, and a large callosity near the umbones supporting the
ligament ; two distant, oval, muscular impressions, pallial im-
pression with a large sinus ; ligament large, external, adhering
to an ample prominent fulcrum.

1. PaNop#A INTERMEDIA.—The Intermediate Panopwa,
pl. XCIII. figs. 14, 15.

Mya intermedia. Sowerby, VII. p. 4, pl. 602, Ib. I. p.
76, fig. 1, and p. 173, pl. 419, fig. 2. Corbula dubia. Deshayes,
Coq. Foss. p. 59, pl. 9, figs. 13, 14.

Shell ovate, depressed, inequilateral, thin, longitudinally
ribbed ; hinge with one cardinal tooth close to the pit of the
hinge.

The London Clay at Reading, Watford, Plumstead, and
Bognor. t

2. PANopmA GIBBOsA.—The Gibbous Panopza, pl. XCTII.
fig. 13. :

Mactra gibbosa. Sowerby, I. p. 91, pl. 42.

Gibbose, transversely elongated, its breadth twice its length,
anterior side considerably wider than the posterior, recurved,
truncated, and gaping ; posterior side rounded; length and
depth nearly equal ; beaks greatly incurved, and pointed.

The Portland Stone, Brill, Buckinghamshire ; the Inferior
Oolite, near Bath.

3. Panopma oBLATA.—Raised Panopma, pl. XCIII. fig. 22.

Mya gibbosa. Sowerby, V. p. 19, pl. 419, fig. 1.

Sub-triangular, gibbose and gaping, posterior side short ;
anterior side somewhat attenuated, beaks prominent and in-
curved ; surface with transverse regular furrows.

The Kimmeridge Clay, Osmington, Dorsetshire.

CONCHIFERA.

Panorama.

4. PANOPA PLICATA.—Plicated Panopexa, pl. XCIV. f. 10.

Mya plicata. Sowerby, V. p. 20, pl. 419, fig. 3.

Transversely oblong, its width nearly twice its length; al-
most cylindrical, and ventricose ; anterior side truncated and
gaping ; posterior side very short, and a little narrowed, beaks
rather obtuse ; surface with distinct concentric shallow ridges ;
which are straight towards the beaks.

The Upper Greensand, Rowde Hill; the Gault, Folkstone ;
the Lower Greensand, Sandgate, Isle of Wight and Lyme
Regis.

5. Panopma Norwecica.—The Norwegian Panopza, pl.
XCIII. figs. 17, 18, 19.

P. Norwegica. Sowerby, VII. p.1, pl. 610, figs. 2 and 611,
figs. 1, 2.

P. bivone.
2, figs. 4, 4.

Transyersely oblong, compressed, thick ; anteriorly shortest
and rounded; posteriorly obliquely truncated above and
rounded below ; two longitudinal shallow furrows emanate
from the beak, the one near the middle of the posterior side,
and the other from the centre of the beaks, terminating on the
margins, dividing the valve into three parts; beaks placed on the
anterior side ; back and basal lines parallel ; surface with con-
centric wrinkles ; muscular impressions deep, pallial impressions
large and unconnected with a shallow sinus.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, the Clyde and Bute,
and the Red Crag, Sutton.

6. Panopma ELonGATA.—The Elongated Panopea, pl.
XCIIL. fig. 16.

P. elongata. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 119, pl. 34, fig. 19.

Much elongated transversely ; beaks sub-central, obtuse,
anterior side shortest ; both extremities rounded, posteriorly a
little dilated, an oblique ridge from the beak to the margin,
cardinal margin straight ; surface with concentric wrinkles.

The Portland Oolite, Ballintoy, Ireland.

7. PanopA rorunpaTa.—The Rounded Panopza, pl.
XCIII. figs. 11, 12.

P. rotundata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 338, pl.
13, fig. 2.

Nearly orbicular ; considerably gibbose, beaks obtuse, cen-
tral, and approximate, anterior side rounded; posterior side
with a short, curved ridge from the beak to the margin, above
which it is obliquely truncated, the termination of the beak
forming an acute angle; basal line much arcuated.

The Lower Greensand, Sandgate.

8. Panop#a ovatis.—The Oval Panopea, pl. XCIV.
figs. 6, 7.

P.ovalis. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 340, pl. 16, f. 5.

Transversely oval; moderately convex; beaks situate
nearest the anterior side, which is closed; posterior sides
rounded and gaping ; surface smooth.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

9. Panopma GuntiLis.—The Gentle Panopza.

P. gentilis. Sowerby, VII. p. 1, pl. 510.

Transversely elongated; oblong ovate; sides flattened ;
posteriorly acuminated; anteriorly rounded and expanded
upwards ; beaks nearly central and inflected ; gaping at both
extremities ; width nearly twice the length.

In the Red Crag, Alderton,

Forbes, Mem. Wern. Soc. VIII. p. 94, pl.

Puotapomya.

10. Panorama IpsvicrENsis.—The Ipswich Panopza.

P. Ipsviciensis. Sowerby, VII. p. 3, pl. 11, figs. 3, 4.

Transversely elongated, sub-cylindrical ; somewhat com-
pressed ; thin; posterior side truncated, and rounded ante-
riorly, with a slight protrusion of the edge; beaks central ;
surface slightly wrinkled concentrically ; basal line nearly
straight.

In the Coralline Crag, Ramshot, and at Ipswich.

Genus LX VIIL.—SOLEN.—Linneus.

Shell equivalve, transversely elongated ; sub-cylindrical, pro-
digiously inequilateral, umbones nearly terminal, situate close
to the anterior side, and gaping widely at both extremities ;
truncated or sub-truncated, sometimes rounded ; hinge linear,
with several small cardinal teeth, various in form, often acute
and recurved ; lateral teeth somewhat elongated and crooked ;
muscular impressions distant, tongue-shaped, the anterior one
joined a little behind the umbones ; the posterior one irregular
and sub-oyal; pallial impression elongated, straight, and
bifurcated behind ; ligament long and exterior ; external sur-
face covered with a thick horny epidermis.

1. SoLeN smiiqgua.—The Pod Solen, pl. XCIV. fig. 14.

S. siliqua. Brown, Ill. Ree. Conch. Brit. p. 112, pl. 46,
fig. 1.

Very much elongated transversely, straight, sub-cylindrical ;
greatly inequilateral ; hinge situate at one side, with a single
thin, compressed, upright tooth in one valve, and an elongated,
remote, lateral lamine ; the opposite valve with two teeth, a
primary and a lateral one, corresponding to the lateral lamin
opposite ; lower area striated transversely, with distant
lines of growth, both of which suddenly cross the area longi-
tudinally ; surface smooth.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Clyde, and the Mammi-
ferous Crag, Bramerton,

2. Souen Parisrensts.—The Parisian Solen, pl. XCIV. f. 9.

Solen strigillatus. Lamarck, An. du Mus. VII. p. #28, pl.
43, fig. 5. Deshayes, Coq. Foss. p. 26, pl. 2, figs. 22, 23.

Shell transversely oblong ovate, with the medial subsinus
somewhat rugose ; surface, towards the centre of the valves,
with obliquely longitudinal imbricated striw ; hinge with a
single tooth in one valve and two ia the opposite one.

Found in the London Clay, Bracklesham and Barton.

3. Sonen vaGinatis,—The Vagina-like Solen, pl. XCIV.
fig. 18.

S. vaginalis. Deshayes, Elem. Conch. p. 108, pl. 6, fig.
7. Cog. Foss. p. 25, pl. 2, figs. 20, 21.

Shell linear, straight, the termination of the margin oblique ;
hinge with one triangular tooth.

Found in the London Clay at Barton.

4. Soren Ensis.—The Sabre Solen, pl. XCIV. fig. 17.

S. Ensis. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 113, pl. 47, figs.
10, 10.

Greatly lengthened transversely ; considerably arcuated
and truncated at both extremities; hinge with a single car-
dinal tooth in one valve, locking botween two in the opposite
one, which is provided with a strong, lateral, elevated, slightly

CONCHIFERA.

231

recuryed, cleft tooth, for the reception of the opposite simple
one, striated like S. siliqua.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, [reland.

5. SoLEN LEGUMEN.—The Pea-pod Solen, pl. XCIV. f. 13.

Solenocurtus legumen. Brown, Ill. Rec. Con. Brit. p. 113.
pl. 47, figs. 8, 9, 9.*

Greatly elongated transversely, much compressed and thin ;
umbones placed to one side, but hardly marked ; hinge with
two small, erect, recurved, cardinal teeth in one valve, between
which an erect thin tooth in the opposite valve is locked ;
surface very smooth ; rounded at both sides.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ayr.

6. SoLen arrrnis.—The Allied Solen, pl. XCIYV. fig. 16.

S. affinis. Sowerby, I. p. 15, pl. 3.

Transversely elongated, arcuated, thin and much com-
pressed ; gaping at both sides ; hinge placed near one side ;
surface smooth.

The London Clay, Highgate and Kingston.

7. SoLen peLacicus.—The Sea Solen, pl. XCIV. fig. 15.

S. pelagicus. Portland, Geo. Rep. p. 441, pl. 36, fig. 4.

Transversely elongated ; straight, lancet-shaped, rounded at
both extremities; a small beak near the broader end, pro-
ducing a bend under the margin ; a keel-like ridge from the
beak to the posterior margin.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Clogher, Tyrone.

Genus LXIX.—PHOLADOMYA.—J. Sowerby. 4

Shell transverse, inequilateral, equivalye, ventricose, yery
thin and hyaline ; anterior side more or less elongated and
gaping ; posterior side sometimes very short, rounded ; upper
edge slightly gaping ; hinge with a small, rather elongated,
triangular pit, and a marginal lamina in each valve; to the
outer surface of which is attached a somewhat short external
ligament ; inside pearlaceous ; two indistinct muscular impres-
sions ; muscular impression of the mantle nearly obsolete, and
with a large sinus.

1. PHoLrapoMyA MARGARITACEA.—The Pearly Pholado-
mya, pl. LX XX. figs. 8, 9.

Cardita margaritacea. Sowerby, III. p. 175, pl. 297, f. 2.

Transyersely ovate, its width exceeding its length; in-
flated ; anterior side a little produced, provided with an ob-
scure, longitudinal keel, and several small ridges, concentri-
cally and irregularly undulated ; beaks prominent, greatly in-
curved, and with a considerable hollow beneath them.

London Clay, Bognor; Richmond, Isle of Wight, and
Brentford.

2. Puoutapomya propucta.—The Produced Pholadomya,
pl. XCV. fig. 8.

Cardita (?) producta. Sowerby, III. p. 219, pl. 197, f. 1.

Gibbose, transversely oblong, being about a third wider
than long ; surface with six or seven longitudinal ridges, which
are higher towards their posterior half; anterior side pro-
duced and plain; beaks rather prominent.

Lias, Bath, and Peterborough.

3. Puotapomya oprusa.—The Obtuse Pholadomya, pl.
XCV. fig. 6.

232

Cardita (2?) obtusa. Sowerby, III. p. 219, pl. 197, fig. 2.

Gibbose, transversely obovate ; length but little less than
the width, and somewhat recurved ; anterior side longest, ob-
tuse, and plain, with from seven to ten longitudinal, nearly
equal, tuberculated ridges.

Inferior Oolite, Dundry, and Cotswold Hills.

4. PuHotapomyA LIRATA.—The Ridged Pholadomya, pl.
XCV. fig. 9.

Cardita (?) lirata. Sowerby, III. p. 220, pl. 197, fig. 3.

Gibbose, transversely oblong, width nearly double its length ;
posterior side convex, provided with a large ridge, and
two or three tuberculated ridges ; whole surface with nine or
ten tuberculated ridges, and that separating the posterior side
the highest of the whole.

Inferior Oolite, Cotswold Hills; the Lias, at Bath and
Peterborough, and the Fuller's Earth, Alford, Wiltshire.

5. Puotapomya peLTorpya.—The Lurking Pholadomya,
pl. XCV. fig. 10.

Cardita (?) deltoidea. Sowerby, Il. p. 220.

Very gibbose, obtusely triangular, with eight or nine longi-
tudinal, rugged, very irregularly tuberculated ridges, which
are longest near the posterior end; anterior side pointed ;
beaks rather prominent.

Coral Rag, Heddington and Malton.

6. PHoLapomya pecussata.—The Decussated Pholadomya,
pl. XCVI. fig. 5. .

Cardium decussatum. Sowerby, VI. p. 99, pl. 552, fig. 1.

Cordifurm; posterior side with a broad area elevated in the
middle, bounded by an obtuse keel ; length and breadth nearly
equal; anterior side more prominent than the posterior ;
beaks incurved; surface with strong longitudinal ribs, and
decussated by irregular transverse ones, becoming closer as
they approach the base of the valves.

Chalk Marl, Hamsey, Sussex, and Speeton.

7. PHotapomya amBiaua.—The Ambiguous Pholadomya,
pl. XCV. fig. 4.

Lutraria ambigua. Sowerby, III. p. 48, pl. 227.

Transversely elongated, gibbose, a little recurved, gaping
anteriorly ; surface with several oblique divergent furrows.

This species is variable in width, some specimens being nearly ob-
ovate and teeth stronger, and, in general, knotted ribs.

The Inferior Oolite, Cotswold Hills, and the Lias, Weston,
Yorkshire.

8. PHoLapomya FrpicuLta.—The Harp Pholadomya, pl.
XCVI. fig. 2.

Lutraria lirata. Sowerby, III. p. 47, pl. 225.

Transversely elongated, its width twice and a half its
length ; gibbose, recurved ; surface with numerous obliquely
longitudinal ridges; the anterior side almost smooth, and
somewhat compressed.

The Inferior Oolite, Cotswold, and the Blue Wick.

9. PHoLtapomya ovauis.—The Oval Pholadomya, pl. XCVI.
fie. 4.

Lutraria ovalis. Sowerby, III. p. 47, pl. 226.

Transyersely elongated, elliptical and mostly straight, sume -
what convex ; curvature of front and back nearly equal ; sides
rounded and slightly gaping, the posterior one considerably
the smallest, with only one furrow on it; surface with about
nine divergent longitudinal ridges.

CONCHIFERA.

SpHeEntA.

The Portland Stone, Felmersham, Portland, and the Corn-
brash, Scarborough.

10. PuoLtapomya ANGusTATA.—The Narrow Pholadomya,
pl. XCVI. fig. 8.

Lutraria angustata. Sowerby, IV. p. 29, pl. 327.

Transversely elongated, gibbose, anterior side rather com-
pressed ; posterior side rounded, and extends a little way from
the beaks ; surface with about twelve oblique acute ribs, which,
as well as the intervening furrows, are decussated by numerous
irregular transverse striz ; substance of the shell thin, and in
consequence the ribs are nearly as conspicuous internally as
without.

The Inferior Oolite, Dundry.

11. Puorapomya Murcutson1.—Murchison’s Pholadomya,
pl. XCVI. fig. 6.

P. Murchisoni. Sowerby, VI. p. 87, pl. 545, fig. 1.

Oval, beaks large ; posterior side short, provided with six or
seven elevated, obtusely round, divergent, longitudinal ribs,
intersected by strong, undulating, wide-set furrows, giving the
ribs a knotted appearance.

From the Roof of the Coal Workings, Brora.

12. PHotapomya nAana.—The Dwarf Pholadomya, pl.
XCV. fig. 2.

P.nana. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 9, fig. 7.

Transversely elongated; posterior side nearly straight ;
beaks large and obtuse; anterior side rounded ; surface with
concentric lines of growth, and a few nearly obsolete radiating
furrows towards the base, in the middle of the valves ; basal
line nearly straight.

The Great Oolite, White Nab, Yorkshire.

13. Pootapomya oBsoLETA.—The Obsolete Pholadomya,
pl. XCV. fig. 3.

P. obsoleta. Phillips, Geo. York, 1 pl. 5, fig. 24.

Transversely elongated ; beaks obtuse, situate towards the
posterior side, which is short and a little narrowed ; anterior
side somewhat wider and rounded ; surface with concentric
furrows, and four radiating narrow furrows from the beaks to
the basal line.

The Great Oolite, Brandsby.

14. Pxotapomya Puixurpsi.—Piillip’s Pholadomya, pl.
XCV. fig. 11.

P. Murchesoni. Phillips, Geo. York, I. p. 27, fig. 9.

Transversely oval, much inflated ; beaks produced, conside-
rably incurved, situate nearest the posterior sides, which is
shortest, and with long, longitudinal, narrow ribs, which
radiate from the beaks to the basal margin, projecting a little
beyond it, giving a scolloped aspect, and occupying about half
the valve; anterior to these, two radiating narrow furrows ;
the anterior side rounded, and slightly contracted below.

The Cornbrash, Scarborough.

15. PaotapomyA comPpREssA.—The Compressed Phola-
domya, pl. XCV. fig. 5.

Transversely elongated, somewhat heart-shaped, oblique,
compressed ; beaks large, prominent, and quite approximating ;
surface with six large distant radiating ribs, leaving a large
bare space between them and the beaks.

The Great Oolite, Kettering, Northamptonshire.

16. PHoutapomyA cUNEATA.—The Wedge-Shaped Phola-
domya, pl. XCV. fig. 7.

CONCHIFERA. 238

Cardita margaritacea. Sowerby, III. p. 175. pl. 29, fig. 1.
Transyersely obovate, somewhat heart-shaped, and gibbose ;
anterior side a little produced, very short posteriorly, with an
obscure longitudinal keel, and several narrow ridges, concen-
trically undulated.
The London Clay, Pegwell Bay.
17. PuoLapomya simpLex.—Tho Simple Pholadomya, pl.
XCV. fig. 12.
P. simplex. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 4, fig. 31.
Obliquely oblong- ovate ; a ridge extending from the beak to
the base; surface smooth, with narrow concentric lines of
growth, which form an acute angle on the ridge; beaks
rather produced.
The Caleareous Grit, Gristhorpe, Yorkshire.
18. PHorapomya oBLiquaTa.—The Oblique Pholadomya,
pl. XCVI. fig. 3.
P. obliquata. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 13, fig. 15.
Obliquely transversely elongated ; posterior side very short ;
beaks placed quite to that side, and much incuryed ; anterior
very large and dilated, a little compressed towards the margin ;
surface with nearly equidistant concentric grooves and very flat
ribs.
The Great Oolite, Brandsby. and the Lias, Bilsdale.
19. PHorapomya acuticosta.—The Acute Ribbed Phola-
domya, pl. XCVI. fig. 1.
P. acuticosta. Sowerby, VI. p. 88, pl. 546, figs. 1, 2.
Transyersely oblong-oyal ; beaks obtuse and much incurved ;
anterior side short, with four or five keel-shaped, longitudinal,
divergent ribs, and many gradually lessening ones from them
to the posterior side, which is gradually narrowed ; basal line
nearly straight.
20. Puotapomya mQuaLis.—The Equal Pholadomya, pl.
XCVI. fig. 7.
P. aequalis. Sowerby, VI. p. 88, pl. 546, fig. 3.
‘Transversely and regularly oval, equally rounded at both
extremities, and straight ; beaks obtuse, incuryed, and approxi-
mate; with from six to eight slightly elevated, equal, diver-
gent ribs, passing from the beaks over the centre of each
valve, and terminating on the margin ; basal line gently curved.
The Portland Stone, Weymouth, Dorsetshire.

Fammy II].—PHOLADARIA.

Shell bivalve, with accessory pieces to the valves; gaping
much anteriorly.

Genus LXX.—PHOLAS.—Linneus.

Shell transversely oblong, equivalve, greatly inequilateral,
nearly the whole species gaping at both ends, and most of
them with the opening very large at the anterior end, and ex-
tending along the basal margin ; in some species, however, it
is nearly closed by a testaceous, almost smooth, somewhat
tubular prolongation of the valves; hinge in various species
with an unequally sized small recurved tooth in each valve ;

:

external surface generally roughened with muricated stris,
presenting a rasp or file-like appearance ; most of the species
provided with a greater or lesser number of accessory valves,
situate near the fulerum of the hinge, and connected with the
shell only by the epidermis which passes over them ; each
valve furnished with a long curved, flat, tooth-like testaceous
process, projecting from the interior of the shell, immediately
within the umbones; in some species this is expanded and
spoonshaped ; anterior dorsal margin near the beaks reflected,
close, and flattened down upon the umbones in some species,
and in others a second margin is produced, situate remote
from the first, with the intervening space divided by a series
of transverse septa ; two principal impressions, formed by the
adductor muscle, one of which is placed on the reflected mar-.
gin over the beaks, and the other intermediate between the
umbones and the posterior side; muscular impression with a
large sinus in its narrow part, the impression being somewhat
expanded near to the sinus.

1. PHotas cyLinpricus.—The Cylindrical Pholas, pl.
XCIV. figs. 1, 2.

P. cylindricus. Sowerby, IL. p. 88, pl. 198.

Transversely elongated, slightly compressed, and nearly
cylindrical ; anterior side plain ; posterior side muricated and
pointed, with a small sinus in the edge ; beaks concealed by a
reflection of the edges of the back; surface transversely
striated ; with many longituginal elevations, rising with flat
spines, where they decussate the transverse elevations.

The Red Crag, Walton, and the Coral Crag, Sutton.

2. PHotas compressa.—The Compressed Pholas, pl. XCIV.
figs. 3, 4. F

P. compressa. Sowerby, VI. p. 213, pl. 608.

Transyersely obovate compressed; sides almost equally
rounded ; gaping at each extremity ; along the middle of one
valve is a longitudinal rounded ridge, with a corresponding
furrow in the other; surface with many sharp, concentric
ridges, these are decussated by eight or ten longitudinal ones
on the anterior side; whole surface with extremely minute
longitudinal striz.

The Kimmeridge Clay, Shotover, Oxfordshire.

3. Puonas priscA.—The Ancient Pholas, pl. XCIV. f. 25.

P. priscus. Sowerby, VI. p. 157, pl. 581.

Oblong oval, anterior side very short and rounded, with a
deep angular sinus in its edge, which is closed up in the adult
shell ; posterior side lengthened and truncated ; beaks covered
by a heart-shaped accessory valve; in the middle of each
valve a longitudinal band is formed by a series of scales,

The Lower Greensand, Sandgate, Kent.

4. Puoias canpipa.—White Pholas, pl. XCIV. p. 23, 24.

P. candida. Brown, Ul. Ree. Conch. Brit. p. 115, pl. 48,
figs. 6 to 10.

Transversely elongated ; anterior side pointed ; posteriorly
rounded ; umbonal region covered by an elongated accessory
plate ; surface covered with wide-set longitudinal and trans-
verse strise, prickly at the anterior side.

The Red Crag, Walton, Wood.

5. Puonas crispata.—the Crisped Pholas, pl. XCIYV. figs.
8, 19, 20.

P. crispata. Brown, Ill. Ree. Conch. Brit. p. 114, pl. 48,
figs. 1 to 5.

3A

234

Transversely sub-oval ; one side rounded, the anterior one
acuminated and folded back with a hollow behind ; a longi-
tudinal furrow emanates from behind the reflection, and ter-
minates on the margin; posterior side nearly plain, or with a
few concentric wrinkles ; anteriorly with numerous thin un-
dulating, sharp-angled wrinkles, and longitudinal divergent
grooves, producing a reticulated appearance; inside with a
large much curved tooth, below the umbonal region in both
valves.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Houth, Ayr ; the Coral
Crag, Sutton; the Red Crag, Walton ; and Mammiferous
Crag, Postdam.

6. PHotas constricrA.—The Constricted Pholas, pl.
XCIV. fig. 21.

P. constricta. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 2, fig. 17.

Transversely elongated ; anteriorly short, rounded, and
truncated ; posteriorly constricted and acuminated ; a furrow
from the internal region to the base ; whole surface with longi-
tudinal ribs.

The Gault, Speeton, Yorkshire.

7. Puonas pacryLus.—Date Pholas, pl. XCIV. fs. 11, 12.

P. dactylus. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 115, pl. 49,
figs. 1, 2,3.

Greatly elongated transversely ; umbonal region placed much
to one side, reflected, with a series of cells externally, and
covered with two concentrically striated valves ; posterior to
them a long, spatuliform, accessorial valve ; surface anteriorly
rough, with waved ribs decussated by longitudinal strie ; pos-
terior side smooth, with some shallow lines of growth.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ayr.

8. PHotas REconpITA.—Recondite Pholas, pl. XCIY. f. 22.

P. recondita. Phillips, Geo. York, I. pl. 3, fig. 19.

Transversely ovate, rounded at both sides, an oblique, longi-
tudinal, nearly central furrow, transversely striated.

The Coral Rag, Malton, Yorkshire.

9. PHouas papyracea.—The Papyrus Pholas.

P. papyracea. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 114, pl. 49,
figs. 4, 6, 7, 9.

Transversely ovate, anterior side ventricose and rounded,
closed when the valves are shut; posterior side acuminated, trun-
cated, and with an accessory ring; each valve with an oblique,
longitudinal groove, with coarse and parallel stris beyond it ;
posterior half with closer set, slightly oblique, crenate ribs.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

10. Puouas Gigantra.—Gigantic Pholas, pl. XOV. fig. 1.

P. gigantea. Sowerby. Geo. Tr, 2d Ser. LV. p. 338, pl. 14,f.1.

Transyersely elongated; nearly cylindrical; anterior side
short and rounded ; posterior side elongated and angular below ;
surface with oblique radiating furrows and ribs; margin
crenated.

The Gault, Folkstone and Lympne.

Famity IV.—TUBICOLA.

Animal contained in a testaceous sheath, distinct from its
valves, incrusted entirely or in part in the wall of this tube,
or projecting outwards.

CONCHIFERA.

Genus LXX.—GASTROCH ENA.—Spengler.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, somewhat wedge-shaped ; an-
terior side rounded, when viewed in front, and posteriorly
acuminated ; anterior side gaping widely, its aperture being
sub-ovate, and acute behind ; hinge marginal and linear, des-
titute of teeth, but in their stead asmall laminated appendage,
emanating from the umbo, allied to the same tooth-like pro-
cess in the genus Pholas ; ligament external.

This shell is enclosed in a testaceous, irregular, claviform
tube, situate at its broader extremity ; it is open and attenua-
ted anteriorly, with an oblong, bilobate aperture, which is
nearly sub-divided by a projecting septum, that does not quite
reach across the opening ; these serve for the passage of the
two tubes of the animal; the posterior end of the tube is
closed. This club-shaped tube is found either within the perfor-
ated cavities of rocks, or in old shells or corals, the testaceous
tube always protruding beyond the surface.

1. GasTrocH&£NA contorTA.—The Contorted Gastroche-
na, pl. XCVI. figs. 22, 23, 24.

G. contorta. Sowerby, VI. p. 50, pl. 526, fig. 2.

Sheath club-shaped, bent nearly at a right angle, its aper-
ture divided by two opposite ridges ; valves ovate, elongated ;
surface with very fine strie, the intervening lines wide, oval,
and pointed.

In the London Clay, Barton.

2. GASTROCHENA TORTUOSA.—The Tortuous Gastrochena,
pl. XCVI. figs. 29, 30.

G. tortuosa. Sowerby, IV. p. 49, pl. 526, fig. 1.

Its longest diameter four times the united depth of both
valves, obliquely lanceolate, and twisted ; hinge line straight ;
surface nearly smooth.

Inferior Oolite, Blue Wick, Robin Hood’s Bay.

3. GAsTROCHHNA PHOLADEA.—The Pholas-like Gastro-
chena, pl. XCVI. figs. 20, 21.

G. pholadia. Brown, Ul. Ree. Conch. Brit. p. 116, pl. 48,
figs. 13, 14. I

Transversely sub-ovate and wedge-shaped ; broadly and
widly gaping at the anterior side, from which it gradually de-
creases until it reaches the opposite extremity ; beaks rather
prominent and obtuse ; hinge with an obscure, laminar, trans-
verse tooth in both valves.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

Genus LXXI.—TERIDINA.—Lamarck. ,

Shell orbicular, and entirely external, equivalve, inequilater-
al; umbones greatly incurved, and covered by a somewhat
quadrangular, accessory process, which seems to be fixed. to
the valves in front of the beak, with a subulate process in
front, and gaping at both extremities ; anterior opening an-
gular at the back, and the posterior rounded in front ; tube
thick, fistulous, posterior extremity smaller, and open, and
nearly divided into two from an interior projection on both
sides, and provided with an operculum ; anterior termination

CONCHIFERA.

of the tube entirely closed by a trapezoidal plate, which fills
up the space left by the sinus in the two valves.

The posterior portion of the tube is of a different consis-
tence from the anterior part, having a horny texture and ap-
pearance ; the interior of the valves is thickly lined with the
same testaceous matter as thetubes. The testaceous substance
is generally so much thickened in front, that it almost entire-
ly conceals the tooth-like processes.

1. TerEDINA PERSONATAW—The Masque Teredina, pl.
XCVI. figs. 14, 15, 24, 26, 27, 28.

T. personata. Sowerby, I. p. 232, pl. 102, figs. 1 to 4.

Valves transversely striated on the posterior side ; anterior
side smooth, with a few lines of growth ; the accessory plate
pentangular and smooth ; tube as thick as the valves.

In the London Clay, Sheppy and Epernay.

Genus LX XII.—TEREDO.—Linneus.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, and orbicular, with a subulate
process in front, and gaping at both sides; anterior opening
angular at the back, and the posterior one rounded in front ;
an elongated, curved, tooth-like process emanates from the in-
side, in both valves, protruding from the beaks ; anterior mus-
cular impression situate upon the subulate process ; shell
placed on the anterior extremity of a testaceous accessory tube,
which is secreted by the animal in its progress through wood,
&c., and forms a lining to the perforated cavity, becoming
gradually wider as the animal advances, and is frequently fur-
nished internally with a vaulted septa; aperture of the tube
round, and posteriorly divided into a double tube, which the
animal has the power of closing by means of two palmate,
sometimes pennated apercula.

1. TerEpDO NAvALIs.—The Ship Teredo, pl. XCVI. fig. 13.

T. navalis. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Bri‘. p. 116, pl. 50,
figs. 1 to 7.

Valves triangular, ear-shaped behind, and hemispherical
when closed, with a curved tooth on the margin of the umbo-
nal region ; surface of the valves striated in various directions,
each with a triangular projection in front, inclining inwards
and conforming to the angular form of the valves, with a
lengthened flat curved tooth, projecting inwards under the
beaks ; tube flexous, and without any regular form.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

2. TerEDO AMPHISB£NA.—The Blind-Worm Teredo, pl.
XCVI. figs. 16-19.

T. amphisbena. Sowerby, VII. p. 17, pl. 618.

Valves unknown; tube much lengthened, tapering, tortu-
ous, strong, and smooth, composed of short segments with
sharp edges, and concave imbricated surfaces.

The London Clay, Marham and Gayton.

bo
os
or

3. TeREDO ANTENAUTE.—PI. XCVI. figs. 31-33.

T. antenautw. Sowerby, I. p. 231, pl. 102.

Valves transversely striated, those on the anterior side
numerous, zig-zag, minutely toothed, smooth, with dorsal
posterior accessory valves testaceous.

The London Clay, Sheppy and Nuneham.

Genus LXXIII.—FISTULANA.—Bruguieére.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transversely elongated, and
gaping widely at the basal margin ; anterior side very short;
valves attached by a ligament, and situate in the lower part of
a testaceous tube, which is closed at the lower or anterior ex-
tremity, and to which they are confined by the septum, and
open at the centre ; the posterior end attenuated and open.

1. FisrunanA AMPULLARIAW—The Ample Fistulana, pl.
XCVI. figs. 9-12.

Ff. ampullaria. Deshayes, Coq. Fos. pl. I. figs. 17-21.

Sheath sandy, bottle-shaped, and continuous; aperture in-
ternally bicarinated ; shell ovate, gaping widely, the hiatus
oval, with sinuosities.

The London Clay, Barton.

Genus LXXIV.—CLAVAGELLA.—Lamarck.

Shell consisting of a testaceous tube, somewhat attenuated,
and open at its anterior extremity, irregularly ovate, sub-cem-
pressed, claviform, and closed at its lower end, excepting by
a number of irregularly formed minute tubes ; clavate termin-
ation provided with an irregular, thin, flattened, pearly adhe-
rent valve, on one side, with a loose, extremely thin valve at
the bottom of the tube, which is supposed to be united to the
fixed valve by a ligament in a living state ; an irregular mus-
cular impression near one side.

The tube of the Clavagelle is sometimes free, and, at others,
it lines sub-marine bodies, such as madrepores, stones, and
clay.

1. CLAVAGELLA coronata.—The Crowned Clayagella, pl.
XCVI. figs. 35-87.

C. coronata. Deshayes, Coq. Foss. I. p. 8, pl. 5, figs. 15,
16. Sowerby, V. p. 128, pl. 480.

Tube straight, elongated, club-shaped, and crowned with
about eight antler-like branched tubes, arranged in sets ; the
included valves oblong, suleated, with strong lines of growth,
and gaping widely; beaks acute and large; inside of both
valves pearlaceous ; the sulcus which divides the two sets of
tubes, with a branch that descends the side of the sheath in
which the free valve is contained.

The London Clay, Hampshire.

236

CLASS THIRD.

CIRRIPEDA; OR, BARNACLES.

The animals are soft, destitute of a head, and consequently
eyes; covered with a shell, and are incapable of locomotion,
being always affixed to extraneous bodies. The whole of the
Cirripedes are multivalye—that is, consisting of more than
two pieces or valves.

ORDER I.—PEDUNCULATA.

Body supported on a tubular, membranaceous, moveable
peduncle, the base of which is affixed to stones and other
marine bodies, or timber floating in the ocean.

Genus I.—POLLICIPES.—Zeach.

Body covered by a shell, and supported by a tubular, ten-
dinous, squamiferous peduncle, which seldom exceeds two
inches in length ; shell multivalye, compressed on the sides,
with the valves nearly contiguous and unequal ; valves thir-
teen or more in number, those on the sides smallest ; five
upper valyes much larger than the others, the anterior pair
conical, elongated, with their sides reflected backwards, situate
on each side of the opening; the central or terminal pair
largest, and trapeziform, with an acute angle at the posterior
extremity ; dorsal valve greatly elongated, broad at the base,
rounded on the back, with on acute apex ; between these, in
the peduncle, are a number of smaller, testaceous, generally
triangular studs.—Pollicipes Cornucopia, pl. XCVII. fig. 12.

1. PoLuicipes riaipus.—The Rigid Pollicipes, pl. XCVII.
figs. 7, 8, 9.

P. rigidus. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 335, pl. 11,
fig. 6*.

Posterior valves furnished with thin, transverse, very pro-
minent elevations ; lateral valyes somewhat elongated.

The Gault, Folkstone.

2. Pouuicires Lavis—The Smooth Pollicipes, pl. XCVII.
figs. 19 to 24.

P. lacis. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p- 335, pl. 11, f. 5.

Lateral valves rhomboidal, smooth, thin, and almost flat.

The Gault, Folkstone, and the Greensand, Blackdown.

3. Potiicires unovuis.—The Claw Pollicipes, pl. XCVIT.
figs. 4, 5, 6.

P. unguis. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p- 335,pl. 11, f.6*.

Valves all remarkably curved, broad in proportion to their
length, and smooth.

The Gault, Folkstone.

4. Potuicirrs rapiatus—The Radiated Pollicipes, pl.
XCVIL. figs. 10, 11,

P. radiatus. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. IV. p. 335, pl. 11, f. 6.

Valves wedge-shaped, flat, with sharp, elevated rays diverg-
ing from their apices.

The Lower Greensand, near Lympne, Kent.

5. Pouxicires antiquus.—The Ancient Pollicipes, pl.
XCVII. fig. 5.

P.(?) Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2d Ser. V. p. 136, pl. VIII.
figs. 34-36.

Posterior valves long, curyed, narrow, and striated trans-
versely ; lateral valve obliquely sub-quadrate ; striw triangu-
lar.

The London Clay, Highgate.

6. Poticrers minurus.—The
XCVII. figs. 36 to 45.

P.(?) Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2d Ser. V. p. 186, pl. 9, f. 2.

Posterior valyes elongated and straight; lateral valves
triangular, with waved strie.

The London Clay, Hampstead.

7 MAXiIMUs.—The Large

Minute Pollicipes, pl.

7. Powricrees
XCVII. figs. 17, 18.

P. maximus. Sowerby, VI. p. 222, pl. 606, figs. 3-6.

Terminal valves plain and rhomboidal, sometimes with a
central ridge and lines of growth ; posterior valve lanceolate,
much elongated, and arcuated ; posterior valve, figs. 13 and
18, terminal ; valve 17, anterior valve.

In the Chalk, Northfleet and Norwich.

8. PoiicirEs REFLEXUS.—The Reflected Pollicipes, pl.
XCVIL. figs. 25 to 33.

P. reflexus. Sowerby, VI. p. 222, pl. 606, fig. 8.

Posterior valve lanceolate, straight, or recurved ; lateral
valves almost flat and smooth.

Upper Marine Formation, Colwell Bay, Isle of Wight.

9. Potticrprs sutcatus.—The Furrowed Pollicipes, pl.
XCVII. fig. 12, 13.

P. sulcatus. Sowerby, VI. p. 221, pl. 606, figs. 1, 2, and 7.

Valves with longitudinal, elevated striw; the terminal
valve, fig. 2, elongated and rhomboidal ; posterior valves, 1
and 3, are acuminated, broad, lanceolate, and somewhat car-
inated; both are furnished with irregular, sharp, elevated,
longitudinal striw.

In the Chalk, Lewis and Norwich. ‘

Pollicipes, pl.

ORDER II.—SESSILIA.

Destitute of a peduncle; body enclosed in a multivalve
shell, attached by its base to marine bodies ; mouth situated
at the upper and interior portion of the body.

Genus I.--BALANUS.—Lamarck.

Shell sessile, conical, or subconic, closed at the base by a
testaceous plate, which adheres to extraneous substances, con-
consisting of four articulated valves ; aperture subtrigonal, or
elliptical, and shut by an operculum composed of four valves.

1. Batanus TesseLLatus.—The Chequered Balanus, pl.
XCVII. fig. 49.

B. tessellatus. Sowerby, I. p. 193, pl. 84, fig. 1.

Obliquely conical, thin, with six obscurely ribbed, smooth
valves ; interstices finely tessellated ; aperture oval, its longest
diameter being about half an inch high, somewhat less than
its basal diameter.

Mammiferous Crag, Bramerton, Norfolk.

2. Baxanus crassus.—The Thick Balanus, pl. XCVII. fig.
52 to 56.

B. crassus. Sowerby I. p. 194, pl. 84, fig. 2, 3, 4.

Oblique, thick, with six smooth, obscurely ribbed valves ;
aperture triangular.

The Coralline Crag, Ramshot, and the Red Crag, Sutton.

3. Bananus BaLanorDEs.—The Acorn Balanus, pl. XCVII.
fig. 49.

B. balanoides. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 120, pl.
53, fig. 17 and 54, figs. 4, 5.

Sub-conic, sub-depressed, smooth ; aperture wide ; operculum
with the two anterior valves slightly striated transversely ; the
posterior ones smooth.

The Raised Beaches, Bute, &c.

4, Baranus communts.—The Common Balanus, pl. XCVII.
fig. 63.

B. communis. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 120, pl. 53,
fig. 23, and pl. 54, fig. 1.

Strong rugged, conic, compartments unequal, with many
irregular longitudinal squamous ribs; the interstices transversely
wrinkled ; aperture contracted.

The Red and Coral Crags, Sutton, and the Raised Beaches,
Clyde, &e.

5. Baranus costatus.—The Ribbed Balanus, pl. XCVII.
fig. 62.

B. costatus.
figs. 2, 3.

Sub-conic, depressed ; nearly circular at the base ; with from

Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 120, pl. 54,

seventeen to nineteen nearly equidistant, divergent, smooth
ribs ; all of which extend considerably beyond the basal margin ;
aperture small and sub-ovate.

The Raised Beach, Clyde.

6. Batanus puncratus.—The Punctured Balanus, pl. XCVII.
fig. 58.

B. punctatus.
figs. 5, 6, 13, 20.

Sub-conic, with indistinct compartments; generally with

Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 121, pl. 53,

CIRRIPEDA.

237

numerous longitudinal, narrow ribs, and several transverse
irregular lines of growth ; aperture wide, rather plain on the
edge, operculum punctured.

Raised Beach, Ayr.

7. Batanus rucosus.—The Rough Balanus, pl. XCVII.
fig. 57.

B. rugosus. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 121, pl. 53,
figs. 4, 7, 8, and 21.

Sub-conie, divided into six compartments by irregular in-
equidistant furrows; those of the posterior side broadest, and
crossed by deep divisions, formed by the lines of growth;
these are sometimes wrinkled or striated, longitudinally ; aper-
ture very large; inner margin transversely ridged.

Raised Beaches, Clyde, &c., and the Coral Crag, Sutton.

8. Bavanvs TINTINNABULUM.—The Little Bell Balanus, pl.
XCVILI. fig. 60.

B. tintinnabulum. Donovan, Brit. Sh., pl. 148.

Obtusely sub-conic, with three raised compartments, con-
tracting to a point upwards, and longitudinally striate, and
three depressed ones, contracting to a point downwards, and
transversely striate; aperture rather wide.

The Raised Beaches, Scotland, and Norfolk.

9. Batanus sponeEosus.—The Sponge Balanus, pl. XCVII.
fig. 51.

B. Spongeosus.
Leach.

Ovate, with six angulated compartments, their points extend-
ing considerably above the margin of the aperture ; three anterior
divisions, broader, and not so long as the posterior ones ; external
surface wrinkled, and provided with numerous spiniform pro-
cesses; aperculum four-valved, the anterior pair with strong
regular, deep, but narrow ridges, crossed by longitudinal striz ;

Montague, Sup. p. 2, Acasta Montagui.

internal margins deeply serrated; posterior pair longer than
the others, with their points sharp, and considerably arcuated ;
base of the shell, cup-shaped.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

Genus II].—ADNA.—Leach.

Shell consisting of an upper valve, supported on a funnel-
shaped base, which is not sunk in the substance to which it is
attached, but is seen externally, the operculum consisting of
four valves.

1. Apna sutcata.—The Furrowed Adna, pl. XCVII. f. 59.

Wood pyrgoma. Phillipi En. Mol. Sicily, p. 252, pl. 12,
fig. 24.

Sub-conic, with many longitudinal plain ribs; aperture wide.

The Coral Crag, Ramshot.

3B

238

Genus IIJ.—CLITIA.—Leach.

Shell, a depressed, irregular-shaped cone, attached by the
base, and consisting of four unequal, dissimilar valves, two
larger and two smaller, laterally united by the interlocking of
their dentated margins; aperture somewhat trapeziform, late-
rally placed, and entirely filled by a bipartite operculum, one
of the pieces of which is irrregularly quadrate, and the other
nearly triangular.

1. Curria verruca.—The Wart-like Clitia, pl. XCVIL. fig.
61, 61*.

C. Verruca. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 122, pl. 58,
fig. 30.

Much depressed, compartments strongly ribbed diagonally,
and oblique to each other, and finely striated transversely ;
margin of the base irregularly serrated ; aperture quite closed
by the operculum.

The Red Crag, Walton, Coral Crag, Sutton, and Raised
Beaches, Clyde, &e.

Genus 1V.—CORONULA.—Lamarck.

Shell seated, sub-orbicular; valves apparent, indivisible,
conoidal; with very thick walls, and interiorly hollowed in
radiating cells, eighteen in number; aperture regular, of a

ANNELIDA.

SERPULA.

rounded oval, and interiorly funnel-shaped; operculum, with
four obtuse valves.

1. CononULA DIADEMA.—The Crown-shaped Coronula, pl.
XOVILI. fig. 47, 48.

Donoyan, Brit. Sh. pl. 56.

Somewhat compressed, with six prominent longitudinally
ribbed valves; alternating with as many transversely striated
ones.

The Red Crag, Sutton.

Genus V.—ACIDASPIS.—Murchison.

Acipaspis Brieutit.—Bright’s Acidaspis, pl. XCVII. f. 65.
A. Brightii. Murchison, Sil. Syst. p. 658, pl. 14, fig. 15.

Grxus VI—AGNOSTUS.—Brongniarte.

1. Acyosrus Pisirormis.—The Fish-shaped Agnostus, pl.
XCVII. fig. 64.
A. pisiformis. Murchison, Sil. Syst. p. 664, pl. 25, fig. 4.

2. Acnostus TuprrcuLatus.—The Tuberculated Agnostus,
pl. XOVII. fig. 66:
A. Tuberculatus. Murchison, Sil. Syst. p. 604, pl. 3, fig.

17, 17a.

CHPASS SF OU RT A.
ANNELIDA.

Animal with a more or less elongated body, having no blood,
and inhabiting a testaceous tube, from which they never depart.

ORDER I.—SEDENTARIA.

Tube elongated and testaceous.

Trine I.—SERPULACEA.

Tube solid and calcareous.

Genus I.—SERPULA.—Linneus.

Shell tubular, narrow, gradually widening towards the aper-
ture, and pointed towards the apex ; attached irregularly to other
bodies ; sometimes wound spirally ; keeled, imbricated, or plain,
aperture round, for the most part, or angulated in the ribbed
species.

1. Serputa PLExuS.—The Woven Serpula, pl. XCVIII.
fig. 8.

S. plexus. Sowerby, VI. p. 201, pl. 598, fig. 1.

Cylindrical, smooth, greatly curved, much interwoven into
masses ; tube diminishing gradually.

The Upper Chalk, Norwich, the Lower Chalk, Dover, and
the Greensand, Blackdown.

2. SERPULA CARINELLA.—The Small-keeled Serpula, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 7.

SERPULA.

S. carinella. Sowerby, VI. p. 201, pl. 598, fig. 2.

Cylindrical, adherent, tortuous, gradually tapering towards
the apex; a small longitudinal keel, becoming obsolete towards
the aperture.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

3. SERPULA comprEessA.—The Compressed Serpula, pl.
XOVIII. fig. 26.

S. compressa. Sowerby, VI. p. 201, pl. 598, fig. 3.

Lanceolate, somewhat compressed, rapidly diminishing, and
smooth ; very slightly tortuous ; a portion of the tube free.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Lothian and Ireland.

4. SeRPuULA antiquata.— The Antiquated Serpula, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 40.

S. antiquata. Sowerby, VI. p. 202, pl. 598, fig. 4.

Cylindrical, very gradually decreasing, surface uneven, with
transverse, irregular rings; a portion adherent, by an expan-
sion of the tube; margin of the aperture obtuse.

The Upper Greensand, Kent, Dorsetshire and Wiltshire ; the
Chalk, Hunstanton and Dorking, and the Lower Greensand,
Isle of Wight and Kent.

5. Serputa contracta.—The Contracted Serpula, pl.
XOVIII. fig. 34.

S. contracta. Woodward, Geo. Nor. pl. 5, fig. 19.

Tube circular, gradually decreasing, considerably and abruptly
contracted at the smaller end.

The Upper Chalk, Norwich.

6. Serputa renvis.—The Thin Serpula, pl. XCVIII. figs.
9, 10. ;

S. tenuis. Sowerby, VI. p. 202, pl. 598, fig. 5.

Cylindrical, with a very minute keel upon the back, and a
few distinct acute rings; substance of the shell thin; occurs
in groups, and either attached to each other or to extraneous
bodies.

The Fresh Water Formation, Hordwell.

7. SERPULA TRICARINATA.—The Three-Keeled Serpula, pl.
XCVIIT. fig. 28.

S. tricarinata. Sowerby, VI. p. 226, pl. 608, figs. 3, 4.

Aperture generally turned back, surface somewhat smooth,
with three thick uninterrupted keels, the central one largest ;
sometimes becoming obsolete; aperture circular, furnished
with two thickened lobes at the base ; edge thin.

The Kimmeridge Clay, near Leighton, Buckinghamshire, and
the Calcareous Grit, Shotover Hill.

8. Serputa TRIANGULATA.—The Triangular Serpula, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 42.

S. triangulata. Sowerby, VI. p. 227, pl. 608, fig. 7.

Somewhat rounded, smooth, triangular upon the back; the
central angle elevated into a keel ; surface with circular lines
of growth; always adherent.

The Great Oolite, Bradford, Wiltshire.

9. SERPULA RUNcINATA.—The Saw-like Serpula, pl. XCVIII.
fig. 35.

ANNELIDA.

239

S. runcinata. Sowerby, VI. p- 227, pl. 608, fig. 6,

Sub-triangular, tortuous, with three regularly and strongly
serrated longitudinal keels upon its back; aperture round;
base expanded.

The Coral Rag, Shotover Hill.

10. Serputa optusa.—The Obtuse Serpula, pl. XCVIII.
fig. 6.

S. obtusa. Sowerby, VI. p. 228, pl. 608, fig. 8.

Obtusely quadrangular, smooth, with an obtuse, thick keel
along the back, which is flattened; edges of the margin pro-
duced as a short cylinder, beyond the margin, which is bilobate
and thickened; base expanded. ;

The Middle Chalk, Saham, Norfolkshire.

11. Serpura riucrvata.—The Fluctuating Serpula, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 35.

S. fluctuata, Sowerby, VI. p. 228, pl. 608, fig. 5.

Circular, surface smooth, with five regularly undulating
wire-like low keels ; surface of attachment small.

The Upper Chalk, Norwich, and the Middle Chalk, Swaff-
ham, and Dorking.

12. SERPULA TETRAGONA.—The Tetragonal Serpula, pl.
XOVIII. fig. 12.

Sowerby, VI. p. 203, pl. 599, figs. 1, 2.

Tube very long, narrow, and for the greater part of its length,
unattached ; four-sided and nearly flat externally, with promi-
nent angles; aperture round.

The Kimmeridge Clay, Clophill, Bedfordshire.

13. SeRpuLA RusticA.—The Rude Serpula, pl. XCVIIT.
fig. 11.

S. rustica. Sowerby, VI. p. 203, pl. 599, fig. 3.

Tube quadrangular, the angles obtuse ; as the tube increases
in length, the angles become variously curved and interrupted,
and finally assume the form of irregular nodules, surrounding
the tube, which becomes cylindrical.

The Upper Greensand, Folkstone.

14. Serputa articutaTa.—The Articulated Serpula, pl.
XCVIILI. fig. 23.

Sowerby, VI. p. 204, pl. 599, fig. 4.

Tube quadrangular, provided with rings, each having four
oval tubercles, situate at distant irregular intervals; angles
rounded ; aperture circular.

The Gualt, Folkstone.

15. SeRPULA VERTEBRALIS.—The Vertebral Serpula, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 75.

S. vertebralis. Sowerby, VI. p, 204, pl. 599, fig. 5.

Tube quadrangular, with obtuse longitudinal tubercles, set
in rings, at short regular distances, four on each ring.

The Oxford Clay, Christian Malford.

16. Serpuna cantnata.—The Keeled Serpula, pl. XCVITI.
fig. 29.

S. carinata. Woodward, Geo. Nor. pl. 5, fig. 13.

240

Tube with three elevated, sharp, serrated keels; aperture
circular.

“The Upper Chalk, Norwich.

17. SurruLa capirata.—The Headed Serpula, pl. XCVIII.
fig. 43.

S. capitata. Phillips, Geo. York. I. pl. 14. fig. 16.

Tube circular, smooth, variously bent, with irregular rings,
both in size and disposition ; a large termination in the form
of a head.

The Lias, Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire, and Lyme Regis.

18. Serputa DEPLEXA.—The Winding Serpula, pl.XCVIII.
fig. 13.

S. deplexa. Phillips, Geo. York. I. pl. 11, fig. 66.

Tube cylindrical, smooth, winding in different directions.

The Inferior Oolite, Blue Wick, Yorkshire.

19. SERPULA EXTENSA.—The Swollen Serpula, pl. XCVIII.
fig. 38.

S. extensa. Brander, Fos. Hant. pl. 1, fig. 12.

Cylindrical, tumid, smooth, with obscure lines of growth ;
aperture circular.

The London Clay, Hordwell.

20. SeRPULA PLANA.—The Flat Serpula, pl. XCVIIL. fig. 41.

S. plana. Woodward, Geo. Norf. pl. 5, fig. 9.

Convoluted, depressed, surface smooth ; aperture circular.

The Chalk, Norwich.

1. SeRruLa FILIFoRMIs.—The Thread-shaped Serpula, pl.
XOVIII. fig. 14.

S. filiformis. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. IV. pl. 16, fig. 2.

Tube smooth, cylindrical, of nearly equal diameter through-
out ; slightly curved, generally consisting of masses laid side
by side, a certain number taking the same curvature, and laid
in one direction; sometimes in branched masses.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

22. SERPULA socratis. — The Associated Serpula, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 22.
S. socialis,

9, a. b.

Tube long, thin, smooth, thread-like, and almost straight,
loose or bent in all directions, aggregated together in bundles
of from two to four inches long ; single tubes are of equal thick-
ness throughout ; but the fasciculi are of different dimensions.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Clogher, Tyrone.

23. Serpuca tupa.—The Tubular Serpula, pl. XOVIII.
fig. 17.

S. tuba. Sowerby, Geo. Trans. 2nd Ser. IV. p. 340, pl. 16,
fig. 3.

Tubes simple, generally solitary, or seldom exceeding two
united; of uniform diameter throughout ; shell thin.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

24. SERPULA VERMES.—The Worm Serpula, pl. XCVIII.
fig. 11*.

Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 362, pl. 25, A, fig.

ANNELIDA.

SERPULA.

S. vermes.
fig. 4.

Tube gradually increasing in size, as it advances in age, and
provided with a pretty deep keel along its surface, which is
wrinkled transversely.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

25. SERPULA HEPTAGONA.—The Seven-sided Serpula, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 33.

Dentalium elephantinum. Brander, Fos. Hant, pl. I. fig. 11.

Tube gradually tapering, with seven rounded longitudinal
keels, or projections ; aperture heptagonal.

The London Clay, Hordwell.

26. SERPULA TRISERRATA.—The Three-serrated Serpula,
pl. XCVIII. figs. 1, 2.

S. triserrata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. p. 347, pl. 23,
fig. 8.

Tube attached, thi¢k, triangular, with three thin serrated
keels upon its upper angle.

The Portland Stone, East side of Portland.

27. SERPULA vaRIABitis. —The variable Serpula, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 18
S. variabilis.

23, fig. 7.

Tube cylindrical, rough, and having an irregular suture on
one or more sides; a considerable portion attached to extra-
neous bodies; when young the attached portion is triangular.

28. Srrpuna inTESTINALIsS.—The Intestinal Serpula, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 46.

S. intestinalis. Phillips, Geo. York. I. pl. 5, fig. 21.

The outer portion of the tube straight, the lower part twisted ;
surface rather rough, with a waved keel on its back; aperture
round ; shell strong.

The Oxford Clay, and Cornbrash, Scarborough.

29. SERPuLA LacERATA.—The Lacerated Serpula, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 32.

S. lacerata. Phillips, Geo. York. I. pl. 4, fig. 35.

Tube moderately curved, circular, and rather rough ; aperture
round, with a slight scar; shell thick.

The Calcareous Grit, and the Great Oolite, Scarborough.

30. SERpuLA squamosA.—The Sealy Serpula, pl. XCVIII.
fig. 37.

S. Squamosa. Phillips, Geo. York. I. pl. 4, fig. 15.

Compressed ; rapidly increasing in width, the surface with a
keel along the back ; surface covered with scales.

The Coral Rag, Scarborough.

31. SerpuLa vortex.—The Whizled Serpula, pl. XCVIII.
fig. 47.

S. vortex. Woodward, Geo. Nor. pl. 5. figs. 10, 11, 12.

Sub-conic, with four spiral, rounded, smooth volutions,
flattened below.

The Upper Chalk, Norwich.

Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. IV. p. 340, pl. 16,

Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. IV. p. 347, pl.

—_——

VERMILIA.

Genvs II].—VERMILIA.—Lamarck.

Tube cylindrical, posteriorly narrowed, more or less twisted,
and adhering by the side to extraneous bodies ; aperture round,
and the margin frequently provided with from one to three
denticles.

1, VeRMILIA AMPULLACEA.—The Bottle-shaped Vermilia, pl.
XCVIII. figs. 31 and 45.

Serpula ampullacea. Sowerby, VI. p. 199, pl. 597, f£.1—5.

Tube thick, irregular, antiquated, with an orbicular enlarge-
ment near the aperture, which is circular, with a notched keel
on the back.

The Chalk, Norwich and Lewes, and the Greensand, Black-
down.

2. Vermitia VERMIcULARIS.—The Worm-like Vermilia, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 3.

S. Vermicularis. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 123, pl.
55, figs, 2, 3.

Tube cylindrical, transversely wrinkled, gradually enlarging,
the smaller end terminating in a fine point.

The Coral Crag, Sutton, and the Red Crag, Bamerton, &c.

3. VERMILIA TRIQUETRA.—The Triangular Vermilia, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 4.

S triquetra.
figs. 1 and 5.

Tube strong, irregularly wrinkled, twisted, and contorted ;
sometimes nearly straight, or a little flexuous, usually more or
less carinated; base spreading, and giving it a triangular

Brown, Ill. Ree. Conch. Brit. p. 123, pl. 55,

appearance.

The Red Crag, Sutton.

4. Vermrnta crassa.—The Thick Vermilia, pl. XCVIII.
figs. 24, 25.

Serpula crassa. Sowerby, I. p. 73, pl. 30.

Tube acutely conical; three-sided externally, and round
within; edges slightly waved, two of them attached to the
extraneous substance.

The London Clay, Highgate, and Barton.

5. Verma maAcropus.— The Moerops Vermilia, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 30.

V. macropus. Sowerby, VI. p. 200, pl. 597, fig. 6.

Tube thick, slightly waved, increasing rapidly, a little tri-
quetrous ; front suleated; aperture very small, round, and
elevated by a thick mass of adhering testaceous substance, by
which it is attached.

The Chalk, Norwich, and Dorking.

6. Vermicia mixuta.—The Minute Vermilia, pl. XCVIII.
fig. 5.

V. minuta. Brown, Trans. Manchester Geo. Soc. I. p. 229,
pl. 7, fig. 79.

Tube smooth, generally semilunar ; aperture sub-triangular,

ANNELIDA.

241

gradually increasing from a sharp point; exceedingly minute,
and can only be seen distinctly with a strong lens.

The Magnesian Limestone, Vale of Todmorden.

7. VERMILIA PENTANGULATA. — The Five-sided Vermilia,
pl. XCVIII. fig. 15.

V. pentangulata. Woodward, Geo. Nor. pl. 7, fig. 17.

Tube five-sided, smooth; the keel acute; aperture small and
circular,

The Chalk, Trimmingham.

8. VERMILIA sTRIATA.—The Striated Vermilia, pl. XCVIL.
fig. 36.

V. striata. Woodward, Geo. Nor. pl. 7, fig. 14.

Tube gradually increasing from an acute point; slightly
flexuous ; surface slightly striated; aperture circular.

The Chalk, Norwich.

9. Verminra sutcara.—The FurrowedVermilia, pl, XCVIII.
fig. 28.

V. sulcata. Sowerby VI. p. 225, pl. 608, figs. 1, 2.

Tube much elevated; back and sides compressed ; an irre-
gular, thick, longitudinal keel traverses the centre of the back,
along each side of which is a narrow furrow; surface rather
irregular, with strong lines of growth.

The Caleareous Grit, Shotover, and Garsington.

10. Vermri1A rrrcusprpata.—The Three-pointed Vermilia,
pl. XCVIII. fig. 19.

Serpula serrulata.
pl. 55, fig. 8.

Smooth, glossy, diaphanous, sub-triangular, slightly con-
torted; base spreading rather widely, and tapering somewhat
abruptly to a fine point; back with an elevated sharp ridge,
finely but irregularly serrated ; aperture large, nearly orbicular,
with the tooth-like termination of the keel projecting over it.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

11. Vrermma conoava.— The Concave Vermilia, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 54.

V. Vermicularis. Sowerby, I. p. 125, pl. 57.

Discoidal, inyolute, concave on the flattened side; surface
smooth and even; the last volution but slightly attached.

Greensand, Dilton, near Westbury.

12. Vermiura vumponata. — The Shield Vermilia, pl.
XCVIIL fig. 57.

V. umbonata. Sowerby, I. p. 126, pl. 57, figs. 6, 7.

Discoidal, involute, umbonated above, and concave on the
lower side; the smaller volution lost in the umbo.

Marl, near Hamsey.

13. Vermmta ovata—The Ovate Vermilia, pl. XCVIII.
fig. 55.

V. ovata. Sowerby, I. p. 126, pl. 57, fig. 8.

Discoidal, involute, rudely ovate, somewhat more concave

Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 128,

beneath than above.
Limestone, Shotover Hill, near Oxford.

——

242

Genus IJI].—SPIRORBIS.—Lamarck.

Shell consisting of a testaceous tube, spirally twisted into
an orbicular form, on a horizontal plane, depressed, and adher-
ing below; aperture terminal, rounded or angular.

1. SprrorBis siInistRorsus.—The Sinistral Spirorbis, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 53.

Serpula sinistrorsa. Montague, p. 504.

Sub-depressed, with two or three sub-cylindrical sinistral
volutions, slightly wrinkled, and somewhat lateral ; aperture
sub-triangular, diameter about an eighth of an inch.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

2. SprrorBis corrucatus.—The Wrinkled Spirorbis, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 51.

S. corrugatus.
fig. 46.

Strong, the last and second volutions only being visible,
deeply umbilicated ; base hardly spreading, aperture orbicular ;
diameter an eighth of an inch.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Bute.

3. SPIRORBIS CARINATUS. — The
XCVIII. fig. 49.
S. carinatus.

fig. 48.

Exterior yolution angulated, and provided with a dorsal keel ;
interior volutions entirely concealed; umbilicated; aperture
orbicular.

The Coral and Red Crags, Sutton.

4. SprrorBIs GRANULATUS.—-The Grained Spirorbis, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 52.

S. granulatus.
fig. 48.

Sub-depressed, with the volutions deeply grooved spirally,
and transversely wrinkled, more so in the furrows ; umbilicated ;
aperture orbicular, with an annular margin; diameter an eighth
of an inch.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

5. SPIRORBIS HETEROSTROPHUS.—The Reversed Spirorbis,
pl. XCVIIT. fig. 56.

S. heterostrophus.
pl. 56, fig. 55.

With two or three reversed volutions, and three lateral
spiral ridges, crossed by strong wrinkles ; base flat, spreading;
aperture orbicular, diameter not an eighth of an inch.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

6. Sprrorsis Nautmorprs.—The Nautilus-like Spirorbis,
pl. XCVIII. fig. 48.

S. Nautiloides. Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 128, pl.
56. fig. 45.

With three vor four lateral volutions, rounded above, and
slightly wrinkled transversely ; the central yolution lower than

Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 124, pl. 56,
Keeled Spirorbis, pl.

Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 124, pl. 56,

Brown, Ill. Rec. Conch. Brit. p. 123, pl. 56,

Brown, Ill. Ree. Conch. Brit. p. 123,

ANNELIDA.

SERPULITES.

the others, forming an umbilicus ; base flat, expanded ; aperture
sub-triangular.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ayr.

7. SPIRORBIS MINUTUS.—The Minute Spirorbis, pl. XCVIII.
fig, 44.

S. minuta. Portlock, Geo. Rep. p. 363, pl. 12, fig. 93, b.

Sinistral, inner volutions concealed ; surface smooth, not a
tenth of an inch in diameter.

Carboniferous Limestone Shale, Tyrone.

Genus IV.—CYCLOGYRA.—S. Wood.

1. CycLoeyra
XCVIII. fig. 27.
C. granulata.

GRANULATA. — The Grained Cyclogyra, pl.

Wood, An. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 458, pl. 5,
fig. 8. Serpula granulata, Sowerby, VI. p. 200, pl. 597, figs.
Wings)

Discoidal, thick ; surface with rows of very prominent grains ;
aperture nearly circular, its lip fringed with protuberant grains,
diameter something more than an eighth of an inch.

The Chalk, Norwich and Swaffham.

Genus V.—CORNUOIDES —Brown.

Shell tubular cylindrical, erect, abruptly tapering, and slightly
convoluted at the smaller end, which is imperforate; aperture
circular.

1. CornvorpEs masor.— The Greater Cornuoides, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 50.

Serpula recta. Walker, Minute Shells, pl. 1. fig. 14.

Smooth, with three nearly cylindrical volutions, the exterior
one abrubtly enlarging, and prolonged in a lengthened, nearly
cylindrical, straight tube; aperture orbicular, diameter an
eighth of an inch.

The Coral Crag, Sutton.

Genus VI.—SERPULITES.

1. SERPULITES LoNGIssisimus.—The very Long Serpulites,
pl. XCVIII. fig. 59.
S. longissisimus.

5, fig. 1.

Much lengthened, hardly diminishing in diameter, com-
pressed, smooth, and a little tortuous, composed of thin lamin
of shell combined with much animal matter. s

The Upper Ludlow Rock, Ludlow and Kington.

Sowerby, Murchison, Sil. Syst. p. 608, pl.

DENTALIUM.

Famity II.—MALDANLE.

Branchie of the animal intermediate; tube open at both ends.

Genus IT].—DENTALIUM.--Linneus.

Shell tubular, open at both ends, arcuated, increasing in
diameter towards the anterior extremity, where the aperture is
large and round ; opening of the pointed end very small, and
with a lateral fissure in some species ; external surface ribbed,
striated, or smooth.

1. Dentatium nrrexs.—The Shining Dentalium, pl. XCVIII.
fig. 62.

D. nitens. Sowerby, I. p. 159, pl. 70, figs. 1, 2.

Almost straight, gradually tapering to the smaller end, which
is somewhat thickened; opening at the point, circular; -aper-
ture expanded ; surface even and shining.

In the London Clay, Highgate.

2. Denratium acumiyatum.—The Pointed Dentalium, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 74.

D. entalis. Sowerby, I. p. 159, pl. 70, fig. 3.

Slightly arcuated, nearly smooth, with the lines of growth
on the surface a little waved ; opening of smaller end, smooth ;
the aperture acute in the edge.

The London Clay, Hordwell Cliff, &e.

3. Dentaurum srriatumM.—The Striated Dentalium, pl.
XCVIIL fig. 69.

D. striatum. Sowerby, I. p. 160, pl. 70, fig. 4.

Surface with ten or eleven very regular, longitudinal, acute,
prominent striz, which are most elevated at the smaller end
of the shell, giving it a triangular appearance ; between each
of the larger striz are from one to four very minute interven-
ing ones, which are most conspicuous towards the middle of
the shell, with numerous fine lines of growth ; aperture circular;
length, about two inches.

The London Clay, Barton.

4. Denratium pEcussatum.—The Decussated Dentalium,
pl. XCVIII. fig. 59.

D. decussatum. Sowerby, I. p. 161, pl. 70, fig. 5.

Surface with upwards of twenty longitudinal strie, and
several obscure intervening ones, with numerous distinct
oblique lines of growth; aperture elliptical ; diameter of the
shell nearly double that of D. striatum.

Chalk Marl, Newtimber, Sussex; the Gault, Westerham,
and Ridge, Sussex.

5. Dentatiom eviipricum.—The Elliptical Dentalium, pl.
XOVIII. fig. 63.

D. ellipticum. Sowerby, I. p. 161, pl. 79, figs. 6, 7.

Nearly straight, abruptly tapering, and somewhat compressed ;
surface rather uneven, covered with rough lines of growth;

ANNELIDA.

243

aperture circular, with the external edge elliptical; diameter
of aperture nearly half an inch in some specimens.

The Gault, Folkestone, and Greensand, Blackdown.

6. Denratium costarum—The Ribbed Dentalium, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 73.

D. costatum. Sowerby, I. p. 162, pl. 70, fig. 8.

Surface with from twelve to fifteen close set ribs, the fur- ”
rows being about equal in width; crossed by obscure lines of
growth ; aperture circular.

The Red Crag, Holywell, and Coralline Crag, Sutton.

7. Dentarium pLanum.—The Plain Dentalium, pl. XCVIII.
fig. 72.

D. planum. Sowerby, I. p. 179, pl. 79, fig. 1.

Gradually tapering, and gently curving; surface smooth ;
aperture circular, with the lip a little thickened, and sharp at
the edge ; small end rather acute ; length about an inch.

The London Clay, Bognor, Reading, &e.

8. Denratium cy~inpricum.—The Cylindrical Dentalium,
pl. XCVIII. fig. 71.

D. cylindricum. Sowerby, p. 179, pl. 79, fig. 2.

Nearly straight, hardly tapering, the smaller end being
nearly as wide as the other; cylindrical, smooth; aperture
circular.

The Greensand, Exmouth, Deyon.

9. DenraLium tNcrassatuM.—The Thickened Dentalium,
pl. XCVIII. fig. 76.

D. incrassatum. Sowerby, I. p. 180, pl. 79, figs. 3, 4.

Greatly tapered, curved, swelling near the aperture, which
is circular, with a sharp lip; surface smooth.

The London Clay, Highgate.

10. DenraLtum MEepiumM.—The Middle-sized Dentalium,
pl. XCVIII. fig. 65.

Sowerby, I. p. 181, pl. 79, fig. 5.

Gradually tapering, somewhat trumpet-shaped internally ;
aperture circular, wide, lip sharp, and becoming suddenly
small; external surface covered with transverse strie, or con-
spicuous lines of growth; substance of the shell thin.

D. medium.

Lower Greensand, Blackdown.

11. Denratium anceps.—The Obscure Dentalium, pl.
XCVIILI. fiig. 7.

D. anceps. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. V. p. 136, pl. 8,
fig. 17.

Slightly arcuated ; longitudinally ribbed for a third of its
length from the apex; one rib on each side being prominent
and sharp; the lower portion smooth ; aperture round.

The London Clay, Hampstead.

12. Dentatium ENTALE.— The Entalis Dentalium, pl.
XCVIII. fig. 64.

D. entale. Deshayes, Mon. pl. 15, fig. 7.

Slender, smooth, glossy, and somewhat arcuated, tapering to
a small pervious point, sometimes with a few transverse

wrinkles.

244

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Ireland.

13. DEnraLium GiGANTEUM.—The Gigantic Dentalium, pl.
XCVIIIL. fig. 68.

D. giganteum. Phillips, Geo. York. I. pl. 14, fig. 8.

Considerably arcuated, smooth; with several strong furrows
at the narrowed, apical end; a narrow line extending more
than half the length from the base; surface smooth.

The Lias, Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire.

14. DenraLium sEprancuLARE.—The Seven-angled Denta-
lium, pl. XCVIIL, fig. 58.

MOLLUSCA.

AMMONITES,

D. septangulare. Edinburgh Phil. Journal, XII. pl. 9.
Smooth, shining, gradually tapering to a pervious point, with
seven strong, longitudinal, smooth, even ribs.
The Greensand, Belfast.
15. DenraLium sTRANGULATUM.—The Strangled Dentalium,
pl. XCVIII. fig. 60.
D. strangulatum. Deshayes, Monog. pl. 16, fig. 28.
Cylindrical ; scarcely tapering ;
narrowed space near the base.
The London Clay, Barton.

smooth; a compressed,

AiPabak: NoDgl Xs,

CLASS MOLLUSCA.

1. Ammonrres ALLAstt.—Allas’s Ammonite, pl. XX.* fig. 1.

Six rounded volutions, which are wholly exposed, and crossed
by numerous transverse, equidistant bent ribs.

In the Lias, Yorkshire.

2. AmmonirEes FuRcatUs.—The Forked Ammonite, pl. XX.*
fig. 2.

A. furcatus.
fig. 17.

Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. IV. p. 339, pl. 14,

Discoidal, sides and front flat ; inner volutions partly visible ;
aperture with a square front, rather oblong, and deeply impressed
by the preceding volution ; lateral angles truncate; ribs rather
distant, thick, curved, many of them forked, and passing at
right angles over the front.

The Lower Greensand, Hythe and Atherfield.

3. AMMONITES CRISTATUS.—The Crested Ammonite, pl. XX.*

A. cristatus. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. 1V. p. 377, pl. 11,
fig. 23.

Moderately compressed, with asharp smooth keel ; transverse
ribs very irregular, some being largely furcated, and bent,
while some are single, and others only extend over half the
yolution.

In the Gault, Folkestone.

4, Ammonites cRENATUS.—The Crenated Ammonite, pl.
XX.* figs. 5, 6.
A. crenatus.

11, fig. 22.

Sides flattened, inner volutions much exposed, with nearly
smooth and rounded margins; those of the outer volutions
crenated on each side, of a concave space over the siphuncle.

In the Gault, Folkestone.

5, AMMONITES SYmMMEerRIcUS.—The Symmetrical Ammonite,
pl. XX.* figs. 17. 18.

A. symmetricus. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. IV. p. 337, pl. 11, £.21.

Aperture almost square; provided with a rounded and

Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. IV. p. 337, pl.

notched keel; ribs obtuse; a little tumid as they approach
the hollow in which the keel is immersed, and very uniform in
point of elevation; sides of the volutions flattened.

The Gault, Folkestone.

6. AmMonITES cTRCULARIS.—The Circular Ammonite, pl.
XX.* figs. 9, 10.

A. circularis. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. IV. p. 337, pl. 11,
fig. 20.

Aperture circular ; volutions just touching each other ; nearly
close, acute, and circular ; surface sometimes with transverse
ridges.

The Gault, Barham and Maidstone, and the Oxford Oolite,
Abbotsford, Dorsetshire.

7. AMMONITES TRISERCALIS.—The Three-Tubercled Ammon-
ite, pl. XX.* figs. 20, 21.

Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. IV. p. 344.

Discoidal, with a flattened margin; umbilicate; sides with
a series of straight transverse ribs, each provided with a rounded
obtuse tubercle on its outer end; the marginal portion of the
rays provided with three rows of tubercular protuberance, and

A trisercalis.

about ten tubercles around the umbilicus; aperture nearly
square.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

8. Ammonrres Cooxut.—Cook’s Ammonite, pl. XX.* fig. 7.

Aperture oblong ; yolutions moderately inflated, rapidly
increasing, the inner ones more than half concealed; surface
smooth, with narrow ribs extending from one side to the other,
every alternate one forked, and the intermediate ones only
extending two-thirds across the yolutions, from the ambit,
which is slightly flattened with the ribs passing over it; four
yolutions.

9, AymonrtEs Compront.—Compton’s Ammonite, pl. XX.**
fig. 7.
A, Comptoni. Pratt, Ann. Nat. Hist. VIII. p. 163, pl. 4, f.1.

AMMONITES.

Discoidal, with six or seven volutions, two-thirds exposed,
smooth ; transversely ribbed, alternately two short, reaching
half across the volution, and one long, emanating from the
dorsal margin, the longer ones becoming thickened towards
the inner margin; shorter ones curved backwards, near the
dorsal edge; ambit or back rounded, with a slight depression
in the middle, formed by the ribs, which nearly meet ; aperture
terminating on each side with a spatulate projection of about
one and a half inch in length, and three-eighths in width.

In the Oxford Clay, Christian Malford.

10. Ammonites Enizaperax.—Elizabeth’s Ammonite, pl.
XX.+** figs. 1, 2, 3.

A, Elizabethe. Pratt, Ann. Nat. Hist. VIII. p. 162, pl. 3,
figs. 1—4.

Volutions six or seven, about two-thirds exposed; angular,
arising from a series of spines on each dorsal edge, and two
rows of tubercles on the sides of the volutions, one near the
middle, another smaller and compressed, near the inner mar-
gin; sides with transverse ribs, varying much in elevation,
curvatures, and number; in some they are nearly straight, in
others curved, and in another variety undulating, but generally
becoming angular near the aperture in the adult shell; some
form loops on the surface ; aperture provided with a lengthened
spatulate projection, its surface deeply marked by lines of
growth; back narrow, concave, the ribs passing over it;
siphuncle not visible.

The great difference in those figured certainly would lead
to the supposition that they are specifically distinct. I yield,
however, to the opinion of Mr. Pratt, who has had an oppor-
tunity of examining more varieties than I have done. He
says, that their characters “appear to indicate several distinct
species, but on close examination, it is seen that all the
varieties pass into each other, the same specimen sometimes
containing more than one form.”

The spines and rays (ribs) vary from sixteen to upwards of
sixty on the last volution, and they are large and elongated in
proportion to the smallness of their number.

The Oxford Clay, Christian Malford.

11. Ammonites Sturcnpur.—Stutchbury’s Ammonites.

A. Stutchburii. Pratt, Ann. Nat. Hist. VIII. p.163, pl. 4, £1, 2.

Discoidal, with four two-thirds exposed volutions ; sides with
a series of short, distant, curved ribs, emanating from the inner
sides of the volutions, terminating in compressed tubercles ;
beyond these, to the outer margin, are very numerous close-set
waved ribs ; back narrowed, with the smaller ribs passing over
it, and with a series of sharp serrated projections on both sides ;
aperture with a projecting beak.

The Oxford Clay, Christian Malford.

12. AxmonirEs FLuctuosus.—The Fluctuating Ammonites,
pl. XX.** fig. 16.

A. fluctuosus. Pratt, Ann. Nat. Hist. VIII. p. 164, pl. 6,

figs. 1, 2.

CEPHALOPODA.

245

Discoidal or lenticular, surface smooth, with six two-thirds
exposed volutions; crossed by thick, distant ribs, which, with
a few exceptions, are forked for nearly their outer half; back
plain.

In the young condition there are numerous sharp, alternately
long and short, ribs, the short ones combining in twos or threes
with the longer ones about the middle of the sides, some
remaining distinct.

The Oxford Clay, Christian Malford.

13. Asnrontres Sepewiox.—Sedgwick’s Ammonite.

A, Sedgwickii. Pratt, Ann. Nat. Hist. VIII. p. 163, pl. 5,
fig. 1.

Discoidal, smooth, with five one-fourth exposed volutions,
with a row of distant tubercles on the inner side, situated a
little way from the margin; outer sides with numerous flat,
close-set ribs, which do not reach half way across the volutions.

The Oxford Clay, Christian Malford.

14. Ammonrres Bricutu.—Bright’s Ammonite, pl. XX.+*
figs. 4 and 10.

A, Brightii.
figs. 3, 4.

Discoidal, nearly smooth, with about seven two-thirds exposed
yolutions; with several flat, obtuse ribs emanating from the
dorsal edge, which combine a little beyond the middle of the
volutions into compressed, elongated tubercles, which reach
the inner margin; the tubercles being about one-third as
numerous as the ribs, and meet them in a rounded right angle ;
the siphuncle is distinguished by a sharp ridge on the back.

The Oxford Clay, Christian Maiford.

15. Ammonrres Lonspati.—Lonsdal's Ammonite, pl. XX.**
fig. 15.

A. Lonsdalii. Pratt, Ann. Nat. Hist. VIII. p. 164, pl. 5, f. 2.

Discoidal, three or four one-third exposed volutions, the last
being more than half the diameter of the shell: surface with
numerous transverse waved ribs, which emanate from the back,
and hardly reach the middle of the volutions, become fewer and
more obtuse as the shell increases in size, and pass into fine

Pratt, Ann. Nat. Hist. VIII. p. 164, pl. 6,

strie near the aperture, which forms a regular concave termi-
nation, except on the inner edge, where it bends back, some-
what like the handle of a sickle.

The Oxford Clay, Christian Malford.

16. Awmronires suicatus.—The Furrowed Ammonites, pl.
XX.** figs. 5, 6, 11, 12.

A. sulcatus. Strickland, Geo. Chelt. p. 105, pl. 11, figs. 1,
2, 3.

Moderately convex, with three or four volutions, almost
wholly exposed ; crossed by alternately long and short curved
strong ribs, increasing in thickness from the inner to the outer
side; back with a deep furrow in the young state, which
becomes obliterated when old; when young, the ribs are fine
and close ; back square in the adult ; aperture oblong.

The Lias Shales, Vale of Gloucester.

=
o ¢

246

17. Ammonites LAcuNatTUs.—The Fretted Ammonites, pl.
XX. figs. 8, 9.

A, lacunatus. Murchison, Geo. Chelt. p. 105, pl. 11, f. 4, 5.

Discoidal, with four or five half-concealed, slightly compressed
volutions, crossed by rather close, curved, alternately long and
short ribs, sometimes anastomosing ; back with a single, nar-
row furrow, which is wanting in young specimens; aperture
small, oblong.

The Lias Shale, Dowdswell Hill.

18. Ammonites Bopiayet.—Boblaye’s Ammonite, pl. XX.**
figs. 13, 14.

A. Boblayet. Murchison, Geo. Chelt. pl. 12, fig. 3.

Compressed, with five rapidly increasing two-thirds con-
cealed volutions ; deeply umbilicate ; volutions crossed by
very thick curved ribs, which project considerably beyond the
dorsal line ; these become more flattened on the outer yolutions.

The Lias Shale, Cheltenham.

19. Ammonites DissmMiLts.—The Dissimilar Ammonite, pl.
XX.» figs. 11, 12, 13,

Inflated, with rapidly increasing volutions, the smaller ones
entirely concealed; largely umbilicate ; crossed by broad fur-
rows, and flattened curved ribs passing over the thick back,
with a few elongated nodules on the inner edges of the yolu-
tions ; aperture wide and sub-orbicular.

The Caleareous Grit, Scarborough.

In the Manchester Museum.

20. AmMoniTEs caLcaR.—The Spur Ammonites, pl. XX.*
fig. 4.

Discoidal ; inner volutions entirely concealed; sides with
irregular alternately long and short curved ribs, and a central
series of round tubercles; back with a double keel, consisting
of close-set sharp tubercles, each series pointing outwards.

The Lias, Scarborough.

In the Cabinet of Thomas Allis, Esq., York.

21, AmMonires RoTIFER.—The Wheel-like Ammonite, pl.
XX.* figs. 14, 15.

Discoidal, with five moderately rounded, smooth volutions,
which are one-third concealed; a series of close-set ribs pass
over the rounded back, and reach nearly the middle of the
yolutions on either side, where they are met by wide-set, thick
ribs, which emanate from the inner margins; aperture nearly
orbicular.

The Caleareous Grit, Scarborough.

In the Manchester Museum.

22. Ammonrres Muncrayrus.—Mulgrave’s Ammonites, pl.
XX.* fig. 16.

A. Mulgravius. Young and Bird, Geo. York. p- 251, pl. 13,
fig. 8.

Discoidal ; umbilicated ; volutions more than half concealed,
and rapidly increasing; internal sides bevelled inwards, the
inner edges defined by a perpendicular flat margin ; back nar-
row, with a central smooth, narrow, and low keel; surface

CEPHALOPODA.

GONIATITEs,

covered with a series of elegantly faleated furrows, emanating
from the inner edges in extremely fine lines, which gradually
increase in width after passing the centre of the yolutions.

The Lias, Lythe, Saltwick.

23. Ammonites rimBriatus.—The Fringed Ammonites, p.
28, pl. XX. fig. 12, and pl. XX.* fig. 8.

Discoidal, with four cylindrical, rapidly enlarging volutions,
the inner ones entirely exposed; surface with many raised
transverse and spiral narrow ribs, dividing it into sub-
quadrangular hollow spaces; the tranverse divisions being all
curved, and producing a fringed appearance ; aperture orbicular,
provided with an undulating frill.

The beautiful specimen from which we drew fig, 8, pl. XX.*
was obtained in the Lias at Whitby, by my friend James Cook,
Esq., of York, and is in his cabinet. Its diameter is ten inches,
and the thickness of the outer volution, three and a half inches.

Genus GONIATITES.—Von Buch. .

1. GoNIATITES UNDULATUS.—The Wavyed Goniatites,
XXI.* figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

G. undulatus. Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soe. I. p. 213, pl. 7,
figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Sub-globose, glabrous, and shining; erossed by numerous
transverse, irregular, undulating, continuous raised lines, which
bend downwards as they pass over the ambit; also provided

pl.

with deep, straight, transverse constrictions; ambit rounded ;
umbilicus very small, deep, and angulated ; aperture wide and
expansive.

In the very young state this species is destitute of the trans-
verse lines and constrictions; the umbilicus is large, and ex-
hibits the volutions. Diameter nine lines, thickness a third
less.

This beautiful species occurs in fragments at Lambert's
Clough, near Todmorden, and at Crosshills, near Skipton,
Yorkshire. The distinct and bold undulating lines distinguish
this from all its congeners.

2. GoONIATITES INTERMEDIUS.—The Intermediate Goniatites,
pl. XXI.* figs. 6, 7,

G. intermedius. Brown, Tr, Man. Geo. Soc. I. p. 213, pl. 7,
figs. 6, 7.

Shell discoidal, sub-compressed; crossed by indistinct, wide-
set, continuous, doubly-bent undulations, which dip rapidly in
an arcuated manner as they pass over the sub-carinated ambit,
which is a little compressed; constrictions regular, broad,
shallow, and greatly avcuated on the sides, and in passing over
the ambit; volutions three, and rapidly increasing; umbilicus
large and deep, with raised angular edges, and exhibiting the
three yolutions. Septa, the dorsal lobes single, sole-shaped,
with a truncated point; a single, pointed lateral sinus, and two

GoNIATITEs.

rounded lateral lobes; aperture wide and deep. Greatest di-
ameter two inches, thickness nine lines.

This rare Goniatite is found at High-Green Wood, near
Hebden Bridge, Vale of Todmorden, Yorkshire.

8. GonratiTES suBscLcATUS.—The Half-Furrowed Gonia-
tites, pl. XXI.* figs. 8, 9, 10.

G. subsulcatus. Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soe. I. p: 214, pl. 7,
figs. 9, 10.

Sub-rotund ; ambit broad, sub-depressed, with a deep sulcus
in its centre; constrictions wide, nearly equi-distant, rather
deep, plain, rounded, narrow, below them on the surface smooth,
and arcuated as they pass over the ambit ; surface covered with
transverse, strong, bifurcate, gently bending strie, which ema-
nate from the umbilicus, where they are strong, the bifurcations
terminating on the margin of the dorsal sulcus; umbilicus
rounded, rather wide; aperture semi-lunar and rather small;
dorsal lobe short, the whole lateral lobes rounded. Diameter
five lines, thickness three lines.

Found in nodules of Limestone Shale, in the neighbourhood
of Hebden Bridge. Rare.

4, GontatirEs DorsALis.—The Back-ridged Goniatites, pl.
XXL * figs. 11, 12, 15.

G. Dorsalis. Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soc. I. p- 214, pl. 7,
figs. 11, 12, 13.

Discoidal, sub-compressed ; ambit somewhat flattened, and
sub-carinated in the centre ; aperture longer than wide ; whole
shell covered by numerous, fine, acute, transverse strie, thick
as they emanate from the umbilicus, and become bifurcate as
they diverge outwards, and are abruptly arcuated as they pass
over the side towards the ambit; these are crossed by rather
wide-set, spiral, and nearly obsolete strie ; constrictions irregu-
lar, shallow, and striated, and considerably arcuated, as they
approach the ambit ; septa with two rounded lateral lobes; one
pointed lateral sinus, and a simple, rounded, central dorsal
lobe. Diameter seven lines, thickness about one line and a half.

Found in nodules of Limestone Shale, at High-Green Wood,
Vale of Todmorden.

5. Gonratites sucosus.—The Ridged Goniatites, pl.
XXI.* figs. 14, 15.

G. jugosus. Brown, Man. Geo. Tr. I. p. 215, pl. 7, f. 14, 15.

Discoidal ; with five gradually enlarging volutions, crossed
by numerous, elevated, sharp, strong, oblique ribs, which ema-
nate from the umbilicus, and become bifurcate, or trifureate,
gradually thickening as they approach the ambit, terminating
in a gentle curve on the margin of the broad, smooth, dorsal
sulcus with which the slightly-rounded ambit is invested ; the
sides of the shell rise abruptly, and have a carinated aspect ;
constrictions irregular, shallow, and partaking of the same cur-
vature as the ribs; aperture compressed and semi-lunar; um-
bilicus very small and shallow ; dorsal lobe of the septa narrow,
truncate, with parallel sides, lateral lobes, and sinuses rounded.
Diameter three lines, thickness one line and a half.

CEPHALOPODA.

247

‘This species has somewhat the aspect of G. Gibsoni, but differs
in the dorsal groove being smooth, and in the form of the septa.

A rare species, found in the Limestone Shales in the neigh-
bourhood of Hebden Bridge.

6. GonIATITES SPLENDIDUS.—The Splendid Goniatites, pl.
XXL.* figs. 16, 17, 18.

G. splendidus. Brown, Man. Geo. Tr. I. p. 215, pl. 7, figs.
16, 17, 18.

Discoidal, smooth, glossy; inner volutions enveloped in
the outer one; umbilicus minute; ambit subacute; aperture
large, wide, oblong-ovate ; surface covered with sigmoidal striz ;
septa numerous, the dorsal lobe long and truncate, with the
sides parallel; dorsal sinuses trifid, with the first lobe very
long, and rounded; second acute; third short, and obtusely
angular; lateral sinuses very wide, divided into two parts by a
very deep acute lobe, the first part bifid, the second rounded.
Diameter nearly half an inch, thickness a quarter. The young
form is unknown.

Found at High-Green Wood, near Hebden Bridge, and is
in the cabinet of Mr. Gibson.

7. Gonratires Krnyont.—Kenyon’s Goniatites, pl. XXI.*
figs. 19, 20.

G. Kenyoni.
figs. 19, 20.

Somewhat ovate, compressed, smooth, the outer volution
enveloping the others ; ambit rounded, with a thin sharp carina
along its centre; umbilicus small, shallow; surface covered
with very minute, spiral strie, which can only be detected by
the aid of a strong lens; septa numerous, with rounded lobes
and sinuses ; lateral sinus wide, double; dorsal sinus simple.
Diameter two lines and a half, thickness a third less.

This species differs from G. Looneyi in its dorsal sinus being
simple; and from G. Gilbertsoni in haying double lateral
sinuses, and in the dorsal sinus being simple; and from both
in being spirally striated.

Found in the Limestone Shales, near Hebden Bridge.

8. GontatiTes parapoxicus.—The Paradoxical Goniatites,
pl. XXI.* figs. 21, 22.

G. Paradoxicus. Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soc. I. p. 216, pl.
7, figs. 21, 22.

Elliptical, sub-depressed, smooth, shining;
rotund; umbilicus of moderate size, shallow, the sides gradually

Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soe. I. p. 216, pl. 7,

aperture sub-

rising from it; ambit sub-compressed, gently rounded ; surface
covered with very minute spiral strie; septa with rounded
lobes and sinuses ; the dorsal sinus double, lateral sinus simple.
Diameter two lines, thickness a line and a half.

Distinguished from the G. Kenyoni by the form of its septa ;
and from the G. Gilbertsoni in being spirally striated.

Found in the Shale at the bottom of High-Green Wood, Vale
of Todmorden.

9. Gonratites LoxotHorst.—Longthorn’s Goniatites, pl.
XXI.* figs. 24, 25, 26.

248

G. Longthorni. Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soe. I. p. 216, pl.
7, figs. 23, 24, 25, 26.

Elliptical, sub-compressed ; with three rapidly increasing
volutions ; aperture ovate ; umbilicus small; sides covered
with numerous, doubly arcuated, flat, indistinct ribs, septa
with all the lobes and sinuses rounded and equal. Diameter
twelve lines; thickness half its diameter.

In the young condition it is smooth, with directly transverse
constrictions.

Found in the soft Shale, near Hebden Bridge.

10. Gonratrres Prorevs.—Proteus’s Goniatites, pl. XXI.*
figs. 27, 28.

G. Proteus. Tr. Man. Geo. Soc. I. p. 217, pl. 7. f. 27, 28.

Discoidal, compressed, lenticular ; volutions numerous ; um-
bilicus deep, funnel-shaped, exhibiting the margins of the
yolutions, the external margins of which are enveloped in the
outer one; margin of umbilicus with an elevated ridge ; ambit
produced, slightly flattened in the centre, sides spirally striated,
and crossed by numerous, nearly obsolete, lines of growth ;
constrictions indistinct ; aperture oblong-ovate, equal toa third
of the diameter of the shell; septa with all the lobes and
sinuses rounded. Diameter seven lines; thickness two lines
and a fourth.

In the young condition it is considerably compressed, and
the constrictions are distinct, broad, and deep; these fill up as
the shell advances in growth.

This shell may be distinguished from our G. Spirorbis, p. 30,
pl. 21, figs. 45, 46, in the umbilicus being smaller, and angular,
and in its being spirally striated, in the aperture being much
more elongated, in the ambit being more produced, and in the
indentations from the yolutions being more acute, and following
the form of the septa.

Found at Lob Mill, near Todmorden.

11. GontatirEs parvus.—The Small Goniatites, pl. XXI.*
figs. 32, 33.

G. parvus. Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soe. I. p. 217, f. 32, 33.

Spheroidal, with straight constrictions; umbilicus large ;
surface covered with exceedingly minute, transverse striz ;
aperture semilunar; septa with all the undulations low and
rounded ; dorsal sinuses very wide.
a line, thickness about the same.

Found at Hoole Bottom, near Todmorden.

12. GonraTITES MINUTISsIMUS.—The Very Minute Gonia-
tites, pl. XXI.* figs. 29, 30, 31.

G. minutissimus. Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soc. I. p. 218, pl.
7, figs. 29, 30, 31.

Discoidal, sub-globose, smooth ; with three rounded volutions,
the inner ones only half concealed ; aperture semilunar; um-
bilicus large, moderately deep; septa unknown,
one-third of a line.

Found in the Carboniferous Shale at Millwood, near Tod-
morden.

Diameter three-fourths of

Diameter

CEPHALOPODA.

BELEMNITES.

13. Gontatrres Smirait.—Smith’s Goniatites, pl. XXI.*
figs. 34, 35.

G. Smithii.
figs. 34, 35.

Discoidal, sub-globose, very thick; sides narrow; ambit very
broad, slightly produced in the centre; umbilicus very large,
funnel-shaped, and deep, exposing the margins of the inner
yolutions, and with an acute margin; aperture semilunar ;
constrictions directly transverse; the whole surface covered
with strong, regular, transverse, slightly waved strie ; aperture
Septa dorsal lobe simple and rounded,
dorsal sinus rounded and very small; first and second laterak
lobes angular, with their edges parallel ; lateral sinus rounded.
Diameter eight lines, thickness about six lines and a half:

Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soc. I. p. 218, pl. 7,

semilunar, narrow.

This species differs from G. Listeri in the form of its septa.

Found associated with the G. Proteus, at Millwood, near
Todmorden.

14, GonraTIrEs MIcRONOoTUS.—The Small Umbilicated Go-
niatites, pl. XXI. figs. 11, lla, 12.

G. micronotus. Phillips, Geo. York. II. p, 284, pl. 19,
figs. 22, 23.

Sub-compressed ; surface with transverse strie, and the can-
strictions but slightly bent ; septa with the dorsal lobe small,
the first lateral lobes large and rounded, with their dorsal edges
parallel; umbilicus small and rounded.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland.

1, BELemnrres ELLipricus.—The Elliptical Belemnites, pl.
XXIX.* figs. 1, 2, and 22.

B. ellipticus. Miller, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. IL. p. 60, pl. 8,
figs. 14, 15, 16, 17.

Guard much elongated, elliptical; opaque, greyish-brown,
terminating in a mucronated point.

In an early stage of growth, the guard is generally round, as
may be seen in the transverse sections, but becomes subse-
quently, by an opposition of lamine, of irregular thickness, of
an elliptical form.

Fig. 2, a transverse section, and fig. 22 is a variety.

Inferior Oolite, Dundry, Somersetshire.

2. BELEMNITES ELONGATUS.—The Elongated Belemnites,
pl. XXIX.* fig. 7.

See page 42, No. 13, pl. XXIX. fig. 11.

3. BELEMNITES ABBREVIATUS.—The Shortened Belemnites,
pl. XXIX.* figs. 6, 8, p. 42, pl. XXIX. figs. 18, 19.

4, BeLemyites sutcatus.—The Furrowed Belemnites, pk.
XXIX.* figs. 9 and 1].

B. suleatus. Miller, Geo, Tr. 2nd Ser. II. p. 59, pl. 8, figs.
3, 4,5. Platt. Hist. Oxford, pl. 3, fig. 6.

Guard sub-cylindrical, elongated, and provided with a longi-
tudinal furrow, and terminating in an acute apex.

The Inferior Oolite, Daudry, Somersetshire.

LitvlteEs.

5. BrLeMnires Loneissmmus.—The Lengthened Belemnites,
pl. XXIX.* figs. 13, 14.

B. longissimus. Miller, Geo. Tr. 2nd. Ser. II. p. 60, pl. 8,
figs. 1, 2.

Guard very strong, much lengthened, smooth, and terminat-
ing in a conic point.

The Lias, Lyme Regis, Weston and Bolland.

6. Betemnrres JAcuLUM.—The Dart Belemnites, pl. XXIX.*
fig. 14.

B. jaculum. Phillips, Geo. York. I. pl. 3, fig. 1.

Spindle shaped, much accumunated behind, and terminating
in a rounded sub-conic point. .

The Specton Clay, Specton, Yorkshire.

7. BeLemyites tripartirus.—The Three-parted Belem-
nites, pl. XXIX.* figs. 15, 16, 17, 18.

B. tripartitus. Miller, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. IT. p. 60, pl. 8,
figs. 10, 11, 12, 13.

Guard formed of three longitudinal portions, exhibiting,
near the apex, three distinct longitudinal ridges.

The Lias, Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.

8. BELEMNITES aDUNCATUS.—The Hooked Belemnites. pl.
XXIX.* figs. 19, 20, 21.

B. aduncatus. Miller, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. II. p. 59, pl. 8,
figs. 6, 7, 8.

Guard cylindrical, very smooth, sometimes finely striated,
terminating in a hooked apex, which is furnished with four or
five ridges, the intervening furrows are sometimes slightly
tuberculated.

This species has a considerable resemblance to B. abbre-
viatus, but is considerably more slender.

The Lias, Lyme Regis and Weston. ‘

9. BELEMNITES ELECTRINUS.—The Amber Belemnites, pl.
XXIX.* figs. 23, 24.

Guard cylindrical, the lower extremity conical, with a mam-
millated point; amber coloured.

When specimens are perfect, where the guard adheres to
the chambered cone, there is a longitudinal groove in the
centre. On the surface there are generally traces of blood-
vessels. An outline of these blood-vessels is represented in
fig. 12.

In the Lias, Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.

10. Beremnires Gresont.— Gibson's Belemnites, pl. XXTX.*
fig. 28.

B. Gibsoni. Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soc. I. p. 220, pl. 7, f. 41.

Shell tapering gradually, smooth, and shining ;’ aperture
nearly circular. Length five-eighths of an inch, diameter at
aperture an eighth of an inch.

Found at Crimsworth Dean, in the Limestone Shale.

1. OrrHocERA opTusA.—The Obtuse Orthocera, pl. XXIX.*
fig. 30.

CEPHALOPODA. 249

O. obtusa. Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soc. I. p. 219, pl. 7, £. 86.

Shell erect, taper, slightly compressed ; surface smooth,
covered with undulating, transverse strie; the point for a
quarter of an inch destitute of strie, next which the striw are
very fine and close-set, gradually widening as they ascend, and
becoming more undulous. Diameter near the base three-
quarters of an inch, greatest known diameter an inch and an
eighth.

In the Carboniferous Shale, High-Green Wood, near Heb-
den Bridge, Vale of Todmorden.

2. OrrHoceRA mrcroscorica.—The Microscopic Orthocera,
pl. XXIX.* figs. 26, 27.

O. microscopica. Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soe. I. p. 219, pl.
7, figs. 37, 38.

Shell taper, smooth; with the septa remote ; aperture semi-
oval. Length a line, thickness not the fourth of a line.

In the Carboniferous Shale, High-Green Wood, Vale of
Todmorden.

3. ORTHOCERA ascicuLARIs.—The Ascicular Orthocera, pl.
XXIX.* fig. 29.

O. ascicularis. Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soe. I. p- 219, pl. 7,
fig. 39.

Shell very long, and tapering rather abruptly; smooth;
septa numerous, transversely parallel, regular, and increasing
with age; aperture circular; siphuncle near to one side.
Length almost an inch and an eighth, diameter at aperture not
an eighth of an inch, and a third of an eighth at the base.

Found in the soft Shale at Todmorden.

4, OrrnocerA Brownu.—Brown’s Orthocera, pl. XXIX.*
fig. 31.

O. Brownii. Tr. Man. Geo. Soe. I. p. 219, pl. 7, fig. 40.

Shell subulate, arcuated; with seven longitudinal, elevated
ribs; giving the shell a septangular form; general surface
smooth ; septa numerous, undulating, more remote as they
ascend. Length one inch and a quarter, diameter one sixth.

Found in the Carboniferous Shale, Todmorden.

5. Ortnocera ELONGATUS.—The Elongated Orthoceras,
pl. XXIX.* fig. 25.

O. elongatus. Miller, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. II. p. 60, pl. 8,
fig. 19.

Much elongated and accumunated, the chambered cone and
guard both terminating in a sharp point.

The guard is very thin, and in external appearance much
resembling a Belemnite, the surface being quite smooth, and
polished.

The Inferior Oolite, Dundry, Somersetshire.

1. Lirvrres GiGANTEUs.—The Gigantic Lituites, pl. III.*
figs. 1, 2, 3.

L. Giganteus. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 622, pl. 11, fig. 4.

250 CEPHALOPODA.

With about three rather compressed volutions, the inner
ones slightly indenting those around them; surface with
numerous transverse arcuated ribs, which are lost over the mar-
gin; aperture somewhat quadrangular, with rounded corners ;
siphuncle nearly central. Diameter of last volution four and
a half inches, length of aperture one inch and three-fourths,
width eight lines.

Fig. 3 represents a portion of the back, and fig. 2 a section.

The Wenlock Limestone, Mocktree Hays, and Churn Bank,
near Ludlow.

1. Nummurires ELEGANs.—The Elegant Nummulites, pl.
XXVI. figs. 9, 10, 11.

N. elegans. Sowerby, VI. p. 76, pl. 538, fig. 2.

Greatly compressed, smooth, consisting of about six volu-
tions; septa numerous, and gently curved from the axis; aper-
ture rather prominent.

This species differs from NV. /evigata in being smaller and
having fewer volutions, which increase more rapidly, and in the
regular curvature of the septa. In the young condition it is
very smooth and lenticular.

In the London Clay, Emsworth, Sussex.

1, Cyrrocrras Nauritorpeum.—The Nautilus-shaped Cyr-
toceras, pl. III.* figs. 7, 8, 9.

C. Nautiloideum. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p. 116, pl. 46, fig. 200.

Tnvolute, tapering; section nearly circular; septa slightly
oblique ; siphuncle situate near the back, almost half way from
the centre toward the convex line of the shell.

Fig. 8, a chamber of C. marginale, seen on the face; fig. 9,
ditto on the edge.

In the Devonian Shales, Newton Bushel.

1. Crioceras BowrRpanxu.—Bowerbank’s Crioceras, pl.
IIL.* figs. 12, 18.

C. Bowerbankii. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. V. p- 410,
pl. 34, fig. 1.

With four volutions, slightly flattened on the sides, and
nearly close ; the inner ones with numerous radiating furrows,
which, gradually disappearing upon the outer volution, are
succeeded by eight or ten thick, arcuated ribs, extending across
the volution, and are largest and most elevated towards the
aperture, which is thinly edged and transversely oblong.
Diameter seven and a half inches; breadth of aperture two
and a half inches.

In the Lower Greensand, Isle of Wight.

PHRAGMOCERAS.

1, CryMENIA LINEARIS.—The Lined Clymenia, pl. III.*
figs. 4, 5.

C. linearis. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd. Ser. V. pl. 54, fig. 19.
Endosiphonites carinatus. Ansted, Camb. Tr. VI. pl. 8, figs.
1, 2, 3.

Discoidal, convolute, the inner volutions ; back with a smooth,
narrow, central keel; section of the volution elliptical, oblong,
impressed by the inner volution; siphuncle small; surface
covered with gently bent transverse strie ; septa obsolete.

In the Devonian Shales, Petherwin.

1. Acrinocreras Srmsu.—Simm’s Actinoceras, pl. III.*
fig. 6.

A, Simmsii. Stokes, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. V. p. 708, pl. 59,
fig. 4.

Shell large, conical, the upper chamber very deep ; siphuncle
large, continuous, and contracted at the attachments; septa
composed of several lamin, and rather thick. Length upwards
of two feet.

In the Carboniferous Limestone, Castle Espie, Ireland.

1, GomMPHOCERAS PYRIFORME.—The Pear-shaped Gompho-
ceras, pl. III.* fig. 10.

Orthoceras pyriforme. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 620, pl. 8,
figs. 19, 20.

Ovate, pear-shaped, with chambered portion elongated ; septa
numerous, and even; siphuncle rather large, situate half way
between the centre and margin, and inflated between the
septa; aperture narrow, enlarged at one extremity where the
ridge is reflected; surface smooth. Length of inflated portion
four inches, diameter of ditto two and a half inches.

The Upper Silurian Series, Aymstrey, Ledbury, «ec.

1. PHRAGMocERAS vENTRICOsuM.—The Bellied Phragmo-
ceras, pl. III.* fig. 11.

P. ventricosum. Sowerby, Sil. Sys. p. 621, pl. 10, f. 4, 5, 6.

Compressed, slightly arcuated, and somewhat hooked near
the apex ; aperture nearly closed in the middle ; beak produced ;
surface ‘with many ridges, which cross the edges of the
numerous septa.

The Lower Ludlow Rock, Aymestry, Dudley, &c

1. Votura Crruara—The Harp Voluta, pl. XXXVIL.*
figs. 1, 2.

a

Buccinum.

V. Cithara. Sowerby, VII. pl. 625, figs. 1, 2, 8.

Oblong-ovate ; spire depressed; volutions a little concave;
with remote ribs, acutely pointed on their outward edges, those
are continued along the body to the base; pillar lip reflected ;
and with six plaits; a few transeversely spiral narrow strie on
the lower part of the body.

The London Clay, Barton, and Bracklesham Bay.

2. Vorura Lasrenia.—The Small-lipped Voluta, plate
XXXVII.* fig. ‘

V. Labrella. Sowerby, VII. p. 8, pl. 614, fig. 2.

Pyriform, ventricose above, and narrowed below, pointed at
the base, where it is transversely furrowed; spire short, con-
sisting of five slightly-ribbed volutions ; body furrowed above ;
columella with one large and various small plaits; aperture as
long as the body; outer lip tumid above.

The London Clay, Bracklesham.

3. VoruTa aneusta.—The Narrow Voluta, pl. XXX VII.*
figs. 8, 9.

V. angusta. Sowerby. VII. pl. 626, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Much elongated; spire lengthened, volutions obliquely de-
pressed, occupying a third of the shell, and terminating in an
acute point; with seven or eight longitudinal raised ribs ; with
about five very small plaits on the columella; aperture narrow.

The London Clay, Bracklesham.

Genus PSEUDOLIVA.—Swainson.

Shell thick, ventricose, somewhat oliviform ; spire very short;
aperture large, longitudinal, oval, with a broad short canal at
the base, and a narrow canal at the opposite extremity ; outer
lip with a tooth on its sharp edge, corresponding to a groove
around the outside of the lower part of the volution; inner lip
thick, tumid at the upper part.

1. Pseuporiva oprusa.—The Obtuse Pseudoliva, plate
XXXVII. figs. 13, 14.

P. obtusa, Sowerby, VII. p. 23, pl. 622.

Slightly obovate, smooth, ventricose ; spire short, small, and
a little concealed by the expansion of the inner lip; canal a
little projecting; a transverse furrow below the middle of the
body, with a few striz beneath it.

The London Clay, Bracklesham.

1. Terepra Portianpica.—The Portland Terebra, pl.
XXXIIL* figs. 48, 49.*

T. Portlandica. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. IV. p. 347,
pl. 28, fig. 6.

Turreted, volutions rather concave near the upper edge,
where they are likewise longitudinally furrowed ; whole surface

MOLLUSCA, 251

longitudinally striated ; aperture acutely elliptical ; beak curved,
and very short.

The Portland Stone, Portland and Swindon.

2. TEREBRA stnvosa.—The Sinuous Terebra, pl. XXXIII.*
fig. 62.

T. sinuosa. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 619, pl. 8, fig. 15.

Turreted, subulate, with numerous convex volutions ; surface
smooth, with sharp lines of growth; edge of the lip with an
angular sinus, the angle a little above the middle.

The Lower Ludlow Rock, Garden House Quarry, Aymestry.

1. Buccirsum Mannt.—Mann’s Buccinum, pl. XX1L.« figs.
53, 54.

B. Manni.
figs. 53, 54.

Shell oblong-ovate ; body and spire of equal length; the
latter furnished with four gradually tapering yolutions, not
very deeply divided, terminating in an acute apex ; aperture
with a short central canal at its base. Length two-tenths of
an inch, diameter half its length.

Found at High-Green Wood.

2. Buccrxum Greson1.—Gibson’s Buccinum, pl. XX.* figs.
48, 49.

B. Gibsoni. Brown, Tr. Man, Geo. Soe. I. p. 221, pl. 7,
figs. 48, 49.

Shell ovate, smooth; body large; spire very small, consist-
ing of three rapidly diminishing volutions, terminating in an
acute apex; aperture oblong-ovate, a little contracted both
above and below; outer lip sharp, even; pillar lip slightly
reflected on the columella. Length half an inch, diameter
about three-quarters of an inch.

In the Coal Shales, High-Green Wood, near Todmorden,
and is in the Manchester Museum.

3. Bucctyum ELEGANs.—The Elegant Buccinum, pl. XXI.*
figs. 50, 51.

B. elegans
figs. 50, 51.

Shell oblong-ovate, smooth, glossy; body large, ventricose ;
spire of medium length, consisting of four rapidly diminishing,
but not deeply divided, volutions, terminating in an acute
apex ; aperture oblong-ovate, contracted above and rounded
Length a quarter of an

Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soc. I. p. 221, pl. 7,

Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soc. I. p. 221, pl. 7,

below; outer lip sharp and even.
inch, diameter one-eighth of an inch.

In the Coal Shale, High-Green Wood, near Todmorden, and
is in the Manchester Museum.

4. Bucornom Fieiineu.—Fleming’s Buccinum, pl. XXI.*
fig. 52.

B. Flemingii. Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soe. I. p. 222, pl. 7,
fig. 52.

Shell oblong-ovate, smooth, glossy; body large ; spire short,

252 MOLLUSCA. Fusus.

consisting of three well defined and rapidly diminishing volu-
tions. Length three-eighths of an inch, diameter three-six-
teenths of an inch.

In the Coal Shale, High-Green Wood, near Todmorden.

5. Buccinum Naticomreum.—The Natica-like Buccinum, pl.
XXXIIL* fig. 1.

B. Naticoide. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. IV. p. 347, pl.
28, fig. 4.

Ovate, smooth, and thick; spire produced, consisting of
four or five volutions, with their upper edges rounded; body
very large and ventricose; aperture two-thirds the length of
the shell.

The Portland Stone, Whitchurch, Swindon, Brill, and Vale
of Wardour.

6. Buccinum aneutatum.—The Angulated Buccinum, pl.
XXXIIL.* fig. 74.*

B. angulatum. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd. Ser. IV. p. 347,
pl. 23, fig. 5.

Somewhat fusiform, short; spire with obliquely straight
sides ; body with a transverse central keel ; aperture rhomboidal,
with a short rounded beak.

The Portland Stone, Swindon and Quaniton.

7. Buccinum striatum.—The Striated Buccinum, plate
XXXIII.* fig. 74.

B. striatum. Brown, Wernerian Mem. VIII. pl. 1, fig. 9.
Sowerby, Rec. of Gen. Sec. I. p. 134.

“Volutions longitudinally undulated, transversely striated,
and but slightly convex ; the longitudinal ribs rather straight.

“Tf the Buccinum undatum be examined with a microscope.
it will be found that the transverse ridges are elevated, broad,
and distant, and there is between each of these ridges, in the
upper whorls, a narrow and less elevated ridge, and in the
lower or newer part of the shell generally about three. Now,
in B. striatum, the ridges are so flat, that the shell may more
properly be said to be spirally striated than covered with
transverse ridges. The whorls in the new shell are also much
fllatter than in B. wndatum, and the longitudinal undulations,
which in that shell are considerably concave towards the mouth
of the shell, are here almost quite straight."—G. Sowerby.

1, Nassa LinEATA.—The Lineated Nassa, pl. XXXVII.*
fig. 27.

N. lineata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. IV. p. 344, pl. 18,
fig. 25.

Ovate, body considerably longer than the spire, and inflated;
wide at the base, and the whole surface transversely striated ;
volutions a little flattened, the upper edges sharp ; aperture
somewhat longer than the spire,

The Greensand, Blackdown.

2. Nassa cosrertara.—The Small-Ribbed Nassa, plate
XXXVILI.* fig. 28.

N. costellata. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd. Ser. IV. p. 344, pl.
18, fig. 26.

Subulate; spire longer than the body; with about seven
ventricose volutions, each provided with a varix ; whole covered
with longitudinal ribs and transverse strie; aperture nearly
circular, with a thickened lip.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

1. Pyruta Frrront.—Fitton’s Pyrula, pl. XXXIII.* figs.
32, 33.

P. Smithii. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Series, IV. p. 336, pl.
11, fig. 15.

Oyal short; body large; spire small, consisting of two
or three volutions, with two spiral keels in the young state,
which become obsolete in the adult ; numerous fine transverse
striz cover its surface, and obscure longitudinal ribs ; aperture
expanded.

The Gualt, Cape Point, near Folkstone.

2. PyruLa pEpREssA.—The Depressed Pyrula, pl. XXXIII.*
fig. 43.

P. depressa. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Series, IV. p. 344, pl.
18, fig. 20.

Pyriform ; spire depressed, completely sunk beneath the top
of the body yolution ; body ventricose; base much narrowed ;
surface with many transverse narrow ribs, which project beyond
the margin of the outer lip.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

3. Pyruta Bricurii.—Bright’s Pyrula, pl. XXXIII.* figs.
44, 45.

P. Brightit. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Series, IV. p. 344, pl.
18, fig. 21.

Pyriform, ventricose ; spire about a third the length of the
shell, consisting of about four volutions, the upper one small

and acute; transversely bicarinated, and with many narrow’

spiral ribs; aperture wide, longitudinally, semi-circular, narrow
both above and below.
The Greensand, Blackdown.

1. Fusus murtrcosratus.—The Many-ribbed Fusus, pl.
XXXVIL.* fig. 3, 4.

Fusiform ; spire occupying about a third of the shell, con-
sisting of three or four rather broad volutions, which, as well as
the body, are obliquely flattened above and straight on the
sides; defined above and below with a smooth regular rib; body
with from ten to fourteen smooth ribs; the outer castal spoels
being striated spirally and longitudinally ; aperture wide above
and narowed beneath; pillar-lip a little reflected.

Found in Dudley Limestone, at Dudley, Staffordshire.

Pl —— “

TuRBO.

2. Fusus cLarnratus.—The Ladder Fusus, pl. XXXIII.*
fig. 42.

F. clathratus. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. IV. p. 344, pl.
18, fig. 19.

Somewhat pyriform ; spire short ; body large ; longitudinally
ribbed and striated ; four narrow, waved, transverse ribs divide
the surface of each volution into three portions resembling
cells; aperture rather wide.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

3. Fusus rusticus.—The Rustic Fusus, pl. XXXIII.* figs.
40, 41.

F. rusticus. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. IV. p. 344, pl. 18,
fig. 18.

Short, rather ventricose; spire short, with four or five rounded
yolutions, which, as well as the body, are crossed by ten to
twelve prominent knobbed longitudinal ribs, giving a square-
ness to the sides ; whole surface transversely striated ; aperture
obliquely elongated, contracted both above and below ; pillar-lip
reflected.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

4. Fusus quapratus.—The Squarish Fusus, pl. XXXIII.*
fig. 83.

F. quadratus.
18, fig. 17.

Fusiform; body and spire forming reverse cones from the
centre of the body, which is square, with two obscure transverse
keels; spire with four volutions, about a fourth of the length
of the shell; base acute; the whole covered with wide-set thin
strie ; aperture sub-rhomboidal.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

5. Fusus ricrpus.—The Rigid Fusus, pl. XXXITI.* figs.
36, 37, 38.

F. rigidus. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. p. 343, pl. 18. f. 16.

Elongated, fusiform, with five or six volutions; body length-
ened; spire occupying about a third of the shell; the whole
covered with longitudinal moderately prominent roughened ribs,
ventricose in the middle ; compressed above, and transversely
striated ; aperture elliptical, rather more than half the length
of the shell, and contracted both above and below; beak va-
riously elongated, with its edge sometimes a little reflected.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

6. Fusus nrpricatus.—The Imbricated Fusus, pl. XXXIII.*
figs. 70, 71.

F. imbricatus.

Sowerby, Geo Tr. 2nd Ser. IV. p. 343, pl.

Brown, Wern. Mem. VIII. pl. 1, figs. 5, 6.

Turreted, with six volutions, flattened above; spire abruptly
tapering to an acute apex; the whole with broad, lamellar, un-
equally long thin ribs, broadest above, and slightly inflected at
the edges, terminating at the base of the body in front, and
running to the point of the back behind; aperture semi-ovate,
rounded above and contracted below, slightly twisted to the
right; pillar-lip broad, well defined, and replicate at its base ;
outer-lip thin and slightly reflected.

MOLLUSCA. 253

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Dalmuir, on the Clyde.

1. CanceLtaRIA minutA—The Minute Cancellaria, pl.
XXXIITI.* fig. 73.

Turreted ; spire shorter than the body, with three volutions ;
aperture oblong, somewhat contracted; surface with considerably
raised smooth longitudinal ribs, the interstices with transverse
strie.

1. Prrvrotoma articutata.—The Articulated Pleurotoma,
pl. XXXVIT.* fig. 20.

P. articulata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 612, pl. 5, fig. 2.

Turreted, with eight or ten very convex, deeply divided
yolutions, with the sinus nearly in the middle, forming rather
a broad band; surface smooth, with a few sharp lines of
growth.

The Upper Ludlow Rock, Ludlow, and near Ledbury.

1. TurRITeLZA GREGARIA.—The Gregarious Turritella, pl.
XXXIIL* figs. 81, 82.

T. Gregaria. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 603, pl. 3. fig. 1.

Subulate, with six convex smooth volutions ; aperture orbicu-
lar; length from four to six lines, width two to three lines.

The Upper Ludlow Rock, Horeb Chapel.

2. Turrrretta opsoreTa.—The Obsolete Turritella, pl.
XXXIIL.* fig. 88.

T. obsoleta. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 603, pl. 3, figs. 7a.

Subulate, smooth, with nine convex volutions ; aperture
round; length one inch and a fourth, width five lines.

The Upper Ludlow Rock, Horeb Chapel, and Felindre.

3. TURRITELLA CANCELLATA.—The Cancellated Turritella,
pl. XXXIIL.* fig. 75.

T. cancellata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 642, pl. 20, fig. 18.

Subulate; longitudinally striated, with spiral unequal ribs
on each volution.

The Lower Silurian Rocks, Mandinam, Llandovery, Hope
Mill Shelve.

1. Turso Prycex.—Price’s Turbo, pl. XXXIII.* fig. 90.

T. Pricea. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 642, pl. 21, fig. 19.

Body large, with an angular middle; spire short; umbilicus
deep and curved.

The Lower Silurian Rocks, Mandinam, Llandovery.

9. Turpo coratrit.—The Coral Turbo, pl. XXXTII.* f. 76.

T. corallii. Sowerby, Sill. Syst. p. 612, pl. 5, fig. 27.

3D

254:

Conical; spire abruptly tapering, with about five rounded
yolutions ; aperture orbicular; umbilicus closed; length one
inch, width four lines.

The Upper Ludlow Rocks, Larden, near Ludlow, &e. &e.

3. Turpo ExpansA.—The Expanded Turbo, pl. XXXIII.
figs. 54, 55.

T. expansa. Brown, Wern. Mem. VIII. pl. 1, figs. 12, 18.

Body very large; spire small, with an acute apex; aperture
sub-orbicular ; inner lip thickened and slightly concave ; surface
minutely striated spirally, alternately larger and smaller.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Dalmuir, on the Clyde.

Genus PYRAMIS.—Brown.

Shell generally subulate, gradually tapering to a point; body
usually short, and the spire long ; volutions but slightly divided
by the suture in most species, and seldom inflated; aperture
mostly oblong-ovate, placed nearly perpendicular, with its upper
angle contracted for the most part ; outer lip rarely continuous.

1. Pyramis reticuLatus.—The Reticulated Pyramis, pl.
XXL.* figs. 42, 43.

P. reticulatus. Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soc. p. 222, pl. 7,
figs. 42, 43.

Shell subulate ; body shorter than the spire, which consists
of six inflated, rapidly decreasing volutions, well defined by a
deep suture, and terminating in an acute apex ; aperture slightly
ovate, contracted above, and rounded below; pillar lip not
reflected on the columella; outer lip thin, plain, and sharp on
the margin ; whole shell decussated with fine distinct, spiral,
and longitudinal strie. Length five-eighths of an inch, diameter
nearly three-eighths.

In the Coal Shale, Crimsworth Dean, near Hebden Bridge,
and is in the Manchester Museum.

2. Pyramis Owrnt.—Owen’s Pyramis, pl. XXI.* f. 44, 45.

P. Oweni. Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soc. I. p. 223, pl. 7,
figs. 44, 45,

Shell subulate, smooth; body short, about a third of the
length of the shell; spire long, and consisting of six well
defined, moderately inflated, and slightly oblique volutions,
terminating in an obtuse apex; aperture sub-rotund, a little
contracted above, rounded beneath; outer lip strong, and eyen.
Length a quarter of an inch, diameter a tenth of an inch.

In the Coal Shale, Crimsworth Dean, near Hebden Bridge,
ands in the Manchester Museum.

1. Lrrrormna srrratertaA.—The Fine-Striated Littorina,
pl. XXXIIL.* fig. 72.
L. striatella, Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 642, pl. 19, fig. 12.

MOLLUSCA.

SCALARIA.

Conical, with three or four much-inflated volutions; base
convex; surface with fine longitudinal lines of growth.

The Lower Silurian Rocks, Horderly and Wistantow, Wales.

2. Lrrrorina PuncturRA.—The Punctured Littorina, plate
XXXIIL.* fig. 57.
Bean, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839, p. 62, fig. 23.

Sub-conic, ventricose ; body and spire nearly of equal length,
the latter with five inflated volutions ; surface with numerous
regular longitudinal lines of small punctures.

In the Cornbrash, Scarborough.

3. Lirrormna BREVE.—The Short Littorina, pl. XXXII.
fig. 14.

Buccinum breve.

L. punctura.

Sowerby, VI. p. 128, pl. 566, fig. 3.

Nearly globular; spire short, consisting of three moderately
rounded volutions, scalloped on their upper edges as they pass
over a row of obtuse tubercles; body with three or four trans-
verse remote rows of blunt tubercles; aperture sub-orbicular,
with a slight hollow at its upper angle.

In the Carboniferous Limestone, Bradley, near Newton
Bushel, Devonshire.

1. Trocuus TarHamt.—Tatham’s Trochus, pl. XXXIII.*
figs. 50, 51, 52.

Sub-conic, with five slightly inflated volutions, terminating
in a rather obtuse apex ; aperture transversely ovate ; outer lip
blunt ; surface smooth, with a few slight lines of growth, and
a hollow zone around the body.

The Carboniferous Limestone, near Settle, Yorkshire.

2, Trocnus mnrLAtus.—The Inflated Trochus, pl. XXXITT.
figs. 60, 61.

T. inflatus. Brown, Wern. Mem. VIII. pl. 1, figs. 10, 11.

Sub-conic, with five tumid yolutions, deeply defined by the
suture; base largely umbilicate ; aperture somewhat quadran-
gular, pearly within surface covered with strong spiral strie,
and intermediate smaller ones, crossed by extremely minute
longitudinal strie; the superior edge of each volution with a
series of indistinct tubercles.

The Pleistocene Marine Formation, Dalmuir, on the Clyde.

3. TRocnus HELicires.—The Helix-like Trochus, plate
XXXIIL.* figs. 59 and 64.

T. helicites. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 603, pl. 3, figs. le and 5.

Depressed above, conyex beneath ; smooth, with four volu-
tions, which are rather flattened above, obtusely angular at the
margin of the base; umbilicus small and deep.

In the Old Red Limestone, Horeb Chapel, Felindre.

1. ScaLARIA PuLCHRA.—The Handsome Scalaria, plate
XXXIIL.* fig. 63.

Natica.

S. pulchra. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser, IV. p. $43, pl. 18,
fig. 11.

Elongated, with ten close volutions, crossed by blunt longi-
tudinal ribs; a band connecting the ribs, passes along the
bases of the volutions ; spire acute, aperture sub-ovate.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

1. Crrrus Grovert.—Gloyer's Cirrus, pl. XXI.* f, 46, 47.

C. Gloveri. Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soe. I. p. 223, pl. 7,
figs. 46, 47.

Shell conoidal, smooth, glossy; body very large, much
inflated ; spire very small, consisting of three rapidly diminish-
ing, ventricose volutions; aperture round; inner lip slightly
reflected on the columella, with a shallow umbilicus behind it;
outer lip thin, and even. Length three-eighths of an inch,
diameter three-sixteenths of an inch.

Found at High-Green Wood, near Hebden Bridge. In the
Manchester Museum.

Named in honour of my much respected friend, Thomas
Glover, Esq., of Smedley Hill, Manchester.

1. ToRNATELLA sTRIATA.—The Striated Tornatella, plate
XLIII. figs. 14, 15.

Acton striatus. Sowerby, IV. p. 37, pl. 460, fig. 2.

Regularly ovate; spire with four rather flat volutions, ter-
minating in rather an acute apex ; columella with an indistinct
plait; whole surface covered by rather regular transverse strie,
which are nearly obsolete on the middle of the body, but strong
on the base; aperture ovate, pointed above, and occupying
more than half the length of the shell.

The Red and Coral Crags, Sutton.

1. PrecroTomarraA unpATaA—The Waved Pleurotomaria,
pl. XXXIII.* fig. 12.

P. undata. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 619, pl. 8, fig. 13.

Ventricose, sub-conic, consisting of four inflated volutions ;
body large, spire small, with an obtuse apex; base convex ;
surface with many longitudinal curved, oblique, slightly pro-
minent undulations ; lip with a deep sinus, forming a narrow,
hardly elevated, band around the yolutions ; aperture orbicular.

The Lower Ludlow Rock, near Ludlow, Presteign, and
Dean’s Corner.

2. PrevroromariaA Lioypu.—Lloyd’s Pleurotomaria, pl.
XXXIII.* fig. 85.

P. Lloydii. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 619, pl. 8, fig. 14.

Conical, sub-turreted ; body long, spire short, consisting of

MOLLUSCA. 255

four volutions, ending in an obtuse apex; a narrow prominent
band, formed by the filling up of the marginal sinus; surface
with five transverse keels, or ribs, the intercostal spaces nu-
merously striated; aperture oblong-ovate, a little narrowed
above.

The Lower Ludlow Rocks, Shelderton Hills, near Aymestry,
and Dean’s Corner.

3. Prevroromarra ANGULATA.—The Angled Pleurotomaria,
pl. XXXIIT.* fig. 84.

P. angulata, Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 641, pl. 21, fig. 20.

Conical, acutely angled in the middle of the volutions ; the
surface probably striated; aperture nearly circular, with an
angle at its upper part. A cast only.

In the Lower Silurian Rocks, Mandinam, Llandovery.

4. PLEUROTOMARIA GIGANTEA.—The Gigantic Pleurotoma-
ria, pl. XXXVII.* fig. 29.

P. gigantea. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. IV. p. 339, pl.
14, fig. 16.

Conical, with straight sides, and the volutions over-lapping
each other ; lip with a deep sinus ; band transversely striated ;
whole surface concentrically striated; height and breadth
nearly equal.

The Lower Greensand, Boughton, Kent.

1. VELUTINA UNDATA.—The Waved Velutina, pl. XXXIII.*
fig. 80.

V. undata. Brown, Wern. Mem. VIII. pl. 1, fig. 15.

Nearly orbicular; spire exceedingly small, placed laterally
and sunk beneath the expansion of the outer lip; apex de-
pressed ; the whole shell covered with strong longitudinal
wrinkles, following the lines of growth, and crossed by wide
obsolete, spiral strie ; aperture sub-orbicular, extremely large ;
pillar-lip broadly reflected on the columella, distinctly relieved
from the body behind, and a semi-lunate broad groove in its
centre.

In the Pleistocene Marine Formation, Dalmuir, Renfrew-
shire.

1. Natrca ctavsa.—The Close Natica, pl. XXXITI.* f. 79.

N. clausa. Brown, Wern. Mem. VIII. pl. 4, fig. 16.

Ovate, with five volutions, those of the spire, which is very
short, slightly produced ; somewhat depressed ; grooved aboye,
and well-defined by the suture; aperture oblique, semi-ovate,
a little flattened on its interior side ; pillar-lip broadly reflected
on the columella, behind which is a closed umbilicus; surface
with very delicate longitudinally oblique stria.

In the Pleistocene Marine Formation, Dalmuir.

2. Narica mrnrm1A.— The Least Natica, pl. XXI.* figs. 65,
64, 65.

N. minima. Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soe. I. p. 64, pl. 6, figs.
22, 28, 24.

Ovate; body large; spire small, consisting of two depressed
yolutions ; aperture semi-lunar ; surface smooth.

In the Red Marl, Newtown, near Manchester.

1. Guoputus Swirai.—Smith’s Globulus, pl. XXXIII.*
fig. 77.

G. Smithii. Brown, Wern. Mem. VIII. jpl. 1, fig. 18.

Ventricose, sub-globose, smooth, glossy; spire with three
obtuse depressed volutions, separated by a deep groove; aper-
ture oblong-oyate, narrowed and pointed above ; pillar-lip
broadly reflected on the columella.

Found by the Duchess of Argyle, in the Pleistocene Marine
Formation at Ardencaple.

1. Butza unpuLaTa.—The Waved Bulla, pl. XXXIII.* fig.
78.

B. undulata. Bean, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839, pl. 7, fig. 9.

Oviform, ventricose; aperture expanded; surface smooth,
with a few longitudinal, waved, shallow, irregular furrows.

The Cornbrash, Scarborough.

1. Pitzopsis minuta.—The Minute Pileopsis, pl. XXI.*
figs. 55, 56, 57.

P. minuta. Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soc. I. p. 223, pl. 7,
figs. 55, 56, 57.

Shell smooth, glossy, conical, with the vertex slightly spiral
and inflected ; aperture sub-obvate, and expansive. Diameter
about a line.

CONCHIFERA.

CRANIA.

In the Coal Shale, High-Green Wood, near Todmorden.
In the Manchester Museum.

1, PareLta GREENWOoDI.—Greenwood’s Patella, pl. XXI.*
figs. 58, 59.

P. Greenwoodi. Brown, Tr. Man. Geo. Soe. p. 224, pl. 7,
figs. 58, 59.

Shell sub-ovate, conical, smooth, slightly wrinkled trans-
versely, sub-depressed ; the vertex inclined anteriorly.

In the Limestone Shale, near Hebden Bridge.

1. EvompHatus Cornpensis—The Corndon Euomphalus,
pl. XXXIIT.* fig. 58.

E. Corndensis. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 641, pl. 22, fig. 16.

Discoidal, smooth, with three volutions; the keel with a
series of nodules ; aperture transversely oval. Diameter two
and a half lines.

In Volcanic Grit, Lower Silurian Rocks, Leigh Hall, Corn-
don Hills, Wales.

2. EvoMPHALUS TENUISTRIATUS.—The Thin Striated Euom-
phalus, pl. XXXIII.* fig. 53.

E. tenuistriatus. Sowerby, Sil. Syst. p. 641, pl. 22, fig. 14.

Discoidal, with three rapidly increasing volutions, crossed
by very fine, thickly set, regular strie ; aperture round, equal
in diameter to half the width of the shell. Diameter four and
a half lines.

Lower Silurian Rocks, Middleton, Corndon Hills.

1. CERITHITIUM GIGANTEUM.—The Gigantic Cerithium, pl.
XXXVII. figs. 18 and 15, p. 66.

CLASS CONCHIFERA.

1, CrantA antiquion.—The Ancient Crania, pl. LVI.*
fig. 39.

C. antiquior. Jelly. MSS.

Orbicular, compressed, with the umbo large, extended,
rounded at the termination, and quite straight.

In the Great Oolite, Hampton Cliffs.

2. Cranta striaTa.—The Striated Crania, pl. LVI.* fig. 60.

C. striata. Woodward, Geo. Nor. pl. 6, fig. 15.

Nearly orbicular, the upper valve conical; with about fifteen
strong divergent furrows, and smaller intervening ones; the

intermediate ribs rounded, and producing a scolloped margin
all round : the interior strongly marked.

The Upper Chalk, Gravesend.

3. CRANIA ovALIs.—The Oval Crania, pl. LVI.* fig. 59.

C. ovalis. Woodward, Geo. Nor. pl. 6, fig. 16.

Oyal; base somewhat wider than the apical end; centre of
superior valve conical; the vertex a little curved ; surface with
numerous strong divergent furrows and intermediate ribs :
margin nearly plain.

The Upper Chalk, Harford Bridge, Norfolk.

CyTHEREA.

1. TrEREBRATULA vIRGO.—The Virgin Terebratula, pl. LIV.*
figs. 17,18.

T. virgo. Phillips, Pal. Fos. p- 91, pl. 35, fig. 167.

Ovato-lanceolate ; uniformly convex ; beak prominent, slightly
curved ; front margin somewhat contracted, and nearly straight:
surface with very faint longitudinal and transverse strie, which,
viewed through a lens, produces a beautifully reticulated ap-
pearance.

This species somewhat resembles 7. hastata, but differs
from it in the beak being more prominent, without an angula-
tion, and in the curvature being so slight.

In the Devonian Shales, Barton, South Devon.

2. TEREBRATULA sMiLis.—The Similar Terebratula, plate
LYV.* figs. 8, 9.

Sub-triangular, inflated ; with three indistinct furrows towards
the base of the valve.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Dovedale, Derbyshire.

3. TEREBRATULA ANNULARIS.—The Ringed Terebratula, pl.
LV.* figs. 61, 62.

Sub-triangular; hinge line nearly straight, beak short; a
broad, central, longitudinal furrow in the larger valve: whole
surface covered with numerous divergent strie.

The Carboniferous Limestone, Dovedale, Derbyshire.

1. OstREA DuRIUscULA.—The Rough Ostrea, pl. LIX. fig. 1.

O. duriuscula. Phillips, Geo. York. I. pl. 4, fig. 1.

Ovoid, compressed, with rough undulating longitudinal folia-
tions.

The Coral Rag, Malton, Scarborough.

1. AvicuLA LonGIAxis.—The Lengthened Axis Avicula, pl.
LXI.** fig. 1.

A. longiavis. Buckman and Strickland, Geo. Cheltenham,
p- 97, pl. 10, fig. 2.

Valves equal ; hinge line straight ; anterior side much acecu-
minated; the posterior very short: surface with fine transverse
strie ; substance of the shell thin.

The Lias, foot of Battledown Hill, Hewlett’s Road, near
Cheltenham.

2. AyicuLa compLicata.—The Complicated Avicula, plate
LXI.** fig. 9.

A. complicata. Buckman and Strickland, Geo. Chelt. p. 97,
pl. 6, fig. 5.

Hinge line somewhat oblique; the right beak short, trans-
versely ribbed, and a little acute; left beak rounded; valves
considerably twisted, and covered with longitudinal nodulous
ribs.

CONCHIFERA. 257

The Oolite, Leckhampton and Crickley Hills, near Chelten-
ham.

3. AvIcULA LonGrarEA.—The Long-Areaed Avicula, plate
LXI.** fig. 14.

Hinge line lengthened and quite straight; anterior auricle
long, broad, and notched; posterior auricle shorter, narrow,
and acute: valves moderately inflated ; surface with longitu-
dinal, rather wide, furrows, diminishing as they recede from
the anterior side ; posterior side destitute of furrows.

1. GeRviLLIA AcuTa.—The Modiola-formed Gervillia, plate
LXIX. fig 4.

Gervillia acuta. Phillips, Geo. York. I. pl. 9, fig. 36.

Lanceolate, hinge line oblique and lengthened, with a rounded
termination ; apical extremity gradually tapering ; base rounded,
surface smooth, with nearly obsolete lines of growth.

The Great Oolite, Cloughton.

1. LirnopHacus antrquus.—The Ancient Lithophagus, pl.
LXXII. figs. 44, 45.

Cylindrical ; beaks blunt, surface smooth, with a few trans-
verse strie towards the umbones.

Found embedded in a silicious mass of Asteria, from the
Coral Rag, Malton, Yorkshire.

1. Venus TenERA.—The Tender Venus, pl. LXXXIV. figs.
14, 15.

V. tenera. Sowerby, Geo. Tr. 2nd Ser. IV. p. 335, pl. 11,
fig. 7.

Somewhat lenticular; slightly transverse ; beaks acute ; whole
surface curved with fine, regular, concentric strie; lunette
lanceolate.

The Gualt, Folkston.

1. CyrHEREA cAPERATA. — The Wrinkled Cytherea, plate
LXXXIV. fig. 30.

Venus caperata. Sowerby IV. p. 31, pl. 518, fig. 1.

Orbicular, compressed, somewhat lenticular ; lunette heart-
shaped ; whole surface covered with numerous small, rounded,
well defined, concentric ridges; with pretty wide intervening
ribs.

The Greensand, Blackdown.

258

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

Prate I.

1. Baculites Faujasii

2,5. Hamites attenuatus and tenuis

3. Lyelli
4, incury:
6, 7. Baculites bacul
8. Hamites costatus

oides obliquatus ......

9, 18. IID AN Gee oececen stee teen ne re nerrs
10. annulatus
ll. rectus ........
12, inflexus
14, maximus
Priate II.
A WELAmites elUapticuses. cece ce. .ce-teestaconers
2. Bucklandite cet. eek
3. tuberonlatugs,, .<.....c2<.cscesenave
4, adpressus ..
5. MOGOSUBWeereen ds. -e- we sarcet ocean
6. GIIMAGUA Nawecmeasc cw sense san cans esn
7. potnnd ngs: eee 8 eee ewan
8. UibyenG AE) S58 055 Sasenceccacrseeeeens
9. multicostatus .
10. PIGRL CH eer ss cence cescene sean sas
11. Gitrie (ri Ey nse} PeRieeemsanioe pecans
12. CPP gS BAAR Ea eynnncmeensoeccce
13. alternatus %.-0c25522.wseewesoes. «
Prate III.

1, Hamites gibbosus

2. GNECKMCEGIUS: ..vec-.cccecesesneene
3. BDINWOSUSicencssesceeacdceraceeer =
4, 9. Turrilites undulatus .....................
5. tuberculatus.................
6. obliquus ....

7. Hamites compressus

8. Turrilites Bergeri

10. costatus

Puate III.*

1, 2, 3. Lituites giganteus.....................

Aai5. \Clymenia linearisi-’....c....acc-0c2<002

6. Actinoceras Simmsii........................
7, 8, 9. Cyrtoceras Nautiloideum............

10. Gomphoceras pyriforme
11. Phragmoceras yentricosum

12. 13. Crioceras Bowerbankii ...............

Puate IV.

1. Turrilites undulatus
2. Ammonites stellaris

3. Lewesensis

4,9.

5. Base of Turrilites tuberculatus ......... 2
6, 6. Goniatites striatus, No. 4 5
BER sphzricus, No. 5 5
8. Ammonites obtusus, (a longitudinal
SECELOTU toes soe eaeeeiaesicteisceieslerseean = 8
10, Goniatites minutus, No. 8 ............... 6
PiaTeE V.
1. Ammonites Lamberti ....................- 6
2. QOBLARILS 2<<. o2g--cnncsvasenese ae 6
3. 6
4, 6
i, 6
6. giganteus 6
fie ellipticus ...........26. sse.+ th
8. COMMMOIGES'......200..0--2-00-00 7
9. Griplicatus .......-.....00.c0.+0 7
10. biplex 7
Prats VI.
1, Ammonites Brongniarti .... 7
2. calloviensis 7
3. Goervillii-. = (cesec-st---2e- seo 7
4, LN Atel: | Soap aae anne AREAS 7
De Nutfieldensis 8
6. triplicatus 8
its excayatus 8
8. UPOSUS peesceserereraccasecast= 8
9. OWNING ee. weeeceseantanc~ 8
10. Ca ferris) Megaeeeceesceec eoeee 8
Prate VII.
1, 2. Ammonites Bucklandi.................. 8
3, 5, 8 WADIGS be once Aerec sce cr erases 9
4, PIMCAN, S-penceressos=- nee 9
6. Conybeari.:..-.--..-2--.0.- 9
7. planicostatus 9
a RUPIS. hc cea nen tecanne amas 10
10. splendens .........-..----- 9
il (Pinus! seseteeesceeeeee ean 5
Puate VIII.
1. Ammonites lautus ..........-..-.--+-+0+5+ 10
2. armatus 10
3. planus 10
4, cordatus 11
5. Brownil .:..-c525---- sep s-a 11
6. SNUG neon oceee ea eee 11
Uf GUIVAbUS! -sceece reste es-<fecaue il
8. falcatus .... wee
9. Brocehit is, <5 s.secseetercenoe ll
10. SEILAUUS se. nceus tiecarsvememecee 12 |

Prate IX.
PAGE.
1, Ammonites Sowerbyi ..............ccc000 12
2. SCE DT deen ens tence cectesserees 12
3, 6. Vaigberel sesece su. sre-< soseece-t 12
4, Nautilus discus... ..........ccsecseseeseeees 12
5, Ammonites Strangewaysii ............... 12
7,8. Greenoughii 12
9, 10. wertebraligi.c.)s.:.<.-.-.0sc000 13
1. CONCAYTIS) pestece.s-s-socenrers 13
12. Bechel (eeeSirte. cttec- eae. cs 13
13. elegans !te.eteeatreccnes: tesees 13

Pirate X.
1, Ammonites planulatus..................... 13
2. Sutherlandi «-2.:.0..2:.9.0<-<2 13
3. Selliguinus..................--- 13
4. UNGER nates seen edna dn sare 13
5 Catalliae sos sacetatecswsered tea 14
6 Murchisoni 14
7, 8, 9 SPIWMOSUNE eee eee aewes sary ase 14
10, 11 Genaritinyeecee--eecscnnnns-e==e 14
12, (CUNVatUSeesceeateeesa.s. senna e2= 11
13. Broditailers..-tetsse-- ssn ese 14
14. Humphriesianus . 14

Pirate XI.
I, Ammonites peramplus.............-------- 14
2. perarmatus .........--..10++ 15
3, 4. Smithii 15
6. fibulatus 15
6. subarmatus ...........++-2-++ 15
a 5 BPA 72) a Sa RN 15
8. 15
9. 15
10. OUISERENIS hss ance sabe anid 15
11, 14 (Bay GMO en ee- cas aa os -somee 15
12, TET VON ai cac- >= ins snceeaceee 15
13. IBrOOK Meso scecncnsaesaeeeneeee 16

Piate XII.

1, Ammonites varicosus ....... 16
2. rotomagensis 16
3. subradiatus .../2c.e2.. Jo00. 16
4 Maylorigeessssceracet <a 16
5 Hippocastanum............... 16
6. brevispina 16
1 planorbis 17
8. Gulielmi 17
9. lapWeni~. ..<c-cuvsaeseceeseeres 17
10. Useaghit/.<-.ccvecseeereareesas 17
1h. corrugatus 7

1, Ammonites funiferus .....
2 plichomphalus
3. lentioularis’ ..................
4. catinus ........
5. PAnkKIngonty. 0c. 8-sctececattess
6. ROME teeter reer cctcece cae
eos = =— sis mbm hig eee...
creme WM onulntus sere ee ccc. ccc. cs
10.
11. plichomphalus (young) ... 19
Pate XIV.
1. Ammonites tuberculatus .................. 18
2: StOKGMiiC te ates «oes. .csececte 19
3. probosideus: .................. 19
4, dentatus 19
5. Birk avaeeicr ai: on ence cas sie 19
Gis Miya) PERU RERER EB receteere ese ee 19
8. Lan Tet a WS eceeceee eee cece 19
9. SIMONE ooceey crac nkawanscessozs 20
10. Goodhallii 20
Piate XV.
1. Ammonites Bennettie ..................... 20
2. tetrammatus .. 20
3. 20
4. 20
5: 20
6. 20
7. 21
8. 21
9 complanatus .................. 21
10. PUD OAUHG Eos cack avcees cans coved 21
Pate XVI.
1. Ammonites subcarinatus .................. 21
ae NACIGUREANIIG | 20c0s.<cesest=sae 21
3. heterophyllus.................. 21
4. fissicostatns ..°............-.. 22
5. PETIMNAGUM cncceccssencacevaess- 22
6. BUDS VIS caeranceter en cevscdues 22
ae MIBXICOBURCUS cccces cevaccscensd 22
8. OreccUs Meee 22
9: PHOAGNCMNE M20 og. <<. 5. 0nsasnae 22
10. MW AMNOS ON cate sdpas ao mzees 3-5 ce 23
Pirate XVII.
1. Ammonites Johnstoni .................0..+ 23
2. SOCMMTLE ae ede tenrdendeneeane 23 |
3. LT a age vps ie Se ARS 23
4. longispinus .............000++ 23
Da MUTIEXE CEG: crcdoecesctsaauaane 23
6. MLIETIGUL. ..532souetani xs) <aaesmec 23
7. leyiusculus .......-.....+-++- 23
8. BARIRTIIIN’ corecncsccvscsecssere 24
9. PIAUIRMD Et enecscsanatskecsecscese 24
10. FUUGUACUM GBicarares ss oascc-scccne 24

Prate XIII.

259
Pirate XVIII.
PAGE.
1, Ammonites marginatus ...............6. 24
2. maculatus ... ferey 2!
3. AlWWettenccccsrarsstrccvacssess 24
4, discus......... 24
5. COMPTessus .2....c.. ec ecn eee 24
6. multicostatus .............. 24
ile WHOMGY. ..scces--t2rebadee cece 25
8. ORERNGIREIG Feri vccsecexdsecnse sc 25
9. inflatus .... jevet PED
10, Brakenridgii ................2. 25
ll. Clevlandicus .................. 25
12, 25
13. 25
14, 25
15. 26
Puate XIX.
1, Ammonites Loscombii ...................05 26
2. geometricus .................. 26
Se CONSUTICLUS.......2.0.cecceeees 26
4, FLOUSOW ec cescasesccdese coun 26
5. MUMIDU IMIS gees cece Ae lsetiess ot 26
6. Hawskersusis ................ 26
7. Walcottii or bifrons ......... 26
8. exaratus 26
9. Lythensis 26
10. QOBEEA CUS ce- sus aneaceencance oe 27
1] enleyit se seccensec- -ee- eset 2
Puate XX.
1. Ammonites baltiatus .............-....... 27
2, 9. eqipiensyg:*.-.-:-<.---.8t. see 27
3. OVAGUS) ssa2.ccccesccssuersnavas 27
4, VENUStUSp ree swan awasacsanaens 27
5. CONGINNUB) s.2e2-= eleeeeteehs 27
6. DUIS eseteet «cs cccdnecnsne 27
ds curvinodes .................. 27
8. Varicostatna\..2......1.-....0. 28
10. TOCUNGUS:S cee eos ssecccnes cc 28
ll. heterophyllus ............... 21
12. HERA eck don sax co'ds pee 28
Pirate XX.*
Ts Ammonites} ANAGH 2s. scedeurscssesus<s->50 244
2. TrveatUG varsse<-r<c.nersdosecne 244
3. CEIBRURUES alicx anes <cancasetascusa 244
4. CMlORN ane ston tckossduxscatcare 246
5, 6. GREIBENG |W -cr 2... cast-<e0-uge> 244
aa Cookie Gres saahie ns cx cseenss 244
8. PTDTIB COG corey se. 505 sancvace 246
9, 10. circularis ...... we. 244
ll. dissimilis, var. ............... 246
12, 13. CUNMMITUIIN ecsnscvedennsscqeene 246
| 14,15 WORE reetaesensctraveudesicano 246
16. ARVIN | lone <oescevscnenss
17, 18 symmetricus ...
19. MUNIN oe dss <0 toiee dav dnonanene 244
| 20, 21 EFIEOTIANS cosets scceseoveessisy 244

Pate XX,**

Pace
1, Ammonites Elizabeth .............00006 245
2, ditto, var. . bad
3. GUGCO; WaSaraseb ca cenrancasscens
4,10. Brightil's<ssccsseneee «csp
6,6, 17, 12) eulcatysssv.iss2.cacseenae ae
i Comptont ).208.<< i okescceoe
8, 9. lacunatus ....
13, 14, Boblayei
15. Stutchburii
16. AMCCHORUB ets as. s0csn<s<0nne
Prate XXI.
1, 2, 3. Goniatites Looneyii.................. 28
4, da, 5. Gilbertsoni............... 28
6, 6a, 7. paucilobus .... 28
8, 8a, 15. diserepaus 28
9, 10, 10a, etriolatus: cn-<t-+--0- 4. <9 28
Tt; dia; 12; micronotus ..............+ 248
13, 14, 14a. MUG Aptas oo ance sv ees 29
16, 16a, 17. serpentinus. 29
18, 18a. GURQ ONS navn erkovensenscee 29
19, 20, 20a. eyclolobus ........5...005 29
21, 22, 22a. MYZONOOUS. «5. ..cccuseaees 29
23, 24, 25. GABBON reves exaccsdclras aes, 29
26, 26a, 27. WERK) ccatees co adcnsaneanas 29
28, 29. intercostalis ............ 29
30, 31, 3la. rotiformis 29
32, 32a, 33. evolutus ................-. 29
34, 34a. LABHORD az cas onccs aos -cers0 29
35, 35a, 36. truncatus..........-....... 30
37, 38. GETING eayag<nartiuaessss> 30
39, 40. vittiger 30
41, 42, 42a. reticulatus 30
43. spirorbis ...............0+ 30
44, 44a, 57. Crenistria........:....4..45 30
45, 45a, 46. SPirOrWah styees -s-~on- 2556 30
47, 48, 48a, stenolobus .... 30
49, 50, 50a. excavatus 30
51, 5la, 52. ODtOSUNTS: Peest. saci cans» 28
53, 54, 54a. bidorsalis ............... 31
55, 56. mutabilis ............... 3i
58, 58a. implicatus ............... 31
59, 59a. platilobus: ............... al
60, 60a, 61. 31
Piate XXI1*
2, 3, 4, 5. Goniatites undulatus ............ 246
Gi 7. intermedius ......... 246
8, 9. subsuleatus ......... 247
10, 11, 12. Goredlinrere. csc. ccvets 247
13, 14, 15. JORUBUE iit. ss01<s45~ 247
| 16, 17, 18. splendidus ............ 247
19, 20. Kenyoni . 247
Ot, 22. parodoxicus ......... 247
23, 24, 25, 26, Langthorni............ 247
27, 28. PROMOS conte cncunccees 248
29, 30, 31. minutissimus ......... 248
| 32, 33. PEFVUS® ...0...cceseeee 248

34, 35. Goniatites Smithii
36, 37, 68. Rissoa Leighii

38, 39, 75. Turbo Mancuniensis 74
40, 74. minutus reese. -e-cas-s- n= 74
41, 66, 67. Risoa pusilla..............--.-++0+ 79
42,43, Pyramis reticulatus .................. 254
44, 45, OWendanrrtedeccesscscnssncnon- 254

46, 47. Cirrus Gloveri
48, 49. Buccinum Gibsoni

50, 51. ClOgANG teeter ccccress22-=- 251
52. Flemingi ...........-.----- 251
53, 54. MET eoasrepasedbieaseaas

55, 56, 57. Pileopsis minuta
58, 59. Patella Greenwoodi
60, 61, 62, Rissoa obtusa

63, 64, 65. Natica minima
69, 70, 76. Rissoa Gibsoni
71, 72, 73. Turbo minutissima ............---

Pirate XXII.

J, 2, 3. Scaphites striatus ................-. 31
4, 5. COSEACUB: c-- snc cpenvesa---= 31
6, 14. tuberculatus 32
7, 8, 9, 15. OQUBIIB) svescn-ncceatecaneas 32
10, 11, 12, 13. obliquus ........... ..-..- 32
16. Nautilus tetragonus .................-..-++5 32
rte GHG UALS teense enersnsan-vaciasess 32
18. multicarinatus .... 32
19, CAXLINMCIUS rac ceccecsaces-a-<see a 32
20. cyclostamus ..................... 33
21. pentagonus...... ee 33
22. SUN TAR Paetcncsencncsncs aceiee snare 33
Pirate XXIII.
]. Nautilus astacoides ..................0.00-+ 33
2 UNGULAMUS a5 ccneeseocesecneeanen 33
3 OXYStOMUS).--6.---.-0n---csisvar= <n 33
4 fYUNCAtUS) \.25>---soen-snnvas---0n, 33
as BUMP IG Xe penetees ewan aeesenecns se <= 33
6 OXCAVAUUS, ....(..-.-.c0--cnnc-cooee 33
7 SILENT boc cocabeceneasencdocecers 34
8 polyponpligiicice.<c.).-.0cs0.<s-sese 34
9. triangulatus ...................0 34
10. HEXACONUSI ene necec-<-nenreec ose 34
11. plobatushevcnsesceccsccocencser ene 34
12, Bellerophon Woodwardii.................: 38
Pate XXIV.
1. Nautilus centralis...................0::000- 34
92, costalis 34
3. ziczae..... ae FL
4, striatus 35
5. UMN POLLalismecrest sons -e aes eekeae 35
6. Thilobatus » -.:....J<c2.ce-s-0seas'e 35
7. INECKMEGIUS: .....0c...4505-8e 35
8, obesus.......... bee eee ents eee 35
9, Gomplanatus ........0..c-.sese-s0 35
10, tuberculatus ..........00...cc-- 35

260

PuatE XXV.
PaGE
1; Nantilus dorsalis’ -y--.s00-sc-+a-ccesraarsns 35
2. bistristngie ss ac-aoqnves<se- eee en 35
3. goniolobatus ............-...-+.4- 36
4. Pipe fc -coaccenoneos -ossesacssce5 36
5, 9. globatus .... 34
6. biangulatus 34
7. MineatUs pesesasten seeeaseee cre tes 36
8. SUICAL HIB wee teetnes aca eecisas 36
10. Cle vansigeesesneestr see neseeace es 36
11. annularis 36
12, PEPalis..........cceeceeenseceeceeees 36
13, 14 EX PANSUA)G wanmasseaiece sree meee 37
15. LARA CUBI-§ ctecn ne cnsen penne seme 37
Puate XXVI.
1,2. Nummulites Comptoni ..............- 37

3, 4, 5. variolaria

6, 7, 8. levigata

9, 10, 11. elegans.............-.200++-
12, 22. Bellerophon tangentialis
13, 15. init peeps cncens--ccens
14, 20. Woodwardii ............ 38
16, 30. tenuifascia ..............- 338
175,39: HTL) © aaseS soeceenosces 38
18. SPIEAlig eeetessec snes asence 38
21. decussatus ............... 38
23, 26. BulcAtUS .5..-...-..-.0000s 38
24. GDSLALOM Miter. coecosisesian 38
25, 27. APCLUUS Bese oncoespmaensre= 38
28. ovatus ..... 39
29. OXPANSUB . csneoyesrn- ean 38
30. tenuifascia ..............- 38
31, 32, 33. Cornu-Arietus............ 39

Puate XXVII.
1, 2. Orthocera pyriformis ..................... 40
3. cordiformis 39
4. paradoxicum 40
5. GURUIATG Me adotaa.-0-sc9--=~ 39
6. PAGAMGCAL este scerenscascosecnne 39
le inequi-septus.................. 39
8. reticulatus..............2...006 39
9, Gener a sea-saacenceencrencce 40
Pirate XXVIII.

1. Orthocera fusiforme ...............2-2.0400+ 40
2, 3. CILCMIARE een eka se nae ees cee 39

4. CINCLA wae een oss ree aes 39

5. LesPeyp hy Sono. cseceee secs 39

6,7 CONICH ..2-2...eieescssesces se 40

8. FUQOHAs. cn0hnccs- cece -zeane<=0 41

9, 10. undulata. .eccus->sree ere ses 40
11, 12. annulata, <<. caresesssrsecs=>s 40
13. IDOX outcast seceses ote 41
14. AGOKAL o. nanese tars e nn enaee mes 40
15. Steinhauerii ................ 40
16, MUP TUS fanaa esiae ase 4l
Wh BUYIGta, 2 <c.ceeber a ce- coer 40
18, deutaloideum .........:.006 4]

Puate XXIX.

PAGE.
1. Belemnites lanceolatus.............-.:++:+- 41
2. ACNE eee epten 22 +s ecneeneee 42
3. attenuatus... .......-.-..--.-- 4l
4, 12. compressus 43
5. penicellatus ... 4)
5 16 pranulatusi-secsy--:------------ 41
8. Allani Al
9 Listeri 42
10 yoluminus 42
11 elongatus 42
13. gracilis 41
14, fusiformis 41
15, 16. mucronatus) ---<c-he-~--4--.-- 42
17. tobularish menesewas ct ocee: 43
18, 19. abbriviatus... 42
20, 21. WINIMUE... vqeeee ee ces see 42
22, pistilliformis 42
23, 24. Beloptera anomala..... 43
25, 26. Amplexus coralloides 43
27. Conularia quadrisuleata ...........-.-.... 43
28. MED ec eons Joc GHB SIEOO 43
Pirate XXIX.*
1, 2. Bellemnites ellipticus 248
3, 4. Actinoceras VeruUS ..........0-.2--0000+
5, 7, 25, Belemnites elongatus............... 42
6, 8. abbriviatus ........-... 42
9, 11. Buleatus® ....5.0.0.ce0e. 248
10. ditto variety ......... 248
12. blood-vessels on th
guard of B, electrinus......... 249
13, 14. longissimus ........-... 248
15, 16. tripartitus ............ 249
17, 18. ditto variety .. 249
19, 20. aduneatus ......-..... 249
21. apex of ditto ......... 249
22. ellipticus, variety...... 248
23, 24. ellectrinus ............ 249
26, 27. Orthocera microscopica .... -.. 249
28. Bellemnites Gibsonii............-....-.-++- 249
29. Orthocera ascicularis .. .....-..-.-..-.--- 249
30. Obtusi-cutpeeeiee. cosee-ee see se 249
31. (BOWIE cceeeaneos pence =e ooee 249
Piate XXX.
1,10, Conus concinnus ...............20...+ pal
2,3 seabriusculus ..............-..» 44
4,5. Highgatensis .... 44
6,7. Gormiton ¢<.-.n<f-sceesenspnenrs 44
8. Cingilus) ooo seco cnwsenserner on 44
9,11. Bartonensisseteesssateesn. =: 414
12. Ancillaria aveniformis ..........-.......+.- 45
13, 14. turritella 45
15. Anglica 45
16,17. Oliva Salisburniana.................. .. 44
18, 19. TES VeG (ir hea eR eee seesenoeoonccees 44
20, 21. Ancillaria subulata...............-.-.-- 45
22,23. Voluta Lamberti 48

PAGE.

24,25. Terebellum convolutum.......... 45
26, 27. fusiforme ......... eee 4G
28,29. Cypreea coccinelloides .......... 46
30, 31. Volvaria acutisulca............-. 46
32, 33. Ovula Leathesi. .5..2.........06 46
34, 35. Cyprwa oviformis ............. 45
36, 37. avellangerteted ccc cee. 46
38, 39. LOQRUAA itain cfatulefelste.s.«s,sicisie 46

Pirate XXXII.

a5 5. Voluta nodosartractucle eens: sacs 48
2. depauperata ........... Roe eu!

~ 3. GUSPOUSA Veltencle ccc cc cues 47
4, geminata ................ 47
6,7. Hinge Fa\craletetetteheitetsl«\0: cj cic wie. 47
8,11. ambiguaaisesd-- = |...) « 48
9,10. nictator ters cletisielelel< «'s\s\< iol 46
12, 13. COUR ne ooo ooposonouGe 47
14, 15. athlete soeehy.tsliseiae ol 47
16,17. MDAJQNUMII <Jetelalelelo.slo -oinieeia'= 48
18, 19. SPUNOSD os viele vieieicceenvees 47
20,25, Mitra scabra ..... oOCDAEBOGooCC 48
21, 22. Voluta costata ....s.sceeeeeees 48
23,26. Mitra pumila ...........0...00- 49
24, 27. DAIWA < voice Ste(elsisjelo) eialatelete 49

Pirate XXXII.

1,2. Buccinum lavatum .............. 49
3,4. Purpura deserta ..... iiinie olelstersictaye 49
5, 6. DEM | Saiaiseivieie\s.00 50 0-00 49
7. Buccinum granulatum.............. 49
8, 9. uniliniatum.............. 51
10. Smibriea aimee ties) <\00,s's5:5 «18 50
dike TUORMMMS eiciclels cic 's oc\e «iad 50
12, 13. CONEEDM pals alate s.cc et 50
14; Littorina breve................2... 254
15. TOLIGORUMTahe c'. 6 5. a elo e ene 50
16. globulare ..............65 50
17, 18. Purpura tetragona.............. 52
19. Buecinum glabratum ......-...... 50
20. Caliendrum yittatum ..........-.+- 52
21. Buccinum elongatum ..........---. 50
22, 23. IM Rol PSG pObO reo Tre 50
24, 25. BOWDEN aieiaisfatite ai0.0i 014.5 vis. 51
26, 27. Pletal sare tsa cyaie «oats 50
28. PROGR ENA wo.) <, 0/2 .o(0'016)a\0),015 51
29. [Nit rhe BE SGAs Oe Senne 50
30. Paralldles asc ced cave + 5c 51
31, 32. propinguum ............ 5l
33, 34. Purpura crispata .............. 52
35, 36. Buccinum elegans ..........---- 51
37, 38, MTFs reise sie aieratars 51
39,40. Purpura incrassata...........+- 52
41, 42. Co Ber Be Specs 52
43, Terebra granulata..............-++: 49
44. VIER asisicccceane nuh 49
45. MACIATON een ciias ¢ nce oe oe 49

261

PLate XXXIII.

1,2. Cassidaria carinata ...........2+4. 53
3, 4, striata ....... Asiaje nese 53
5,6. Rostellaria calcarata............+. 54
7,8, Cassis bicatinatus............05 va 58
9, 10. Dolium nodosum eimiaiaheinicia ‘a »\oje 51
12, 13. TRIN OBE es siniaiasstavei ocataiefnlatninie 55
11, 15. Rostellaria Parkinsoni .......... 54
14, bispinosa ..... Ae bone 54
16, Pes Pelicani.......... 54
17, 18,19. macroptera ....... see 08
20, 21. WOCidag «; cc.anciselacitie:as 55
22. composita.........+. 54
PLate XXXIII.*
1, Buecinum naticoideum ............ 252
2. angulatum ......... PORT, 252
3. Nassa lineata. .......... arataiatatoretelete 252
4. Costellata ei cles o dvictevts olelslsleve 252
5. Rostellaria elongata ............6. «. 55
6,7. MOAN INATH slot ele cle ale alleles. 6 55
8. CANINA ES el otet oft: oh<10) 5\01 01e)cheis)s 54
9. buccinoides........ velcle's sO
10, 11. Tornatella elongata ............ 85
12, 13. SITE Malatstol ciclole\s/e/s\ela’e 85
14, 15. ROpGtrertuicteasjeies -leisices 85
18. Paludina Sussexensis .............. 94
19, 20, 56. Natica canaliculata ....... SB aot)
21. elegans ....... acerca 91
22, 23. GAT INAE A eistaciene'e «cic. ae 91
24, 25. QTANOSA .. 2.2... ..0000 91
26. Melanopsis tricarinatus ............ 95
27. Melania scalaroidea ...........ee0 95
30. Auricula inflata ............. succes 99
31. Bulla Mantelliana................. .
32. Pyrula Fittoni (young) ............ 252
33. Pyrula Fittoni (adult).............. 252
34, 35. Solarium conoideum ............ 78
36, 37, 38. Fusus rigidus .............. 253
40,41. VUHWIOUR \« n\Mlesere talalelerc’a 253
42. Clathratus ............ 253
aS. Pyrola deprenca,.o «enatsiateins os sicle c's 252
44, 45, BYAGHUll > microto nmqetetaterb ia’ o/aratahete 252
46. Rostellaria retusa... .......0essese0% 55
48,49.* Terebra Portlandica............ 251
AO Neritaapirate, |. \c ccaiirursrarepiieis «2 oe cies 91
50, 51, 52. Trochus Tathami...........- 254
53, Euomphalus tenuistriatus .......... 256
54, 55. Turbo expansa ......-.eeeeeeee 254
57. Littorina punctura ................ 254
58. Euomphalus corndensis ............ 256
59,64. Trochus helicites .............. 254
60, 61. INHASUG' s.« ci sisjaisieialeie'e ses « 254
GZ.) DUPDO AINUOEA, o.0 cletiin sac aes code 251
63. Scalaria pulchra, ..........+++se0 254
65, 66, 67. Turbo bicostatus ............ 73
68, 69. Melania compressa...........+.. 96
70, 71. Fusus imbricatus ............. 253
72, Littorina striatella .......sssese00 254

73. Cancellaria minuta ............ SEO
74. Buccinum striatum ................
74.* angulatum ..........00-:
75. Turritella cancellata........ Pesta aa
7G. Turbo \coralli.’.....siccap «ce eee Eeeos
(ep BOlbOs Sinithill cas cane ehtnetete
78. Bulla undulata........... piece eloetatate
79., Nation dlausa oo. ones secesoe sie «
80. Velutina undatum ..............0-
81. Turritella conica ..........2+.s00--
82, gregaria ....... plore eietel versions
83. Fusus quadratugs ............es000%
84. Pleurotomaria angulata ..........- °
85. Lloydii...... sleisiaisi sine
86, 87. Rostellaria Parkinsoni ..........
88. Turritella obsoleta ..........++0- =F
89. Melania......... maaiainietetainte ajeie oe
90. Turbo Prycem ............ a efe ‘salen
PLate XXXIV.
1, 2. Murex cristatus *........... 50305
3, 4. Typhis tubifer ........... sia'em ons
5, 6. fstoloss scorer silent cake
7, 8. Triton canaliculatum ............
9,10. Murex minax....... Siskel dheiaieeia ©
IT, 12. GSGORRUEN ctaeleoecie a heer
13, 14. tricarinatus ............
15, 16, alviolatwBw <i. to; vfere/siais|o hts
15.* QUACKALIS see. ence cess
17, 18. sexdentafus .......... ef
19, 20. TOCOSS Maras Paiaio ola tie: v's.01e
20.* Typhis fistulosus (young) ..........
21. Dallaka Naeiatan «cease oie
22, 23. frondosus gf. telles «otek ns a
24, 25. DISPINOSUAG.)- etelee et oeiela eles
26, 27. Pyrala Smithii. .2200....... 0.00
28. Murex Haccaensis ............. woe
29, 30. Portuosts® tM le oe were’
31, 32. calear® Ay Pee oct ee
33, 34 COTONATUB TESST. ccc ese wene
35, 36 OIQUUUS elevate cee vececce
Pirate XXXV.
1, 2, 3. Ranella Bartonensis ..........
4, 5. Pyrula Greenwoodi..............
6, 7. rit alit Seer eee ea
8, 9. Fusus ficulinus......,...........
10. OONGEBEIIE dnc dapeecc« ace
1. sigmiliniatus ...........+..
12, 13. bulbiformis ............--
M4, JONQAIVON «ce ccetewcvenee
15, 16. regularis .......+++++se0
iy PORFECEDS . 202. cn ce eeence
18, SEDGE ccc c sence er eae rae
19. MG, y evews ous cauee cahnse
20. COMTIEUS wees cence reese sees
21, 23, 24. complanatus..............
22, SOUMINSENG fess. dee scn
3 E

56

Pirate XXXVI.

1, 2. Fusus coniferus ....-.+++++see0

3. 4. NMItTULS *-\larciete, aielsj<l= =! a8

5, 6. Curtis... =... .- .ec0- seceee

taGe gradatus ........--.-. adits

9, 10. Gali bist) Ssqqdnngononecds
1], 12. costalliferus ....-...-++-++
13, 14. Heywoodii.........-.--00
15, 16. cancellatus ...-...-..c«es
17. Parkinsonii ......-.... not
18, 19. sulcatis.....-..c. Apooodoo
20, 21. Mannii ...... KAS AICRCO BES 5
22, 23. regularis ....-+.eseeeseee
24, 25. carinellus .........+++e0--
26. Ci CbgrsAeagoarnecr aa
27, 28. Asal it eacasesogq000000
29, 30. HJONIGEUS! «lc sisic cles cc ec'cc.enies
31, 32. ATATINEL ogoodOGdSOrDaS 06
33, 34. GERMS eee s cv eisicisle cleiccis
35, 36. Tair) eooepeeedoosoods
37, 38. interruptus ..........-.++
39, 40. Cancellaria leviuscula ..........
41, 42. quadrata .......... s-
43, 44. Fusus bifasciatus ........-+++-+
45, CAYIND TUE telovels!slolelelie’s!=' sisi
46, 47. Cancellaria evulsa ........ so0c08

Pirate XXXVII.

1. Pleurotoma attenuata ....-.. 35900009
2. EXOLLR Metsereeelel. wicie e sisle'e

3, 4. brevirostra ........ cece
5. semicolon ........+++-5+
6. acuminata ..........0.0.
7. comma ..... soscdoagnad
8, 9 Ipyigata 22.2 ccs. c we
10. COLON e sere arsenate \-)<) oe
aL: rostrata ...... Solslereivtdle es.
12, 13. PYIRCUS) oeercle)entel= eeleeey ere
14, fUsIORNGIS sm aheteyeietetorete stele
15, 16. Cerithium funatum ............
17. cornucopia ..........
18. giganteum............
19, Potamis duplex ............02..0
20. GUD oe ee cies wn
21. MONTE sosoancgonosocceor
22, 23. Cerithium gemminatum ........
24, Potamis plicatus ............0c000.

25. VETLUETICOSUS a cle mc cis, cic cls eistete
26. GINOENG | eee Aac iis ieie'sstele
27. GGTIN Migore tata, o tose rs crocateiste ovate
28, 29. Cerithium pyramidatus..........
30, 31. Potamis rigidus ................
32. intermedius............
33. margaritaceus ..........
34. concavus ........ 50

35, faniculatus ...0...500.0%

1, 2. Voluta cithara
3, 4, Fusus multicostatus

Piate XXXVII.*

i ay

PAGE.

62

68

262

PAGE.

F5.16. Voluta Jabrella... os. <0jo00 0000s yauebl
7. Nerita angulata ........... coca 92
8, 9. Voluta angusta............++-.-. 251
10, 11. Nerina Goodhalli............-. 67
12. Pleurotomaria undata .............. 255
13, 14. Pseudoliva obtusa .......... Aaa, Pili
15. Cerithium giganteum .............. 66
16, 17. Phasianella formosa ........ tafe ond 22
18, 19. Littorina gracilis .............. 74
20. Pleurotomaria articulata............ 253
21, 22, Phasianella striata......... Rapin,
23, 24. Solarium ornatum .............. 78
25. Nerita Fitton 2... 01... se wae aisioini- A Er
26. Phasianella pusilla ........ spesso5- (fil
27. Nassa lineata! oa. cece sss cs cecnee 252
28. costatellata: <5. 6 sess sis sisjjaine 252
29, Pleurotomaria gigantea ......... e.. 255
30, Littorina pungens.......-..ee++e0 74
31, Auricula inflata eels wis stintalivis fo fale . 99

Pirate XXXYVIILI.

1. Turritella elongata ..............0. 69
2 QUITE) econ eaQneabod +5 71
3. brevis........ Sieh ere's cle sees 69
4, LETS aS no5.99S50000 57 70
5 Penalty, egadgasandaabands 71
6 PC Ow oon gacaddoaossa. 70
7 ASNGRLA ee aeinisie e erele c/e/eteis 71
8. OXCAVAE Uc eisieieicisiciels = selec 70
uh CINGENGA re terisist ele o's leiete 70
10. sulcata ..... oc CARBOOK aoa 69
11 Lenvistrmreceiccis cee ces = 70
V2; IRIssos LeSVis) oe nse ccieiisisis © © +e ule ee 79
13. Turritella abbreviata .............. 70
14, 15. Rissoa duplicata.............0+ . 79
16. Turritella quadrivittata ............ 16
17. spiralis ..... bh gnit 5 ee 71
18. granulata .........esee0s- 70
19, 20, Rissoa obliquata................ 79
DI, Turritella editass $5 tie oc. cece ce ces oo
22. cingenda (variety) ........ 70
23. WOneldeas <2. selec leisicie eee ne 69
24, COBTAGA = 5 Je a v's Cleielalste nie = «1a 70
25, 26. ACHE © ain aieioinotere Saletate otal 79
27. terebra .<\iss/<1-1..0 Sosogades 70
28. incrassata..... nidtuta ste aistele 69
29, Phasianella angulosa Seteieais 71
30, 37. Turbo carinatus........ S08 sae 72
31, 33. BOCAGHS! <stereteteder= sitet ats ste 73
a2. tiaray | Meroe fiers fe A 873
34. Paludina orbicularis................ 71
35, 36. MMINUES . - eicientninta tate! atntells nip 71
38. Phasinella cincta ........2.ceeceees 71
39, 40. Turbo rotundatus ........ seen § 73
41, 42. muricatus « . 2.0 hlelsice ewe 72
43, 44. OMatus. 2.2.0.2 aoe le wisieialajel Walz
45, 46. Oe. Gonannsoc sieht 73
47. undulatus... .s.ccceesces . 4&3
48, 49, moniliferus ......ssecces++ fa

PAGE.
50,51. ‘Turbo conics iia’ sieiemaierrie ee eee
52, 53, levigatus.......... visio oe
54, 55. Littorina Bartonensis............ 74
56. communis ............ 74
57, 58. FUCINVae Made 2\4,-i)a. «
59. funicalatus ....... cS. ome
60. sulcostomus paBeeane . LCs
PuateE XXXIX.
1, 2. Trochus duplicatus.............. 75
3, 4. Goeigitereteteleisiels\aie'ac' « nletete 75
5. dimidiatus.......... Bere (fi
6, 7. concavus ..... SOOAOHACEY ea! =
8, 9. Bimiligies eeteeees «clea cn MED.
9.* Se AS IAOD
10. Gn Sobna.3405 50000000 75
ll. Mantelli.......... Brcoti dh «Co
12, 13. ‘Diana, tive Uieietee es o'ss-0c eee eho
14, FANCIALUB. yy i eletee oe ec oo 75
15, 16. monilifer ...... Belo ictete «- 75
17. guttatus...... Seago aae 76
18. Hinearisw ci For lee ac lan seu o
19, 20. reticulatus.......... eh wh}
21. Anglicus....... Bococbads 76
22, 23. extensus........ stetsiafetel ste 76
24, 25. Lnvigatus: ..0<Sbbn.. cee C46
26. ATENOBMAS/falrislelcisicis'e/n.ciaicis) aN|O
27. promineus .......... cetie NED
28. JORG HE) 35 oacc soosdoooaS 77
29. pyramidatusie/ Sessiccle oe Te
30. tomatilusiiytes Malo ce i7
31. punctatus lekyeriss o> 7
32. Sedgwickii..... Eeretels folate 77
33. elongatus) .....).........- 77
34, palliamiyets eieitekicic ce «ise:6 77
35. imbricatus .......... aiaine RL.
36. abbreviatus ..........-- 77
Prate XL,
1, Pleurotomaria atomaria ............ 85
2. undilatany Ss.cee tein <leis's 85
3, 5: inconspicua .....-...- 85
4 depressa Yaccoe seco. es 85
6. fibulsen ceentie. 2s lee 85
7 BUICHLA Wert cloiwie'e. « «islets 86
8. expamsa...... aceite 86
9, 10. MIE SAE tives a 'clatelpiatels]ois/= laine 86
11 sulcatula . 2... ....5- 86
12, BONER are snieiale! aisle eseme 250
13,14 sbditay ie tachiss'ss pene Broo
15, 16 SETIBUA Ne atialetetainioistela’s's 86
17. glabrata........-..... 86
138. flammigera .......... 86
19. OVOIGER oc. cane OO
20. Helicoides............ 86
2). AEEAEEN fore icic:cy2.ale.sjerale . fey
22. OTL ITUR cc a;asa cyte eres etete 87
23. interstrialis .......... 87
24, 25. Carimata...ccccscss.s. (OF

a

Page.

26. Pleurotomaria tumida .............. 87
27. Ubi eretsla’est o'e cle's wletele 87
28, 29. gemmulifra ....... uci Y/
30, 34. monilifera ..... senacer MOe
31. concentrica .......... 87
32. conica ....... Aeron. asf!
33. MAGA Sonate o's sols c cee 87
35. DISGKTALR! cc'ea wince ss sle OO
36. tornatilis ........ pecs Mss)
37. squamula ........200. 88
38, 42. Cirriformis ....... Jom HH
39. O@XCAVEER 2. ....0005 .. 88
40. SVLEROETOUA Wels:</< 1101's) c1a'e's 88
41, serrilimba ........ rele OO

Prate XLI.
1, 2. Solarium discoideum ............ 78
3, 4. eanaliculatum .......... 78
5, 6. condideum ............ 78
7, 8. MOWEED YEN. «10.0 4.0 8/0 78
als \OIMTUR;NGUORUS Pele c\cvtc «cclcc cc cle 80
10, 11. Solarium plicatum .............. 78
12, 13. parolee cteislesic ee estes 78
14, tabulatuneess. s scccccec, FO
to. GREE ieee cca es cee FB
16. Cirrus pentagonalis ................ 80
17. CINGAlALHAE cle leyellete c/o cs 80
18. spiralist seecerwedsssccenesss (80
19. eachtin cee oe cleeeie sie mecie Sie ait 100)
20. PUCALUEM Sc clelsccsieiincis » = clccl 80
22. pileopsodeus ........eeeeeeee 80
Doyo. acutus 5%. dog. caonat. aod 80
24. turbinoides .......... SOC OCS 80
26,27. rotundatus........... | opCouC 80
28. tabulatue y= <feeiset eteiasinlell-rs ole 80
29,30. depressus ....... Pepiccicnia = oe 81
31, 33. Pleurotomaria perspectiva........ 81
32, Cirrus carinatus ..........eeeeeees 81
Prate XLII.

1. Scalaria frondosa ....0.....eeeeeeee 82
2. folHMGOO Res cose nee sc adh 82
3, 4. FOLIGRIRGH Me «cscs cceewe 83
5, 6. gimiiaee... s. oo dese oe 83
7, 8. INGErFUptH <sc-. cc ccecccnes 83
9, 10. BRIM BLA eiecled co cacccccres 83
1], 12. SOUEM Coceee do ccc wn awes 83
13. DUG oe at 83
14, 15. minuta....... eocece eccvece 90
16, 17. semicostata ........ anaes 83
18. Plicata .cieicielte cccccsccccce 83
19. THUGS Se Veen ss cs cw ee pees too
20, 21, 22. Euomphalus coronatus ...... 82
23. Calyx ..ccceees » Sl
24, 25. funatus ....-... 81
26, 27. angulatus-....... 81
28, 29. pentangularis .... 81
30, 31. catillus........-. 81
32, 33. discors ..... ate 82

263

Pace.
34, 35. Euomphalus rugosus ....sseee0.. 82
36. cristatus -<seceeses 82
37, 38. Nodosus -..e...... 82
39. Difrons.....200..6. 82
Prate XLII.
1. Vermetus Bognoriensis «+s+..-.++-5 84
2. polygonalis ......e0e2e.... 84
4,5. TURTCLIS (a iaisis/e'e/uiniele't a's uiars eee
6, 7, 8. Tornatella acutus............+. 84
9, 10. NOM .ccccsccscceee 84
My 12. cuspidatus ......++.. 85
13. TEtUSUS sccescseeeus OO
14, 15. striatus ...sessscece
16, 17. Sigaretus canaliculatus .......... 88
18,19. Natica sigaratina .............. 89
20, 21. CIXTIFOTMNIS ss ccccecce cee - 389
22, 23. patula ..sseesesseeseeees 89
| 24. discrepansS ..--..eccseroe 89
25. CINCEA coveecsceccereesee. 99
26, 27. ampliata ....essscessecee 89
28, 29. SiMIlis -...eccceccesesee - 89
30, 31. glaucinoides ......--.. . 99
32. plicistria ..........00. pon wt!
33, 41. adducta ......+. Sodcpoos etl!)
34. e@lliptica cccccccccccceacs GU
36, 37. hemiclausa ........++. sive, 90
38, 39. Hirata scecsccscccescecen, 90
40. tabulata ....ccccceesesees 90
42, 43. tumidula..csecccccsccccee 90
44. clongata ..sceeeeeeeeeees 90
45. Planispira secccceseesees 90
46. VATIAtB ccc sccecccanccees OO
47, 48. HUA ceveiccivee se vercrecice 90
49, 50. depressa ..+...0e-- aegeae! WOO
Pirate XLIV.
1, 2. Nerita costata ....se--seeseesses IL
3, 4. Imvigata ..cccces-eene eee OL
5, 6, 7. MINUS segeccsccecevencss IL
8, 9. aperta ..--secescecseceee OL
10, 11. globosa .....-+ssseee coos 91
12, 13, 14. Pileolus plicatus’............ 92
15, 16, 17. levis «.sccccccccvce 92
18, 19. Neritina uniplicata......see+..06 92
20, 21. CONCAVE cccccucccuses - 92
22, 23. Ampullaria patula ....-+-..++..+5 93
24, 25. Nerita spirata..... Teseevexcceu OL
| 26, 27. SINUOSA. see ee eeee CS cceuce 92
28. Ampullaria nobilis ......00-+ee00s « O33
29, 30. Helicoides......seeese» 93
31, 32. ambulacrum .eeeseeesses 93
33, 34. ROUCRS se see sc caacstiee su) SD
35, 36. Sigaratina .....ceeeeeees 93
Piate XLV.
1. Paludina concinna ..... Cecmin’s cess 90
2, 3, 9. lenta ...+e.eeeeees ccsevse 94
4, 5. OXtCNSA se sees ceeeeeeeeees 94

| 25, Crassidorsa equalis ..-..+...-

Pace.

6. Paludina Sedgwickii .+..ssssseseee
7. 8. suboperta ses...

10, 11. Carinifera ..ceseeseeeesees
12, 13. fluvioruM ...+eeeeeereeeen
14, 15. Clongatas..ccccccesscccces

16, 17. Melanopsis subulata ....+ee....+

18, 19. Carinata .sccsccccens
20, 21. fusiformis..--...+.0..
22, 23. Deptfordensis ...-....
24, 25. Drevis ..cccccccesees
26. Melania sulculosa....eesssseeeeeeee
27, 28. truncata ..ccccccccceccsces
29, 30. minima > 2" Hiese See eo Ae
31, 32. lineata...... Rinsane vone gece
33. Heddingtonensis...+-.-+.+0«
34. vittata...... cicmameouee drs
35. striata -..ccsccsesccenecces

36, 37, 38. fasciata....ss-ere--.
39,40, 43. costatarscesesceeeeereeeees
42. tumida...cccccsccccecceces
43, 44. constricta
45. Tugifera ssseeeeseseseeeecs

Puate XLYI.
1, 2. Lymnaa pyramidalis ....se+0.-0+

3, 4 MAXIMA os ecseccccce 00
5,637. minima ...--e....eesees
8, 9. longiscatus....sssseseeee
10, 11. fusiformis ...+eeeseeeess

12, 13. Planorbis obtusus ...ssssseesees
14, 15. Vermetus radiatus..e.eeeeeseees
16, 17. Lymnea columnaris ..
18, 19, 20. Planorbis hemistoma ....++++
21, 22. eylindricus ........
23, 24. euomphalus ..++e6++

26, 27. Planorbis lens....++-+++ee+seeee

28. Auricula Sedgwickii........-+..0++-
29. Obsoleta....scececetseceee
30, 31. Bulimus costellatus ......-.- BOC
| 32, 33. pyramidalis ....-...++.-
34, 35. Auricula ventricosa «...+++++++ :

36, 37. Bulimus ellipticus ......--+..++-
38, 39. Auricula Buccinea...+..+.+++e++

40, 41. simulata «..+.essceceee

| 42, 43. discrepans ...... eo ccee
44, 45. incrassata ....esesseee
46, 47. turgida ....eeee. estes

Pirate XLVII.

1, 2. Cochlicarina expansa «.s++++eesee

3, 4. Helicina solaroides .......- eeeeee
5, 6. Polita ...0seeeseeseeeee
7,8. COMPTESSA seeeeeeees eee
9, 10. Helix Gentii ..++sseeeeee scenes
11, 12. Balla convoluta oe eseeeeeeeeeees
| 13, 14. elliptica...seerecaceeeeees
| 15, 16. acuminata ..c.sssseccccess
17, 18. constricta ..... Wiesceodaus

95
94
94
94
94
95
94
95
95
94
95
95
95
96
96
99
96
96
96
96
96
96

100
100
100
100

101

PacE,

19. Bulla elongata .....+sseeressencees

20. filosa ...... Oelncecccceresecs
21, 22, 23. Utriculus crenatus ........++
24, 25. Bulla attenuata ...cevcccscceeee

26. Utriculus humeralis ..

ee ay

27, 28,29. elongatus ....sseccesseeee
30. glaber ........
31, 32, 35. Ancylus elegans ...seees..ee
33, 34. Helix globulus ...+--..--eese--
36, 37. Calyptrea echinatulum.........-

38, 39. TECHUM ..cccecereerns

40, 41, 42.

obliquum ..

43, 44, Pileopsis Unguis .sesseseseseee

45. Calyptrea tuberculatum ......++00.60

46, 47. spinulosum ......eeeeee

48, 51. Pileopsis Neritoides ........0.++

50, 55. trilobus

52. Hubifertsierareiateleleieiaie ole =\c'e
53. vetustus ..

wee re eienes

54. AN GUREUS) eialersratalatele'e/s'er «/=

Pirate XLYIII.
1, 2. Sipho clathrata.........

3, 4. Emarginula reticulata .....
5, 6. sealaris ......
7, 8. Fissurella greeca ...-.s00e.
9, 10. Emarginula crassa ......
11. Patella mucronata ........

12, 13. Btriata ...sescccescccccce

14, 15, Emarginula tricarinata .

16, 17. sulcata

18. Patella rugosa ..sccee-ccecseesee

io. SINUOSS coseeciasaes

see eennee

20. SCULFORMIS a imiei«1c\e/oia.nieies elsie.s

21, 22. TBViIS\ 2 ov cieie).:00'%

23. Meith ajeialelefelavetaieleeaiein
ae D5 e 207 MANUS Meleietels/ctcicieieieiele

27, 28, 29. ancyloides..sseassvescescses

30. retrorsa...see.

31, 32. equalis ......seceeeee

33. CUIVATA «0 rccecesccccveses <b

34. MSGISSIIMB. saisrsiees'pyes aisieinfeinye stele

35, 40. Metoptoma imbricata

36. Patella lateralis

37. Metoptoma sulcata ..... aqbacmadocs

38. oblonga ......

39. pileusines.(5.

41. elliptica..... Saqobo000 5

Puate XLIX.
1, 10, 21, 22. Orbicula nitida ..... So030

2, Lingula ovalis ......--+....+++5 eee

3. elliptica ..... esieece eeeeee

4, squamiformis ...

5, 13. Magus pumilus ......
6. Lingula Mytiloides ....
7. Beanii .. icc.
8, 9. Orbicula Humphriesiana.. ... sleeves

10, 15. Lingula parallela

oe

Stee tenes

eer ceeee

100
100
101
101
101
101
101
102
100
102
102
102
102
102

- 102

102
103
103
103
103

103

- 103

103
103
104
104
104
104
104

. 104

104
104

- 104

104
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105

143

» 106

106
106

- 116

106
106
143
106

264

PAGE.
12. Lingula marginata ......-+-seeeeees 106

14, Obliqua) <.0.c2cce ss Adoo

16, 26. Orbicula granulata ........+-..+- 143
17, 18, 19. TEHEKAlcccs sree scese sce LAD
20. Lingula scutiformis ......-.. csesece 106
23. TENUIS [Sale eccce ces ccccr oes

24. Gypidium Aylesfordi .........+++-- 115
25, 36, 37, 38. Spirifer cuspidatus ...... 108
27, 28. insculpta .....-.. 108
29. senilis .......... 108
1, 32. Gypidium Knightii ..........- 5) ONS
30. Orthis crenistria ......se+-seeerees 108
33, 34. Spirifer distans ..........++++-- 108
35. Septosa ......eeseeeeeee 108
39, 40, 41. Pentamirus levis......ee00.- 115

Pirate L.
1, 2, 3, 4. Spirifer trigonalis............ 108
5. triangularis.......... 108
6, 7. lineatus ....s-cece.. 110
8. Beanitcpiccccsssccsce LOD
9, 10. octoplicatus ........ 109
11, 12. pinguis ...+....-... 109
13, 14. Walcottii, s..-...... 109
15, 16, minimus ..-.....- woe 20D
17, 18. rotundatus .......... 109
19, 20. SUTIAGUS) Gein ss 0 c= ess LOD
21, 22 Disuleus, ..2cceee--0- LOD
23, 24. semicircularis -..-. we~ LO
25, 26. attenuatus ..++.s.e+» 109
27, 28. undulatos ...c....c0 110
Prate LI.

1. Spirifer ovalis ...+....eeeeeeeeaers 110
2, 16. rhomboidea .....+++esscees -. 108
3. humorosus ......+ sivlete'atalatele 110
4,5. fusiformis...... <eleisieulejeiele « 108
6. planata ..... SSqoocmoasne Ll)
7. pyramidalis ....20css0.e00 on LY)
8. integricostatus .....++.+-.- 110
9. trisulcosus .......seee+ee02 110
10. triradialis ....-... Seoesge 110
11, 12 Gloveri -..cceesscuecs Chics eu
13. duplicosta ......-. «.. sao LE
14. linguilifera, .\...cs0ccce>+see. LULZ
15. convoluta ......--e.- Spoas ily
aie sexradialis .....cecceseeess 110
18, mesolobus ...... soononooeo, [it
uOS taeniata .eccccceeecesnve «« 112
20. Obata yeisisieieteistetoteisla's|e=)ele nL be
21. elliptics .\. .ceenern ooandogs Wh
22. ObEUSA . cee sscsnnncreee:s LIZ
23. symmetricus .....-+.-.++.. 112
24, IR EV sgnqocsuoccocnognaaocs L224
25. imbricata....sccseesceeese. LIZ
26. decora .......... Soqoandoag JN
27, 28,29. glabra ........ ah Biotslete ioe sf SLE
30, 31. filiaria ..scccccsescvccceee LIL

Prate LIT.

PAGE.
1. Spirifer squamosa....ssceeeeeeese- LIZ
2. Orthis filiaria ...-.....2sceeeeees a uly’
3. Spirifer elongata -..,..-se0..eeeeee 113
4, planisuleassjeacisnisivisissess.-- Liber
5. €XPANSS Mineiieieeisisiasvicce Ube
6. resupinata ..cesssessscoces 11S
th glabistriaisaicemleniviesenieeiies Llo
8. Tadialisnismisisieiieieleiss's/s\elelsieto Lis
9, 10. Terebratula hastata .......e+-+- 131
1], 20. identata ........+++. 131
12, globularis .......... 112
13. COMNIVENS sesevesees LIZ
14, 21. triquetra.c.seseese-- 132
15, 16. perovalis..cssssecoes 132
17, 18. globata ............
19. Orthis arachnoidea ....seeeeeeeeeee LIT
22, 23. Terebratula emarginata......--.. 132
24. Leptena papilionacea .....-+3..++-. 122
25, 26. Terebratula bullata ....ceseeee. 132
27, 28. ODEUSS, eine ve nseeconlon
29, 30. maxillata .......... 132
31, 32. Sella weccsccccccees 132
33, 34. elongata ........++-. 133
35, 36. biplicata......-2..06 132
37, 38. bucculenta,...... see Loe
39, 40. sacculus....+---..+- 133

Prate LII.*

1, 2. Orthis grandis <. cscs cecsc-secee LIA
3, 4. elegantula .......ccecccsee LIT
5, 6. Strigocephalus brevirostri ......-- 116
a) Orthis; virgata cjresisiaisielc steele oe eat mL
8, 9. vespertilio <2 ...sccccucwccses LIF
10. testudinania s-seesesss sees LLG
11. Trigonosemus Lyra .......e+eeee0.. 116
12, 13. Strigocephalus giganteus ........ 116
14. Orthis triangularis .........0...-.. 117
15, 16, Strigocephalus Burtini .......... 116
17, 18, 19. Spirifer heteroclitus.......... 113
20, 21, 22. DUOD Are. oo /<isle/ns/oreo's) LAM
23, giganteus .......... 113
24, 25. Speciosus.....-»e..0- LId
26. striatulus....ceeeeeee 113
27, 60. radiatus...c-sseess.. LES
28. phalena......e+e..- 113
29. obliteratus ...... sjelatey UL:
30, 31. PisUM ....eeeccevene 114
32, 47. pulchella ..........
33. CLISPUB Gje/sieleiee= «nies! LUE
32,* 33.* ptychodes .. .....-. Ill
34. AGANUSS sister re LULA.
35, 36. Costatus sc vece-.coce Lid
37. inornatus ......+4. . 114
38. extemsusS.... ..2s-+ee 114
39, 40. Orthis flabellum..-.-.........+- 117
41, 42. Spirifer interliniatus ........ veep AL
43, 44. tripizoidales ...........- II]
45, 46. grandevus .............. 114
48. disjunctus ......... ptelerever LILES

—_—_-.:

49, 58. Spirifer simplex ..........eee0e

50, 51.
52.
53.
54, 55.
56.
57.
59.
60.

Partitus eeecceccscecess
UBVOS .0\0.<(c,cicreeacieels cteale
GAlCETAtUS)\ scmaislenieraa:c uss
Urii

NUGUE win einuletleicioes cs an

PHCAtUS: ccesicwwacwesnae
subconicus...e-..e...-

Tadiatus, Val. assesecscoes

Gil Orthis plicata; .ciswresisicviec s:esiecsec

Puiarte LIII.

1, 2, 3. Orthis interliniata ...........

4, 5.

6, 7,8.

9, 16.
10.
11, 12.
13, 14.
15.
17.
18, 19.

50.
5], 52.

53, 54. Productus reticulatus

Pinnatus ...csccecceces
orbiculata «..cc-cccc cece
parallela ..sceeeeeeeeee
TACIANS -c.ccccccess cece
tenuistriata ......cccces
GES alata dela slalcteleis s'e'e 6.c(e
granulosa ..eeeesseeeeee
FUSEICA oc ccce.ceccccccs
alternata ..cc..cccssece
COMPYESSA 44 eee eeesecees
ProtensaA seesvesccevecs
GallaGtisy alecccaasienieiia ala
BTCUBER .cccnacccncnccce
antiquata ..+e.css.e sees
EXPANSR. ociciciesisiesiesece
subarachnoidea..........
SUOMAIG fee canines sivain(G

Tata, seones ecu susoqads
semicircularis ...+.seees
umbraculum ...--.......
CANALIB <ijeaece's oe come
longisulcata ....+...--.
ACCOM ore a:ianin'e.n0,0:0.0'0
bilobata

concentrica ..... aptaxe lS <

Peewee tee

TORS ac mratuia's ane tu esoiotaie's
intercostata ........ wees
lens

cancellata nasacswwicscs00

Pace.
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
114
113
118

120
120
118
120

119 |

118
120
120
118
118
118
118
119
120
119
119
117
117
119
118
120
118
120
119
119
120
119
121

xan sein aia lhialaiaYe «0.0 debe

121

multifurcatus .......... 119

interstrialis ..
parallela
costata ......

Pees sea

121

eccccccces 119

BEMUUNAGS piesi-cine.c.s 66 00 119

wha) she a esate 122

fra OFehin CRIGE <7 an ou v.caesean sas ws eo 121

56, 57, 58. lunata
59, 60, 61. hybrida ..........
62, 63. Productus prelonga ......+++--

1, Orthis Pecten ..

ee eereeeee

Prate LIII.*

2, 3, 4. Leptena distorta........- easily

ba

margaritacea.....+.+..

oeeme eocccccccccceee 11S

119
122

Saaceecccdsecesece 118

123
124

PHCARUMI gas <6s.c000 oe 123

eaperata

weereeceees - 121

10.
LE
12,
13.

16.
17.
18, 19.
20.

ele Le Ce to)
bo
e

bo po bw pw pw
or

ag

29, 30, 31.
32. 33.
34.
35.
36, 37.
38.
39.
| 40.
41, 42.
43,
44,

45,46. Atrypa didyma ........

265

PAGE.
8, 9. Lepteena Scotica ...ssccesssecees 124

ANALOGS ve veceresseceses

SPiNOS@ «ese----
tenuistriata ..es..eeceee

pugilis ..

see wane

14, Productus searbiculus ........++.++
15. Lepteona costata ...ccecesseeee 119,

comoides .....

tee wwe eee

Membranace&® ....eeeeeees

sordida ... ..0-
suleata

NOUUIOSA.. +s. eeeeerecncees
Pectenoidea oo...sseceseee
SETICEA sevecscccece ws. e8
Lepisma...+.seee. eeeeeeee
Aceptus .scccvccccecesees
Edelburgensis ....++++++4
euglypha
Gepressa ...ccessccoccccces
Hardrensis......++..

interrupta ..-eceseceeeeees
leeviguta .ccesecceececeses .
aculeata.... 6...

latissima....cccccccccecs wa
convoluta se....++0- ws hiwaiete
sarcinulata ....-+.... ocoece
lobata Welton cecevie wxiae
humerosus ....-+- a ereTaleiaCeae

Personata ..ccceccccccscss

ween eee

Piate LIV.

1, Atrypa hispida ......--...... ee eees

13,

14, 15.
16, 17.
16.*

18,

19, 20,
21, 22.
23, 24.
25, 26.
27.

| 28, 29.
30, 31.
32, 33.
34, 35.
| 36, 37.
36.*

38, 39.
| 49, 41.
| 42, 43.

tramsvers® ...cceeececseees
ouboides wecsccccveescccace
MINIMA... cosccecesecece oe
fimbriata ..... etotelaieleieie'e's(ais .

complanata ......eeeeeeenee
duplicata ....eseecsseeeeees
hemispherica ...... els cece

latissima ....

lata wccccccecces cece .

linguifera........ set eeeeeee
identata .ccecccccccece sees
globosa......++.-- eeeecceces
trilobata ........eee0. aiiswma
orbicularis ..ce++cesesseees
lachryMa ...eee-ceseees owns
impleta ..... eee
crenulata ...0cceeeesecescs e
subdentath) wrccwsccvccssece
TOQOSA ..cccccececeseres sex
CYABER cece ccse ces Cbecvoees
obovate 2... ...0. eoecesss

Bibbeva.ceccesccecccsvesces

121
124
123
125
124
125
126
126
122
125
125
125

44,45. Atrypa compressa ....
striatula

46.

Pace.

47,48, 59. oblonga ....csecvvcsescere

49, 50.
51, 52.

ASPCTA -eeeeeesescerereceds

Pleheia......ceseevecescecs

53. CASRIAD Sede scctesameccuvece

54. decussate .. scesccssecccccce

55, 56.
57, 58.
60, 6L.
62, 63.
64, 65.
66, 67.
68, 69.
70, 71.
72, 73.
74, 75.
76,77.

protracta ..........

fimbriata .

undata..

eee wee

SPhe@rich ceccereverecccccee
lineata ....eccccecccccesees
longispina
rotunda

imbricata ...ssecesseeeveces

TENS secccceccccccccscceses

OXPADEA§ ce ccsecsvceccccees

a

Juvenis ooccssccscccessveccs

See eee ee wee

785.79, 79.% depreasa, S%.clsiedlevacnccescns

80. tenuistriata .. ..eeseee

81, 82.
83, 84.

1,
3.
4,
6,
8.

implexg ....0ccecceees

2. Atrypa desquamata.......
affinis

planosulcata.......eee-re-

Prate LIV.*

5. Composita ambigua....eeeeeesees
7. Atrypa pectinifera ..cececesseee
triangularis ........ee+..

9, 10. Terebratula prelonga........++++

11, 12, 13, 13.*
14.
15.

16. Leptzena hemispherica
17, 18. Terebratula virgo

| 19, 20, 21, 22.

23,

24,

25, 36.
26, 27.
28, 29.
30, 31, 32, 33.
34,

35.

37, 38.
39, 40.
41, 42.
43, 44.
45, 46.
47, 48, 49.

2, 3.

]
4
5.
6.
7
8

sublobata .....eeee05

Jats. Cewnlwi's sier.e: caer
trilineata

eee tenn eee

variabilis ........000
ornithocephala ......

hiastate, Wiss sen coeee
Diplicata ....

{Abas c0 e's ele sitmeae
ODGEA cevesecsecsece
CATER oc cecscuecaccs
OVOIGES cecscccecces
intermedia ......-++.

Tamarindus ....
Mavicula ..cccccsssce
resupinata ....-..++-
subundata ......--..
semiglobosa

SACCOIUS S64 ave cetine

Piate LY.

, 10. Productus auritus ......-.seeee.

searbriculus ...+.ee+00+

CONCINNA 2... eceeeeee
liratus sees ..eeeeeess
spinulosus.....+.+..++
quincuncialis ........
pustulosus,+++s.e+ ere

3 OF

128
130
129
128
130
128
130
129
130
130
126
128

ll.
12,
13, 14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

20, 21, 22, 24.

23.

PacE.
9,19. Productus Martini ..--++++++e+e 124

antiquatuS «.esessses
giganteUsS «++s++eeee-=
calyus

mesoloba --..ee+. sees
laxispinUs.. «6 +eeeess
muricatus,...++ecsses
SCtOSUS .seereeerereee

punctatus..--+ee.ee+s
OVAlISe e+ eeereeereeeee

Prate LY.*

1, 2. Terebratula cuneata.....sseeeee «

BAN
5.
6, 7.
8, 9.
9
10.

11, 12, 13.

14, 15.
16.
Wass
19, 20.
21, 22.
23, 24.
25, 26.
27, 28.
29, 30.
31.
32.
33.
34, 35.
36, 37.
38, 39.
40, 41.
42.
43.
44, 45.
46, 47.
48.
49,
50, 51.
52,
53, 54.
55.
56, 57.
58, 59.
60.
61. 62.
63. 64,
65.
66, 67,
75, 76.
77, 78.
79, 80.
81, 82.
83, 84,
85.

68, 69, 70,

Coarctata eccseess cose
ornithocephala .....+++
seminula eosesaseeene
Similis ..eceseeeesees
lampas seceeeseseeses
cornuta..eess

digona ..eeereseeeere
pentagonalis ...ee.+++s
ambigua eeoresseseee
antiquata seee..eeseee
pentaédra ..+.seseeees
decussata eeeeeesseees
lentiformis
fimbriata .........0s-
punctata ..ceereeeeee
rhomboidea .+..+++++
Sacculus seesseeseees
Hineolata -..cccccscse
canalis ..
OVvata eceewsceee ee ccce
spheeroidalis ....+-++« °
rhomboidea ...+-..++++
subrotunda .....es+.
quadrata ...e.seseeee
Obovata........cerees
SOMINUIA win wecicccss xe
rostrata ..-..
angulata ...cs.s.-ccee
pugnus ....
CONVEXA, <1. csie sensiscicis
PTOAVA we cescseveees
oblonga....-.+
CONCINNA .eccscceeeed
psittacus ....+.e+-.-.
orbicularis............

triplicata ....-seccees
ChMMENE! Gaggonocenda
flabellulum

fuMIda 5... ccc. ce

71, 72, 73, 74. acuminata
elegans ...0-.-.0+-- oe
COMA coeesececesees
Nien iiiseaqdoncconaacc
deflexa ...,
parvirostris ..........

tetrahedra

were tenne

125
126
127
125
124
125
125
126
127

135
134
134
139

134
134
134
139
134
139
139
134
139
134
134
139
133
139
132
134
135
139
135
140
135
139

. 136

137
137
139

35
137
136
140
137
140
257
137
140
137
139
140
137
135
139
187

88.
89.
90, 91.
92, 93,
95.
96, 97.
98, 99.
100.

1, 2. Terebratula nucula --..-

BNA:
5, 6.
7, 8.
9, 10.
11, 12,
14, 15.
16, 17.
18.

19.

20, 21.
22, 23,
24, 25.
26.

97, 28
29.

30, 50.
31, 32.
33, 34.
35.

36.

37.

38, 39,
41, 42,
43, 44,
45, 46.
47, 48,
51, 52.
53, 54.
56.

57.

58, 59.
60, 61.
62, 63.
64, 65.
66, 67.
68, 69.
70, 71.
2, 73.
74, 75.
76, 77.
78, 79.
80, 81.
82, 83.
84, 85.
86, 87.
88, 89.
90,

94,

13.

40, 55.

49.

266

Pace.
86, 87. Terebratula spherica .....++-.+++ 136

decemplicata «.+++e-+
imbricata ..+-e+e--+e+
Wilsoni ......--0e0-
cordiformis
bidens

crumena

acuta-plicata ....

sees

myatrima ..+---

Prate LVI.

brevirostra .«s-..++-++
ferita..so--ceccesseee
interplicata
epressa sesseeseeess
inconstanS ......+se+
angularis ..+++-+e++ees
radialis ..-+-+e+eeeeeeee
pusilla ..sssseeseeere
leviuscula..--..-- eee
truncata ..ceeseeeees
probocidalis ......++++
quadrata seresseeeees
borealis......---- 136,
subplicata.....+seee--
tripartita ......eeeeee
platyloba ....-.-++eees
bidentata ...sesee+eee
pentagona..ereseseses
pulchra....seeeeeees
UNGUIS +eee--.
neglecta

reniformis.....ssee++s
hemispherica ..++.+0+
TIGida seeeseccceeece
tetrahedra...e-.se.se
furcata
plicatilis
Mantelliana .......+..

weet wera teee

reniformis, Var..-..+e+++
pleurodon .......seeee
anisodonta ....-e++++
Chrysalis .e.seeeeeees
plicatilis ..seeeseeees

flexistriata ...-+ssee5
Gibbsiana ....eeseeeee
plicatella ........ sisi
delatata.....sseeeeees

mesogona ««

crenulata ..eccccecees
Difera..ceseeeeseresee
gallina ....... ececeee
crispata..acccescceres
acuta....- wje/oicia.e.eln eee
ventilabrum .......++
latissima ......-. vee
pectita .... cece seeee
obsoleta

ee eeteeeac et?

135
136
135
137
140
137
138
140

186
136
140
136
138
138
141
140
135
132
138
140
140
141
140
135
141
135
137
136
135
136
141
140
140
137
136
141
138
141
141
142
141
141
141
138
138
139
141
142
135
135
136
138
142
138
139
139

PAGE.
91. Terebratula socialis ..eseceeeesereee 142

Prats LVI.*

1. Terebratula spinosa .....--+-e+--+++ 142
2, 3,4, 5,6, 7. pleurodon..........-- pe eM
8. Obliquac.cepeescece---- LUG
9, 12. sulcirostris ..s+e+.-.++e- 142
10, 11. laticosta | ereleattentsyelei)-1 L4e
13. nuciformis ...+.++seee+e+ 138
14. Mantin vccccccesse-cesa 108
15. lacun0sA .sseeceeseeeee 142
17, 18. imbricatus ..-e...see0- 136
19, ditto variety .esesees

22,'23. demidiata ....ccsseese.- 139
24, 25. BEPratAteaicies*./saclaceien too
28, 29. Stricklandii .........--. [31
30. Jateralis)siieisisielsi=et leon eel
31, 32. crebicosta ..-+sseeeeee+ 136
33. ambligonia ....++.+.-+- 142
36, 37. striatal c/o sces\scces 140
38. striatula, var....-......-- 140
39. Crania antiquior ......seeesee-ee++ 206
40. Pecten Flemingii .....-..ee0e--+004 103
41, 42, 43, 44, 45. Hipponyx cornucopie.. 144
46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51. levis ...... 144
52, 53. Calceola sandalina .........+.... 144
54. Orbicula punctata ....--e2+.-+0--- 142
55, 56. Crania Parisiensis ......+++++.++ 107
57, 58. Orbicula rugata ...+seeeeseseeee 142
59. Crania ovalis...sssecsessscccesecce 200
60. Crania striata ..... onagoacossebsee “i
61, 62. Orbicula striata ..oeeeeeeeeeee-s 142

Puate LYII.
1. Ostrea Bellovacina .. ss.seeseeeees 145
2, 3. acuminata.. .sese-seeeeesee 145
4, gigantea ..+ees.sseceereeee 146
5, 6, 7. Anomia lineata (young) ........ 144
8. ditto (adult) ........ 144
9. Ostrea canaliculata .o0....ssseeeeee 145
10. QTCPATIA cans viv cle vslecsincie nels 140
LF 2. flabellata Wi .ivivisisiastatateininicisie s/-te) 220
Ls. Imyiuscula ....escccccceees-s 145
14, tenera Veaissile'sisises!-: = sae eml2G
1. CORA fos sGosoooneonsoesag Ls
16. Anomia squamula ..eseeeeess. cece 145
17. acileata Eases ce cscs s*\s\0 sees 144
18, 19. CONVERA sccccccccccccses.- 144
20, 21. lepvigata <..ecccccsesonnc es LAS
22, FAMIACA sia -\leleleieisialne teririsiaisn LD.
Prate LVIII.

1, 2. Ostrea macroptera ....++-+eeee+- 146
3 WEA Soocaoonoogosanoca 45
4 MNGOSA Meee ese s 01s cn aisles Ly)
5. archetypa 000 .c.cecccvcse LAT
6. WNGUAtA eae Venems me ques DLO
7. EXPANDS ceeecieorcccsscncs 145
8 IndistinctAy.ssisess sv. cocse LAD
9 COntata Nageiiniade's'sle/efaie'viele’ere LEO)

Puate LIX.

PAGE.
1, Ostrea duriuscula .....eesseeeereees
2. Gorsata srececscccoseccccsses 145
3, 4. ODSCUFA .eeseececvceecserene 145
5. imequalis ..cecccaccceccccee 147
6. Carinata ....cceccceeccsesees 146
7. Semiplana ..--cesescsecseeee 145
S11. solitaria ..cccc ccccccccscces 146
9. déltoilea iss desescasccesace 145
10. Marshii sees scccesesccccccce 146
12, pulchra ...ccccowaccsisvecsee 146
13. Anomia Eppippium ....-eeseeeeeeee 144
14. Undata...cccceccssorecveee 144

Pirate LX.

1. Gryphza incurva .....eseeeeseeeees 148
2. Dullata .....ceccceeceeees 148
Oy 2,15.) conical 252... sscecencsscs 149

4. recurvata ....cesssceesecs 149
5. Sinuata eececessccceresees 149
6, 7, 8,9. Haliotoidea .........+..+- 149
10, 11. CONICA, VAF. ..eceseseseeee 149
14, 15. MMNGKtE siege vvcleunaccceccs’ LAO
16. Cigitata ...esceccessevece 149
17. lmpvigata..ccoocescesscscee 149

18. Hinnus Dubissoni.....+..seeeeeee-. 153
19, Gryphza Macullochi ......+s++++-+ 148

Pirate LXI.
1, 6, 7. Gryphea dilatata ............ 148

2. globosa....eeseseeee. 143
3, 4, TAGS Shintels cletaier) c= laaielaia’s) gd xO)
5. gigantea ...... adagac ligt
8, 9. visiculosa -.....++++++ 149
10, 11, 12. minuta.....- piainiofetetete 149
13, 14. Phillipsii ......... aia) EAD
15. columba ....--...... 148
16, 17. obliquata .......52.+. 149
18. canaliculata .......... 149
19. Cepressa ...scccseeee 148

Poate LXI.*

1, 2. Ostrea aleformis ......-.+.--- ance LAT
3, 4. palmetta ...+.....e0. eoce 147
5,6,7,8 lateralis...sseseeeeeeeees 147
9, 10. triangularis ....--..+++--. 148
11. Plagiostoma asperum ..++.-..++++-. 152
12. Pari fellt na. a0 p'x 010 sjc.01n 152
13. Ostrea inequicostatus ....+.+..--+++ 147
14. suills...cccccccsccecceceses 150
15, 16. Gryphwa decussata ....---- eee AU
17, 18, 19. aquila ..-c.sseeeeeeees 150
20, 21. Ostrea lunata......seeee+-eeeee 147

22, 23. Gryphwa cymbium.... ...-.++-- 150
24,25. Pecten subulatus ....--.-0+--+- 158
26, 27, 28. Gryphea plicata ..........+. 149
29, 32. Pecten textalis ......2+++.-0+0+ 158
30, 31. Ostrea sulcifer .......+..- <aieoe phat
33. Lima plicatilis .......ceeesssseeees 159

Pirate LXI.**

Avicula longiaxis ...+.sevsees seve
Pecten. gentilis ..ess0s-ccscccccccce
BOBIATIS) (0 0:0,0:0,0 Nowe winieccee cis
SEMICOStALUS ooccccccescccece
Antiqua .scccsseseces
Ottonis ......ccccsccvescces
BEXCOStALUS eevececccecerses
9. Avicula complicata «...ccceesseescce
10. Pecten nexilis ..sssesccssaccssee
11. Avicula papyracea ...ce~sesssccees
12. Pecten Valoniensis -.ccseccescesses
TYANSVETSUS sees seeesesseeee
14. Avicula longiaura..........
15. Plagiostoma Brightonense ........
16, 17. Pterinea yentricosa
17.* Pecten calyus
18,* 19. Monotis decussata ...e-.eeeeee
subcostata .. .+++....+-
21. Avicnla Neptuni ..--.ssccessccvere
22. Pterinea radiata ..
| 23, 24. Avicula modiolaris.......
25. Posidonia transyersa....--- weWases se
27, 28. Avicula quadrata
subradiata .....
30. Gervillia crassa. ....seeseeeeees

MINOY ccccccescccsccccceses

33. Posidonia complanata ....-
tuberculata .....+..

36. Pterinea levis, magnified......
ditto, natural size ......
38. Posidonia venusta
41, Plagiostoma Mantelli ..

ee

Pirate LXI.***

Posidonia Anadoniformi ..

. Perma rugosa...essreeeeeceess .
. Crenatula ventricosa

producta ..ssee+es-eeee re
. Hinge of Crenatula ventricosa

8, 9. Catillus crispii .-...-..+ aes wae oes

1], 12. Modiola amygdalina .

21. Trigonia literata ......-.++ vecadtes
* Pleurodon ovalis

Pace.
34. Limatula subauriculata ......seee0. 159
OVAER . cncccecesoeceseccee 169

257
157
157
157
163
157
157
275
157
159
157
157

- 275

152
164

. 157

156
164
164
163
164
162
168
168
162
163

165
168
168

- 168
- 168

—
ir)
or

—
7)

—
Ci a a a i es i

or or Gr Or em me “I 1

26. Macradon rugosus
27. Astarte obliqua
28. Lysianessa rhombifera ........
29. Pleurorhychus elongatus ...+..++++ «

1, 2. Plicatula spinosa ....+.sseeeseses
3, 4.

5.

6. Pecten cormeussscesecscsccvcccvocce

15.

I. Pecten plicatud.scesiessdulcsiaas somes
2.

°
ue

4, 5,6,:7<- ObG0lekUW evevecveccccccucae

8,
9.
10.

1. Pecten carinatus ...

12, 13, 14. compositus ..

15.

16.

18.
19.

20.

AS
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8,

pectinoides ....0+....-.
inflata oseces weoveccece

ee ee 2

ODSCUFUS seeeeeseeee

TIGICUS eevseececccerecveccs
lens, seycretetsidiea’s SO CeU CSc acne

Princeps ......

ATCUATUS -ceccesrccrscerece

Prate LXIIL

grandis ........
inzequicostatus ....+...+5

VIMUNGUB!eic'e 050.60 cacie ev ciiae
amnulatus cccccccccccccsacce
complanatus....seeeee-

gracilis ...eeeeee.
FECONdItUS . esceccescccsces oS

Puate LXIV.

Jacobus so.ccescvccccseres

orbicularis....++++e0.

opercularis ceeccesscceeeees

striatus .....2. evestes

VAZONS ...eccesees-
fibrosus.....+--

Pecten Stuchburiensis......
quadricostatus «-..0...
quinquecostatus ....s.-+.++

Avicula papyracea ..-

lwmispherica .....+ee-eeees

Pecten equivalvis
Stellaris sscesccssesscesseses

Avicula plicata ..++...

eee ee

Pace.

seeeectecerseees 190

211
229
201

PAGE.
9. Pecten abjectus ..+eeeeesseerereee 156
10, 11. ALCNOSUS sseeseceecceeeeess 156
12. Avicula similis ...+s..s.seese+e+eee 160
13. Qweni pewter sss elelaiciotselfem LOU
14, sUDIAVIS ..00sscececrcese eo 157
15. Gemissus ..c-sceccerssceees 156
16. QTANOSUS e-eecerecseceseeee 154
Lis discrepans ....- e jeieielsieloielorele MUN!
18. Virgiliferus ..ss+sescereeeee 157
19. ellipticus ..... aisieieleieiaieisfelsieiel OO)
20, 21 Gissimilis....csecesveceecs. 156
22, HEN, Gaggasseonsoeede Lao
23. ASPET cecees cecccaccrnccce 153
24, ANISOUIS) (ep inisin|s alele'siels)einisie/eley LOU
25. Pecten deornatus ....0.00000cccess00 156
26,27. Avicula simplex ......es00+- 157, 163
28. Pecten interstitialis ....secseseeeees 156
Pirate LXVI.
1. Plagiostoma rusticum ..... Ses 5000795 151
2. concentricum .......... 151
3. COUSCRIMNNG Grictelats ey sielsistere 151
4. ClON PALI cirreteleleraslelels!> 151
5. mribln Sesanodsccu0nae 151
6, duplicatum ............ 151
ie rigidulum ............ 152
6. ambiguum ............ 152
UE pectinoides ............ 152
10. giganteum ............ 150
11 interstinctum .......... 152
12, ELeEYMANL s:...)o sce s svcce 152
13. Oyeulli meet tefateteisis ceic/eie/eiee 151
14, Cardiiforme)s. ss «ose == 152
15. punctatum ............
16. GhWUine .seRaGopoo Gone
17. leviusculum .......... 151
18, LED EMboomegad dodo dane 151
19, punctatum ............ 151
Pirate LXVI.*
Iey2. Dianchora striata. siclelcls sce cece 152
3 lafayecircesireeeicc.s sisjocs 152
4, Plagiostoma spinosum.............. 151
5, 6, 7. Avicula inequivalvis .......... 160
859: COsbatar \fistteeveisicls ofc 160
10. HinGatia Ree etn sie a ere 160
11. rectangularis .......... 161
UarAnomia wadiatawecesenc) hss. cces 145
13, 14. Heevigatas sate ee wis oe cia cet 144
15, 16. IRONVEXAN kelele etre lec ch ielsls wee 144
Gf reinonexn Prctte cele 6c<lersie.s 160
18. Murchisonie mee eriie ces sence 161
19. Modioliforme .............. 162
20. Feticulatal (Jaevieh enc ccs cece 16
21. Avicula orbicularis ................ 161
22, ANOMAL eleieisieieieielee.c Sees 161
23. Obliquay .WatkGess ccs doce c . 160
Prats LXVI,**
ipAvicwla humata ie heukk eerste 16]

268

2, Avicula Pectinata cscasecreveseves 163
Be LIECOTS siefeln clelelatal> Saoo590000 163
4, 7,8. GAA Laer pete\siaiejelsfatsininintaieisisieron LO
5, 6, Binneyi ....... isieieisisloleisie > L6l
9,10, 11, echinata ........ Sresictetaia -. 160
12. movem-costae ....2...-+---- 162
13. CR PATISA tetera ts lefeleieiatetelel-«)~/e 162
14, OVALS Me netisteleieriile soegs000d 162
15, 16. longicostata ....... esersee 163
17. CY ENIDEH sisiej5iei siete icteie\sie\s: 163
18. OFS) sodas 400s80000G00r 160
19, 20. PTY PHOIMEA||. (oe leisisieteielsielelsloi 172
21. elegantissima ...........-. - 162
22, Gryphea bulla....... mleeloleisotelerste ss 149
2; 24, Ostrea distortar .eievis/cic cise +e eierele 147
25, 26. Gryphea virgula .............. 150
27s Ostrenfaleata tt itvew nice /clslelsie’clsiolstelnrers 147
28, MELISS Metaisetetetsateie otelelatet tet . 147
29, Avicula Samuelsii ............... - 161
30. radiata «..0sse0 Beiclcsateshien LO
31. Lessellataa’. sare elele slelele'c cleiele eee 162
32, Aubilatate.iieceeniens vides 162
33. Bamburgensis.......--.-.-- 162
34, cycloptera ........eeeceess 162
Prate LXVII.
1, 2. Perna Mytiloides .......ceveeees 169
Bl14, sama SuUbOVaLIS se .myemuatenietemielc) 6 sisle 158
5. Catillus Mytiloides .........000000 166
HOeLerns Becceesoeeieiee Ss 2 ae ORC
7. Lima antiquatus .........0s0ss000 158
BOs. SRIRIDOBA [ainie[oe ino «|= e/aein bine qdqudo 158
MOMGervillialaminosa \isiosis(slsteleisi- «le mol 165
WLP Lamandis) 2 <)<:-\cfeiejetne Riolaisiois cle its « 158
DOS Pinna antstal ./scieiiniciemientets <0 eis:6 169
Leptena anomala.......sscseeeeees 127
13, 14. Lima semisuleata ............+. 159
15, Posodonia vetusta .......... $4anne 168
16. Gervillia laminosa (a cast) .........- 165
17; Avicula lunulata . Sow ch cece ele lclele s 163
18. Gervillia squamosa ..........200005 165
19. Pinna flabelliformis ................ 169
20. Lima proboscidea......-...++++2- ee 158
iy Catillus Caivart.). a. .iieicicivisteletie » si) 166
22. [sovis fatetstere eine eis oe icisiote siciete 167
23. ODLiquatis ererciale te ctsl-fot=)=in is (op- 167
24. VGH SHAW) sog580 5é05c5a0a0 167
25. GOStATIS) « -vepelaicisjemietelereleloterste 167
Pirate LXVIII.
Te Catillus ‘suleatus:s...ic sss sice selene 166
2. CLUDIUBS' siujeewiclers cereus reiere 166
3. CAI Gy gnqnecossac0dc a5 166
4, Hinge of Catillus Brougniarte........ 166
o, 6. Catillus Brongniarte ............ 166
7. PDL HIAS tetera este tac ete iavetole is 166
8. MAGUS Mielec ieiatoterete inv sicicieie 166
OPAvicnlaitennay ciejierscjeee c= le Sedan 161
10. squamula...........+++e2.. 161
11, Catillus concentricus .............. 166

Pace,
12. Catillus involutus........-.seees00. 166
13. ditto hinge ......... Anos . 166
14, Cigitahub steeples cs «+ 00s . 166
15. Cordiformisisppisteees +c. +. 166
16. Sryphoides wees cle o> 166
Wie Kell yi ts op iemisistctetintciys slae 167
18, MINES Pe sie era sete ag GZ
19; Avicula humatal.sjoeccccceeses ce LOL
Pirate LXIX.
Ly2.: Gervillia lata tsc\weitaniioen ict ie ele 165
3. Avicula lanceolata ......... poococa 160
4,5. Gervillia acuta: «jensen « oe oe 165
6. solenoides ..... 5500000 -. 164
7, 8, 9. aviculoides ...... coccee LOD
10. Pinna lanceolata ............... 169
I) Perna, quadrata). </.,.sjsteeiel ies! Anon. iy)
M2 Sebinne [pracilisias cicie\siatelalstatelets elelere|s) aie 169
13. CUNCaLA Be ale olelneleleieielcls sleielstelnts 169
14,15. Perna rostrata ..... miclelaielels siviere) LG,
Pirate LXX.
1. Pinna arcuata ......... 35050005 Boer ii!)
2. folium ...... eisleitaletei=teisiciciric 170
3. Letragons _. s+ sisisielesia mistetefeie . 170
4, Mitis 2 G.c.eo cep eiae eRe 170
5. granulate {s:<cletie bt sisieier irae LO
6. ALENT pfatetereroele Rance 000es 35 . 170
Pirate LXXI.
1. Mytilus edentulus ........ ssd556a5 170
2 lanceolatus......-...+. Sanoreltl
3,4. Dreissina Brandi... aise eciciele vielen 179
5, 6. Mytilus inequivalvis ............ 171
WaiOe imGEnE} ana sesgodgos0 aC 171
9, 10. prelongus ....... fain volotot 171
ll. GERI S585 Soaanadooosgan- 170
12; 13. Madiola funata, ....00++20+¢c09s Lge
14, Mytilus cuneatus ........2....se00 171
15. EQUIIAEUE'S mieioiey/=\alololsialelote Aoi
16. AUIS op soudoagsodava00005 170
17. ANtIQUOTUM......0600c%0+s + 170
18, pectinatus ......... seeasor eli)
US FePinn aan ple eee tetetetstetetetetete oye eieinleterats 169
20, Perna alsfOrmnis! foisiejoisialei=\aisisiele's cielo ie 169
21. Modiola latissima ........cseseeee 174
22, 23. DDIPAENAmlalotatelal-1s\otaleloiaiooreta= 173
24, 25 elongata or Williamsoni 172
26. Mytilus subleevis ..........0.00-0-+ 171
27. yelinas 12 Sees 171
Poate LXXII.
1,2. Modiola lineata .......... 35005 173
3. Pbellaeeenrrsietetevateielsyels crete re 173
4, Plagiostoma elongatum ............ 151
5, 6. Modiola gibbosa ...............- 173
a elegans ....... sloleleishyieicls 172
8. Hillana! 22... aisretalnie olveg
9, 10. LOVE MDUES Sear encs doh nnd as 173
11,12. DLOMUCta Mictaclaveemsiccn. Lia

Pace.
13, 14. Modiola aspera ..........05.... 172
15, 16. subtruncata ............ 173
17. PAGAMIOS, sacs case's c Soon Wee
18, HOXUOSH state ose cases TTS
19, 20. CULEALD Heisiewitie stilt sisivaaiy») 17S
21, 22. subcarinata ............ 173
23. Et iS” 5-545 SURBOSCE 173
24, 25, Robertaont,: Sisews sess. ak 173
26. pulchra .......... -. 174
27. Moorii..... 6 <5>sqn6peuo9 Wie)
28. minima ....... o200ge0066 173
29. MINUES ey ateiseieera eh = <'e waco Lee
30, 31. OUMOAER Wsiet sd nlclncscvietvice Lah
32, 33. THUNOMMBIE cess cicle. cs ID
34. inclusa ..... sitebeMiviareet) Luce
35. PAUSE cpiateletntelet cece e's 173
36. imbricata .....5 ses gaia W723
37. HeBViB hee st eee Ee eee ieee . 172
38. MNGWIALA Nec cses ccc c eet Lae
39. squamifera.........s222. 174
40. PRIA Wiaeisteisivinwics soc c-, LCe
4l. Gepressa-chavsiine's <<< se 172
42. lingualis..... slerotatclate Sever ieee
43, @lOnigata <i. m.ciwialew'ctal=laieis 174
44,45. Lithophagus antiquus ....... Sop APY

Prate LXXII.*
1. Modiola plicata ...... soogSedecoce LZ?
2. bipartita, var........0++.... 173
Da METIATUIS.IALUSH Noosa nieces eee casi as
4, 5. Chama squamosa........... Srereisre AG
6. Modiola scalprum.................. 174
" FOGHIB Re raters\<is eels aioe aiisi seals 174
8. antiqua .......... sHooudie 172
9. Trigonia pennata ............ sisiae(o 182
10,11. Caprina Lonsdalli ........-....- 176
12, Trigonellites antiquatus ........... . 214
13. Trigonia elongata ................+- 182
14. duplicata........ ietetet aralat els 182
15. SWAG ccc eae a visieitiaka ipa 182
16, Trigonellites politus...............- 214
17. Modiola semisulcata.......... mass Dae
18. Unio humatus ........... Sieaieetnisies 179
19, Alasmodon vetustus..............-- 181
Pirate LXXIII.

Be Umt0) HG yas 5 a nian shisiaiesinmietiritevo’s WLES
2. Blaydsitt a> sistem atelataess @/siere'si dy 178
3. Dawasonl....~ «<a maieeesisc> Lai
4. amygdala ........ OPE ose 5G 177
5. Bind! . sdapeewie oivieivisigns he 187
6. Embletonis...c-smeuseeseeeeek AS
78 TANI ela «pales a olcih aie, ataretorecs 177
8. Nucleus ..eeicevereecees niin WES
9% PRIN toe m/akaseieai cial ip ravsiafavesie =, WA
BAe STOEIE ietaca is) 2 ahatajoicinss's o'a v0.0 178
12. subtriangularis ......-..+.+-+ i178
13. UID IRE cies ibe eters bade aioe anise 177
PASTS. XUROGOS os opawudncenccsse sis LT

TOSU7) Unio turgidus?s <0. oo. sees...

18.
19:
20.

21,
22,

23, 24.
25.
26.
97.
28, 29.
30.
31.
32, 33,

Polmontensis ..

269

Pace.
178

Aldami ede sietofetieimaratte ete tthe
pyramidatus’...-<.........-- 179
MRRESLS Mereidelestalaienciersmictcars aetrtr C)
EYBNSVEIHUN ss 0. ceresmecccces LTO
RUMPOCON MUR are crcicsiente accra a ATi)
Giraniiene ssc lete cccfe elit
exoletus ............. ogaenb Wl
lateralis (53/0. tte ee ales cltte 177
bipennis ....... peed de. coe LT
suleatus ..... pee ae eS SUT
Galdensigeweseces sete oe array UWitt)
FE TOD COODSA napancooag (ii

180

wee eee wee

Puate LXXIV,.

1. Unio aduncus ................---+ 180
2, 3. Gualteri .<).,.,. <jetele's » Suceacesc ul)
4. Cardinia concinna .....-+++++++06 - 213
5. Pullastra peregrina ....cc0seeeeeees 208
6. Unio subtruncatus ............ sisiere LO)
7. Martini oe cjeistaratsyelsrotsie napcrioou li!
8, Cardinia crassissima............-... 214
9. ADAUCLANcrfoeletole’s slvie' cterelele’ « cn LA
10. Unio Solandri ............ Giallo weiale alg
RY’. COMPFESSUS...-- eee. eee ee eee 180
12. ANLIQUUS:.2)c0 cleicle ese sees eee ce 180
13. SOUS co sid'eiele dete et wclewiclee vere 280
14. porrectus., 05. since ces Sari hill
16, 17 «subconstrictus: “2202 Gos. es . 181
16. Mantelli .......... Boob oD Goo. 179
18. Cardinia crassiuscula .........0-0++ 214
19. hybrida\.....2.. fe totetloreeee 214
20. Titaterih yc. hereto ale welts eae
21. Unio cordiformis .......... Sere oLL9
Pirate LXXIV.*
1, 2. Unio pictorum..........+++. ae EW
3, 4. OVALS ys EGE «sini sie wieteie, saaligg
5, 6. tumidus ......... Bie chcoheia, vee 179
7. Anodon Cygnea ...... pa eieamcllar’ 176
Piate LXXYV.
1. Trigonia angulata............... egy:
2, 3. PMDRICUN. aenpan se ance’ 182
4, GOBEAUN! “cuickiacinie > 3 a ctolstaveete 182
5. quadrata....... dele cle so sn 182
6. Trigonellites latus ..... ofp cialv. simulans 2i4
7. Trigonia Aliformis ..... misielciet hisses" 182
8. SPINS. eccccevececresees 183
9. spectabilis .....-+seesesee 183
10. nodosa..... ih eins arate ate 183
ll. clavellata...... Peer EEOC 183
12, pustulata..... mididivigin'sieis. 5470 183
13. gibbosa ......-... bch wide 183
14, 15. cuspidata ...- scans aise, BOG
16, 17. pullus ..ccseeense PORT Se.

Pirate LXXVI.

Pace.
1, 2. Nucula variabilis..............s. 185
3, 4. antiquata ............ -» 185
5. Clon gatal ccs cctemeeidc nes
6,7. undulata). i005. cen. es 185
8, 9, 10. PCE OME eseeaoecaraaas LEG
11, 12. Ti Re eGAagar ie
13, 14, apiculate... asc ccescceecs LNG
15, 16. impressa ....... cisiela'wicin cre ARE
17. GYAUR: «\./sieeie plotsihelsictorean . 186
18, 19. MOLECU IA teis nl ojsiniaeheraia te 185
20. lachryma, variety ........ 185
2k. Trigonia dadalea ........ceseccnees 184
22,, Nucula: lssvis's cmatewaciee geisies, ejacelete 184
23, 24, 25. lachryma ........cscceessee+ 185
26. subrecurva .....+...eeeees+ 186
27. complanata .........0.. woes 186
AS, 29) ABs: ceils, cepa atietetote soso Jets 180
30, GND hae'eaieiaitienniae ees, isd
31, 32. SQUARE, sie \n\ aie aislicisiaivininis'n'ate 186
33. ONAL) ia sainiatate rs aiiiiro iste e's se eke 184
34, axiniformis ...... sleteioleie isi 186
35, 36, amygdaloides ..........000 185
37. OVO oie 8 Sisfelice RMD
38. CIAVIKORINIS (eran («0:0 s'elo'sisi</ai0 185
39. PAN ofan ohejernieeip piv arnt tetera ALD:
40. CUD GCA E iottciareinolgie'v viele ieie/oloie 186
4], Trigonis affinis.....ceceessscecess LAD
42, (ULGUIN VEN in claim inla=/= ioleisiciainietet <= Les
Ast. NUCU la tei ONE. -/afa\claimieiais sisisie'e/t © ale 185
44, bivirgata ..... bina ip cn Tetatn(alulale 186
45. Trigonia excentrica ..........+..... 183
46, 47. Nucula pisum............-.e0e: 186
49, obtass s.savae as eigiaiare are 186
50. NeSVAG Rte i's in)n (fe afusin'e s'/o 185
51. CelDI ea a /eratajafaisie!e'-!='= «: 184
52. lanceolata .........+0+- . 184
53. MAINA earns (c'nie oes Se 185
54, pootingts, so 6 deeaieseess 185
55, Cobboldia .............- 184
56, 57. accipiens ........ ecere 187
58. BOOS nsw see Sie) 187
59. MQUAMB:.2. nannies SUR hs ale ee
60, 61. striata, sudakpcatunne’ <2 187
62. plicatan.maSeae. ss siaecs . 188
63, 64. OCOMPLemtAid dyes i600 cscs 187
65. radiate) ss cwew s see'ss soos (188
66, 67 PYSMMA.. cs. seee = os scone
68, 69. longiroeten «idee desc oie 3 187
70. attenuata. dsm s02s.....2 187
as lepvircstea oieesccseessees 188
72. OCUNesthiis es secbesncs old 187
73. latiosima: ; ; se:deawteticotth 188
74, brevirostra sevice sss 3 (187
75. nuda ...... Pas. . ce. 2BZ
76, 77. Wetherellii .......... ae LOS
78, 79. BUHOMN Gawiads ccccccce 187
80, 8 Luciniformis ...... pasa 187
82, 83, Bowerbankii ......... Sue sO?)

PAGE.
84,85. Nucula oblongoides -.+---++--+- 188
86, 87. semi-striata ...eeeeeeeee 188
88, 69. Trigonula ....--++ eran al kts
Prats LXXVII.
1. Pectunculus brevirostris ...--+-+-+++++ 189
23,4. minimus ..-.--+++++++ 189
5. pilosus ....--++eeeeeee= 189
6,7, 8. oblongus ...--++++ee+++ 189
9. obliquus ...-+-+++eeees 189
10. sublevis ....--+eeeeeeee 189
ile umbonatus ......+.+++5 189
12, Arca carinata ...--.-.eee eee ee eee 191
13. Pectunculus delectus ......-++++++> 189
14. Plumsteadiensis ......-- 189
15. Arca tumida......-----seeeeee cere 191
16. Branderii.....-++-++eeee cerns 190
V7. appendiculata .. ---+++++++++ 190
18. cancellata ...++-++eeeeeeeess 190
19. duplicata ........eese cece eens 191
20, Pectunculus decussata......-++++++5 189
21. Cucullea contracta ......ee seer eens 193
22. THUGS crete ietsie sietatersiete oe vleie 193
23. Pectunculus scalaris......--+++++++: 189
24, Arca depressa ..-.--2+-eseseeeeeee 191
25. Cucullea oblonga.....-..-.2eeeee ee 193
26. Arca rotundata ........ sqapaqguee= 191
27. Eastnori .......2-eseeeeeeeee 190
28. papillosa ........2.eeeee cere 191
29. pulchra.......--- sees eee cee 190
30. quadrisuleata ........+++++++ 190
31,32. costata......eseeeeeeeeeeeers 191
ope subacuta .....cccenscssewncs 191
34. elongata .....sseseceseeeeres 19]
35. dubia ..... ac stein scalable c\ace's
36. EEINGIS tee we kinle se (2 s/s 'a'= [atu e'e @ Asie QL
37,38. Cucullea minuta +... ..+-seeee 193
39. Crassatina .ecccccccce - 193
40. HIDYORA eie/emeiciaie)<)-pieie mem Loe
41, Carinata ..ecesccces 192
Pirate LXXVIII.
], 2, Cuculleea glabra .........see00.. 192
3. Oviforma ....cseeeee vee 193
4 ovata Dace loess ceades 192
5. pectinata <2... .ceeeeeee 193
6. triangularis ..........-- 193
7. Costellata Wites sl seceeeete 193
8, 9. Antiqua sececscecsencess 192
10. formosa ...... Mee shin, she ==
11,12. Pachymya gigas .....eeee. eens 195
13. Cucullea reticulata ...... B afeminaieistce eons
14, 16. eancellata ...... ocaoodeon is)
AS. Cawdori ..... S talelciantee ats (192
17. cylindrica ......-.. Gooden tks
18, concinna ..... “OOOO OO . 194
19, elongata ........0. cisieiewe 193
20. imperialis ........- wcateice 194

270

Pirate LXXIX.

Pace.
1, Axinus rotundatus ..--..--seeeee++ 195
2, 3. minimus --.+.eseeeeeee ee oe l95
4, latus -.++.eeeeeeee aiafeats o\sin0 aE
5, 6. ObScurns cos atomicity oprines = Ol Se
7. ditto (young) ...ssee+e0-- 194
8. dubius »..-.+-++ee seers siete e 9 Lie:
9. WAALS, iereicwieseiicbeeeeee oe: LOD
10, 11. pusillus..--s.seseeeeeeerees 195
12. PATVUS ++ ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeers 195
13, 14. Megalodon cucullatus ~«.++++++++ 196
15, Isocardia tumida ss .escceccseeeeere 197
16. rhomboidalis.....- + e+-+-- 197
17. Axinus angulatus --..++..e2++eeee22 195
18, 19. Isocardia rostrata ..+++.+-se+8e 196
20, 21. Hippopodium ponderosum -.---- 195
22, 23. Isocardia sulcata -+-+++++eeeeee 196
24, 25. angulata ...seeveeeeeee 197
26, 27. LENEF | « sivie duiwainisieleie ce, aljao
28, 29. concentrica....++++-+* . 196
30, 31. Cardiomorpha oblonga ...++++++- 197

Pirate LXXX.
1. Cardium Gentianum ..-+.-++++- oe elO9
2,3. Isocardia minima .++.-+++++-++++ 196
4, BETIAEA ce cccciccweceacse JOG
5. Gori ciewsieaiceeinosisnie - “kb
6. axiniformis «-..e-.+-++- 197
Up abrupta .-++..+++ Seadoo La
8, 9. Pholadomya Margaritacea «+--+ 231
10. Spheera corrugata....-++++- BeRopon LV
1]. Isocardia triangularis .--.+++++++e+s 196
12. similis \<Aneerianeeeoienacia le
13, 14, Opis similis = scaiafaletaicde sisi + = smelt!
15, 16. luntilata ».<sjcesisceese sees 197
17. Isocardia nitida ...-+eeeeeeeereere 197
Pirate LXXXI.

1, 2. Cypricardia Cymbeeformis ....---- 198
3. trhombea .-.---eesee- 198
4, undata ....-- Ropansg2 itt!
5, 6. amygdalina ......-+++ 198
rfc deltoidea ..-......-+- 199
$. Cardiomorpha oblonga «-+.++++-++ «) 197
9. Cypricardia Solenoides ....-+-- 198
10. glabrum ...-+. -sese-- 198
ll. pectenifera ....-- semtee’s) LOS
12. retusa dacermcaaoons IE
13. tricostata ....sseeeeres 199
14. impressa ..-+-+e+ seers 198
15. Edmondia unioniformis ....--.-++++ 198
16. Cardium porulosum ..---- teeceecies 200
17. aculeatum ...+..e+e-+e 200
18. globosum........++ Sosieiers s) 200
19. proboscideum ....++++--+9++ 199
20. Parkinsoni .....+++eeee-+- 199
21, striatum ......see- Seo obono .iGh)
22. Plumsteadiense ....--. sponde, Me)
23. echinatum ....+eseeeeeee+ 200
24. acutangulum seseeeeeeseees 200

PAGE.
25, 26. Cardium truncatum ..---+.+..+- 200
27. striatulum .......++6. . 200

Pirate LXXXII.

1, Cardium gibberulum ....--....--+- 200
2. turgidum ----....--....-- 200
3. Hillanum .....0-..-...+.- 199
4, 16. edule ..Usdeeeccoccscseese 200
Uy incertum ..+0...s+ee--e0 OL
6,7 HibeNns <<. wesereisines sce -eloo
8. angustatum ........++---- 199
oD semistriatum .++.+ee+-+..+- 201
10. Pleurorhynchus longipennis.......... 202
ri. armatus ....eceee-- 201
12. Cardium semiglabratum ......---.+. 201
13. edulinum ....e.++..--- ee. 199
14, 15. Pleurorhynchus Hibernicus ...... 201
17. Pleurorhynchus minax ........---- 202
18, 19. trigonalis ......--..- 202
20. Cardium citrinoideum ......-...+-.. 200
21. semigranulatum ....+.++++ 200
22, 23. dissimile ..... SBAGadIOA - 200
24, 25. Pleurorhynchus aliformis .......- 201
26. Cardium lobatum .....+.+..++eeee-- 200
27. cognatum ...+eeeeereeee-- LOL
28. levigatum ...-eeeeer-e ee. 201
29. elongatum...-+..ssee2---+- 201
30. Greenlandicum .......-+++++ 201
3]. Cardiola fibrosa ........-..eeee--- 202
32. interrupta ..cccccareceeess 202
Puate LXXXIII.
1, Pullastra Virginea ..++s+ees-ee00. 204
2 peregrina eeseeeceseeeeeee 203
3, 4. parallela ..+e+2. eeereees 205
ibs Obits sc). cle a ce eieje cls sejeinein ie eae
6. decussata salesecisec cee) 20k
is Teevis ...csccecccccescoecs 203
8. complanata .+++..+2e+e0+- 204
9. Venus elliptica ....eeeeseeeeeeee, 205
10. antiqua ..eceeeeceereceeseee D4
11. Pullastra recondita ...+--+..eeeeee-+ 204
12, elliptica ..++eesseeeeeeee 204
13. Trus ..-cce... cer sccccece 204
14. Venus ovata ..-++eseeeesaee omjeeeleneUD
be: fasciata ......eees---0-s eoee 205
16. Psammobia rigida ....+ s+-+ee.--- 218
17. Anomia semistriata .....++++-+-.+-- 144
18. Avicula decepta ..+2..++++eee--ee- 162
19, 20. Meadia .....-. Peace 160
21, 22. Megalodon carinatus-..-++-+++-- 176
23. Venericardia planicosta ..++-+-+++++ 202
24. scalaris «+esseessseee+ 202
25. tenuicosta ....--..+0++ 203
26. oblonga ...serees-eee- 203
27. orbicularis .-......++-. 203
28. Cyrena Cycladiformis ....+.++++-++s 208
29, Venericardia Chameformis...----.-- 203
30, 31. globosa sseseceeeeeree 203

271

PAGE. Pace. Pace.
32. Venericardia acuticosta .....+..++.. 203 | 17. Cyprina Morrisii ......seeeeeeeeees 208 | 11, 12, Cardinia ovalis ..++sseeessseees 213
33. Senclis wees eeeeeeseeeee 203 | 18, rostrata ...ceecesceseceses 208 | 18, 14, Soutdladderl sdvcce «eel
34. deltoidea ........++4+ 203 | 19, Cyclas pusilla .....ssseeseeeeeeees 206 | 15, Unio centralis ...+..+seeeeeess-ee- 180
35, 36. Myaconcha crassa ...+++..+.+.+- 202 | 20, GOLHGA 1 cisi<\e'e\ ei jaiaataietels «seid LUO Pi) LO. TODUHUBia viecledoeeeectinciavs JOE
21. Cytherea sulcataria .......see+se0- 206 | 17. dolobratus ...c.ssccesseoceoe 181

22, transversa ........-2++e0.- 207 | 18,19. Cardinia lanceolata ...-+....++-+ 213

1. Venus turgida .. ..seeeeeeseeeeeees 205 | 93. trigonula ....cseeseeeees. 206 | 20. attenuata....ssccscceee 213
2, 3. SUDMETSA oe. ee eeeeveeeeees 24 | 94

Obliqua ...2...eeeeeeeeeee 206 | 21,22, Unio phasiolus .. s..seeeeeeeee 181
4, Cytherea incrassata ...+-+eee+ee.-06 205 | 95,

5. TUZOSA oc cecccccenseccess 204

Puate LXXXIV.

subericinoides ... «..e++-. 206 | 23. aquilinuS ....ccsssceeeees 181
26. Cyclas rivocula......scedsesccesess 209 | 24. discrepans --.+.-+seseceeeee 181

6, Venus gibbosa «+ ..++..+.++++++.++ 205 | 97, Piscidium Henslowana...seesseesees 210 | 25, 27. Ansticei..... ies aoe eee, TRO
. Cytherea roundata ......+.......+- 207 | 98

Venus sublinvis...ccsccccsscccccess 204

~

membranacea ..eeee.e+ee2 209 | 26. parallelus ....cess-eseeeee 181

ge

5 29. Cyprina vulgaris ....-. eieteaestesve 0 QU
a ImmMersa sees seeeeeeseeees WA | 39, Cyrina pulchra ....+.seeseseseeees+ 209 Prate LXXXIX.

U0, gallina seeeeeeeeereeeeseees 209 | 31, Cyprina rustica....-ssececesessee. 208 a
11,12. Cytherea rugosa........es0..-- 206 1,2, 3. Lucina Goodhallii ..++..+.++.. 215

13. dolabrawisertesaen Gece e206 Prate LXXXVIL 4. Corbis uniformis ...-..+-ee+-eeeees 216

14, 15. Venus tenera..... Sage HAE 257 5. Lucina dispecta .-.+..ceeeereeeeee 215
rar lie Cpe OCOaGCHOOODUL eesera :
16. Qualigiies «seis Sees’ Dd Epmiesllieec r 6. Donax trunculus variety ....-+++..+. 214

2, 3, 4. TE RO ORO CODED OO OIOOLT 4
17. VAEIOOSA feist ciel=/el-l[aieis +. 204 ee re =. fe trunculUs ...c.cecceccscasens 214
x 5, 6. impolita .......+..+-. clejele eran :
18. Cytherea Chione ........++.seee02- 206 7 bipartit 910 8. Lucina sculpta .....seeeeceseeeees- 216
19, DONVEXA neesinecelcdseld occ nr, Un ‘ ae aan ck ks 9, 10. CTASSR seeseeeeeeenaseeesee 215

iti beste 0s 2
Elle pr ike eI Gs 10 | 11,12. orbicularig.-.n.0-seeee-eeves 215

2 5
9. triangulata ...... Reecates ake p
21. CEBANE 0s nie 0.019 oleae Gamjoney 206 ee a 13. PIBUM .ccesecccccecevececs 215
, 42.

20. DALY Hie» 3\a;010: ef BOCOOCIOOnONG

Jurida scoctecccecteececece 10

22, 23. tenuistriata .....cccsccees. 206 11 lai 212 14. Tiratas.sseeeessesereeeeeees 215
; be hgOC gS OOO SRE OSS Fee ee eat elie Portlandica <.navecqedaqodss G10

24, 25. Venus faba... .sccccecsscecceses 20

12. Glegans -..cccccsccsccscces 210 eee
26. Cytherea truncata ....-see-.s+e0+- 206 = abet aie 16. Mitis .. 00 vececcvecssccecess oh
27. Blinn eons sasaaetee d=. 2. AMM | as 17. globosa ..ssseceesereccveees 25

9
28. linealats, .<e.co. cnle e oie g oe eb! Gearensia eacaee = ccna See 18. Totundata....cesseccseccese 216

= subrotunda --..+.+2+..2++. 207 16. multicostata .....eeeeceees
30. caperata ..ee..--e Picci 17,18

9
ie. Ay SONG ee eA radula ..+ssccesnnssereness 215

tr wp
—
m— bo

—

20. laminata ...ceccscesceccces 216
21, Du Noryei ....-eseceeeeess 216
22, 23. Cryptodon flexuosa ....+++eee5 216

Rioticd,s venasewecauscacede

Prate LXXXV. 19. obliquata....-- soresccesece

PB Scinitin cuneate a tae BOT 7 20. Venus imbricata ......eseeeees vee 205 Sa Liagiis antiete oe a
2, on a eee 207 21. Astarte obovata ....6-.ccccceeeees 211 25. PL Rene LE
. traMsversa ccsccccecececcee 208 | 22, excavata sseseeeseeeeeeeees 210 O86. Tellina tenuis s:s.0ic0.0c0s nis seimeameis ee
fb, Reker Neila eet ctcn. 200 foe ee cabot nce -Alat ab kg ein eee cee a
lentiformis ....2+...0.+% 3 e207 ae minima «++seseeeesseeeees 212 28. Corbis ovalis.. os sscsccescccenccees 216

excléte “astacess oho iccedcs 207 | 26. Bole Ee ICE Coe 2 IEIOGG cocee 212 29. Tellina striatula ......... scnaae on

| 27, 28. orbicularis ......-e+eeeeees 211 30. ORE ces tite OT

5

6.

7- Cyprina equalis........seeeeeeseees 208 ‘ 3 9
8 29. trigonalis.....--e..e-eeeee+ ZI 217
9

planata, --cececssccccscess 20S 30, i ell 31. donacina ....-+..+06s mene
. Artemis parvus..........00- sponse ith | a eee ete. kk cl Ke | 82. Corbis levis ......-- swewecnaneds . 216
10. aupulat@escetdesecs sei 200 A pent OCCU elec Feri at) $3. Lucina gigantea ....ceeeseeeseeees 215

Z meer
32, 33. —multistriata.....++--+ee---. #4, Mellina, dabei -oscReeek Otel cas O17

Prate LXXXVI. 34. OVALA serereeerseceecesess “1% | 35 36, gplendens seececesseereceees 27

‘ 9
. Gyrena obovata ...eseeees eevcees 209 | 35, 36. ROPUNR! eae oncocs oss Soha Br. ObLiqUA «ase eodwentcrcesesee 2I7

or . i]
deitearlltan so sige ede nte ays Sta Hineata..-.-+-++++ newest att |. 9a, AR CES ae Se: 1. 217

]
2
. 919
3. cunciformis ....eeeeeseseees 208 38. i OOOH SO a ee oe 39 218
4

f aia | . Arcopagia crassa ....++.++ se eeeees
. Cytherea nitidula.........4. paises SOG. tae UREN oa nce Pen pR TE ae |:40.. Teltina ovata-+isliawetnn.<o2-+0n 00 21%
e * 40. SETINEN ods Coon cchocorteesear 211 | < aa
5. Cyrena trigonula ........-seeeeees- 208 4}. calcarea .e-eeeeeee Giveviewes 217
41. sulcata ..0+..02-- eee avees ale 2 - 217
6. Cyclas angulata ..+....ceeeseceess 209 42. ambigua ...... waieeeuceneseuend

¢ . 9
vi 42. ROO Beit oe oe os Serena =< | 43. ampilata ...sseseeeceeeeees 27

‘fF MAJOL ©. . aseates vee cccess (209 |

8, 9. gibbosa ...... Sage vianWeesdecale0d | 44. Psammobia Ferréensis..+...++++++++ 218
10. Piscidium amnicum .........--. a. S10 Pirate LXXXVIIL | 45. gracilis ...seeeseeeeees . 218
1). pusillum ...+.+..++..e0-- 210 1, 2. Pullastra peregrina ....+++++e0ees 203 | 46, Tellina subrotundus....+.+sees+eres 216
12, Clongata ....csesseeeeess 209 3, 4. Cardinia cuncata ..-..see-seeee++ 213 47. Psammobia solida .-receeeseeeesee 218
13. Cyclas subquadrata ....--. Seis sain eG 5, 6, Unio modiolaris ....+++e+++ee0+ 180 | 48. Figida..ccccscceesecscee 218
14. MOUs a aeainis' occ bia vores #2. 209 littoralis ..sssesseeees secee 18) | 49. Tellinoides .esscsseeeee 218

15. Cytherea tellinaria .......+++.s00- 206 | 8 pictorum ....+++- eer. o 180 | 50. SOOO acess Wino se « -. 218

te
;
16. Clyclas parva ..ccecsecsecsesecees 209 | 9,10. — Uriisscecesrencevevecseees 180 | 51. donacialis -.+seeseeeees 216

:
,

PAGE.
52. Psammobia lavigata..+eseseeseeess. 218
53. florida ssce.icecessccre 218
54, Vespertina essecesssseees 218
55. BOlidula s.eeslesvecssceoe 21Y

Pirate XC.

1, 2, 3. Petricola inflata ...seersesncee 220
4, laminosa .+seesesee.. 220
5. ditto, variety ........ 220
6,7. ays = 45 aSa05q5o0d00 22
8. Sanguinolaria lyrata............e00. 219
9. Hollowaysii .......... 219
10, 21. Potomomya gregaria ............ 223
11. Sanguinolaria attenuata ...........- 219
12. angustata ........6+6. 219
13. tumida ..tece ficceee 219
14, MAXIMA ..eeereeeeeeee 210
1s vetUsta .-csccscccese. 219
16. BLCUALA woes cccees ee DIO
17. Saxicava rugosa s.0..0.seresce0.0 221

18. Sanguinolaria elliptica............+. 22

19. plicata ...... ce ceccce
20. COMPFeSSA oes cceecees
22. Crassatella plicata’ ...-...s..cccees

23, 24, 25. Pandora margaritacia ........
26, 27. ‘Aginaipurpura 2.0. .ececcesees
28, Sanguinolaria elegans ........seeee-
29) QIDDOBA!, cje'c's wa/eteivisiaieinie
30. Anatina undulata.....
31. Crassatella sulcata ..ce.ceceescence

32. Montacuta glabra.........

33, Sanguinolaria transversa .......... a0
34, 35, Tellimya suborbicularis,.........
36, Crassatella compressa

id

37. Sphenia Swainsoni ........ oceeeees
38. Sanguinolaria parvula ...........- oe
39, 40. Potomomya plana ........eeeee0
41. Sanguinolaria sulcata ....-...0. +00
42. Corbula cardioides ......-2.0..0000

43. Sanguinolaria oblonga ..........e00.
44, 45, Sphenia Binghami............ oe

Puate XCI.

1, 2, 3. Corbula gallica........ SBcobood

4, curtansata .......e.ece

De Gepressay see teen

HA longirostrum ..... eoece

38, 9. umbonalla .....0.. e008
10. (Hlennalhiiy «telson
M-\ Venus elliptica wisiss. oes aves «<0.
12 DICUS isintalblints eis Bisisinvm mis cele sic
13,14... cuspidata, ... «seesiee os aenca
15. striata

CR SO ee a

UGS 17, LSsirevolutarewecieeielas « «<

19. BIGHOSA) iajeialslersinlome ates

20. PISUM nfaseraree sie o Uietofstalctalellele che
21, 22, striatula..... Sis\nieleivieieis ee coe
23,24. elegans ........ Faia s\e cle uleieea
25. ODECUTSejsre Werelalalets <(o'sicis « arose

26, 27, 28. costata

Ce i ars

272

PAGE.
2Ol Venus Nitida vs. ~icierso cblesielela sllibleieia ee
30. complanata ..... teeesccees Lae
31. TOCUNGALA veccccccccvecesase B22
OR, Bos HTUNCAtA, seiecnre oOtlewbles ones 225
34, alata) ccccisewckivels seeecete 220
35.
36. punctum esesesvecesseeeses 223

37. Amphidesma securiforme .......... 224
37,* 37.* Mactra angulata.........ee00+- 226
38. Corbula gigantea ......i.secseveess 222
39. Amphidesma deltoidea ............ 224

40, Portloekay (Gil. occ cisces Set
41. axiniformis........++.. 224
42. Mactra striata ....0...Jsecssscesee 226
43. Subtruncata cecssccetecesscs 226
44,45. Amphidesma carbonarium ...... 224
46. album ..e.....+ woe 224
47, prismaticum ...... 224
48. tenuistriatum ...... 224
49, TECUrVUM ....0005 224
50. Mactra glauca .....sse..eesess voce 226
51. Gepressa serecccecceescsess 226

52. Mactra deaurata .
53, 57, 58. solida ..

et eecenceresees 226

ees eceelesvccccres 220

54, SPUN a ets ierelctaitivjeleiele oie cie.e COG
55. truncata ..cccevccsce cvcece See
56. ALCUALA.. cecesccevessceseee 226

PLate XCII.

1, 2. Thetis major. .sesescccscce.ceses 226
3, 4, 5. ATNON s\n |~/ai/e/oie!lotaleletelctole wee 22D,
6, 7. Lutraria carinifera ........ese00- 257
8, 9. BETIata 0 eensceesecece 227
10. GIDbHOgacaieisieie.s cle sicige> ote 227

11. Mya leviuscula........20...-0e0022 228
12. Lutraria decurtata ......

13, Mya mandibula....... miele dfalet|siotata'o(e 228
14. Lutraria elliptica ....s..0seessseee. 227
15. PTUMBVA ss coe acicesecs ccie 227
16. TOtUNdata co.cc. caiseccence 22
Wh. Donaciniformis ....-... secs 227
1S. Mya dilata’ )-jecleaismehee sel es e228
19. Lutraria compressa .....e+e00sceees 227
20. Mya equata......-.. see cesceecccs 220
21. phaseolinia® (awe tmaic'e'c sstcte - 228
22. BONG EEO SaRcecisaon soda sown 229
23. ALCDANI A Melee nje\asiaisisiaicieie eleleiole eae
24, 25.. ovalisMaemn octnecsaeneee eens 228

26, 27, 28, 29. Mya angustata .......... 228
30. Potomomya subangulata ............ 224

3l. planar sie stanisieete ssleiciciee MDa
32. Lysianassa anguilifera .......-...... 229
33. literata ......0...00..2. 229
34, BCTIDUG I craiciale(aleieveieteleyereer eee,

Prate XCIII.

- Mya truncata ..:..cetwsceccccetece 228
, 8. Thracea oblata....... Oo OU OO ew
. Mya lata

BR ne

thet w eee cecerererenseeee L2G

5. Thracia depressa .......eeceeeeeees 229

PAGE.

6. Mya calciformis ...e.seceessvecene
7, 8, 9. Thracia dubia ........

10. Solemya primeeya......eeceeeseseee
11, 12. Panopzea rotundata..sessseseeeee
13. gibbosa....cecsesecseee
14, 15. intermedia ..........0s
16. elongata sescessseveces
17, 18, 19. NOryegica..)stcc- sels «se is

20. Solemya ovalis».:.'.\./0/c 0s 's's dele steele
21. Nera dispar ......
22. Panopea oblata --.....

Pirate XCIY.

1, 2.. Pholas cylindrica .......seecssree
3, 4, 5. COMPTESSA cecececccccece
6, 7. Panopza ovalis

ee ry

8, 19, 20. Pholas crispata......cecscees
9. Solen Parisiensis ...ccseesseees sees

10, Panopsea plicata .....seceecesscece

1], 12. Pholas dactylus ....c.s.cscecsce
13. Solen legumen ....00+.secccccesees
14. BILIQUA, «02s ccedsscinisdes cons oa
15 pellagicus ...... wieleieies wens o\0
16, affinis. ........ RelaJeADoiniee ow vie
17. EDBIS Vo )5 0 Seuel=hleetaslsa\sie'ciaiers
18. WAPINALS « . 6i..c0 cjcmlcle pelsieisolele™
21. constricta ........- osidee viele s
22. TECONdItA. 16000 s08 Brelolagciara oir
2d; 24... CaNGiAa. \ccereie <Mbdtcleteltie's we 0
25 PEISCD) «0.0... staldiaiojatald wich» ini teiade
Piate XCY.
1, Pholas gigantea .........20se0e0..
2. Pholadomya nana..........-..008
3. Obsoletai.5 icc --- ve a0
4. ambigua ..... a n6naor ee
5. COMPFeSSA .....5.2000-
6. obtusa..... DUS CeGOTEE b
CUMCAA “SsGieile cence ne
producta .<\<jrcisc oc clelele
9. Vyrata cc mteldeles ccslelaiei=
10. Geltoidea:. iste leleleleleleiele ore
WUE Phillipsii........... Sats;
12. EAM Ol ossogetocpdccc

PrateE XCVI.

1, Pholadomya acuticosta ........... 0
2 Hidibulal” s/s wale mot anisters
3. obliquata....... Atco xe
4 Gyallry Gasduboods aodnut
5 decussate ©... 2... cc5 °
6. Murchisoni ...... eevee
7. equalis ..... a GOb8E66
8. angustata ..........6.
9,10, 11,12. Fistulana ampullaria......
13. Teredo navalis ........-....-000 ose
14, 15. Teredina personata ............
16, 17, 18. Teredo amphishena ........

19, Amphisbena articulata ............
20, 21. Gastrochena pholadia ..

were eee

228
229
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
223
230

233
233
230
233
231
230
234
231
231
231
231
231
231
234
234
233
233

234
232
233
232
232
231
232
231
232
232
232
233

233
232
233
232
232
232
233
232
235
235
235
235
235
234

273

PAGE. PAGE. PAGE.
22, 23, 24. Gastrochwna contorta........ 234 4. Vermilia triquetra ......-.eeee sees 241 | 41. Serpula plana ......-+ Sisinje whens vee. 240
25, 26, 27, 28. Teredina discrepans ...... 5s Minuta 2... cceceercsssers 241 | 42. triangulata .....-.+++eeeee 239
29, 30. Gastrochena tortuosa .......... 234 | 6, GUtuBaNy <i <:-.ctemnasiaeee tee 239 | 43. capitata .....- Lene tener . 240
31, 32, 33, 34. Teredo antennaute ...... 235 | 7. Serpula crenella ........0snsseeese 238 | 44. Spirorbis minutus ...... cede sae es - 242
35, 36, 37. Clavagella coronata.......... 235 8. WGKA cere oo lclellesteainie shaves 238 | 46. intestinalis .......csccase 240
Pate XCVIL 9, 10. CONIA o'a70 sta sate waretsare aie 239 | 47. vortex pet AON
A ee eee 236 | 11 TUSGLCDcjohxisissrn.o se cuniaieeysieis n= 239 | 48. Spirorbis a calpiaie cuvesees 242
yr EO 30 ee 036 11.* VONTIGR ants alah. devecbefoae's aeise 240 | 49. Carinatus .....e.ceeee ees 242
% A dedaauarmenlt 7: oa | 12. TOETAGONA oie cies nine nin oieiaie’ sie 239 | 50. Cornuoides major........-...++0008 242
7. = ‘ es : ; “ ine i Sue 13. deplexae eae deo gle gatncueie hie 240 | 5). Spirorbis corragatus......-...-+++++ 242
= MeN Ga he (c d8e.6e2<s us WH Gm TS A boe cnet eau ool 240 | 52. cto ei siv:alaaial ssa Yoiale on
13, 14, 15, 16, 17,18. Pollicipes maximus. 236 | 15. Vermilia pentangulata.............. 241 | 53. ey SiNIFOTSUS .... 6+ +e seer rere 242
19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24. ial sg | a as BEDS ODE PERC DOSE a 2 Vermilia oe BR OdOD oC COUr OGG rie
: uba ..... sctealeiciatntcre’= fos eh bet “sOvatairaestestele ces ecient 2
em sah ae a Pe operas relexie 250 | 18, VariaDUs = 5 vsc,c sielsniese' «icles 240 | 56. Spirorbis heterostrophus .......-.-+- 242
AN TE Ba ea aka zoe 19. tricuspidata .............- 241 | 57. Vermilia umbonata ............++++ 241
paca eat ies eo eee ae | 20, 21. panGiiete Coco guapccbuec cc 239 | 58. Dentalium septangulare .........--- 243
ay aC Oro in GIRS Soo gst | 22. GEE) Soe Se scoousstisocc 240 | 59. decussatum........-.++++ 243
es fee rs etl 23. ATEICUIALA) seicinee ove cies sini 239 | 60. strangulatum ............ 243
om. esi eg 3 fees paths are. ae 24, 25. Cac REAR Quests doa ca ac 241 | 61. SNOCPES coe Tere ac cas 243
= sage is a ger He | 26, Sexpula compressa... sees eecsees 239 | 62. Ditens eeeeeeeee sees eeey 243
USN | 27. Cyclogera granulata..............-- 242 | 63. Gini G nics Ga MRnpIRRIEE te ae 243
oh DERG Wee eps egt ce aie eagle tricarinata .......ce00es 239 | 64 ntl. cose Meee 243
oe {AEE pee Ge Ss Cai 29, Spirorbis carinatus ............--+- 242 | 65. SMPEHINIEN eye oie'b a oie wie een aim 243
pak ee ag RR ICO SEITE Pa 30. Vermilia macrops...........--.---- O41) 166. Serpula 0, cecicescccincacs
cela one OU depicts ae a 31, 45. ampullacia ........+.+.-- 241 | 67. Tentaculites .........--.22-eeeeeee
Gl. Ohitia-verruca = ==:---+---- ia tie e a 32. IPR EN NOs cuompeoobssonS 240 | 68. Dentalium giganteum ............-. 243
Ly cereus a a an, ge coe las: heptagona........-.+++-- 240 | 69. BEPIALUM «2. coe e ne cene 243
63. Cie ek ees ae, 34. Serpula contracta...............--- 239 | 70. incrassatum ..+. +--+ eee . 243
64. Agnostus pisiformis.....--.-.-+---- 238 | 35. TUTIGINGCA. «nie datnatis icicle otaisiesie 239 | 71 cylindricum ..........++ 243
G5. Acidopeis Brightii -........-..-... 238) | 36. Hota o. <|catetern aiaelalert-'° 239 | 72 phi teemeriggeetod: cada 243
66. Agnostus tuberculatus........------ 238 | 37, AQUAMOSH . «..potaets eee 240 | 73. GUSPALUIN Selene ete cele mistate 243
Piate XCVIII. 38. OCXPGNBA by cisicicliietese weiss = de 240 | 74. acuminatum ..........-- 243
1, 2. Serpula triserrata..........+---+- 240 39. Serpulites longissimus .............. 242 | 75. Serpula vertebralis .............-.. 239
3. Vermilia Vermicularis..........-+++ 241 | 40. Serpula antiquata ..............-- 239 | 76. Dentalium incrassatum ...........- 243

LIST OF AUTHORS REFERRED TO.

Aaassiz (L.) Etudes Critiques sur les Mollusques fossiles, 4to, 1842.

BraRD. Histoire des Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles qui vivent aux
Environs de Paris, 8vo, 1615.

BRANDER (G.) Fossilia Hantoniensia Collecta, 4to, 1766.

Broccui (G.) Conchologia fossile Subapennina, 4to, 1814,

Bronenrart (Al.) Mémoire sur les Terrains du Sédiment superior
Calcareo-trappeen du Vincentin, 4to, 1823.

Bronn. Lethwa Geognostiea, 2 vols., 8vo; Atlas in 4to, 1823.

Brown (Captain Thos.) Illustrations of the Recent Conchology of Great
Britain and Ireland, second edition, royal 4to, 1845.

— Descriptions and Illustrations of New Fossils.

(Wernerian Memoirs, yol. 8.)

Illustrations of New Species of the Genus
(Ann. Nat. Hist.)

—— Elements of Fossil Conchology, royal 18mo,

Pachyodon.

1843.

Transactions of the Manchester Geological
Society, 8vo, vol. 1.

DesHayes (M. G. P.) Description des Coquilles fossiles des Environs
de Paris, 2 vols , 4to, 1837.

Traite Elémentaire de Conchylio logia, 8vo,

1839.

Description de Coquilles Caracteristiques des
Terrains, 8vo, 1831.

D’Orzieny (Alex.) Palontologie Frangaise, Syo, 1840-7.

Fiemine (John). History of British Animals, 8vo, 1828.

Forses (Edw.) Malacologia Monensis, a Catalogue of the Mollusca
inhabiting the Isle of Man and the neighbouring Sea, 8vo, 1838.

Gotvruss (G. A.) Petrefacta Germania, folio, 1827-44.

Lamarck (J. B.) Description des Coquilles fossiles des Environs de
Paris, 4to, 1823.

Lye (Sir Chas.) Elements of Geology, 2 vols., 12mo, 1841.

ManrTELt (G.) The Fossils of the South Downs, 4to, 1822,

Montacu (Colonel Geo.) Testacea Britannica, 4to, 1803, and Supple-
ment, 1808.

Morais (J.) Catalogue of British Fossils, 8yo, 1843.

Mourcuison (Sir R. J.) Outline of the Geology of the neighbourhood of
Cheltenham, a new edition, by J. Buckman and H. E. Strickland,
8yo, 1845.

The Silurian System, 4to, 1839.

PaRKINSON (James). Organic Remains of a Former World, 3 vols., 4to,
1804-11.

Puittirs (John). Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire, part Ist,
1835; part 2nd, 1836.

Figures and Descriptions of the Palwozoic Fossils of

Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset, 8vo, 1841.

Portiock (Captain J. E.) Report of the Geology of the County of
Londonderry, and of parts of Tyrone and Fermanagh, 8yo, 1843.

Pratr (S. P.) Description of New Ammonites. (Annals and Magazine
of Natural History, 8vo, vol. 8, 1842.)

Ruainp (Wm.) Age of the Earth, royal 18mo, 1838.

Risso (A.) Histoire Naturelle des principales productions de ]'Europe
Meridionale, 5 vols., 8vo, 1826.

SmitH (James). On the Last Changes of the relative Levels of the Land
and Sea in the British Isles.
8yo, 1838.)

Sowersy (J. D.C.) Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, 6 vols., 8vo,
1812, and three Supplementary Nos., 1846-7.

Transactions of the Geological Society of London, Ist and 2nd series.

(Memoirs, Wernerian Society, vol. 8,

Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 1808-47.

Turton (Wm.) British Bivalves, 4to, 1822.

Ure (Rev. David). History of Rutherglen and Kilbride, 8vo, 1793.

Woop (S.V.) Descriptions and Illustrations of Crag Fossils.
of Natural History, 1839.)

Woopwarp (S.)‘ Outline of the Geology of Norfolk, 8vo, 1833.

Youne and Brrp. Geological Survey of the Yorkshire Coast, 4to, 1822.

(Magazine

ERRATA.

Page 4, col. 2, line 6, for fig. 6, read 10.

Page 18, line 23, for Parkensoni, read Parkinsoni.

Page 34, col. 2, line 21, for V., read Bellerophon.

Page 38, lines lst and 3rd, for tenufascia, read tenuifascia.

Page 64, col. 2, line 8 from bottom, for 8, 9, read 7.

Page 70, line 5, after fig. 9 add 22, and line 8, after 28 add 29,

Page 71, line 11, for P., read Paludina, and line 11, for 34, read
29; ditto, 6th line from bottom, for 6, read 26.

Page 74, line 2, for XX XVIL.* fig. 15, 16, read XXI.* 38, 39, and
71, and line 17, for XXXVII.* fig. 17, 18, read XXXI,*
fig. 40 and 74.

Page 78, col. 2, line 33, for 39; read 23, 24.

Page 79, line 1, for pucilla, read pusilla, and lines 1, 14, 36, 48, for
XXXVII.* read XXI.*

Page 80, col. 2, line 42, for 24, read 26.

Page 108, line 28, for 29, 30, read 27, 28,

Page 110, lines 39, 47, 51, for Cardoc, read Caradoc.

Page 111, lines 29, 50, for LI., 30, 31, read LIL., fig. 2.

Page 112, line 1, and col. 2, lines 39 and 45, for Spirifer, read
Atrypa.

Page 122, col. 2, line 14, after LIII. add *.

Page 124, line 33, for Leptena, read Productus; col. 2, line 21,
for 2, read 8.

Page 125, line 26, for 17, read 18; line 36, for 16, read 17.

Page 127, line 11, for LY.* read LIV.*

Page 128, line 5, add 3.

Page 129, line 40, for 3, 4, read 6, 7; line 48, for LVI.* read
LIV.*; line 49, dele 3, 4; col. 2, line 47, for 9, read 8.

Page 331, line 2, for 6, 7, read 4, 5.

Page 132, line 41, dele *; for 5, read 19 ; col. 2, line 49, add, and 36.

Page 134, line 2, for 8, read 9; line 24, after LIV. add *; col. 2,
lines 5, 16, 22, and 46, after LV. add *.

Page 136, line 14, dele *, and for 40, 41, read 26; line 50, after 80
add 81; line 58, dele 16 and add 18,

Page 138, col 2, line 55, for 13, read 14.

Page 139, col. 2, line 37, for 20, 21, read 26, 27.

Page 140, last line, for Skepey, read Shepey.

Page 142, line 25, add pl. LVI, fig. 91.

Page 144, for Loudon, read London; col. 2, line 49, dele *.

Page 145, line 4, dele * and add I.

Page 147, col. 2, line 17, dele 6, 7.

Page 158, line 52, for 30, 31, read 29 and 32.

Page 177, line 1, after f. 23, add 24.

Page 179, line 10, after LX XII. add *.

Page 180, line 10, for LXXIIL, read LXXIV.; line 51, for
Waltens, read Walters; line 16, for Austicei, read Ansticei.

Page 184, col. 2, line 39, for 55, read 52,

Page 185, line 27, for 19, read 29.

Page 187, line 58, after fig. add 78.

Page 191, col. 2, line 22, after f. add 31.

Page 193, line 35, add 38 ; lines 43, 44, for Radis, read Rudis.

Page 195, line 53, for pucillus, read pusillus.

Page 197, line 50, for 5, read 8,

Page 200, line 26, add 26; col. 2, line 3, for 16, read 18.

Page 201, line 46, after LXI.* add **.

Page 202, line 18, dele and 25; line 32, for 12, read 18.

Page 203, col. 2, line 48, dele 1.

Page 204, col. 2, line 11, for LXXIV., read LXXXIV.; line 12,
add 3.

Page 208, line 33, for XX XV., read LXXXV.

Page 209, line 13, for LXXXIII., read LXXXIV.; line 43, for
LXXVL, read LXXXVI.

Page 212, line 53, for 33, read 25.

Page 217, col. 2, line 37, for 47, read 43.

Page 221, col. 2, line 39, for XC., read XCI.

Page 222, line 14, for 89, read 8—9; line 30, add 20; last line, for
25, read 28,

Page 223, col. 2, line 37, for 8, read 21.

Page 224, col. 2, line 1, for Deltoide, read Deltoidea.

Page 226, col. 2, line 26, for 53, read 52.

Page 228, lines 36, 38, for Augustata, read Angustata.

Page 236, line 6, for fig. 5, read 34, 35, 36; line 14, for 36, read
38, and for 45, read 46; line 20, after fig. add 14, 15, 16.

Page 237, line 20, for 49, read 50.

Page 241, col. 2, line 17, for 28, read 16.

Page 243, col. 2, line 26, for 76, read 70; line 40, for 7, read 61.

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