ILLUSTRATIONS OF ZOOLOGY:

INVERTEBRATES AND VERTEBRATES.

ILLUSTRATIONS

OF

ZOOLOGY

TEBRA TES & l^ER TEBRA TES.

BY

WILLIAM RAMSAY SMITH, B.Sc,

DEMONSTRATOR OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH,

AND

J. STEWART NORWELL.

EDINBURGH AND LONDON:
YOUNG J. PENTLAND.

1889.

BIOLOGY

LIBRARY

G

YI.HW

TO

J. C. EWART, M.D.,

REGIUS PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY

OF EDINBURGH,

THIS WORK IS DEDICATED BY HIS FORMER PUPILS,

THE AUTHORS.

PREFACE.

THIS book is a companion to a course of Systematic Zoology. The need of such
a book lias become obvious to us from some years of teaching. The study of
Class-Types, now a part of every systematic course, is already well provided for
by Professor EOLLESTON'S " Forms of Animal Life," and the many books that
have modelled themselves upon it. The Zoological Laboratory, too, is not
without its many and admirable Text-Books. There is room, however, and
need for a form of book such as we offer to the public in these Illustrations of
Zoology. In it the student will find illustrated, by Diagram or Drawing, the
structure of forms selected from all the great Classes of Vertebrates and
Invertebrates, and the illustrations arranged in systematic order. Our design is
to help the student of Comparative Anatomy in the most important and the
most difficult part of a systematic Course of Lectures.

In dealing with the Vertebrates, we could have wished to illustrate types of
all the Orders as well as of the Classes, but to have done this would have made
the book larger and more expensive without making it proportionally more
useful. Besides, the general text-books, as a rule, give with a fair degree of
fulness the chief features of the Vertebrate Orders.

The system of class-naming that we have followed is the system used by
the late Professor F. M. BALFOUR in his Classification. We give in an Appendix
a Classified Index, showing the forms illustrated according to the system of
classification used by GLAUS.

The Drawing in Plate 46, Fig. 4, is taken, with Messrs. MACMILLAN & Co.'s
kind permission, from Professor HOWES'S " Elementary Atlas of Biology." The
Diagram in Plate 15, Fig. 5, is one of VON GRAFF'S, modified by JOHN BLAND

PREFACE.

SUTTON, Esq., F.RC.S., who has kindly permitted us to use his modification.
Except these and some others, whose source is acknowledged in the letterpress,
all the illustrations are taken from actual specimens, preparations, or dissections.

The Drawings of Microscopic Specimens were first made to scale by means
of the camera, and then reduced. The sizes are given by a fraction. Thus 3f °
means that the Drawing was made under a power of three hundred diameters,
and then reduced to one-fifth of the size. " x 1 " signifies the natural size of the
object.

Dr. H. ALEXIS THOMSON supplied us with several specimens of Animal
Parasites, and Dr. CARRINGTON PURVIS has given us much assistance in methods
of Preparing and Staining. Dr. LESLIE MACKENZIE gave us much valuable help
while the book was passing through the press.

W. EAMSAY SMITH.
J. STEWAET NORWELL.

EDINBURGH, April 1889.

LIST OF PLATES.

PLATE 1. Class — PROTOZOA — Amoeba, Gregarina, Paramoecium, Vorticella.

„ 2. „ PORIFERA- -Grantia.

3. „ CCELENTERATA— HYDROZOA— Hydra.

„ 4. „ „ „ Aurdia.

„ 5. „ ,, ACTINOZOA — Actinia.

„ 6. „ ECHINODERMATA— Asterias.

„ 1. „ PLATYHELMINTHES— NEMERTEA— Borlasia, Polia.

,, 8. ,, ,, TREMATODA — Distomum.

„ 9. ,, „ CESTOIDEA — Tcenia.

„ 10. „ NEMATHELMIXTHES— NEMATODA— Trichina.

,,11. ,, ,, CH^TOGNATHA — Sagitta.

,, „ ,, „ ACANTHOCEPHALA — Ecliinorhynchus.

„ 12. „ EOTIFEPtA— Rotifer.

„ „ „ GEPHYEEA— Sipunculus.

„ 13. „ CRJEIOPODA—LumLricus.

„ 14. „ mEUDINVA—Hirudo.

„ 15. „ 1N1YZOSTOMEA— Myzostoma.

,. 16. „ MOLLUSCA — LAMELLIBRANCHIATA — Anodon.

„ 17. ,, „ ODONTOPHORA — Helix.

„ 18. „ POLYZOA — Bugula, Membranipora.

„ „ „ BEACHIOPODA— Lingula.

„ 19. „ CETJSTACEA — Homarus — External Characters and Dissection.

„ 20. ., „ Appendages.

j> *»• j> ') ;> >'

,, 22. ,, ,, ,, Internal Organs.

„ 23. ,, „ ,, Special Organs and Appendages.

„ 24. „ TRACK EATA— INSECTA— P«-i>Zanete.

}, 25. „ „ ARACHNIDA — Scorpio.

„ 26. „ PGECILOPODA— Limulus.

„ „ „ PYCNOGOXIUyE— Pycnoffonum.

„ „ „ LINGUATULID^E— Pentastomum.

„ 27. „ HEMICHORDATA (ENTEEOPIsTEUSTA)— Balanoglossns.

„ 28. ,, TUNIC AT A— Phallusia (Ascidia).

„ 29. „ CEPHALOCHORDA— Amphioxus.

30. CYCLOSTOMATA— Myxine, Petromyzon.

PLATE 31. Class — PISCES — ELASMOBRANCHII — Raia — External Characters and

Viscera.

,, 32. „ „ „ „ Circulatory System.
^

55 ""• 5' 55 51 » 5>

„ 34. „ „ „ „ Skeleton.
^

J) Ul7' 55 >' >' 5> »

,, 36. ,, ,, ., „ Nervous System and Sense

Organs.

„ 37. ,, ,, ,, „ Urino-genital System.

„ 38. „ „ TELEOSTBI — Gadus — External Characters and Viscera.

„ 39. „ „ „ „ Circulatory System.

„ 40. „ „ ,, „ Skeleton.

„ 41. „ „ „ „ Skull.

„ 42. „ „ ,, ,, Kidney, Swimbladder, Genital

Organs.

„ 43. „ ,, „ „ Nervous System and Sense Organs.

„ 44. „ AMPHIBIA— Rana— External Characters.

„ 45. „ ,, „ Viscera.

„ 46. „ ., „ Circulatory System.

» *'• 5» » 5> »

, 48. „ „ ,, Skeleton.

4Q

5> rt>/' J5 55 5) »

„ 50. ,, „ „ Nervous System.

,,51. ,, „ „ Urino-genital System.

„ 52. „ REPTILIA — Lacerta — External Characters, Alimentary and Circu-
latory Systems.

„ 53. „ ,, „ Skeleton.

„ 54. ,, „ „ Brain and Urino-genital System.

„ 55. „ AVES — Columba — External Characters.

„ 56. ,, ,, „ Alimentary and Respiratory Systems.

„ 57. „ ,, ,, Circulatory System.

,, 58. „ ,, „ Skeleton.

fjQ

» tf*/t » )J » Jj

,, DU. ,, ,, ,, ,,

,, 61. „ „ „ Brain and Urino-genital System.

. „ 62. „ MAMMALIA — Lepus — External Characters, Tongue, Larynx.

„ 63. „ „ „ Viscera.

,,64. ,, ,, „ Circulatory System.

„ 65. „ „ „ Skeleton.

,, DO. ,, ,, ,, ,,
fi7

» "•• » >5 }5 »

„ 68. „ „ „ Nervous System and Eye.

„ 69. „ „ „ Urino-genital System, Male.

70. Female.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF ZOOLOGY:

INVERTEBRATES AND VERTEBRATES.

PLATE I.

Class-PBOTOZOA.

Amceba.

FIG. 1. — AMCEBA : FREE, x 300.

ec. ectosarc : en. endosarc : n. nucleus : p. pseudopodium : f. food
particles and food vacuoles : v. contractile vacuole.

FIG. 2. — AMCEBA: ENCYSTED, x 300.

FIGS. 3, 4, 5. — VARIOUS STAGES IN EEPRODUCTION BY FISSION, x 300.

Gregarina.

FIG. 1. — GREGARINA OF THE EARTHWORM, x 50.

ec. ectosarc bounded by the capsule : en. endosarc : n. nucleus.

FIGS. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. — REPRODUCTION BY CONJUGATION.
p. pseudo-navicella3.

THE SLIPPER- ANIMALCULE (Paramcecium}.

FIG. 1. — PARAMCECIUM. x 3f °.

m. mouth : p. pharynx : ec. ectosarc : c. cuticle, with cilia project-
ing through it : en. endosarc: n. nucleus: v.1, v.2 contractile
vacuoles.

FIG. 2. — POSTERIOR END: SHOWING TRICHOCYSTS PROTRUDED, x 3f°.
THE BELL-ANIMALCULE ( VorticeUci).

FlG. 1. — VORTICELLA: EXTENDED. X 3|°.

m. mouth : d. disc : n. nucleus : v. contractile vacuole : s. stalk with
contractile fibre.

FIG. 2. — VORTICELLA: CONTRACTED, x 3£°.

n. nucleus : v. contractile vacuole : /. food vacuoles.

FIG. 3. — VORTICELLA: CONJUGATION, x 3f°.

FIG. 4. — VORTICELLA: UNDERGOING FISSION, x 3°.

PLATE I

Fig.T

PLATE II.

Class— PORIFERA.

A HOLLOW CALCAREOUS SPONGE (Grantia compressa).

FIG. 1. — Two SPECIMENS, ONE WITH A SINGLE EXHALANT OPENING OR OSCULUM,
THE OTHER WITH TWO SUCH OPENINGS. X 1.

FIG. 2.— SHOWING PART OF THE BODY WALL RAISED TO EXPOSE THE INTERNAL
CAVITY, x 1.

FIG. 3. — PART OF THE EXTERNAL SURFACE, SHOWING THE TRI-RADIATE SPICULES
ARRANGED AROUND THE INHALANT OPENINGS. X 50.

FIG. 4. — PART OF THE SAME, x 600.

FIG. 5. — LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF ONE OF THE INCURRENT CANALS (SEEN ON
MAKING A TRANSVERSE SECTION OF THE SPONGE). (From nature,
and partly after Bowerbank.) x 400.

FIG. 6. — FLAGELLATE COLLARED MONADS, x 1200.

FIG. 7. — ONE OF THE MONADS, x 1800.

n. nucleus : c. collar : /. flagellum.

Ficj.2.

Pig. 3.

PLATE II,

Tig.4.

Tig.5.

PLATE III.

Class— CCELENTEBATA.

HYDROZOA.
THE FRESH-WATER POLYPE (Hydra).

FIG. 1. — HYDRA (H. viridis) : BUDDING, x 10.

t. tube : /. foot : m. mouth : tn. tentacles : b. bud.

FIG. 2. — HYDRA (H. viridis) : REPRODUCING BY SEXUAL PROCESS, x 10.
o. ovary : t. testes : c. oral cone, with the mouth at its apex.

FIG. 3. — TRANSVERSE SECTION THROUGH THE TUBE OR BODY, x V°-
ee. ectoderm : en. endoderm : c. " body-cavity."

FIG. 4. — TRANSVERSE SECTION THROUGH THE TUBE, AND NEARLY LONGITUDINAL
SECTION THROUGH A TENTACLE, x V0-

t1. tube: t2. tentacle.

FIG. 5. — LONGITUDINAL SECTION THROUGH THE TUBE, x 6f °.

ec. ectoderm cells with n. nuclei: n.1-, n.2 nematocysts: m. support-
ing lamella : i. interstitial cells : en. endoderm cells with n.
nuclei, v. vacuoles, and /. food vacuoles : c. cilia.

FIG. 6. — ECTODERM CELLS ISOLATED, x 300.

n. nucleus: p.1, p.2 neuro-muscular processes.

FIG. 7. — NEMATOCYSTS : BEFORE AND AFTER EVERSION OF THE THREAD, x 700.

PLATE HI,

Fig 2.

Fig. 6.

PLATE IV.

Class— CO3LENTEBATA— con<mMee?.

HYDROZOA — continued.
THE JELLY-FISH (Aurelia aurita).

FIG. 1. — AURELIA : SIDE VIEW, x 1£.

£. mouth-tentacles : in. t. marginal tentacles : s. sense organ : *g.
genital sac.

FIG. 2. — AURELIA : DORSAL VIEW, x 1£.

s. position of stomach : r. radial canal : c. circular canal : s. o. sense
organ : g. genital sac.

FIG. 3. — AURELIA : VENTRAL VIEW, x 1|.

t. tentacles : o. opening of sub-genital pit : /. genital frill.

FIG. 4. — LONGITUDINAL VERTICAL SECTION THROUGH THE GENITAL POUCHES.
x 1.

g. gastric cavity : o. genital organ : p. opening into the sub-genital
pit.

FIG. 5. — AURELIA : LIFE HISTORY. (After Sars).

a. free swimming embryo : 1. scyphistoma stage : c., d. strobila stage :
e.,f. ephyra stage, developing through g. and h. into the
mature Aurelia.

PLATE IV.

ml.

PLATE V.

Class— CCEL.ENTEBATA—

ACTINOZOA.

THE SEA-ANEMONE (Actinia).

FIG. 1. — ACTINIA : CONTKACTED. x 1.

c. column : p. pedal disc : t. tentacles.

FIG. 2. — ACTINIA : EXPANDED, x 1.

FIG. 3. — MOUTH, FROM ABOVE, SURROUNDED BY THE TENTACLES, x 2.

FIG. 4. — DISSECTION, x 1.

m. mesentery or septum : t. inner surface of the throat-tube or
oesophagus: r. reproductive organs attached, to the surfaces of
the mesenteries : s. secondary septa.

FIG. 5. — LONGITUDINAL SECTION. — (After Hertwig.)

t. tentacles: o. cesophagus hanging down into the gastro-intestinal
cavity : r., r. reproductive organs : m. mesentery : c. one of the
craspeda : a. one of the acontia.

FIG. 6.— ACTINIA: REPRODUCING BY GEMMATION, x 1.

Fig. 2.

PLATE V.

Figl.

Tig. 4.

Tig. 3.

Tig. 5.

.-1.

Tig. 6.

PLATE VI.

Class— ECHINODERMATA.

THE STAR-FISH (Asterias).

FIG. 1. — DISSECTION FROM THE DORSAL ASPECT, x §.

m. madreporic tubercle : &., 6. rays of the bivium : t., t., t. rays of the
trivium : s. stomach : c. hepatic cseca : o. ovaries : a. ampullae.

FIG. 2. — TRANSVERSE SECTION OF AN ARM. x 1$.

h. hepatic cseca : o. ovary : a. ampulla : p. pedicel or tube foot :
w. water-vessel : Z>. blood-vessel : n. nerve.

FIG. 3. — DIAGRAM OF THE WATER- VASCULAR SYSTEM.

m. madreporic tubercle : s. stone canal : c. circular vessel : r. radial
vessel : p. polian vesicle : a. ampulla : t. tube foot.

FIG. 4. — NERVOUS SYSTEM, x 1.

o. oesophagus: c. circum-ossophageal nerve ring: r. radial nerve
trunk.

FIG. 5. — PEDICELLARLE. x 10.

PLATE VI,

Fiq.l.

PLATE VII.

Class— PLATYHELMINTHES.

NEMERTEA.
Borlasia and Polia.

FIG. 1. — BORLASIA : HEAD, MIDDLE AND TAIL PORTIONS, x 1.
h. head : m. part of the body : t. tail.

FIG. 2. — BORLASIA : ANTERIOR PORTION, VIEWED AS A TRANSPARENT OBJECT.
— (After Quatrefages.) x 4.

m. mouth : p. ciliated pit : e. groups of eyes : v. cephalic blood-vessel :
c. n. cephalic nerves, given oft1 from g. cerebral ganglia : n.
lateral nerve cord : d. dorsal blood-vessel : /. lateral blood-
vessel : pb. proboscis : g. genital organs.

FIG. 3. — POLIA : STYLE-FORMING APPARATUS. — (After Quatrefages.)

p. proboscis: i. intestine: s. stylet: g. gland of the stylet: c1. cavity
of the completely formed stylet s. : c2. cavity containing
stylets in process of formation : o.1, o.2 anterior and posterior
dilatations of the oesophagus.

FIG. 4. — TRANSVERSE SECTION THROUGH THE ANTERIOR PORTION OF A
NEMERTINE (species ?). x 10.

p. proboscis: s. sheath of the pioboscis: n. lateral nerve cord:
o. oesophagus.

PLATE VII

Tig. 3.

PLATE VIII.

Class— PLATYHELMINTHES-confcwMed.

TREMATODA.
THE LIVER-FLUKE (Distomum lanceolatum).

FIG. 1. — DISTOMUM : VENTRAL VIEW, x 2.

«. anterior sucker : p. posterior sucker.

FIG. 2. — MATURE DISTOMUM : VENTRAL VIEW. — (After Sommer.) x 5.

m. mouth : ph. pharynx : c. part o,. the digestive system : p. penis
(cirrus) : u. uterus : o. ovary : s. shell gland : y. yolk gland :
d. duct of the yolk gland : t. testis : v.1, v."* vasa deferentia.

FIG. 3. — YOUNG DISTOMUM. — (After La Valette.)

m. mouth : ph. pharynx : i. intestine : s. posterior sucker : t. trunk of
the water- vascular system : d. main duct : p. excretory pore.

FIG. 4. — CILIATED EMBRYO : CONTRACTED. — (After Leuckart.)

FIG. 5. — CILIATED EMBRYO : ATTACHED TO THE WALL OF THE PULMONARY
CAVITY OF Limnceus truncatulus. — (Partly after Leuckart).

FIG. 6. — SPOROCYST : with c. cercarite. — (After Leuckart.)

FIG. 7. — KEDIA. — (After Leuckart.)

m. mouth : ph. pharynx : i. intestine : c. cercaria.

FIG. 8. — CERCARIA. — (After Leuckart.)

s. sucker : i. intestine : e. excretory organ.

PLATE VIII

PLATE IX.

Class—

CESTOIDEA.

THE TAPE- WORM (Tcenia solium).
FIG. 1. — TAPE- WORM, x 1.

FIG. 2. — HEAD : WITH THE CIRCLE OF HOOKLETS AND THE FOUR SUCKERS.
x 12.

FIG. 3. — HEAD : SIDE VIEW, x -V°.
FIG. 4. — HOOKLETS. x 50.

FIG. 5. — PROGLOTTIDES. x 6T°-

w. water vessel : u. uterus : t. testis : v. d. vas deferens : va. vagina :
o. ovary : s. shell-gland : y. yolk- gland.

FIG. 6. — RIPE PROGLOTTIS. x 2.

u. uterus : o. genital opening.

FIG. 7. — STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TAPE- WORM. — (After Leuckart.)

a. egg with embryo : b. embryo : c. head, growing as a hollow papilla
on the wall of the vesicle : d. cysticercus with retracted head :
e. cysticercus with protruded head.

Kg.].

Pig. 3.

Fig. 4.

PLATE X.

Class-NEMATHELMINTHES.

NEMATODA.
Trichina spiralis.

FIG. 1. — TRICHINA : MATUEE FEMALE, x 3f °.

TO. mouth : i., i. intestine : g. genital opening : o. ovary.

FIG. 2. — TRICHINA : MATURE MALE, x 3f °.
TO. mouth : a. anus : t. testis.

FIG. 3. — YOUNG TRICHINAE THAT HAVE MIGRATED INTO A MUSCLE, x 3|°.

FIG. 4. — THE SAME : DEVELOPED AND ENCYSTED, x 3f °.

FIG. 5. — TRICHINA : FREED FROM THE MUSCULAR FIBRES, x 30.

Fig. 4.

Pig. 5.

PLATE XI.

Class— NEMAT HELMINTHE S— continued.

CH^TOGNATHA.

Sagitta.

FIG. 1.— SAGITTA (S. bipunctata) : DORSAL VIEW, x 20.

e. eyes : li> hooks : i. intestine : o. ovary : t. testis : s. ejaculatory sac.

»

ACANTHOCEPHALA.

Echinorhynchus.
FIG. 2. — ECHINORHYNCHUS. x I.

FIG. 3. — ANTERIOR END OF ECHINORHYNCHUS. — (After Glaus.) x 2.

p. proboscis : s. sheath of the proboscis : I. lemniscus : g. nerve
ganglion.

FIG. 4. — MALE ECHINORHYNCHUS. — (After Glaus and Leuckart.) x 14.

p. proboscis : s. sheath of the proboscis : g. nerve ganglion : /
ligament : t. testes : v. vas deferens : p. s. prostatic sacs : d.
ejaculatory duct : pn. penis. j

Fiq.1.

Fiq.Z.

PLATE XI,

PLATE XI!.

Class— ROTIFERA.

THE WHEEL- ANIMALCULE (Rotifer vulgaris).

FlG. 1.— EOTIFEll: WITH DISC EXPANDED. X 4§°.

d. trocbal disc or wheel organ : e. eye : s. siphon : /. jaws with teeth :
a. c. alimentary canal with g. glandular mass surrounding it :
t. tube of the water vascular system : c. cloaca : /. foot portion.

. 2. — IlOTIFER : WITH DlSC RETRACTED. X 4£°.

m. mouth : e. eye : d. trochal disc or wheel organ : /. jaws with teeth :
a. c. alimentary canal with g. glandular mass surrounding it :
t. tube of the water vascular system: c. cloaca: /. foot
portion.

Class-GEPHYBEA.

Sipunculus.

FIG. 3.— SIPUNCULUS : WITH MOUTH PARTLY RETRACTED, x 1.

m. position of the mouth : r. m. retractor muscles of the mouth :
r. nerve ring : n. ventral nerve cord : i. intestine : a. position
of the anus : I., b. " brown tubes."

PLATE XII

Fig. 2.

Q.C.

Fig. 3.

PLATE XIII.

Class— CHJETOPODA.

THE EARTHWORM (Lumbricus terrestris).

FIG. 1. — ANTERIOR END : VENTRAL VIEW, x 2.

p. prostomium : m. mouth: s. setse: s.1, s.~ openings of spermathecae :
o. opening of oviduct : v. opening of vas deferens.

FIG. 2. — CLITELLUM : VENTRAL VIEW, x 2.
FIG. 3.— POSTERIOR END : VENTRAL VIEW, x 2.

FIG. 4. — DISSECTION FROM THE DORSAL ASPECT, x 2.

&. buccal mass: g. cerebral ganglia: p. pharynx: Ji.^-k.7 the seven
pairs of hearts surrounding the oesophagus : s. spermatheca :
s. v. seminal vesicles : d. dorsal blood-vessel : c. crop : yd.
gizzard : i. intestine covered by the " liver "

FIG. 5. — SEGMENTAL ORGAN, x 15.

FIG. 6. — REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS, x 2.

s.v. seminal vesicles (the position of the testes t. underneath the
seminal vesicles is outlined) : s. spermatheca : o. ovary : od.
oviduct : v. vas deferens.

FIG. 7. — NERVOUS SYSTEM : ANTERIOR END. x 4.

c. cerebral ganglia : cm. commissure : g., g. ganglia giving off nerve
cords to the segments : n., n. nerve cords to the septa.

FIG. 8. — TRANSVERSE SECTION THROUGH THE BODY, x 4.

m. muscles of the body wall: v.1 dorsal or supra-intestinal vessel:
t. typhlosole projecting into i. intestine: g. glandular tissue
— "liver": c. body cavity: v.2 sub-intestinal vessel : n. nerve
ganglion: s. setae: v.3 sub-neural vessel.

PLATE XIII

Fiq. I".

Fig

Fiq. 2.

Kiq.3. ,

_ b.

Fiq. 7.

Fiu.8

PLATE XIV.

Class— HIBUDINEA.
THE MEDICINAL LEECH (Hirudo mcdicinalis).

FIG. 1. — DISSECTION FROM THE VENTRAL ASPECT, x 1.

m. mouth : p. penis protruded : v. external opening of the vagina :
s.1-^17 segmental organs: c.1-^11 caeca or diverticula of the
stomach: s. v. seminal vesicle : o. ovary : £.M.9 testes : v.d.
vas deferens : v. e. vas effereus : i. intestine : g. nerve ganglion
on the ventral cord : p. s, posterior sucker.

FIG. 2. — DISSECTION FROM THE LEFT SIDE, x 1.

m. mouth : g. supra-oasophageal nerve ganglia, or brain : r. circum-
resophageal nerve ring : v. ventral nerve cord with ganglia :
s.^-s.17 segmental organs : c.1-^11 cseca or diverticula of the
stomach : i. intestine : a. anus.

FIG. 3. — HEAD EEGION : VENTRAL ASPECT : SHOWING THE JAWS, x 3.
FIG. 4. — ONE OF THE JAWS REMOVED, x 15.

FIG. 5. — TRANSVERSE SECTION THROUGH THE BODY, x 6.

m. muscular layers : d. dorsal vessel : I. lateral vessel : s.s. vesicle of
the segmental organ : t. testis : v. ventral vessel enclosing the
nerve cord : s. stomach.

FIG. 6. — HEAD EEGION : DORSAL ASPECT : SHOWING THE POSITION OF THE EYES.
x 3.

PLATE XIV.

Fig.1.

p.S.

Ficf.2.

I.

s o

Fiq.3.

Fig. 4.

Fig.6.

PLATE XV.

Class— MYZOSTOMEA.

Myzostoma.

FIGS. 1, 2. — CYSTS ON THE ARMS OF CKINOIDS CONTAINING MYZOSTOMIDA. —
(After von Graff.) X 1.

FIG. 3. — MYZOSTOMA : VENTRAL ASPECT, x 5¥°-
FIG. 4 — MYZOSTOMA : DORSAL ASPECT, x V-

FIG. 5.— A DIAGRAM TO REPRESENT THE ORGANISATION OF MYZOSTOMA. — (From
Sutton, modified from von Graft".)

p. proboscis ; i. branched intestine : t. testis : o. ovary : r. rectum :
c. cloaca: s.^-s.* suckers: p.l-p.5 parapodia.

PLATE XV.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

PLATE XVI.

Class— MOLLTJSCA.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
THE FRESH-WATER MUSSEL (Anodoii).

FIG. 1. — VALVES OF THE SHELL, x \.

«. anterior end : p. posterior end : h. hinge on the dorsal aspect :
m.1, m.2 position of the anterior and posterior adductor
muscles: u. umbo.

FIG. 2. — VIEW ON REMOVAL OF PART OF THE MANTLE. THE DOTTED LINE SHOWS
WHERE THE MANTLE HAS BEEN CUT.' X |.

v. right valve laid up : li. position of the heart : g. gills on the right
side: a. a. anterior adductor muscle: a.f. anterior foot-
retractor : /. p. foot-protractor : m. mouth : p. labial palps :
/. foot : ma. mantle : b. branchial siphon : a. anal siphon :
p. a. posterior adductor muscle : p.f. posterior foot-retractor.

FIG. 3. — DISSECTION SHOWING THE OPENINGS OF THE GENITAL GLAND AND THE
ORGAN OF BOJANUS. x J.

g*,g.z gills on the right and left sides : m. mantle : /. foot : p. labial
palps : a. anterior adductor muscle : 6.1 bristle in the opening
of the organ of Bojanus : b.2 bristle in the opening of the
genital gland.

FIG. 4. — POSTERIOR VIEW, x -§-.

a. anal siphon : b. branchial siphon.

FIGS. 5, 6, 7. — HEART AND RECTUM, x 1.

a. right auricle : v. ventricle : b. bristle in the opening of the organ
of Bojanus into the pericardium: a.1 anterior aorta: «.2
posteiior aorta: r. rectum: o. openings from the auricles into
the ventricle.

FIG. 8. — DIAGRAM OF THE ORGAN OF BOJANUS.

on. posterior adductor muscle : p. pericardium : v. ventricle : i.
internal opening of the organ : e. external opening of the
organ : g, genital opening : k. " kidney " or glandular portion
of the organ : n. non glandular portion.

FIG. 9. — DISSECTION FROM THE LEFT SIDE : PARTLY DIAGRAMMATIC : TO SHOW

THE ALIMENTARY SYSTEM, x |.

/ foot : g. gills : m. mouth : s. stomach surrounded by the " liver " :
i. coils of intestine : p. pericardial sac : r. rectum.

FIG. 10.— NERVOUS SYSTEM, x |.

p. s. parieto-splanchnic ganglia : c. cerebral ganglion on the right side :
p. pedal ganglia : c.s. commissure : a. anus : g. gills.

Fig.l.

PLATE XVI

Fig. 2.

PLATE XVII.

Class— MOLLUSCA— e

ODONTOPHORA.
THE EDIBLE SNAIL (Helix pomatia.}

FIG. 1. — SNAIL: EXTENDED, x 1.

/. foot : 1. lip : e. eye upon t. one of the long tentacles : g. genital
opening : p. pulmonary opening.

FIG. 2. — SNAIL : CONTRACTED, WITH SHELL REMOVED, x 1.

/. foot : c. collar : p. portion of the pulmonary chamber : r. position
of the reproductive organs, L of the liver, a. of the albumen
gland.

FIG. 3. — DISSECTION FROM THE LEFT SIDE, x 1.

b. buccal mass : o. resophagus : m. muscle of the tentacle : c. y.

cerebral ganglia: p. g. parieto splanchnic and pedal ganglia:
s. g. left salivary gland sending forwards its duct to the buccal
mass : c. crop : g. genital gland : /. tri-lobed liver : i. intestine :

p. pulmonary vein from the lung : k. kidney : a. auricle :
v. ventricle.

FIG. 4. — REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, x 1.

(j. hermaphrodite gland : d. its duct : a. albumen gland : o., o.
oviduct : i\, v. vas deferens : p. penis : f. flagellum : m.
retractor muscle of the penis : s. spermatheca : d. s. dart sac :
m. g. mucous glands : v. vagina.

FIG. 5. — LONGITUDINAL SECTION THROUGH THE BUCCAL MASS, x 2.

m. mouth : b. buccal cavity : r., r. radula : c. cartilage : o. oesophagus :
g. gland of the foot.

FIG. 6. — RADULA. x 3.

FIG. 7. — PART OF THE EADULA, SHOWING THE TEETH, x 3£°.

PLATE XVII

Pig. 2.

TTV c.g

T-9

Pig.5.

ttg.7.

PLATE XVIII.

Class— POLYZOA.

Bugula.

Fie. 1. — DIAGRAM OF A POLYZOON. — (After Busk.)

t. tentacles : 1. lophophore : m. mouth : o. oesophagus : s. stomach
i. intestine : a. anus : g. nerve ganglion : /. funiculus.

FIG. 2. — BUGULA PLUMOSA. x 1.

FIG. 3. — ZOGECIA OF BUGULA: FRONT VIEW, x 10.
z. zocecium : a. the avicularium.

FIG. 4 — ZOCECIA OF BUGULA: BACK VIEW, x 10.
FIG. 5.— THE AVICULARIUM. x 50.

-»,
Menibranipora.

FIG. 6. — ZOCECIA OF Mcmbranipora menibranacea. x 1£.
FIG. 7. — THE SAME, x 25.

Class— BRACHIOPODA.

Lingula.
FIG. 8. — LINGULA. x 1.

FIG. 9.— LINGULA : VIEW AFTER REMOVING THE VENTRAL VALVE AND PART OF
THE MOUTH, x 1.

c. capsule of the pedicle : p. a. posterior adductor muscle : p. posterior
adjuster muscles : a. anterior retractor muscle : I. liver :
c. a. central adjuster muscles.

Fig. 3.

PLATE XVIII

Kj. 6.
Ry.7.

R5.8.

c.a.

PLATE XfX.

Class— CRUSTACEA.

THE LOBSTEK (Homarus vulgaris).

FIG. 1. — DORSAL SURFACE : APPENDAGES REMOVED, x f .

r. rostrum: c. s. cephalo-thoracic shield: b. branchiostegite : s.l,s.*
segments of the abdomen : t. telson.

FIG. 2. — VENTRAL SURFACE, x J.

m. mouth : g. genital openings (male) : a. anus.

FIG. 3. — DISSECTION FROM THE DORSAL ASPECT, x |.

s. stomach : r. reproductive organs : L, 1. liver : m. muscles of the
abdomen : h. position of the heart.

Pig. 2.

Fig.l.

PLATE XIX,

PLATE XX.

Class— CRU STAGE A— continued.

THE LOBSTER — continued.
APPENDAGES DISARTICULATED.
FIG. 1.— ANTENNULE. x 1.
FIG. 2. — ANTENNA, x 1.
FIG. 3. — MANDIBLE : with p. palp. X 1.
FIG. 4. — FIRST MAXILLA, x 1.

FIG. 5. — SECOND MAXILLA : with s. scaphognathite. X 1.
fiG. 6. — FIRST MAXILLIPED. x 1.
FIG. 7. — SECOND MAXILLIPED. x 1.

FIG. 8. THIRD MAXILLIPED : with p. podobranchia, and e. epipodite. X 1.

FIG. 9.— LARGE CHELA, x £.

FIG. 10.— FIRST WALKING LEG, CHELATE. x 1.

Note.— The numbers of the figures (1-10) correspond to the numbers of the
segments to which the various appendages belong.

PLATE XX.

Pig. 2.

Fig. I.

Fig. 4.

Pig. 5.

Pig. 6.

Tig. a

PLATE XXI.

Class— CBU STAGE A— continued.

THE LOBSTER — continued.
APPENDAGES DISARTICULATED — continued.
FIG. 11. — SECOND WALKING LEG, CHELATE. x 1.
FIG. 12. — THIRD WALKING LEG, NON-CHELATE. x 1.
FIG. 13. — FOURTH WALKING LEG, NON-CHELATE. x 1.
FIG. 14. — FIRST SWIMMERET : m. of male ; /. of female, x 1.
FIG. 15. — SECOND SWIMMERET : m. of male ; /. of female, x 1.
FIG. 16. — THIRD SWIMMERET. x 1.
FIG. 17. — FOURTH SWIMMERET. x 1.
FIG. 18. — FIFTH SWIMMERET. x 1.
FIG. 19.— SIXTH SWIMMERET, WITH JOINTED EXOPODITE. x 1.

Note. — The numbers of the figures (11-19) correspond to the numbers of the
segments to which the various appendages belong.

PLATE XXI

Fiy.18.

Fig.19.

PLATE XXI!.

Class— CRTJ STAGE A— continued.
THE LOBSTER — continued.

FIG. 1. — LONGITUDINAL SECTION, SOMEWHAT TO THE LEFT OF THE MIDDLE LINE.
x|.

*

ce. oesophagus : m. muscles of the stomach : li. heart : o. a. ophthalmic
artery : s. a. superior abdominal artery : s. sternal artery : i. a.
inferior abdominal artery : n. nerve cord : i. intestine : g.
genital opening (male).

PIG. 2. — PLAN OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

Ji. heart : s. a. superior abdominal artery : st. sternal artery : i. a.
inferior abdominal artery: s. venous sinus sending afferent
vessels to the gills. (The efferent vessels from the gills to
the pericardial sinus are represented by the six dark lines.)

FIGS. 3, 4, 5. — DORSAL, VENTRAL, AND SIDE VIEWS OF THE HEART, x 1.

o. a. ophthalmic artery : a. antennary artery : h. hepatic artery : s. a.
superior abdominal artery : st. sternal artery : o. openings into
the heart.

FIG. 6. — VENTRAL VIEW OF THE BLOOD SINUS AT THE BASE OF THE GILLS, x |.
s. sinus receiving vessels from the appendages.

PLATE XXII

PLATE XXIII.

Class— CRUSTACEA—

THE LOBSTEK — continued.

FIG. 1.— EYE, EAR, AND GREEN GLAND, x 1.

r. rostrum : e. eye : a. o. auditory opening on the basal joint of the
antennule : a. antenna : b. bristle passed into the opening of
the green gland : g. green gland : s. its sac.

FIG. 2. — MOUTH PARTS, x 1.

inn. mandible : p. palp : t. tendon : m. mouth : 1. labrum : ms.
metastoma.

FIG. 3. — STOMACH OPENED FROM ABOVE, x 1.

0. gastric ossicles.

FIG. 4 — FOURTH ABDOMINAL SOMITE : POSTERIOR VIEW, x J.

t. terguin : p. pleuron : s. sternum : pr. protopodite : ex. exopodite :
en. endopodite. (The portion, scarcely distinguishable in this
segment, between the base of the protopodite and the pleuron
is the epimeron.)

FIG. 5. — THIRD MAXILLIPED. x 1.

p. protopodite : en. endopodite : ex. exopodite : g. gill : ep. epipodite :
i. ischiopodite : m. meropodite : c. carpopodite : p. propodite :

d. dactylopodite.

FIG. 6. — GILLS EXPOSED BY REMOVAL OF THE BRANCHIOSTEGITE. x 1.
g. gills : e. epipodite.

FIG. 7. — TRANSVERSE SECTION OF THE THORAX, TO ILLUSTRATE THE RESPIRATORY
CIRCULATION, x 1.

1. leg : v. s. venous sinus : g. gill : a. afferent branchial vessel :

e. efferent branchial vessel : s. sternal artery.

Fig.l.

PLATE XXIII

PLATE XXIV.

Class— TRACHEATA.

INSECTA.

THE COCKROACH (Periplaneta (Blotto) orientalis).
FIG. 1. — MALE, x 1£.
FIG. 2. — FEMALE, x 1J.
FIG. 8. — YOUNG, x 1|.
FIG. 4. — VENTRAL VIEW, x 1 J.

FIG. 5. — HEAD : ANTERIOR VIEW, x 6.

eg. epicranial suture : w. white spot (fenestra) : an. antenna : e. eye :
c. clypeus.

FIG. 6. — HEAD : POSTERIOR VIEW, x 6.

t. tracheae : o. oesophagus : n. nerve cord : s. salivary duct : s. m. sub-
mentum : m. mentum : I. ligula : p. paraglossa.

FIG. 7. — HEAD, WITH UPPER LIP AND UPPER JAWS : ANTERIOR VIEW, x 6.
/. labrum : m. mandible.

FIG. 8. — LOWER LIP AND LOWER JAWS, x 6.

s.m. sub-mentum: m. mentum: 1. p. labial palp. (These parts con-
stitute the labium.)

c. cardo : s. stapes : 1. lacinea : g. galea : m. p. maxillary palp. (These
constitute the maxilla.)

FIG. 0 —LEG. x 3.

c. coxa : tr. trochanter : /. femur : tl. tibia : ts. tarsus.

PLATE XXIV.

Fid. 3. /

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fii). 9-

tr.

.--Is

PLATE XXV.

Class— THACH.'E AT A— continued.

ARACHNIDA.
THE SCORPION (Scorpio).

JIG. 1. — VENTRAL VIEW, x 1

c. chelicerse: p., p. pedipalpi: /.M.4 walking legs (These six pairs of
appendages belong to the segments of the cephalo-thorax) :
g. genital operculum covering the genital opening, on the first
segment of the prse abdomen : p. pectine, on the second
segment of the prae-abdomen : s.2-s.4 stigmata on the fourth to
the sixth segments of the prse- abdomen (The stigmata on the
third segment are concealed by the pectines) : p.7 seventh
segment of the pros-abdomen: p.a.^-p.a.1 the six segments
of the post-abdomen : sp. poison spine.

FIG. 2. — DORSAL VIEW, x 1.

c. chelicene : c. t. cephalo-thoracic shield; a.1 -a.7 segments of the
prse-abdomen.

FIG. 3. — LARGE CLAW, x 1.

FIG. 4. — PECTINE DETACHED, x 2.

FIG. 5. — HEAD REGION : DORSAL ASPECT, x 1£.

c. chelicerae : c. t. cephalo-thoracic shield : in. e. marginal eyes :
e. eyes on the middle of the shield.

FIG. 6. — LUNG SACS : VIEW FROM BEHIND, x 1.

p.s-p.6 third to sixth segments of the prse-abdomen with the lung
sacs : p.7 seventh segment of the prse-abdomen.

FIG. 7. — LUNG SAC ENLARGED, x 6.

s. stigma : I. lamellae composing the lung-book.

PLATE XXV.

Fig. 1

Fiq.4.

Fig. 7.

PLATE XXVI.

Class— PCE GIL OPODA.

THE KING CRAB (Zimulus).

FIG. 1. — LIMULUS : VENTRAL VIEW, x |.

a. " antenna " : c. cephalo-thoracic shield : ab. abdomen : t. caudal
spine or " telson " : o. operculum : p. plates bearing gills.

FIG. 2. — LIMULUS : DORSAL VIEW, x J.

e.1 compound eye: e.2 simple eye.

Class— PYCNOGrONIDJE.

THE NOBODY CRAB (Pycnogonum}.
FIG. 3. — PYCNOGONUM : DORSAL VIEW, x 3.

Class— LINGTJATTJLID^l.

Pentastomum.
FIG. 4. — PENTASTOMUM. x 10.

Ficj. 2.

PLATE XXVI

PLATE XXV 1 1.

Class-HEMICHOKDATA.

Balanoglossus.

FIG. 1. — BALANOGLOSSUS MINUTUS: DORSAL VIEW, x 1.

p. proboscis : c. collar : b. branchial region : g. gastric region : t. tail
region : d. dorsal vessel : a. anus.

FIG. 2. — BALANOGLOSSUS SARNIENSIS ; ANTERIOR END : DORSAL VIEW, x 1.

FIG. 3. — TRANSVERSE SECTION THROUGH THE MIDDLE OF THE BRANCHIAL PORTION
OF BALANGLOSSUS MINUTUS. x 8.

&. branchial arch : p., p. constricted pharynx : d. dorsal opening in the
pharynx : 1. 1. lateral lobe, in which the generative glands lie :
Ir. lateral blood-vessel : Ig. longitudinal ventral blood-vessel.

FIG. 4. — TORNARIA LARVA : DORSAL VIEW. — (After Metschnikoff.)
w. water vessel : h. heart : p. peritoneal sac.

FIG. 5. — STAGE IN THE GROWTH OF TORNARIA INTO BALANGLOSSUS : SIDE VIEW.
—(After Metschnikoff.)

m. mouth : h. heart : v. circular vessel : &. external branchial opening.

FIG. 6. — MORE ADVANCED STAGE. — (After Agassiz.)

w. water vessel : h. heart : m. mouth : Z>. external branchial slits.

FIG. 7. — STILL MORE ADVANCED STAGE. — (After Pagenstecher.) x 12.

PLATE XXVII,

Pig.1.

Fig. 2.

3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 6.

fig. 5.

PLATE XXVII!.

Class— TUNICATA.

THE SEA-SQUIRT OR ASCIDIAN (Phallusia).

FIG. 1. — ASCIDIAN. x 1.

i. incurrent or pharyngeal opening : e. excurrent or atrial opening.

FIG. 2. — ASCIDIAN WITH LEFT HALF OF THE TUNIC REMOVED, x 1.

t. right half of the tunic, attached to m. mantle, at i. pharyngeal
and a. atrial openings.

Note. — In this species the intestine and other organs lie on the left side
of the animal, while the branchial sac extends over the right
side, as seen in Figs. 3 and 4. In these descriptions the pharyn-
geal opening is accounted ventral and the atrial opening dorsal.

FIG. 3. — ASCIDIAN WITH RIGHT HALF OF THE TUNIC REMOVED, x 1.
5. branchial sac.

FIG. 4. — ASCIDIAN WITH HALF OF THE BRANCHIAL SAC REMOTED. x 1.

t. tentacles in the pharyngeal opening : e. endostyle : m. mouth :
d. dorsal lamina.

FIG. 5. — ASCIDIAN IROM THE RIGHT SIDE : TUNIC REMOVED, x 2.

s. stomach : g. genital gland : i. intestine : d. genital duct : r. rectum :
n. nerve ganglion.

FIG. 6. — TRANSVERSE SECTION THROUGH THE MIDDLE OF THE BODY, x 3.

t. tunic : m. mantle : 5. branchial sac : I. dorsal lamina : e. endostyle :
i. intestine : g. genital gland : r. rectum : d. genital ducts.

FIG. 7. — LARVAL ASCIDIAN. (Fragarium elegans.') x 50.

PLATE XXVIII,

Fiq.l.

v Fig.2.

Fiq.3

Fig. 5.

Fiq.6.

Fiq. 4-.

Fiq.7.

PLATE XXIX.

Class-CEPHALOCHORDA.

THE LANCELET (Amphioxus lanceolatus).

FIG. 1. — AMPHIOXUS : VIEWED AS A TRANSPARENT OBJECT, x 2£.

m. mouth with cirri : p. pharynx : r. reproductive glands : I. liver :
a. p. atrial pore : i. intestine : a. anus : nt, notochord : n.
spinal cord : s. septa between the myotomes.

FIG. 2.— HEAD, x 6T°.

nt. notochord : e. eye : n. spinal cord : s. septa between the myotomes :
r. cartilaginous rod bearing cirri : L lobes of the pharynx :
a. branchial arches.

FIG. 3. — TRANSVERSE SECTION THROUGH THE REGION OF THE LIVER, x 10.

/. skeleton of the dorsal fin : n. spinal cord : nt. notochord
surrounded by its sheath : a.1 dorsal aorta : g* hyperbranchial
groove: I. liver: o. ovary: g.z hypobranchial groove: a.2
ventral aorta : p. cavity of the pharynx : I. branchial arches.

FIG. 4. — TRANSVERSE SECTION PASSING THROUGH THE ANUS, x 10.

/. dorsal fin : n. spinal cord : nt. notochord : a. dorsal aorta :
i. intestine : an. anus : v. ventral fin.

ni

n. Fig.I.

PLATE XXIX,

PLATE XXX.

Class-OYCLOSTOMATA.

THE HAG-FISH (Myxine glutinosa).

FIG. 1. — DISSECTION FROM THE VENTRAL ASPECT, x f .

n. nostril surrounded by tentacles : m. mouth : o. oesophagus
p. branchial pouches : h. heart : 1. liver : i. intestine : a. anus ;
ov. ovary : e. eggs : tn. g. mucous glands.

FIG. 2. — BRANCHIAL SYSTEM, x £ .

o. cesophagus : i. internal branchial ducts : b. branchial pouches
d. external branchial ducts : s. special duct on the left side
c. common branchial duct : p. branchial pore : v. ventricle :
a. branchial artery giving off a branch to each gill.

THE EIVER LAMPREY (Petromyzon fluviatilis).
FIG. 3.— MOUTH, x 1.

FIG. 4. — SIDE VIEW, x 1.

e. eye : 6. external branchial openings.

ov.

Fig. 2

PLATE XXX

Fiq.4.

PLATE XXXI.

Class— PISCES.

ELASMOBRANCHII.

THE SKATE (Raia).

FIG. 1. — MALE SKATE : VENTRAL ASPECT, x f .

r. rostrum : n. right nostril : nb. naso-buccal groove : /. fronto-nasal
process : m. mouth with the jaws and teeth : I.-V. the five
branchial apertures : VI. rudimentary branchial aperture :
p. pectoral fin : pv. pelvic fin : cp. clasper : c. cloaca : a. abdo-
minal pores : t. tail.

FIG. 2. — DERMAL DENTICLE : SHOWING THE ROUNDED BASAL PIECE AND THE
SHORT SPINE, x 1.

FIG. 3.— TAIL : DORSAL VIEW, x £.

FIG. 4. — HEAD : DORSAL VIEW, x £.
e. eye : s. spiracle.

FIG. 5. — ABDOMINAL VISCERA, x £.

c. coracoid portion of the pectoral girdle : I.1, 1.2, 1.3 right, middle and
left lobes of the liver : g. gall-bladder : d. duodenum : I. large
intestine : r. rectum : gl. rectal gland : s. stomach : sp. spleen :
p. pelvic girdle : c. cloaca : a. abdominal pore.

FIG. 6. — ALIMENTARY TRACT, x £.

ce. oesophagus: s. stomach cut open to show r. rugse: /. large
intestine with si. spiral valve : r. rectum : gl. rectal gland : c.
cloaca : a. abdominal pore.

Pig.l.

Fig. 2.

PLATE XXX!

Fig. 6.

gl,

s.

PLATE XXXII.

Class— PIS CE S— continued.
THE SKATE — continued.

FIG. 1. — VENOUS CIRCULATION: HEART AND AFFERENT BRANCHIAL VESSELS:
VENTRAL ASPECT, x £.

c. s. cardinal sinus: h. hepatic sinus: s. c. sinus of Cuvier: s. v. sinus
venosus : a. c. anterior cardinal vein: i.j. inferior jugular
vein : /. femoral vein : e. epigastric vein : ab. veins from the
abdominal wall : b. brachial vein : i. h. ilio-hsemorrhoidal
vein : c. v. caudal vein : r. p. renal-portal vein : p. branches
of the renal-portal vein from the pelvic and lumbar regions :
k. kidney: r. renal veins : c. v.1, c. v.2 posterior cardinal vein:
s. s. spermatic sinus : h. v. hepatic veins.

a. auricle : v. ventricle : <?. conus arteriosus : ao. ventral aorta :
i.1, i.2 posterior and anterior innominate arteries giving off
a.^-a.6 the afferent branchial vessels: t. thyroid gland.

FIG. 2. — SINUS OF CUVIER AND SINUS VENOSUS LAID OPEN, x about J.

7t. heart : s. v. sinus venosus : s. c. sinus of Cuvier : 7t. hepatic sinus :
a. c. anterior cardinal vein : i. j. inferior jugular vein : b.
brachial vein : c. v. posterior cardinal vein : c. s. cardinal
sinus : v. vertebral column.

FIG. 3. — THE HEART : VENTRAL VIEW WITH PART OF THE AURICLE, VENTRICLE
AND CONUS ARTERIOSUS REMOVED, x 1.

a. parts of the auricle : v. ventricle (The arrow passes through the
auriculo -ventricular opening) : va. valves : ao. ventral aorta.

FIG. 4. — RELATION OF THE RIGHT SINUS OF CUVIER TO THE SHOULDER GIRDLE.

x 1.

»

s. c. sinus of Cuvier : br. brachial vein : .<?. c. f. scapulo-coracoid
foramen : c.f. coracoid foramen.

FIG. 5. — JUNCTION OF THE LEFT SINUS OF CUVIER AND THE HEPATIC SINUS, x 1.

Fig. 2.

PLATE XXXU

Fig.4

Fiq.5.

PLATE XXXIII.

Class— PISCE S— continued.
THE SKATE — continued.

FIG. 1.— SYSTEMS OF THE EFFERENT BRANCHIAL VESSELS AND THE DORSAL
AORTA : VENTRAL VIEW, x £.

e.^-e.9 efferent branchial arteries: h. hyoidean artery: c. common
carotid artery : e. external carotid artery ; i. internal carotid
artery : /. foramen in the base of the skull : s. subclavian
artery : h.b. hypobranchial artery ; cce. coeliac artery : d.
duodenal artery : h. hepatic artery : g. gastric artery : s. m.
superior mesenteric artery : i. intestinal artery : p. pancreatic
arteries : sp. splenic artery : d. a. dorsal aorta : g.a. arteries to
the oviducts in the female : i. m. inferior mesenteric artery :
sp. spermatic artery in the male : r. renal arteries : il. iliac
artery : c. caudal artery.

FIG. 2. — EELATION OF THE RIGHT HYPOBRANCHIAL ARTERY TO THE SHOULDER
GIRDLE, x 1.

s. subclavian artery : h. hypobranchial artery.

FIG. 3. — HEART, AFFERENT BRANCHIAL VESSELS AND HYPOBRANCHIAL ARTERY :
VENTRAL VIEW, x 1.

a. auricle : v. ventricle : s. subclavian artery : Tib. hypobranchial
artery.

FIG. 4. — HEART, AFFERENT AND EFFERENT BRANCHIAL VESSELS : VIEW FROM
THE LEFT SIDE, x \.

a. c. anterior cardinal vein : c. posterior cardinal vein : &. brachial
vein : h. s. hepatic sinus : i. inferior jugular vein : s. c. sinus
of Cuvier : s. v. sinus venosus : a. auricle : v. ventricle :
c. a. conus arteriosus : v. a. ventral aorta, giving off posterior
and anterior innominate arteries : a.1 -a.6 afferent branchial
vessels: e.l-e.9 efferent branchial vessels: liy. hyoidean
artery : c. c. common carotid : d. dorsal aorta : s. a. subclavian
artery : h. hypobranchial artery.

PLATE XXXIII

PLATE XXXIV.

Class— PISCE S— -continued.
THE SKATE — continued.

FIG. 1. — SKELETON : VENTRAL VIEW. From a young specimen of Eaia latis.

x f.

r. c. rostral cartilage: r. rostrum: n. nasal capsule: l.^-l^ labial
cartilages : an. antorbital cartilage : p. p. palato-pterygoid (or
palato-quadrate, or upper jaw) : m. mandibular (or Meckelian,
or lower jaw) : s, spiracular cartilage : h. hyoid arch : km.
hyomandibular : a. auditory capsule : hb. x first hypobranchial :
J.1-^6 first to fifth branchial arches: &. basibranchial plate
with anterior cornua : v. vertebral plate : p. propterygium :
ms. mesopterygium : mt. metapterygium : p. pubic portion of
the pelvic girdle : pr. prepubic process : i. iliac process :
a.1, a2, acetabular facets.

FIG. 2. — VERTEBRAL COLUMN : LONGITUDINAL SECTION, x f.

c. centrum : n. neural process : i. inter-neural plate : s. neural spine :
/-1,/!2 foramina for the anterior and posterior roots of the
spinal nerves.

FIG. 3. — VERTEBRA : BODY REGION, x £.

c. centrum : t. transverse process : r. rib : n. neural process : i. inter-
neural plate : s. neural spine.

FIG. 4. — VERTEBRA : TAIL REGION, x £.

c. centrum : n. neural process : s. neural spine : h. haemal process :
h. s. haemal spine.

FIG. 5. — LEFT ICHTHYOPTERYGIUM : VENTRAL VIEW, x f .

c. coracoid portion of the pectoral girdle : p. propterygium : ms. meso-
pterygium : int. metapterygium.

PLATE XXXIV.

PLATE XXXV.

Class— PIS CE S— continued
THE SKATE — continued.

FIG. 1. — SKULL : VENTRAL VIEW, x |.

r. rostrum : n. nasal capsule : or. foramen for the orbito-nasal branch
of the fifth nerve : II. foramen for the optic nerve : a.
auditory capsule : o. right occipital condyle : /. foramen
magnum.

FIG. 2. — SKULL : DORSAL VIEW, x |.

r. rostrum: n, nasal capsule: a.f. anterior fontanelle: p. posterior
fontanelle : a. auditory capsule : o. right occipital condyle.

FIG. 3. — SKULL : SIDE VIEW, x |.

r. rostrum : n. nasal capsule : p. foramen for the palato-nasal branch
of the fifth nerve : or. foramen for the orbito-nasal branch of
the fifth nerve : II. foramen for the optic nerve : III. foramen
for third nerve : V., VII. foramina for the fifth and seventh
nerves : a. auditory capsule.

FIG. 4. — PECTORAL GIRDLE : DORSAL VIEW, x £.

c. coracoid portion : s. scapular, and s. s. supra-scapular portions :
/.1,/.2,/.3 anterior, middle and posteiior glenoid facets.

FIG. 5. — PECTORAL GIRDLE : SIDE AND VENTRAL VIEW, x about |.

c. coracoid portion : s. scapular, and s. s. supra-scapular portions :
c.f. coracoid fontanelle: s.f. scapular fontanelle: s.c.f.
scapulo-coracoid fontanelle: /.1,/.2,/.3 anterior, middle and
posterior glenoid facets.

FIG. 6. — VERTEBRAL PLATE AND PECTORAL GIRDLE : DORSAL VIEW, x J.

s. scapular, and s. s. supra-scapular portions : v. vertebral plate : d. dorsal
ridge : c. articulation with the skull : &. fifth branchial arch.

FIG. 7. — VERTEBRAL PLATE : DORSAL VIEW, x |.

s. s. supra-scapular portion of the pectoral girdle ; d. dorsal ridge of
the plate : I. lateral ridge.

FIG. 8. — VERTEBRAL PLATE : SIDE VIEW, x \.

s. s. supra-scapular portion : d. dorsal ridge of the plate : I. lateral
ridge.

PLATE XXXV.

Fig. 2.

Pig. 3.

Fig. 4

Fig. 5.

S.S

PLATE XXXVI.

Class — PISCES — continued.
THE SKATE — continued.

. 1. — BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES : DORSAL ASPECT, x f .

o. olfactory bulb : cr. cerebral hemispheres : t. optic thalamus :
o.l. optic lobe: cm. cerebellum: v.* fourth ventricle: m.
medulla oblongata : s. spinal cord : b. brachial plexus : v.
vertebral plate : r. lateral ridge of the vertebral plate : n. nasal
capsule : e. eye : a. c. antorbital cartilage : I.-X. the various
cranial nerves.

FIG. 2. — EIGHT EAR : DISSECTION FROM ABOVE, x 1.

a., p., Ji. anterior, posterior and horizontal semicircular canals with
their ampullae.

FIG. 3. — EIGHT EAR: SIDE VIEW, x 1.

a. v. aqueductus vestibuli : a., p., h. anterior, posterior and horizontal
semicircular canals: a.1, a.2, a.3 ampullae : v. vestibule.

Kg.l.

PLATE XXXVI

Fig. 3.

PLATE XXXVII.

ClaSS— PISCE S— continued.
THE SKATE — continued.

FIG. 1. — URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM : MALE, x £.

t.1, t* testes (The left one has been partly laid over) : e. epididymis :
v. vas deferens : s. seminal vesicle : s. s. sperm sac : Ic. kidney :
p. urino-genital papilla : c. cloaca : a. abdominal pore.

FIG. 2. — URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM OF AN IMMATURE FEMALE, x i.

o. right ovary (The left has been removed): o.f. opening of the
conjoined oviducts (Fallopian tubes) into the body cavity:
ce. oesophagus: /. Fallopian tube (anterior portion of the
oviduct) : g. oviducal gland : ut. uterus : ra. mesonephric duct :
k. kidney : u. urinary bladder : p. urinary papilla : c. cloaca :
a. abdominal pore.

. 3. — OVIDUCTS OF A MATURE FEMALE, x $.

/. Fallopian tube : g. oviducal gland : ut. uterus.

TIG. 4 — " PURSE " CONTAINING AN EGG. x |.

. — The urino-genital organs, both male and female, vary considerably in the
different species of Raia.

Tig.

PLATE XXXVII

PLATE XXXVIII.

Class— PISCE S— continued.

TELEOSTEI.
THE COD (Gadus morrhita).

FIG. 1. — EXTERNAL CHARACTERS, x |.

n. nostrils : e. eye : &. barbule : o. operculum : ~br. branchiostegal
membrane: a. anus: p. pectoral fin : v. pelvic fin: d.*,d.2,d.3
dorsal fins : a.1, a.2 anal fins : c. caudal fin.

FIG. 2. — CUTANEOUS NERVES, x £.

V., V., V. cutaneous branches of the fifth cranial nerve to the dorsal
and anal and pectoral and pelvic fins : X., X. cutaneous
branches of the tenth cranial nerve to the lateral line and the
muscles.

FIG. 3. — INTERNAL ORGANS, x |.

as. oesophagus : s. stomach : c. pyloric caeca : d. duodenum : i. intestine :
i\ rectum: a. anus: I.1-, I.2, 1.3 lobes of the liver: g. gall-
bladder : sp. spleen : g. a. genital aperture : ur. ureter : II.
lobes of the bladder : u. urinary aperture.

. 4. — INTERNAL ORGANS AFTER REMOVAL OF THE BODY WALL OF THE LEFT
SIDE, x about |.

p. f. pectoral fin : v. pelvic fin : I. liver : sp. spleen : s. swim-bladder :
p. peritoneum : st. stomach : h. pyloric caeca : i. intestine.

Fig.l.

PLATE XXXVIII,

PLATE XXXIX.

Class— PISCE S— continued.
THE COD — continued.

FIG. 1. — BRANCHIAL CIRCULATION. Some of the gill filaments have been
removed in order to show the relation of the afferent vessels to
the gill arches, x about |.

v. a. ventral aorta giving off the afferent branchial vessels : c. cephalic
circle receiving the efferent branchial vessels.

FIG. 2. — CIRCULATORY SYSTEM : VIEW FROM THE LEFT SIDE, x .

s. v. sinus venosus : a. auricle : v. ventricle : v. a. ventral aorta giving
off the left afferent vessels : hy. hyoidean artery: p.f. artery
to the pelvic fin : ps. pseudobranchia : e. eye : c. c. posterior
portion of the cephalic circle : sc. left subclavian artery :
cce. cceliac artery : m. mesenteric artery (The third artery is
the right subclavian) : a. dorsal aorta : c. a. caudal artery :
c. v. caudal vein: p.1-, p.2 posterior cardinal veins: s. swim-
bladder: r. rete mirabile : a.1, a.2 anterior cardinal veins :
c. Cuvierian duct : i. inferior jugular vein : v. s. vessels to the
bladder and the body walls : sp. v., sp. a. spermatic vein and
artery : p. portal vein to the liver ; h. hepatic veins.

FIG. 3. — DIAGRAM OF THE CIRCULATION IN A FISH. Altered from M. H. Milne-
Edwards.

a. auricle : v. ventricle ; Z». bulbus arteriosus : v. a. ventral aorta :
b. v. branchial vessels : d. a. dorsal aorta : i. intestine : k.
kidney : p. portal vein : c.1, c.2 anterior and posterior cardinal
veins : s. sinus venosus.

PLATE XXXIX.

Pic,.!.

v.a.

PLATE XL.

ClaSS — PISCE S— continued.
THE COD — continued.

FIG. 1. — SKELETON, x £.

d.1, d.z,d.3 dorsal fins : a.1, a.2 anal fins: i. interspinous rays: /. fin
rays : pc. pectoral girdle : pv. pelvic girdle : h. hypural bone.

FIG. 2. — SHOULDER GIRDLE, EIGHT HALF, WITH FORE LIMB, x J.

c. clavicle : s.c. supra-clavicle : p.t. post-temporal : p.c. post-clavicle :
s. scapula : co. coracoid : &. the four basal pieces : r. fin rays.

FIG. 3.< — PELVIC GIRDLE AND HIND LIMB, x £.

i. left innominate bone, inner aspect : r. fin rays.

FIG. 4. — TRUNK VERTEBRA : FRONT VIEW, x |.

c. centrum : p. neural process : s. neural spine.

FIG. 5. — TAIL VERTEBRA : LONGITUDINAL SECTION : SHOWING THE LENTICULAR
CAVITIES BETWEEN THE CENTRA, x J.

FIG. 6. — TAIL VERTEBRA : SIDE VIEW, x |.

c. centrum: p.1 neural processes: s.1 neural spine: p2. haemal
processes: s.2 haemal spine.

Fiq.l.

PLATE XL.

CO

Fiq-5.

Piq. 4.

PLATE XL!.

Class— PISCE S— continued.
THE COD — continued.

FIG. 1. — SKULL : DORSAL VIEW, x f .

FIG. 2. — SKULL : SIDE VIEW, x £ .

FIG. 3. — BONES OF THE SKULL, DISARTICULATED

I. Occipital Segment. — &. basi-occipital : e. ox-ore ipital : s. supra-
occipital.

II. Parietal Segment. — ps. parasphenoid : a. alisphenoid : p. parietal.

III. Frontal Segment. — ps. parasphenoid : /. frontal.

IV. Pre-f rental Segment. — v. vomer : pe. parethmoid : m. mesethmoid :

n. nasal.

V. Ear Series. — p.o. prootic : s.o. sphenotic : pt. pterotic : e.o. epiotic :
o. opisthotic.

VI. Eye Series. — 1. lachrymal : s.or. suborbitals.

VII., VIlA. Jaws Series. — pm. premaxilla : mx. maxilla : pi. palatine : py.
pterygoid : ms. mesopterygoid : mt. metapterygoid : d. dentary :
ar. articular : a. angular : q. quadrate : sy. symplectic.

VIII. Hyoid Series. — k. hyomandibular : i. interhyal : ep. epihyal : cr.
ceratohyal : lip. hypohyal : ur. urohyal : &?•. branchiostegal
rays.

IX. Opcrcular Series. — op. operculum : p.o. preoperculum : i.o. inter-
operculum : s.op. suboperculum.

PLATE XLl.

Pig. 2

vu-a-

PLATE XLII.

Class — PISCE S — continued.
THE COD — continued.

FIG. 1. — KIDNEY, SWIMBLADDER, AND EIGHT TESTIS : SIDE VIEW, x f .

a., p. anterior and posterior cardinal veins in relation to k. the
kidney : d. Cuvierian duct : b. swimbladder laid open : r. rete
mirabile : c. posterior portion of the cephalic circle : a. dorsal
aorta : s. spermatic vessel : t. testis : u. ureter : U. bladder.
(Bristles are passed into the openings of the rectum, testes,
and bladder.)

FIG. 2. — KIDNEYS AND THEIR BLOOD-VESSELS : VENTRAL VIEW, x f .

Jc., h kidney : a. anterior cardinal vein : p. posterior cardinal vein :
d. Cuvierian duct : au. auricle : v. ventricle : ao. aorta :
c. caudal vein.

FIG. 3. — TESTES, UNITED POSTERIORLY, x -i.
FIG. 4. — OVARIES, UNITED POSTERIORLY, x -' .

Fiq.l.

PLATE XLII

Fiq.5.

Fig .4.

PLATE XLIII.

Class— PIS CE S— continued.
THE COD — continued.

FIG. 1. — BRAIN : DORSAL ASPECT, x 1.

cr. cerebral hemispheres : o. I. optic lobes : cm. cerebellum : m.
medulla oblongata : o. olfactory bulbs : I.-X. the various
cranial nerves.

FIG. 2. — BRAIN : VENTRAL ASPECT, x 1.

cr. cerebral hemispheres : p. pituitary body : ^. infundibulum :
1. i. lobi inferiores : m. medulla oblongata : I.-X. the various
cranial nerves.

FIG. 3. — BRAIN : SIDE VIEW, x 1.

cr. cerebral hemispheres: o. optic lobes: cm. cerebellum: m.
medulla oblongata : p. pituitary body : /. i. lobi inferiores :
I.-X. the various cranial nerves.

FIG. 4. — BRAIN : LONGITUDINAL VERTICAL SECTION, x 1.

cr. cerebral hemispheres : v.s third ventricle : a. aqueduct of Sylvius :
cm. cerebellum: v.4- fourth ventricle: p. pituitary body :
in. infundibulum : c. c. crura cerebri : cms. commissure
between the posterior lobes : m. medulla oblongata.

FIG. 5. — EYE : WITH ITS MUSCLES ATTACHED, AND THE OPTIC NERVE (n). x 1.

FIG. 6.— EAR. x 1.

a., p., h. anterior, posterior and horizontal semicircular canals :
a.1, a.2, a.3 ampulla?: v. vestibule: o.l,o.2 otoliths.

PLATE XLIII

Fig.l

Pig. 3.

PLATE XLIV.

Class— AMPHIBIA.

THE FKOG (Eana temporaries).

FIG. 1. — FROG, x t.

n. external nares : e. eye : t. tympanic membrane : b. brachium :
a. b. antibrachium : m. manus : s. sacral hump : /. femur :
c. cms : p. pes.

FIG. 2. — HEAD : DORSAL VIEW, x 1£.

n. external nares : e. eye : t. tympanic membrane.

FIG. 3. — HAND OF MALE FROG DURING THE BREEDING SEASON, x 2.
c. cushion : II.-V. the four digits.

FIG. 4. — HAND OF FEMALE FROG, x 2.
II.-V. the four digits.

FIG. 5. — PES : DORSAL VIEW, x 2.
iv. web : I.-V. the digits.

FIG. 6. — EOOF OF THE MOUTH, x 2.

t. teeth on the maxilla and premaxilla : v. vomerine teeth : n. internal
nares : e. Eustachian opening.

FIG. 7. — FLOOR OF THE MOUTH, x 2.

t. tongue : 7??. lower jaw : y. glottis.

PLATE XLIV.

.Fa u.l.

in.

Fig. 3.

II.

Fig. 4-.

Fie,. Z.

tt.

Kg. 5.

V.

[I.

Fig. 7.

PLATE XLV.

Class— AMPHIBIA— continued.
THE FROG — continued.

FIG. 1. — VISCERA IN POSITION, x 1.

h. head of the humerus : a. aorta : v. ventricle with the auricles
above it: lg.l,lg.2 right and left lungs: Ll-l.3 lobes of the
liver : g. gall-bladder : sp. spleen : I. large intestine : i. coils of
the small intestine: fr.1,^2 lobes of the cloacal bladder:
/. femoral vein : a. p. anterior pelvic veins uniting to form
the anterior abdominal vein : t. left testis : s. stomach :
dn. duodenum.

FIG. 2. — LIVER AND STOMACH, x 1J.

I.1 -I.3 lobes of the liver: g. gall-bladder: b. bile duct: p. outline of
the pancreas : s. stomach : py. pylorus : dn. duodenum.

FIG. 3. — ALIMENTARY TRACT, x 1.

ce. oesophagus : s. stomach laid over to the right side : p. pancreas :
sp. spleen : i. coils of the small intestine : r. rectum.

FIG. 4. — TRANSVERSE SECTION OF THE LUNG, x 3.

FIG. 5.— TRANSVERSE SECTION OF THE STOMACH, x 4

FIG. 6.— TRANSVERSE SECTION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE, x 4.

Fig.l

PLATE XLV.

b.

Tig. 2.

Tig- 3-

Via. 4-.

ici.5.

Fiy.

PLATE XLVl.

Class— AMPHIBIA— continued
THE FROG — continued.

FIG. 1. — HEART AND ARTERIAL SYSTEM, x 2.

«.a, a.2 right and left auricles constituting the atrium: ve. ventricle :

t. truncus arteriosus.
p. pulmo-cutaneous arch: p. a. pulmonary artery : c. a. cutaneous

artery.
s. systemic arch : v. occipito-vertebral artery : s. a. subclavian artery :

c.m. coeliaco-mesenteric artery : cl. cceliac artery : s. m.

(superior) mesenteric artery : d. dorsal aorta : sp. spermatic

artery to ts. testis : r. renal arteries to k. kidney : i. iliac artery ^
c. carotid arch : y. carotid gland : I. lingual artery : cr. common

carotid artery.

FIG. 2.— BLOOD : NUCLEATED CORPUSCLES, x 300.

FIG. 3. — DIAGRAM OF THE HEART.

/ r. right auricle : /. left auricle : v. ventricle : t. truncus arteriosus. —
The dotted arrow shows the communication between the
right side and the pulmo-cutaneous arches, the plain arrow
between the left side and the two other pairs of arches.

FIG. 4. — DISSECTION OF THE HEART FROM THE VENTRAL ASPECT. — (From

r

Howes.) x 6.

a.1 right auricle with the opening from the sinus venosus : a.2 left
auricle with the opening of the pulmonary vein : ve. ventricle :
p. pylangium with opening into pulmo-cutaneous trunks :
v. valve : 5. synaugium : c. carotid arch : sy. systemic arch :.
p.c. pulmo-cutaneous arch.

PLATE XLVI

-///Kg. 3.:

Fig. Z.

PJ9.4, ,

PLATE XLVII.

Class— AMPHIBIA— continued.
THE FKOG — continued.

FIG. 1. — VENOUS SYSTEM, x 2.

/. lingual vein : m. mandibular vein : e.j. external jugular vein :

i. internal jugular vein : s. subscapular vein : in. innominate

vein: b. brachial vein: m. musculo- cutaneous vein: s. v.

subclavian vein : v. c. right superior vena cava : s. v. sinus

venosus.
/. femoral vein : a. anterior pelvic vein : v. vesicular or cystic vein :

a. a. anterior abdominal vein : c. cardiac vein : IT. liver.
p. posterior pelvic vein: sc. sciatic vein: r.p. renal-portal or

common iliac vein : d. dorso-lumbar vein : k. kidney : r. renal

veins : v. c. i. inferior vena cava.

FIG. '2. — HEAKT: VENTRAL VIEW, x 2.

a. aortic arches: v.1,^2 right and left superior venae cavae.

FIG. 3.— HEART : DORSAL VIEW, x 2.

v.1,?;.2 right and left superior venae cavae : p. pulmonary vein: v.s
inferior vena cava: A.1, A.2 hepatic veins: s. sinus venosus.

FIG. 4. — LUNGS AND HEART : VENTRAL VIEW, x 2.

a. aortic arches : c. a. carotid arch : I. lingual artery : g. carotid

gland: cr. carotid artery: s. systemic arch: p. c. pulino-

cutaneous arch : c. cutaneous artery : p. pulmonary artery :
Ig. lung.

PLATE XLVII,

k.1

PLATE XLVIII.

Class— AMPHIBIA— continued.
THE FROG — continued.

FIG. 1. — VERTEBRAL COLUMN : DORSAL VIEW. x 1-}.

I. -VI II. first to eighth vertebrre: IX. ninth vertebra or " sacrum ":
us. urostyle. The pelvic girdle is shown in outline.

FIG. 2. — SINGLE VERTEBRA, x 2.

I.1-!.11 first or atlas vertebra: III.1-!!!.11 third vertebra : VIII.1-
VIII.11 eighth vertebra: IX. 1-IX.11 ninth or sacral
vertebra.

FIG. 3. — SKULL : VENTRAL VIEW, x 2.

c.o. ex-occipital : p.s. parasphenoid : s.c. sphenethmoid : pi. palatine :
q.j. quadrato-jugal: pt. pteiygoid : s. squamosal : m. maxilla:
p.m. premaxilla: v. vomer : IV., II., III., V.-V1L, IX., X.
ibramina for the various cranial nerves.

FIG. 4. — SKULL : DORSAL VIEW, x 2.

c.o. ex-occipital : o. c. occipital condyle : p.o. pro otic : p.f. parieto-
frontal: s.c. sphenethmoid: n. nasal: p.m. premaxilla: m.
niaxilla: q.j. quadrato-jugal: s. squamosal: pt. pteiygoid.

FIG. 5. — HYOID BONE, x 2.

h. body of the hyoid : a. anterior cornu : p. posterior cornu (thyro-

hyd).

FIG. 6. — SKULL, LOWER JAW, AND HYOID : SIDE VIEW, x 2.

p.f. parieto-frontal : s.e. sphenethmoid : n. nasal : p.m. premaxilla :
m. maxilla : q.j. quadrato-jugal : pt. pteiygoid : s. squamosal :
a.s. angulo-splenial : d. dentary : m.m. mento-meckelian :
h. body of the hyoid : a. anterior cornu : p. posterior cornu.

FIG. 7. — SKULL : POSTERIOR VIEW, x 2.

f.m. foramen magnum: o. c. occipital condyle: q.j. quadrato-jugal:
c. m. mandibular condyle.

Fig.l. ,

PLATE XLVIIi

Fin. 2.

vra.

Ficj. 3.

JX." i

Fig. A.

In.

e.o.

Fig. 6.

:. f.m

PLATE XLIX.

Class— AMPHIBIA— continued.
THE FROG — continued.

FIG. 1.— FORE LIMB, x 2.

h. humerus : r. radius and u. ulna, fused : c. carpal bones ; m.
metacarpal bones : II.- V. phalanges of the second to the fifth
digits.

FIG. 2. — HUMERUS. x 2.

FIG. 3. — ULNA AND EADIUS. x 2.

o. olecranon : c. carpal articulation.

FIG. 4. — HIND LIMB, x 1.

/. femur: t. tibia and^/2. fibula, fused: a. astragalus and o. os calcis,
fused at their extremities : tr. distal row of tarsal bones :
c. calcar : m. metatarsals : I.-V. phalanges of the five digits.

FIG. 5. — TRANSVERSE SECTION THROUGH THE TIBIA AND FIBULA, x 3.

FIG. 6. — FEMUR, x 1|.

FIG. 7. — TIBIA AND FIBULA, x 1|.

FIG. 8. — PROXIMAL TARSAL BONES, x 1 1.
a. astragalus : o. os calcis.

FIG. 9. —LEFT Os INNOMINATUM. x 2.

il. ilium : is. ischium : p. pubes : a. acetabulum.

FIG. 10. — PELVIC GIRDLE : DORSAL VIEW, x 2.

il. ilium : is. ischium : a. acetabulum : us. urostyle.

FIG. 1 1. — PECTORAL GIRDLE : VENTRAL VIEW, THE LEFT SUPRASCAPULA BEING
LAID OUT. x 2|.

x. xiphisternum ; s. sternum : e.c. epicoracoid : o. omosternum :
e. episternum : pt.c. postcoracoid : c. clavicle : g. glenoid
cavity : sc. scapula : s.sc. suprascapula.

FIG. 12. — CLAVICLE IN ITS RELATION TO THE CORACOID. x 3.

o. omosternum : c. clavicle : p.c. prsecoracoid : pt.c. postcoracoid.

PLATE XLIX.
Fig. 3.

o.

Pig. 9.

. 10.

PLATE L.

Class — AMPHIBIA — continued.
THE FROG — continued.

FIG. 1.— CEREBRO-SPINAL AND SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEMS : VENTRAL VIEW.
x 2.

I. olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb : II. optic nerve to the eye :
X. tenth cranial nerve : 2. second spinal nerve (brachial) :
s. sciatic nerve : s. l one of the sympathetic ganglia.

FIG. 2. — BRAIN : DORSAL VIEW, x 5.

ol. olfactory lobes : c. cerebral lobes : p. pineal body : t. optic thalamus :

0. optic lobes : cm. cerebellum : IV. roof of the fourth ventricle :
m. medulla oblongata.

FIG. 3. — BRAIN : VENTRAL VIEW, x 5.

0. c. optic commissure : i. infundibulum : p. pituitary body : I.-XI.

the various cranial nerves.

FIG. 4 — BRAIN : SIDE VIEW, x 5.

01. olfactory lobe: c. cerebral lobe: p. pineal body: o. optic lobe:

cm. cerebellum : m. medulla oblongata : o. t. optic tract :

1. infundibulum with pituitary body attached.

FIG. 5. — BRAIN : LONGITUDINAL AND VERTICAL MESIAL SECTION BEHIND THE
CEREBRAL LOBES, x 5.

c. optic chiasma: v.s third ventricle: cm. cerebellum: r.4 fourth
ventricle : m. medulla oblongata.

FIG. 6. — BRAIN : LONGITUDINAL HORIZONTAL SECTION SHOWING THE VENTRICLES.
x 5.

L, II., III., IV. the corresponding ventricles : /. foramen of Monro :
i. aqueduct of Sylvius, or iter.

FIG. 7. — DISSECTION OF THE LEFT SIDE OF THE HEAD, x 3.

e. eye : t. tongue : s. squamosal bone : h. hyoid bone : V. fifth nerve
(trigeminal) : VII. seventh nerve (facial): X. tenth nerve
(pneumogastric or vagus) : s. l first spinal nerve (hypoglossal)

PLATE L.

Pig.l

Pig. 3.

jj Kg- 6.

IV.

PLATE LI.

Class— AMPHIBIA— continued.
THE FKOG — continued.

FIG. 1.— URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM : MALE, x 2.

t. testis: c. corpus adiposum: e. vasa efferentia: k. kidney: a.
adrenal: u. urino-genital duct: s. seminal vesicle: r. rectum!
b. bladder.

FIG. 2.— URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM : FEMALE, x U.

o. ovary : c. corpus adiposum : os. oesophagus : o.d. oviduct : k
kidney: a. adrenal: u. ureter: ft. bladder: r. rectum. (The
left ovary and corpus adiposum have been removed to expose
the kidney.)

FIG. 3.— STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FROG.

In figs. a. to h. the epiblast is shown by dark shading, the hypoblast
by light.

Fig.l.

PLATE LI,

PLATE LI I.

Class— REPTILIA.
THE GREEN LIZARD (Lacerta viridis).
FIG. 1. — GREEN LIZARD, x 1.

FIG. 2. — ALIMENTARY SYSTEM, x 1.

st. stomach : p. pancreas: s. suleen: i. intestine: r. rectum: /. liver:
Iff. lung.

FIG. 3.— HEART, x 1|.

a.1 right auricle: a.z left auricle: v. ventricular portion: ao. aortic
arches.

FIG. 4. — LACERTA MURIALIS : HEART AND GREAT VESSELS : SLIGHTLY
DIAGRAMMATIC.

/. jugular vein : s. subclavian vein : p. pulmonary vein : i. inferior
vena cava : c. carotid arches : c. a. carotid artery : d. ductus
Botalli : v. pulmonary vein : I. a. left aortic arch : s. a.
subclavian artery : d. o. dorsal aorta.

FIG. 5. — GREEN LIZARD: POSTERIOR PART OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, x 1.

a. dorsal aorta: c. m. coeliaco-mesenteric artery: i. m. inferior
inesenteric arteries : /. a. femoral artery : c. caudal artery and
vein : /. femoral vein : s. sciatic vein : p. pelvic vein : e.
epigastric vein : t. testis : i. inferior vena cava.

PLATE III.

Fig

iq.l..

PLATE LIU.

Class— KEPTILiIA— continued.

THE LIZARD — continued

FIG. 1. — SKELETON. Slightly reduced. — (Partly after Blanchard.)

p. parietal : f. frontal : n. nasal : pm. premaxilla : m. maxilla :
j. jugal : 1. lachrymal: d. dentary : s.s. suprascapula : sc.
scapula : li. humerus : s. sternum : s. r. sternal ribs : i. ilium :
is. ischium : pb. pubes : fm. femur.

FIG. 2. — BONES OF THE FORE ARM AND HAND, x 1.

r. radius : u. ulna : c. carpals : m. metacarpals : I.-V. digits with
alanges.

FIG. 3. — BONES OF THE LEG AND FOOT, x 1.

t. tibia : /. fibula : ts. tarsals : m. metatarsals : I.-V. digits with
phalanges.

PLATE LIN

a.

Piq.E.

Fuj.3.

I.

a.

UL.

PLATE LIV.

Class—

THE LIZAKD — continued.

FIG. 1. — BRAIN : DORSAL ASPECT, x 2£.

o. olfactory lobes : c. cerebral lobes : p. pineal body : o. I. optic lobes :
cm. cerebellum : m. medulla oblongata.

FIG. 2. — BRAIN : VENTRAL ASPECT, x 2^.

o. olfactory lobes : c. cerebral lobes : o. c. optic chiasma : i. infundi-
bulum: p. pituitary body : II.-XII. the various cranial nerves.

FIG. 3. — BRAIN : SIDE VIEW, x 2|.

o. olfactory lobe : c. cerebral lobe : p. pineal body : cm. cerebellum :
m. medulla oblongata : i. inf undibulum : py. pituitary body :
II.- VI. the various cranial nerves.

FlG. 4. — UllINO-GENITAL SYSTEM : MALE. X 1.

t. testes : m. mesorchium : e. epididyinis : r. rectum : I. bladder :
Tc. kidney : p. copulatory organs.

FIG. 5. — URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM : FEMALE, x 1.

o. peritoneal opening of the oviduct : od. oviduct : ov. ovary : k.
kidney : o. x cloacal opening of the oviduct : u. opening of the
ureter into the cloaca.

PLATE LIV.

CTTV.

VI.

Fiq.

PLATE LV.

Class— AVES.

THE PIGEON (Coluniba).
FIG. 1. — PIGEON, x i.

FIG. 2.— HEAD, x 1.

a. auditory opening : c. cere : n. nostril.

FIG. 3. — FEATHER : VENTRAL ASPECT, x 1.

c. calamus or tube, and r. rachis or shaft, constituting the scapus or
stem : v. vane composed of barbs : i. inferior umbilicus :
s. superior umbilicus.

FIG. 4. — PART OF A FEATHER, x 1 5.

r. rachis : &. barb : lr. barbules with booklets attached.

PLATE LV.

PLATE LVI.

ClaSS — AVE S— continued.

THE PIGEON — continued.

FIG. 1. — ALIMENTARY TRACT, x f.

c. crop : /. liver : pv. proventriculus : g. gizzard : d. duodenum : p
pancreas : i. coils of the small intestine : cm. caecum : k
middle lobe of the kidney : t. testis : v. vas deferens : u. ureter
cL cloaca : s. syrinx : b. left bronchus.

FIG. 2. — RESPIRATORY TRACT, x 1.

t. tongue : h. cornu of the hyoid : g. glottis : tr. trachea : s. syrinx
/. left lung indented by the ribs.

Fiq.l.

PLATE LVI

Piq.2.

PLATE LVII.

Class — AVE S — continual.
THE PIGEON — continued.

FIG. 1.— CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: VENTRAL VIEW, x 1.

o.1, a.2 right and left auricles: v.l,v.2 right and left ventricles.

a. aorta : i. innominate arteries : c. common carotid artery : v.
vertebral artery : i. c. internal carotid artery : e. c. external
carotid artery : b. brachial artery : p.c. pectoral artery :
i. m. internal mammary artery.

coe. cceliac artery: s. m. superior mesenteric artery: r.l-r.s renal
arteries : /. femoral artery : sc. sciatic artery : i. i. internal
iliac artery and vein : c. caudal artery and vein : p. m.
posterior mesenteric artery and vein.

/ jugular vein : vr. vertebral vein : b. v. brachial vein : p. v. pectoral
vein : s. r.1, s. v.2 right and left superior vense cavre.

c.m. coccygeo-mesenteric vein, joined by the posterior mesenteric
vein : r. p. renal-portal vein, formed by the coccygeo-mesen-
teric, caudal and internal iliac veins : sc. v. sciatic vein : /. v.
femoral vein : r. v. renal veins : i. v. iliac veins : ep. epigastric
vein : li. hepatic veins : v.c.i. inferior vena cava.

p. a. left pulmonary artery. The right is seen crossing behind the
innominate arteries.

Fij.I.

PLATE LVII

p.a.

PLATE LVIII.

Class— A VIE S— continued.
THE PIGEON — continued.

FIG. 1. — SKELETON, x 1.

s. skull : c. v. cervical vertebrae : d. v. dorsal vertebrae : cd. free caudal
vertebrae : p. ploughshare bone : u. uncinate processes on the
dorsal ribs.

st. sternum : s. r. sternal ribs : k. keel : c. coracoid : d. clavicle :
sc. scapula: h. humerus: r. radius: ul. ulna: c.l,c.2 carpals :
m,l-m.3 metacarpals : p.^-p.3 phalanges of the first to the
third digits respectively.

il. ilium : is. ischium : p. pubes : /. femur : 1. 1. tibio-tarsus : t. in. tarso-
metatarsus : p. phalanges.

PLATE LVIII

PLATE LIX.

Class — AVE S — continued.
THE PIGEON — continued.

FIG. 1.— SKULL: DORSAL VIEW, x 1.

p. parietal : /. frontal : n. nasal : p.m. premaxilla : m. maxilla :
j. .jugal : q. quadrate.

FIG. 2. — SKULL : VENTRAL VIEW, x 1 .

/. foramen magnum : s. supra-occipital : e. ex-occipital : c. condyle :
l.o. basi-occipital : p.s. parasphenoid rostrum, or basisphenoid :
pt. pterygoid : pi. palatine : m. maxilla : p.m. premaxilla :
j. jugal : q. quadrate.

FIG. 3. — SKULL: SIDE VIEW, x 1.

o. occipital : p. parietal : /. frontal : or. orbital plate of the frontal :
7i. nasal : p.m. premaxilla : m. maxilla : pi. palatine : j. jugal :
q. quadrate : t. tympanic.

pIG> 4 — LOWER JAW : SIDE VIEW, x 1.

ar. articular : an. angular : a. splenial : d. dentary.

FIG. 5. — WING BONES SHOWING THE ATTACHMENT OF THE FEATHERS, x f.

FJG. 6. — SHOULDER GIRDLE : SIDE VIEW, x 1.

g. glenoid cavity: sc. scapula: cl. clavicle: co. coracoid: s. sternum
with the sternal ribs attached : k. keel.

PLATE L1X.

Fig. I.

PLATE LX.

Class — AVE S — continued.
THE PIGEON — continued.

FIG. 1.— PELVIS : DORSAL VIEW, x 1.

s. sacrum : i., i. ilium : is. ischium : p. pubes.

FIG. 2. — PELVIS : VENTRAL VIEW, x 1.
FIG. 3. — SACRUM : LEFT SIDE VIEW, x 1.

FIG. 4. — LEFT Os INNOMINATUM. x 1.

a. acetabulum: i.,i. ilium: is. ischium: p. pubes: i.s.f. ilio-sciatic
foramen.

FIG. 5. — EIGHT FEMUR, x 1.

FIG. 6. — EIGHT TIBIO-TARSUS.

t. tibia : /. fibula : tr. tarsal part of the ti bio -tarsus.

FIG. 7. — BONES OF THE EIGHT PES.

t.m. tarso-metatarsus : I.-IV. phalanges of the four digits.

FIG. 8. — MESO-TARSAL ARTICULATION IN A YOUNG PIGEON, x 5.

t. tibia : tr. l proximal portion of the tarsus becoming united to the
tibia : tr. 2 distal portion of the tarsus becoming united to the
metatarsals : mt. metatarsals.

PLATE LX.

Fig 3.

PLATE LXI.

Class— A VE S — continued
THE PIGEON — continued.

FIG, 1. — BRAIN: DORSAL VIEW, x 2.

o. olfactory lobes : c. cerebral lobes : p. pineal body : op. optic lobes :
cl. cerebellum : m. medulla oblongata.

FIG. 2. — BRAIN : VENTRAL VIEW, x 2.

o. olfactory lobes : c. cerebral lobes : o. t. optic tract : i. infundibulum :
op. optic lobes : II.-XIL the various cranial nerves : s. first
spinal nerve.

FIG. 3. — BRAIN : DORSAL VIEW : AFTER REMOVAL OF THE CEREBELLUM AND PART
OF THE CEREBRAL AND OPTIC LOBES, x 2.

/. foramen of Monro: c. corpus striatum: t. optic thalamus: o c.
optic commissure: v. o. ventricle of the optic lobe : v.4- fourth
ventricle : p. peduncles of the cerebellum : in. medulla
oblongata.

FIG. 4 — BRAIN : SIDE VIEW, x 2.

o. olfactory lobe : c. cerebral lobe : p. pineal body : cl. cerebellum :
/. flocculus: o.l. optic lobe: o. t. optic tract: II.-XIL the
various cranial nerves : s. first spinal nerve.

FIG. 5. — BRAIN : LONGITUDINAL SECTION, x 2.

o. olfactory lobe : c. cerebral lobe : p. pineal body : cl. cerebellum :
o. cm. optic commissure : v.4 fourth ventricle : a. c. anterior
commissure : v. 3 third ventricle : o. c. optic chiasma : p. c.
posterior commissure : i. infundibulum : py. pituitary body :
in. medulla oblongata.

FIG. 6. — URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM : MALE, x £.

t. testis : v. vas deferens : s. seminal vesicle : k. kidney : u. ureter :
c. csecum : r. rectum : cl. cloaca,

FIG. 7. — URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM : FEMALE, x $.

o. ovary: o.d.1 opening of the oviduct into the body cavity: o.d.2
opening of the oviduct into the cloaca : r. o. rudimentary
right oviduct : k. kidney : u. ureter : cl. cloaca.

FK,.3.

PLATE LXI,

Fig

.4.

!

Fig.

Fig.

i

PLATE LXII.

Class— MAMMALIA.

THE RABBIT (Lepus cuniculus).
FIG. 1. — RABBIT, x ^.

FIG. 2. — PART OF THE HEAD, x £ .

n. nictitating membrane or third eyelid drawn back by forceps.

FIG. 3. — TONGUE : DORSAL VIEW, x 1.

t. tongue : / papillae foliatse : c. circumvallate papillae : e. epiglottis :
a. arytenoid cartilage : tr. trachea laid open.

FIG. 4 — (ESOPHAGUS AND TRACHEA : SIDE VIEW, x 1.

e. epiglottis : th. thyroid cartilage : c. cricoid cartilage : tr. right lobe
of the thyroid gland : i. isthmus of the thyroid : t. trachea :
ce. cesophagus.

FIG. 5. — EPIGLOTTIS : VIEWED FROM BEHIND, x 1.

e. epiglottis : c. cornu of the thyroid cartilage.

FIG. 6. — LARYNX AND TRACHEA : LONGITUDINAL SECTION, x 1.

e. epiglottis : a. arytenoid cartilage : v. right vocal cord : c. cricoid
cartilage.

FIG. 7. — PAPILLA FOLIATE : LONGITUDINAL SECTION CROSSING THE FOLIA, x 6a°.
Only the epithelium e. and the taste buds t. are shown.

PLATE LXII

Iig.1

£ '' (\

// ,. « v\

r . • \\ ^

PLATE LXIII.

Class — MAMMALIA — continued.
THE RABBIT — continued.

FIG. 1. — VISCERA IN POSITION, x |.

A. heart : 1. left lung : Ir. liver : s£. stomach : cce. caecum : c. colon :
i. small intestine : r. rectum : b. bladder.

FIG. 2. — ALIMENTARY CANAL LAID OUT. x £.

ax. oesophagus : st. stomach with s. spleen attached : 5. bile duct :

. d.1,^.2 duodenum: p. pancreas: p. d. pancreatic duct: i.

outline of the coils of the small intestine : s. r. sacculus

rotundus : cce. caecum : a. appendix vermiformis : c. colon : r.

beginning of the rectum.

PLATE LXIU,

PLATE LXIV.

Class— MAMMALIA— continued.
THE BABBIT — continued.

FIG. 1.— CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: VENTRAL VIEW, x about \.

e.j. external jugular vein : i.j. internal jugular vein : sc. v. subclavian
vein: v. c.1 right superior vena cava : a. i. anterior intercostal
vein: v. a. vena azygos receiving intercostal veins: v. c.2 left
superior vena cava.

h. heart: a. a. arch of the aorta: i. innomin'ate artery: s.1, s.2 right
and left subclavian arteries : v. vertebral artery : r. c. right
common carotid artery : /. c. left common carotid artery : ao.
dorsal or descending aorta giving off intercostal arteries : c.
cceliac artery : m. superior mesenteric artery : r. renal artery :
i. m. inferior mesenteric artery: s.p. spermatic artery:
m. s. median sacral artery : c. i. common iliac artery : i. I. ilio-
lumbar artery : i. i. internal iliac artery : e. i. external iliac
artery.

i. i. v. internal iliac vein : c. i. v. common iliac vein : e. i. v. external
iliac vein: r. v. renal vein from Jc. kidney: ad.1, ad.2 right
and left adrenals: h.^-h.3 hepatic veins: p.p. posterior
phrenic veins ; v. c.s inferior vena cava.

FIG. 2. — HEART AND GREAT VESSELS : VENTRAL VIEW, x 1.

v.1 right superior vena cava: v.2 left superior vena cava: v.3
inferior vena cava : r. a. right auricle : r. v. right ventricle :
in. infundibulum : p. pulmonary artery : I. a. left auricle :
I. v. left ventricle : a. arch of the aorta : i. innominate artery :
s.^s.2 right and left subclavian arteries: c.1, c.2 right and
left common carotid arteries.

FIG. 3. — HEART AND GREAT VESSELS : DORSAL VIEW, x 1.

v.1 right superior vena cava : v.2 left superior vena cava : v.3 inferior
vena cava : r. a. right auricle : 1. a. left auricle : ve. ventricula-r
portion of the heart : p. pulmonary artery : a. arch of the
aorta: i. innominate artery: s.1, s.2 right and left subclavian
arteries : c.1, c.2 right and left common carotid arteries.

FIG. 4. — HEART AND LUNGS : VENTRAL VIEW, x 1.

v.1, v.2, v.s the three vena? cavae : a. arch of the aorta : i. innominate
artery : t. trachea : r. right lung : /. left lung.

vf

PLATE LXIV.

PLATE LXV.

Class — MAMMALIA — continued.
THE BABBIT — continued.

FIG. 1. — SKELETON, x |.

cr. cranial region of the skull ; fc. facial region : m. lower jaw : c.1 last
cervical vertebra : d. x 2 last dorsal vertebra : 1. 7 last lumbar
vertebra : ca. caudal vertebrae : d. dorsal portion of rib :
s. sternal portion of rib (In the specimen represented in this
plate there were thirteen ribs) : sc. scapula : Ji. humerus : u.
ulna : r. radius : c. carpus : i. ilium : is. ischium : p. pubes :
/. femur : t. tibia : fl. fibula : ts. tarsus.

PLATE LXV.

PLATE LXVI.

Class— MAMMALIA— continued.
THE BABBIT — continued.

FIG. 1. — SECOND LUMBAR VERTEBRA : FRONT VIEW, x 1.

c. centrum : s. spinous process : t. transverse process : m. metapo-
physis : li. hypapophysis.

FIG. 2. — FIRST CERVICAL VERTEBRA OR ATLAS : FRONT VIEW, x 1.

/. articular facet for the condyle of the skull : t. transverse process.

FIG. 3. — SECOND CERVICAL VERTEBRA OR Axis: FRONT VIEW, x 1.

o. odontoid process : /. vertebrarterial canal : p. z. posterior
zygapophysis.

FIG. 4. — FIRST AND SECOND CERVICAL VERTEBRA : SIDE VIEW, x 1.
a.1 atlas: a.2 axis.

FIG. 5. — SECOND LUMBAR VERTEBRA : SIDE VIEW, x 1.

s. spinous process : t. transverse process : m. metapophysis : z.
posterior zygapophysis : a. anapophysis : h. hypapophysis.

FIG. 6. — STERNUM : FRONT VIEW, x 1.

s.1 first sternebra or manubrium : s.6 sixth sternebra: x. xiphoid
cartilage.

FIG. 7. — SKULL : DORSAL VIEW, x 1.

s.o. supra-occipital : i. interparietal : p. parietal : /. frontal : n. nasal :
p. premaxilla : z. zygomatic arch.

FIG. 8. — BASE OF THE SKULL, x 1.

/. m. foramen magnum : s.o. supra-occipital : o. c. occipital condyle :
t. tympanic bulla : b.o. basi-occipital : b.s. basi-sphenoid :
pt. pterygoid : a.s. ali-sphenoid : g. glenoid fossa : p. palatine :
p.p. palatine process of the maxilla: m. maxilla: p.m.
premaxilla.

FIG. 9. — SKULL: SIDE VIEW, x 1.

s.o. supra-occipital : p.o. par-occipital process : t. tympanic bulla :
s. squamosal : pt. pterygoid : a.s. ali-sphenoid : o. optic
foramen: z.1,^.2 malar (jugal) and squamosal portions of
the zygomatic arch : /. frontal : I. lachrymal : m. maxilla :
p.m. premaxilla : n. nasal.

FIG. 10. — LOWER JAW: SIDE VIEW, x 1.

r. ramus : a. angle : c. condyle : c. *p. coronoid process.

FIGS. 11 and 12. — HYOID : SIDE AND FRONT VIEWS, x 1
&, body: c.1,*:.2 anterior and posterior cornua.

PLATE LXV!

Fig.l.

Fig. 4*.

PLATE LXVII.

Class— MAMMALIA— continued.
THE RABBIT — continued.

FIG. 1. — RIGHT SCAPULA : DORSAL VIEW, x 1.

s.s. supra-scapula : s. spine : a. acromion process : m. metacromion
process : c. coracoid process : g. glenoid cavity.

FIG. 2. — CLAVICLE, x 1.
FIG. 3. — HUMERUS. x 1.

FIG. 4. — ULNA AND RADIUS : SIDE VIEW, x 1.

u. ulna : o. olecranon process : s. sigmoid cavity : r. radius.

FIG. 5. — BONES OF THE MANUS. x 1.

c. carpal bones : m. metacarpal bones : p. phalanges.

FIG. 6. — PELVIS : FRONT VIEW, x about |.

s. 1 first sacral vertebra : a. acetabulum : il. ilium : is. ischium :
p. pubes : s. symphysis : c. caudal vertebrae.

FIG. 7. — LEFT Os INNOMINATUM : SIDE VIEW, x 1.

a. acetabulum : il. ilium : is. ischium : p. pubes : s. symphysis pubis.

FIG. 8. — FEMUR : FRONT VIEW, x 1.

FIG. 9. — TIBIA AND FIBULA: FRONT VIEW, x 1.
t. tibia : /. fibula.

FIG. 10. — BONES OF THE PES. x 1.

t. tarsal bones : c. calcaneum : a. astragalus : m. metatarsal bones :
p. phalanges.

Fig-3.

Fig. 4.

Fin. 7.

PLATE LXVII

Fiy. 9.

PLATE LXVIII.

Class— MAMMALIA— continued.
THE EABBIT — continued.

FIG. 1. — BRAIN : DORSAL VIEW, x 1.

o. olfactory lobes : c. cerebral lobes : c. q. corpora quadrigemina : c.m.
cerebellum : f. flocculus : m. medulla oblongata.

FIG. 2. — BRAIN : VENTRAL VIEW, x 1.

o. olfactory lobes : c. cerebral lobes : p. pituitary body : II.-XII. the
various cranial nerves: s.1 first spinal nerve.

FIG. o.— BRAIN : LONGITUDINAL SECTION, x 1.

o. olfactory lobe : c. cerebral lobe : /. f'oruix : c. c. corpus callosum :
v.3 third ventricle : p. pineal body : q. corpora quadrigemina :
c.m. cerebellum: y.4 fourth ventricle: p. pons Varolii :
c. a., corpus albicans : py. pituitary body : m. middle com-
missure : a. anterior commissure.

FIG. 4. — DISSECTION OF PART OF THE NECK, x 1.

j. left half of the lower jaw : t. trachea : s.m. sterno-mastoid muscle :

c. cornu majus of the hyoid bone : s.h. stylo-hyoid muscle
(The nerve crossing beneath it is the hypoglossal) : s. salivary
glands : j. v. jugular vein.

FIG. 5. — DEEPER DISSECTION OF THE SAME PART, x 1.

m. middle line of the body : t, trachea : c. bifurcation of the carotid
artery : k., Ji. hypoglossal nerve : s., s. sympathetic nerve :
p., p. pneumogastric nerve: I. superior laryngeal nerve:

d. cardiac depressor nerve.

FIG. 6. — LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF THE EYE. x 1.

e. upper eyelid : cv. fold of the conjunctiva : cr. cornea : m., m.
muscles of the eyeball : s. sclerotic : c. choroid : r. retina :
o. optic nerve.

FIG. 7. — SECTION OF THE ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE EYE. x 2.

sc. sclerotic: cv. conjunctiva: i. iris: a. anterior aqueous chamber:
p. posterior aqueous chamber : 1. lens : v. chamber of the
vitreous : c. m. ciliary muscle : c. p. ciliary process.

PLATE LXVIII.

Fitj.l.

Fuj.2.

Fia-41.

PLATE LXIX,

Class— MAMMALIA— continued.

*

THE EABBIT — continued.

FIG. 1. — UEINO GENITAL SYSTEM :. MALE : FRONT VIEW, x 1.

s. s. scrotal sac : /. fatty tissue containing the spermatic artery and
vein : t. testis : ct. caput epididymis : cd. cauda epididymis :
gb. gubernaculum testis : v. vas deferens : u. ureter: b. bladder:
u. m. uterus masculinus: p.*, p.- lobes of the prostate: c.
Cowper's gland : r. g. zectal gland : p. g. perineal gland : c. p.
eras penis : c. c. corpus cavernosum penis : g. glans penis.

FIG. 2. — UEINO-GENITAL SYSTEM : MALE : VIEW FROM THE LEFT SIDE, x 1.

u. ureter : 5. bladder : v. vas deferens : u. m. uterus masculinus :
p.*,p.z lobes of the prostate: c. Cowper's gland : r. rectum:
r. g. rectal gland : p. g. perineal gland : p. g. o. opening of
the perineal gland : c. c. corpus cavernosum penis : c, s. corpus
spongiosum penis : g. glans penis : a. anus.

PLATE LXIX.

PLATE LXX.

Class— MAMMALIA— continued.
THE RABBIT — continued.

FIG. 1. — URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM : FEMALE : FRONT VIEW, x £.

k. kidney : u. ureter : b. bladder : o. ovary : /. opening of the
Fallopian tube (oviduct) : b. I. part of the broad ligament :
ut. right uterus : v. vagina : ,vs. vestibule : r. rectum : a. anus :
r. g. rectal gland : p. g. perineal gland.

FIG. 2. — URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM : FEMALE : VIEW FROM THE LEFT SIDE, x £.

u. ureter : b. bladder : ut. uterus : v. vagina : vb. vestibule : c.
Cowper's gland : r. rectum : r. g. rectal gland : p. g. perineal
gland : p. g. o. opening of perineal gland : c. c. corpus

cavernosum clitoridis.

'f

FIG. 3. — LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF THE EIGHT KIDNEY, x 1.

c. cortex : m. medulla : p. pyramid •: pv. pelvis of the kidney :
u. ureter.

FIG. 4. — DISSECTION SHOWING THE OPENINGS OF THE Two UTERI, x 1.
v. vagina : u. opening of the right uterus.

PLATE LXX.

APPENDIX.

CLASSIFIED INDEX.

PLATS

PEOTOZOA.

EHIZOPODA — Amoeba, ....... 1

INFUSORIA — Gregarina, Paramoecium, Vorticella, ... 1

CCELENTEEATA.

SPONGIARIA = PORIFERI — Grantia, ..... 2

CNIDARIA.

Polypomedusae = Hydrozoa — Hydra, Aurclia, . . . 3, 4

Anthozoa = Actinozoa — Actinia, ..... 5

ECHINODEEMATA.

/»
ASTEROIDEA — Asterias, ......

[ENTEROPNEUSTA — Balanoglossus], ..... 27

VEEMES.

PLATYHELMINTHES.

Nemertini — Borlasia, Folia, ..... 7

Trematodes — Distomum, ...... 8

Cestodes — Tcenia, .... .9

NEMATHELMINTHES.

Nematodes — Trichina, Sagitta, . . . . .10,11

Acanthocephali — Echinorhynchus, . . . .11

EOTATORIA — Rotifer, . . . . . . .12

ANNELIDES.

Gephyrei — Sipunculus, . . .

Chsetopoda — Lwmhricus, Myzosioma, . . . .13,15

Hirudinei — Hinido, . « . . • .14

PLATE
AETHEOPODA.

CRUSTACEA.

Entomostraca — Homanis, . . . . .19-23

Malacostraca — Limulus, . . . . • .26

HEXAPODA = INSECTA — Periplaneta, . . . . - .24

ARACHNOIDEA.

Scorpionidea — Scorpio,

Acarina — Pycnogonum, . .. . . • • ' .26

Linguatulida — Pentastomum, . '. « . 26

MOLLUSCA.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA — Anodon, . . . ...

GASTROPODA — Helix, . . • • • .17

MOLLUSCOIDEA.

BRYOZOA = POLYZOA — Bugula Membranipora, ....
BRACHIOPODA — Lingula, .....

TUNICATA— Phallusia (Ascidia\ . ...

VEETEBEATA.

PISCES.

Leptocardii — Amphioxus, ......

Cyclostomi — Petromyzon, Myxine, .. ' . • 30

Selachii— Raia, . "... 31-37

Teleostei — Gadus, . . . * 38-43

AMPHIBIA — Rana, . ... 44-51

EEPTILIA — Lacerta, . •, .52-54

AVES — Columba, . . . • . 55-61

MAMMALIA — Lepus, . • . ... . . 62-70

I N D E X.

ACANTHOCEPHALA,

Actinia, .

ACTINOZOA,

Amusba, .
Amphibia,

Anodon, .
ARACHNJDA,
Arthropoda,
Ascidia, .
Ascidian,
Asterias, .
Aurelia, .
Aves, .

Balanoylossus, .

Bell-Animalcule,

Blatta,

Borlasia, .

BracMopoda, .

Bugula, .

Cephalochorda,

CESTOIDEA,

Chaetognatha, .

Chsetopoda,

Cockroach,

Cod,

Columba,

Coelenterata, .
Crustacea, .
Cyclostomata, .

Distomum,
Earthworm,

Echinodermata,

Ec.hinorhynchus,

ELASMOBRAKCHII,

Enteropneusta,

Fratjarium,
Fresh- Water Mussel,
Fresh- Water Polype,
Frog,

PLATE

PLATE

11

Gadus, ....

38-43

5

Gephyrea, .

12

5

Grantia, .

2

1

Greyarina,

1

44-51

Green Lizard, .

52-54

29

Hag-Fish,

30

16

Hdix,

17

25

Hemichordata, :

27

1%26

Hirudinea,

14

28

Hirudo, ....

14

28

Homarus,

. 19-23

6

Hydra, ....

3

4

HYDROZOA,

3 4

55-61

INSECTA, ....

24

27

Jelly-Fish,

4

1

King Crab,

26

24

Lacerta, ....

. 52-54

7

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA,

. . 16

18

Lamprey,

30

18

Lancelot, ....

29

29

Leech, ....

14

9

Lepus, ....

. 62-70

11

Limulus, . . . .

26

13

Linguatulidas, .

26

24

Lingula, . . , .

18

38-43

Liver-Fluke,

8

/-5-61

Lizard, ....

. 52-54

35

Lobster, ....

. 19-23

19-23

Lumbricus,

13

30

Mammalia,

. 62-70

8

Membranipora,

18

13

Mollusca, .

. 16,17

6

Mussel, ....

16

11

Myxine, . .

30

31-37

Myzostoma,

15

27

Myzostomea, .

15

28

Nemathelminthcs,

. 10, 11

16

NEMATODA,

10

3

^EMERTEA, . . .

7

44-51

Nobody Crab, .

26

ODONTOPHORA, . . - .

PLATE

17

Rotifer a,

Paramtjecium, ....

1

Sagitta, .

Pentastomum, ....

26

Scorpio, .

Periplaneta, ....

24

Scorpion, .

Petromyzon, ....

30

Sea-Anemone, .

Phallusia, ....

28

Sea-Squirt,

55-61

Sipunculus, .

Pisces,

. 31-43

Skate,

Platyhelminth.es, .

7-9

Slipper- Animalcule,

Poecilopoda,

26

Snail,

Polia, .....

7

Sponge, .

Polyzoa, ....

18

Star-Fish,

Porifera,

2

Tsenia,

Protozoa, . . . .

1

Tape -Worm,

Pycnogonidae, . . .

26

Teleostei, .

Pycnogonum, •* • • • •

26

Tracheata,

Eabbit, .

. 62-70

TREMATODA,

Raia, .....

31-37

Trichina, .

Rana, .....

. 44-51

Tunicata, .

Beptilia, ...

52-54

Vermes,

River Lamprey,

30

Vorticella,

Rotifer, .....

12

Wheel -Animalcule,

PLATE
12
11
25

25
5

28
12

. 31-37
1

M
2
6
9
9

. 38-43

.24,25

8

10

28

. 7-15

1

12

ERRATUM.

VIII. HEADING. — For Didomum lanceolatum read Distomum hepaiicum.

THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE
STAMPED BELOW

AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS

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OVERDUE.

BIOLOGY LIBRARY

Pr.B 5 1935

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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRAR