<0 


STATE  DOCUMENTS  COLLECTION 

APR  18  1982 

MONTANA  STATF:  '  '5RARY 

930  E  lyncfeln  Ave. 

Helena,  Montan?  596B1 


lr  J* 


o 


:& 


19 


81 


THE  IMPACT  OF  HUNGRY  HORSE  DAM  ON  THE 
AQUATIC  INVERTEBRATES  OF  THE  FLATHEAD  RIVER 

Research  Conducted  By:   MONTANA  DEPARTMENT  OF  FISH,  WILDLIFE  &  PARKS 
Sponsored  By:   BUREAU  OF  RECLAMATION 


URT  OCT  2  0  '8B  Montana  state  library 

"•*  *-'  S  574.5263  F2ih  c.  1  Perry 

The  impact  of  Hungry  Horse  Dam  on  the  aq 

OCT  i  o«f  llilHIIIIlllIDIIllllllllHlllll 

3  0864  00038607  1 


THE  IMPACT  OF  HUNGRY  HORSE  DAM 
ON 
THE  AQUATIC  INVERTEBRATES  OF  THE  FLATHEAD  RIVER 


by 
Sue  Perry  and  Patrick  J.  Graham 

Montana  Department  of  Fish,  Wildlife  and  Parks 
Kali  spell,  MT  59901 

September,  1981 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2013 


http://archive.org/details/impactofhungryho1981perr 


EXECUTIVE  SUMMARY 

The  aquatic  invertebrate  study  was  begun  in  June,  1979,  as  part 
of  a  fisheries  study  which  was  funded  by  the  Bureau  of  Reclamation  to 
assess  the  probable  impacts  of  several  proposed  power  alternatives  on 
the  aquatic  biota  in  the  areas  of  the  Flathead  River  affected  by  discharges 
from  Hungry  Horse  Dam.  This  report  contains  preliminary  results  of 
research  completed  since  the  last  Annual  Report  (Graham  et  al.  1980). 

The  benthic  invertebrate  study  was  undertaken  to  provide  baseline 
information  on  density  and  biomass,  community  composition,  species  diversity 
and  life  history  characteristics  of  macroinvertebrates  in  the  South 
Fork  of  the  Flathead  River  downstream  from  Hungry  Horse  Dam  and  in  the 
main  stem  Flathead  River  above  and  below  the  confluence  with  the  South 
Fork.  The  1981  Annual  Report  presents  data  on  the  following:  a  continua- 
tion of  the  tabulation  of  monthly  mean  density  data  for  each  species 
collected  in  the  benthic  samples  which  were  taken  at  monthly  intervals 
at  three  sample  sites  over  a  two  year  period;  a  comparison  of  invertebrate 
densities  and  biomass  in  control  and  regulated  areas  of  the  Flathead 
River  which  were  calculated  from  samples  collected  during  the  1980  water 
year  (October,  1979  to  September,  1980);  an  assessment  of  differences 
in  community  composition  in  control  and  regulated  areas  based  on  species 
presence  and  abundance  at  the  three  sites  and  on  data  obtained  using 
Shannon  diversity  indices.  The  Final  Report  will  include  data  obtained 
in  other  portions  of  the  study;  the  evaluation  bf  differences  in  community 
composition  in  regulated  and  free-flowing  sections  of  the  river  using 
ordination  techniques;  the  results  of  the  seasonal  study  of  the  food 
habits  of  whitefish  and  trout  in  regulated  and  control  areas;  an  assessment 
of  the  experimental  study  on  the  effects  of  different  rates  of  increase 
in  discharge  and  times  of  shutdown  at  Hungry  Horse  Dam  on  insect  drift; 
and  an  evaluation  of  the  effects  of  different  discharge  regimes  on  selected 
insect  life  histories.  Management  implications  derived  from  another 
study  (Perry,  in  progress)  on  the  effects  of  river  discharges  on  seston, 
periphyton,  and  Aufwuchs  productivity  will  also  be  included  in  the  Final 
Report. 

Biotic  diversity  is  severely  reduced  and  community  composition 
is  grossly  altered  in  the  regulated  South  Fork  of  the  Flathead  River. 
The  mean  of  the  Shannon  diversity  indices  for  the  four  months  which 
were  used  to  calculate  seasonal  values  was  0.8  at  the  South  Fork  station 
and  generally  in  the  range  of  3.1  to  3.3  at  the  main  river  sites.  The 
fauna  in  the  South  Fork  was  dominated  by  the  dipteran  family  Chironomidae, 
which  represented  85  percent  of  invertebrates  by  mean  annual  density. 
The  mayflies,  stoneflies,  and  caddisflies  represented  only  four  percent 
of  the  invertebrate  density  in  the  South  Fork  as  compared  to  75  percent 
at  the  control  site.  The  combined  effects  of  flow  fluctuations,  the 
severe  changes  in  the  temperature  regime  (varying  from  only  3°  to  7° 
C  annually  and  thus  providing  much  colder  summer  temperatures  and  warmer 
winter  temperatures),  and  the  consequent  changes  in  the  food  base  for 
invertebrates  are  responsible  for  the  marked  changes  in  zoobenthic  composi- 
tion. 


1 1 


In  contrast  to  the  South  Fork,  both  main  river  sites  (above  and 
below  the  confluence  with  the  South  Fork)  had  diverse  insect  faunas. 
No  significant  differences  in  overall  diversity  were  shown  between  the 
control  and  partially  regulated  (downstream  from  the  confluence  with 
the  South  Fork)  sites  using  Shannon  diversity  indices.  The  increase 
in  biotic  diversity  which  generally  occurs  with  increasing  distance  down- 
stream from  a  dam,  occurs  abruptly  in  the  Flathead  River  where  the  South 
Fork  joins  the  unregulated  North  and  Middle  Forks.  The  main  stem  Flathead 
River  is  affected  by  the  addition  of  waters  from  the  regulated  South 
Fork,  but  the  adverse  effects  on  the  macroinvertebrates  are  greatly 
tempered  due  to  dilution  by  the  North  and  Middle  Forks.  This  can  be 
attributed  to  factors  such  as  temperature  modification,  the  flushing 
and  redeposition  of  sediments  which  occurs  during  spring  runoff,  the 
import  of  particulate  organic  carbon  and  drifting  insects  from  upstream 
areas,  etc. 

Although  no  significant  differences  were  shown  in  species  diversity, 
there  were  compositional  changes  in  the  partially  regulated  portion 
of  the  river.  Mayflies  were  far  more  abundant  in  the  control  area  (54 
percent  versus  27  percent),  while  stoneflies  and  dipterans  showed  higher 
densities  in  the  partially  regulated  area  (Plecoptera  -  21  percent  versus' 
15  percent;  Diptera  -  38  percent  versus  24  percent).  The  composition 
of  caddisflies  was  markedly  different  at  the  two  sites,  which  is  probably 
related  to  differences  in  periphyton  and  particulate  organic  carbon 
particle  sizes  of  the  seston.  The  timing  of  events  in  the  life  cycles 
of  a  number  of  species  was  different  at  the  two  main  river  sites;  this 
can  be  correlated  with  seasonal  temperature  differences  in  the  control 
and  partially  regulated  areas  of  the  river,  which  are  due  to  discharges 
of  hypolimnetic  water  from  Hungry  Horse  Dam. 

Annual  means  of  individual  counts  (no./m2)  and  biomass  (cc/m2) 
data  indicate  that  densities  of  zoobenthos  are  higher  in  the  South  Fork 
(10,472  ±  6,372)  than  at  the  control  (6,666  ±  6,144)  and  partially  regulated 
(6,412  ±  7,078)  sites.  Overall,  biomass  is  not  significantly  different 
at  the  three  sites  (control  -  12.1  ±  4.2;  partially  regulated  -  14.4 
±  9.0;  regulated  -  12.3  ±  5.8). 

The  ameliorative  effects  of  the  North  and  Middle  Forks  are  limited 
when  flows  from  natural  areas  are  low.  Major  changes  in  the  seasonal 
discharge  regime  from  Hungry  Horse  Dam  might  substantially  alter  the 
composition  of  invertebrates  in  the  main  stem  river  and  possibly  affect 
the  feeding  habits  and  movement  patterns  of  fish.  Marked  increases 
in  discharge  during  certain  seasons  (e.g.  sustained  high  winter  flows) 
could  cause  species  extinctions  by  increasing  the  winter  heat  load  in 
the  river  and  causing  earlier  emergences  of  certain  species  into  lethal 
air  temperatures.   Preliminary  data  indicates  that  winter  and  early 
spring  emerging  species  are  abundant  in  the  drift  and  provide  a  food 
source  for  trout.  Also,  high  rates  of  discharge  during  dry  summers 
could  reduce  or  eliminate  species  which  require  higher  summer  temperatures 
for  growth  and  emergence.  Until  more  information  is  available  on  what 
environmental  factors  are  important  for  the  maintenance  of  a  habitat 
suitable  for  important  fish  food  species,  caution  should  be  exercised 
in  altering  discharge  regimes.  Recommendations  and  probable  changes 
which  may  accompany  particular  operational  options  will  be  detailed 
in  the  Final  Report. 

iii 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

Robert  Schumacher,  Regional  Fisheries  Manager,  was  instrumental  in 
developing  this  study.  Delano  Hanzel ,  Montana  Department  of  Fish,  Wildlife 
and  Parks,  assisted  in  the  hiring  of  personnel  and  with  arrangements 
for  computer  analyses.  Jack  Stanford  provided  for  the  use  of  the  University 
of  Montana  Biological  Station  facilities,  equipment  and  stonefly  reference 
col  lection. 

We  are  indebted  to  William  Perry,  who  has  worked  as  a  volunteer 
on  the  project  for  the  past  year,  enumerating  invertebrates,  supervising 
personnel,  and  assisting  with  data  calculations  and  graphics.  Paul 
Leonard  and  Ken  Frazer  assisted  with  field  work  and  graphics.  We  are 
indebted  to  employees  of  the  CETA  and  YACC  programs  for  their  assistance 
in  the  collection  and  sorting  of  insects.  Among  the  people  who  spent 
many  tedious  hours  sorting  insects  were:  Dave  Arland,  Dennis  Barrow, 
John  Bender,  Nita  Davis,  Debbie  De  Gennaro,  Laurie  Dollan,  Dave  Donaldson, 
Buddy  Drake,  Sandy  Entzel ,  Kirk  Fallon,  Mark  Gaub,  Emmie  Ibison,  Wanda 
Jamieson,  Rick  Johnson,  Susan  Kraft,  Cathy  Leddy,  Robert  Post,  Chuck 
Richardson,  Betty  Schroder,  Cathy  Schloeder,  Terry  Seliger,  Wendy  Senger, 
Arlene  Sinclair,  John  Squires,  Jill  Stanley,  Ron  Tate  and  Ande  Wood. 
Dave  Donaldson  and  Rick  Johnson  did  the  bulk  of  the  volumetric  measure- 
ments for  biomass  estimates. 


IV 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Page 

EXECUTIVE  SUMMARY  ii 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  iv 

LIST  OF  TABLES vi 

LIST  OF  FIGURES vi i 

INTRODUCTION  ....  1 

STUDY  AREAS 7 

METHODS 11 

RESULTS  AND  DISCUSSION  13 

Species  Diversity  13 

Abundance  and  Distribution  16 

Density  Estimates  16 

Mayflies 21 

Stoneflies 27 

Caddisflies 27 

Dipterans 27 

Biomass  Estimates 28 

Life  History 35 

RECOMMENDATIONS 37 

Selective  Withdrawal  System  37 

CONCLUSIONS 39 

LITERATURE  CITED  41 

APPENDIX  A Al 

APPENDIX  B Bl 

APPENDIX  C CI 


LIST  OF  TABLES 
Table  Page 

1  Shanon  Diversity  Indices  14 

2  Densities  (x  no./m2)  (Kick  +  Circular  Samples).  Annual  Mean  of 
Monthly  Means  (October  1979  -  September  1980) 17 

3  Macroinvertebrates  with  higher  densities  in  the  free-flowing 
Flathead  River  (Bible  Camp  sampling  site).  Annual  mean  number/ 

m2  (October  1979  -  September  1980)' 25 

4  Macroinvertebrates  with  higher  densities  in  the  partially 
regulated  Flathead  River  (Kokanee  Bend  sampling  site).  Annual 

mean  number/m2  (October  1979  -  September  1980)  ....     26 

5  Biomass  (cc/m2)  (Kick  +  Circular  Samples).  Annual  Mean  of 

Monthly  Means  (October  1979  -  September  1980)  29 

6  Percent  of  total  number  (no./m2)  of  invertebrates  represented 

by  insect  order  (Kick  and  Circular  samples  combined)  31 

7  Percent  of  total  biomass  (cc/m2)  of  invertebrates  represented  by 
insect  order  (Kick  and  Circular  samples  combined) 33 


LIST  OF  FIGURES 
Figure  Page 

1  Daily  maximum  and  minimum  temperatures  recorded  at  USGS  stations 
on  the  North  (unregulated)  and  South  (regulated)  Forks  of  the 
Flathead  River  from  October,  1979  through  March,  1980 3 

2  Daily  maximum  and  minimum  temperatures  recorded  at  USGS  stations 
on  the  Middle  (unregulated)  and  South  (regulated)  Forks  of  the 
Flathead  River  from  April  through  September,  1980 4 

3  Mean  daily  temperatures  recorded  in  the  unregulated  (North  Fork) 
and  partially  regulated  (Columbia  Falls)  areas  of  the  Flathead 

River,  October,  1979  through  March,  1980  5 

4  Mean  daily  temperatures  recorded  in  the  unregulated  (North  and 
Middle  Forks)  and  partially  regulated  (Columbia  Falls)  areas  of 

the  Flathead  River,  April  through  September,  1980 6 

5  Mean  daily  discharge  recorded  in  the  South  Fork  of  the  Flathead 

River  during  the  1980  water  year 8 

6  Mean  daily  discharge  recorded  in  the  partially  regulated  Flathead 
River  (Columbia  Falls)  during  the  1980  water  year 9 

7  Macroinvertebrate  sampling  sites  in  the  main  stem  and  South  Fork 
Flathead  Rivers,  1979-1980 10 

8  Mean  number  of  invertebrates  per  square  meter;  annual  means  of 
monthly  means.   Bars  represent  means,  I  represents  standard 
deviations.   E  =  Ephemeroptera ;  P  =  Plecoptera;  T  =  Trichoptera; 

Ch  =  Chironomidae;  0D  =  Other  Diptera;  01  =  Other  Invertebrates.     18 

9  Mean  numbers  of  total  invertebrate  per  square  meter,  October, 

1979  through  September,  1980 19 

10  Mean  number/m2  of  the  insect  orders  Ephemeroptera,  Plecoptera, 
and  Trichoptera  at  the  South  Fork  (regulated)  sampling  site, 

October  1979  -  September  1980.  N.D.  =  no  sample  taken  20 

11  Mean  number/m2  of  insect  orders  Ephemeroptera,  Plecoptera  and 
Trichoptera  at  the  Kokanee  Bend  (partially  regulated)  sampling 

site,  October  1979  -  September  1980.  N.D.  =  no  sample  taken  .  .     22 

12  Mean  number/m2  of  insect  orders  Ephemeroptera,  Plecoptera  and 
Trichoptera  at  the  Bible  Camp  (control)  sampling  site,  October 

1979  -  September  1980.  N.D.  =  no  sample  taken 23 

13  Mean  number/m2  of  the  insect  order  Ephemeroptera  at  the  control 
(Bible  Camp)  and  partially  regulated  (Kokanee  Bend)  sampling 


vn 


LIST  OF  FIGURES  CONT. 
Figure  Page 

site,  October  1979  -  September  1980.  N.D.  -  no  sample  taken.  .  .    24 

14  Biomass  (cc/m2)  of  invertebrates;  annual  means  of  monthly  means. 
Bars  represents  means;  I  represents  standard  deviations,  means 

of  total  invertebrate  biomass  are  represented  by  the  large  blocks. 
T  =  Trichoptera;  P  =  Plecoptera;  E  =  Ephemeroptera ;  C  =  Chironomidae; 
0  =  Other  Diptera  and  Other  Invertebrates  30 

15  Degree  days  (mean  daily  temperatures)  summed  by  the  month  for 
control  (North  Fork),  partially  regulated  (Columbia  Falls),  and 
regulated  (South  Fork)  areas  of  the  Flathead  River  for  the 

1980  water  year 36 


INTRODUCTION 

The  benthic  invertebrate  study  was  begun  in  June  1979,  as  part 
of  a  larger  fisheries  study  to  assess  the  impacts  of  various  proposed 
power  alternatives  and  operating  regimes  on  the  aquatic  biota  in  the 
Flathead  River.  Hungry  Horse  Dam,  which  is  located  8  km  upstream  from 
the  mouth  of  the  South  Fork  of  the  Flathead  River,  was  completed  in 
1953.   It  is  operated  for  flood  control  and  power  production  by  the 
Bureau  of  Reclamation.  The  crest  of  the  dam  is  1087  m  above  sea  level. 
Four  penstocks  are  located  75  m  below  the  crest. 

The  present  minimum  flow  from  Hungry  Horse  Dam  is  4.2  m3/sec  (150 
cfs)  and  peak  discharge  is  approximately  323  m3/sec  (11,417  cfs).  The 
Bureau  of  Reclamation  is  assessing  several  alternatives  which  would 
increase  peaking  capacity  and  total  annual  power  production.  These 
include  uprating  the  existing  generators,  a  powerhouse  addition,  and 
the  construction  of  a  reregulating  dam  which  would  have  an  estimated 
storage  capacity  of  2.4  x  10^  m3.  Maximum  discharge  from  the  existing 
dam  could  be  increased  to  390  m3/sec. 

The  aquatic  invertebrate  study  was  undertaken  to  provide  baseline 
information  on  community  composition,  species  diversity,  biomass,  and 
life  history  characteristics  of  macroinvertebrates  in  the  Flathead  River 
above  and  below  the  confluence  of  the  South  Fork  and  in  the  South  Fork 
of  the  Flathead  River  downstream  from  Hungry  Horse  Dam.  The  impact 
of  operating  regimes  which  have  been  proposed  to  enhance  the  fishery 
are  being  assessed  with  regard  to  their  effect  on  the  fish  food  organisms. 
Recommendations  will  be  based  on  optimizing  flows  which  1)  cause  the 
least  catastrophic  invertebrate  drift  and  stranding;  2)  provide  the 
most  insect  habitat;  and  3)  provide  the  best  criteria  for  the  growth 
and  emergence  of  important  fish  food  species.  The  objectives  of  the 
invertebrate  study  are: 

1.  To  sample  the  benthos  at  monthly  intervals  over  a  two-year 
period  in  order  to  compare  invertebrate  densities  and  biomass  in  control 
and  regulated  areas  of  the  Flathead  River. 

2.  To  assess  differences  in  community  composition  in  control  and 
regulated  areas  with  the  use  of  diversity  indices  and  ordinations  techniques 

3.  To  (seasonally)  study  the  food  habits  of  whitefish  and  trout 
in  regulated  and  control  areas  of  the  river  and  to  ascertain  whether 
certain  species  are  feeding  selectively  on  the  drift  or  on  the  bottom. 

4.  To  determine  experimentally  whether  different  rates  of  increases 
in  discharge  and  times  of  shutdown  at  Hungry  Horse  Dam  differentially 
affect  invertebrate  drift. 

5.  To  assess  the  effect  of  regulation  and  of  different  discharge 
regimes  on  the  rates  of  growth  and  times  of  emergence  of  selected  aquatic 
insect  species. 


-!■ 


The  construction  of  Hungry  Horse  Dam  has  resulted  in  a  number  of 
downstream  modifications  which  are  of  significance  to  river  zoobenthos. 
Dams  can  exert  profound  perturbative  influences  on  the  downstream  riverine 
environment,  and  rapid,  short-term  fluctuations  due  to  hydropower  pro- 
duction have  profoundly  altered  biological  processes  in  the  South  Fork. 
Unpredictable  and  fluctuating  flow  conditions  below  dams  with  operational 
schedules  based  primarily  on  power  needs  have  a  detrimental  effect  on 
the  benthos  by  inducing  catastrophic  drift,  causing  stranding,  and  altering 
the  habitat.  The  manipulation  of  discharge  affects  the  total  lotic 
ecosystem.  Certain  changes  in  the  discharge  regime  from  dams  can  benefit 
invertebrate  populations  (high  minimum  flows,  predictable  flows,  selective 
withdrawal  systems,  etc.).  Water  discharge  is  a  factor  of  key  importance 
to  the  benthos,  especially  due  to  its  influence  on  temperature,  current 
velocity,  composition  of  the  substrate,  and  the  availability  of  food 
(Henricson  and  Muller  1979). 

Temperature  is  an  important  environmental  factor  affecting  the 
benthos  in  the  regulated  areas  of  the  Flathead  River.  The  hypolimnial 
releases  from  Hungry  Horse  Dam  have  stabilized  temperatures  in  the  South 
Fork;  the  yearly  thermal  regime  is  severely  altered,  varying  only  from 
3°  C  to  7°  C.  The  marked  reduction  in  thermal  amplitude  in  the  South 
Fork  as  compared  to  the  unregulated  North  and  Middle  Forks  for  the  1980 
water  year  is  shown  in  Figures  1  and  2.  The  lack  of  appropriate  thermal 
criteria  for  hatching,  growth  and  emergence  may  be  the  major  factor 
contributing  to  the  absence  of  many  species  of  insects  in  the  South 
Fork  (Stanford  1975). 

In  general,  environmental  heterogeneity  and  biotic  diversity  will 
be  reduced  near  an  upstream  impoundment,  but  will  show  a  progressive 
recovery  with  increasing  distance  downstream  (Ward  and  Stanford  1979). 
This  recovery  occurs  abruptly  in  the  Flathead  River  where  the  South 
Fork  joins  the  unregulated  North  and  Middle  Forks.  Because  the  ameliorative 
effect  imposed  by  unregulated  segments  is  much  greater  than  in  many 
regulated  rivers,  the  main  stem  Flathead  River  will  be  referred  to  as 
partially  regulated.  The  main  stem  Flathead  River  is  affected  by  the 
addition  of  waters  from  the  regulated  South  Fork,  but  the  adverse  effects 
on  the  macroinvertebrates  are  greatly  tempered  due  to  dilution  by  the 
North  and  Middle  Forks. 

The  partially  regulated  Flathead  River  also  shows  the  late  fall 
and  winter  elevation  (Figure  3)  and  summer  depression  (Figure  4)  in 
river  temperatures,  although  to  a  lesser  extent  than  the  South  Fork. 
In  the  partially  regulated  areas  of  the  river,  severe  thermal  fluctuations 
over  short  periods  of  time  may  occur  as  power  releases  peak  and  wane. 
In  the  summer  during  periods  when  there  is  no  generation,  river  temperatures 
warm  quickly,  since  most  of  the  flow  is  from  the  North  and  Middle  Forks. 

Discharges  from  Hungry  Horse  Dam  also  affect  the  availability  of 
food  for  macroinvertebrates  (Perry,  in  progress).  The  lack  of  trophic 
diversity  contributes  to  the  severely  altered  invertebrate  composition 
in  the  South  Fork.  The  South  Fork  supports  a  dense  growth  of  peri  phytic 


-2- 


(Do)    S3«niV»3dW31    *MCH     H1DOS 


"0 

CD       • 

"Jo  § 

1—  CTi 

Z3  <— 1 

CJ. 

a;     " 

DC 

S-   -£Z 

c   u 

<r 

=3    S_ 

5 

03 

SI 

-C 

+->  -IZ 

s-    en 

O     3 

z:   0 

s_ 

oj  -c: 

-c  +-> 

+-> 

CT) 

m 

0  cr> 

LU 

r-H 

LL 

(/I 

O      S- 

•!-        CD 

+->     -Q 

03    O 

+->  -M 

CO     O 

O 

CO 

CJ3    E 

00    O 

z 

4- 

< 

+-> 

n3    S_ 

-31 

CD 

-a  > 

OJ  •.- 

-a  cc: 

s- 

0  -a 

O    03 

cd  cd 

s_  x: 

+-> 

00    03 

0 

O)  >— 

III!  S 

S_  U_ 

Q 

+->    CD 

03  jc 

S-  4-> 

CD 

Q.«4- 

E    O 

CD 

+->     00 

-Xi 

E    ^- 

=5    O 

E  u_ 

-1 — 

> 

SZ  '•— - 

O 

•r-  TD 

E    CD 

Z 

"O     03 

C  1 — 

03     rs 

CT) 

E     CD 

=3    S_ 

E-— 

•  i — 

X  jC 

03    4-> 

h- 

E     =5 
O 

O 

>^oo 

O 

•1-  "O 

03    c 

O    03 

m  o  in  o 

(  30  )     S3aniVM3dW3l      aaod      H1MON 


OJ 


o> 


(    0o)        S3HniVH3dl/\l31     *HOd     HIOOS 


O 
I 


? 


o 


-o 


"T" 


— r~ 
o 


T" 
O 


■a 

XI 

■M 

<T3 

i — 

3 

CD      • 

O)   O 

S-   CO 

£L 

c  en 

Ml 

13    .-H 

(f) 

^ 

O)   s- 

i—  a> 

-o  -O 

■o   E 

•r-    0J 

SI    4-) 

a. 

at   a> 

-C   OO 

-M 

o 

x: 
c    en 

13 

O     =5 

< 

O 
00     S- 

C   -E 

O    -M 

•1 — 

-l->    r— 

nD  -r- 

4->    S_ 

00    Q. 

<C 

00 

CO    E 

oo   0 

:d   s- 

_l 

4- 

D 

ra    S- 

-D 

a> 

■0   > 

0>    -r- 

-0  ai 

S- 

0  -0 

CJ     <T3 

CD    <L> 

S-   -JZ 

4-> 

CO    n3 

CD  1 — 

z 

S-  Li_ 

3 

3 
+->    CD 

"3 

ro  -C 

S-    ■*-> 

CD 

Q.M- 

E    O 

a> 

+->      CO 

^ 

E    s- 

=3     O 

E  u- 

•1 — 

> 
< 

•r-    "O 

E    CD 

^ 

4-> 

e  1 — 

ro    13 

a> 

E    CD 

23     S- 

E"-— 

•1 — 

X  -c 

A3    4-> 

DC 

E     =3 

0 

0. 

>>U0 

< 

•1-  "O 

n3     C 

Q     fD 

(o„  )    S3anivH3difl3i    >.dOd     siaam 


<d 
s- 


J- 

< 

cc 

tf) 

LU 

_J 

* 

> 

_j 

Ml 

DC 

< 

LL 

cc 

cc 

Q 

< 

o 

o 

< 

UJ 

I 

m 

u. 

2 

5 

X 

O 

'r- 

Z5 

H 

>- 

< 

_J 

U. 

z 

_J 

O 

O 

< 

U. 

o 

z 

u 

V      < 


•:-...;«r; 


> 


J 

/"■^ 


o 

CM 


in 


~r 


O 


z 

< 

-3 


o 

iU 
Q 


> 
O 


o 

o 


rd 

E 
o 

O 


OJ 


13 

cn 

a' 
s- 


-M 

S-. 

03 

. 

Q-C 

CO 

"O 

CTl 

C 

, — i 

ro 

.. — „ 

JZ 

^z 

u 

5- 

c~ 

O 

ra 

u_ 

2^ 

sz 

_c 

+J 

C7 

5- 

3 

O 

o 

Z 

<v- 

*■ — -■ 

-c: 

+J 

-n 

'ii 

en 

4-> 

r~v 

03 

en 

i — 

. — i 

Z5 

CT 

^ 

OJ 

'- 

<^ 

CU 

c 

_a 

13 

o 

4-J 

o> 

u 

^Cl 

o 

+  ■> 

r. 

c 

S- 

■r- 

OJ 

> 

-a 

■  r- 

ai 

a: 

-a 

<w 

T3 

o 

ro 

u 

a.) 

1) 

JZ 

S-. 

■M 

a; 

10 

i — 

CI 

l-i_ 

S- 

zs 

u 

+J 

-C 

fO 

-m 

S- 

fJJ 

<+- 

Q. 

o 

E 

■X! 

in 

+-> 

ro 

ai 

>^  s- 

i — 

ra 

rri 

■n 

*   *■ 

(71 

c 

I 

ra 

i 

0) 

ra 

OJ 
S- 

Z5 
CT. 


(  Do  )     3HniVH3dlAI3± 


>^ 


•/■•• 


a, 

UJ 
(A 


O 

< 


•••i.v: 


D 

-^ 


^                     ^  -« 

<  111  ^ 

*       5  - 
2       o< 

"  5     T  ^ 

S  2  S  D 

r  UJ     _l  o 

<  CO    u.  V 


Of 

O 


z 

o 

>- 
z 
< 


-3 


< 


Q. 
< 


o 


LO 


-I- 
o 


in 


O 


Oo)  3anivd3di^i3i 


ro 

+->  O 

S-  00 
ro  CT> 
Q-<— • 

"O       " 

£Z     <- 

ro    CD 

-Q 

'—  E 
CO    CD 

-^  4-> 
S-    Cl 

O   o> 

U-   CO 

O)  -£= 

i —  en 

-o  3 

-o  o 

•i-  s- 

-a 

c  i — 

03   -i- 

S- 

XI  CL 
+■>   <C 

O       ** 

— '   CD 

> 

"O   -r- 

+-> 

<T3  "O 
■ —  f0 
=5    CD 

cn_rz 
O)  +-> 
s-   ro 

c  >— 

13  Ll_ 

CD    CD 


C  4- 
•i-    o 


"O   to 

CD    fC 


CD 
S- 

ro 


i- 

o 
o 

CD  '— « 

S-  00 

00  i — 

CD  ro 

S-  U_ 

+->  ro 

ro  -r- 

S-  -Q 

CD  E 

D-  =5 

E  i- 

Oi  O 

+->  C_) 

>—  "O 

•r-  CD 

ro  4-> 

"O  ro 

C  =S 

ro  CD 

CD  CD 


CD 

S- 

C7> 


-6- 


algae  in  the  permanently  wetted  area  of  the  river.   Inorganic  sediments 
settle  out  in  the  reservoir,  reducing  turbidity  and  sediment  scour  in 
the  South  Fork  and  main  stem  Flathead  River,  thus  allowing  increased 
periphyton  growth.  Seston  from  the  reservoir  is  not  abundant  in  the 
South  Fork,  since  water  is  withdrawn  only  from  the  unproductive  hypolimnion 
of  the  reservoir.  Organic  carbon  is  more  abundant  in  the  partially 
regulated  areas  of  the  Flathead  River  due  to  input  from  the  unregulated 
forks  and  recruitment  of  debris  from  shoreline  areas  during  generation 
(Perry,  in  progress). 

Regulation  also  affects  the  composition  of  streambed  materials 
and  thus  reduces  habitat  diversity.  Natural  areas  of  the  Flathead  River 
are  characterized  by  loosely  compacted  flood  plain  materials  composed 
of  large  cobble  interspersed  with  smaller  gravels  and  sand.  In  the 
South  Fork,  the  smaller  materials  have  been  removed  from  the  surface 
layer  of  rocks  by  the  clearwater  discharges  from  Hungry  Horse  Dam.  The 
reservoir  acts  as  a  settling  basin  for  inorganic  materials,  so  there 
is  no  redeposition  of  the  finer  gravels  and  sand  in  the  tailwater  area. 
Substrate  particle  size  has  been  shown  to  have  an  important  effect  on 
community  structure  (Cummins  1966;  de  March  1976;  Minshall  and  Minshall 
1977;  Williams  1980). 

STUDY  AREAS 

The  Flathead  River  drains  21,876  km2  of  southeast  British  Columbia 
and  northwest  Montana.  It  is  the  northeastern  most  drainage  in  the 
Columbia  River  Basin.  Three  forks  of  approximately  equal  size  drain 
the  west  slope  of  the  Continental  Divide.  The  South  Fork  flows  out 
of  the  Bob  Marshall  Wilderness  area  to  Hungry  Horse  Reservoir,  a  deep- 
storage  impoundment  approximately  66  km  long  with  a  storage  capacity 
of  4,268  x  106  m3.  Discharge  from  Hungry  Horse  Dam  varies  from  a  minimum 
flow  of  4.2  m3/sec  to  a  peak  discharge  of  323  m3/sec,  and  vertical  water 
level  fluctuations  in  the  South  Fork  downstream  from  the  dam  can  vary 
as  much  as  2.5  m  daily.  The  South  Fork  is  grossly  altered  for  its  entire 
course  (8  km)  before  it  joins  with  the  North  and  Middle  Forks  of  the 
Flathead  River.  The  hydrograph  of  the  main  stem  Flathead  River  below 
the  confluence  with  the  South  Fork  is  determined  by  the  sum  of  the  dis- 
charge from  the  three  forks.  Peak  flows  in  the  main  stem  normally  occur 
in  May  and  June,  coinciding  with  peak  runoff  in  the  North  and  Middle 
Fork  drainages.  Except  for  peak  runoff  periods,  the  hydrograph  of  the 
main  stem  parallels  that  of  the  South  Fork  (Figures  5  and  6). 

The  macroinvertebrate  work  has  been  concentrated  in  riffle  areas 
at  three  study  sites:   1)  South  Fork  of  the  Flathead  River  -  7.4  km 
from  Hungry  Horse  Dam  near  the  mouth  of  the  South  Fork;  2)  Glacier  Bible 
Camp  (Control  Site)  -  1.2  km  north  of  the  mouth  of  the  South  Fork;  and 
3)  Kokanee  Bend  Fishing  Access  Site  -  12  km  south  of  the  mouth  of  the 
South  Fork  in  the  partially  regulated  main  stem  Flathead  River  (Figure 
7). 


-7- 


r 


O 


O 
(f) 


m 

Hi 

SL 

o 

X 

> 

DC 

o 
z 

X 


(0 


s- 
<v 

CD 
>, 

5- 
1J 
+J 

TO 

2 

o 
co 

CTi 


cu 

-t-> 
CD 

c 
S- 

3 
T3 

S- 
CD 
> 


rD 
CU 
-£Z 
4-> 
03 


0J 
JSZ 

+-> 

<4- 

o 

^*: 

i. 
o 


o 

+J 

c 


T3 

OJ 

-a 

5- 
o 
o 
cu 

S- 

cu 

en 
S- 
ro 

u 
t/1 


>> 


-a 


<T5 
CD 


CU 


O 


(     0001 


o 
X    sjo  ) 


3oavHosia    nvbiai 


-8- 


-J 
T3 


I- 
< 

>  < 


O 


_Q 
E 

O 

o 


Q  < 

< 

UJ  . 

I  ■* 

I-  => 

-j  O 

u.  O 


C/5 


5- 
> 

-I 

Ql 
T3 

ra 
O) 

_e 
+-> 
ra 


1 

o 

CO 


o 

CM 


o 


o 


~T~ 
O 


(0001       X     sjo)      39HVH0Sia      NV3IAI 


-a 

+j 

ro 


0.1 


4-> 

S- 
ra 
Q. 

O) 

x: 
c 


'11 
■o 
s- 
o 
u 

CD 

S- 

OJ     • 

ais- 

s-  ra 
ro  CD 

-s=  >, 
o 

00  S- 

•r-  a> 

-D+J 

ro 

>><: 

•r-O 

raCO 

i— I 

cz 

ro  O) 
OJ-C 


S- 

=s 

CTj 


-9- 


Bl  BLE  CAMP  BENTHIC 
SAMPLING    SITE 

COLUMBIA  FALLS 
DRIFT    SAMPLING    SITE 


KALISPELL 


0 


KILOMETERS 


KALISPELL     DRIFT 
SAMPLING    SITE 


Fiqure  7.     Macroinvertebrate  sampling  sites   in  the  main  stem  and  South 
Fork  Flathead  Rivers,   1979-1980. 


10- 


METHODS 

Monthly  sampling  of  benthic  invertebrates  at  the  three  established 
sites  was  begun  in  July,  1979.  Eight  to  ten  samples  were  taken  at  each 
site  each  month  through  September,  1980,  by  a  combination  of  systematic 
sampling  (the  transect  method)  and  stratified  random  sampling  (selection 
of  habitat  types).  Starting  in  October,  1980,  the  sample  number  was 
reduced  to  three  samples  per  month  at  each  of  the  three  sites  until 
sampling  was  terminated  in  April,  1981. 

All  samples  were  taken  at  conditions  of  minimum  discharge  from 
Hungry  Horse  Dam  (4.2  m3/sec  in  all  months  but  January  and  February, 
1980,  when  minimum  flows  were  12.7  m3/sec).  The  maximum  depth  which 
was  generally  sampled  was  about  25  cm,  which  excluded  animals  living 
deeper  in  the  substrate.  Mean  current  velocity  (taken  with  a  Price 
AA  current  meter  at  the  0.6  depth)  and  water  depths  were  taken  just  upstream 
from  each  benthic  sample. 

Two  different  samplers  were  used  in  an  effort  to  reduce  biases 
associated  with  any  one  sampling  device.  Sampling  in  the  Flathead  River 
was  difficult  due  to  the  large  substrate  sizes,  so  conventional  samplers 
had  to  be  modified.  Both  samplers  enclose  a  sample  area  of  one-third 
m2  and  have  a  small  mesh  size  (150  urn)  for  retaining  small  instars  of 
insects. 

The  modified  kick  net  consisted  of  an  outer  rectangle  97  cm  wide 
and  89  cm  high  made  of  Nitex  with  a  355  urn  mesh  and  bordered  with  canvas. 
A  bag  (72  cm  long,  150  urn  mesh)  with  an  opening  44  cm  by  42  cm  extended 
from  the  rectangular  portion  of  the  net.  The  net  was  held  downstream 
from  the  sampling  area  which  was  delineated  by  a  square  made  of  one- 
quarter  inch  strap  iron  and  encompassed  one-third  m2.  The  net  was  curved 
around  the  square  with  the  bottom  taut  during  sampling.  Rocks  in  the 
sample  area  were  individually  lifted  inside  the  bag  and  brushed  clean 
by  hand.  After  all  of  the  larger  rocks  were  removed,  the  collection 
area  was  disturbed  by  kicking  for  15  seconds.  Organisms  were  retained 
in  a  clear  acrylic  bucket  (with  a  drain  made  of  Nitex  with  a  150  urn 
mesh)  at  the  cod  end  of  the  net. 

The  other  sampler  employed  in  this  study  was  a  circular  depletion 
sampler  described  by  Carle  (1976).   It  functioned  more  efficiently  at 
faster  current  velocities.  The  height  of  our  sampler  was  54  cm  and 
the  inside  circumference  and  diameter  were  205  and  65  cm,  respectively. 
The  collecting  net  was  made  of  Nitex  with  150  urn  mesh.  Our  sampler 
was  made  of  aluminum,  which  was  flexible  and  allowed  the  sampler  to 
be  wedged  in  around  large  rocks.  Heavy  rubber  was  riveted  to  the  bottom 
of  the  sampler  to  provide  a  seal.  An  exact  sample  site  was  chosen  by 
attempting  to  find  a  location  where  large  rocks  did  not  intersect  the 
sampler  edge.  The  sampler  was  then  rapidly  thrust  down  and  turned  into 
the  substrate.   If  the  sampler  could  not  be  stabilized  and  sealed  within 
a  few  seconds  by  moving  rocks,  the  site  was  abandoned.  The  procedure 


-11- 


was  the  same  as  with  the  kick  net,  brushing  all  the  larqe  rocks  and 
removing  them  and  then  kicking  the  substrate  within  the  sampler  for 
15  seconds. 

Organisms  were  preserved  in  10  percent  formalin  to  which  Rose  Bengal 
stain  had  been  added.  Macroinvertebrates  were  handpicked  from  the  algae, 
detritus,  and  inorganic  material,  sorted  to  order  and  placed  in  vials 
containing  75  percent  alcohol.  The  larger  insects  were  removed  (greater 
than  2  mm  in  length)  and  then  a  one-quarter  or  one-eight  subsample  was 
taken.  The  subsample  was  completely  picked  with  the  aid  of  a  micro- 
scope. All  insects  were  identified  to  the  lowest  taxonomic  level  possible 
and  enumerated  using  a  laboratory  counter.  A  number  of  workers  were 
employed  to  sort  samples,  so  quality  control  procedures  were  adopted 
to  insure  consistency.  All  samples  were  checked  by  a  supervisor  and 
subsampling  methods  were  standardized. 

Biomass  was  measured  by  volume  displacement,  with  any  volume  less 
than  0.1  ml  assigned  a  trace  value  of  0.05.  Volumetric  measurements 
were  made  with  the  use  of  a  50  milliliter  burette  and  a  graduated  centrifuge 
tube. 

Three  drift  nets  were  constructed  of  heavy  materials  to  accommodate 
changes  in  discharge  and  large  enough  to  adequately  sample  when  drift 
rates  were  low.  These  nets  had  a  rectangular  opening  measuring  45.7 
by  30.5  cm  and  a  Nitex  bag  with  355  urn  opening  which  was  1.5  meters 
long.  The  frame  was  made  of  angle  iron  with  holes  for  steel  rods  which 
were  driven  into  the  substrate.  Rubber  flanges  projecting  backward 
from  the  edge  of  the  net  prevented  large  insects  from  walking  out  of 
the  net. 

Adult  insects  were  collected  by  hand,  with  sweep  nets,  in  pit  traps 
(buried  cans  containing  formalin  covered  with  a  thin  film  of  diesel 
fuel),  and  with  light  traps  (containing  uv  fluorescent  lights  used  with 
a  battery  which  was  operated  by  a  photocell  or  used  with  110  volt  A.C.). 
Six  pit  traps  were  in  position  at  the  three  sites  from  March  to  August, 
1980.  Light  traps  were  operated  nightly  from  June  to  October,  1980, 
at  the  control  and  partially  regulated  sites. 

Water  samples  were  collected  on  a  monthly  basis  from  November, 
1979,  to  November,  1980.  Chemical  parameters  measured  on  water  samples 
from  the  South  Fork  included  total  suspended  solids  (gravimetric),  particu- 
late and  dissolved  organic  carbon  (International  Oceanography  Total 
Organic  Carbon  Analyzer),  Na+,  K+,  Ca++,  Mg++,  NO3-,  SO4  =  (ion  exchange 
chromatography  Dionex  Corporation),  and  total  P  (Standard  Methods). 
The  analyses  were  conducted  by  the  Analytical  Services  Group  of  the 
Freshwater  Research  Laboratory  at  the  University  of  Montana  Biological 
Station. 

Flow  data  and  continuous  recording  thermograph  data  which  are  collected 
by  the  U.S.  Geological  Survey  were  obtained  for  the  South  Fork,  North 
Fork,  and  main  stem  Flathead  River  at  Columbia  Falls. 


-12- 


Species  diversity  was  compared  at  six  sites  on  the  Flathead  River 
using  Shannon  and  Brillouin  diversity  indices.  They  were  calculated 
using  data  collected  during  the  months  of  October  and  December,  1979 
and  March  and  July,  1980,  at  the  South  Fork,  Kokanee  Bend  and  Bible 
Camp  sample  sites.  Data  collected  for  the  fish  food  habits  study  (three 
kick  samples  per  site  per  month  taken  at  Columbia  Falls  and  Kalispell 
during  March,  July  and  October,  1980)  as  well  as  six  kick  samples  collected 
in  October,  1980  at  Spotted  Bear  (above  Hungry  Horse  Reservoir)  were 
also  used  to  calculate  diversity  indices  (Table  1).  Samples  were  pooled 
by  sampler  type  at  each  sample  location  and  date.  Values  obtained  by 
using  the  two  indices  were  almost  identical  ,  so  only  the  Shannon  Index 
will  be  discussed. 

s  Ni_     Ni 

The  formula  used  for  the  Shannon  function  was  H'  =  s:(N  )log2(N  ) 

i 
where  s  =  number  of  taxa  in  sample,  N.  =  number  of  individuals  in  taxon  i, 

s 
and  N  =  z:N . .  A  value  of  zero  is  obtained  when  all  individuals  belong  to 

l 
the  same  species.  The  maximum  value  of  H'  depends  on  the  number  of 
individuals  counted  and  is  obtained  when  all  individuals  belong  to  different 
species.  H1  usually  varies  between  three  and  four  in  natural  stream 
areas  and  is  usually  less  than  one  in  polluted  or  stressed  stream  areas. 

Evenness  (Ev),  as  measured  by  Margalef  (1957)  is  a  ratio  of  the 
observed  H'  to  a  maximum  theoretical  diversity  (H'max)  computed  with 
all  individuals  equally  distributed  among  the  species.  Maximum  diversity 
(H'max)  was  computed  as  log2s;  therefore  evenness  =  \V_       .  Evenness  generally 

log^s 
ranges  between  0  and  1.  Perturbation  reduces  Ev  below  0.5  and  generally 
to  a  range  of  0.0  to  0.3. 

RESULTS  AND  DISCUSSION 

To  date,  369  quantitative  benthic  samples  have  been  picked  and 
analyzed  numerically  and  volumetrical ly.  An  additional  63  benthic  samples 
from  the  second  year  of  the  study  have  been  collected  and  picked. 

Species  Diversity 

The  benthic  invertebrate  composition  was  grossly  different  in  the 
Scuth  Fork  than  at  the  main  stem  stations.  Species  diversity  was  low 
in  the  South  Fork.  Reductions  in  species  diversity  in  the  tailwater 
areas  downstream  from  hypolimnial  release  reservoirs  have  been  found 
by  a  number  of  researchers  (e.g.  Pearson  et  al .  1968;  Hilsenhoff  1971; 
Hoffman  and  Ki Iambi  1971;  Spence  and  Hynes  1971;  Fisher  and  Lavoy  1972- 
Lehmkuhl  1972;  Ward  1974,  1976;  Young  et  al .  1976).  The  fauna  in  the 
South  Fork  was  dominated  by  the  dipteran  family  Chironomidae  (Appendix 
C).  Reproducing  populations  of  turbel larians ,  nematodes,  ol igochaetes, 
and  water  mites  were  also  present.  A  few  other  insect  species  probably 


-13- 


co 
CU 

■a 

c 


+-> 

■i — 

in 

S- 
O) 

> 


o 


co 


ai 


03 


•o 

^-»CM 

CO    r- 1 

^00 

un  o 

CO  o 

CO  o 

CO  o 

00 

o  o 

o  o 

o  o 

o  o 

o  o 

IX 

CO 
CO  <-* 

CO 
CO  CO 

Ln 

CO  CO 

cr> 
r—i  Ln 

in  r~- 

o  o 

co  o 

CO  o 

CO  o 

CO  o 

CO  o 

5- 

=3 
U 

1.15 
0.26 

3.64 
0.72 

3.4 
0.65 

>^ 

o 

3 

J 

cr>  r-^ 

1^  CO 

. — i 
CO  co 

1^. 
r-~  co 

r-H   CM 

Ln  r^. 

C\J    >vl- 

^t  CO 

■L. 

i-H  o 

CO  o 

CO  o 

CO  o 

CO  o 

O  CM 


co  Ln 
co  «3- 


00  .-I 
O  CO 


1^  CM 
CT>  CM 


CM  O 


Ln  r^ 
co  in 


co  o 


en  cr> 
en  Ln 


co  o 

CT>  CO 


CO   l^~- 

en  Ln 

CM  O 


CTi  CO 

r--  Ln 


o  o 


cm  Ln 

CM  o 

o  o 


CO  r— I 

o  o 


1^  CO 
r-l  O 


o  o 


CM  CO 
CM  O 


CM  O 


CM  CO 
CO  CO 


CM  O 


CO  i— I 
CM  CO 

CO  O 


00  CM 

i— I  CO 

CO  o 


«— i  Ln 
co  o 


Ln  o~> 
o  i-n 


cm  o 


cm  o 


co  cr> 
i— i  Ln 

co  o 


t— i  r-» 
oo  Ln 

cm  o 


co  "^J-        r~-  r^-       con 
co  co       o  Ln        cm  Ln 


o  o 


co  o       co  o 


co  o 


CO  o 


CO  o 


-     > 

- 

> 

- 

> 

- 

> 

- 

> 

- 

zm  uj 

nz 
to 

re 

LlJ 

3= 

■a 

c: 

UJ 

DC 

LiJ 

re 

UJ 

Z3Z 
(0 

.^ 

U_ 

a> 

Q. 

CU 

s- 

CO 

r— 

E 

oo 

o 

CT3 

i — 

fO 

U-. 

-Q 

CU 

0) 

CU 

a. 

o 

.zz 

fc 

c 

CO 

CU 

+-> 

+-> 

=3 

ro 

•  1 — 

( — 

+-> 

Z3 

i — 

J*. 

^~- 

-O 

o 

o 

O 

O 

fO 

•1— 

Q_ 

CO 

O 

^ 

•^ 

CQ 

CO 

-14- 


complete  their  life  cycles  under  the  constant  temperture  conditions 
that  exist  in  the  South  Fork,  although  their  populations  were  very  small. 
These  included  the  stoneflies,  lapada  columbiana,     lapada  cinctipc^, 
Caprua  6pp.,    Utacapn-ia  6pp.,   Tanvu-Onma  pacZfa-icuin ,   Swztt6a   t>p.,    and 
VajuJuol  knowttovU,   the  mayflies  BaeXu>  &vLcauda£ii6 ,   BantLb   b icaudcutuA , 
RkJXhAogzna  Jiobtuta.,   CZnygmuZa  6p.   and  Ep2.0K.n6  gtiancLU,   the  caddisfly 
RhijacophJJLa  veAAula,   and  the  dipteran  SimoHum  cutcuticum. 

To  date,  a  total  of  45  species  of  insects  have  been  collected  in 
the  South  Fork.  Because  only  one  or  a  few  individuals  of  many  of  these 
species  were  collected,  it  is  unlikely  that  they  have  reproducing  populations 
in  the  South  Fork.  Many  of  these  probably  drifted  downstream  from  Fawn 
Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  South  Fork.  Some  of  the  species  collected 
in  the  South  Fork  were  characteristic  of  smaller  streams  like  Fawn  Creek 
and  have  not  generally  been  reported  in  rivers  as  large  as  the  Flathead 
River.  Many  of  these  species  may  exist  in  the  South  Fork  because  they 
are  adapted  to  the  colder,  more  constant  temperatures  found  in  headwater 
streams. 

In  contrast  to  the  South  Fork,  both  the  control  and  partially  regulated 
stations  on  the  main  stem  Flathead  River  had  diverse  insect  faunas. 
To  date,  71  species  have  been  identified  at  the  control  site  and  70 
species  at  the  partially  regulated  site.  The  species  list  at  each  site 
will  be  much  higher  after  adult  collections  have  been  identified  (many 
insects  cannot  be  identified  to  species  in  their  immature  stages).  Species 
lists  for  the  control  and  partially  regulated  sites  were  similar,  but 
there  were  a  number  of  differences  in  the  abundance  of  species  at  the 
two  sites. 

Species  diversity  was  compared  at  six  sites  on  the  Flathead  River 
using  the  Shannon  diversity  index.  The  mean  of  the  diversity  indices 
for  the  four  seasons  for  which  they  were  calculated  was  0.8  at  the  South 
Fork  station  and  generally  3.1  to  3.3  at  the  main  river  sites  (Table 
1).  Thus  no  significant  differences  in  overall  diversity  were  shown 
between  the  control  and  partially  regulated  sites.  Differences  in  composi- 
tion were  found  between  the  main  river  sites,  but  diversity  indices 
do  not  take  into  account  the  species  involved.  Although  diversity  has 
been  considered  an  intrinsic  property  of  communities,  the  more  recent 
view  is  that  it  is  too  vague  (Hurlbert  1971)  and  that  the  two  components 
(species  richness  and  equitabil i ty)  often  vary  independently  (Moore 
1975).  Ordination  and  clustering  methods  may  be  more  informative  methods 
for  reducing  biological  data  and  arraying  it  spatially.  Ordination 
techniques  will  be  applied  to  the  data  using  two  computer  programs  from 
the  Cornell  Ecology  Program  series  -  DECORANA,  a  Fortran  program  for 
detrended  correspondence  analysis  and  reciprocal  averaging  (Hill  1979) 
and  ORDIFLEX,  a  flexible  computer  program  for  four  ordination  techniques: 
weighted  averages,  polar  ordination,  principal  components  analysis, 
and  reciprocal  averaging  (Gauch  1977). 


-15- 


Abundance  and  Distribution 

The  1980  water  year  (October  1979  to  September  1980)  was  used  for 
detailed  comparisons  of  numbers  (no./m2)  and  biomass  (cc/m2)  at  the 
three  sample  stations.  Accurate  quantification  of  numbers  and  biomass 
was  difficult  in  a  large,  regulated  river.  With  our  sampling  gear, 
it  was  possible  to  sample  only  at  minimum  flows  near  the  shore  in  riffle 
areas.  The  highest  densities  were  found  near  waters  edge  where  current 
speeds  were  slower  than  those  near  the  middle  of  the  river.  The  Flathead 
River  had  an  extensive  hyporheic  zone  which  could  not  be  sampled.  The 
channel  and  adjacent  substrata  were  composed  of  loosely  compacted  flood 
plain  gravels.  Water  circulated  deep  within  the  substrate  and  laterally 
from  the  river  channel.  This  subterranean  habitat  was  colonized  by 
certain  species  of  macrobenthos,  in  particular,  a  few  species  of  stoneflies 
(Stanford  and  Gaufin  1974),  which  were  collected  only  when  they  were 
near  emergence. 

The  Bible  Camp  site  was  frozen  during  the  winter  and  could  not 
be  sampled  during  January  and  February.  Densities  were  low  at  the  Kokanee 
Bend  site  during  the  winter  months,  suggesting  that  some  species  may 
have  moved  deeper  into  the  substrate.   It  was  also  difficult  to  sample 
during  the  runoff  period,  although  reasonably  good  samples  were  obtained 
at  waters  edge  during  June  after  the  shoreline  areas  were  recolonized. 
It  was  not  possible  to  sample  during  May  when  the  runoff  began,  because 
insects  had  not  colonized  recently  wetted  areas. 

Mean  numbers  per  square  meter  were  calculated  for  each  insect  order 
at  each  site  by  month  (Appendix  A  -  Figures  16-27).  The  Chironomidae 
were  treated  separately  due  to  the  large  numbers  represented  by  this 
family  of  dipterans  in  regulated  areas.  The  monthly  means  were  averaged 
to  give  an  annual  mean  (Table  2,  Figure  8).  The  chironomids  and  oligochaetes 
dominated  in  the  South  Fork  and  the  mayflies,  stoneflies,  and  caddisflies 
were  much  reduced.  The  annual  mean  for  the  mayflies  was  much  higher 
at  the  control  site,  but  the  annual  mean  numbers  of  the  other  orders 
were  larger  at  the  partially  regulated  site. 

The  annual  mean  number/m2  of  total  macroinvertebrates  was  highest 
in  the  South  Fork  (10,472),  but  not  significantly  different  at  the  Bible 
Camp  (6,666)  and  Kokanee  Bend  (6,412)  sites.  The  total  number  of  inverte- 
brates was  most  affected  by  the  numerically  dominant  groups  -  the  midges, 
blackflies,  certain  mayflies  and  large  numbers  of  small  instars  of  any 
of  the  common  species.  During  most  months  the  total  number  of  invertebrates 
per  square  meter  was  highest  in  the  South  Fork  (Figure  9).  Differences 
between  the  Bible  Camp  and  Kokanee  Bend  sites  were  due  to  compositional 
shifts  and  differences  in  the  timing  of  life  cycles  at  the  two  sites. 

Density  Estimates 

The  mean  monthly  densities  of  the  three  insect  orders  more  sensitive 
to  perturbation  were  graphed  for  the  South  Fork  (Figure  10),  Kokanee 


-16- 


Table  2.  Densities   (x  no./m2)  (Kick  +  Circular  Samples) 

Annual  Mean  of  Monthly  Means  (October  1979  -  September  1980) 


Bible  Camp 

Kokanee  Bend 

South  Fork 

n=9 

n  =  9 

n=ll 

x(s.d.) 

x(s.d.) 

x(s.d.) 

Ephemeroptera 

3,608(1,789) 

1,738(899) 

330(193) 

Plecoptera 

990(1,201) 

1,335(1,753) 

76(  37) 

Trichoptera 

374(332) 

522(483) 

8(  7) 

Chironomidae 

1,427(534) 

1,739(992) 

8,931(3,078) 

Other  Diptera 

194(359) 

708(1,465) 

148(313) 

Other  Invertebrates 

74(  56) 

370(269) 

979(344) 

TOTAL 

6,666(3,072) 

6,412(3,539) 

10,472(3,186) 

Percent  Composi 

tion 

% 

% 

% 

Ephemeroptera 

54.1 

27.1 

3.2 

Plecoptera 

14.9 

20.8 

0.7 

Trichoptera 

5.6 

8.1 

0.08 

Chironomidae 

21.4 

27.1 

85.3 

Other  Diptera 

2.9 

11.0 

1.4 

Other  Invertebrates 

1.1 

5.8 

9.3 

17- 


3ui  /    oN    x 


-18- 


cc 
O 
u. 

I 

3 

o 

CO 


UJ 

0. 

CD 

5 

< 

UJ 

(J 

111 

z 

Ui 

< 

_i 
m 

o 

OQ 

* 

-  CO 


3 


-< 


-2 


—  ~3 


-  z 


-  o 


o 

CO 


S- 

<u 

_Q 
E 
OJ 
4-> 

o. 
ai 

LO 

-C 
CT 
Z3 
O 
S- 


cn 
en 


OJ 

-Q 
O 
+-' 

u 

o 


a; 
+-> 
01 

E 

CD 

S- 
ro 
=5 
CT 

1/1 

<~ 
1' 
Cl 

OJ 

+-' 
rd 
i- 

J3 
0) 

> 


O 
+-> 


.o 


c 


(O 


T 


T 


n\Vr 

o       oo 


-r 


T 
to 


t 


T 
co 


M 


I  0001  x)    7w  /-on    X 


CT. 

S- 
Z5 

cr, 


-19- 


-  CO 


I-  < 


o 
in 


CD 


4J 

rO 

rO 

5- 

OJ 

4-> 

CL 

o 


< 

UJ 

(- 
a 
O 
oc 

UJ 

2 

UJ 

X 
0. 
UJ 


< 

a: 

UJ 

h- 
a 
o 
o 


< 

UJ 

(- 
a. 
O 
i 
o 

K 


-5 


/ 


-  u. 


\ 


-  Q 


-  Z 


T 1 1 1 1 

CM  *~ 

I  0001.  x  |  zui  /  -on     X 


"O 

n3  CO 

s-  en 

CD  i — I 

+-> 

CL    S- 

O    CD 

C_>  -Q 

CD    E 

r—    <D 

D_   -t-> 

CL 

*>   CD 

re  co 

t- 

CD      1 

-M 

Q.  CX> 

O  r^ 

S-  CT) 

CD  ' — 1 

E 

CD    S- 

-C    CD 

CL-O 

UJ    o 

+-> 

LO     O 

S-  O 

CD 

-a 

S-       " 

O    CD 

4-> 

+J   •!- 

U    CO 

CD 

(/)   cn 

c   c: 

•i —  ■! — 

• 

i — 

C 

CD    CL 

CD 

sz   E 

-^ 

-M     fO 

rts 

CO 

+-> 

4- 

O  '-^ 

1) 

-a 

r — 

<M      CD 

CL 

E    4-> 

E 

**»»    <T3 

ro 

S_    r— 

co 

CD     =5 

-Q     CD 

O 

E     CD 

C 

C5     S- 

C 

II 

C  -i»£ 

. 

<T3     S- 

Q 

CD    O 

• 

■v 

5- 


cn 

lZ 


■20- 


Bend  (Figure  11),  and  Bible  Camp  (Figure  12)  study  sites.  Small  densities 
of  Plecoptera  and  especially  the  Trichoptera  were  found  in  the  South 
Fork.  The  Ephemeroptera  showed  an  increase  from  January  to  May.  This 
may  have  been  due  in  part  to  the  lack  of  generation  at  Hungry  Horse 
Dam  during  the  winter  months  (Figure  5),  which  may  have  allowed  thermally 
tolerant  species  to  build  up  populations  through  drift  from  Fawn  Creek. 
This  winter  maximum  in  mayfly  numbers  is  shifted  from  the  population 
maximum  of  Ephemeroptera  in  October  and  November  at  the  other  two  sites 
(Figure  13).  In  part,  it  may  reflect  differences  in  the  life  cycles 
of  the  different  species  of  mayflies  which  inhabit  the  South  Fork  and 
main  river  sites. 

Number  of  Plecoptera  and  Trichoptera  generally  paralleled  each 
other  through  time  at  the  main  stem  sites  (Figures  11  and  12).  Numbers 
of  these  two  orders  of  insects  were  generally  higher  at  Kokanee  Bend 
than  at  the  Bible  Camp.  Ephemeroptera  were  collected  in  larger  numbers 
at  the  Bible  Camp  than  at  the  Kokanee  Bend  site  (Figure  13).  This  trend 
was  especially  marked  in  December  and  March.  The  fall  increase  in  these 
three  orders  at  both  sites  reflected  the  life  cycle  pattern  of  the  most 
abundant  species.  Many  mayflies  and  caddisflies  and  some  stoneflies 
emerged  in  the  late  spring,  summer  and  early  fall  months.  Numbers  of 
these  orders  of  insects  tended  to  peak  in  October,  then  started  to  decrease 
as  normal  demographic  events  led  to  fewer,  larger  insects  of  many  species. 

Mayflies 

The  species  lists  were  similar  for  the  Bible  Camp  and  Kokanee  Bend 
sites,  but  a  number  of  species  showed  marked  changes  in  density  at  these 
sites  (Tables  3  and  4).  Most  mayfly  species  were  more  abundant  at  the 
control  site.  The  reduction  in  mayflies  at  Kokanee  Bend  could  indicate 
a  reduction  in  fine  particulate  organic  matter  in  the  substrate.  The 
clearwater  discharges  from  the  dam  would  remove  the  finer  organic  sediments 
on  which  some  species  of  mayflies  feed.  Webster  et  al.  1979,  developed 
a  model  of  the  effects  of  impoundment  on  organic  matter  transport  which 
predicted  no  deposition  of  benthic  particulate  organic  matter  below 
the  reservoir  due  to  the  fact  that  repeated  rising  discharges  suspend 
smaller  and  lighter  particles  and  transport  them  downstream.  Many  mayflies 
are  found  in  the  shallow  water  along  waters  edge  during  their  early 
developmental  stages.  These  shoreline  areas  were  particularly  affected 
by  fluctuating  flows. 

Two  of  the  common  heptageniid  species,  RkAXhn.0Q2.na  hagznAl   and  EpaonuA 
longAjnanuA,   have  their  gills  arranged  to  form  a  suction  cup  which  assists 
in  maintaining  their  position  on  rock  surfaces.  Rapid  water  fluctuations 
and  increased  algal  growths  probably  impaired  the  efficiency  with  which 
they  could  maintain  their  positions  in  the  boundary  layer  on  the  surfaces 
of  rocks.  Henricson  and  Muller  1979,  suggested  that  those  species  of 
mayflies  which  overwinter  as  eggs  or  small  quiescent  nymphs  deep  in 
the  substrate  may  be  better  pre-adapted  to  regulated  conditions,  since 
they  are  exposed  to  flow  fluctuations  for  only  a  short  time  as  active, 
full-grown  nymphs.  Epk2m2A2lla  tlblaLa*   and  P62.udocI.20n  6p.   fall  into 


■21- 


or 

K 

UJ 


t- 

< 

a 

DC 

c- 

UJ 

ft: 

K- 

|!  II  1, 

a. 

s 

O 

UJ 

o 

X 

UJ 

Q. 

_l 

yu 

a 

< 

m 
H 

IOL 

o 
I 
o 
E 


J- 
,'\ 

"v. 


/ 


V 


*• 


\ 

\         \ 

•  • 

if 

Zl: 


-  -i 


-  5 


-  < 


T 
(0 


t 


■AVi . 1 r— 

CO  CM 

I  0001.  x  I      ui  /    on    X 


m 


-  u. 


-  ~i 


-  a 


-  o 


CD 

CD 

C 

<T3 

CD 

.V 

i — 

o 

CL 

^ 

E 

CO 

O) 

CO 

JZ 

4-> 

o 

cz 

-M 

<TJ 

II 

fD 

S- 

O 

ai 

• 

-M 

^ 

Q- 

O 

•  rt 

JC 

O 

u 

CO 

en 

S- 

i — i 

h- 

s_ 

■a 

CD 

c 

JD 

to 

E 

<D 

rt3 

+-> 

i_ 

CL 

CD 

CD 

-M 

W) 

D. 

o 

1 

o 

CD 

<m 

i — 

r^ 

D_ 

CTl 

i — i 

•» 

ro 

%- 

S- 

CD 

0) 

-Q 

4-> 

O 

CL  +j 

O 

U 

&_ 

O 

0J 

E 

•> 

1) 

CD 

_C 

+-> 

a. 

'i — 

UJ 

CO 

00 

o 

S- 

C 

OJ 

•  i— 

T3 

i — 

<- 

CL 

o 

E 

fO 

+J 

co 

c_> 

a> 

- — - 

00 

X) 

c 

CD 

•r— 

-(-> 

ro 

0! 

i — 

JC 

C3 

-M 

CD 

CD 

M- 

S- 

O 

>> 

CM 

i — 

E 

i — 

"^. 

ft3 

S- 

•  i— 

QJ 

+J 

-Q 

S_ 

E 

CO 

zs 

Cl 

c 

*» — *      . 

c 

c 

"O     CD 

fO 

C  -^ 

<D 

CD    fO 

S 

CO  +-> 

CD 

S- 
Z3 
CD 


•22- 


< 

rx 

UJ 

< 

t- 

< 

<r 

a 

DC 

hi 

O 

UJ 

h- 

rx 

V- 

0. 

UJ 

a. 

O 

2 

o 

X 

UJ 

o 

o 

X 

UJ 

a 

-J 

'X 

UJ 

a 

1- 

I 
\     ^ 

V 

!\ 

i  \ 


c# 


o 

z 


-  -> 


-  -i 


-  2E 


/ 


/ 


y 


/ 


/ 


/ 


-  2 


-  u. 


-  Q 


-  O 


oo 


"T" 


"T" 

m 


T 


TAW" 
CO  CM 


OJ 

_G 

m 

O)  • 
-£Z  C 
4->     CD 

+->  fO 
ro   +-> 

fO  CU 

S-  r— 

OJ  CL 

+->  E 

Cl  ro 

O  to 
-?C 

u  o 

•i-    c 

s_ 

I—  II 

TD  ' 
C  Q 
<T3       • 

rD 

S-  •- 
O)  (3 
4->  CO 
o  Cn 

O  •— i 
CJ 

CU    s- 

r—  CU 
D-  JO 

E 

"   CU 

rO   +-> 

S-    ex 

CU    CU 

+->  oo 

CL 

O      I 

S- 
CU  CTi 

E  r^ 

cu  cr> 


cu 

to  -Q 

S-  O 
CU   +-> 

■o  u 
^  o 
o 

+->  cu 

U    4-> 

CD  -i- 
to    to 

c 

•r-      CD 

CU  -r- 
JC  i — 
4->     CL 

E 
M-  ro 
O    to 


QJ 

E 

C 


o 
t- 

c 
o 
u 


c:    Cl 
fD    E 

cu   ro 
s:  c_> 


I  0001.  x  |    ,ui  /    -on  x 


a) 


-23- 


a 

2 
< 
O 

LU 

-J 
go 

so 


Q 

Z 
UJ 

CD 
UJ 

UJ 

z 
< 

O 


/■ 


-  CO 


-  < 


</) 


-  2 


-  < 


/ 


/ 


1 
i 


\ 


I 1 1 r 

r^        <o        w        *t 


"KVi 1 1 1 r 

CO         cm  r- 

(  0001.   *  I     zm  i   on    X 


-  Q 


>1 


1 — 

O) 

rD 

1 — 

•i — 

CL 

4-5 

E 

S- 

ro 

ra 

00 

Cl 

0 

TD 

c 

c 

H3 

II 

^-^ 

. 

CLQ 

E 

. 

ra 

^ 

CJ 

cd 

.  r, 

i — 

0 

_Q 

CO 

•  r- 

cx> 

CQ 

1 — 1 

— ■* 

S- 

i — 

CD 

O 

JD 

5- 

E 

+J 

CD 

C 

+-> 

o 

Cl 

u 

CD 

U~) 

■v 

JZ 

1 

+-> 

en 

4-> 

r-» 

ra 

en 

1 — 1 

ra 

5- 

s_ 

a> 

a) 

+j 

.a 

Cl 

0 

O 

+-> 

t- 

0 

<v  o 

E 

V 

*» 

.£= 

CD 

Q-4-> 

UJ 

•  1— 

CO 

S^ 

V 

CJ) 

-a 

c: 

S- 

•( — 

o 

1 — 

CL 

+J 

E 

u 

03 

CD 

00 

t/1 

c 

- — . 

■1— 

X5 

c 

OJ 

O) 

jc 

CQ 

4-> 

O) 

^- 

CD 

O 

c 

ra 

CVI 

-^ 

E 

0 

^ 

S- 

CD 

jQ 

-0 

E 

CD 

Z5 

4-> 

c 

ra     • 

1 —   c 

c 

zs  ai 

rrj 

cn-^: 

a> 

CD    ra 

2: 

U.    -M 

00 


5- 


.24- 


Table  3.  Macroinvertebrates  with  higher  densities  in  the  free-flowing 
Flathead  River  (Bible  Camp  sampling  site).  Annual  mean 
number/m2  (October  1979  -  September  1980). 


Bible  Camp           Kokanee  Bend 
x(s.d. ) x(s.d.) 

EPHEMEROPTERA 

Baetis  hageni  247(277) 

Rhithrogena  hageni  1,079(910) 

Epeorus  sp.  116 (  78) 

Ephemerella  doddsi  59(  58) 

Ephemerella  inermis  198(188) 

Paraleptophlebia  heteronea  36 (  36) 

TRICHOPTERA 

Symphitopsyche  oslari  130(183) 

Symphitopsyche  cockerel li  35 (  40) 

Hydropsyche  occidental  is  33(  42) 

DIPTERA 

Hexatoma  sp.  7(  9)               3(  3) 


43  ( 

75) 

258(179) 

37( 

85) 

28  ( 

30) 

111(138) 

3( 

4) 

20  ( 

36) 

IK 

15) 

4( 

6) 

-25- 


Table  4.  Macroinvertebrates  with  higher  densities  in  the  partially 

regulated  Flathead  River  (Kokanee  Bend  sampling  site).  Annual 
mean  number/m2  (October  1979  -  September  1980). 


Bible  Camp  Kokanee  Bend 
x(s.d. ) x(s.d. ) 

EPHEMEROPTERA 

Ephemerella  tibialis  80 (  96)  204(253) 

PLECOPTERA 

Pteronarcella  badia  27 (  56)  63(  61) 

Capniidae  174(144)  341(264) 

Chloroperlidae  38 (  34)  104 (  84) 

TRICHOPTERA 

Arctopsyche  grandis  21 (  31)  190(248) 

Glossosoma  sp.  43(120)  234(385) 

DIPTERA 

Atherix  variegata  3(  5)  7(  9) 

Simulium  arcticum  196(449)  706(1,447) 


■26- 


this  category  and  are  the  only  mayfly  species  which  were  found  in  greater 
numbers  at  the  Kokanee  Bend  site. 

Stonefl ies 

A  number  of  stonefly  species  do  not  show  significantly  different 
densities  at  the  two  main  river  sites.  The  families  Capniidae  and 
Chloroperl idae  were  found  in  larger  numbers  at  the  Kokanee  Bend  site. 
PtesionaAcoLta  bacUa   also  occurred  in  consistently  larger  densities  at 
the  Kokanee  Bend  site.  It  is  a  shredder  which  is  often  found  in  depositional 
areas.  Wood  and  large  particulate  matter  were  collected  much. more  fre- 
quently in  our  sample  nets  at  Kokanee  Bend  and  there  are  indications 
that  course  particulate  organic  matter  was  more  abundant  in  the  substrate 
in  the  regulated  areas.  This  may  be  related  to  the  fact  that  fluctuating 
flows  can  collect  more  debris  from  shoreline  areas.  After  the  spring 
runoff  the  river  channel  is  removed  from  shoreline  vegetation  in  un- 
regulated areas. 

Caddisflies 

Caddisfliesnoften  show  compositional   changes  in  regulated  areas 
(Henricson  and  Muller  1979).      In  the  Flathead  River,  AtLctop&yche.  QfiandU 
was  much  more  abundant  at  the  regulated  site  and  the  other  hydropsychid 
species   {S>ymphJXopi>yok<i  o&laAi,   S.   cock2A<zlLL,   Hydtop&ychz  occU.de.yitall6) 
were  more  abundant  at  the  control    site   (Tables  3  and  4).      Hauer   (1980) 
found  the   same  relative  abundances  of  these  species   in   the  free-flowing 
North  and  Middle  Forks  and  further  downstream  in  the  partially  regulated 
main   stem  river.     AxcXop6yc.hu  is  a  large  particle  feeder   (mesh  net  openings 
generally  vary  from  400-500  urn,     Wallace  et  al .    1979).     Carbon  fraction- 
ation work  has  shown  differences  in  available  particle  sizes  at  the 
two  sites   (Perry,   in  progress).      It  may  also  be  that  AxcXop^ychu  is 
more  resistant  to  current  fluctuations   (perhaps  because  their  nets  are 
stronger).     Glo6606oma  i>p.   showed  a  marked  increase  in  density  at  the 
regulated  site.      It  is  an  algal    scraper  and  is  probably  more  abundant 
due  to  increased  periphytic   growth  in  the  regulated  areas   (Perry,   in 
progress).     The   saddle  cases  it  constructs  and  firmly  affixes  to  rock 
surfaces  would  also  make  it  more  resistant  to  displacement  or  desiccation 
due  to  flow  changes. 

Dipterans 

Most  dipterans  were  collected  in  greater  numbers  at  the  Kokanee 
Bend  site  (e.g.  Blephariceridae ,  Deuterophlebi  idae,  Antocka  i>p. ,   Athnnlx 
va/iZdgcuta,   Pn.otanyd<wa6  i>p.,  Smatimn  ah.cXA.cum,   and  the  Chironomidae) . 
The  first  two  families  have  suckers  which  would  enable  them  to  hold  on 
during  velocity  changes;  they  also  are  algal  scrapers  and  periphyton 
was  more  abundant  in  regulated  areas.  AthnnXx,   Pxotanydizn.a6   and  many 
Chironomidae  are  burrowers  which  would  not  be  as  subject  to  catastrophic 
drift  during  the  quick  velocity  changes  due  to  regulation.  S-unullam 
aA.ctic.um   abundances  may  be  related  to  larger  amounts  of  the  smaller 
size  fractions  of  particulate  organic  matter  in  the  seston  at  Kokanee 
Bend. 


■27- 


Biomass  Estimates 

The  annual  mean  of  mean  monthly  estimates  of  biomass  (cc/m2)  indicated 
that  the  total  biomass  of  macroinvertebrates  was  not  significantly  different 
at  the  three  sites.  Kokanee  Bend  data  showed  slightly  higher  values 
on  an  annual  basis  (13.9)  than  the  Bible  Camp  (11.9)  and  South  Fork 
(11.9)  data  (Table  5,  Figure  14).  The  Chironomidae  and  oligochaetes 
still  dominated  the  fauna  in  the  South  Fork,  but  not  by  the  overwhelming 
proportion  that  was  characteristic  of  the  data  showing  numbers  per  square 
meter.  The  biomass  data  from  the  Bible  Camp  and  Kokanee  Bend  showed 
the  same  general  trend  on  an  annual  basis  as  the  numerical  data.  Biomass 
of  mayflies  was  higher  at  the  Bible  Camp,  biomass  of  stoneflies  and 
caddisflies  was  higher  at  Kokanee  Bend,  and  the  Chironomidae  and  Other 
Invertebrate  categories  were  not  significantly  different.  Volumes  of 
Other  Invertebrates  include  other  dipterans  as  well  as  non-insect  inverte- 
brates. 

Numerical  and  volumetric  data  can  be  compared  at  the  three  sites 
by  converting  the  actual  mean  monthly  values  to  percent  composition 
(Tables  6  and  7).   In  the  South  Fork,  percent  composition  was  much  higher 
on  a  biomass  than  on  a  numerical  basis  for  the  Ephemeroptera ,  Plecoptera, 
Trichoptera,  and  Other  Invertebrates. 

In  comparisons  of  the  other  two  sites  (Appendices  A  &  B),  the  mayflies 
showed  both  higher  numbers  and  biomass  at  the  control  sites  in  every 
month.  Both  numbers  and  biomass  of  stoneflies  were  generally  higher 
at  Kokanee  Bend  (with  the  exception  of  December,  June  and  September 
when  numbers  were  higher  at  the  Bible  Camp).  Numbers  and  biomass  of 
caddisflies  were  also  generally  higher  at  Kokanee  Bend  (with  the  exception 
of  the  months  of  June  and  July  when  numbers  and  biomass  were  higher 
at  the  Bible  Camp,  and  the  months  of  August  and  September  when  volumes 
were  higher  at  the  Bible  Camp).  The  Chironomidae  showed  higher  numbers 
and  volumes  at  Kokanee  Bend  in  the  months  of  October,  November,  April, 
June  and  August  and  at  the  Bible  Camp  in  December,  March,  July  and  September. 

Ephemeroptera  were  the  numerically  dominant  order  at  the  Bible  Camp 
in  all  months  (Appendix  A,  Figures  16-27).  Plecoptera  were  dominant 
numerically  at  the  Kokanee  Bend  in  October  and  November,  then  the  Diptera 
dominated  in  December  through  June,  and  Ephemeroptera  were  dominant 
July  through  September.  When  biomass  was  considered,  the  dominant  order 
in  any  month  could  change  (Appendix  B,  Figures  28-38).  To  some  extent, 
dominance  volumetrical ly  was  a  matter  of  chance,  because  if  more  large 
stoneflies  or  caddisflies  were  captured  in  the  samples  for  a  particular 
month,  the  balance  was  shifted.  At  the  Bible  Camp,  mayflies  were  dominant 
volumetrically  in  all  months  but  October  when  stoneflies  were  dominant, 
and  November  and  September  when  caddisflies  were  dominant.  The  stoneflies 
were  dominant  volumetrically  at  Kokanee  Bend,  except  in  November,  January 
and  April  when  caddisflies  were  dominant,  and  June  when  large  numbers 
of  blackflies  changed  the  dominant  category  to  Other. 


■28- 


Table  5.  Biomass  (cc/m2)  (Kick  +  Circular  Samples) 
Annual  Mean  of  Monthly  Means  (October  1979 


September  1980) 


Bible  Camp 
n=9 
x(s.d.) 


Kokanee  Bend 
n=9 
x(s.d.) 


South  Fork 
_n=ll 
x(s.d.) 


Ephemeroptera 

Plecoptera 

Trichoptera 

Chironomidae 

Other  Invertebrates 

TOTAL 

Percent  Composition 


3.9(1.2) 

2.9(0.7) 

1.9(0.8) 

2.6(1.2) 

4.8(1.5) 

0.7(0.4) 

2.5(1.0) 

3.2(2.4) 

0.2(0.2) 

1.4(0.4) 

1.3(0.2) 

5.9(1.7) 

1.7(0.6) 

2.2(2.5) 

3.6(1.3) 

12.1(2.1) 

% 


14.4(4.5) 

% 


12.3(2.9) 

% 


Ephemeroptera 

32.2 

Plecoptera 

21.5 

Trichoptera 

20.7 

Chironomidae 

11.6 

Other  Invertebrates 

14.0 

20.1 
33.3 
22.2 
9.0 
15.3 


15.4 

5.7 

1.6 

48.0 

29.3 


-29- 


tr 

UJ 

> 

1 

o 

00 

1 

en 

QL 

0) 

rr 

O) 

Q 

T— 

rr 

UJ 
00 

2 

< 

< 

09 

5 

UJ 

o 

h- 

X 

1- 

O 

0. 

UJ 

h- 

o 

f/> 

< 

-J 

u_ 

o 


«H 


h 


o 


H 


3 


"ii 


UJ 


Hi 


T 


i      i 


>) 

•  * 

JX 

CD 

co 

ro 

rz 

-o 

-a 

a. 

ro 

1) 

•i— 

5 

X> 

4-' 

t 

r: 

C 

o 

< 

+-> 

CD 

00 

o 

O 

C 

CD 

X 

UJ 

S*. 

•1 — 

CO 

CL-C 

UJ 

CD 

CD 

CX> 

_i 

Q. 

II 

m 

CD 

X 

1) 

C_3 

»* 

03 

OQ 

(/) 

S_ 

LO 

ro 

ro 

CO 

S- 

CQ 

ro 
£ 
O 

rjj 

4^ 
CL 
O 

CO 

X3 

i_ 

c 

cu 

ro 

0J 

E 

CD 

-l-> 

CU 

fc 

ro 

S- 

CI 

>>-C 

UJ 

r^ 

CD 

-C 

+J 

n 

+-> 

S- 

C 

ru 

LU 

x. 

o 

F 

> 

.» 

oc 

•i— 

ro 

O 

4- 
O 

, 

cu 

Li. 

ro 

4-> 

CO 

4J 

Q. 

X 

c 

O 

O 

rO 

+-> 

<_> 

J- 

X> 

cu 

h 

4- 

1 — 

• 

_> 

o 

D_ 

CO 

o 

to 

CO 

II 

CD 

CO 

=5 

C 

ro 

C 

rn 

D_ 

S- 

C 

0) 

-O 

fD 

E 

ro 

.  o 

r 

S- 

X 

CO 

CO 

OJ 

<d 

CD 

C 

+J 

> 

4-> 

o 

CX 

c 

ITS 

■1— 

O 

i — i 

S- 

+J 

-TZ 

_Q 

ro 

o 

S- 

CD 

•r— 

■  1— 

cu 

+-> 

> 

S_ 

-C 

S- 

CD 

h- 

+J 

0) 

■a 

o 

> 

II 

£Z 

T3 

■o 

■r— 

X 

1— 

c 

a 

ro 

(O 

z 

4- 

T3 

O 

!_ 

• 

ro 

UJ 

ro 

CO 

X 

OQ 

^ — *. 

+J 

j*: 

cu 

CM 

CO 

u 

+-> 

E 

o 

ex 

UJ 

~^~~ 

00 

r~ 

•i — 

U 

4-> 

JX 

m 

UJ 

u 

C 

z 

■*— -* 

UJ 

O) 

x 

CO 

CT 

CD 

< 

CO 

QJ 

s_ 

-C 

* 

CO 

5- 

ro 

4-> 

03 

ex 

i — 

o 

o 

E 

OJ 

O 

V 

'D 

II 

SL 

XI 

CQ 

I — 1 

4-> 

o 

o 

CM 


LO 


U"> 


(   3uj  /  oo       ssvin  oia 


a) 

x 


en 


•30- 


IS) 

CU 

-!-> 

n3 

%- 

S_  X2 

-a 

CD    CU 

c 

x:   +-> 

TO 

+->  i_ 

O    CD 

J^ 

> 

U 

c 

<L) 

S- 

o 

+-> 
o 

CD 


XD. 

-o 
a; 
+-> 
c 
<u 
</) 
CU 

s- 

Cl 

cu 

s_ 

I/) 
a> 
+-> 

to 
s- 
XI 
cu 
+j 
s. 

<D 
> 


O 


o 

• 

c 

-- — -* 

» — 

■a 

CU 

s- 

c 

CU 

•i— 

_Q 

Xi 

F 

E 

ID 

o 

c 

o 

, — 

in 

ra 

CU 

+J 

i — 

o 

Q 

4J 

E 

ra 

M- 

in 

o 

$- 

M 

ta 

c 

i — 

CU 

— 

o 

u 

5- 

i- 

a> 

•i— 

Q. 

C_3 

'O 

CU 

I — 

.Cl 

TO 

TO 

cu  as 

-C   +-> 

Q-l 
O    T- 

Q 


CU 

TO 

-a 


CU 

+-> 

O- 

o 
u 


(0 

s_ 

a; 

4J 

CU 

o 
u 

CU 


TO 

S- 
a> 
+j 

Q 

O 

i- 
OJ 
E 
(U 
XI 
Cl 


CMOLfi      I        I    CO1*  I  IDr- I  IX)   00 

.      ||                 .  |  .... 

.-Hr-HO        I          IOO  I  0WOW 

I  I  I 


O  CO  <X)  CT>  CT>  CO  .— (  |  0*00 
I 

no^hi- i  cm  «3-  i  rocowN 

i — i  i  i — i 


cm  ld  co    i     i  row  i  .— i  *d-  ix>  cr> 

.     .     •    ii  .  i  .... 

OOO      I       I  O  CM  I  «3"  CO  CM  O 

II  I  C\J 


<x>  co  ix)  o  o  i^-  o  i.cmhcoh 
i 

O  O  O  •— I  •— '  »— '  VO  I    CXi  -=3-  CTi  CM 

r—t  I    <d" 


«3"  CP>  CO 


r--.  "^-    i   ioconh 


fOUD  CO      I       I    LT)  Cl      I     CO"*IDOJ 
HC\J      I        ICMCM      I     CO  CO  CM   CM 


ctilo  o^r- h  >— i  cm  i  en  ix)  c\j  ai 
I 

ID  fO  IT)  «t  o  co  r^.  I  LD  O  CO  r— I 

roron  ^  t  n  i  cm  co  cm  co 


co  it)  co    i     i  hco  i  ro  men  ^t- 

.    ii  .  i  .... 

cr>  ix)  co    |     |  cm,_,  i  M^rsN 

i      i  i 


cm  -^  r^  co  co  en  cr>    i   no<oc\i 
i 

CM  CTi  r— IU3  INIDCO      I     O  CO  CO  .— i 


o  co  r>- 

<3"  CO  ,-i 

co  ,— i  ,— i 


i   ix)  un    i   rvCOooN 
i   co  ro    i   <=*■  <x>  co  «d- 


r^  ud  «3- 


ix)  oo 


CM  CO  IX)  (X)  *d"  J~--   «=3" 

rtfOHHMM 


^1-roLnN 


o  co  oo 

CM  IX)   CD 
LT>  IX)   IX) 


VD 


CM  CO 
<X)  CO 


i   r-^  ^  o  <— i 

I    O  <X>  C7v  ,— < 
I     LD  «3"  CO  LO 


1X5  «3"  CO  ^d" 


■vf    <X) 


CM   ■=*■  CM  CM 


O  CM  O  O  LO  CTi  ^j- 
CO  CM  CM  CO  CM   r-H  CO 


O   CO  r*^  CO 
CM   «3"  CM  CO 


TO 
C_> 

CU 

X3 

CO 


S- 

S- 

S- 

>> 

CU 

S_ 

a> 

cu 

>>  s- 

jQ 

CU 

XJ 

XD 

S-    TO 

+->    E 

JD 

E 

E 

TO     3   -C    r— 

to  a> 

O 

CD 

CU 

3    L    U-r- 

CU 

>> 

=5   +-> 

4-> 

> 

u 

CH    I.    S- 

>i 

C 

CD    CL 

u 

o 

CD 

TO    <D    TO    Cl 

TO 

3 

Z3 

3    CU 

o 

^ 

CD 

o  u_  2:  <c  s: 

""3 

■"3 

<C  OO 

QJ 

CO 

CU 

a> 

c 

TO 

-^: 

o 


s_ 

s_ 

s-  a> 

a; 

CU  JD 

X) 

x)  e 

b 

O    CU 

CU 

+->  > 

u 

o  o 

CU 

o  ^ 

a 

>*,  CU 

>,  S-  XD. 

S-    TO  +->    E 

TO    3  XI  i —  IS)    CU 

3S-U-r-  CU>)r3-M 

cx3S-t->>Ci—  rjia 

TOCUTOQ.TO3Z5I3CU 

nLi_2:<ZTD<to 


-31- 


CD 


O 

o 


to 

re 


CD 
-M 
(O 
S- 
S-  JD 

CD   a> 

-E=  +-> 
4->  S- 
O    Q) 

> 


ItJ 

CD  CD 
-C  +J 
4->    CL 

O  -r- 
Q 


CD 
(0 

-a 

E 
o 
c 
o 


CJ 


CD 

+-> 

CL 

o 
u 


c~ 

4-> 

'CL 

o 
u 

CD 


<v 
5- 
cd 

-M 
Cl 

o 

CD 
E 
CD 


LO«CfO(^'=i"<v^,X5C\JLOC\J(X)0 

cxj^rocor-cricocrir-^toooLn 


CO        <\j 
oooooor^^oooo 


i^Loro«d-"^-ooooroLr><£)<x>LO 

rvro^NCOLncocrioo^wco 
cncncncococoi^r^cor^coi^ 


t— t  LO  O  <-D  CO   tO  LO 

OOO  t— i  t— i  C\J  ,— (  o  O  O  O 

oooooooooooo 


r^cor^iX)OOCOLnc\jc\junLOCrt 

0<-HOOOOOr-tOOOO 


CMNOfOONlfiCO>*CDCMrO 

ooHnnfo^Lnnoinifl 


o 


13 
O 


CTi 

cn 


o 

CO 
01 


S-  CD    CD  >->  S- 

O)  -Q  -Q  S-     <T3 

-Q  E    E  (O    Z5  XT 

O  CD    CD  3    S-    O 


CD 
JD 

+->   E 
to    CD 

CD    >,3-P 


4J    >    U    CU    S-    J.    >,Cr-    CD  O. 
UOCJlO(l)«ailj333(D 

ozanti-5:<Sron<w 


-32- 


-a 

c 


u 


ID 

-o 
o 

4-> 
(_) 

<u 

in 

c 


>> 

jQ 

-a 
ai 

a> 
(/> 

<D 

s~ 

CL 

s_ 

LO 

cu 
+J 

ra 

S_ 

ai 

4-> 

4- 
cu 
> 

c 


o 

a 

' 

-a 

l/l 

0) 

i/i 

c 

ra 

•i— 

E  -Q 

O 

f~ 

•1 — 

o 

JD 

o 

, — 

CO 

03 

<U 

■M 

r— - 

O 

O 

+-> 

b 

fa 

<+- 

(/) 

O 

5- 

+-> 

ra 

c 

r 

a; 

23 

o 

u 

i_ 

i_ 

cu 

-I — 

Q- 

c_> 

r-- 

OJ 

r— 

_Q 

fO 

5- 
CU 


o 


cu 
ra 
■a 


o 


CJ 


ro 
5- 

aj 

■M 

Cl 

o 
u 


ra 

5- 
QJ 

+J 

o_ 
o 
u 

a> 


5- 
0J 
4-> 

Q_ 

a 

CU 

E 

CU 

_C 
Q_ 
UJ 


ID   ,-H  CO 
t— I  i— <  "=*• 


I    -=3"  UD     I    cn  CO  CO  i— i 


«=J-  «^-  i— I   CM   CM  .— I  ^i"      I     UD  CM   LT>   r--. 


co 


i   >— 4  cr>  r^-  >^j- 

I     CM  CM   ,— I 


co  r~-  cn  cn  co  r-*.  cn 


co  <3-  r-^  cn 
«^-  i — i  i — i 


<3-  1— 1  "3-    1 

1     LT)  CO 

1    CM  O 

KO   < — I  < — I      1 

1     i — 1  t— 1 

1     CO  CO 

t— 1  t— I      1 

I     i — 1  . — 1 

1    . — I  < — I 

,— i  ^t-  o  «— I  CM  Cn  «— i     I  CON0OU1 

I 

r —  r^  o  <>o  <— •  r —  o    i  i —  « — i  • — i  « — t 

! — i       i — i       < — ii  < — i  i — i  i — i 


LD  CO  «— I 
CM  CM   i— I 


O  CM 
CO  CO 


<cj-   ,— i  CO  CO 

^  C\J  t-l  CTI 
,— I  CM  CM   CM 


offi^nifloN 


cn  lt)  co  co 


CO  CO  CO  CO  .— i  CM  CX>      I    ^J-  CM  CO  CO 
CMCOCMCOCMCMCM      I  .— I   .— I   ,-H 


CMNIN 


CO  CM  CM 


•3-  CM      I     ^J"  CO   CO   CO 


CM  CM 


i— i  ^f-  r^  co 


co  co  cm  o  co  cr>  co  i   o  co  cn  ^r 
i 

h  cm  oo  o  rn  ^- m  i   co  o  cr>  lt> 

"3"  CO  CO  CO  «^J-  <3"   CM  ICMCOCMCO 


LT)   CO    LT>       I         I      1^-.   *3"       I      HCMCMr- 1 


cn  o  »3"  «d-  cm  r— i  cn 


idco  r^uo 


LO  «3"  CD 
CM  CM  CO 


cn  co 
CO  ^j- 


I     CM   LO  CM   CO 
I     «?J-  CO  CM  CM 


CO  «3"  CO  I^«  1^  CO  CO      I    nowu: 
r-l  i— I  i— it— I   r— IihCM      I     ,— i   CO  CM   CM 


ro 
QJ 

n 
□a 


S_  D  CU  >>  S- 

CU  -Q  -Q  S-  ra 

-O.  E  E 

O  CU  CU 

+->  >  U 

U  O  <D 


5- 
-Q 


ra  3  -c:  ■ —        to  cu 

3    S_    U  •■-  <D    >i  3   +-> 

rO<DrOCLra333CU 


02:Qou_2:cC2:'-DnDc:Coo 


-a 

c 

0J 

CO 

S- 

1. 

>> 

CU 

CU 

s_ 

cu 

cu 

>>  s- 

-Q 

CU 

cu 

-Q 

-Q 

S_    ra 

-»->    E 

c 

-Q 

F 

H 

rO    3  -£= 

1 — 

oo  cu 

ra 

o 

O) 

1) 

3    i-     O 

•1 — 

CD 

>, 

3   -l-J 

-^ 

+-> 

> 

U 

cn  s. 

S_ 

>i 

c 

i — 

cn  cl 

o 

o 

o 

CU 

rO    CD    <a 

Q. 

ra 

n 

Z3 

3    CU 

iZ 

o 

^ 

Q 

-d  lj_  s: 

<£ 

s: 

—3 

■-3 

<C  oo 

■33- 


QJ 


O 


ooix>r--Lr>oLnoc\jLr)Ovjoocx5 


QJ 


O 


roc\io|fi^HO|ou5n<^o 


03 

s- 

ai 

+-> 
a_ 
o 
.c 
u 


c\joo«3-ooocNjooc\jcr> 
o  o  o  •— l  i— l  i— I  CO  i— ioowo 


03 

S- 
QJ 
4-> 

Q_ 
O 

o 
ai 


l~~-  <XHOC\JlX)rHC\JinrH^DrH 


T3 


a3 
0J 

+J 

Cl 
O 

i~ 

ai 

E 

OJ 


cocOi— iLnc\joocNjr^c\joj'^-co 

IDOM^O^^COCVJlDMnCTl 
i— li— It— i  i— li— li— (Cvli— I  C\J  C\J 


4-> 

c 
o 
o 


QJ 

I— 


o 


o 
oo 


QJ 
O 

+J 

u 
o 


IO    3Ti — 
3    S-    O  -i- 

CH    !.    i.    >, 

ro  tu  ia  a  id 


QJ 


i- 
oj 

-O 

-t->  E 

>>  =3  -t-> 

i—    CD  Q. 

a» 


tlls:<2:to<co 


-34- 


Life  History 

Temperature  is  an  important  regulator  of  the  sequencing  of  insect 
life  histories.  Our  data  indicated  changes  occurred  in  growth  rates 
and  emergence  times  of  some  insects  due  to  regulation.  Life  history 
studies  are   continuing  to  verify  this.  Our  adult  collections  have  not 
yet  been  identified  and  head  capsule  measurements  have  not  been  made 
to  document  growth  rates.  Lehmkuhl  (1979)  concluded  that  relatively 
little  information  was  available  on  the  effects  of  environmental  distur- 
bances on  insect  life  cycles. 

Many  insects  have  strict  temperature  requirements,  and  minor  altera- 
tions in  temperature  can  have  drastic  effects.  Life  histories  are  often 
dimensioned  by  temperature  summation  criteria  (Lehmkuhl  1972;  Stanford 
1975).  Species  for  which  the  number  of  degree  days  is  inadequate  for 
larval  maturation  may  be  eliminated.  Colder  summer  temperatures  at 
Kokanee  Bend  slowed  summer  growth  rates.  The  total  number  of  degree 
days  (graphed  as  mean  daily  temperatures  summed  by  the  month)  was  less 
in  the  partially  regulated  sections  of  the  river  from  June  through  September 
due  to  cold  water  discharges  from  Hungry  Horse  Dam  (Figure  15). 

A  number  of  species  which  were  in  early  instars  during  the  summer 
and  early  fall,  when  temperatures  were  warmer  at  the  control  site,  obtained 
maximum  numbers  one  month  later  at  Kokanee  Bend  than  at  the  control 
site  (e.g.  Ephumdti&lla  dodcUt,   EpkemeAzJtla  tibialis,    Eph.2mzn.0Zla  {^lavilZnza, 
Evzon.u&  6p.,    Van.alzptophJLzbi.a  hztzn.onzay   Cla6&zvu.a  t,abnZo6a,    IhopznZa 
^utva     Ptzn.onan.coZla  badta,   kn.dtop6Ljc.k2.  gn.andAj>,   Symphitoptychz  oilan.1, 
SymphJjtop&yzhz  zozkoAzllZ,   Bn.achyczntnw*>  &p. ,   and  kthznix  vanZzgcUa) . 
This  was  apparently  due  to  the  fact  that  the  heat  accumulation  was  greater 
during  the  summer  and  early  fall  months  in  unregulated  areas  of  the 
river.  Elliott  (1972)  found  that  the  time  between  oviposition  and  hatching 
and  the  length  of  the  hatching  period  may  be  greatly  extended  by  low 
summer  temperatures.  The  reverse  situation  appears  to  have  occurred 
in  species  which  were  growing  later  in  the  fall  when  temperatures  were 
warmer  in  the  partially  regulated  areas.  Small  capniid  and  chloroperlid 
stoneflies  reached  their  maximum  abundance  one  month  later  at  the  Bible 
Camp.  These  observations  need  to  be  further  substantiated  by  emergence 
data  and  head  capsule  measurements. 

Sweeney  and  Vannote  (1978)  found  that  small  adult  aquatic  insects 
with  reduced  fecundity  resulted  when  temperatures  were  either  warmed 
or  cooled  with  respect  to  more  optimal  thermal  conditions.  Temperature 
apparently  affected  adult  size  by  altering  the  larval  growth  rate  and 
the  timing  and  rate  of  adult  tissue  development.  Monitoring  adult  size 
and  fecundity  of  aquatic  insects  was  suggested  as  a  tool  for  assessing 
the  impact  of  sublethal  alteration  of  natural  temperature  patterns. 
Warming  the  seasonal  cycles  of  a  river  by  2°  to  3°  C  might  eliminate 
species  by  affecting  body  size  and  fecundity. 

This  should  be  considered  when  planning  prolonged  winter  discharges 
from  Hungry  Horse  Dam.  It  is  possible  that  sustained  winter  discharges 


■35- 


400  - 


300- 


us 
a. 

z> 
*- 
< 
a. 

UJ 

a. 

UJ 

t- 


< 
a 


NORTH   FORK   AT 
CANYON  CREEK 

FLATHEAD  RIVER  AT 
COLUMBIA  FALLS 

SOUTH  FORK  AT 
HUNGRY  HORSE 


|x  200 

w 

«/) 

Q 

UJ 
UJ 
DC 
(D 

UJ 
G 


100- 


i 
N 


i 

D 


T* 

F 


T 
M 


M 


i 
A 


Figure  15.  Degree  days  (mean  daily  temperatures)  summed  by  the  month  for 
control  (North  Fork),  partially  regulated  (Columbia  Falls),  and 
regulated  (South  Fork)  areas  of  the  Flathead  River  for  the 
1980  water  year. 


■36- 


from  Hungry  Horse  Dam  could  increase  the  winter  head  load  in  the  river 
enough  to  eliminate  certain  species  of  stoneflies.  During  the  winter 
of  1981,  a  number  of  species  emerged  earlier  in  the  partially  regulated 
areas  of  the  river  (starting  in  January).  This  was  probably  due  to 
the  combined  effects  of  sustained  winter  discharge  and  warmer  weather 
conditions.  In  a  colder  winter,  higher  winter  water  temperatures  may 
induce  emergence  into  lethal ly  cold  air  or  during  periods  when  mating 
was  impossible.  The  raising  of  river  temperatures  may  disrupt  mating 
behavior  in  some  species  by  widening  any  time  lag  between  emergence 
of  males  and  females  (Nebeker  1971a). 

Coutant  (1967)  has  shown  that  a  slight  temperature  increase  (1° 
C)  will  cause  hydropsychid  caddisflies  to  emerge  two  weeks  earlier  down- 
stream from  the  Hanford  (Washington)  reactors  than  in  upstream  areas. 
In  experimental  situations,  it  has  been  demonstrated  that  exposure  of 
aquatic  insect  larvae  to  artificially  high  temperatures  and  stable  flow 
conditions  can  cause  advances  in  the  onset  of  adult  emergence  of  up 
to  five  months  in  some  species  (Nebeker  1971b). 

Stoneflies  have  been  almost  eliminated  from  the  Kootenai  River 
(Montana)  since  impoundment  (Huston  et  al.  1980).  This  may  be  due  in 
part  to  warmer  winter  temperatures.  However,  in  the  Kootenai  River, 
winter  discharges  are  generally  continuous  (no  weekend  shutdown)  for 
a  period  of  several  months,  which  allows  a  greater  heat  accumulation. 
It  is  probable  that  night  and  weekend  shutdowns  at  Hungry  Horse  Dam 
will  prevent  deleteriously  high  heat  accumulations,  although  higher 
daily  maximum  temperatures  than  in  control  areas  may  eliminate  certain 
species.  Preliminary  data  indicates  that  stoneflies  are  a  food  source 
for  cutthroat  trout  during  the  winter  in  the  partially  regulated  area 
of  the  Flathead  River.  The  impact  of  discharge  changes  on  what  appears 
to  be  an  important  food  resource  should  be  considered  in  management 
decisions. 

RECOMMENDATIONS 

Selective  Withdrawal  System 

There  is  no  question  that  a  selective  withdrawal  system  would  increase 
species  diversity  and  benefit  invertebrate  populations  in  the  South 
Fork.  However,  due  to  the  fact  that  the  totally  regulated  section  in 
the  Flathead  River  is  so  short  (8  km)  and  that  the  construction  of  a 
reregulatory  dam  would  inundate  an  additional  five  km  of  the  South  Fork, 
considerations  of  a  selective  withdrawal  system  should  be  made  with 
regard  to  the  partially  regulated  area  of  the  river  rather  than  the 
South  Fork. 

Presently,  the  partially  regulated  area  of  the  Flathead  River  supports 
a  diverse  fauna  due  to  the  ameliorative  effects  of  waters  from  the  free- 
flowing  North  and  Middle  Forks.  Differences  in  invertebrate  composition 
between  the  Bible  Camp  (control)  and  Kokanee  Bend  (partially  regulated) 
sampling  sites  may  be  due  as  much  to  changes  in  the  food  regime  as  to 


■37- 


changes  in  temperature  per  se.  A  selective  withdrawal  system  would 
introduce  more  plankton  from  the  reservoir.  Carbon  and  ATP  profiles 
from  the  forebay  of  Hungry  Horse  Reservoir  indicate  that  there  are  greater 
amounts  of  seston  in  the  epilimnion  than  in  the  hypolimnion  (personal 
communication,  Jack  Stanford,  Director,  University  of  Montana  Biological 
Station).  Warmer  summer  temperatures  may  further  increase  the  growth 
of  periphyton  during  the  summer  or  early  fall  in  the  partially  regulated 
area.     The  flushing  effects  due  to  changing  discharges,  which  remove 
the  finer  organic  carbon  particles  from  the  substrate  and  introduce 
coarse  particulate  organic  matter  from  shoreline  areas,  would  not  be 
changed. 

Changes  in  the  invertebrate  composition  could  be  expected.  Most 
mayfly  species,  which  are   unable  to  tolerate  flow  fluctuations  and  the 
loss  of  the  fine  detritus  in  the  substrate,  would  not  come  back.  Other 
mayfly  species  such  as  Epkm&ioJULa.  iyiojimi^   and  BaztA,t>  PU.caadcutiii>   which 
can  tolerate  the  flow  fluctuations  and  feed  on  the  increased  periphyton 
growths  would  be  expected  to  increase.  These  species  are   present  in 
very  large  numbers  downstream  from  Libby  Dam,  which  is  equipped  with 
a  selective  withdrawal  system.  Caddisfly  composition  may  change. 
Glo6&o6oma  i>p.,   which  is  already  greatly  increased  in  the  partially 
regulated  areas,  would  be  expected  to  increase  further  due  to  increased 
growths  of  periphyton.  The  species  of  hydropsychids,  which  are  currently 
more  abundant  in  control  areas,  may  increase  due  to  the  increased  export 
of  seston  from  the  reservoir.   It  is  not  known  how  they  would  compete 
with  Asictoptyckd,   which  is  presently  the  dominant  species  of  hydropsychid 
at  Kokanee  Bend.  AticXop&ychz   is  not  present  in  the  Kootenai  River, 
although  it  is  present  in  the  Fisher  River  (a  tributary  of  the  Kootenai), 
which  has  a  very  similar  total  annual  heat  budget.  The  winter  stoneflies, 
which  are  the  unique  resource  characteristic  of  the  partially  regulated 
Flathead  River,  may  be  adversely  affected  due  to  increased  periphyton 
growths  and  altered  temperatures.  The  factors  which  affect  their  distri- 
bution in  the  Flathead  and  Kootenai  Rivers  are  not  completely  understood. 
They  are  more  abundant  in  the  partially  regulated  area  than  at  the  control 
site  in  the  Flathead  River,  while  they  have  almost  been  eliminated  from 
the  Kootenai  River.  Their  elimination  in  the  Kootenai  is  probably  related 
to  the  fall  decrease  in  percent  saturation  of  oxygen,  due  to  heavy  utili- 
zation by  both  living  and  scenescent  plankton  in  the  reservoir  discharges 
and  by  periphyton  on  the  river  substrate,  and  to  the  higher  winter  temperatures 
due  to  sustained  discharges.  The  Flathead  River  is  not  as  productive 
as  the  Kootenai  (Perry,  in  progress),  so  the  effects  on  the  stoneflies 
may  not  be  as  marked  in  the  Flathead.   It  is  not  fully  understood  how 
much  the  heavy  periphyton  growths  in  the  Kootenai  River  are  related 
to  the  warmer  fall  temperatures  imposed  by  the  selective  withdrawal 
system  as  opposed  to  the  generally  higher  nutrient  load  in  the  Kootenai 
system.  Periphyton  in  the  partially  regulated  Flathead  River  would 
still  be  scoured  during  spring  runoff  and  light  penetration  would  be 
reduced  during  periods  when  turbidity  is  high  in  the  North  and  Middle 
Forks.  However,  marked  increased  in  the  growth  of  periphyton  in  the 
partially  regulated  Flathead  River  would  be  expected  to  alter  insect 


•38- 


composition  and  possibly  interfere  with  the  flow  of  water  to  the  hyporheic 
zone. 

The  changes  which  would  be  expected  from  the  installation  of  a 
selective  withdrawal  system  on  Hungry  Horse  Dam  cannot  be  fully  predicted 
from  the  existing  data  base.  Experimental  tests  which  would  refine 
our  ability  to  make  predictions  and  management  decisions  have  not  been 
done.  These  tests  would  involve  rearing  selected  species  under  different 
temperature  and  food  regimes  in  experimental  streams  and  environmental 
chambers  to  determine  their  environmental  requirements  and  is  beyond 
the  scope  of  the  present  project.  Until  the  factors  which  control  the 
distributions  of  invertebrates  in  the  Flathead  River  have  been  more 
completely  delineated,  the  construction  of  a  selective  withdrawal  system 
is  not  presently  recommended. 

CONCLUSIONS 

Annual  means  of  numbers  (no/m2)  and  biomass  (cc/m2)  data  indicate 
that  densities  of  zoobenthos  are  higher  in  the  South  Fork  than  at  the 
control  and  partially  regulated  sites,  but  the  overall  biomass  is  not 
significantly  different  at  the  three  sites.  Species  diversity  is  much 
reduced  in  the  South  Fork,  but  Shannon  indices  showed  no  significant 
differences  between  the  control  and  partially  regulated  sites. 

The  faunal  composition  was  markedly  changed  (consisting  primarily 
of  midges  and  ol igochaetes)  and  the  number  of  species  was  decreased 
in  the  South  Fork,  mainly  due  to  the  extreme  modification  of  the  tempera- 
ture regime.  Due  to  the  addition  of  water  from  the  North  and  Middle 
Forks  of  the  Flathead  River,  the  changes  were  much  less  marked  in  the 
partially  regulated  areas  of  the  river.  This  can  be  attributed  to  factors 
such  as  temperature  modification,  the  flushing  and  redeposition  of  sediments 
which  occurs  during  spring  runoff,  the  import  of  particulate  organic 
carbon  and  drifting  insects  from  upstream  areas,  etc. 

However,  there  were  compositional  changes  in  the  partially  regulated 
portion  of  the  river.  Mayflies  were  far  more  abundant  in  the  control 
area,  while  stoneflies  and  dipterans  showed  increased  abundances  in 
the  partially  regulated  area.  The  composition  of  caddisflies  was  markedly 
different  at  the  two  sites  due  to  differences  in  periphyton  growth  and 
particulate  organic  carbon  particle  sizes.  The  timing  of  events  in 
the  life  cycle  of  a  number  of  species  was  different  at  the  two  sites 
due  to  seasonal  temperature  differences. 

The  ameliorative  effects  of  the  North  and  Middle  Forks  are  limited 
during  seasons  of  lower  flows  from  natural  areas.  Major  changes  in 
the  discharge  regime  from  Hungry  Horse  Dam  during  certain  times  of  the 
year  could  substantially  alter  the  composition  of  invertebrates  in  the 
main  stem  river.  Marked  increases  in  discharge  during  certain  seasons 
(e.g.  during  the  winter)  could  cause  species  extinctions.  The  partially 
regulated  section  of  the  Flathead  River  is  a  rather  unique  area,  which 
under  the  current  discharge  regime,  seems  to  combine  advantages  of  both 


■39- 


free  flowing  rivers  and  regulation.  This  area  currently  supports  a 
diverse  fauna  despite  perturbations,  but  is  not  resistant  to  species 
deletion  (see  Pimm  1979).  Until  more  information  is  available  on  what 
environmental  factors  are  important  for  the  maintenance  of  a  habitat 
suitable  for  specific  groups  of  species,  caution  should  be  exercised 
in  altering  discharge  regimes. 


-40- 


LITERATURE  CITED 


Coutant,  C.C.  1967.  Effect  of  temperature  on  the  development  rate  of 

bottom  organisms,  p.  11-12  j_n:  Biological  effects  of  thermal  discharges, 

U.S.A. E.C.  (Atomic  Energy  Comm.)  Pac.  N.W.  Labs,  Div.  Biol.  Med. 
Ann.  Rep. 

Cummins,  K.W.  1966.  A  review  of  stream  ecology  with  special  emphasis  on 
organism-substrate  relationships.  Spec.  Publ.  Pymaturing  Lab.  Field 
Biol.  4:2-51. 

de  March,  Brigitte,  G.E.   1976.  Spatial  and  temporal  patterns  in  macro- 
benthic  stream  diversity.  J.  Fish.  Res.  Bd.  Can.   33:1261-1270. 

Elliott,  J.M.  1972.  Effect  of  temperature  on  time  of  hatching  in  BaeXci 
nhodcivu.   (Ephemeroptera:  Baetidae)  Oecologia  9:47-51. 

Fisher,  S.G.  and  A.  LaVoy.  1972.  Differences  in  littoral  fauna  due  to 
fluctuating  water  levels  below  a  hydroelectric  dam.  J.  Fish.  Res. 
Bd.  Can.  29:1472-1476. 

Gauch,  H.G. ,  Jr.  1977.  ORDIFLEX  a  flexible  computer  program  for  four 
ordination  techniques:  weighted  averages,  polar  ordination,  principal 
components  analysis,  and  recriprocal  averaging.  Release  B.  Cornell 
Ecology  Programs  Series.  Cornell  Univ.  Ithaca,  NY  180  pp. 

Hauer,  F.R.   1980.  Ecological  studies  of  Trichoptera  in  the  Flathead  River, 
Montana.  PhD.  Dissertation,  N.  Texas  State  Univ.,  Denton,  Texas. 

Henricson,  J.  and  K.  MUller.  1979.  Stream  regulation  in  Sweden  with  some 
examples  from  central  Europe,  pp.  183-199  j_n:  Ward,  J.V.  and  J. A. 
Stanford  (eds.).  The  Ecology  of  Regulated  Streams.  Plenum  Press,  NY. 

Hill,  M.O.   1979.  DECORANA  -  A  FORTRAN  program  for  detrended  correspondence 
analysis  and  reciprocal  averaging.  Cornell  Ecology  Programs  Series. 
Cornell  Univ.,  Ithaca,  NY.   52  pp. 

Hilsenhoff,  W.L.  1971.  Changes  in  the  downstream  insect  and  amphipod 

fauna  caused  by  an  impoundment  with  a  hypolimnial  drain.  Ann.   Entomol . 
Soc.  Amer.   64:743-746. 

Hoffman,  E.C.  and  R.V.  Ki Iambi.   1971.  Environmental  changes  produced  by 
cold  water  outlets  from  three  Arkansas  reservoirs.  Water  Resource 
Research  Center  Publ.  No.  5,  Univ.  Arkansas,  Fayetteville,  Ark. 

Hulbert,  S.H.  1971.  The  nonconcept  of  species  diversity:  a  critique  and 
alternative  parameters.  Ecology  52:577-586. 

Lehmkuhl  ,  D.M.   1972.  Change  in  thermal  regime  as  a  cause  of  reduction  of 
benthic  fauna  downstream  of  a  reservoir.  J.  Fish.  Res.  Bd.  Can. 
29:1329-1332. 


■41- 


Lehmkuhl  ,  D.M.   1979.  Environmental  disturbance  and  life  histories: 
principles  and  examples.  J.  Fish.  Res.  Bd.  Can.   36:329-334. 

Margalef,  D.R.  1957.  Information  theory  in  ecology.  Gen.  Syst.  3:36-71. 

May,  F. ,  S.  Appert  and  J.  Huston.  1980.  Annual  Progress  Report,  Kootenai 
River  Investigations.  Mt.  Dept.  of  Fish,  Wildl.  Parks.  26  pp. 

Minshall,  G.  Wayne  and  J.N.  Minshall.  1977.  Macrodistribution  of  benthic 
invertebrates  in  a  Rocky  Mountain  (U.S.A.)  stream.  Hydrobiologia 
55:231-249. 

Moore,  P.D.   1975.  Changes  in  species  diversity.  Nature  254:104-105. 

Nebeker,  A.V.  1971a.  Effects  of  temperature  at  different  altitudes  on 
the  emergence  of  aquatic  insects  from  a  single  stream.  J.  Kansas 
Entomol.  Soc.  44(l):26-35. 

Nebeker,  A.V.   1971b.  Effect  of  high  winter  water  temperatures  on  adult 
emergence  of  aquatic  insects.  Water  Res.  5:777-783. 

Pearson,  Wm.  D. ,  R.H.  Kramer  and  the  late  D.R.  Franklin.  1968.  Macro- 
invertebrates  in  the  Green  River  below  Flaming  Gorge  Dam,  1964-65  and 
1967.  Proc.  Utah  Acad.  Sci .  ,  Arts  Lett.  45(1) : 148-167. 

Perry,  S.A.   (In  progress).  Comparative  ecology  of  benthic  communities  in 
free-flowing  and  regulated  areas  of  the  Flathead  and  Kootenai  River, 
Montana.  PhD  Dissertation.  North  Texas  State  Univ.,  Denton,  Texas.. 

Pimm,  S.L.  1979.  Complexity  and  stability:  another  look  at  MacArthur's 
original  hypothesis.  Oi kos   33:351-357. 

Spence,  J. A.  and  H.B.N.  Hynes.  1971.  Differences  in  benthos  upstream  and 
downstream  of  an  impoundment.  J.  Fish.  Res.  Bd.  Can.  28:35-43. 

Stanford,  J. A.  1975.  Ecological  studies  of  Plecoptera  in  the  Upper  Flathead 
Rivers,  Montana.  PhD.  Dissertation,  Univ.  of  Utah.  Salt  Lake  City, 
241  pp. 

Stanford,  J. A.  and  A.R.  Gaufin.  1974.  Hyporheic  communities  of  two  Montana 
Rivers.  Science  185:700-702. 

Sweeney,  B.W.  and  R.L.  Vannote.  1978.  Size  variation  and  the  distributions 
of  hemimetabolous  aquatic  insects:  two  thermal  equilibrium  hypotheses. 
Science  200:444-446. 

Ward,  James  V.  1974.  A  temperature  stressed  stream  ecosystem  below  a 

hypolimnial  release  mountain  reservoir.  Arch.  Hydrobiol.  74:247-275. 

Ward,  James  V.  1976.   Effects  of  thermal  constancy  and  seasonal  temperature 
displacement  on  community  structure  of  stream  macroinvertebrates.  In: 
Thermal  Ecology  II,  G.W.  Esch  and  R.W.  McFarlane  (eds.),  ERDA  Symp. 
Series  (C0NF-750425) ,  pp.  302-307. 


-42- 


Ward,  J.V.  and  J. A.  Stanford  (eds.).  1979.  The  Ecology  of  Regulated 
Streams.  Plenum  Press.  NY  398  pp. 

Williams,  D.D.  1980.  Some  relationships  between  stream  benthos  and 
substrate  heterogeneity.  Limnol.  Oceonogr.  25(1) : 166-172. 

Young,  W.D.,  D.H.  Kent  and  B.G.  Whiteside.  1976.  The  influence  of  a  deep 
storage  reservoir  on  the  species  diversity  of  benthic  macroinvertebrate 
communities  of  the  Guadalupe  River,  Texas.  Tex.  J.  Scie.  27:213-224. 


-43- 


APPENDIX  A 
Figures  16  -  27 

Mean  number  of  invertebrates  per  square  meter,  October,  1979  through 
September,  1980. 

E  =  Ephemeroptera 

P  =  Plecoptera 

T  =  Trichoptera 
Ch  =  Chironomidae 
0D  =  Other  Diptera 
01  =  Other  Invertebrates 

Bars  represent  monthly  means  (kick  and  circular  samples  combined); 
I  represents  standard  deviations. 


O 


3 

o 

01 


0> 

o 
o 
O 


\ 

o 
o 
o 


o 
o 
o 


w 


o 
o 
o 


r^rr 


o 
o 
o 


O 

o 

o 

CM 


uj  /   on 


o 
o 

x2 


a    a 
o   z 

i    m 

O     UJ 

UJ 

Z 
»-    < 

o 


UJ 


Q 
O 


< 

o 

UJ 

_i 

CO 


UJ 


UD 


en 


■1- 


E 


o 

CM 

CO 


CO 

o 
o 

Q 


.a 

E 
a> 

> 
o 


iY 


H 


DC 

o 


I-   I 

a.    O 
C/) 


yj 


^ 


H 


M 


o 
o 

s 


o 
o 
o 

CO 


o 
o 
o 

CM 


o 

o  I 

HI 

X.     CD 

«     LU 

LU 

Z 
■"     < 

o 

a.    * 


tSJ 


< 

O 

LU 

_J 
CD 

QQ 


UJ 


.lu  /     ON    X 


o 
o 
o 


1) 

5- 


-2- 


11 


O  <M 


IX  Q 
V) 


O) 


-Q 

E 
o 

0) 

Q 


o 
o 
o 


o 
o 
o 

00 


w 


H 


H 


rnrT 


o 
o 
o 

CM 


~r 

o 
o 
o 


2UJ/ON     X 


b 


[■ 


°  * 

x   o 
o   u. 

i 

Z> 

o 


UJ 


Q 

a 

O 

z: 

UJ 

I 

CQ 

o 

UJ 

z 

1- 

< 

o 

00 

a. 

XL 

QJ 

S- 

UJ 


Q 

O 


X     -2= 

o    < 
o 

UJ 

_l 
QQ 

CQ 


m 


Ci 


-3- 


r~ 

CO 

O) 

If) 

CO 

<N 

o 

o> 

II 

II 

IX 

Q 

CO 

I" 


o 

CO 
0) 


c 


a 
o 

X 

Q 

a. 

UJ 

D 

Z 
UJ 

s 

1 

UJ 

1 

1 

Z 
< 

1 

1 

1 

o 

I 

1 

1 

1 

i 

■a 

m 

a. 

E 

nj 
CO 


O 
O 
O 

co 


w 


I 

o 
o 
o 


°  * 

cc 

I   o 

U. 

X 
I- 

o 

CO 


UJ 


CT) 


1) 


< 

u 

UJ 

_i 

CD 
CQ 


2uj  /    on    x 


-4- 


HI 
I 


Q 
O 


o 

CO 
CD 


03 

-Q 


o 
o 
o 


w 


o 

o 
o 


t 1 r 


ui  /  "ON  X 


X 

o 


uu 


O 


I 

o 
in 


UJ 


a 

z 

UJ 
CD 

UJ 
UJ 
Z 
< 

o 


o 

O-J 


< 

o 

-o 

0) 

UJ 

Q. 

_l 

E 

GQ 

CD 

(/» 

m 

«^ 

o 

z 

a 
o 
o 


-5- 


> 

CO  *• 

(O  o> 

*Z. 

m 

C<i 

m 

t. 

u 

IX 

a 

w 

o 

CO 
O) 


o 
(0 


o 
o 

o 

to 


o 
o 
o 


AY 


o 
o 
o 


2uj/on    X 


H 


H 
li 


°§ 

LL 
X 
O     I 

H- 

o 


uj 


o 


H 


Q 

Z 
UJ 
03 

IXI 

O 
a.    *: 


UJ 


H 


< 
o 

UJ 

-J 

m 

m 


UJ 


CD 

en 


-6- 


DZ 


O)  o 

CO  CM 

n   n 

IXO 


H 


H 


Q 

O     * 

X   o 


ID 

o 


m 


h 


o 

00 
0) 


a 
< 


H 


O    z 

LU 
X  m 
o    uj 

LU 

z 
< 

o 


UJ 


CM 
CSJ 

0) 

5- 

en 


II 


H 


T 
o 
o 
o 


AY 


o 
o 
o 


I 

o 
o 
o 


o 
o 

X 

o 


a. 

< 
u 

LU 

_J 

m 

OQ 


LU 


Mi     I    0N     X 


"O 

o, 
£ 


o 

00 


111 

CO 

Hi 

UJ 

z 
< 

o 


CO 

<u 

S_ 

en 


T3 
0) 

< 

a. 

a 

E 

CD 

UJ 

(/) 

-J 

#- 

00 

O 

^~ 

z 

CD 

AY 


i 

o 
o 
o 


,w  /  on    X 


-8- 


H 


o 

CO 


c 

3 


H 


HS 


II 


a    o 

o    z 

LU 

I     m 
O     UJ 
LU 

Z 
I-     < 

o 


yj 


CM 

'*- 


a 
o 

i 
o 


T 
o 
o 
o 


1- 
o 
o 
o 
m 


o 
o 
o 

00 


w 


< 

O 

UJ 
CD 
CO 


UJ 


o 
o 

o 


,Ui/-ON    X 


H 


o 

00 

en 


0) 

E 

a) 

Q. 
0) 


l-H 


II 


o 

o 
o 
m 


o 
o 
o 

It 


o 
o 
o 

C5 


w 


i        r 


i 

o 

o 
o 


Q 
Q  Z 
O     LU 

00 


UJ 

UJ 

z 

< 

o 


UJ 


CD 


Q 

o 

0. 

2 

X 

< 

o 

o 

h- 

UJ 

-J 

03 

0. 

m 

m 


zui  /    on    X 


-12- 


APPENDIX  B 
Figures  28  -  38 

Biomass  (cc/m2)  of  invertebrates  as  measured  by  volume  displacement, 
T  =  Trichoptera 
P  =  Plecoptera 
E  =  Ephemeroptera 
C  =  Chironomidae 

0  =  Other  Diptera  and  Other  Invertebrates 

Bars  represents  monthly  means  (kick  and  circular  samples  combined); 
I  represents  standard  deviations. 


o 


o> 


UJ 

m 
O 

O 

o 


°h 


UJ 


H 


4 


<T3 

o 


"II 


H 


UJ 


II 


H 


"I 


UJ 


H 


H 


T 
o 

CM 


< 

o 

UJ 

-j 

CO 

5 


* 

cc 

O 

u_ 

X 

1- 

CO 

3 

CXJ 

o 

CU 

(fi 

=5 

CD 

o 

z 

UJ 
CO 

HI 

yj 

Z 
< 

o 


in 


m  O 

m/33    1      SSVW  019 


in 


-1- 


>H 


o 


O 


Lur 


0) 


DC 

LU 
DQ 

LU 

> 

O 

z 


u 


H 


41 


yj 


Q- 

< 

o 

_i 
CQ 

m 


cc 
o 

LL 
X 

I- 
o 


CX> 
C\J 

CD 

en 


LU 


Q 
Z 

LU 

m 

LU 
LU 

z 
< 

O 


ID 
CM 


o 

CM 


,LU   /    0  0 


o 


ssvwoia 


i 

in 


-2- 


|2 


4 


"H 


a. 

< 
o 

in 


O) 


m 

00 


LU 


UJ 

O 

UJ 

Q 


«H 


DC 

o 


J- 


=      o 

o     °° 
CO      cu 

cr. 


H 


°ll 


o 


HI 


H 


CD 

LU 
UJ 
2 
< 

o 


04 


o 

CM 


m 


o 


gUJ  /  oo    |      SSVIAI0I8 


-3- 


o 

00 

0J 


a 
< 

z 

< 

-3 


ssvwoia 


•4- 


o 

00 
O) 


a. 

< 
o 

_j 
m 

DO 


< 

a: 
m 

ID 


-H 


o 


O 


LJJ 


J 


O 
u_ 

X 

H 

o 


a  I 

4 

Q 

O 

Z 
Hi 
GO 

o 

Ull- 

i 

LU 
UJ 

Z 

* 

i_ 

I 

o 

CM 

I 

o 
cs 

I 

1 
O 

1 

I  jUi/  oo  i    ssvwoia 


CVI 
CO 

OJ 
5- 


-5- 


o 


o 

00 


o 

4 


Hi 


H 


■H 


< 
O 

UJ 

m 
m 


i 
o 

ac 
< 


|  ^uj/oo  )    ssvwoia 


-6- 


UJ 


O 
00 
0) 


°H 


•H 


Q. 

< 
O 

UJ 

-J 
m 

m 


a. 

< 


u 


to 

o 


UJ 


H 


i 

■I 


DC 
O 


I 
I- 

O 


en 
s- 

=5 


CO 

o 


iUU 


H 


Q 

z 

m 

UJ 
UJ 

z 
< 

o 


in 

CM 


o 

CN 


u-) 


|    7LU  /  00     ) 


O 

ssvwoia 


T 

m 


-7- 


o 


to 

o 


ili\ 


■H 


a. 

< 
O 

LU 

_l 
QQ 

CD 


O 
CD 


m 


HI 


«8 

o 


HI 


•H 


DC 

O 

Li. 

X 
Z> 

o 

CO 


LT) 
CD 


O 


LU 


D 

Z 
Ui 
OQ 

Ui 

UJ 

z 
< 

o 


CM 


I 
O 
CM 


|   zui  /  00 


o 


m 


ssvinois 


-8- 


A3 
O 


o 

CD 


"H 


■H 


< 
o 

OQ 
OQ 


to 

*■< 
o 


(J 


H 


w 


H 


o 

LL 

X 

O 


1X3 

I) 
5- 

rs 


to 
o 


UJ 


4 


a 

z 

LU 
CD 

UJ 
LU 
Z 
< 

o 


O 


1^ 
cm 


|  3iu/  00 


o 

ssvwoia 


-9- 


'II 


to 
o 


"H 


{ 


41 


o 

00 


0) 
O 
< 


O 


oh 


U 


UJl 


•H 


a 

< 
o 

uj 

_j 
m 

m 


3 


( 

'II 

Q 
Z 
UJ 

00 

CO 

o 

»H 

UJ 
UJ 

a  J 

z 

* 

^ 

-h 

H 

O 

■  1  

IO 
CM 

1 

o 

CM 

■  1 

IO 

1 
O 

i 

10 

O 


3 

o 


CO 

s- 


zm/  oo  )     SSVWOIfl 


-10- 


(X) 

o 


O 
CD 


UJ 

yj 

»- 
a. 

UJ 


oil 

HI 


LU 


H 


■II 


■H 


H 


"H 


03 

o 


4 

4 


a, 

< 
o 

LU 

_J 
OQ 


EC 

o 


3 
O 


00 


1) 


CT 


UJ 


»n 


Q 

Z 

UJ 

m 

UJ 
UJ 

z 
< 

it 
O 


-T- 
O 
CM 


o 


r 


*r> 


I  7uj  /  oo    ]     ssvwoia 


-11- 


APPENDIX  C 

TAXA  COLLECTED  DECEMBER  1979  THROUGH  SEPTEMBER  1980 
x  =  mean  number/m2     s.d.  =  standard  deviation 


o 


o 
co 


S- 

—  *3- 

Z3     II 

s-  c 

•f— 


•r-     II 


■a 

c 
cu 

co 

a) 

c 

rO 

_^: 

o 


lu  r-- 

CO      I 

s:  o 

LU  CM 
<_>      I 

LU  CM 

Q  <-< 


S- 

rO 

O     II 


1/1 

I  X 


•r-      II 


CL 

E 
ro 
CJ 

0) 

-Q 
'i — 


o  r--     • 

•r-     II       CO 


II        1^    1 

1        1     CO 

1     CM  CM 

CM 

1     CM              1 

II        1^1 

1      1 

1     i — 1   i-H 

1                        1 

1      1         —    1 

1      1  — 

1     ^^*^_^ 

«■-«-' 

1    — '             1 

II            lO      1 

1        1     CM 

1    CO  CO 

00 

i  oo         i 

O 

. 

• 

t— ) 

o 

o 

LO 


CO 
CD 


co  co 


CO 

1        1     LO              III                1 

1        1 III                1 

1        1     CO              III                1 

1        1     «3"              III                1 

CD 


o 

co 

t-H   CM   LO 

1 — 1     1 

1     1  -3-    1 

■— I           CM              1 

CM      1 

1      1            1 

1 

** — "     1 

1     1  — -    1 

v x> — •  > -•                    | 

CM      1 

1        1     CTi      1 

<— i  en  co          i 

CM 

■vT 

■—I       •  CM 

<3" 

O 

LO   "vj"    LO 


CO  O   CTi 


CT>  i — I 
LO  1^. 


cr>  cm 
co  lo 

CO  <— I 


r-^  lo 

LO 

CO  CO 
CO 

*± 


co  «d- 
>-•  co 

co  *3- 

CM  CO 

r-H  r^ 


en 


CO 


LO 


LO 

CO 


I     00  CM 

I     00  00 

CM 


CO 
CM 


CO 
CM 


CO 

CM 


«5± 


i — 1  CT> 

CTi 

CO 

r-. 

o 

CO 

CO   LO 

00 

III            O  CO 

CO      1 

1       1     O     1 

< — i 

1    o 

CO 

«3" 

III            .— I 

CM      1 

1       1    CM      1 

1       r-H 

I       |       |           

s — •*     1 

I       1    ** — -*     1 

*. — * 

1      * ■* 

■» — ** 

— •*' 

iii         r^  o 

O     1 

1       1    CO     1 

r-^ 

1       . 1 

CM 

CM  CO 

CD 

CO  CM 

CO 
CM 

o 

i — i 

LD 

*3" 

LO 

CM 

I     CM 


cr> 


•— l  CM  ^T 

CM 
CM 

co  cn        co 
•    •       o 

O  O  CO 


ro 
CD 

O 

ro 

i. 

0 

ro 

1) 

■r— 

S- 

+-> 

C 

E 

CD 

ra 

cu 

CU     CO 

cu 

S-    ro 

r> 

co    ro 

•ji 

•1-  +-> 

ro          T- 

4-     •!- 

j^ 

O  -r- 

U 

i3  -a 

=3 

E    CO 

•O             CO 

■1-    E 

M-  TD 

-r- 

+->    -r- 

-M 

CD    3 

■r-          "D 

c:   s- 

ro 

•1—    ro 

4 

ro    s- 

10 

CT>  _Q    co 

•^-          "O 

•r-     (D 

•  1 — 

1—  _o 

•  ( — 

., — 

CO     Z3 

-O 

ro    O  •!- 

C            O 

a.  e 

jQ 

(O 

CD 

0 

-V 

t-   c 

Z5 

•<-       .e  u.  -o 

•  ai       "o 

CO    t- 

O) 

ai 

O    ro 

ro 

ro 

o 

rO     O 

ro 

e                   e 

CL   CD   O) 

ro 

1 — 

1 — 

~0 

D. 

<=C    O) 

O 

D-i— 

U 

a>   cu 

ro    ro    ro 

•    CO    ra    ro 

ra 

ro    ro 

-O 

-c 

CD 

CO  1 — 

•1 — 

or:  ro 

u 

CO   -E 

■1 — 

en  res 

E    C    S- 

CL        +j  "O 

1 — 

i —  1 — 

•1 — 

Cl 

ro 

>■>   CD 

cr 

ro 

LU  "0 

a. 

S_ 

ro  "O 

ai  ai  en 

CO    ro    O.  •!— 

1 — 

1 —  1 — 

*i — 

O 

-O 

(_>  a 

>, 

E 

1—  -1- 

to 

C0   -i— 

4-> 

.e  -i- 

en  en 

■—    CU  1— 

a.) 

O)    <v 

-O 

+-> 

<C 

•r— 

S-    s- 

S- 

0J 

o_    S~ 

=5 

=5   U~> 

-1 — 

O      O      CO 

co    ^  3:  1 — 

S- 

S-    S- 

tu 

CL 

CC 

u 

ro    ro 

QJ 

E 

O     =3 

-M 

+-> 

O) 

LO 

CO     C 

S-    S-    3 

13    E            O) 

a) 

cu    O) 

1 — 

CD 

LU 

SL 

a   c: 

+-> 

O 

C£     C 

a; 

CD  r— 

r0 

•  1— 

■1-  m 

jz  ^:  s- 

S-     CDr—    S- 

E 

E   E 

x: 

1— 

h- 

ro 

0   0 

CX 

•1— 

LU    O 

, — 

1 —  1 — 

-O 

+-> 

+->  cr, 

+J  +J  0 

O     >-,r-     O) 

GJ 

CD    0J 

Cl 

ro 

o_ 

C 

s-   s- 

O 

C 

2:    r— 

a) 

CU    ro 

•,— 

aj 

O)    ro 

•1-  •■-   cu 

at   c   ro   E 

^r 

jc  ^: 

O 

S- 

0 

O 

<D    CD 

■1— 

CD 

LU  -C 

E 

E    E 

-M 

r0 

ro  +-> 

.c  ^:  a. 

Q--r-     E     O) 

CL 

CL    CL+-> 

ro 

0 

<w 

+->   +J 

C 

ro 

in  a. 

<C   «3 

QJ 

CO 

CO    CL 

cd  at:  uj 

LU  O    CO  -C 

LU 

LU   LU 

Cl 

o_ 

LU 

CD 

o_  o_ 

a; 

I— 

O-   -r- 

rO 

a) 

a. 

oj 

_l 

•4-> 

ro 

LU  OO 

CQ 

3C 

LU 

_i 

o_ 

Gi- 

h- 

-1- 


CD 


1  -' 

o 

C_J 


or. 


o 

LU 

Q 


'^ 

ra 

3 

■S* 

U 

II 

s_ 

c 

C_) 


I  X 


^   c 


<^ 

ra 

1 — 

rs 

"si- 

o 

ll 

■a 

s~ 

c 

c 

■  1— 

CD 

c  J 

- — -* 

co 

X) 

a> 

• 

OJ 

IT) 

c 

03 

r 

^ 

1  X 

O 

.^i 

J^ 

u 

^d- 

■r— 

II 

^ 

C 

a 

E 

<~> 

ro 

<_i 

^t- 

"O 

u 

r^ 

ai 

•I— 

II       CO 

■ — 

i^ 

c 

n 

•-. 

■r— 

1  X 

co 

CO  CO 


CM  LD 
-—I  CM 


CO 


ro 


<U 


i 

I    CO 


CO 


C\j 


co 

I      CO  I  I 

I  I  I 

I  *— '  I  I 

I    <3-  I  I 


co 

1       1    CO             1 

1      1  —          1 
i     i   in         i 

in 

CvJ  OO 

CT>      |       l 

—    i     i 

o 

LO       1         1 
CTi 

cm  oo  a~>  m 
>=*■  vO       r^ 


(T3     CO 

co   c  +-> 

CU    ra  OJ 

CX-r-  E 

•i-  X3  fO 

+-)    E  oo 

o  =3  a> 
c:  . —  jd 

•,-  o 

U     O    ro 

•i-    Ci) 

ro    ro    O    ro 

-o  -o  +->  -a 

ro    ro    w  'r- 

aaO'r 
ro  ro  5.  C 
N  N  D-    Q. 

c_> 


on 


CD 

ro 
XJ 


CM 

I       I  I 

I       I  I 

I       I    "> —  I 

I       I    CO  I 


<sf   CM 
I     CM 


I     CM  CO 


CO  00  CO 
O 


O  LD 


1^  IT) 


O 
I     CO 


O 


LO   CM 


cx>  co 


r^  cx>  o 

«=J-  CO 


cd  in  o 

CM  CO 


o 

I     CD 


l   o 

00 


o 

III           O     1 
III         I— •    1 

CM 
1    CT>             1 

1    i— I             1 

1      1      1         —    1 

1 1 

III            CM     1 
CM 

1    CM             1 
CO 

CD  CM 


en 


1     1                 1 

CD 
1     <— I      1 

ro  r-~- 

i 

CO 
1     CO 

1     1         —    1 
ii         ro     i 

1    — '     1 
1     OO      1 

CM 

1             CM   O 
CM 

1    — ' 

1    CO 

LO 

0O   CO  i— I 


o-> 


CO 


I    CO 

o 


«vt-  CO      I     CM 

1 — I 

o 


CU 

ro 


CL 
00 


CL    O. 
00    ro 

c_> 

ro 


ro 


O  O    co 


u 

3 

CU 

CD 

ro 

_J 

CU 

•  r— 

1 — 

ro 

<-. 

1— 

-a 

-t-> 

ro 

•  1 — 

CJ 

P 

^~ 

3 

oo 

i. 

OJ 

CU 

_l 

a. 

00 


ro 
U 
•i-    ro 

•i-    O 

U  T3 
ro    O 
Q.  CU    CD 
JC    ro 
ra   -!->  "O 

i.  ro  r^ 
CU  -r-  S- 
O-  S_    CU    CU 

(O    3d    ro 

s-  cu  -o 
ai  c:  r—  •>- 
o.  o  r—  -a 
CO  S-  ro  O 
CU  O  E  -— 
IQ  W  S. 
CU 


oo 

3 
C 

_Q 

3  -r- 

O    C    CD 

u  o  <— 

4->  -O 
CO  i —    ro 

O    3    S- 

-o  o  .a 


O  -i£  ro 

c  c 

CD    ro  Cl) 

Oli.  > 
O    3 
00  t- 


ro 

•r-    CD 

CJ    ro 

ro  •!-  T3 

>      S-     •!- 

r —  +->  -a   cu 

3    ro    O    ro 

M-    Q..—  -D 

i_  -r- 

ro    ro    CU  <— 
CL  S~ 


i-     S_ 


<v 


cu 


o  CO 


CU  O)  i —  CL 
Q_  Q.  i—  O 
O  O  ro  S- 
oo  oo  E  O 
i — II — I    oo  i — 


CO 


CL    Q_ 
00    oo 


LD 

c 

OJ 
"O 

fO 
5- 

O 

o 
cj 

ra  ro 

ro  -^  •!— 

co  ro  i — 

4->  C  i — 

■ —  00  ro 

CU  •<-  2 

2  i-  =5 

0O  H-  0O 


0) 

ro 


a> 

D. 

O 

o 


<_J 


ro 


-2- 


-a 

CD 

ZJ 

-M 

fZ 

o 


on 

LU 
CO 


C_> 

UJ 
Q 


S-  -— - 

ro 

—  "O 

O  "d-       • 

O  II      CO 

S-  SZ  — - 

r-  IX 


O   -vl"        • 
•i-     II       CO 

"X 


%- 

re 

• 

r  - 

■o 

ZZ 

<^ 

■ 

U 

II 

CO 

-a 

'- 

c 

rz 

►i— 

i  X 

ai 

<_> 

en 

<D 

<D 

C 

re. 

o 

,--, 

1^ 

• 

^ 

tt> 

o 

«3 

• 

■1— 

II 

CO 

1^ 

c 

I   -' 

•r-    ii 

^    c    00 


C  J 


co    i 


CM         CM 


v ^ 

1               I 
— -            1              1 

CO 

co         i          i 

CD 

o 

co  »— i  a>  CD  i_n 

CM 

CM 

LD 

ID  ^O                   CT> 

1            1 

CD 

t— I              1 

C\J 

1            1 

1 

v ^«^_-^^ '  V 'K * 

1  —    1 

»» — 

s **                      | 

■*  CMLOnCM 

I    en     i 

o 

co         i 

^  OO                   CD 

CO 

1 — 1 

o 

CM 


C^ 

O 


. — ■», — »* — » 

- — * 

CD 

CTi  CM   CM 

o 

00 

i — I  i — 1 

1    1—1           1 
1                  1 

1        1             <— 1              1                1 
1        1            ' 1                1 

— ^^_^>>— ^ 

1   —          1 

1       1           CO            1              1 

IX)  ID  CTl 

1    CM             1 

i      i         r— -          i           i 

«3- 

i — i 

CM 

O 

CO 


CM 

rn 

1-  1 

IO 

i — 1 

i—i 

in 

1 — 1 

Lf) 

CO 

« 

« , 

.«_, 

— 

CXi 

.  ^ 

i_n 

r 

CM 

CO 

IO 

i — i 

CM 

i — i 

• 

O 

i — i 

O 

CM 


CM 


LTi 


0) 

ro 

"O 

< 

•  r— 

ad 

_C 

UJ 

u 

h- 

>> 

Cl 

CO 

O 

D_ 

E 

O 

O 

5- 

i — i 

■a 

en 

>> 

h- 

=c 

d 
fZ 

S-     CU    O) 

cx>_c:  jz 

u   o 

ai   >>  >, 

C     CO     CO 

U  CL  CL 
>>  O    O 

CO  4->  +-> 
CX-i-    T- 

O    -C    -C 

p  aa 
o  E  E 
S-    >>  >> 

<  toco 


ro 

4->  CD 
C  ro 
CD  "O 

-D  t- 

•r-  -TZ 
O  U 
<_>  >> 
O  CO 
Cl 
1)    O 

-JZ  i- 
CJ  "O 
>->  >> 

co  zc 
o. 

O    r— 

S_    I— 

"O  <0 
>>  E 

nz  co 


ro 

L0 


a. 
o 
u 

ra 

>>l 

.rz 
or 


Z3 

Q_ 

O    O- 

CO 

ro    CD 

CD 

>    >    <V 

CL 

CD 

co    ra 

rO 

10 

ro 

=5  "D 

ro    (O  "O 

ID 

<-  •.- 

1 1 '1 

ro 

•i — 

+->   +-> 

•r-    -r-    -M 

E 

S- 

C    ra 

jc  -TZ    ro 

O 

4-1 

O)    E 

Cl.  Cl  E 

co 

C 

O     O 

o  o  o 

o 

TJ 

>>-t-> 

u  u  w 

to 

CJ 

-rz   co 

ro    ra    O 

t/1 

>5 

o  o 

>1>)  w 

O 

x: 

ro  "O 

x:  _fz   co 

i — 

u 

%-  •■- 

o;  or:  o 

CJ3 

ro 

CQ    Q. 

i — 

5- 

a» 

CD 

□0 

_J 

+J 

ro 

U 

ra 


ra    s- 
-a 


LCI 


o 

CO 
O 
"O 

CL 

CD 


or 


o  •— 

C_)   LjJ 


=3 
> 

ra 

CL 


ro 
cr 

co 

zs 
> 

CO 

o 


Cl 

o 


c-> 

O 


Cj 


CO 


O 


1      1 

1      1                     — - 

1         1                                  LO 

CO 

O 

CL) 

ra 

<C  -a 

Dd   -p- 


Q-     Cl 


Q 


Q. 

uo 

ro 
E 
O 
+-> 
ro 
X 
(V 


CD 
ro 

■a 

s- 

CU 


K  c 

ra 


'Cl 
10 

CO 

13 

s_ 
ai 

>) 

C 
ra 
-(-> 

o 

Q. 


■3- 


T3 
1) 


£ 


O 

o 


en 

UJ 
CQ 


LU 


ro 
U     II 

s-   £ 


_iz 

CO 

+j 

13 

c 

o 

IX 

LO 

_*c 

u  «*■ 

•<-     II 

i^    £ 

s- 

ro 

i — 

^5 

sf 

o 

u 

ii 

£ 

i_ 

c 

0) 

•1— 

CQ 

C_J 

1) 

'It 

£ 

03 

^ 

O 

^ 

JS^ 

u 

■=3- 

-1 — 

n 

1»£ 

£ 

«  X 


c_>  r-^     • 

•r-     II       CO 
IX 


i .00 

CM    i-H 

CO  f-» 

o 


CO 
CM 

ro 
t— I 
co 


cr>  co  c\j 

ro  <sj-  t-i 

LT>  -=3-   CO 

CO  CVI   r—l 


CM  r^   CM 
O  t— I  IT) 

r-inco 
•si- 


oo 


Lf) 

ro 


CM 
. — I 

lO 


-—■!*■    '"- 

CM       T^ 

r— I    r—l    CO 

!    r-«  co  co 

1  f-  CM 


o 
o 

CO  CM 

1 — 1 

ro 

CO 

o 

CO 

o 

CM 

CO 

CO 


CM  CO  O 
•— I  <3-   CO 


o  r>.  o 

r-H  CM  CO 


o 

CO 

o 

<— I  CM 


CM 


CD 


CO 


CO 

o 

CO 


CM 


cj> 


CO   ^J- 


CO  CO 
1 — I 

o 


CO 

Cl 

CL 


u 


<1> 

> 
c_ 
f0 


UJ 


CD 

<T3 
X3 


Z3 
E 

■I 

LO 


+J 

•  O 
Q-  ^ 
CO    ro 


13    3 

E    E 


rt3 
1) 


OO  OO   T- 


O) 

•  r- 

aj 

-O            fO 

ro 

•r-   a; 

> 

"O 

E   <o 

•i — 

O  "O 

x  a) 

E 

£  -r- 

•r-    ro 

o 

O    C_> 

s-  -a 

£ 

S~  -r- 

qj  ••- 

o 

•r-    S- 

-£  -O 

i- 

-£    CD 

+->   -r- 

•  i — 

c_)  .£ 

«=t    Q. 

-C 

-f-> 

E 

c_j> 

< 

UJ 

CL 
LO 

ra 

CD 
4- 


CD 
£ 
c_> 


< 

CQ 
UJ    ro 


0) 

ro 

ro  X)  ro 

H-  -r-          +->•■-  £ 

C£    S-           CXJ  ■—  T-    ro 
UJrorOro30)S-i — 

>r-nr    u  ro    (O    O 

^i —  o<_>-r--oua 

r—i    CD  +J    O    i.  «r-    ro  •!— 
_Q    ro    CDjD  t)    S.    O 

cc  s-  E  •«-  E  -r-  -a   co 

HI    3    0)r-    3    fl    >,t- 

zz.\—  so— izrcD. 


-4- 


JANUARY 
(1-15-80) 


EPHEMEROPTERA 
Baetidae 

Baetis  tricaudatus 

Baetis  haqeni 
Heptageni  idae 

Rhithrogena  hageni 

Rhithrogena  robusta 

Epeorus  sp. 

Cinygmula  sp. 

small  Heptageni idae 
Ephemerel lidae 

Ephemerel la  doddsi 

Ephemerel la  inermis 

Ephemerel la  spinifera 
Leptophlebiidae 

Paraleptophlebia  heteronea 

PLECOPTERA 
Pteronarcidae 

Pteronarcys  californica 

Pteronarcel la  badia 
Taeniopterygidae 

Taenionema  pacificum 
Nemouridae 

Zaoada  cinctipes 

Zapada  columbiana 

Prostoia  besametsa 
Capni  idae 

Utacapnia  sp. 

Capnia  sp. 

Capnia  sp.  A 

small  Capni idae 
Perl idae 

Classenia  sabulosa 

Hesperaperla  pacifica 

small  Perl idae 
Perlodidae 

Isogenoides  colubrinus 

Megarcys  watertoni 

Diura  knowltoni 

Kogotus  modestus 

Isoperla  fulva 

Isoperla  patricia 

small  Perlodidae 


Kokanee  Bend 
Kick 
n=8 
x  (s.d.) 


202  ( 

254) 

6( 

11) 

377  ( 

401) 

0.9( 

2) 

3( 

8) 

135  ( 

166) 

7( 

11) 

63( 

97) 

0.3( 

1) 

4( 

10) 

10( 

25) 

38  ( 

43) 

110( 

89) 

4( 

5) 

1( 

1) 

21( 

16) 

30  ( 

37) 

2( 

4) 

59( 

121) 

5( 

5) 

1( 

2) 

3( 

4) 

0.9( 

2) 

2( 

4) 

35  ( 

41) 

5( 

13) 

0.9( 

2) 

South  Fork 
Kick 
n=8 
x  (s.d.) 


378(392) 

0.3(0.9) 
13(  19) 


7(  7) 

5(  9) 

4(  4) 


30 (  33' 


27 (  28) 
0.3(0.9) 


■5- 


JANUARY   (continued) 


Kokanee  Bend 

South  Fork 

Kick 

Kick 

n=8 

n=8 

x  (s.d.) 

x  (s.d.) 

Chi  proper! idae 

Sweltsa  coloradensis 

4(  5) 

K   2) 

Trisnaka  sp. 

34 (  41) 

small  Chloroperlidae 

57(  78) 


TRICHOPTERA 

Hydropsychidae 

Arctopsyche  grandis 

151(219) 


Symphitopsyche  oslari 

3(  6) 


Symphitopsyche  cockerel li 

K   2) 


Hydropsyche  occidental  is 

3(  6) 


small  Hydropsychidae 

23(  52) 


Rhyacophi 1 idae 

Rhyacophila  angel ita 

2(  4) 


Rhyacophi la  bifila 

2   2 
0.3(  1) 


Rhyacophila  coloradensis 


Glossosomatidae 

Glossosoma  sp. 

242(324) 

._  _ 

Brachycentridae 

Brachycentrus  sp. 

3(  6) 

COLEOPTERA 

Elmidae 

Optioservus  quadrimaculatus 

2(  4) 


DIPTERA 

Blephariceridae 

0.3(  1) 


Tipul idae 

Hexatoma  sp. 

4(  5) 


Antocha  sp. 

0.3(  1) 

Simul i  idae 

Simul ium  sp. 

13(  24) 


Chironomidae 

Chironomidae  larvae 

895(983) 

10,397(9,253) 

Chironomidae  pupae 

0.3(  1) 


Chironomidae  adults 

4(  5) 


Tanyderidae 

Protanyderus  sp. 

0.3(  1) 


Athericidae 

Atherix  variegata 

7(  10) 


OTHER  INVERTEBRATES 

Turbel laria 

3(  8) 

330(206) 

Nematoda 

2(  4) 

12(  13) 

01 igochaeta 

Lumbriculidae 

6(  10) 

446(382) 

Naididae 

26 (  50) 

59(  69) 

Hydracarina 

14 (  38) 

183(264) 

-6- 


FEBRUARY 
(2-11-80) 

Kokanee  Bend 

South  Fork 

Kick     Circular 
n=4        n=4 
x(s.d. )     x(s.d. ) 

Kick     Circular 
n=4         n=4 
x(s.d. )    x(s .d  . ) 

COLL EM BO LA 

EPHEMEROPTERA 
Siphlonuridae 

Ameletus  sparsatus 

small  Siphlonuridae 
Baetidae 

Baetis  tricaudatus 

Baetis  hageni 
Heptageni  idae 

Rhithrogena  hageni 

Epeorus  sp. 

Cinygmula  sp. 
Ephemerel 1 idae 

Ephemerella  doddsi 

Ephemerel la  inermis 

Ephemerella  sp. 
Leptophlebi  idae 

Paraleptophlebia  heteronea 

PLECOPTERA 
Pteronarcidae 

Pteronarcys  californica 


6(  12) 


76(  63) 
0.9(  2) 

175(150) 

176(291) 

2(  2) 
23(  25) 


Pteronarcel  la  badia 

6(  7) 

Taeniopterygidae 

Taenionema  pacificum 

275(183) 

Nemouridae 

Zapada  cinctipes 

8(  11) 

Zapada  columbiana 


Prostoia  besametsa 

6(  7) 

small  Nemouridae 

6(  12) 

Capni  idae 

Utacapnia  sp. 

110(  81) 

Capni a  sp. 


small  Capni idae 

461(138) 

Perl idae 

Classenia  sabulosa 

0.9(  2) 

Hesperaperla  pacifica 


Doroneuria  theodora 


Perlodidae 

Skwala  parallela 


Diura  knowltoni 

2(  2) 

Isoperla  fulva 

3(  2) 

6 

12) 

24 

;  20) 

248 

,228) 

383 

;378) 

479 

[555) 

7 

;   8) 

54 

;  44) 

2 

[     3) 

2 

3) 

68 

;  84) 

96 

;  68) 

2 

I     2) 

13 

I  16) 

6 

'  12) 

19 

;  25) 

259 

[243) 

17 

'  31) 

14 

!  26) 

0.9 

I   2) 

0.91 

2) 

351 

'  50) 

362(101)   191(  32) 


33(  62)     1(  2) 


K  2) 


17(  35) 

22 (  26) 
10(  16) 


2(  5) 

56(  70) 

6(  12) 


K   2) 
9("  8) 


2(  2) 
K  2) 
2(  2) 


6(  5) 
9(  18) 


9(  ID 


•7- 


FEBRUARY  (continued) 


Kokanee  Bend  South  Fork 


Kick     Circular     Kick     Circular 
n=4        h=4       n=4        n=4 
x(s.d.)     x(s.d.)     x(s.d.)     x(s.d.) 


Chloroperlidae 

Sweltsa  coloradensis  2(  3)  7(10)  

Trisnaka  sp.  0.9(  2)  53(  65)  

small  Chloroperlidae  41(  44)  110(  56)  7(  12) 

TRICHOPTERA 

Hydropsychidae 

Arctopsyche  grandis  4(  3)  147(212)  

Symphitopsyche  oslari        4(  8)  

Symphitopsyche  cockerelli     2(  5)  

Hydropsyche  occidentals      2(  2)  

small  Hydropsychidae         12(  24)  

Rhyacophilidae 

Rhyacophila  coloradensis      1(  2)      

Rhyacophila  verrula         9(  16)  1(  2) 

small  Rhyacophila  sp.        2(  3)  13(  15) 

Glossosomatidae 


Glossosoma  sp. 

70(  63) 

236(188) 


Hydroptil idae 

Ochrotrichia  sp. 

0.9(  2) 


Brachycentridae 

Brachycentrus  sp. 


0.9(  2) 


DIPTERA 

Simuliidae 

Simul  ium  sp. 

29(  21) 

24(  48) 

68(137) 

K   2) 

Chironomidae 

Chironomidae  larvae 

1,220(764) 

1,417(1,273) 

10,081(8,250) 

7,541(2,671) 

Chironomidae  pupae 


2(  5) 


Chironomidae  adults 

0.9(  2) 


Athericidae 

Atherix  varietaga 

2(  3) 

2(  2) 


Empididae 

Hemerodromia  sp. 


6(  12) 


OTHER  INVERTEBRATES 

Turbel laria 


5(  7) 

402 (  30) 

72(  17) 

Nematoda 

19(  38) 


6(  12) 


01 igochaeta 

Lumbriculidae 

3(  4) 

3(  4) 

258(121) 

131(131) 

Naididae 

15(  14) 

38 (  57) 

102(204) 

36(  31) 

Hydracarina 


36(  31) 

354(342) 

36 (  72) 

Hirudinea 

Piscicola 


2(  3) 


-8- 


o 

CO 


I 

co 


cr: 


5_ 
03 

1 — 

• 

=3 

<vf 

■a 

u 

II 

• 

S- 

e 

LO 

•r — 

o 

1  X 

-^ 

i. 

o 

u_ 

-E 

4~> 

=5 

O 

oo 

-u: 

TJ 

U 

<cr 

• 

•i— 

ii 

OO 

^ 

e 

IX 

re       ^-~- 

=3  *d"  -D 

U     II 

S-     E    CO 

_>  IX 


-*       -o 

r-      II        CO 

^    e  -— 
IX 


03  -— " « 

=3   «d"  "O 
U     II 

i-    c    w 


I  X 


-^  -o 
o  ro  • 
•r-     II      co 

v:  e  -— 

IX 


CVI 

3781 

co 


LD 

cn 


<C    CU 

a;  ra 
lu  -o 

I—    T- 

Q_     S_ 
O    =3 

or  e 

UJ    o 


LU 

X 


3=   o_ 


-^ 
o 
o 
u 

co 

■4-J 

CD 

cu 
E 


CM 


I     CT> 


II                  1      1      1      1 
II  — -         1     1     1     1 

i      i    c\j          i      i      i      i 

i      i    «3-          iiit 

I      tO 


C\J 

CVI 

1             CO      1 

1          —    1 

1               CO       1 

1        <^-    1 

m 

CVI 

LT>  to 

cvi  co 

1             LO              1 

|                               | 

1      1    I— 1  ^J- 

1        1 

— 

cn 

1     CVI  CO              1 

i     i    loin 

♦ 

CO 

CVI 

o 

cn 
to    » 

i 


LO 

to 


CO 


to  CVI  CO  CO 

I     CO  CVI              I 

I      r-H  I 

■    r-^  co  to  ^d-    i 

to  i — i 


h-. 

«* 

«* 

CVI 

1 — 1 

CO  o 

co    • 

i 

i 

LO 

r-H 

1    I— 1 
1    .— 1 

, — [III 
1      1      1 

— --  i 

v 1 

^-^ 

^— ^ 

^-^ 

1      1      1 

<3-    ' 

r—>       1 

■* 

CTi 

1    o 

Cn   CO      '        1        ' 

<* 

to 

1 — 1 

CVI 

o 

CO 

1 — 1 

CVI 


■—1  CO  CVI 

LO   O 

i — i 

< 1 

LO 

co  cn 

i — I  i — I  to 

CVI   i— t 

CTi 

CO 

Cn 

^t- 

<* 

CO  CVI 

' • 

1     CVI 

i     i     i 

N — •"* ^ 

> »«. <" 

to 

1 

*» — -* 

s — .*> — '     1         1         1 

cn  to  <— i 

LO    r-H 

<* 

CTv 

1    1— 1 

r— 1    LD        1           1           1 

CO  CO 

to  co 

to 

.— I 

i   to 

i-^  CO     1       1       » 

CVI 

CVI    i— 1 

r 

. — I 

r^ 

I — 1 

C  J 


to 

*- S^^^^ N 

*—^*^^ 

LD 

»* 

*• S 

* — w — ■. 

CT>  LO   >— " 

O  t-t 

CVI 

to 

cn 

CO  to 

LO  CVI  CO 

o  -3- 

»> 

cn 

i   cn 

■—1    CVI 

i — 1 

CVI   CO 

. — 1 

i   ■— i 

v^_^*^_-^^. ■ 

*- .**. — ** 

** — <* 

v ^ 

i  ■». — -* 

V ^»^_-- 

i— <   CO   LO 

en  cn 

CO 

CVI 

i   i^. 

cvi  en 

CO  CVI  to 

r-^  o 

CO 

en 

rv 

CVI  CO 

-— •  «3- 

r^ 

CO 

i — i 

CU 
LO    03 

rs  -a 

+->    -r- 

fO   s- 

CO  13 
S-  E 
rO  O 
Q-i — 
CO  -E 

o_ 

CO  -i— 
=5  GO 
4->  CD 

eu  i—  ra 

r—  r—  TD 
CU  fD  •■- 
E  E  +-> 
ct  co  CU 
fO 
CQ 


CO 
=5 
4-> 

rO 

■o 

13  ■!- 

ro  e 

<_)  CU 

•^  en 

S-  fO 

+->  -E 

00  CO 

+->  4-> 

eu  cu 

CQ  CQ 


c 

O) 
cn 
rO 
-M 
Q_ 
CU 


•f-   +-> 
E     CO 

a>  =! 

CDjQ 
rO    O 

-E    i. 

ft3    rO 
E    E 

cu  eu 

en  cn 

o  o 

s_  s- 

-E  SZ 


q;  d: 


CO 
■I— 

-a     • 

E    O. 
•     fO     CO 
Q.  S_ 

co  cn  re 


LO 

•a 

o 
■o 


CO      CO 

ZS     =3 


o 
eu  cu  e 

Q.  Q-'i— 

llj  lu  e_) 


■ 


+J 

n3 
to  -a 

CU     =3 
E     03 

CO  •!-  O 
•r-  I—  O 
E    T-     S- 

S-    >   cu 

CU    (T3   +J 

e  r-  eu 

•r-  M-  _E 


fD    (X3    n3    fD 


co   eu 

03 

03  -a 


eu  eu  cu 

i~  S-  i- 

cu  cu  eu 

E  E  E 

cu  eu  ® 

-E  ^1  J^ 

Q-  O-  Ql 


s-  cu 

CU  i— 
E  -E 
CU     CL 

-E  O 
CL  +-> 

LU    Q- 

cu 


ro 


cn 


cu 

c 
o 
l_ 

+-> 

cu 


CL 

o 

-M 
CL 

cu 

03 
03 


CVI 


LO 

CVI 


co 


CO 


LD 


tTi 

CVJ 

cv 


Lf) 

ID 


O 
LO 


cn 


LD 

CVI 


o 

CO 


ro 

CVI 


co 
<o 

O-i 


■a 

ra 


•u 

ro 

03 

i — 

XJ 

<1) 

r — ■ 

•i — 

03 

1) 

cn 

~o 

U 

>5 

< 

•  i — 

i. 

s~ 

or 

u 

03 

cu 

UJ 

1_ 

C 

+-> 

l— 

03 

o 

o_ 

O- 

C 

^ 

o 

o 

o 

OJ 

•  r— 

to 

S- 

+J 

E 

LU 

OJ 

a. 

cu 

_J 

-l-J 

03 

o_ 

CL 

1— 

E 

U 

u 

03 
Q. 

03 

E 
Cu 


-9- 


X3 
CD 

3 


o 
u 


CJ 

cr 


i_ 

TO 

*"■> 

1 — 

• 

=3 

<* 

T3 

u 

li 

• 

c_ 

c 

l/l 

•1 — 

-^ 

CJ> 

i  X 

i- 

o 

IL 

-C 

-M 

3 

O 

1/1 

, , 

-^ 

T3 

o 

«* 

• 

"1— 

II 

i/i 

:«£ 

c 

1  X 

5- 

TO  .— - 

3  ^t"  "O 

CJ     II 

S-     C     CO 


CJ  <=J-      • 

-i-      II       CO 

i^    c  -— - 
IX 


i. 

to 

' — > 

i — 

• 

=j 

<* 

O 

U 

n 

• 

CL 

i_ 

c 

00 

E 

■i— 

» — ' 

TO 

u 

1  X 

C_3 

CD 

1 

JD 

-, — 

co 

""■^ 

J*! 

-a 

O 

oo 

• 

•! 

II 

oo 

^: 

c 

1  X 

CNJ   "=t 
OO      I 

I 

OO  OO      I 
CNJ 


l    00 


en 


E 
to 
to 
CD 


1J 
TO 
"O 


CD 


TO 
TO    CO 

CO     C  +-> 

CD    TO    CD 

CL-r- 
•r-  X) 
4-> 

O    3 

C  i—  J3 
•r-    O 

CJ     CJ    TO 

TO     TO    O 

■o  -a  4-> 

TO     TO    CO 
CL  CL  O 

TO    TO    i- 
NNQ- 


co 


co     i 


III                IN       1 

III                1  - —      1 

III                1    1 —       1 

un  o  oo 

CNJ    r- 1 

i — i 

CNJ   CNJ 

1             CNJ        1                 1 

II                1   CO       |        |        |               I 

. — 1 

1                         1                 1 

II            1            III            1 

*• — ■"* '**~s 

1 1                 1 

1      1           1  —    III           1 

>Sj-   CNJ    CNJ 

i  cn  r-^     i            i 

II           1  -3-     1     1     1          1 

I--   H 

•    CNJ 

O 

OO 

'  r-. 


LO 

CO   CNJ   -—1  CO 

1      1 

CO 

1      1 

OO 

1      1  — 

■* -*> ** -"^ 

1        1    00 

<3"  CT>   rH  CM 

•   O 

O  oo 

CNJ   CO 


CM  0O 


I   <— I 

I 

I  O  CT) 


0O 

CXI 


LO   CNJ  CO 
CNJ   LO 


CXJ 

en  CNj  -qj-  oo 

00 

CNJ 

CO  LO 
r-H                  1 

00  CNJ 

i     i                 i 

LO  ^cf 
l 
1 

>^^ 

^^^^— ****. ^"^S 

■^— ^^-^       I 

i     i i 

1  ^^•^^^ 

cn 

o 

CNJ  Cn  00  CD 
•  CO 

O  <- 1 

o  en     i 

CNJ 

i     i  co  en     1 
o 

1  00  oo 

oo 

CNJ 
1 

i 

p». 

cn  «3- 
i — i 

* — * 

|    n. ■* 

s - 

* — '** — ^ 

en 

i  cn 

IX) 

OO  |\ 
CNJ 

o 

o 

<3" 

cn  cnj 


■^-  oo      I 


r-« 

CNJ 

^orOiN 

i     i  i— i 

1 

i — i  i — i 

i     i  > — 

1 

V 

i     i  <^i- 

i  cn 

cn  oo  cnj 

i — i 

o 

< — i 

TO 

u 


TO 

•  CO 
CL  13 
CO  <+- 

C 


TO 
co 

O 

3 
-Q 
TO 

c/l 


TO 


CL  CL 
CO     CO 


C 

CL   TO     TO     TO 

TO 

U 


£Z  C  C 
TO  CL  CL  CL 
+->  TO  TO  TO 
CL|ZD  C_>  O  O 
TO 
O 


CJ 
TO 

CL   CD 

TO 

TO  -O 

S_  r— 
<D    S- 
CL  CD    <D 
O  Q.    TO 

s-       -o 

CD  I—  -r- 
CLr-  X) 
CO    TO    O 


i—    CD 
C_J 


CO    i_ 
CD 


to 

3 
C 

c_ 
JO. 

3 

o  c 
o  o 

4-> 
CO  i — 
CD    3 

-a   o 

•T-        C 

O  -^ 

c 

CD  TO 
CD  S_ 
O  3 
CO  -i— 
>— 1  O 


TO 

•t-    CD 

O    TO 

TO  t-  T3 

>    S-  -t- 

r-  4->  -a 

3    TO    O 

4-    CLi— 

S_ 

TO  TO  CD 
i —  i —  O- 

S-    S- 

<D    CD  <— 

CL  CLr— 

o  o  ro 
co    co    E 

l — ll — l    XT) 


QJ 
TO 


O 


co 

C 

cu 
■a 

TO 

c_ 
O 

o 

O  i — 

TO  -C 
TO  -^  C_) 
CO    TO 

4->  C  r- 
i —  N  — 
CD  •.-     TO 

2    s-    E 

C/1   I—    CO 


c_ 
CU 
Cl 
O 

s_ 
o 


i    cn 


CNJ 

1 
1 

o 

. — 1 
oo 

oo 

r~^ 

ro 

CO 

CNJ 

1     r-H 

1 

CNJ 

i 

CO 

CNJ 

cn 

■ — i 
< — i 

. — i 

CO 

CNJ 

oo 

CO 

1     CNJ 

o 
r-. 

CNJ 

O 
i — i 

CNJ 

oo 

cn 

o 

i  cn 

0.91 

>* 

co 

o 

1 — 1 

co 

CT) 
O 

CNJ 

OO 

CNJ 


LO      I 
CO 


ON 


LO 
I     CNJ 


CO 
CNJ 


CO     I 


cn  o  cnj  cd 

co  <— I  CO  LO 


00  <— i  CO  o 

n  w  ro  ic 


i— I    CO  CNJ    LO 

I          I        r-H  rH    CO 
I          I 

I       I      N  Ol  CTlt-l 

i— H  OO 


cu 

TO 

~XD 

< 

•i— 

cc 

sz 

UJ 

o 

h- 

>> 

Cl 

(O 

O 

CL 

zn. 

o 

u 

i_ 

1 — 1 

-a 

cc 

>> 

1— 

n: 

CD 

1 — 

•r-     S- 

TO 

S_     CD 

4-> 

CD 

VI 

TO  -i^ 

C 

TO 

•  r— 

i —     CJ 

CD 

-a 

XI 

CO     O 

■a 

•i — 

cz 

co 

O    O 

-r— 

-c: 

TO 

•i — 

o 

u 

c_ 

ul 

cd  a> 

u 

5^ 

CD 

• — 

-c  x: 

o 

CO 

OJ 

c_>   o 

CL 

OJ 

>>  >> 

CD 

O 

jC 

CU 

CO      CO 

JC 

<*- 

O 

_c 

CL    CL 

O 

■n 

>1 

o 

o  o 

>i 

>i 

to 

>,-(-)    4-> 

oo 

ir 

CL 

CO 

•r—    -i — 

Cl 

o 

CL 

-C  _c: 

O 

i — 

+J 

TO 

Cl  Cl 

s_ 

i — 

CJ 

c_ 

E    E 

T3 

TO 

S- 

TO 

S,  >, 

>i 

E 

«st 

o_ 

OO   00 

_C 

CO 

-10- 


"O 
CU 


c: 
o 
u 


n: 

O 


5- 

rrj 

Z2 

^t 

X) 

U 

ii 

• 

S- 

C 

(/i 

■1 — 

- — -- 

CO 

1  X 

_z 

s_ 

o 

u_ 

3 

O 

on 

— - 

^: 

TD 

u 

«d 

• 

•i — 

ii 

in 

■^ 

c: 

i   ■' 

CU 
(U 

S- 
O 

rjj 


00 


s_ 

rO 

3 

't 

~a 

O 

II 

i. 

c 

to 

CJ 


-*       -a 

u  ^     • 

•i-  n    i/> 

IX 


CO  CM 


CD 

o 


CO 
I     CM 

I 

I     CO 


CO 

I 
I 

i   en 

o 


C\J      I 


UO 


CTl 

uo 

CM 

-v 

^    .- s 

co 

co  o 

i        co 

LO 

i        i— i 

CTl 

i       *■ — 

o  — ' 

1              CM 

o  co 

CD 

*•  <o> 

i — i 

o 

Ln 

en 

ID 

- — > 

»* 

en 

CM 

^f 

CO 

II               1            CM 

— - 

ii           i         cr> 

on 

en 

ii           i         o 

LO 

• 

* 

i — i 

CO 

^r 

5- 

ro         ■— > 

CO 

1        1        1        1             CM 

=5   ^f-   TD 

1        1        1        1 

O     II 

1        1        1        1            — - 

S-     d     CO 

1        1        1        1             LO 

1—        -— «• 

CD 

, — ■*, — ■- 

- — .. 

"vf"   -— 

CM  CO 

uo 

"^l"    CM 

1 — 1 

LO 

' 


LO 

en  cm 

CO 

CO   CM 

. 

LO 

CO 

o 

T- 

en 

CXJ 


LO 

en 


en 

O 


CM 


en 

o 


CM 


CM      I 


LO 
^1" 


cn 
CM 


UO 
ro 


co 


UO 

CO  <-^ 
<3"  CO 


<3"  I 

i — i  " —     I 
CM  >vf      I 


o  -— --— • 

"^    CM  CM 


CO 
CO 


co  en 


uo 


co 


1) 

XT 


+  ' 

ro 

ro 

•r   • 

ro 

i — 

U~l 

1 

Z5 

Z3 

i — 

CD 

o 

S_ 

3 

a. 

u 

i- 

o_ 

c 

rD 

QJ 

CD 

10 

> 

> 

>    CD 
ro 

1X3 

ro 

ro 

ro  -a 

Q_ 


-c  o 

CL  CD 

O  rO 

O  >> 
ro 

Her: 
-c: 


r  x:  x: 

CL  CL  CL 
O  O  O 
O     CJ    CJ 

(0(0(0 

_c  .c:  .c: 
or:  cc  a; 


ro 

E 
o 
t/J 

o 

CO 

(/) 
o 

CD 


CO- 

CD 

co           ro    ro 

CD 

•i-  -a 

ro    ro 

x:  •■- 

E  -O 

u   s- 

O    T- 

•i-  +-> 

CO    1 — 

S-    c 

o  •<- 

+->  cu 

CO   +-> 

O    (_) 

to   o. 

S-     >1 

O    O 

x:  jc 

i—    S- 

c_>   u 

CD  "O 

O    ro 

>i 

s- 

-c] 

0O 

CO- 
LO 

l/l 

3 
t_ 
+-> 

c 

QJ 
U 
>> 

xz 
o 

fO 
i- 
CQ 


CD  (/) 

ro  CD  +-> 

>  ro  r— 

S-  CL  Z3 

ro  =3  "D 

i —  CL  ro 


CD 
rO 

<<  -a 

CC  -r- 
UJ  i — 
1—  =3 
D_    CL 

I — 4    "I — 

Q  I— 


Cl.     • 

CO    CL 
CO 

ro  CU 

E    ro    ro 

om 
+->  u  -i- 
ro  O  •>— 
X  +->  i— 
CD  C  Z3 
KE 

00 


CL 

00    CD 

ro 

E  -o 


■—    O 

o 
i- 

OO  •!- 


en 

o 


r-  i 


o 

CM 

UO    CM 
CO               1 
CO               1 

CM 
1            ' 

o 

. — 1 

r~- 

i         cn 

CM  o 

o 

CU    CU     O)  CO 

(O    (O    ro  Z2 

tlXitJ  S- 

•r-    -r-    -^-     CD 
E    E    E    ro 

o  o  o  -a 


ro 
+-> 

cr> 
CD 

S- 

03 


O    O    S- 
S-     !-     0) 

•r-    -r-    X3 

-C-C>) 

o  c_)  o   c: 
ro 


CU    cu 

> 

"O    (O 

>>-o 

X     CD 

C    T- 

■r-     ro 

<o   u 

s-  ~a 

+J  -t- 

CD  t- 

O    S- 

-sz  -o 

S-    CD 

+->    T- 

q_  jz: 

<C    O- 

+-> 

E 

<c 

UJ 

Q 

in 

ro 

CU 
4- 


QJ 


-11- 


4-' 

c 
o 
u 


X 


S- 

.• -, s 

- — V. — *.. — - 

fO 

^ — -. 

O    r-H 

i— <  1 —  O 

r— 

• 

ro  ro 

H   NCO 

ZS 

<=* 

-a 

. — i 

CXJ           CXJ 

o 

ii 

. 

>*_^"h^- - 

■* — '^-^*^^ 

j*: 

5- 

c 

10 

CXJ  CO 

VO  CO  CX> 

s_ 

•  ,— 

■ — -- 

cr^  ro 

<X>    CO    r— 1 

o 

<_> 

1  X 

cxi 

oo        ro 

4-> 

ro 

=s 

<* — -* 

-— ^,—^r--. 

o 

' — - 

t— I     LD 

co  «=f-  o 

on 

• 

O  ^f 

LO  O       " 

^z 

■o 

. — I 

t— 1  1 — 1 

(J 

•=s 

• 

^ . — ■■ 

>— ■ 'V. v. 

■  i— 

n 

CO 

"fr  O 

cr>  io  o 

X< 

c 

*-— ^ 

r-H  ro 

i_r>  cr>  r^ 

IX 

CO 

CM           CO 

^ 

ro 

i — 

• 

Z5 

^-  -a 

"O 

U 

ii 

c 

^_ 

c:   oo 

OJ 

•i — 

CO 

C_J> 

IX 

CD 

OJ 

C 

03 

_*: 

O 

• 

i*i 

^ 

-o 

U 

•^r     • 

■r— 

i    in 

iZ 

IX 

5- 

03 

i — 

• 

=3 

■3- 

-a 

U 

ii 

• 

Q_ 

^_ 

c 

oo 

& 

•r- 

03 
C_> 

C_J 

1  X 

OJ 

-TD 

, , 

CQ 

. 

Jb£ 

"O 

(J 

OO 

• 

■r— 

II 

00 

^ 

c 

:  x 

ro  ro 

CXJ 


CO  CO 


co  ro 


un  cvi 


co  cr^ 
O 


co  ^|- 


oo  t^- 


oo 


CXJ  CO   CXJ 

< — i  i_n  i — i 


r-  co  co 


O   CO 
CXJ   CXJ 


CT)   CXJ 

T-H     CXJ 


CO 


CM 


CO 


CXI 


CD 
LO 


CO 
CXI 


I— 

CD 

<t 

fC 

o; 

"O 

en 

•  i — 

LiJ 

03 

CD  •— 

CD 

h- 

■i — 

+->    =3 

oj 

C 

en 

u- 

CD    O 

fO 

•i— 

LU 

03 

03 

fO  -r- 

"O 

S~ 

> 

i — 

"O 

-£=    S- 

-r- 

TO 

-ZL 

i — - 

O 

U  JD 

~o 

CJ 

t — i 

CD 

+-> 

O    E 

■  f— 

03 

JD 

rC 

en  =3 

T3 

^ 

or 

S- 

E 

•i-  _j 

s: 

"O 

LU 

=3 

CD 

i — 

>-, 

nz 

I— 

2: 

o 

=c 

-12- 


o 

co 

i 

LO 


03  ■— « 

a  11 

S-  E    00 

CD  IX 


0 

00 

_*r. 

0 

"3"  -o 

■1 — 

II 

^ 

E    en 

IX 


S- 

ro  -— 

—  <3-      • 

=3  11   -a 

c_>  e     • 

c_  00 


-^       -0 

•1—     II       CO 

±H    E  —• 

IX 


S- 

ra 

1 — 

• 

D 

stf 

~n 

O 

II 

• 

S^ 

c 

00 

•( — 

Q. 

CJ 

1  X 

E 

ro 

CJ 

CD 

r 

_o 

•1 — 

CQ 

_*c 

• 

0 

CO 

XT 

•1 — 

II 

• 

i*i 

rc 

ty> 

CM 
1 — 1 

CO 

CO 

CM 

lo 

CM 

CM  O 
CM 

1        1 ' 

— , 

1 

1 till 

1       1    CO 
1       1 

CO 

1     LO 

1   co 

1    CM 

1 

1    Oi  ID             1       1       1       1 
1         •  CM              1        1        1        1 
O 

<3-  r-H 


<C      CD 

CH    ro 

lu  -a 

H-  T- 
Q-  S- 
O    =5 

Qd     E 

LU     O 

"ZL  ' — 

lu  .e 

ZC  Cl 
0_  t- 
LU  OO 


^H 

CO 

l_o 

CO  CO 

CT)   CM  CM  ^f- 

CO 

cr> 

r-t    *f 

LO                   CO 

I — 1 

1 

1 

1 

1        1 

«* ." 

1  * — " 

1    *» — 

|     *. "*■ ' 

1        |    — * — .** — "* — - 

r\j 

1   r-- 

1     LO 

1     .— <  CO 

1        1     LD  CTi   CT)   CM 

CM 

1     LD 

1 

1    1 — 1  < — 1 

1        1    CO       •       •  <3" 

«* 

CO 

1 — 1 

O  O 

n 

CTi 

CM   CO 

CO 

CO 

CD 

CM   <— 1 

is 

1 

< — 1 

CO              1 

CD 

1 

CM 

1 

1 — 1 

1  *■ — ■* 

*^^"^.^^      1 

*• — '■ 

1    v — " 

1    "^-^ 

•* — ^*. * 

1      LO 

O   CM      1 

is 

1    CO 

1     CO 

CT>  CM 

«     ^1- 

t— 1              1 

CO 

1     CD 

•   1 — 1 

. — 1 

CD 

O 

CO 

CO  CO 

CO  LD   CO 

Is". 

ld  r-~ 

<.-t 

■=3- 

r-.  cm 

co 

co 

*3- 

IS 

1      1    1—1 

CO             1 

. — 1 

1 

1 

I      I 

1      1   — 

** -'V *•      1 

-^^^ — ^-s^^ 

1     v— ■ ' 

«* '*• '      1 

I      I  — 

1      1    co 

CO  CO      1 

CO  CO   CO 

1  ^}- 

CM  LD      1 

I     I  0 

1         1      CO 

CO  >— 1     1 

rs 

1     CO 

LD       1 

I       I    CT> 

CM 

<3- 

. — i 

< — 1 

CM 

CM 

CD 

•-t 

CO 

0 

^r 

CM 

is 

Cxi 

IS 

CD 

CD 

1 — 1 

CT> 

■5t 

CO 

CO 

.    H 

■sf 

1 — 1     1 

CD 

<3- 

CT. 

OO 

«3- 

I— I 

0    1 

. — 1 

co 

^d- 

1    CTV 

CD 

(*». 

• 

^r 

r>- 

CO      1 

LO 

LO 

1    1 — 1 

0 

0 

OJ 

«* 

1 — 1 

in 

1     LD 

. — 1 

CD 

ro 

co    ro 

co 

•t-   4-> 

rs  -0 

ZJ 

00 

C     CO 

4->   -i- 

-M 

Z5 

CD     =3 

ra   s- 

rn 

-M 

cdjd 

00 

•r— 

CO     13 

-0 

ro 

ra  0 

•1 — 

-^ 

s-   e 

^3 

•( — 

"O 

-C     i- 

"O 

0 

ra    0 

ro 

c 

=3 

c 

0 

Q_r— 

u 

O) 

ro 

O) 

ra    ra 

• 

ra 

u 

00  .e 

•f— 

CD 

CJ 

ro 

c   c 

Q_ 

^ 

CD- 

<- 

rn 

•1 — 

"O 

CD    CD 

LA) 

CTi 

00 

CO  ••— 

-M 

SZ 

_a 

•! 

CD  CD 

Z3 

=3  OO 

•1 — 

O    O 

00 

CO 

-M 

+-> 

CD 

00 

m 

00 

c 

S-    S- 

3 

=3 

aj 

CD  ■— 

ro 

•( — 

•  1 — 

-( — 

CD 

jC  .C 

S- 

S- 

, — 

•0 

-M 

-(-J 

-t-> 

cn 

+->  +-> 

O 

O 

CD 

CD    ro 

•  r— 

ai 

a> 

a> 

ro 

"r—    "P" 

CD 

CD 

E 

E   E 

+-> 

ro 

ro 

ro 

-M 

-C  -E 

Q_ 

Q. 

< 

<C    co 

O) 
ro 

CQ 

CQ 

CQ 

CD 

nr 

ad  cd 

LQ 

LxJ 

Q.  CD 
CO    ra 


E  CD 

CD  £_ 

>■,  CD 

c  E 

•r-  CD 
C_>  -C 
DJ 
UJ 


ro 
4-' 

ro 

ro  T3 

CD    3 

CO     C     ro 

CO   •!-   -i-     U 

•r-   r—    r—     O 

E    ra  ■■-    S~ 

5-  v-    >    0) 

CD  -Q    ra   -M 

C  -i-  1—    CD 

•1-  4->  C(_  _C 


CL 


o 

CO 


CO 
ro 


CD 

*-"^*' — ^ 

^ — ^.^ — ^ 

<3-  -— ■>'~ - 

*- — ^ 

^ ^^ -s 

LD   «vf 

0  co 

LO  ■ — 1  CJ"> 

CO 

cn  C5 

CM 

CO  CO 

cn  cn 

•»  1 — 1  |s 

CO 

LD 

co 

1 — 1 

1^  1 — 1    1 

. — 1 

1  >st 

<—<     1      1 

1      1 

CO  ^t- 

rj-  CTi      1 

r-N  0  •— < 

1      T-H 

00  cr>    1     1 

1     1        0 

CM  CO 

■=3"  CM      1 

^-  •-•  O 

1     LD 

LD       1         1 

1        1             CO 

. — 1 

LO   CM 

CT>           1 — 1 

CO 

CO 

ro    ra    ra    ra    ra 


CD    CD    CD    CD 
S_    S_    S_    S- 

CD    CD    CD    CD 


CD 

S-     CD 

CD    (V 

E  -a 

CD  •!- 

-C  -t- 
CLX> 
LU    CD 


CD    CD    CD    CD  1 —    D_ 

rcrr  ro  o 

Q.  Q.  o_  o_  E  +-> 

LU  UJ   LQ  LU    CO    Q-| 

CD 


ro 
CD 

O 
i_ 
CD 
+-> 

OJ 


CD 


CL 

o 

CL 
CD 

ra 

i- 
ro 
Q. 


0 
co 
1            1                    1 

I  1                    1    — - 

II  1      LD 
II                           1     CM 

co  <=d- 

CM 


cm  cn 


cn  cn 
o  o 


cn 

o 


CD 

ro 

T3 

< 

•1 — 

ex. 

<.) 

UJ 

S- 

1— 

ro 

o_ 

E 

0 

O 

CJ> 

S-. 

LU 

a) 

_l 

4-> 

o_ 

Q_ 

CM 
CO 


o 


co 
id 


CO 

ro 


ro 

u 

E 

S-    ro 
O  -i- 

•1-    ro 
1 —  -Q 

ro 

CJ    ro    ra 
1 —  X3 

CO  1 —   •<— 

>-,  CD    cnl  ro 

O    0    >,  E 


<v 


ra  ra 

c:  c: 

o  o 

S-  £- 

CD  CD 

+->  +J 

a.  q_ 


u 

ro 
CL 


CD 


13- 


5- 

O 


o 
co 


OJ 
CO 

1) 

dj 

c 

ra 

o 
x/ 


o 

CO  '— . 

I  "O 

LO  OJ 

,— I  Z5 

I  C 

«3"  T~ 


cn 


O 

o 


ra 

cj 

CD 

_Q 
CD 


S- 

ra 

"""~* 

CO  ^f 

CXJ 

CXI 

CXI 

C\J 

cxi 

CXJ 

3 

«=d-  "O 

C\J  .— ) 

i— i 

1       >— 1 

1 

i 

1 

. — i 

1 

1 

i 

1 

I 

1 

1       1       1 

u 

M 

1 

1 

i 

1 

I 

1 

i 

1 

I 

1 

I       1       1 

c. 

C     CO 

V •** ** 

*■ — *• 

1      s — ** 

I 

i  ^~-^ 

1 

■^ — -* 

■ — -• 

1 

1 

i 

s — *"      1 

1 

1 

1       1       1 

,— 

co  lo 

CO 

1     CO 

1 

i  en 

1 

CO 

en 

I 

1 

i 

LO       1 

I 

1 

1       1       1 

co 

1  X 

i — i  i — i 

CM  CO 

i 

■— 1    C\J 

1 — 1  I — 1 

1 

o 
i 

1 

o 

I 

1 

i 

CXI 

•— 1     1 

i 

1 

CXI           CXI 
1     < — 1 

-^ 

"O 

i 

1 

i 

1 

1 

! 

I 

i 

i 

1 

I 

1 

1 

<_) 

"^t-     • 

* — ■** ■ 

i 

*■ — "*~-^ 

1 

i   **— * 

1 

1 

1 

I 

1 

i 

*•      1 

I 

1 

* 1     ' — ^ 

II       CO 

too  r-- 

i 

CO  CO 

1 

1     CO 

1 

1 

1 

I 

1 

i 

CO      1 

I 

1 

en     i    co 

5 

c 

IX 

•  «3- 

o 

1 — 1 

o 

s_ 

re 

i — 

• 

CO 

i 

CO   CO 

1 

*3"  CT> 

! 

1 

1 

Cvj 

1 

oj 

1    CO 

CXJ 

CO 

1  -^t-  ^1- 

3 

<3"  "O 

i 

1 

i — I 

1 

1 

1 

1 

|—  H 

1 

1          I—I 

<  J 

II 

l 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

c^ 

c:   co 

»* — ' 

> 

^— ^  *■ — ' 

1 

-. — ^"^-^ 

1 

1 

I 

■ 

1 

s — ^ 

1     *~-^ 

s. — ' 

' •• 

1    *~~^* — ^ 

•r- 

— ' 

^t" 

LO   CXI 

co  r-~ 

r\j 

co 

^1- 

CXI 

CO 

co  co 

o 

IX 

o 

CXI 

r— <    tT> 

«^r 

CXI 

CO 

CX! 

CXI 
CXJ  <^-  ■— 1 

-^ 

"O 

1       1 

i 

1 — 1      1 

1 

co  en 

1 

1 

1 

. — 1 

1 

1 

1 

co 

u 

*d-     • 

I       1 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

■(— 

II        CO 

1       1 

i 

*~—*      1 

1 

■*. — ^-^— •* 

1 

1 

1 

•». — ' 

^ — " 

' — «• 

1    ' ' 

1 

1 

v — -*  v — ^^ ^ 

i^ 

c:  — - 

1  X 

1       1 

CO      1 

. — 1 

1 

^  o 

CO  o 

. — i 

1 

1 

CO 

cn 
o 

cr. 

1     CXI 

1 

1 

CTl   LO    ^J- 

co 
o 

£_ 

ro 

' N 

*■ — . — ^ 

. — - 

^ — , 

^ — . 

. — ^ 

^ — .*■ — ^- — ^ 

i — 

• 

1       1 

l 

1      1 

1 

LT)    CXI 

LO 

1 

1 

r» 

o 

i 

1     CO 

1 

1 

cxi  cxi  co 

3 

■=3"  "O 

1       1 

i 

1      1 

1 

LO 

1 

| 

1 

1 

1 

1 

cxi 

Cj 

II 

1       1 

1 

1      1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

1 

1 

<^- 

c:   co 

I       1 

i 

1     1 

1 

** ^*- — •* 

' " 

1 

1 

■ — -- 

*. 

I 

1     V ■* 

1 

1 

** — '  ^ — ^ 

•r— 

— 

00   CXI 

LO 

LO 

CO 

CXJ 

cxi  ro  lo 

CJ 

1  X 

co 

LT) 
CXI 

cxi  -—i 

i — i 

lz 

-o 

I       I 

i 

1      1 

. — 1 

CO      1 

1 

1 

| 

1 

1 

1 

I — 1 

i 

1 

i      i      i 

u 

co     • 

1       1 

i 

1      1 

I— 1     1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i      i      i 

»r- 

II         CO 

1       1 

i 

1        1 

*■ — ■*      ! 

1 

1 

I 

1 

1 

i 

> ' 

1 

1 

i      i      i 

i^ 

c:  — 

1  X 

1       1 

re 

CO    c 

OJ    ro 

1 

ro 
O 

-o 

1      1 

ro 
CO 
+->     O) 

a>    ro 

en 

LT)       1 

o 

1 — 1 

1 

1 

1 

ro 
U 
•i — 

i- 
o 

4- 
•i — 

1 

ro 

CO 

O 

1 

rO 
U 

<+- 

U 

ro 

i 

CTl   CO 
O 

1 

ro 
O 

1 

OJ 
ro 

densis 
rlidae 

Q.-I- 

•t— 

E  -o 

ro 

i — 

=5 

CL 

•V 

c:   ra 

-, 

"O 

ro            OJ 

•c-   _Q 

1 — 

ro  t- 

• 

CO 

• 

ro 

-Q 

<x> 

o   > 

C- 

■I— 

i-            D_ 

4->     E 

1 — 

CO     S_ 

Q_ 

:3 

< 

o_ 

CJ 

rO 

ro 

T3 

+->  i — 

-M 

X3 

OJ 

O       •    O 

U     C3 

ra 

<D     =S 

CO 

<4~ 

CO 

CO 

( — 

•  i — 

r =3 

rO 

O 

ro 

i-    Q.C. 

d  i — 

CL-Q 

C 

• 

ro 

%- 

j — 

3  "+- 

Cl 

i — 

TO 

o  to  o 

■•-   o 

E 

ra 

o  a. 

Q_ 

ro 

•r— 

rO 

1) 

i- 

o 

i_ 

•r— 

(_>              r— 

<d 

u   u 

ro 

ra     <D 

•  1 — 

U     CO 

LO 

., — 

i_ 

•  r- 

CL 

OJ 

OJ 

C     ro 

ro 

1) 

, 

(O   -C 

ra 

•(— 

•i —   7?Z 

CD 

c 

c: 

Z3 

rz 

ro 

o_ 

ro 

J^.   i — 

, — 

o_ 

i_ 

ro  -^  CO 

-a 

ro    ro 

i — 

O 

ro 

a. 

ra    ro 

X- 

CL 

a> 

OJ 

QJ 

%. 

■a 

c_ 

i_ 

OJ 

CO    ro 

•i — 

"O  "O 

< — 

4->  i— 

■o 

ro 

•i —  "i — 

•i — 

ro 

ro 

c: 

co 

<D 

1 — 

-i — 

ro    <D 

TJ 

1 — 

Q_ 

4->     C   i— 

S- 

ra    ra 

ro 

CO   i — 

•1 — 

U 

re   c 

d 

o 

"O 

■I — 

CO 

CL 

1 — 

X5 

i-    CL 

D. 

1 — 

O 

i —     CO   i — 

Z3 

Q-  Gi- 

3 

O    ra 

■  <— 

ro 

o_  d_ 

o_ 

o 

i — 

ro 

co 

ro 

O 

=3    O 

O 

rO 

i_ 

OJ  -r-    ro 

o 

ro    ra 

rs 

S-    E 

c 

+-> 

ro    ra 

ro 

CO 

i — 

ro 

i — 

OJ 

E 

i — 

•i—     CO 

CO 

E 

O 

3    S-    E 

E 

r-vi  m 

co 

Q_    co 

Q. 

cj 

O  CO 

O 

1 — 1 

S- 

O 

CJ 

n; 

CO 

S- 

O  >— i 

—  ~1 

CO 

i — 

CO  I —     CO 

OJ 

<0 

OJ 

0) 

c~ 

^ 

co 

D_ 

o_ 

f-J 

co 
cxi 


LO 
CO 

cxj 
CO 


i   co  cxi 


cxi  cr> 

CJ 


CXI 

CO 

. — 1 

■=d- 

en 

co 

1 — 1 

CXI 

o 

CO 


OJ 

ra 

"O 

<C  •<- 

CC   JZ 

UJ     O 

I—  >> 

CL.     CO 
O     CL 

X    o 

CO    S- 

•— I  XJ 

or:   >, 


cu 

c. 

-^ 
o 
o 
u 

OJ 

u 

.C     CO     CO 
U    CL   CL 

>,  o  o 

CO    +->    +-> 
CL-r-    -^ 

o  -c:  -c 

4->  o.  a 
o    E    E 

c.     >,   >, 

<C  co  co 


"O    co 

c   o 

rO 

or 
u 

OJ 


-14- 


o 
i  -o 

LO    CU 

i—i    =J 
I      C 


c 
o 
o 


+J 

o 
oo 


—  "=1-     • 

=3  ii   -a 

o  c     • 

S-  00 

r—  * — ■* 


CD 

co 

<u 

a.) 
c 
ra 
-^ 
o 


-^       -a 

u  <*     • 

•r-     II       00 

^   c:  — - 

IX 


Q. 

E 
ra 

O 

a.) 
a 


o  «*     • 

•r-      II        O0 

IX 


S- 

rO         -^ 
1—  «3-     • 

13     II     "O 

O    C       • 
S-  oo 


C_> 


-^       -a 

u  co 

•r-      II        00 

^    c  — - 
IX 


CO 


ra 
-— ^+J 

•  c: 
+->  a> 

O   -r- 

cj  c_> 
—  o 

o 

CD 


CM 

CO 


CO 


CXJ 
1        1 

co 

CM 

1      1          ' — 

1       1            CTi 

CM 

CM              1 
CO              1 

O 

u 


1/1 

CL 
O 

i_ 

-a 


ai 
u 
oo  : 


<_> 

>i 

oo 

CL  CU 
O    ro 

5-  -O 

"O    ■!- 


t/1 
(/> 

C 
CU 
"O 
ro    <T3 

i-  i — 

O     •!- 

■—  M- 
O  -i-    CU 
OJD    > 


ra 


5- 


co 


o 


CO 


CO 


C^ 

o 


en 

<0 

i     i 

co 

CM 

i     i        — 

1       1           oo 
1      1         1— t 

oo         i                  i 
i — •         i                  i 

Lf) 

CO 

ro 

III                  1                  1 

—         Ill            1            1 

ID 

CM              III                1                1 

CO              III                1                1 

CM 


CO 

CM 

CO 

r^ 
CTi 


O 


CTi 

en 


CO 


CM 


O 
i. 
T3 
>> 


—  a. 

—  o 

ro    o 
E   <o 

OO  >i 
SI 
OZ 


f0 

ra     fO    ro  T3 

•.-  -r-  -i-   +J 

rrr  m 
aaaE 
o  o  o  o 

O  O  O  O0 
ra  03  ro  O 
>,>,>>  OO 

jz  sz  .c:  oo 
o:  ad  a  o 


to 

Q. 

00  rO 

CU 
ro    <0 

E  -a 

O  -r- 
00  i — 
O  T- 
OO  -l-> 
00  CL 
O     O 

i—   s_ 

cs  -a 


CJ 
ra 
T3 

s_ 
+J 

c 

CU 

u 

=N 

_c 

u 

ro 
S- 


oo 

=3 

4-) 

r0 

i — 

Z3 

a 

a 

E 

•  i — 

. 

S- 

Q. 

"O 

[/) 

3 

oo 

CX 

13 

S- 

00 

+-> 

=s 

C 

> 

CU 

<=E 

s- 

u 

cr: 

CU 

>> 

UJ 

O0 

.c 

1— 

CU 

o 

o 

D_ 

ro 

-1 — 

ra 

O 

T3 

+-> 

i. 

LU 

•i — 

CL 

co 

_l 

E 

o 

«  i — I   CTi 
CM  CM 

uiino 

LO   O   00 

co 


00 

^ — » 

CM  — — 

C-. 

CTi   O   UD 

CO 

'O  CTi 

CO 

CO    LO 

s * 

^^^^.^  ^ ^ 

CTi 

CO  CO   CM 

O 

i— <  O   CM 

fin 

O   LT>   CO 

CM 


CM 

O  CO   o 

CM 

«d-  1-1              1 

LO 

CM                              1 

»• — > 

*" ^* V '                      | 

=* 

LD  O  CO             I 

CD 

f^-  CM 

UT 

CO 

CD   CO   CM 

OlDH 

CM   LO   i— I 

r^  co  r-i 

•5J-    i-H 


^J-  CO   LO 
CO   CM 
CO 

o  o  «* 

LO  CM 
CO 


CTi 

o 


^ — s 

-— .  CTi  -— 

CO 

CM       •   CT) 

LO 

LO  CO   CO              1 

CO  •— l  ■                  1 

* 

> -*V ^ | 

CO 

r^  co  cm          i 

CO 

LO         ^j- 

co 

o  ■— 

C_J   LU 


ra 
<£  -a 

Cd    -r- 

UJ  i — 
I—  =3 
D_  CL 
I — I  -I— 


CL 

CL 

oo           oo    CU 

ro 

ra    CU 

E  -a 

E    ra 

C3  -r- 

o  -a 

•r-    E 

-M  li- 

r—     O 

ra   T- 

=5    C 

X  r— 

E    O 

CU     =3 

•i-    s- 

3=    E 

OO   -r- 

^: 

oo 

C_) 

CU 

1/5 

ro 

CU 

4J 

> 

ro 

i 

S~ 

CL 

3 

. 

ra 

Z5 

tD 

CL 

r— 

Cl 

ro 

00 

CU 

CU 

CU 

oo 

ro 

ro 

ro 

Z5 

TD 

"O 

-a 

5- 

-f— 

•  I— 

■i — 

CU 

a> 

E 

E 

E 

03 

■a 

o 

O 

o 

T3 

>i 

c 

c 

c 

•  i — 

c 

c 

o 

o 

S- 

ra 

<~- 

i- 

S- 

a> 

+-> 

•1 — 

•(— 

•r— 

■a 

o 

-C 

^r 

-C 

>^ 

u 

(_J> 

(J 

C_3 

c 

Cl. 

-15- 


o 

00 

- — - 

1 

T3 

m 

<D 

, — i 

ZJ 

i 

C 

■3- 

-r— 

*. — * 

4-> 

C 

_i 

o 

i — t 

u 

cc 

O- 

<c 

03  — 

U  II 

S-  C     CO 

(_>  I  X 


•i-     II       CO 
IX 


03  '— > 

3  ^r  -o 

o    II 
s-   c:    co 


Q_ 
E 

to 

C_J 

CD 
_Q 
00 


-*        -o 

•r-     II       CO 
IX 


03  «— « 

=3  "=3"  "O 

U  II 

S-  C  CO 


<_> 


o  oo      • 

•r-     II      CO 
IX 


C\J   CXJ 

cr>  . — i 


CD 


CO 


Ch 


cr>  cn 
o  o 


ro 


I    CM 


CO 


I   oo 


CD 

03 

-a 


S- 

CD 

jz: 
+-> 


03 
+J 

03 
cn 
CD 

5_ 

> 


CL 
CO 


03 
5- 
QJ 
4- 


oo 


< 

CO 
UJ 

I— 


CO  1^.  CO 

cn  lo  n 


oo  oo  o 
oo  o  cxi 
cxj  -—i  r— I 


CT>  OO 

cn  i— "  r» 

I               1               «st-  «-■ 

o  oo  <— " 

I               1               H 

CXI           CXI 

I               |               ^ ^*- — ' 

■■ «*V .-•%. ' 

I              1              CO  CO 

oo  r-^  co 

■=d- 

■=3-  o>  cxi 

<o 

^f-        oo 

cxj  co  cn 

H  CXI  CXI 


O   CT> 
OO  0O 


O  CO  d 

<— «  CXJ 

lo  ^r  co 

LO   CTIUO 


ro 


CXJ 


CXI      I    CO 


CXJ      I  <3-  CXJ  oo 


CXJ  CTv  CTi 
O 


ai 

03 
T3 


03 


03 
E 


X     QJ 
•i-    03 

s-  -a 

aj  >i- 
-c  -a 

4->   -r- 

<c  oJc_> 


03 


QJ 


a: 

UJ 


03  i — 
4->     =3     CD 
S-  d)    U    UJ 

03     03     03  t-  "O 
i—  "O   -*=     t-  t- 

>—  o  o  oi  -a  a 
cu  4J  o  e  •>—  re 

£103    013(0    1. 

s-   e  -r-  _i  s:  -a 
=s  a»  i—  >> 

I—  ^:  o  =c 


16- 


MAY  (5-12-80) 


South  Fork 
Kick 
n=4 
x(s.d.) 


EPHEMEROPTERA 

Siphlonuridae 

small  Siphlonuridae 
Baetidae 

Baetis  tricaudatus 

Baetis  bicaudatus 
Heptageniidae 

Cinygmula  sp. 

Rhithrogena  robusta 

Epeorus  grandis 
Ephemerell idae 

Ephemerella  doddsi 

Ephemerella  flavilinea 

Ephemerella  heterocaudata 

Ephemerella  tibialis 

PLECOPTERA 
Perlodidae 

Diura  knowltoni 
Chloroperl idae 

Sweltsa  coloradensis 

Pteronarcella  badia 

small  Chloroperl idae 
Nemouridae 

Zapada  columbiana 
Capni  idae 

Capnia  sp. 

Isocapnia  sp. 

TRICHOPTERA 

Rhyacophi lidae 

Rhyacophila  bifila 
Rhyacophi la  verrula 
Rhyacophila  vagrita 
small  Rhyacophila 


DIPTERA 

Chironomidae 
Chironomidae 
Chironomidae 
Chironomidae 

Simul lidae 

sp. 


larvae 

pupae 

adults 


12(  14) 


288( 

98) 

326  ( 

174) 

114( 

133) 

0.9( 

2) 

0.9( 

2) 

38( 

47) 

0.9( 

2) 

0.9( 

2) 

6( 

12) 

41 

5 

13 

6 

59 

6 
0.9 


0.9 
6 

0.9 
6 


1,611 

252 

35 


43) 

4) 
13) 
12) 

41) 

12) 
2) 


2) 

4) 

2) 

12) 


3,341) 
224) 
39) 


Simul i urn 


494(409) 


•17- 


MAY  (continued) 


South  Fork 
Kick 
n=4 
x(s.d.) 


OTHER  INVERTEBRATES 

Turbellaria  302(353) 

Lumbriculidae  417(371) 

Naididae  132(233) 

Hydracarina  186(248) 


-18- 


5- 

o 


-M 
3 

o 

OO 


a 
s- 

u 


n 


■o 

c: 

CD 
CQ 

CD 
CD 

c 

03 

o 


o  «*      • 

•i-     II       00 
IX 


03  '— 

O     II 

s~   c:   oo 


CJ 


i 

oo 

i 

<X> 


03 
C_> 

O) 

JO 

CQ 


•r-      II        00 

v:   c:  -— 
i  x 


S- 

03  --- 

3  "=j-  -a 

U     II 

<*-     £Z     00 


I  > 


^       -o 

■r-      II        00 

I  X 


CVI   O 

1               = — 1     1      1 

en 
111*3- 

Cvl 

1 

CM  CM 
1 

evi 

1      r— 1                    1                                      II 

1 t        | 

i         oo  n     i     i 

CM 

i      i     i  — - 
1      1      1    o 

LO 

■ — I      1 

1     i — i   . — I 

1 1                                      II 

1     ID              1                           II 

I    <X> 


CsJ 


LO 


CO  Cn 
ft 


r&    CO 


O.J 


"5* 

1     OO 

. — 1     1      1      1      1      1 

1  — - 

—    1      1      1      1      1 

1    1 — 1 

CXI      1        I        1        1        1 

cn  <  cm  n   oo   con     cm  lo  cm  cm  cm  cn 
cn  i  o  n   oo  i  *3-  lo    i  m^t  ro     ix> 

I     < — I    i—l  It — I  I  LO  i — I 


CO 


LO       I 


i— i  o 

cn 

I   >3-  CO 

i   lo  n  cc  i— i  ■— i  oo 

O  *X> 

uO 

N    LO 

WrOrH                    ^- 

■—I  CM 

«3- 

i — IN                             i—l 

LO 


CO 
IX) 


LT) 

CM 


OT 
rn 


Lfi 
CTl 


r--  c\j 

OO   ,— I 


CM   (X) 
OO 


OO   N 

oo  >3- 


iX)  en 
cm  oo 


CO  CM  00   <3" 

cm       i— i  cn 


<X) 


CM  O 
LO  O 

oo 


^t-  «=]-  r».  oo 

«*         ^J-  o 

CM  .—I 

CTl  0O   r- 1  CT) 

0O  0O  <X> 

LO  r-l  CM 


rororoN 
o  n 
■—I  oo 

OO  IX)   OO  CTl 
CM  CM 


0O  CTl  CM   CO 
LO   OO 


«=*■   O  CO  IX) 
LO  IX)  CM 


LO 

LO 


00 

I      "vt" 

I 

I     CT. 
<X> 


03 
03  T3 


CD 

n3 

00    ro 

00 

•i-    +-> 

13  T3 

3 

00 

C     00 

+->  t- 

4-> 

=3 

CD    =5 

rO    S_ 

ro 

+-> 

CDX3 

00     13 

-a 

TD 

Q-           03    O 

S-     C 

3 

"O 

■.-    00          x:    S_ 

03    o 

r0 

3 

c 

=C   a> 

Q-r— 

o 

ro 

ai  c:  a> 

ro    fO 

q;   fo 

oo  x: 

•r— 

U 

CT)  O    03 

C    C 

UJ  "O 

O. 

s- 

•r— 

03    CD  "O 

CD    CD 

l—  -r- 

00    -r- 

+-> 

JQ 

x:  ■ —  •.- 

cr  cr> 

D_     S- 

3   OO 

a  •<- 

o  o 

O    =3 

+J 

O) 

00 

00 

oo   o  c: 

S-    S- 

CC     £Z 

ai  i— 

fO 

•  i — 

•r— 

•t-  XJ    CD 

x:  x: 

UJ    O 

1 —  1 — 

-a 

+J 

■M 

+j   3   cr 

+->  -M 

si  <— 

CD    n3 

•r- 

CU 

ai 

CD    CD    rt3 

•1 '1 

UJ  jC 

E    E 

4-» 

n3 

rO 

(C     00   +-> 

x:  .c 

n=  o. 

>=C     00 

CU 

CQ 

CO 

CQ  Q_    Q. 

a:  ai 

D_   -r- 

ro 

CD 

uj  oo 

CQ 

nz 

CX.   CD 
•     00    ra 

d.      -a 

00    03  -i— 

00      =5   r- 

=3     E    CD 

i-   cr.  s_ 

O  >,  CU 
CU  E  E 
CL-^    CD 

UJ  U  X 


on 
-o 

-a 
o 
-a 


00 
00   •■— 

E  "fO 

s-  t- 

CD  X) 


03  S- 

O  CD 

r—     O  4- 

•1-        S-  •!- 

>    d)  C 

03    +->  -r- 

i —    CD  CL 
00 


03 

03 

ro 

03 

ro 

ro 

, — 

, — 

i — 

, — 

, — 

i — 

CD 

CD 

OJ 

CD 

OJ 

CD 

t. 

5- 

5- 

l_ 

S- 

S- 

OJ 

OJ 

CD 

CD 

0) 

OJ 

F 

E 

E 

E 

E 

E 

CD 

CD 

0J 

OJ 

CD 

OJ 

JZ 

-C 

-C 

_cz 

-c: 

sz 

Q. 

Q_ 

Q. 

D 

a 

Cl 

LU 

UJ 

UJ 

UJ 

UJ 

UJ 

CD 

S-    CD 
CD    03 

E  -a 
Q)  •>- 

^I    -r- 

D.  X3 
UJ     CD 


x: 

D-l 
O 
4-> 

DJ 
CD 


ro 
CD 
C 
O 
S- 
CD 
+-1 
CD 


CD 


CL 

o 

■M 

D 

OJ 

03 
03 


00   CO 
LO 


<3-  oo 


vx 

I     CM 

i 

I    CO 

oo 


CM 
I    O 

I    i— i 
I    v — 

i  cn 

CT) 


LO 

OO 

N 

CD 

co 

CO 

** 

co 

en 

co 

o 

oo 

CO 

ro 

CM 

LO 

CM 

r— 1 

CM 

o 

IX) 

1     LO 

CM 

o 

LO 

LO 

. — 1 

LO 

CO 

**■ 

en 

** 

1     LO 
1 

i  co 
1   1—1 

CO 

ro 

OO 

1     «^" 

N 

1 — 1 

00 

1 — 1 

CO 

co  co 

o 

o 

CM 

1     LO 

CO 

1      !-H 

t-  H 

CO 

OO 

. — i 

CD 
. — i 

CM 
. — 1 

00 

OJ 

X) 
. — 1 

CO 

LO 
i — l 

LO 

LO 

OJ 

OJ 

CD 

03 

T3 

< 

■r— 

or 

o 

UJ 

S-. 

h- 

03 

Cl 

C 

CO 

o 

C_J 

S- 

UJ 

CD 

_j 

+-> 

Q_ 

Q_ 

U 


S-     03 

O    "r- 

<*-  -o 

•i-  03 

.—  JD 

03 

U  03 

00   i — 
>>   CD 

o  u 

03     03 


CD  CD 
+->  -M 
Q_   CL. 


-19- 


X3 

CD 

C 


C 
O 

u 


S- 

(T3 

- — > 

r  — 

• 

Z3 

"Sf 

-o 

o 

II 

• 

s- 

c 

1/1 

_*' 

■1 — 

S~ 

o 

I  X 

o 

u_ 

3 

o 

' — - 

oo 

• 

_*i 

-a 

u 

«tf 

• 

•  1— 

ii 

co 

5>^ 

c 

i  X 

S_ 

ro 

' — - 

i — 

• 

3 

"=* 

~a 

O 

II 

• 

"O 

S- 

c 

to 

c: 

■r- 

*• — ■* 

a> 

C_3 

1  X 

CQ 

CD 

(U 

C 

to 

^z 

*- — -- 

o 

• 

^ 

J*: 

"O 

o 

"=* 

. 

•r— 

II 

oo 

^ 

c 

1  X 

ro  -— - 

O    II 

1-    c    in 


(J  ^1-       • 
•p-    II      oO 

I  X 


UD 


- —     I  III  II 

. — II  III  111 — I 


II            II 
II            II 
1     1  —    1      1 

1        1     CM      I        I 

I  I 

I  I 

I  I 

I  I 


CM  C\J 


CO   CO 


I    CO 


<3-  co 


CO      I     CM   CM      I 

o 


I  I  I  I  I 

I  I  I  I  I 

I  I  I  I  I 

I  I  I  I  I 


CM  LO  "=J" 
III                             CO 

CO 

1 

in 
i 

CO 
1     CO 

1                  1         1 

i           ii         nmr-. 

CM 

1    CM 

1     LO 

1  — ' 

1    CO 

I — 1 

CM  CO 


CO 


I    t—t 
I 

i    r-~ 


CO     i    «d-     i 


1     CM               II 

1                         1        1 
1    * 1        1 

1     CM               II 

CO 


<d"      I       I 


CM 
1 

1     CM      1        | 

lo 
i           i      i 

1 

I                               1               1 

1 1        1 

i           i      i 

i  — '    i      i 

1     i — 1 

i    in     i     i 

CM 

i  oo    i     i 

I     CO 


CO  CM 


00 


I  I 

I  I 

I     i— I      I     LO 


CM 
1 

i — i 

i — I 

o 

CM       1        1 

1            * — ' 
1             CM 

00 

r-~-    i     i 

CM  ^J-  CO  CM 

■ — I       !  i — I 
I 

i — I   N      I  (~- —  I — —. 


CM  CM  CO  ^r 


I      COh^OO 

CO  <—) 


CM 


CM      I 


CM  CM  CM   CSo 

co 

CO  CM 

.— I  CM   «d" 

CM   CM  CO  CO 

1      t— 4 

CM 

i   <3-        i— i 

1     CM           .—1 

. „ 

1 


1 

1    — - 

cr>  cm  cti  co 

i  co 

un  cm 

1    o  CTi  CT> 

I     o   O"!  CTv  CO 

.              . 

co 

CM       .   .—1 

CO          .    r- 1 

o       o 

O 

o 

oo 

CD  r— 

(O 

3 

■r-    S-    (0 

U 

c: 

(/) 

CD 

S-    CD  +->    CD 

•r— 

•  (— 

•i— 

rO 

oo    ra  -^    C    ro 

ro  4- 

r^ 

oo 

rO 

ro  "O 

•r-   r-      U     CD   "O 

fO 

</) 

•1 — 

X3 

ro 

c 

i — 

S-    -r- 

T3     00     O    "O    -r- 

c 

CD 

O 

o 

ro 

rs 

•^    CD 

CD 

=5    ro 

O   r— 

c:   o   u  •<-  si 

ITS 

rO 

r— 

ro 

i — 

i — 

•r~ 

U    ro 

-a 

-a  c 

-o    S_ 

rO                   U    U 

•r- 

•a 

13 

cl  a> 

ai 

o 

c 

ro  ■<-  -a 

ro 

•r-    E 

ra    CD 

S-    CD    CD    O    >, 

JO 

•i — 

• 

JOt 

(O 

i — 

u 

o 

>    S-  -i- 

S- 

r—     C5 

<—     CL 

cr._c:  ^:   o   to 

E 

t. 

Q. 

rO 

ra  "D 

i — 

-M 

r—  +->  -o 

CD 

o 

•   i—    +-> 

CL    O 

CD 

U     U            CL 

=5 

13 

00 

00 

i —  'i — 

ro 

oo 

i — 

13    rO    O 

ro 

1 — 

D_   ro    =3 

o  s- 

ra 

CD    >>  >•>  CD    O 

i — 

O 

• 

S-  i— 

S- 

<d 

3 

M-     CLr— 

■a 

o 

oo    Q_  ro 

00     O 

-a 

-C     1/)    1/1  £     S- 

o 

E 

ro    CL 

ro 

<d  s- 

ro 

■o 

O 

S- 

•i — 

CJ 

1 — 

< 

•.— 

o  cl  cl  o  -a 

CD 

u 

■v 

•r-    00 

•r— 

a.  <d 

CD 

CL 

■i— 

cr 

ro    ro    CD 

§ — 

ro    ro    ro 

ro  -C 

Di 

-C 

>>  o   o   >•>  >, 

ro 

■^ 

CD 

c 

c 

rO  ci- 

ro 

o 

.^ 

■ —  . —  CL. 

5- 

ro 

^Z    -r-    •!- 

■—  O 

UJ 

o 

O0    4->    +->     O0    'JZ 

XJ 

<T3 

ro 

CL  ro 

CD 

i) 

s- 

TJ 

ro 

c 

S_    i~ 

QJ 

00 

ro  i—  i— 

t_ 

h- 

>5 

CL-r-  ■■-  a. 

•r— 

-a 

1 — 

■a 

ro  •<- 

ro 

oo 

cD  i— 

•  . — 

i — 

CD 

ro 

CD    CD  i— 

CL 

-M 

C  i—  r- 

CD  >— 

Q- 

OO 

o  -c  -c:   o  i— - 

S- 

03 

1 — 

•i — 

O    C 

TJ 

00 

D-i— 

"O 

ro 

CP 

^_ 

CL    CLr- 

O 

i — 

N    ro    ro 

CL. — 

o 

D- 

+->  aas-r- 

rs 

CL 

ra 

•i— 

O    Cl 

•i — 

ro 

oo    ro 

O 

3 

O 

Z3 

O    O    ro 

t. 

CD 

T-      3      3 

ro    ro 

rn 

O 

O    E    E  T3    ro 

o 

fO 

E 

c 

00    rO 

i — 

i — 

CD    E 

i — 

Jii 

OO 

•i — 

oo    oo    E 

o 

3 

S.     D    3 

+J    E 

o 

S- 

U-    >,  >,  >^  E 

E 

rvj 

CO 

Qh 

i— i  <_) 

S- 

O 

zn  oo 

s_ 

co 

i — i 

o 

mm  in 

1 — 

CO  I—  oo  oo 

ZD     00 

>— i 

■o 

<(/1(/)I    w 

CU 

ro 

cu 

CD 

sz 

Qi 

>^ 

z: 

O 

Q_ 

CL 

u 

r— 

3: 

-20- 


o 
in 


ro 

_ s 

13 

u 

5- 

>*  -a 

ii 

C      CO 

I  X 


o  >=*•     • 

•i-     II      CO 

v^      c 

IX 


■a 

cr 

CO 

a> 

OJ 

c 

<0 
O 


C_3 


CVJ   CO 


S- 

, — .. 

, — ^ 

rO          '— > 

CVJ 

r-« 

is  **  -o 

i                 i           i 

O     II 

"*— '     1 

i  ** — **         i           i 

S.    C    W 

1— I     1 

1    U3              1                1 

-^       -a 

■r-      II       CO 

IX 


rjj 

Z3 


o 
u 


■"3 


co 


t. 

03 

3 

-T 

T3 

'J 

II 

• 

<^- 

C 

t/1 

f_) 


-^       -a 
o  •=*•     • 

•i-      II       CO 
I  X 


CXI   CVJ 


LO 


(-1 


C.J 


UO 


co     | 


VD 


ro 


CO 


OJ 


CO 

CVI  CVI  ^f- 

i         ro    i 

r»-  cvi  cvj 

i                i 

LT)    .—1 

i        —    i 

*. ^^ 'V -- 

1           O      1 

<3"  LT>   OO 

CVJ 

CVI    *3"    ^H 

l>-    .— 1 

<£) 


*~ ,, N 

CO  -^-—» 

.— 1    CVJ 

O  OO  LO 

1                 "vj-     r-H 

«•  U~>    ,— 1                1                  | 

1 

CVI  CO                      1                1 

|                 *» — ■**• — -* 

** — ' — ' — '              1                 1 

i         Ln  uo 

HfOin           i            i 

co 

CO  .—1  CVJ 

r-.  <3- 

to 


o 

ro 

OO  ^-^ 

uo  -—-^-^ 

CO  CVI 

co  co  cvi 

II                  II 

"  cvi  i — i          i            i 

ii              i           i         Ln 

i— i                      i            i 

ii              i           i         — -- — 

■» — "•. — - — -*          |            | 

II                    1                1            CO   <— 1 

O  CVJ  CO              1                1 

CO 

00  CO 

<— H 

CO 

CO 


CO 

-- — 1 

oo 

s — ■* 

, — , 

, — . 

^ s 

CVJ 

. — 1 

CO 

r^ 

i — i 

O 

1 

r» 

1 — 1 

IX) 

oo 

ro 

1 

"Ct 

CO 

1              "• — " 

■*. — - 

v .- 

>■ — ' 

* 

s * 

1            1 — 1 

o 

oo 

O 

CO 

o 

CO 

CO  co 

LO 

CO 

CVJ 

CVI 

*- — .^ — ■* 

CO 

CJO  CVJ 

. — i 

CVI 

" 

, — \ 

"3"    t-H 

■^t- 

o 

LO 

1 — 1 

CO 

I      OO  ,-H 


CO      I 


oo 

*> » 

' — V 

ro 

^ — ^ 

, V 

1             CVI 

LT) 

LO 

ro 

CVJ 

cvj 

<— 1      1 

«* 

1     CVJ 

i— I      1 

i — 1 

i 

1              ** — ' 

V -*         | 

» — ' 

i  * — "' 

^_^ 

1             OO 

CO      I 

i — 1 

i   ro 

oo 

en 

• 

CVJ 

l>« 

i — i 

. 

. 

o 

OO 

"5* 

o 

o 

ro 

1 — 

OJ 

3 

rO 

• 

o 

CL 

fD 

CL 

TO 

3 

+J          ro 

CO 

E 

o.       a; 

CO 

•r-    ro  <— 

•i — 

ro 

rjj  +-> 

i —  i —    =3 

rO 

S- 

E          > 

ro  i — 

(O 

rjj  •,-    S- 

i—                   a. 

~o 

=3          s_ 

CL  3 

+-> 

cn<+-    S- 

•i—                                 CO              O. 

ro 

O            ro 

3  -O 

CL           ro 

c:  -i-    CD 

-C                                                CO 

13 

•i —          i — 

Q..  ro 

CO            CT 

ro  -Q    > 

Q-  rjj 

o.  a> 

CO 

cr 

a> 

+-> 

OJ 

OJ 

O    ro 

CO    ro 

13             CO 

• 

ro 

•    U           O) 

rjj    O) 

CO             -i— 

ro 

rO    rO    fO 

u  -a 

"D 

s-  <u 

3 

co 

CD- 

"O 

CL          Q.  S-            ro 

ro    ro 

3            S^ 

TO 

i —  i —  i — 

(O  ■!- 

ro  t- 

-M    ro 

U 

=3 

CO 

•r— 

CO            CO    ro    O) 

■a 

-o  "O 

S-            ro 

•i—  -i—  t— 

>i-M 

E    S- 

C   TD 

<u 

> 

5- 

ro 

•i— 

•I—     ■!— 

OJ 

O)    QJ 

> 

I 

JC  ^1  -C 

-C    ro 

o  +-> 

a)  -i- 

o 

<=C          J- 

CO 

cu 

rO    CD 

E    E  -o 

E 

E    E 

TO 

TO    ro 

•  1 — 

q..  D.  Q-q:   E 

co    c: 

O  r- 

E 

en        a) 

13 

u 

a> 

E     ro 

Z5     Z3  -i- 

o 

o  o 

TD 

>>T3 

X 

_c 

o   o  o 

O 

O    O) 

>>••- 

CO 

LU            CO 

•i — 

•i — 

03 

O  "O 

•r-   -r-     E 

c 

re   c: 

•i — 

C    T- 

■r— 

D 

o   o  o 

i —    to 

CO     U 

x:  x: 

O 

l—  a) 

O 

JT 

<c 

s_ 

T3 

+J    -r- 

>—  >—    O 

o 

o   o 

f^- 

ro  X3 

S- 

O 

rO    ro    ro 

t—    O 

CO    >-, 

U     CL 

o 

Q_    ro 

•i — 

U 

cc 

ro 

■r- 

ro  -r- 

=3     ~3    C 

&. 

S-    S- 

OJ 

4->  t- 

CD 

u 

>>  >i  >> 

ro    co 

O  -C 

ro    <D 

o 

o  -o 

+-> 

>^ 

LJj 

JZ 

i 

X    r— 

E    E    O 

•r— 

•1—  -I— 

"O 

O    ^ 

_C 

"3 

XI   SZ  -E 

E    co 

r—     U 

S-    C 

c: 

UJ  -i— 

o. 

s- 

1— 

Q. 

Z3 

O)     =3 

•r-    -l-      t- 

-C 

JC  JC 

>. 

S-    <D 

+J 

>, 

Oi  Ctl  cc 

co    O 

O    ro 

CQ    E 

o 

_J    E 

o 

ca 

o_ 

rjj 

CL 

3=    E 

CO    CO    -r- 

o 

<_)  C_) 

c 

Q_  J^ 

<C 

sz 

, — 

i. 

•t — 

o  <— 

1— 1 

i — 

•i — 

•r- 

x: 

ra 

+-> 

or 

O 

CQ 

_l 

<_)  UJ 

CZ) 

CQ 

!— 

OO 

o 

r— 

<c 

•21- 


CD 
ZJ 

o 
o 


s_ 

^ — * — ■% 

- — .* — *« 

ro        -— ■» 

cr>  cm 

00  «Cf   CO 

i —           • 

1                     LT)    r- 1 

I            CM  CO  O          1 

Z3  «3"  "O 

1 

1             i— 1  «3"  r— 1          ! 

U     M 

|                     v—^v^^ 

|                  v — ^^—s- *>              | 

1-     C    Ifl 

i            r--.  co 

1            hOOo          1 

.V 

•1—          "" — ' 

CO 

CO  O   H 

S- 

(_>          1  X 

i— t 

t— 1  ^J"  CM 

O 

LU 

JZ 

■!-> 

13 

*- ^*— -s 

^— ^^^*— ^ 

o 

, — ^ 

CO  CT> 

co  r^  cm 

CO 

. 

I               Ol  CO 

1               H   WOO            1 

-*:        -o 

1                  CnJ 

i         -vj-  <— <  ld       i 

O  "Sf      • 

1                           V ^s^^- 

|                  s -*  v — ^**-_^              | 

•r-     II       in 

1               O  00 

1             CO  O  CM          1 

^    c-— ' 

IT)  «^f- 

<*C\J  CM 

IX 

•=3" 

(X)  <— i  co 

i- 

rO 

i — 

• 

Z> 

■=3-  -a 

U 

ii 

"O 

<^- 

C     CO 

cr 

•i— 

01 

o 

IX 

CQ 

CD 

CD 

c 

ro 

J* 

O 

• 

M 

-^ 

■o 

u 

*d-     • 

•1— 

II       CO 

i«£ 

IX 

<o        <— . 

u    II 

i.   c   (fl 


-^       -a 
u  «a-     • 

■r-      II       CO 

i  x 


CM 

h» 

CO 

II                1             LT> 

ro 

CO 

II                1             CM 

1       1                1            — ' 

> — 

II                1             CO  O 

CO 

CM 

Lf) 

ro 

CM 

CM 


CO 


UD 


I       I 
I        I 


lo  r>».  ai 

CM  CM  *tf- 


O  "St  <o 

CM  CT)  CM 


CO  ■ — I 

CO      I     <— I 


co 


en 


CM 

CM  CM 

^r 

1                    1        1 

1     i — 1   i — 1 

C\J 

>^ 

1 

I                  |       |            CT> 

1     CD  CO 

C\J 

• ! 

O 

LO 


r— 

CD 

< 

ro 

• 

OH 

"O 

Q. 

CQ 

-i— 

CO 

UJ 

ro 

ro 

ro 

i — 

ro 

r— 

•r— 

i — 

-M 

Z3 

CD 

C 

ro 

or 

^ 

ro 

O 

a> 

U 

ro 

•  r- 

S_ 

UJ 

ro 

ro 

QJ 

o 

ro 

•r- 

■a 

S- 

«=C 

CD 

ai 

> 

r — ■ 

■a 

C 

-t— 

.c: 

5- 

•i — 

ro 

_j 

re 

"+- 

:s 

1 

o 

•r- 

u 

o 

JZ! 

-a 

U 

o 

TJ 

•i— 

i — t 

cu 

4-> 

X3 

m 

o 

E 

•i — 

ro 

CQ 

•r— 

i — 

-Q 

ro 

=5 

•  r— 

a 

3 

ro 

S- 

2: 

-a 

a> 

q: 

S- 

E 

c_ 

Q- 

•i — 

_l 

2: 

"O 

UJ 

•r- 

sz 

UJ 

3 

CD 

•i — 

! — 

>> 

i 

Q_ 

o 

3: 

h- 

:s: 

nz 

o 

an 

_i 

E 

I— 

o 

UJ 

o 

o 

-22- 


-C 

+-> 
d 
o 
in 


rO        -— 

=3  «^-  "O 

U     M 

s-    re    co 
c_)        i  x 


CJ   "vf         • 

•r-     II       CO 

IX 


TL5 
C 
CD 

CO 

1) 

CD 

c 
to 

o 


5- 

03 

Zl 

■^r 

"D 

u 

n 

• 

S- 

c 

<ji 

CJ 


-^        -o 
o  «*      • 

■r-    n     en 

^   c  — 

IX 


I 


>- 
_i 

r"D 


Q. 

E 

C_3 
0) 

-O 
CO 


S- 

rc 

=3 

«=* 

-TO 

u 

n 

■ 

J- 

c 

l/l 

-^       -o 
cj  <=3-     • 

•.-     II       CO 
IX 


rr 


CL. 
O 
CrT 


cxi  r-~. 
«3- 


CXI   ,— I 
CXI  "=3" 


O   LO 
C\J   CTi 


I    CXI 


r^ 

oo 

i      i    r^. 

ii           ii 

i      i  — 

ii           ii 
i      i  —    i      i 

i      i    r-. 

i      i    cxi     i      i 

CXI  CXI   «3-   LO 

i— i  r^ 


n 


CXI  O 
i — I  CO 


o 


o 


CXl       I 


i  «=*■ 


CXI 

O  co 

■^t- 

1 — 1 

en  cxi    i 

1        1     CO 

1 — 1 

, 

1      1 

1      1    — - 

CO 

■ — i  CT>      | 

i     i   cr> 

LO 

CO  CO 

LO 

oo  ^r  i-h  cxi  cxi 

CXI   LO 

en 

i — i        i — i        r-» 

oo  ^j-    i 

i     i   r^ 

CXI           CO           CXI 

I — 1  I — 1     1 

i     i   i — i 

N, ^s .*%. ^S ^V ' 

v — --»•. "       | 

i     i  ■ — 

CMinN^HO 

CO   LO       1 

1        1     CO 

LO            i— 1            O 

r--  co 

i — i 

"vf           CO           ■=*■ 

CXI  CO 

m 

en 

CXI   LO  00  00  CO 

CO  CO 

oo 

CXI 

CO                           CO 

. — 1 

CXI  <—t      1 

i 

1         1     LO 

1      1 

•> — " 

S > V S*. •• ^ 

— '* — *   i 

1      1   — ' 

CO 

cxi  co  co  r~-  -vt 

CO  CXI      1 

i      i    cr> 

1 — 1 

r^        cxi        r^ 

LO  CTi 

r--. 

LO                               i— I 

■ — i 

^r  cxi  co 


CXI     |    cxi 


en  cxi  CD  en  oo  cxi 


«d-  CO  en  00  CXI  r-l 

t—I  LO 


cxi  o  en  O  CO  *3" 

*d-  cxi  cxi  ,— i 

CXI 

en  r^  lo  cxi  cxi  lo 

CO    r— I    CO    LO 


cO 


LO  «3"    CXI 

LO       I  CXI    ■— I 
I 

O     I  l^  o 

LO  00    <— I 


CO 


CO  ,— I 


CO 


CM 

CO  <vj- 

00  <3"  CTi 

LO    LO 

CTi 

co  ■>}-  cd  en  cxi 

CO 

CXI 

t— I           CO  CO 

.— 1    .— I    CXI               LO    CO        1 

i 

1    CXI 

00           CXI 

<d- 

i 1                                          1 

i 

1    <—< 

cxi 

V — *            >* — ^v-__^ 

*-^^»- — ^v — *            -- "<-^      | 

i 

1    "* — " 

V ^V ^*. ^  V».^^_^ 

v «*                     

r-        LO  co 

om^j-       cr>  co    i 

i 

1     LO 

CO  LO  CXI   .— 1   .— 1 

CXI           CNJ 

CO  CO 

CO  i— I  LO           CO  N 

CZ) 

co        co  ^h 

CO 

CXI                           «-H 

CO 

s               2 

nea 

audata 

p. 

teronea 

CD 

CO    •!—    -i—      (J 

CD 

CO            CD 

ro           en 

•i—              CO 

to 

•1 *l I 1 O 

4- 

JC 

-O              3     L0 

LO                          C                =3 

13 

• 

CO    E    ro  -i-    S_ 

•i— 

ro 

■>-        +j  rs 

C5                  CD           c 

> 

o. 

-O    S-  -r-    >    CD 

C 

r—            (O 

S-            (D-P 

13      •          en         ro 

•i — 

CO 

"O    (1)  O    ro  -P 

•r— 

1 •!— 

13          "O    fO 

era        ro         E 

-M 

O    C  t-  i—    CD 

a 

CD          -Q 

C            rO  T3 

•i-   c:   co        -c        -r- 

CL 

CO 

-O  •■-   +->  4-  -C 

LO 

S-    CD 

CD 

O            3    3 

c  ■<-                        av 

1) 

3  ajj 

CD    rO 

1 — 

i —            (J    fO 

SZ          -i-    o 
CL             S-    •!- 

CD    D_  C    CD 
CD  O    O    ro 

ra  s-  ait) 

fO       •    C 
C    O.  O 
CD    CO  i — 

CJ 

■a 

S-    co    ro 
O          T3 

CD    ro  •!— 

ro    ro    ro    ro    ro 

ro 

E  -a 

CD  -i- 

JC 
CL 
O 

i —  i —  i —  i —  i — 

, — 

■i-           4-1  ^ 

.£!     Q-r—   T- 

cr- 

O-i—  i — 

CD    CD    CD    CD    CD 

CD 

CL  JO 

4-J 

CO 

CJ   -1- 

O     CO     CO 

co 

III      3r- 

S-    S_    S_    c_    c_ 

S- 

LlJ    CD 

CL 

a> 

CO     CO 

co   co   o   c: 

S-     Z3     13 

3 

E    CD 

CD    CD    CD    CD    CD 

0J 

i — 

CD 

>—   ro 

•i —  *i — 

■c-  -r-  T3    CD 

-C    S-    s_ 

S_ 

r-     D1C. 

E    E    E    E    E 

E 

< —  -C 

i — 

i—  -a 

+->  +-> 

+j  4->  3  a 

-MOO 

O 

r-     >,    CD 

CD    CD    CD    CD    CD 

cu 

i—    Cl 

ro 

fO     'I- 

CD    CD 

CD    CD    CD    ro 

•i-    CD    CD 

cu 

fO    C    E 

x:  rxr  r 

-C 

ro    O 

S_ 

E  +-> 

(O    ro 

ro    ro    CO  +-> 

-C    Q_  Q. 

Cl 

E  •--    CD 

d.  a  a  a  a 

Cl 

E   +-> 

(O 

CO    CD 

CO  CO 

CO  CO  Q_    Q. 

aLULU 

LlJ 

wor 

iii  iii  iii  iii  iii 

LlJ 

CO     CL 

o_ 

fO 

CD 

CL 

CD 

CO 

31 

LU 

_l 

-23- 


13 

01 


c 
o 
u 


>- 
_J 
id 

■"3 


S- 

TO 

i — 

• 

=3 

<t 

T3 

U 

II 

• 

^ 

5- 

c 

CO 

S- 

•  i— 

o 

c_J 

1  X 

Ll_ 

jl; 

4-> 

3 

o 

oo 

• 

-^: 

-o 

U 

«* 

• 

•r— 

II 

CO 

^ 

c 

IX 

S- 

TO  -— - 

Z3  <^t"  "O 

U  II 

s.  c  w 


■r-     II       CO 
IX 


I  X 


-^       -a 

•i-      II       CO 
IX 


r-^  c\j 


CO 


I 

I 

I    00 


ID 


CO 


C\J 


oo 
i           i           i 

C\J  CO  CXI  CNJ 

i           i           i 
i           i  —    i 

1 

1                1     CXI      I 

1             CXI  C\J  . — it — 1 

II                  1                 1     r— 1       1 

II                  1                  1                  1 
II                  1                 1 '     1 

II              1              1    CT>      I 

OO  CXI 


CXI 


I      I 
I      I 


o 


Cv] 

CD 

LO 

oo 

1     CO 

CXI              III 

I                1        1 

i     i          i 

1 

III 
1        1        1 

1                               1               1 

1                1        1    ■» — 

—   i     i          i 

1     <X> 

CO             III 

I             1      l    00 

CM      1        1                1 

CO 

OO 

I     CO 


>=d-  .-< 


I     ID  LD 


cxi  «d- 

oo 

en 

"sd" 

00  <o 

00 

CXI   LD  CO 

cn 

LD 
CXI 

■-Hill 

i     i     i 

1       1    i— i 
1       1 

CXI      1 

1 

1      1      1    1—1 
1      1      1 

1    i — 1  CXI  i — 1 

** '^ * 

** — <* 

■> —   i     i     i 

1       1   — ' 

V — ^-*-_^       [ 

1      1      1  — 

1     »*—'**_'>. — ^ 

CXI  ID 

o 

00     1       1       1 

i     i  a> 

<0  O     1 

1        1        1     CO 

1     OlHO 

CXI 

o 

(XI 

1 — 1 

r--  t— i 

CXI 

oo 

oo 

CO 

1      1      1 

oo 

1        1     CXI 

m  oo 

1            CO             I 

1        1 

CXI 

in 

CO      1        1        1 

1      1  — 

i     i  oo 

1—1 

1                                            1 

1     CXI   CT>              ! 
OO 

1        1    — - 

1         1     CO 

LO 
1      ^J" 

a-i 

CXI 

1     1      1 

CT> 
1        1     LD 

|               1 

|     .. 

— 

—    1     1      1 

1        1    •— ' 

1     CO 

CXI 

*3- 

» — I      It! 

1        1     «3" 

C\J  «^f 


CXI 


oo 

CXJ 


oo 


CXI  CT> 


I    CONO 


CO  CXI   LD 

I  >=d- 


i   r-i  o  r-~- 
. — i  CO 


TO 
CJ 

TO 

cz 

u 

CO 

cu 

S-     TO 

Z3 

■1 — 

•1 — 

TO 

O     T- 

U 

TO 

■+- 

•  1— 

CO 

TO          "O 

m-  -a 

•i — 

TO 

cu 

CO 

•  1 — 

c: 

£Z 

1 "r— 

•i-    03 

C|- 

CO    c 

TO 

O 

CJ 

o 

■i— 

a> 

CU 

r3  ro  i — 

i—  .a 

•r— 

cu  to 

.  +-) 

CU 

i— 

<X3 

-(->    •!- 

>> 

TO 

-a 

-a   c:   s- 

13 

cu 

u 

Cl-i- 

Q.  O 

TO 

=3 

O-   CU 

s-   c: 

QJ 

"O 

TO 

•r-     E     CU 

U    TO 

TO 

TO 

•i-  -O 

CO    TO 

"O 

X3 

TO 

cu   o 

1 — 

■r— 

s_ 

r-     D     a 

■ — 

-a 

Q_ 

+->     E 

s_ 

Q.           -r- 

TO 

TO  "O 

+->  +j 

-a 

■a 

a> 

o 

r—    +J     O 

cu 

CO   I — 

•i — 

o  rs 

TO     TO 

C0             -i— 

CO 

i —   -i — 

TO    r— 

TO 

o 

TO 

1 — 

TO     Z3     S- 

to 

>>  cu 

CT, 

TO 

c:  i — 

S-   +J 

•  c 

S-  i— 

2    2 

^ 

1 — 

"O 

o 

CL   TO     O 

-a 

CJ    O 

>1 

E 

•r-    o 

3    TO 

TO    Q.  Q. 

TO 

CU    S- 

o 

JD 

S^- 

•(— 

CJ 

i — 

<C    T- 

S-    s_ 

s_ 

cu 

cu 

CJ    o 

E    o 

•i—    CO    TO 

•  i — 

D_  CU 

CO     C 

cu 

f — 

TO    TO  -C 

OL     CJ 

TO    TO 

O) 

c 

TO 

CU 

cu 

E           C_) 

C 

TO  Q- 

CU 

>>-^ 

TO 

Cl. 

^_ 

TO 

•r-    -r-    CJ 

LU     %- 

C    C 

-M 

o 

"O 

TO    TO 

C     TO 

TO 

Q-  TO 

CU 

CU 

S- 

TO 

u 

C 

cu 

CO 

1 I 

1—     TO 

O    O 

D_ 

•r— 

•1 — 

-a  -o 

•r-    -^ 

-a 

TO  T-  , — 

TO 

CO 

CU    r— 

"O 

S-     TO 

CU 

1 — 

Q. 

-M 

I I 1 

D_     C 

S-    S_ 

O 

cz 

s_ 

TO    TO 

-C    o 

•r- 

O    C  r— 

"O 

CO 

D_i— 

-. — 

TO     <- 

> 

I — 

O 

i — 

TO    TO  i — 

O    O 

CU    CU 

■r— 

cu 

Z5 

a.  a. 

Q.    CO 

•r— 

O    Q.   TO 

•r— 

TO 

CO    TO 

"O 

cr>  13 

4-> 

TO 

^ 

CU 

2    2    T3 

C_>    S- 

4->  +-> 

c 

TO 

o 

TO     TO 

E  -r- 

C 

CO    TO    E 

i 

i — 

CU    E 

o 

cu  •■- 

<D 

E 

o 

2 

=3     3    E 

LU    O) 

D_  Q. 

cu 

t— 

E 

r^i  M 

<C  > 

CL 

i— i  O    CO 

S^ 

o 

ZSZ     CO 

1 — 

s:  q 

OO 

IS) 

( — 

CO 

O0  LO     CO 

—I   -M 

TO 

cu 

TO 

cu 

CU 

JZ 

o_  o_ 

1— 

2: 

O 

o_ 

D_ 

o 

-24- 


S- 

n3 

<■ — • 

i — 

3 

<F 

"O 

cj 

II 

• 

s_ 

C 

CO 

-^ 

•  1 — 

^ — -* 

5- 

CJ 

1  X 

O 

Ll_ 

sz 

-M 

13 

o 

co 

^~- 

-2Z 

T3 

u 

■d- 

■ 

•|— 

ii 

l/l 

Ski 

c 

i  - 

-a 

CD 


4-> 

c 
o 
cj 


>- 

_l 

rj 


'^ 

fO 

I — 

• 

3 

^t  -o 

u 

II 

-a 

'_ 

C     CO 

e 

•  1 — 

a; 

CO 

IX 

CO 

TJ 

OJ 

c: 

a-, 

^«: 

O 

. 

>Z 

-^ 

-a 

u  «3-     • 

•r— 

II       CO 

^ 

c  — - 

IX 

CO 

-- — ^ 

o  *--* 

LO 

LO   00 

1 

•"3-1            1 

1 

'—1           1           1 

1              s — " 

-^-^N — "*      1                  1 

1        ■=*■ 

CD   CM       1                 I 

■3-  en 

r--  i— i 

CO 

' — > 

^ — 

CM  .— ^^-- 

co 

C\J 

ONO) 

i                 i           i 
i                 i           i 

II                      1                 r— 1 
1          1                      1 

"  l>» 
CM 

i  —         i           i 

1          1                      1                 ' 

— ^*~ — s — ^ 

1     C\J               1                 1 

ii           i         r-« 

NLD   n 
CO  LO 
LO   i— I 

ro 


CO    LO   LO 


■=3-  r-  *d- 


CO 


co 

CXJ 

o 

CO  CO  cTi 

II                  1               LO 

1      1            1 

1 

1        "3- 

LO 

1 — 1 

1      1            1         — 

1    v — "' 

1              * — " 

*-^^N. "• — -- 

II                  1               LO 

1      .— 1 

1            CM 

ro  r^  lo 

CXJ 

ro 

CO 

CXJ 


5- 

it) 

n 

■=3-  -o 

O 

II 

i_ 

c:   co 

o  *3-     • 

•i-     II      co 
I  X 


r-  r--  r—>        co        ro  LO 

CO  i — I  CM      I  i — I  i — 1| 

i  i 


CO 


<— I  CO  «=*■      I    00  CM  CO 

CO  CM  CM  ,— I 


CM  O- 


o 

cx> 

CXJ 

CO  l>-  CTi 
CO 

O 

CM 

CO  LO  CO 

O    CM    r-H 

cr> 

CO  CM  CO  CO  CM  CO 

r--  r->        cxi  ii 

i     i 

v ,v ■■       i  I 

t— I  O  CO   "3"  CM  00      I        I 

co  i — i        t— i 


OJ 


co 


CD 

CO 


■*LT)  CD 

CO 

CO 

CO  ^j"  *3" 
CO  ,— I 
CXi 


CO    ^    CTl    rH    N 

CM   LO  .— i   LO 


cti  co  r^  >=3-  co 

^-4  LO  CXI   CO 


co 


CM 
CM 


co 

CO 


CO 
l>s 


CTi 
CO 

«3"    CO 
00   CM 
«3- 

CM 

00 

CO 

cn  o 
r-.  co 
co 

CO 
CO 

1J 
a) 
TJ 


Cl 
O 


►— i 


(_) 

>i 
CO 

cu 

O 

s- 


0J 


u 

cj 

-C  O 
O 

>>  CD 
co  SZ 
CL  O 
O  >, 
+->  CO 
•r-     Q. 

SZ  o 
CL  S_ 
E  -O 

>>  >, 

tn  zc 


CD 
ro 
Cl 
=5 
Cl 


CD 

to 


CJ 
>5 

CO 
Q.X3 
O  t- 

-a   cj 

>■>  >.■ 
nz  co 

Q-. 
i—    O 
f—    i- 

E    >> 


.-a 

-M 


ro  i — 

—     13 
r-     S- 

a) 


a> 


in 


ce: 


o 
u 
to 
>Jor 


-Q 

>    OJ 

D. 

OJ 

<T3 

(/] 

ro 

m 

ro  -o 

"O 

i — 

r^   •!— 

ro 

■i — 

•i— 

•r-   +-> 

E 

S- 

JC 

^-   ro 

o 

+-> 

d 

cl  E 

co 

c 

o 

o  o 

O 

O) 

CJ 

(J     CO 

ol 

o 

ra 

ro   o 

CO 

>! 

>, 

>,   00 

O 

-C 

-C 

SI     CO 

r — 

CJ 

on 

or  o 

CD 

ro 

1 — 

i_ 

o 

oa 

Q_ 
CO 

co 

c_ 

+-> 

u 

>5 

u 

ro 

CQ 


OJ 

ITS 

TJ 

CD 

•i— 

ro 

•r— 

"O 

JD 

•i — 

CD 

S- 

i — 

CD 

SZ 

CJ 

Q- 

•  r— 

=1 

O 

S- 

or 

s_ 

ro 

LO 

CD 

^z 

1— 

4-> 

CL 

CL 

3 

CD 

l — I 

CD 

t — 

Q 

Q 

CQ 

ro  CD  •!-> 

>  ro  r— 

s-  CL  =3 

ro  cs  ~o 

i—  D-  ro 


Cl 

o. 

CO            co    CD 

ro 

ro   cd 

E  -a 

CD 

E   ro 

=3   -^ 

ro 

o  -o 

•r-     E 

"O 

4->   -r- 

r—     O 

•  (— 

ro  -r- 

3     C 

i — 

x  <— 

E     O 

3 

CD     =3 

•r-     S- 

Cl 

zn   e 

1/0  -r- 

•  r- 

•r- 

_c 

H- 

oo 

CJ 

QJ 

ro 
-a 


CL 

to 

c_ 


jz  ^: 

CJ   CJ 


OJ 

CD    CD 

ro 

-a   ro 

-a 

>>X3 

•i — 

C   •!- 

i_ 

ro  cj 

CD 

+->  -i- 

"O 

o    S- 

>^ 

S-    CD 

c 

Q.  .c: 

ro 

-i-> 

I— 

<C 

+-> 

ro 

Oi 

aj 

c_ 

ro 

> 


CD 

+J 


-25- 


=3   ^t"   "O 

U     II 

S-     C    W 


-^        -o 

■i-     II       CO 
IX 


no 


in 
o 


X) 
3 

c 

+-> 

c: 
o 
u 


5. 

m 

r— 

Z5 

=  'J- 

■a 

u 

M 

a 

S- 

c 

t/1 

c 

■t— 

a; 

C_> 

I  X 

CQ 

CD 

aj 

c 

ro 

^ 

O 

:v; 

. 

_M 

"O 

u 

<tf 

. 

•r— 

II 

to 

i«i 

c 

— ' 

i_n  .— t 

CM   CO 


i\  co 
cm  ^j- 
co 


CO  CO  <T> 

cm  i_n  cm 
.— <        co 

■*^o 

CM    ,— 1    CM 


CO  CO  CM 
•=3"  <X>   >— I 

Nr-I<t 

■^  00  CM 
CO  MD  O 
CM  r—l   <^- 


CM  CO  CO  CM  CO 

O 


CM  CM  CO 


I  X 


Q_ 

re 
U 

0.1 

J-J 

CQ 


S- 

rd 

-3 

>=t 

_a 

O 

II 

• 

S- 

e 

(/i 

o 


I  X 


^        -a 
u  ^j-     . 

I-       II         00 

I  X 


cm  co  cr> 

f"**  i— I  O  CTi 

<— i  LD   CO 


U~>  "vf  ID  UDrO 


LO   CM  CM  CO   U3 

<-*  CO 


co 


CT>       I 


oi 


en 


on 


< 

CQ 
UJ 

I— 

CXI 


<Tj 

■o 


03 


C 


5. 
03 


ro  i — 

•r-  +->  Z3     O) 

S-  CD  U     ra 

03    <T3    ro  -i—  "O 

■—    "O    -£Z  S^    -r- 

•—  o  a  .a  -o  o 

<U  4->    O  E  •■-    03 

-Q     HI     Cfi   3    (O    S. 

S-     E   -r-  _J  2  -D 
=!     OJr-  >, 

i—  ^  o  3: 


-26- 


s_ 

ro 

i — 

rj 

■=d-  -a 

u 

n 

S- 

sz   co 

■  r 

-*L 

co 

i  >- 

l_ 

o 

u. 

sz 

+-> 

3 

o 

y> 

J*: 

TO 

u 

■vi-     • 

•  1 — 

II      co 

s^ 

C 

IX 

o 

co 

i 


CO 

r- 

co 

CD 


ro  --— 

Z3  «3"  TO 
U     II 

S-     5Z 

C_>  I 


c_>  ro     . 

r-       II         00 

IX 


rfl 
O 

•l) 

-Q 

CO 


s_ 

fa 

rs  ** 

"O 

u 

ll 

• 

5- 

C 

"1 

'  1 


j*       -a 
u  *t     . 

•r-     II       CO 
IX 


TO 

S-. 

O 


ro 

ill            ii 

CM 

o 

ill            it 
" —    i      •      i            ii 

CO     |      |       ,             ,      , 

C\J 

I     CXI 


l    C\J 
CO 


CM 

co 

CM 

^d- 

i — i 

O 

CM 

i — i 

r>~. 

i — i 

1        1        1 

1        1        1 

i 

- — 

III 

1        1        1    "■ — 

v 

o 

r—     i      i      i 

1        1        1     CM 

r^ 

CO 

o 

«*     i      i      i 

1        1        1 

1     < — i 

C  J 

i — i 

CO 
CO 

CM 

ro 
CD 


lo  k  ro 


cm  cc  CM 


o  co  co 

CM   CO 


kO  VD  CTi 


CO  CO 


^J-   CO 


CM 
ro 
CO 


cm  cn 
o 


^t-  o 


CO    r-H 


cm 

ro 


00 

CO 


CO  CM  O 

in  oo  id 

CM 


CM 


CO  "vT  LO  r-*. 

rHfOn 


O   CO   CTi  LO 

co  <=j-  LO 


ld  cn  o  cm 
co  lo  co 


CO  CD  <d"   CM 
CO   CTi  CM 


I  -vf 


CO 


t— 1    LO 

CTllO       I        I 
CM               1        1 

1             CTi      i 
1                        1 

*-— ^ — *     |        | 

1            — -     1 

CO   LO      1        1 

«^-  CO 

CO 

227 

CD 

CD      1        1 

r-««     i      i 

i — i 

i      i         oo 
i      i 

403 

i      i         — - 

1           1                  r— 1 

ro 

i    co 


CM 


<3- 
i    r- 

r--  cm  co 
cn               i 

1    CO 
CO 

i 

CO    ,— 1    CM        1 

cn 


CM 

CO 


<— I  CD   CO 
C\J  CM 


N   LO   CO 
CD  «3" 


CO     CO 

Z5     Z5 


or. 

CD 

£T 

LU 

fO 

CL 

<C  i— 

~n 

►r- 

1  o_ 

■r~ 

LO 

o  o 

£_ 

CD 

CO   CC 

Z5 

t — 

ro 

s:  lu 

c 

i — 

-a 

LU  S 

o 

ta 

•r— 

1  LU 

c: 

E 

+-> 

_J   HI 

a 

CO 

<D 

o  a_ 

•i— 

ro 

C_)  UJ 

LO 

CQ 

ro 
"O 

CO 

+-> 


13 
CT 
C    T 


ro 

-a 

ro  Q.  CD 

o  o  cn 

•r-  S-    fO 

-Q  ajz  i 


CO     CO     CO     CO 


+->  +J  +-> 

CD    CD  CD 

Hi    irj  (O 

CQ   CQ  CQ 


a 

CO 

C  CD 
O  ro 
CD  "O 

U  -r- 
O  C 
"O    CD 

=3   cnl 

CD    ro 
CO   4-> 
Q.    Cl| 
CD 

re 


ro 

•r-   +-> 

CZ     CO 

CD    Z5 

CD  JO. 

ro    O 
JZ     i_ 

ro  ro  • 
£Z  fZ  Q_ 
O)    CD    CO 

cr,  cn 
o  o 


CO  CO 

=s  =5  a. 

c  >    CO 

ro  •!- 

•<-  Q_   C       • 
D-   CD    O    fX   CD 

C  O    S-    CO    ro 

O  CD   i— i  TO 

i —  TD ro  ■<— 


=3 

jz  jz:   s_ 
+->+->  o 

■r-   -i-     CD 

Jd  jz    cl 
or.  a;  lu 


CO     CO     CO 


=!  3  =5  E    CD 

S-  i_  S-.  c-  s^ 

O  O  O  >>   CD 

CD  CD  CD  C    E 

o.  ria-r-  <u 

UJ  LU  UJ  CO  -C 
Q. 
LU 


CO  ■!— 

co    E  ro 

TO     S-  -r- 

TO    CD  -Q 

O      C  -r- 
TO 


ro 
4-> 

ro 
ro  TO 
O)    =3    ro 
d    ca    %~ 

•r-      CJ      CD 

■—0*4- 

•i-      S_    -r- 

>    CD    C 

(O-PT- 


-M  4- 
ro    ro    rt3    ro    ro 


CO    a> 

ro 
ro  TO 


CD  CD  CD 

S_  S-  s_ 

CD  CD  CD 

E  E  E 

CJ  Cjj  CD 

C   JZ  JZ 

ana 

LU   LU  LU 


CD  CD 

S-  s_ 

CD  CU 

E  E 

CD  CD 

£i  jh 

a.  o_ 


cu  jo 

S~     (L) 

CD  i— 
E  sz 

CD     CX 

■e   o 

a.  +-> 
_u  o_ 

CD 


ro 
QJ 

C 

o 
5- 
CU 
+J 


0J 

jc: 
D. 
O 
4-> 
Q. 
CD 

ro 
S- 
ro 


■27- 


s. 
o 


O 

oo 


TO         ^— - 

Z3   ^J-   -O 

U     II 

s.   c  w 


-^       -o 
u  -*      • 

•I-      II        00 

IX 


■a 

c 
a.' 
no. 

m 

a; 
c 
to 
^ 

o 


■a 

CU 


4-J 

o 
o 


oo 

ID 
CD 

ID 
< 


TO  ^— 

rs  «^-  -a 

o    II 

s-     C    OO 


CD 


IX 


LD_ 

E 

TO 

CD 

CD 

JD 

CQ 


O  OO       • 

•r-      II        00 
VT     £Z  *-- 

IX 


TO  --- 

Z3  «=*■  -a 

a  ii 

S-  C    Ifl 


-^        -a 
o  ^r     • 

•r-    n     oo 

IX 


1X3 


LO 
I    CXI 

I 

I     OO 
OJ 


en 


OO  00  CO 

LO  ^J" 


<3"  «3" 

lo 


o 
en 


O) 

TO 

-o 

< 

•i— 

DC 

u 

LU 

£_ 

h- 

TO 

Q- 

C 

O 

o 

u 

5- 

LU 

cu 

_l 

+J 

Q- 

D- 

TO 
U 

•i — 

c 

C  TO 

O  T- 

•r-  TO 

r—  _Q 
TO 

U  TO 

1/1  i — 
>,  CD 

U  O 

C  C 

TO  TO 


u 

a 

TO 

D. 


cx>  to 
5-,  E 


c 
CD 

Q_ 
O 


a)  a> 
+->  +-> 

Q_  Q- 


<3- 

CT> 

1 

1    CO                      1 

1  — ' 

1 1 

1     LO 

1     OJ                        1 

*3- 

Cn  CO 


co       en    i     i 


I    c\j 


r-H 


I      CO 


cn    i 


co 

LO       I 

i 

CO      I 
OO 


CVI 
I    C\J 

I    I— I 

I  *d- 
oo 

OO 


cn 

CO 
CNJ 


co 
ro 

OJ 


cn  r^  ^j- 

«-»  co 


r»  r~^  <3- 

.— i  o- 


co  ^d-  en 


r-H    LO 


CO    LO    <3" 
OJ  ^d" 


co  co  cn 

r-H  oo 


I     OJ 

I 
i   r>> 


OJ  oo  co  co 


i— i   CO    CO   LO 
(XI 


CM  CNJ  CM  LO   N 
i — it — I  «=J- 


HOOOl 
i — I  i — I  OJ 


co 


I     ^j"    CO    LO 

oj  r-» 


LO  O 
OJ  «3" 


I     <?f    LO 

r-H   <3" 


"3- 
1                 1            1 

CO 
1                1        1     CO 

CO  00  00 

CXI   ,—1  0O              III 

0O  OJ  OJ 

1      1            1 

1                              1                    1 

1  "»-^          1            1 

1     CO              1                I 

1           1      1  — - 

1             1      1    oo 

oo 

LO   OO  OJ              III 
OJ   CXI  CO 

I  1            1   — 

II  1      0O    LO    r-H 

0J    CD 
C    TO 

o  -a 

OJ     13 
TO    O 

r-     E 
CU 


TO 

oo   c: 
cu    TO 

CLt- 
•r-    .O 

-M  E 

O  =3 

C  i — 

■r-  O 

o  o 

CD 
TO  TO  TO 
-O  "O  "CJ 
TO  TO  -r- 
Q_  Q-t- 
TO    TO    C 

nn  a 

TO 
CJ 


CD 
TO 

■o 

Q.         •!- 

00  •■— 

•    c: 

TO    Q.  Q. 
•i—    00    TO 

CL  TO 
TO  -r-  i — 
O  JZ  r— 
O  O-  TO 
0O  TO  E 
r-H  CJ    0O 


TO 


TO 

u 


CJ 
TO 

CL  <1J 

TO 

TO  "O 

S-  . — 
CD    C 
Q_  O)    CD 
O  O-    TO 
i-  XJ 

CD  i—  >r- 

Q-i—  -a 

00    TO    O 

CD   E  <— 

3C    00    S- 

CD 

o. 


to 

=5 

•I 

S_  -r- 
13    O 

I—     +J    -r- 

o   s^   c 

OQJO 

00     TO  i — 
CD 

T3 


O 

•r-     oo    C 
O    >,-^ 

c   o 

CD  5-     TO 

CT  TO    S- 

O  CT3 

00  CD  'i— 

•-.  s:  q 


TO 
•^    CD 

O  TO 
•i-  "O 

S-  -r- 
-M  "O 

TO    O 

CL. — 
S- 

TO  CD 
i—  Q_ 

S- 

ai  <— 

Q-i — 
O  TO 
oo  E 
1 — l     oo 


TO 

13  TO 

-a  c 

■r-  E 

i —  =3 

r—  +-> 

TO  13 

CL  TO 


CD 
TO 
"O 


Cl|+-> 
O 


CD 


TO    TO  SZ 
•r-   -r-  CJ 


TO  TO  . — 
2  2  CO 
=S    =5    E 

oo  oo  oo 


-28- 


03          '— » 

i 

3  ^i-  -a 
cj   n 

S-    C    co 

i 

o  st 
■r-     II      00 
^    C 

IX 


■o 

CU 

=3 


O 

o 


ID 
CD 

id 


S- 

fC 

Z5  st 

"0 

(_) 

II 

• 

5- 

C 

GO 

-*:       -a 

•r-     II      CO 
IX 


S- 

rd 

f 

• 

3 

■si- 

TD 

o 

ll 

■ 

s- 

CI 

to 

Q 

■r  - 

' — ' 

E 

u 

I  X 

rrj 

CJ> 

■1) 

-Cl 

•i — 

-. 

co 

• 

j* 

n 

o 

sd- 

• 

•r- 

ll 

CO 

^ 

c 

' — ' 

CM 


i — I      I     t — i 


en  co  co 

co    i  co 
i 

N      I  COH 

O  CM 
C\J 


CM 


I    CM 


CM 


CO         LT>  ID  o  r^  c> 
CM      I  i — I   i — I  st 

CO      I 


CO 

o 

CO 


cti  r-^  <x>  r~-  co 

CM  CM 


r 

co    i 

i 

— '    i 

CO      I 

St 


Sf  st  CTl 

r^~  i — i  i — i 
co 

OOHO 

CO   «— t  LO 

CO 


o 

CO 


CO 

co 


in  in  o  id 

rHU3    C\l(\l 


r~^  co  i^  cr> 

,—1  CO   t— I  i— I 


CO 


or 


■a 


r—    >,  CL  CO 


O 


O 

i — * 


CO 

C     CO 

ro  •!- 

i_     CO 

cn^- 
CU 

CU 

XT     CU 

o  x: 
>>  u 

co   :>> 


O)  r— 
t-  ro 
CU   +-> 


cu 


O  Q. 

-(->  03 

U  S- 

i-  03 


CU    O 

x:  x:   o 
o  u 

>>  >>  CU 

CO     00   XT 

aa  u 
o   o   >•> 

-(->+->    to 

•i-  •■-   a. 
x:  x:  o 

D_  CL   S- 

EETJ 
>»  >>  >> 

CO(/)I 


x:  cl 
u 

>■>  CU 

to  03 
Q--D 
O  -r- 

<*.  x: 
■o  o 

3:  to 

Q- 
r—  O 
r —     S- 

_>> 

CO 


III             CM 

1        1        1 

1        1        1            

st                       I       I 

l       l 

— '                      l       l 

III            IX) 

ro 

LO                              1         1 

o 

CO 

O   CM 


ro 


282 

o 

1           st 
i           .— i 

1            *■*— ' 

1          — - 

497 

I            IX> 
st 

ro 


CU    CU  03 

(O    fO  +->  «3 

-a  cl      •<-       +-> 


cu 

C7>  o 


03     n3 


jz  x: 

CL  D- 
O  O 
QjU  U 
03  03 
>•>   >■> 

x:  x: 


in  >-,oi  cc 

x: 
cc 


s_ 

CD 
03 

>  CU 
03 

■r-  -M 

x:  03 

cl  E 

o  o 

U  00 

03  O 

>,  00 

x:  to 

cc  o 


Q. 

CU 

to           03    o3 

CU 

•i-  -o 

03    03 

x:  -r- 

E  -a 

u  s- 

O  t- 

■1-  +-> 

00  i — 

i_  c: 

O     ■!- 

+->    CU 

to  +-> 

o   o 

00     CL 

s-    >1 

o  o 

x:  .c 

r—     t_ 

<_>   u 

CD  -O 

O    03 

>1 

s_ 

^ 

CQ 

i — i 

i      i 
l      i 

r-». 

l      l 
l      l 

. — i 

CO 

03 

U 

E 
03    £ 

Q 

>—  "O 

CO 

13    03 
>    3 

CO 

5-    cr 

3 

03 

%- 

Q.   CO 

+-> 

13 

c: 

03    > 

CU 

<C 

•r-    S-. 

<_> 

CU 

>    CU 

>-, 

LU 

CU    to 

x: 

h- 

<X) 

N    O 

u 

Q. 

n3 

+->    T- 

03 

CD 

-a 

■<-  +-> 

i- 

LlJ 

•i — 

03     CL 

CQ 

_J 

E 

rvi  o 

ro 


o  r— 

CD  UJ 


CU 

03 

T3 

•i— 

*( — 

X) 

CU 

r— 

x: 

D. 

<t 

O 

cc 

5- 

UJ 

CU 

h- 

+J 

Q. 

=3 

t — I 

CU 

o 

Q 

Cl 
00 

ro 

E 
o 
+-> 

03 
X 

OJ 


-29- 


T3 

CD 

3 


c 
o 


CO 

CJ3 

ID 
< 


s_ 

rO 

- — ■> 

1 — 

• 

Zi 

«d- 

T3 

u 

n 

• 

i- 

c 

on 

_*: 

■  r— 

•* — ■* 

S- 

C_3 

1  X 

C> 

u_ 

_CI 

+J 

Z3 

o 

LO 

"~" 

^Z 

TD 

u 

■^r 

• 

■  1— 

ii 

in 

iz 

c 

1  X 

i3  *d-  -a 

u    II 

s_    c    CO 


Q. 

E 

to 

<_> 
QJ 

-O 
CO 


o  co     . 

•I-      II        CO 

IX 


ro  *— * 

13  «d"  "O 

<_>  II 

S_  C      LO 


I  X 


-^       -a 

■r-      II        CO 

IX 


'.O 


cx> 


cn 


ro  ^— ^^— - 

CM  «3"  *3" 
(XI 

^-  r->  cn 

C\IN<* 
LO 

LO 


LD  CM 

O    rH 


CT>  CO 

O 

CM 


CO 

, — * 

r\ ^ ^ 

CM     , 

OllO^            | 

CM     | 

•>  «3-  I— 1          1 

1 

<— 1                      1 

*. — --N. s^^s              1 

CO 

cn  co  r^ 

< — 1 

r-H  -^f 

CO 

CM 


r^ 


cn  cm 


CM 


LO 

cn 

i — 1  - — » 

CO  ^-^,— -, 

.— 1  CO 

o  ■=*■  ^t 

*- 

"  i — i  i — i 

t — 1 

■ — i 

Cn  CM 

lo  cn  co 

CM 

CO    ,-H 

ro 

Cn 

CO  CO 
CO 
CM 

CO  CO 
CM 

CM 


CO  CO 

o 
co 


CM 


CO 


1 — 1 

^d- 

1 — 1  -■ — » 

r->. 

CM  CO 

"vf        1           1 

"«3- 

•<   i      i 

CM  t— 1 

■— i    i     i 

v ^V^^ 

—   i      i 

CO  i — i 

cn 

cn  cn 

un 

r^. 

LO 

CD  CO 

CO  CO 

"St 

i—i         i 

LO 

«=d-          i 

V •"^_ ** 

*- ^«S | 

i—l  CM 

00  CM      | 

r^ 

i — 1 

ro 

i — 1 

CnJ 


CM  <3" 


LO   <3" 


LO    LO    CO 

co  cn  lo 


o  «=*■  C\J 

o  oo  o 


O  CO  CO 

r^  ^-  co 
■— i  co  co 

co  o  co 
cm  co  cn 
cm  co  r-- 


o  lo  cn 

co  cn  <vj- 

i— I  CM 

CON  N 

.—I  CO 


i— I  LO 
■=3"  LO 
CO   CM 


lo  r-.  co 

LO    CO 
CM   CO 


CM   CM   CO 


CO  CO 


«3- 

I      CO 


cm  co         |     i    r^ 

CM 


CD 

ro 

Q_ 

=( 

Q. 

CD 

CD 

CO 

E 

> 

ro 

i — ■ 

ro 

CO 

:3 

S- 

Cl 

3 

-M 

UJ 

u 

ro 

Z3 

-a 

Q.          ra 

r— 

cu 

•i — 

i — 

Q 

ro 

CO             CP 

<: 

ro 

4-> 

cu 

o; 

-a 

•     U 

CD 

CD 

CD 

CO             •!— 

CO 

•i — 

a.  s- 

ra 

ro 

ro 

13            S_ 

LU 

ro 

ra  >— 

ro 

CO    ro 

a> 

T3 

-a 

"O 

%-           ro 

h- 

•i— 

4->    Z3 

OJ   c: 

ro 

•r— 

•  i — 

•i — 

<1J 

a>  cu 

> 

cn 

S_ 

a)  a 

ro  -i- 

a> 

E    E 

TD 

E 

E 

E 

ro 

"O    ra 

UJ 

ro    ra 

(O    •!- 

•o    J- 

rO 

=3     13 

•i— 

o 

o 

O  "O 

>>x> 

X 

> 

r—  "O 

-C    c_ 

•i-    ra 

-a 

•< —   -i— 

E 

c 

c 

c 

•(— 

C  -r- 

•i — 

^^ 

<—  o 

U  JD 

TJ    O 

•r— 

i —  i — 

o 

o 

o 

o 

i_ 

ra  o 

S- 

l—l 

<1J  +-> 

O   E 

•i-    ro 

■i — 

^     Z3 

c 

c_ 

S- 

s_ 

QJ 

-M    •!- 

(U 

JD    ra 

CD  3 

(O    S- 

> 

E    E 

o 

•r— 

•1— 

•1 — 

T3 

o  s- 

-£Z 

o; 

5-    E 

•r-  _l 

z:  -o 

3 

•1 '1 

S- 

-c: 

^z 

-C 

5-, 

S-    CD 

-M 

LxJ 

=3  a> 

i — 

>, 

E 

CO   CO 

-.— 

O 

o 

CJ 

C 

o_  ^: 

=t 

a: 

i—  ^ 

o 

nr 

■i — 

sz 

ro 

+-> 

l— 

CO 

CJ 

1— 

<C 

o 

■30- 


o 
oo 


CTl 


OZ 
LU 
C3 


LU 
OO 


s_ 

rO 

1 — 

• 

^ 

«* 

T3 

u 

II 

• 

Sw 

e 

CO 

^Z 

•r— 

s_ 

o 

I  X 

o 

u_ 

x: 

+J 

ZZ 

O 

oo 

• 

j*: 

■a 

o 

^r 

• 

•  1 — 

ii 

l/l 

^Z 

c 

1  X 

TO  ^-~ 

U  II 

i.  c    w 

C_J>  I  X 


u  ^     • 

i-      II       CO 

v^        J-    W 

IX 


(J     II 

S-    c:    co 


u  «=*     • 

•t-      II       CO 
I  X 


«"J-    1-4 

CM 

CO 

CM  CO 

r--  r— 1      1        1 

i 

1 

1             ' — I              II 

CXI      1        1 

i 

1 

- — '— — *    i      i 

i  *— ^ ** 

|      -v ^ 

1    - — 1        1 

co  o     i      i 

1      i— 1 

1     CM 

l    hCO            it 

«-J-  r-- 

oo 

CM 

i— 1    CTl 

LO  CM 

. — 1 

CM 

■=d-  o     i      i 

1        1        1 

1     CM 

I 

I— 1     1      1 

1        1        1 

1 

1 

- — -'^^     1        1 

1        1        1 

1    s* — " 

- —     1 

CT)  LO      1        1 

1          1          1      l^H 

i  >-r 

i—l      1 

CM   Is-. 

«3- 

CT> 
. — i 
CM 

LD 

O 

n 


CO 


r~-  «^- 


co 

, — 1 

CM 

o 

. — 1 

1 

CO 

1 

^ ** 

' 

— — ■"'     1 

CO 

lo 

CM      1 

KO 

U0 

CO 
I — I 
CO 

OJ 
I — I 
CM 


CM  LO   CO  CM  CO 
CO  <3"   >— I 


CO  O   00 
CO  LO 


co  cm 


CO   LO 


o 

CO  CM 

r-.  oo  cm 

LO 

i— I  LO   CO 

r-» 

1     CM 

CM           .—1      1 

1        1     -"*• 

CM  CO  «-}-      1 

1 — 1 

1 

1— <                 1 

1        1     i—l 

1 

- — ' 

1    ^ '— — ^ 

- ^^— ^— _^      1 

1        1 

.._^v. ^  V *•         | 

LO 

1    CTl  ■— i 

"3"    CO    LO       1 

1        1     CM 

^J-  OO  LO      1 

i.n 

i — I 

CM  CM 

CO 

CM  t--  LO 

<* 

LT) 

CM 

CM      I 


Q 

CO   CO 

LO  CNJ 

CT> 

1     LO 

1 

LO 
CM 

*. — - 

1     — — ^— ^ 

* — *^_^ 

O 

1      LO    «3- 

Is-.  CM 

«* 

co 

i — I 

IO 

in 

CXJ 
CO 


■-H  CTl   CXJ 
CM  LO 


CO  CTv  CM 
i—l  CVI 


CO   LO 
CM 


CM   CM 
CM 


LO  CTl 
CM 


CO   LO 

co 


CXJ   CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CTl  "=3-   CO 

O 

CO  CO  •-!- 

O 

OvJ 

LO       1 

r--    i 

CO 

H 

CO 

*3"    i— 1    LO 

i — 1 

1      1 
1     1 

1 
1 

CO           "-S-  CM              1 
• — I                   i — I              | 

1             CO 
1 

1        1 
1        1 

^ •"V^_rf- 

.. ■ 

v ^ 

s — 

* — '-~_^— — -* 

1      1 

I 

* — "         * — '- — ^— — ^     | 

1            — * 

1        1 

O  CO 

CT.     1 

r- 

i — i 

LO    i-H    LO 

1      1 

1 

«-j-        <-h  r-  oo    i 

i         r-. 

1        1 

CXI 

r-- 

tn 

i — i 

ro 

"-f 

CO    i-H    I-- 

cn 

r--        ^-  LO 
co        r-*  «-*• 

a> 

CO     £Z 

ra 
teronea     4 

ra 

c 

cu 

ro 

CO    -i—    -i— 

CU            CU 

<-    ro 

ro 

en 

■r-    +J 

• 

O0 

•i —  -i —   i —  i — 

4-          SZ 

O   -r- 

-a 

3     LO 

C     CO 

CO- 

13 

CO    E    ro  -r- 

•  i — 

4-   -O 

4->     13 

CU    =3 

CO 

C 

XJ    Lt-     > 

C            ro 

•i-    rc 

S- 

ro   4-> 

• 

cn  .a 

CO 

<T5 

"O    CU  -Q    ro 

'1 •! 

i—  JO 

•r-      =3 

"O    13 

Q 

ra  o 

•1—  . — - 

E 

O    C  -r-  .— 

cl       _a 

ro 

-^      C 

=3  "O 

•|— 

on 

JZ     S- 

-a   c 

■i— 

"O  -r-    4->  <4_ 

co   cu 

OJ 

O    ro 

o  o 

ro    13 

C 

c   o 

CT- 

Cl  CD 

ro 

r — 

i — 

<C    CD 

or   ra 

LU  "O 

O    r— 

a  -c: 

CL 

O    ro 

•«-   O 

S-  -i- 

ai 
en 

C 
O 
1) 

CU 

ro 

■a 

ro    ro 

C    E    Q. 

CU    CU    CO 

rO    S- 
CT- — ' 

C 
O 

CO    ra 

-a 

ro    <a    ro    ro 

ro  "O 

D. 
O 

CU 
ra 

CO   i — 
>,   CU 

u   u 

(—  -r- 

CO    -i— 

+->  .O 

x: 

i — 

■r— 

CD  CD 

i —  t— 

CU    CU    CU    <U 

OJ  JD 

4-> 

< 

•r— 

S-     t_ 

o_    S_ 

C5   OO 

o 

'1 — 

O    O    co 

CO     CO 

co 

Z5  . — 

%-    S-    %-    i. 

S-    CU 

CL 

or 

o 

ro    ro 

O     =3 

+-> 

Ol 

CO     CO 

CO 

o 

c 

i_     S_     13 

ZZ    Z3 

=3 

E     CU 

CU    CU    CU    CU 

CU  r— 

CU 

LU 

i_ 

C    C 

ac   c: 

CU  r— 

(XI 

•1 '1 

•  r— 

TO 

CU 

jzr    s- 

S-    S- 

<- 

cr  s_ 

E   E    E    E 

E  XI 

1 — 

1— 

ra 

O    O 

LU    o 

TO 

+->    +-> 

+-> 

Z5 

CT 

+J    4->     O 

o  o 

o 

>,  CD 

a>  cu  <u  cu 

CU    CL 

ra 

Q_ 

C 

S^    S_ 

^~  , — 

CD    fO 

-r- 

O)     CU 

QJ 

OJ 

03 

•r-    -n-     CU 

CU    CU 

OJ 

c   E 

rrrr 

sz   o 

i- 

o 

o 

CU    CU 

LU  _C 

E    E 

■P 

ro    ro 

ro 

1/1 

+-) 

XI    -C     Q. 

CL  D. 

D. 

•r-    cu 

CL    CL    CL    O- 

Q.  +-> 

ro 

c_) 

5- 

+->   +-> 

HI    o. 

<C    co 

11 

CQ  OQ 

CO 

Q_ 

Cl 

d;  clC  uj 

LU  LU 

UJ 

c_>  x: 

LU  LU  LU   LU 

LU    Cl 

o_ 

LU 

ai 

CL.  Q. 

D_    -r- 

fO 

CU 

CL 

CU 

_J 

+-> 

LU  OO 

CQ 

X 

LU 

_J 

Q. 

D_ 

-31- 


CD 

C 
t  > 

c 
o 


q: 
lu 

DQ 

ZF- 
UJ 
h- 

n 

i.  j  i 
-/) 


S- 

rO 

^-» 

1 — 

• 

Z3 

^ 

T3 

u 

ii 

• 

S- 

c 

(0 

-i^ 

■p- 

s_ 

CJ 

1  X 

o 

-£- 
4-J 

3 

O 

CO 

• 

-^ 

T3 

u 

>>»■ 

. 

•  1— 

II 

(/i 

1Z 

c 

1  X 

U      I 

i.    C    Ifl 


■1-      II        CO 

IX 


fD  '— ■ 

C_>     II 

S-     C     CO 


'  J 


■i-     II      00 

y  c  — - 
i  x 


co  co 

C\J 

i         cxi 

co           i 

i        —  — 

— -          i 

1             CO   CO 

r->           i 

<— ( 

CM 

en 

o 

Cvl 


CO 

Cvj 

en 

i — i 


CD 
ro 

-a 


CD    rO 


s- 
+J 

CL 

O 


u 


c\j        cm  r^ 


co        r~~~  r-^ 


«d-        cm 
co 


CM 


I       I    CM 


oo        en  co 
*d-        cm 


CM 


CO 


o 


CO 


LO 

CO 


CO 

CO 


r-.  cm  «vf 

CO  r-H 


CM  O   CO  CM 

I  I    CO 

I  I 


00   i—i  CI  CO  CO 
i-H  CT) 


CO   LO  CM  I     r-H 

^"  r-H 


CO   LO  "«*■  CM 

CM  .—I 


CO  CM   r— I  NHl^Nrt 

**■  r-H  O 


CT> 


CM   <^- 


00   LO  LO 


CO      I 


r-H   CO       I         I     CO 


rt3 

CU    fO 
Q.-r- 

•r-  .a 


ro 
T3 


E 
CU    CU 

c:   ra 
o  -a 


u 

13 

•r-     CU 

c 

r 

C    ro 

•r— 

O 

Q.TD 

u 

CJ 

r0  t- 

CD 

O   r— 

ro 

ro 

ro 

s_ 

TJ 

-a 

■a 

>—  a> 

ro 

ro 

•i — 

r—    Q. 

CL 

Q_ 

•i — 

fO    O 

ro 

ro 

c 

E   +-> 

M 

M 

Cl 

CO   1 

13 

O) 

O 

Q_ 

> 

CU 

S- 


Q_ 

CU 

O 

ro 

4-> 

■a 

r— 

•r— 

CU 

I 

Cl 

S- 

CU 

a. 

ro 
U 

ro  M- 

CO     •!— 

O    CJ 
>—    ro 

r3  a. 
.a 

ro    ro 
CO  ■ — 

S- 
rO  O) 
■r-  CL 
C  (O 
O)  S- 
CO  CU 
CO  Q_ 
ro  CO 
—    CU 

o  rn 


ro 


CU    CU 
O-    ro 

<—  -o 

ro    O 

E  r- 

CO  S- 
CU 
Cl. 


S- 

-Q 

(O    3 

Q)    O    C 

i —   u  o 

r—  4-> 

ro    CO  i — 

s-   <u   5 

rO  T3  O 

Q--I-  C 

O  -^ 

ro    C 

i—    <1J  ro 

ro    CD  S- 

O  3 

CO  •!— 


2 

CO  i— i  O  t— i 


ro 

•r-  rjj 

CJ  (O 

rO  -r-  "O 

>     S_  -r- 

r—    4->  "O 

3    ro  O 
M-     CLr— 

S- 
ro  ro  CU 
r—   r—    D_ 

S-    S- 
CU    CU  r— 
CL    CLr— 

O    O    ro 
co    co    E 

CO 


o 


CO 

c 

CD 
T3 
ro 
S- 
o 

o 
o 

ro 
in 
+0 

CD 

co 


fO 
<C  -O 


=5  ra 

-o  e 

■r-  E 

i —  3 

r—  H-> 

ro  _3 
CL  (O 

ro  ro 


ro    ro 

3    Z5 
CO  CO 


CL  S- 
CO  CD 
CL 
TJ  O 
•r-  S_ 
■—  O 
S_  r— 
CU  -C 
CLC_) 
O 
S-   r— 

o  ■— 

r—      fO 

-c   E 
c_>    CO 


. — 1 

O 

cn 

r-l  CO  CO 

CM  CO 

CTi  > — I   i — I 

LO   CM 

r»  «3- 

co 

CO 

CM      1 

LO 

1            CM           CM 

1     .—4 

i   <3-  o 

LO 

CO 

1 

i-H 

1 

1 

i         < — i 

* — ^ 

^— •*     1 

*■ — ** 

|                   * '■». ^v^„^ 

•^-^^ — <• 

|        v '  V "- •> 

V "s* 

|      v '> ^ 

*^— ' 

1 — 1 

CM      1 

r-H 

1             LO   "vj"  CD 

t— 1  CO 

1     1 — 1  1 — 1  I — 1 

>^f  CM 

1     LO  CD 

^d- 

iX> 

■ — I 

CJ 

< — 1           i — I 

CM 

CO  CO 

LO 

fVJ 

CM 

CD  CM 
CO 


CD  CVJ 
CT. 


CD   LO 
r-H    «3" 


(XJ    LO 
CM  CTi 


^r 

o 

00 

^J-  CM  CXI 

cm  r-^ 

r-^ 

LO  CO  CM  CXI 

00  CM 

^r 

i — i    i 

CD 

1                     CO  CO 

1        1             r-H 

1                                 r-H 

r-H    1^. 

^ 

i 

< — 1 

1 

1        1 

i 

1 

v 

* — •*   i 

*» — «» 

1            v — ^*- — '** — * 

1         1     s — '*■ — ' 

i  *^-*^ 

|     *■. — '^-^  v '■v—^ 

■» — "*~^* 

I — 1 

^t    i 

<d- 

1          CD  r~^  CM 

1          1      r-H    CD 

1      LO 

1       <v|-    CM    r-l    CO 

co  r-. 

oo 

CM 

r-» 

CO  LO 

CM 

r— 1    CTi 

r^ 

CM 

1 — 1 

CD 

ro 

"O 

<c 

■r— 

cr 

JC 

LiJ 

a 

h- 

>, 

D_ 

O0 

o 

CL 

or 

o 

CO 

S- 

1 — 1 

"O 

a; 

>) 

h- 

nz 

S- 

CO 

ro 

•1 — 

i — 

"O 

CO 

c 

o 

<D 

<^ 

CU 

cnx: 

o 

CD 

>> 

x: 

CO 

o 

CL 

>i  o 

CO 

+-> 

Cl 

•!— 

O 

sz 

4J 

Cl 

U 

E 

^ 

>5 

cc 

CO 

■32- 


s- 

rC 

r 

3 

<vf- 

T3 

U 

II 

. 

5_ 

c 

00 

_*: 

■r— 

S- 

cj 

1  X 

o 

Ll 

-c 

+-J 

U 

o 

oo 

. 

-ji 

■u 

u 

■-r 

. 

■1 — 

ii 

CO 

l*i 

c 

X 

I     I 


O) 
DO 

CD 

o> 

c 
ro 

o 


=3 
c 

+-> 
c: 
o 
cj 


or: 
uj 

CO 

^, 

LU 

r— 

a. 


S- 

ro 

Z! 

^r 

■a 

U 

ii 

S- 

c. 

or 

U  **• 

II 

^   c 

X 


Ji 


rO 

CJ 

CU 

-Q 
CO 


S- 

IT) 

3 

^t- 

■a 

u 

II 

. 

s_ 

c 

in 

>  ) 


u  ^f-      • 
i-    II     co 

^   c  --" 

I  X 


CM 
I  CO 
I     CM 

I     UO 

oo 


CTv  «^J-  CO 
<3- 


i— i  CXI 


CM    CO    r-H 

CO  CXJ   CT) 


«3"  CO   CX> 

uo  «^-  ^j- 


i^  co  co 

.— I   CTi 


■=*•  CO  .—I 
CXJ  «*   CXJ 


I     <XJ 


CXI      I 


CD   r— 


■  ai 


+J 

U     OJ 

e 

o  -a 

o 

U     •!- 

u 

u 

OJ    o 

-sc   o 

OJ 

u 

T3 

>^  CD 

T1 

00    JC 

•i — 

CL    CJ 

-c: 

o    >> 

CJ 

-M    oo 

>-. 

•r-     D. 

00 

-c:    o 

a. 

D     C- 

o 

E  -O 

5- 

>)  >> 

"O 

oo  in 

OJ 
ra 


u 

> 

00 


£1 


a 

OJ 

o 

ro 

s. 

"O 

"O 

•i — 

>) 

I 

•i — 

.c: 

1— 

CL 

1 — 

O 

03 

CJ 

E 

(O  . 

oo 

>)( 

^1 

CXI 


I 
—    I 

CXI      I 


1J 

fO 

CL  00 
13  •!- 
Q.    00 

c 

ro    OJ 

+j  -a 

•r-     (O 

i —     S_ 

OJ    o  i 

CHr—    ■ 

SC    O  - 
fO    CJ 

ro    ro 


CL  CL 

o  o 

CJ    CJ 

ro    ro 
>>  >, 

c:  _c 


CM 

i_n 


cr. 


CO 


ro 


CM 


O 
CM 


CD 


ro 


OJ 


CXJ      i 


CO  CXI 


CT>  CO  CM 
CXJ   CO 

■vt- 

CO   !->.  CXI 
OO  CXI 


r-v 

- — - 

CO 

^ — v 

LT) 

r^ 

ro 

UO 

1               CO       1 

1                   1 

r-'i 

ro 

1         - — -    1 

n -- 

V ^ 

^ - 

i         en    i 

<=* 

CO 

r-- 

i — i 

00 

ro 

^r- 

. — i 

CXI   <—t 

CO   ,—1 

i          i — i 

CX)  =cf      | 

1                  r— 1 

1-^              1 

I                 »■ — ' ' 

1               CXI    I—! 

CD   !\      1 

CTi 

CO  CM 

CO 

Cvj 
CXI 


o 

ro 


cn 


CM 


or: 


CL    OJ 

CX.  OJ 

O    ro 

oo    ro 

CJ  TO 

-a 

ro  ■!- 

ro  t- 

>>+-> 

E    S- 

-C    ro 

O   +-> 

Dd    E 

00    c 

O 

O     OJ 

—    oo 

00     CJ 

—    O 

00     >-, 

ro    oo 

O  Jd 

E    00 

i —    cj 

oo    O 

CD    ro  1 

i — 

U 

Oi| 

00 1 

00 

oo 

"-3 
<^ 
+-> 
C 

OJ 

u 

>5 

JZ 
CJ 
ra 

'— 

CQ 


ro 
<=C  X3 

q;  t- 

UJ  i— 
I—  13 
CL.     CL| 

1 — I  -I— 

Q  I— 


OJ 

•    ro 

CL-O 

00    •(— 

o 
cn 
o 

Q. 

O 

4-> 
ro 
i- 

cu 

CJ 


CM 


CO 

^D 


OO  LD   CO 

OCIh 

co  ^  co 

«3"   CO 


CO  oo 

o  CO 

co 

CO    i — 1 

LO 

"* — ^v ^ 

V * 

LO    CXJ 

CD   "^f 

h> 

CT>    ^-H 

CXJ 

en  co 

r-»-  oo  <o 

. — i 

CO  co  co 

<* 

^— ^- — 

V -  V ^«*^^ 

CO  oo 

en  Ln  ■— i 

co 

CM   1 —  lO 

cn 

OJ 

re 

D_ 
Z5 
D 


13 
U 


O 


a) 

ro 

> 
ro 


00 
OJ  -l-> 
(T3  i — 
CL  13 
C5  "O 
CL  ro 


O0     ro     OJ 

"O   "O   "O 

ro 

•1-     T-     -^        OJ 

OI 

E    E  -o 

E    E    E    ro 

ro 

3    3t 

O    O    O  T3 

~U 

■r-    -r-     E 

c    c    c:  -r- 

r- 

i—  i—    O 

o  o  o  s- 

r- 

3     3    C 

S-     S-     S^     OJ 

E    E    O 

■1-     •!-     -P-     "O 

Z) 

•r-    -r-      S_ 

-^  -c  -c:   >> 

E 

OO    (/)    'I- 

CJ  CJ  CJ    c 

■~ 

JZ 

ro 

CO 


CL 

co 

00 

3 
S~ 
OJ 
T3 


OJ 

ro 


O    S^ 


< 


ro 
4-' 
IT. 

cn 

CU 

%- 

ro 
> 

X    (U 

•i—    ro 

s-  -o 

OJ    -r- 
-C   "O 

-t-J    -r- 

«a:  cl 

E 


Q 
00 

CL  ro 

oo    •!— 

E 
ro    O 

OJ  TU 

M-  O 

•r-  S- 

i—  OJ 

OJ  E 

-C  OJ 

CJ  HI 


-33- 


s_ 

- — .. — .. 

- — -. — .. — . 

rO 

* — ■* 

<-•  o 

HWin 

r 

• 

^1-  X) 

UDOt^ 

3 

•3-  -o 

r-H    i — 1 

u 

n 

*■ *• — ■" 

V '  V -*%. ^ 

S- 

c:   oo 

en  o 

Q  CVI  *d" 

OS    N    l-H 

_\1 

-r— 

*— - ' 

X>  co 

l~ 

C_3 

1  X 

. — i 

CVI               ,— I 

o 

1.1. 

e 

t-> 

~ 

- — *^ — -* 

^— ■**• — •** — -. 

o 

^— » 

^t-  evi 

f\  CX>  LO 

(./•) 

• 

C\J   .— 1 

HMO 

.v. 

-a 

CVI 

.—1  CVI  CO 

U 

«=d-     • 

^" ' 

*■ — ^v — ^v 

II     c/> 

LO    IX) 

rH  co^r 

.-I: 

C ' 

<* 

O  CXi  LO 

1  X 

CVI 

C\J   .— 1  CO 

-a 

r-s 


e 
o 
u 


a: 
LlJ 

a  3 


CA- 
LL] 
CO 


ro  .— > 

3  ^  "O 

U     II 

S-     C     l/> 

C_>  I 


•.-      II       LO 

^   c  — - 

IX 


fD  -— ■ 

3  "vl-  -o 
O    M 

s-   c   oo 


O 


r^  r\ 

co  oo  ^t 

r-» 

i— 1  CVI  LO 

LO   i— 1 

*> — *-*^-^ 

*- — -*v «"*_^ 

LO   ^t" 

OM5 

LO 

r— 1    CX)    CVI 

C\J   .— ( 

CVI  X) 


ID 


CO 

LU 
I— 
■< 
Cd 
CO 
LU    fD 


.— I  CO  LO 
CO  LO  CD 


■=3-  r-^       ioon 

CVI  CVI  LO  X) 


lo  co  en 
en  o 


CVJ    «d"    r-H 

lo  r-- 


.. — .. 

CVI 

CO 

CM 

. 

■vf- 

en 

-*:          -O 

< — i 

u  ^t-     • 

* — -" 

*• — «■ 

■I-      II        LO 

r~^ 

CVI 

o 

^    c  >— 

ro 

CO 

1  X 

. — 1 

CD 

res 


ce: 


ro  ■ — 

4-J  3  O) 

S-            CD  O  ro 

ID    rrj    (O  ■!—  "O 

—    "O    -SZ  S-  -r- 


'"O 


■ —   o   o  xi  x>   o 


o; 


(U-P    O    E 
X5     ro    C7)   3 

t-     E   -r-   _l 

3     CD    r— 
I—    ^    O 


ro 
S~ 
XJ 

>> 


-34- 


OCOCOUooni/->cooocnciCOl/l 


O 

m 
on 
O 


•-"       •—       U3      03 

•—       O      -s^      ^_ 

Co     •—     •— '     no 


CO     •—      — 


CO 

•-O 


O      ►— 
Cn 


O 


O 


o     •— 
cn     o 


o 
o 


o 


O 
Cn 


O 


cm     cn     to 


o 
o 
o 


cn 


cn     cn 
CO     no 


Co        CO        CO 


o 

cn 


o 


co     ro     co 


CO 


i\j     ro 


co     ro     ro 

cn     co     CO 


cn 


g 


co     ro     ro     co 


ro     ro 


ro 
o 


ro     ro     ro 


ro     ro     ro 

ro     co     <-• 


ro     .nj     ro     i*     ro 
co     co     ro     co     ro 


vo     CO     cn 


o 

O 

a* 


cn     cn     cn     cn 


ro 

CO 

cn 

s 

cn 

rsj 
no 

ro 
in 

no 
-r» 

no 

no 

ro 

no 

no 

no 

O 

no 

^o 

CO 

CO 

CO 

no 

CO 

ro 
no 

no 
cn 

no 

-Pa. 

no 
no 

ro 

CO 

o 

cn 

no 

CO 

no 
cn 

en 

cn 

cn 

cn 

cn 

-J=> 

-to. 

O 

o 


cn     cn     cn 


CO     co     cr> 


o 

O 

CJ 

o 

o 

o 

no 

►— ■ 

CO 

cn 

lO 

>->     co     cn 


o 

>— ■ 

CO 


no 


-vl       CM 
O       O 


O 
CO 


CO 

o 


3 

-"•  73 
<    C 

CD     Z5 

-5 

w   crcyi 
-■•^  o 

r+         C 
<<    r+  r+ 

O    (T> 
-h         ti 

T|   O 

s  -s  -s 

O    rt>    7T 

=3    co 

r+   IT  O 

PJ  =T 

cu  cu  3 

<-+  -•■ 

DO  (X)    O 
_..  -5    CU 

O  — ■ 

— >  -x) 

O    fD  > 

CQ    (/)  13 

-J.  fD  OJ 

O     CU  — ' 

CU     -5  << 

— '  O  (/> 

CO  to 

c-r  r- 

Cu     OJ 
c-r  CT