Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. a Tear wat where P SS. -a on wm ee ae ee: ee SS en ee - — f= 25-96 on etl a ie aig os ee Se i fe --B. oa ee Coy Agena yr em La ve * - ae a a ei ") - a, Rts Flaw ee gs ect ee ee ee Fs BS is er - ERR AT ae ary Aree. SAE se ° A if Sone f pn Co eS pts, ‘ a ty “a oe , a, 4 be ve . Py . 7 me ; ON eRe PEI Qs PENG Sy ey . POSEY Tt z 1 “§ ‘ BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 91. L. Oo. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. --_-:U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, ~ THE IMPORTATION INTO THE UNITED STATES — OF THE PARASITES OF THE GIPSY MOTH AND THE BROWN-TAIL MOTH: A REPORT OF PROGRESS, WITH SOME CONSIDERATION OF PREVIOUS AND CONCURRENT EFFORTS OF THIS KIND. BY ~ L. O. HOWARD, CB fs ES ee Chief, Bureau of Entomology, vi S R a @ RY ~ ¥ 4 AUGS Sh AND W. F, FISKE, In Charge, Gipsy Moth Parasite Laborator Melrose Highlands, Mass. IssteD JuLy 29, 1911. alsin aint AN atti? Po eae slate? WE _ WTS - ~~ Wiitessss>” WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1911. U 3, Departinent of Agsicales Nan Oe tA. aed ened ae: AP Ne nai OL oil ' 4 Fe lt AF « Bul. 91, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE |. CALOSOMA SYCOPHANTA. Adult eating gipsy-moth caterpillar, lower left; pupa, lower right; eggs, upper left; eaten chrys- alides of gipsy moth, upper right; full-grown larve from above and from below. (Original.) U.S) DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 91. L. O. HCWARD, Entomologis: and Chief of Bureau. THE IMPORTATION INTO THE UNITED STATES OF THE PARASITES OF THE GIPSY MOTH AND THE BROWN-TAIL MOTH: A REPORT OF PROGRESS, WITH SOME CONSIDERATION OF PREVIOUS AND CONCURRENT EFFORTS OF THIS KIND. BY Ee OS TOWARD, Chief, Lurecu of Entomology, AND W. F. FISKE, * In Charge, Gipsy Moth Parasite Laboratory, Melrose Iiijhiands, Mass. Issuep Juty 29, 1911. oe * PRR n clive ailesitos rail bibs WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE set Di BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Maruarr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8S. Crreron, Executive Assistant. W.F. Tasret, Chief Clerk. F. H. CurrreEnvDEN, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Horxiys, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. \ F. M. WessTER, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QUAINTANCE, 77 charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Puruirs, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Rogers, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Rouia P. Currig, i charge of editorial work. “Mase Corcorp, wn charge of library. PREVENTING SPREAD OF MoTHS. PARASITE LABORATORY. W. F. Fiske, in charge; A. F. Burexrss, C. W. Corttins, R. Wooipriper, J. D. Totum., C. W. Stockweit, H. E. Surra, W. N. Dovener, F. H. MosHeEr, assistants. FIELD WORK. D. M. Rogers, in charge; H. B. Datron, H. W. Vinton, D. G. Murray, I. L. Barwey, H. L. McIntyre, assistants. 2 Bebe woke PRANS MIETA L. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Bureau OF ENTOMOLOGY, Washington, D. C., April 12, 1911. Srr: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a report of progress on the importation into the United States of the parasites of the gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth. To this has been added some consideration of previous and concurrent efforts to handle the parasites of destructive insects in a practical way. The work with the foreign parasites of the gipsy moth and the brown- tail moth has been going on now for rather more than five years. It promises excellent results, and the present seems the proper time to present to the people interested a somewhat detailed account of what has been done and of the present condition of the work. I recommend that this manuscript be published as Bulletin No. 91 of this bureau. Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. Hon. JAMES Wixson, Secretary of Agriculture. Ys CONTENTS. ee ee ae eae te = Previous work in the practical ieee of ote enemies aor injurious insects. OUR EE Ce) SUS “eas SSR 2; Sia ey SOE en eee ae gee Pease ie Arann 10 CHCAPE S68 ee Dt es kee bb en See The transportation of parasites from one part of a given country to another a ee eee ae eo So er The transfer of beneficial insects from one country to another.....-....---- CG Te 1 >, ni i ae ae The Austrahan ladybird (Noweis Seas Siete} in ies "eked iceemmatt torte. seo Se oe oe Pees” - o3 2 eee eras Wi OR os oe yo Ce SE zc epee ent eee eS SP Dipetig ites es COGN ie as Se a ot Sele A. eee Novius in Egypt and-the Hawaiian Tatrigds: ee nee meet eet Se oe Rpm NE TRIE CPO R ac ae oe eS ey Ske Wo. SE So wos ee ee a aa 1S A a pee oS dy < |S ae ee Puetesecntior Locnuccers Of Novis.) 2.2525. 2. = -- a5 2 - - eee we Introduction of Entedon ep:gonus Walk. into the United States... .-_-.- Other introductions by Koebele into California...............-.-..---- International work with enemies of the black scale. ................-- pie ee Cc AN PRIMER eg ee fers Lo eds Sec ee An importation of Clerus from Germany..-.-......-..---------- -Marlatt’s journey for enemies of the San Jose one Ee oe Sn. Se The parasites of Diaspis pentagona Targ...........-..---------.------- a rnrOineet tate Comper. So koe oe te oe ee we spe Gee Work with the egg parasite of the elm leaf-beetle...................-- Work with parasites of ticks. ...........-..-- vor = Mr. Froggatt’s journey to various parts of the world i in 1907 8... ators hates Other work of this kind (by Berlese; by Silvestri; in Algeria; in the Peres. Dy De Lune tn Pere) 2055082. 3... eee gee eS 5ey Early ideas on introducing the natural enemies of the gipsy moth.............-- Circumstances which brought about the actual beginning of the work... ..-..--- An mvestigation of the introduction work. .-......../..:......-..-.---..------ Peaster Gr Sue pr0erems te tan WORK 2, 7-4 2 -. s+ ak hn ee - 5 = swe eww Known and recorded parasites of the gipsy moth and of the brown-tail moth... Establishment and dispersion of the newly introduced parasites.............-- Disease as a factor in the natural control of the gipsy moth and the brown-tail Baudionin the paracitism of native Insects. ............2.......-.-.-..-..--..-- Parasitism as a factor in insect control...........-..- eee The rate of increase of the gipsy moth in ‘Hew England. pee ar ee darn swiss Amount of additional control necessary to check the increase of the gipsy moth The extent to which the gipsy moth is controlled through parasitism abroad. . - - eens tie Prey MGth 1 Japan. ........ .-...2.--.-~..--.-5- 2+ 65. Parasitism of the gipsy moth in Russia. . a Oe ee ae ee ee Parasitism of the gipsy moth in southersi Wries.t-c-.=---.-- RENAE Fo Ot 6 PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. Page. Seguence:-of parasites of the:gipsy mothin Muropess..-:-2ey see es eee 131 ‘Che brown-tail moth andtits parasites an Hurope.._.2252-2ee=- eee ee 132 Sequence of parasites of the brown-tail moth in Europe......-...........-- 135 Rarasitvism o1-the cipsyamotia im-Ammericas. <2... 4-2 Sree ee ee 136 Summary of rearing work carried on at the laboratory in 1919 ............. 141 Rarasitism of the: brown-tatL moth am Amertcassss 252 ae ae ae ee 143 Summary of-rearmesworkanal Oli: ® see 222 Neate ue 6 eee 146 importation and handling of parasite: material? 22. Scenes oe ee ee 152 Egg masses of the gipsy moth..-..-..._-.. xh do Pea arenes OS, 5 = Sa 152 Gipsyamoth ‘caterpillars; tirst.stage.. 22 0. aoe eee = 153 Gipsy-moth caterpillars, second to fifth stages. ..=-.-.5....2.4..15.- 222 154 Huropean importahlons:<2 2: cans J 5s ee ee ee ee 154 Japanese importationss. «22.0 Sets St ee ee ee 155 Gipsy-moth caterpillars, tull-ted and: pupatines.¢- 52.2). 22s= ee 156 Gipsy=moth: pupeercsas oh ee oe NN at aa ar ees eel re 159 Brown-tail: moth ego: masses. 2002) 2 252 sn Sat eee a ene 160 Hibernatine nests of the browmn=tail moth»--2-2-2..65- 12 ee Immature:caterpillars of the brown-tailumoth=>- 33 5.0.2-2. Se 161 Full-fed and pupating caterpillars of the brown-tail moth.................. 162 iBrown-tallmotht pulpres. isis. eee Se. Se See eee eee = oa) Ge: Cocoons of hymenopterous parasitesace* === 22 Seis. Pate nee eee 165 Pachinid pupatia.- 022). 5 csocsce eck eee Seat cae ee eee 166 Calosoma: and other predaceous beetles:.252.2 055 . 32 ee ee 167 GQiuantityof parasite material importeds.<2 7220 25 a hee ee ee ee 167 Localities from which the parasite material has been received..............-.- 168 Mhereco parasites of the eipsy moth= = -...-.- Je2.-<- = = Lh. sR anes 168 Amastatus bufasciatwsub OnSGs. 5525-255, e oe ee ee A ee eee aie Seales Sehediusdevanse: Lowi tcce ce Sas eke sO Ae eee ears eee a ee 176 Life of Schedius and its relations to other egg parasites, primary and secomeary oul vos 25 catoea ike ease ene alee nh tree Oi a eee Rearineand icolomizations: a] --= 52ers ee BP ee dt Me oF 184 ihe parasitesiol the sipsy-moth caterpillars:- 22.5. 2ee 22 eee soe ee ree 188 Apparently unimportant hymenopterous parasites. ............-..2.. 222.2. 188 Apanteles solitarvus Watz.2 2. 2222.22 2-2 Sete teens Minis I err ona Ree 189 Meteorus versicolor: Wesml.. 22252 .25 Joe hs 2 ee eee ees ee 190 Metcorus Se Rel Bea tie tba Coen ps Seca oe NO ie oer Fig. 1.—Egg of gipsy moth cont aining developing caterpillar of the gipsy moth. Fig. 2.—Egg of gipsy moth, containing larva of the parasite A: faaiaieee bifasciztus. Fig. 3.—Egg of gipsy moth, containing hibernating larva of Anastatus bifas- ciatus which in turn is parasitized by three second-stage Earves ol achedinue Euvans....-......<...-.--......---.-.- Fig. 1.—View of cage used for colonization of Anastatus bifas- ciatus in 1910. Fig. 2.—Views of cage prepared for use in colonization of Anastatus bifasciatus in 1911............... Outdoor parasite cage covered with wire gauze. Outdoor parasite cages covered with cloth... ................ View of large cage used in 1908 for tachinid rearing work... ..- Page. Frontispiece. . Fig. 1._View of parasite laboratory at North Saugus, Mass. 56 76 76 152 156 160 164 10 PLATE XVII. OVLET: XXI. » O08 XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. ) Rice taed le, XVI. . Fig. 1.—Compsilura concinnata: Puparia. PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. View of out-of-door insectary used for rearing predaceous beetiles.in 1910. - 6 222 ce Sh Fig. 1.—Wire-screen cages used in tachinid reproduction work in 1909. Fig. 2.—Cylindrical wire-screen cages used in tachinid, reproduction swore im) 1010228) ee eee Fig. 1.—Blepharipa scutellata: Full-grown larva from gipsy- moth pupa. Fig. 2.—Blepharipa scutellata: Puparia......-.- . Fig. 1.—Importation of gipsy-moth caterpillars from France in 1909; en route to laboratory at Melrose Highlands, Mass. Fig. 2.—Importation of gipsy-moth caterpillars from France in 1909; receipt at laboratory, Melrose Highlands, Mass..... Fig. 2.—Tachina larvarum: Puparia. Fig. 3.—Sarcophaga sp.: Puparia. Fig. 4..—Porenorista chelonte: Pupariaie soe. a eee Fig. 1.—View of laboratory interior, showing cages in use for rearing parasites from hibernating webs of the brown-tail moth in 1910-11. Fig. 2.—Sifting gipsy-moth egg masses for examination as to percentage of parasitism......../:-.---- Map showing sections of its range in New England from which Monodontomerus xreus has been collected in hibernating webs of the brown-tail moth, and subsequently reared... ... Map showing distribution of Monodontomerus xreus in New Eneland © 5 3.225 28 SA ee Map showing dispersion of Calosoma sycophanta in Massachu- setts from liberated coldmivs: = 225s. sae eee Map showing distribution of Pteromalus egregius in New Eine lamd'si. 2.2 25s he = gee ee ey oe Fig. 1.—Riley rearing cages as used at the gipsy-moth parasite laboratory. Fig. 2.—Interior of one of the laboratory struc- tures, showing trays used in rearing Apanteles lacteicolor in the spring°ot 1909. <2. = Peas eae tet ee ek ee ee eee View of laboratory interior, showing cages in use for rearing parasites from hibernating webs of the brown-tail moth in the: spring of 1908.22 2. se ee eae eee Fig. 1.—Cocoons of Apanteles lacteicolor in molting webs of the brown-tail moth. Fig. 2.—View of laboratory yard, showing various temporary structures, rearing cages, etc......-.---- TEXT FIGURES. Polygnotus hiemalis, a parasite of the Hessian fly.......-.-....------- 2. Polygnotus hiemalis: Adults which have developed within the ‘‘flax- seed” of the Hessian fly and are ready to emerge 3) Lysvphiebus tritie: attackine=a grain aphig= eames ese sere. n= eae Na The Australian ladybird (Novius cardinalis), an imported enemy of the fluted scale: Larva, pupa, adult, work against scales. ..........-...- ST) O35) (OX Rhizobius ventralis, an imported enemy of the black scale: Adult, larva. Scutellista cyanea, an imported parasite of the black scale............-- '‘Pedieuloides ventricosus 2. 25 22 eee ee 8. Erastria scitula, an imported enemy of the black scale: Adult, larve, pupa. 9. The Asiatic ladybird (Chilocorus similis), an imported enemy of the San Josescale: Later larvalistages, pupa, adits eer see ee eet 10. Rearing cage for tachinid parasites of the brown-tail moth......-.----- 216 220 244 248 248 256 276 280 280 284 Fie. 11. ILLUSTRATIONS. Map showing various localities in Europe from which parasite material EV ERE! Meet wae ee © aoe A A ode S23 ww Se eds ee mma pyasciaius: AGnit female... .2............---2.-2-2------ en cmce@meiiryes: WierineGgae- 255... 2. 222 le nie ee - . Anastatus bifasciatus: Hibernating larva......-..--..-..--.--.---.-- . Anastatus bifasciatus: Pupa from gipsy-moth egg...-...............- . Diagram showing two years’ dispersion of Anastatus bifasciatus from STATES SEEPS gS Ba ge Oe ee SE ee Eee Remy Nelle femiane! 5 2 kee ee oe ee a be SE OE ESS SEN? 2o8 9 0 RES Bk ne ee ree oe a ee a . Schedius kuvane: Third-stage larva still retaining attachment to egg pee ene A IIR Pe Sn tt Oe ee ie ones Soe SunCi Css TE RMMNEBAITECE Te GVA Sten eer oie oe Ss ns + yg ae ee . Schedius kuvane: Egg stalk and anal shield of larva as found in host eggs of gipsy moth from which the adult Schedius has emerged, or in which the Schedius larva has been attacked by a secondary parasite. . Schedius knvane: Larval mandibles .~_._-...-..-------2---.--- ee i Tyedamideisineys: Larvabmandibles._-. 2s ....22.-.--..----------- pack CPi TeieT Pasig rides ee Aare eee os SS ak oS ain oe ee ee . Pachyneuron gifuensis: Larval mandibles..........---......-......- . Anustaius tafasmatus: Larval mandibles. ----... 2... .-....-.2. 22.2.8. . Gipsy-moth egg mass showing exit holes of Schedius kuvanxy ......... . Apantales solitarius: Adult female and cocoon ..........-..-.......-. enunerrncininiete. © OGUNS 2 SS. 2} i S- o 2 SR Sk aon bernie Meperte UIG WIBICS esc SS SE Lt oe reerinnieienar, MOMIh ore Seca se ates fe he ne es 2 Scie a Sows . Apanteles fulvipes: Larve leaving gipsy-moth caterpillar............. . Apanteles fulvipes: Cocoons surrounding dead gipsy-moth caterpillar. . Apanteles fulvipes: Cocoons from which Apanteles and its secondaries RESTS a Op ap Sia ope, a eg je a a Piepheariga-scuteltiant: Adult female: .---.2. 2... 0-2... 5255s . Blepharipa scutellata: Eggsin situ on fragment of eed tee ea ets . Eggs of Blepharipa scutellata and Pales pavida............--...------ . Blepharipa scutellata: First-stage larvee.............-..----.....--.-- . Blepharipa scutellata: Second-stage larva in situ. .........--....----- . Blepharipa scutellata: Basal portion of tracheal ‘‘funnel”............- . Compsilura concinnata: Adult female and details..............22.... . Map showing distribution of Compsilura concinnata in Massachusetts - . Tachina larvarum: Adult female and head in profile................. Oh NESS TE | SIGS inc ge gn gale et 2 eo . Chalcis flavipes, female: Hind femur and tibia, showing markings... 46. . Chalcis flavipes: Full-grown larva from gipsy-moth pupa -..........-- Petes Eeviee OP UE, RIGO VIEW. he EGG PARASITES OF THE GIPSY MOTH. 175 at the time when they must be placed, if placed to advantage, more could easily be collected. | The rate of increase in the field, as indicated by the work which has been done, is not excessive, but probably amounts to something like sixfold per year. The extreme limit of dispersion discernible in 1909 was not quite half that of the extreme for two years, as indicated in the diagram. It is possible that it may become more rapid as time goes on, and it is rather expected that a high wind, at an opportune time, will assist materially in the dispersion of the species. Should it not, it will require a very long time for it to become generally estab- lished everywhere through the infested area. Even though there were a colony planted to each square mile, something like 16 years would elapse before all of them met and fused, unless the present rate of dispersion were accelerated. 7 It has been pretty definitely proved of Schedius that it can only attack the uppermost layer of eggs in each mass, and the same is. equally well proved in the case of Anastatus. Since there are two layers of eggs, and usually three in all but the very smallest masses, it is evident that the usefulness of Anastatus is still further reduced through its physical limitations. The figures of percentages given in the diagrams probably represent about the maximum which can ever be expected. None the less, this means a distinct benefit, and with all its faults, Anastatus stands high in favor at the present time. In its distribution abroad, Anastatus is, as might be expected, of quite local occurrence. It has been received from about half of the localities represented by the European importations, and in very variable abundance. The numbers found in five lots of what was estimated as 1,000 egg masses each, received from five different locali- ties in Hungary through Prof. Jablonowski in the winter of 1908-9, is rather typical in this respect. As estimated through careful exam- ination and counts, these numbers were as follows: Tebdeaiies| Number of | Number. Locality. Anastatus. S017 = 2: PIR ROMNES)) 320 24-20. oe ee ho te 34, 000 BOLGs<-. J Bustyhaza (Maramoros).............. 0 3019-323 bruset (CM aramoros) 2.2.2 eco! ee 208 eae 2 Porras (Panes) ae fe4 eS 6,099 | 5 re pistarobecs- (Temes): .. 3)... hisses 39,000 | MM Si ee nt tk Peasy 79,307 In Japan it is also unevenly distributed. The most which were received from that country were in a lot of eggs from Fukuoka Ken, received during the same winter as those above mentioned from Hun- gary. It is not at all common from the vicinity of Tokyo, and while itis present in nearly every lot of Japanese eggs which has been received, in every instance but one (the shipment above mentioned) the number 176 PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. present has not been sufficiently large to make the rearing of the parasite economically worth while. It is interesting and possibly significant that there was no Schedius in the one locality where Anas- tatus was sufficiently common to be considered as a parasite of con- sequence, while in the other localities, where Anastatus was rare, Schedius abounded. More than one instance has been observed in which parasites having similar habits alternate but rarely or never occur simultaneously in anything like equal abundance in one locality. Two fairly consistent examples of this sort will receive further men- tion later on, in which the tachinids Dezxodes nigripes and Compsilura concinnata, and Tachina larvarum and Tricholyga grandis are respec- tively involved. . ScHEDIUS KUVAN® How. Only one species of gipsy-moth egg parasite has been received at the laboratory from Europe, but in Japan there are two, and, so far 4 x Fig. 17.—Schedius kuvanz: Adult female. Greatly enlarged. (From Howard.) as may be determined from their comparative abundance in the material from that country which has been studied, Schedius kuvane (fig. 17) is the more common and important as a factor in the control of its host. It resembles Anastatus in its choice of host, and in the fact that it is similarly limited through physical inability from attack- ing more than a limited percentage of the eggsin each mass. In every other respect the two species are widely different. Anastatus is a true egg parasite, and rarely attacks successfully the eggs in which the young caterpillars have begun to form. She- dius, on the contrary, is strictly speaking an internal parasite of the unhatched caterpillar. Anastatus passes through but one genera- a -—— . EGG PARASITES OF THE GIPSY MOTH. 177 tion annually, and its seasonal history is closely correlated with that of its host. Schedius, on the contrary, will pass through a generation per month, so long as the temperature is sufficiently high, and its seasonal history is in no way correlated to that of the gipsy moth. It appears not to hibernate in the gipsy-moth eggs, and it is quite probable that an alternate host is necessary to carry it through the summer months after the gipsy-moth eggs have hatched in the spring, and before the moths begin depositing eggs for a new generation. At the time when the popular account of the parasite-introduction work was prepared for publication through the office of the Massa- chusetts State Forester it was considered to be much the more promising of the egg parasites, and its history in America was spoken of as one “of the most satisfactory episodes in the work of parasite introduction.”” The account of the first successful importation of living specimens as given at that time is included in the two follow- ing paragraphs, which are quoted verbatim. As long ago as the spring of 1907 a few dead adults were secured in an importation of gipsy-moth egg masses received during the winter from Japan, but none was living on receipt. During the winter next following, large intportations were made, and many thousands of eggs, from which some parasite had emerged, were found, but not a single living specimen was obtained. It was evident that it completed its trans- ‘formations and issued in the fall, and that, if it hibernated in the eggs, it was warmed to activity while the packages were in transit to America, and the adult parasites either died or escaped en route. In the fall, winter, and spring of 1908-9 a large quantity of eggs of the gipsy moth were received from Japan, the shipments beginning early in the fall and continuing until nearly time for the caterpillars to hatch in the spring. The first, received in Sep- tember, contained hundreds, possibly thousands, of the parasites, which had issued from the eggs en route, and all of which, as usual, had died; not a single living individ- ual was received. Specimens were referred to Dr. Howard, who found that they represented an entirely new and hitherto undescribed species, which he named after Prof. Kuwana, who collected and sent the eggs from which they had issued. A single pair of living specimens rewarded the careful attention which was lavished upon the importations received later in the fall and during the winter, and it was not until April, 1909, that a mated pair could be secured. During that month a total of 11 individuals issued from cages containing Japanese eggs recently received. These 11 individuals served as the progenitors of a numerous and prolific race, but the story of the investigations which were made _ upon the various shipments of egg masses received at the laboratory “from September, 1908, to April, 1909, which was not touched upon in an earlier account, is perhaps worthy of a place here. LIFE OF SCHEDIUS AND ITS RELATIONS TO OTHER EGG PARASITES, PRIMARY AND SECONDARY. Mention has already been made of the rearing of a small encyrtid parasite from Japanese eggs in company with Anastatus in the sum- mer of 1908, of the doubts which were felt as to its true character, 95677 °—Bull. 91—11 12 178 PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. and of the resolve to investigate the matter thoroughly when the opportunity should arise. In accordance with this resolve an inten- sive study of the Japanese importations was begun in December, 1908. A large number of ege masses, which showed by the exit holes (of Schedius) that they had been freely attacked by some para- site which had issued in the fall, were selected, then ‘‘sifted,’’ and the eggs from each mass were then carefully examined and sorted into three lots, composed, respectively, of the healthy eggs, the eggs from which parasites had issued, and the eggs which were neither one nor the other. Those falling in this third division were scrutin- ized again with still more care. Anastatus was quickly recognized, in most instances, and eges containing its larve placed aside. In the majority of the remainder there was evidently no hfe, but in a considerable number minute, white larve could more or less plainly be seen, surrounded and more than half concealed by the remains of the embryonic caterpillars which had been destroyed. These eggs were isolated in small vials, in order that there could be no question concerning the identity of the particular host egg from which any particular parasite issued. Long before this work was completed the necessity for all the care that was being expended to secure accurate results was made mani- fest by the emergence of no less than three species of parasites from isolated or partially isolated eggs. The first of these to appear was a species of Pachyneuron (determined by the senior author as P. gifuen- sis Ashm.), and on account of known habits of other members of the genus was-placed as probably secondary. Nevertheless it was given an opportunity to prove itself a primary if it would, and the speci- mens as they issued were confined in vials with gipsy-moth eggs, some of which contained the healthy caterpillars, while others har- bored the larve of Anastatus. The Pachyneuron paid not the slightest attention to either, but invariably died without attempting ovipo- sition. The next species to issue was Tyndarichus nave How., and it was with considerable surprise that it was recognized as different from Schedius. On account of the strong superficial resemblance between the two it had been supposed up to that time that they were one and the same. The third was Perissopterus javensis How., of which a single speci- men only was reared. To date this record is unique, and the species has previously been reared only from scale insects. There was other and pressing work to be done with the parasites of the hibernating brown-tail caterpillars, and a realization of the difficulties which were likely to attend the prosecution of the egg- parasite investigations, thus complicated by the discovery that five and possibly more parasites were involved of which only one was EGG PARASITES OF THE GIPSY MOTH. 179 definitely proved to be primary, was the prime argument which finally resulted in the detachment of Mr. H. S. Smith from the cotton boll weevil investigations and his transfer to the laboratory staff. By the time he was prepared to undertake his new work a large number of eggs from which Anastatus, Tyndarichus, and Pachyneuron were positively known to have issued were ready for dissection and study, and to these were soon added a number from which Schedius was similarly known to have come, secured in the manner about to be described. The first Schedius which was ever reared in a living condition issued from an isolated egg in the laboratory in December, 1908. It was a male, and it died before it could be furnished with a mate. The next individual issued on January 8 from an egg which had been isolated on December 19. It was a female, and she was immediately transferred to a large vial containing an egg mass freshly collected from the field. Within a few days after being thus confined she was observed in the act of oviposition, and parthenogenetic reproduction ensued. Her progeny began to issue February 16, and up to February 25 no less than 28 males were reared. The experiment was tried of con- fining her with several of her asexu- ally-produced progeny in the hope that she might thus be fertilized and produce females. The experiment Fig. 18.—Schedius kuvanz: Egg. Greatly en- s : larged. (Original.) did not succeed at that time, appar- ently because she was not able to deposit any more eggs. She remained alive until March 2, but was dead on March 6, after at least eight weeks of active life. The eggsfrom which these parthenogenetically-produced males issued were known beyond peradventure of a doubt to have produced Sche- dius, and never to have contained any other parasite, and together with those from which Anastatus, Tyndarichus, and Pachyneuron ’ were known to have issued, made complete the series which was to be dissected. The dissection work was mostly done by Mr. Smith, but he was not alone when it came to puzzling over the problems in parasite anatomy and parasitic interrelations which this work produced in abundance. The contents of the individual eggshells were scruti- nized with the utmost care, and slowly the various anatomical remains found therein were associated with one parasite or another. In the course of these studies it was discovered that Schedius deposits a large egg (fig. 18), which is supplied with a very long stalk. The egg is placed within the body of the unhatched but fully formed caterpillar, with the end of the stalk projecting outside. 180 PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. Sometimes, and apparently usually, the end of this stalk passed through the shell of the egg as well as through the body of the cater- pular, as indicated in the figures (fig. 19, Pl. XI, fig. 3). When the egg hatches, the larva does not entirely leave the shell, but remains with its anal end thrust into it, and the stalk, -which is hollow, becomes functional and acts like a lifeline attached to a submarine diver in supplying a connection with the outer air. As the larva grows the stalk increases in thick- ness, and the last anal segment of the larva becomes covered with a thick chitinized shield, which is unaffected by the action of strong caustic potash. There are two larval molts, and consequently three larval stages. During the entire course of both the first and second the young parasite remains quite firmly at- tached to its anal shield and lifeline and the cast skins are not entirely sloughed off, but Fie. 19.—Schedius kuvanz: are merely pushed backward. After the third Third-stage larva still retaining Seine ; : : : attachment to ege-stalk, and ecdysis it retains this connection for awhile, anal shield. Greatly enlarged. ond grows rapidly, but about the time when (Original.) ; ‘ : : it reaches maturity the connection with the shield is broken, thus proving that it is not part and parcel of the integument. It would appear rather that this shield, including a tube within the egg-stalk (which, as stated, grows in thickness after the ege itself hatches), is actually part of the integument of the first-stage larva, and that the second and third stages merely continue to use what is in effect the skin of the first larval molt. The host caterpillar is completely destroyed except for the harder chitinous parts, head, tarsal claws, hooks of the prolegs, etc., and the hair, which is left in a sort >of hank, more or less completely surrounding and con- cealing the parasite larva. It is impossible to distin- ae guish between the larvee of Schedius and those of its — kuvanz: Pupa. secondaries from an external examination of the eggs. ee Rene After the larva reaches its full growth and casts off nat) : its anal shield, it quickly pupates (fig. 20) and very shortly thereafter issues as an adult. There is no indication of a desire to hibernate during any part of the preliminary stages, in which respect Schedius differs from nearly every other chalcidid which has been studied at the laboratory. EGG PARASITES OF THE GIPSY MOTH. 181 Schedius is to all purposes, if not to all intents, a secondary para- site upon occasion. In the spring of 1909 a generation was carried through to maturity within the larvee of Anastatus, and at that time there was no difficulty experienced in induc- ing the Schedius females to oviposit in such. In the course of later experi- ments which were designed to deter- mine whether there was any preference shown between the eggs containing healthy caterpillars and those with the larve of Anastatus, only the healthy eggs were selected for oviposition by the parent females. What was more, although several later attempts were made to force Schedius to oviposit in 0-7) Sthaies Kinane: Eeestalk ane eges containing Anastatus larvee,none __ eggs of gipsy moth from which the adult : Schedius has emerged, or in which the but the first was successful. Schedius larva has been attacked by a Oftentimes two or more eggs are secondary parasite. Greatly enlarged. deposited in one host. Numerous in- (O™#"#!) stances have been found in which second-stage larvae were feeding peaceably side by side as the result of such superparasitism, and still more have been observed in which the former presence of more than one individual was positively indicated by the presence of more than one egg-stalk and anal shield, but never, out of many thousands of examples under observation, has more than one adult parasite issued Fic. 22.—Schedius kuvane: from one egg. What happens to the su- Larvalmandibles. Greatly : St : . ‘ SAE eea (Original) pernumerary individuals is not indicated further than that they disappear, and that their substance goes to nourish the sole survivor. Whether there is an actual struggle for supremacy in which victory comes to the strongest, or whether the struggle takes the form of a contest to deter- mine which shall quickest consume the available food supply, the loser calmly surrendering his body to the winner by way of forfeit, has never re. 23—Tyndarichus nave: Larval man- been revealed. dibles. Greatly enlarged. (Original.) The story of a triple tragedy is told in Plate XI, figure 3, which is drawn from a slide prepared by Mr. Smith. It represents a single gipsy-moth egg, which had been attacked by Anastatus before the embryonic caterpillar had developed sufficiently to leave perceptible 182 PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. remains. The Anastatus, after consuming the entire contents of the egeshell had reached the hibernating stage, and settled down to some 10 months of inactivity, when it was attacked by Schedius. No less than three Schedius eggs were deposited in fairly rapid Teen, Cece Renee succession (but probably by different parents) ensis: Egg. Greatly en- since the three larve, the outlines of which a ee a are shown, are practically equal in size. All are apparently about ready to molt for the second time, and after this molt, if they had been allowed to live, one would most certainly have gained the mastery and devoured the others. But this conflict for supremacy, sanguinary as it is, is only the beginning of what might occur in the open in Japan. Tyndarichus and Pachyneuron are both habitually and essen- tially secondary parasites, and both prey not only upon Schedius, but upon each other with perfect ¢ impartiality. Either might attack the surviving 2} +f Schedius, and be in turn the victim of the other, Fie. 25.—Pachynevron and there is no apparent reason why Schedius oe oe ae should not return to the fray and, by destroying enlarged. (Origi- its own secondary, start the battle all over again. eo Such a long-drawn-out contest is hardly likely to occur very often, but in many instances tales scarcely less sanguinary have been told by the relics which strewed the field of battle. Among these relics the anal shield with egg stalk and the characteristic mandibles (figs. 21 and 22, respectively) have served as positive indication of the former presence of Schedius. Tyndarichus is betrayed by its mandibles (fig. 23), which, like those of Sched- ius, retain their characteristic form through all three stages. The former presence of Fic. 26.—Anastatus bifas- ciatus: Larval mandi- ; i ; bles. Greatly en- Pachyneuron, curiously enough, is quite easily larged. (Original. ; ae mae ee recognizable by its characteristic eggshell (fig. 24), which is of a substance which defies the action of hot concen- trated caustic potash sufficently prolonged to result in the complete solution of the gipsy-moth eggshell. It may also be recognized by its mandibles (fig. 25), which are rather small and inconspicuous in any but the last stage. Anastatus, when its former presence can be proved at all, may be recognized by its mandibles also (fig. 26), but these are so small as to be very difficult to find, and it is alto- gether probable that there have been eggs dissected in which Anas- tatus was the original primary parasite, but of which fact no proof remained. EGG PARASITES OF THE GIPSY MOTH. 183 In order that some idea may be had of the conditions which actually prevail in the open in Japan, results of the dissection of 43 eggs from Japanese importations are given below. Many other eggs were dissected, in some of which the tale was too complicated to be un- raveled, and it is, of course, necessary to leave out of consideration here the results of those dissections which were made before the significance of that which was found was fully recognized. In the formule which follow the symbols are to be read as follows: X =Parasitized by; + =Superparasitized by. Thus the conditions represented in the figure to which attention has already been drawn would be expressed: Porthetria dispar X Anastatus Schedius. + Schedius. + Schedius. The host relations revealed by dissections of eggs from which Pachy- neuron emerged are similarly indicated as follows: Dispar X Schedius X Pachyneuron (20 times). Dispar X Schedius X Pachyneuron. + Pachyneuron (1 time). Dispar X Schedius. + Schedius X Pachyneuron (3 times). Dispar X Schedius. + Schedius. + Schedius. + Schedius. + Schedius X Pachyneuron (1 time). Dispar X Anastatus X Pachyneuron (1 time). Dispar X Anastatus. + Schedius X Pachyneuron 1 time). Dissections of eggs from which Tyndarichus emerged resulted as follows: Dispar Schedius X Tyndarichus (11 times). Dispar X Schedius. + Schedius X Tyndarichus (2 times). Dispar X Schedius. + Schedius X Tyndarichus. + Tyndarichus (1 time). Dispar X Schedius * Pachyneuron. + Tyndarichus (1 time). Dispar X Anastatus x Tyndarichus (1 time). Mention has already been made of the parthenogenesis of Schedius, and the fact that only males were produced in the first attempt of successful reproduction experiments in which only a single female was available. Numerous subsequent experiments have demon- strated beyond question that thelyotoky is the rule and that excep- tions are rare if they ever occur. 184 PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. In the course of the first unavoidable experiment in partheno- genesis the attempt was made to secure the fertilization of the female through union with her own asexually produced offspring, but, although she lived after they had completed their transformations, no results were secured. It seemed to be within the bounds of possi- bility that success would follow if the experiment were differently conducted, and accordingly in the fall of 1909 Mr. Smith repeated it, with this variation, that the females, after they had deposited a few eges, were rendered dormant by exposure to moderate cold, awaiting the issuance of their progeny. This time no difficulty was experienced. The parthenogenetically produced males mated freely with their respective parents, and the subsequent progeny in each of several instances consisted of both sexes. Females thus reared were mated with their brothers (which were at the same time their nephews), reproduced with the ordinary freedom, and their progeny were of both sexes in the usual proportions. Still another generation showed no signs of weakness or any sort of abnormality, and the experiment was discontinued. In sexual reproduction the males appear always to be largely out- numbered by the females. Nothing like the diversity in this respect which has been noted in the case of other chalcidids has been observed in the case of Schedius. REARING AND COLONIZATION. When the first individuals of Schedius were secured from the imported Japanese egg masses in April, 1909, there was no diificulty in securing reproduction upon gipsy-moth eggs collected in the open, but by the time the second generation was secured those which had remained in the open were about to hatch, and would hatch almost immediately they were brought indoors. in Amerie, A502. 2 os sees 138 Anomalon exile, parasite of brown-tail moth in America. Lice kd a4 Aa a tent caterpillar (Malacosoma). . He: [enemas ES Sues 144 Antherxa mylitta, host of (Crossocosmia sericarte: -j. << se. ware ata a See eee er 88 yamamai (see also Silkworm, Japanese). host of Crossocosmig semeong 27's ee oo oo Se ae eae 88 Anthonomus grandis. (See Weevil, cotton boll.) of apple, control by caging and permitting parasites to escape... . 19 Anthnenus varius, enemy ot eupsy: moth. ..2ic0 ais | oe Ls yeas ee eae a 252 tussock moth (Hemerocampa leucostigma).........- 252 Apanteles conspersx, comparison with Apanteles lacteicolor, biological differ- @: (CNCOB: oe. 5.2 2 ee ee ee 285-286 parasite of Japanese brown-tail moth (EHuproctis con- SPONSE) 2-33 sss Sree oh OA ea ee me 285-286 difficilis, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature:....... 86 gisket, host Of Mesochorws I. BD a oko apo Ae ie ai Me ee 265 parasite-:ot Parorgytt Spice ete EES co Soe e eee 265 qutoupes, eross number Colomizedic. o- A- wee ce neo Weer eae 310 how many individuals constitute a good colony?.....-... 96 parasite of gipsy moth, importation and handling of COCOONS. 2. 40 es) bs ak 165-166 11 HUTOPC 242s ek ee ee 57 position in ‘‘sequence’’. 132 Japan, position in “‘sequence’”’. 121 RUSSIA 2c ee ok ol, 124 introduction into United States, habits. beak apattn seca a—e0e reared at ee en ens 85 recorded in oan Sc ie ae A 85 results of rearing work of i910... 142 status in United States in 1910.. 308 perhaps synonymous with Apanteles nemorum.......-.---- 193 possibility that it has been successfully colonized in United States. ot cet i ete eee ee oi ae eee Sie 277-278 prey. of Corymibites, ai 2 ac f¢2n cept Ba eerccoee acta ae 252 secondary, parasites: 44+ Sone aBineebete Gee ero 2 eee 198-202 liparidis (see also Apanteles liparidis). parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in Heenan J eich’ 85 glomeratus, parasite of common cabbage caterpillar (Pontia rape), first observation of exit of larvee..........- 16 gipsy moth, recorded in literature..........- 85 Pontia rape, introduction into United States. 24 hyphantriz, host of Mesochorusispe= sos = eee ie eee eee 265 — INDEX. 315 Page Apanteles inclusus, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature......... 86 lacteicolor, comparison with Apanteles conspersx, biological differ- ay Seen Dea te SSS sok ey eee aad he 0 as J 285-286 Brose niviohor commmaee PS SE ae one 310 host of Mesochorus pallipes................-. 263, 265, 267, 289 Monodontomerus xreus.............-.---- 249, 266, 267 Pteromalus egregius..........-..- 266, 267, 275, 283-284 parasite of brown-tail moth, hibernating with host... .. 262-267 in Europe, position in “‘se- y ct eal 136 introduction into United Sidtes: habits...) 2. PS. 278-285 reared at laboratory.......-. 86 status in -United States in PONS SEY. 3 eda ska 309 Datana: 2s 2522522 SY Se. os cas ae 284 Hyphantmades sk Vee aa wap oe 284 liparidis (see also A panteles fulvipes liparidis). parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature .......-. 86 nemorum, parasite of Lasiocampa pini..........---.-------------- 193 perhaps=Apanieles fulvipes: =... 2222.22 ee eee eee. 193 parasite of brown-tail moth in Europe, introduction into United BME s : ois cise oe xt te ares he SUR Bac fe 70 gipsy moth in Europe, intruduction into United States. . 69 Japan, introduction into United States. 47, 73, 74 Fee ia EH oo 2 ae 124-125 TUNER, PAMIBILE OF. SIpsy Moth. HNO MIIWIS YS ee see 81 solitarius, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature........ 86 gipsy moth in Europe, position in ‘‘sequence’’ 132 Pare 6 4. Kossyosin see 79-82 introduction into United States, BAMBI is Jo uSete 0S Ness 189-190 reared at laboratory......-......- 85 recorded in literature............. 85 melanoscelus, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature 85 ? ocnerix, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature... 85 ap. (delicatus?), host of elachertimes:2). eo 39:. 20s el seats yes Jee 139 parasite of gipsy moth in America. ...-.......-..- 138-139 . white-marked tussock moth (Hemero- cantpe leucoshigma) 2s. Loess 222. os. 138 tenebrosus, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature... . ~~... 85 ultor, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature... ......-- 86 vitripennis, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature. 86, 295-296 Apechthis brassicarix. (See Pimpla brassicarix.) Aphelinus mali, parasite of Lepidosaphes ulmi, transportation from one part of eee ROL NOR DETE os ei ete deg wees s< . SONG SNUB... - 5 ce emeene 20 Aphiochxta scalaris, reared from dead gipsy moth (Porthetria dispar)........-- 90 setacea, reared from dead gipsy moth (Porthetria dispar)........... 90 Aphis, hop. (See Hop aphis.) spring grain. (See Toxoptera graminum.) A popestes spectrum, host of Masicera sylvatica... ............02 0-2 eee eee eee 92 Aporia cratzxgi, host of Blepharidea vulgaris. ..........-....----2------------ 91 Repeat. |. 200 ci caiicn be wa ieuugte aek oak yeah kee 133 . 816 PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. Page. Apple; food: plant, of Anthonomus:.. -daahs 4222 Vee Gu ee a 19 hy APORUG ROLE GD c Ackirereks Eee et aca eae a "yale brown-tarlmotheecs “eo ke ook np pe alate ee mee an ae Tas tent caterpillar (Malacosema) a.) - 225 S258 eee 98, 104 wild haw, original food plant of Aspidiotus perniciosus.............--- 37 Araschinia levana, host of Blepharidea amilgaris .... 9.22246. 2222.2 52 91 Compsilurd Concuimate «3006.00 o2 oe eo eo 89 prorsa; host,of Blepharidenanslgaris: cia. Joye Bete... 25s. en oe 91 Compsiluratconcinnata 0. os a0” Gots 89 ‘Arbusier, food plant ol brewmeteadl mothe) 0) Sc Wee ee ee Ne ee ee 134 Arbutus sp. (See Arbusier.) Archips rosaceana, hoxtiol dmekonranvma Sp... so .. 2. oe. sed bo ee ee 259-260 Archia CU6e, DOStWL eM ChnONI Capen O is. ke oe a a eee ee ee See 89 Anctia caja best olCnichlia, ereisaruek «oo Ne oF coe cick Oe ee 89 COTPST RR COTE TROL. oe soo ie eal ne LS ee ee ae 89 ET OTISG, CLUS og Ls eA se 89 Histochvla Marimor aid poset eke 22 eo oe 89 Parerorista COMO nc yt echo aetna tien A eee el 92 Lachinalatuantite: ts6e feet aes Yq: hee we pepe ts Sets Rite tae 90 Tricholy Qf. QTOndis se ciie oct tty, © ay ae, yee ee 88, 92 hebe,. host. of Blepharidem vitlgaris 4 ot yeni bcs hei ee 91 Carcelit excise. asta d. oe: < Ais dpe worl Ss ees ee 89 Parevorista chelonmigs ee 5 te ee ee Aare Seep 92 quenselit, host oi, ,Histochxia,marmorat@.\o. 22). ee Sasi - 22D e eee 89 Millice. NOS Ot ANCClO CUPIS Seek Sean Pee uk pes a a 89 Hustochecta: Or moratan pe eee. a a. wise Se ee ee 89 Paorexorista chelonig...” - tear sanee: ty asses bee eh oe 92 Nachimadlornarent ja A244 eed. 4 Gaara a eee AS Ge 90 Argynnisilathonia, host,of) Blephardea wulgariszc i2nc26.-- 4... Sede ence os = 2: 91 _Argyrophylax atropivora, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature......... 88 recorded sosten?. see introduction into United eases... ~) Sco eee 304 reared at laboratory.........- 91 nen Ss . 02092 222 202 Pk 90 Brotolomia meticulosa, host of Blepharidea vulgaris. ........--..--.----------- 91 Brown-tail moth and gipsy moth parasites. (See Parasites of gipsy and brown- tail moths.) caterpillars, full-fed and pupating, importation and han- RIERA: setts Go. Sock Reatis_ 2 Eee L. 162-164 immature, importation and handling.........- 161-162 SPapeepnTA NOE oo 5 cee eeu 91-93 egg masses, importation and handling. .........-.....-.-- 160-161 foreign seetimie pomaniteesss 24 2) der a). ic2ces:.----2--22-<-- 91 TRO i oak os oT et sre a dh 135, 270, 291 hibernation nests, importation and handling. ............... 161 hy Mcuentercns persanek- > 2... ...... .f spaiouncath fie ick 86-87 in. Muropessd cau zack. ont eco. Robey he. 132-135 native tachinids reared therefrom. .................-....--- 93 sia lara eorirola ie Aeeene 5:5 52 Specie. te ns Se 97-102 parasites hibernating in. webs.....2. 2...) -4.2....sese2...-- 261-295 possible interrelations. ........ 267 in Watope... .....2. ueemioe Salou: wegen 132-135 pepgnmece”. «eorcy dk. teuees }~ danas 135, 136 of eggs, introduction, into United States, habits.. 256-261 hibernating caterpillars, introduction into United POS RNR ce Con os Sere Rad's «deen 268-295 larger caterpillars, introduction into United NS RI cs ns, POS tints a a 89,92 394 PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. : Page. Kulophid parasite of Apanteles fuluipese feet Sanat? as os Se ee yee ee 300 Pleronvadlwsequgymisn Shey ga cen Gee 4 oe seek See ee ee 202 Eupelmus bifasciatus, parasite of gipsy moth, reared at laboratory............ 86 recorded in literature.......... 86 parasite ol Aponiclesjiulvipesec isc: giaerr ost eee a a eee 200 Euphorocera claripennis, parasite of brown-tail moth in America............ 98,145 Enphorus; parasite of lady birdiaduiltg acter os ee ee ee ee 30 Fuplena tucapara, host: of Blepharidea wil gartsing. see tle aki ee: < Se = 91 Euproctis chrysorrhea. (See Brown-tail moth.) conspersa, host: of Apanieles conspers®=s.0x) - S5-deas- daditeSeaee 285-286 parasitesin Japams. «te see Seb oF Ste es ee eee 133 Hurrhyporasunies, host,of Dexodesivignipes.. -.(hih. 2 ooo Se sone Se 2 oe 88, 91 Eurytoma abrotani Panzer=Eurytoma appendigaster Swed... .-.------------- 86 parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature. ..........-. 86 appendigaster Swed., Hurytoma abrotani Panzer a synonym.......... 86 Exorista affinis, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature. ............... 88 recordedshostscjcp tok. kaos epee ER tn eee a ey eee 89 blanda, parasite of gipsy moth in America.........-....------ 90,140, 142 boarmiz, parasite of brown-tail moth in America. ......-.. 938, 145, 147-149 chelonix. (See Parexorista cheloniz.) fernaldi, parasite ‘of gipsy moth in America: 24.20) ado. as Se 90 pyste, parasite of gipsy moth in Amerieaxcd.¢ 5... eee ee 90 two undetermined species, parasites of gipsy moth in America. .-.-.-... 141 Haculiative factorsin control ofimsectss a. 4. sae 5 ee ee 107 ““Miachene. “so-called: ofcpsy, mots. oa) ie ee. Sa Pe ee els ee ie 97-102 Fruit fly.. (See Ceratitis capitata.) parasites, Frogeatt’s journey for investigating their utility. ......... 42-44 ibameous disease.Ol Aleyrodes Cli.) 22 2 aoe eae ee ee 46 brownetatl moth. se 6 eco spe ee eke oe 135, 270, 291 Funnel, intezumental,.of larva of Pales.pavida.....24- 4-- 2-5-2 --tins3-a- 301-302 Tachima, 2b @l..5 6p... 5-450 eee gee 140 tracheal, of larva,of Blepharipa, seutelioia..25 .9—. ee -- 58 3 eee 214-216 Gastropacha quercifolsa, host of Masicera sylvatica. 2 oe. apf oe on ee 92 Teaching Larvanu ol eee. ee ae 90 Gaurax anchora, reared from dead gipsy moth (Porthetria dispar). .......----.-- 90 Gipsy moth, additional control necessary to check increase in America.... 114-117 and brown-tail moth parasites. (See Parasites of gipsy and brown- tail moths. ) caterpillars, first-stage, importation and handling........-..... 153 full-fed and pupating, importation ae hen alleen - 156-159 second to fifth stages, een and handling.... 154-156 conditions favoring rapid: mcrease a2). eos tee ee 112-113 dipteKouUs Palrasites. 2.2 4e se esac Sh ose eae eee eres 87-90 ego masses, importation and Jhandlime.—. 35. 4-222 5 2 ee 152-153 extent of control by parasiiasm) abroad ee see ee ee ee 117-131 hymenopterous, parasites. %.. 220 bes oe ene on eee 85-86 mortality required to offset potential increase. .......-..------- 112 naisye: Diptera reared thereirom; 22.2 ot een: ooh os eee 90 hatuxal control by disease: = 2) He Re eee 97-102 parasites in, Europe, “sequence”? 28) 4525.8 seee eee es Seer 131 Japan, Sequence )a3 tases see ee eee 121 C0) 2144: Ge NS Serene ob ae en Sa AE 168-188 loryee °. «os See se ae eg ce nd ee 188-202 PUG n le Se ae rake te ee eee ete 236-255 INDEX. 325 Page. Gipsy moth parasiaanr ae Atietica SoU ss 5.22 23.58 SUR ede oe 136-143 Ree ee cooeran ess SSS SVUY TS. JD ee ESS oP 120-123 SON eae e's = 52) UPS. SOUT NAT 8 Le 123-129 Pemeravnemre sas) ve cere sere ave 129-131 pupe, importation and handling. .......................----- 159-160 rate of increase in New England:.:.2..2....0.... 00000002200. 109-114 recorded hosts of foreign tachinids reared therefrom at laboratory. 88 recorded as parasitic thereon.. 89-90 (acid Jeri. o>. asa SESE 2.2 oh 202-236 Goniarctena rufipes, host of Histocheta marmorata................------------ 89 Grapevine Cochylis. (See Cochylis.) aac Tins Gr watipnariad. 2 oo Pe. ee eet oh 250 ‘‘Green bug.’’ (See Toxoptera graminum.) Habrobracon brevicornis, hibernating in brown-tail moth nests. .......-.-..- 61, 269-270 Hadena adusta, host of Eudoromyia magnicornis.............---------+-+--+--- 89, 92 secs, Host ir Parevorista Cicloniz..2H08 Is02 22. 07. 2. LPAI 92 Hemaphysalis leporis-palustris, host of Ixodiphagus teranus........----------- 41 parasite of cotton-tail rabbit..............-.--- 41 Hematobia serrata, quest of parasites for introduction into Hawaiian eS ry: 36 Haplogonatopus vitiensis, parasite of Perkinsiella saccharicida, introduction into Pmt Tele Po ek io, SEE Gos Behe oe see oe a: nee eee 35 Hawthorn containing nests of brown-tail moth. .........-....--..----------- 133 Heliothis obsoleta, host of Trichogramma pretiosa......-...-------------------- 45 area, Nor, Oil rodes Migeieee. Ss. so das Ss ete eee eee eee 88, 91 Hemaris fuciformis, host of Echinomyia preceps...........-----------+--++--- 92 Hemerocampa leucostigma. (See Tussock moth, white-marked.) Hemichionaspis minor on cotton, importation of Prospaltella berlesei for control.. 45 Hemiteles bicolorius, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature...........-.- 85 fulvipes. (See Astomaspis fulvipes.) socialis, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature........... 87 Epp, parsaitesvol) Apanicles fuloipess oll). 3 22 2. eS 199, 200 utilis, parasite of Limnerium sp. (fugitiva?).............----------- 138 Hessian fly ( Mayetiola destructor), burning stubble in .control may result in destroying beneficial parasites. - IM 19 host of Entedon epigonus, aaeenited eutiol by introduction of parasite........ 30 Polygnotus hiemalis, control by trans- portation of parasite. ............- 21 Heterocampa, Cosizol iy Starve wns das eee IPey. Tey. ge en 103 Sides 1h Daren ss isis SEE A ee 103 Hippodamia convergens, enemy of plint-tice, transportation from one part of entry tp suother pat... 8 o0 2 BOCs, oi BICTRR Te MOPS OUP. 22-23 Histochxta marmorata, aati of gipsy moth, recorded in literature........... 88 Teconme Mens S STP. A SPLAT LSS RS 89 Homalotyius, ‘parasite of ladybird larvee ../: 4. 92.20 ie 30 Hop aphis, prey of common English ladybird, artificial control by means of its eR beeen A EE Pl, 2, 17 Horn fly. (See Hexematobia serrata.) Horse chestnut, food plant of Hemerocampa leucostigma.......---.------------ 101 hadbaskahipunempats tememiegs, 2005 12 200 ld eo ee ee. 42 By Rete ee LOD cen dae go ccesccdsceccesscsss. TAs 201-202 RM secsseracave een CEL f. S20 Oo e 203-204 Hunterellus hookeri parasite of Rhipicephalus sanguineus............-.-------- 41-42 texanus, introductions into Africa. 41-42 396 PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. Page Hunterellus hookeri, question.as to original home..22 920 J. 20 22 42 Hybernia defoliaria, host of Blepharidea vulgaris... 2208... 2-2-2 91 ap:, host of Devodes: Wigripes esas: ns a een eer or eee oe ere ite 88-91 Hybridization between Tachina mella and Tachina larvarum, possibility thereof. 227 Hydrocyanic-acid gas -against fluted scaler Gives ie ease ae Se 24 Hyloicus pinastri, host ot Blepharidea nutgamissbe. Slo 10 eee anes 91 Carcelvayencisa ita at MSI bo SOROS Se 89 Compslita@ CONCINNO =. Se <5 = Soe oe eee 89 Phiryre erytnrostoma,... 0/252 sae ey ES 89 Hylophila prasinana, host of Blepharidea vulgaris.........-------.------------ 91 Hymenopterous parasite cocoons, importation and handling................. 165-166 Elyperparasttes, host relations... 2-4. ss ue: 22 ee eee ee 201-202 Hyphantria (see also Webworm, fall). host of Apanteles lactercolopstees83 6. 22. Faw ene 284 Hypopteromalus, parasite of Apanteles fulvipes............-----...-------- 199, 200 deerya xgypiiaca, prey of Nowus cardinals. Sante se Gages. 4. Ue yeue ees 28-29 purchasi, miroductionantow lonidas22c5s.. 2: 2926. Sassen 28 prey of Novius cardinalis, in Cape Colony. ...............-.-- 28 Pormosacee! 0) 228 bee 29 Hawaiian Islands. .....2.......- 29 Rial. 2 222 Ness). 20: See sa ies 29 New Zealand: iio. 2s soak 27 Portugalestews i Poel ahaa fe 27-28 Syyrias st Aalst Le Sa ea 29 WnitedsStates_ ic 2d See = 24-27 Ichneumon disparis, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature. ....... 86 pipsy Moth,in-Hunope sisi es a ee SL Ca 239 position in ‘‘sequence”’.. 132 reared iat laboratory: . . 2920022... 85 recorded in literature.............. 85 fly, parasite of Ceratitis capitata, introduction into western Australia. 39 pictus, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature............. ey 85 scutellator, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature... ... 86 Idiolispa atripes, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature..........-. 86 Insects, control. by, birds,.and other predators ia. 2 3..-<.- -heeees- 2222.22. LOK 0S dasedse oa am Ra ae es ee 1:7) neusivia, Host OF Cancelid CLGiS@s oa el epee a eee 89 CO LLL) | EE. SARL Va aR Ne Leet eer > 8) cb 88 LONPSMUTA CONCINNO. — 42 2 eer 89 Histochrla marmornia se. 28" 2 eee eee 89 COchinaarvOnire See te ete oe eee ee 90 Lene WOO ee Ce ee ee ee 90 Mamestra advena, host of Blephandea-wulgaris.:. Se ae 2 Se ee 91 Grassiex, host of Compsilina concmnatae Te! oe 2 ee. ee 89 Lachine larvdgny: 229055 22 ON ty SG ae eee 90 Oleracea, host ‘of Compsihura concinamata. SU Ue 8 ee ee ae «789 Lucho Ga QTANAIS Poss bae oT, he ae ee ee 88, 92 persicari, host of Blepharided vulgaris. 2: 522052322 eee ee eee eee 91 Compsilira concinnatas :. 2 eee he eee 89 PIst, OSL OL DELOUES TGTUNES 2.22 see Fe Bee eee kee EE 88, 91 LCRA OMB CNM =o... See ae ME Re ce Re ee 89 Tricholyge OTOMAIS Soo Ae SP Lee LEI ESTs See 88, 92 reticulata, nost of Blepiarided wilgaris. 0.0 22-2 Soe 2 = oe eee eee 91 Maple (see also Acer). fOOW DIANE GEOUPSY MOEN. oases es poe et eR Sh oa oe iene 80 white-marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa leucostigma).... 101 WMasicera sylvaticn, gross numper colonized: 2.245. 22-5426 ee ieee eee ee 310 parasite of brown-tail moth in Europe, position in ‘‘se- Gitente oy. eee 136 introduction into United States. 303 reared at laboratory.-......--..- 91 mecordeduhostslsesole 8 LU AG earn Sea oe ee ae 92 Mayetiola destructor. (See Hessian fly.) Mealy bugs (Pseudococcus), prey of coccinellids introduced from abroad... ...- 46 Cryptoleemus Montrouge. =.= - A. a= 2: 34 Meigenia bisignata, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature.............. 88, 89 Mehtzxa athatia, hest of blephamdcawalogris.; 2.5 222 ee eee) ot 91 TET CRG JEL TUUGUIIC BEE = Se, ok is eg Se ee iN oe 92 curing; hostel Lycian Gormugiedescs ar et ee ee oe ae 92 didyma,; hostioh, Lachviva tamiarieny cry eet es SE ee os ce yey 90 Melittobia acasta, parasite of introduced Tachinide and Sarcophagide....... 209-212 parasite of tachinids, an undesirable introduction. ...........-.-..- 202 Melopsilus porcellus: hostot Pacha larvarum -— 2 ee tee eee 90 Mesochorus confusus, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature.........-... 85 dilutus, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature......... 87 INDEX. 329 Page Mesochorus gracilis, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature. ............ 85 AL ep., parasite of Apanteles fishel.. 2... 2.22. ccc cece cc eccee 265 pallipes, parasite of Apanteles lacteicolor..........- .. 263, 265-266, 267, 289 pectoralis, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature....... 87 gipsy moth, recorded in literature........... 85 semirufus, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature..........- 85 spi, parasite of Apanteles hyphantrizx. ... -. . 2... 2222s seen econo 265 splendidulus, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature......... 85 Meteorus ictericus, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature.......... 86 japonicus, parasite of gipsy moth in Japan..........-.....--. 121, 190-191 position in ‘‘sequence”... 121 reared at laboratory................ 85 parasite of brown-tail moth in Europe, introduction into United BisGetA TiS. £5 BAG IOI 2 ser gentedainecddadetteads 70 gipsy moth in Russia, introduction into United States... 69 pulchricornis, parasite of gipsy moth in Europe, position in ‘“‘se- quence ” 5.3254 23. 24s dad Jee 132 introduction into United States.. 190 reared at laboratory..........-.- 85 scutellator, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature...........-- 85 versicolor, grows uuttiber Colontaedi iio)25 - 2. =. - 2. 2-522 2-2 ot es caecne 310 host off teromalie coregimpais «22525 ses ons 2202 PSF ee 266, 267 parasite of brown-tail moth in Europe, position in ‘“‘se- yeenee 5 35s ERIE ae 136 introduction into United States, habits... 262, 264-267, 286-289, 295 reared at laboratory........... 86 recorded in literature. .......- 86 results of rearing work in Pe SS Ps 2S 147-149 status in United Statesin 1910. 309 fall webworm (Hyphantria)...............-...- 289 gipsy moth in Europe, position in ‘‘sequence”.. 132 introduction into United States... .. 190 reared at laboratory. ..........-.-- 85 white-marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa leu- deluge a. Si Dies Ses oi Soe 221-223, 289 Metopsilus porcellus, host of Blepharidea vulgaris..................--2--..+++- 91 Miana literosa, host.of Derodes nigripes. “20290 % S892 Tk PE a pce g ss ceat 88, 91 Microcionia, parasite of ladybird adulfsyez.ew Gaerne Peet A $8osrsd Gees 30 Microgaster calceata, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature........ 86 gipsy moth, recorded in literature............. 85 consularis (Hal.)= Microgaster connera Nees..........--.+-+-+-+--- 86 connexa, Microgaster consularis a synonym. ..........-.....------ 86 consularis, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature...... 86 fulvipes liparidis. (See Apanteles fulvipes liparidis.) tibialis, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature.............. 85 Microweisia misella, enemy of Diaspis pentagona, introduction into Italy. ..... 44-45 Mineola indiginella, control by permitting parasites to escape. .............-- 18-19 Monedula carolina, enemy of tabanid flies, introduction into Algeria........... 45 Monodontomerus xreus, gross number colonized....................-.---.---- 310 hibernating in brown-tail nests. ............... 262, 266, 267 PRM 2 Fo poss dacs weiss oa da daceteatnae ee 266 7362°—11——-3 . 330 PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS, Page. Monodontomerus xreus, parasite of Apanteles lacteicolor.............-.-.---- 249, 267 brown-tail moth in Europe................ 304 position in ‘‘se- quence?) acc... AS6° introduction into United States; habits......-..- 245-250 reared at laboratory....... 87 recorded in literature... .. 87 results of rearing work in WO sees eee ees 2 IAT 1g status In United States in LOMO He jee ies oe See eo OS ane Compsiluza copmnndiaxccned 25-euaeee... $224 sipsy mothyia) Hurepeseed . ae ac he ee 304 position in ‘‘se- quence eek hiteccs ¢ “eZ introduction into United States, habits. cine cic eres eee meee reared at laboratory... {42265 86 status in United Statesin 1910.. 308 introduced Tachinidae: «ace 22k sleeve. 2124218 Pinna iar ase ewig. Ui awit sk ee ek 246, 249 tachinid and sarcophagid puparia.......... 246 sPheronia ee ieee POG 8 oniks eee 246 white-marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa LE COSTIGTHD) 50 So 82 Sed Oe Se ee ee 249 AU OVOUNTIO NICOLE, bt eee he a ee oe 267 reared from brown-tail moth webs, host relations.... 269-270 BUCKS beolonazation Ss.) ak sone ee eee ee 276-277 unfortunately a secondary as well as a primary para- BUG Sener e fone Senn See Maret Se ent ce na ee 202 Walk Raryiniusamephelus trata: 224 32s) Sees 87 dentupes, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature. .. 87 Malperry, food! plant of “Draspis pentagona. . _.-. 2.) a. eee. sea oe pee ecco 38 Mymarid parasite of weevil allied to Phytonomus murinus, introduction into United Statesoicombat:the latter ix. Sy aseh ees ence oe eee ee 46 Natural ‘control.of msects, three eroups of facborses 2 5222222522 2208. 2 114 Nematus ribesiz, host of Dexodespiigrapess a0 Se ee eek po ee: ee ee ee 88, 91 Nonagnatyphiie, host of Masicera: sylvatica: sag oA ares ee mee Lees 92 Notodonta trepida, host of Argyrophylax atropivora......-...----------------- 89 Nun moth (see also Porthetria monacha). prey.o1.Calasomalsycopianiies. Sser Whee: SEE: TAA Ge cere Sees 48 Novius cardinalis, enemy of Icerya xgyptiaca, introduction into*Egypt......-. 28-29 purchasi, introduction into Cape Colony. - .. 28 HigFMOSAwS 27: = 2.2 29 Hawaiian Is- IPE io [chs Ss Rae 29 Ttalysemns acme 29 New Zealand... . 27 Portugalies: alt 27-28 Diyala zones 29 United States... 24-27 reasons for its success. ---.-_----- 29-30 INDEX. 331 Page. ak, ipod, plat .of tpey INO 5 0 = 6 nbeny piindnePargy Shes <= 77, 80, 81, 124-125 Ocneria detrde, Om Ol Tachi VOrvarUmhe. ono 5 nb hace eden eae see e eee 90 Conistis quadra, host of Compsilura concinnata......-.-..------------------- 89 NING 6 tin i Be ong tide Paks ea Soo g on 89 Olethreutes hercyniana, host of Tachina larvarum...........----.-.------------ 90 Olive fly (see also Dacus olez). method of encouraging parasites... ........---+-----...:-.----.---- 20 Omiodes blackburni, host of Chalcis obscurata, control by introduction of para- SS SR Ree Se eae ae a ee ea apne een ee ee 35 Omorgius difformis, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature......... 86 Ootetrastichus beatus, parasite of Perkinsiella saccharicida, introduction into UE EEE 5 eter ae eer MET RE Se er eer Meer pees 35 Opiellus trimaculatus, parasite of Ceratitis capitata, attempted introduction into Tt ee ae, ee 1. ee RR Ae ene wen Ue SERe Roraae, =. DS 39 Sees. Seer (iar OF AUIOUES CUTE. 3 ice am os at ape ons ee a oe 46 ie AMET IE a ca is > ks peg = Co so 24 DRE RERE PEERS os oc 2 ng oes ea eee 28 ETT oa os 2 na os ys ee 28 mmmanrura. Dom af Canccha excaa._.....--------+-22->----5--baee dane 89 ONAN 8 cen id oe aE a 88 isa PEER Rn AUN nok i a enn Sp Sa 92 SAN I wt ee ime es eo 90 gonoshigma, host of Tachinadarvarum.... . ....- 2 2-4» 40-4 -- === 525548 90 Ortholitha cervinata, host of Dexodes nigripes....-.-..--.-------------------- 88,91 Orihosie bumelie, host OF Tachsng larverum a on oe ee ew cm ei ae - s Be 90 gasiaring. Hest ie Parecrorisig OIciemesd . = 2-2 ee 3 we ee eee eee 92 Pachyneuron gifuensis, parasite of Anastatus bifasciatus.............-.-.------ 183 EY EOI oo ora Sate ce, om ieee 183 reared Iron) Pinsy-mOLn PUR. sk alae ee 178 superparasitized by Pachyneuron gifuensis........-... 183 Tyndarichus node... 0222+... 4e- 183 Pachytelia villosella, host of Exorista affinis..................---------------- 89 Packing and shipment of brown-tail moth egg masses.....................- 160-161 larvee, full-fed and pupating..... 162-164 immature. ania ac area Se [eee ery, Semaine percep SE 164 Calosoma and other predaceous beetles............ 167 gipsy-moth egg masses from Japan............... 152-153 larve, full-fed and pupating......... 156-159 second to fifth stages from Europe. 154 GPU 6 a mo oR AG an ope heen oe 159-160 hymenopterous parasite cocoons. ..........-.-... 165-166 SIE. TER a’. Som a re hap anne a eee 166-167 nen aUNes. (rors Tamer COMMIBOD 0... 5 5-2. - sion en enews encase aneeue 310 parasite of brown-tail moth in Europe, position in ‘‘sequence”.. 136 introduction into United States, MEMOS <6 2s POS nce kn bee 300-302 reared at laboratory... .............. 91 recorded in iiteuitne. 2 oo 91 status in United Sthien i in 1910... Geet 310 erent ees SOMIPONG. C2... 2 2... . sack ce awuees 235, 302 position in ‘‘sequence”....... 132 ee caw kan coun e 92 Palms, food plants of Omiodes blackburni................2-.--- 200 - eee eneeee 35 doo PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. Page Pamphilius stellatus, host: of Parexorista cheloniae~ 7.2 = 2222 s2e0b aot seek eee 92 Lachine lartarusie rs oes Seer Fo ary ae See 90 Panolis griseovariegata, host of Echinomyia fera.........-.---.-.--------------- 89 Pales pavidas 220k Soy 2 Oa ee ss aaa re 92 Pachina Nar vartenee 2 08 22 2 SE es Se Sere 90 Papilio machaon; host of Tachimatlarinrmi = oa. oe ee ee ee 90 Paranagrus optabilis, parasite of Perkinsiella saccharicida, introduction into Hawaii? 2255 See ee ee eae aren vee ene gate. 0 35 perforator, parasite of Perkinsiella saccharicida, introduction into | Hawaee cs so ee ra eee nee ee eee ee Pe eee a ee Ee 35 Parasd hilartila' Paras) SUE OSes Das oe oe ee ee en 170 sinica, hibernating in egg masses of gipsy moth......-..225-.-22222 222. 170 Parasemia plantaginis, host of Blepharidea vulgaris....-.-.--- IANS ae N ST RO eee 91 Parasetigena segregata, gross number colonized 52/34/22 22252 2225225. 22022222 310 handling of pupartan ss ee oe a en eee 159 parasite of gipsy moth in Europe, position in ‘“‘se- (Mente Sars San See 132 introduction into United States, MAD S LIS Se eae 229-231 reared at laboratory............ 88 recorded in literature.......... 88 status in United Statesin 1910. 308 recorded hostssswC ie see ene eee coins See ar 89 Parasites of brown-tail moth. (See Brown-tail moth parasites.) gipsy and brown-tail moths, difficulty of naming European species. 68-69 PM POLLA MOMs ences ee ee ee 1-312 and ‘namie: esse 152-167 an investigation of the WON dle 45 os aie GS ee 50-54 circumstances bringing about beginning of Worksc ccc Ota eeemeeers 49-50 developments of year LOO eee 311-312 early ideas on introduc- HOR. inn seot Reem 47-49 establishment and disper- BAGH foc estat Shee tee 94-96 eross number of various species colonized ...... 310 improvements in rearing MOCO S o..cke Ges 71-73 introduction to bulletin.. 13-16 narrative of progress of WOOL no eee Se ee ee 54-84 i BONS - 2 RAR AS ae 305-307 Prof. Kincaid in Japan: se2>. 73-74 Russia shes 4 75, 76 INDEX. , 333 Page. Parasites of gipsy and brown-tail moths, imported into United States, present status.......... Lo, ey SLA ae known and recorded: Caster AP 84-92 localities from which material has been received 6. SHU E ATL OAD 168, 169 quantity of material imported.....- 167-168 moth. (See Gipsy moth parasites.) injurious insects, early practical work in handling...............-. 17-18 Froggatt’s journey for investigation of their utility. 42-44 method of encouragement................------ 20 permitting them to escape..........-...-------- 18-20 previous work in practical handling. ........... 16-45 transfer from one country to another.........-.-. 23-46 transportation from one part of a given country to another parti Js yee12 20. FEI OI PPD... - 20-23 secondary, -host relations.2%.2sati ae eI) se ee, Pe ee 201-202 amet tien.as -factorin imsect.conirdlisgjey ysis. . en. A TS 105-109 eo. brows-larl moth.in-AamoreasyeVeOow. . .. -2 2 os cee eter 143-151 POPE. 2S A be . Oe 132-135 gipsy thoth: in America. .. 22.001 iP) Meet we os 136-143 Jd pase s55 EVAR SUP ee, . ee 120-123 Eoin. eh Sess SN. Ue, 123-129 sewtivern HW raneee ers: ). Je 5214 ok AA I 129-131 nealiwe insects shies: thereines...2.025 95): YI0POR SE, WT 102-105 white-marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa leucostigma) in country VERE A2UEIIER SNPS BUSA fy 2 Oe: SEP 119-120 Parexorista chelonix, American race, parasite of Malacosoma americana and Mala- ehsomna-disstrus.. . PRO TEEIA PHE HIBS a 299-300 biological differences between American and European WOCC Bonner yt te MESO LD Seta RE DM, LD io W 257, 286, 299 priesanumber colonized ....... RG 9t MUI. Ose PLA 310 parasite of brown-tail moth in Europe, position in ‘“se- epee GS) 5. sti esas 136 introduction into United States; habits. .......... 297-300 reared at laboratory......... 91 statusin United Statesin 1910 310 probable interbreeding of American and European forms 299-300 SECU Gowis 2 CoS RA Jk SOLES ies SO se ewe 92 Paris green against gipsy moth, formerly recommended...............-.-.-.----- 47 Pérorgyia sp., host of Apanteles fisketors. 2: 02 L908. 8S SD POEL O... 265 Parthenogenesis as a factor in establishment of hymenopterous parasites in a new country ....... HEARN WS. < - - wiks'd cited Sumas ee 95 1 sel iCeianeenaOEs EIU | on kc cee ewan 211-212 DEMONS TARR OPE SUION, 0. oes Con en we oe 179, 183 DUCTUS, 6 as ORI PROD. gos se Cas ea Lh we eee 257-258 Peer, inad_plant.of Aporistcratagt 1. Kean. i. SPU. SU AR 133 RINE ison cain sthns ps ww sn cc eins Segoe en eeee 133 wild, containing nests of brown-tail moth. . oar eee . 8 Péitiouloides ventricosus, enemy of brown-tail moth catarpillars and dieir para- RIN ase 6 cs ewe oe 267-268 Dental eaeyOMahek.. 5.0 Ho SS. eT AKG 33 Perilampus cuprinus, an undesirable foreign hyperparasite..............-.-..- 202 parasite of introduced Tachinide......... ..... Shea 208-209 834 PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. Page. Perilampus hyalinus, secondary parasite of fall webworm ee habits 208-209 Perilitus, parasite of ladybird adults... BS iteogatnee Meee coe ec as Saree. 30 Perissopterus javensis, reared from gipsy- Sree 21 1 ee Se 178 Perkinsiella saccharicida, enemy of sugar cane, snggncgen: on aereeies: ul enemies Into Hawanan: [slande/Rapaimame ies 66 oe ee eee ee 35 Pezomachus fasciatus (Fab.)=Pezomachus melanocephalus (Schrk.).........-...- 85 parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature. ..........- 85 hortensis, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature......-....-. 85 melanocephalus (Schrk.), Pezomachus fasciatus (Fab.) a synonym... . 85 parasites of Apanitelesyvfulaapesss- us bowie 2 ns Soe eee eee ee 200 Pholera bucephata; host, ot Commpstlaraiconciinataiaesee: - 22s 22 De - 89 Phora incisuralis, reared from dead gipsy moth (Porthetria dispar)...-.-..------ 90 Phorocera, four undetermined species, parasites of gipsy moth in America.... 141 leucanie (?), parasite of brown-tail moth in America....-.....-..- 93, 145 saundersvi, parasite of brown-tail moth in America.........-..-....- 93, 145 Phragmatobia fulaginosa; host of Carcelia excisa <2... Saesasdot Fo PG eae ce 89 Dexodes nigripesreieses Peeeas att tate eae eens 88, 91 Parexorisia: chelomiz a: tags bebe ews ee. 92 Phryze erythrostoma, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature.......-.-.--- 88 recorded hosts:,. ~ : - 25)-..'5 Gasweiees Ao eee ee 89 vulgaris. (See Blepharidea vulgaris.) Phygadeuon, parasite of Compsilura concinnatatesce bo a2 2 8: Fs ene. 1220. 224 Phylloxera of grapevine, prey of Tyroglyphus phylloxerx, attempted control by introduction.of its enemy... 22.0. eeseei ease eer: Hoeeeee Oe 2! 24 ‘‘Physiological”’ species. (See Biological.) Phytonomus murinus, enemy of alfalfa, quest for parasites in Europe........-. 46 Pieris brasser:; host,of: Blephandea.wilgaristinzisa: .gsuritieesieed sees BAS 91 Compsilura concinnata ....28=taas. eaeeeet Mae oS ee: 89 Masrcera, sylugpeds. smn aaseBibh. peeled 5 in. as oes 92 agplidice, host ol Blepharidea vulgaris: . 0). =-coce Res ee Se 91 rape (see also Pontia rap2). hostial Blephandea wulgariseuc. tunaseow! peat aee. ela. eee 91 Compsilunaxeanennata..2 o.5-=2 eee ee ee 89 Pimpla brassicariz, parasite of brown-tail moth in Europe........-......----.-- 238 position in ‘‘se- quence” Josie: 136 reared at laboratory.....-.... 86 gipsy;moth.in)Mundpe sp aidedera.... 2.2252. 44. 238 position in ‘‘sequence”’.. 132 reared at laboratory2ci22i2ciee4- sone 85 conquisitor, not properly a host of Theronia fulvescens.........--------- 137 parasite of brown-tail moth in America.........-..-- 144, 147-149 sipsy moth.in Americassaasd awe et eS: 138, 238 tent caterpillar (Malacosoma).....-..-..-------- 238 white-marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa leucostigMin)-..<.:. 2S. 5 SE 238 disparis, parasite of gipsy moth m Japan... ss9aseaeeess. Jo eee ee 238 position in ‘‘sequence”’....... iba’ reared at laboratory....-...----,----- 85 examinator, parasite of brown-tail moth in Europe..-......-.--.-..----- 144 position in “se- (UeHEe Ss: 220: 136 reared at laboratory .........- 86 ee ee eas <= a a a INDEX. 335 Pimpla examinator, parasite of brown-tail moth recorded in literature. .......- 86 statusin United Statesin 1910. 310 gipsy moth in Europe, position in “‘sequence”’. = 132 introduction into United States. . 237-239 reared at laboratory...........----- 85 recorded in literature...........-.-- 85 ost of . MonedantOmerus S7ONS sen LOD Ls ho ae lk 246, 249 inquisitoriella, host of Pimpla instigator............-------+---+------- 237 parasite of tussock moth (Hemerocampa leucostigma).. 237-238 instigator, parasite of brown-tail moth in Europe..............---...-- 144 position in “‘se- menee 52 Ta-7 er 136 reared at laboratory.........--- 86 recorded in literature.........--- 86 status in United a in 1910.. 310 sipsy moth in Europe, position in ‘“‘sequence”... 132 introduction into United States, De le oe eee 237-239 feaeral at Jaboratory : - 2-2 = ee 85 recorded in literature............--.-- 85 Punpla inquasttorvella-2ita! X& 3s. peal Jeyeaates 2a) 237 pedalis, parasite of brown-tail moth in America..........-.-.---- 144, 147-149 gipsy moth in America.............--.-- 137-138, 237-239 pluto, parasite of gipsy moth in Japan, position in ‘“‘sequence”’......-- 121 introduction into United States, habits. 237-239 reared at laboratory’ .ziso)4 soo. - ni doo 85 porthetrix, parasite of gipsy moth in Japan, position in ‘‘sequence”... 121 introduction into United States, habiielws zisineg bk te otieeust ie 237-239 reared at laboratory..........------ 85 pp, eres Nuliiber colonized | 2.2220: ida: uc Bizet - eiebrot we. --- 310 parasites of gipsy moth, status in United States in 1910........ 308,310 tenuicornis, parasite of gipsy moth in America.............----------- 138 Emme, food plant of **pise imeenck moth.’ taxeectosrtd ania nag... 2) 08 Piroplasmosis, transmission by bi picep hades iileaiilenta A 90 geod. of? ee 41-42 Seeamidiim ~ stape of Periamipas..o- 2. ....../-Wdeaadus.... 2-2-0525... AK 208 Plant-lice, prey of Coccinella californica, control by transportation of enemy from one part of country to another part ...... 22-23 repanda, control by introduction of enemy....- --- 35 CR IN on Soe ca rae a ne 24 Hippodamia convergens, control by transportation of enemy from one part of country to another part................. 22-23 Plum curculio. (See Curculio, plum.) Plusia festucx, host of Compsilura concinnata...........------------+-+--+---- 89 gamma, host of Blepharidea vulgaris. ..............-------------+------ 91 Compstlura concinmnata - i523 $2 were; ~ewosautiak 2. 2. 89 Daiowed tagripess JC sd te Peco, .wowlubeet se. 88, 91 Ise iain 5 soe doe i ee es SS ten oe 92 iota, host of Tachina larvarum.........-..---- Awan noe. 2... eee 90 Podisus sp., enemy of Apanteles fulvipes.............. 2.2.0... e ede ee eet ee eee 199 Pecelocampa populi, host of Compsilura concinnata............--.----------- 89 Polygnotus hiemalis, parasite of Mayetiola destructor, transportation from one part of cowmirycto enntiteripartkt.voced. low: cxceui Jo ateesag szatbewsor. ... 21 836 PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. | | | Page. Pontia rape (see also Pieris rape). control by caging and permitting parasites to escape...........--- 19 host:of ‘Apantelesqlomuaneiuss ds: GLQE ae ck ene 4 ee 24 | Com psiamaconcinmnml sos). 8 eal. 2. 2S 223 | Poplar (see also Populus). black; food: plantimiymgsyrmdietiniens asst Ee os sae slo 80 food plant. of gipsy-motha2o-2 2658) .6) > ee eee ie: fo Jone: 57, 82 Populus (see also Poplar). migra; fend splantiot eupsy moths eek ee a SD. 2 124 Potthesia similis, host of \Compsitura.concinmatiis) ae 9o0_ kee Oh em eee 89 PR EROUES AO TUDCS BED NR iis eo coe HAS ee ee ee 88, 91 ERY CUL ST UGURCES ELS, SE SONI BIH EN are 92 Porthetria (Lymantria) monacha (see also Nun moth). hbatrebiCarceliaexcisas: MOON weg see eee 89 Compsvliir OCoWel nna coc, 52-2 ne ee 89 PIE MOMUYLO FOROS. So 3s eho ARES eS 89 PUROSCUGEHG SCOTCOGLG ..s.26 5524s aee aoe 89, 229 Mdchinanlariarun. 02225. 2 eee oe 90 “aygobothria bimacilata 2 2 222.2 2 wn 90 Prays oleellus, control by caging and permitting parasites to escape. ......-.-- 19 Procrustes.corvaceus, host of. Blephariiew vulgarisy. sigss0 4). 2-22.22 252 2b ee et 91 Proctotrypid parasite of Compsilura concinnata........-.....---------------- 224 Prospaltella berlesei, importation into Peru for controlling Hemichionaspis minor . 45 parasite of Diaspis pentagona, introduction into Italy... ... 38, 44 lahorensis; parasite of 4 leyromesiotira: ... 2.2. - 22s 28 2 oo Ss 8 ee 46 Pseudococcus. (See Mealy bugs.) Pseudogonatopus spp., parasite of Perkinsiella saccharicida, introduction into Hawaiians laiouk |) nels Ses eO OURS 60st clones Soo een ee 35 Bteromalid parasite of Apantelesjarloipees. o.oo. scien Sia sche qtac doe 200 Pteromalus chrysorrhea D. 'T., Pteromalus rotundatus Ratz. a synonym. ......- 87 cuproideus, parasite of white-marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa leuchshiGgmin eta bases th Wh ei tets. shot. gags Ja eee 2 ee 305 Pteromalus egregius Férst., Pteromalus nidulans Thoms. a synonym.....-.....- 87 gross:numbericolonizedz.!-ai922 eee 28h 216 eee ee 310 host of Entedon albitarsis.............---.------ 263, 266, 267, 269 eulophid . ~..:.. 232022. S8GTes ee a ee 202 parasite of Apanteles lacteicolor.............---- 266, 267, 283-284 brown-tail moth, colonization in United States, lansiwmelshions: 5 trek 61, 65, 96, 262, 263, 265-267, 268-278 in Europe, position in ‘“‘se- Kyittenmee te G90 .cla.c see 136 status in United Statesin1910. 309 | Meteorus versicolor.........-. nial oc dsk sas 266, 267 | unfortunately a secondary as well asa primary parasite.... 202 | halidayanus, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature... .-.--.- 86 nidulans, parasite of brown-tail moth, reared at laboratory... -.-.--. 87 | recorded in literature.....-.. 87 | Thoma. = Picromaluszegregnismhorst ar 215020 5 sk 87 | pimi, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature............---- 86 | processionex, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature... - 87 puparum, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature. -..-.- 87 rotundatus, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature...-.. 87 conse ac eS ee eee ls eg SS ee ee ee yy ; INDEX. 337 Page Pteromalus rotundatus, Ratz.=Pteromalus chrysorrhea D. T..........--.------ 87 sp., near cuproideus, parasite of brown-tail moth............-..-..-.- 305 parasite of brown-tail moth in Europe, position in ‘‘sequence” 136 . reared at laboratory. ............. 87 Pterostoma palpina, host of Carcelia excisa.... 252252 see ee eee eee een eee 89 Ptilotachina larvincola, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature.......... 88, 90 monacha, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature............ 88,90 Pulvinaria psidii, prey of Cryptolemus montrouzieri, control by introduction of eoeregs 2. ct. 2 ee ode ol eetle aobapecboy ete ee 34-35 Pygzra anachoreta, host of Compsilura concinnata........----.-..---------+---- 89 curtula: host al-Carcelia excise... 225 bekse: eeueeeaee) Paes - 2 ogeLd- 89 migra, host of Zentilia bhatrincd asset, Re oeeeyds a922s 3 .cHsb ss oe, 90 Pyrameis atalanta, host of Compsilura concinnata...........---------+-+-------- 89 Rabbit, cotton-tail, host of Hemaphysalis leporis-palustris...........------- 2 41 Rearing cage. (See Cage.) Reproduction experiments with Melittobia acasta.............---.--+------- 211-212 Sehedsus baminas sacoteuth cl - besaweces Scan 184 Srichqshannwman 5.43413 o.4uasted. . seen es 257-258 Rhipicephalus sanguineus, host of Hunterellus hookeri...........-.---------+--- 41-42 riremhe ef endl. i cins.. sceet sat 24.» aie ee eae 42 pnt é boos. Bei pst See Gee 42 transmitter of piroplasmosis...................-..-.- 41-42 texanus, host of Hunterelius hookers. consi noteseesud. 2.22... 4] parssiteceisbes 22ete ies otis ened teyiGs <5... ~.--.5 41 inated odace.waliosto. gies. oo 42 Rhizobius ventralis, enemy of black scale (Saissetia olex), introduction into Cali- I inher oe kn mn OE SER, EAE be EEE ae ts 2 31 Rhogas. (See Rogas.) Rhyparia purpurata, host of Parexorista chelonix.............--.-+----+------- 92 Rogas geniculator, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature..........- 86 pulchripes, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature........... 86 testaceus, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature. ........... 86 Rose, food plant signee mieten sv. adore cs. mek do cee wt sae soa e eas 82 Saissetia olex. (See Scale, black.) Salix (see also Willow). food plant of gipsy moth ... ..Gncsemdevoiadihn cule ee. eeu set ues. 124 Sarcophaga sp., reared from dead gipsy moth (Porthetria dispar)...........-..-- 90 Sarcophagid puparia from gipsy moth pupe, results of rearing work of 1910.... 141 Sarcophagids, hosts of Monodontomerus xreus...............--2---++--------- 246 patanites of grampleowmoetsssets: Joel .oi Qaisedubelcesy. us a 250 probable parasites of “‘pine tussock moth”’...................-- 251 that feed upon gipsy moth pupe; are they parasites or scaven- Le i ae ese elt ag S ene rie oe 250-251 Saturnia pavonia, host of Exorista affinis. ..........-2.2..-.2 22s eee eee eee eee 89 Maxoee spleante iio Ss acess saccade < 2 Tricholgga grandis ii: J20so.: Se.cyl, Coe. 88, 92 ord; heat: ol Carcelia duciaa: 050.465 0007. cn gateow. Wdzeed. bugis 89 pe a Se 89 MasieteuguwGiee snc oc. op coess bo eee eae aS 92 Tacha larverumiicssce oll ja Juss ot. al ae 90 PUCNINIDS GPMAUES. «2. BEMIS 55 ino 5 win song ann once eae 88, 92 spini, host of Masicera sylvatica. .............2-.----- ick. sistas 92 . 338 PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. Page. Scale, black (Saissetia olex), host of Tomocera californica, control by transporta- tion-ol parasite suggestedi. ste. 29 268t . 190). 21 international work with enemies................ 31-34 prey of Rhizobius ventralis, control by introduction of Jatter 2) putes es eeeks Ja shod: pice ere ae $4) coffee, host of Scutellista cyanea...............------- at . Shedeeets F ect eye 31 cottony cushion. (See Icerya purchasi.) fluted. (See Icerya purchasi.) long. (See Lepidosaphes gloveri.) oyster-shell. (See Lepidosaphes ulmi.) purple. (See Lepidosaphes beckii.) San Jose. (See Aspidiotus perniciosus.) wax. (See Ceroplastes.) West Indian peach. (See Diaspis pentagona.) Schedius kuvanz#, gross mumber colonized... ...-..--5..-2 4.898. see, |e 310 host of Pachyneuromoymensis 228. Guise sano eee AOE 183 TY NMOTTCHALS IONS, WR oe okt So eee 183 parasite of gipsy moth in Japan, position in ‘‘sequence’’..... 121 introduction into United States, hab- tives So-athureaie voc oe 75, 176-188 fearedbat laboratory ..¢-. css sere 86 status in United States in 1910........ 307 superparasitized by Schedius kuvan&.....-.....-.-...---.-- 181-183 silperparasitizing. Anastatus, bijascrdtus Ais. ...-.-.2 52.35 181-183 Scutellista cyanea, parasite of coffee scale, black scale (Saissetia olex), and Cero- plastes spp., introduction into United States and Italy.... ad prey ol .fediemlotdes VengrCOsUs. ge 8 ore eee Ob aoe 33 Sequence. Of Parasites. _..J225 oie wae co eae Seb eotaees = 1 Ce Bee ee 106 of brown-tail moth in Europe.........-. uciseruese. 135, 136 E1lpsy moth, mr uroper seek. 6: 2 see Mos een hee 131 Japam h.g-nene. to 212s ee ee Oe 121 Sericaria. mor, hostioh Crossocosmiarserteanma it. Vleet. &. Sie See, 88 Sigalphus curculionis, parasite of plum curculio, transportation from one part of country to other parts suggested. ..............- -- AOR). S3R0s See eee 20 Silkworm, common. (See Sericaria mori.) Japanese (see also Antherxa yamamat). ‘Cuts panasitess 4) iar gape feels preek [at pie ree pe 232-234 Smerinthus ocellatus; host: of Zentlha faunas: x: .d) 224 2s2 yi. Bete bieede 92 populr, host of Compsilura comemnatassss eee ee oles bepene 89 Species of insects differing in biological characters only... ..-.. 225-226, 257, 285-286 Spiinz-higustri, host.ot . Carcelia encisasees sai pele eels Gieretone | eee 89 Masicera. syluaticass..4.2-2e. shes Ae Tine ache ee er 92 Tricholyga Oran disc 2 e562 cies Spey ae BO An ee 88, 92 Spilosoma lubricipeda, host of Compsilura concinnata................---------- 89 Parecorista ehelomien. Sie epi. ot) i326 sie ae 92 menthastr1, host.of, Compsilura, comeranme 42924. ses ee Se 89 Staphylinid beetle, enemy of Ceratitis capitata, introduction into Western Aus- tralia. cc accevepicegGe aks peek ance ee ee Cue A/a ea oe 39 Staphylinus olens, enemy of earwigs, practical handling..................----- 18 Starvation. as factor in control of _Hieterocampar Hew. sees 2 aoe ae LY ITISECES sj SARI NN a ae ae Ee 114 Stauropusfagi, host of Compsilura concinnataszis. -<- sees ain 12-2 SEE - - - 89 Zygobothria Quo... Usk Aen Gata a aes en ae cee oe 90 INDEX. 339 ° Page Sislpnotia entecis, host of Carcelut excian 2 0) eid. ea PUES ee dea ss Oe 89 penne STS. See. Ae aecut ..- 88 COMERS CONGRNMIA Ys P55 I 20S ee. i ok 89 Parcnorisits helomise. ss ic. Se WESTIN LOR. - -- 92 Taakees laruquumt 2932. Js. a0 Leek... ---------- 90 Sugar-cane borer (Rhabdocnemis obscurus), quest of parasites for introduction = into Hawazian Islands-..<.00fiy: -)) 0 RIA eee... 5 36 food plant of Perkinsiella saccharicida...........---.-.---+-------- 35 -: plant-dice R2eE OP est Jo eon, aa ea Pe 35 leafhopper. (See Perkinsiella saccharicida.) Sycamore, food plant of white-marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa leucostigma) 101 Syntomosphyrum esurus, parasite of brown-tail moth in America.... 139, 144, 147-149 sipsy moth tm Amenes. 2.222425 22s acon 139 Damennrin Teeny int larvie... -.. -2-26-2-55 eenbosass ese 30 Penance, preyot Monemila carolina..................--.-22<+2020--0505 45 transmitters of trypanosomiasis of dromedaries.......--...--.--- 45 Tachina, biological character separating the species mella and larvarum...-.-.- 257 nn ma nunmper cplonized .-..........-2.-=---22=22--en--2-- 310 a, CE eC ON 6 cece Kn od 5 ds ab Oe 240 parasite of gipsy moth in Japan, position in ‘“‘sequence”’... 121 introduction into United States... 227-228 reared at laboratory.-....-..- Foe 88 status in United States in 1910... aes ys 308 seemerent Moset8? > to 62 sos 88 larvarum, gross number colonized..................---------------- 310 parasite of brown-tail moth in Europe, position § in “neq dente on eiHel: foot 136 introduction into United States 296 reared at laboratory........... 91 status in United States in 1910 308, 309 gipsy moth in Europe, positionin ‘‘sequence”’.. 132 introduction into United States, BSbiis. . S3289. La 225-227 reared at laboratory. .............- 88 recorded in literature.............. 88 status in United States in 1910..... 308 ee haben Soa yt a a ee eae en 90 latifrons, parasite of brown-tail moth, recorded in literature........ 91 record howar te ree tee es ate eee ak bess 92 “‘Tachina-like”’ parasite of gipsy moth, results of rearing work of 1910........ 142 Tachina mella and Tachina larvarum, biological differences.................-. 286 parasite of brown-tail aot in America.........-.....: 93,145, 147-149 Srpey mothe 10 AME Perse 5. ae 3 os 90, 139-140 white-marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa leucostig- . ay? 20 Sooxio sires sucnQouared som 221-223 noctuarum, parasite of gipsy moth, recorded in literature... 2852222 22° 88 reterded:ioeste iv)..!5 2. oe oe EE RRA AAS 90 parasite of gipsy moth, relative abundance in Massachusetts and eas es ea SGh Wu svesebeasuseeeteue sone 127 nn eR Ske 2. . wired ab Jaded... of 7 e : oy 7