INAUGURAL ADDRESS

DELIVERED AT

FARMERS’ COLLEGE,

| COMMENCEMENT DAY,

—
==

JUNE 7ru, 1854, : !

BY
| : 74
: ISAAC, J: ALLEN? A.: M..

= : President and Professor of Mental and Moral Science, and of the
Tnstitutes of Civil Law.

PUBLISHED BY TITE BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

5 CINCINNATI:
PRINTED AT TIE BEN FRANKLIN BOOK AND JOB OFFIOR.
1854.

INAUGURAL ADDRESS

DELIVERED AT

FARMERS COLLEGE,

COMMENCEMENT DAY,

JUNE Vth, 185435

Y
ESA AOS J) A NS Ae
3
PRESIDENT AND PROFESSOR OF MENTAL AND MORAL SCIENCE, AND OF
THE INSTITUTES OF CIVIL LAW.

fi Was "G4
1 / ‘TUTOs

PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

S CEN CEN N ATE;

BEN FRANKLIN MAMMOTH STEAM PRINTING ESTABLISHMERT,

1854,

CORRESPONDENCE.

Doctor Al’en, President Board of Instructors Farmers’ College,

Sir: The Board of Directors of Farmers’ College, at their last meeting, instructed
the undersigned 10 request of you, for publication, the manuscript of your excellent
Inaugural Address, delivered on Wednesday last in the College Chapel.

I indulge a hope that it will suit your convenience to comply, at an early day, with
this request. Respectfully, yours,

JOHN W. CALDWELL,
1 Secretary Board Directors,
June 12, 1854. ; 3879 Main st.. Cincinnati.

Farmers’ Cotiece, Cotiece Hitt,
June 14, 1854.

Dear Siz: Your favor of the 12th inst, communicating the resolution of the
Trustees inviting the publication of my Inaugural Address, is before me, and here-
with I place at your disposal a copy of the Address, pursuant to the flattering request
contained in your note.

Respectfully, yours, &c.,
ISAAC J. ALLEN.

Cot. J. W. Catpwe t, Sec’y, &c.,

Cincinnati, O.

INAUGURAL ADDRESS.

Ir is a maxim from the political wisdom of Edmund
Burke, that “ Education is the cheap defense of Na-
tions.” Lending confirmation to this, James Madison
said, “A well instructed people alone can be a per-
manently free people:” and John Adams declared, that
“A republican government without knowledge and
virtue, is a body without a soul.” These sentiments,
proclaimed as important doctrines—which, when pro-
claimed, the world was not altogether willing to sanction
and adopt—have now become popular aphorisms, to be
neither gainsayed nor denied. Accordingly, in matters
of education, it may be noted that the great effort, and
the peculiar achievement, of the age, are, not so much
to magnify the endowments and to make honorable
the attainments of the aristocratic few, not for the pro-
duction of some “ Admirable Crichton”—some “ fault-
less monster that the world ne’er saw’—shining with
the startling corruscations of an intellectual meteor—
as to diffuse education among the common millions of
mankind, as freely as falls the golden sunshine upon
the broad bosom of earth. In this particular the age
is marvelously peculiar. But, this marvelous peculiar-
ity, which so strikingly marks its features in contradis-
tinction to those of every other in all the foregone
history of Time, is by no means attributable to the
sudden upheaval of any especial concurring causes ori-

6

ginating in the present age itself: But, such charac-
teristics are the gratifying results flowing from cau-
ses lying far back in the history of human civiliza-
tion, and which seem to be now reaching their points
of culmination. In the primitive periods, men sought
to secure strength to the masses by the simple aggre-
gation of numbers. Then, of course, only the chief
tain, or the monarch, could be conspicuous to the
world. Humanity, then swayed by the commands of
one, or by the will of a few, was necessarily unsettled
in purpose, and ‘unfixed in location: that may be pro-
perly designated as the boy-era of history. But, hu-
manity has since become more definitely localized ;
hence, more highly civilized; and man is, consequently,
becoming more distinctly individualized. ach tribe,
and every nation, has, in its aggregate features, devel-
oped its characteristic type; and now, Man, the Indi-
vidual, is exhibiting powers and developing energies,
which, hitherto, have been considered as belonging
alone to ageregate numbers. History is no longer—
what history has ever been—the mere chronicler of
the levy and march of armies, the guide book to the
predatory movements of devastating hordes: It has
received into its composition a new element of momen-
tous import—that element is Pusiic Opryion! And
this, instead of the aggregate of numbers—with their
crushing physical force to order and direct—-is the ag-
eregate of individual thought and will, with their irre-
sistible moral power to guide and to govern.

And the supervening of this new historic element is
what gives rise to the imperative necessity, as well as
to the public demand, for general education. When
the great powers of humanity had their manifestation

7

through the instrumentality of aggregate numbers, the
necessity of inexorable discipline was most obvious, in
order to avoid the worst forms of tyranny—ANARCHY :
And, what discipline was to them, education must be
to us. For, despotic as were their systems, and pow-
erful as were their aggregate numbers, still this aggre-
gation of individual thought and will, which we de-
nominate “ Public Opinion,” is the most absolute of all
earthly powers! And, thus absolute would we have
it ever—But, ever absolutely right! To accomplish this,
the enlightenment of the public mind, as the means
for the formation of correct public opinion, is, obviously,
a prime necessity; for, without this enlightenment by
means of public education, public opinion becomes, of
all despotisms, the most intolerant and oppressive. It
becomes, indeed, a very Titan—but, a Titan armed for
evil; while blind to, good; and, like the goaded and
sightless Giant of Israel, it will not hesitate, thus gro-
ping in phrenzied darkness, to grasp the pillars in the
temple of human freedom, rend them from their base,
and bury itself and all the cherished hopes of earth
bensath the ghastly ruins. In the present peculiar
phase of humanity, then, education is, emphatically,
the cheap and tlie chief defense of nations. Conscious
of this, the public mind turns to the various institu-
tions of learning—the school and the college—which
public liberality and private munificence have estab-
lished, and ask for opportunities and facilities for edu-
cation commensurate with the great and growing de-
mand. Responsive to this, numerous institutions of
distinguished merit have been founded amongst us,
and are sustained with a flattermg measure of patron-
age, and encouraged by a high degree of public approval.

8

Among those Institutions, FARMERS’ CoLLecE holds a
prominent position. Aiming at no distinction which
it does not merit, its purpose is to merit a distinction
second to none on this wide continent. Its career ex-
hibits none of the characteristics of the ephemeron ;
but, on the contrary, it has progressed with a steady,
healthy and permanent growth. In its origin it re-
ceived no spasmodic impulse from feverish sectarian-
ism; in its progress it has suffered no gaseous inflation
from interested favoritism ; in its support and govern-
ment it has never been tortured into a precocious debi-
lity by the pedantic interference of speculative dream-
ers, nor its utility diminished by an unquestioning sub-
serviency to the egotistical dicta of antiquity. All has
been tested by the experience of years, and made to
approximate“ continually to the useful, the substantial,
the practical in modern education. Its germ was in
the Academic Institute here established as early as m
1835, under the auspices of my immediate predecessor,
President Cary. Through the same instrumentality
“Cary’s Academy,” in 1846, had grown into “ Far-
mers’ College,” which is now fast budding into a UNI
versity. With an ample legislative charter; free from
debt; its financial condition sound and prosperous; its
property in buildings, fixtures, investments and endow-
ments worth $135,000; its buildings and grounds beau-
tiful, ample and commodious ; its halls filled with stu-
dents ; its Professors faithful and capable ; its philoso-
phical and other demonstrative apparatus extensive
and efficient; its Trustees and Faculty united and har-
monious ; its location healthful and beautiful, even to
the measure of a proverb; its social atmosphere moral
and refined; and the Queen City of the kingly “ West”

: 9

within our vicinage—all combine to attain the highest
point of success to which even our hopes may aspire,
and to render the institution, at once, a most beautiful
home and profitable school for the student desirous of
prosecuting study in any department of education,
practical or speculative—in the languages, ancient or
modern; and in the sciences, physical or philosophical.

Our system of instruction and the curriculum of stu-
dies are, in some particulars, different from those usu-
ally pursued in other Institutions. This difference has
not been adopted, however, from any desire to obtain
notoriety by an eccentric divergence from the routine
of Collegiate procedure handed down from olden time ;
but, from a certain and positive conviction that the
wants of the public, and the demands of the age, re-
quire such modification in the arrangement of studies,
such adoption and incorporation of the practical scien-
ces appertaining to the useful arts and all the indus-
trial pursuits, into the course of university education,
as may prepare young men to enter upon and prose-
cute those pursuits, not only with an understanding of
the philosophic and scientific laws on which they rest,
but also with a ready knowledge of the practical duties
which those pursuits require. Let us not be misun-
derstood: We neither abbreviate nor diminish the
usual college course; we rather extend and amplify.
We do not, by any means, repudiate the study of the
‘ancient classics; on the contrary, we recommend them
strenuously. But, we do not make them a sine qua
non to the honors of the Institution, when the full
equivalent of intellectual development and mental cul-
tivation are attained. Modern languages we equally
recommend; and have, accordingly, provided the ap-

10

propriate Professorship, now, most ably filled. To the
student looking forward to mercantile life we afford
ample instruction in book-keeping, to which will, hence-
forth, be added a full course in Commercial Law. To
the young man whose attention is directed to the im-
portant profession of civil engineering we afford the
appropriate course in mathematics, pure and mixed,
with drawing, physical science, &c., accompanied with
practical field lessons. Does the student propose to
make Agriculture his pursuit? Here he is instructed
in the attainments for the Educated Farmer, and is
taught, especially, those sciences directly bearing upon
that profession, which, in fact, when thoroughly prose-
euted, embraces and involves almost “ the whole circle
of the sciences.” And so with other pursuits and their
appropriate studies—we invite the pupils to all;
exclude them from none.

Likewise, in view of the practical utility—nay, even
the growing necessity—that the “business men” of our
country—And America furnishes no other class, save
one; and that other one is the genus, “‘Loafer:” In view,
L say, of the necessity that our business men should have
a well defined knowledge of the principles of the consti-
tution and the rudiments of law, the Trustees of the In-
stitution, with a liberality most praiseworthy have estab-
lished a department for instruction im the institutes of
our civil jurisprudence. "This is done in order that young
men, whatever may be their pursuits, may be instruct--
ed in the principles of the constitution and laws, under
whose administration they live, and to whose require-
ments their business must conform, as well as to fit
them for a wider and higher sphere of usefulness should
the public voice call them to stations of honor either

11

in a magistral, executive or legislative capacity. That
department has, among other topics, been committed :
to my hands; and, henceforward, familiar, but full, in-
struction will be given in the law of contracts, of bail-
ments, of the domestic relations, of insurance, of part-
nership, of the administration of estates, of bills of ex-
change and promissory notes, guaranty, surety, &c.
And, in this, while it may not be my aim to make law-
yers of our students—though it would aid, materially,
those who might thereafter make the Law their pro-
fession—my. main purpose would be to impart to them
knowledge of the law at least sufficient to enable them
to keep themselves and their neighbors clear of litiga-
tion ; or, if compelled to resort to legal enginery for the
protection of person, property or reputation, that they
may be prepared to proceed understandingly ; and,
above all, to know when their legal business has been
faithfully and skillfully conducted. And for all this,
it must be that my practising Brethren of the Bar will
surely “rise up and call me blessed !”

Besides all these, there remains another important
and characteristic feature of the Institution every way
worthy of particular remark: I allude to its separate
Department of scientific and practical Agriculture, con-
nected with an experimental farm, at the head of
which stands President Cary; and to which he is bring-
ing the advantages of his invincible energy, of his rare
attainments as an Agriculturist, and of his ripe accom-
plishments as a scholar. And it affords me the high-
est gratification to announce that this Department is,
everywhere, receiving the most hearty plaudits of pub-
lic approval. And I do not hesitate to submit the as-
surance that before the recurrence of this day’s first

12

anniversary, the Farm Department of the Institution
will be fully organized, whereby the lessons of the Lee-
ture Room and the Laboratory shall be explained by
practice, and the mooted doctrines of Agriculture be
tested by experiment.* And, if this assurance be re-
alized, then here, on CotLecE Hit, will be founded
and organized the first College of Scientific and Practi-
cal Agriculture ever established on the American con-
tinent! Such an achievement is, indeed, well worthy
of the loftiest ambition of the loftiest mind. To found
and to endow such an institution—the first of the kind
in all the Western Hemisphere—in view of its multi-
plied blessings, forever-enduring and forever-increas-
ing, would form the loveliest leaf in the chaplet of
Fame that Munificence ever could wreathe around the
brow of Opulence. As we have noted, already has
“Cary’s Academy” become “College Hill ;” and when
our “ EXPERIMENTAL FARM DEPARTMENT” is achieved,
then ‘College Hill” becomes “ Universiry Heicuts !”
And, achieved it will be. For, though Government,
while lavish of appropriations to Commerce and the
Arts, is both deaf to the demands and blind to the in-
terests of Agriculture; yet the wealthy citizens and
liberal-minded farmers around us in Ohio, Indiana and
Kentucky are joining hands, and saying, “ / shall be
done—let government sleep on.’ And, as to this matter,
their affirmative fiat, is fate. Let them but speak and
“’tis done!” Let them command, and it shall “ stand
Jast.”

*Within a few months past two separate Professorships in this Department have
been endowed, by the munificent donations of two wealthy gentlemen, in the sums
of $10,000 each ; which, united with other large and liberal donations received chiefly
from the Farmers in this and the adjoining counties, make an amount of about $50,-
000, secured within'six months past, for the purchase of the farm, and the organiza-
tion of the appropriate Professorships in this Department.

13

Heretofore our Colleges seem to have been fonnded
and endowed for the paramount purpose of educating
young gentlemen for what was termed the “learned
professions ;” thereby signifying, Law, Medicine, and
Divinity. Occasionally would be found a merchant
who had strayed from the College to the Counting
Room ; ‘but, most seldom, indeed, was it that the stu-
dent of a College ever found his pursuits in the field
of the Husbandman, or in the factory of the Artizan.
The Farmer and Mechanic could, then. attain to but
little knowledge of the sciences appertaining, even, to
their own"pursuits ; and that little reached them only
by a species of irregular and spasmodic percolation from
what were deemed, the upper strata of those “learned
professions ;” and even its quality seriously and sadly
deteriorated by reason of the incongruous characteris-
ties of the filter through which it had passed! But
this state of things no longer obtains; and should have
been abrogated long ago. The sturdy arm of Labor
and the cunning hand of skill are asserting their ina-
lienable rights to the privileges of a scientific education.
They are unwilling to receive the lessons of science at
second hand, as the mere dicta of others—they are re-
solved to interrogate Nature for themselves. To all
such, whether rich or poor, whether humble or exalted,
we, emphatically, say—Come !

From the ranks of the humblest have come many—
yea, indeed, most—of the brightest ornaments of intel-
lectual humanity. And here, in this arena, while I
have the honor to occupy this position, the child of the
pauper shall be allowed to contend, equally, for the
palm of intellectual superiority, with the sons of the
wealthy and the distinguished. - For in matters of edu-

14

cation, as well as in government, we concede no patent
of nobility to any rank, granting the exclusive privi-
lege of being recognized as the gifted and the great.
We recognize as such, none but those who bear the seal
of the Divine credentials; on whose intellect is graven
the ineffaceable patent of Jehovah, entitling them to
rule as monarchs in the broad realms of mind. And
genius, whatever be its features—whether it rules in
Mechanism, in Commerce, in Poetry, in Agriculture,
in Science, in Philosophy, or the Arts—is equally a
child of the Divine: no matter what may be its exter-
nals, no matter what may have been its antecedents,
its birth-place or parentage; it is still the only real en-
nobling ensignia to which we yield a faithful and vo-
luntary reverence. ‘The [liad of a blind beggar, called
Homer! is as grand and melodious as though penned
by a Prince clad in the imperial purple; the discovery
of the New World by a poor carpet-weaver, named
CuristopHER CoLumMBus! was an achievement as illus-
trious as though accomplished by the royal Ferdinand
himself; the oratory of a Grecian black-smith, sir-
named DEMcOSTHENES! was as terribly impressive as
though, instead of his hammer, he had wielded the
sceptre of the Macedonian. The illustrious Howarp,
whom dangers could not turn nor death terrify from
works of humanity, whose philanthropy was as wide
as the world, and whose benevolence both hemispheres
delight to remember, this “nobleman of Nature” was a
grocers apprentice. ‘The renowned WuiITFIELD was the
son of an inn-keeper: Hogarth, of a world-wide fame,
was an engraver of pewter-plates: Dr. Mountain,
Bishop of Durham, was the son of a beggar: Virgil was
the son of a potter; and Horace the child of a shop-

15

keeper. SHAKSPEARE, the wise, the witty, the “im-’
mortal” was the poor child of an humble wool-trader :
the great Ben. Jonnson worked with his own hands
as a brick-layer: Gray, whose “Elegy in a country
church-yard” would have immortalized his name had
he written nothing else, was the son of a scrivener, and
so, too, was Minton: Henry Kirk Wurrr, the melan-
choly poet of midnight and of tears, whom Byron’s
name was honored in eulogizing, was the son of a
butcher. BrioomrreLp and GirrorpD were both shoema-
kers; Burns and RitrennousE were both ploughmen ;
FRANKLIN was a printer, and WASHINGTON a farmer.
Sir Ricuarp Arkwricut, the inventor of the spinning
jenny, which, it is said, was the means of carrying Eng-
land triumphantly through the wars of the French re-
volution, was a barber: Frercuson, the great Astrono-
mer of Scotland, was a shepherd-boy: the great Artist,
CLAUDE, whose paintings are the admiration of the
world, and the pride of kings, was a pastry-cook: Sm
Humpurey Davy, President of the Royal Society of
London, the most distinguished savan of Europe, was
the son of acarver of wooden images. Thus, ever from
the low horizon of earth have risen those “bright par-
ticular stars” that deck the firmament of mind, and
shed their glowing glories over all the human race !
Such examples afford us the ample assurance that
both Literature and Science refuse to do homage to
either Lucifer or Mammom: Hence, that the college is
to be considered as the school exclusively for pupils
of wealth and commanding social distinction, is an
obsolete idea. For, independent of the rule of right in
the premises, sound political economy repudiates such
an appropriation of public institutions to purposes so

16

foreign from their capacity of doing good, and to pan-
der to prejudices so mischievous and absurd. or, cer-
tainly, a moment’s reflection will suggest to any intel-
ligent mind, the significant inquiry—* Why not adapt
the College to the educational demands. of the industri-
al pursuits, as well as to the requirements of the profes-
sions?” Agriculture is, emphatically and confessedly,
the interest paramount of this whole continent? And,
I speak advisedly in saying, that its proper and suc-
cessful prosecution involves a measure of general scien-
tific knowledge even more extended and minute than
is employed in either of the “ learned professions.” —
With the latter there is demanded more of abstract
and speculative philosophy—more of what the older
universities denominate the ‘ humanities’—then, let
the College retain and instruct in these; but, the for-
mer, i.e. Art and Agriculture require more of the prac-
tical and physical—more of what we call the “scien-
ces’—by all means, then, let them, too, be supplied
with these from the college halls and laboratories, test-
ed by the experiments of the crucible and by the ex-
periments of the-Farm. But, it may be objected, that
this course involves the necessity of the student him-
self selecting such studies as he pleases for his own
particular course; and so, in fact, it does; nor is this
deemed at all objectionable in principle, nor is it found
at all impracticable in execution. Such is the system
pursued in the German Universities, and no schools in
the world furnish more enthusiastic nor more thorough
students in the prosecution of their chosen and favorite
branches. In his report to the Trustees of Brown Uni-
versity on the subject of Collegiate Reform, made in
1850, President Wayland suggests and recommends, in

17

this particular, a similar course of procedure; and the
reason assigned seems conclusive of its efficiency—“ be-
cause, in every step of his duty the student would be at-
tended by interest ; and the alliance of both interest and
duty is proverbially efficient.” Nor is this, by any means,
merely a fanciful change—it is improvement, it is prac-
tical progress: It is an amplification of the educational
capacity of collegiate instrumentality, in proportions
corresponding to the amplified requirements of indus-
trial pursuits. To do less, would be to fall behind—to
remain stationary, is equivalent to retrogradation ; and
thus to linger and stumble before the rushing wheels of
this progressive age, and this progressive people, is tan-
tamount to annihilation beneath their ponderous power
and rapid revolutions.

So far as the Agricultural interest of the country is
concerned, this advancing movement in our systems of
University education is, now, imperatively demanded.
We have reached the point where any postponement
of such advancing movement is not only weak, but,
also, wicked. Earru, the Great Thesaurium of Nature,
whence are derived all the sources of our wealth, as
well as all the supplies for our wants, is becoming itself
exhausted by reason of excessive depletion. This great
“ Kiscal Agent” of humanity, under the protracted pres-
sure of a continued “run” upon her resources, is be-
ginning to protest the drafts of Agriculture, and is cur-
tailing her discounts of the “ offermgs” of husbandry—
not because they are themselves insolvent, but because
their account of “ deposits” is already enormously over-
drawn, and the footing of the balance-sheet is fearfully
in favor of the “Parent Institution!’ Her facilities
for granting relief are consequently crippled by this

18

mole-eyed policy of her own stockholders and directors ;
her dividends are proportionably meagre, and eventual
bankruptcy seems impending. As vouchers for this
statement, I invite your attention to a brief synopsis of
facts and figures —the “ report” issued by the “ Fiscal
Agent” itself. It is known that two of our great sta-
ples, both of consumption and exportation, wheat and
tobacco, are among the most exhausting crops found in
nature. The most vigorous soils are required for their
profitable production; and, when once the land is ex-
hausted by their growth, it exhibits a sterility as dis-
heartening as it is unprofitable. In the early days of
New England the fertility of her virgin soil, and its
bountiful production of wheat caused even astonish-
ment, and yielded returns to the hand of husbandry of
such exuberance as to surpass even the dreams of the
farmers themselves. They, most unwisely, believing
this fertility “inexhaustible,” were utterly heedless of
even the ordinary expedients of considerate husbandry,
for perpetuating the resources of the soil; and the re-
sult is, that the soil of the same New England is now
absolutely incapable of producing wheat as a remune-
rative crop; and the entire population is supplied with
breadstuff from the fields of the West. In 1850 the
State of Connecticut produced but 40,000 bushels of
wheat; Massachusetts but 29,000 bushels, and the
whole State of Rhode Island, once famous for the fer-
tility of her “ Providence Plantations,” raised only 39
bushels!

The whole product of wheat in the six New England
States, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu-
setts, Connecticut and Rhode Island, in 1850, was about
one million of bushels; while the single State of Ohio

19

yielded nearly stateen millions of bushels. In Dutchess
county, one of the most fertile regions of N. Y., where
they formerly reaped from 30 to 40 bushels per acre,
they are now gathering but from 5 to 7! And, in re-
ference to her tobacco, Virginia has pursued the same
suicidal system of agriculture. They went carelessly
over their soil, extracting the riches of its virgin fer-
tility by a system of cropping which would be incredi-
ble did we not, now, witness the same on the fertile
plains of the West, and leaving behind them its ex-
hausted remains as mute but monitory witnesses of
their heedless improvidence! Hence is manifest the
imperative demands of the public interest—the nation-
al welfare—requiring agricultural science to interpose
in order to prevent this egregious waste of raw mate-
rial, and to save Agriculture “ from its friends.”

From the Report on Agriculture issued by the U. 8.
Patent Office, 1849-50, we learn that in the State of
New York there are twelve millions acres of improved
land. Of this, one million are so cultivated as to yield
abundant harvests, and yet to become richer from year
to year; and are in the hands of 40,000 owners, who,
by study, reading, and experiment, make tnemselves
conversant with agricultural science. Three millions
of acres, (continues the Report) are so managed as to
barely hold their own in point of fertility; and these
three millions are in the hands of persons who are
anxious, but, lacking early education, are unable, to
pursue agriculture scientifically, only as they can gath-
er from observation, and by seeing how others, more
intelligent than themselves, are improving their stock
and estates. While the remaining eight millions of
acres are in the hands of three hundred thousand per-

20

sons, who still persist in the semi-barbarous practice of
extracting from the virgin soil all it will yield, so long
as its yield will pay expenses; and then leave it in an
impoverished and unprofitable condition.

Certainly, to call such a course of procedure Agri-
culture, is an abuse of language and a perversion of
truth: it is waste, and not “culture.” And the esti-
mate on this subject, officially reported to the Patent
Office, declares that “one thousand millions of dollars
would not more than restore to their original fertility the
one hundred millions acres of lands in the United States
which have been already subjected to this exhausting and
depleting process.” These facts are astounding! Sound
principles of economy, private and political, as well as
the undisputed and indisputable doctrines of moral
right should be invoked to prohibit this profligate prod-
igality of our resources. Remember: Posterity is com-
ing after us—and already its myriad-toned voice is
heard murmuring to our ear, in the distant echo, con-
juring us, by all that is sacred on earth and holy in
heaven, to pass onward to them the blessings of those
free institutions which our fathers have transmitted to
us: and such an adjuration coming from such a source,
stirs the deepest determinations of the human soul,
resolving, that, as we have been thus favored, so shall
those be who are to come after us! Shall we then
hand down to them the mere skeleton of our country,
bereft of its beauty and deprived of its abundance?
Can we be content to transmit to them simply an
“Tdeal Republic,” whose substantial comforts our prod-
igality has wasted, and whose elements of wealth our
improvidence has squandered? Nay! Let it be equal-
ly remembered, that for them and their appropriate

21

uses, these broad fields, these fertile valleys, those un-
dulating plains, spread over all this wide and widening
Republic, are, also, held in trust.

We may not be permitted, then, to impoverish those
fields, to make desolate those valleys and plains—in a
word —not permitted to commit waste while in the use
of our life-estate, against the proper claim of those to
whom the reversion belongs, by this prodigal and im-
provident use of the earth. “The earthis the Lord's,
and the fullness thereof.” Man is but a tenant for life ;
and when his life-lease expires, he is morally bound,
by contract implied, to surrender the possession of the
premises he occupied, in as good a condition as he found
them. Hence, for man to commit waste by ignorant
and improvident husbandry, is to perpetrate high-
handed wickedness against the Landlord, and to inflict
a heinous wrong upon His succeeding tenantry. And,
Posterity, as infant parties, now, by their ‘next
friends,’ do, accordingly present their Petition in the
Chancery of Science, praying for a decree of perpetual
injunction against their ancestry, to prevent the com-
mission of waste to their reversionary interest; and,
viewed in every possible relation of right and good
conscience, we must “find that the equity of the case
is with the Petitioners.” That this improvidence of the
present, and this catastrophe to the future may be
avoided, is the aim of Agricultural Science. And we
feel assured that, in every conceivable light — as to its
relations to public and private economy; to moral right
and contingent wrong; to present duty and future
prosperity — its importance not only justifies, but even
demands the prominence we give it in our curriculum
of College studies.

22

I am, nevertheless, aware that some distinguished
scholars and eminent teachers demur to this view
touching the amplification of Collegiate studies —
maintaining that the more appropriate procedure, is
for the College to.‘‘brace up the old scholastic course.”
Among such is Professor Lnwis, of Union College, New
York, who has gained some prominence in this position
by reason of his essay published on the subject. In
his essay Professor Lewis rejects the opinion that a
man understands his trade or profession better for be-
ing versed in the principles of science connected with
his pursuit, and, in a phrase somewhat exultant, de-
mands “ Why the practical man should study out
for himself what the thoroughly scientific man can
study out to so much better advantage?” And he fur-
ther declares, that “ the practical application of science
must always be the empirical use of principles evolved
in the closet and the laboratory.” But, in his tri-
umphant imterrogatory, the learned Professor has ut-
terly misconceived the aim to be attained by this Col-
legiate reform.—He says, let the “thoroughly scientific
man study out,” &. We concur: but our aim is to
make the “practical man thoroughly scientific,” in order
that he may study out for himself what Professor L.
would have another study out for him. His position
involves, and indeed he claims the necessity of making
distinctions and classes. It would make some the gen-
erators of knowledge, others mere passive receivers,
and others, again, mere nominal appliers.”

And his only apologetic defense of this is, “the ty-
rant’s plea — necessity :” for he declares “ we can not
help it.” Now, this is tantamount to the assertion that
society needs a distinct class of men to do tts thinking !

A

23

A blunder so huge as to be almost sublime ; but, fall-
ing one step short of that, becomes hugely rediculous.
This is the very quintessence of “Old Fogyism” —
“ Hunkerism” in its most frozen, frigid, unmitiga-
ted form. Nor do I deem our learned Professor any
more fortunate in his second position—that “the
practical applications of science must always be the
empirical use of the principles evolved in the closet and
the laboratory.” For, if I opine correctly, facts of a
most important nature array themselves against this
doctrine of Professor Lewis; and it would not be diffi-
cult to show that the practical applications of scientific
laws have been made before they became the subjects
of investigation in the closet, or of experiments in the
laboratory. Practical science is, indeed, but the com-
mon-place book of Nature: Her closet is never closed
— Her laboratory is every where and forever open. A
floating log suggested the boat, and the motion of a
fish’s tail supplied the rudder. Accident drew the first
portrait, by throwing a profile upon the wall. A piece
of flint, falling into a fire, mixed with some sand, they
were fused, and the world had glass. The simple boil-
ing of water gave birth to the steam-engine, which, in the
language of Kossuth, “makes distance obsolete.” The
flying of a child’s kite, in a storm, suggested the elec-
tric telegraph — that marvelous invention which makes
both time and distance obsolete, which gives to the
rock-ribbed globe a nervous system, and makes a whis-
pering gallery of the world! All these facts, first ap-
plied outside of the laboratory, put science on the qui
vive ; and the principles evolved have not been, by the
intelligent, practical man, in any wise empirically ap-
plied and employed. Our aim is to put science into

24

the hand of the practical man, in order that he may
move understandingly through the laboratory of na-
ture, and not “ empirically,” like the hooded messenger
of the savan of the closet, sent simply to do his er-
rand-bidding. In none of these particulars, therefore,
can we subscribe to the opinions of Professor Lewis.

I may be permitted to suggest that the term “sci-
ence” is so frequently employed in our common speech
that, like all common phrases used in colloquial par-
lance, it is liable to lose somewhat of its precision of
meaning before the mind; hence, it may not be amiss
to determine its legitimate signification. And, I con-
ceive the true definition of Science to be — knowledge,
reduced to order.

The mere attainment of heterogeneous knowledge,
however vast and accurate, is no more to be regarded as
‘Science’ than is the unwashed gold to be regarded as
coin. The condensing crucible, the stamp and dye of
the mint must first reduce the golden dust to form and
order, before its denomination can be given and its
standard value fixed. The miscellaneous collection of
amorphous facts, however numerous and well-deter-
mined, do not constitute a science, any more than do the
scattered blocks of unhewn marble constitute a temple.
The sharp attrition of refined experiment must first
give shape and polish to those unhewn blocks; the line
and level of truth must fix their exact relative posi-
tion; the plastic hand of order must adjust the com-
bined proportions, before the admiring architect can
say “’tis finished.” So, in relation to attainments in
science, it may well be said, that

“ Those rules of old, discovered, not devised,
Are nature still, but nature methodized.”

25

It is knowledge reduced to order—it is Science.
And, now, what is Art? Art is science reduced to prac-
tice: and this procedure involves the employment of
the most substantial philosophy. Again: What is phi-
losophy? I know no better verbal equivalent than
this — philosophy is sownd common sense, well informed
and thoroughly disciplined. A principle of science,
once determined, becomes, when applied, a rule of Art.
Art, therefore, implies and presupposes scientific know-
ledge as its predicate. Then, while Science is the
source of Art, Art is the right hand of Science. Sci-
ence has Art for its exponent and interpreter; Art has
Science for its tutor and its guide; but this philosophy,
above mentioned, must be the torch-bearer along the
path. And this is true of every department of Art,
whether agricultural or mechanical; and it is through
the instrumentality of this combination that Art has
invested man with the dominion over matter:

‘© She led him through the trackless wild,
Where noontide suibeams never blazed ;
The thistle shrunk, the harvest smiled,
And Nature gladdened as she gazed.
Earth’s thousand tribes of living things,
At Arr’s command to him are given ;
The village grows, the city springs,

And point their spires of faith to Heaven.
In fields of air he writes his name,

And treads the chambers of the sky —
He reads the stars and grasps the flame
That quivers round the throne on high.
In war renowned, in peace sublime,

He moves in greatness and in grace ;

His power, subduing space and time,
Links realm to realm, and race to race.’’

Science and Art thus commingled, and thus employ-
ed, become philosophy made visible! Like the banyan
of the Orient, Science first sends up its centre shaft,

26

whose luxuriant branches, spreading, turn toward their
native source; these strike root anew, and again shoot
up new stems, bearing other branches, which also
widen as they grow, all adding new vigor and lending
additional beauty to the parent stock.

The method of prosecuting scientific study—i. e.,
the process of reducing knowledge to order, is strictly
an inductive process, whether prosecuted in the field or
the laboratory. Induction consists in classifying facts,
and stating the inference, or result of the generaliza-
tion, in such a manner that the evidence of the cor-
rectness of the inference shall itself be manifest. Like
mathematics, starting from the “ given” — from facts
—it proceeds to determine the whole truth touching
their relations: starting, thus, from the known, it sets
out in search of the unknown, to which, indeed, it
may atta and demonstrate its laws. This, theory
and speculation can never accomplish.

Bacon found the philosophy of the ancients alto-
gether speculative and hypothetical. In the construc-
tion of their systems of science, Nature had scarcely
been at all consulted, while Aristotle was appealed to
as an oracle, and to gainsay his dictum, was, among
the Greeks and even by the scholastics of succeeding
centuries, held to be an impiety deserving of divine
retribution! And under the auspices of this philoso-
phy the Greeks did condemn, as guilty of impiety to-
wards the Gods, those who first attempted to make
known the cause of thunder! In the schools of both
Aristotle and Pythagoras, logic was held to be the
touchstone of science, as well as the test of philosophy ;
and the principle of all logic, as you know, is to exam-
ine only the form of the statement and the deductions,

27

but never to question the premises. As an example of
this I may allude to the much vaunted Pythagorean
theory of cosmography, which, though sanctioned by
the opinion of Plato, must nevertheless excite a smile
on the visage of even sober-browed philosophy. The
Karth, he said, was a living, animate creature, of im-
mense magnitude: this point assumed, it followed most
logically, as he declared, that it must breathe! Very
well. The next step in the logical formula was, that
in its respiration, its huge breathings affected the
level of the ocean! Certainly it would. And there-
upon followed the ultimate conclusion that thereby were
produced the flux and reflux of the tides!’ And such
continued to be the philosophy of the world for more
than two thousand years. With such utter miscon-
ception of nature’s laws, we can scarcely wonder at
their concomitant doctrines concerning the origin of the
the human race, which maintained that man owed his
primitive paternity to the honorable and venerable an-
cestry of Grasshoppers! And from this authority, cer-
tainly renowned and hoary, it is hoped that the “ pro-
gressive development theory” of Lamarck may derive.
an appropriate sanction !

Lorp Bacon is called the author of the Inductive
Philosophy, and with him certainly it first assumed a
systematic form; but its germ had long before been
planted: the genius of Bacon, however, enabled him
to gather its harvest of renown. The system of Pla-—
to, though obscure, was, in a measure, inductive. And
Socrates claimed for the mind “a capacity to go from
the point where it is, to the point where it yet is not.”
For this he prescribes the process as passing from the
known to the unknown — from the particular fact to

28

the general truth — by the force of an analogy “ which
is first only a resemblance, then becomes a probability,
and finally resolves itself into certitude.” This is, sub-
stantially, Induction. But the Inductive Philosophy
belongs to no school, to no sect, to no age; it is the
common property of the human mind, of whose laws
Socrates and Plato, like Bacon, were among the great
expounders. While Aristotle would test all things by
the syllogism, Induction reduces every proposition to a
problem — hence, while the conclusions of the former
might be fallacious, the resulting inference of the latter
must be demonstrative.

The philosophy of the “ Stagyrite” having once as-
sumed the premises, was most anxious concerning the
accuracy of the syllogistic conclusions; but the philos-
ophy of the “Organum” is most anxious as to the ac-
curacy of the elementary facts, and then pursues the
inference with undeviating fidelity. To what had been
“said by them of old,” and to doctrines coming from
“authority in high places,” both the Academicians and
the Peripatetics were profoundly deferential ; but, In-
duction pays no respect to the apotheosis of error, and
contumaciously scouts the servile sentiment, mentioned
by Cicero as prevalent among the ancient schools, that
they would “rather be in error with Plato than correct
with any body else.”

In the application of the Inductive Philosophy to
Physical Science, the mind of the student should be
fully apprised of the ever-recurring danger of predica-
ting scientific opinion and practical action upon what
may, indeed, be facts, but which remain before our
minds as isolated facts—he should be continually
guarded against the continual temptation to proceed

29

upon the faith of facts not classified — not yet general-
ized. This is leaping to conclusions; but it is leaping
in the dark ; because, facts not generalized, not reduced
to order, can not, in any manner nor by any means, es-
tablish the existence of a scientific law. The homely
proverb, that “one swallow does not make a sum-
mer,” is not more emphatically true than that, a single
fact does not establish a law. ‘The single swallow may
herald the approach of, but does not bring, the sum-
mer: so the single fact may indicate, but does not dem-
onstrate the law. Inattention to this is what mounts
the scientific Tyro, guided by a single fact, and of
course, possessed of but one idea, upon some long-eared
hobby, whose asinine vagaries and intractable eccen-
tricities will carry him far astray ; and, even if finally
rejected, like all lawless cattle, will return only to vex
the person by whom it was, so unwisely, bestrode.
Remember, then, that the single fact is where Induction
begins; the demonstration of the law in relation to the
fact, is where Induction ends: and, between this be-
ginning and the end may le a whole archipelago of
facts — each, isolated, by itself; while the relations of
all must be grouped into system in making our way
from one to another, on toward the mainland of truth.
By the grouping together of different facts. are inferred
their mutual relations; and, these relations of things are
the luws we seek, And, certainly, a single isolated fact
can no more demonstrate relations, than a single nu-
merical unit can express numerical combinations.
“The first and great commandment.” of the Induc-
tive Philosophy is, “ Thow shalt call no man Master !”
“and the second is like unto it” —“ Prove all things,
and hold fast that which is good!’ Accordingly. thus

50

saith the “ Instauration” — “a really useful induction
for discovery and demonstration in science should not
be all absorbing of facts; but should sift and separate
nature by proper rejections and exclusions, and then to
conclude for the affirmative after collecting a sufficient
number of negatives.” And, having done this, you
will discover that those very negatives stand by, pro-
testing in behalf of the affirmative.

In the sententious diction of Lord Coke a “ protest”
is defined to be “ the exclusion of a conclusion.” And,
accordingly, those negatives are so many solemn pro-
tests for the exclusion of every other conclusion than
such as the affirmative facts establish. As an illustra-
tion, permit me to allude to a familiar example:

Among the old philosophers, water, as you know,
was assumed to be a simple substance — an element ;
and, then, to have spoken of the composition and de-
composition of water would have been pronounced as
in contradiction to Aristotle, and, therefore, both foolish
and profane! But, with a few plain plates of zinc and
copper the student now decomposes water, and finds its
constituent elements to be oxygen and hydrogen. It
may surprise him to learn that in thus forming water,
Nature, as though sporting with antagonisms and in-
compatibles, has employed the essential element of the
atmosphere, and the sole supporter of the combustion.
Next, he is astonished to find that these elements, of
which all the rivers and oceans of earth are made,
when united in their gaseous forms produce a mixture
dangerously explosive; and he further learns, with
wonder and almost fear, that, by the application of
flame at the junction of their mutual currents, these
constituents of water will ignite, and burn with a heat

31

so intense as almost instantly to dissolve and consume
the firmest metals; but, finally, he is overwhelmed
with amazement on discovering that the residuum of
these gases, thus passing through this intense flame,
this consuming fire is again — not ashes, nor cinder,—
but is again water! And thus this surprising nega-
tive lends all the force of demonstration to the affirma-
tive conclusion touching the composition of water.

It is, moreover, manifest that the constancy of Na-
ture —the absolute fixedness of her laws —is the
necessary foundation of physical science, and the indis-
peusible condition upon which induction proceeds. —
For, deny this supposition — admit that Nature does
not always resemble herself, and we have no longer a
guaranty that this right shall restore the coming mor-
row; the whole future eludes our foresight, and noth-
ing remains but the bubbling cauldron of chance: Cha-
os and Cosmos become convertible terms; Science —
knowledge reduced to order — would be a sheer impos-
sibility, and philosophy would be but the synonim of
insanity.

It has been by many supposed, and by some declared,
that the extended and critical study of natural science
tends to unfix the mind in its veneration of a God —
that the abstruse investigation of nature’s law fosters a
kind of philosophic atheism. And, it is true, that
when natural science first began to reach the multi-
tude, many of its sot disant expounders, founding their
doctrines and opinions upon isolated and unclassified
facts — of which I have spoken, as inconsistent with
philosophic induction — with what they denominated
Science, supplanted religion; and, for the deductions of
human reason, discarded revelation. They accordingly

32

proclaimed the universe to be a self-formed, self-poised,
indestructible effect, and consequently without a crea-
tor. Such was the atheism of France. Another change
has more recently come over the spirit of skepticism :
and, still invoking science without revelation, it has
come to be maintained — not that the creation is with-
out God, nor that the creation is only a manifestation
of God — but, that the creation is God! Such is now
the Pantheism of Germany, whose doctrines are far
more prevalent, both in Europe and America, than is
commonly supposed. In the first place, Atheism de-
prived creation of all paternity, and made the wniverse
an orphan! Scholasticism next presented creation
with a God, but a God of utter abstraction ; so separa-
ted from the world and humanity that all providential
notice and supervision are denied to him, This gives
creation a parent, to be sure, but, worse even than the
orphanage of Atheism, makes him a parent discarding
and scorning his own offspring! It makes him a king,
certainly, but renders him a solitary, emotionless mon-
arch, thrust into exile from his own dominions ; by de-
nying him all sympathy with creation, it seats him far
away from creation, on the bleak and deserted throne
of a blank and silent eternity. Shuddering at this aw-
ful chasm which scholasticism had placed between God
and Humanity, and desirous of approximating Creation
and Providence, the modern movement began in pro-
nouncing God to be the universe; and finally ends in
declaring the Universe to be God! And such is Pan-
theism. This, consequently, presents a God so incor-
porated with Creation as to be absorbed and lost in the
works of his own hands; thus exhibiting to the philo-
sophic mind this most egregious paradox of compress-

33

ing the Infinite within the limits of the Finite. Stand-
ing in the presence of the Universe, wonderfully great
and sublimely glorious though it be! and saying —
“THou ART Gop!” is to say that the universe has not
a cause greater than its effects: and thus Pantheism 1s
resolved into Atheism. The ultimatum of this much
vaunted modern pantheistic philosophy goes no further,
and asserts no more sublime pretensions, than those
contained in the philosophy (?) of the untutored Sav-

age, who
“Sees God in clouds, and hears him in the wind.”

Its deepest revelations claim no higher sanction than
the authority of Natural Science —its loftiest aspira-
tions consist in paying an undevout reverence to scien-
tific grandeur and artistic beauty — its whole catechism
and creed are compiled from a source of no more sol-
emn sanctity than the theology of mathematics !

I have already alluded to the demands of both pri-
vate and public economy, requiring this extended pub-
lic instruction in physical science because of its para-
mount utility to the practical arts and industrial pur-
suits. And, from what has just been said, it seems
manifest that physical science has become and is to be
the battle ground in the great contest between Christi-
anity and the Infidel doctrines of this modern Panthe-
istic dogma. And in that contest it were unwise to
yield the vantage ground of superior science to the op-
ponents of revelation: I would not, by any means, suf-
fer the enemy to hold all the fortifications, to wield all
the artillery, and retain all the ammunition. I would,
therefore, have our students and young men, clad in the
panoply of science, go forth to benefit the race in every
sphere of usefulness —to look with wide-reaching,
philosophic eye upon the stupendous marvels of Omni-

34

potence ; not to “blindly deify the idol, Chance:” I
would have them go forth as the professed disciples of
that vast and erudite volume of Science, “ whose body
Nature is, and Gop THE Sout!” I would enjoin them
to go forth, in humble admiration, to contemplate the
minute yet wondrous cinctures that “wed Creation to
Divinity ;” assuring them, that while they wonder and
adore, they will be continually prompted to exclaim
What are WE!
“ Motxs, floating in the gleam of All-creating Light !”

Yet born to live when Nations die ;
The comrades of uncounted years!”

Such, Young Gentlemen, will be the characteristic
features of the tuition you may here expect to receive :
Such, Gentlemen of the Faculty, will be the nature of
the instruction we will be required to give: Such, Gen-
tlemen Trustees, will be the sentiments we shall aim to
inculcate, such the doctrines we shall hope to enforce :
Such, Friends and Fellow Citizens, will be the purposes
we shall hope to attain, such the advancement we shall
aim to secure. Permit me, then, to ask the co-operation
of all.of the Public, Trustees, Faculty and Students,
for the attainment of “a consummation so devoutly to
be wished.”

And in this we must learn the student that the
mind must work jor what it feeds wpon—like the body,
it must labor for its necessities, as well as for its wealth.
In systematizing this labor, and to make pleasant this
toil, the Inductive Philosophy will be our chosen me-
dium, and chief reliance. Upon its towering, tireless
wings may human genius mount, and like the Angel of
the Apocalypse, go flying through the midst of heaven,
gazing with inquiring wonder upon the wide-spread
amplitude and unspeakable glories of God Almighty’s

39

Universe. It is this Philosophy, which, like the ladder
seen in the vision of the patriarch, is let down from
above, and which reaches from earth to heaven, afford-
ing to human thought the means of ascent into those
altitudes of Science where, almost, “Angels fear to
tread.” Upon this the scientific mind mounts, step by
step—each round gained is but a step towards the one
above: it rises from effects to cause—from facts to
laws; it finds the cause it sought, to be but the effect
of some higher cause: It mounts again; and again it
finds a greater cause above. And up it rises, and still
up, to seek the ultimate cause ; and still ascending, still
he finds the First Great Cause to be “ past finding out.”
Here his physical science ends, and the metaphysical
begins. But the great ascent is not yet complete—the
“ causa causarum” remains still unaccounted for; nor
is it possible for the human mind even here to halt.
Johnson, speaking of Shakspeare, says:

‘* He exhausted worlds, and then imagined new !

Existence saw him spurn her bounded reign,
And panting Time toiled after him in vain !”

And, as it was with the genius of the Poet, so it may
be with the science of the Savan; for his conceptions
of the Universe overleap the bounded horizon of the
physical, and with eager induction he grapples with the
moral and the metaphysical. This Philosophy it is
that whispers to his ear the mystic password by which
he transcends the “bounded reign” of physical exist-
ence, and, leading him up, with solemn reverence, be-
neath the pillarless dome of Eternity, inspires his soul
with a devout contemplation of that Divine Intelligence
which

“Lives through all life—extends through all extent;
Spreads undivided—operates unspent,”

36

Finally, we have the wonderful faculties of the human
intellect as the materials and instrumentalities upon
which the process of the inductive philosophy is to
operate ;—intellectual faculties which, in their creation,
“are projected on a scale commensurate with the range
of the Universe, fitted for the fellowship of Angels, and
for the friendship of God! Faculties, which, with a
glance that leaves the winged lightning behind, can
dart backward to the infancy of Time, and sound the
dateless depths that spread in solemn silence beyond ;—
or forward, through Time’s course and consummation ;
and on, and still on, among the awful cycles of Eter-
nal Futurity ;—Faculties, which, in their excursions
through the wide dominions of authoritative history, as
well as in their imaginative rambles through “the

list--can hold glad converse with adoring Shepherds
and Angel watchers around the rustic bed of the Babe
of Bethlehem—can confer with Prophet, Priest and
Patriarch ; or, mingle, in gladness, with the “Sons of
God” while shouting for joy around the new-laid pil-
lars of an unfinished world !

And yet, stimulated and sustained by faculties such

as these, and yearning in desire,

“To follow knowledge, like a sinking star,
Beyond the utmost verge of human thought;”

you will not, nay, Young Gentlemen, man cannot, find
a world nor an atom that is not stampt with the royal
signet of JEHovAH! For, though our minds may climb
to the very battlements of science, and though our im-
aginations, soaring thence, should roam beyond, still,
we could only say,

“Through all the vast, and the minute we see

The unambiguous footsteps of a God,

Who lends its lustre to an insect’s wing,
And wheels his throne on rolling worlds!”

WI V@ Lend
svoYv. 28, y6o4
‘ = Fs! SAP ve

>

long-drawn aisles of the past,” can pause where they .

=
i

x Mr) a i

Rast ts Aeron oN

hae

eS

>

Io

x

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

@ G02 744 @96 4

OFFICERS.

E. M. GREGORY, J. W. CALDWELL, S. F. CARY,
PRESIDENT. SECRETARY.

TREASURER.

FREEMAN G. CARY, THOMAS B. WITHERBY,

SUPERINTENDENTS OF COLLEGE BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS.

—_————_-@: @ -#—___—__

FACULTY.

ISAAC JACKSON ALLEN, A. M., PresipEnt, P

PROFESSOR OF RHETORIC, OF MENTAL AND MORAL SOIENCE, AND OF TIIE INSTITUTES

OF CIVIL LAW.

ROBERT HAMILTON BISHOP, D. D..

PROFESSOR OF HISTORY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY.

FREEMAN GRANT CARY, A. M.,

PROFESSOR OF SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE, AND HORTICULTURE.

LORENZO CARY, A. M.,

PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE.

PHILIP JACOB KLUND,

PROFESSOR OF MODERN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE,

REUBEN SMITH BOSWORTH,

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE, AND ITS APPLICATION TO AGRICULTURE AND THE

ARTS,

JOHN STEWART HENDERSON,

PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS, NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, AND ASTRONOMY.

GEORGE STEPHEN ORMSBY, A. B.,
ADJUNCT PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS, AND PRINCIPAL OF THE PREPARATORY

DEPARTMENT.

JOHN M. WALDEN, A. B.,

TUTOR.

ee