Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. _ yy ee pte VA Fr INDIANA‘S EES tothe | FOREST RESOURCES and a INDUSTRIES NORTHERN A ae ee Service. | om Bicies Department of Agriculture _ Forest Resource Report No. 10. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The Central States Forest Experiment Station of the Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Columbus, Ohio, grate- fully acknowledges the assistance of the following in collecting data for this report: Purdue University Department of Forestry headed by E. R. Martell, and Purdue University Extension Service; and Indiana Department of Conservation, Division of Forestry, directed by R. F. Wilcox. Many people at the Central States Station participated in the survey of Indiana’s forest resources and aided in the preparation of this report. The station is especially indebted to persons out- side of the organization who reviewed the manuscript and gave helpful suggestions. V\erieD STATES, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST RESOURCE REPORT NO. 10 AUGUST 1956 " ° Indiana’s Forest Resources and Industries: IKE Op KEITH HUTCHISON, forest economist CENTRAL STATES FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION UNFFED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : WASHINGTON, D. C., 1956 FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, D. C., PRICE 35 CENTS Preface THs REPORT presents the results of a forest survey made in Indiana as part of the national survey of forest resources. Its purpose is to make a field inventory of the present supply of standing timber; to find out how fast it is being increased through growth, and how much it is being diminished by industrial and domestic uses, fire, insects, diseases, and other causes; and to interpret and correlate these findings in formulating private and public forest policies. The survey was made during the period November 1949 to Decem- ber 1950. Results of this work show that Indiana has more timber than previously estimated. Because the present survey standards and procedures are not comparable with those used in previous estimates, it is not known how much of the increase is due to growth. The statistics that follow, however, indicate that Indiana timber stands are now growing faster than they are being cut, but the quality is declining. Contents | Page Timber used in Indiana—Continued Page Hiehlights of Indiana forests... .....0 06sec see cee tees 1 Other wood-using industries and wood uses........... 23 | Contribution of forests to Indiana’s development........ 2 Wood.used in-manufacturing’s..:cieec ca ee ee thee 24 Farrcleandiclimatererrcge n ticve ccele orsielerers eo elecartis sy elevene ers 2 PropramOf:fores tr yi. evafeve is svovsieveieic 1s = Brae she ever eres) Soiree si eo 25 | Settlement and development.................00000- 3 Adoption of improved cutting practices.............. 25 | PNOMICUWUIEULE ge pereiepekete ees (onsh sues eked ssoveog:sarakonsuctics Seale s\evete 3 Improvement of markets and marketing practices... .. 26 IN ATA TTD Opera Mee reheeeverrs tee faie washes, Geoue ei SiS eee ees sistis ees» 4 Protection of woodlands from damaging agents....... 26 Manufacturing and transportation................. 5 bette Sia aiee AR CLS A PLE IICE Clic ae leit eee EES ESPEN et 26 Vint] tipo glam Guise rmucserctcharst erations oie! cters ct eueicteeycteiclave'a 7 Tcivestockterazin pmristel. te wich versie ciovetefebsrercsois ez sical 27 ROLES tereSOUNCES ey cecgane sicnsie een ster Mtosstele|ce: siele wig, wie tess e's abies 8 IMSECTS¥AMGNGISCASES hrc, ci cs aitosteyoteperele Osyore, ciel os siehsteve/ evs 28 | Horestiarecavan GiGistLiDUtiON: << ice 5 iessleicie wise eet ese ees 8 Othersiorestiactivitiess ws gra treten sles slic essere taro a lSpacn eyes 28 CO WeLshiptetencee heirs si ckeners (chore hou. oWoh exe) eye sells ever eversi a) sisieie 8 Witeraturercited \etcasteers a eerste dite acing susie: spate ops Sit sas; ae kee 29 | PST: CAND VACUO METS CY POS orci cpei eh ficnaln, tie) cls 4 Bans Siena «avers e1'e18) 5 oe 9 ANPPODGUEXS A atacetete cctercca ancestors. es tives eehar ts eugiarg sienshe er vite eos 30 simerAreaybyistanG-size (Classesii.rals\sis on sir ss %ere sel veges ele a 10 BOrest Survey, PrlOCEGUremey.ts, ona oe ti snate tis eieratsiias > araete 30 SS COGKATI prep eta ae tc Patel, Sh tneudie eet baretegeais alee lous) Gedy Sie a la «bis 11 Areal estimatestetincsciiccsies darks larane a aiels jeostiin stale gaye 30 PAGE AUD VASILENGU AlICYgeasrst ie iarecciatarsiele elctote: overs ete erties wallets % 12 MOLUMMeveStlIM AteSr tm sseya areralsiensheteneyala- si cians + ious 2S teyenerens 30 Board=foot timber volumes e556 be sieless siele ei'e eae ee 12 Gullfestimiates erst aeia w/e cget hepatic rebiert okecthcne eis ett enesere 31 | WiOLUIMESD YaSPECIESiyeUaienetcncisi« iti-forsce sieisie svele Se welds ous 12 Growthyes tinrates yaa, ccna srclsuepets io cio nie w/odteclers eieae Oe 31 } Wolumesbyzcliameter Class)ycniy-viasqetieo 0\eoyele seas s ow 12 Mim ber=cueyEstimates s)./.. s.5 sts. a. ete cyure sus siafeacis oot ote 31 Wrolumerbyastand=siZe :ClASS).72y..0.5.lo.< 2 sis- ieee see iaceie o3 13 Accuracy#ofiestimatesh 2 ).\iec sxe eros oro ores Gis ers eee it 31 Wolumesbyalooaquallityicc.iers ci -) a's oc ons ov en eln earein's @ 14 Explanation: of terms Usedh.i® 2 cus siaiseisiouesoronetavete Safe cute 32 WoltmerOlaCulletre esis tts r=cleere.sereteynie elses es ie s/o a £5 Horest land sGlasses sists. oro-stsieisvonsie2 = stcyo sieves sineusgn arene ay GrOWING=StOCKAVOLUMERiczeiepeisls cele elses euevess osese oie eae 15 HOrestityipesSsqucta onc sicsclele ts atticsnstans ots cuorerele ones sisi eres 32 feaelumberserowth.and mortality... 0.0... eee cece eee 16 ABYAS BERS ered Sno Oe MAB Din tO ice ener eNO: 33: | SAWICLIN DEKE CTO WE eiaitatec eres ice ets, vie cit oid viele wie ee es 16 Volumes eisps eis ge cia weeks Tanienate aiesalee guder shames 33 | Growth of the growing stock.................04- 16 Stocking wag. ei rackl ite c. SetermeeNalyclotata.cienterarens are 33 Miontalityieerer: feseieicterteic einusteis)< oe cle eee eieitisels aie a0 17 OTE SUSILS apes souesyrute opch ons aooe prio ecrerede RSE roi eeponeaey Tiateepetose 33 Pima Derg CUb EIT oe retreat ae steh ale! oe -elsve ctl sve) ss vwlave ore ea nate aie 17 Stanclosize*classesiiss tec ecuspenctekesmanisjorsts alee eveieh ok ousie) Bien 34 MrencspnytiMser VOLUME! ys jaye lersie.sreis ove toilsieo'e avevetee eh0.8 18 Diameter measurement and classes...........-+++- 34 | Prospects for Indiana forests............-0+e0+eeeeee 19 Hard wood'log sraces siya fers, oxoteue cies cyelorsvereneiet is wnt = 34 PGimber use'in Indiana. ....-..:..6.---. eee eee sees 20 Growthvepsce peste eee pete onsets Sateen reece stare eich 34 Poeelhemumbercindustry. 2. sinc ss ees cect e wesc e eee ees 20 Mortality srsastyse oc nts cletielensort ea ckeee orcietee oes 34 SMMC RVCTICELAINGUSULYVA tc cis re sss cete yesieccw ss sede tie ee. 22 Teta IOI CUU eseyerrech cued ol cfibe Leh svexc\aconcenoueyseer-velveysy stekaneForsyole 34 | The COOPELALEMINGUSEGY/5 cyais's svsiene wien eisreisia-e si slerea.ajeiet 22 PSTEEKSPECIES ons, Sets toyeVeReie cues) uote oaneo ek svolovevorere) voreysns seeraueye 35 Sramblittey haridlevindastryssc...0 sec vce. ce ueeveeceecenes 23 Supplementary tablesiz..:cve «actos custo exes osversie Sel svskrers 36 Ul Highlights of Indiana Forests 77? Indiana has 4.1 million acres of forests—Although this area represents only 18 percent of the State’s total land, the forests are so distributed that farmers, urban dwellers, benefit greatly from them. All forest land is available for growing and harvesting commercial timber except and wood-using industries all 58,000 acres, chiefly in parks and recreation areas, which are reserved from cutting. Ninety-five percent of the commercial forest area is privately owned.—More than 100,000 farmers own 2.9 million acres of forest land, mostly in tracts of 10 to 25 acres. These tracts, although too small to manage effectively as separate commercial enterprises, contribute appre- ciably to individual farm needs. From their wood- lands farmers get lumber, fence posts, poles, fuelwood, and other products valued at more than 7 million dollars annually. Other private forest lands total 0.9 million acres. The Federal Government owns 163,000 acres of forest land divided between the Wayne- Hoosier National Forest and military reservations. Other public forests include 93,000 acres in State parks and forests and 2,000 acres in county and community forests. The forests support 2.8 billion cubic feet of growing stock.—Ninety-nine percent of this stock is in hardwood species. Poletimber trees make up 32 percent of the growing stock, and sawtimber trees account for the other 68 percent. Sawtimber totals 77 billion board-feet (International ¥,-inch Log Rule).—More than 50 percent of the area supports 1,500 board-feet or more per acre and by definition is classed as sawtimber stands. More than 90 percent of the board-foot volume is in sawtimber stands; the other 10 percent is scattered in stands having less than 1,500 board-feet per acre. Of the sawtimber volume, oaks comprise about 40 percent, other hard hardwoods another 30 percent, and soft hardwoods the remaining 30 percent. Softwoods account for less than one-half percent of the sawtimber volume. Stands in general are understocked and of poor quality.— Although large sawtimber stands average nearly 5,800 board-feet per acre and the small sawtimber stands more than 3,000, the quality is low. Only 14 percent of the hardwood sawtimber volume is in high- quality logs (grades 1 and 2) that yield veneer, high-grade lumber, handle stock, and other high- | quality wood products. Not included in the saw- | Ke timber volume but certainly contributing to the low quality of the stands is the large number of cull trees. About 1 of every 6 sawtimber-size trees is a cull. The stands average nearly 11 cull poletimber and saw- timber trees per acre. Even though only about half the annual sawtimber growth is being harvested, the quality of the stands continues to decline, largely because most users seek high-quality logs and too much growth is laid on by The: cut amounts to about 117 million board-feet, while the low-quality trees. of high-quality logs growth of high-quality material is only about 85 million board-feet annually. Indiana has more than 1,000 sawmills —Most of them are small; only about 30 cut a million board-feet or more each year. There are also more than 30 veneer plants, about 10 cooperage-stock mills, and several handle plants. Besides the primary plants, the State has about 650 manufacturing plants. In 1948 about 450 million board-feet of lumber, veneer, and bolts was used in manufacturing, but only about 250 million These plants employ more than 30,000 workers and have an annual payroll of more than $70,000,000. The overall condition of Indiana forests is above average for board-feet of this was native hardwoods. the Central States regionm—Even so, there is room for Using a large amount of high-quality logs, Indiana can well afford to adopt a forest manage- improvement. ment program aimed at growing more high-quality timber than at present and giving the better sites first priority for management. Greater stress could be placed on the fundamental requirements of good forest management, i. e., better cutting practices to eliminate the cull trees from the stands; cutting practices that will allow more small-diameter trees to grow to large diameter and high quality before harvesting; and bet- ter protection from fire, grazing, insects, and diseases. Improved marketing and utilization, and the use by new industries of low-grade material could help to improve the condition of the forests. The occurrence of considerable timber in small tracts and the reluctance of owners to use good woods practices are obstacles to managing and utilizing ef- fectively much timber in Indiana. Continued research is needed in all phases of the forest program as well as continued effort in interpreting the findings to timber owners and users. Contribution of Forests to Indiana’s Development ~ Ts NDIANA is an agricultural and industrial State. Before settlement, forests covered about nine-tenths of the land, but now only about one-fifth is forested. To appreciate the part that forests have played in the development of Indiana and the place that forests have in the present economy, it is necessary to know some- thing about the land, the climate, and the people. Land and Climate Indiana is one of the smaller States in the Union, covering but 36,205 square miles of land, 86 square miles of inland lakes and streams (7),! and 230 square miles of Lake Michigan (2). Most of the land surface is gently rolling, tillable, and well suited to growing cultivated crops. However, about 6,000 square miles in the southern part of the State is unglaciated (fig. 1), rough, and rather hilly; fertile than in the northern part and erode seriously when not protected by vegetation. that some large, contiguous forest areas are still found. soils are thinner and less It is in this section Several counties are more than half forested. Some previously cleared land has been allowed to revert to forest, and additional areas are continually reverting as better land-use practices are adopted on hill farms. Thus in the southern part of the State, forest areas are not only larger but will probably remain about the same size as they are now (fig. 2). Rural people depend upon off-the-farm work, much of which can be provided by logging operations and small woodworking plants. All the northern region was glaciated throughout which forests now occur mainly as farm woods, occupying poorly drained soils, stony moraines, steep The forests of this region are more scattered and on the average are in smaller (fig. 3). vidual tracts is less than that of the more extensive slopes, and stream margins. tracts The commercial importance of indi- although these northern woodlands contain some of the finest areas in the southern part of the State, hardwood timber remaining in Indiana. Because 1 Italic page 29. numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, 9 Forest Resource Report No. LA GRANGE |STEUBEN He IAPSHALL pan PULASKI /ABASH' MIM! wi NORTHERN INDIANA ‘Conan iS S ° rd PAR ee a iuSH = iam (pele (S| i" Bn \ GF ‘i as BOUNDARIES ~A~v’ PRAIRIE Uertsect> ILLINOIS GLACIER =~ >— WISCONSIN GLACIER Ficure 1.—Northern and southern Indiana, as referred to in this report, are roughly divided by the boundary of the Wisconsin glacter, which covered all but about 6,000 square miles of the State. of the level, tillable land of this region and the deep, fertile soils, the forest area is not likely to be increased much. The climate is favorable for growing trees as well as for cultivated crops. The growing season averages about 170 days. Rainfall is fairly well distributed throughout each month, and the total averages about 42 inches per year. The State is located in the path of prevailing westerly winds and occasional cyclonic storms. ‘Therefore, farmers value strips of timber and small woodlands as windbreaks and for livestock shelter, as well as for the wood products obtained. 10, U. S. Department of Agriculture : F—406700 FicurE 2.—Southern Indiana has wide expanses of forests broken only by small fields in the valleys. Settlement and Development Pioneers began arriving in Indiana from the Eastern States early in the 19th century. Travel was easiest on streams and so the first settlements were along the Ohio and Wabash Rivers. To the pioneer timber indicated good soil. Because the hills were both forested and well drained, the pioneers settled the hill country first. Not many years after the forests were cleared from the hill land, serious soil erosion occurred on the steeper slopes. As the thin soils lost their fertility, the pioneers cleared other land. The limited prairie area of Indiana was the last to be settled because the productivity of prairie soils was not understood and forested areas were preferred (3). About 1% million people now make up the State’s labor force. Approximately 25 percent of this force resides in the southern half of the State, and much of the unemployment has occurred in the more heavily forested southern portion. Agriculture Indiana has 19.7 million acres in farms: about 56 percent in crops, 18 percent in pasture, 15 percent in woodland (8), and 11 percent in roads, house lots, cropland not harvested or pastured, and wasteland. Indiana’s Forest Resources and Industries” There has been little change in land use in the State during the last 25 years. However, some shifting of farm population and a gradual increase in the size of farms has occurred. In 1920 there were 205,000 farms averaging 103 acres each, and in 1950 167,000 farms averaging 118 acres. Although livestock and cultivated crops account for most of the farm income, sales of forest products amounted to 1.6 million dollars in 1950, according to the Census of Agriculture. Sixty-two percent of this income was from the sale of standing timber. More important than sales, however, is the value of fuelwood and fence posts cut for farm use. If farmers were required to purchase these products, the esti- mated cost would exceed 4 million dollars. When cultivated some soils of the unglaciated area of southern Indiana erode so rapidly that many farms have been abandoned and are reverting to forest (fig. 4). Even where agriculture is successful, farms do not always provide full-time employment for the opera- tors. Therefore, many operators work part time in other occupations including logging and sawmilling. Thus in 1949, 46,000 farmers worked 100 days or more off the farm. Fifty-nine percent of these farmers operated less than 50 acres of land. Because livestock production is such an important industry in Indiana, pastureland is in great demand. 3 F-—260977 FiGuRE 3.— This scene in Steuben County is somewhat typical of northern Indiana. The better soils have been cleared for crops, and forests remain as small, scattered woodlands and borders along streams. Besides the 3.5 million acres of cleared pastureland, Mining farmers use 1.7 million acres of their woodlands for pasture. The Forest Survey found that 12 percent of The more important minerals produced in Indiana all forest land is being so heavily grazed that, if are coal, gas and oil, stone, clay, and sand and gravel. such grazing continues, the forest cover will eventu- Sand and gravel operations have disturbed an esti- ally be eliminated. mated 17,000 to 18,000 acres of land. Gas and oil F—406702 Ficure 4.—Southern Indiana has many abandoned and eroded fields, such as this, which would often be better utilized as forest. 4 Forest Resource Report No. 10, U. S. Department of Agriculture operations disturb very little land. On the other hand, much low-grade lumber is used for construction and temporary roads while developing the oil fields. Coal mining affects more acreage than mining for other minerals and therefore has more influence on forests. Coal is mined chiefly from a few counties in southwestern Indiana bordering Illinois. The deep coal mines use much roundwood and sawed material for props and shoring. Areas strip-mined for coal (fig. 5) are often suitable for growing timber. The present area stripped for coal amounts to more than 50,000 acres and an additional 1,500 to 2,000 acres are stripped each year. The Indiana Coal Association has planted trees on more than 33,000 acres (fig. 6); another 6,000 acres have restocked to trees naturally; and nearly 6,000 acres have been seeded and restored to pasture or other agricultural use. Manufacturing and Transportation Manufacturing has developed rapidly in Indiana since 1900. About 35 percent of the State’s income is derived from manufacturing and 10 to 15 percent from farming. Wood is important in Indiana manufacturing (fig. 7). More than 10 percent of the industries use wood in their products, and many more use wood in crating and shipping. Indiana is noted for its veneer mills and is one of the leading manufacturers of wood furniture. In 1948, Indiana used 447 million board- feet in manufacturing (5)—26 percent for furniture and 27 percent for containers (cooperage not in- cluded). The total amount of wood used in manufacturing is less than the annual growth of Indiana’s forests, yet only a small amount of it is grown locally. Forests of this State cannot supply much of its requirement for softwood lumber. Indiana has a large number of veneer, furniture, and other manufacturers requiring high-quality hardwood logs, but local forests can supply only part of the oak, walnut, gum, and other specialty woods required by these industries. Although the forest area and timber stands are still adequate to meet home requirements in volume, timber quality has declined so much that these users of high-quality logs must search several States to obtain the logs they want. The various wood-using industries of this State employ more than 30,000 workers of whom 20,000 are employed in the furniture industry alone. Indiana has excellent transportation facilities. ‘Tim- ber producers and wood-product manufacturers can | Ficure 5.—This area has recently been stripped for coal. Reclamation is being planned by the Indiana Coal Association. (Courtesy of Indiana Coal Association.) Indiana’s Forest Resources and Industries 377309—56——2 FiGuRE 6.—This area was planted to trees after being stripped for coal, In a few more years it will be producing usable products such as fence posts, poles, and pulpwood. (Courtesy of Indiana Coal Association.) a iil Ficure 7.—This assembly line lll F-395252 7s turning out wooden high } : chairs—one of many products ' manufactured from wood in Indiana. 6 Forest Resource Report No. 10, U. S. Department of Agriculture easily reach local and national markets by rail, truck, or water. In 1950 the State had 2.5 miles of road for each square mile of land area. At that time only 8,894 miles of State roads were unsurfaced. The Ohio River is an important carrier of freight and as a result important industries have developed bordering this waterway. in counties Multiple Land Use About 85 percent of the land in Indiana is in farms. Some large tracts are managed primarily for mining and other industrial purposes. Other tracts are set aside for urban development or public use. The forested areas—18 percent of the total land area— are especially well suited to multiple land use (fig. 8), including such uses as timber production, watershed protection, food and shelter for wildlife, and recreation. Watershed protection and water storage are high priority uses of forest land. Good forest cover helps to prevent soil erosion, and thereby sedimentation in the reservoirs is reduced. Forests also increase the water-storing capacity of the watershed and regulate the flow of water into streams. It is important that Ficure 8.—Timber, water, and recreation—the needs of many people are being served by this forest area. as much rainfall as possible infiltrate the soil to main- tain a uniform ground water level and an even flow Well-managed_ forests improve the porosity of the soil so that rainfall enters of usable water in streams. more readily. Thousands of hunters visit the forests annually in In 1951 hunters took nearly 4 million game animals and birds in Indiana. The State has a deer herd of about 5,500. Some 12,000 hunters killed 1,500 deer during the 3-day season of 1951. search of game of many kinds. Forests are ideal places to establish recreation areas. Of the half million acres of publicly owned land in Indiana, about half is forested. This land includes a national forest, 18 State parks, and 13 State forests. So many people visit these public areas annually to hunt, fish, hike, picnic, and visit historic sites that the Indiana Division of Forestry spends about one- third of its manpower and funds on recreational work. Even so, the public-use areas and facilities on State forests are inadequate for the number of people that use them. There is increasing pressure to develop more forest land for recreational use—preferably forests that will also protect community watersheds. (Courtesy of Indiana Department of Conservation.) Indiana’s Forest Resources and Industries Forest Resources >>> Forest Area and Distribution HE PRESENT forest area of Indiana is 4,140,000 acres, of which 58,000 have been withdrawn from timber use and 4,082,000 are commercial forest. Seventy-one percent of the forest area lies in the southern part of the State. Forest areas range from 72 percent in Brown County in the south to only 1 percent in Benton County in the prairie area of the north (fig. 9). Distribution of Indiana’s forested areas of the north contrasts sharply with those of the south. The economy of the north includes vast industrial develop- ment. Superior glaciated soils produce excellent crops, and the area has retained but small scattered wood- lands. ‘The south, hilly and unglaciated, supports extensive areas of forest land, and its economy depends in part on the income derived from its forest products. Ownership Availability of timber and problems of management are often affected by ownership. For the most part, Federal and State forest holdings are in tracts sufh- ciently large to furnish commercially important The portion of the Wayne-Hoosier National Forest located in south- ern Indiana comprised 103,000 forested acres in 1950. The Federal Government has another 60,000 acres of Other public forests include 93,000 acres in State parks and forests and 2,000 acres in county and community amounts of wood in individual sales. forests in military depots and reservations. forests. ‘These forests, of course, have values other than timber. Private owners are understandably interested in immediate returns and may manage their forests with short-term perspectives to increase The values they receive are mostly from timber sales, cutting of material for buildings or other their current income. home use, grazing, and shelter for livestock. Future productivity of the forest is often sacrificed to increase immediate cash income. Approximately 3.8 million acres (94 percent) of the commercial forest land is privately owned. Farmers own 2.9 million acres; mining companies, industrial Ke Ta GRANGE |STEUBEN DE KALB WHITLEY | ALLEN —| fwarsHaLe [ar KOSCIUSKO Fa z= iS ° a < Pi 3 tise = ee: [_] 0-19 [_] 20-39 40-59 60-79 FiGuRE 9.—The most heavily forested counties are in the hilly, un- glaciated area of the southern part. concerns, and numerous small private owners control 0.9 million acres. About 100,000 of the State’s 167,000 farms reported woodland in 1950. The average woodland area per farm was 28.9 acres, but the majority of farms had somewhat less. For example, there are more than one million acres of forest scattered on 59,000 farms—an average of only 17 acres of woodland per farm. These units are unduly small for management as commercial enterprises but are suitable for supplying the farm with material for barns and additional buildings, posts, poles, fuelwood, and other usable products. Cur- rently, however, only a few farm woodland owners are making their forest land produce to the best possible advantage. How to make more farm woods produce more and better timber is a major problem in Indiana forestry. 8 Forest Resource Report No. 10, U. S. Department of Agriculture Area by Timber Types The Forest Survey classified the forests of Indiana into eight type groups based on species composition. Each of these groups includes several subtypes. The oak-hickory type (fig. 10) is found on 2.4 mil- lion acres or 58 percent of the forest area. In general this large and important type is found on dry upland sites and on less fertile soils than most other types. It includes several subtypes or associated types that are small in area but not minor in importance. ‘I'wo such are the white oak and yellow-poplar types. Oak forests in which pine makes up 25 to 49 percent of the stand are listed as oak-pine type. The elm-ash-cottonwood type is found primarily along streams and on poorly drained flats. American elm and green ash are the predominant species of this type. white oak occur commonly as associates. Cottonwood, soft maple, sycamore, and swamp This type occupies 1.0 million acres or 24 percent of the forest area. The maple-beech-birch type is found on 418,000 acres or 10 percent of the forest area. In northeastern Indiana, sugar maple is its chief component (fig. 11). In the southern part beech is the dominant tree. Very little yellow birch is found in Indiana. The maple- beech-birch type has frequently developed as a resid- F—351698 Ficure 10.—A young stand of mixed red and white oak, typical of the oak-hickory type in southern Indiana. Indiana’s Forest Resources and Industries ual stand, past logging having removed preferred species such as white oak, black walnut, white ash, and yellow-poplar. The oak-gum-cypress type, comprising 3 percent or 138,000 acres of the forest area, is made up of pin oak flats on poorly drained uplands, and bottom-land stands chiefly along the flood plains of the Wabash and Ohio Rivers. blackgum, sweetgum, some baldcypress, various spe- cies of red and white oak, hickories, and many less important species. The other three types recognized are white-red-jack pine, loblolly-shortleaf pine, and aspen-birch. Except The bottom-land stands contain tupelo, for some native Virginia pine and scattered white and jack pine, the pine is in plantations, the largest of which are in southern Indiana. In this State the pine types will increase in importance because so much pine is being planted each year, and also because some old fields in the southern part are restocking to Virginia pine. Area by Stand-Size Classes The size of timber and its volume per acre usually reflect the commercial importance of a stand. . More than half of the 4 million acres of forest land is © in sawtimber stands. Two-thirds of this sawtimber area supports large sawtimber, 1. e., stands with at least half of the board-foot volume in trees 15 inches | diameter breast high or larger. The percentage of area classed as sawtimber is as great or greater than | that found in neighboring States. Poletimber stands occupy 1,337,000 acres or 33 per- } cent of the forest area. Seedling and sapling stands | occur on 600,000 acres or 15 percent. Only 61,000 acres or 1 percent of the area is nonstocked. Although the forests of northern Indiana are more scattered and are in smaller tracts than in the south, they contain a greater percentage of large timber (fig. | 12). Sixty-six percent of the northern forest area 1s | sawtimber as compared with about 45 percent in the Qe Fe 5a PORTE|ST JOSEPH [ELKHART |LA GRANGE | STEUBEN Vv aI Qa WHITLEY] ALLEN - WELLS ao D Db z “THUNTINGTON b oF LACFO} o DELAWARE) RANDOLPH F a = 4 q 2 ro) z MADISON — LEGEND- CRAWFORD ~@\ LARGE SAWMILLS © HANOLE PLANTS @z VENEER PLANTS Ulmus americana INGE lit sco SoC p Bow POO SoD OOo U. thomas Slippenyrele creel siusis «ence U. rubra Wit Fe Clee lint iectees fayraceias eevee are U. alata Indiana’s Forest Resources and Industries Gum: Blackgum (black tupelo)....... Nyssa sylvatica Sweetgum (redgum)........... Liquidambar styracifiua Water tupelo (tupelo-gum)..... Nyssa aquatica ackberryag eicpairste seo aisnseu ete Celtis occidentalis ELA GK On ypearosicesta tenet sen ctetataleusacrsaeccest Carya spp. IFTONE VIOCUSt rsa ig ie ots fee's Gleditsia triacanthos Kentucky Coffeetree ferns 3 aca o's = Gymnocladus dioicus ocust) blacks a sr wicsnters tej des oie Robinia pseudoacacia Maple, hard: Black smaplers swius: ceaustsn< cls eeusieiels Acer nigrum Sugarsma ple. lseilsssconnveyeresrens or A. saccharum Maple, soft: IBoxelden ans cicsenycs one tc -iee A, negundo REG maples) eerste terenecet sree sch: A, rubrum Silver vmmaples. 2h) A eevenats cess io Geaites A, saccharinum Mulberry red ace chai she icstoie ove eee « Morus rubra Oak, red: Blacktoalka cys .cis srsteteyei seers see oss Quercus velutina Cherrybark oak (swamp red Oak) hfe eaysrasterste ae pa sive alee Q. falcata var. pagodaefolia Northern:red Oak's j6:6:5.. 060 c80s Q. rubra PUMFOAK Nf. javshelsrentiteawione yous reuete+ eke Q. palustris Scarletioaks (ie). Seleat acieds « aas« Q. coccinea Shingslefoaless sree cnstesis toe ere avers Q. imbricaria Southern red oak............. Q. falcata WateriOalkizr te asteteasystcbetcisievsisxciees Q. nigra Willow xoalesice tec iter ais yefeto erstst tec Q. phellos Oak, white: Burioalkias neck sviedsneit: siatcane,s sco a Q. macrocarpa Chestnutioak. tcp os mics ss the Q. prinus Chinkapinioakss ne, shies ese s.c--% Q. muehlenbergit Overcuploalan wit 5 ices tiers spates Q. lyrata BostyOake-creepare rare evetet ev erese es 6 Q. stellata Swamp chestnut oak.......... Q. michauxiz Swamp white oak............. Q. bicolor Wilhitevoale: ie Sjetisisueralotsrius sions sec Q. alba Osage= OFAN ere ecotjerlie nie cnalede lars Maclura pomitera Persimmon, common.,.......... Diospyros virginiana Sassatras.t ct asus tsa seven lees Sassafras albidum Sycamore, American............ Platanus occidentalis Wralnutiiblack: (5 ste scteste f-fa2 essi Juglans nigra Wall wesycteney sn cpetesrster ey sie-s tel lc tenors Salix spp. Vellow= poplar esis cisiecjawieteceis care Liriodendron tulipifera NONCOMMERCIAL Harpwoops Ailanthus (tree-of-heaven)....... Ailanthus altissima lawthorniyrcsccctenytsreiomr tetas Crataegus spp. Hophornbeam, eastern (iron- WOO) cranscmnemtersici cis mens Ostrya virginiana Bawipawstanrmencttercvelsyelete vals ers oncee Asimina triloba Blummewild ict derereye sates uetexei car stsss Prunus spp. IRedbud eastern ayy-rectenciiereevciass Cercis canadensis SELVIGE DELL ssn tencnecem ekesohedorsterenan as Amelanchier spp. SOUGWOOGE Nis aenysieieciew skisen sence Oxydendrum arboreum SUM AC Ia Pee Recent tern Reiss Rhus spp. 35 Supplementary Tables Tas ie 3.— Total land and forest area, by region and county, Indiana, 1950 NORTHERN REGION Land area Land area County County Total Forest Total Forest Thousand | Thousand Thousand | Thousand acres acres Percent acres acres Percent ‘Adamsico acco eee eee ae ee 221 20 9 329 30 9 Allen soc eo SSR nae ee See en een ee 429 43 10 389 35 9 Bartholomewe=2==-222 -=2= 2=== 3 =e 257 35 14 290 15 5 262 2 1 257 22 9 107 8 7 284 28 10 273 15 5 243 24 10 239 16 7 324 25 8 Gasset re aa ee ee ern eee arr eee ae 266 29 11 264 27 10 Chinitonte 2 aea2s oie ers oe See ee 260 11 4 262 29 ll 237 22 9 272 33 12 (Dekal busss2e 2-23 ue es SS ae 234 29 12 277 32 12 256 ity 7 292 20 7 300 28 9 262 11 4 Fountainss- oss eto = Sore eee 254 29) id 299 28 9 235 17 7 262 16 6 269 18 hh 199 34 17 258 21 8 198 21 ll 195 15 8 321 21 7 267 17 6 167 10 6 256 19 7 269 25 9 188 ll 6 236 19 8 Huntington 250 23 9 259 23 9 Jaspers ae coe soe Soe oe eee ee 360 48 13 236 17 7 Jaynes co ne oa ee ae eee en eee 247 17 7, 318 16 5 JOhnson.se See oe ee ee ee ae 202 17 8 215 28 13 ‘Kosciusko: sas a2 sees ee aes eee 344 39 11 Wagranges: ho nad ore ee ee 243 27 11 Totals s.2 seo a eee 13,633 1,182 9 SOUTHERN REGION 207 150 72 56 20 36 246 82 33 259 124 48 233 54 23 250 116 46 200 103 52 289 97 34 277 41 15 246 162 66 196 64 33 214 43 20 277 86 31 265 38 14 138 19 14 314 74 24 95 36 38 283 66 23 252 72 29 123 43 35 319 43 14 || Spencer 253 47 19 351 101 298 OS uilivan seer nee Reece eee eee eee 293 49 17 307 123 40 141 45 32 Jackson coca 2. se esha 2 Se ees 333 121 36 108 15 14 Jefferson 234 81 | 35f || pVanderburgh ace = ste ne ere ene 154 19 12 Jennings 241 75 31%] |("Vermillionta*22- een a eee | 168 31 18 Knox: 25-26 Sty ee 331 34 10 266 45 17 Tawrences>-setee Johan ee aa ee. 294 127 43 250 50 20 Martine: 5.1: ae ss Se hen oe 221 126 57 330 us | 36 Monroe! sean Se ee eee ee 264 132 50 Morgans. 222-2 Sea ea ae 260 84 32 Totale oe eoe es ae ee ee eae 9,538 2,958 31 36 Forest Resource Report No. 10, U. S. Department of Agriculture Tas_e 4.—Land area, by region and major class of land, Indiana, 1950 Class of land Forest: Total land area mINOntOres tates ee eee aa aN Bets ty CP RNU ES © nen Sn eth Sem ee Lo eee ee ee eS | State Northern Southern | | Thousand acres | Percent Thousand acres | Thousand acres 4,082 17.6 1,171 | 25911 58 ae | 11 47 | | | | 4,140 9 | 1a ks 2,958 19,031 | 1") 12,45 6,580 | 23,171 | 100.0 | 13,633 9,538 TABLE 5.—Commercial forest area, by ownership, region, and stand-size class, Indiana, 1950 Region ( Stand-size class Ownership State evra So ereellp ner AS a | t awtimber oletimber | Seedling and) Nonstocke ) Northern Southern ; stands stands jsaplingstands| stands ! | | | | . | Thousand | Thousand Thousand Thousand Thousand | Thousand Thousand Federal: acres Percent acres acres | acres | acres | acres acres INationalutorestaretee eee eee ee 103 259) 0 103 | 24 | 28 14 37 | Other ae ee ees Rial are rt eae 60 5 11 | 49 319) 18 10 1 | ! | 2 a Ufa oft ose ag ee ea Se Ae See il a Te ee ae | 163 | 4.0 | 11,,| 152 55 46 24 38 | S tates a= meh Seeman Ea eee EA eat Ie | 93 233 14 | 79 48 2 ae a | sae Se ae mCountyzandsmunicipalssse see nee ne ee | 2 (2) 1 | 1 1 1 | (3) | ae: Jena aoe TiVO ene eae een ea on Seether te See | 3,824 | 93.7 | 1,145 | 2,679 1,980 | 1,245 576 23 RAG ka eae Oe ee ia eae | 4,082 100.0 | 1 A7 i | 2,911 2,084 | 1,337 600 él | 1 Includes areas not classified elsewhere. 2 Less than 0.05 percent. 3 Less than 500 acres. TABLE 6.—Area of commercial forest land, by stand-size class and region, Indiana, 1950 Stand-size class State Northern Southern Thousand Thousand Thousand acres Percent acres Percent acres Percent Biltarcersawtimbertstands-e- ene eee ee ae 1,384 34 648 55 736 25 Smiallisawtimberstands=swee scat seen | oS tT Se ee 700 17 131 ll 569 19 | oletimbenstandsses ee seen ae wen ae ES a secs 155337. 33 262 23 1,075 37 Seedlingsandisaplingistandssts-==oe==— 22-8 P bo es be 600 15 117 10 483 17 | iNonstockedistand six ra aan inne a 5s 22s Ses ee et 61 1 13 1 48 2 | Mita leeeereeente es Soe. Bat IEA 2 Se ot 4,082 100 1,171 100 2,911 100 | TasLe 7.—Area of commercial forest land, by forest type and stand-size class, Indiana, 1950 Sawtimber stands . . Seedling and | Forest type Total Folewmber sapling Nonstocked Large Small Seances stands stances Thousand Thousand Thousand Thousand Thousand Thousand / acres acres acres acres acres acres muvbiterred=jackspineseaptete= 22s ne aaa Ree eee 2.9) ete 15g As 3 Re tee ec 3 26h |X aie See re mloblolly-shortleafipiness=s- 2322202 ote. Uae os oo wast ee UY Sal eee SoBe nee 5 16 San re ate es Ral pi neta se ere Soe ale Ne 7/5) | Wiese eR ees 5 42 2%) sehen ae DakchickonyMeenee wars SL OS Bi See Re 2,362 658 464 789 401 50 BO Ako um-Cy Dress eee ee ae ee ee 138 61 21 43 1S Fe pape aha 8) meas h=co CLOnWOOd amas eee iar sean a ee 993 414 136 334 100 9 iMleisletiaadh-ntdhnees a ee ee 418 248 69 92 d/ 2 SPAS Den= birch maeete acer eee ee OM Sat ees ee eee oe 41 EF] Weir ed te aa 18 A NYO eee te ee ee A IKty pesea ses oe ones ee a ee eee 4,082 1,384 700 1,337 600 61 Indiana’s Forest Resources and Industries TABLE 8.—Net volume of live sawtimber and growing stock on commercial forest land, by ownership and region, Indiana, 1950 Sawtimber ? Ownership Growing State Northern Southern Million Million Million Million Federal: board-feet Percent board-feet board-feet cubic feet INationalitorest! 2 S265 2 oS See hE a ne Spee ee eae 99 O39) | Suaaeee eee eS 99 34.5 Others: 2225573 2 SS ye eS et rae eee 158 1.4 46 112 39.5 All) Federal® Se. - 52 es ee ee See ee ee 257 2.3 46 211 74.0 Sta tere <2 es nae kn RNS Pee ela = aR ee in et eee Ie REN eet ee A pO 174 1.6 26 148 60.0 County-and:municipals-22 2-2 ue se ee ee eee 6 1 4 2) 1.6 Private: TOE 6 ae re 5D See ig ie, Spee Ain aS a Be oS eee ee RN A 7,522 68. 3 4,552 33522 1,988.2 INon farm 225 SaaS ee Oe ek Re a Ne ey eS a 3,051 DH Ad Fa | Bs en ee 2,499 663.9 FN Tip oy oh W el epee ae ea Ps EO ee a SE ee 10,573 96. 0 4,552 6,021 2,652.1 Alltownerships! es = oats ater so en Be ek ee Se Eas 11,010 100.0 4,628 6,382 2,787.7 Tas_e 9.—Net live sawtimber volume on commercial forest land, by species and region, Indiana, 1950 Species State Northern Southern ‘ Million Million Million board-feet Percent board-feet Percent board-feet Percent ] ey 0 aera eee Se ee eee ee Ree eye Se ee 40 Q849 Dee Se aes | ee eee 40 Other softwoods 1] Leh a SP Eis ee 11 Wihite;oalk 2:- Sas. 2seae. Scene eee Bo ea, eee ee ee 1,297 11.8 403 31 894 Chestnut oak 101 a9) 3 3 98 382 3.5 248 65 134 1,165 10.6 448 38 717 985 8.9 362 37 623 Otherred! oaks4ae 22 wee rere ee ee eee een 327 3.0 138 42 189 -Hickory 876 7.9 242 28 634 AS Diss eee ae SEA ee a ee en eee 530 4.8 262 49 268 Ee] rw ee Sr Se ee Fa eg rer a en 1,101 10.0 828 75 273 153 1.4 85 56 68 Wellow-=poplar ees se ee ee ee ee 579 byes] 73 13 506 Basswood ir. soe es eae a at ae eae ees es eee 135 U2 101 75 34 161 15 6 4 155 123 Akal 5 4 118 857 7.8 503 59 354 448 4.1 241 54 207 390 3.5 162 42 228 708 6.4 263 37 445 208 19 89 43 119 433 329 166 38 267 otal so ssa set os Ho ln ae EE Re 11,010 100.0 46283) |2a-seae oe 6,382 1Tncludes 2 million board-feet of cypress. 38 Forest Resource Report No. 10, U. S. Department of Agriculture} Tasle 10.—WNet live sawtimber volume on commercial forest land, by species and stand-size class, Indiana, 1950 Species State see ee Poletimber Santee e Nonstocked Large Small stands stands stands Million Million Million Million Million Million board-feet Percent board-feet board-feet board-feet board-feet board-feet Ri rie seater 2 eater ee ny ere de ee Re ese ia 40 Ona ie eee ees ee 36 2 2a Bene oe eee @therisoftwoodste=22 - ease oe ee ee PE 11 a Se ec esannaee eee 5 Na) Serena ee tae Wihiteloa k= seein ase en eee toh a te 1,297 11.8 826 358 1G Moos acne SUS ee SoS Ghestnutioakeemsevsu oo: ee eee see sae ar es 101 9) 31 63 7 fa) eet ee ae ag i hee Otherwhite/oalcs¥ me sees cee tone eee ae 382 335 332 29 15 5 1 Black: oa! eres be Sa Sn eee a 1,165 10.6 702 349 110 2 2 INorthernyred:oalket) ase ate ee eens cule 985 8.9 773 185 2 OW ieee ee eee eS 1 Othersredioalks=taee a ee er ee ee 327 3.10 238 62 22 1 4 ML CK Oyster ae ae ell ee he 876 29 553 227 84 125 |Seseeoeeoe ees PAs Thieme eee eaten ety eos RM Pes WM Ry eerie. 530 4.8 366 116 30 15 3 DES yy ea as eee Pn oo we Oh ee Se 1,101 10.0 901 125 70 2 3 Cottonwood Saat mee ter vu Spee ee ees 153 1.4 129 17 ii) Eee eee a aA ll eee eee S bellow=poplareeee teeters ae meee ene te 579 5.3 396 99 78 Gr| sfeeceae es a ete Basswood sane -sa teers Ansan te Rane ween oie 135 1.2 110 17. LS Soy Lene, Sete are ee | [SLE Pry oe i Oe SWeeteu me sate inte dil Aas leads ee 161 1,5 129 26 Gilleeeo see etek es |e ee ee Black eum aes tee ey eee ee ee 123 11 102 10 LNi| Seee sees ee el | oae ee Sugarsmaplesaseees = tas ae ee ota hohe 857 7.8 697 128 29 Bi, |i ene Rae Sof tema plete eee eae ne teal. au fre OS 448 4.1 389 44 15 (5) cee Veen oes Sycamore saat tients he, eu EE 390 Bia) 305 40 38 4 3 Beech aire eeeiatettee Senet let) one ete Rem eee 708 6.4 623 51 21 133 |S eo a seee ee Biackewalnu tees 5. eet ae een aS eines, 208 1:9: 130 46 29 Q) 3 @Othemhardwoodssse as see shee Se eee 433 ehege! 268 108 53 i 3 Rota eeias Saha sie ole Wests ba 3s 11,010 100.0 8,005 2,136 779 67 23 Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent AU species seme see ca ee wee ee ee nee ohn HOON Op Hees ae ee eee S T2570 19.4 (ha! 0.6 0.2 1 Less than 0.5 million board-feet. TABLE 11.—Net live sawwtimber volume on commercial forest land, by species and tree-diameter class, Indiana, 1950 Tree-diameter class (inches) Species State 110 12-14 16-18 20-22 24-26 28+ Million Million Million Million Million Million Million board-feet board-feet board-feet board-feet board-feet board-feet board-feet Pine mer aesne serene el ee SE re Bs Le 40 13 17 5 Dy | eae a eset ool eee oe Se ‘Othergsoftwood stesso a mmenen ie ene ll 4 4 1 RON a eee aera | eee ea Wihiites caine > eae Rien crinioy eS! ee 5 CEPA fh eee as nae ea 506 378 240 89 84 Chestnutioalke a wae ee SO Sek 1101) | Ramee nese 67 27 feces aes el ee ee EE Otherswhiteroaks sa ween ele ES ee 3 S20) |sw tec eres 6 ec 64 98 83 59 78 Blac kioalke xe esse sate Bi sate wer Nth 2 PE BDF G5 ha | Sere ees aces oe 440 371 212 112 30 INortherniredioak=enesecssaiee a ee 985 .\| Robin tee oer 257 310 185 116 117 Othersredioaks#)-wesee = = sat er aS S27 erry See: 95 92 51 46 43 i CkK ony hee oe een ees en Pe 876 leteean 2 es 426 257 109 46 38 PAS eae Sate means Me eee Sas oe et, 58. ON (Sa ewe sas Shel 238 159 61 55 17 UE) ee a 1 ta TSO 18) een esas 326 307 214 166 88 Cottonwoodes me remned es JE Pe ee VIG | Avex See ee 31 32 35 21 34 biellow-poplares tect ate ities ee SSN | Pasieek at Lilind a hl eo 191 192 136 18 42 Basswood beer kee emetow ein sere Tan Peal EY 1356 | eesti 50 38 24 17 6 SWeet gum asa reehe SN IW ek TL Gili |e Hes we aA 58 54 38 Uf oe See Shue Blacksumibeses seme amn eee no Seed 2a meet 123 3) |e etree anes ce 39 41 19 17 7, Sugaram ap let eeeeck ater Maa Nika las ie 9 55/Aal| inaea so ena YE 291 276 188 54 48 Softimap levee seat ees ae Re ey AA Qiy| Bee Bay his ioe 111 139 107 59 32 SY. CAMore= enna sense ten | ke a Se 3 9 (yi seen erectile 105 127 79 54 25 IB ec nese Spas eta ry go ac TAU SP ee a ae a 99 243 169 160 37 IBlackawallnu teeeseeemes tae sy el Se ee 2OSA| atte seb he cate 92 84 25 fill fone ee @thershardwoods Siises Sak te ae A33 iy | Me cede eae ein 251 116 44 17 5 phota liane see Eel rat oo SSE 11,010 17 3,758 3,347 2,033 1,124 731 Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent FAIS pecies eae ween at ai ee ee See eel 100. 0 0.2 34.1 30.4 18.5 10.2 6.6 1 Ten-inch diameter class shown separately because in this diameter class sawtimber volume includes softwood trees but not hardwoods. Indiana’s Forest Resources and Industries 39 TaBLe 12.—Hardwood sawtimber volume by log grades, Indiana, 1950 SPECIES GROUP Item State | Log grade 1 | Log grade 2 | Log grade 3 Million Million | | Million Million board-feet | board-feet Percent | board-feet Percent | board-feet Percent White:oaks, lo8. 2. 2: 2 sh 22 32 eee 1,780 | 67 3.8 | 144 8.1 | 1,569 88.1 Redioaks:2 2. 2. 2 te eee 8 OSs ere eee 2,477 118 4.8 | 199 8.0 | 2,160 87.2 Othemhardwoodsss24- 2-2 eee 6,702 | 347 Dee") 646 9.6 | 5,709 85.2 Sota lessc ee ane ge eee ee | 10,959 532 | 4.9 | 989 9.0 | 9,438 86.1 | TREE-DIAMETER CLASS 12=14inches ds, buhasso sess aaa eee ee 3132 | ee ea 0.0 2 3,693 98.8 1Ounches AR ee See eee ee a eee | 1,854 6 oS} | 11.8 1,629 87.9 TSanches:andsups soee sees ae ae ae 5,368 526 9.8 1335) 4,116 76.7 |. 1 | j f eho | Renee DEMME ns VaR agen | 10,959 | 532 | 4.9 989 9.0 | 9,438 86.1 | | REGION | INorthernoe sss Son oe eae ee | oe See 4,628 292 6.3 531 bss) 3,805 82.2 Southert: 222.0 woos aot veeene eee este e keene 6,331 240 3.8 458 ee 5,633 89.0 Ep Stale gas tt see eaten at sua hP 10,959 532 4.9 989 9.0 | 9,438 86.1 1 Includes white oak, chestnut oak, and post oak group. 2 Includes black oak, northern red oak, and other red oaks. TaBLe 13.—Cubic-foot volume of sound wood on commercial forest land, by species and class of material, Indiana, 1950 Growing stock | Species All material | | Cull trees Hardwood Total | Sawtimber Poletimber ord | trees trees Million Million Million Million Million Million cubic feet cubic feet | cubic feet cubic feet | cubic feet cubic feet Pin@=s22 steer a a eo Se a ne ee 17.2 16.8 9.0 7.8 0.4: |S-222255 Otherisoftwoodsiia see sece = sans aa a- ae oe ee ee 8.2 7.0 Shey 3.8 ey 3 (ee Wihiteoalkteote. = tose eee een ene ee ee 458.0 336.9 | 227.1 109.8 | 9.5 111.6 Ghestnutioaks 22-22 soe ee oe SR oe ee ee ee 45.3 34.3 18.3 16.0 1.4 9.6 Other! whiteloaks#es. 26) ea ee anos aoe er een ae ee ae 123.7 83.5 | 64.5 | 19.0 4.9 35.3 Black oaks shoe oso ae Saat ee Seen ee te OE rere he 405.4 284.8 204.5 80.3 13.2 107.4 Northern:ved) oaks 2222 ei sas See a eee Ja een eee 288. 4 196.2 | 166.5 29597: 73) 84.9 Other redioaks: 22222 os 22s ee eee 122.3 85.2 | 56.6 | 28.6 | OSS 31.6 ick ony 26 ere Be mere ee mere ores ee re cee ee 346.8 261.8 154.5 107.3 8.5 76.5 Ash®: 22osa eee re Me rcs Soa Rane eee ee ee eee 219.1 162.8 95.1 67.7 7.6 48.7 Bli2e) fo ssen sea ew ae ra oe ee ee ee 400.3 265.3 188.2 | 77.1 27.2 107.8 Cottonwoodeiss 22.6 =o. s sone eee ee re ne See 48.4 31.9 26.4 5a) 251 14.4 Wellow-poplar-s=**2 22.02 Sane ee ee ee Se ee 182.2 128.7 101.0 STA ||| 4.5 | 49.0 Basswoodssaca sco. ate teens Sh ee ee 51.9 31.3 | 23.3 8.0. 4.4 16.2 Sweetgum =a22 0s soeeene oe ee ee ee ee 66.1 50.8 29.6 21.2 152: 14.1 black gums 22-22" 3en noose ne cease een ee a eee Seeman 46.4 31.2 | 21.8 9.4 | 2.6 12.6 Sugarmaples 222 See oe ee ca ee eh See ee 349.9 220.1 144.1 76,0 | 31.1 98.7 Softima ples AF ese csr a ee ee aera oe a ts 206. 6 106.6 | 78.2 28.4 31.7 68.3 Sycamore: ao2-2-S8es— fee ee ee 118.5 76.0 | 67.6 8.4 6.0 36.5 Beéchy 22s 25 sasstas sas es ee ee ee 323.0 126.6 114.5 12.1 64.3 132.1 Black: walnut== <2 Sen soo = oe ae ee ee es OINY, 62.9 36.9 26.0 6.4 22.4 Other hardwoods 222 223-8) es ee ee ee 261.8 187.0 | 80.0 107.0 25.6 49.2 INoncommerciallispecies >= 4 = eee ee eee TOSS 6 Ree ee Oe ee | ee eee 9.4 Va Nota) '..-2--. sss eee ee 4,191.7 2,787.7 | 1,910.9 876.8 276.0 1,128.0 | Percent Percent | Percent Percent Percent Percent All'species snow n ac cece oe oan nc eee an eee eee ee ee | 100. 0 66.5 | 45.6 20.9 6.6 26.9 1 About 94 percent redcedar and 6 percent cypress. 40 Forest Resource Report No. 10, U. S. Department of Agriculture TasLe 14.—Net growing stock volume on commercial forest land, by species and region, Indiana, 1950 Species State | Northern Southern Million Million Million | cubic feet Percent cubic feet Percent cubic feet | Percent Pa rhe os he ne arate ee ae lo meri sears SS SS | 16.8 OOM | Stee eae es |e eee 16.8 100.0 @therisoit woods sais sess eee a ae a ee ee eee | 7.0 100 Re Mea eee nee ee 7.0 100. 0 Wihiteioak stars rn en steers ees on eee al et Dee eee | 336.9 100 86.9 25.8 250.0 74.2 Chestnutioakmareeneseeoetae neta ee OE eRe es tee Saas wee 34.3 100 1.6 4.7 32.7 9553. @thertwhiteoaks= 2-0. seas = meee ae ea ee tee ee eee ee | 83.5 100 47.0 56.3 36.5 43.7 1B lac let alk ees eee eee se eae EE le ee ESA IIe de 284.8 100 98.2 34.5 186.6 65.5 INorthernsredioalkaessesee ame neues ne ae om Were Ma cone 196. 2 100 65.0 33.1 131.2 66.9 Othergredtoalksmerse ae oe ees Serie see Se ee a ne ne ee | 85.2 100 36.1 42.4 49.1 57.6 Lick ony Mes ake ee ees ee nek ir Ree Re Es ee ee | 261.8 100 64.3 24.6 197.5 75.4 ets: linia siete BER ge Pty Posten Ee a ye pane area | 162.8 100 70.7 43.4 92.1 56.6 FE rare Riemer. tents a at an, Seth ee eee enue a ict re NES 265.3 100 177.2 66.8 88.1 33)/2 Cotton wooden sawar eats ea. reais te stan ot ae Ree ae ea 31.9 100 14.7 46.1 V7.2 53.9 Byiellow=pop laren eens a eee ee el a ek ee tN | 128.7 100 14.6 it.3 114.1 88.7 [Bass wOOd sateen eran = aves meen eek Coens et BS, | 31.3 100 | 20.6 65.8 10.7 34.2 Sweetpum seer ee eave ta te as ee keeinas selma 50.8 100 2.4 4.7 48.4 95.3 Blacke ums tees sa lee) ee eee ae eee ne oe 31.2 100 1.2 3.8 30.0 96. 2 Stugargma pe sere re sete ae ere ene iene eh wanker 220.1 100 9529. 43.6 124.2 56.4 Softamap lesa eee a ge sera en ene ee oP ee | 106.6 100 48.3 45.3 58.3 54.7 SV. CamMOLe Meee eee ee ee ee es eee eee | 76.0 100 30.1 39.6 45.9 | 60. + Be ec reese meta ieee ot a far omer hes see oats St Mars bee eS 126.6 100 44.3 35.0 82.3 65.0 Blackcswrall n utara ee tarritcnn abode a ei eke ee 62.9 100 22.6 35.9 40.3 64.1 Othershardwoods===s=== 0 - sae Woe One es be a Ses! 187.0 100 62.9 33.6: 124.1 66.4 AEs pecies eee. Bier ken sens Mace ee RN eee es ets 1 Qa Sis osc ce eae eee 0045.60) | oaa aoe eS Sich |e te ee eee 1 Less than 0.05 million cubic feet. Tape 15.—WNet growing stock volume on commercial forest land, by species and tree-diameter class, Indiana, 1950 | Tree-diameter class (inches) Species State | ; ; | 68 | 10 12-14 | 16-18 20-22 | 24-26 | 28+ | | Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million cubic feet Percent cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet Pine eee eer Searels Sores ot 16.8 | 0.6 7.8 355 37; 1.0 OS ees ie ec ae ee Other softwoods____--_._.-_-._-___ 17.0 | 53 3.8 13 1:2 #5 cy teehee aL 44 Sew Wihiteroak sess. eta 5 336.9 | 12.1 62.5 47.3 97.5 63.8 38.5 14.0 1323 Chestnutwoake ss oe= stars eee > 34.3 | 1.2 7.9 8.1 | 12.9 4.4 Ue Os |inste ees |e ee Other white oaks.__..-....-_______| 83.5 3.0 10.3 8.7 12.9 16.4 13.7 5 12.0 Blackioal eae ee Se 284.8 10523) 41.5 38.8 | 84.8 62.4 | 34.4 0 4.9 Northern red oak____---_----------| 196. 2 7.0 15.1 14.6 | 48.0 S19 30.1 8 18.7 mOtheriredioaks\: See se une eee 2k 85.2 | 3. 15.6 | 13.0 18.5 15.7 8.1 594 6.8 Hickory s2=sss—s- eee eS ee 261.8 9.4 63.1 44.2 80.7 43.0 17.8 7.0 6.0 ING) ee a 162.8 5.8 41.8 25.9 45.8 27.4 9:9 9:2 2.8 Dibra ache tae Se Pel Se a eae 265.3 985 47.3 29.8 61.0 S126 35.0 26.6 14.0 Cottonwood astm as wwe ares ee | 31.9 152 3.1 2.4 6.4 5.6 5.8 3.4 Ly sYellow-poplars=- case eee ers 128.7 4.6 14.4 1323 S70) 32.4 22.0 20 6.4 BasswOods seine seen nets aso 31.3 | Te 1) 4.1 3.9 9.4 6.4 3.9 2.7 a) SWCCUpU Mines eos ete Lae | 50.8 1.8 14.0 ep 12.0 9.5 6.3 Te Sn|i= se eee Black gu meta ae ee ee ene | 31.2 Dol 5.8 3.6 | 7.6 Leal 300 3.0 Led Sugarsmap les meaes) stew wnt ty ae 220.1 79) 47.4 28.6 S1s3 46.0 30.4 8.8 7.6 Softema ple sere ee ie een eae 106.6 | 3.8) 17.5 10.9 | 2127 24.0 17.4 9.8 523 Sycamores a es ee ee | 76.0 Pe 5.0 3.4 20.9 21.3 12.9 8.5 4.0 Beech esis eee so ee tl. 126.6 4.6 6.5 5.6 16.9 39.4 fe) 25.5 5.6 Blackswalnuttemsve ween S22 ee 62.9 | 2:3 1529 10.1 17.1 14.4 4.3 Lily) | see @ther hardwoods= 22222 -=_4_-=-2 2. 187.0 (ai/ 69.5 Bifa5 49.7 19.5 ts 27 8 pDota lamers a ot oo | Peak bed 100. 0 519.9 361.7 717.5 562.8 330.1 180. 3 115.4 | Percent Percent Percent | Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent PA Especies eet eee Se nur iain | NOOROW | ete aie ete 18.7 13.0 | MS) 20.2 | LSS 6.5 4.1 1Tncludes 400,000 cubic feet of cypress. Indiana’s Forest Resources and Industries 41 TABLE 16.—Average volume of growing stock per acre, by stand-size Tape 17.—Average 10-year diameter growth, by species and tree-size class and region, Indiana, 1950 class, Indiana, 1950 BOARD-FOOT VOLUME Seedli Species Sawtimber|Poletimber andteaplive Standard-size class State Northern | Southern Inches Inches Inches Pines~ 22 So eee eee 1.40 3.40 3.18 Large sawtimber stands____-_-__--------- 5,784 6,247 5,376 OtheneofomOOd see ee 1.60 1.24 1.10 Smallisawtimber‘stands: -.=2-=-2-22225-2- 3,051 3,206 3,016 WIPE rOa pee ent a aa | 1. 34 1.06 Poletimberistands: 2-2-2. <7 22 252 e = 583 458 613 GChestnution oat aa nee eee 1872) 1.18 90 Seedling and sapling stands_______-__-_-_-- | 112 188 93 Otherswhiteroaks ates sale ene ee 2. 04 1.16 1.76 INonstockedstands==2 === = 2-25 2 oe | 377 1,385 104 Blac kcioa aaa ene Cea a oe eee 2.16 1.94 2.00 | Northerntredioa kee == aba enero 2.34 | 2.28 | 1.64 AVela pclae eee | eee 3,952 2,192 Othenired oaksts- sucess ee aeeenem 2.94 | 2.72 2.34 | Hickory sess ee ee ee Bete eee 1.46 1.38 1.12 Ashe ce Mer Sa ee eee 2.00 1.62 1.30 CUBIC-FOOT VOLUME lin Se 2 a ea one Den 2.38 1.94 1.70 Cottonwoodses- = ta aes eee eee 4.18 3.32 1.60 SYellow-poplaneee == sss ee ee eee 2.50 2.50 1.72 Large: sawtimber stands:- <= 2-2-2 222-2=-) 2 1,165.4 1,207.1 112827 BASS WOOd Soe) sae See es ne aes 1.88 1. 84 1. 64 Small’sawtimber stands-22- 222-9-2--2=—- = 919.7 922.1 91952 Sweetgum== 324 oe se ee er eee Zale, 2.18 ei? iPoletimber:standss2--22 25-2222 e-2es5o2 372.4 355.7 376.5 iBlackgum see ee oe Sa = ee ee ene 1.40 1.34 1.14 Seedling and sapling stands______--_------ 48.2 47.0 48.4 Sugarmapletsie- 25s eee | 1.68 1.56 1.18 Nonstocked ‘stands# 22-22 -2scsees_ 52 = 68.9 223.1 2701 Softimaples oases see eee een eee 2. 84 2.44 1.74 | SV.CaMOres se eee ee eee © nce em 2.54 2.58 3.50 lAverage:=.2- 2.2 -S 22 soe Bone eae 682.9 857.9 612.5 Beech-3 2222 25- seca oo ose eee ae | 1.62 1.70 . 84 Black;walnutos 2. sssaeene a. ae ee 2. 04 2. 08 1.94 Othershardwoods = s2-2e2e—e= eee | 2.44 2. 06 1.60 Average, all species___._--.-------- 2.14 1.78 | 1.48 Tas ie 18.—Average growth per acre of sawtimber and growing stock, by region, Indiana, 1950 SAWTIMBER 2 Growth on Region present inven- Ingrowth Mortality Net growth tory volume Board-feet Board-feet Board-feet Board-feet Northern 22288 23.2222ee2500 os so oot Se se ee ee ee ee es 108 4 7 185 Southerti:. o- 22-24-5222 ese fee ea oe ee oe a ee ee re ee ee ee 67 52 4 115 | | Sta te ka a A a ae ee OE 79 61 5 135 GROWING STOCK Cubic feet Cubic feet Cubic feet Cubic feet Northérn: 25 Seo2 32 2 see Se a IS a aE 2 ee es eee 26.7 2.8 1.9 27.6 Southérns< 2223.2 2 Se a Se ee See ea nance ree 23.3 3.6 1.4 25.5 State: 6 ooo has. BOOS A SE See 8 Ae Ee eae eh nee ea 24.3 3.3 1.5 26.1 42 Forest Resource Report No. 10, U. S. Department of Agriculture Tasie 19.—Number of sound trees on commercial forest land, by species and tree-diameter class, Indiana, 1950 Species D. b. h. class in inches Otherisoftwoods-™ ous oss see e sass Chestnutioakt eases. eee =o eee ee Wihite\loakies ss soee esol se SaL eee ‘@thernwhiteioaks--252 ee es BlackYoaksa=2ues2 asus. eset a INorthern:redioak io. 2-222 2 Le @thertredtoaks=e ease cee ee Hickory ieee secs a = See eee iellow-poplar==="=.-=-= =e ae [Bass wO0d ae eases orca un wh Lee oe IRostispeciesa assess as a ee ‘@thershardwoods=2 22-5 - We Stns State ] 2 4 6 8 10 12-14 16-18 20+ Million trees | Million trees | Million trees | Million trees | Miilion trees | Million trees | Million trees | Million trees | Million trees 2109 8.4 10.0 D2 0.9 0.3 0.1 () () 12.3 is) 1.8 15 0.6 0.4 0.1 (‘) (1) 10.4 31 Dil 1.6 P'S Tea 0.8 0.2 (1) 84. 3 26.9 20.1 13.9 8.2 5.5 6.3 222, 12 OE: 7.6 4.8 21 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.6 58.1 19.4 11.8 8.0 6.0 4.5 5.23 Qe 1.0 35.0 12.5 8.9 4.0 2e5 2.2 2.6 1.4 0.9 26.1 133.2 4.1 D9) 2.2 1.6 13) US 0.3 166.1 9353 32.8 17.0 10.2 6.3 4.9 V2 0.4 94.6 54.2 17.4 10.4 Soe 3.0 2.8 1.2 0.4 121.8 61.8 24.5 14.1 8.4 bya 4.5 2.0 1.4 57 Be) 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 22.1 8.8 4.2 2.5 V7 1.4 2.0 0.9 0.6 8.3 3u5 129 je | 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.1 18.6 7.0 5.0 3D 1.8 0.8 0.6 0.1 0.1 19.0 10.9 4.1 1.8 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.3 (1) 144.6 952 23.4 1035 53:9 3.4 3-1 1.3 0.9 38.3 17.6 8.6 5.1 Dali 15 1.6 0.8 0.4 10.4 4.6 Tel LPS 0.8 0.4 Tesh 0.6 0.3 23.8 11.8 Bef, 222 Mts 11 1.3 1.4 te 3225) 16.0 6.5 4.0 Oth 1.4 2 0.6 0.1 161.3 114.4 33.4 8.9 207 1.0 0.9 (4) (2) 233.6 173 36.2 12.3 6.3 4.0 Dei 0.6 0.2 1,368.5 772.5 267.1 132.5 75.0 47.4 45.6 18.3 10.1 335543 189.2 65.4 32.5 18.4 11.6 12. 4.5 255) 1 Less than 0.05 million trees. TasLe 20.—Net volume of timber on commercial forest land, by class of material and species group, Indiana, 1950 Class of material State Softwoods | Hardwoods Class of material State Softwoods | Hardwoods i : Ce mee fas Million Million Million porowing sock: A Million Million Million Other material: cubic feet | cubic feet | cubic feet Sawtimber trees: cubic feet | cubic feet | cubic feet ; Soundiculltreess-- soe es ee eee LY AST E 1.6 Cy ia | Sawlogsportion = 2 s-= 2" ie ss 1,671.9 OR} 1,662.6 U i Ae 739.0 29 236.1 Rottenonllitrees ao 2c a ee sae 223.3 (1) 223.3 CES ee a eee a Hardwood limbs_.....-.------------- SEE (yl Petal ae 1,128.0 Total sawtimber_________.---_- 1,910.9 a ae Se eee aera re (eves icp eee LEO COL eC Te eee Bies8 Be gore Total other material._...------- 1,404.0 1.6 | 1,402:4 Total growing stock_-_--------- 2,787.7 23.8 2,763.9 SP SES Ia Iain Ree ne see ey es 4,191.7 5.4 4,166.3 1 Less than 50,000 cubic feet. Indiana’s Forest Resources and Industries 43 Tasie 21.—Net annual growth, mortality, and cut of live sawtimber and growing stock on commercial forest land, by species group, Indiana, 1950 } Sawtimber Growing stock Item | | State | Softwoods Hardwoods State Softwoods Hardwoods | | | Million Million Million Million Million Million board-feet board-feet board-feet cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet INetrannualigrowth= se == ee een eee ae ae 551 | 15 536 106.6 1.8 104.8 ‘Annualmortalitysss2c2— seo ae ee ee ee ee eee eee 197 |p eee 19 | 6.2 ail 6.1 Annual cut: | | Timberiproducts=— == == 2 oe eee ee ee 21 aks 217.7 | 40.5 oY) 40.3 Tcogeingsresidue-< 92 =" = = 220 Seas oes 2a eee | Joaeeotssdeeee 36.1 | GxO) | peste sees oes 6.0 SGtal ara vee ar cca ae eae eter ee ena 254.2 | 4 253.8 | 46.5 2D 46.3 | 1 Although timber cut was determined for the year 1949, the total cut figure is considered representative of the total cut in 1950. TasLe 22.—Output of timber products and annual cut of live sawtimber and growing stock, Indiana, 1949 Output of timber products ! Annual cut | Volume in standard units Roundwood volume Sawtimber Growing stock Product | | Tae | Standard units | Number State eee EDGES State Seite BLE State woke etc | woods woods woods woods woods woods | | | | | | | | Thousand | Thousand | Thousand | Thousand | Thousand | Thousand | Thousand | Thousand | Thousand | | cubic feet | cubic feet | cubic feet | board-feet | board-feet | board-feet | cubic feet | cubic feet | cubic feet Sawlogss= 222 se. Serene ee M board-feet ?_____-__ 161,146 | 22,381 | 56 | 22,325 | 190,950 | 401 | 190,549 | 27,424 57 27,367 Veneer logs and bolts.____-__-_|----- dogs nce ees Ss es ALI 596 Ile |aueeeenees | 15611) 213),921) eines eae 132921 22000) | === 2,000 Cooperage logs and bolts______ ae owe eee Ses 3637 644, |e 644 DIANE, eae a 5,567 199 ee eS 799 Pulpwood 22225 =e | Standard cords 3_______ | 8,688 5563/2 s ene ae= 556 224) eae oe 22 55 6u | eee 556 uel woods sas saan ae ae {ee cd Os sew oe tee ee 437 962).|) 127,999" | aces seem 27S OS lee S 40045 |e 34,948 E3043 2ee=e 11,304 Pilingeeates eee te stata | M linear feet____.----- 0 0 | 0 One sce eee cece 2a | ee | | Polesiee2 05 be a tee fo ee IM pieces sts ee oe 0 05 0 0 222 eee en 2 ee | ee es IPOStS eee a ee ee eer doeee sete ee Sess 4,340 | 2,938 | 94 | 2,844 AACE | Sos aoeS 2,658 2,266 94 2,172 iHewn\tles=« 2228 22 oe se ee dots 2 aes 26 | 160 0) 160 © SOLS 7 Bees 1,313 215 earn 215 Minevtimberss esse | Mi cubic'feet-=-=—- 222 821 821 | 0 | 82:10) | eens Sees eae fen nee 821. | 2s | 821 Miscellaneous 4___.----------!----- do eee ee Meee 1,072 | 1,072 Oat, 07241 42975e | memes | 4,875 | 1,086 |-------—- | 1,086 sO tall tere een eee Rte ee eee iad Seine Vea! 2 57,778 | 150 | 57,628 | 254,251 | 401 | 253,850 | 46,471 | 151 46,320 1 Includes material from both growing stock and other miscellaneous sources. 2 International 14-inch rule. 3 Rough wood basis. 4 Includes chemical wood, excelsior, handle stock, shingle bolts, etc. Forest Resource Report No. 10, U. S. Department of Agriculture U. S, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1956