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THE

INDIAN CALENDAR

THE

INDIAN CALENDAR

WITH TABLES FOR THE CONVERSION OF HINDU AND MUHAMMADAN INTO A.D. DATES, AND VICE VERSA

ROBERT SEWELL

Late of Her Majesty's Indian Civil Service,

SANKARA BALKRISHNA DIKSHIT

Traitiing College, Poona.

WITH TABLES OF ECLIPSES VISIBLE IN INDIA

BY

Dr. ROBERT SCHRAM

Of Vienna.

LONDON

SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & Co., Ltd.

Paternoster Square

^ENTlt.'X

Printed al the Motley J^ess, Amsterdam.

PREFACE.

This Volume is designed for the use, not only of those engaged in the decypherment of Indian inscriptions and the compilation of Indian history, but also of Judicial Courts and Government Ofifices in India. Documents bearing dates prior to those given in any existing almanack are often produced before Courts of Justice as evidence of title ; and since forgeries, many of them of great antiquity, abound, it is necessary to have at hand means for testing and verifying the authenticity of these exhibits. Within the last ten years much light has been thrown on the subject of the Indian methods of time-reckoning by the pubHcations of Professor Jacobi, Dr. Schram, Professor Kielhorn, Dr. Fleet, Pandit Sahkara Balkrishna Dikshit, and others ; but these, having appeared only in scientific periodicals, are not readily accessible to officials in India. The Government of Madras, therefore, desiring to have a summary of the subject with Tables for ready reference, requested me to undertake the work. In process of time the scheme was widened, and in its present shape it embraces the whole of British India, receiving in that capacity the recognition of the Secretary of State for India. Besides containing a full explanation of the Indian chronological system, with the necessary tables, the volume is enriched by a set of Tables of Eclipses most kindly sent to me by Dr. Robert Schram of Vienna.

In the earher stages of my labours I had the advantage of receiving much support and assistance from Dr. J. Burgess (late Director-General of the Arch.-eological Survey of India) to whom I desire to express my sincere thanks. After completing a large part of the calculations necessary for determining the elements of Table I., and drawing up the draft of an introductory treatise, I entered into correspondence with Mr. Sankara Balkrishna Dikshit, with the result that, after^a short interval, we agreed to complete the work as joint authors. The introductory treatise is mainly his, but I have added to it several explanatory paragraphs, amongst others those relating to astronomical phenomena.

Tables XIV. and XV. were prepared by Mr. T. Lakshmiah Naidu of Madras.

It is impossible to over-estimate the value of the work done by Dr. Schram, which renders it now for the first time easy for anyone to ascertain the incidence, in time and place, of every solar eclipse occurring in India during the past 1600 years, but while thus briefly noting his services in the cause of science, I cannot neglect this opportunity of expressing to him my gratitude for his kindness to myself.

S38499

I must also tender my warm thanks for much invaluable help to Mr. 11. 11. Turner, Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford, to Professor Kiclhorn, CLE., of Gottingen, and to Professor Jacobi.

The Tables have been tested and re-tested, and we believe that they may be safely relied on for accuracy. No pains have been spared to secure this object.

R. SEWELL.

II.

It was only in September, 1893, that I became acquainted with Mr. R. Sewell, after he had already made much progress in the calculations necessary for the principal articles of Table I. of this work, and had almost finished a large portion of them.

The idea then occurred to me that by inserting the a, h, c figures (cols. 23, 24, and 25 of Table I.) which Mr. Sewell had already worked out for the initial days of the luni-solar years, but had not proposed to print in full, and by adding some of Professor Jacobi's Tables published in the Indian Antiquary, not only could the exact moment of the beginning and end of all luni- solar tithis be calculated, but also the beginning and ending moments of the nakshatra, yoga, and karana for any day of any year; and again, that by giving the exact moment of the Mesha sankranti for each solar year the exact European equivalent for every solar date could also be determined. I therefore proceeded to work out the details for the Mesha sankrantis, and then framed rules and examples for the exact calculation of the required dates, for this purpose extending and modifying Professor Jacobi's Tables to suit my methods. Full explanation of the mode of calculation is given in the Text. The general scheme was originally propounded by M. Largeteau, but we have to thank Professor Jacobi for his publications which have formed the foundation on which we have built.

My calculation for the moments of Mesha sankrantis, of mean intercalations of months (Mr. Sewell worked out the true intercalations), and of the samvatsaras of the cycle of Jupiter were carried out by simple methods of my own. Mr. Sewell had prepared the rough draft of a treatise giving an account of the Hindu and Muhammadan systems of reckoning, and collecting much of the information now embodied in the Text. But I found it necessary to re-write this, and to add a quantity of new matter.

I am responsible for all information given in this work which is either new to European scholars, or which differs from that generally received by them. All points regarding which any difference of opinion seems possible are printed in footnotes, and not in the Text. They are not, of course, fully discussed as this is not a controversial work.

Every precaution has been taken to avoid error, but all corrections of mistakes which may have crept in, as well as all suggestions for improvement in the future, will be gladly and thankfully received.

S. BALKRISHNA DIKSHIT.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PART I. The Hindu Calendar.

Art. I. Introductory I

Elciitents and Definitions.

Art. 4. The panchahga 2

„ 5. The vara, or week day 2

Days of the week 2

,, 6. Time divisions 2

Subdivisions of the day 2

„ 7. The tithi, amavasya, purnima 3

„ 8. The nakshatra 3

„ 9. The yoga 3

,, 10. The karana 3

„ II. The paksha • 4

„ 12. Lunar months 4

„ 13. Amanta and purnimanta systems 4

,, 14. Luni-solar month names 5

„ 15. The solar year, tropical, sidereal, and anomalistic 5

„ 16. The Kalpa. Mahayuga. Yuga. Julian Period 6

,, 17. Siddlianta year-measurement 6

„ 1 8. Siddhantas now used for the same 7

The Siddhantas a7id other Astronomical Works.

Art. 19. Siddhantas, Karanas, bija, Hindu schools of astronomers ... 7

„ 20. Note on the Siddhantas, and their authors and dates .... 7

,, 21. Authorities at present accepted by Hindus 9

Further details. Contents of the Pahchaiiga.

Art. 22. The Indian Zodiac, rasi, ariisa 9

,, 23. The Sankrantis. Names given to solar months 9

,, 24. Length of months .10

Duration of solar months. Table 10

,, 25. Adhika masas. Calendar used il

,, 26. True and mean sankrantis. Sodhya 11

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page

Art. 28. The beginning of a solar month 12

Rule I. (a) The midnight Rule (Bengal). ,, 1. (li) The any-time Rule (Orissa). „ II. (a) The sunset Rule (Tamil). „ II. (l>) The afternoon Rule (Malabar).

„ 29. Paiichangs, tithis 13

„ 30. Extract from an actual pafichanga 13

The Ahargana 16

„ 31. Correspondence of tithis and solar days 16

Performance of religious ceremonies, sraddhas, vratas 17

„ 32. Adhika and kshaya tithis 17

„ 34. Variation on account of longitude 18

„ 35. Examples of the same 19

„ 36. True and mean time 19

Mean sun, mean moon, true and mean sunrise 19

„ 37. Basis of calculation for the Tables 20

Elements of uncertainty 20

„ 38. Nakshatras 21

Yoga-taras. Equal and unequal space systems. Garga and Brahma

Siddlianta systems 21

Table. Longitude of Ending-points of Nakshatras 22

,, 39. Auspicious Yogas 22

„ 40. Karanas 23

,, 40fl. Eclipses 23

Oppolzer's Canon. Note by Professor Jacobi 23

„ 41 Lunar months and their names 24

Season-names, star-names 24

„ 42 — 44. Modern names of, derived from the nakshatras 24

Table shewing this derivation 25

,, 45. Adhika and kshaya masas. Rules 25

Table 26

,, 46. Their names. Rules 26

,, 47. Their determination according to true and mean systems .... 27

Change of practice about A.U. 1 100 .......... 27

Sripati. Bhaskaracharya 28

„ 48. Rules given in another form . • 28

„ 49. Different results by different Siddkantas 29

,, 50. Some peculiarities in the occurrence of adhika and kshaya masas . 29

,, 51. Intercalation of months by purnimiinta scheme 30

Years and Cycles.

„ 52. The Hindu New Year's Day in solar and luni-solar reckoning . 31

When the first month is intercalary 32

Differs in different tracts 32

,, 53. The si.\ty-year cycle of Jupiter 32

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page

Art. 54 — 55. Kshaya samvatsaras 33

56 — 57. Variations in expunction of samvatsaras 33

Jyotislia-tattva Rule 33

„ 58. To find the current samvatsara 34

,, 59. Rules for the same 34

(a) By the Siirya Siddhanta 34

(b) By the Arya Siddhhita 34

(c) By the Siirya Siddhanta with the bija 35

(d) Brihatsamhita and Jyotishatattva Rules 35

60. List of Expunged Samvatsaras by different authorities. Table . . 36

„ 61. Earliest use of Jupiter's cycle 30

„ 62. The southern (luni-solar) sixty-year cycle 3°

„ 63. The twelve-year cycle of Jupiter 37

Two kinds of Do 37

„ 64. The Graha-paravritti and Onko cycles 37

PART II. The Various Eras.

Art. 65. General remarks 39

„ 66. Importation of eras into different tracts 39

,. 67. Examples of Do 39

„ 68. Eras differently treated by the same author 39

„ 69. Only one safe deduction 4°

„ 70. Current and expired years. Explanation 4°

„ 71. Description of the several eras 4°

The Kali-Yuga 4°

The Saptarshi Kala Era 4i

The Vikrama Era 4i

The Christian Era 42

The Saka Era 42

The Chedi or Kalachuri Era 42

The Gupta Era 43

The Valabhi Era 43

The Bengali San 43

The Vilayati Year 43

The Amli Era of Orissa 43

The Fasali Year 44

The Luni-solar Fasali Year 44

The Mahratta Sur San, or Shahur San 45

The Harsha Kala 45

The Magi San ^^

The Kollam Era, or Era of Parasurama 45

The Nevar Era ^5

The Chalukya Era 46

The Siiiiha Samvat 46

TAHI.E OK CONTENTS.

I'age

The Lakshmana Sena Era 46

The Ilahi Era 46

The Mahratta Raja Saka Era 47

Art. 72. Names of Hindi and N. W. Fasali months 47

PART III.

Description and Explanation of the Tables.

Art. 73 — 102. Table I. (general) 47

Art. 80. "Lunation-parts" or "tithi indices", or"/." explained . 49

81. Relation of " tithi-index " and "tithi-part" .... 50

82. To convert "/. " into solar time 50

83 — 86. Lunar conditions requisite for tlie intercalation or

suppression of a month 50

87. Reasons for adopting tithi-index notation 51

90. Method for arriving at correct intercalated and suppressed months S-

91. Plan of work adopted for Table 1 52

96. Moments of Mesha-sankranti differ according to Ar_ya and

Surya Siddliantas 54

Table shewing difference 55

„ 102. a, b, c, (cols. 23, 24, 25) fully explained 56

Table. Increase of a, b, c. in a year and in a day . 57

103. Table II., Parts i. and ii. Correspondence ofamantaand purnimanta months, and of months in different eras 57

104. Table II., Part iii. Do. of years of different eras 58

Rules for conversion of a year of one era into that of another . 58

105. Table III. (Collective duration of months) ■ • • ■ 59

106. Tables IV., V. {w. a, b. c for every day in a year, and for hours and minutes) 59

107 — no. Tables VI., VII. (Lunar and solar equations of the centre 60

Equation of the centre explained 60

III. Tables VIII., VIIlA., VIIlB 62

112— 117. Tables IX. to XVI G2

PART IV. Use of the Tables.

Purposes for which the Tables may be used 62

To find the corresponding year and month of other eras ... 63

To find the samvatsara 63

To find the added or suppressed month 63

-129. To convert a Hindu date into a date A.D. and vice versa . 63

By methods A, B, or C 63

-133. To find the nakshatra, yoga, and karana current on any date 64

Explanation of work for nakshatras and yogas 64

To convert a solar date into a luni-solar date, and vice versa . 65

Art. 118.

„ 119.

„' 120.

» 121.

„ 122-

.. 131-

M '34-

TABLE 0¥ CONTENTS.

Page

Art. 135 — 136. Details for work by Method A 65

Art. 135. (a) Conversion of a Hindu solar date into a date A. D. 65

(b) Do. of a date A.D. into a Hindu solar date . 66

„ 136. (a) Do. of a Hindu luni-solar date into a date A.D. 67

(b) Do. of a date A.D. into a Hindu luni-solar date 68

„ 137 — 138. Details for work by Method B 69

Art. 137. (a) Conversion of Hindu dates into dates A.D. . . 69

(a) Luni-solar Dates 70

(d) Solar Dates 73

„ 138. (b) Conversion of dates A.D. into Hindu dates . 74

(aj Luni-solar Dates 75

0) Solar Dates 76

„ 139—160. Details for work by Method C 77

Art. 139. (a) Conversion of Hindu luni-solar dates into dates A.D. 77 ,, 142. A clue for finding when a tithi is probably repeated

or expunged 78

144. To find the moment of the ending of a tithi ... 78

145. Do. of its beginning 78

149. (b) Conversion of Hindu solar dates into dates A.D. 86

150. (c) Conversion into dates A.D. of tithis which are coupled with solar months 89

151. (d) Conversion of dates A.D. into Hindu luni-solar dates 90

152. (e) Conversion of dates A.D. into Hindu solar dates . 93

153. (f) Determination of Karanas 96

156. (G) Do. of Nakshatras 97

159. (h) Do. of Yogas 97

160. (i) Verification of Indian dates 98

PART V.

The Muhamtnadan Calendar.

Art. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170.

Dr. Burgess's Perpetual Muhammadan Calendar

Epoch of the Hijra loi

Leap-years 102

The months. Table 102

A month begins with the heliacal rising of the moon .... 102

Occurrence of this under certain conditions 103

Difference in, — caused by difference in longitude 103

Days of the Week. Table 103

Compensation for New Style in Europe 103

Rules for conversion of a date A.H. into a date A.D. . . . 104

Rules for conversion of a date A.D. into a date A.H. . . . 105

/io6i

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Table I.

II. III.

IV. V. VI.

vir.

VIII.

VIII A.

VIII B.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

XV.

XVI.

Page i to cii. ciii to cvi. cvii.

cviii to ex. cxi. cxii. cxii. cxiii. cxiv.

cxiv, cxv. cxvi, cxvii. cxviii. cxix, cxx. cxxi. cxxii. cxxiii.

cxxiv, cxxivrt. cxxv, cxxxvi.

APPENDIX.

Eclipses of the Sun in India by Dr. Robert Schram.

Table A

„ B

„ C

„ D

1 09 to 116. 1 17 to 127. 128 to 137.

138.

139 to 148.

Additions and Corrections Index . . . .

149 to 161. 163 to 169.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

PART I.

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

1. In articles ii8 to 134 below are detailed the various uses to which this work may be applied. Briefly speaking our chief objects are three; firstly, to provide simple methods for converting any Indian date — luni-solar or solar — faUing between the years A.D. 300 and 1900 into its equivalent date A.D., and vice versa, and for finding the week-day corresponding to any such date; secondly, to enable a speedy calculation to be made for the determination of the re- maining three of the five principal elements of an Indian /rt«r/^r?;>_f a (calendar), viz., th& Jiakskatra, yoga, and karana, at any moment of any given date during the same period, whether that date be given in Indian or European style; and thirdly, to provide an easy process for the verification of Indian dates falling in the period of which we treat.

2. For securing these objects several Tables are given. Table I. is the principal Table, the others are auxiliary. They are described in Part III. below. Three separate methods are given for securing the first of the above objects, and these are detailed in Part IV.

All these three methods are simple and easy, the first two being remarkably so, and it is these which we have designed for the use of courts and offices in India. The first method (A) {Arts. 135, 136) is of the utmost simplicity, consisting solely in the use of an eye-table in conjunction with Table I., no calculation whatever being required. The second (B) is a method for obtaining approximate results by a very brief calculation [Arts. 137, 138) by the use of Tables I., III. and IX. The result by both these methods is often correct, and it is always within one or two days of the truth, the latter rarely. Standing by itself, that is, it can always, provided that the era and the original bases of calculation of the given date are known, be depended on as being within two days of the truth, and is often only one day out, while as often it is correct. When the week-day happens to be mentioned in the given date its equivalent, always under the above proviso, can be fixed correctly by either of these methods. ^ The third method (C)

1 See Art. 126 below.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

is a melliod by vliich cntiiely correct results may be obtained by the use of Tables 1. to XI. {Arts. 1 39 to 1 60), and tlicugh a little more complicated is perfectly simple and easy when once studied and upde.'st^'jod. From these results the nakshatra, yoga, and karana can be easily calculated.

3. Calculation of a date may be at once begun by using Part IV. below, but the process will be more intelligible to the reader if the nature of the Indian calendar is carefully explained to him beforehand, for this is much more intricate than any other known system in use.

Elements and Definitiotts.

4. The pancJidiiga. The paiichaitga (calendar), ///. that which has five {panchd) limbs (aiigas). concerns chiefly five elements of time-division, viz., the vara, tithi, nakshatra, yoga and karana.

5. The vara or week-day. The natural or solar day is called a savana divasa in Hindu Astronomy. The days are named as in Europe after the sun, moon, and five principal planets, ' and are called varus (week-days), seven of which compose the week, or cycle of varas. A vara begins at sunrise. The week-days, with their serial numbers as used in this work and their various Sanskrit synonyms, are given in the following list. The more common names are given in italics. The list is fairly exhaustive but does not pretend to be absolutely so.

Days of the Week.

1. Sunday. Adi, - Aditya, Ravi, Ahaskara, Arka, Aruna, Bhattaraka, Aharpati,

Bhaskara, Bradhna, Bhanu etc.

2. Monday. J)(?;«rt, Abja, Chandramas, Chandra, Indu, Nishpati, Kshapakara, etc.

3. Tuesday. Mangala, Aiigaraka, Bhauma, Mahisuta, Rohitanga.

4. Wednesday. Budha, Baudha, Rauhineya, Saumya.

5. Thursday. Guru, Angirasa, Brihaspati, Dhishana, Suracharya, Vachaspati, etc.

6. Friday. Sukra, Bhargava, Bhrigu, Daityaguru, Kavya, Usanas, Kavi.

7. ' Saturday. Sani, Sauri, Manda.

Time-Divisions.

6. The Indian time-divisions. The subdivisions of a solar day (sa'i'ana divasa) are as follow :

A prativipala (sura) is equal to 0.006 of a second.

60 prativipalas make i vipala (para, kashtha-kala) — 0.4 of a second.

60 vipalas do. 1 pala (vighati, vinadi) = 24 seconds.

60 palas do. 1 ghatika (ghati, danda, nadi, nadika) = 24 minutes.

60 ghatikas do. i divasa (dina, vara, vasara) = i solar day.

Again

10 vipalas do. i prana =. 4 seconds.

6 pranas do. i pala = 24 seconds.

1 It 8i-cm» iilmiist iTi-liiiii thai Ijotli sj^tciiisi lind » ramiiKm origin iu (JhuUo'ii. The lirsl is tin- day of till- siiu, Ibe swoiul of thi- moon, the third of Mars, the fourth of Miiciirv, the fifth of Jupiter, thf sixth of \cuiiii, Ihi- sinnth of Solum [R. S] - Thr word rar/i is to he affixed to eaeli of these namea; 7J/7pi=Sun, Jiavir^ra ^ Snuday . • In the Table, for conveuicnov of addition, Saturday is styled 0.

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 3

7. Tlic titlii, aDiavasya, purniind. Tlic nionieiit of new moon, or that point of time when the longitudes of the sun and moon are equal, is called aniavasya (lit. the "dwelling together" of the sun and moon). A titlii is the time occupied by the moon in increasing her distance from the sun by 12 degrees; in other words, at the exact point of time when the moon (whose apparent motion is much faster than that of the sun), moving eastwards from the sun after the aniavasya, leaves the sun behind by 12 degrees, the first tithi, which is called/^-^/i'/rtf/ff or pratipad, ends; and so with the rest, the complete synodic revolution of the moon or one lunation occupying 30 tithis for the 360 degrees. Since, however, the motions of the sun and moon are always varying in speed ^ the length of a tithi constantly alters. The variations in the length of a tithi are as follow, according to Hindu calculations:

gh.

pa.

vipa.

h.

m.

s.

Average or mean length

59

3

40.23

23

37

28.092

Greatest length

65

16

0

26

6

24

Least length

53

56

0

21

34

24

The moment of full moon, or that point of time when the moon is furthest from the sun, — astronomically speaking when the difference between the longitudes of the sun and moon amounts to 180 degrees — is called piirnima. The tithi which ends with the moment of amavasya is itself called "amavasya", and similarly the tithi which ends with the moment of full moon is called "purnima." {For further details see Arts, sg, ji, J2.)

8. T/ie nakshatra. The 27th part of the ecliptic is called a nakshatra, and therefore each nakshatra occupies (^^=- =) 1 3° 20'. The time which the moon (whose motion continually varies in speed) or any other heavenly body requires to travel over the 27th part of the ecliptic is also called a nakshatra. The length of the moon's nakshatra is :

gh.

pa.

vipa.

h.

III.

s.

Mean

60

42

534

24

17

9-36

Greatest

66

21

0

26

32

24

Least

55

56

0

22

22

24

It will be seen from this that the moon travels nearly one nakshatra daily. The daily nakshatra of the moon is given in every panchaiig (native almanack) and forms one of its five articles. The names of the 27 nakshatras will be found in Table VIIL, column 7. (See Arts. jS. ^2.)

9. The yoga. The period of time during which thejoint motion in longitude, or the sum of the mo- tions, of the sun and moon is increasedby i3°2o',iscalledajY'^«, lit. "addition". Its length varies thus :

gh.

pa.

vipa.

h.

m.

s.

Mean

56

29

21.75

22

35

44-7

Greatest

61

3'

0

24

36

24

Least

52

12

0

20

52

48

The names of the 27 yogas will be found in Table VIIL, col. 12. (See Art. jp.J

10. The karana. A karana is half a tithi, or the time during which the difference of

the longitudes of the sun and moon is increased by 6 degrees. The names of the karanas are

given in Table VIIL, cols. 4 and 5. (See Art. .f.0.)

1 The variation is of coiu-st- really iu the motions of the earth and the moon. It is cansed by aetual alterations in rate of rapidity of motion in consequence of the elliptical form of the orbits and the moon's actual perturbations; and by apparent irregularities of motion in consequence of the plane of the moon's orbit being at an angle to the plane of the ecliptic. [R. S.]

4 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

11. The paksha. The next natural division of time greater than a solar day is the />tf/^.y//<7 (lit. a wing ') or moon's fortnight. The fortnight during which the moon is waxing has several names, the commonest of which are sukla or iwrt'^/^rt (lit. " bright ", that during which the period of the night following sunset is illuminated in consequence of the moon being above the horizon). The fortnight during which the moon is waning \s c-aA&<\ Tao?X con\mov\y krishna o\ baltula ox vady a (lit. " black", "dark", or the fortnight during which the portion of the night following sunset is dark in consequence of the moon being below the horizon). The first fortnight begins with the end of amavasya and lasts up to the end of piirnima ; the second lasts from the end of purnima to the end of amavasya. The words "piarva" (former or first) and "apara" (latter or second) are sometimes used for sukla and krishna respectively. "Sudi" (or "sudi") is sometimes used for sukla, and "vadi" or " badi " for krishna. They are popular corruptions of the words " suddha " and " vadya " respectively.

12. Lunar months. The next natural division of time is the lunation, or lunar month of two lunar fortnights, viz., the period of time between two successive new or full moons. It is called a chandra niasa, or lunar month, and is the time of the moon's synodic revolution. -

The names of the lunar months will be found in Table II., Parts i. and ii., and Table III., col. 2, and a complete discussion on the luni-solar month system of the Hindus in Arts. 41 to 5 I . (For the solar months sec Arts. 22 to 2^.)

13. Amanta and piirnimanta systems. Since either the amavasya or purnima, the new moon or the full moon, may be taken as the natural end of a lunar month, there are in use in India two schemes of such beginning and ending. By one, called the amanta system, a month ends with the moment of amavasya or new moon ; by the other it ends with the purnima or full moon, and this latter is called a purnimanta month. The purnimanta scheme is now in use in Northern India, and the amanta scheme in Southern India. There is epigraphical evidence to show that the purnimanta scheme was also in use in at least some parts of Southern India

1 An apt title. The full moon stauiis as it neve with the waxiu? half on oue side and the waning half on the other. The week is an arbitrary division.

- The "synodic revolution" of the moon is the period during which the moon completes one series of her snccessive phases, roughly 291/3 days. The period of her exact orbital revolution is called her "sidereal revolution". The term "synodic" was given because of the sun and moon being then together in the heavens (<•/■ " synod"). The sidereal revolution of the moon is less by about two days than her synodic revolution in consequence of the forward movement of the earth on the ecliptic. This will be best seen by the accompanying figure, where ST is a fixed star, S the sun, E the earth, C the ecliptic, M M' the moon. (A) the po- sition at one new moon, (B) the position at the next new moon. The circle M to Ml representing the sidereal revolution, its synodic revolution is M to Ml plus Ml to N. [R. S.]

57^-

S ST Q-

C. A. Vouug (^"General Jalroiiomi)", Edit, of 1889, p 528) gives the following as the length in days of the various lunations:

d. h. m. .V.

Mean synodic month (new moon to new moon) 29 12 41 2 684

Sidereal month 27 7 43 ll..'i46

Tropical month (equinox to equinox) .... 27 7 43 4.68

Anomalistic month (perigee to perigee) ... 27 13 18 37.44

Nodical month (node to node) 27 5 5 85.SI

THE HINDU CALENDAR. S

up to about the beginning of the 9''' century A.D. ' The Marvadis of Northern India who, originally from Marwar, have come to or have settled in Southern India still use their purniminta arrangement of months and fortnights; and on the other hand the Dakhanis in Northern India use the scheme of amanta fortnights and months common in their own country.

14. Lnni-solar motith 7iames. The general rule of naming the lunar months so as to correspond with the solar year is that the amanta month in which the Mesha saiikranti or entrance of the sun into the sign of the zodiac Mesha, or Aries, occurs in each year, is to be called Chaitra, and so on in succession. For the list and succession see the Tables. (See Arts, ^i — ^j^

15. The solar year — tropical, sidereal, and anomalistic. Next we come to the solar year, or pe- riod of the earth's orbital revolution, i.e., the time during which the annual seasons complete their course. In Indian astronomy this is generally called a varsha, lit. " shower of rain", or " measured by a rainy season ".

The period during which the earth makes one revolution round the sun with reference to the fixed stars, " is called a sidereal year.

The period during which the earth in its revolution round the sun passes from one equi- nox or tropic to the same again is called a tropical year. It marks the return of the same season to any given part of the earth's surface. It is shorter than a sidereal year because the equinoxes have a retrograde motion among the stars, which motion is called the precession of the equinoxes. Its present annual rate is about 5o".264.^

Again, the line of apsides has an eastward motion of about 1 1".5 in a year; and the period during which the earth in its revolution round the sun comes from one end of the apsides to the same again, /'. c., from aphelion to aphelion, or from perihelion to perihelion, is called an anomalistic year. *

The length of the year varies owing to various causes, one of which is the obliquity of the ecliptic, ° or the slightly varying relative position of the planes of the ecliptic and the equator. Leverrier gives the obliquity in A.D. 1700 as 23° 28' 43".22, in A.D. i8ooas23°27' 55".63,and

1 See Fleet's Corpus Inscrip. Indic, vol HI., Introduction, p. 79 note; Ind. Ant., XVII., p. 141 /. i Compare the note oa p. 4 on the moon's motion. [R. S]

3 This rate of annual precessioQ is that fixed by modern European Astronomy, but since the exact occurrence of the equinoxes can never become a matter for obser»ation, we have, in dealing with Hindu Astronomy, to be guided by Hindu calculations alone. It must therefore be borne in mind that almost all practical Hindu works (Karatias) fix the annual precession at one minute, or -Lth of a degree, while the SHrya-Siddhdnta fixes it as 54" or i degrees, (see Art. 160a. given in the Addenda sheet.)

4 The anomaly of a planet is its angular distance from its perihelion, or an angle contained between a line drawn from the sun to the planet, called the radius vector, and a line drawn from the sun to the perihelion point of its orbit. In the case in point, the earth, after completing its sidereal revolulion, has not arrived quite at its perihelion because the apsidal point has shifted slightly eastwards. Hence the year occupied in travelling from the old perihelion to the new perihelion is called the anomalistic year. A planet's true anomaly is the actual angle as above whatever may be the variations in the planet's velocity at different periods of its orbit. Its mean anomalij is the angle which would be obtained were its motion between perihelion and aphelion uniform in time, and subject to no variation of velucity— in other words the angle described by a uniformly revolving radius vector. The angle between the true and mean anomalies is called the equation of the centre. True ano/n.-^mean anom. ■\- equation of tlie centre.

The equation of the centre is zero at perihelion and aphelion, and a maximum midway between them. In the case of the sun its greatest value is nearly 1°.55' for the present, the sun getting alternately that amount ahead of, and behind, the position it would occupy if its motion were uniform. (C. A. Young, General Astronomy. Edit, of 1889, p. 125.)

Prof. Jacobi's, and our, a, 6, c, (Table 1., cols. 23, 24, 25) give a. the distance of the noon from the sun, expressed in lO.OOOths of the unit of 360°; 6. the moon's mean anomaly; c. the sun's mean anomaly; the two last expressed in lOOOths of the unit of 360°. The respective equations of the centre are given in Tables VI. and VII. [R. S.]

5 "The ecliptic slightly and vei^ si iwly shifts its position among the stars, thus altering the latitudes of the stars and the angle between the ecliptic and equator, i.e., the obliquity of the ecliptic. This obliquity is at present about 24' less than it was 2000 years ago, and it is still decreasing about half a second a year. It is computed that this diminution will continue for about 15,000 years, reducing the obliquity to 221/4°, when it will begin to increase. The whole change, according to Lagrange, can never exceed about 1" 2' on each side of the mean." (C. A. Young, General Astronomy, p. 128.)

THE INDIAN CAIENDAR.

h.

m.

s.

6

5 6

9 48

13

9.29

45-37 48.61

in A.D. 1900 as 23° 17' o8".03. The various year-lengths for A.D. 1900, as calculated by present standard authorities, are as follow :

d.

Mean Sidereal solar year 365

Do. Tropical do. 365

Do. Anomalistic do. 365

16. Kalpa. Mahdyiiga. Yiiga. Julian Period. A kalpa is the greatest Indian division of time. It consists of looo maliayugas. A niahayuga is composed of four j'/c^a.r of different lengths, named Krita, Treta, Dvapara, and Kali. The Kali-yuga consists of 43 2,000 solar years. The Dva- para yuga is double the length of the Kali. The Treta-yuga is triple, and the Krita-yuga quadruple of the Kali. A mahayuga therefore contains ten times the years of a Kali-yuga, viz., 4,320,000. According to Indian tradition a kalpa is one day of Brahman, the god of creation. The Kali- yuga is current at present; and from the beginning of the present kalpa up to the beginning of the present Kali-yuga 4567 times the years of a Kali-yuga have passed. The present Kali- yuga commenced, according to the Siirya Siddhanta, an authoritative Sanskrit work on Hindu astronomy, at midnight on a Thursday corresponding to 17th — i8th F"ebruary, 3102 B.C., old style; by others it is calculated to have commenced on the following sunrise, viz., Friday, 18th February. According to the Siirya and some other SiddhUntas both the sun and moon were, with reference to their mean longitude, precisely on the beginning point of the zodiacal sign Aries, the Hindu sign Mesha, when the Kali-yuga began. *

European chronologists often use for purposes of comparison the 'Julian Period' of 7980 years, beginning Tuesday 1st January, 4713 B- C. The i8th February, 3102 B.C., coincided with the 588,466th day of the Julian Period.

17. Siddhanta year-measurevicnt. The length of the year according to different Hindu authorities is as follows:

.SiddhStitas.

Thp VciMnga .Ijotisha

The Paitimaha Siddhanta 1

The R(>maka ,,

The Paulisa - ,,

The original Surva Siddh&nta

Thi' Pi-fscnt Surya, Vfisishtha, Sfikalya-i

Brahma, Romaka,& Soma Siddhilntas I ■ • •

The first Arya Siddhanta ■'■ (.\. D. 499)

The Brahma SIddhilnta hy Brahma-gupta (A. 1).628)

The sei-ond Ai^a Siddhanta

The ParAsara Siddhlnta ■<

Rajamritraiika ■'• „ (A. D. 1042)

• Generally speaking an astronomical Sanskrit work, called a S'lddhdnla, treats of the subject theoretically. A practical work on astro- nomy based ona Siddhilnta is called in Sanskrit a A'arn/m ThcPa/Wwrt/zcand following three Siddhdntas are not now cxiaul.but are alluded to and described in the Pahchasiddhdnlikd, a Karana by VarAhamihira, composed in or about the Saka year 427 (A. P. 505). [S. B 11 J

2 Two other Vauliia Siddhdntas were known to Ulpala (.^.U. 9fi6), a well-known comnuntalor of \arAhamihini. The length of the year in tbcm was the same as that in the original Surya Siddh&uta. [S. B. D ]

•• The duration of the year bv the First Arya-Siddh&nta is noted in the interesting chronogram mukhyah kdlomaiiamd(nUih.

5 1 1 3 6 1 B 6 3 These figures are to be read from right to left; thus— 365, 15, 31, 15 in Hindu notation of days. ghatikAs, etc. (I obtained this from Dr Burgess — H S.)

* The Vard'nara Siddhdnla is not now eitant. It is described in the second Armt SiddhAnUi. The date of this latter is not given, but in my opinion it is about A.D. 950. [S. B. D]

•■' The Rdjamtigdhka it a Karana by King Bhoja. It is dated in the Saka year 964 expired, A.D. 1012. [S. B 1>.'

Hindu reckoning

.

European reckoning.

daTfl-

eh.

p»

Tips.

r>. Ti.

days.

h.

niiis.

aee.

366

0

0

0

0

366

0

0

0

365

21

25

0

0

365

8

34

0

365

14

48

0

0

365

5

55

12

365

15

30

0

0

365

6

12

0

365

15

31

30

0

365

6

12

36

365

15

31

31

24

365

6

12

36.56

365

15

31

15

0

365

6

12

30

365

15

30

22

30

365

6

12

y

365

15

31

17

6

365

6

12

30.84

365

15

31

18

30

365

6

12

31.6

365

15

81

17

17.8

365

6

12

30.915

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 7

It will be seen that the duration of the year in all the above works except the first three approximates closely to the anomalistic year; and is a little greater than that of the sidereal year. In some of these works theoretically the year is sidereal; in the case of some of the others it cannot be said definitely what year is meant ; while in none is it to be found how the calculations were made. It may, however, be stated roughly that the Hindu year is sidereal for the last 2000 years.

18. The year as given in each of the above works must have been in use somewhere or another in India at some period; but at present, so far as our information goes, the year of only three works is in use, viz., that of the present Siirya Siddha>ita,t\\G first Arya Siddhanta. and the Rajamfigahka.

The Siddhantas ami other astronomical luor/cs.

19. It will not be out of place here to devote .some consideration to these various astronomical works; indeed it is almost necessary to do so for a thorough comprehension of the subject.

Many other Siddhantas and Karanas are extant besides those mentioned in the above list. We know of at least thirty such works, and some of them are actually used at the present day in making calculations for preparing almanacks. ' Many other similar works must, it is safe to suppose, have fallen into oblivion, and that this is so is proved by allusions found in the existing books.

Some of these works merely follow others, but some contain original matter. The Karanas give the length of the year, and the motions and places at a given time of the sun, moon, and planets, and their apogees and nodes, according to the standard Siddhanta. They often add corrections of their own, necessitated by actual observation, in order to make the calculations agree. Such a correction is termed a bija. Generally, however, the length of the year is not altered, but the motions and places are corrected to meet requirements

As before stated, each of these numerous works, and consequently the year-duration and other elements contained in them, must have been in use somewhere or another and at some period or another in India. At the present time, however, there are only three schools of astronomers known; one is called the Sanra-paksha, consisting of followers of the present Siirya Siddhanta: another is called the Arya-paksha, and follows the first Arya Siddlianta: and the third is called the Brahnia-pa/csha, following the Rajainrigaii/ca, a work based on Brahma- gupta's Brahma Siddhanta, with a certain bija. The distinctive feature of each of these schools is that the length of the year accepted in all the works of that school is the same, though with respect to other elements they may possibly disagree between themselves. The name Rajamri- gahka is not now generally known, the work being superseded by others; but the year adopted by the present Brahma-school is first found, so far as our information goes, in the Rajamrigaiika, and the three schools exist from at least A. D. 1042, the date of that work.

20. It is most important to know what Siddhantas or Karanas were, or are now, regarded as standard authorities, or were, or are, actually used for the calculations of panchai'igs (almanacks) during particular periods or in particular tracts of country. - for unless this is borne in mind we shall often go wrong when we attempt to convert Indian into European dates. The sketch which follows must not, however, be considered as exhaustive. The original Siirya-

1 KaraiMs and other practical works, containing tables based on one or otlicr of the Siddlidntas, are used for these calculations. [S. B. D.]

2 The positions and motions of the sun and moon and their apogees must necessarily be fixed and known for the con-ect calcu- lation of a tithi, nakslialra, yoga or karaua. The length of the year is also an important clement, and in the samvatsara is governed by the movement of the planet Jupiter. In the present work we are conrerncd chiefly with these six elements, viz., the sun, moon, their apogees, the length of the year, and Jupiter. The sketch in the text is given chiefly keeping in view these elcmeuts. When one authority differs from another in any of the first five of llicsc six elements the tithi as calculated by one will differ from that derived from anotlier. [S. B. D.]

8 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

Siddlinnta was a standard work in early times, but it was .superseded by the present Surya-Siddliania at some period not yet known, probably not later than A.D. looo. The first Arya-Siddhanta. which was composed at Kusumapura (supposed to be Patna in Bengal), came into use from A.D. 499. ' Varahamihira in his Pahchasiddliantika (A.D. 505) introduced a bija to Jupiter's motion as given in the original Surya-Sidd/tanta, but did not take it into account in his rule [see Art. 62 hcloiv) for calculating a samvatsara. Brahmagupta composed his Bralima-Siddliaiila in A. D. 628. He was a native of Bhillamala (the present Bhinmal), 40 miles to tlie north-west of the Abu mountains. Lalla, in his work named Dhi-vriddhida, intro- duced a hija to three of the elements of the first Arya-Siddlianta, namely, the moon, her apogee, and Jupiter, i.e., three out of the six elements with which we are concerned. Lalla's place and date are not known, but there is reason to believe that he flourished about A.D. 638. The date and place of the second Arya-Siddhanta are also not known, but the date would appear to have been about A.D. 950. It is alluded to by Bhaskaracharya (A.D. 11 50), but does not seem to have been anywhere in use for a long time. The Rajamrigahka (A.D. 1042) follows the Brahma-Siddhattta, ^ but gives a correction to almost all its mean motions and places, and even to the length of the year. The three schools — Saura, Arya and Brahma — seem to have been established from this date if not earlier, and the Brahma-Siddhanta in its orginal form must have then dropped out of use. The Karaiia-prakasa, a work based on the first Arya- Siddhanta as corrected by Lalla"s bija, was composed in A.D. 1092, and is considered an authority even to the present day among many Vaishnavas of the central parts of Southern India, who are followers of the Arya-Siddhanta. Bhaskaracharya's works, the .S'/rtV/Z^rfw/rt iV/-cw<7«/(A.D. 1 150) and the Karana-Kutiihala {A.Y>. 1 183) are the same as the Rajamrigahka in the matter of the calculation of a paiichahg. The Vakkya-Karana, a work of the Arya school, seems to have been accepted as the guide for the preparation of solar panchangs in the Tamil and Malayalam countries of Southern India from very ancient times, and even to the present day either that or some similar work of the Arya school is so used. A Karana named iSZ/fbr'^?// was com- posed in A.D. 1099, its birthplace according to a commentator being Jagannatha (or Puri) on the east coast. The mean places and motions given in it are from the original Siirya-Siddhanta as corrected by Varahamihira's bija, ' and it was an authority for a time in some parts of Northern India. Vavilala Kochchanna, who resided somewhere in Telingana, composed a Karana in 1298 A.D. He was a strict follower of the present Sitrya-Siddhanta, and since his day the latter Sidd- hanta has governed the preparation of all Telugu luni-solar calendars. The Makaranda, another Karana, was composed at Benares in A.D. 1478, its author following the present 5/?rjv?-5;V/rt'//rt«/rt, but introducing a bija. The work is extensively used in Northern India in the present day for panchaiiga calculations. Bengalis of the present day are followers of the Saura school, while in the western parts of Northern India and in some parts of Gujarat the Brahma school is followed. T\\c Graha-laghava, a Karana of the Saura school, was composed by Ganesa Daivjiia of Nandigrama (Nandgam), a village to the South of Bombay, in A.D. 1520. The same author also produced the Brihat and Laghntitliichintanianis in A.D. 1525, which may be considered as appendices to the Graha-laghava. Gane.sa adopted the present Sitrya Siddhanta determinations for the length of

1 It is not to be understood that as soon as a standard work comes into use \\» predecessors go out of use from all parts of the country. There is direct evidence to show that the origiua) Silri/a-Siddli^nta was in use till A.D. 665, the date of the A'^om^o- thMi/a of Brahmagupta, though cvidenll_? not iu all parts of the country. [S. B. D.]

2 Whenever we allude simply to the 'Bralmia Sidilli/inta" by name, we mean Ihc Bralitxa-SiddhdHla of Brahmagupta.

' Out of the six elements alluded lo in niitc 1 ou the last ])age, only Jupiter has this bija. The present Stlr^a-Siddhdnta had undoubtedly come into use before the date of the B/umati. [S. B. D.]

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 9

the year and the motions and places of the sun and moon and their apogees, with a small correction for the moon's place and the sun's apogee; but he adopted from the Arya Siddhanta as corrected by Lalla the figures relating to the motion and position of Jupiter.

The Graha-laghava and the Laghiitithichintaniani were used, and are so at the present day, in preparing panchangs wherever the Mahrathi language was or is spoken, as well as in some parts of Gujarat, in the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay and Madras Presidencies, and in parts of Haidarabad, Maisur, the Berars, and the Central Provinces. Mahratha residents in Northern India and even at Benares follow these works.

21. It may be stated briefly that in the present day the first Arya-Siddhanta is the authority in the Tamil and Malayalani countries of Southern India; ' the Brahma-paksha obtains in parts of Gujarat and in Rajputana and other western parts of Northern India; while in almost all other parts of India the present Sitrya-Siddlianta is the standard authority. Thus it appears that the present Siirya-Siddknnta has been the prevailing authority in India for many centuries past down to the present day, and since this is so, we have chiefly followed it in this work. -

The bija as given in the Makaranda (A. D. 1478) to be applied to the elements of the Surya-Siddkanta is generally taken into account by the later followers of the Siiry a- Siddhanta, but is not met with in any earlier work so far as our information goes. We have, therefore, introduced it into our tables after A.D. 1500 for all calculations which admit of it. The bija of the Makaranda only applies to the moon's apogee and Jupiter, leaving the other four elements unaffected. Further details. Contents of the Paiichaiiga.

22. The Indian Zodiac. The Indian Zodiac is divided, as in Europe, into 1 2 parts, each of which is called arrtw or "sign". Each sign contains 30 degrees, a degree being called an ^wirt. Each arhsa is divided into 60 kalas (minutes), and each kala into 60 vikalas (seconds). This sexagesimal division of circle measurement is, it will be observed, precisely similar to that in use in Europe. ■''

23. TJie Saiikrajiti. The point of time when the sun leaves one zodiacal sign and enters another is called a sahkranti. The period between one saiikranti and another, or the time required for the sun to pass completely through one sign of the zodiac, is called a saura inasa, or solar month. Twelve solar months make one solar year. The names of the solar months will be found in Table II., Part ii., and Table III., col. 5. A sankranti on which a solar month commences takes its name from the sign-name of that month. The Mesha sankranti marks the vernal equinox, the moment of the sun's passing the first point of Aries. The Karka sankranti, three solar months later, is also called the dakshinayana ("southward-going") sankranti: it is the point of the summer solstice, and marks the moment when the sun turns southward. The Tula sankranti, three solar months later, marks the autumnal equinox, or the moment of the sun's passing the first point of Libra. The Makara sahkranti, three solar months later still, is also called the uttarayana saiikranti ("northward-going"). It is the other solstitial point, the point or moment when the sun turns northward. When we speak of " sahkrantis " in this volume we refer always to the nirayana sahkrantis, i.e., the moments of the sun's entering the zodiacal signs, as calculated in sidereal longitude — longitude measured from the fixed point in Aries — taking no account of the annual precession of the equino.xes — {nirayana — "without movement", excluding the precession of the solstitial — ay ana — points). But there is also in Hindu chronology the say ana saiikranti [sa-ayana — " with

1 It is probable that the first .iri/a-Siddlidnta was the standard authority for South Indian solar reckoning from the earliest times. In Bengal the Siiri/a-Siddhdnia is the authority since about A.D. 1100, but in earlier times the first Arya-Siddhdnta was apparently the standard. [S. B. D.]

- When we allude simply to the Surya or Ari/a Siddhdnla, it must be borne in mind that we mean the Present Stlrya and the First Ari/a-Siddhdntas. S See note 1, p. 2 above. [R. S] 1

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

movement", including the movement of the ayana points), i.e., a sankranti calculated according to tropical longitude — ^longitude measured from the vernal equinox, the precession being taken into account. According to the present Siirya-Siddhanta the sidereal coincided with the tropical signs inK. Y. 3600 expired, Saka 421 expired, and the annual precession is 54". By almost all other authori- ties the coincidence took place in K. Y. 3623 expired, Saka 444 expired, and the annual precession is (i') one minute. (The Siddhanta J)V/-<7W<?«/, however, fixes this coincidence as in K. Y. 362S). Taking either year as a base, the difference in years between it and the given year, multiplied by the total amount of annual precession, will shew the longitudinal distance by [which, in the given year, the first point of the tropical (sayand) sign precedes the first point of the sidereal («/>«j'a««) sign. Professor Jacobi {Epig. Ind., Vol. 1, p. 422, Art. j<?) points out that a calculation should be made " whenever a date coupled with .a sankranti does not come out correct in all particulars. For it is possible that a sayana sankranti may be intended, since these sankrantis too are suspicious moments." We have, however, reason to believe that sayana sankrantis have not been in practical use for the last 1600 years or more. Dates may be tested according to the rule given in Art. i6o(rt).

It will be seen from cols. 8 to 13 of Table II., Part ii., that there are two distinct sets of names given to the solar months. One set is the set of zodiac-month-names (" Mesha" etc.), the other has the names of the lunar months. The zodiacsign-names of months evidently belong to a later date than the others, since it is known that the names of the zodiacal signs themselves came into use in India later than the lunar names, " Chaitra" and the rest. ^ Before sign-names came into use the solar months must have been named after the names of the lunar months, and we find that they are so named in Bengal and in the Tamil country at the present day. -

24. Length of months. It has been already pointed out that, owing to the fact that the apparent motion of the sun and moon is not always the same, the lengths of the lunar and solar months vary. We give here the lengths of the solar months according to the Siirya and Arya-Siddhantas.

a

NAME OP THE MONTH.

DURATION OP

EACB

MONTH.

Sign-

Beng&li

By

the Arya-Siddh&atn.

By the Sun/a-

Siddh

dnta.

'n

name.

name.

days

gh.

pa.

days hrs.

mn.

sec.

days

gh.

pa.

days

hrs.

mn.

sec.

1

Mesha

Sittirai (Chittirai)

Vaisakha

30

55

30

30

22

12

0

30

56

7

30

22

26

48

2

Vrishabha

Vaigasi, iir Vaijasi

Jycshtha

31

24

4

31

9

37

36

31

25

13

31

10

5

12

3

Mitbuna

Ani

Ashidha

31

36

26

31

14

34

24

31

38

41

31

15

28

24

4

Karka

Adi

Sravana

31

28

4

31

11

13

36

31

28

31

31

11

24

24

5

Simha

A vagi

Bhfidrapada

31

2

5

31

0

50

0

31

1

7

31

0

26

48

6

Kan}'&

PurattAdi, or PurattAsi

Asvina

30

27

24

30

10

57 1 36

30

26

29

30

10

35

86

7

Tulfi

Aippasi, or Arppisi, or Appisi

Kftrttika

29

54

12

29

21

40

48

29

53

36

29

21

26

24 1

8

Vrischika

Kftrttigai

M^r^iasirsha

29

80

31

29

12

12

24

29

29

25

29

11

46

0

9

Dhanu»

MSrgali

Pausha

29

21

2

29

8

24

48

29

19

4

29

7

37

36

10

.Makarn

Tai

MUgha

29

27

24

29

10

57

36

29

26

53

29

10

45

12

11

Kumbha

.Masi

Ph&lguna

29

48

30

29

19

24

0

29

49

13

29

19

41

12

12

Mtna

Paiiguni

Chaitra

30 365

20 15

191/4 311/4

30 365

8 6

7

42

30

21

12.52

30

8 6

29 12

0.56

12

30

365

15

31.52

365

36.66

1 My present opinion is that the zodiacal-tign-names, Mesha, etc., began to be used in India bctweea 700 B. C. and 300 B. C, not earlier than the farmer or later than the latter. [S. B. D.]

2 It will be seen that the Bengal names differ from the Tniiiil oiic» The same solar mnnlli ilesha, the first of the yeai-, is

THE HINDU CALENDAR. "

For calculation of the length by the Surya-Siddliaiita the longitude of the sun's apogee is taken

as •]^'' i6', which was its value in A. D. 1 1 37, a date about the middle of our Tables. Even if its value at

our extreme dates, i.e., either in A. D. 300 or 1900, were taken the lengtlis would be altered by

only one pala at most. By the Arya-Siddhanta the sun's apogee is taken as constantly at 78".'

The average (mean) length in days of solar and lunar months, and of a lunar year is as follows :

Surya-Siddhanta Modern science Solar month (,'._, of a sidereal year) 30.438229707 30.438030.

Lunar month 29.530587946 29.530588.

Lunar year (12 lunations) .... 354.36705535 354.367056.

25. Adiiika niasas. Calendar used. A period of twelve lunar months falls short of the solar year by about eleven days, and the Hindus, though they use lunar months, have not disre- garded this fact ; but in order to bring their year as nearly as possible into accordance with the solar year and the cycle of the seasons they add a lunar month to the lunar year at certain intervals. Such a month is called an adiiika or intercalated month. The Indian year is thus either solar or luni-solar. The Muhammadan year of the Hijra is purely lunar, consisting of twelve lunar months, and its initial date therefore recedes about eleven days in each year. In luni-solar calculations the periods used are tithis and lunar months, with intercalated and suppressed months whenever necessary. In solar reckoning solar days and solar months are alone used. In all parts of India luni-solar reckoning is used for most religious purposes, but solar reckoning is used where it is prescribed by the religious authorities. For practical civil purposes solar reckoning is used in Bengal and in the Tamil and Malayalam countries of the Madras Presi- dency; in all other parts of the country luni-solar reckoning is adopted.

26. Tr?ic and mean sankrantis. Sodltya. When the sun enters one of the signs of the zodiac, as calculated by his mean motion, such an entrance is called a mean saiikranti ; when he enters it as calculated by his apparent or true motion, such a moment is his apparent or true - sankranti. At the present day true sankrantis are used for religious as well as for

called Vaisdkha in Bengal and Sitlirai (ChailraJ in the Tamil country, Vais^kha being the second month in the south. To avoid con- fusion, therefore, we use only the sign-names (Mesha, t\e.) in framing our rules.

1 The lengths of months by the .iri/a-Siddlidnta here given are somewhat different from those given by Warren. But Warren seems • to have taken ihe longitude of the sun's apogee by the 5«Vya-iVrfrf/i(2«te in calculating the duration of months by the >i(rya-Sirfrf/j«'n^a, which is wrong. He seems also to have taken into account the chara. * (See his Kdia Sahkalita, p. 11, art. 3, p. 22, explanation of Table III., line 4; and p. 3 of the Tables). He has used the ayandmsa (the uniformly increasing arc between the point of the vernal equinox each year and the fixed point in Aries) which is required for finding the chara in calculating the lengths of months. The chara is uot the same at the begiuning of any given solai' mouth for all places or for all years. Ueuce it is wrong to use it for general rules and tables. The inaccuracy of Warren's lengths of solar months according to the S«r//a-SiV;?rf/;i/«/« requires no elaborate proof, for they are practically the same as those given by him according to the Ari/a-Siddhdnta, and that this cannot be the ease is self-evident to all who have any experience of the two Siddhdntas. [S. B. D.]

* The chara: — "The time of rising of a heavenly body is assumed to take place six hours before it comes to the meridian. Actually this is not the case for any locality not on the equator, and the chara is the correction required in consequence, i.e., the excess or defect from six hours of the time between rising and reaching the meridian The name is also applied to the celestial arc described in this time."

■ The Sanskrit word for "mean" is ;«(K///ya»w, and that for 'true' or 'appareut' \» .■tpashta.'VhtviMii ' madhiiama' ani ' spashta' arc applied to many varieties of time and space; as, for instance, ^a/i (motion). M()^« (longtitude), .fa/U-ru'«</, »!«'«« (measure or reckon- ing) and kdla (time). In the English Nautical Almanac the word "apparent" is used to cover almost all cases where the Sanskrit word spashta would be applied, the word 'true' being sometimes, but rarely, used. "Apparent," therefore, is the best word to use in my opinion; and we have adopted it prominently, in spite of the fact that previous writers on Hindu Astronomy have chiefly used the word "true." There is as a fact a little diS'erence in the meaning of the phrases "apparent " and "true," but it is almost unknown to Indian Astronomy, and we have therefore used the two words as synonyms. [S. B. D.]

12 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

civil purposes. In the present position of the sun's apogee, the mean Mesha sankranti takes place after the true sankranti, the difference being two days and some ghatikas. This difference is called the sodhya. It differs with different Sidd/iantas, and is not always the same even by the same authority. We have taken it as 2d. logh. 14 p. 30 vipa. by the Surya-Sidd/ianta, and 2d. 8 gh. 51 p. 15 vipa. by the Arya-Siddhanta The corresponding notion in modern European Astronomy is the equation of time. The sodhya is the number of days required by the sun to catch up the equation of time at the vernal equinox.

27. It must be remembered that whenever we use the word "saiikranti" alone, (e.g., "the Mesha-sankranti ") the apparent and not the mean nirayana sankranti is meant.

28. The hdginning of a solar month. Astronomically a solar month may begin, that is a sankranti may occur, at any moment of a day or night; but for practical purposes it would be inconvenient to begin the month at irregular times of the day. Suppose, for example, that a Makara-saiikranti occurred 6 hours 5 minutes after sunrise on a certain day, and that two written agreements were passed between two parties, one at 5 hours and another at 7 hours after sun- rise. If the month Makara were considered to have commenced at the exact moment of the Makara-saiikranti, we should have to record that the first agreement was passed on the last day of the month Dhanus, and the second on the first day of Makara, whereas in fact both were executed on the same civil day. To avoid such confusion, the Hindus always treat the beginning of the solar month as occurring, civilly, at sunrise. Hence a variation in practice.

(1) (a) In Bengal, when a sankranti takes place between sunrise and midnight of a civil day the solar month begins on the following day ; and when it occurs after midnight the month begins on the next following, or third, day. If, for example, a saiikranti occurs between sunrise and midnight of a Friday, the month begins at sunrise on the next day, Saturday ; but if it takes place after mid- night of Friday ^ the month begins at sunrise on the following Sunday. This may be termed the Bengal Rule, (b) In Orissa the solar month of the Amli and Vilayati eras begins civilly on the same day as the sankranti, whether this takes place before midnight or not. This we call the Orissa Rule.

(2) In Southern India there are two rules, (a) One is that when a saiikranti takes place after sunrise and before sunset the month begins on the same day, while if it takes place after sunset the month begins on the following day; if, for example, a saiikranti occurs on a Friday between sunrise and sunset the month begins on the same day, Friday, but if it takes place at any moment of Friday night after sunset the month begins on Saturday." (b) By another rule, the day between sunrise and sunset being divided into five parts, if a saiikranti takes place within the first three of them the month begins on the same day, otherwise it begins on the following day. Suppose, for example, that a saiikranti occurred on a Friday, seven hours after sun- ri.se, and that the length of that day was 12 hours and 30 minutes; then its fifth part was 2 hours 30 minutes, and three of these parts are equal to 7 hours 30 minutes. As the saiikranti took place within the first three parts, the month began on the same day, Friday ; but if the sankranti had occurred 8 hours after sunrise the month would have begun on Saturday. The latter (b) rule is observed in the North and South Malayajam country, and the former (a) in other parts of Southern India where the solar reckoning is used, viz., in the Tamil and Tinncvclly countries. ^ We call a. the Tamil Rule: b. the Malabar Rule.

' Utmcmber tliat the wctk-day is cuuiitcil from sunrise to sunrise.

- Urowii's Ephemerin follows this rule throughout in lixing the Jntc lorrcspondiiig to Ist Mi>hn, and consequently his solar dates are often wrong b_v one day for those tracts where the 'I li rule is in use.

■I I deduced the Bengal rule from a Calcutta I'afichfiug for Saka 1776 (A.D. 1854 — 55) in my posssession. Afterwards it was

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

ij

29. Panchangs. Before proceeding we revert to the five principal articles of the paiichang.

There are 30 tithis in a lunar month, i 5 to each fortnight. The latter are generally denoted by the ordinary numerals in Sanskrit, and these are used for the fifteen tithis of each fortnight. Some tithis are, however, often called by special names. In pafichangs the tithis are generally particularized by their appropriate numerals, but sometimes by letters. The Sanskrit names are here given. '

1

Sanskrit Names.

Vulgar Names.

s

Sanskrit Names.

Vulgar Names.

1

2 3

4 5 6

7

8

Pratipad, Pratipada, Prathama . . . ■.

Dvitiyfi

Tritiy-a

Ciiatiirthi

Panchami

Shashthi

Saptami

Ashtami

Padvi, Padvami Bija, Vidiyi Tija, Tadiya Chauth, Chauthi

Sath

9

10 11 12 13 14 15

30

Navami

Uasami Ek&das!

Dvadasi

Trayfidasi

Chaturdasi

Puroimfi, Pauroima . Purpamasi, Paiichadasi AmSvasya, Darsa, Paiichadasi

BUras Teres

Punava, Punnami

The numeral 30 is generally applied to the amavasya (new moon day) in pafichangs, even in Northern India where according to the purnimanta system the dark fortnight is the first fortnight of the month and the month ends with the moment of full moon, the amavasya being really the i 5th tithi.

30. That our readers may understand clearly how a Hindu paiichang is prepared and what information it contains, we append an extract from an actual panchaiig for Saka 18 16, expired, A. D. 1894—95, published at Poona in the Bombay Presidency. ^

corroborated by infonnatiun kindly sent to me from Howrah by llr. G. A. Grierson through Dr. Fleet. It was also amply corroborated by a set of Bengal Chronological Tables for A.D. 1882, published under the authority of the Calcutta High Court, a copy of which was sent to rac by Mr. Scwell. I owe the Orissa Rule to the Chronological Tables published by Girishchandra Tai'kalaukar, who follows the Orissa Court Tables with regard to the Amli and Vilayati years in Orissa. Dr. J. Burgess, in a note in Mr. Krishnasrumi Naidu's "South Indian Chronological Tables" edited by Mr. Sewell. gives the i (a) Rule as in use in the North Malayalam country, but I do not know what his autliority is. I ascerta ned from Tamil and Tinnevelly panchangs that the 2 (a) rule is in use there, and the fact is corroborated by WaiTen's KMa Sankalita ; 1 ascertained also from some South Malaya]am paiichangs published at Cochin and Trevandruni, and from a North Malaydjam paiichang published at Calicut, that the 2 {b) rule is followed there [S. B. D]

Notwithstanding all this I have no certain guarantee that these arc the onli/ rules, or that they are invariably followed in the tracts mentioned. Thus I find from a Tamil solar pafichSng for Saka 1815 current, published at Madras, and from a Telu^u luni-solar paiichung for Saka 1109 espireJ, also published .it Madras, in which the solar months also are given, that the rule observed is that "when a sankranti occurs bciween sunrise and midnight the montli begins on the same day, otherwise on the following day", thus differing from all the four rules given above. This varying fifth rule again is followed for all solar months of the Vilavati year as given in the above-mentioned Bengal Chronological Tables for 1882, and by its use the month regularly begins one day i a advance of the Bengali month. I find a sixth rule in some Bombay and Benares lunar panchaiigs, viz., that at whatever time the sankrSnti may occur, the month begins on the next day; but (his is not found in any solar panchang. The rules may be furlhcr classified as (1. a) the midnight rule (Bengal), (1. *) any time rule (Orissa), (2. n) the stinsft rule (Tamil), (3.4) the afternoon rule {^iaX&hat). The fifth rule is a variety of the midnight rule, and the sixth a variety of the any time rule. I cannot say for how many years past the rules now in use in the several provinces have been in force and effect.

An inscription at Kannanur, a village 5 miles north of Srirarigam near Trichinojjoly (see 'Epigraph. Indic, vol. III., p. 10, date No. V., note 3, and p. ij, is dated Tuesday the thirtceuth tithi of the bright fortnight of Sravana in the year Prajapati, which corresponded with the 24th day of the (solar) month Adi (karka.) From other sources the year of this date is k-nown to be A.D. 1271 ; and on carefully calculating I find that the day corresponds with the 21st July, and that the Karka saiikrAnti took place, by the Arga-Siddh£nta, on the 27th June, Saturday, shortly before midnight. From this it follows that the month Adi began civilly on the 28th June, and that one or the other of the two rules at present in use in Southern India was in use in Trichinopoly in A.D. 1271. [S. B. D.]

1 We cannot enumerate the vulgar or popular names which obtain in all parts of India, and it is not necessary that we should do so.

2 This is an ordinary paiichang in daily use. It was prepared by myself from Ganesa Daivjna's Grahaldghava and Laghu- tithichintdmam. [S. B. D.]

Extract from an

Suia 1816 expired (iSiy current) (A.

D. iSg^) amanta Bhadrapada,

iukla-pakslia. Solar month.

" Sn'iika

1

Vfira. Fri.

gl-.

!»■

Kalisliatra.

b'!"-

jia.

Yoga.

gh.

l-a.

Karaua.

b'l'-

pa.

i 1

s

"3

S i S

1

43

59

Pui-TaPhalguni:

40

16

Siddha

31

22

Kiiiistagbna

16

30

Sii!iha*15

gh. pa. 30 59

16

29

31

2

Sat.

39

47

Uttara Phalguni :

37

57

Sidhya

25

23

Baiava

11

53

Kauj-a

30 57

17

30

1

3

Sun.

36

31

Hasta

36

29

Subha

19

31

Taitila

8

9

Kanya

30 54

18

1

2

4

>Ion.

34

23

Chitra

36

7

Sukla

14

50

Vauij

5

27

Kanya 6

30 52

19

2

3

5

Tues.

33

26

Svati

36

52

Brahman

11

7

Bava

3 54

Tula

30 49

20

3

4

6

■Wed.

33

58

Vis&kha

38

58

Aindra

.8

24

Kaulava

3

42

Tula 23

30 45

21

4

5

7

Thurs.

35

29

Anuradia

42

19

Vaidhriti

6

36

Gara

4

44

Vrischi:

30 44

22

5

6

8

Fri.

38

16

Jyeshthu

46

48

Visbkambha

5

49

Visbti

6

53

Vris:47

30 41

23

6

7

9

Sat.

42

9

MOla

52

13

Priti

6

3

Baiava

10

13

Dbanus

30 38

24

7

8

10

Sun.

46

48

Pflrva Ashudha

58

11

Ayushmat

6

53

Taitila

14

28

Dbanus

30 36

25

8

9

11

Mon.

51.

43

Uttara AshSdha

60

0

Saubhfigya

8 1

Vanij

19

16

Uba:15

30 33

26

9

10

12

Tues.

56

44

Uttara Ashadhu

4

35

Sobbana

9

29

Bava

24

14

Makara

30 30

27

10

11

13

Wed.

60

0

Sravaua

10

59

Atiganila

10

58

Kaulava

29

3

Maka ; 44

30 28

28

11

12

13

Thurs.

1 23

Dhanishthu

16

45

Sukavman

11

54

Taitila

1

23

Kumbha

30 25 1 29

12

13

U

Fri.

5

18

Satabhishaj

21

52

Dbriti

12

26

Vanij

5

18

Kumbha

30 22 1 30

13

14

15

Sal.

8

11

Pfirva Hhudru:

26

4

Sula

12

7

Bava

8

11

Kum:10

30 20 1 31

14

15

Aiitanta Bhadrapada krisltnapaksha.

Thurs. Fri.

26 17

Bbarani

Robiui

Mrigasiras

Ardra

Mugha

Uttara I'bniguni

Vyaghttta

Vajra

Vyatipaia

Vanvas

Parigha Siva

0 50 54 52

5 24 52 31

44 35

\\ tirre iKt numbers arc inserted

ulumn it mn»t l»

38 IC

nnJer^t.

Vauij

Vauy

NAga

7 26

26 17

Mitlm:l Karka:

Siiiiha

Siiii: 14

30 17

29 47

the i-in" during ihe whole ilri

actual Panch&nga. ,f

and Kanya; Muhamniadan months Safar and Ra/'i-ii/a-H'ival. Rtii^lisli months Aus^tsl and Septcnihcr.

UTllKR 1'A1M'I('1]LAU.S

I'ositiuiis of I'laucU at sunrise Sukla 15tli Saturjav.

Mood'b node.

C'liandi'a-dai>aua (union's heliaral rising) Scptuinbcr begins.

Ararita Siddhiyoga 36.29. ♦ llai-itaiilia. ManvMi: Varft- hajajauti. Vaidhriti So.lOto ■14.42. Rabi-ulawwal begins. Gapcsha clialurthi.

Rishipanchanii.

Amrita Siddhiyogii after 39. Venus enters Leo 45.44.

GaunSvilhana.

Gauri pilja. Dlrvu ashtaini.

Ganri visarjana. Aduhkba navanii.

Padma Ekudasi. Mrityu-yoga 60. Mercury enters Virgo 14.5.

V&mana dvfidasi.

Pradosha. Sun enters Utiara Plialguui 8.26.

Anantacbaturdasi. Mars retrogade. Proshtliap, Pui'iii ; Sun enters Virgo 33.42.

Begrccs.

Ahargapa 34-227.

Horoscope for tbe above time.

(Punmnanta Asvina krishuapaksha.)

Posiliuus uf Planets a

suuris

Amavasya, Sal

irdav.

16 17 18 19 20

VyatipMat from 7 to 16.32. Saukasbti chaturthi.

Signs.

5

1)

6

0

4

6

11

Degrees.

13

9

2

13

28

5

8

Minutes.

10

13

27

49

31

17

31

Seconds.

7

30

1

4

4

7

35

"o j^ a 1 mins.

59

8

95

5

73

7

3

21 22

Bhadra (Visbti) ends at 27.55.

« "^ 1 ( sees.

1

4 retro

56

54

44

2

11

Ahargapa 34—241.

23

24

ATidbavft navami. Heliacal rising of Mercury.

Horoscope for llif above time.

\

Mercury .»^/'^\ 5 Venoa

s. 7 ^y^ \. ^

y

25

Indira ekftdasi. Sun enters HasU 46.37.

8

^.^'^N^ 6 Moon ^/'^^\,^

4

26

Pradosha.

y

^^ ^^ a

\

27

Sivaratri. Mercury in Libra 29.18.

\

^^^^ Jupiter

y

28

Pitri-amavasya. Vaidhriti 20.47 to 30.21.

10

^!>\. "oJc ° ^/><r

2

29

Solar eclipse. Mrityuyogu 55.38. Aumviisyri.

y^

-^" \>-<.:>

\

These tiijures show iihatikui uqJ

of a peculiar voga, the derliDatiou of sun and nioou beiuir then idi-Dtica).

r6 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

The above extract is for the amanta month Bhadrapada or August 31st to September 29th, 1894. The montli is divided into its two fortniglits. The uppermost horizontal column shews that the first tithi, "pratipada", was current at sunrise on Friday, and that it ended at 43 gh. 59 p. after sunrise. The moon was 12 degrees to the east of the sun at that moment, and after that the second tithi, "dvitlya", commenced. The nakshatra Purva-Phalguni ended and Uttara-Phalguni commenced at 40 gh. 16 p. after sunrise. The yoga Siddha ended, and Sadhya began, at 31 gh. 22 p. after sunrise; and the karana Kiriistughna ended, and Bava began, at 16 gh. 30 p. after sunrise. The moon was in the sign Sirhha up to 15 gh. after sunrise and then entered the sign Kanya. The length of the day was 30 gh. 59 pa. (and consequently the length of the night was 29 gh.

1 pa.). The solar day was the i6th of Sirhha. ' The Muhammadan day was the 29th of Safar, and the European day was the 31st of August. This will explain the bulk of the table and the manner of using it.

Under the heading "other particulars" certain festival days, and some other information useful for religious and other purposes, are given. To the right, read vertically, are given the places of the sun and the principal planets at sunrise of the last day of each fortnight in signs degrees, minutes, and seconds, with their daily motions in minutes and seconds. Thus the figures under "sun" shew that the sun had, up to the moment in question, travelled through 4 signs, 29 degrees, 27 minutes, and 9 seconds; i.e., had completed 4 signs and stood in the 5th, Sirhha, — had completed 29 degrees and stood in the 30th, and so on ; and that the rate of his daily motion for that moment was 58 minutes and 30 seconds. Below are shown the same in signs in the horoscope. The ahargana, here 34 — 227, means that since the epoch of the Cnz/i'tf/rt^/iiar'fl,^ i.e., sunrise on amanta Phalguna krishna 30th of Saka 1441 expired, or Monday 19th March, A.D. 1520, 34 cycles of 4016 days each, and 227 days, had elapsed at sunrise on Saturday the 15th of the bright half of Bhadrapada. The horoscope entries are almost always given in panchai'igs as they are considered excessively important by the Hindus.

3 1 . Titliis and solar days. Solar or civil days are always named after the week-days, and where solar reckoning is in use are also counted by numbers, e.g., the 1st, 2nd, etc., of a named solar month. But where solar reckoning does not prevail they bear the names and numerals of the corresponding tithis. The tithis, however, beginning as they do at any hour of the day, do not exactly coincide with solar days, and this gives rise to some little difficulty. The general rule for civil purposes, as well as for some ordinary religious purposes for which no particular time of day happens to be prescribed, is that the tithi current at sunrise of the solar day gives its name and numeral to that day, and is coupled with its week-day. Thus Bhadrapada sukla chaturdasl Sukravara (Friday the 14th of the first or bright fortnight of Bhadrapada) is that civil day at whose sunrise the tithi called the 14th sukla is current, and its week-day is F"riday. Suppose a written agreement to have been executed between two parties, or an ordinary religious act to have been performed, at noon on that Friday at whose sunrise Bhadrapada Sukla chatur- dasi of Saka 18 16 expired was current, and which ended (sec the table) 5 gh. iSp., (about

2 h. 7 m.) after sunrise, or at about 8.7 a.m. Then these two acts were actually done after the chaturdasi had ended and the purnima was current, but they would be generally noted as having been done on Friday sukla chaturdasi. It is, however, permissible, though such instances would be

1 Solar Uay« are not given in Honiljay pafichilngs, but I ba\'c entered them berc to complct* the calendar. Some entries actually printed in the paneh&i'ig arc not very useful and ariNconsequcntly omitted in the extract. [S. B. D,]

* The sura total of days that have elapsed since any other standard epoch is also called the ahnriiana. For inslaniT, tbi- (i/wr- i/ana from the beginning of the present kaliyuga is in constant use. The word means '• coUetTtion of days."

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 17

rare, to state the date of these actions as "Friday purnima;" and sometimes for religious pur- poses the date would be expressed as "chaturdasi yukta purnima" (the 14th joined with the pur- nima). Where, however, successive regular dating is kept up, as, for instance, in daily transactions and accounts, a civil day can only bear the name of the tithi current at its sunrise.

Some religious ceremonies are ordered to be performed on stated tithis and at fixed times of the day. For example, the worship of the god Ganesa is directed to take place on the Bhadra- pada sukla chaturthi during the third part (madhyakna) of the five parts of the day. A sraddha, a ceremony in honour of the pitris (manes), must be performed during the 4th (aparalina) of these five periods. Take the case of a Brahmana, whose father is dead, and who has to perform a sraddha on every amavasya. In the month covered by our extract above the amavasya is current at sunrise on Saturday. It expired at 1 1 gh. 40 p. after sunrise on Saturday, or at about 1O.40 a.m. Now the aparahna period of that Saturday began, of course, later than that hour, and so the amavasya of this Bhadrapada was current during the aparahna, not of Saturday, but of the previous day, Friday. The sraddha ordered to be performed on the amavasya must be performed, not on Saturday, but on Friday in this case. Again, suppose a member of the family to have died on this same Friday before the end of the tithi krishna chaturdasi, and another on the same day but after the end of the tithi. A sraddha must be performed in the family every year, according to invariable Hindu custom, on the tithi on which each person died. Therefore in the present instance the sraddha of the first man must be performed every year on the day on which Bhadrapada krishna chaturdasi is current, during the aparahna; while that of the second must take place on the day on which the amavasya of that month is current during the aparahna, and this may be separated by a whole day from the first. Lengthy treatises have been written on this subject, laying down what should be done under all such circumstances. >

At the time of the performance of religious ceremonies the current tithi, vara, and all other particulars have to be pronounced; and consequently the tithi, nakshatra, etc., so declared may difiler from the tithi, etc., current at sunrise. There is a vrata (observance, vow) called Sahkashta- nasana-chatiirthi, by which a man binds himself to observe a fast on every krishna chaturthi up to moonrise, which takes place about 9 p.m. on that tithi, but is allowed to break the fast afterwards. And this has of course to be done on the day on which the chaturthi is current at moonrise. From the above extract the evening of the 1 8th September, Tuesday, is the day of this chaturthi, for though the 3rd tithi, tritiya, of the krishna paksha was current at sunrise on Tuesday it expired at 9 gh. 35 pa. after sunrise, or about 9.50 a.m. If we suppose that this man made a grant of land at the time of breaking his fast on this occasion, we should find him dating his grant "krishna chaturthi, Tuesday," though for civil purposes the date is krishna tritiya, Tuesday.

The general rule may be given briefly that for all practical and civil purposes, as well as for some ordinary religious purposes, the tithi is connected with that week-day or solar day at whose sunrise it is current, while for other religious purposes, and sometimes, though rarely, even for practical purposes also, the tithi which is current at any particular moment of a solar day or week-day is connected with that day.

32. Adhika and kshaya tithis. Twelve lunar months are equal to about 354 solar days (see Art. 2^ above), but there are 360 tithis during that time and it is thus evident that six tithis must somehow be expunged in civil (solar^ reckoning. Ordinarily a tithi begins on one day and

1 The Nmiaijasimihu is cm<- of these authnrative works, and is in geueral use at tlic present time in most parts of India.

i.S THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

ends on the following clay, that is it touches two successive civil days. It will be seen, however, from its length (Art. j abovcj that a tithi may sometimes begin and end within the limits of the same natural day; while sometimes on the contrary it touches three natural days, occupying the whole of one and parts of the two on each side of it.

.\ tithi on which the sun does not rise is expunged. It has sustained a diminution or loss (kshaya), and is called a Icshaya tithi. On the other hand, a tithi on which the sun rises twice is repeated. It has sustained an increase (vriddhi), and is called an adhika, or added, tithi. Thus, for example, in the paiichang extract given above {Art. jo) there is no sunrise during krishna saptami (7th), and it is therefore expunged. Krishna shashthi (6th) was current at sunrise on Friday, for it ended 16 palas after sunrise ; while krishna saptami began 16 palas after that sunrise and ended before the next sunrise ; and krishna ashtami (8th) is current at sunrise on the Saturday. The first day is therefore named civilly the (6th) shashthi, Friday, and the second is named (8th) ashtami, Saturday ; while no day is left for the saptami, and it has necessarily to be expunged altogether, though, strictly speaking, it was current for a large portion of that Friday. On the other hand, there are two sunrises on Bhadrapada sukla trayodasi (sukla 13th), and that tithi is therefore repeated. It commenced after 56 gh. 44 pa. on Tuesday, i e., in European reckoning about 4.20 a.m. on the Wednesday morning, was current on the whole of Wednesday, and ended on Thursday at i gh. 23 pa. after sunrise, or about 6.33 a m. It therefore touched the Tuesday (reckoned from sunrise to sunrise) the Wednesday and the Thursday; two natural civil days began on it ; two civil days, Wednesday and Thursday, bear its numeral (13); and therefore it is said to be repeated. '

In the case of an expunged tithi the day on which it begins and ends is its week-day. In the case of a repeated tithi both the days at whose sunrise it is current are its week-days.

A clue for finding when a tithi is probably repeated or e.xpunged is given in Art. 142.

Generally there are thirteen expunctions (ksliayas) and seven repetitions (vriddhis) of tithis in twelve lunar months.

The day on which no tithi ends, or on which two tithis end, is regarded as inauspicious. In the panchang extract above (Art. ^0) Bhadrapada sukla trayodasi Wednesday, and Bhadrapada krishna shashthi, Friday (on which the saptami was expunged), were therefore inauspicious.

33. It will be seen from the above that it is an important problem with regard to the Indian mode of reckoning time to ascertain what tithi, nakshatra, yoga, or karana was current at sunrise on any day, and when it began and ended. Our work solves this problem in all cases.

34. \'ariatio)i on account of longitude. The moment of time when the distance between the sun and moon amounts to 12, or any multiple of I2, degrees,> or, in other words, the moment of time when a tithi ends, is the same for all places on the earth's surface; and this also applies to nakshatras, yogas, and karanas. But the moment of sunrise of course varies with the locality, and therefore the ending moments of tlivisions of time such as tithis, when referred to sun- rise, differ at different places. For instance, the tithi Bhadrapada sukla purnima (j<r rt/'d?t'<- ^/r/.jo) ended at Poona at 8 gh. 11 pa. after sunrise, or about 9.16 a.m. At a place where the sun rose I gh. earlier than it does at Poona the tithi would evidently have ended one ghatika later, or at 9 gh. 1 1 pa. after sunrise, or at about 9.40 a.ni. On the other hand, at a place where

1 Any asBci'lluiui or definitions by previous writers on Hindu Ckronolo)?y ut Aslnuuini} nmlrnry to tlir above (lefinilions onil eiainples are certainly crronrous, and due to misapprehcrnsioii. [S. B. D.]

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 19

the sun rose i gh. later than at Poona tlic tithi would have ended when 7 gh. i i pa. had elapsed since the sunrise at that place, or at about 8.52 a.m.

35. For this reason the expunction and repetition of tithis often differs in different local- ities. Thus the nakshatra Pijrvashadha [see pahchahg extract Art. ;^o) was 58 gh. 1 1 pa. ' at Poona on Sunday, .sukla loth. At a place which is on the same parallel of latitude, but 12 degrees eastward, the sun rises 2 gh. earlier than at Poona, and there this nakshatra ended (58 gh. II pa. -(-2 gh — ) 60 gh. II pa. after sunrise on Sunday, that is at 11 pa. after sunrise on Monday. It therefore touches three natural days, and therefore it (Purvashadha) is repeated, whereas at Poona it is Uttarashadha which is repeated. On the other hand, the nakshatra Magha on Krishna 13th was 3 gh. 4 pa., and Purva-phalguni was(3 gh. 4 pa. -(- 56gh. - 5 i pa. =) 59 bh- 55 P^- *t Poona. At a place which has the same latitude as Poona, but is situated even at so short a distance as i degree to the east, the nakshatra Purva-phalguni ended 60 gh. 5 pa after sunrise on Thursday, that is 5 pa. after sunrise on Friday ; and therefore there will be no kshaya of that nakshatra at that place, but the following nakshatra Uttara phalguni will be expunged there.

16. True or apparent, and mean, time. The sun, or more strictly the earth in its orbit, travels, not in the plane of the equator, but in that of the ecliptic, and with a motion which varies every day ; the length of the day, therefore, is not always the same even on the equator. But for calculating the motions of the heavenly bodies it is evidently convenient to have a day of uniform length, and for this reason astronomers, with a view of obtaining a convenient and uniform measure of time, have had recourse to a mean solar day, the length of which is equal to the mean or average of all the apparent solar days in the year. An imaginary sun, called the mean sun, is conceived to move uniformly in the equator with the mean angular velocity of the true sun. The days marked by this mean sun will all be equal, and the interval between two successive risings of the mean sun on the equator is the duration of the mean solar day, viz., 24 hours or 60 ghatikas. The time shown by the true sun is called true or apparent time, and the time shown by the mean sun is known as mean time. Clocks and watches, whose hands move, at least in theory, with uniform velocity, evidently give us mean time. With European astronomers "mean noon" is the moment when the mean sun is on the meridian; and the "mean time" at any in.stant is the hour angle of the mean sun reckoned westward from o h. to 24 h., mean noon being o h. for astronomical purposes.

Indian astronomers count the day from sunrise, to sunrise, and give, at least in theory, the ending moments of tithis in time reckoned from actual or true sunrise. The true or apparent time of a place, therefore, in regard to the Indian paiichaiig, is the time counted from true [i.e., actual) sunrise at that place. For several reasons it is convenient to take mean sunrise on the equator under any given meridian to be the mean sunrise at all places under the same merid- ian. The mean sunrise at any place is calculated as taking place at o gh. or o h. — roughl)- 6 a.m. in European civil reckoning; and the mean time of a place is the time counted from O gh. or o h.

The moment of true sunrise is of course not always the same at all places, but varies with the latitude and longitude. Even at the same place it varies with the declination of the sun, which

1 Instead of writing at full length that such and such a tithi "ends at so many ghatikila after suni'ise", Indian astronomers say for brevity that the tithi "is so many ghatikls". The phrase is 30 used in the te.\t in this sense.

- In the case of kshayas in the j)aiich&ng extract the ghatikds of expunged tithis etc., are to be counted after the end of the previons tithi etc. In some panchdiigs the ghatikus from sunrise — 59 gh. 55pa. in the pi-escnt instance— are given.

JO THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

varies every day of the year. And at any given place, and on any given day of the year, it is not the same for all years. The calculation, therefore, of the exact moment of true sunrise at any place is very complicated —too complicated to be given in this work, ' the aim of which is extreme simplicity and readiness of calculation, and therefore mean time at the meridian of . Ujjain - or Lanka is used throughout what follows.

All ending moments of tithis calculated by our method C (Arts, ijp to i6o) are in Ujjain mean time; and to convert Ujjain mean time into that of any other given place the difference of longitude in time— 4 minutes (10 palas) to a degree — should be added or subtracted according as the place is east or west of Ujjain. Table XI. gives the differences of longitude in time for some of the most important places of India.

The difference between the mean and apparent (true) time of any place in India at the present day varies from Jiil (in March and October) to 26 minutes (in January and June) in the extreme southern parts of the peninsular. It is nowhere more than 65 minutes.

37. Basis of calculation for the Tables. All calculations made in this work in accordance with luni-solar reckoning are based on the Surya-Siddhanta, and those for solar reckoning on the Sitrya and Arya Siddhantas. The elements of the other authorities being somewhat different, the ending moments of tithis etc., or the times of sankrantis as calculated by them may sometimes differ from results obtained by this work; and it must never be forgotten that, when checking the date of a document or record which lays down, for instance, that on a certain week-day there fell a certain tithi, nakshatra, or yoga, we can only be sure of accuracy in our results if we can ascertain the actual Siddhanta or other authority used by the author of the calendar which the drafter of the document consulted. Prof. Jacobi has given Tables for several of the principal Siddluiutas in the Epigraphica Indica [Vol. If., pp. 4.03 et seq.), and these may be used whenever a doubt exists on the point.

Although all possible precautions have been taken, there, must also be a slight element of uncertainty in the results of a calculation made by our Tables owing to the difference between mean and apparent time, independently of that arising from the use of different authorities. Owing to these two defects it is necessary sometimes to be cautious. If by any calculation it is found that a certain tithi, nakshatra. yoga, or karana ended nearly at the close of a solar day — as, for example, 55 ghatikas after mean sunrise on a Sunday, i.e., 5 ghatikas before sunrise on the Monday — it is possible that it really ended shortly after true sunrise on the Monday. And, similarly, if the results shew that a certain tithi ended shortly after the commencement of a solar day,— for instance, 5 ghatikas after mean sunrise on a Sunday. — it is possible that it really ended shortly before the true termination of the preceding day, Saturday.

1 Since this work was in the Press, Professor Jacobi lias imblishcd in the Epit/raphia Indica (Vol. 11, pp. 487 — 498)a ti-eatise with tables for the calculation of Hindu dates in true local time, to which we refer our readers.

2 Here Lanka is not Ceylon, but a place supposed to be on the equator, or in lat. 0° 0' 0" on the meridian of Vjjain, or longitude 75° 40'. It is of great imiiortauee to know the exact east longitude of Ujjain, since upon it depends the verification of apparent phenomena throughout India. Calculation by the different Siddhftntas can be checked by the best European science if that point can be certainly determined. The great Trigonometical Survey map makes the centre of the city 75° 49' 45' E. long, and 23° 11' 10" N. lat. But this is subject to tivo corrections; first, a correction of 1' 9" to reduce the longitude to the origin of the Madras Observatory taken as 80° 17' 21", and secondly, a farther reduction of 2' 30" to reduce it to the latest value, 80° 14' 51". of that Observatory, total 3' 39". This reduces the K. long, of the centre of Ujjain city to 75° 46' 06". I take it therefore, that amidst conflicting authorities, the best of whom vary from 7.")° 43' to 75° 51', we may for the present accept 75° 46' as the nearest approach to the truth. The accuracy of the base, the Observatory of Madras, will before long be again tested, and whatever dillereucc is found to exist between the new fixture and 8(1° 14' 51", Ihal difference applied to 75° 46' will give the correct value of the E. long, we require. [R. S.j

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 21

Five ghatikis is not the exact limit, nor of course the fixed limit. The period varies from nil to about five ghatikas, rarely more in the case of tithis, nakshatras, and karanas; but in the case of yogas it will sometimes reach seven ghatikas.

Calculations made by our method C will result in the finding of a " tithi indc.v " (A), or a nakshatra or yoga-index («. or j'.), all of which will be explained further on ; but it may be stated in this connection that when at any ascertained mean sunrise it is found that the resulting index is within 30 of the ending index of the tithi, [Table VIII., col. j), nakshatra or karana {id. col. S, p, 10), or within 50 of the ending index of a yoga {id. col. ij), it is possible that the result may be one day wrong, as explained above. The results arrived at by our Tables, however, may be safely reHed on for all ordinary purposes.

38. Nakshatras There are certain conspicuous stars or groups of stars in the moon's observed path in the heavens, and from a very remote age these have attracted attention. They are called in Sanskrit "Nakshatras". They were known to the Chaldceans and to the ancient Indian Aryas. Roughly speaking the moon makes one revolution among the stars in about 27 days, and this no doubt led to the number ^ of nakshatras being limited to 27.

The distance between the chief stars, called yoga-taras, of the different nakshatras is not uniform. Naturally it should be 13° 20', but, in some cases it is less than 7", while in others it is more than 20°. It is probable that in ancient times the moon's place was fixed merely by stating that she was near a particular named nakshatra (star) on a certain night, or on a certain occasion. Afterwards it was found necessary to make regular divisions of the moon's path in her orbit, for the sake of calculating and foretelling her position; and hence the natural division of the ecliptic, consisting of twenty-seven equal parts, came into use, and each of these parts was called after a separate nakshatra {see Art. 8). The starry nakshatras, however, being always in view and familiar for many centuries, could not be dispensed with, and therefore a second and unequal division was resorted to. Thus two systems of nakshatras came into use. One we call the ordinary or equal- space system, the othei' the unequal-space system. The names of the twenty-seven stellar nakshatras are given to both sets. In the equal-space system each nakshatra has 13° 20' of space, and when the sun, the moon, or a planet is between 0°, i.e., no degrees, and 1 3° 20' in longit ide it is said to be in the first nakshatra Asvini, and so on. The unequal-space system is of two kinds. One is described by Garga and others, and is called here the "Garga system." According to it fifteen of the nakshatras are held to be of equal average (mean) length — i.e., 13° 20', — but six measure one and-a-half times the average — i.e., 20", and six others only half the average, viz., 6° 40'. The other system is described by Brahmagupta and others, and therefore we call it the " Brahma-Siddhanta " system. In its leading feature it is the same with Garga's system, but it differs a little from Garga's in introducing Abhijit in addition to the twenty-seven ordinary nakshatras. The moon's daily mean motion, — 13 degrees, 10 minutes, 35 seconds, — is taken as the average space of a nakshatra. And as the total of the spaces thus allotted to the usual twenty-seven nakshatras, on a similar arrangement of unequal spaces, amounts to only 355 degrees, 45 minutes, 45 seconds, the remainder, — 4 degrees, 14 minutes, 15 seconds, — is allotted to Abhijit, as an additional nakshatra placed between Uttara-Ashadha and Sravana.

The longitude of the ending points of all the nakshatras according to these three systems

1 The mean length of the moon's revolution among the stars is 27.32166 days (27-321671 according to \.\i<: Siirya Siddhdnla). Its least duration is 27 days, 4 hoars, and the jrreatest about 7 hours longer. The number of days is thus between 27 and 2S, and therefore the number of n.ilishatriis was sometimes taken as 28 by the aucicnt Indian Aryiis. Tlic extra nakshaira is called Abliijit {See Table Fill., cot. 7.) [S. B. B.]

22 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

is given below. The entries of "I/2" and "1 1/2" in subcolumn 3 mark the variation in length from the average.

The nakshatras by any of these systems, for all years between 300 and 1900 A. D., can be calculated by our Tables (sec method "C", Arts, ijp to 160). The indices for them, adapted to our Tables, are given in Table VIII., cols. 8, 9, 10.

The ordinary or equal-space system of nakshatras is in general use at the present day, the un- equal-space systems having almost dropped out of use. They were, however, undoubtedly prevalent to a great extent in early times, and they were constantly made use of on important religious occasions. ^

Longtitudes of the Ending-points of the Nakshatras.

Oi-dcr of the Nakshatras.

S_vst«m of Equal Spaces.

Systems of Unequal Spaces.

Garga System.

Brahma-SiddMnta System.

Asvini

Bharaiii

Krittika

RohiiiS

Mriuasiras

Ardr&

Punarvasu

Pushya

Aslesha

Magha

Pnrva-Phalguni .... Uttara-Phalguni . . .

Hasta

Chitra

Svati

VisSkha

Anuradha

Jyeshtha

Mflla'

Pflrva-Ashadha .... Uttara-Ashadha ....

(Abhijil)

Sravapa

Dhanishtha or Sravishthu SataU'iraka or Satabhishaj Pflrvn Bhadi-apada . . . Uttnra-Bhadrapadfi . . . Revati

13° 26 40 53 66 80 93 106 120 133 146 160 173 186 200 213 226 240 253

293 306 320 333 346 3G0

Min. 20' 40

0 20 40

0 20 40

0 20 40

0 20 40

0 20 40

0 20 40

0

20 40

0 20 40

0

'/a I'/j

'/2 l'/5

I'/i

(Balance)

1'/d

Deg.

13°

20

33

53

66

73

93 106 113 126 140 160 173 186 193 213 226 233 246

293 306 313 326 346 360

Sec. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

19 32 52 65 72 92 105 111 125 138 158 171 184 191 210 223 230 243 256 276 280 294 307 313 327 34fi 360

Miu. Sec.

10' 35"

45 52'/2

56 27'/j

42 20

52 55

28 12';2 14 5

24 40

59 57'/:

10 32';: 21 Vh

7 0

17 35

28 10

3 27V:

49 20

59 55

35 12';2

45 47V-

56 22'/:

42 15

17 40

52 57V3

3 32'h

49 25

39. Auspicious Yogas. Besides the 27 yogas described above {^Art. p), and quite different from them, there are in the Indian Calendar certain conjunctions, also called yoi^as, which only occur when certain conditions, as, for instance, the conjunction of certain varas and nakshatras, or varas and tithis, are fulfilled. Thus, when the nakshatra Hasta falls on a Sunday there occurs

1 These systems of uakshatras arc more fully described by of the Ind. Ant,, (p. 2 ff.) [S. B. D.l

in relation to ihc "twelve year cycle of Jupiter" in Vol. XVU.

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 23

an amrita siddhiyoga. In the paiichang extract {Art. ^d) given above there is a.n awrita sidd/eij'oga on the 2nd, 5th and i8th of September. It is considered an auspicious yoga, while some yogas are inauspicious.

40. Karanas. A karana being half a tithi, there are 60 karanas in a lunar month. There are seven karanas in a series of eight cycles — total 56 — every month, from the second half of sukla pratipada (ist) up to the end of the first half of krishna chaturdasi (14th). The other four karanas are respectively from the seconil half of krishna chaturdasi (14th) to the end of the first half of sukla pratipada. '

Table VIII., col. 4, gives the serial numbers and names of karanas for the first half, and col. 5 for the second half, of each tithi.

40«. Eclipses. Eclipses of the sun and moon play an important part in inscriptions, since, according to ancient Indian ideas, the value of a royal grant was greatly enhanced by its being made on the occasion of such a phenomenon ; and thus it often becomes essential that the moments of their occurrence should be accurately ascertained. The inscription mentions a date, and an eclipse as occurring on that date. Obviously we shall be greatly assisted in the determination of the genuineness of the inscription if we can find out whether such was actually the case. Up to the present the best list of eclipses procurable has been that published by Oppolzer in his '^ Canon der Finsternisse" (Dejikschriften der Kaiserl. Akadoitie der Wisscnscliaften. Vienna, Vo/. LI I.), but this concerns the whole of our globe, not merely a portion like India; the standard meridian is that of Greenwich, requiring correction for longitude ; and the accompanying maps are on too small a scale to be useful e.\cept as affording an approximation from which details can be worked out. Our object is to save our readers from the necessity of working out such complicated problems. Prof. Jacobi's Tables in the Indian Antiquary {Wo\. XVll.) and Epigrap/iia Indica (Vol. II.) afford considerable help, but do not entirely meet the requirements of the situation. Dr. Schram's contribution to this volume, and the lists prepared by him, give the dates of all eclipses in India and the amount of obscuration observable at any place. His article speaks for itself, but we think it will be well be add a few notes.

Prof. Jacobi writes (Epig. Ind., II., p. 422): — "The eclipses mentioned in inscriptions are not always actually observed eclipses, but calculated ones. My reasons for this opinion are the following : Firstly, eclipses are auspicious moments, when donations, such as are usually recorded in inscriptions, are particularly meritorious. They were therefore probably selected for such occasions, and must accordingly have been calculated beforehand. No doubt they were entered in panchangs or almanacs in former times as they are now. Secondly, even larger eclipses of the sun, up to seven digits, pass unobserved by common people, and smaller ones are only visible under favourable circumstances. Thirdly, the Hindus place implicit trust in their Sastras, and would not think it necessary to test their calculations by actual observation. The writers of inscriptions would therefore mention an eclipse if they found one predicted in their almanacs." Our general Table will occasionally be found of use. Thus a lunar eclipse can only occur at the time of full moon (pi'irnima), and can only be visible when the moon is above the horizon at the place of the observer; so that when the purnima is found by our Tables to occur dur- ing most part of the daytime there can be no visible eclipse. But it is possibly visible if the purnima is found, on any given meridian, to end within 4 ghatikas after sunrise, or within 4 ghatikas before sunset. A solar eclipse occurs only on an amavasya or new moon day. If

• According to the Siirya-Siddhdnta the four karauas are Sakuiii, Naga. Chatushparla and KiihstnKhna, but we have foUoned thf present practice of Westeni India, which is supported by Var&hamihira and Brahmagupta.

24 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

the amavasya ends between sunset and sunrise it is not visible. If it ends between sunrise and sunset it may be visible, but not of course always.

41. Lunar mo7iths and their names. The usual modern system of naming lunar months is given above (Art. 14), and the names in use will be found in Tables II. and III. In early times, however, the months were known by another set of names, which are given below, side by side with those by which they are at present known.

Ancient names. Modern names. Ancient names. .Modern names.

1. Madhu Chaitra 7. Isha Asvina

2. Madhava Vaisakha 8. Urja Karttika

3- Sukra Jyeshtha 9. Sahas Margasirsha

4- Suchi Ashadha 10. Sahasya Pausha

5 . Nabhas Sravana 1 1 . Tapas Magha

6. Nabhasya Bhadrapada 12. Tapasya Phalguna

The names "Madhu'" and others evidently refer to certain seasons and may be called season- names ' to distinguish them from " Chaitra " and those others which are derived from the nakshatras. The latter may be termed sidereal names or star-names. Season-names are now nowhere in use, but are often met with in Indian works on astronomy, and in Sanskrit literature generally.

The season-names of months are first met with in the mantra sections, or tlie Samhitas, of both the Yajur-Vedas, and are certainly earlier than the .sidereal names which are not found in the SamJiitirs of any of the Vedas, but only in some of the Bralimanas, and even there but seldom. -

42. The sidereal names "Chaitra", etc., are originally derived from the names of the nakshatras. The moon in her revolution passes about twelve times completely through the twenty-seven starry nakshatras in the course of the year, and of necessity is at the full while close to some of them. The full-moon tithi (purniina), on which the moon became full when near the nakshatra Chitra, was called Chaitri; and the lunar month which contained the Chaitri puniima was called Chaitra and so on.

43. But the stars or groups of stars which give their names to the months are not at equal distances from one another; and as this circumstance, — together with the phenomenon of the moon's apparent varying daily motion, and the fact that her synodic differs from her sidereal revolution — prevents the moon from becoming full year after year in the same nakshatra, it was natural that, while the twenty-seven nakshatras were allotted to the twelve months, the months themselves should be named by taking the nakshatras more or less alternately. The nakshatras thus allotted to each month are given on the next page.

44. It is clear that this practice, though it was natural in its origin and though it was ingeniously modified in later years, must often have occasioned considerable confusion; and so we find that the months gradually ceased to have their names regulated according to the conjunction of full moons and nakshatras, and were habitually named after the solar montlis in which they occurred. This change began to take place abjut 1400 B. C., the time of the

1 Madhu is "honey", "Bweet spring". Mddhava. "the sweet one". Sukra and Suehi both mean "bright". iVoiAo*, the rainy season. Nabhasya, "vapoury", "rainy", hh or hha, •'draneht"or "refreshment", "fertile". Urj, "strength", "vigour". Sahat "strength". Sahatya "strong". 7'aj>as "pcnoucc", "mortification", "pain", "fire". Tnpasya, "produced by heat", "pain". All are Vedic words.

2 In my opinion the sidereal names "Chaitra" and the rest, came into use about 2000 U. C They are certainly not later than 1500 B.C., and not earlier than 4000 B.C. [S. B D.]

THE HfNDU CALENDAR.

25

VcdaUga-jyotisha; and from the time when the zodiacal-sign-names, "Mesha" and the rest, came into use till the present day, the general rule has been that that amanta lunar month in which the Mesha sankranti occurs, is called Chaitra, and the rest in succession.

Derivation of the Names of the Lunar Months from the Nakshatras.

Names and Grouping of the Nakshatras.

Names of the .Months.

Krittiki; Rohiui

Kftrttika.

M&rgasirsba.

Pansba.

Magba.

Phalguna.

Chaitra.

Vaisukha.

Pflrva-Phalguni; Uttara-Phalguni ; JIasta

ChitrS; Sv6ti . ...

Visakhfi; Anuradhfi

Jyeshtha; Mula

Jyeshtha.

Asbfidha.

Sravaoa.

Bh4drapada

Asvina.

Pui-va-AshWha; Uttara-Ashadhu; (Abhijit)

(Abhijit); Sravapa' Dhanishthfi .

SatatArakd; Pilrva-13hadnipad4; Uttara-Bhadi-apada

Revati; Asvim; Bharaoi

45. Adiiika and' kshaya mdsas. It will be seen from Art. 24 that the mean length of a solar month is 'greater by about nine-tenths of a day than that of a lunar month, and that the true length of a solar month, according to the Sitrya-Siddhanta, varies from 29 d. 7 h. 38 m. to 31 d. I5h. 28 m. Now the moon's synodic motion, viz., her motion relative to the sun, is also irregular, and consequently all the lunar months vary in length. The variation is approximately from 29 d. 7 h. 20 m. to 29 d. 19 h. 30 m., and thus it is clear that in a lunar month there will often be no solar sankranti, and occasionally, though rarely, two. This will be best understood by the following table and explanation. (See p. 26.)

We will suppose (see the left side of the diagram, cols. 1,2.) that the sun entered the sign Mesha, — that is, that the Mesha sankranti took place, and therefore the solar month Mesha commenced, — shortly before the end of an amanta lunar month, which was accordingly named " Chaitra " in con- formity with the above rule (Art. 14. or ^.f) ; that the length of the solar month Mesha was greater than that of the following lunar month; and that the sun therefore stood in the same sign during the whole of that lunar month, entering the sign Vrishabha shortly after the beginning of the third lunar month, which was consequently named Vaisakha because the Vrishabha sankranti took place, and the solar month Vrishabha commenced, in it, — the Vrishabha sankranti being the one next following the Mesha sankranti. Ordinarily there is one sankranti in each lunar month, but in the present instance there was no sankranti whatever in the second lunar month lying between Chaitra and Vai.sakha.

The lunar month in which there is no saiikranti is called an (?()'/i'//('rt (added or intercalated) month ; while the month which is not adhika, but is a natural month because a sankranti actuall>- occurred in it, is called iiija, i.e., true or regular month. ' We thus have an added month between natural Chaitra and natural Vai.sakha.

1 Professor Kielhorn is satisfied that the terms adhika and nija are quite modern, the nomenclature usually adopted in docu- ment3 and inscriptions earlier then the present century being prathama (first) and dvitii/d (second). He alluded to this in hid. Ant., XX., p. 411. [R. S]

26

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

The next peculiarity is that when there are two saiikrantis in a lunar month there is a kshaya masa, or a complete expunction of a month. Suppose, for instance, that the Vrischika sankranti took place shortly after the beginning of the amanta lunar month Karttika {see the lower half of the diagram col. 2) ; that in the next lunar month the Dhanus-saiikranti took place

Amdnla lunar months.

Solar months; sahltrdnti to sankranti.

Fortnights.

Purnimdnla lunar months. '

By one system.

1 By anot/ter 1 system.

1

2

3

4

5

Chaitra. ■'

— Mesha sankranti

■2 ^

— Vrishabha saiikranli

(Several mout — Vrischika sankrSnti

— Uhaniis sankranti

— Jlakara sankranti ' \ 1 \

— Kumbha sankranti '

j Sukla

1/2 Chaitra

1/2 Chaitra

1 Krishna

Vaisakha

i First Vaisakha

Adhika , Vaisakha

' Sukla

Adhika Vaisikha

Krishna

1

Second Vaisakha

Nija Vaisftkha

Sukla ,

Vaisakha

Krishna 1

1/2 Jycshtha

1/3 Jyeshtha

Karttika '

Its are omitted here.)

Sukla f 1/0 Kfirttika

1/2 Karttika

Krishna )

MSrgasirsha

MSrgasirsha

Mai'gasirsha i

(Vauslia I

suppressed) 1

Sukla

Krishna )

(I'ausha ^ suppressed) 1 Mflgha

CPaiisha

suppressed)

MAgba

.Magha 1

Sukla

Krishna i

1'2 Phfilguna 1

I'o Phalguna

shortly after it began, and the Makara-sankranti shortly before it ended, so that there were two saiikrantis in it; and that in the third month the Kumbha-sankranti took place before the end of it. The lunar month in which the Kumbha-sankranti occurred is naturally the month Magha. Thus between the natural Karttika and the natural Magha there was only one lunar month iiistead of two, and consequently one is said to be expunged.

46. Thcr'r itai/tcs. It will be seen that the general brief rule (.-Irt. ././) for naming lunar months is altogether wanting in many respects, and therefore rules had to be framed to meet the emergency. But different rules were framed by different teachers, and so arose a difference in practice. The rule followed at present is given in the following verse.

Mniadistho Ravir ycshaiii arai'iibha-prathatnc kshane \ bhavct tc 'Mc Chandra iiiasii.i chaitradya dvadasa smritah."

1 The scheme of pirnim&nta months and t!ie rule for naming the intcrciilnted months knonn lo have been in osi- from the 12th century A.D., arc followed in this diogi-am.

THE iriNnu calendar. 27

"The twelve lunar months, at whose first moment the sun stands in Mina and the following [signs], are called Chaitra, and the others (in succession]."

According to this rule the added month in the above example (,Art. /j) will be named Vaisakha, since the sun was in Mesha when it began; and in the example of the expunged month the month between the natural Karttika and the natural Magha will be named Margasirsha, because the sun was in Vrischika when it commenced, and Pausha will be considered as expunged.

This rule is given in a work named Kalatatva-vlvechana, and is attributed to the sage Vyasa. The celebrated astronomer Bhaskaracharya (A. D. 1 1 50) seems to have followed the same rule, ' and it must thersfore have been in use at least as early as the 1 2th century A. D. As it is the general rule obtaining through most part of India in the present day we have followed it in this work.

There is another rule which is referred to in some astronomical and other works, and is attributed to the Brahma-Siddhanta. - It is as follows :

" Meshadisthe Savitari yo yo niasah prapuryate chandrak \ Chaitradyah sa jiieyah picrtid- vitve 'dhimaso 'ntyah." \\

"That lunar month which is completed when the sun is in [the sign] Mesha etc., is to be known as Chaitra, etc. [respectively] ; when there are two completions, the latter (of them] is an added month."

It will be seen from the Table given above (p. 26) that for the names of ordinary months both rules are the same, but that they differ in the case of added and suppressed months. The added month between natural Chaitra and natural Vaisakha, in the example in Art. ./j, having ended when the sun was in Mesha, would be named "Chaitra" by this second rule, but "Vai- sakha" by the first rule, because it commenced when the sun was in Mesha. Again, the month between natural Karttika and natural Magha, in the example of an expunged month, having ended when the sun was in Makara, would be named "Pausha" by this second rule, and conse- quently Margasirsha would be expunged; while by the first rule it would be named " Margasirsha " since it commenced when the sun was in Vrischika, and Pausha would be the expunged month. It will be noticed, of course, that the difference is only in name and not in the period added or suppressed. ^ Both these rules should be carefully borne in mind when studying inscriptions or records earlier than i lOO A. D.

47. Their determination according to true an d inea?i systems. It must be noted with regard to the intercalation and suppression of months, that whereas at present these are regulated by the sun's and moon's apparent motion, — in other words, by the apparent length of the solar and lunar months — and though this practice has been in use at least from A. D. 1 100 and was followed by Bhaskaracharya, there is evidence to show that in earlier times they were regulated by the mean length of months. It was at the epoch of the celebrated astronomer Sripati, * or about A. D. 1040, that the change of practice took place, as evidenced by the following passage in his Siddhanta Sekhara, (quoted in the Jyotisha-darpaiia, in A. D. 1557-)

1 Sec his Siddlidnta-Siromani, madhyamddhihara, adhimdsanirtiatja, verse 6, and his own commentan' on it. [S. B. D.]

2 It is not to be found in either of the Brahma-Siddhdntas referred to above, but there is a third Brahma-Siddhftnta which I have not seen as yet. [S. B. D.j

3 In Prof. Chattre's list of added and suppressed mouths, in th()^c published in Mr. Cowasjcc Patells' Chronology, and in Genei'al Sir A. Cunningham's Indian Eras it is often noted that the same mouth is both added and suppressed. But it is clear from the above rules and definitions that this is impossible. K month cannot be both added and suppressed at the same time. The mistake arose probably from resort being made to the firet rule for naming adhika months, and to the second for the suppressed months.

* Thanks are due to Mr. Mahadco Chiiiipiji Apte. B.A., L.L.B., very recently deceased, the founder of the Anand&srama at Poona, for his discovery of a part of Sripati's Karaiia named the Bhikoiida, from which I got Sripati's date. I find that it was written in Saka 961 expired (A.D. 1039-40). [S. B. D.]

28 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

Madhyama-Ravi-sahkranti-pravesa-rahito bhaved adkikak Madhyas Chandra maso madhyadhika-lakshanani cliaitat\ Vidvaihsas-ti'-acharya tiirasya madhyadhikam masani Kuryiih sphuta-manena hi yato 'dliikah spashta eva syat. ||

"The lunar month which has no mean sun's entrance into a sign shall be a mean intercal- ated month. This is the definition of a mean added month. The learned Acharyas should leave off I using] the mean added months, and should go by apparent reckoning, by which the added month would be apparent (true)."

It is clear, therefore, that mean intercalations were in use up to Sripatis time. In the Vc- dahga Jyotisha only the mean motions of the sun and moon are taken into account, and it may therefore be assumed that at that time the practice of regulating added and suppressed months by apparent motions was unknown. These apparent motions of the sun and moon are treated of in the astronomical Siddhantas at present in use, and so far as is known the present system of astronomy came into force in India not later than 400 A. D. ' But on the other hand, the method of calculating the ahargana (a most important matter), and of calculating the places of planets, given in the Surya and other Siddhantas, is of such a nature that it seems only natural to suppose that the system of mean intercalations obtained for many centuries after the present system of astronomy came into force, and thus we find Sripati's utterance quoted in an astronomical work of the 1 5th century. There can be no suppression of the month by the mean system, for the mean length of a solar month is longer than that of a mean lunar month, and therefore two mean sahkrantis cannot take place in a mean lunar month.

The date of the adoption of the true (apparent) system of calculating added and suppressed months is not definitely known. Bhaskaracharya speaks of suppressed months, and it seems from his work that mean intercalations were not known in his time (A. D. 11 50.) We have therefore in our Tables given mean added months up to A. U. iioo. and true added and sup- pressed months for the whole period covered by our Tables. -

48. For students more familiar with solar reckoning we will give the rules for the intercala- tion and suppression of months in another form. Ordinarily one lunar month ends in each solar month. When two lunar months end in a solar month the latter of the two is said to be an adhika (added or intercalated) month, and by the present practice it receives the name of the following natural lunar month, but with the prefix adhika. Thus in the Table on p. 25, two lunar months end during the solar month Mesha, the second of which is adhika and receives, by the present practice, the name of the following natural lunar month. V'ai.sakha. When no lunar month ends in a solar month there is a kshaya niasa, or expunged or suppressed month; i.e., the name of one lunar month is altogether dropped, viz., by the present practice, the one following that which would be derived from the solar month. Thus, in the Table above, no lunar month ends in the solar month Dhanus. IMarga.sirsha is the name of the month in which the Dhanus saiikranti occurs; the name Pausha is therefore expunged.

The rule for naming natural lunar months, and the definition of, and rule for naming, added

' Up to rcccntlj tlie diitc was (•(insidcred to be iibuul llii- fith icnlurj- A.D. l)r TUibaut, oni- of the highest living authorities on Indian Astronomy, fixes it at 400 A.D. (Sc« his edition of the Pa/ur/ia Siddhdntikii Introd., p LX.). My own opinion is that it came into existence not later than the 2nd oentiiry 13 C. [S. B. D ]

* I am inclined to believe that of the two rules for naming lunar mouths the second was connected with the mean system of added months, and that the first came into existcnee with the adoption of the tni<' system But I am nut as yet in possession of any cvidcuec on the point. See, however, the note to Art. 61 below. [S. B. D.]

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 29

and suppressed months, may be summed up as follows. That amanta lunar month in whicii the Mesha sankranti occurs is called Chaitra, and the rest in succession. That amanta lunar month in which there is no sankranti is adhika and receives the name (i) of the preceding natural lunar month by the old Brahma-Siddhanta rule, (2) of the following natural lunar month by the present rule. When there are two sahkrantis in one amanta lunar month, the name which would be derived from the first is dropped by the old Brahma-Siddhanta rule, the name which would be derived from the second is dropped by the present rule.

49. Different results by different Siddhantas. The use of different Siddhantas will some- times create a difference in the month to be intercalated or suppressed, but only when a san- kranti takes place very close ' to the end of the amavasya. Such cases will be rare. Our calculations for added and suppressed months have been made by the Siirya-Siddhanta, and to assist investigation we have been at the pains to ascertain and particularize the exact moments (given in tithi-indices, and tithis and decimals) of the sankrantis preceding and succeeding an added or suppressed month, from which it can be readily seen if there be a probability of any divergence in results if a different Siddhanta be used. The Special Tables published by Professor Jacobi in the Epigraphia Indica (Vol., II., pp. 403 ff. ) must not be relied on for calculations of added and suppressed months of Siddhantas other than the Snrya-Siddkanta. If a different Siddhanta happened to have been used by the original computor of the given Hindu date, and if such date is near to or actually in an added or suppressed month according to our Table I., it is possible that the result as worked out by our Tables may be a whole month wrong. Our mean intercalations from A. D. 300 to 11 00 are the same by the original Surya- Siddhanta, the present Siirya-Siddlianta, and the first Arya-Siddhanta.

50. Sotne pcadiarities. Certain points are worth noticing in connection with our calcula- tions of the added and suppressed months for the 1600 years from A. D. 300 to 1900 according to the SHrya-Siddhaftta.

{a) Intercalations occur generally in the 3rd, 5th, 8th, 1 ith. 14th, i6th and 19th years of a cycle of 1 9 years, [b) A month becomes intercalary at an interval of 1 9 years over a certain period, and afterwards gives way generally to one of the months preceding it, but sometimes, though rarely, to the following one. (c) Out of the seven intercalary months of a cycle one or two are always changed in the ne.xt succeeding cycle, so that after a number of cycles the whole are replaced by others, [d) During our period of 1600 years the months Margasirsha, Pausha, and Magha are never intercalary, [e) The interval between years where a suppression of the month occurs is worth noticing. In the period covered by our Tables the first suppressed month is in A.D. 404, and the intervals are thus: 19,65, 38, 19, 19,46,19,141,122,19,141,141,65,19,19,19,19,46, 76, 46, 141, 141, and an unfinished period of 78 years. At first sight there seems no regularity, but closer examination shews that the periods group themselves into three classes, viz., (i.) 19, 38, 76; (ii.) 141; and (iii.) 122,65 a"<i 4^ years; the first of which consists of 19 or its multiples, the second is a constant, and the third is the difference between (ii.) and (i.) or between 141 and- a multiple of 19. The unfinished period up to 1900 A.D. being 78 years, we are led by these peculiarities to suppose that there will be no suppressed month till at earliest (122 years =)

1 It is difficult to define the exact limit, because it varies with different Siddlidntas. and even for one Siddluinta it is not always the same. It is, however, generally not more than sis ghatikus, or about 33 of our tithi-indices (tj. But in the case of some Siddhdntas as corrected with a bija the difference may amount sometimes to as much as 20 ghatikfis. or 113 of our tithi-indices. It would be very rare to find any difference in true added months; but in the case of suppres-sed months we might expect some divergence, a month suppressed by one authority not being the same as that suppressed by another, or there being no suppression at all by the latter in some cases. Differences in mean added months would be very rare, except in the case of the Brahma-SiddMnia, (See Arl. i'i.J

30 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

A.D. 1944, and possibly not till (141 years =) A.D. 1963. ' (</) Magha is only once suppressed in Saka 1398 current, Marg.is'irslia is suppressed six times, and I'ausha 18 times. Xo other month is suppressed.

Bhaskaracharya lays down - that Karttika, Margasirsha and Pausha only arc liable to be suppressed, but this seems applicable only to the Bralima-Siddhanta of which Bhaskaracharya was a follower. He further states, "there was a suppressed month in the Saka year 974 expired, and there will be one in Saka 11 15, 1256 and 1378 all expired", and this also seems applicable to the Bralima-Siddhaiita only. By the Surya-Siddlianta there were suppressed months in all these years except the last one, and there was an additional suppression in Saka 1180 expired.

Ganesa Daivaijfia, the famous author of the Gralialaghava (A.D. 1520), as quoted by his grandson, in his commentary on the Siddhanta-Siromani, says, "By the Siirya-Siddlianta there will be a suppressed month in Saka 1462, 1603, 1744, 1885,2026,2045,2148,2167,2232,2373, 2392, 2514, 2533, 2655, 2674, 2796 and 2815, and by the Arya-Siddhanta^ there will be one in 1481, 1763, 1904, 2129, 2186, 2251 (all expired)." The first four by Siirya calculations agree with our results.

51. By the piirninianta scheme. Notwithstanding that the purnimanta scheme of months is and was in use in Northern India, the amanta scheme alone is recognized in the matter of the nomenclature and intercalation of lunar months and the commencement of the luni-solar year. The following is the method adopted — first, the ordinary rule of naming a month is applied to an amanta lunar month, and then, by the purnimanta scheme, the dark fortnight of it receives the name of the following month. The correspondence of amanta and purnimanta fortnights for a year is shown in Table II., Part i., and it will be observed that the bright fortnights have the same name by both schemes while the dark fortnights differ by a month, and thus the purnimanta scheme is always a fortnight in advance of the amanta scheme.

The sankrantis take place in definite amanta lunar months, thus the Makara-sahkranti invariably takes place in amanta Pausha, and in no other month ; but when it takes place in the krishna- paksha of amanta Pausha it falls in purnimanta Magha, because that fortnight is said to belong to Magha by the purnimanta scheme. If, however, it takes place in the sukla paksha, the month is Pausha by both schemes. Thus the Makara-sankranti, though according to the amanta scheme it can only fall in Pausha, may take place either in Pausha or Magha by the purnimanta scheme; and so with the rest.

The following rules govern purnimanta intercalations. Months are intercalated at first as if there were no purnimanta scheme, and afterwards the dark fortnight preceding the intercalated month receives, as usual, the name of the month to which the following natural bright fortnight belongs, and therefore the intercalated month also receives that name. Thus, in the example given above {Art. ^5), intercalated amanta Vaisakha (as named by the first rule) lies between natural amanta Chaitra and natural amanta Vaisakha. But by the purnimanta scheme the dark half 'of natural amanta Chaitra acquires the name of natural Vai.sakha; then follow the two fortnights of adhika Vai.sakha; and after them comes the bright half of the (nija) natural purnimanta

1 ThiK relation of intervals is a distinct assistaurc tu calciilntion, as it shuiilj lead us to luuk with stispiriou on any su|)|)rcssiou of a month which docs not conform to it.

■ Sec the Siddhdnla-Siromam, Madhijamddhikira . Bhftskara wrote in Saka 1073 (A.D. 1150). Ho did not give the names of the 6U|>|>reii.scd niunths.

^ I have micctrlaincd that Gauesa has adopted in his Oralialdyhava sonic of the elements of the Ari/a-Siddhdnta as corrected br Lalla's bijii, and by |>ulling to test one of the years noted I lind that in these caleulalions also the Aryn-Siddhdnta as corrected by Ijtila's b!ja nas used. Onvesa was a most areurate calculator, and I feel certniu thai his resull.o can be depended u|>on. [S. B. D.]

THE HTXDU CALENDAR. .V

Vaisaklia. Thus it liippens that half of natural puniinianta Vaisakha comes before, and half after, the intercalated month. '

Of the four fortnights thus having the name of the same month the first two fortnights are sometimes called the "■First Vaiiak/ia," and the last two the "Second Vaisaklia."

It will be seen from Table II., Part i., that amanta Phalguna krishna is purnimanta Chaitra krishna. The year, however, does not begin then, but on the same day as the amanta month, i.e., with the new moon, or the beginning of the next bright fortnight.

Having discussed the lesser divisions of time, we now revert to the Hindu year. And, first, its beginning.

Years and Cycles.

52. The Hindu Nezv-year's Day. — In Indian astronomical works the year is considered to begin, if luni-solar, invariably with amanta Chaitra Sukla ist, — if solar with the Mesha saiikranti; and in almost all works mean Mesha sankranti is taken for convenience of calculations, very few works adopting the apparent or true one. At present in Bengal and the Tamil country, where solar reckoning is in use, the year, for religious and astronomical purposes, com- mences with the apparent Mesha-saiikranti, and the civil year with the first day of the month Mesha, as determined by the practice of the country (See above Art. 28). But since mean Mesha- saiikranti is taken as the commencement of the solar year in astronomical works, it is only reason- able to suppose that the year actually began with it in practice in earlier times, and we have to consider how long ago the practice ceased.

In a Karana named Bhasvati (A. D. 1099) the year commences with apparent Mesha saiikranti, and though it is dangerous to theorize from one work, we may at least quote it as shewing that the present practice was known as early as A. D. i lOO. This date coinciding fairly well with Sripati's injunction quoted above (Art. ^y) we think it fair to assume for the present that the practice of employing the mean Mesha sankranti for fi.xing the beginning of the year ceased about the same time as the practice of mean intercalary months.

The luni-solar Chaitradi ^ year commences, for certain religious and astrological purposes, with the first moment of the first tithi of Chaitra, or Chaitra sukla pratipada and this, of course, may fall at any time of the day or night, since it depends on the moment of new moon. But for the religious ceremonies connected with the beginning of a samvatsara (year), the sunrise of the day on which Chaitra sukla pratipada is current at sunrise is taken as the first or opening day of the year. When this tithi is current at sunrise on two days, as sometimes happens, the first, and when it is not current at any sunrise {i.e., when it is expunged) then the day on which it ends, is taken as the opening day. For astronomical purpo.ses the learned take any convenient

1 Such an anomaly with regard to the pftrpimfinta scheme could not occur if the two rules were applied, one that "that purpimant!) month in which the Mesha sankrilnti occurs is always called Chaitra, and so on in succession," and the other that " that pAruim&nta month in which no sankr&nti occuis is called an intercalated month." The rules were, I believe, in use in the sixth century AD. (Si'e mij remarh Ind. -Int., XX., p. iO f) But the added month under such rules would never agree with the amfinta added months. There would he from 14 to 17 months' diderence in the intercalated months between the two, and much inconvcuicuce would arise thereby. It is for this reason probably that the purpim&nta scheme is not recognised in naming months, and that pflr^i- manta months are named arbitrarily, as described in the first para, of Art. 51. This arbitrary rule was certainly in use in the 11th century A.D. (See Ind. Ant., rol. VI., p. 53, where the Makara-saiikrSnti is said to have taken place in Xldgha.^

After this arbitrary rule of naming the purnim&nta months once came into general use. it was iuipossible in Northern India to continue using the second, or Brahma-Siddhdnta, rule for naming the months. For in the example in ,/r<. 45 above the intercalated month would by that rule be named Chaitra, but if its preceding fortnight be a fortnight of VaisSkha it is obvious that the inter- calated month cannot be named Chaitra. In Southern India the pi"actice may have continued in use a little longer. [S. B. D.]

2 Chaitrddi, "beginning with Chaitra"; Kiirttikudi, '-beginning with KSrttika ; Meshudi, with Mesha; and so on.

32 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

moment, — such as mean sunrise, noon, sunset, or midnight, but generally the sunrise, — on or before Chaitra sukla pratipada, as their starting-point. ' Sometimes the beginning of the mean Chaitra sukla pratipada is so taken.

When Chaitra is intercalary there seems to be a difference of opinion whether the year in that case is to begin with the intercalated {adhika) or natural [nijd) Chaitra. For the purposes of our Table I. (cols. 19 to 25) we have taken the adhika Chaitra of the true system as the first month of the year.

But the year does not begin with Chaitra all over India. In Southern India and especially in Gujarat the years of the Vikrama era commence in the present day with Karttika sukla pratipada. In some parts of Kathiavad and Gujarat the Vikrama year commences with Ashadha sukla pratipada. - In a part of Ganjam and Orissa, the year begins on Bhadrapada sukla 1 2th. {Sec jmder Ohko reckoning, Art. 64.) The Amli year in Orissa begins on Bhadrapada sukla 12th. the Vilayati year, also in general use in Orissa, begins with the Kanya sahkranti ; and the Fasli year, which is luni-solar in Bengal, commences on purnimanta Asvina kri. ist (viz., 4 days later than the Vilayati).

In the South Malayajam country (Travancore and Cochin), and in Tinnevelly, the solar year of the KoUam era, or Kollam andu, begins with the month Chingam (Siriiha), and in the North Malayajam tract it begins with the month Kanni (Kanya). In parts of the Madras Presidency the Fasli year originally commenced on the ist of the solar month Adi (Karka), but by Govern- ment order about A.D. 1800 it was made to begin on the 1 3th of July, and recently it was altered again, so that now it begins on ist July. In parts of the Bombay Presidency the Fasli year begins when the sun enters the nakshatra Mrigasirsha, which takes place at present about the Sth or 6th o0une.

Alberuni mentions (A.D. 1030) a year commencing with Margasirsha as having been in use in Sindh, Multan, and Kanouj, as well as at Lahore and in that neighbourhood; also a year commencing with Bhadrapada in the vicinity of Kashmir. ' In the MaliabJiarata the names of the months are given in some places, commencing with Margasirsha. {Anusasana pama adhyayas 106 and locf). In the Vcdaiiga Jyotisha the year commences with Magha sukla pratipada.

53. The Sixty-year cycle of Jupiter. * In this reckoning the years are not known by numbers, but are named in succession from a list of 60 names, often known as the " Brihaspati samvatsara chakra," " the wheel or cycle of the years of Jupiter. Each of these years is called a "samvatsara." The word " samvatsara " generally means a year, but in the case of this cycle the year is not equal to a solar year. It is regulated by Jupiter's mean motion; and a Jovian year is the period during which the planet Jupiter enters one sign of the zodiac and passes completel)' through it

1 Sec Ind. Ant., XIX., p. 45, second paragraph of my article on the Original Siiri/a-Siddhdnttt. [S. B. D.]

2 I have myself seen a panehui'ig which mentions this beginning of the year, and have also found some instances of the use of it in the present day. 1 am told that at Idar in Gujarat the Vikrama samvat begins on Ash&clha krishpa dritiyft. [S. B. D.]

3 The passage, as Iranslatcd by Sachau (Vol. II., |i. 8 f), is as follows. "Those who use the Saka era, the astronomers, begin the year with the month Chaitra, whilst the inhabilunts of Kaiiir. which is conterminous with Kashmir, begin it with the month Bhftilnipada . . . All the people who inhabit the country bitwein Bardari iinil JUrigala bcjjin the year with the mouth Kilrttika . . . The people living in the country of Nirahara, behind Mftrigaln, ns far as the utmost frontiers of Tfikcshar and lAihilvar, begin the year with the month MflrBasii-sha . . . The people of I,anbaga, «'.(?., Lamghfln, follow ihcir etample. I have been told bv the people of .Multiln that this system is peculiar to the people of Sindh and Knnoj, and that they used to begin the year with the new moon of MArgasirsha, hut that the people of MultAn only a few years ago had given up this system, and had ado|)tcd the system of the people of Ka.shinir, and followed their example in beginning the year with the new moon of Chaitra."

• Articles 53 to 61 arc applicable to Northern India only (See Art. 62^. ■'' The term is one not n-cognized in Sanskrit works. [S. B. D.l

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 33

with reference to his mean motion. The cycle commences with Prabhava. See Table I., cols. 6, 7, and Table XII.

54. The duration of a Barhaspatya samvatsara, according to the Surya-Siddhanta, is about 361.026721 days, that is about 4.232 days less than a solar year. If, then, a samvatsara begins exactly with the solar year the following samvatsara will commence 4.232 days before the end of it. So that in each successive year the commencement of a samvatsara will be 4.232 days in advance, and a time will of course come when two samvatsaras will begin during the same solar year. For example, by the Surya-Siddhanta with the bija, Prabhava (No. i) was current at the beginning of the solar year*Saka 1779. Vibhava (No. 2) commenced 3.3 days after the beginning of that year, that is after the Mesha sankranti; and Sukla (No. 3) began 361.03 days after Vibhava, that is 364.3 days after the beginning of the year. Thus Vibhava and Sukla both began in the same solar year. Now as Prabhava was current at the beginning of Saka 1779, and Sukla was current at the beginning of 6aka 1780, Vibhava was expunged in the regular method followed in the North. Thus the rule is that when two Barhaspatya samvatsaras begin during one solar year the first is said to be expunged, or to have become kskaya; and it is clear that when a samvatsara begins within a period of about 4.232 days after a Mesha sankranti it will be expunged.

By the Surya Siddhanta 85^^ solar years are equal to 86|^^ Jovian years. So that one expunction is due in every period of 85^^ solar years. But since it really takes place according to the rule explained above, the interval between two expunctions is sometimes 85 and sometimes 86 years.

55. Generally speaking the samvatsara which is current at the beginning of a year is in practice coupled with all the days of that year, notwithstanding that another samvatsara may have begun during the course of the year. Indeed if there were no such practice there would be no occasion for an expunction. Epigraphical and other instances, however, have been found in which the actual samvatsara for the time is quoted with dates, notwithstanding that another sam- vatsara was current at the beginning of the year. ^

56. Variations. As the length of the solar year and year of Jupiter differs with different Siddhantas it follows that the expunction of samvatsaras similarly varies.

57. Further, since a samvatsara is expunged when two samvatsaras begin in the same year, these expunctions will differ with the different kinds of year. Where luni-solar years are in use it is only natural to suppose that the rule will be made applicable to that kind of year, an expunction occurring when two samvatsaras begin in such a year; and there is evidence to show that in some places at least, such was actually the case for a time. Now the length of an ordinary luni-solar year (354 days) is less than that of a Jovian year (361 days), and therefore the beginning of two consecutive samvatsaras can only occur in those luni-solar years in which there is an intercalary month. Again, the solar year sometimes commences with the mean Mesha-sankranti, and this again gives rise to a difference. "'

The Jyotislia-tattva rule (given below Art. spj gives the samvatsara current at the time of the mean, not of the apparent, Mesha-sankranti, and hence all expunctions calculated thereby must be held to refer to the solar year only when it is taken to commence with the mean Mesha- sankranti. ' It is important that this should be remembered.

1 See Ind. Jut., Vol. XIX., pp. 27, 33, 187.

2 These points have not yet heen noticed by any European writer on Indian Astronomy. [S. B. D.] * As to the mean Mesba-sai'ikrilnti, see Art. 26 above.

34 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

58. To find the current samratsara. The samvatsaras in our Table I., col. 7, are calculated by the Sitrya-Sidd/Kinta without the bija up to A.D. 1 500, and with the bija from AD. 1 501 to 1900 ; and are calculated from the apparent Mesha-.sankranti If the samvatsara current on a particular day by some other authority is required, calculations must be made direct for that day according to that authority, and we therefore proceed to give some rules for this process.

59. Rules for finding the Barliaspatya samvatsara current on a particular day. '

a. By the Siirya-Siddhanta. ' Multiply the expired Kali year by 211. Subtract 108 from the product. Divide the result by 18000. To the quotient, excluding fractions, add the numeral of the expired Kali year plus 27. Divide the sum by 60. The remainder, counting from Prabhava as I, is the samvatsara current at the beginning of the given solar year, that is at its apparent Mesha-sankranti. Subtract from 18000 the remainder previously left after dividing by 18000. Multiply the result by 361, and divide the product by 18000. Calculate for days, ghatikas, and palas. Add 1 5 palas to the result. The result is then the number of days, etc., elapsed between the apparent Mesha-sahkranti and the end of the samvatsara current thereon. By this process can be found the samvatsara current on any date.

Example I. — Wanted the samvatsara current at the beginning of Saka 233 expired and the date on which it ended. Saka 233 expired = (Table I.) Kali 3412 expired, "'-".'j.'^^'" — 39H55^ 39 + 3412+27 = 3478. ?i^ =: 57^!. The remainder is 58; and wehaveitthat No. 58 Raktakshini^Zizi^/^ AY/.^ was the samvatsara current at the beginning (apparent Mesha-safikranti) of the given year. Again ; 18000 — 17824 = 176. '""x^si _ 3 d. 31 gh. 47.2 p. Adding 15 pa. we have 3 d. 32 gh. 2.2 pa. This shews that Raktakshin will end and Krodhana (No. 59) begin 3 d. 32 gh. 2.2 pa. after the apparent Meska satikranti. This last, by the Surya Siddhanta, occurred on 17th March, A.D. 31 1, at 27 gh. 23 pa. [see Table /., col. ij, and the Table in Art. p6), and therefore Krodhana began on the 20th March at 59 gh. 25.2 pa., or 34.8 palas before mean sunrise on 2 1st March. We also know that since Krodhana commences within four days after Mesha it will he expunged (Art. j;.faboz'e.)

b. By the Arya Siddhanta. Multiply the expired Kali year by 22. Subtract 1 1 from the product. Divide the result by 1875. To the quotient excluding fractions add the expired Kali year + 27. Divide the sum by 60. The remainder, counted from Prabhava as i, is the samvatsara current at the beginning of the given solar year. Subtract from 1875 the remainder previously left after dividing by 1875. Multiply the result by 361. Divide the product by 1875. Add i gh. 45 pa. to the quotient. The result gives the number of days, etc., that have elapsed between the apparent Mesha-sankranti and the end of the samvatsara current thereon.

Example 2.— Required the samvatsara current at the beginning of Saka 230 expired, and the time when it ended.

Saka 230 e.xpired = KaH 3409 expired. ill''^i??zli — 391!??. 39 + 3409 + 271= 3475, which, divided by 60, gives the remainder 55. Then No. 55 Durmati (Table XII.) was current at the beginning of the given year. Again; 1875— 1862 — 13. ^^' = 2 d. 30 gh. 10.56 pa. Adding i gh.

1 By all these rules the results will be correct witliin two ghatikfts where the nioiucut ol' the Mcshn-saukninti iiccording to the authority used is kuown.

' The rule for the present Vamhtha, the SdkaUja Brahma, the Romaka, and the Soma Sidd/nUlas is eiactly the same. That by the original Stlri/a-Sidithdnla is also similar, but in that case the result will be incorrect by about 2 ghatik&s (48 minutes). For all these authorities take the time of the Mesha-sankrAnti by the present Silrya-Sidd/nUla or by the Jri/a-Siddlidnta, whichever may be available. The moment of the Mesha-sankrlntri according to the Silrya-Siddtninla is given in our Tabic I. only for the years A.D. 1100 to 1900. The same moment for all years between A.D. 300 and 1100 can be found by the Table in Art. 96. If the Jrya- Siddhanta saiikrHnti is used for years A.D. 300 to 1100 the result will never be incorrect by more than 2 ghatikfls 46 jmlas (1 hour and 6 minutes). The Tabic should be referred to.

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 35

45 pa., we get 2d. 31 gh. 55.5693. Add this to the moment of the Mesha sankranti as given in Table I., cols. 13—16, viz., i6th March, 308 A.D., Tuesday, at 41 gh. 40 p., and we have 19th March, Friday, 13 gh. 35.56 p. after mean sunrise as the moment when Durmati ends and Dundubhi begins. Here again, since Dundubhi commences within four days of the Mesha sankranti, it will be expunged.

c. By the Surya-Siddhanta with the bija (to be used for years after about 1500 A.D.). Multiply the expired Kali year by 117. Subtract 60 from the product. Divide the result by icx)00. To the figures of the quotient, excluding fractions, add the number of the expired Kali year plus 27. Divide the sum by 60. And the remainder, counted from Prabhava as i, is the samvatsara current at the beginning of tlie given solar year. Subtract from loooothe remainder left after the previous division by loooo. Multiply the difference by 361, and divide the product by 1 0000. Add 1 5 pa. The result is the number of days, etc., that have elapsed between the apparent Mesha sankranti and the end of the samvatsara current thereon. '

Example. — Required the samvatsara current at the beginning of Saka 1436 expired, and the moment when it ends. Saka 1436 expired =: Kali 4615 expired (Table I.), lii^iilli::^ — 53^- M-H615+27 _ -gi5 -pj^g remainder 1 5 shews that Vrisha was current at the Mesha-sankranti. (10000-9896) 361 _|_ jj p. — 3 d. 47 gh. 25.8 p. + 1 5 p. = 3 d. 47 gh. 40.8 p. Table I. gives the Mesha- sankranti as March 27th, 44 gh. 25 p., Monday. 27 d. 44 gh. 25 p. + 3 d. 47 gh. 40.8 p. = 31 d. 32 gh. 5.8 p.; and this means that Vrisha ended at 32 gh. 5.8 p. after mean sunrise at Ujjain on Friday, 31st March. At that moment Chitrabhanu begins, and since it began within four days of the Mesha-saiikranti. it is expunged.

d. Brihatsamhita and Jyotishatath'a Rules. The rules given in the Brihatsamhita and the Jyotishatattoa seem to be much in use, and therefore we give them here. 'Y\\s. Jyotishatattva rule is the same as that for the Arya-Siddhanta given above, except that it yields the year current at the time of mean Mesha-sankranti, and that it is adapted to Saka years. The latter difference is merely nominal of course, as the moment of the beginning of a samvatsara is evidently the same by both. - We have slightly modified the rules, but in words only and not in sense.

The Jyotishatattva rule is this. Multiply the current Saka year by 22. Add 4291. Divide the sum by 1875. To the quotient excluding fractions add the number of the current Saka year. Divide the sum by 60. The remainder, counted from Prabhava as i, is the samvatsara current at the beginning of the given year. Subtract the remainder left after previously dividing by 1875 from 1875. Multiply the result by 361. And divide the product by 1875. The result gives the number of days by which, according to the Arya-Siddhanta, the samvatsara ends after mean Mesha- sankranti. The mean ^ Mesha-sankranti will be obtained by adding 2d. 8 gh. 51 pa. 1 5 vipa. to the time given in Table I., cols. 13 to 18.

Work out by this rule the example given above under the Arya-Siddhanta rule, and the result will be found to be the same by both.

The Brihatsamhita rule. Multiply the expired Saka year by 44. Add 8589. Divide the sum by 3750. To the quotient, excluding fractions, add the number of the expired Saka year

1 In these three rules the apparent Mesha-sankr&nti is taken. If we omit the subtraction of 108, 11, and 60, and do not add 15 p., 1 gh. 45 p., and 15 p. respectively, the result will be correct with respect to the mean Mesha-sankranli.

2 I have not seen the Jt/oiiskatattm (or "Jyotishtava" as Warren calls it, but which seems to be a mistake), but I find the rule in the Rainamdld ofSripati (A.D. 1039). It must be as old as that by the Arya-Siddhdnta, since both are the same. [S. B. D.]

8 If we add 4280 instead of 4291, and add 1 gh. 45 pa. to the final result, the time so arrived at will be the period elapsed since apparent Mesha-sankranti. Those who interpret the J yotiahaiallm rule in any different way have failed to grasp its proper meaning [S. B. D.]

.-,6

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

plus I. Divide the sum by 60. The remainder, counted from Prabhava as i, is the samvatsara current at thebeginnini^ of the year. Subtract from 3750 the remainder obtained after the previous division b\' 3750. Multiply the result by 361, and divide the product by 3750. This gives the number of days by which the samvatsara current at the beginning of the year will end after the Mesha sankranti. '

60. List of Expunged Samvatsaras. The following is a comparative list of expunged samvatsaras as found by different authorities, taking the year to begin at the mean Mesha sankranti.

List of Expunged Samvatsaras.-

Firsl Arya-Siddluinla, Brihal-

Siiri/a-Siddlidnia Rule without

First Arya'Siddhiinta . Brihai-

Sitrya-SiddlidnU Rule without j

samhitd, Ratnamdld, Jt/otis-

bija up to 1500 A.D., and

saiiihild, Ratnamdld, Ji/olu-

bij

a up tu 1

500 A.D., and

hatattava Rules.

with blja

afterwards.

hatatlava Rules.

with bija

afterwards.

A.D.

Eipunged Samvatsara.

is 3

-co "

A.D.

Expunged Samvatsara.

'is

A. 1).

Expunged Samvatsara.

-en "

A.D.

Expunged Samvatsara.

232

309-10

57 RudMrodg&rin

234

311-12

59 Krodhana

1084

1161-62

19 Parthiva

1087

1164-65

22 Sai-vadhariu

317

394-95

23 Virodhin

319*

396-97

25 Khara

1169

1246-47

45 Virodhakrit

1172*

1249-50

48 Ananda

402

479-80

49 Rakshasa

404*

481-82

51 Pingala

1254

1331-32

1 1 Isvara

1258

1335-36

15 Vrisha

487

564-65

15 Vrisha

490

567-68

18 TSraija

1340

1417-18

38 Krodhin

1343

1420-21

41 Plavanga

572

649-50

41 Plavaiiga

575*

662-53

44 Sadharaiia

1425

1502-03

4 Pramoda

14.37

1514-15

16 Chitrabhanu

658

735-86

8 BMva

660*

737-38

10 Dhatri

1510

1587-88

30 Dunuukha

1522*

1599-

42 Kilaka

743

820-21

34 sarvari

746

823-24

37 .Sobhaiiii

1600

828

905-06

60 Kshaya

831

908-09

3 Sukla

1595

1672-73

56 Duudubhi

1608

1685-86

9 Yuvau

913

990-91

26 Nandana

916*

993-94

29 Manmatha

1680

1757-58

22 Sarvudharin

1693*

1770-71

35 Plava

999

1076-77

53 Siddharthin

1002

1079-80

56 Duudubhi

1766

1843-44

49 Rttkshasa

1779

1856-57

2 Vibhava

If we take the years to commence with the apparent Mesha-sahkranti the sam- vatsaras expunged by Siirya Siddliania calculation will be found in Table I., col. 7 ; and those by the Arya Siddhanta can be found by the rule for that Siddhtmta given in Art. sg above.

61. The years of Jupiter's cycle are not mentioned in very early inscriptions. They are mentioned in the Siirya-Siddhanta. Dr. J. Burgess states that he has reason to think that they were first introduced about A.D. 349, and that they were certainly in use in A.D. 530. We have therefore given them throughout in Table I.

62. The southern (luni-solar) sixty-year cycle. The sixty-year cycle is at present in daily use in Southern India (south of the Narmada), but there the samvatsaras are made to correspond with the luni-solar year as well as the .solar ; and we therefore term it the luni-solar 60-year cycle in contradistinction to the more .scientific Barhaspatya cycle of the North.

1 It is not stated what Me..sha-saukruHti is meant, whether mean or apparcut. The rule is here given as giMurallj interpreted by writers both Indian and Piuropean, but in this form its origin eannot be explained. I am strongly inclined to think that Varahamihira, the author of the Bnlialsamhitu, meant the rule to run thus: Multijily the eurrcut Saka year by 44 Add 8582 (or 8581 or 8583). Divide the sum by 3750. To the integei-s of the quotient add the given eurrent Saka year ; (and the rest aa above). Tlie result ie for the mean Mesha-saukranti." In this fonn it is the same as the Arya-Siddhdnia or the Jyotii/iafallva rule, and can be easily explained. (S. fi. D.)

2 In this Table the Bnhalaainliild rule is worked as I interpret it. But as interpreted by othirs the ixpuuetions will differ, the differences being in .Saka (current) 231, the 56th; 998, the 52nd; 1889, the 37th.

By the Surya Siddlidnta the years marked with an asterisk in the Saka column of this Table differ from those given in Table I., col. 7, being in each case one earlier; the rest arc the same. (S. B. D.)

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 37

There is evidence ' to show that the cycle of Jupiter was in use in Southern India before Saka 828 (A.D. 905-6); but from that year, according to the Arya Siddlianta, or from Saka 831 (A.D. 908-9) according to the .SVJr;'«-AV^d%(5«/rt, the expunction of the samvatsaras was altogether neglected, with the result that the 60-year cycle in the south became luni-solar from that year. At present the northern samvatsara has advanced by 12 on the southern! There is an easy rule for finding the samvatsara according to the luni-solar cycle, viz., add 1 1 to the current Saka year, and divide by 60; the remainder is the corresponding luni-solar cycle year. It must not be forgotten that the samvatsaras of Jupiter's and the southern cycle, are always to betaken as current years, not expired.

63. The twelve-year cycle of Jupiter. There is another cycle of Jupiter consisting of twelve samvatsaras named after the lunar months. It is of two kinds. In one, the samvatsara begins with the heliacal rising - of Jupiter and consists of about 400 solar days, one samvatsara being expunged every 12 years or so.' In the other, which we have named the "twelve-year cycle of Jupiter of the mean-sign system", the years are similar in length to those of the sixty-year cycle of Jupiter just described, and begin at the same moment. Both kinds, though chiefly the former, were in use in early times, and the latter is often employed in modern dates, especially in those of the KoUam era. The samvatsaras of this heliacal rising system can only be found by direct calculations according to some Sidd/ianta. The correspondence of the samvatsaras of the mean-sign system with those of the sixty-year cycle are given in Table XII. They proceed regularly.

64. T/ie Graha-parivritti and Ohko cycles. There are two other cycles, but they are limited to small tracts of country and would perhaps be better considered as eras. We however give them here.

The southern inhabitants of the peninsula of India (chiefly of the Madura district) use a cycle of 90 solar years which is called the Graha-parivritti. Warren has described the cycle, deriving his information from the celebrated Portuguese missionary Beschi, who lived for over forty years in Madura. The cycle consists of 90 solar years, the lengtli of one year being 365 d. 15 gh. 31 pa. 30 vi., and the year commences with Mesha. Warren was informed by native astronomers at Madras that the cycle consisted of the sum in days of i revolution of the sun, 15 of Mars, 22 of Mercury, il of Jupiter, 5 of Venus and 29 of Saturn, .though this appears to us quite meaningless. The length of this year is that ascertained by using the original Sitrya-Siddhanta ; but from the method given by Warren for finding the beginning of the years of this cycle it appears that astronomers have tried to keep it as nearly as possible in agreement with calculations by the Arya-Siddlianta, and in fact the year may be said to belong to the Arya-Siddhanta. The cycle commenced with Kali 3079 current (B. C. 24) and its epoch, i.e., the Graha-parivritti year o current* is Kali 3078 current (B.C. 25).

1 See Corpus Inscrip. Indie, Vol. III., p. 80, note; Ind. Anliq., XVII., p. 142.

- The heliacal rising of a superior planet is its first vuible rising after its conjnnctions with the sun, i.e , when it is at a sufficient distance from the sun to be first sefn on the horizon at its rising in the morning before sunrise, or, in the case of an inferior planet (Mercury or Venus), at its setting in the evening after sunset. For Jupiter to be visible the sun must be about 11° below the horizon. [R. S.]

3 It is fully described by me in the Indian Antiquary, vol. XVII. [S. B. D.]

■• In practice of course the word "current" cannot be applied to the year 0, but it is applied here (o distinguish it from the year 0 complete or expired, which means year 1 cuiTent. We use the word "epoch" to mean the year 0 cun-ent. The epoch of an era given in a year of another era is useful for turning years of one into years of another era. Thus, by adding 3078 (thenimiber of the Kali year coiTesponding to the Gralia-pari\Titti cycle epoch) to a Graha-parivritti year, we can get the equivalent Kali year; and by subtracting the same from a Kali year we get the corresponding Graha-parivritti year.

38 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

To find the year of the Graha-parivritti cycle, add 72 to the current Kali-year, \ i to the current Saka year, or 24 or 23 to the A.D. year, viz., 24 from Mesha to December 31st, and 23 from January 1st to Mesha; divide by 90 and the remainder is the current year of the cycle.

The Ohko ' cycle of 59 luni-solar years is in use in part of the Ganjam district of the Madras Presidency. Its months are purnimanta, but it begins the year on the 12th of Bhadrapada-suddha," calling that day the 12th not the 1st. In other words, the year changes its numerical designation every 12th day of Bhadrapada-suddha. It is impossible as yet to say decidedly when the Onko reckoning commenced. Some records in the temple of Jagannatha at Purl (perfectly valueless from an historical point of view) show that it commenced with the reign of Subhanideva in 319 A.D., but the absurdity of this is proved by the chronicler's statement that the great Mughal invasion took place in 327 A.D. in the reign of that king's successor. ' Some say that the reckoning commenced with the reign of Chodaganga or Chorgahga, the founder of the Gangavarhsa, whose date is assigned usually to 1 131-32 A.D., while Sutton in his History of Orissa states that it was introduced in 1580 A.D. In the zamindari tracts of Parlakimedi, Peddakimedi and Chinnakimedi the Oiiko Calendar is followed, but the people there also observe each a special style, only differing from the parent style and from one another in that they name their years after their own zamindars. A singular feature common to all these four kinds of regnal years is that, in their notation, the years whose nunjeral is 6, or whose numerals end with 6 or o (except 10), are dropped.* For instance, the years succeeding the 5th and 19th Ohkos of a prince or zamindar are called the 7th and 21st Onkos respectively. It is difficult to account for this mode of reckoning ; it may be, as the people themselves allege, that these numerals are avoided because, according to their traditions and irt^/r^j, they forebode evil, or it may possibly be, as some might be inclined to suppose, that the system emanated from a desire to exaggerate the length of each reign. There is also another unique convention according to which the Ohko years are not counted above 59, but the years succeed- ing 59 begin with a second series, thus "second i ", " second 2", and so on. It is also important to note that when a prince dies in the middle of an Ohko year, his successor's ist Ohko which commences on his accession to the throne, does not run its full term of a year, but ends on the nth day of Bhadrapada-suddha following; consequently the last regnal year of the one and the first of the other together occupy only one year, and one year is dropped in effect. To find, therefore, the English equivalent of a given Ohko year, it will be necessary first to ascertain the style to which it relates, i.e., whether it is a Jagannatha Ohko or a Parlakimedi Ohko, and so on ; and secondly to value the given year by excluding the years dropped (namely, the ist— possibly, the 6th, 1 6th, 20th, 26th, 30th, 36th, 40th, 46th, 50th, 56th). There are lists of Orissa princes available, but up to 1797 A.D. they would appear to be perfectly inauthentic. '■> The list from

» Or Akka.

- On the 11th according to some, but all the evidence tends to shew that the year begins on the 12th.

3 The real date of the Muhammndan invasion seems to be 1568 A.D. (J. A. S. B. for 1883, LII., p. 233, no/;). The invasion alluded to is evidently that of the " Yavanas", but as to these dates these temple chronicles must never be believed. [R. S.]

< Some say that the first year is also dropped, similarly; but this appeai-s to be the result of a misunderstanding, this year being dropped only to fit in with the system described lower down in this article. Mr. J. Beames states that "the first two years and every year that has a 6 or a 0 in it are omitted", so that the 87th Oiiko of the reign of Kamaehandra is really his 28th year, since the years 1, 2, 6, 10, 16, 20, 26, 30 and 86 are omitted. (J. A. S. B. 1883, LII., p. 234, note. He appears to have been misled about the first two years.

1> Scwell's Hketch of the Dynasties of Souihrrn India, p. 64, Arch.toloi/ical Survey of Southern India, vol. II.. p. 204.

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 39

that date forwards is reliable, and below are given the names of those after whom the later Ofiko years have been numbered, with the English dates corresponding to the commencement of the 2nd Oiikos of their respective reigns.

Onko 2 of Mukundadeva .... September 2, 1797. (lihadrapada sukla 12th.)

Do. Ramachandradcva . . . September 22, 18 17. Do. Do.

Do. Virakesvaradeva . . . September 4, 1854. Do. Do.

Do. Divyasiiiihadeva . . . September 8, 1859. Do. Do.

PART 11. THE VARIOUS ERAS.

65. General remarks. Different eras have, from remote antiquity, been in use in different parts of India, having their years luni-solar or solar, commencing according to varying practice with a given month or day; and in the case of luni-solar years, having the months calculated variously according to the amanta or purnimanta system of pakshas. (Art. 12 above). The origin of some eras is well known, but that of others has fallen into obscurity. It should never be forgotten, as explaining at once the differences of practice we observe, that when considering " Indian " science we are considering the science of a number of different tribes or nationalities, not of one empire or of the inhabitants generally of one continent.

66. If a number of persons belonging to one of these nationalities, who have been in the habit for many years of using a certain era with all its peculiarities, leave their original country and settle in another, it is natural that they should continue to use their own era, not- withstanding that another era may be in use in the country of their adoption ; or perhaps, while adopting the new era, that they should apply to it the peculiarities of their own. And vice versa it is only natural that the inhabitants of the country adopted should, when considering the peculiarities of the imported era, treat it from their own stand-point.

6"]. And thus we actually find in the panchaiigs of some provinces a number of other eras embodied, side by side with the era in ordinary use there, while the calendar-makers have treated them by mistake in the same or nearly the same manner as that of their own reckoning. For instance, there are extant solar panchangs of the Tamil country in which the year of the Vikrama era is represented as a solar Meshadi year. And so again Saka years are solar in Bengal and in the Tamil country, and luni-solar in other parts of the country. So also we sometimes find that the framers of important documents have mentioned therein the years of several eras, but have made mistakes regarding them. In such a case we might depend on the dates in the document if we knew exactly the nationality of the authors, but very often this cannot be discovered, and then it is obviously unsafe to rely on it in any sense as a guide. This point should never be lost sight of

68. Another point to be always borne in mind is that, for the sake of convenience in calculation a year of an era is sometimes treated differently by different authors in the same province, or indeed even by the same author. Thus, Ganesa Daivajna makes Saka years begin

40 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

with Chaitra sukla pratipada in his Grahalaghava (A.D. 1520), but with mean Mesha saiikranti in his Tithichintamani (A.D. 1525.)

69. It is evident therefore that a certain kind of year, e.g., the solar or luni-solar year, or a certain opening month or day, or a certain arrangement of months and fortnights and the like, cannot be strictly defined as belonging exclusively to a particular era or to a particular part of India. We can distinctly affirm that the eras whose luni-solar years are Chaitradi {i.e., begin- ning with Chaitra sukla pratipada) are always Meshadi (beginning with the Mesha sankranti) in their corresponding solar reckoning, but beyond this it is unsafe to go.

70. Current and expired years. It is, we believe, now generally known what an " expired " or "current" year is, but for the benefit of the uninitiated we think it desirable to explain the matter fully. Thus; the same Saka year (A.D. 1894) which is numbered 18 17 z'«/-/'rtwrt««, or astronomically current, in the paiichangs of the Tamil countries of the Madras Presidency, is numbered 1 8 i6_i,'-rt/a (" expired") in other parts of India. This is not so unreasonable as Europeans may imagine, for they themselves talk of the third furlong after the fourth mile on a road as "four miles three furlongs" which means three furlongs after the expiry of the fourth mile, and the same in the matter of a person's age ; and so September, A.D. 1894, (Saka 1817 current) would be styled in India " Saka 18 16 expired, Sep- tember", equivalent to "September after the end of Saka 1816" or "after the end of 1893 A.D". Moreover, Indian reckoning is based on careful calculations of astronomical phenomena, and to calculate the planetary conditions of September, 1894, it is necessary first to take the planftary conditions of the end of 1893, and then add to them the data for the following nine months. That is, the end of 1893 is the basis of calculation. It is always necessary to bear this in mind because often the word gata is omitted in practice, and it is therefore doubtful whether the real year in which an inscription was written was the one mentioned therein, or that number decreased by one. '

In this work we have given the corresponding years of the Kali and Saka eras actually current, and not the expired years. This is the case with all eras, including the year of the Vikravia ^ era at present in use in Northern India.

71. Description of the several eras. In Table II., Part iii., below we give several eras, chiefly those whose epoch is known or can be fixed with certainty, and we now proceed to describe them in detail.

Tlie Kali-Yiiga. — The moment of its commencement has been already given {Art. 16 above'). Its years are both Chaitradi (luni-solar) and Meshadi (solar.) It is used both in astro-

1 Sec 'Calculations of Hindu datf-i', by Dr. Fleet, in the hid. Ant., vols. XFl. to XIX.; and my notes on the date of a Jain Purdiia in Dr. Bhandilrkar's "Report on the search for Sankrit manuscript*" for 1883 — 1884 A. D., p.p. 429—30 §$ 36, 37. [S. B. D.]

'- The Vikrama era is never used by Indian astronomers. Out of 160 Vikrama dates examined by Dr. Kielhorn (/«</. Ant., XIX.), there are only sis which have to be taken as current years. Is it not, however, possible that all Viki-ama years are really cur- rent years, but tliat sometimes in writings and inscriptions the authoi-s have made them doubly current in consequence of thinking them erroneously to be expired years. There is an instance of a Saka year made twice current in an inscription jiublished in the Ind. Ant., (vol. XX , p 191), The year was already 1155 current, but the number given by the writer of the inscription is 1156, as if 1155 had been the expired year.

As a matter of fact I do not think that it is positively known whether the years of the Christian era arc themselves really expired or current years. Warren, the author of the Kiilasaiiknlita was not certain. He calls the year corresponding to the Kali year 8101 expired "A.D. 0 complete" (p 302) or "1 current" (p. 294). Thus, by his view, the Christian year corresponding to the Kali year 3102 expired would be A.D. 1 cumplctc or A.D. 2 current. But generally European scholars fu .\. 1) 1 current as corresponding to Kali 3102 expired. The current and expired years undoubtedly give rise to confusion. The years of the astionoraical eras, the Kali and Saka for instance, may, unless the contrary is proved, be assuraeJ to be expired yeai's, and those of the non- astronomical eras, such as the Vikrama, Gu])la, and many others, may be taken as current ones. (See, hojoever. Note 3, p. 42, below.) fS. B. D.] ■ ■ ,:,(j,

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 41

nomical works and in panchaiigs. In the latter sometimes its expired years, sometimes current years are given, and sometimes both. It is not often used in epigraphical records. '

Saptarslii- Kala. — This era is in use in Kashmir and the neighbourhood. At the time of Alberuni (1030 A.D.), it appears to have been in use also in Multan and some other parts. It is the only mode of reckoning mentioned in the Raja Tar aiigini. It is sometimes called the " Lau- kika-Kala" and sometimes the " Sastra-Kala". It originated on the supposition that the seven Rishis (the seven bright stars of Ursa Major) move through one nakshatra (27th part of the ecliptic) in 100 years, and make one revolution in 2700 years; the era consequently consists of cycles of 2700 years. But in practice the hundreds are omitted, and as soon as the reckoning reaches lOO, a fresh hundred begins from i. Kashmirian astronomers make the era, or at least one of its cycles of 2700 years, begin with Chaitra .sukla ist of Kali 27 current. Disregarding the hundreds we must add 47 to the Saptarshi year to find the corresponding current Saka year, and 24 — 25 for the corresponding Christian year. The years are Chaitradi. Dr. F. Kielhorn finds ^ that they are mostly current years, and the months mostly purnimanta.

The Vikrama era. — In the present day this era is in use in Gujarat and over almost all the north of India, except perhaps Bengal. ^ The inhabitants of these parts, when migrating to other parts of India, carry the use of the era with them. In Northern India the year is Chaitradi, and its months purnimanta, but in Gujarat it is Karttikadi and its months are amanta. The settlers in the Madras Presidency from Northern India, especially the Marvadis who use the Vikrama year, naturally begin the year with Chaitra sukla pratipada and employ the purnimanta scheme of months; while immigrants from Gujarat follow their own scheme of a Karttikadi amanta year, but always according to the Vikrama era. In some parts of Kathiavad and Gujarat the Vikrama era is Ashadhadi * and its months amanta. The practice in the north and south leads in the present day to the Chaitradi purnimanta Vikrama year being sometimes called the " Northern Vikrama," and the Karttikadi amanta Vikrama year the "Southern Vikrama."

The correspondence of these three varieties of the Vikrama era with the Saka and other eras, as well as of their months, will be found in Table II., Parts ii. and iii.

Prof. F. Kielhorn has treated of this era at considerable length in the hid. Antiq., vols. XIX. and XX., and an examination of 150 different dates from 898 to 1877 of that era has led him to the following conclusions (ibid., XX., p. j^8 ff.).

(i) It has been at all times the rule for those who use the Vikrama era to quote the expired years, and only exceptionally = the current year.

(2) The Vikrama era was Karttikadi from the beginning, and it is probable that the change which has gradually taken place in the direction of a more general use of the Chaitradi year was owing to the increasing growth and influence of the Saka era. Whatever may be the practice in quite modern times, it seems certain that down to about the 14th century of the Vikrama era both kinds of years, the Karttikadi and the Chaitradi, were used over exactly the same tracts of country, but more frequently the Karttikadi.

(3) While the use of the Karttikadi year has been coupled with the purnimanta as often as with the

1 Corpus Inacrip. Ind., Vol. III.. Introdiirtioti, p. 69, note.

2 Ind. Jnt, Vol. XX., p. U9 ff.

3 In BengSli panchaiigs the Vikrama Samvat, or Sambat, is given along with the Saka year, and, like the North-Indian Vikrama Samvat, is Chaitradi pilrnimunta.

* See Ind. Ant., vol. XVII., p. 93; also note 3, p 31, and connected Text. & See, however, note 2 on the previous page.

42 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

amanta scheme of months, the Chaitradi year is found to be more commonly joined with the purnimanta scheme: but neither scheme can be exclusively connected with either the Karttikadi or Chaitradi year.

The era was called the " Malava" era from about A.D. 450 to 850. The earliest known date containing the word "Vikrama" is Vikrama-samvat 898 (about A.D. 840); but there the era is somewhat vaguely described as "the time called Vikrama"; and it is in a poem composed in the Vikrama year 1050 (about A.D. 992) that we hear for the first timeof a king called Vikrama in connection with it. (See Ind. Antiq., XX., p. 404).

At the present day the Vikrama era is sometimes called the " Vikrama-samvat ", and sometimes the word " samvat " is used alone as meaning a year of that era. But we have instances in which the word "samvat" (which is obviously an abbreviation of the word i'awj'iZAtfr^?, or year) is used to denote the years of the Saka, Siihha, or Valabhi eras ' indiscriminately.

In some native pahchahgs from parts of the Madras presidency and Mysore for recent years the current Vikrama dates are given in correspondence with current Saka dates ; for example, the year corresponding to A.D. 1893—9413 said to be Saka 1 8 16, or Vikrama I95i- (-S^^ remarks o?i the Saka era abcn'e.)

The Christian era. This has come into use in India only since the establishment of the English rule. Its years at present are tropical solar commencing with January ist, and are taken as current years. January corresponds at the present time with parts of the luni-solar amanta months Margasirsha and Pausha, or Pausha and Magha. Before the introduction of the new style, however, in 1752 A.D., it coincided with parts of amanta Pausha and Magha, or Magha and Phalguna. The Christian months, as regards their correspondence with luni-solar and solar months, are given in Table II., Part ii.

The Saka era. — This era is extensively used over the whole of India ; and in most parts of Southern India, except in Tinnevelly and part of Malabar, it is used exclusively. In other parts it is used in addition to local eras. In all the Karanas, or practical works on astronomy it is used almost exclusively. ^ Its years are Chaitradi for luni-solar, and Meshadi for solar, reckoning. Its months are purnimanta in the North and amanta in Southern India. Current years are given in some panchangs, but the expired years are in use in most ' parts of India.

The Chedi or Kalachuri era. — This era is not now in use. Prof. F. Kielhorn, examining the dates contained in ten inscriptions of this era from 793 to 934, * has come to the conclusion 1 See Ind. Ant., vol. XII., pp. 213, 293; XI., p. 242 /.

- I have seen only two examples in which authors of Karaiias have used any other era along with the Saka. The author of the Edma-vinoda gives, as the startinft-point for calculations, the .\kbar year 35 together with the Saka year 1312 (expireJ), and the author of the Phatli-sdliapriikdisa fixes as its starting-point the 48th year of "Phattesllha" coupled with the Saka year 1626. [S. B D.] ^ Certain Telugu (luni-solar) and Tamil (solar) panehaiigs for the last few years, which I have procured, and which were printed at Madras and are clearly in use in that Presidency, as well as a Canarese pafich&iig for A.D. 1893, (Sakft 181B current, 1815 expired) edited by the Palace Astronomer of H. H. the MahdrftjS of Mysore, give the current Saka years. But I strongly doubt whether the authors of these paiichaugs are themselves acquainted with the distinction between so-called current .ind expired years. For instance, there is a paiiohftng annually prepared by Mr. Auua AyyaiigAr. a resident of Kanjnur in the Tanjore District, which appears to be in general use in the Tamil country, and in that for the solar Mcshfidi year corresponding to 1887 — 88 he uses the expired Suka year, calling this 1809, while in those for two other years that I have seen the current Saka year is used. 1 have conversed with several Tamil gentlemen at Poona, and learn from them that in their part of India the generality of people are acquainted only with the name of the samvatsara of the 60-ycar cycle, and give no numerical value to the years. Where the years are numbered, however, the expired year is in general use. I am therefore inclined to believe that the so-called current Saka years are nowhere in use; and it becomes a question whether the soeullcd expired Saka year is really an expired one [S. B. D.]

4 Indian Antiquarij for August, 1888, vol. .WII., p. 215, and the Aeademt, of Kith Dec , 1887. p 391 f. I had myself calculated these same inscription-dates in March, 1887, and had, in conjunction with Dr. Fleet, arrived at nearly the same conclusions as Dr. Kielborn's, but we did not then settle the epoch, believing that the data were not sufficiently reliable (Corpus. Imrrip. Indie., Vol. III., Introd., p 9. [S. B. D.] See also Dr. Kielborn's Paper read before the Orieutal Congress in London. [R. S]

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 43

that the ist day of the 1st iiirrcnt Chedi year corresponds to Asvina sukla pratipada of Chaitradi Vikrama 306 current, (Saka 171 current, 5th Sept., A. D. 248); that consequently its years are Asvinadi ; that they are used as current years; that its months are purnimanta; and that its epoch, i.e., the beginning of Chedi year o current, is A. D. 247—48.

The era was used by the Kalachuri kings of Western and Central India, and it appears to have been in use in that part of India in still earlier times.

The Gupta era. — This era is also not now in use. Dr. Fleet has treated it at great length in the introduction to the Corpus, hiscrip . hid. (Vol. Ill, ''Gupta htscriptions'"), and again in the Indian Antiquary (Vol. XX., pp. 376 ff.) His examination of dates in that era from 163 to 386 leads him to conclude that its years are current and Chaitradi; that the months are purnimanta; and that the epoch, i.e., the beginning of Gupta Samvat o current, is Saka 242 current (A. D. 319 — 20). The era was in use in Central India and Nepal, and was used by the Gupta kings.

The Valabhi era. — This is merely a continuation of the Gupta era with its name changed into "Valabhi." It was in use in Kathiavad and the neighbourhood, and it seems to have been introduced there in about the fourth Gupta century. The beginning of the year was thrown back from Chaitra sukla ist to the previous Karttika sukla ist, and therefore its epoch went back five months, and is synchronous with the current Karttikadi Vikrama year 376 (A. D. 318 — 19, Saka 241 — 42 current). Its months seem to be both amanta and purnimanta.

The inscriptions as yet discovered which are dated in the Gupta and Valabhi era range from the years 82 to 945 of that era.

The Bengali San. — An era named the " Bengali San " (sometimes written in English " Sen "") is in use in Bengal. It is a solar year and runs witli the solar Saka year, beginning at the Mesha sahkranti ; but the months receive lunar month names, and the first, which corresponds with the Tamil Chaitra, or with Mesha according to the general reckoning, is here called Vaisakha, and so on throughout the year, their Chaitra corresponding with the Tamil Phalguna, or with the Mina of our Tables. We treat the years as current ones. Bengali San 1300 current cor- responds with Saka 1816 current (A. D. 1893 — 94.) Its epoch was Saka 516 current, A. D. 593 — 94. To convert a Bengali San date into a Saka date for purposes of our Tables, add 516 to the former year, which gives the current Saka solar year, and adopt the comparison of months given in Table II., Part, ii., cols. 8, 9.

The Vilayati year. — This is another solar year in use in parts of Bengal, and chiefly in Orissa; it takes lunar-month names, and its epoch is nearly the same as that of the "Bengali San", viz., Saka 515 — 16 current, A.D. 592 — 93, But it differs in two respects. First, it begins the year with the solar month Kanya which corresponds to Bengal solar Asvina or Assin. Secondly, the months begin on the day of the sahkranti instead of on the following (2nd) or 3rd day (see Art. 28, the Orissa Rule).

The Anili Era of Orissa — This era is thus described in Girisa Chandra's " Chronological Tables" (preface, p. xvi.): "The AmU commences from the birth of Indradyumna, Raja of Orissa, on Bhadrapada sukla 12th, and each month commences from the moment when the sun enters a new sign. The Amli San is used in business transactions and in the courts of law in Orissa." ^

1 The Vil&yati era, as given in some Bengal Government annual chi'onologiral Tables, and in a Bengali panchahg printed in Calcutta that I have seen, is made identical with this Amli era in almost every respect, except that its months are made to com- mence civilly in accordance with the second variety of the midnight rule (Art. 28). But facts seem to be that the Vilayati year commences, not on lunar Bhildrapada sukla 12th, but with the Kanya sanki-anti, while the Amli year does begin on lunar Bhftdrapada sukla 12th. It may be remarked that Warren writes— in A.D. 1823 — (Xi/ajandWiYa, Taite/J. /X) that the" Vilaity year is reckoned from the 1st of the krishna paksha in Chaitra", and that its numerical designation is the same with the Bengali San. [S. B. D.]

44 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

It is thus luni-solar with respect to changing its numerical designation, but solar as regards the months and days. But it seems probable that it is really luni-solar also as regards its months and days.

The Kanya sankranti can take place on any day from about 1 1 day.s previous to lunar Bhadrapada sukla 12th to about 18 days after it. With the difference of so many days the epoch and numerical designation of the Amli and Vilayat! years are the same.

Tlic Fasali year. — This is the harvest year introduced, as some say, by Akbar, originally derived from the Muhammadan year, and bearing the same number, but beginning in July. It was, in most parts of India, a solar year, but the different customs of different parts of India caused a divergence of reckoning. Its epoch is apparently A. H. 963 (A. D. 1556), when its number coincided with that of the purely lunar Muhammadan year, and from that date its years have been solar or luni-solar. Thus (A. H.) 963 ■\- 337 (solar years) = 1300, and (A. D.) 15564-337=1893 A.D., with a part of which year Fasali 1300 coincides, while the same year is A. H. 1310. The era being purely official, and not appealing to the feelings of the people of India, the reckoning is often found to be loose and unreliable. In Madras the Fasali year originally commenced with the 1st day of the solar month Adi (Karka), but about the year 1800 A.D. the British Government, finding that this date then coincided with July 13th, fixed July 13th as the permanent initial date; and in A.D. 1855 altered this for convenience to July 1st, the present reckoning. In parts of Bombay the Fasali begins when the sun enters the nakshatra Mrigasirsha, viz., (at present) about the 5th or 6th June. The Bengali year and the Vilayati year both bear the same number as the Fasali year.

The names of months, their periods of beginning, and the serial number of days are the same as in the Hijra year, but the year changes its numerical designation on a stated solar day. Thus the year is already a solar year, as it was evidently intended to be from its name. But at the present time it is luni-solar in Bengal, and, we believe, over all North-Western India, and this gives rise to a variety, to be now described.

The hmi-solar Fasali year.- — This reckoning, though taking its name from a Muhammadan source, is a purely Hindu year, being luni-solar, purnimanta, and A.svinadi. Thus the luni-solar Fasali year in Bengal and N. W. India began (purnimanta Asvina krishna pratipada, Saka 18 15 currents) Sept. 7th, 1882. A peculiarity about the reckoning, however, is that the months are not divided into bright and dark fortnights, but that the whole runs without distinction of pakshas, and without addition or cxpunction of tithis from the 1st to the end of the mouth, beginning with the full moon. Its epoch is the same as that of the Vilayati year, only that it begins with the full moon next preceding or succeeding the Kanya sankranti, instead of on the sankranti day.

In Southern India the FasaH year 1302 began on June 5th, 1892, in Bombay, and on July 1st, 1892, in Madras. It will be seen, therefore, that it is about two years and a quarter in advance of Bengal.

To convert a luni-solar Bengali or N. W. Fasali date, approximately, into a date easily workable by our Tables, treat the year as an ordinary luni-solar purnimanta year; count the days after the i 5th of the month as if they were days in the sukla fortnight, 1 5 being deducted from the given figure ; add 515 to make the year correspond with the Saka year, for dates between Asvina 1st and Chaitra 15th ( =: amanta Bhadrapada krishna ist and amanta Phalguna krishna 30th) — and 516 between Chaitra 15th and Asvina i.st. Thus, let Chaitra 25th 1290 be the given date. The 25th .should be converted into .sukla 10th; adding 5 16 to 1290 we have 1806, the equivalent Saka year. The corresponding Saka date is therefore amanta Chaitra sukla lotli,

THE HTNDU CALENDAR. 45

1806 current. From this the conversion to an A. D. date can be worked by the Tables. For an exact equivalent the sankranti day must be a.scertained.

The Mahratta Siir-saii or Slialitir-san. — This is sometimes called the Arabi-san. It was extensively used during the Mahratta supremacy, and is even now sometimes found, though rarely. It is nine years behind the Fasali of the Dakhan, but in other respects is just the same; thus, its year commences when the sun enters the nakshatra Mrigasirsha, in which respect it is solar, but the days and months correspond with Hijra reckoning. It only diverged from the Hijra in A.D. 1344, according to the best computation, since when it has been a solar year as described above. On May 15th, AD. 1344, the Hijra year 745 began. But since then the Shahur reckoning was carried on by itself as a solar year. To convert it to an A.D. year, add 599.

The Harsha-Kala. — This era was founded by Harshavardhana of Kanauj, ' or more properly of Thancsar. At the time of Alberuni (A.D. 1030) it was in use in Mathura (Muttra) and Kanauj. Its epoch seems to be Saka 529 current, A.D. 606 — 7. More than ten inscriptions have been discovered in Nepal ^ dated in the first and second century of this era. In all those discovered as yet the years are qualified only by the word " samvat ".

The Magi-San.— 'Y\i\<i era is current in the District of Chittagong. It is very similar to the Bengali-san, the days and months in each being exactly alike. The Magi is, however, 45 years behind the Bengali year,' e.g.. Magi 1200= Bengali 1245.

The Kollam era, or era of Farasitrawa. — The year of this era is known as the Kollam andu. Kollam (anglice Quilon) means "western", andu means "a year". The era is in use in Malabar from Mangalore to Cape Comorin, and in the Tinnevelly district. The year is sidereal solar. In North Malabar it begins with the solar month Kanni (Kanya), and in South Malabar and Tinnevelly with the month Chiiigam (Siriiha). In Malabar the names of the months are sign-names, though corrupted from the original Sanskrit ; but in Tinnevelly the names are chiefly those of lunar months, also corrupted from Sanskrit, such as Sittirai or Chittirai for the Sanskrit Chaitra, corresponding with Mesha, and so on. The sign-names as well as the lunar-month names are given in the paiichangs of Tinnevelly and the Tamil country. All the names will be found in Table II., Part ii. The first Kollam andu commenced in Kali 3927 current, Saka 748 current, A.D. 825 — 26, the epoch being Saka 747 — 48 current, A.D. 824 — 25. The years of this era as used are current years, and we have treated them so in our Tables.

The era is also called the "era of Parasurama", and the years run in cycles of 1000. The present cycle is said to be the fourth, but in actual modern use the number has been allowed to run on over the 1000, A.D. 1894 — 95 being called Kollam 1070. We believe that there is no record extant of its use earlier than A.D. 825, and we have therefore, in our Table I., left the appropriate column blank for the years A.D. 300 — 825. If there were really three cycles ending with the year 1000, which expired A.D. 824 — 25, then it would follow that the Parasurama, or Kollam, era began in Kali 1927 current, or the year 3528 of the Julian period. *

The Nevar era. This era was in use in Nepal up to A.D. 1768, when the Saka era

1 Alberuni'a India, b^nglish translation by Sachau, Vol. II., p. 5.

- Corpus Inscrip. Indie, Vol. III., Introd., p. 177 ff.

3 Girisa Chandra's Chronological Tables for A.D. 1764 (o 1900.

* Wan-en (Kiila-miikalita, p. 298^ makes it comnieuce in "the year 3537 of the Julian period, answering to the 1926th of the Kali yug". But this is wrong if, as we believe, the Kollam ycara are current years, and we know no reason to think them otherwise. Warren's account was based on that of Dr. Buchanan who made the 977th year of the third cycle commence in A.D. 1800. Bnt according to the present Malabar use it is quite clear that the year commencing in 1800 A.D., was the 976th Kollam vear.

46 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

was introduced. ' Its years are Karttikadi, its months amanta, and its epoch (the beginning of the Nevar year o current) is the Karttikadi Vikrama year 936 current, Saka 801 — 2 current, A.D. 878 — 79. Dr. F. Kielhorn, in his hidian Antiquary paper on the "Epoch of the Nevvar era"- has come to the conclusion that its years are generally given in expired years, only two out of twenty-five dates examined by him, running from the 235th to the 995th year of the era, being current ones. The era is called the "Nepal era" in inscriptions, and in Sanskrit manuscripts ; "Nevar" seems to be a corruption of that word. Table II., Part iii., below gives the correspondence of the years with those of other eras.

The Chalukya era. This was a short-lived era that lasted from Saka 998 (A.D. 1076) to Saka 1084 (A.D. 1162) only. It was instituted by the Chalukya king Vikramaditya Tribhuvana Malla, and seems to have ceased after the defeat of the Eastern Chalukyas in A.D. 1162 by Vijala Kalachuri. It followed the Saka reckoning of months and pakshas. The epoch was Saka 998 — 99 current, A.D. 1075 — 76.

The Simha Samvat. — This era was in use in Kathiavad and Gujarat. From four dates in that era of the years 32, 93, 96 and 151, discussed in the Indian Antiquary (Vols. XVIII. and XIX. and elsewhere), we infer that its year is luni-solar and current; the months are presumably amanta, but in one instance they seem to be purnimanta, and the year is most probably Ashadhadi. It is certainly neither Karttikadi nor Chaitradi. Its epoch is Saka 1036 — 37 current, A.D. 11 13— 14.

Tlie Lakshmana Sena era. — This era is in use in Tirhut and Mithila, but always along with the Vikrama or Saka year. The people who use it know little or nothing about it. There is a difference of opinion as to its epoch. Colebrooke (A.D. 1796) makes the first year of this era correspond with A.D. 1105; Buchanan (A.D. 1810) fi.xes it as A.D. 1105 or 1106; Tirhut almanacs, however, for the years between A.D. 1776 and 1880 shew that it corresponds with A.D. 1 108 or 1 109. Buchanan states that the year commences on the first day after the full moon of the month Ashadha, while Dr. Rajendra Lai Mitra (A.D. 1878) and General Cunningham assert that it begins on the first Magha badi (Magha krishna ist). ' Dr. F. Kielhorn, examining six independent inscriptions dated in that era (from A.D. 11 94 to 1551), concludes'' that the year of the era is Karttikadi ; that the months are amanta ; that its first year corresponds with A.D. 1 119 — 20, the epoch being A.D. II 18— 19, Saka 1041 — 42 current ; and that documents and inscriptions are generally dated in the expired year. This conclusion is supported by Abul Fazal's statement in the Akbarnama (Saka 1506, A.D. 1584). Dr. Kielhorn gives, in support of his conclusion, the equation "Laksh: sam: 505 = Saka sam: 1546" from a manuscript oithe. Smrititattc'amrita, and proves the correctness of his epoch by other dates than the six first given.

The Ilahi era. — The "Tarikh-i Ilahi," that is "the mighty or divine era," was established by the emperor Akbar. It dates from his accession, which, according to the Tabakat-i-Akbari, was Friday the 2nd of Rabi-us-sani, A.H. 963, or 14th February, '■> 1556 (O. S.), Saka 1478 current. It was employed extensively, though not exclusively on the coins of Akbar and Jahangir, and appears to have fallen into disuse early in the reign of Shah-Jahan. According to Abul Fazal, the days and months are both natural solar, without any intercalations. The names of tlie months and days correspond with the ancient Persian. The months have from 29 to 30 days each.

' General Sir A. Cunuingham's Indian Ertu, j>. 74.

« Ind Ant., Vol. XVU., p. 246 ff.

* This much information is from General Cunningham's "Indian Eras"

* Ind. Ant., XIX., p. 1 ff.

* General Cunningham, iu his "Indian Eras", gives it an 15th February; but that day wn» 11 Saturday..

I

Farwardin

5

2

Ardi-behisht

6

3

Khurdiid

7

4

Tir

8

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 47

There are no weeks, the whole 30 days being distinguished by different names, and in those months which have 32 days the two last are named roz o j/trti^ (day and night), and to distinguish one from another are called "first" and " second ". 1 Here the lengths of the months are said to be "from 29 to 30 days each", but in the old Persian calendar of Yazdajird they had 30 days each, the same as amongst the Parsees of the present day. The names of the twelve months are as follow. —

Mirdad 9 Ader

Shariur 10 Dei

Mihir 1 1 Bahman

Aban 1 2 Isfandarmaz

The Mahratta Raja Saka era. — This is also called the " Rajyabhisheka Saka". The word "Saka" is used here in the sense of an era. It was established by Sivaji, the founder of the Mahratta kingdom, and commenced on the day of his accession to the throne, i.e., Jyeshtha sukla trayodasi (13th) of Saka 1596 expired, 1597 current, the Ananda samvatsara. The number of the year changes every Jyeshtha sukla trayodasi ; the years are current ; in other respects it is the same as the Southern luni-solar amanta Saka years. Its epoch is Saka 1596 — 97 current, A.D. 1673 — 74. It is not now in use.

72. Names of Hindi and N. W. Fasali months. — Some of the months in the North of India and Bengal are named differently from those in the Peninsula. Names which are manifestly corruptions need not be noticed, though "BhadCm" for Bhadrapada is rather obscure. But " Kuar" for Asvina, and "Aghan", or "Aghran", for Margasirsha deserve notice. The former seems to be a corruption of Kumari, a synonym of Kanya (=:Virgo, the damsel), the solar sign-name. If so, it is a peculiar instance of applying a solar sign-name to a lunar month. " Aghan " (or " Aghran ") is a corrupt form of Agrahayana, which is another name of Margasirsha.

PART III. DESCRIPTION AND EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES.

73. Table I. — Table I. is our principal and general Table, and it forms the basis for all calculations. It will be found divided into three sections, (i) Table of concurrent years ; (2) inter- calated and suppressed months; (3) moments of commencement of the solar and luni solar years. All the figures refer to mean solar time at the meridian of (Jjjain. The calculations are based on the Siirya-Siddlianta, without the bija up to 1500 A.D. and with it afterwards, with the exception of cols. 13 to 17 inclusive for which the Arya-Siddhanta has been used. Throughout the table the solar year is taken to commence at the moment of the apparent Mesha saiikranti or first point of Aries, and the luni-solar year with amanta Chaitra sukla pratipada. The months are taken as amanta.

74. Cols. I to J. — In these columns the concurrent years of the six principal eras are

1 Prinsep's Indian Antiquities, 11., Vseful Tables, p. 171.

48 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

given. (As to current and expired years see Art. 70 above.) A short description of eras is given in Art. 71. The years in the first three columns are used ahke as solar and luni-solar, commenc- ing respectively with Mesha or Chaitra. (For the beginning point of the year see Art. 52 above.) The Vikrama year given in col. 3 is the Chaitradi Vikrama year, or, when treated as a solar year which is very rarely the case, the Meshadi year. The Ashadhadi and Karttikadi Vikrama years are not given, as they can be regularly calculated from the Chaitradi year, remembering that the number of the former year is one less than that of the Chaitradi year from Chaitra to Jyeshtha or A.svina (both inclusive), as the case may be, and the same as the Chaitradi year from Ashadha or Karttika to the end of Phalguna.

Cols. ^ atid J. The eras in cols. 4 and 5 are described above (Art. 71.) The double number is entered in col. 4 so that it may not be forgotten that the Kollam year is non-Chaitradi or non-Meshadi, since it commences with either Kanni (Kanya) or Chingam (Sirhha). In the case of the Christian era of course the first year entered corresponds to the Kali, Saka or Chaitradi Vikrama year for about three-quarters of the latter's course, and for about the last quarter the second Christian year entered must be taken. The corresponding parts of the years of all these eras as well as of several others will be found in Table II., Parts ii. and iii.

75. Co/s. 6 and 7. — These columns give the number and name of the current samvatsara of the sijrty-year cycle. There is reason to believe that the sixty-year luni-solar cycle (in use mostly in Southern India) came into existence only from about A. D. 909; and that before that the cycle of Jupiter was in use all over India. That is to say, before A. D'. 909 the samvat- saras in Southern India were the same as those of the Jupiter cycle in the North. If, however, it is found in any case that in a year previous to A.D. 908 the samvatsara given does not agree with our Tables, the rule in Art. 62 should be applied, in order to ascertain whether it was a luni-solar samvatsara.

The samvatsara given in col. 7 is that which was current at the time of the Mesha safi- kranti of the year mentioned in cols, i to 3. To find the samvatsara current on any particular day of the year the rules given in Art. 59 should be applied. For other facts regarding the samvatsaras, see Arts. 53 to 63 above.

76. Cols. 8 to 12, and 8a to 12a. These concern the adiiika (intercalated) and kshaya (suppressed) months. For full particulars see Arts. 45 to 51. V>y the mean system of interca- lations there can be no suppressed months, and by the true system only a few. We have given the suppressed months in italics with the sufifix '' Ksh'" for "kshaya." As mean added months were only in use up to A.D. 1 100 (Art. ^y) we have not given them after that year.

JJ. The name of the month entered in col. 8 or 8« is fixed according to the first rule for naming a lunar month {Art. y<5), which is in use at the present day. Thus, the name As/uid/ia, in cols. 8 or 8rt, shows that there was an intercalated month between natural Jyeshtha and natural Ashadha, and by the first rule its name is " Adhika Ashadha", natural Ashadha being " Nija Ashadha." By the second rule it might have been called Jyeshtha, but the intercalated period is the same in either case. In the case of expunged months the word "Pausha", for instance, in col. 8 shows that in the lunar month between natural Karttika and natural Magha tl;ere were two safikrantis; and according to the rule adopted by us that lunar month is called Marga^irsha, Pausha being expunged.

78. Lists of intercalary and expunged months are given by the late Prof K. L. Chhatre in a h.st published in Vol. I., No. 12 (March 185 1) of a Mahrathi monthly magazine called Jhihiaprasaraka, formerly published in Bombay, but now discontinued ; as well as in Cowasjee

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 49

Patell's ''Chronology", and in the late Gen. Sir A. Cunningham's " Indian Eras,"' ' But in none of these three works is a single word said as to how, or following what authority, the calculations were made, so that we have no guide to aid us in checking the correctness of their results.

79. An added lunar month being one in which no saiikranti of the sun occurs, it is evident that a sankranti must fall shortly before the beginning, and another one shortly after the end, of such a month, or in other words, a solar month must begin shortly before and must end shortly after the added lunar month. It is further evident that, since such is the case, calculation made by some other Siddhanta may yield a different result, even though the difference in the astronomical data which form the basis of calculation is but slight. Hence we have deemed it essential, not only to make our own calculations afresh throughout, but to publish the actual resulting figures which fix the months to be added and suppressed, so that the reader may judge in each case how far it is likely that the use of a different authority would cause a difference in the months affected. Our columns fix the moment of the sankranti before and the sankranti after the added month, as well as the sankranti after the beginning, and the sankranti before the end, of the suppressed month ; or in other words, determine the limits of the adhika and kshaya masas. The accuracy of our calculation can be easily tested by the plan shewn in Art. 90 below. (See also Art. 88 below.) The moments of time are expressed in two ways, viz., in lunation- parts and tithis, the former following Prof. Jacobi's system as given in Ind. Ant., Vol. XVII.

80. Lunation-parts or, as we elsewhere call them, " tithi-indices " (or "/") are extensively used throughout this work and require full explanation. Shortly stated a lunation-part is iWo*'^ of an apparent synodic revolution of the moon {see Note 2, Art. 12 above'). It will be well to put this more clearly. When the difference between the longitude of the sun and moon, or in other words, the eastward distance between them, is nil, the sun and moon are said to be in conjunction ; and at that moment of time occurs (the end ot) amavasya, or new moon. {Arts. 7.29 abcc'e) Since the moon travels faster than the sun, the difference between their longitudes, or their distance from one another, daily increases during one half and decreases during the other half of the month till another conjunction takes place. The time between two conjunctions is a synodic lunar month or a lunation, during which the moon goes through all its phases. The lunation may thus be taken to represent not only time but space. We could of course have expressed parts of a lunation by time-measure, such as by hours and minutes, or ghatikas and palas, or by space-measure, such as degrees, minutes, or seconds, but we prefer to express it in lunation-parts, because then the same number does for either time or space [see Art. S^ belozv). A lunation consists of 30 tithis. -!-th of a lunation consequently represents the time-duration of a tithi or the space-measurement of 12 degrees. Our lunation is divided into 10,000 parts, and about 333 lunation-parts (-!-ths) go to one tithi, 667 to two tithis, looo to three and so on. Lunation- parts are therefore styled "tithi-indices", and by abbreviation simply "/". Further, a lunation or its parts may be taken as apparent or mean. Our tithi-, nakshatra-, and yoga-indices are apparent and not mean, except in the case of mean added months, where the index, like the whole lunation, is mean.

1 Gen. Cunningliam admittedly (p. 91) follows Cowasjee Patell's "C4ro»o/cyy"in this respect, and on eiamination I find that the added and suppressed months in these two works (setting aside some few mistakes of their own) agree throughout with Prof. Chhatre's list, even so far as to include certain instances where the latter was incorrect. Patell's " Chronoloi/ij" was published fifteen years after the publication of Prof. Chhatre's list, and it is not improbable that the former was a copy of the latter. It is odd that not a single word is said in Cowasjee Patell's work to shew how his calculations were made, though in those days he would hare required months or even years of intricate calculation before he could arrive at his results. [S B. D.]

50 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

Our tithi-index, or "/", therefore shows in the case of true added months as well as elsewhere, the space-difference between the apparent, and in the case of mean intercalations between the mean, longitudes of the sun and moon, or the time required for the motions of the sun and moon to create that difference, expressed in io,oooths of a unit, which is a circle in the case of space, and a lunation or synodic revolution of the moon in the case of time. Briefly the tithi- index "/" shews the position of the moon in her orbit with respect to the sun, or the time necessary for her to gain that position., <'.^^., "o" is new moon, " 5CX)0" full moon, " 10,000" or "o" new moon; "50" shews that the moon has recently [i.e., by ,-;^„ths, or 3 hours n minutes — Table X.. col. 3) passed the point or moment of conjunction (new moon) ; 9950 shews that she is approaching new-moon phase, which will occur in another 3 hours and 33 minutes.

81. A lunation being equal to 30 tithis, the tithi-index, which expresses the io,OOOth part of a lunation, can easily be converted into tithi-notation, for the index multiplied by 30 (practically by 3), gives, with the decimal figures marked off, the required figure in tithis and decimals. Thus if the tithi-index is 9950, which is really 0.9950, it is equal to (0.9950 X 30=) 29.850 tithis, and the meaning is that ^/hs of the lunation, or 29.850 tithis have expired. Conversely a figure given in tithis and decimals divided by 30 expresses the same in io,oooths parts of a lunation.

82. The tithi-index or tithi is often required to be converted into a measure of solar time, such as hours or ghatikas. Now the length of an apparent lunation, or of an apparent tithi, perpetually varies, indeed it is varying at every moment, and consequently it is practically im- possible to ascertain it except by elaborate and special calculations; but the length of a mean lunation, or of a mean tithi, remains permanently unchanged. Ignoring, therefore, the difference between apparent and mean lunations, the tithi-index or tithi can be readily converted into time by our Table X.. which shews the time-value of the mean lunation-part (~th of the mean lunation), and of the mean tithi-part (J^th of the mean tithi). Thus, if / = 50, Table X. gives the duration as 3 hours 33 minutes; and if the tithi-part ^ is given as 0.150 we have by Table X. (2 h. 22 m. -f I h. 1 1 min. = ) 3 h. 33 m.

It must be understood of course that the time thus given is not very accurate, because the tithi-index (/) is an apparent index, while the values in Table X. are for the mean index. The same remark applies to the nakshatra («) or yoga (y) indices, and if accuracy is desired the process of calculation must be somewhat lengthened. This is fully explained in example i in Art. 148 below. In the case of mean added months the value of (/) the tithi-index is at once absolutely accurate.

83. The sankrantis preceding and succeeding an added month, as given in our Table I., of course take place respectively in the lunar month preceding and succeeding thzi added mon\h.

84. To make the general remarks in Arts. 80, 81, 82 quite clear for tlie intercalation of months we will take an actual example. Thus, for the Kali year 3403 the entries in cols. 9 and 1 1 are 9950 and 287, again.st the true added month Asvina in col. 8. This shews us that the saiikranti preceding the true added, or Adhika, Asvina took place when 9950 lunation-parts of the natural month Bhadrapada (preceding Adhika Asvina) had elapsed, or when (10,000 — 9950=) 50 parts had to elapse before the end of Bhadrapada, or again when 50 parts had to elapse

1 A thuunandth part of n tithi is equal to 1.42 minutes, which is sufficiently minute for our purposes, but a Ihuusaudlh of n lunation is equivalent to 7 hours & minutes, and this is too large j so that nc have to tiike the lOOOOth of a lunation as our unit, which is equal to 4,25 minutes, and this suffices for all practical purposes In this work therefore a lunation is treated of as haviui; 10,000 parts, and a tithi 1000 parts

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 5'

before the beginning of the added month ; and that the sankranti succeeding true Adhika Asvina took place when 287 parts of the natural month Nija Asvina had elapsed, or when 287 parts had elapsed after the end of the added month Adhika Asvina.

85. The moments of the sankrantis are further given in tithis and decimals in cols. 10, 12, \0a and \2a. Thus, in the above example we find that the preceding sankranti took place when 29-850 tithis of the preceding month lihadrapada had elapsed, i.e., when (30 — 29-850 =) 0-150 tithis had still to elapse before the end of Bhadrapada ; and that the succeeding sankranti took place when o-86i of a tithi of the succeeding month, Asvina, had passed.

To turn these figures into time is rendered easy by Table X. We learn from it that the preceding sankranti took place (50 lunation parts or 0-150 tithi parts) about 3 h. 33 m. before the beginning of Adhika Asvina; and that the succeeding sankranti took place (287 lunation parts, or -861 tithi parts) about 20 h. 20 m. after the end of Adhika Asvina. This time is approximate. For exact time see Arts. 82 and 90.

The tithi-indices here shew (see Art. SS] that there is no probability of a different month being intercalated if the calculation be made according to a different authority.

86. To constitute an expunged month we have shewn that two sankrantis must occur in one lunar month, one shortly after the beginning and the other shortly before the end of the month; and in cols. 9 and 10 the moment of the first sankranti, and in cols. 11 and 12 that of the second sankranti, is given. For example see the entries against Kali 35^^ 't* Table I. As already stated, there can never be an expunged month by the mean system

87. In the case of an added month the moon must be waning at the time of the pre- ceding, and waxing at the time of the succeeding sankranti, and therefore the figure ofthetithi- index must be approaching 10,000 at the preceding, and over 10,000, or beginning a new term of 10,000, at the succeeding, sankranti. In the case of expunged months the case is " reversed, and the moon must be waxing at the first, and waning at the second sankranti ; and therefore the tithi-index must be near the beginning of a period of 10,000 at the first, and approaching 10,000 at the second, sankranti.

88. When by the Siirya-Siddhanta a new moon (the end of the amavasya) takes place within about 6 ghatikas, or 33 lunation-parts, of the sankranti, or beginning and end of a solar month, there may be a difference in the added or suppressed month if the calculation be made according to another Siddlumta. Hence when, in the case of an added month, the figure in col. 9 or ga. is more than (10,000 — 33 =) 9967, or when that in col. 11 or iirt is less than 33; and in the case of an expunged month when the figure in col. 9 is less than 33, or when that in col. 1 1 is more than 9967, it is possible that calculation by another Siddhanta will yield a different month as intercalated or expunged ; or possibly there will be no e.xpunction of a month at all. In such cases fresh calculations should be made by Prof. Jacobi's Special Tables {Epig. hid., Vol. II.) or direct from the Sidd/uhita in question. In all other cases it may be regarded as certain that our months are correct for all Sidd/uhitas. The limit of 33 lunation-parts here given is generally sufficient, but it must not be forgotten that where Siddkantas are used with a bija correction the difference may amount to as much as 20 ghatikas, or 113 lunation-parts (See above, note to Art. 4.^).

In the case of the Surya-Siddltanta it may be noted that the added and suppressed months are the same in almost all cases, whether the blja is applied or not.

89. We have spared no pains to secure accuracy in the calculation of the figures entered in cols. 9 to 12 and 9a to I2fl, and we believe that they may be accepted as finally correct,

52 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

but it should be remembered that their time-equivalent as obtained from Table X. is only approxi- mate for the reason given above [Art. S2.) Since Indian readers are more familiar with tithis than with lunation-parts, and since the expression of time in tithis may be considered desirable by some European workers, we have given the times of all the required sankrantis in tithis and decimals in our columns, as well as in lunation-parts ; but for turning our figures into time-figures it is easier to work with lunation-parts than with tithi-parts. It may be thought by some readers that instead of recording the phenomena in lunation-parts and tithis it would have been better to have given at once the solar time corresponding to the moments of the sankrantis in hours and minutes. But there are several reasons which induced us, after careful consideration, to select the plan we have finally adopted. First, great labour is saved in calculation ; for to fix the exact moments in solar time at least five processes must be gone through in each case, as shewn in our Example I. below {^Art. 14.8) It is true that, by the single process used by us, the time-equivalents of the given lunation-parts are only approximate, but the lunation-parts and tithis are in themselves exact. Secondly, the time shewn by our figures in the case of the mean added months is the same by the Original Sitrya, the Present Siirya, and the Arya-Siddhanta, as well as by the Present Surya-Siddhanta with the b'ija, whereas, if converted into solar time, all of these would vary and require separate columns. Thirdly, the notation used by us serves one important purpose. It shews in one simple figure the distance in time of the sankrantis from the beginning and end of the added or suppressed month, and points at a glance to the probability or otherwise of there being a difference in the added or suppressed month in the case of the use of another authority. Fourthly, there is a special convenience in our method for working out such problems as are noticed in the following articles.

90. Supposing it is desired to prove the correctness of our added and suppressed months, or to work them out independently, this can easily be done by the following method : The moment of the Mesha saiikranti according to the Surya-Siddhanta is given in cols. 13, 14 and 15^ to ija for all years from A.D. 1 100 to 1900, and for other years it can be calculated by the aid of Table D. in Art. g6 below. Now we wish to ascertain the moment of two consecutive new moons connected with the month in question, and we proceed thus. The interval of time between the beginning of the solar year and the beginning or end of any solar month according to the Surya-Siddhanta, is given in Table III., cols. 8 or 9; and by it we can obtain by the rules in Art. 151 below, the tithi-index for the moment of beginning and end of the required solar month, i.e., the moments of the solar sankrantis, whose position with reference to the new moon determines the addition or suppression of the luni-solar month. The exact interval also in solar time between those respective sankrantis and the new moons (remembering that at new moon "/" = lo.ooo) can be calculated by the same rules. This process will at once shew whether the moon was waning or waxing at the preceding and succeeding sankrantis, and this of course determines the addition or suppression of the month. The above, however, applies only to the apparent or true intercalations and suppressions. For mean added months the Sodhya (2 d. 8 gh. 5 i p. 15 vi.) must be added {see Art. 26) to the Mesha-sarikranti time according to the Arya-Siddhanta {Tabic /., col. 15), and the result will be the time of the mean Mesha sahkranti. For the required sub- sequent sankrantis all that is necessary is to add the proper figures of duration as given in Art. 24, which shews the mean length of solar months, and to find the "a" for the results so obtained by Art. 151. Then add 200 to the totals and the result will be the required tithi-indices.

91. It will of course be asked how our figures in Table I. were obtained, and what guarantee we can give for their accuracy. It is therefore desirable to explain these points. Our calcula-

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 53

tions for true intercalated and suppressed months were first made according to the method and Tables published by Prof. Jacobi {in the hid. Ant., Fc/. .\'/'7/.,/V- /^J /c /liV; as corrected by the errata list printed in the same volume. We based our calculations on his Tables i to lo, and the method given in his example 4 on pp. 152 — 53,' but with certain differences, the necessity of which must now be explain- ed. Prof Jacobi's Tables 1 to 4, which give the dates of the commencement of the solar months, and the hour and minute, were based on the Arya-Siddhanta, while Tables 5 to 10 followed the Surya- Siddhanta, and these two Siddhantas differ. In con.sequence several points had to be attended to. First, in Prof. Jacobi's Tables l to 4 the solar months are supposed to begin exactly at Ujjain mean sunset, while in fact they begin (as explained by himself at p. \ \'])?X or shortly after m&Vin sunset. This state of things is harmless as regards calculations made for the purpose for which the Professor designed and chiefly uses these Tables, but such is not the case when the task is to determine an intercalary month, where a mere fraction may make all the difference, and where the exact moment of a safikranti must positively be ascertained. Secondly, the beginning of the solar year, i.e., the moment of the Mesha-sankranti, differs when calculated according to those two Siddhantas, as will be seen by comparing cols. 15 to 17 with cols. 15^ to \ja of our Table 1., the difference being nil in A.D. 496 and 6 gh 23 pa. 41.4 pra. vi. in 1900 A.D. Thirdly, even if we suppose the year to begin simultaneously by both Siddhantas, still the collective duration of the months from the beginning of the year to the end of the required solar month is not the same, " as will be seen by comparing cols. 6 or 7 with cols. 8 or 9 of our Table III. We have applied all the corrections necessitated by these three differences to the figures obtained from Prof Jacobi's Tables and have given the final results in cols. 9 and 11. We know of no independent test which can be applied to determine the accuracy of the results of our calculations for true added and suppressed months; but the first calculations were made exceedingly carefully and were checked and rechecked. They were made quite independently of any previously existing lists of added and suppressed months, and the results were afterwards compared with Prof. Chhatre's list ; and whenever a difference appeared the calculations were completely re-examined. In some cases of e.xpunged months the difference between the two lists is only nominal, but in other cases of difference it can be said with certainty that Prof. Chhatre's list is wrong. [See note to Art. 46.) Moreover, since the greatest possible error in the value of the tithi-index that can result by use of Prof. Jacobi's Table is 7 {see his Table p. 16^), whenever the tithi-inde.x for added and sup- pressed months obtained by our computation fell within 7 of 10,000, i.e., whenever the resulting index was below 7 or over 9993, the results were again tested direct by the Siirya-Siddhanta. ' As regards mean intercalations every figure in our cols, ga to I2« was found correct by independent test. The months and the times of the sahkrantis expressed in tithi-indices and tithis were calculated by the present Siirya-Siddhanta, and the results are the same whether

1 For finding the initial date of the luni-sohir years Prof, Jacobi's Tables I. to XI. were used, and in the course of the ealou- Utions it was necessary lo introdace a few alterations, and to correct some misprints which had crept in in addition lo those noted in the alre-ady published eiTata-list. Thus, the eai'liest date noted in Tables I. to IV., being A.D. 354, these Tables had to be extended backwards by adding two lines more of figures above those already given. In Table VI., as corrected by the errata, the bija is taken into account only from A.D fiOl, whereas we consi ler that it should be introduced from A.D. 1501 (see Art. 21). In Table VI. the century correction is given for the New (Gregorian) Style from A.D 1600 according to the pi"actice iu the most part of Europe. I have preferred, however, to introduce the New Style into our Tables from Sept. A.D. 1752 to suit English readers, and this necessi- tated an alteration in the centuiy data for two centuries [R. S.]

2 It is the same according to Warren, but iu this respect he is in error. (See note to AH. 2i.J

^ 42 calculations were thus made direct by the Siirija-Sidd/idnta with and without the bija, with the satisfactory result that the error in the final figure of the tithi-index originally arrived at was generally only of 1 or 2 units, while in some cases it was nil It was rarely 3, and only once 4. It never e.xceeded 4. It may therefore he fairly assumed that our results are accurate. [S.BD.]

54 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

worked by that or by the Original Surya-Siddkanta, the First Arya-Siddhanta, or the Present SuryaSiddhanta with the bija.

We think, therefore, that the list of true added and suppressed months and that of the mean added months as given by us is finally reliable.

92. Cols. /? to ij or to 17a. The solar year begins from the moment of the Mesha sankranti and this is taken as apparent and not mean. We give the exact moment for all years from A.D. 300 to 1900 by the Arya-Siddhanta, and in addition for years between A.D. 1 1 00 and 1900 by the Siirya-Siddhantas as well. {See also Art. g6). Every figure has been independently tested, and found correct. The week-day and day of the month A.D. as given in cols. 13 and 14 are applicable to both the Siddhantas, but particular attention must be paid to the footnote in Table I., annexed to A.D. 11 17 — 18 and some other subsequent years. The entries in cols. 15 and iSa for Indian reckoning in ghatikas and palas, and in cols. 17 and ija for hours and minutes, imply that at the instant of the sankranti so much time has elapsed since mean sunrise at Ujjain on the day in question. Ujjain mean sunrise is generally assumed to be 6.0 a.m.

93. The alteration of week-day and day of the month alluded to inthe footnote mentioned in the last paragraph (Table I., A.D. 11 17 — 18) is due to the difference resulting from calculations made by the two Siddhantas, the day fixed by the Sicrya-Siddhanta being sometimes one later than that found by the Arya-Siddhanta. It must be remembered, however, that the day in question runs from sun- rise to sunrise, and therefore a moment of time fixed as falling between midnight and sunrise belongs to the preceding day in Indian reckoning, though to the succeeding day by European nomenclature. For example, the Mesha sankranti in Saka 1039 expired (A.D. 1 1 1 7) took place, according to the Arya-Sidd- hanta on Friday 23rd March at 58 gh. i p. after Ujjain mean sunrise (23 h. 12 m. after sunrise on Friday, or 5.12 a.m. on Saturday morning, 24th); while by the 5«rj'rt-.SVrt'a'/<'(7;//rt it fell on Saturday 24th at o gh. 51 pa. (=0 h. 20 m. after sunrise or 6.20 a.m.). This only happens of course when the sankranti according to the Arya-Siddhanta falls nearly at the end of a day, or near mean sunrise.

94. In calculating the instant of the apparent Mesha-saiikrantis, we have taken the sodhya at 2 d. 8 gh. 51 pa. 15 vipa. according to the Arya-Siddhanta, and 2d. 10 gh. 14 pa. 30 vipa. according to the Sftrya-Siddhanta. {See Art. 26.)

95. The figure given in brackets after the day and month in cols. 13 and 19 is the number of that day in the P2nglish common year, reckoning from January 1st. For instance, 75 against i6th March shows that i6th March is the 7Sth day from January 1st inclusive. This figure is called the "date indicator", or shortly {d), in the methods of computation " B " and "C " given below {Part IV.), and is intended as a guide with reference to Table IX., in which the collective duration of days is given in the English common year.

96. The fixture of the moments of the 1600 Mesha-sankrantis noted in this volume will be found advantageous for many purposes, but we have designed it chiefly to facilitate the conversion of solar dates as they are used in Bengal and Southern India. ^ We have not given the moments of Mesha-sankrantis according to the Surya-Siddhanta prior to A.D. 1 1 00, so that the Arya-Siddhanta computation must be used for dates earlier than that, even those occurring in Bengal. There is little danger in so doing, since the difference between the times of the Mesha- sankrantis according to the two Siddhantas during that period is very slight, being ////in A.D. 496, and only increasing to i h. 6 m. at the most in 1 100 A.D. It is, however, advisable to give a correction Table so as to ensure accuracy, and consequently we append the Table which follows, by which the difference for any year lying between A.D. 496 and 1 100 A.D. can be found. It is

1 Sec Art. 21, and the first foutnote ap|>ende(l tu it.

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

55

used in the following manner. F"irst find the interval in years between the given year and A.D. 496. Then take the difference given for that number of years in the Table, and subtract or add it to the moment of the Mesha-saiikranti fixed by us in Table 1. by the Arya-Siddkanta, according as the given year is prior or subsequent to A.U. 496. The quotient gives the moment of the Mesha-sahkranti by the Surya-Siddlumta.

TABLE Shewing the difference between the moments of the Mesha-sankranti as calculated by the

Present Surya and the first Arya-Siddhantas; the difference in AD. 496 (Saka 496 current)

being o.

No.

of

years.

Difference

No.

of

years.

Difference

No.

of

vears.

Difference

Eipressed in

Expressed in

Expressed in

gh-

pa.

minutes.

gh-

pa.

minutes.

gh.

pa.

minntes.

1

0

0.3

0.1

10

0

2.7

1.1

100

0

27.3

10.9

2

0

0.5

0.2

30

0

5.5

2.2

200

0

54.6

21.9

3

0

0.8

0.3

HO

0

8.2

3.3

300

1

22.0

32.8

\

0

1.1 ' 0.4

40

0

10.9

4.4

400

1

49.3

43.7

5

0

1.4 : 0..5

50

0

13.7

5.5

500

2

16.6

54.7

C

0

1.6 0 7

00

0

16.4

6.6

600

2

44.0

65.6

7

0

1.9 1 0.8

70

0

19.1

7.7

700

3

11.3

76.5

8

0

•l.i ! 0.9

80

0

21.9

8.7

800

3

38.6

87.5

9

0

..5 ^ 1.0

90

0

24.6

9.8

900

4

6.0

98.4

Example. Find the time of the Mesha sankranti by the Surya-Siddhanta in A.D. lOOO. The difference for (1000—496=:) 504 years is (2 gh. 16. 6 pa. -|- i • i pa. =) 2 gh. 17.7 pa. Adding this to Friday, 22nd March, 42gh. 5pa., i.e., the time fixed by the Arya-Siddhanta {Table I., cols, i^, ij), we have 44 gh. 22.7 pa. from sunrise on that Friday as the actual time by the STirya-StddMnla.

97. Cols, ip to 2^. The entries in these columns enable us to convert and verify Indian luni-solar dates. They were first calculated, as already stated, according to the Tables published by Prof. Jacobi in the Indian Antiquary ^ (Vol. XVII.). The calculations were not only most carefully made, but every figure was found to be correct by independent test. As now finally issued, however, the figures are those obtained from calculations direct from the Surya-Siddhanta, specially made by Mr. S. Balkrishna D'ikshit. The articles a. b, c, in cols. 23 to 25 are very important as they form the basis for all calculations of dates demanding an exact result. Their meaning is fully described below {Art. 102.).

The meaning of the phrase "moon's age" (heading of cols. 21, 22) in the Nautical Almanack is the mean time in days elapsed since the moon's conjunction with the sun {amavasya, new moon). For our purposes the moon's age is its age in lunation-parts and tithis, and these have been fully explained above.

98. The week-day and day of the month A.D. given in cols. 19 and 20 shew the civil day on which Chaitra sukla pratipada of each year, as an apparent tithi, ends. - The figures given in cols. 21 to 25 relate to Ujjain mean sunrise on that day.

1 See note 1 to Art. 91

• We have seen before (Arts. 45 etc. above) how months and tithis are sometimes added or expunged. Now in case of Chaitra sukla pratipad& being current at sunrise on two successive days, as sometimes happens, the first of these civil days, i.e., the Aiy preeioiu to that given by us, is taken as the 8rst day of the Indian luni-solar year (see Art. 52/ This does not, however, create any con- fusion in our method C since the quantities given in cols. 23 to 25 are correct for the day and lime for which they are gi ven ; while as for our methods A and B, the day noted by us is more convenient.

56 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

99 When an intercalary Chaitra occurs by the true system (Arts, ./j etc. above) it must be remembered that the entries in cols. 19 to 25 are for the sukla-pratipada of the intercalated^ not the true, Chaitra.

lOO. The first tithi of the year (Chaitra sukla pratipada) in Table I., cols. 19 to 25, is taken as an apparent, not mean, tithi, which practice conforms to that of the ordinary native panchaiigs. By this system, as worked out according to our methods A and B, the English equivalents of all subsequent tithis will be found as often correct as if the first had been taken as a mean tithi ; — probably more often.

lOi. The figures given in cols. 21 and 22, except in those cases where a minus sign is found prefixed {e.g., Kali 4074 current), constitute a fir.st approximation showing how much of chaitra sukla pratipada had expired on the occurrence of mean sunrise at Ujjain on the day given in cols. 19 and 20. Col. 21 gives the expired lunation-parts or tithi-index, and col. 22 shews the same period in tithi-parts, i.e., decimals of a tithi. The meaning of both of these is explained above (Arts. So and Si). We differ from the ordinary panchahgs in one respect, viz., that while they give the portion of the tithi which has to run after mean sunrise, we have given, as in some ways more convenient, the portion already elapsed at sunrise. Thus, the entry 286 in col. 21 means that 286 lunation-parts of Chaitra sukla isthad expired at mean sunrise. The new moon therefore took place 286 lunation-parts before mean sunrise, and by Table X., col. 3, 286 lunation-parts are equal to (14 h. 10 m. -{-6 h. 6 m. =) 20 h. 16 m. The new moon therefore took place 20 h. 16 m. before sunrise, or at 9.44 a.m. on the previous day by European reckoning. The ending-moment of Chaitra sukla pratipada can be calculated in the same way, remembering that there are 333 lunation-parts to a tithi.

We allude in the last paragraph to those entries in cols. 21 and 22 which stand with a minus sign prefixed. Their meaning is as follows: — Just as other tithis have sometimes to be expunged so it occasionally happens that Chaitra sukla ist has to be expunged. In other words, the last tithi of Phalguna, or the tithi called amavasya, is current at sunrise on one civil day and the 2nd tithi of Chaitra (Chaitra sukla dvitiya) at sunrise on the following civil day. In such a case the first of these is the civil day corresponding to Chaitra sukla ist; and accordingly we give this civil day in cols. 19 and 20. But since the amavasya-tithi (the last tithi of Phalguna) was actually current at sunrise on that civU day we give in cols. 21 and 22 the lunation-parts and tithi- parts of the amavasya-tithi which have to run after sunrise with a minus sign prefixed to them. Thus, " — 12" in col. 21 means that the tithi-index at sunrise was 10,000 — 12 = or 9988, and that the amavasya-tithi (Phalguna Krishna 15 or 30) (Table VIII., col. j) will end 12 lunation-parts after sunrise, while the next tithi will end 333 lunation-parts after that.

102. {a, b. c, cols. 2j, 24, 2j). The moment of any new moon, or that moment in each lunation when the sun and moon are nearest together, in other words when the longitudes of the sun and moon are equal, cannot be ascertained without fixing the following three elements, — {a) The eastward distance of the moon from the sun in mean longitude, (/;) the moon's mean anomaly (Art. ij and note), which is here taken to be her distance from her perigee in mean longitude, {c) the sun's mean anomaly, or his distance from his perigee in mean longitude. And thus our "a", "■b", "c", have the above meanings; "a" being expressed in io,oooths of a circle reduced by 200.6 for purposes of convenience of use, all calculations being then additive, "/;" and "c" being given in loooths of the circle. To take an example. At Ujjain mean sunrise on Chaitra sukla pratipada of the Kali year 3402 (Friday. 8th March, A.D. 300), tlie mean long- itudes calculated direct from the Siirya-Siddhanta were as follow: The sun, 349° 22' 27". 92.

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

57

The sun's perigee, 257" 14' 22 ".86. The 1110011,355 " 55' 35".32. The moon's perigee, 33" 39' 58". 03. The moon's distance from the sun therefore was (355" 55' 35"- 32 — 349° 22' 27". 92 =) 6° 33' 7". 4 =.0182 of the orbit of 360". This (1.0182) reduced by 0.0200,6 comes to 0.998 14; and consequently "«" for that moment 139981-41. The moon's mean anomaly " b" was (355° 55' 35"- 3- — 33° 39' 58"o3 =:) 322° 15' 37". 29 := 895 • 17. And the sun's mean anomaly "r " was (349" 22' 27". 92 — 257° 14' 22". 86=) 92" 8' 5".o6=: 25593. ' We therefore give rt:^998i, ^-^895, c = 256. The figures for any other year can if necessary be calculated from the following Table, which represents the motion. The increase in a, />, c, for the several lengths of the luni-solar year and for i day, is given under their respective heads; the figures in brackets in the first column representing the day of the week, and the first figures the number of days in the year.

Increase of a, b, c, in one year, and in one day.

Number of days

b.

b.

in the year.

leithoul bija.

with bija.

354(4)

9875.703337

847.2197487

847.220646

969.1758567

355(5)

214.335267

8835113299

883.5122f0

971.9136416

383(5)

9696.029305

899.675604

899.676575

48.57161909

384(8)

34661235

935.967185

935.968158

51.3094039

385(0)

373.293166

972.258766

972.2597-12

54.04789

1(1)

338.i)319303:i

36.291581211

36.291583746

2.737784906

103. Table II., Part i., of this table will speak for itself {see also Art. ji above). In the second part is given, in the first five columns, the correspondence of a cycle of twelve lunar months of a number of different eras with the twelve lunar months of the Saka year looo, - which itself corresponds exactly with Kali 4179, Chaitradi Vikrama 1135, and Gupta 738. Cols. 8 to 13 give a similar concurrence of months of the solar year Saka lOOO. The concurrence of parts of solar months and of parts of the European months with the luni-solar months is given in cols. 6 and 7, and of the same parts with the solar months in cols. 14 and 15. Thu.s, the luni-solar amanta month Ashadha of the Chaitradi Saka year 1000 corresponds with amanta Ashadha of Kali 4179, of Chaitradi Vikrama 1135, and of the Gupta era 758; of the Ashadhadi Vikrama year 11 35, and of the Chedi or Kalachuri 828; of the Karttikadi Vikrama year 11 34, and of the Nevar year 198. Parts of the solar months Mithuna and Karka, and parts of June and July of 1077 A.D. correspond with it; in some years parts of the other

1 Calculating by Prof. Jacobi's T.ibles, a, b, c, are 9980, 896 and 255, each of which is wrong by 1.

The above figures were submitted by me to Dr. Downing of ihe Nautical Almanack office, with a request that he would test the results by scientific European methods. In reply he gave me the following quantities, for the sun from Leven'ier's Tables, and and for the moon from Hansen's Tables (for the epoch A.D. 300, March 8th, 6 am., for the meridian of Ujjain). Mean long of sun 345° 5r47"-7, Do. of sun's perigee 253° 54' 58" 5, Do. of moon 353° 0' 36"-0, Do. of moon's peri-ee 36° 9' 48"-4 He also verified the statement that the sunrise on the morning of March 8th was that immediately following new moon. The diflerence in result is partly caused by the fact that Leverrier's and Hansen's longitudes are tropical, and those of the S«>y«-St(/rMi/nfe sidereal. Comparing the two results we find a difference of 0° 35' 40"-9 in "a". 5° 24' 49"-69 in "b", 0° 11' 15"-87 in "c". The closeness of the results obtained from the use of (1) purely Hindu (2) purely European methods is remarkable. Our Tables being for Indian documents and inscriptions we of course work by the former, [R. S.]

4 This year Saka 1000 is chosen for convenience of addition or snbstraction when ealcu.ating other years, and therefore wc have not taken into account the fact that S 1000 was really an intercalary year, having 'joth an Adhika Jyeshtha and a Nija Jyeshtha month. That peculiarity affects only that one year and not the concurrence of other months of previous or subsequent veal's in other eras.

58 THE INDIAN CAIENDAR.

two Christian months noted in col. 7 will correspond with it. In the year Saka 1000, taken as a Meshadi solar year, the month Siriiha corresponds with the Bengali Bhadrapada and the Tamil Avani of the Meshadi Kali 4179, and Meshadi Vikrama 1 135 ; with Avani of the Sirhhadi Tinnevelly year 253; with Chingam of the South Malayalam Siitihadi KoUam andu 253, and of the North Malayajani Kanyadi Kollam andu 252. Parts of the lunar months .Sravana and Bhadrapada correspond with it, as well as parts of July and August of the European year 1077 A. D ; in some years parts of August and September will correspond with it.

All the years in this Table are current years, and all the lunar months are amanta.

It will be noticed that the Tuju names of lunar months and the Tamil and Tinnevelly names of solar months are corruptions of the original Sanskrit names of lunar months ; while the north and south Malayajam names of solar months are corruptions of the original Sanskrit sign-names. Corruptions differing from these are likely to be found in use in many parts of India. In the Tamil Districts and the district of Tinnevelly the solar sign-names are also in use in some places.

104. Table II.. Part iii. This portion of the Table, when read with the notes printed below would seem to be simple and easy to be understood, but to make it still clearer we give the following rules: —

I. Rule for turning into a Chaitradi or Meshadi year (for example, into a luni-solar Saka, or solar Saka, year) a year of another era, whether earlier or later, which is non-Chaitradi or non- Meshadi.

(rt) For an earlier era. When the given date falls between the first moment of Chaitra or Mesha and the first moment of the month in which, as shewn by the heading, the year of the given earlier era begins, subtract from the given year the first, otherwise the second, of the double figures given under the heading of the earlier era along the line of the year O of the required Chaitradi or Meshadi era {e.g., the Saka).

Examples. (l) To turn Vaisakha Sukla ist of the Ashadhadi Vikrama year 1837, or Sravana sukla ist of the Karttikadi Vikrama year 1837 '"to corresponding Saka reckoning. The year is (1837 — 134=) 1703 Saka. The day and month are the same in each case. (2) To turn Magha sukla ist of the Karttikadi Vikrama samvat 1838 into the corresponding Saka date. The year is (1838 — 135 =) 1703 Saka. The day and month are the same. (3) Given 1st December, 1822 A.D. The year is (1822 — 77 =) 1745 Saka current. (4) Given 2nd January, 1823 A.D. The year is (1823 — 78=) 1745 Saka current.

(b) For a later era. When the given day falls between the first moment of Chaitra or Mesha and the first moment of the month in which, as .shewn by the heading, the later era begins, add to the number of the given year the figure in the Table under the heading of tlie required Chaitradi or Meshadi era along the line of the year 01 of the given later era. In the reverse case add that number reduced by one.

Examples, (i) To turn the ist day of Mithuna 1061 of the South MalayaUm Kollam Andu into the corresponding Saka date. The year is (1061 -|- 748;^) Saka 1809 current. The day and month are the same. (2) To turn the ist day of Makara 1062 of the South Malayalam Kollum Andu into the corresponding Saka date. The year is (1062 -|- 747=) 1809 Saka current. The day and month are the same.

II. Rule for turning a Chaitradi or Meshadi (<.^'-., a Saka) year into a non-Chaitradi or non-Meshadi year of an earlier or later era.

(a) For an earlier era. When the given day falls between the first moment of Chaitra or Mesha and the first moment of the month in which, as shown by the heading, the year of the

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 59

earlier era begins, add to the given Chaitradi or Mcshatli year the first, otherwise the second, of the double figures given under the heading of the earlier era along the line of the year o of the Chaitradi or Meshadi era given.

Examples, (i) To turn Bhadrapada krishna 30th of the Saka year 1699 into the corres- ponding Karttikadi Vikrama year. The year is (1699 + 134=) >'*533 of the Karttikadi Vikrama era. The day and month are the same. (2) To turn the same Bhadrapada krishna 30th, Saka 1699, into the corresponding Ashadhadi Vikrama year. The year is (1699+ 135=) 1834 of the Ashadhadi Vikrama era. The day and month are the same.

{b) For a later era. When the given day falls between the first moment of Chaitra or Mesha and the first moment of the month in which, as shown by the heading, the later era begins, subtract from the given year the number under the heading of the given Chaitradi or Meshadi era along the line of the year o/i of the given later era; in the reverse case subtract that number reduced by one.

Examples, (i) To turn the 20th day of Sirhha Saka 1727 current into the corresponding North Malayalam Kollam Andu date. The day and month are the same. The era is a Kanyadi era, and therefore the required year is (1727—748 — ) 979 of the required era. (2) To turn the 20th day of Sirhha Saka 1727 current into the corresponding South Malayalam (Tinnevelly) Kollam Andu date. The day and month are the same. The era is Siriihadi, and therefore the required year is (1727 — 747 —) 980 of the required era.

Ill Rule for turning a year of one Chaitradi or Meshadi era into one of another Chai- tradi or Meshadi era. This is obviously so simple that no explanations or examples are required.

IV. Rule for turning a year of a non-Chaitradi or non-Meshadi era into one of another year equally non-Chaitradi or non-Meshadi These are not required for our methods, but if any reader is curious he can easily do it for himself

This Table must be used for all our three methods of conversion of dates.

105. Table III. — The numbers given in columns ^a and 10 are intended for use when cal- culation is made approximately by means of our method " B " [Arts, ijj, 138).

It will be observed that the number of days in lunar months given in col. 3^ is alternately 30 and 29 ; but such is not always the case in actual fact. In all the twelve months it occurs that the number of days is sometimes 29 and sometimes 30. Thus Bhadrapada has by our Table 29 days, whereas it will be seen from the parichaiig extract printed in Art. 30 above that in A.D. 1894 (Saka 18 16 expired) it had 30 days.

The numbers given in col. 10 also are only approximate, as will be seen by comparing them with those given in cols. 6 to 9.

Thus all calculations made by use of cols. 3« and 10 will be sometimes wrong by a day. This is unavoidable, since the condition of things changes every year, so that no single Table can be positively accurate in this respect ; but, other elements of the date being certain, calculations so made will only be wrong by one day, and if the week-day is given in the document or inscription concerned the date may be fi.xed with a fair pretence to accuracy. If entire accuracy is demanded, our method " C " must be followed. (See Arts. 2 and 126.)

The details in cols. 3, and 6 to 9, are exactly accurate to the unit of a pala, or 24 seconds. The figure in brackets, or week-day index {id), is the remainder after casting out sevens from the number of days; thus, casting out sevens from 30 the remainder is 2, and this is the {u<) for 30. To guard against mistakes it may be mentioned that the figure " 2 " does not of course mean that the Mesha or Vrishabha sankranti always takes place on (2) Monday.

106. Tables IV. atid V. These tables give the value of (a-) (week-day) and [a) [b) and

6o THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

{c) for any required number of civil days, hours, and minutes, according to the Surya Siddhanta. It will be seen that the figures given in these Tables are calculated by the value for one day given in Art. 102. Table IV. is Prof. Jacobi's /W/V?« ^«/;(7«(?;^' (Vol. XVII.) Table 7, slightly modified to suit our purposes; the days being run on instead of being divided into months, and the figures being given for the end of each period of 24 hours, instead of at its commencement. Table V. is Prof. Jacobi's Table 8.

107. Tables VI. and VII. These are Prof. Jacobi's Tables 9 and 10 re-arranged. It will be well that their meaning and use should be understood before the reader undertakes com- putations according to our method "C". It will be observed that the centre column of each column- triplet gives a figure constituting the equation for each figure of the argument from o to looo, the centre figure corresponding to either of the figures to right or left. These last are given only in periods of 10 for convenience, an auxiliary Table being added to enable the proper equation to be determined for all arguments. Table VI. gives the lunar equation of the centre. Table VII. the solar equation of the centre. {Art. 75 note 3 above). The argument-figures are expressed in loooths of the circle, while the equation-figures are expressed in io,oooths to correspond with the figures of our "«," to which they have to be added. Our [b) and [c] give the mean anomaly of the moon and sun for any moment, (a) being the mean longitudinal distance of the moon from the sun. To convert this last (a) into true longitudinal distance the equation of the centre for both moon and sun must be discovered and applied to (a) and these Tables give the requisite quantities. The case may perhaps be better understood if more simply explained. The moon and earth are constantly in motion in their orbits, and for calculation of a tithi we have to ascertain their relative positions with regard to the sun. Now supposing a railway train runs from one station to another twenty miles off in an hour. The average rate of running will be twenty miles an hour, but the actual speed will vary, being slower at starting and stopping than in the middle. Thus at the end of the first quarter of an hour it will not be quite five miles from the start, but some little distance short of this, say m yards. This distance is made up as full speed is acquired, and after three-quarters of an hour the train will be rather more than 1 5 miles from the start, since the speed will be slackened in approaching the station, — say w yards more than the i 5 miles. These distances of m yards and n yards, the one in defect and the other in e.xcess, correspond to the "Equation of the Centre" in planetary motion. The planetary motions are not uniform and a planet is thus sometimes behind, sometimes in front of, its mean or average place. To get the true longitude we must apply to the mean longitude the equation of the centre. And this last for both sun (or earth) and moon is what we give in these two Tables. All the requisite data for calculating the mean anomalies of the sun and moon, and the equations of the centre for each planet, are given in the Indian Siddliantas and Karaitas, the details being obtained from actual observation ; and since our Tables generally are worked according to the Siirya Sidd/iattto, we have given in Tables VI. and VII. the equations of the centre by that authority.

Thus, the Tables enable us to ascertain {a) the mean distance of moon from sun at any moment, {b) the correction for the moon's true (or apparent) place with reference to the earth, and {c) the correction for the earth's true (or apparent) place with reference to the sun ; and with these corrections applied to the (a) we have the true(or apparent) distance of the moon from the sun, which marks the occurrence of the true (or apparent) tithi ; and this result is our tithi-index, or (/). From this tithi-index (/i the tithi current at any given moment is found from Table VIII.. and the time equivalent is found by Table X. Full explanation for actual work is given in Part IV. below (.Arts. 139—160).

THE HfNDU CALENDAR. 6i

The method for calculating a nakshatia or yoga is explained in Art. 133.

108. Since the planet's true motion is sometimes greater and sometimes less than its mean motion it follows that the two equations of the centre found from {b) and (r) by our Tables VI. and VII. have sometimes to be added to and sometimes subtracted from the mean longitu- dinal distance [a], if it is required to find the true (or apparent) longitudinal distance (/). Hut to simplify calculation it is advisable to eliminate this inconvenient element, and to prepare the Tables so that the sum to be worked may always be one of addition. Now it is clear that this can be done by increasing every figure of each equation by its largest amount, and decreasing the figure [a] by the sum of the largest amount of both, and this is what has been done in the Tables. According to the Siirya Siddhanta the greatest possible lunar equation of the centre is 5° 2' 47". 17 (= .0140,2 in our tithi-inde.x computation), and the greatest possible solar equation of the centre is 2" 10' 32".35 (= .0060,4). But the solar equation of the centre, or the equation for the earth, must be introduced into the figure representing the distance of the moon from the sun with reversed sign, because a positive correction to the earth's longitude implies a negative correction to the distance of moon from sun. This will be clear from a diagram.

^' M' ■

JX \p

s*-

Let S be the sun, M the moon, E the earth, I' the direction of perigee. Then the angle SEM represents the distance of moon from sun. But if we add a positive correction to (i.e., increase) the earth's longitude PSE and make it PSE' (greater than PSE by ESE') we thereby decrease the angle SEM to SE'M', and we decrease it by exactly the same amount, since the angle SEM =r / SE'M' + / ESE', as may be seen if we draw the line EX parallel to E'S; for the angle SEX = / ESE' by Euclid.

Every figure of each equation is thus increased in our Tables VI. and VII. by its greatest value, i.e., that of the moon by 140,2 and that of the sun by 60,4, and every figure of (a) is decreased by the sum of both, or (140,2 + 60,4 =) 200,6. '

In conclusion, Table VI. yields the lunar equation of the centre calculated by the Siirya Siddhanta, turned into io,oooths of a circle, and increased by 140.2; and Table VII. yields the solar equation of the centre calculated by the Siirya Siddhanta, with sign reversed, converted into lO.OOOths of a circle, and increased by 60.4.^ This explains why for argument o the equation given is lunar 140 and solar 60. If there were no such alteration made the lunar equation for Arg. o would be ± o, for Arg. 250 (or 90") f 140, for Arg. 500 (180") ± O, and for Arg. 750 (or 270°) — 140, and so on.

109. The lunar and solar equations of the centre for every degree of anomaly are given

1 Prof. Jacobi gives this as 200.5, but after most careful calculation I find it to be 200 6. [S B D.] * Prof. Jacobi bas uot explained these Tables.

62 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

in the Makararida, and from these the figures given by us for every — th of a circle, or lO units of the argument of the Tables, are easily deduced.

no. The use of the auxiliary Table is fully explained on the Table itself.

111. Table VIII. This is designed for use with our method C, the rules for which are given in Arts. 139—160. As regards the tithi-index. see Art. 80. The period of a nakshatra or yoga is the 27th part of a circle, that is 13° 20' or ~ — no^~. Thus, the index for the ending point of the first nakshatra or yoga is 370 and so on.' Tables VIII. A. and VIII. B. speak for themselves. They have been inserted for convenience of reference.

112. Tabic IX. is used in both methods B and C. See the rules for work.

113. Table X. {See the rules for work by method C.) The mean values in solar time of the several elements noted herein, as calculated by the Sitrya-Siddhanta. are as follow: —

A tithi = 141 7.46822 minutes.

A lunation =42524.046642 do.

A sidereal month = 39343.21 do.

A yoga-chakra =36605.116 do.

From these values the time-equivalents noted in this Table ^ have been calculated. {See also note to Art. 82!)

1 14. Table XI. This Table enables calculations to be made for observations at different places in India. {See Art. jd, and the rules for zvorking by our method C.)

115. Table XII. We here give the names and numbers of the samvatsaras. or years of the sixty-year cycle of Jupiter, with those of the twelve-year cycle corresponding thereto. (See the description of these cycles given above, Arts, jj to 6j.)

116. Table XIII. This Table was furnished by Dr. Burgess and is designed to enable the week-day corresponding to any European date to be ascertained. It explains itself Results of calculations made by all our methods may be tested and verified by the use of this Table.

117. Tables XIV. and XV. are for use by our method yi (.y^v ///^ /-//A-.?), and were invented and prepared by Mr. T. Lakshmiah Naidu of Madras.

Table XVI. is explained in Part V.

P A R T IV. USE OF THE TABLES.

118. The Tables now published may be used for several purposes, of which some are enumerated below.

(l) For finding the year and month of the Christian or any Indian era corresponding to a given year and month in any of the eras under consideration.

' This Table coiilniiiB Prof. Jacobi's Table U ylnd. Ant., XVIl.^p. \M) and hia Tabic 17, p. 181, in n moaificd form [S. B. D.] a The Table contains Prof. Jacobi's Table 11 {Ind. Ani., XFIL, p. 172), a» wcUashis Table 17 Part II. (iV/.;). 181) mojified and enlarged. I have also added the c()uivalent3 for tithi parts, and an eiplanalion. [S. B I>.'

I T/IE HINDU CALENDAR. 63

(2) For finding the samvatsara of the sixty-year cycle of Jupiter, whether in tiie southern (luni-solar) or northern (mean-sign) scheme, and of the twelve-year cycle of Jupiter, corresponding to the beginning of a solar (Meshadi) year, or for any day of such a year.

(3) For finding the added or suppressed months, if any. in any year. But the chief and most important use of them are;

(4) The conversion of any Indian date — luni-solar (tithi) or solar — into the corresponding date A.D. and vice versa, from A.D. 300 to 1900, and finding the week-day of any such date;

(5) Finding the karana. nakshatra. and yoga for any moment of any Indian or European date, and thereby verifying any given Indian date;

(6) Turning a Hindu solar date into a luni-solar date, and vice versa.

(7) Conversion of a Muhammadan Hijra date into the corresponding date A.D., and vice versa. This is fully explained in Part V. below.

119. (i) For tlie first purpose Table I., cols, i to 5. or Table II., must be used, with the explanation given in Part III. above. For eras not noted in these two Tables see the description of them given in Art. 71. In the case of obscure eras whose exact nature is not yet well known, the results will only be approximate.

(N.B. — It will be observed that in Table II., Part ii., portions of two solar months or of four ' Christian months are made to correspond to a lunar month and vice versa, and therefore that if this Table only be used the results may not be exact).

The following note, though not yielding very accurate results, will be found useful for finding tlie corresponding parts of lunar and solar months. The tithi corresponding to the Mesha- saiikranti can be approximately - found by comparing its English date (Table I., col. 13) with that of the luni-solar Chaitra sukla ist (Table I., col. 19); generally the sankrantis from Vnshabha to Tula fall in successive lunar months, either one or two tithis later than the given one. Tula falls about 10 tithis later in the month than Mesha; and the sankrantis from Vrischika to Mina generally fall on the same tithi as that of Tula. Thus, if the Mesha sankranti falls on sukla paiichami (5th) the Vrishabha sankranti will fall on sukla shasthi (6th) or saptami (7th), the Mithuna saiikranti on sukla ashtami (8th) or navami (9th). and so on.

120. (2) For the samvatsara of the southern sixty-year cycle see col. 6 of Table I., or calculate it by the rule given in Art. 62. For that of the si.xty-year cycle of Jupiter of the mean sign system, according to Siirya Siddhaiita calculations, current at the beginning of the solar year, /.<>., at the true (or apparent) Mesha sankranti, see col. 7 of Table I.; and for that current on any day in the year according to either the Siirya or Arya Siddhantas, use the rules in Art. 59. To find the samvatsara of the twelve-year cycle of the mean-sign system corresponding to that of the Jupiter sixty-year cycle see Table XII.

F2I. (2) To find the added or suppressed month according to the Siirya Siddhaiita by the true (apparent) system see col. 8 of Table I. throughout; and for an added month of the mean system according to either the Original or Present Siirya Siddhantas, or by the Arya Siddhanta, see col. 8« of Table I. for any year from A. D. 300 to 1 100.

122. (4) For conversion of an Itidian date into a date A.D. and vice versa, and to find the week day of any given date, we give below three methods, with rules and examples for work.

123. The first method A (Arts. 135, 136), the invention of Mr. T. Lakshmiah Naidu of

1 Of course only two in a single case, but four during the entire period of 1600 years covered by our Tables.

2 The exact titbi can be calcalated by Arts. 149 and 151.

64 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

Madras, is a method for obtaining approximate results without any calculation by the careful use of mere eye-tables, viz., Tables XIV. and XV. These, with the proper use of Table I., are alone necessary. But it must never be forgotten that this result may differ by one, or at the utmost two, days from the true one, and that it is not safe to trust to them unless the era and bases of calculation of the given date are clearly known. [See Art. 126 below.)

124. By our second method B (Arts. 137, 138), which follows the system established by Mr. W. S. Krishnasvami Naidu of Madras, author of "South Indian Chrofwlogical Tables'" (Madras 1889), and which is intended to enable an approximation to be made by a very simple calculation, a generally accurate correspondence of dates can be obtained by the use of Tables I., III., and IX. The calculation is so easy that it can be done in the head after a little practice. It is liable to precisely the same inaccuracies as method A, neither more nor less.

125. Tables II. and III. will also be sometimes required for both these methods.

126. The result obtained by either of these methods will thus be correct to within one or two days, and as often as not will be found to be quite correct; but there must always be an element of uncertainty connected with their use. If, however, the era and original bases of calculation of the given date are certainly known, the result arrived at from the use of these eye-Tables may be corrected by the week-day if that has been stated; since the day of the month and year will not be wrong by more than a day, or two at the most, and the day of the week will determine the corresponding civil day. Suppose, for instance, that the given Hindu date is Wednesday, Vaisakha sukla Sth, and it is found by method A or method B that the corresponding day according to European reckoning fell on a Thursday, it may be assumed, presuming that all other calculations for the year and month have been correctly made, that the civil date A.D. corresponding to the Wednesday is the real equivalentof Vaisaklia sukla 5th. But these rough methods should never be trusted to in important cases. For a specimen of a date where the bases of calculation are not known see example xxv., Art. 160 below.

127. When Tables XIV. and XV. are once understood (and they are perfectly simple) it will probably be found advisable to use method A in preference to method B.

128. As already stated, our method'' C" enables the conversion of dates to be made with precise accuracy; the exact moments of the beginning and ending of every tithi can be ascertained ; and the corresponding date is obtained, simultaneously with the week-day, in the required reckoning.

129. The weekday for any European date can be found independently by Table XIII.. which was supplied by Dr. Burgess.

131 ' (5) ^0 find the karana. nakshatra, or yoga citrroit on any Indian or European date; and to verify any Indian date.

Method C includes calculations for the karana. nakshatra and yoga current at any given moment of any given day, as well as the instants of their beginnings and endings; but for this purpose, if the given date is other than a tithi or a European date, it must be first turned into one or the other according to our rules (Art. /jp to IJ2.J

132. It is impossible, of course, to verify any tithi or solar date unless the week-day, nakshatra. karana, or yoga, or more than one of these, is also given ; but when this requirement is satisfied our method C will afford proof as to the correctness of the date. To verify a solar date it must first be turned into a tithi or European date. {Art. 13.^ or 14^.)

133. For an explanation of the method of calculating tithis and half-tithis (karanas) see Art. 107 above. Our method of calculation for nakshatras and yogas requires a little

' Art. l.'id hns been "milled

TflE HINDU CALENDAR. 65

more explanation. The moon's nakshatra (Arts. 8, 38) is found from lier apparent longi- tude. By our method C we shew how to find / (= the difference of the apparent longitudes of sun and moon), and equation ' c (=: the solar equation of the centre) for any given moment. To obtain (/) the sun's apparent longitude is subtracted from that of the moon, so that if we add the sun's apparent longitude to (/) we shall have the moon's apparent longitude. Our (c) (Table 1., last column) is the sun's mean anomaly, being the mean sun's distance from his perigee. If we add the longitude of the sun's perigee to [c], we have the sun's mean longitude, and if we apply to this the solar equation of tlie centre (+ or — ) we have the sun's apparent longitude." According to the Siirya-Siddkaiita the sun's perigee has only a very slight motion, amounting to 3' 5".8 in 1600 years. Its longitude for A.D. 1 100, the middle of the period covered by our Tables, was 257° l5'S5"-7 or .7146,3 of a circle, and therefore this may be taken as a constant for all the years covered by our Tables.

Now, true or apparant sun = mean sun + equation of centre. But we have not tabulated in Table VII., col. 2, the exact equation of the centre ; we have tabulated a quantity (say x) the value of which is expressed thus ; —

x — 60,4 — equation of centre {see Art. /08).

So that equation of centre — 60.4 — x.

Hence, apparent sun = mean sun + 60,4 — x.

But mean sun = r + perigee, (which is 7146,3 in tithi-indices.) = f + 7146,3-

Hence apparent sun (which we call j) =: f -|- 7146,3 +60,4 — x.

= (• + 7206,7 — X ; or, say, = f + 7207 — x where x is, as stated, the quantity tabulated in col. 2, Table VII.

((•) is expressed in lOOOths, while 7207 and the solar equation in Table VII. are given in looooths of the circle, and therefore we must multiply [c) by 10. / + j = apparent moon = « (the index of a nakshatra.) This explains the rule given below for work (Art. ij6).

For a yoga, the addition of the apparent longitude of the sun [s) and moon (;/) is required. s+ «=/ (the index of a yoga.) And so the rule in Art. 159.

134. (6) To turn a solar date into its corresponding liini-solar date and vice versa.

First turn the given date into its European equivalent by either of our three methods and then turn it into the required one. The problem can be worked direct by anyone who has thoroughly grasped the principle of these methods.

Method A.

APPROXIMATE COMPUTATION OF DATES BY USE OF THE EYE- TABLE.

Thi3 is the method invcnteil by Mr. T. Iiakahmiah Naidu, nephew of the lati- W H. Krishnasvami Naidu of Madras, author of "South Indian Chronological Tables."

Results fouud by this method maij be inaceurale by as much as two days, but not mure. If the era and bases of calculatiou of the given Hindu date are elearly known, and if the given date mentions a week-day, the day found by the Tables may be altered to suit it. Thus, if the Table yield result Jan. 10th, Thursday, but the inscription mentions the week-day as "Tuesday", then Tuesday, January 8th, may be assumed to be the correct date A.D. corresponding to the given Hindu date, if the priuei|>le on which the Hindu date was fixed is known. If not, this method must not be trusted to

135. (A.) Conversion of a Hindu solar date into the corresponding date A.D. Work by the following rules, always bearing in mind that when using the Kaliyuga or Saka year Hindus

' Equation c is the equation in Table VII.

2 Reference to the diagram in Art. 108 will make all this plain, if PSE be tjiken as the sun's mean anomaly, and ESE' the equation of the centre, PSE' + longitude of the suu's perigee being the sun's true or appari'nt longitude.

66 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

usually give the number of the expired year, and not that astronomically current, {e.g., Kaliyuga 4904 means in full phrase "after 4904 years of the Kaliyuga had elapsed") — but when using the name of the cyclic year they give that of the one then current. All the years given in Table I. are current years. The Table to work by is Table XIV.

Rule I. From Table I., cols, i to 7, and Table II., as the case may be, find the year (current) and its initial date, and week-day (cols. 13, 14, Table I.). But if the given Hindu date belongs to any of the months printed in italics at the head of Table XIV., take the next follow- ing initial date and weekday in cols. 13, 14 of Table I. The months printed in the heading in capitals are the initial months of the years according to the different reckonings.

Rule II. For either of the modes of reckoning given at the left of the head-columns of months, find the given month, and under it the given date.

Rule III. From the given date so found, run the eye to the left and find the week-day in the same line under the week-day number found by Rule I. This is the required week-day.

Rule IV. Note number in brackets in the same line on extreme left.

Rule V. In the columns to left of the body of the Table choose that headed by the bracket-number so found, and run the eye down till the initial date found by Rule I. is obtained.

Rule VI. From the month and date in the upper columns (found by Rule II.) run the eye down to the point of junction (vertical and horizontal lines) of this with the initial date found by Rule V. This is the required date A. D.

Rule VII. If the date A. D. falls on or after ist January in columns to the right, it belongs to the next following year. If such next following year is a leap-year (marked by an asterisk in Table I.) and the date falls after February 28th in the above columns, reduce the date by one day.

N.B. — The dates A.D. obtained from this Table for solar years are Old Style dates up to 8th April, 1753, inclusive.

Example. Find date A.D. corresponding to 20th Panguni of the Tamil year Rudhirodgari, Kali 4904 e.xpired.

Hy Rule I. Kali 4905 current, 2 (Monday), iith y\pril, 1803.

,, ,, II. Tamil Panguni 20.

„ „ III. (under "2") Friday.

„ „ IV. Bracket-number (5).

V. [Under (5)]. Run down to April i ith.

,, „ VI. (Point of junctions) March 31st.

„ „ VII. March 30th. (1804 is a leap year.) Atiszver. — Friday, March 30th, 1804 N.S. (See example 11, p. 74.)

(B.) Conversion of a date A.D. into the corresponding Hindu solar date. (See Rule V.. method B, Art. 137, p. 70.) Use Table XIV.

Rule I. From Tables I., cols, i to 7 and 13, 14, and Tabic II., as the case may be. find the Hindu year, and its initial date and week-day, opposite the given year A. U. If the given date falls before such initial date, take the next previous Hindu year and its initial date and week-day A.D.

Rule II. From the columns to the left of the />ody of Tabic .\IV. find that initial date found by Rule I. which is in a line, when carrying the eye horizontally to the right, willi the given A.D. date, and note point of junction.

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 67

Rule III. Note the bracket-figure at head of the column on left so selected. Rule IV. From the point of junction (Rule II.) run the eye vertically up to the Hindu date-columns above, and select that date which is in the same horizontal line as the bracket-figure on the extreme left corresponding with that found by Rule III. This is the required date.

Rule V. If the given date falls in the columns to the right after the 28th February in a leap-year (marked with an asterisk in Table I.), add i to the resulting date.

Rule VI. From the date found by Rule IV. or V., as the case may be, carry the eye horizontally to the weekday columns at the top on the left, and select the day which lies under the week-day number found from Table I. (Rule I.). This is the required week-day.

Rule VII. If the Hindu date arrived at falls under any of the months printed in italics in the Hindu month-columns at head of Table, the required year is the one next previous to that given in Table I. (Rule I.).

Example. Find the Tamil solar date corresponding to March 30th, 1804 (N.S.). (By Rule I.) Rudhirodgari, Kali 4905 current. 2 (Monday) April i ith. (March 30th precedes April nth.)

(By Rules II., III.) The point of junction of March 30th (body of Table), and April nth, (columns on left) is under "(4)." Other entries of April nth do not correspond with any entry of March 30).

(By Rule IV.) The date at the junction of the vertical column containing this " March 30th" with "(4)" horizontal is 19th Panguni.

(By Rule V.) (1804 is a leap-year) 20th Panguni. (By Rule VI.) Under "2" (Rule I.), Friday.

Answer. — Friday, 20th Paiiguni, of Rudhirodgari, Kali 4905 current. (See example 15, p. 76. 1 36. (A.) Conversion of a Hindu luni-solar date into the corresponding date A.D. Work by the following rules, using Tables XV. A., and XV.B.

Rule I. From Table I. find the current year and its initial day and week-day in A.D. reckoning, remembering that if the given Hindu date falls in one of the months printed in italics at the head of Table XV. the calculation must be made for the next following A.D. year. (The months printed in capitals are the initial months of the years according to the dift'erent reckonings enumerated in the column to the left.)

Rule II. [a.) Find the given month, and under it the given date, in the columns at the head of Table XV., in the same line witli the appropriate mode of reckoning given in the column to the left. The dates printed in black type are krishna, or dark fortnight, dates.

(/; ) In intercalary years (cols. 8 to 12, 8« to 12a of Table I.), if the given month is itself an adhika masa (intercalary month), read it, for purpose of this Table, as if it were not so; but if the given month is styled nija, or if it falls after a repeated month, but before an expunged one (if any), work in this Table for the month next following the given one, as if that and not the given month had been given. If the given month is preceded by both an intercalated and a suppressed month, work as if the year were an ordinary one.

Rule III. From the date found by Rule II. carry the eye to the left, and find the week- day in the same horizontal line, but directly under the initial week-day found by Rule I.

Rule IV. Note the number in brackets on the extreme left opposite the week-day last found.

Rule V. In the columns to the left of the body of the Table choose that headed by the

68 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

bracket-number so found, and run the eye down till the initial date found by Rule I. is obtained.

Rule VI. From the Hindu date found by Rule II. run the eye down to the point of junction, (vertical and horizontal lines) of this date with the date found by Rule V. The result is the required date A.D.

Rule VII (a.) If the date A.D. falls on or after January 1st in the columns to the right, it belongs to the next following year A.D.

(/;.) If it is after February 28th in a leap-year (marked by an asterisk in col. 5, Table I.) reduce the date by one day, e.Kcept in a leap-year in which the initial date (found in Table I.) itself falls after February 28th.

[c.) The dates obtained up to April 3rd, A.D. 1753, are Old Style dates.

Example. To find the date A. D. corresponding to amanta Karttika krishna 2nd of Kali 4923 expired, Saka 1744 expired, Karttikadi Vikrama 1878 expired, Chaitradi Vikrama 1879 expired (1880 current), " Vijaya " in the Brihaspati cycle," Chitrabhanu " in the luni-solar 60-year cycle.

(By Rule I.) (Kali 4924 current), i Sunday, March 24th, 1822.

(By Rule II.) (Karttika, the 8th month, falls after the repeated month, 7 Asvina, and before the suppressed month, 10 Pausha), Margasirsha krishna 2nd.

(By Rule III.) (Under " i "), i Sunday.

(By Rule IV.) Bracket-number (i).

(By Rule V.) Under (i) run down to March 24th (Rule I.)

(By Rule VI.) (Point of junction) December ist.

Answer. — Sunday, December ist, 1822.

(B.) Conversion of a date A. D. into the corresponding luni-solar Hindu date. (See Rule V. method B, p. 67 below). Use Tables XV.A., XV.B.

Rule I. From Table I. find the Hindu year, and its initial date and week-day, using also Table II., Parts ii., iii. If the given date falls before such initial date take the next previous Hindu year, and its initial date and weekday.

Rule II. In the columns to the left of the body of Table XV. note the initial date found by Rule I., which is in the same horizontal line with the given date in the body of the Table.

Rule III. Carrying the eye upwards, note the bracket-figure at the head of the initial date-column so noted.

Rule IV. From the given date found in the body of the Table (Rule 11.) run the eye upwards to the Hindu date-columns above, and select the date which is in the same horizontal line as the bracket-figure in the extreme left found by Rule III. This is the required Hindu date.

Rule V. Note in Table I. if the year is an intercalary one (cols. 8 to i2,and8«to 12a). If it is so, note if the Hindu month found by Rule IV. [a) precedes the fir.st intercalary month, (/') follows one intercalated and one suppressed month, (r) follows an intercalated, but precedes a suppressed month, [d^ follows two intercalated months and one suppressed month. In cases {ai) and {b) work as though the year were a common year, i.e., make no alteration in the date found by Rule IV. In cases (r) and {d) if the found month immediatel)- follows the intercalated month, the name of the required Hindu month is to be the name of the intercalated month with the prefix "nija," and not the name of the month actually found; and if the found month docs not immediately follow the intercalated month, then the required 1 lindu month is the month immediately preceding the found month. If the found month is itself intercalary, it retains its name, but with the prefi.x "adhika." If the found month is itself suppressed, the requiretl month is the month immediately preceding the found month.

rilE HINDU CALENDAR. (^

Rule VI. If the given date A.D. falls after February 29th in the columns to the right, in a leap-year (marked with an asterisk in Table I.), add i to the resulting Hindu date.

Rule VII. From the date found by Rule IV. carry the eye horizontally to the week-day columns on the left, and select the day which lies under the initial week-day number found by Rule I. This is the required week-day.

Rule VIII. If the Hindu date arrived at falls under any of the months printed in italics in the I lindu month-columns at head of the table, the required year is the one next previous to that given by Table I. (Rule I. above.)

Example. Find the Telugu luni-solar date corresponding to Sunday, December 1st, 1822.

(By Rule I.) A.D. 1822 — 23, Sunday, March 24th, Kali 4923 expired, Saka 1744 expired, Chitrabhanu samvatsara in the luni-solar 60-year or southern cycle reckoning, Vijaya in the northern cycle.

(By Rules II., III.) (Bracket-figure) i.

(By Rule IV.) Margasirsha krishna 2nd.

(By Rule Vc.) (Asvina being intercalated and Pausha suppressed in that year), Karttika krishna 2nd.

(By Rule VI.) The year was not a leap-year.

(By Rule VII.) Sunday.

(By Rule VIII.) Does not apply.

Answer. — Sunday, Karttika krishna 2nd, Kali 4923 expired, Saka 1744 expired. (This can be applied to all Chaitradi years.) (See example 12 below, p. 75.)

Method B.

APPROXIMATE COMPUTATION OF DATES BY A SIMPLE PROCESS.

This is the system introduced by Mr. W. S. Krishiiasviimi Naidu of Madras into his "South-Indian Chi'onological Tables."

137. (A.) Conversioti of Hindu dates into dates A.D. (See Art. 135 above, para, i.)

Rule I. Given a Hindu year, month and date. Convert it if necessary by cols, i to 5 of Table I., and by Table II., into a Chaitradi Kali or Saka year, and the month into an amanta month. (See Art. 104.) Write down in a horizontal line (</) the date-indicator given in brackets in col. 13 or 19 of Table I., following the names of the initial civil day and month of the year in question as so converted, and (w) the week-day number (col. 14 or 20) corresponding to the initial date A.D. given in cols. 13 or 19. To both [d] and [w) add, from Table III., the collective duration of days from the beginning of the year as given in cols, la or 10 as the case may be, up to the end of the month preceding the given month, and also add the number of given Hindu days in the given month minus 1. If the given date is luni-solar and belongs to the krishiia paksha, add 15 to the collective duration and proceed as before.

Rule II. From the sum of the first addition find in Table IX. (top and side columns)

70 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

the required English date, remembering that when this is over 365 in a common year or 366 in a leap-year the date A.D. falls in the ensuing A.D. year.

Rule III. From the sum of the second addition cut out sevens. The remainder shews the required day of the week.

Rule IV. If the Hindu date is in a luni-solar year where, according to cols. 8 to 12, there was an added [adiiikd) or suppressed [kshaya] month, and falls after such month, the addition or suppression or both must be allowed for in calculating the collective duration of days; i.e., add 30 days for an added month, and deduct 30 for a suppressed month.

Rule V. The results are Old Style dates up to, and New Style dates from, 1752 A.D. The New style in England was introduced with effect from after 2nd September, 1752. Since the initial dates of 1752, 1753 only are given, remember to apply the correction (+ 11 days) to any date between 2nd September, 1752, and 9th April, 1753, in calculating by the Hindu solar year, or between 2nd September, 1752, and 4th April, 1753, in calculating by the Hindu luni- solar year, so as to bring out the result in New Style dates A.D. The day of the week requires no alteration.

Rule VI. If the date A.D. found as above falls after February 29th in a leap-year, it must be reduced by one day.

(a) Luni-Solar Dates.

Example i. Required the A.D. equivalent of (luni-solar) Vaisakha sukla shashthi (6th), year Sarvari, Saka 1702 expired, (1703 current).

The A.D. year is 1 780 (a leap-year). The initial date (d) = 5th April (96), and (-f) — 4 Wednesday, (Table I., cols. 5, 19, 20).

d. re.

State this accordingly 96 4

Collective duration (Table III., col. 3a) 30 30

Given date (6)— i 5 5

131

I (Rule VI.)

130 39-5-7 = Rem. 4

The result gives 130 (Table IX.) = May loth, and 4 = Wednesday. The required date is therefore Wednesday, May loth, A.D. 1780.

Example 2. Required the A.D. equivalent of (luni-solar) Karttika sukla panchami (5th) Saka 1698 expired (1699 current).

The A.D. year is 1 776, and the initial date is (d) = 20th March (80), (w) — Wednesday (4). This is a leap-year, and the Table shews us that the month (6) Bhadrapada was intercalated. So there is both an adhika Bhadrapada and a nija Bhadrapada in this year, which compels us to treat the given month Karttika as if it were the succeeding month Marga-sirsha in order to get at the proper figure for the collective duration.

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

d.

w.

80

4

236

236

4

4

320

-I (Rule VI.)

The given figures are . . Collective duration (Table III.)i ^

for Margasirsha . . . .^ Given date (S)— i ....

319 244 -J- 7 — Rem. 6.

319 = (Table IX.) November 15th. 6 = Friday Ansivcr. — Friday, November ijth, A.D. 1776.

Example 3. Required the A.D. equivalent of Karttika krishna paiichami (5th) of the same luni-solar year.

d. w.

As before 80 4

Collective duration (Table III., col. 3a.) 236 236

Given date (5 + 15) — i 19 19

335

— I (Rule VI.)

334 259^7, Rem. o.

334 = (Table IX.) November 30th. o = Saturday. >-i«.STi'ty. — Saturday, November 30th, A.D. 1776.

Ex.VMPLE 4. Required the A.D. equivalent of Magha krishna padyami (ist) ofK.Y. 4923 expired (4924 current). This corresponds (Table I., col. 5) to A.D. 1822, the Chitrabhanu sam- vatsara, and col. 8 shews us that the month Asvina was intercalated (aditika), and the month Pausha suppressed (kshaya). We have therefore to add 30 days for the adhika month and subtract 30 days for the kshaya month, since Magha comes after Pausha. Hence the relative place of the month Magha remains unaltered,

Table I. gives 24th March (83), (i) Sunday, as the initial day.

d. It/.

Initial date 83 1

Collective duration (Table III., col. 3a) . 295 295

Given date (i + 15)— i 15 (Rule I.) 15

393 311 ^7. Rem. 3.

3 = Tuesday. 393 —January 28th of the following A.D. year (Table IX.). Answer. — Tuesday, January 28th, A.D. 1823.

This is correct by the Tables, but as there happened to be an e.xpunged tithi in Magha .sukla, the first fortnight of Magha, the result is wrong by one day. The corresponding day was really Monday, January 27th, and to this we should have been guided if the given date had included the mention of Monday as the week-day. That is, we should have fi.xed Monday, January 27th, as the required day A.D. because our result gave Tuesday, January 28th, and we knew that the date given fell on a Monday,

■J2 rilE INDIAN CALENDAR.

Example 5. Required the A.D. equivalent of Pausha sukla trayodasi (13th) K.Y. 4853 expired, Angiras samvatsara in luni-solar or southern reckoning. This is K. Y. 4854 current.

The year (Table I., col. 5) is A.D. 1752, a leap-year. The initial date (cols. 19, 20) is 5th March (65), (5) Thursday. The month Ashadha was intercalated. Therefore the given month (Pausha) must be treated, for collective duration, as if it were the succeeding month Magha.

d. 'w.

Initial date

Collective duration (Table III., col. 3a) Given date (13) — 1

65

5

29s

295

12

12

372

— I (Rule VI)

371 312 -f- 7, Rem. 4.

We must add eleven days to the amount 371 to make it a New Style date, because it falls after September 2nd, 1752, and before 4th April, 1753, (after which all dates will be in New Style by the Tables). 371 + 1 1 = 382 = January 17th (Table IX.). 4 ;:^ Wednesday. Answer. — Wednesday, January 17th, A.D. 1753.

Example 6. Required the A.D. equivalent of Vikrama samvatsara 1879 Ashadha krishna dvitiya (2nd). If this is a southern Vikrama year, as used in Gujarat, Western India, and countries south of the Narmada, the year is Karttikadi and amanta, i.e., the sequence of fortnights makes the month begin with sukla 1st. The first process is to convert the date by Table 11., Part iii., col. 3, Table II., Part ii., and Table I., into a Chaitradi year and month. Thus— Ashadha isthe ninth month of the year and corresponds to Ashadha of the following Chaitradi Kali year, so that the given month Ashadha of Vikrama 1879 corresponds to Ashadha of Kali 4924. Work as before, using Table I. for Kali 4924. Initial date, 24th March (83), (i) Sunday.

d. w.

Initial date 83 i

Collective duration (Table III., col. la) 89 89

Given date (2 + 15) — i 16 16

188 106^7 Rem. I

188 (Table IX.) =: July 7th. i = Sunday. Answer. — Sunday, July 7th, A.D. 1822.'

If the year given be a northern Vikrama year, as used in Malwa, Benares, Ujjain, and countries north of the Narmada, the Vikrama year is Chaitradi and corresponds to the Kali 4923, except that, being purnimanta, the sequence of fortnights differs (see Table II., Part i.). In such a case Ashadha krishna of the Vikrama year corresponds to Jyeshtha krishna in amanta months, and we must work for Kali 4923 Jyeshtha krishna 2nd. By Table I. the initial date is April 3rd (93)> {3) Tuesday. The A.D. year is 1821—22.

• This is nduallv wroiij; by one day, owing to the upproximotc oolledivc duration of days (Table III, 3«) being taken as 89. 11 might equally well b(^ taken u» 88. U it is desired to ronvert tilhis into days (p. 7S. note 2) a fifth part should be subtraeted. The collective duration of the last day of Jyeshtha in tithisisQO. 90 4-61 = 1.40. 90— 1 40 = 88 60. If taken as 88 theau»«er would be .Saturday, July Cth, whieh is actually correct. This serves to shew ho» errors may arise in days when calculation it only made approximately.

THE HINDU CALENDAR. U

d. w.

93 3

Collective duration (Table III., col. 3^) 59 59

Given date (2+ 15) — ! 16 16

168 78-H7, Rem. I.

168^ June 17th. I =: Sunday, y^wjzwr.— Sunday. June 17th, A.D. 182 1.

(b) Solar Dates.

Example 7. Required the date A.D. corresponding to the Tamil (solar) 1 8th Purattasi of Rudhirodgarin — K.Y. 4904 expired, or 4905 current.

Table I., cols. 13 and 14, give (</) = April i ith (i 01), (w) = (2) Monday, and the year A.D. 1803.

d. w.

Initial date loi 2

Collective duration (Table III., col. 10) 156 156

Given date (18)— i 17 17

274 I75"i"7' Rem. o.

274 (Table IX.) gives October 1st. o — Saturday. Answer. — Saturday, October ist, A.D. 1803.

Example 8. Required the equivalent A.D. of the Tinnevelly Andu 1024, 20th Avani. The reckoning is the same as the Tamil as regards months, but the year begins with Avani. Andu 1024= K.Y. 4950. It is a .solar year beginning (see Table I.) iith April (102), (3) Tuesday, A.D. 1848 (a leap-year).

d. w.

Initial date 102 3

Tables II., Part ii., cols. 10 & 7, and III., col. 10. 125 125

Given date (20)— i 19 19

246

— I (Rule VI.)

245 147 H- 7, Rem. o.

0=: Saturday; 245 = (Table IX.) September 2nd.

Answer. — Saturday, September 2nd, A.D. 1848.

Example 9. Required the equivalent date A.D. of the South Malayalam Andu 1 024, 20th Chingam. The corresponding Tamil month and date (Table II., Part ii., cols. 9 and 11) is 20th Avani K.Y. 4950, and the answer is the same as in the last example.

Ex.\MPLE 10. Required the equivalent date A.D. of the North Malayalam (KoUam) Andu 1023, 20th Chingam. This (Chiiigam) is the 12th month of the KoUam Andu year which begins with Kanni. It corresponds with the Tamil 20th Avani K.Y. 4950 (Table II., Part ii., cols. 9, 12, and Table II., Part iii.), and the answer is similar to that in the two previous examples.

[The difference in the years will of course be noted. The same Tamil date corresponds

74 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

to South Malayalam Ancju 1024, 20tli Chiiigam, and to the same day of the month in the North Malayalam (Kollam) Andu 1023, the reason being tliat in the former reckoning the year begins with Chingam, and in the latter with Kanni.)

Example ii. Required the A.D. equivalent of the Tamil date, 20th Panguni of Rudhirod- garin, K.Y. 4905 current (or 4904 expired.)

Table I. gives [d] nth April (loi), 1803 A.D. as the initial date of the solar year, and its week-day (ziy) is (2) Monday.

d. w.

Initial date . lOi 2

Collective duration (Table III., col. 10) Given date, (20) — i

335

335

'9

19

455

— I (Rule VI.)

454 356 -s- 7' Rem. 6.

6 = Friday; 454 (Table IX.) = March 30th in the following A.D. year, 1804. Arisiuer. — Friday, March 30th, 1804. (See example i, above.)

138. (B.) Conversion of dates A.D. into Hindu dates. (See Art. 135 above, par. i.) Rule I. Given a year, month, and date A.D. Write down in a horizontal line [d] the date- indicator of the initial date |in brackets (Table I., cols. 13 or 19, as the case may be)) of the corresponding Hindu year required, and (if) the week-day number of that initial date (col. 14 or 20), remembering that, if the given date A.D. is earlier than such initial date, the [d] and (zc) of the previous Hindu year must be taken. Subtract the date-indicator from the date number of the given A.D. date in Table IX., remembering that, if the previous Hindu year has been taken down, the number to be taken from Table IX. is that on the right-hand side of the Table and not that on the left. From the result subtract (Table III., col. ^a or 10) the collective-duration-figure which is nearest to, but lower than, that amount, and add i to the total so obtained ; and to the {lii) add the figure resulting from the second process under {d), and divide by 7. The result gives the required week- day. The resulting {d) gives the day of the Hindu month following that whose collective duration was subtracted.

Rule II. Observe (Table I., cols. 8 or 8a) if there has been an addition or suppression of a month prior to the month found by Rule I. and proceed accordingly.

An easy rule for dealing with the added and suppressed month is the following. When the intercalated month (Table I., col. 8 or 8a) precedes the month immediately preceding the one found, such immediately preceding month is the required month; when the intercalated month immediately precedes the one found, such immediately preceding month with the prefix "nija," natural, is the required month ; when the intercalated month is the same as that found, such month with the prefix "adhika" is the recjuircd month. When a suppressed month precedes the month found, the required month is the same as that found, because there is never a suppression of a month without the intercalation of a previous month, which nullifies the suppression so far as regards the collective duration of preceding days. But if the given month falls after two intercal- ations and one suppression, act as above for one intercalation onh'.

Rule III. See Art. 137 (A) Rule V. (p. 70), but subtract the eleven days instead of adding. Rule IV. If the given A.D. date falls in a leap-year after 29th l-'ebruary, or if its date-number

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 75

(right-hand side of Table IX.) is more than 365, and the year next preceding it was a leap-year, add I to the date-number of the given European date found by Table IX., before subtracting the figure of the date-indicator

Rule V. Where the required date is a Hindu luni-solar date the second total, if less than 15, indicates a sukia date. If more than 15, deduct 15, and the remainder will be a krishna date. Krishna 15 is generally termed krishna 30; and often sukla 15 is called "piirnima" (full- moon day), and krishna 15 (or "30") is called amavasya (new-moon day).

[a] Luni-Solar Dates.

E.XAMI'I.E 12. Required the Telugu or Tulu equivalent of December ist, 1822. The

luni-solar year began 24th March (83) on (i) Sunday (Tabic I., cols. 19 and 20.)

d. w.

(d) and (if) of initial date (Table I.) 83 I

(Table IX.) 1st December (335) (335— 83=)252 25*

(Table III.) Collective duration to end of Karttika — 236

.Add I to remainder i6-f i = 17 253 -*- 7, Rem. i.

17 indicates a krishna date. Deduct 15. Remainder 2. The right-hand remainder shews (i) Sunday.

The result so far is Sunday Margasirsha krishna 2nd. But see Table I., col. 8. Previous to this month Asvina was intercalated. (The suppression of Pausha need not be considered because that month comes after Margasirsha.) Therefore the required month is not Margasirsha, but Karttika; and the answer is Sunday Karttika krishna 2nd (Telugu), or Jarde (Tulu), of the year Chitrabhanu, K.Y. 4923 expired, Saka 1744 expired. (See the example on p. 69.)

(Note.) As in example 6 above, this date is actually wrong by one day, because it hap- pened that in Karttika sukla there was a tithi, the 12th, suppressed, and consequently the real day corresponding to the civil day was Sunday Karttika krishna 3rd. These differences cannot possibly be avoided in methods A and B, nor by any method unless the duration of every tithi of every year be separately calculated. (See example xvii., p. 92.)

Example 13. Required the Chaitradi Northern Vikrama date corresponding to .April 9th 1822. By Table I. A.D. 1822 — 23 = Chaitradi Vikrama 18S0 current. The reckoning is luni-solar. Initial day {d) March 24th (83), (zi') i Sunday

d. K'.

From Table 1 83 i

(Table IX.) April 9th (99) 99—83 = 16 16

Add I

17 For sukla dates — 15

2 17 "^7- Rem. 3.

This is Tuesday, amanta Chaitra krishna 2nd.' But it should be converted into Vaisakha

krishna 2nd, because of the custom of beginning the month with the full-moon (Table II., Part i.).

1 The actual date was Tuesday, amenta Chaitra krishua 3rd, the difference being caused by a tithi having been expunged in the sukla fortnight of the same month (see note to examples 6 and 12 above).

76 TJIE INDIAN CALENDAR.

Since the Chaitradi Vikraina year begins with Chaitra, the required Vikrama year is 1880 current, 1879 expired. But if the required date were in the Southern reckoning, the year would be 1878 expired, since 1879 in that reckoning does not begin till Karttika.

[b) Solar Dates. Example 14. i. Required the Tamil equivalent of May 30th, 1803 A.D. Table I. gives the initial date April i ith (10 1), and week-day number 2 Monday.

d. If.

From Table 1 101 2

(Table IX.) May 30th (150) 150 — loi =49 49

(Table III.) Collective duration to end of Sittirai (Mesha) . — 31

18 Add I +1

19 5 1 ~ 7. Rem. 2. The day is the 19th; the month is Vaiya.si, the month following Sittirai; the week-day is (2) Monday.

Answer. — Monday, 19th Vaiyasi of the year Rudhirodgarin, K.Y. 4904 e.vpired, Saka 1725 expired.

Example 15. Required the Tamil equivalent of March 30th, 1804. The given date pre- cedes the initial date in 1804 A.D. (Table 1., col. 13) April loth, so the preceding Hindu year must be taken. Its initial day is iith April (lOi), and the initial week-day is (2) Monday. 1804 was a leap-year.

d. w.

From Table I lOi 2

(Table IX.) (March 30th) 454 Y i for leap-year, 455 — 101 = 354 354 (Table III., col. 10) Collective duration to end of^

Masi^ Kumbha (Table II., Fart ii.) . . . .\ ~^^^

19 Add I -f 1

20 356 -f- 7, Rem. 6. Answer. — Friday 20th Panguni of the year Rudhirodgarin K.Y. 4904 expired, Saka 1725 expired. (See the example on p. 67.)

Example 16. Required the North Malayajam Andu equivalent of September 2nd. 1S48. Work as by the Chaitradi year. The year is solar. 1848 is a leap-year.

,/. w.

F"rom Table 1 102 3

(Table IX.) SeiHember _'nd (245) h ' for leap

year 246— 102 :^ 144 144

Coll. duration to end of Karka — 125

19 Add 1 -f 1

20 147 -.- 7, Rem. o

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 77

Answer. — Saturday 20th Chingani. This is the 12th month of the North Malayajam Andu which begins with Kanni. The year therefore is 1023.

If the date required had been in South Malayalam reckoning, the date would be the same, 20th Chingam, but as the South MalayaUs begin the year with Chii'igam as the first month, the required South Malayalam year would be Andu 1024.

Method C.

EXACT CALCULATION OF DATES.

(a.) Conversion of Hhidu luni-solar dates into dates A.D.

139. To calculate the iveek-day. the equivalent date A.D., and the moment of beginning or ending of a tithi. Given a Hindu year, month, and tithi. — Turn the given year into a Chaitradi Kali, Saka, or Vikrama year, and the given month into an amanta month (if they are not already so) and find the corresponding year A.D., by the aid of columns i to 5 ' of Table I., and Table II., Parts i., ii., iii. Referring to Table I., carry the eye along the line of the Chaitradi year so found, and write down ' in a horizontal line the following five quantities corresponding to the day of commencement (Chaitra sukla pratipada) of that Chaitradi-year, viz., [d) the date-indicator given in brackets after the day and month A.D. (Table I., col. 19), (w) the week-day number (col. 20), and [a]. {/>). (c) (cols. 23, 24, 25). Find the number of tithis which have intervened between the initial day of the year (Chaitra sukla pratipada), and the given tithi, by adding together the number of tithis (collective duration) up to the end of the month previous to the given one (col. 3, Table III.), and the number of elapsed tithis of the given month (that is the serial number of the given tithi reduced by one), taking into account the extra 15 days of the sukla paksha if the tithi belongs to the krishna paksha, and also the intervening intercalary month,' if any, given in col. 8 (or Sa) of Table I. This would give the result in tithis. But days, not tithis, are required. To reduce the tithis to days, reduce the sum of the tithis by its 60th part,* taking fractions larger than a half as one, and neglecting half or less The result is the ((/), the approximate number of days which have inter- vened since the initial day of the Hindu year. Write this number under head (</), and write under their respective heads, the {21'). {a). {/>), (c) for that number of days from Table IV. Add together the two lines of five quantities, but in the case of (w) divide the result by 7 and write only the remainder, in the case of (a) write only the remainder under lOOOO, and in the case of (d) and (c) only the remainder under 1000.^ Find separately the equations to arguments (/;) and (f) in Tables VI. and VII. respectively, and add them to the total under (a). The sum (/) is the tithi-index, which, by cols. 2 and 3 of Table VIII., will indicate the tithi current at mean sunrise on the week-day found under (te/). If the number of the tithi so indicated is not the same as that of the given one, but is greater or less by one (or by two in rare cases), subtract one (or two) from, or add

1 The initial days in cols 1.? and 19, T.iblc I , beloni; to the first of the double years A.I) given in col 5

2 It will be well for a beginner to take an example at once, and work it out according to the rule After a little jiractice the calculations can be made rapidly.

3 When the intercalary month is Chaitra, count that also. See Art. 99 above.

< This number is taken for easy calculation. Properly speaking, to convert tithis into days the C4th part should be subtracted. The difference does not introduce any material error.

5 Generally with regard to (ic), (a), {i), (c) in working addition sums, take only the remainder respectively over 7, 10000, 1000 and 1000; and in subtracting, if the sura to be subtracted be greater, add respectively 7, 10000, 1000 and 1000 to the figure above.

78 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

one (or two) to, both {d) and (w);' subtract from, or add to, the {a) {b) {c) already found, their value for one (or two) days (Table IV.); add to («) the equations for (<5) and (r) (Tables VI. and VII.) and the sum (/) will then indicate the tithi. If this is the same as given (if not, proceed again as before till it corresponds), the («') is its week-day, and the date shewn in the top line and side columns of Table IX. corresponding with the ascertained {d) is its equivalent date A.D. The year A.D. is found on the line of the given Chaitradi year in col. 5, Table I. Double figures are given in that column ; if {d) is not greater than 365 in a common year, or 366 in a leap-year, the first, otherwise the second, of the double figures shows the proper A.D. year.

140. For all practical purposes and for some ordinary religious purposes a tithi is con- nected with that week-day at whose sunrise it is current. For some religious purposes, however, and sometimes even for practical purposes also, a tithi which is current at any particular moment of a week-day is connected with that week-day. {See Art. ,v above.)

141. In the case of an expunged tithi, the day on which it begins and ends is its week- day and equivalent. In the case of a repeated tithi, both the civil days at whose sunrise it is current," are its week-days and equivalents.

142. A clue for finding zvhen a titlii is probably repeated or expunged. When tjie tithi- inde.x corresponding to a sunrise is greater or less, within 40, than the ending index of a tithi, and when the equation for (/;) (Table VI.) is decreasing, a repetition of the same or another tithi takes place shortly after or before that sunrise; and when the equation for (b) is increasing an e-\-punction of a tithi (different from the one in question) takes place shortly before or after it.

143. The identification of the date A.D. with the week-day arrived at by the above method, may be verified by Table XIII. The verification, however, is not in itself proof of the correctness of our results.

144. To find the moment of the ending of a titlii. Find the difference between the (/) on the given day at sunrise and the (?) of the tithi-inde.x which shews the ending point of that tithi (Table VIII.). With this difference as argument find the corresponding time either in ghatikas and palas, or hours and minutes, according to choice, from Table X. The given tithi ends after the given sunrise by the interval of time so found. But this interval is not always absolutely accurate. {See Art. 82). If accuracy is desired add the {a){b){e) for this interval of time (Table V.) to the {a) {b) {c) already obtained for sunrise. Add as before to {a) the equations of (b) and {c) from Tables VI. and VII., and find the difference between the (/) thus arrived at and the (/) of the ending point of the tithi (Table VIII.). The time corresponding to that difference, found from Table X., will show the ending of the tithi before or after the first found time. If still greater accur- acy is desired, proceed until (/) amounts exactly to the (/) of the ending point (Table VIII.) For ordinary purposes, however, the first found time, or at least that arrived at after one more process, is sufficiently accurate.

145. The moment of the beginning of a tithi is the same as the moment of ending of the tithi next preceding it; and this can be found either by calculating backwards from the (/) of the same tithi, or independently from the (/) of the preceding tithi.

146. The moment of beginning or ending of tithis thus found is in mean time, and is applicable to all places on the meridian of Ujjain, which is the same as that of Lanka. If the

1 'I'liuB fui' the process will fjue tlie conLit lesull if (hore be iiii probability by the rule given below of the expunction (,t.iAai/a) or repetition {vridd/ii) of a tithi sborllj jiri-ieding or following'; nud the (itj and (ic) arrived at at this stage will indicate by use of Table IX. the A.B. equivalent, and the week-day of the given tithi.

2 For the definitions of expunged and repealed tilbin see Art .32 above.

THE HTNDU CALENDAR. 7Q

exact mean time for otlier places is reciuircd, appl)' the correction given in Table XI., according to the rule given under that Table. If after this correction the ending time of a tithi is found to fall on the previous or following day the id) and {iv) .should be altered accordingly.

Mean time is used throughout the parts of the Tables used for these rules, and it may sometimes differ from the true, used, at least in theory, in Hindu panchangs or almanacks.

The ending time of a tithi arrived at by these Tables may also somewhat differ from the ending time as arrived at from authorities other than the Siirya Siddhanta which is used by us. The results, however, arrived at by the present Tables, may be safely relied on for all ordinary purposes.'

147. N.B. i. Up to 1100 A.D. both mean and true intercalary months are given in Table I. [see Art. 47 aboi'e). When it is not certain whether the given year is an expired or current year, whether it is a Chaitradi year or one of another kind, whether the given month is amanta or purnimanta, and whether the intercalary month, if any, was taken true or mean, the only course is to try all possible years and months.

N.B. a. The results are all Old Style dates up to, and New Style dates from, 1753 A.D The New Style was introduced with effect from after 2nd September, 1752. Since only the initial dates of 1752 and 1753 are given, remember to apply the correction (+ 11 days) to any date between 2nd September, 1752, and 9th April, 1753, in calculating by the Hindu solar year, and between 2nd September, 1752, and 4th April, 1753, in calculating by the Hindu luni-solar year, so as to bring out the result in New Style dates A.D. The day of the week requires no alteration.

A'.B. Hi. If the date A.D. found above falls after F"ebruary 28th in a leap-year, it must be reduced by i.

N.B. iv. The Hindus generally use expired [gatd) years, while current years are given throughout the Tables. For example, for Saka year 1702 "expired" 1703 current is given.

148. Example I. Required the week-day and the A.D. year, month, and day correspond- ing to Jyeshtha sukla paiichami (5th), year Sarvari, Saka year 1702 expired (1703 current), and the ending and beginning time of that tithi.

The given year is Chaitradi (see N.B. ii.. Table II., Part iii.). It does not matter whether the month is amanta or purnimanta, because the fortnight belongs to Jyeshtha by both systems (see Table II., Part i.). Looking to Table I. along the given current Saka year 1703, we find that its initial day falls in A.D. 1780 (see note [ to Art. 139), a leap-year, on the 5th April, Wednesday; and that d (col. 19). w (col. 20), a (col. 23). /; (col. 24) and c (col. 25) are 96,4, 1,657 and 267 respectively. We write them in a horizontal line (see the working of the example below). From Table I., col. 8, we find that there is no added month in the year. The number therefore of tithis between Chaitra .s. i and Jyeshtha s. 5 was 64, viz., 60 up to the end of Vaisakha (see Table III., col. 3), the month preceding the given one, and 4 in Jyeshtha. The sixtieth part of 64 (neglecting tlie fraction ^ because it is not more than half) is r. Reduce 64 by one and we have 63 as the approx- imate number of days between Chaitra .s. i and Jyeshtha s. 5. We write this number under {d). Turning to Table IV. with the argument 63 we find under (w) («) (/J) (c) the numbers o, 1334, 286, 172, respectively, and we write them under their respective heads, and add together the two quantities under each head. With the argument (/') (943) we turn to Table VI. for the equation. We do not find exactly the number 943 given, but we have 940 and 950 and must see the difference between the corresponding equation-figures and fix the appropriate figure for 943. The auxiliary table given will fi.x this, but in practice it can be easily calculated in the head. (The 1 See Arts. 36 and 37 in which all the points noted in this article are fully treated of.

So THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

full numbers are not given so as to avoid cunibrousness in the tables.) Thus the equation for (/') (943) is found to be 90, and from Table VII. the equation for (c) is found to be 38. Adding 90 and 38 to (a) (133s) we get 1463, which is the required tithi-index (/). Turning with this to Table VIII., col. 3, we find by col. 2 that the tithi current was .sukla 5, i.e., the given date. Then (:i') 4, Wednesday, was its week-day; and the tithi was current at mean sunrise on the meridian of Ujjain on that week-day. Turning with [d] 159 to Table IX., we find that the equivalent date A.D. was 8th June; but as this was after 28th February in a leap-year, we fix 7th June, A.D. 1780. (see N.B. iii.. Art. 147) as the equivalent of the given tithi. As (t) is not within 40 of 1667, the (I) of the 5th tithi (Table VIII.), there is no probability of an expunction or repetition shortly preceding or following (Art. 142). The answer therefore is Wednesday, June 7th, A.D. 1780.

To find tlie ending time of the tithi. (t) at sunrise is 1463; and Table VIII., col. 3, shews that the tithi will end when (/) amounts to 1667. (1667 — 1463=) 204 = (Table X.) 14 hours, 27 minutes, and this process shews us that the tithi will end 14 hours, 27 minutes, after sunrise on Wednesday, June 7th. This time is, however, approximate. To find the time more accurately we add the increase in (a) {b) {c) for 14 h. 27 m. (Table V.) to the already calculated (a) {/>) (c) at sunrise; and adding to (a) as before the equations of (d) and (c) (Tables VI. and VII.) we find that the resulting (/) amounts to 1686. 1686 — 1667=19 = 1 hour and 2 1 minutes (Table X.). But this is a period beyond the end of the tithi, and the amount must be deducted from the 14 h. 27 m. first found to get the true end. The true end then is 13 h. 6 m. after sunrise on June 7th. This time is accurate for ordinary purposes, but for still further accuracy we proceed again as before. We may either add the increase in (a) (b) (c) for 13 h. 6 m. to the value of (a) (/;) (t) at sunrise, or subtract the increase of {a) (b) (c) for i h. 21 m. from their value at 14 h. 27 m. By either process we obtain (/)= 1665. Proceed again. 1667 — 1665 = 2 = (Table X.) 9 minutes after 13 h. 6 m. or 13 h. 15 m. Work through again for 13 h. 15 m. and we obtain (/) = 1668. Proceed again. 1668 — 1667 = I = (Table X.) 4 minutes before 13 h. 15 m. or 13 h. 1 1 m. Work for 13 h. 1 1 m., and we at last have 1667, the known ending point. It is thus proved that 13 h. 11 m. after sunrise is the absolutely accurate mean ending time of the tithi in question by the Siirya-Siddhanta.

To find the beginning time of the given tithi. We may find this independently b>' cal- culating as before the (/) at sunrise for the preceding tithi, (in this case sukla 4th) and thence finding its ending time. But in the example given we calculate it from the (/) of the given tithi. The tithi begins when (/) amounts to 1333 (Table VIll.). or (1463 — 1333) 130 before sunrise on June 7th. 130 is (Table X.) 9 h. 13 m. Proceed as before, but deduct the {a) (b) (c) instead of adding, and (see working below) we eventually find that (/) amounts exactly to 1333 and therefore the tithi begins at 8 h. 26 m. before sunrise on June 7th, that is 1 5 h. 34 m. after sunrise on Tuesday the 6th. The beginning and ending times are by Ujjain or Lanka mean time. If we want the time, for instance, for Benares the difference in longitude in time, 29 minutes, should be added to the above result (See Ta,ble XI.). This, however, does not affect the day.

It is often very necessary to know the moments of beginning and ending of a tithi. Thus our result brings out Wednesday, June 7th, but since the Sth tithi began 1 5 h. 34 m. after sunrise on Tuesday, i.e., about 9 h. 34 m. p.m.. it might well happen that an inscription might record a ceremony that took place at 10 p.m., and therefore fix the day as Tuesdaj- the 5th tithi, which, unless the facts were known, would appear incorrect.

I-"rom Table XII. we find that 7th June, A.D. 1780, was a Wednesday, and this helps to fix that day as current.

We now give the working of Examii.k i.

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 81

WORKING OF EXAMPLE I.

(a) The day corresponding to Jyeshtha siikla 5th. d. w. a. b. c.

Saka 1703 current, Chaitra sukla (st, (Table I., cols. 19, 20, 23,

24. 25) 96 4 I 657 267

Approximate number of days from Chaitra sukla 1st to Jyeslitha suk. 5th,

(64 tithis reduced by a 60th part, neglecting fractions, — 62,) with

its (if/) («) (/;) (c) (Table IV.) 63 O 1334 286 172

'59 4 1335 943 439

Equation for (/;) (943) (Table VI.) 90

Do. {c) (439) (Table VII.) 38

1463 - 1. {t) gives .sukla 5th (Table VIII., cols. 2, 3) (the same as the given tithi). {d) — I, (N.B. Hi., Art. 147), or the number of days elapsed from

January i st, ::r 158

I58=june 7th (Table IX.). A.D. 1780 is the corre.sponding year, and 4 (w) Wednesday is the week-day of the given tithi.

Answer. — Wednesday, June 7th, 1780 A.D. (b) The ending of the tithi Jyeshtha mk. 5. (Table VIII.) 1667 — 1463 = 204 = (14 h. 10 m. + oh. I7m.)=i4h. 27 m. (Table X.). Therefore the tithi ends ati4h. 27 m. after mean sunrise on Wednesday. For more accurate time we proceed as follows:

a. b. c.

At sunrise on Wednesday {see above) 1335 943 439

For 14 hours (Table V.) 198 21 2

For 27 minutes, (Do.) 6 i o

1539 965 441

Equation for {b) (965) (Table VI.) 109

Do. (r) (441) (Do. VII.) 38

1686 = /.

1686 — 1667 (Table VIII.) = 19 := i h. 21m.; and i h. 21m. deducted from 14 h. 27 m. gives 13 h. 6 m. after sunrise on Wednesday as the moment when the tithi ended. This is sufficient for all practical purposes. For absolute accuracy we proceed again.

a. b. c.

For sunrise {as before') 1335 943 439

For 13 hours (Table V.) 183 20 i

For 6 minutes (Do.) i o o

15 19 963 440

Equation for (/;) (963) (Table VI.) 108

Do. {c) (440) (Do. VII.) 38

1665 —t.

6

82 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

1667 — 1 665 =2 =9111. after 13 h. 6 m. = 13 h. 15 h. a. b. c.

Again for sunrise {as before) 1335 943 439

For 13 hours (Table V.) 183 20 i

For 1 5 minutes (Do.) 4 o o

1522 963 440

Equation for {b) (963) 108

Do. ic) (440) 38

1668 = /. i668 — 1 667 = I = 4 m. before 13 h. 15 m. = 13 h. 1 1 m.

Again for sunrise {as before) 1335 943 439

For 13 hours (Table V.) 183 20 i

For 1 1 minutes (Do.) 3 o o

1 52 1 963 440

Equation for (b) (963) 108

Do. (f) (440) 38

Actual end of the tithi 1 667 = /.

Thus 1 3 h. 1 1 m. after sunrise is the absolutely accurate ending time of the tithi. {c) The begiimijig of the tithi, Jyeshtha suk. 5. Now for the beginning. 1463 (the original /. as found)— 1333 (beginningofthetithi, (Table VIII.) = 130= (Table X.) (7 h. 5 m. + 2h.8m.) = 9h. 13 m.; and we have this as the point of time before sunrise on Wednesday when the tithi begins.

a. b. c.

For sunrise {as before) 133S 943 439

a. b. e.

For 9 li. (Table V.) 127 14 i

For 13 m. (Do.) 3 o o

Deduct 130 14 I . . . 130 14 I

1205 929 438

Equation for b. (929) 79

Do. c. (438) 37

1321 —t. (The beginning of the tithi) 1333 — 1321 = 12 = Table X.) 51 m. after the above time (9h 13 m.), and this gives 8 h. 22 m. before sunrise. We proceed again.

a. b. c. For 9 h. 13 m. before sunrise {found above) .... 1205 929 43S Plus for 51 minutes (Table V.) 12 i o

1217 930 438

Equation for b. (930) 80

Do. c. (438) 37

1334 = /-

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 83

1334 — 1333 = I =4m. before the above time (viz., 8 h. 22 m.) i.e., 8h. 26m. before sun- rise. Proceed again.

a. b. c.

For 8 h. 22 m. before sunrise {found above) 12 17 930 438

Deduct for 4 m. (Table V.) i o o

1216 930 438

Equation for b. (930) 80

Do. c. (438) 37

1333 -t.

The result is precisely the same as the beginning point of the tithi (Table VIII.), and we know that the tithi actually began 8 hours 26 minutes before sunrise on Wednesday, or at 15 h. 34 m. after sunrise on Tuesday, 6th June.

Example II. Required the week-day and equivalent A.D. of Jyeshtha suk. dasami (lOth) of the southern Vikrama year 1836 expired, 1837 current. The given year is «f/ Chaitradi. Referring to Table II., Parts ii., and iii., we find, by comparing the non-Chaitradi Vikrama year with the Saka, that the corresponding Saka year is 1703 current, that is the same as in the first example. We know that the months are amanta.

d. w. a. b. c. State the figures for the initial day (Table I., cols. 19, 20,23,24,25) 96 4 i 657 267

The number of intervened tithis down to end of Vaisakha, 60,

(Table III.) -|- the number of the given date minus 1,1369; reduced

by a 60th part = 68, and by Table IV. we have 68 5 3027 468 186

164 2 3028 125 453

Equation for {b) 125 (Table VI.) 239

Do- (0 453 (Table VII.) 42

3309 = ^- {d) (164)— I {N.B. in., Art. 147) =163.

The result, 3309, fixes the day as sukla loth (Table VIII., cols. 2, 3), the same as given.

Answer. — (By Table IX.) 163 = June 12th, 2 = Monday. The year is A.D. 1780 (Table II., Part ii.). The tithi will end at (3333 — 3309:1; 24, or by Table X.) I h. 42 m. after sunrise, since 3309 represents the state of that tithi at sunrise, and it then had 24 lunation-parts to run. Note that this (/) (3309) is less by 24 than 3333, the ending point of the lOth tithi; that 24 is less than 40 ; and that the equation for {Jj) is increasing. This shows that an expunction of a tithi will shortly occur {Art. 142.)

Example in. Required the week-day and equivalent A.D. of Jyeshtha sukla ekadasi (i ith) of the same Saka year as in example 2, i.e., S. 1703 current.

84 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

d. w. a. b. c.

See (Table I.) example 2 96 4 '657 267

Intervened days (to end of Vaisakha 59, 4- 11 given days — 1)1=69.

By Table IV 69 6 3366 504 189

165 3 3367 "'^' 456

Equation for {h) (161) (Table VI.) 258

Do. [c] (456) (Table VII.) 43

3668 - 1. This figure (/ =:: 3668) by Table VIII., cols. 2, 3, indicates sukla 12th.

d — I {N.B. in.. Art. 147) = 164 and Table IX. gives this as June 13th. The (ic) is 3 n: Tuesday. The year (Table II. Part iii.) is 1780 A.D.

The figure of (t), 3668, shows that the 12th tithi and not the required tithi (iith) was current at sunrise on Tuesday; but we found in example 2 that the loth tithi was current at sunrise on Monday, June 12th, and we therefore learn that the iith tithi was expunged. It commenced i h. 42 min. after sunrise on Monday and ended 4 minutes before sunrise on Tues- day, 13th June.' The corresponding day answering to sukla lOth is therefore Monday, June 1 2th, and that answering to sukla 12 is Tuesday the 13th June.

Ex.VMl'LE IV. Required the week-day and equivalent A.D. of the purnimanta Ashadha krishiia dvitiya (2) of the Northern Vikrama year 1837 expired. 1838 current. The northern Vikrama is a Chaitradi year, and so the year is the same as in the previous example, viz., A.D. 1780 — I (Table II., Part iii.). The corresponding amanta month is Jyeshtha (Table II., Part i.). Work therefore for Jyeshtha krishna 2nd in A.D. 1780 — I (Table I.).

d. w. a. b. c.

See example I (Table I.) 96 4 1 657 267

60 (coll. dur. to end Vai.s.) + 1 5 (for krishna fortnight) + i (given

date minus 1)^76 tithis = 75 days (as before); Table IV. gives . 75 5 5397 722 205

171 2 5398 379 472

Equation for (1^) (379) 237

Do. \c) (472) SO

568s = /.

(d)—\ {N.B. Hi., Art. 147) := 170 = (Table IX.) 19th June. (2) = Monday. The year is 1780 A.D. So far we have Monday, 19th June, A.D. 1780. But the figure 5685 for(/) shows that kri. 3rd and not the 2nd was current at sunrise on Monday the 19th June. It commenced (5685 — 5667= 18=) I h. 17 m. before sunrise on Monday. (/) being greater, but within 40, than tlie ending point of kri. 2nd, and the equation for (b) decreasing, it appears that a repetition of a tithi will shortly follow (but not precede). And thus we know that Sunday the i8th June is the equivalent of kri. 2nd.

Example v. Required the week-day and equivalent A.D. of the amanta Jyeshtha kri. 3rd of the Saka year 1703 current, the same as in the last 4 examples.

• Thie is sliLWii by {() zz 3(108 al sunrise, the end being indicated by 3007. DifTireneo 1 lunation-unit, or \ minutes.

THE HINDU CALENDAR, 85

d. w. a. b. c.

(See example i) 96 4 ' 657 267

60 (coll. dur. to end Vais.) ^ 15 + 2 = 77 tithis = 76 days. (Table IV.) 76 6 5736 758 208

172 3 5737 415 475

Equation for (i^) (415) 211

Do. (c) (475) S«

5999

This indicates krishna 3rd, the same tithi as given, {d) — i =171= 20th June, 1780 A.D.

From these last two examples we learn that krishna 3rd stands at sunrise on Tuesday 20th as well as Monday 19th. It is therefore a repeated or vriddhi tithi, and both days 19th and 20th correspond to it. It ends on Tuesday (6000 — 5999= 1=) 4 minutes after sunrise.

Example VI. Required the week-day and A.D. equivalent of Karttika sukla 5th of the Northern Vikrama year 1833 expired (1834 current). (See example 2, page 70.)

The given year is Chaitradi. It matters not whether the month is amanta or purnimanta because the given tithi is in the sukla fortnight. The initial day of the given year falls on (Table I., col. 19) 20th March (80), (col. 20) 4 Wednesday; and looking in Table I. along the line of the given year, we find in col. 8 that the month Bhadrapada was intercalated or added (adhika) in it. So the number of months which intervened between the beginning of the year and the given tithi was 8, one more than in ordinary year.

d. w. a. b. c.

(Table I., cols. 19, 20, 23, 24, 25) 80 4 9841 54 223

(Coll. dur.) 240 + 4=244 = 240 days (Table IV.,) 240 2 1272 710 657

320 6 1 113 764 880

Equation for {b) (764) O

Do. (0 (880) 102

1 2 1 5 = /. This indicates, not kri. 5 as given, but kri. 4 (Table VIII.)

Adding i to (d) and {iv) (see Rule above. Art. 139) 321 o

a—\ (N.B. Hi., Art. 147) 320 = (Table IX.) Nov. i6th, A.D. 1776. o = Saturday.

(/) being not within 40 of the ending point of the tithi there is no probability of a repeti- tion or expunction shortly preceding or following, and therefore Saturday the i6th November, 1776 A.D., is the equivalent of the given tithi.

E.n:ample VII. Required the week-day and A.D. equivalent of amanta Magha krishna ist of Kali 4923 expired, 4924 current. (See example 4, page 71.)

The given year is Chaitradi. Looking in Table I. along the line of the given year, we see that its initial day falls on 24th March (83), 1822 A.D., i Sunday, and that (col. 8) the month (7) Asvina was intercalated and (10) Pausha expunged. So that, in counting, the number of in- tervened months is the same, viz., 10, as in an ordinary year, Magha coming after Pausha.

86 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

d. w. a. b. c.

(Table I., cols. 19, 20, 23, 24, 23) 83 i 212 899 229

(Coll. dur.) 300+15 (sukla paksha) + (i — 1=) 0 = 315 tithis = 3io

days. By (Table IV.) 310 2 4976 250 849

393 3 5188 149 78

Equation for (3) (149) (Table VI.) 252

Do. {c) (78) (Table VII.) 32

5472=/.

The figure 5472 indicates (Table VIII.) kri. 2nd, i.e., not the same as given (ist), but the tithi following. We therefore subtract i from (d) and (zf) (Art. 139) making them 392 and 2.

Since (/) is not within 40 of the ending point of the tithi, there is no probability of a kshaya or vriddhi shortly following or preceding, (w) 2 = Monday. 392 = (Table IX.) 27th January. And therefore 27th January, A.D. 1823, Monday, is the equivalent of the given tithi.

Example VIII. Required the week-day and the A.D. equivalent of sukla 1 3th of the Tulu month Puntelu, Kali year 4853 expired, 4854 current, " Angiras samvatsara " in the luni-solar or southern 60-year cycle. (See example 5, page 72.)

The initial day (Table I.) is Old Style 5th March (65), A.D. 1752, a leap-year, (5) Thursday; and Ashadha was intercalated. The Tulu month Puntelu corresponds to the Sanskrit Pausha (Table II., Part ii.), ordinarily the loth, but now the nth, month on account of the intercalated Ashadha.

d. w. a. b. c.

(Table I., cols. 19, 20, 23, 24, 25) 65 5 39 ^^^ 213

(Coll. dur.) 300-1-12 (given tithi minus i) = 3l2 tithis = 307 days

(Table IV.) 307 6 3960 142 840

372 4 3999 919 53 Equation for (^) (919) 71

Do. {c) (53) 40

4110 = /. The result, 41 10, indicates sukla 13th, i.e., the same tithi as that given. (d)—\ {N.B. Hi., Art. 147) =371 :^ (by Table IX.) January 6th, A.D. 1753.

We must add 11 days to this to make it a New Style date, because it falls after Septem- ber 2nd, 1752, and before 4th April, 1753, the week-day remaining unaltered [see N.B. ii.. Art. 14J), and 17th January, 1753 A.D., is therefore the equivalent of the given date.

(b.) Conversion of Hindu solar dates into dates A.D.

149. To calculate the week-day and the equivalent date A.D. Turn the given year into a Meshadi Kali, Saka, or Vikrama year, and the name of the given month into a sign-name, if they are not already given as .such, and find the corresponding year A.D. by the aid of columns i to 5, Table I., and Table II., Parts ii., and iii. Looking in Table I. along the line of the Meshadi year so obtained, write down in a horizontal line the following three quantities corresponding to the

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 8?

commencement of that (Meshadi) year, viz., (</) the date-indicator given in brackets after the day and month A.D. in col. 13, (li-) the week-day number (c^/. /./), and the time — either in ghatikas and palas, or in hours and minutes as desired — of the Mesha sankranti according to the /i;-j'a-.SVa'</'/w«te (cols. 15, or 17). For a BengaH date falling between A.D. 1100 and 1900, take the time by the Surya-Siddhanta from cols, ija or X^a. When the result is wanted for a place not on the meridian of Ujjain, apply to the Mesha sankranti time the correction given in Table XI. Under these items write from Table 111., cols. 6, 7, 8, or 9 as the case may be, the collective duration of time from the beginning of the year up to the end of the month preceding the given one — days under (d), week-day under (w), and hours and minutes or ghatikas and palas under h.m., or gh.p. respectively. Add together the three quantities. If the sum of hours exceeds 24, or if the sum of ghatikas exceeds 60, write down the remainder only, and add one each to {w) and (d). If the sum of (w) exceeds 7, cast out sevens from it. The result is the time of the astronomical beginning of the current (given) month. Determine its civil beginning by the rules given in Art. 28 above.

When the month begins civilly on the same day as, on the day following, or on the third day after, the sankranti day, subtract i from, or add O, or l, to both [d) and (zc), and then to each of them add the number of the given day, casting out sevens from it in the case of {w). {w) is then the required week-day, and {d) will show, by Table IX., the A.D. equivalent of the given day.

N.B. i. When it is not certain whether the given year is Meshadi or of another kind, or what rule for the civil beginning of the month applies, all possible ways must be tried.

N.B. ii. See N.B. ii.. Hi., /V., Art. 147, under the rules for the conversion of luni-solar dates.

Example ix. Required the week-day and the date A.D. corresponding to (Tamil) i8th Purattasi of Rudhirodgarin, Kali year 4904 expired, (4905 currenti. (See example 7, p. yi.)

The given year, taken as a solar year, is Meshadi. The month Purattadi, or Purattasi, corresponds to Kanya (Table II., Part ii. ), and the year is a Tamil (Southern) one, to which the Arya Siddhanta is applicable [see Art. 21). Looking in Table I. along the line of the given year, we find that it commenced on iith April (col. 13), A.DJ|i8o3, and we write as follows : —

d. w. h. m.

(Table 1., cols. 13, 14, 17) lOi 2 10 7

(Table 111., col. 7) collective duration up to the end of Simha . . . . 156 2 10 28

257 4 20 35

This shows that the Kanya sankranti took place on a (4) Wednesday, at

20 h. 35 m. after sunrise, or 2.35 a.m. on the European Thursday. (Always

remember that the Hindu week-day begins at sunrise.) The month Kanya,

therefore, begins civilly on Thursday. ^ [Rtde 2(a), Art. 28.) We add, therefore O

to (d) and \U') 00

Add 1 8, the serial number of the given day, to (d) and, casting out sevens from the same figure, 18, add 4 to {20) 18 4

275 I Then {iu)-=i, i.e., Sunday, and 275= (Table IX.) 2nd October. Answer. — Sunday, 2nd October, 1803 A.D.

Example X. Required the week-day and A.D. date corresponding to the 20th day of the Bengali (solar) month Phalguna of Saka 1776 expired, 1777 current, at Calcutta.

1 It would have so begun if the saukxinti occurred at 7 p.m. on the Wednesday, or at any time after sunset (6 p.m.)

88 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

The year is Meshadi and from Bengal, to which the Surya Siddhanta applies {see Art. 21). The Bengali month Phalguna corresponds to Kumbha (Table II., Part ii.)- The year com- menced on nth April, 1854, A.D. (Table I.)-

d. w. h. 7)1.

(Table I., cols. 13,14, I7«) loi 3 17 13

Difference of longitude for Calcutta (Table XI.) +50

Collective duration up to the end of Makara (Table III., col. 9.) 305 422

406 o 20 5

This result represents the moment of the astronomical beginning of Kumbha, which is after midnight on Saturday, for 20 h. 5 m. after sun- rise is 2.5 a.m. on the European Sunday morning. The month, therefore, begins civilly on Monday (Art. 28, Rule i above).

Add, therefore, i to (d) and (w) 11

Add 20 (given day) to {(T), and, casting out sevens from 20, add 6 to (li') 20 6

0 = Saturday, 427= 3rd March (Table IX.) . 427 o

Answer. — Saturday, 3rd March, A.D. 1855.

Ex.\MPLE XI. Required the week-day and A.D. date corresponding to the Tinnevelly Aiulu 1024, 20th day of Avani. (See example 8, p. 73.)

The year is South Indian. It is not Meshadi, but Siriihadi. Its corresponding Saka year is 1 77 1 current; and the sign-name of the month corresponding to Avani is Siriiha (Table I., and Table II., Parts ii., and iii.) The Saka year 1771 commenced on nth April (102), A.D. 1848 (a leap-year), on (3) Tuesday. Work by the Arya-Siddhatita (Art. 21).

d. IV. k. in.

(Table I., cols. 13, 14. 17) 102 3 i 30

Collective duration up to the end of Karka 125 6 9 38

227 2

The month begins civilly on the same day by one of the South Indian systems (Art. 28, Rule 2, a)\ therefore subtract i from both {d) and {w) 11

226 I Add 20, the serial number of the given day, to {d) and (less sevens) to {w) 20 6

246 o Deduct I for 29th February {N.B. ii., Art. 149 and N.B.iii., Art. 147) i

^45

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 89

0 = Saturday. 245 = (Table IX.) Sept. 2nd.

Answer. — Saturday, September 2nd, 1848 A.D.

EX/\^^'LE XII. Required the week-day and A.D. date corresponding to the South Malayalam Andu 1024, 19th Chingam. (The calculations in Example xi. shew that the South- Malayalam month Chingam began civilly one day later (Art. 28, Rule 2b). Therefore the Tamil 20th Avani was the 19th South-Malayahmi.)

Referring to Table II., Part ii., we see that the date is the same as in the last example.

EX.VMPLE XIII. Required the week-day and A.D. date corresponding to the North Mala- yakm Andu 1023, 20th Chingam.

Referring to Table II., Part ii., we see that the date is the same as in the last two examples.

(c.) Conversion into dates A.D. of titkis zchic/t are coupled with solar months.

150. Many inscriptions have been discovered containing dates, in expressing which a tithi has been coupled, not with a lunar, but with a solar month. We therefore find it necessary to give rules for the conversion of such dates.

Parts of two lunar months corresponding to each solar month are noted in Table II., Part ii., col. 14. Determine by Art. 1 19, or in doubtful cases by direct calculation made under Arts. 149 and 151, to which of these two months the given tithi of the given fortnight belongs, and then proceed according to the rules given in Art. 139.

It sometimes happens that the same solar month contains the given tithi of both the lunar months noted in Table II., Part ii., col. 14, one occurring at the beginning of it and the other at the end. Thus, suppose that in a certain year the solar month Mesha commenced on the luni- solar tithi Chaitra sukla ashtami (8th) and ended on Vaisakha sukla dasami (lOth). In this case the tithi sukla navami (9th) of both the lunar months Chaitra and Vaisakha fell in the same solar month Mesha. In such a case the exact corresponding lunar month cannot be determined unless the vara (week-day), nakshatra, or yoga is given, as well as the tithi. If it is given, examine the date for both months, and after ascertaining when the given details agree with the given tithi, determine the date accordingly.

Ex.\MPLE XIV. Required the A.D. year, month, and day corresponding to a date given as follows; — "Saka 1187, on the day of the nakshatra Rohini, which fell on Saturday the thirteenth tithi of the second fortnight in the month of Mithuna." '

It is not stated whether the Saka year is expired or current. We will therefore try it first as expired. The current year therefore is 1188. Turning to Table I. we find that its initial day, Chaitra sukla ist, falls on 20th March (79), Friday (6), A.D. 1265. From Table II., Part ii., col. 14, we find that parts of the lunar months Jyeshtha and Ashadha correspond to the solar month Mithuna. The Mesha sankranti in that year falls on (Table I., col. 13) 25th March, Wednesday, that is on or about Chaitra sukla shashthi (6th), and therefore the Mithuna sankranti falls on (about) Jyeshtha sukla da.saml (loth) and the Karka sankranti on (about) Ashadha sukla dvadasi (i2th) {see Art. iig). Thus we see that the thirteenth tithi of tlie second fortnight falling in the solar month of Mithuna of the given date must belong to amanta Jyeshtha.

1 This date is from an actual inscription in Southern India. (See Ind. Ant., XXII., p. 219).

90 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

d. w. a. b. c.

S. 1188, Chaitra s. ist (Table I., cols. 19, 20, 23, 24, 25) ... 79 6 287 879 265

Approximate number of days from Ch. s. ist to Jyesh. kri. 13th (87

tithis reduced by 60th part = 86) with its (w) (a) {/)) (c) (Table IV.) 86 2 9122 121 235

165 I 9409 o 500

Equation for {b) (o) (Table VI.) 140

Do. {c) (500) TableVII.) 60

The resulting number 9609 fixes the tithi as krishna 14th (Table VIII., cols. 2, 3), i.e., the tithi immediately following the given tithi. There is no probability of a kshaya or vriddhi shortly before or after this {^Art 14.2). Deduct, therefore, i from (</) and (w)

164 = (Table IX.) 13th June; o = Saturday.

Answer. — 13th June, 1265 A.D., Saturday, (as required).

9609:

164

(d.) Conversion of dates A.D. " into Hindu luni-solar dates.

151. Given a year, month, and date A.D., write down in a horizontal line \t.v) the week- day number, and (a), (b). (c) (Table I., cols. 20, 23, 24. 25) of the initial day (Chaitra s. i) of the Hindu Chaitradi (Saka) year corresponding to the given year; remembering that if the given date A.D. is earlier than such initial day, the (jc) (a) (U) (f) of the previous Hindu year' must be taken. Subtract the date-indicator of the initial date (in brackets. Table I., col. 19) from the date number of the given date (Table IX.), remembering that, if the initial day of the previous Hindu year has been taken, the number to be taken from Table IX. is that on the right-hand side, and not that on the left [see also N.B. it. below). The remainder is the number of days which have intervened between the beginning of the Hindu year and the required date. Write down, under their respective heads, the (w) {a) {Ji) (c) of the number of intervening days from Table IV., and add them together as before (see rules for conversion of limi-solar dates ittto dates A. D.). Add to {a) the equation for {b) and (c) (Tables VI., VII.) and the sum (/) will indicate the tithi (Table VIII.) at sunrise of the given day ; {w) is its week-day. To the number of intervening days add its sixtieth * part. See the number of tithis next lower than this total ° (Table III., col. 3) and the lunar month along the same line (col. 2). Then this month is the month preceding the required month, and the following month is the required month.

When there is an added month in the year, as shown along the line in col. 8 or $a of Table I., if it comes prior to the resulting month, the month next preceding the resulting month

It is found by actual ralcuktion under Art. 1B6 that the given nskshatra falls on the same date, and therefore we know that the above result is correct.

2 Tliis problem is easier than its converse, the number of intervening days here being certain

■' If the Rule I((i) in Art. 104 (Tabic II,, Part iii.) be applied, this latter part of the rule necessarily follows.

•' A o'Jth part, or more properly 03rd, should be added, but by adding a 60th, which is more convenient, there will be no difference in the ultimate result Neglect the fraction half or less, and take more than half as c<iuivalcnt to one.

'< This total is the approximate number of tithis which have intervened. When it is the same as, or very near to, the number of tithis forming the collective duration up to the cud of a month (as given in col. S, Tabic 111.), there will be some doubt about the re- quired month ) but this diHiculty will be easily solved by comparing together the resulting tithi and the number of tithis which have intervened.

THE HINDU CALENDAR. Qi

is the required month ; if the added niontli is the same as the resulting month, the date belongs to that added month itself; and if the resulting month comes earlier than the added month, the result is not affected.

When there is a suppressed month in the year, if it is the same as, or prior to, the resulting month, the month next following the resulting month is the required month. If it is subsequent to the resulting month the result is not affected. If the resulting month falls after both an added and suppressed month the result is unaffected.

From the date in a Chaitradi year thus found, any other Hindu year corresponding to it can be found, if required, by reference to Table II., Parts ii., and iii.

The tithi thus found is the tithi corresponding to the given date A.D. ; but sometimes a tithi which is current at any moment of an A.D. date may be said to be its corresponding tithi.

N.B. i. See N.B. ii.. Art. 147; but for "+ 11 " read " — 11".

N.B. ii. If the given A.D. date falls in a leap-year after 29th February, or if its date-number is more than 365 (taken from the right-hand side of Table IX.) and the year next preceding it was a leap-year, add i to the date-number before subtracting the date-indicator from it.

Example xv. Required the tithi and month in the Saka year corresponding to 7th June, 1780 A.D.

The Saka year corresponding to the given date is 1703 current. Its initial day falls on (4) Wednesday, 5th April, the date-indicator being 96. w. a. b. c.

(Table I., cols. 20, 23, 24, 25) 4 i 657 267

7th June = .... 158 (Table IX.)

Add -f I for leap-year (N.B. ii.)

159

Deduct 96 the {d) of the initial date

(Table I., col. 19).

Days that have intervened 63. By Table IV. 63 = . . .0 1334 286 172

4 1335 943 439

Equation for {b) (943) (Table VI.) 90

Do. {e) (439) (Table VII.) 38

4 1463=/-

Sukla 5th (Table VIII.) is the required tithi. and (4) Wednesday is the week-day. Now 63 +-J5-=64A.. The next lowest number in col. 3, Table III., is 60. which shows Vaisakha to be the preceding month. Jyeshtha is therefore the required month.

Answer. — Saka 1703 current, Jyeshtha sukla 5th, Wednesday.

If the exact beginning or ending time of the tithi is required, proceed as in example i above {Art. 148.)

We have seen in example i above {Art. 148) that this Jyeshtha 5th ended, and sukla 6th commenced, at 13 h. 11 m. after sunrise on the given date; and after that hour sukla 6th cor- responded with the given date. Sukla 6th therefore may be sometimes said to correspond to the given date as well as sukla 5th.

Example xvl — Required the tithi and month in the southern Vikrama year correspond- ing to 1 2th September, 1776 A.D.

92 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

The Saka year corresponding to the given date is 1699 current. Its initial date falls on 20th March (80), 4 Wednesday, A.D. 1776. Bhadrapada was intercalated in that year.

w. a. b. c.

(Table I., cols. 20, 23, 24, 25) 4 9841 54 223

12 September := . . . 255 (Table IX.)

Add I for leap-year {N.B. ii.)

256 Deduct 80 the {d) of tlie initial day.

Days that have intervened 176=: (Table IV.) i 9599 387 482

5 9440 441 705

Equation for {b) (441) (Table VI.) 191

Do. {c) (70s) (Table VII.) 118

5 9749 = t.

This indicates (Table VIII.) krishna 30th (amavasya, or new moon day), Thursday.

The intervening tithis are 176 + — — 179. The number next below this in col. 3, Table III., is 150, and shows that Sravana preceded the required month. But Bhadrapada was intercalated this year and it immediately followed Sravana. Therefore the resulting tithi belongs to the intercalated or adhika Bhadrapada.

A/iszuer. — Adhika Bhadrapada kri : 30th of Saka 1699 current, that is adhika Bhadrapada kri. 30th of the Southern Vikrama Karttikadi year 1833 current, 1832 expired. (Table II., Part ii.).

E.V.\MPLE XVII. Required the Telugu and Tula equivalents of December 1st, 1822 A.D.

The corresponding Telugu or Tuju Chaitradi Saka year is 1745 current. Asvina was intercalary and Pausha was expunged (col. 8, Table I.). Its initial date falls on 24 March (83), A.D. 1822, (i) Sunday.

zu. a. b. c.

Table I., cols. 20, 23, 24, 25) i 212 899 229

1st Decembers . . . 335 (Table IX.)

Deduct 83 (The d. of the initial day)

Days that have intervened 252 = (Table IV.) o 5335 145 690

I 5547 44 9>9

Equation for {b) (44) (Table IV.) 180

Do. \c) (919) (Do. VII.) 90

The results give us knshna 3, Sunday (i), (Table VIII.) . i 5817 = /.

252 +^ = 256. The number next below 256 in col. 3, Table III., is 240. and shews that Karttika preceded the required month, and the required month would therefore be Marga-

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 93

sirsha. But Asvina, which is prior to Margasirsha, was intercalated. Karttika therefore is the required month. Pausha was expunged, but being later than Karttika the result is not affected.

Answer. — Sunday, Karttika (Telugu), or Jarde (Tulu) (Table II., Part] ii.), kr. 3rd of the year Chitrabhanu, Saka 1745 (1744 expired). Kali j'ear 4923 expired.

Example XVIII. Required the tithi and purnimanta month in the Saka year corresponding to 1 8th January, 1541 A.U.

The given date is prior to Chaitra .sukla 1 in the given year. We take therefore the initial day in the previous year, A.D. 1540, which falls on Tuesday the 9th^ March (69). The corresponding Saka year is 1463 current. w. a. b. c.

(Table I., cols. 20, 23, 24, 25) 3 108 756 229

1 8th January = . . 383 (Table IX.)

Add for leap-year . . i (N.B. ii., latter part.)

384 Deduct 69 (The d. of the initial day.)

No. of intervening days. . 3 15 = (by Table IV.) O 6669 432 862

3 6777 188 9J

Equation for (/;) (188) (Table VI.) 269

Do. (c) (91) (Do. VII.) 28

3 7074 = t. The result gives us krishna 7th, Tuesday (3) (Table VIII.).

315 + ^ = 320 tithis. The next lower number to 320 in col. 3, Table III., is 300, which shews Pausha as preceding the required month, and the required month would therefore be Magha. Asvina, however, which is prior to Magha, was intercalary in this year; Pausha, therefore, would be the required month ; but it was expunged ; Magha, therefore, becomes again the required month. Adhika Asvina and kshaya Pausha being both prior to Magha, they do not affect the result. By Table II. amanta Magha krishna is purnimanta Phalguna krishna. Therefore purnimanta Phalguna krishna 7th, Tuesday, Saka 1463 current, is the required date.

(e.) Conversion of A.D. dates into Hindu solar dates.

152. Given a year, month, and date A.D., write down from Table I. in a horizontal line the {d) {w) and (Ii) (m) (the time) ofthe Meshasankranti, by thcf^r/a or5«r)'a-5?(3W/«««/a ^ as the case may require, of the Hindu Meshadi year, remembering that if the given day A.D. is earlier than the Mesha safikranti day in that year the previous^ Hindu year must be taken. Subtract the date-indicator of the Mesha sankranti day from the date-number of the given date (Table IX.), remembering that if the Mesha sankranti time of the previous Hindu year is taken the number to be taken from Table IX. is that on the right-hand side, and not that on the left [see also Art. iji, N.B. ii.) ; the remainder is the number of days which intervened between the Mesha sankranti and the given day. Find from Table III., cols. 6, 7, 8 or 9, as the case may be, the number next below that number of intervening days. Write its three quantities {d), {iv), and the time of the .sankranti {h. ;«.), under their respective heads, and add together the three quantities separately {See Art. i^p

1 See Art. 21, and notes 1 and 2, and Arts. 93 and 96.

2 See note 4, p. 90.

94 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

above). The sum is the time of the astronomical beginning of the required month, and the month next following that given in col. 5, on the line of the next lowest number, is the month required.

Ascertain the day of the civil beginning of the current required month by the rules in Art. 28. When it falls on the same day as the safikranti day, or the following, or the third day, respectively, subtract i from, or add o or i to, both [d) and iw). Subtract (</) from the date-number of the given date. The remainder is the required Hindu day. Add that remainder, casting out sevens from it, to (w). The sum is the week-day required.

From the Meshadi year and the sign-name of the month thus found, any other corresponding Hindu year can be found by reference to Table III., Parts ii., and iii.

Observe the cautions contained in N.B. i. and ii. to Art. 151.

Example XIX. Required the Tamil, Tinnevelly, and South and North Malayalam equiva- lents of 30th May, 1803 A.D. (See example 14, p. 76.)

The corresponding Meshadi Saka year current is 1726. Its Mesha sankranti falls on April nth (lOi), 2 Monday. The Arya Siddhania z.^^\\q.%. (See Art. 21.)

d. w. Ji. m.

(Table I., cols. 13 14, 17) loi 2 10 7

May 30th = . 150 (Table IX.)

Deduct . . . 1 01, the (^) of the initial day.

Intervening days 49

The number next below 49, (Table III., col. 7), for the end of Mesha and beginning of Vrishabha, is 30, and we have .... 30 2 22 12

[Total of hours — 32. i day of 24 hours carried over to (d) and (tc).] Astronomical beginning of Vrishabha 1325 819

By all South Indian reckonings, except that in the South Mala- yalam country, the month begins civilly on the same day as the sankranti. Subtract, therefore, i from (d) and (w) 11

131 4 Subtract 131 id) from the number of the given date . . . 150

Remainder, 19, is the required date in the month of Vrishabha. 19 Add 19, casting out sevens, to {iv) 5

Required week-day 2

Answer. — Monday, 19th day of the month Vrishabha, Tamil Vaigasi, of Saka 1726 current (1725 expired); Kali 4904 expired (Table I., or Table II., Part iii.); Tinnevelly Andu 978, Vaigasi 19th; North Malayajam Andu 978, Edavam 19th.

The Vrishabha sankranti took place 8 h. 19 m. after sunrise, viz., not witliin the first -itlis of the day. Therefore by the South Malayajam system the month Vrishabha began civilly, not on (s) Thursday, but on the following day (6) Friday. Therefore we have to add or subtract nothing from 132 and 5. Subtracting 132 from 150, the remainder, i8th, is the required day. Adding (18-5-7) to 5 (w) we get (2) Monday as the required week-day. Therefore Monday iSth of Edavam, Kollam Andu 978, is the required South Malayalam equivalent.

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 95

Example XX. Required the week-day and Bengali date at Calcutta corresponding to March 3rd, 1855 A.D. The Siirya-Siddlianta is the authority in Bengal. The given day is earlier than the Mesha sankranti in the year given. We must take therefore as our .starting- point tlie Mesha sankranti of the previous year, which falls on nth April (loi), Tuesday, (3) Saka 1777 current, A.D. 1854.

d. w. h. III.

(Table I., cols. 13, 14, 17a) loi 3 17 13

Difference of longitude for Calcutta (Table XI.) +50

March 3rd, 1855= . . 427 (Table IX.) Deduct [d) of the initial day loi

Intervening days . 326

The number next below 326 (Table III. col. 9), for the end of Makara and beginning of Kumbha is 305 422

The astronomical beginning of Kumbha, after midnight on Saturday 1= 406 o 20 5 The civil beginning falls on the third day, Monday (Art. 28). We add therefore i to {d) and {w) 11

The last civil day of Makara =: 407 i

Subtract (d) 407 from the date number of 3rd March . . . ,^427

Remainder 20, and the required date is 20th Kumbha. . . 20 Add 20 to (ic) casting out sevens 6

The required week-day is Saturday o

The Bengali month corresponding to Kumbha is Phalguna (Table II., Part ii.). Answer. — The 20th day of Phalguna, Saturday, Saka, 1776 expired. (See example x above.)

Example xxl Required the South Indian solar dates equivalent to 2nd September, 1 848 A.D. The corresponding Meshadi Saka year (currentj is 177 1. It commenced on i ith April (102), Tuesday (3).

d. w. h. m.

(Table I., cols. 13, 14, 17) . 102 3 i 30

2nd Septembers .... 245 (Table IX.)

Add I for leap-year ... i (^N.B. ii, Art. 151.)

Date-number of the given day 246 Deduct {d') of the initial day . 102

Intervening days .... 144

The number next below 144, (col. 7, Table III.), for the end of Karka and beginning of Sirhha is 125, and we write 125 6 9 38

The astronomical beginning of Sirhha is 227 211 8

This is the civil beginning by one of tlie Southern systems.

96 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

d. w. Ii. m. (Brought over) . . . 277 2 1 1 8 Subtract i from (</) and (zu) 11

Last civil day of Karka — 226 i

Subtract 226 from the date number 246 (Table IX.) of the given day 246

Required date in the month Siihha 20

Add this to (zv) casting out sevens 6

The required week-day is Saturday o

The equivalents are therefore: — (see Table II., Part ii.)

Saturday 19th Chingam, South Malayalam Andu 1024 (See example XII., p. 89.) Do. 20th Do. North Do. 1023

Do. 20th Avani Tinnevelly Aiidu 1024

Do. 20th Do. Tamil Saka year 1771 (current).

(f.) Deter7nination of Karanas.

153. We now proceed to give rules for finding the karanas on a given day, — the exact moments of their beginning and ending, and the karana current at sunrise on any given day, or at any moment of any given day.

The karanas ^ of a given tithi may be found by the following rule. Multiply the number of expired tithis by two. Divide this by 7 ; and the remainder is the karana for the current half of the tithi. Exainple. — Find the karana for the second half of krishna 8th. The number of expired tithis from the beginning of the month is (15 +7-!=) 22-i-. 22-i-X2=:4S. Casting out sevens the 3rd, or Kaulava, is the required karana.

154. To find the exact moments on which the karanas corresponding to a given tithi begin and end. Find the duration of the tithi from its beginning and ending moments, as calculated by the method given in Arts. 139, 144, and 145 above. The first half of the tithi is the period of duration of its first karana, and the second half that of the second.

EX/\MPLE XXII. Find the karanas, and the periods of their duration, current on Jyeshtha sukla paiichami (5th) of the Saka year 1702 expired (1703 current). From Table VIII., cols. 4 and 5 we observe that (i) Bava is the first, and (2) Balava is the second, karana corresponding to the 5th tithi. In the first example above {Art. 1^8) we have found that the tithi commenced on Tuesday, 6th June, A.D. 1 780. at 1 5 h. 34 m. after mean sunrise, and that it ended on Wednesday, 7th June, at 13 h. 11 m. after mean sunrise. It lasted therefore for 21 h. 37 m. (8 h. 26 m. on Tuesday and 13 h. 1 1 m. on Wednesday). Half of this duration is 10 h. 48 m. The Bava karana lasted therefore from 1 5 h. 34 m. after mean sunrise on Tuesday, June 6th, to 2 h. 22 m. after mean sunrise on Wednesday, June 7th, and the Balava karana lasted thence to the end of the tithi.

155. The karana at sunrise or at any other time can of course easily be found by the above method. It can also be calculated independently by finding the (/) for the time given. Its beginning or ending time also can be found, with its index, by the same method as is used for that of a tithi. The index of a karana can be easily found from that of a tithi by finding the middle point of the latter. For example, the index of tlie middle point of sukla 14th

1 For the definition uf j^arapiu, and othor information regarding them, see Arts. 10 and 40.

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 97

is 4500, or 4333 + half the difference between 4333 and 4667 {Table VIII.), and therefore the indices for the beginning and ending of the 5th karana on sukla 14th are 4333 and 4500, and of the 6th karana on the same tithi 4500 and 4667.

EX/\Mi'LE xxii(a). Find the karana at sunrise on Wednesday the 7th June, A.D. 1780, Jyeshtha sukla 5th, Saka 1702 expired (1703 current).

In examples i. and xv. above we have found (/) at the given sunrise to be 1463. Turning with this to Table VIII. we see that the karana was the ist or 2nd. The index of the first is 1333 to 1500, and therefore the first karana, Bava, was current at the given sunri.se.

(g) Determination of Nakshatras. 156. To find the Jiakshatra at sunrise, or at any other moment, 0/ an Indian or European date. If the given date be other than a tithi or a European date, turn it into one or other of these. F"ind the (a) {I?) {c) and (/) for the given moment by the method given in Arts. 139, 148 or 151, (Examples i. or xv.) above. Multiply ((■)by ten; add 7207 to the product, and from this sum subtract the equation for {c) (Table VII.). Call the remainder {s). Add (s) to (t). Call the result («). Taken as an index, («) shows, by Table VIII., col. 6, 7, 8, the nakshatra current at the given moment as calculated by the ordinary system.

157. If the nakshatra according to the Garga or Brahma Siddhdnta system is required, use cols. 9 or 10 respectively of Table VIII.

158. The beginning or ending time of the nakshatra can be calculated in the same manner as that of a tithi. Since (r) is expressed in loooths, and looooths of it are neglected, the time will not be absolutely correct.

Example xxni. Find the nakshatra current at sunrise on Wednesday, Jyeshtha sukla

5th, Saka 1702 e-xpired, (7th June, 1780 A.D.)

Equation '• '^- for c. (Table VII.)

As calculated in Example i. or xv. above . 1463 . 439 38

Multiply (<■) by 10 . 439X10=4390

Add .... 7207

1597 Subtract equation for (r) .... 38

Add (.) to (/-) 1559 .... 1559= C-f)

3022 = («)

This result («) gives Aslesha (Table VIII., cols. 6, 7, 8) as the required current nakshatra

The («) so found 3022 — 2963 (index to beginning point of Aslesha) =; 59. Therefore Aslesha begins 3 h. 52 m. (Table X., col. 4) before sunrise on the Wednesday.

3333 (snd of Aslesha) — 3022(«) = 3ii, and therefore Aslesha ends (i9h. 40 m. f 43 m. =) 20 h. 23 m. after sunrise on the Wednesday.

For greater accuracy we may proceed as in Example i {Art. 14S.)

(h.) Determination of Yogas.

1 59. The next problem is to find the yoga at sunrise or at any other moment of an Indian or European date. If the given date is other than a tithi or a European date, turn it

7

98 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

into one or the other of these. Find {a) (/>) (c) (/) (s) and («) for the given moment as above {Ar/. ijd). Add (s) to («). Call the sum fj'J. This, as index, shews by Table VIII., cols, ii, 12, 13, the yoga current at the given moment.

Ex.\MPLE XXIV. Find the yoga at sunrise on Jyeshtha sukla 5th, Saka 1702 e.xpired, 7th June, 1780 A.D.

As calculated in example xviii. (•?)= i5S9 («) = 3022 Add («) to (.f) {") — 3022

Required yoga 0')= • • • 458' =('3) Vyaghata (Table VIII.).

We find the beginning point of Vyaghata from this.

The (j') so found 4581 — 4444 (beginning point of Vyaghata) = 137 := (6 h. 6 m. + 2 h. 15 m. =)8h. 21 m. before .sunri.se on Wednesday (Table X., col. 5).

The end of Vyaghata is found thus:

(End of Vyaghata) 4815 — 4581 (j) = 234 =(12 h. 12 m. + 2 h. 4 m. =) 14 h. 16 m. after sunrise on Wednesday.

(i.) Verification of Indian dates.

1 60. {See Art. ij2.) The following is an example of the facility afforded by the Tables in this volume for verifying Indian dates.

Example xxv. Suppose an inscription to contain the following record of its date, — "Saka 666, Karttika krishna amavasya (30), Sunday, nakshatra Hasta." The problem is to verify this date and find its equivalent A.D. There is nothing here to shew whether the given year is current or expired, whether the given month is amanta or purnimanta, and whether, if the year be the current one, the intercalary month in it was taken as true or mean.^

First let us suppose that the year is an expired one (667 current) and the month amanta. There was no intercalary month in that year. The given month would therefore be the eighth, and the number of intervening months from the beginning of the year is 7.

d. w. a. b. c.

Saka 667 current. (Table I., cols. 19, 20, 23, 24, 25) .... 80 6 324 773 278 210 (7 months) + 15 (sukla) + 14 (kr. amavasya is 15, and i must

be substracted by rule) ::= 239 tithis = 235 days 235 4 9578 529 643

315 3 9902 302 921

liquation for (/;) (302) (Table VI.) 271

Do. \c) (921) (Do. VII.) 90

3 263 = A This gives us Tuesday, .sukla ist (Table VIII.). Index, ("=263, proves that 263 parts of the tithi had expired at sunrise on Tuesday, and thence we learn that this .sukla i .st commenced on Monday, and that the preceding tithi kri. 30 would possibly commence on Sunday. If so, can we connect the tithi kri. 30 with the Sunday f Let us see.

1 'I'liia nill illnati-atc- llic daiiKiT uf Inistiii); l.i 'I'ablin XIV. iiiij XV. ill iiniiDi-liiiit casi'.i.

THE HINDU CALENDAR. 99

d. w. a. h. c.

Already obtained 3153 9902 302 92 1

Subtract value for two days (Table IV.) 22 677 73 5

313 I 9225 229 916

Equation for (b) (229) (Table VI.) 279

Do. (c) (916) (Do. VII.) 91

1 9595 - 1.

This index gives us krishna 14th (Table VIII.) as current at sunrise on Sunday (i). The tithi ended and kri. 30 commenced (9667 — 9595 = 72 rr) 5 h. 6 m. after sunrise on Sunday. This kri. 30 therefore can be connected with a Sunday, and if the nakshatra comes right — Hasta — then this would be the given date. We calculate the nakshatra at sunrise on Sunday.

t. c.

As calculated above 9595 916

{c) multiplied by 10 916X10 = 9160

Add constant 7207

6367

Subtract the equation for (r) (Table VII.) 91

Add {s) to {() 6276 6276 = (j)

5871 =(«)

This index («) gives nakshatra No. 16 Visakha (Table VIII., col. 6, 7, 8). Therefore No. 13 Hasta had already passed, and this proves that the date obtained above is incorrect.

Now if Karttika in the given record be purnimanta, the amanta month corresponding (Table II., Part i) would be Asvina, the 7th month, and it is possible that Asvina kri. 30, falling back as it does 29 or 30 days from the date calculated, might fall on a Sunday. Let us see if it did so.

d. w. a. h. c.

Chaitra sukla i, Saka d^i current (as above) 80 6 324 773 278

180 (6 expired months) + 15 (sukla) + 14 {see abo7'e) ■=20g tithis

= 206 days 206 3 9758 476 564

286 2 82 249 842

?:quation for {b) (249) (Table VI.) 280

Do. (r) (842) (Do. VII.) Ill

2 473 = W The result gives us Monday, sukla 2nd. '

1 Note that this tipproximate calculation, which is the same as that by method B, comes out actually nTong by two days.

100 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

d. zv. a. b. c.

State the figures for this 286 2 82 249 842

Subtract value for two days (Table IV.) 22 677 73 5

284 o 9405 176 837

Equation for (b) (176) (Table VI.) 265

Do. (f) (842) (Do. VII.) 112

o 9782

This gives Saturday krishna (30), amavasya. i.e., that tithi had (10,000 — 9782) 218 parts to run at sunrise on Saturday. Therefore it ended on Saturday, and cannot be connected with a Sunday. Here again we have not the correct date.

Now let us suppose that the given year 666 is a current amanta year. Then the given month, Karttika, is amanta, and the intercalary month was Bhadrapada. The given month would be the 9th.

d. w. a. b. c.

Chaitra .sukla 1st, Saka 666 current (Table I.) 61 o 289 837 227

240 (for 8 months) + 15 (sukla) + 14 (as aboz/e) :=.26g tithies — 265

days (Table IV.) 265 6 9737 617 726

326 6 26 454 953

Equation for (/-) (454) (Table VI.) 180

iJo (<•) (953) (Uo. VII.) ■ 78

6 284 = (/)

This gives us Friday, sukla ist. The preceding day is krishna amavasya, and this therefore ends on Thursday and can in no way be connected with a Sunday. This date is therefore again wrong. The amavasya of the previous month (29 days back) would end on a Wednesday or perhaps Tuesday, so that cannot help us. If we go back yet a month more, it is possible that the krishna amavasya might fall on a Sunday. That month could only be called Karttika if it were treated according to the purnimanta system and if there were no intercalary month. The given month would then be the 7th in the year. We test this as usual.

d. w. ti. b. c.

Chaitra .sukla ist, Saka 666 current 61 o 289 837 227

1 80 (6 expired months) + 1 5 sukla + 1 4 [as before) — 209 tithis = 206

days (Table IV.) 206 3 9758 476 564

267 3 47 3'3 791

Equation for {h) (313) (Table VI.) 269

Do. (f) (791) (Do. VII.) 119

3 435=/- This gives Tuesday,' ^ukla 2nd, two tithis in advance of the required one.

1 In this cniu' tlii' I'eaull by the ii|i|ji'<ixiijiiiti' mi'thiiJ A ur II nill \k nroiig by tno >ln\s.

THE MUHAMMADAN CALENDAR. roi

Wc may either subtract the value of (lu) (a) (h) (f) for two days from their value as already

obtained, or may add the value for (206—2 =) 204 days to the value at the beginning of the

year. We try the latter.

d. w. a. b. c.

Chaitra sukla 1st, Saka 666 current (Table I.) 61 O 289 837 227

204 days (Table IV.) 204 i 9081 403 559

265 I 9370 240 786

Equation for (/;) (240) (Table VI.) 280

Do. ('■) (786) (Do. VII.) 119

I 9769 = t. This gives us krishna amavasya, (i) Sunday, as required.

(^0 = 265 = (Table IX.) 22nd September, 743 A.D. (Table I.). From Table XIII. we see that the week-day is right. If the nakshatra Hasta comes right, then this is the given date. We calculate it according to rule.

/. c.

As already obtained 97^9 l'^^

(c) multiplied by 10 7860

Add constant 7207

5067 Subtract the equation for (c) (786) (Table VII.) 119

Add (j) to (/) 4948 4948 = (.f)

4717 = («)

This result gives No. 13 Hasta (Table VIII.) as required.

This therefore is the given date. Its equivalent A.D. is 22nd September, 743 A.D. The data were imaginary. If they had been taken from an actual record they would have proved that mean and not true intercalary months were in use in A.D. 743, because we have found that there was no intercalary month prior to the given month Karttika. The mean intercalary month in that year (Table I.) was the 9th month, Margasirsha, and of course Karttika was unaffected by it.

i6o(/J). See page of Addenda and Errata.

PART V.

THE MUHAMMADAN CALENDAR.

161. The Muhammadan era of the Hijra, or "flight," dates from the flight of Muhammad (Anglice Mahomet) which took place, according to the Hissabi or astronomical reckoning, on the evening of July 15th, A.D. 622. But in the Hela/i, or chronological reckoning, Friday, July i6th, is made the initial date. The era was introduced by the Khalif Umar.

I02 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

162. The year is purely lunar, and the month begins with the first heliacal rising of the moon after the new moon. The year is one of 354 days, and of 355 in intercalary years. The months have alternately 30 and 29 days each (but see below), with an extra day added to the last month eleven times in a cycle of thirty years. These are usually taken as the 2nd, 5th, 7th, lOth, 13th, 15th, i8th, 2ist, 24th, 26th, and 29th in the cycle, but Jervis gives the 8th, i6th, 19th, and 27th as intercalary instead of the 7th, 15th, 18th and 26th, though he mentions the usual list. Ulug Beg mentions the i6th as a leap-year. It may be taken as certain that the practice varies in different countries, and sometimes even at different periods in the same country.

30 years are equal to (354 x 30+ 11=) 10,631 days and the mean length of the year is 354,^ days.i

Since each Hijra year begins 10 or 11 civil days earlier than the last, in the course of 33 years the beginning of the Muhammadan year runs through the whole course of the seasons.

163. Table XVI. gives a complete list of the initial dates of the Muhammadan Hijra years from A.D. 300 to A.D. 1 900. The asterisk in col. i shews the leap-years, when the year consists of 355 days, an extra day being added to the last month Zi'1-hijjat. The numbers in brackets following the date in col. 3 refer to Table IX. (see abo've, Art. pij), and are for purposes of cilculaticn as shewn below.

Muhammadan Months.

Days.

Muharram

Safar

Rabi-ul awwal

Rabi-ul akhir, or Rabi-us sani.

Jumada'l awwal

Jumada'l akhir, or Jumada-s sani

30 29 30 29 30 29

30

59

89

118

148

177

Rajab Sha'ban . Ramazan Shawwal

30 29 30 29

Zi-1-ka'da 1 30

Zi-I-hijja 29 /

In leap-years . . . 30 ^

207 236 266 295 325 354/ 3S5<

164. Since the Muhammadan year invariably begins with the heliacal rising of the moon, or her first observed appearance on the western horizon shortly after the sunset following the new-moon (the amavasya day of the Hindu luni-solar calendar), it follows that this rising is due about the end of the first tithi (sukla pratipada) of every lunar month, and that she is actually seen on the evening of the civil day corresponding to the 1st or 2nd tithi of the sukla (bright) fortnight. As, however, the Muhammadan day — contrary to Hindu practice, which counts the day from sunrise to sunrise — consists of the period from sunset to sunset, the first date of a Muhammadan month is always entered in Hindu almanacks as corresponding with the next following Hindu civil day. For instance, if the heliacal rising of the moon takes place shortly after sunset on a Saturday, the ist day of the Muhammadan month is, in Hindu pafichangs, coupled with tlie

' \ year of the Hijra = 0.970223 of 0 Gregorian year, and a Gregorian ycai-= 1 030C9 ycare of the Hijra. Thus 32Gri^- rian years arc about c<jual to 33 years of the Hijra, or more nearly 163 Gregoriau ycam are within less than a day of 168 Hijra years.

THE MUHAMMADAN CALENDAR.

•03

Sunday which bec^ins at Ihc next sunrise. Rut the Muhanimadan day and the first day of the Muhanimadan month begin witli the Saturday sunset. {See Arl. jo, and the paiichahg extract attached.)

165. It will be well to note that where the first tithi of a month ends not less than 5 ghatikas, about two hours, before sunset, the heliacal rising of the moon will most probably take place on the same evening ; but where the first tithi ends 5 ghatikas or more after sunset the heliacal rising will probably not take place till the following evening. When the first tithi ends within these two periods, i.e., 5 ghatikas before or after sunset, the day of the heliacal rising can only be ascertained by elaborate calculations. In the panchang extract appended to Art. 30 it is noted that the heliacal rising of the moon takes place on the day corresponding to September ist.

166. It must also be specially noted that variation of latitude and longitude .sometimes causes a difference in the number of days in a month; for since the beginning of the Muhammadan month depends on the heliacal rising of the moon, the month may begin a day earlier at one place than at another, and therefore the following month may contain in one case a day more than in the other. Hence it is not right to lay down a law for all places in the world where Muhammadan reckoning is used, asserting that invariably months have alternately 29 and 30 days. The month Safar, for instance, is said to have 29 days, but in the panchang extract given above {Art. jo) it has 30 days. No universal rule can be made, therefore, and each case can only be a matter of calculation. ' The rule may be accepted as fairly accurate.

167. The days of the week are named as in the following Table.

Days of the Week.

Hindustani.

Persian.

Ara/>ic.

Hindi.

I. Sun.

Itwar.

Yak-shamba.

Yaumu'1-ahad.

Rabi-bar.

2. Mon.

Somwar, or Pir.

Do-shamba.

„ -isnain.

Som-bar.

3. Tues.

Mangal.

Sih-shamba.

,, -salasa'.

Mangal-bar.

4. Wed.

Budh.

Chahar-shamba.

„ -arba'.

Budh-bar.

5. Thurs.

Jum'a-rat.

Panj-shamba.

„ -khamis.

Brihaspati-bar.

6. Fri.

Jum'a.

Adina.

„ -Jum'ah.

Sukra-bar.

7. Sat.

Sanichar.

Shamba, or Hafta.

Yaumu's-sab't.

Sani-bar.

Old and New style.

168. The New Style was introduced into all the Roman Catholic countries in Europe from October 5th, 1582 A.D., the year 1600 remaining a leap-year, while it was ordained that 1700, 1800, and 1900 should be common and not leap-years. This was not introduced into England till September 3rd, A.D. 1752. In the Table of Muhammadan initial dates we have given the comparative dates according to English computation, and if it is desired to assimilate the date to that of any Catholic country, 10 days must be added to the initial dates given by us from Hijra 991 to Hijra iiii inclusive, and 11 days from H. 11 12 to 1165 inclusive. Thus, for Catholic countries H. 1002 must be taken as beginning on September 27th, A.D. 1593.

1 So far as I know no European chronologist of the present century has noticed this point. Tables could be constructed for the heliacal rising of the moon in every month of every year, but it would be too great a work for the present publication. [S. B. D.]

104 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

The Catholic dates will be found in Professor R. Wiistenfeld's " VergleichungsTabellen der Miihainiiiadanisckcn iind Christlichen Zcitrcclumng" {Leipzic 18^4).

To convert a date A.H. into a date A.D.

169. Rule I. Given a Muhammadan year, month, and date. Take down {w) the week- day number of the initial day of the given year from Table XVI., col. 2, and {d) the date-indicator in brackets given in col. 3 of the same Table {Art. i6t, and pj above) Add to each the collective duration up to the end of the month preceding the one given, as also the moment of the given date minus i {Table in Art. i6j above). Of the two totals the first gives the day of the week by casting out sevens, and the second gives the day of the month with reference to Table IX.

Rule 2. Where the day indicated by the second total falls on or after February 29th in an English leap-year, reduce the total by one day.

Rule 3. For Old and New Style between Hijra 991 and 1165 see the preceding article.

Example i. Required the English equivalent of 20th Muharram, A.H. 1260. A.H. 1260 begins (Table XVI.) January 22nd, 1844.

{w) Col. 2 (d) Col. 3

2 22

Given date minus i rr 19 19

21 41 = (Table IX.) Feb. loth.

Cast out sevens = 21

o =: Saturday. Answer. — Saturday, February loth, A.D. 1844.

Examplf; 2. Required the English equivalent of 9th Rajab, A.H. 131 1. A.H. 1311 begins July 15th, 1893.

w. d.

o 196

9th Rajab = (177 -f 8)= 185 185

7 I 185 381 =Jan. 1 6th, 1S94.

(26) 3 — Tuesday. Answer. — Tuesday, January i6th, A.D. 1894.

This last example has been designedly introduced to prove the point we have insisted on viz., that care must be exercised in dealing with Muhammadan dates. According to Traill's Indian Diary, Comparative Table of Dates, giving the correspondence of English, Bengali, N.W. Fasali, "Samvat", Muhammadan, and Burmese dates, Rajab 1st corresponded with January 9th, and therefore Rajab 9th was Wednesday, January 17th, but Letts and Whitaker give Rajab ist as corresponding with January 8th, and therefore Rajab 9th — Tuesday, January 16th, as by our Tables.

THE .MLII.\MM.\n.\X CALENDAR. 105

To convert a date A.D. into a date A.H.

170. Rule I. Take down (w) the week-day number of the initial day of the corresponding Muhammadan year, or the year previous if the given date falls before its initial date, from Table XVI., col. 2, and [d) the corresponding date-indicator in brackets as given in col. 3. Subtract («f) from the collective duration up to the given A.D. date, as given in Table IX., Parts i. or ii. as the case may be. .-Xdd the remainder to (zy). From the same remainder subtract the collective duration given in the Table in Art. 163 above which is next lowest, and add r. Of these two totals (ic) gives, by casting out sevens, the day of the week, and (</) the date of the Muhammadan montli following that whose collective duration was taken.

Rule 2. When the given English date is in a leap-year, and falls on or after February 29th, or when its date-number is more than 365 (taken from the right-hand side of Table IX.), and the year preceding it was a leap-year, add i to the collective duration given in Table IX.

Rule 3. For Old and New Style see above. Art. 167.

Example. Required the Muhammadan equivalent of January i6th, 894 A.D. Since by Table XVI. we see that A.H. 1312 began July 5th, 1894 A.D., it is clear that we must take the figures of the previous year. This gives us the following :

o 196

Jan. 16th (Table IX.) -381 — 196

185 185

7 I 185

(26) 3:= Tuesday. Coll. dur. (Art. 163)— 177

8

+ I

9

Answer. — Tuesday, Rajab 9th, A.H. 131 1.

Perpetual Muhammadan Calendar.

By the kindness of Dr. J. Burgess we are able to publish the following perpetual Muham- madan Calendar, which is verj' simple and may be found of use. Where the week-day is known this Calendar gives a choice of four or five days in the month. But where it is not known it must be found, and in that case our own process will be the simpler, besides fixing the day exactly instead of merely giving a choice of several days.

io6

THE TNDIAN CALENDAR.

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

390

PERPETUAL MUHAMMADAN

5-

420

450

480

510

540

370

600

CALENDAR.

£

630

660

690

720

750

780

810

840

870

900

930

960

990

1020

1050 1260

1080 1290

1110 1320

1140 1350

1170 1380

1200 1410

1230 1440

For odd years.

\

0

5»

8

13'

21*

29»

Dominical Letters.

""e^

G

B

D

F

A

C

1

9

17

25

C

E

G

B

U

F

A

2*

10*

18*

20'

F

A

C

E

G

B

U

3

11

16*

19

24*

27

\

(;

E

G

B

U

F

4

12

20

28

II

F

A

C

E

G

B

6

14

22

B

D

F

A

C

E

G

7*

15

23

E

G

B

D

F

A

C

1 Mnhari-am 10 Shawwal . . .

A

G

F

E

D

C

B

2 Safar .... 7 Rajab ...

C

B

A

G

F

E

D

3 Rabi'l-awwal . . 12 Zi'l-hijjat . . .

D

C

B

A

G

F

e

4 Rabi'l-aithir . 9 Ramadan .

F

E

D

C

B

A

G

.") JamSda-l-awwal .

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

6 Jamada-l-Skhir . 11 Zn-ka'dat . .

B

A

G

F

E

D

C

8 Sha'bfin

E

D

C

B

A

G

F

1

8

15

22

29

Sun.

Mon.

Tues.

Wed.

Thur.

Fi-i.

Sat.

2

9

16

23

30

Men,

Tucs.

Wed.

Thur.

Fri.

Sat.

Sun.

3

10

17

24

Tucs,

Wed.

Thur.

Fri.

Sat.

Sun.

Mon.

4

11

18

25

Wed.

Thur.

Fri.

Sat.

Sun.

Mon.

Tues.

5

12

19

26

Thm-.

Fri.

Sat.

Sun.

Mon.

Tues.

Wed.

0 13

20

27

Fri.

Sat.

Sun.

Mon.

Tucs.

Wed.

Thur.

7 14

21

28

Sat.

Sun

Mun.

Tues.

Wed.

Thur

Fri.

From the Hijra date subtract the ne.xt greatest at the head of the first Table, and in that column find the Dominical letter corresponding to the remainder. In the second Table, with the Dominical letter opposite the given month, run down to the week-days, and on the left will be found the dates and vice versa.

Example. For Ramadan, A.H. 1310. The nearest year above is 1290, difference 20; in the same column with 1290, and in line with 20, is F. In line with Ramadan and the column F we find Sunday ist, 8th, 15th, 22nd, 29th, etc.

• In the II years markid with an asterisk the month Zi'l-ka'dut has 3(1 dii\>; in all others 29. Thus AH. 1300 (1290 + 16) had 355 days, the 30th of Zi'l-kuMut being Sunday.

TABLES.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

Lunnlion-parls = lO.OOOM.v of a circle. A tithi ^ '/'"''' of the moon's si/nodic retolutiou.

I CONCURRENT YTIAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS

True.

(Soulhcru.)

6

cjxle (Norllievn)

current at Mesha saiikrfinti.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding sankrflnti

espresscd in

a \^

Time of the succeeding sai'ikranti

expressed in

3402

3403

3404

3405

3406

3407

3408

3409

3410

3411

3412

3413

3414

341

3416

3417

3418

3419

3420

3421

3422

3423

3424

3425

3426

3427

3428

3429

3430

3431

3432

3433

8434

»300- 301- 302- 303-

»304- 305- 306- 307-

*308- 309- 310- 311-

*312- 313- 314- 315-

*316- 317- 318- 319-

*320- 321- 322- 323-

•324- 325- 326- 327-

♦328- 329- 330- 331-

•332-

47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

56

57

58

60

1

2

3

4

5

G

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

■-'0

Pramddin . Ananda. . .

7 Asvina ,

287

Anala

Pingala

Kftlayukta. . , Siddharthin .

Raudra

Durmati . . . . Duudabhi . . . Rudhirodu;firi Raktfikaha 1) .

Kshaya

Prabhava . . . Vibhava . . . .

Sukla

Pramoda. . . . Prajapati, . . .

Aiigiras

Sriraukha . . .

Bhiva

Yuvaii

Dhatri

Isvara

Bahudbunya . Pramftthin . . Vikrama ....

Vrisha

Chitrablulnu . Subh&nu. . . .

Tflrava

PArthiva

Vmuu.. ,

Sravaiia.

28.755

6 Bhadrapada.

9767

3 Jycshtha.

29.757

648 312

9770

8 Jycshtha .

28.227

6 llhildrapada .

848 360

') Krodhana, No. 59, was suppressed.

THE HINDU CALENDAR. TABLE I.

{Col. 23) a z= Distance of moon from .tun. (Cot. 24) b zz: moon's mean anomaly. (Col. 25) c = sun's mean anomaly.

II ADDED H NAl! MONTHS ' (continiii it )

HI. COMMENCEMKNT HI' Till:

Meau.

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)

Name of mouth.

Time of the preceding saiikrflnti

expressed in

9a

10a

Time of the

succeediiifc

sankri^iiti

expressed in

11a

Day

and Month

A. D.

12a

13

(Time of the Mesha saiikrilDti.)

Week dov.

14

By the Arya Siddh&nta.

Day

and Month

A. D.

15

17

19

Week day.

20

At Sunrise on meridian of Dijain.

21

22 I 23

24

26

287

6 BhAdrapada.

'A Jyeshtha.

1 1 Magha

9793

29.874 29.380

0.796 0.302

1 Chaitra.

9 Marsaslrsha

9914

9750

29.743

29.249

0.605 0.171

6 Bh&drapada.

29.678

2 Vaisdkha.

11 M&gha.

9728 9871

29.184 29.612

0.106 0.534

7 Asvina.

16 Mar.

76)

16 Mar.

75)

17 Mar.

76)

17 Mar.

76)

16 Mar.

76)

16 Mar.

75)

17 Mai-.

76)

17 Mar.

76)

10 Mar.

76)

16 Mar.

75)

17 Mar.

76)

17 Mar.

76)

16 Mar.

76)

16 Mar.

75)

17 Mar.

76)

17 Mar

76)

16 Mar.

76)

17 Mar.

76)

17 Mar.

76)

17 Mar.

70)

16 Mar.

76)

17xMar.

76)

17 Mar

76)

17 Mar.

76)

16 Mai-.

76)

17 Mar.

76)

17 Mar.

76)

17 Mar

76)

16 Mar.

76)

17 Mar

76)

17 Mar

76)

17 Mar.

76)

16 Mar

76)

OSat.

1 Sun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. Thai-.

6Fri. ISun.

2 Mou.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. 6 Vx\. OSat. ISun. 2 Men.

4 Wed.

5 Thur. 6Fi-i. ISun.

2 Mou.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

6 Fri. OSat. ISun.

2 Hon.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

6 Fri. OSat. 2Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed

5 Thur

37 30 53 1

8 32

24 4

39 35

55 6

10 37 26

41 40

57 11

12 42

28 14

43 45

59 16

14 47

30 19

45 50

1 21

16 52

32 24

47 55

3 26

18 57

34 29

50 0

5 31

21 2

36 34 52

7 23

38 39 5-t 10

15

21 12

3 25 9 37

15 50

22 2

4 15

10 27

16 40

22 52

5 5

11 17

17 30

23 42 5

12 7

18 20

0 32

6 45

12 57

19 10

1 22

7 35

13 47

20 0

2 12

8 25

14 37

20 50

3 2

9 15

15 27

21 40

8 Mar.

26 Feb. 17 Mar.

6 Mar.

23 Feh.

13 Mar. 2 Mar.

20 Feb.

10 Mar.

27 Feb.

17 Feb.

8 Mar.

25 Feb.

14 Mar.

4 -Mar.

21 Feb.

11 Mar.

1 Mar.

18 Feb

9 Mar.

26 Feb. 16 Mar.

5 Mar.

22 Feb. 12. Mar.

2 Mar. 20 Feb. 11 Mar.

28 Feb. 16 Feb.

7 Mar

24 Feb 14 Mar

6 Fri. 4 Wed.

3 Tues. OSat.

4 Wed.

3 Tues.

0 Sat.

5 Thur.

4 Wed.

1 Sun.

6 Fri.

5 Thur. a Mon. OSat.

5 Thnr

2 Mon.

1 Suu.

6 Fri.

3 Tues.

2 .Mon. 6ri-i.

5 Thnr.

2 Mon.

6 Fri.

5 Thur.

3 Tues ISun. OSat.

4 Wed. 1 Suu. OSat. 4 Wed. 3 Tues

9981 190 230 106

107

141

17

231

266

142

9838

52

9928

9962

177

52

87

9963

9997

9873

9749

9783

9998

212

247

122

9998

33

9908

9943

3402 3403 3404 3405 3406 3407 3408 3409 3410 3411 3412 3413 3414 3415 3416 3417 3418 3419 3420 3421 3422 3423 3424 3425 3426 3427 ;!428 3429 3430 3431 3432 3433 3434

THE [NDfAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

Liu

afioii'pdrtii

— lU.OlMlM

s of a cirde. A

lithi =r ' juM of the moon's si/nodk revoliilion.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

Kali.

Saka.

1

Kollam.

A. D.

Samvatsara.

True.

(Southeru.)

Brihaspati

cycle

(Northern)

current

at Mesiia

sankr&nti.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding sankT^nti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding sanki-Snti

expressed in

H

E^

1

2

3

3a

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

343.5 3436 3437 3438 3439 3440 3441 3442 3443 3444 3445 3446 3447 3448 3449 3450 3461 3452 3453 3454 3455 3456 3457 3458 3459 3460 3461 3462 3463 3464 3465 3466 3407

256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 •.'88

391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422

-

,

333-34 334-35 335-3C

*336-37 337-38 338-39 339-40

•340-41 341-42 342-43 343-44

»344-45 345-46 346-47 347-48

•348-49 349-50 350-51 351-52

♦352-53 353-54 354-55 355-56

•356-57 357-68 358-59 359-60

•360-61 361-62 362-63 363-64

•364-65 365-66

21 Sarv

22 Sarv

23 Viro

24 Vikr

25 Kha

adh&rin

4 Ashudha

9718

29.154

474

1.422

ita

3 Jyeshtha

9861

29.583

607

1.821

26 Nau

27 Vija.

28 Java

29 Man

30 Dun

31 Hem

32 Vila

33 A'ika

34 sarv

35 Plav

36 Subb

37 Sob!

38 Krot

39 Visv

40 Pai-a

41 Plav

42 Kila

43 Sauu

44 Sfidl

45 Viro

46 Pari

47 Pran

48 Anai

49 lUkE

50 Alia

51 Piiig

52 K41a

53 SiiW

7 Asviua

9888

29.664

275

0.825

5 Sravaua

9957

29.871

532

1.596

3 Jyeshtha ....

9384

28.152

152

0.456

1 Chaitra

9890

29.670

86

0.258

hin

6 Bhadrapada..

9998

29.994

438

1.314

4 Ashrxlha ....

9701

29.103

550

1.650

araua

3 Jyeshtha

9956

29.868

60S

1.809

7 Asvina

9983

29.799

266

0.768

4 AshAilha ....

9245

27.736

67

0.201

Bin

3 Jye«hthn ....

9443

23.329

192

0.576

lArtliin

THE HfNDU CAfRNDAR.

TAHLK I.

(Vol. 2!!) (I = Distance of mum from sun. (Col. iV) h r= moons meiin anomaly. (Col. 25) r = sun's mean anomaly

ADDED LUNAR MONTHS (continued.)

III. f'OMJlENCEMENT OF THE

Mean.

Solar year.

Name uf month.

Time of the prioeding sai'ikrfinti

expressed in

Time of the

siuTcedinf;

sai'iknlnti

expressed in

Day

and Month

A. D.

13

(Time of the Mcsha saiikr4nti.)

Week day.

14

By the Arya Siddh&nta.

17

Luni-Solar year. (Civilday of tlaitra.Siikla 1st.)

Day

and Month

A. D.

19

Week day.

20

At Sunrlso on meridian of njjaln.

Moon's

Age.

21

22

23 24

1 Ash&dha .

9 Mftrgasirsha

9992 9827

6 BhSdrapada.

9970

2 Vais'akha.... 9805

11 Mfigha.

7 Asv

12 Phillguna.

9 Mirgasirsha

Srflvaoa.

29.647

29.975 29.481

29.909

29.844

29.350

0.897

277

29.778 29.285

2 Vais&kha...

29.647

0.338 0.766

0.272

0.701

0.207

17 Mar. (76) 17 Mar. (76) 17 Mar. (76)

16 Mar (76)

17 Mar. (76) 17 Mar. (76) 17 -Mar. (76)

16 Mar. (76)

17 Mar. (76) 17 Mar. (76) 17 Mar. (76) 17 Mar. (77) 17 Mar. (76) 17 Mar. (76) 17 iMai-. (76) 17 Mar. (77) 17 Mar. (76) 17 Mar. (76) 17 Mar. (76) 17 Mar. (77) 17 Mar. (76) 17 Mar. (76) 17 Mar. (76) 17 Mar. (77) 17 Mar. (76) 17 Mar. (76) 17 Mar. (76) 17 Mar. (77) 17 Mar. (76) 17 Mar. (76) 17 Mar. (76) 17 Mar. (77)

OSat. ISun.

2 Mon.

3 Tuea. 5 Thur fi Fri. OSat. 1 Sun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. Thur

OSat.

1 Sun

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

5 Thur.

6 Fri. OSat. ISun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. Thur

6 Fri.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. 6 Fri. OSat. ISun. 2 Mon. 4 Wed.

17 Mar. (76) 5 Thur

3 52 10

16 17

22 30

4 42

10 55

17 7

23 20

5 32

11 45 17 57

0 10

6 22

12 35 IS 47

1 0

7 12

13 25

19 37

1 50

8 2

14 15

20 27

2 40

8 52

15 5

21 17

3 30

9 42 15 55

22 7

4 20

4 Mar,

21 Feb.

12 Mar.

1 Mar. 18 Feb.

9 Mar. 26 Feb.

16 Mar

5 Mar.

22 Feb.

13 Mar.

2 Mar.

20 Feb 10 Mar 28 Feb.

17 Feb.

6 Mar. 24 Feb.

15 Mar,

3 Mar.

21 Feb.

12 Mar, 1 Mar.

18 Feb. 8 Mar. 5 Feb.

16 Mar. 5 Mar.

22 Feb.

13 Mar. 3 Mar

20 Feb.

.(63) (52) (71) (61) (49) (68) (57) (76) (64) (53) (72) (62) (51) (69) (59) (48) .(65) (55) .(74) ,(63) (52) (71) (60) (49) (67) (56) (75) (65) (53)

ISun,

5 Thur 4 Wed 2 Mon.

6 Fri. Thur

2 Mon. ISun. Thur 2 Mon. ISun. 6 Fri. 4 Wed 2 .Mon OSat. 4 Wed

2 Mon OSat. 6Fi-i.

3 Tues 1 Sun. OSat.

4 Wed. 1 Sun. OSat. 4 Wed. 3 Tues. 1 Sun.

Thur.

.963 .579 .510 .909 .516 .705 .708 .966 .777 .237 .180 .525 .984 .060

157

33

68

282

158

192

68

103

9979

.186

(72) 4 Wed. (62) 2 .Mon. (51) 6 Fri, 10 32llOM.ar.(69) 5Thur

144 110 148 318

70

52 212 124 .372 202 .606

876 909 192 .561 .558 204 165 432 330 .444 954 210 .156 636

103

318

14

228

104

9800

14

49

9924

139

173

49

925

172 244 20 213

9870 83 9960 9994 209 84 119

956 839 686 622 469 406 253 100 36 920 803 703 586 433 333 217 152 1000 883 819 666 514 450 297 233 116 963 900 783 630

3435 3436 3437 3438 3439 3440 3441 3442 3443 3444 .3445 3446 3447 3448 3449 3450 3451 345

2723433 241 3454 213 3455

3456 3457 3458 3459 3460 3461 3462 3463 3464 3465 3466 2591.3467

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE 1.

LutKition-jjiirtx =: 10,000//« of u circle. A tiihi = ''•mtli of the moon's si/nodk resolution.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

11. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

True.

(SoUtllcTIl.)

Brihaspati cycle

(Northern) current at Mesha

sai'iki'anti.

Name of niontti.

Time of the preceding saiikrunti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding sankranti

expressed in

3468

3469

3470

3471

3472

3473

3474

347

3476

3477

3478

3479

3480

3481

3482

3483

3484

3485

3486

3487

3488

3489

3490

3491

349:

3493

3494

349

3496

3497

3498

3499

3500

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

29S

299

300

301

302

303

304

30

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

417

448

449

450

451

452

453

454

45.'

450

366-07

367-68

'368-69

369-70

370-71

371-72

•372-73

373-74

374-75

375-76

*376-77

377-78

378-79

379-80

*380-81

381-82

382-83

388-84

*384-85

385-86

386-87

387-88

•388-89

389-90

390-91

391-92

•392-93

393-94

394-95

395-96

•396-97

397-98

398-99

54 Raudra

55 Durmati

56 Dundubhi

57 Rudhirodgririu .

58 Kaktaksha

59 Krudhana

60 Kshaya

1 Prabhava

2 Vibhava

3 Sukla

4 Pramoda

5 Prajapati

6 Aiigiras

7 Srimnkha ....

8 Bhava

9 Yuvan

10 DhStri

, 11 {svara

. 12 liahudhunya.. , 13 PraTiulthiu . . .

. 14 Vikrama

. 15 Vrisha

. 16 Chitrabhfinu. .

. 17 Siibhunu

. 18 Tflraya

. 19 Parthiva

. 20 Vyaya

. 21 Sarvajit

. 22 SarvadhHrin . .

. 23 Virodbin

. 24 Vikrita

. 25 Kliara •)

. 27 Viji.ya.,

12 Phulguna ,

6 BhiVlrapada.

29.742

28.722

9747

9202

12 Phr.lgu

5 SravSua.

6 Bhildrnpada.

9687

9875 9831

270

.Nnndaiia, No. 20, was supiircswd.

THE HINDU CALENDAR. \

TABLE 1.

{Col. 23) a ^=. Uinlance of moon from sun. (Cot. 2+) b z:: moon's mean unomuly. [Col. 25) c ^r sun's mean anomaly.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS (continued.)

III. COMiMENCE.\lENT OF THE

Mean.

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Ciril day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)

Name of month.

8a

Time of the preceding aankrftnti

eiprcssed in

Time of the succeeding sankrtlati

expressed in

Day

and Month

A. D.

13

(Time of the Mesha saiikrinti )

Week day.

14

By the Arya Siddhdnta.

Day

and Month

A. D.

15

19

Week day.

20

At Sunrise on meridian uf Ujjaln

Moon's

Ane.

0.076

7 Asvina

12 Ph&lguna...

0.010 0.439

9 Mftrgasirsha .

0.867

3 SrSrana.

9817

29.879 29.386

0.801 0.308

7 .\svina.

0.736

12 Phaiguna.

9773 9916

29.320 29.748

0.242 0.670

17 Mar. 17 Mar. 17 Mar. 17 Mar. 17 Mar. 17 Mar. 17 Mar. 17 Mar.

17 Mar.

18 Mar. 17 Mar. 17 Mar.

17 Mar.

18 Mar. 17 Mar. 17 Mar.

17 Mar.

18 Mar. 17 Mar. 17 Mar.

17 Mar.

18 Mar. 17 Mar. 17 Mar.

17 Mar.

18 Mar. 17 Mar. 17 Mar.

17 Mar.

18 Mar. 17 Mar. 17 Mar. 17 Mar.

erri.

OSat.

2 Men.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur. OSat.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

4 Wed.

5 Thnr. GFri. OSat.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. .5 Thur. OSat. ISun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

5 Thur. 6Fri. OSat.

1 Sun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur. 6Fri.

1 Sun.

2 Mon

3 Tnes

4 W.d.

41 52

57 24 12 55 28 26 43 57 59 29 15 0 30 31 46 2

1 34 17

32 36 48

3 39

19 10

34 41

50 12

5 44

21 15

36 4fi

52 17

7 49

23 20

38 51

54 22

9 54 25

40 56

56 27

11 59

27 30

43 1

58 32

27 Feb.

58)

18 Mar.

77)

6 Mar.

66)

24 Feb.

55)

15 Mar.

74)

4 Mar.

83)

22 Feb.

53)

12 Mar.

71)

1 Mar.

60)

18 Feb.

49)

7 Mar.

67)

25 Feb.

56)

16 Mar.

75)

6 Mar.

65)

23 Feb.

54)

13 Mar.

72)

2 Mar.

61)

19 Feb.

50)

9 Mar.

69)

26 Feb.

57)

17 Mar.

76)

7 Mar.

6K)

25 Feb.

56)

15 Mar

74)

4 Mar.

63)

21 Feb.

52)

UMar.

71)

28 Feb.

59)

17 Feb

48)

8 Mar.

67)

26 Feb.

57)

16 Mar.

75)

6 Mar.

65)

2 Mon. ISun.

Thur.

3 Tuts.

2 Mon. 6 Fri.

4 Wed.

3 Tues.

0 Sat.

4 Wed.

2 Mon. OSat. 6 Fri. 4 Wed. ISuu. OSat. 4 Wed.

1 Sun. OSat.

4 Wed.

3 Tues. ISun. 6 Fri.

Thur

2 Mon. 6Fi-i.

5 Thur

2 Mm. fi Fri.

5 Thur

3 Tues. Mon.

0 Sat.

30

9905

120

154

30

244

279

1

30

9726

9941

9975

190

65

100

9976

9851

9886

,9762

9796

11

225

280

136

11

46

9922

9797

9832

46

81

295

3468 3469 3470 3471 3472 3473 3474 3475 3476 3477 3478 3479 3480 3481 3482 3483 3484 3486 3486 3487 3488 3489 3490 3491 3492 3493 3494 3495 3496 3497 3498 3499 3500

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

Luiiulioii-parts nr: in,(l()ll/^.( of a circle. A tithi ^ '/suM of the mootix synodic retoliiiion.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

True.

(Southern.)

Brihaspati

eyclc

(Northern)

current

at Mesha

sankrilnti.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding sankrSnti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding sankrfinti

expressed in

3a

10

11

3501 3502 3503 3504 3505

3507

328

463

3508

329

464

3509

330

465

3510

331

466

3511

332

467

3512

333

468

3513

334

469

3514

335

470

3515

336

471

3516

337

472

3517

338

473

3518

339

474

3519

340

475

3520

341

476

3521

342

477

3522

343

478

3523

344

479

3524

345

480

3526 3527

3529 3530

399-400 •400-401

401- 2

402- 3 4,03- 4

405- 6

406- 7

407- 8 *408- 9

409- 10

410- II

411- 12 *412- 13

413- 14

414- 15

415- 16 •416- 17

417- 18

418- 19

419- 20 •420- 21

421- 22

422- 23

423- 24

•424- 25

425- 26

426- 27

427- 28 •428- 29

28 Jaya

29 Manmatha . .

30 Durmukha .

31 Hemalamba.

32 Vilamba ...

3 Jyeshtha .

S Kurttika . . . 9 M(!rgas.(Kth. 12 Phalguna...

29.871 0.060 29.577

34 SSrvari

35 Plava

36 Subhakrit . . .

37 Sobhana

38 Krodhin

39 Visvfivasu. . .

40 Parabhava . .

41 Plavaiiga . . .

42 Kilaka

43 Saumya

44 Sadhfirana . . .

45 Virodhakrit, .

46 Paridhfivin . .

47 Pramudin. . ,

48 Auanda

49 UiU-shasa

50 Auala

51 Piugala

4 .\shri'lha . . . .

9908

6 BhSdrapada..

27.882

3 Jyeshtha.

29.847

52 Kfilayukla

53 Siddhfirthin . . .

54 Raudra

55 Burmali

56 Dundubhi

57 liudhimdu'Arin .

7 Asvina. . . 10 Pau3lui(K,h.) 1 Chaitra . .

9920

93

9985

29.760 0.279 29.955

20 9968

154

9955

324

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

{Col. 23) a :zz Distance of moon from sun. {Cot. 24) b m moon's mean anomaly. {Col. 25) c := sun's mean annmali/.

II. ADDED LUNAK MONTHS

(conttnufd.J

III. CO.MMENCE.MENT 01' THE

Mean.

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ist.)

Name of month.

Time of the preccJini; sankr&nti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding saiikrunti

expressed in

Day

and Month

A. D.

(Time of the >Iesha sankrfinti.)

By the Arya Siddhanta.

Day

and Month

A. D.

Week day.

At Sunrise on meridian of Ujjain.

Moon's Age.

8a

10a

11a

12a

13

14

15

17

19

20

22

23

5 SrAvapa.

9872

29.617

29.552 29.980

0.474 0.902

9829

9972

29.421

257

0.771

6 Bh&drapada. .

0.278

18 Mar. (77 17 Mar. (77

17 Mar. (76

18 Mar. (77 18 Mar. (77;

17 Mar. (77

17 Mar. (76;

18 Mai-. (77 18 Mar. (77: 17 Mar. (77

17 Mar. (76

18 Mar. (77 18 Mar. (77; 17 Mar. (77!

17 Mar. (76;

18 Mar. (77 18 Mar. (77 17 Mar. (77

17 Mar. (76;

18 Mar. (77 18 Mar. (77 17 Mar. (77!

17 Mar. (76;

18 Mar. (77

18 Mar. (77

17 Mar. (77

17 Mar. (76

18 Mar. (77

18 Mar. (77 17 Mar i 77

ePri. OSat. ISun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

6 Fri.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues. i Wed. 6 Fri. OSat. ISun. 2 Mod.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

6 Fri. OSat.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. Thur.

OSat.

ISnn.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

5 Thur

6 Fri.

OSat.

14 4

29 35

45 6

0 3

16 9

47 11

2 42

18 14

33 45

49 16

4 47

20 19

35 50

51 21

6 52

22 14

37 55

53 26

8 57

24 29

40 0

55 31

11 2

26 34

42 5

57 36

13 7

28 39

\i 10

5 37 11 50 18 2

0 15

6 27

10 37

16 50

23 2

5 15

11 27

IT -40

23 Feb. (54;

13 Mar. (73

2 Mar. (61 19 Feb. (50;

10 Mar. (69

27 Feb. (58

17 Mar. (76

7 Mar. (66;

24 Feb. (55

14 Mar. (74

4 Mar. (63

21 Feb. (52;

11 Mar. (70 29 Feb. (60

17 Feb. (48

8 Mar. (67

26 Feb. (57

16 Mar. (76

5 Mar. (64

22 Feb. (53; 13 Mar. (72

1 Mar. (61

18 Feb. (49

9 Mar. (68;

27 Feb. (58;

17 Feb. (48; 7 Mar. (66;

24 Feb. (55

15 Mar (74

3 Mar (l'.3

4 Wed.

3 Tues. OSat.

4 Wed. 3 Tnes.

6 Fri.

4 Wed. ISun. OSat.

5 Thur 2 Mon. OSat.

5 Thur 2 Mon.

1 Sun.

6 Fri. Thur

2 Mon. 6Fi-i.

5 Thur.

2 Mon.

6 Fri.

5 Thnr.

3 Tues.

ISun. OSat.

4 Wed.

3 Tues,

OSat

171 206 82

995

9992

192 ©_,

32 306 313

73 304 104

82 201 202

80

64 153 122 ©■

0-30

9902

117

9992

27

241

117

9813

27

9903

9938

152

1

63

9938

9973

9849

9724

9759

9973

188 222 98 133

8

3501 3502 3503 3504 3505

3507

3508

35

3510

3511

3512

3513

3514

3515

3516

3517

3518

3519

3520

3521

3522

3523

3524

3525

3526 3527 3528 3529 3530

© See Text. Art. 101 above,

Lii»(itio)i-parts

THE INDIAN CALENDAR. TABLE I.

10,0U0/^4 of a circle. A tiihi =: '/:t"M nf the moon's synodic retotiiiion.

I. CONCUKKEXT YEAK.

n. ADDED I.UNAK MONTHS,

1

4 5

True.

(Southei'u.)

6

Brihaspati

cycle (Northern)

at Mesha saukr&nti.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding sankrflnti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding sunkr&nti

expressed in

S531 3533 3533 3534 3535 3536 3537 3538 3539 3540 3541 354:; 3543 3544 3545 3546 3547 3548 3549 3550 3551 3552 3553 3654 3555 3556 355: 355! 3559 3560 3561 3562 3563

352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384

487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 49S 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519

429- 430- 431-

•432- 433- 434- 435-

»436- 437- 438- 439-

•440- 441- 442- 443-

•444- 445- 446- 447-

•448- 449- 450- 451-

•453- 453- 454- 455-

•456- 457- 458- 459-

•460- 461-

58

59

60

1

2

3 4

6 7 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Raktaksba .. Krodhana . . .

Kshaya

Prabhava . . .

Vibhava

Sukla

Pramoda. . . . Prajapati.. . .

Angiras

Srimukha . . .

Bhava

Ynvan

DhStri

Isvara

Kahudhftuja. Pramathin . . Vikrama. . . .

Vrisba

Chitrabhfinu Subhanu. . . .

Taraiia

Purtbiva

Vyaya

Sarvajit . . . . Sarvadhuriu . Virodhin . . .

Vikrita

Khai'B

Nandnna. . . .

Vijaya

Java

Manmatha. . . Durinuklia . .

9870

6 Bhadrapada..

29.685

6 Bhadrapada.

28.824

.572

6 Uhildrapada..

6 Uhiidrnpada.

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE 1.

{Vol. 2.'!) a n; Distance of inoon from fun. (Cot. 24) h ^ moon'.i mean anomalj/. {Col. 25) r = .vtf«'.v mean anomuli/.

11 ADDED LUNAR MONTHS (continued.)

III. COMMENCEMENT OK THE

Mean.

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukia 1st.)

Name nf month.

8a

Time of the preceding saiikr&nti

expressed iu

10a

Time of thi succeeding saiikr&nti

expressed in

Day

and Month

A. D.

12a

13

(Time of the Mesha sankr&nti.)

Week dav

14

By the Arya Siddhinta.

Day

and Month

A. D

15

17

19

Week day.

20

At Bonrise on meridian of Ujjaln.

Moon's Age.

22 23

24

11 M^ha.

29.784 29.290

0.706 0.212

29.718

9741

9 Margasirsha.

9720

29.653 29.159

0.575 0.081

170

11 Magha.

9698 9841

29.093 29.522

0.016 0.444

0.378

9962

9797

29.885 29.391

0.807

0.313

17 Mar.

18 Mar. 18 Mar.

17 Mar

18 Mar. 18 Mar. 18 Mar.

17 Mar.

18 Mar. 18 Mar. 18 Mar.

17 Mar.

18 Mar. 18 Mar. 18 Mar.

17 Mar.

18 Mar. 18 Mar. 18 Mar.

17 Mar.

18 Mar. 18 Mar. 18 Mar

17 Mar.

18 Mar. 18 Mar. 18 Mar.

17 Mar.

18 Miir. 18 Mar. 18 Mar.

8 Mar. 8 Mar

1 Sun

3 Tucs.

4 Wed.

5 Thur OSat,

1 Sun

2 Mon.

3 Tues

5 Thur.

6 Fri. OSat. 1 Sun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. Thur.

6 Fri.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. 6 Fri. OSat.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

4 Wed.

5 Thui-.

6 Fri. 0 Sat.

2 Mon.

3 Tucs.

4 Wed. 6 Fri. OSal.

59 41

15 12 30 44 46 15

1 46

17 17

32 49

48 20

3

19 22

34 54

50 25

5 56

21 27

36 59

52 30

8 1

23 32

39 4

54 35

10 6

25 37

41 9

56 40

12 11

27 42

43 14

58 45

14 16

29 47

45 19

0 50

16 21

20 Feb

11 Mar. 28 Feb.

18 Feb. 8 Mar.

26 Feb.

17 Mar.

5 Mar.

22 Feb.

12 Mar.

2 Mai-.

19 Feb.

10 Mar

27 Feb.

18 Mar.

6 Mar.

23 Feb. 14 Mar

3 Mar.

21 Feb.

11 Mar.

1 Mar

18 Feb.

8 Mar. 25 Feb. 1 6 Mar.

5 Mar.

22 Feb.

12 Mar.

2 Mar.

19 Feb.

9 Mar. 27 Feb.

4 Wed.

3 Tues OSat.

5 Thur

4 Wed 2 Mon

1 Suu.

5 Thur

2 Mon. OSat.

5 Thur 2 Mon. 2 Mon.

6 Fri.

5 Thur 2 Mon.

6 Fri. Thur.

2 Mon. OSat. 6Fi-i

4 Wed. ISun. OSat. 4 Wed.

3 Tucs. OSat

4 Wed.

3 Tnes.

1 Sun. Thur.

4 Wed.

2 Mon.

166

.498

9884

265

192

.576

9919

201

©-M

-.075

9794

48

93

.279

8

932

79

.237

43

868

258

.774

257

751

304

.912

292

687

278

.834

168

534

281

.843

44

381

17

.051

9740

281

214

.642

9954

165

0-16

-.048

9830

12

329

.987

203

984

97

.291

79

832

115

.345

113

767

36

.108

9989

615

39

.117

9865

462

124

.372

9900

398

55

.165

9775

245

232

.696

9989

129

219

.657

24

64

332

.996

238

948

122

.366

114

795

150

.450

149

731

99

.297

24

578

186

.558

59

515

182

.546

9935

361

89

.267

9811

209

96

.288

9845

145

224

.672

60

28

0-21

-.063

9935

875

0-19

-057

9970

812

194 .582

185

695

3531

3532

3533

3534

3535

3536

3537

35

3539

3540

3541

3542

3543

3544

3545

3546

3547

3548

3549

3550

3551

3552

3553

3554

3555

3556

3557

3558

3559

3560

3561

3562

3563

0 See Text. Art. lUl above, para. 2.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

LunatUm-jiarls ^ 10,OOOMs nf a cirrle. A tithi = '/aoM of the moon's si/tiodic revolution.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

a, ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

True.

(Southern.)

Brihaspati

cycle

(Northern)

current

at Mesha

sankranti.

Name of month

Time of the preceding sanln'anti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding sahkr&nti

cipressed in

3 3a

10

3561

3565

3566

3567

3568

3509

3570

357!

3572

3573

3574

357

3570

3577

3578

3579

35

3581

3882

3583

3584

3585

3580

3587

3588

3589

3590

3591 3592 3893 8594 3595

385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 39-1 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410

411

412 413 414 415

462-63 463-64

'464-65 465-60 466-67 467-68

*468-69 469-70 470-71 471-72

*472-73 473-74 474-75 475-76

*476-77 477-78 478-79 479-80

*480-81 481-82 482-83 483-84

»484-85 485-86 486-87 487-88

*488-89

489-90 ■190-91 491-92 •492-93 493-94

31 Hemalambn ...

32 Vilamba

33 Vikarin

34 sarvari

35 Plava

36 Subhakrit

37 Sobhana

38 Krodhin

39 Vis'vavasu

40 Parabhava

41 Plavanga

42 Kilaka

43 Saumya

44 Siidharai.ia

45 Virodhakrit.. . .

46 Paridhivin

47 Pramfidin

48 Auanda

49 Rakshasa

50 Anala

. 51 Piiigala 1)

. 53 Siddhftrthin. . . .

. 54 Raudra

. 55 Dnrmati

. 56 Dundubhi

. 57 Riidhirodg&rin

6 Bhadrapada.

4 Ashiidha . . .

7 Asviua.

3 Jvcshlha.

58 Raktilksha

59 Krodhana .

60 Kshaya . . .

1 PrabbavB. .

2 Vibhava. .

3 .Sukla

8 KArttika

10 Pimilm(Ksh^ 1 Chailra..

6 BhAdrapada..

9953

9476

9928

64

9887

29.811

29.784

0.192

29.661

') KAlayukta, No. 52, was aujiprcssud.

THE HINDU CALENDAR. TABLE I.

[Cot. i'X) (I zir Distance of mnoii fro>,i sun. {Cui -M) //

iioon'x mean aiiomah/. {Cot. 25)

tun s mean an\

oinaty.

ADDED LLNAR MONTHS (continued.)

111. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Mean.

Solar year.

Name of luoiitb.

Time of the preceding saiikrfinti

expressed in

9a

10a

Time of the succeeding sankr&nti

expressed in

11a

Day

and Month

A. D.

12a

13

(Time of the Mesha saiikr&nti.)

Week day.

14

By the Arya Siddhunta

17

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukia 1st.)

Day

and Month

A. D.

19

Week

day.

20

At Sunrise on meridian of UJJaln.

22

23

24

6 Bh&drapada.

29.819

247

0.741

7 Asiina. .

9 Mirgasirsha .

5 Srivana.

9731

9874

9710

0.479

18 Mar. (77)

18 Mar. (77) 18 Mar. (78) 18 Mar. (77) 18 Mar. (77) 18 Mar. (77) 18 Mar. (78) 18 Mar. (77) 18 Mar. (77) 18 Mar. (77) 18 Mar. (78) 18 Mar. (77) 18 Mar. (77) 18 Mar. (77) 18 Mar. (78) 18 Mar. (77) 18 Mar. (77 18 Mar. (77) 18 Mar. (78 18 Mar. (77) 18 Mar. (77 18 Mar. (77) 18 Mar. (78) 18 Mar. (77) 18 Mar. (77) 18 Mar. (77)

18 Mar. (78)

18 Mar. (77)

18 Mar. (77)

19 Mar. (78) 18 Mar. (78) 18 Mar. u 7)

1 Sun.

2 Men.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

6 Kri. OSat.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur, OSat.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

5 Thur 6Fri. OSat. 1 Sun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

0 Thur. 6Fri.

1 Sun.

2 Mon,

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

6 Fri.

OSat. 1 Sun.

3 Tues

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

53 9 24 40 55 11 26 42 57 13 28

44 22 59 54

15 25

30 66

46 27

1 59

17 30

33 1

15 21

3

9 16 22

4 10

16 55 23 7

5 20

11 32

17 45 23 57

6 10

12 22

18 35 0 47

7 0

13 \i

18 Mar, (77)

7 Mar. (66) 24 Feb. (55)

14 Mar. (73) 3 Mar. (62)

21 Feb. (52)

11 Mar. (71) 28 Feb. (59)

18 Feb. (49)

8 Mar. (67)

26 Feb. (57)

15 Mar. (74)

5 Mar. (64)

22 Feb. (53)

12 Mar. (72)

2 Mar. (61^

19 Feb. (50) 10 Mar. (69)

27 Feb. (58) 17 Mar. (76)

6 Mar. (65)

23 Feb. (54)

13 Mar. (73)

3 Mar. (62) 21 Feb. (52) 12 Mar. (71)

:9 Feb. (60)

17 Feb. (48) 8 Mar. (67) 25 Feb. (56) 15 Mar. (75)

1 Sun.

5 Thur

2 Mon.

1 Sun. Thur

3 Tues.

2 Mon.

6 Fri.

4 Wed.

2 Mon. OSat.

5 Thur

3 Tues.

0 Sat.

6 Fri.

4 Wed.

1 Sun. OSat.

4 Wed. 3 Tues. OSat.

Wed. 3 Tues. ISun 6 Fri.

5 Thur.

2 Mon.

6 Fri. 5 Thur.

3 Mon. 1 Sun.

257 255 235 285 110 230 208 7 246 6 321 83 319 120 99 216 44 91 71 164 132

0-7 0-14

102 233 239

144

.771

.765

.703

.855

.330

.690

.624

.021

.738

.018

.963

.249

.957

.360

.297

.648

.132

.273

.213

.492

.396 .021 973 9772 )986 201 235

432

9970

9881

95

130

5

220

9916

130

9826

41

9916

9951

165

41

76

951

9986

9861

4Mar. (63i 5Thur.0.

429 681 531 .621

21

9897 9932 9807

9987 486

3564 3565 3566 3567 3568 3569 3570 .3571 3572 3573 3574 3575 3576 3577 3578 3579 3580 3581 3582 3583 3584 3585 3586 3587 3588 3589

3590

199 3591 250 3592 2193593 2713594 2403595

See Text. Art. 101 above, para. 2.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

Lull n lion-parts =r 10,000Mi of a rirrle. A tithi =r ^'laith of (he moon's synodic rnolution.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

% i

Trae.

(Southern.)

Brihaspati cycle

(Northern) current at Mesha

sankrSnti.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding sankrSnti

eiprcssed in

Time of the succeeding sankr&nti

11

3596 3597 3598 3599 3B00 3601 3602 3603 3604 3605 3606 361)7 3608 3609 36111 3()11 3612

417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433

3613 434

3614 -435 361

3616 3R17 3618 3619 3620 3621 3622 3823 3624 362; 3626

55

553

554

555

556

B57

558

659

560

561

562

563

564

56

560

567

568

569

570

571

572

573

574

575

576

577

57S

579

580

681

496-

97

497-

98

498-

99

499-500

500-

1

5(11-

2

502-

3

503-

4

•504-

5

505-

6

506-

7

507-

8

'508-

9

509-

10

510-

11

511-

12

•512-

13

513-

14

514-

15

515-

16

•516-

17

517-

18

518-

19

519-

20

•520-

21

521-

22

622-

23

523-

24

•524-

25

525-

26

4 Pramoda ...

5 Prajapati . . .

6 Angiras

7 Srimukha . . .

8 Bhiva

9 Yuvan

10 Dhatri

11 Isvara

12 Bahudhfinja

13 Praiufithin . .

14 Vikrama. . . .

15 Vrisha

16 Chiirabhauu.

17 Subhanu

18 Tarana

19 Parthiva

20 Vyaya

21 Siirrajit

22 Sarvadbarin .

23 Vii-odhin . . .

24 Vikrita

25 Khaia

26 Nandaca. . . .

27 Vijayn

28 Jiiya

29 Manmatha. .

30 Durniukha .

31 Hcmalamba. , 32 Vilamba.... . 33 Vikftrin....

. 34 Sftrvari

. 35 Plava

3 Jyeshtha . 7 Asvina.. .

12 Phalguna.

6 Bhftdrapada

3 Jyeshtha.

9597

29.949

28.791

9737

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

(CoL 23) a = DisUince of moon from sun. (Col. 24) h ■=: moon's mean unnmaly. [Col. 25) r zr: sun's mean rinomtily.

II ADDED LUNAR MONTHS (continued )

III. COMMKNCEMENT 01' TIIK

Mean.

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)

Name of month.

Time of t&e prccidinf: sai'ikrfinti

expressed in

9a

10a

Time of the succeeding saiikr&nti

expressed in

11a

Day

and Month

A. D.

12a

13

(Time of the Mesha saiikr&nti.)

Week day.

14

By the Arya Siddhanta.

Day

and Month

A. D.

16

17

19

Week dav.

20

At Sanrlsa on mertdlan of Ujjain.

Moon'e Age.

21

23

24

12 Ph&lgUDa.

9973

9809

29 920 29.426

0.842 0.348

9 Mirgasirsha.

29.789 29.295

0.711 0.217

3 Jyeshtha .

12 Phalguna.

29.230 29.658

0.152 0.580

5 Sr&vana

18 Mar.

19 Mar 18 Mar. 18 Mar.

18 Mar.

19 Mar. 18 Mar. 18 Mar.

18 Mar.

1 9 Mar. 18 Mar. 18 Mar.

18 Mar.

19 Mar. 18 Mar. 18 Mar.

18 Mar.

19 Mar. 18 Mar. 18 Mar.

18 Mar.

19 Mar. 18 Mar.

18 Mar.

19 Mar. 19 Mar. 18 Mar.

18 Mar.

19 Mar. 19 Mar. 18 Mar. 18 Mar.

6Fri. ISun. 2Mon

3 Tues.

4 Wed. 6Fri.

nsat.

1 Sun.

2 Mon. 4 Wed. D Thur. 6Fri. OSat.

2 Mon.

3 Tues

4 Wed.

0 Thur. I) Sat.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues

5 Thnr.

erri.

OSat.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur. OSat.

1 Sun.

2 Men.

3 Tues.

19 35

35 6

50 37

6 9

21 40

37 11

52 42

8 14

23 45

39 16

54 47

10 19

25 50

41 21

56 52

12 24

27 55

43 26

58 57

14 29

30 0

45 31

1 2

16 34

32 5

47 36

3 7

18 39

34 10

49 41

22 Feb.

13 Mar.

2 Mar. 19 Feb

10 Mar.

27 Feb. 16 Mar.

6 Mar.

23 Feb.

14 Mar.

3 Mar.

21 Feb.

11 Mar

28 Feb 18 Mar.

7 Mar.

25 Feb. 16 Mar.

4 Mar.

22 Feb. 13 Mar.

47 2 Mar, 0 19 Feb. 12 9 Mar.

26 Feb. 37 17 Mar. 50 6 Mar

2 23 Feb. 15 14 Mar. 27 4 Mar. 40 21 Feb.

2 U Mar.

3 Tues

2 Mon. OSat.

4 Wed.

3 Tues. OSat.

5 Thur

3 Tues OSat. 6Fri.

4 Wed.

2 Mon. OSat.

4 Wed.

3 Tues. OSat.

Thur

4 Wed.

1 Sun. 6Fri.

5 Thur,

2 Mon.

6 Fri.

5 Thur

2 Mon

1 Sun

6 Fri

3 Tues.

2 Mon OSat.

4 Wed.

3 Tues

109 96

271 206 287 289 29 229 0

0-24

112 311 47 48 13 68 248 236 0- 137 162 108 116 192 101 110

0-

0- 204 174 264

22

57

271

147

181

57

9753

9967

9843

9878

92

306

9878

9912

9788

3

37

9913

128

162

38

913

9948

9824

58

73

9949

9983

197

73

108

3596

3597

3598

3599

3600

3601

3602

3603

3604

3605

3606

3607

3608

3609

3610

3611

3612

3613

3614

3615

3616

3617

3618

3619

3620

3621

362

3623

3624

3625

3626

3627

© See Teit, Art. 101, para. 2.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR. TABLE I.

J,unation-]j((rts ^= 10,OOOM.< of u circle. A tithi = ',,ii,M of the moon's nj/iioi/ir rcndufif,!.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

11. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

True

(Soiithi-i-n.)

Brihaspati

cycle (.N'orlhern)

current at Mesha sankraati.

Name of month.

8

Time of the preceding saukrSnti

expressed in

9

10

Time of the succeeding saiikranli

expressed in

11

362'J 3630 3631 3632 3633 3634 3635 3636

3638 3639 3640 3641 3642 3643 3644 3645 3646

3647

3648 3649 3650 3651 3652 3653 3654 3655 3656

450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467

469 470 471 472

473 474 475 476

585 5S6 587 58S 589 590 591 592 593

596

597 598 599 600 601 602

604 605 606 607 608 60« 010 611 61i

529 530 531

*532 533 534 535

♦536 537 538 539

•o40- 541- 542- 543-

•544-

546- 547-

•548- 549- 550- 551-

•552- 553-

36

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

55

56

5S 59 60 1 2 3

Sobhaua

Krodhiu .... Vi.^vavasu . . . Parabhava . . . Plavaiiga.. . .

Kilaka

Saumya

Sadharaiia . . . Virodhakrit . Paridhivin. Prarafldin. .

Anauda

Rflkshasa . . . ,

Auala

Piiigala

Kiilayukta

Siddhilrthiu . . Rauih'a

Dundtibhi

Uudhirodgurin .

liuklaksha

Krodhaua

Kshaya

Prabhava

Vibhava

Sukla

1'ramo.ln

8 Karttika. 10 eausha(Ksh) 12 Phiilsuna

6 Bhiidrapada.

3 Jveshtha

S Karttika. . 10 Pamha(Ksh) 12 PhiUguna....

5 SrAvaua.

9878

15

9998

9747

29.634 0.045 29.994

29.727

29.895 0.090 29.874

9824 29.472

55

9961

110

)70 4S2 1.4tfi

THE HINDU CALENDAR. x

TABLE I.

{Col. 23) a ■=!. DisUiiire of moon from sun. [Col. iV) h ■=:z moon's mean anomaly. {Col. 25) r zr sunx mean anomaly.

II. ADDED IX'.VAR MONTHS

(continued.)

III. COMMENCEMENT 01' TilK

Mean.

Name "f month.

Solar year.

Time of the prcctdinf; sankriinti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding saiikr^nti

expressed in

Day

and Month

A. ».

13

(Time of the Mesha sankrdnti.)

Week dav.

By the Arya

Siddh&uta,

17

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ist.)

Day

and Month A. D.

Week dav.

20

Moon's

Age.

8 Karttika.

0.877

0.384 0.812

0.746

9777

29.759

6 Bhadrapada.

9755

29.693 29.200

0.615 0.122

19 Mar. (7

19 Mar 18 Mar.

18 Mar.

19 Mar 19 Mar. 18 Mar.

18 Mar.

19 Mar. 19 Mar. 18 Mar.

18 Mar.

19 Mar. 19 Mar. 18 Mai-.

18 Mar.

19 Mar. 19 Mai-. 18 Mar.

19 Mar. 19 Mar

18 Mar.

19 Mar 19 Mar. 19 Mar.

18 Mar.

19 Mar. 19 Mar

6 Kri. OSat. 1 Sun. 3 Tues. i Wed. 5 Thur. 6Fi-i.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

3 Tiies.

4 Wed. 6Fri. OSat.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

6 Fri.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. 6 Eri. OSal.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

4 Wed

5 Thur.

20 44

36 15

51 46

7 17

22 49

38 20

53 51

9 22

24 54

40 25 65

11 27

26 59

42 30

58 1

13 32 29

44 35

15 37 31

46 40

2 11

17 42

33 14

48 45

4 1

19 4

28 Feb. (59)

8 17

14 30

20 42

2 55

9 7

15 20

21 32

3 45 9 57

16 10

22 22

4 35

10 47

17 0

23 12

5 25

11 37 17 50

6 15

12 27

18 40

0 52 7

13 17

19 30

1 42

19 Mar.

(78)

7 Mar.

(67)

25 Feb.

(56)

16 Mar.

(75)

5 Mar.

(64)

n Feb.

(54)

12 Mar.

(71)

2 Mar.

(61)

19 Feb.

(50)

9 Mar.

(69)

26 Feb.

(57)

17 Mar.

(76)

7 Mar.

(66)

24 Feb.

(55)

14 Mar.

(73)

3 Mar.

(62)

20 Feb.

(51)

10 Mar.

l70)

27 Feb.

(58)

18 Mar.

(77)

8 Mar.

(67^

26 Feb.

(57)

16 ilar.

(75)

5 Mar.

(64)

22 Feb.

(53)

12 Mar.

(72)

1 Mar.

(60)

18 Feb

(491

6 Fri.

3 Tues.

1 Sun. OSat.

4 Wed.

2 Mon. OSat.

5 Thur 2 Mon.

1 Sun.

5 Thur

4 Wed

2 Mon.

6 Fri.

5 Thur 2 Mon.

6 Fri. 5 Thur

1 Sun. 6 Fri. 4 Wed.

3 Tues. OSat.

4 Wed.

3 Tues. OSat.

4 Wed.

.741

.894 .378 .735 67 .066 .768 .045 .990 .891 .999 .408 .348 .696 .168 .306 .243 .249 .435

1

9894

108

143

19

233

9929

143

19

54

9930

9964

1

54

9840 9876

9751

9785

0

214

249

124

0

35

9910

9786

3629 36.30 3631 3632 3633 3634 3635 3636 3637 3638 3639 3640 3641 3642 3613 3644 3645 3646

3647

3648 3649 3650 3651 3652 3653 3654 3655 3656

lunulimi-ifarls

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE 1.

10,000/^* of II i-ii-vlr. A lithi =: ' ;.iM of the moon's synodic retoluth

CONCURRENT YEAR.

11. ADDED LUNAR MONTB.'^

3a

5

True.

(Southern.)

Brihaspati cycle

(Northern)

cun'cnt at Mesha sankrSnti

Name of month.

Time of the preceding saiikr&nti

expressed in

9 "^

►3 '%

10

Time of the succeeding eankr&nti

eipi'essed in

11

3657 365S 3659 3660 3661 3662 3663 3664 366

3667 3668 3669 3670 3671 3672 673 3674 3675 3676 3677 3678 3679 3680 3681 3682 3683 3684 3685 3680 3687

555-56 •556-57 557-58 558-59 559-60 *560-61 561-62 562-63 563-64

565-66 566-67 567-68

»568-69 569-70 570-71 571-72

*572-73 573-74 574-75 575-76

*576-77 577-78 578-79 579-80

•580-81 581-82 582-83 588-84

•584-85 585-86

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

14

15 16 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Arigiras

Srimukha. . .

Bhava

Yuvan

Dhatri

Isvara

Buhudhdnja . Pramdthin . .

6 Bhadrapada.

9967

527

7 Asvina. . . 10 Pausha(Ksh.) 12 Phfikuna.

9921 104

29.763 0.312 29.844

140 9989

70

Vrisha

Chitrahh&nn . Subh&nu '). . PSrthiva. . .

Vyaya

Sarvajit

Sarvadhfirin . Virodhin ....

Vikrita

Khara

Nandana. . . .

Vijaya

Java

Manmatha. . . Durmukha . . llcmalamba. . Vilamba ....

Vikflrin

.SArvari

Plnva

Subhakrit . . .

6 Bhildrapada.

551

567

2 Vai^Akhn.

6 BhAdrapada.

'j TArapa, No. 18, was supprcsbcil.

THE HINDU CALENDAR. x

TABLE I.

[Col. 23) a ^ IHatance of moon from mn. (Col. 24) A =: moon's mean anomaly. (Col. 25) e = mn't mean anomaly.

ADDED LUNAR MONTHS

(continued.)

111. COMMENCEMENT OF TllK

Meao.

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla 1st.)

Name of moDth.

8a

Time of the priced ing sankrSnti

expressed in

Oa

10a

Time of the succeeding SQi'ikr^iiti

cxjjressed in

11a

and Month A. D.

12a

13

(Time of the Mesha sankr&nti.)

Week day.

14

By the Arya Siddhanta.

Day

and Month

A. D.

15

H. M. 17

19

Week day.

20

At Sunrise on meridian of DJJaln.

22

23

6 Bhidrapada

3 Jyeshtha . . U MSgha ...

8 Karttika

1 Chaitra

9 Mlrgasirsha

9876

9711

9997 29.991 304

9789

9767

29.497

29.925 29.431

29.860

29.794 29.300

0.847

0.710

19 Mar. (78)

18 Mar. (78)

19 Mar. (78) 19 Mar. (78) 19 Mar. (78)

18 Mai-. (78)

19 Mar. (78) 19 Mar. (78) 19 Mar. (78)

18 Mar. (78)

19 Mar. (78) 19 Mar. (78) 19 Mar. (78)

18 Mar. (78)

19 Mar. (78) 19 Mar. (78) 19 Mar. (78)

18 Mar. (78)

19 Mar. (78) 19 Mar. (78) 19 Mar. (78) 19 Mar. (79) 19 Mar. (78) 19 Mar. (78) 19 Mar. (78) 19 Mar. (7 19 Mar. (78) 19 Mar. (78) 19 Mar. (78) 19 Mar. (79) 19 Mar. (78)

6Fri OSat.

2 Mon.

3 Tucs.

4 Wed. 5Thur OSat.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

Thur 6Fri. OSat. 1 Sun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. .5 Thur e Fri.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues. Thur.

6Fii. OSat. 1 Sun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. Thur.

6 Fri.

1 Sun.

2 Mon,

3.0 19

50 50

6 21

21 52

37 24

52 55

8 26

23 57

39 29

10 31 26 2 41 34 57 12 36 28 7 43 39 59 10 14 41 30 12 45 44

1 15 16 46 32 17 47 49

3 20 18 51 34 22 49 54

5 25 20 56

14

20 20

2 32

8 45 14

21 10

3 22

9 3 15 4

9 Mar. 27 Feb. 17 Mar.

7 Mar. 24 Feb. 14 Mar.

3 Mar. 20 Feb. 11 Mar.

28 Feb. (59)

4 12

10 25

16 37

22 50

5 2

11 15

17 27

23 40 5 52

12

18 17

0 30 6

12 19

1 20

7 32 13 45

19 57

2 10

8 22

18 Mar

8 Mar,

26 Feb. 15 Mar

4 Mar 21 Feb 12 Mar. • 1 Mar. 18 Feb.

9 Mar.

27 Feb.

17 Mar. 6 Mar

23 Feb. 14 Mar. 2 Mar. 20 Feb. 11 Mar.

28 Feb.

18 Mar. 8 Mar,

(77) (67) (57) (75) (63) (52) (71) (61) (49) (68) (58) (77) (65) (54) (73) (62) (51) (70) (59) (78) (67)

3 Tues. ISun. OSat. 5 Thur. 2 Mon. ISun. 5 Thur. 2 Mon. ISun

5 Thur.

4 Wed. 2 Mon. OSat.

Thur

2 Mon. 6 Fri.

5 Thur,

3 Tues. OSat.

6 Fri.

4 Wed.

3 Tues. OSat.

4 Wed.

3 Tues OSat,

Thur

4 Wed. ISun. OSat.

Thur,

0-6

127 322 58 57

.033 .372 .336

.852 .642 .888 .900 .687 .735

35 70 28-t 160 194 70 9946

262 21

0-2

150 17 118 1

203 114 278 258 9 10 217

174 171 111 246 786 063

—.006

450 .525 .354 .378 .609 .342 ,834 774 027 030 651

891 105 319 16 9891 9767 9802 16 92 9926 141 17 51 9927 9961 9837 51 86 9962 9996

211:

3658 3659 3660 3661 3662 3663 3664 3665

3667 3668 3669 3670 3671 3672 3673 3674 3675 3676 3677 3678 3679 3680 3681 3682 3683 3634 3685 368G 3687

0 See Text. Art 101 above

THE INDIAN CAIENDAR.

TABLE I.

Lunation-piirts ^z 10,0O0Mi of a rirclf. A tithi = '/;iuM nf the Moon's synodic revolution.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

% I

5>

KoUam.

True.

(Southern.)

Brihaspati

cvrle

(Northern)

current

at Mesha

8ankr4nti.

Name of

month.

Time of the preceding saiikrilnti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding saiikrSnti

expressed in

3a

6

3688 3689 3690 3691 3692 3693 3694 3695 3696 3697 3698 3699 3700 3701 3702 3703 3704 3705 3706 3707 3708 3709 3710 3711

3712

3713 3714 3715 3716 3717 3718 3719

644

645

646

64

648

649

650

651

669

670

671

67

673

674

67

586- 587-

*588- 589- 590- 591-

»592- 593- 594-

597- 98

599-

600

600-

1

601-

2

602-

3

603-

4

604-

5

605-

(i

606-

7

607-

8

60H-

y

609-

10

611-

12

612-

13

613-

14

614-

15

615-

16

616-

17

617-

18

37 Sobhana

38 Krodhin

39 Visvavasu

40 Parabhava

41 Plavanga

42 Kilaka

43 Saumya

44 SSdh^rana

45 Virodhakrit . . .

46 Paridhavin . . . .

47 Praraadin

48 Ananda

49 R&kshasa

50 Anala

51 Piiigala

52 Kalayukta

53 Siddhilrthin . . .

54 Raudra

5 5 Durmati

56 Dundubhi

57 Rudhirodgarin .

58 Raktaksha

59 Krodhana

60 Ksluiva

1 Trabhava..

2 Vibhavn...

3 Sukla

4 Pnimoda..

5 Prajflpati .

6 Ai'igiras. . .

7 Snmuklia . S Bhfiva

Sravava.

3 Jyeshtha.

29.814

6 Bhi'idrapada

527 584

6 Bbrulra])ada.

8 Kllrttika . . .

9 Jturffas(Ksli) 2 Vaisfikha.

9960

30

9954

0.090 29 . 8C2

30 9937 492

6 Bhfldrapada..

4 .AshA.lha 9819

29.457

476

THE HINDU CALENDAR. >

TABLE I.

[Vol. iW) u = Distiincf. of monn from suii. {Col. •21-) i zz: mumi's ineun annmalij. (Col. 25) r zn .sun s mean iiHuiiiuli/.

ADBED LUNAR MONTHS (cuntitiiied.)

III. COMMENCEMENT OP THE

Mean.

Solar year.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding sai'ikrfinti

expressed in

Qa

Time of the

succeeding;

sai'ikri'tnti

expressed in

11a

and Month A. D.

12a

13

(Time of the Mesha sai'ikr&nti.)

Week day.

By the Arva Siddhftnta.

Gh.Pa H. M

17

Luni-Solaryear. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla 1st.)

Day

and Month

A. D.

19

Week day.

20

At Sunrise on meridian of Ujjain.

Moon's

Age.

22

23

25

G Bbfidrapada.

U Magha.

29.23 29.663

.1866 9701

9 MArgasirsha

6 BhSdrapada .

11 MiVha.

0.817

19 Mar, 19 Mar. 19 Mar. 19 Mar 19 Mar 19 Mar. 19 Mar. 19 Mar. 19 Mar. 19 Mar. 19 Mar. 19 Mar. 19 Mai-. 19 Mar. 19 Mar. 19 Mar

19 Mar.

20 Mar. 19 Mar. 19 Mar.

19 Mar

20 Mar 19 Mar. 19 Mar

(78) 3 Tues.

19 Mar (78)

4 Wed. fi Fri. OSat. ISun. 2 Mon. ■t Wed. Thur 6Fi-i. OSat.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur OSat. ISun.

2 Mou. 4 Wed.

Thur

6 Kri. OSat.

i Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

20 Mar. (79) 19 Mar. (79) 19 Mar. (78)

19 Mar. (78)

20 Mar. (79), 19 Mar. (79) 6 Fri 19 .Mar. (78^0 Sat

OSat.

1 Sun.

2 Mou.

3 Tues. 5 Thur

2.5 40 .56 11 27 42 58 13 29 44

0 15 31 46

2 17 33

48 57

4 2'

20 0

35 31

51 2

6 34

22 5

37 36

14 35

20 47 3 0 9 12

15 25

21 37

3 50

10 2

16 15

22 27

4 40 10 17

23 17

5 30

11 4£

17 5o 0 7

6 20

12 32

18 4.= 0 57

7 10

13 22

19 35

1 47 8 0

14 12

20 25

2 37 8 50

15

25 Feb.

16 Mar

4 Mar 21 Feb.

12 Mar

2 Mar. 19 Feb.

9 Mar

27 Feb.

17 Mar.

5 JIar.

23 Feb.

13 Mar.

3 Mar

21 Feb.

11 Mar.

28 Feb. 19 Mar.

7 Mar.

24 Feb. 15 Mar.

4 Mar.

22 Feb.

12 Mar.

2 Mar. (61)

19 Feb. (50) 9 Mar. (69) 26 Feb (57) 17 Mar. (76) 6 Mar. (65) 23 Feb. (54) 13 Mar (72)

2 Mon

1 Sun.

5 Thur

2 Mon. ISun

6 Fri.

3 Tues. 2 Mon. OSat.

Thur

2 Mon. OSat.

Thur

3 Tues. 1 Sun. OSat.

4 Wed.

3 Tues. OSat.

4 Wed.

3 Tues. OSat.

5 Thur.

4 Wed.

2 Mon.

6 Fri. Thur

2 Mon.

1 Sun. Thur.

2 Mon. 1 Sun.

549 819 774 423 423 786 078 10 79: 072 087 924

— .000

456 .810 .747 .201 ,345 273 ,276 471 066 480 401

121 9997 9872 9907

122

9997

32

246 99+2 9817, 32 9728 9943

157

192 67

102

9764

9978

13

227

103 138 13

48 9924 9799

3688 36S9 3690 3691 3692 369:( 3694 3695 3696 3697 369S 3699 3700 3701 3702 3703 3704 3705 3706 3707 3708 3709 3710 3711

3712

3713 3714

3715 3716 3717

21o|3718 261 3719

© See Text. Art. 101 above, para 2.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

l.uiintwn-jiiirts nr 10, DOOM.? of a circle. A lithi ^ '/30/A of the moon's synodic revolution.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

\3.

True.

(Southern.)

6

lirihaspati

cytic

(Northcni)

current

at Mesha

sanki'lnti.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding sankrAnti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding saiikrSnti

expressed in

11

3720 3721 3722 3723 3724 3725 3726 3727 3728 3729 3730

3731

3732 3733 3734 3735 3736 3737 3738 3730 37-10 3741 3742 3743 374+ 3745 3746 3747 3748 374<J 3750 3751

541 542 543 544

545 546 547 548 549 550 551

553 554

555

618- 619-

*620- 621- 622- 623-

*624- 625- 626- 627-

*628-

630- 631-

•632- 633- 634- 635-

•636- 637- 638- 639-

•640- 641- 642- 643-

•644- 645- 646- 647-

•648- 649-

9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Yuvan

Dhatri

Isvara

Bahudhunya . Pramathin. . . Vikrama. . . .

Vrisha

Chitrabh4uu . Subhanu. . . .

Tirana

Parthiva

Vyaya .

Sarvajit . . . .

Sarvadhfirin . Virodhin.. . .

Vikrita

Khara

Naudana . . . . Vijaya

Manmatha.. Durmukha . Hcmalamba. Vilamba . . .

Vikilrin

Sftrvari ....

Plavn

Subhakrit. . Sobhana.. . . Krodhin . . . Viivfivasn. . I'aifibhova. .

28.407

6 Bhfidrapada .

5 Sravana.

I

7 Asvina. . . 10 Pattaha(Ksh) 1 Chaitra . .

9640

101

9870

28.920 0.303 29.610

Sr&vaps.

6 Bh^drapada.

3 Jyeshtha.

358

19

9963

70

7

323 171

THE HINDU CALENDAR. TABLE ].

(To/. 23) II = Uislinire nf moon from sun. (Cot. 21) /; n: mooii'.t menu unoiiiidi/. (Col. 25) r =: sun's mean

11. ADDKU LUNAR MONTHS (continued.)

111. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Mean.

Soliir year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ist.)

Name of month.

8a

Time of the preceding sankrilnfi

expressed in

9a

10a

Time of the succeeding sankrAnti

expressed in

11a

Day

and Month

A. D.

12a

13

(Time of the Mesha sankrilnti.)

Week day.

14

By the Arya Siddhanta.

Day

and Month

A. D.

15

17

19

Week day.

20

At Sunrise on meridian of Uijain.

Moon's Age.

21

22

23

24

9 M^rgasirsha

2 VaisSkha . . . .

7 Asvina

9878

12 Phfllanna.

9713 9856

29,1S9 29.568

9 MTirgasirsha

SvSvaoa .

9977 9812

29.930 29.437

0.853 0.359

19 Mar.

78)

20 Mar.

79)

19 Mar.

79)

19 Mar.

78)

19 Mar.

78)

20 Mar,

79)

19 Mar.

79)

19 Mar,

78)

19 Mar.

78)

20 Mar.

79)

19 Mar

79)

19 Mar.

78)

19 Mar.

78)

20 Mar.

79)

19 Mar.

79)

19 Mar.

78)

20 Mar.

79)

20 Mar.

79)

19 Mar.

79)

19 Mar.

78)

20 Mar.

79)

20 Mar.

79)

19 Mar.

79)

19 Mar.

78)

20 Mar.

79)

20 Mar.

79)

19 Mar.

79)

19 Mar.

78)

20 Mar.

79)

20 Mar.

79)

19 Mar.

79)

19 Mar.

78)

1 Sun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. Thiir.

erri.

ISuu,

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. 6 W\.

0 Sat.

1 Sun.

2 Mon. 4 Wed.

Thur. 6 Fri.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. 6 Kri. OSat. ISun. 2 Mon. 4 Wed.

Thur. 6 Fri. OSat.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. :> Tluir.

43 51

59 22

14 54

30 25

45 5fi

1 27

16 59

32 30

48 1

3 32

19 4

34 35

50 fi

5 37

21 9

36 40

52 11

7 42

23 14

38 45

.-)4 16

3 Mar.

62)

21 Feb.

52^

11 Mar.

71)

28 Feb.

59)

19 Mar.

78)

8 Mar.

67)

25 Feb.

56)

15 Mar.

74)

4 Mar.

63)

22 Feb.

53)

12 Mar.

72)

1 JIar.

60)

19 Feb,

50)

9 Mar,

68)

26 Feb.

57)

16 Mar.

75)

6 Mar.

65)

23 Feb.

54)

13 Mar.

73l

3 Mar

62)

20 Feb.

51)

11 Mai-

70)

28 Feb.

59)

18 Mar,

77)

7 Mar.

66)

25 Feb.

56)

15 Mar.

75)

4 Mar.

63)

22 Feb.

53)

13 Mar.

72)

1 Mar.

61)

20 Mar.

79)

6 Fri. 4 Wed. 3 Tues. OSat. 6 Fri. 3 Tues. OSat. 6 Fri.

3 Tues. ISun. OSat.

4 Wed.

2 Mon. OSat.

4 Wed.

3 Tue'i. ISun.

5 Thur,

4 Wed. 2 Mon.

6 Fi-i. Thur,

2 Mon.

1 Sun.

5 Thur.

3 Tues.

2 Mon.

6 Fri.

4 Wed. 3Tnes. OSat.

i; Fri.

.420 .843 .891 .666 .624 .930 .720 .780 .093 .447 426

.012

.861 .198 .141 .28. .834 .111 .048 .489 .171 .384 .402 .645 .381 .876 .825 .072 .576 .681 .576

48 263 297 173 208

83 )959 9994

9994

208

9904

9780

981.-

29

990

9940

1.54

30

64

r)940

997 98.50 65 99 9975 189 224 100 134

3720

3721

3721

3723

3724

3725

3726

3727

37

37

3730

3731

3732 3733 3734 3735 3736 3737 3738 3739 3740 3741 3742 3743 ;i744 i745 3746 3747 3748 ;i749 3750 3751

THE INDIAN CALENDAR. TABLE I.

Limalion-parls := 10,OOOM,v of <i circle. A tillii ^ ^i.wlli of the moon's si/nodic retolutin

I. CONCURRENT YEAR

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

3a

True

(Sovitheni.)

6

6riha.<tputi

cycle- (Norllieru)

cun-cnt at Mcsha sai'ikruiiti.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding sankrftnti

ei pressed in

Time of the succeeding sankrunli

expressed in

3752

3753

375-4

3755

3756

3757

375

3759

3700

3701

3702

3763

370-i

3705

3766

3767

3768

3769

3770

3771

3772

3773

377-t

3775

3770

3777

3778

377'J

3780

3781

3782

3783

378-1

650- 651-

*652- 653- 654- 655-

*656- 657- 658- 659-

*660- 661- 062- 063-

•664- 665- 666- 667-

•668- 669- 670- 671-

•672- 673- 674- 675-

•676- 677- 678- 079-

•080- 681- 082-

41 Plavanga

42 K'laka

43 Saumya

44 SSdharaiia 1) . . .

46 Paridhfivin. . . ,

47 Pramudin . . . ,

48 Auanda

49 Raicshasa

50 Anala

51 Piiigala

52 Kalayukta

53 Siddharthin . . .

54 Raudra

55 Durmati

56 Dundubhi

57 Rudhirodgilrin .

58 Raktaksha

59 Krodhana

60 Kshaya

1 Prabhava

2 Vibhava

3 Sukla

4 Pramoda

5 Prajftpati

6 Angiras

7 Srimukha

8 BhSva

9 Yuvan

10 Dhfitri

1 1 tsvara

12 llahudbanyD . . .

13 Praniftthin

14 Vikriiraa

9871

2 VaisukUa.. .

29.175

6 Iihadi-ai)ada.,

28.914

3 Jyeshtha . .

29.877

6 Bhildrapada.

20.493

4 AshWha

937»

l( Virodlmkrit, Nu. 45

THE HINDU CALENDAR. x

TABLE I.

[Vol. 23) a z= Distance of moon from sun. [Col. 24) b = moon's mean anomaly. (Col. 25) r =: sun's mean anomaly.

II. ADDED I,UNAR MONTHS (conllnued.J

III. COMMENCEMENT OK THE

Mean.

liUni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ist.)

Name of month.

Time of the

precedini^

saiikrflnti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding saiiknlnti

expressed in

Day

and Month A. D.

(Time of the Mcsha saiikrilnti.)

Week day.

By the Arya

SiddhSnta.

Day

and Month

A. D.

Week day.

At Sunrise on meridian of Ujjain.

Moon's Atje.

9a

10a

11a

12a

13

14

15

17

19

20

1

7 Asvina

29.371 29.800

0.293 0.722

9747

29.240 29.669

0.162 0.591

6 BhAdrapada

972.5

0.097

3 Jvcshtha.

9703

29.603 29.109

0.525 0.031

20 Mar. 20 Mar. 19 Mar.

19 Mar.

20 Mar. 20 Mar. 19 Mar.

19 Mar.

20 Mar. 20 Mar.

19 Mar.

20 Mai- 20 Mar. 20 Mar.

19 Mar.

20 Mar. 20 Mar. 20 Mar.

19 Mar.

20 Mar. 20 Mar. 20 Mar.

19 Mar.

20 Mar. 20 Mar. 20 Mar.

19 Mar.

20 Mar. 20 Mar. 20 Mar.

19 Mar.

20 Mar. 20 Mar.

0 Sat.

1 Sun. 2Mon. 3 Tues. 5 Thui-. 6Fri. OSat. ISun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. Tbur.

OSat.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

5 Thur.

6 Fri. OSat. ISun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur. 6Pri. ISun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

6 Fri. OSat. ISun. 2 Mon.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

9 47

25 19

40 50

56 21

11 52

27 24

42 55

58 26

13 57

29 29

45 0

0 31

16 2

31 34

47 5

2 36

18 7

33 39

49 10

4 41

20 12

35 44

51 15

6 46

22 17

37 49

53 20

8 51

24 22

39 54

55 25

10 56

20 27

3 55 10 7

16 20

22 32

4 45

10 57

17 10

23 22

5 35

11 47

18 0

0 12

6 25

12 37

18 50

1 2

7 15

13 27

19 40

1 52

8 5

14 17

20 30

2 42

8 55

15 7

21 20

3 32

9 45 15 57 22

4 2 10 3

10

9 Mar. 26 Feb.

16 Mar.

6 Mar. 23 Feb. 14 Mar.

3 Mar.

20 Feb. 10 Mar. 28 Feb.

17 Mar.

7 Mar.

25 Feb.

16 Mar.

4 Mar.

21 Feb. 12 Mar.

1 Mar.

19 Mar.

8 Mar.

26 Feb.

17 Jfar.

6 Mar. 23 Feb. 14 Mar.

3 Mar

20 Feb. 10 Mar.

27 Feb.

18 Mar.

7 Mar. 25 Feb. 16 Mar.

3 Tues. OSat. 6 Fri.

4 Wed. ISnn. OSat.

5 Thur.

2 Mon. OSat.

5 Thur.

3 Tnes.

1 Sun.

6 Fri.

5 Thur.

2 Mon.

6 Fri.

5 Thur.

2 Mon. ISun.

5 Thur.

3 Tues.

2 Mon. OSat.

4 Wed.

3 Tues. OSat.

4 Wed.

3 Tlcs. OSat.

6 Fri.

4 Wed. 2 Mon. I Sun.

9920

13

10

45

259

135

9831

46

974

9956

170

205

81

9956

9991

9867

9901

9777

9991

26

240

116

151

27

9902

9937

9813

9847

62

276

310

3752 3753 3754 3755 3756 3757 3758 3759 3760 3761 3762 3763 3764 376.5 3766 3767 3768 3769 3770 3771 3772 3773 3774 377= 3776 3777 3778 3779 3780 3781 3782 3783 3784

THE INDIAN CALENDAR. TABLE I.

LaiiiitiOH-jjarts zr lO.OOOM.v of ti cinle. A tilhi =: ',j.,M of (he moon's synodic revolu/ion.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

True.

(Southern.)

6

Bribaspati

cycle (Xorlhern)

rurrenl at Misha sai'ikrSnti.

Name of irioiilh.

Time of the preceding saiikr&nti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding sAukrunti

expressed in '

3785 606

3786 607

3787 608

3788 371 37H(l 3791 3792 3793 3794 379.-. 3796 3797 3798 3799 3800 3801 3802 38(13 3801 38<).i 3806 3807 3808 3809 3810 3811 3812 3813 3814 3811 13816 1381

609 610 611 612 613 614

61.T

616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 62.5 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638

741 742 743 744

74.1

746

747

748

749

750

751

752

7

754

7

756

757

758

759

760

761

762

763

764

76.':

766

767

768

769

770

771

772

773

683-

*684- 685- 686- 687-

»688- 689- 690- 691-

*692- 693- 694- 695-

*696- 697- 698- 699-

*700- 701- 702- 703-

*704- 705- 706- 707-

*708- 709- 7J0- 711-

♦712- 713- 714- 715-

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

Vrisha

Chitrabhfiiiu . Subhuuu . . . .

Taraiia

Pilnhiva

^'yaj a

Sarvajit

Sarvadhurin . Virodhin.. . .

Vikrita

Khara

Naiidaua .. . .

Vijava

Jaya

Manmatha. . . Durmukhn. . . Hemalainba . . Vilambn . . . .

Vikurin

Silrvari

Plava

Subhakrit . . . Subhana . . . . Krodhin . . . . Visvfivasu. . . Parftbhava . . I'lavaiiga. . . .

Kilaka

Sanniya

SildbAraua.. . Virodhakrit . ParidhAvin. . PraniAdiii. . .

3 Jyeshtha.

9770

29.982

9787

9748

27.948

7 Asv

SrAvaua .

9987

29.961

358 116

515 131

THE IlfNDU CALENDAR. xx

TABLE I.

{Col. 23) II = Dislnniv of mnnu from .lun. {Col. 21) h zrr mnoii's hieiiii aiiomali/. (Col. 25) r = .i««'.! mniii iiiin„iiili/.

II ADDK.II I.INAK MONTHS (conlmaeil.)

III. ((iMMKNCKMKiNT UK TIIK

Mean.

Solar year.

Luni-SoUr jear. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla 1st.)

Name of montti.

8a

Time of the preceding saiikrinti

expressed in

9a

10a

Time of the

sutTeedinii

saiikrAiiti

expressed in

Day

aud Month

A. D.

12a

(Time of the Mcsha saukr&nti.)

Week day.

14

By the Arya Siddhinta.

Day

and Month

A. D.

Gh. Pa 16

H. M. 17

19

Week day.

20

At Sunrise on meridian of DJitaiii.

Moon's

Age.

21

22

23

26

10 Pausha.

6 Bhftdrapada.

S Jycshtha .

11 Milgha.

9780

9 Mflrgasirsha .

6 Bliftdrapada.

2 Vaisikha.

11 Magha

29.472

9967

0.394 0.823

29.407

0.757 0.263

9759

9901

9737

0.626 0.132

9879

0.067 0.495

20 Mar.

79)

19 Mar.

79)

20 Mar.

79)

20 Mar.

7a)

20 Mar.

79)

19 .Mar.

79)

20 Mar.

79)

20 Mar.

79)

20 Mai-.

79)

20 Mar.

80)

20 Mar.

79)

20 Mai-.

79)

20 Mar.

79)

20 Mar

80)

20 Mar

79)

20 Mar.

79)

20 Mar.

79)

20 Mar.

80)

20 Mai-.

79)

20 Mar.

79)

20 Mar

79)

20 Mar.

80)

20 Mar.

79)

20 Mar.

79)

20 Mai-.

79)

20 Mar.

80)

20 Mar.

79)

20 Mar.

79)

20 Mar.

79)

20 Mar.

80)

20 Mar

79)

20 Mar.

79)

20 Mar.

79)

6Fri

0 Sat. 2Mou.

3 Taes.

4 Wed. Thur

OSat.

1 Sun.

2 Mou 4 Wed.

Thur 6 Fri. OSat.

2 Mun

3 Tius

4 Wed. Thur

OSat. ISun.

2 Mou.

3 Tues.

5 Thur

6 Fri OSat. 1 Sun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur 61-Vi.

1 Sun.

2 .Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed

5 Mar.

22 Feb.

12 Mar.

1 Mar. 20 Mar.

8 Mar.

26 Feb.

17 Mar.

6 Mar. 24 Feb.

13 Mar.

2 Mar.

20 Feb. 10 Mar.

27 Feb.

18 Mar. 8 Mar.

23 Feb. 15 Mar.

4 Mar

21 Feb. 10 11 Mar. 22 1 Mar.

20 Mar. 47 9 Mar.

0 27 Feb. 12 17 Mar. 25 6 Mar. 37 23 Feb. .50 13 Mar.

2 2 Mar. 15 20 Feb. 27 11 Mar,

5 Thur 2 Mon. 1 Sun.

5 Thur

4 Wed.

1 Sun

6 Fri.

5 Thur,

2 Mon OSat.

5 Tliur

2 Mon OSat.

6 Kri.

3 Tues.

2 Mon. OSat.

4 Wed.

3 Tues. OSat.

4 Wed.

3 Tues.

1 Sun. OSat,

4 Wed.

2 Mon.

1 Sun. Thur,

2 Mon.

1 Sun.

5 Thur

3 Tues

2 Mon.

186

62

97

9972

7

9883

97

132

7

222

9918

9793

8

42

9918

9.53

167

43

78

9953

9829

9864

78

113

9988

203

237

113

9989

23

9899

113

148

3785 3786 3787 3788 3789 3790 3791 3792 3793 3794 3795 3790 3797 3798 3799 3800 3801 3802 3803 3804 3805 3800 3807 3808 3809 3810 3811 3812 3813 3814 3815 3816 3817

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE 1.

Luiuilioii-jMi-ts r=. lO.OOOMi of a circle. A lithi -^z '/30M of the moons .synodic ri-colulioii.

I CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

3 3a

True.

(Southern.)

6

Brihaspati cycle

(Northern) current at Mesha

sankrAnti.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding saiikranti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding sankr&nti

expressed in

9 10

3818

3819

3820

3821

3822

3823

3824

3825

3826

3827

3828

3829

3830

3831

3832

3833

3834

3835

3836

3837

3838

3839

3840

3841

3842

3843

3844

3845

3846

3847

3848

13849 3850

639

640

641

642

643

644

645

646

647

648

649

650

651

652

653

654

655

656

657

658

659

660

661

662

663

664

665

666

667

668

669

670

671

774

775

776

777

778

779

780

781

782

783

784

785

786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

13

136

137 138 139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

1

149

150

151

152

153

154

1

■716-17

717-18

718-19

719-20

•720-21

721-22

722-23

723-24

'724-25

725-26

726-27

727-28

*728-29

729-30

730-31

731-32

•732-33

733-34

734-35

735-36

•736-37

737-38

738-39

739-40

•740-41

741-42

742-43

743-44

•744-45

745-46

746-47

747-48

•7-18-49

48 Ananda

49 Rakshasa

50 Anala .......

5 1 Pingala

52 Kalaynkta

53 Siddhartiu . . . .

54 Raudra

55 Durmati

56 Dundubhi

57 Rudhirodgurin .

58 Raktaksha

59 Krodhana

60 Kshaya

1 Prabhava

2 Vibhava

3 Siikla

4 Pramoda

5 Prajapati ....

6 Aiigiras

7 Srimukha ....

. 8 Bhava

. 9 Yuvan

. 10 Dhatril)

. 1 2 Bahudhftnya . . .

. 13 Praniathin

. 14 Vikrama

. 15 Vrisha

. 16 Chitrabh&nu. . . 17 Subhdnu

. 18 Tftraua

. 19 Pftrthiva

. 20 Vyaya

. 21 Sai'vajit

5 Sravaua 9301 27.903

6 BhUdrapada.

3 JyeshUia 9610

5 Srava^a

6 Bhfidmpada.

5 SrAvatia.

29.184 522

29.070

27.783

9612

9780

.770

28.836

') !bvara, N". 11, was 8up|iressed.

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

(Col. 2S) a = Dislaiiif of mnnii from .tun. (Col. •2i) i rr moon's mean iiiiomaly. (Col. 2a)

,'iun\s lafan tmohuili/.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS (continued.)

111. COMMENCEMENT OP THE

Mean.

Solar year.

Luni-Solarjcar. (Civilday of ChaitraSukla Ut.)

Name of month.

Time of the preceding saiikrHnti

expressed in

Da

Time of the

succeeding

sahkranti

expressed in

Day

and Month

A. D.

13

(Time of the Mcsha

sankr&nti.)

Week day.

14

By the Arya Siddh&nta.

Day id Month A. D.

16

17

19

Week day.

20

At Sunrise on meridian of Cijaln.

23

26

4 Ashidlia .

29.507

9 M&rgaisirsha

9979 9814

29.936 29.442

6 Bhfidi-apada.

9957

29.870

a Migha.

9792 9935

29.376 29.80i

7 Asvina.

9770

12 Ph&Iguna.

9913 9749

29.739 29.246

9 MArgasirsha

29.674

5 Sriivapa.

9727

0.8.58 0.364

0.792

0.299 0.727

20 Mar. (80; 20 Mar. (79

20 Mar. (79

21 Mar :0 Mar (80

20 Mar (79

20 Mar. (79

21 Mar. (80 20 Mar. (80] 20 Mar (79

20 Mar (79

21 Mar. (80; 20 Mar. (80 20 Mar. (79

20 Mar. (79

21 Mar. (80 20 Mar. (80; 20 Mar. (79

20 Mar. (79

21 Mar. (80; 20 Mar. (80 20 Mar. (79

20 Mar (79

21 Mar. 20 Mar. (80; 20 Mar (79

20 Mar. (79

21 Mar. (80; 20 Mar. (80 20 Mar. (79

20 Mar. (79

21 Mar. (80 10 Mar. (80

') 6 Fri. ') 0 Sat. ) 1 Sun. ') 3 Tues. I) 4 Wed. ') 5 Thur ) 6 IVi. ') 1 Sun. ) 2 Mon. i) 3 Tues. ) 4 Wed. I) 6 Fri. I) 0 Sat. ) 1 Sun. ) 2 Mon. ) 4 Wed ) 5 Thiu-. ') 6 Fri. ) 0 Sat. I) 2 Mon. ■) 3 Tues. ) 4 Wed. I) 5 Thiu". ) 0 Sat. I) 1 Sun. ) 2 Mon. ) 3 Tues. I) 5 Thur. i) 6 IVi. I) 0 Sat ) 1 Sun. ) 3 Tues. ) 4 Wed.

14 10

29 41

45 12

0 44

16 15

31 46

47 17

2 49

18 20

33 51

49 22

4 54

20 25

35 56

51 27

6 59

22 30

38 1

53 32

9 4

24 3

40 6

55 37

11 9

26 40

42 11

57 42

13 14

28 45

44 16

59 47

15 19

30 50

5 40

11 52 18

0 17

6 30

12 42

18 =

1 7

7 20

13 32

19 45 1

8 10

14 22

20 3

2 47

9 0

15 12

21 25

3 37 9 50

16 2

22 15

4 27

10 40

16 52

23 5

5 17

11 30

17 42 23 55

6 7

12 20

28 Feb. (59) 18 Mar. (77)

8 Mar. (67)

25 Feb (56)

14 Mar, (74)

4 Mar. (63)

21 Feb. (52)

12 Mar. (71)

1 Mar (61) 20 Mar. (79)

9 Mar

26 Feb. (57)

16 Mar. (76)

5 .Mar. (64)

22 Feb. (53)

13 Mar, (72)

2 Mar. (62)

20 Feb. (51)

11 Mar. (70) 28 Feb. (59) 18 Mar. (78)

Mar, (66) 24 Feb. (55)

15 Mar. (74)

3 Mar. (63)

21 Feb. (52)

12 Mar. (71) 2 Mar. (61)

20 Mar. (80)

9 Mar. (68)

26 Feb, (57)

17 Mar. (76) 5 Mar. (65)'

6Fi-i. 5 Thur 3 Tues. OSat.

5 Thur,

3 Tues. 0 Sat.

6 Fri.

4 Wed.

3 Tues.

0 Sat.

4 Wed

3 Tues. OSat.

4 Wed. ;i Tue«.

1 Sun 6 Fri.

Thur.

2 Mun,

1 Sun. Thur

2 Mou.

1 Sun. Thur.

3 Tufs,

2 Mon. OSat. 6 Fri.

3 Tues, OSat. 6 Fri. 3 Tues.

24

58

273

1

9845

59

9935

9969

184

218

94

9970

9756

9790

5

219

2.54

129

164

40

9915

9950

9826

40

75

289

324

200

75

110

3818 3819 3820 3821 3822 3823 3824 3825 3826 3827 3828 3829 3830 3831 3832 3833 3834 3835 3836 3837 3838 3839 ;i840 3841 3842 3843 3844 3845 3846 3847 3848 3849 3850

THE INDIAN CALENDAR. TABLE 1.

I.uniitioji-jiurls i= JO.OOOMs nf a circle. .1 (ithi ^ '.luM of the moon's si/nodic recolulio

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

„

^

,

•'■

'jz ^

.^-.^

kali.

Saka.

'il.^

CJ >

1

1

2

3

3a

True.

(Southeru.)

Brihaspatl cvclc

(Northern) current at Mcsha

sankr&nti.

Name of mouth.

Time of the preccdiDg sai'ikranti

expressed in

10

Time of the sucreeding saiikrSnti

expressed in

11

SS51 3852 S853 3854 3855 3856 3857 3858 3859 3860 38(11 3K62 3863 3864 3865 3866 3867 3868 3869 3870 3871

3872

3873

3874

387

3876

3877

3878

3879

3880

3881

3882

749- 750- 751-

*7.52- 7.53- 754- 755-

•756- 757- 758- 7.59-

•760- 761- 762- 763-

•764 765' 766 767

•768 769

771- •772- 773- 774- 775- •776- 777- 778- 779- •780.

Sarvadharin . A'irodhiu . . . .

Vikrita

Khara

Nandaua. . . .

Vijaya

Jaya

Manmatha. . Purmukha. . Hemalamba. Vilamba ... Vikarin,. . . Sarvari ....

Plava

Subhakrit. . Sobhana . . . Krodhin . . . Visvavasu. . I'arabhava. . I'lavanga.. . Kilaka

SSdh&ra(ia.. . Virodhakrit . ParidhSvin . . I'ramudhin . . Anauda . . . . lUkshasa.. . .

.\uala

I'ingala

KAlavukta . . SiddhAi'thin .

6 Bhadrap.ida

5 Sravaya

7 A»\ ina. . . 10 Pausha(Ksh) 1 Chaitra . .

5 .Sr&vaoa.

9723

9740

115

9860

29.220 0.345 29.580

9964

86

THE HINDU CALENDAR. x;

TABLP] 1.

'ol. 23) (/ =: DisUime of moon from saii. {Col. 21) i z=. moon's mean unomuli/. [Col. 25) r -zz sun's mean tiuomiili/.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS (continued.)

III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Mean.

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)

Name iif miinth.

8a

Time of tie preceding sai'ikrHnti

expressed in

10a

Time of the suceeedin^ sai'ikrAnti

expressed in

11a

Day

and Month

A. D.

(Time of the Mcsha sanknlnti.)

12a

13

Week day.

14

By the Arya Siddh&nta.

Day

and Month

A. D.

IS

17

le

Week dav.

20

At Sanrlse on meridian of Ujjain.

Moon's Age.

21

22

23

26

29 . 608 29.115

0..')30 0.037

9990 9826

29.971 29.477

0.893 0.399

9 M&rgasirsha

Sravava . .

9947

7 Asvina..

29.775

12 Phaiguna.

9760 9903

29.281 29.709

0.203 0.631

20 Mar.

79)

21 Mar

80)

21 Mar.

80l

20 Mar.

80)

20 Mar.

79)

21 Mar.

80)

21 Mar

80)

20 Mar.

80)

20 Mar

79)

21 Mar.

80)

21 Mar.

80)

20 Mar

80)

20 Mar

79)

21 Mar.

80)

21 Mar.

80)

20 Mar.

80)

20 Mar.

79)

21 Mar.

80)

21 Mar.

80)

20 Mar.

80)

20 Mar

79)

21 Mar.

80)

21 Mar.

80)

20 Mar.

80)

20 Mar.

79)

21 Mar.

80)

21 Mar.

80)

20 .Mar.

80)

21 Mar.

80 1

21 Mai-.

80)

21 Mar.

80)

20 Mar.

80)

5 Thur

0 Sat.

1 Sun. 2Mon 3 Tues.

5 Thur.

eivi.

OSat. 1 Sun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. Thur.

6Fi-i.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

6 Fri.

0 Sat.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

6 Fri. OSat.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. 6 Fri. OSat.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

4B 21

1 52

17 24

32 55

48 26

3 57

19 29

35 0

.50 31

6 2

21 34

37 5

52 36

8 7

23 39

39 10

54 41

10 12

25 44

41 15

.56 46

12 17

27 49

43 20

58 51

14 22

29 54

45 25

0 56

16 27

31 .59

47 30

18 32

0 45

6 57

13 10

19 22

1 35

7 47

14 0

20 12

2 25

8 37

14 50

21 2

3 15

9 27

15 40

21 52

4 5

10 17

16 30

22 42

4 55

11 7

17 20

23 32

5 45

11 57

18 10 0 22

6 35

12 -11 lit 0

22 Feb. 13 Mar.

3 Mar. 20 Feb. 10 Mar. 28 Feb. 18 Mar.

6 Mar

24 Feb.

15 Mar

4 Mai-.

22 Feb.

12 Mar. 1 Mar.

20 Mar. 8 Mar.

25 Feb.

16 Mar.

6 Mar.

23 Feb.

13 Mar.

3 .Mar.

20 Feb. 10 Mar. 27 Feb. 18 Mar.

7 Mar.

24 Feb. 15 Mar.

4 Mar. 22 Feb. 12 Mar

OSat. 6 Fri. 4 Wed. 1 Sun. OSat. Thur.

3 Tues. OSat.

Thur.

4 Wed.

1 Sun. 6Fi-i.

5 Thur

2 Mon.

1 Sun.

5 Thar.

2 Mon. ISun.

6 Fri.

3 Tues.

2 Mon.

OSat.

4 Wed.

3 Tues. OSat.

6 Fri.

3 Tues. OSat. OSat.

4 Wed. 2 Mon. 1 Sun.

84 66 181 0-11 28 305 86

;o

299 309

68 194 192

77 148 1.52 119 156 323

75

56

219

134 211 217 292 183

©-34

313

70

254

9861

9896

111

9986

21

235

9931

9807

1

6

9931

146

180

56

91

9966

9842

9877

91

9967

1

216

92

126

2

37

9912

9788

161

37

251

286

97 206 34 257

917

764

700

584

483

331

214

1.50

997

881

817

664

600

447

294

231

114

961

897

3851 3852 3853 3854 3855 3856 3857 3858 3859 3860 3861 3862 3863 3864 3865 3866 3867 3868 3869 3870 3871

3872

3873 3874 387 3876 7

3878 3879 3880 3881 3882

See Text. Art. 101 above, para. 2

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

Luiiulioiipurts rz K),OnflMs of a circle. A liihi r=: ' uiM of the mo'iit.^ st/nodir retolulion.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

U. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

o a

3 3a

True.

(Southern.)

6

Brihasp.ili

cycle

(Northern)

current

at Meshii

saiikr&nti.

Name of month.

Time of the ]irecediDg sai'ikr&nti

expressed in

9 10

Time of the succeeding saiikr£nti

11

3883

3884 3885 3886 3887 3888 3889 3890 3891 3892 3893 3894 3895

3899 3900 3901 3902 3903 3904 3905 3900 3907 3908 3909 3910 3911 .3912 3913 3914 3913

704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 73: 73fi

839

188

840

189

841

190

842

191

843

192

844

193

845

194

846

195

847

196

848

197

849

198

850

199

851

200

852

201

853

202

854

203

855

204

856

205

857

206

858

207

859

208

860

209

861

210

862

211

863

212

804

213

865

214

860

215

867

216

808

217

869

218

87(

219

781- 82

782- 83

783- 84 •784- 85

785- 86

786- 87

787- 88 ♦788- 89

789- 90

790- 91

791- 92 »792- 93

793- 94

794- 95

795- 96 •796- 97

797- 98

798- 99 799-800

*800- 1

801- 2

802- 3

803- 4 ♦804- 5

805- 6

806- 7

807- 8 •808- 9

809- 10

810- 11

811- 12 •812- 13

M3- 14

. 54 Raudra

. 55 Durmati

. 56 Dundubhi

. 57 Rudhirodgirin .

. 58 Raktaksha

. 59 Kroilhana. . . . . 60 Kshaya

1 Prabhava

2 Vibhava

3 Sukla

4 Pramoda

. 5 Prajapati

. 6 Aiigiras

7 Srimukba ....

. 8 Bhava

9 Yuvan

. 10 Dhatri

. 11 isvai-a

. 12 Bahudhauva..

.13 Pramdthin . . .

. 14 Vikrama

. 15 Vrisha

. . 16 (.'hitrabhfiuu . .

. . 17 Subliiiuu

, . 18 Taraua

. . 19 Pai-thiva

. . 20 Vya.vB

. . 21 Sarvajit

. . 22 Sarvadhflriu . .

. . 23 VirodUin

. . 24 Viknta

. . 25 Kharo

l'O .\oniliin;i.

6 Bhadrapada.

6 Bhadrapada.

9715 9648

7 Asvina.

434

98

792

29.145 28.944

152 155

(Cot. 23) (/ = Distil lire of moon front

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

Ml. (Col. i\i) I) =^ moon's mean unomiily. {Cot. 25) r m

eun imoiiiiitij .

ADDKD LUNAR MONTHS

(continued.)

III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Mean.

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla let.)

Name (if month.

Time of tie preceding sankr&nti

expressed in

Time of the succeeilinj; sankranti

expressed in

Day

and Month

A. D.

(Time of the Mesha sankranti.)

Week dav.

By the Arya SiddhSnta.

Day

and Month

A. D.

Gh. Pa. H. M

Week dav.

At Sanrise on meridian of Ujjaln

Moon'f Age.

8a

9a 10a 11a 12a

13

14

15

17

10

20

21

23

5 Sravapa.

12 Philguna..

5 Sr&vava.

9937

29.578

0.137

0.072 0.500

0.007

0.435 0.863

0.798

0.304 0.732

29.316 79

21 Mar. (80 21 Mar (80

21 Mar. (80

20 Mar. (80

21 Mar. (80 21 Mar. (80 21 Mar. (80

20 Mar (80

21 Mar. (80; 21 Mar. (80 21 Mar. (80

20 Mar. (80 2niar.(80

21 Mar. (80 21 Mar. (80

20 Mar (80

21 Mar. (80; 21 Mar 21 Mar. (80;

20 Mar. (80

21 Mar. (80 21 Mar. (80 21 Mar (80 21 Mar. (81 21 Mar. (80 21 Mar. 21 Mar. (80 21 Mar (81 21 Mar (80 21 Mar (80; 21 Mar. (80 21 Mar. (81 21 Mar. fSff

4 Wed.

5 Thnr 6Fri. OSat.

2 Mon.

3 Tnes.

4 Wed.

5 Thur. OSat. ISnn.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

5 Thur.

6 Fri. OSat. ISun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

6 Fri

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

5 Thur

6 Fri. OSat. 1 Sun.

3 Tues

4 Wed

5 Thur

6 Fri

1 Sun.

2 Mon

3 1

18 32

34 4

49 35

5 6

20 37

36 9

51 40

7 11

22 42

38 14

53 45

9 16

24 47

40 19

55 50

11 21

26 52

42 24 57

13 26

28 57

44 2

0 0

15 31

31 2

46 34

2

17 36

33 7

48 39

4 10

19 41

1 12

7 25

13 37

19 50

2 2

8 15

14 27

20 40

2 52

9 5

15 17

21 30

3 42 9 55

16 7

22 20

4 32

10 45

16 57

23 10

5 22

11 3

17 47 0 0

6 12

12 25

18 37

0 50

7 2

13 15

19 27

1 40

1 Mar. 19 Mar.

8 Mar.

26 Feb.

16 Mar.

6 Mar. 23 Feb.

13 Mar.

2 Mar. 21 Mar. 10 Mar.

27 Feb.

17 Mai-.

7 Mar,

25 Feb.

15 Mar. 4 Mar.

21 Feb. 12 Mar. 29 Feb

19 Mar

8 Mar.

26 Feb.

16 Mar. 6 Mar.

23 Feb.

14 Mar. 2 Mar.

20 Mar. 10 ilar.

27 Feb.

17 Mar. .Mar

5 Thur.

3 Tues OSat.

5 Thnr.

4 Wed Mon.

6 Fri.

5 Thur. 2 Mon

1 Sun. Thur.

2 Mon

1 Sun.

6 Fri.

4 Wed

3 Tues. OSat.

4 Wed. 3 Tues. OSat. 6 Fri. 3 Tues. ISun. OSat.

5 Thur

2 Mon. 1 Sun.

5 Thur.

3 Tues

1 Sun. 5 Thur

4 Wed.

2 Mon

162

9858

9733

9948

9982

197

72

107

9983

1

9893

9769

9804

18

232

267

143

18 572

53

9929

9963

9839

53

88

302

178

213

88

9784

9909

9875

3886 3887 3888 3889 3890 3891 3892 3893 3894 3895 3896 3897 3898 3899 3900 3901 3902 3903 3904 3905 3906 3907 3908 3909 3910 3911 3912 3913 .3914 391, i

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE 1.

Luiiution-jHirls r= 10,(l(l(lMi' of <i cinii-. A litlii z= ' .ml/i of //ir moon's .si/iiodir rcvoluliuu.

I. CONCDRRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

True.

(Southern.)

6

Brihaspnti

cycle

(Northeni)

cun'ent

at Mesha

sanki'finti.

Name of month.

Time of the ])ri'i'eding sai'ikrinti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding sai'ikranti expressed in

3916 391 3918 3919 3920 3921 922 39-23 3924 3925 3926 3927 3928 3929 3930 3931 3932 3933 3934 3935 3930 3937 3938 3939 3940 3941 3942 3943 3944 394.T 3946 3947

0- 1

1- 2

2- 3

3- 4

4- 5

5- « fi- 7

7- 8

8- 9 9-10

10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21

814-15 815-16

*816-17 817-18 818-19 819-20

*820-21 821-22 822-23 823-24

•824-25 825-26 826-27 827-28

•828-29 829-30 830-31 831-32

•832-33 833-34 834-35 835-36

*83()-37 837-38 838-39 839-40

•840-41 841-42 842-43 843-44

•844-45 845-46

27 Vijaya

28 Jaya

29 Manmatha . . . .

30 Durmukha . . . .

31 Hemalamba. . .

32 Vilamba

33 Vikilrin

34 S&rvarin

35 Plava

36 Subhakrit 1) . . .

38 Krodhin

39 Visvavasu

40 Pan'ibhavu

41 Plavaiiga

42 Kilaka...-

43 Sauinya

44 S'ldhdraiia

45 Virodhakrit. . . .

46 Paridhftviu. . .

47 Praniadin

48 .\nanda

49 Knkshasa

50 Anala

5 1 Piliuala

52 K&layukta

53 Siddiiiirthin . . .

54 Raudra

55 Durmati

56 Dundubhi

37 Rudhirodgnrin .

58 Kaktfikshu

59 Krndhiini,

29.730

9740

Sravaiia .

29 . 760

3 Srftvava

'j Sobhaiia, No 37,

THE HINDU CALENDAR. TAIUiE 1.

((<,/. 2:!) ,/ :

= Distance of moon from

v«//. (Col.

21) // :

- „,

lOll

.V Mean

anoiiiuli/. (Col. 25

) '■ =

= SUI

.V meon anoyna

h-

1! ADDED LUNAR MONTHS fcottlinued.J

II

. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Mean.

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla

1st.)

Kali.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding saiikr&nti

expressed in

Time of the sneceediug saiikr&nli

expressed in

Day

and Month

A. D.

(Time of the Meaha sankrilnti )

Day

and .Month

A. 1)

Week day.

At Sunrise on meridian of Ujjain

Moon's ! Age.

b.

-

Week day.

By the Arj Siddhdnta

a

a

-5 s.

15

li

^

?

Is it

^■f

Gh.

Pa.

H.

M.

8a

9a

10a

lla

12a

13

14

15

17

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

1

3 Jjeshtha

9915

29.745

222

0.667

21 -Mar. (80) 21 Mar. (80) 21 Mar. (81) 21 Mar, (80) 21 Mar. (80) 21 Mar. (80 21 Mar, (81) 21 .Mar. (80) 21 Mar. (80) 21 Mar. (80) 21 Mar. (81) 21 Mar. (80) 21 Mar. (80 21 Mar. (80) 21 Mar. (81) 21 Mar. (80) 21 Mar. (80) 21 Mar. (80 21 Mar. (81) 21 Mar. (80

21 Mar. (80

22 Mar. (81 21 Mar. (81 21 Mar. (80 21 Mar. (80

3 Tues.

4 Wed. 6Fri. OSat.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

6 Fri. 0 Sat.

2 Mon,

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur,

0 Sat.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

5 Thur.

6 Fri. 0 Sat.

2 Mon,

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur OSat. ISun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues. 5 Thur.

0 Sat,

35 50 6 21 37

8 23 39 54 10 25 41 56 12 28 43 59 14 30 45

1 Ifi 32 47

3 18 34 49

20 36

12 44 15 46 17 49 20 51 22 54 25 56 27 59 30

1 32

4 35

« 37

9

40

11

42

14

45

16

47

19

50

21

14

20

2

8

14

21

3

9

15

21

4

10

16

22

11

17

23

5

12 18 0 6

12 19 1 7 13 19 2 8 14

17 30 42 55

20 32 45 57 10 22 35 47 0 12 25 37 50

15 27 40 52

17 30

42

7 20 32

24 Feb, (55) 15 Mar. (74)

3 Mar. (63)

21 Feb, (52) 11 Mar. (70)

1 Mar. (60)

19 Mar. (79)

8 Mar. (67)

26 Feb. (57)

17 Mar. (76)

5 Mar. (65)

22 Feb. (53) 13 Mar. (72)

2 Mar. (61)

20 Mar. (80)

9 Mar. (68)

27 Feb. (58)

18 Mar. (77)

7 Mar. (67) 24 Feb. (55) 15 Mar. (74)

4 Mar. (63)

21 Feb. (52)

11 Mar. (70)

28 Feb. (59) 20 Mar. (79)

8 Mar. (68) 26 Feb. (57) 17 Jfar. (76)

6 Mai-. (65)

23 Feb. (54)

12 Mar. (71)

6 Fri. 5 Thnr

2 Mon. OSat.

5 Thur.

3 Tues.

2 Mon.

6 Fri.

4 Wed.

3 Tues. 0 Sat.

4 Wed. 3 Tues.

0 Sat. 6 Fri. 3 Tues.

1 Sun. OSat.

5 Thur.

2 Mon. ISun. 5 Thur. 2 Mon. ISun. 5 Thm-.

5 Thur.

2 Mon. 0 Sat.

6 Fri.

3 Tues. OSat.

5 Thur,

2

40

3

323

81 312 324

87 208 206

87

76 162 131 171

0-2S

91

73 232 144 221 226 174 199 0-17 330

86 267 311 286 289

24

.006 .120 .009 .969 .243 .936 .972 .261 .624 .618 .261 .228 .486 .393 .513

—.076

.273 .219 .696 .432 .663 .678 ..522 .597

-.051

.990 .268 .801 .933 .858 .867 .072

9999

34

9909

124

9820

34

69

9945

1,59

194

69

9945

9980

9855

9890

9766

9980

15

229

105

139

15

9891

9926

9801

174

50

265

299

175

51

9747

769 704 5.52 435 335 218 154

885 821 668 515 452 299 235 82 965 901 785 632 568 415 263 198 46 18 865 749 685 532 379 279

210 261 230 202 250 222 274 243 215 266 235 204 2.56 225 276 245 217 269 240 210 261 230 199 251 220 274 243 215 266 235 205 253

3916 3917 3918 3919 3920 3921 3922 3923 3924 3925 3926 3927 3928 3929 3930 3931 3932 3933 .3934 3935 3936 3937 3938 3939 3940 3941 3942 3943 3944 3945 3946 3947

11 Mfigha

9750

29.251

58

0.173

8 KAittika

9893

29.679

200

0.601

4 .Ashfiilha ....

9728

29.185

36

0.107

1 Chaitra

9 .MSi-gaslrsha .

9871 9707

29.614 29.120

179 14

0.536 0.042

6 Hhri(lra]>a(la . .

9849

29.548

157

0.470

3 Jveshtha ....

9992

29.976

299

0.898

11 Mfigha

9828

29.483

135

0.405

8 Karttika

9970

29.911

27H

0.833

21 Mar. (81 21 Mar. (80 21 Mar. (80

4 AshAdha ....

9806

29.417

113

0.339

1 Chaitra

9948

29.845

256

0.767

21 Mar. (81

21 Mar. (80

0 See Text. Art 101 above, para.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

Liiiiation-ptirts =: 10,000M.« of a rirrle. J tithi ^ ', loM of the moon's synodic retolution.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

11. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

42 c

3a

True.

(Southern.)

6

Brihaapati

cycle

(Northern)

current

at Mesha

sauki'ilnti

Name of month.

Time of the preceding sai'ikrunti

expressed in

a ^

10

Time of the succeeding sai'ikrunti

expressed in

11

3948 3949

3950 3951 3952 3953 3954 395; 395fi 3957 3958 3959 39C0 39(11 39r,2 39fJ3 39C4 3965 39fill 39(r 39(iK 3909 3970 3971 397:i 3973 3974 3975 3976 3977 397H 3979

769

770 771

772 773 774 775 776 777 778 79 80 81 ■82 83 '84 78.0 786 787 ■88 ■89 ■90 ■91

796 '97 f98 799 HOO

21-22 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-28 26-27 27-28 28-29 29-30 30-31 31-32 32-33 33-34 34-35 35-36 36-37 37-38 38-39 39-40 40-41 41-42 42-43 43-44 44-45 45-46 46-47 47-48 48-49 49-50 60-51 51-52 52-53

846- 847-

•848- 849- 850- 851-

♦852- 853- 854- 855-

»856- 857- 858- 859-

•860- 861- 862- 863-

•864- 865- 866- 867-

•868- 869- 870- 871-

•872- 873- 874- 875-

•876- 877-

60 Kshaya ....

1 Prabhava . . .

2 Vibhava

3 Sakla

4 Pramoda. . . .

5 Prajapati . . .

6 Angiras

7 Srimukha . . .

8 Bhava

9 Yuvan

10 Dhatri

11 Isvara

12 Bahudhilnja.

13 Pramathin...

14 Vikrama. . . .

15 Vrisha

10 Chitrabhfinu.

17 Subhanu . . . .

18 TSrava

19 Pftrthiva . . . .

20 Vyaya

21 Sarvajit

22 Sarvadharin .

23 Virodhin....

24 Vikrita

25 Khnra

26 Nandana . . . .

27 Vyaya

28 Joya

29 Manmatha. . . 80 Durmukha. . . 31 Hcmalambn..

7 Asvina.

750

9827

5 Sruvana.

9679

6 Bhadrapada.

5 SrAva;ia.

9786

151 170

THE HINDU CALENDAR. xxx

TABLE 1.

{Col. 23) a Z3 Distance of moon from sun. (Col. 21-) b =: moon's mean anomaly. (Col. 25) e z= tun's mean anomaly.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS CcoHlimued.J

III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Mean.

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla 1st.)

Kali.

Name of moutli.

Time of the preceding saiikiinti

expressed in

Time of the succeedini; sankrSnti

expressed in

Day

and Month

A. D.

(Time of the Mesha saukranti.)

Day

and Month

A. D.

Week day.

At Sunrise on meridian of Ujlaln.

Moon's

6.

"

Week day.

By the Arya SiddhanU.

li

.2

si

^

ll

"

Gh.

Pa

H.

M.

8a

9a

10a

lla

12a

13

14

15

17

19

20

21

22

23

24

26

1

9 Mirgasirsha.

9784

29.352

91

0.274

21 Mar. (80)

22 Mar. (81) 21 Mar. (81) 21 Mar. (80)

21 Mar. (80)

22 Mar. (81) 21 Mar. (81) 21 Mar. (80)

21 Mai-. (80)

22 Mar. (81) 21 Mar. (81) 21 Mar. (80)

21 ifar. (80)

22 Mar. (81) 21 Mar. (81)

21 Mar. (80)

22 Mar. (81) 22 Mar. (81) 21 Mar. (81)

21 Mar. (80)

22 Mar. (81) 22 Mar. (81) 21 Mar. (81)

21 Mar. (80)

22 Mar. (81) 22 Mar. (81) 21 Mar. (81)

21 Mar. (80)

22 Mar. (81) 22 Mai-. (81)

ISun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur

6 l-'ri. ISon.

2 Mon.

3 Tqcs.

4 Wed. 6Fri. OSat. ISnn. 2 Mon.

4 Wed.

5 Thur. 6Fri. ISun.

2 Mon.

3 Taes.

4 Wed. fiFri. OSat.

1 Sun.

2 Mon. 4 Wed. 5Thnr 6Pi-i. OSat.

2 Mon.

3 Taes.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

51 7 22 38 53 9 25 40 56 11

m

42 58 13 29 44

0 15 31 46

2 17 33 48

4 19 35 50

6 21 37 53

52 24 55 26 57 29

0 31

2 34

5 36

7 39 10 41 12 44 15 46 17 49 20 51 22 54 25 56 27 59 30

1

20

2

9

15

21

3

10

16

22

4

10

17

23

11

17

0

6

12

18

0

7

13

19

1

7

14

20

2

8

15

?^

45 57 10 22 35 47 0 12 25 37 50 2 15 27 40 52 5 17 30 42 55 7 20 32 45 57 10 22 35 47 0 12

2 Mar. (61) 21 Mar. (80)

9 Mar. (69)

27 Feb. (58) 18 Mar. (77)

7 Mar. (66) 24 Feb. (55) 14 Mar. (73)

3 Mar. (62)

21 Feb. (52)

11 Mai-. (71)

28 Feb. (59)

20 Mar. (79) 9 Mar. (68)

26 Feb. (57) 16 Mai-. (75) 5 Mar. (64)

22 Feb. (53)

12 Mar. (72)

2 Mar. (61)

21 Mar. (80) 10 Mar. (69)

28 Feb. (59)

18 Mar. (77) 7 Mar. (66)

24 Feb. (55) 14 Mar. (74)

3 Mar. (62) 21 Feb. (52) 12 Mai-. (71)

29 Feb. (60)

19 Mar. (78)

3 Tues.

2 Mon. 6Fri.

4 Wed.

3 Tues. OSat.

4 Wed.

3 Tues.

0 Sat. 5Thnr.

4 Wed. ISun. ISnn.

5 Thur. 2 Mon. ISun

5 Thur.

2 Mon.

1 Sun.

6 Fri.

5 Thnr.

2 Mon. OSat.

6 Fri.

3 Tues. OSat.

ei-ri.

3 Tnes. 1 Sun. OSat.

4 Wed. 3 Tnes.

220

218

0-36

104

120

45

49

135

63

239

225

0-27 325 157 108 196 191 96 101 229 209

0-13

202 266 263 245 292 116 236 213 15 53

.660 .654

—.108

.312 .360 .135

.147 .405 .189 .717 .675

—.081

.975 .471 .324 .588 .573 .288 .303 .687 .627

— .039

.606 .798 .789 .735 .876 .348 .708 .639 .045 .159

9961

9996

9871

86

120

9996

9872

9906

9783

9996

31

9907

280

156

31

66

9942

9818

9852

67

101

9977

191

226

102

9977

12

9888

102

137

12

47

162 98 946 829 765 612 459 395 243 126 62 909 882 729 576 512 359 206 142 26 962 809 693 628 476 323 259 106 990 926 773 709

225 276 246 217 269 238 207 258 228 200 251 220 274 243 212 264 233 202 253 225 277 246 218 269 238 207 259 228 200 251 220 272

3948 3949 3050 3951 3952 3953 3954 3955 3956 3957 3958 3959 3960 3961 3962 3963 3964 3965 3966 3967 3968 3969 3970 3971 3972 3973 3974 3975 3976 3977 3978 3979

6 BhSdrapada.

9927

29.780

234

0.702

2 VaUaJdia....

9762

29.286

69

0.208

11 .\lagha

9905

29.714

212

0.637

7 Aivina

9740

29.221

48

0.143

4 AshiVlha ....

9883

29.649

190

0.571

12-Phalguna....

9718

29.155

26

0.077

9 Mai-gasirsha. .

9861

29.583

169

0.506

a Sravaiia

9697

29.090

4

0.012

2 Vai^kha....

9839

29.518

147

0.440

11 MAgha

9982

29.946

289

0.868

7 Asvina

9818

29.453

125

0.875

21 Mar. (81) 21 Mar. (80)

0 Sec Tract Art. 101 above, para 2.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

I.iiiiiition-parls := 10,0O0M.s of a rirrle. J lilhi zr '/ju/// of llir niooii's spiodic recolat'wn .

1. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

3a

True.

(Simtlicrn.)

Bribaspati

cydc

(NorthiTu)

current

at Mesha

sai'ikrllnti.

Name of montli.

Time of the preceding saukr&nti

expressed in

Time uf the succeeding saiikrunti

expressed in

3980 3981 398S 3983 3984 398.- 3986 3987 3988 3989 3990 3991 3992 3993

3994

3995 399fi 3997 3998 3999 4000 4001 4002 4003 4004 4005 4000 4007 4008 4009 4010

936

937

938

939

940

941

942

943

944

94:

946

94

948

949

816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831

54-55 55-56 56-57

57-58 58-59 59-60 60-61 61-62 62-63 63-64 64-65 05-66 66-67

67-68

68-69 69-70 70-71 71-72 72-73 73-74 74-75 75-76 76-77 77-78 78-79 79-80 80-81 81-82

878- 879-

•880- 881- 882- 883-

»884- 885- 886- 887-

*888- 889- 890- 891-

893- 894- 895-

•890- 897- 898- 899-

•900- 901- 902- 903-

•904- 905- 900- 907-

•908-

32 Vilaraba

33 VikSrin

34 SSrvari

35 Plava

36 Subhakfit

37 Sobhana

38 Krodhin

39 Visvavasu . . . .

40 Par&bha\ a . . . .

4 1 Plavaiiga . . . .

42 Kilaka

43 Saumya

44 Sadhfirana.. . .

45 Virodhakrit . .

46 Paridh.'vin...

47 Prainfidin

48 Ananda

49 IWkshasa

50 Aiiala

51 Pingala

52 Killayukta

53 Siddhilrthin . .

54 Raudra

55 Durmati

56 DundubUi

57 RudliirddgAriu 38 llaktAksha . . .

59 Krodhana . . . .

60 Kshajii

1 Prabbava

2 Vibhavo 1) ...

6 Bbildrapada.

Srilvaiia .

3 Jveshtba .

*9.259

8 Karttika,

9 Murijas.{Ksh.) 1 Chiiitra..

9974

8

9780

29.922 0.024 29 . 340

6 lihadrapada.

SrAvatm.

9912 111

iilj|jn>M'd In Ibc nurlli, liul In

sup)>ivs.<t)uu hiiicf this dale

THE HINDU CALENDAR. TABLE 1.

lyCol. 23| (/ zz DisliDiie o/' moon from sun. (Col. 2t) /i

moon s meo

{Col. 25) r Tzz sunx mean iinoinuli/.

11. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS (eonlinued.J

III. COMMENCEMENT OK THE

Mean.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ist.

Name of month.

8a

Time of Ihc precedinu; sanknlnti

ei])ro^9cd in

9a

10a

Time of the sueeecding sanki'Dnti

expressed in

o ^

,A g.

Day

and Montb

A. D.

12a

13

(Time of the Mcslia saiikrfinti.)

Week dav.

14

By the Arya Siddhanta.

Day

and Month

A. D.

17

19

Week dav.

20

At Sunrise on merldlaa of UJJaln.

Moon's Ase.

21

23

25

1

9960 9796

29.881 29.387

0.803 0.309

9 M&rgssTrslia.

0.737

a SrSvapa.

3 Jycshtha.

12 Phalguna.

9730 9873

29.191 29.619

0.113 0.541

5 Srilvaua . . .

0.475

22 Mar. 22 Mar. 21 Mar.

21 Mar.

22 Mar. 22 Mar. 21 Mar.

21 Mar.

22 Mar. 22 iMar. 21 Mar.

21 Mar.

22 Mar. 22 Mar.

21 Mar.

22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar.

21 Mar.

22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar.

21 Mar.

22 Mar. 22 Mai-. 22 Mar.

21 Mar.

22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 21 Mar.

0 Sat. ISun.

2 Men.

3 Tues Thui-

6 Fri. OSat. ISun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur

6 Fri.

1 Sun.

2 Men.

3 Tues.

Thur 6 Fri.

0 Sat. ISun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur

6 Fri.

1 Suu.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. 6 Fri.

0 Sat.

1 Suu.

2 Mon.

45 50

1 21 16

32 24 47

3 26

18 57

34 29

50 0

5 31

21 2

36 34

52 5

7 36

23 7

38 39

54 10

18 20

0 32 6

12

19 10

1 22

7 35

13 47

20 0

2 12

8 25

14 37

20 50

3 2

9 15

15 27

21 40

8 Mar.

26 Feb.

15 Mar.

5 Mar.

22 Feb.

13 Mar.

2 Mar. 21 Mar. 10 Mar.

27 Feb. 17 Mar.

6 Mar.

23 Feb.

14 Mar.

3 Mar.

21 Feb.

12 Mar. 1 Mar.

19 Mar. 8 Mar. 25 Feb.

16 Mar.

4 Mar.

22 Feb.

13 Mar. 3 Mar.

21 Mar. 10 Mar. 27 Feb.

17 Mar. 6 Mar

OSat. 5 Thur

3 Tues. ISun. 5 Thur.

4 Wed. 2 Men

1 Sun.

5 Thur

2 Mon.

1 Sun.

5 Thur

2 Mon. ISun.

6 Fri.

4 Wed.

3 Tues. OSat. 6 Fri. 3 Tues. OSat. 6 Fri.

3 Tues. ISun. OSat.

5 Thur

4 Wed. 1 Sun.

5 Thur. 3 Tues. 1 Sun.

u

.042

332

.996

91

.273

325

.975

126

.378

103

.309

223

.669

224

.672

99

.297

82

.246

172

.516

141

.423

0-0

-.000

0-8

-.034

7

.021

239

.717

246

.738

153

.459

230

.690

238

.714

285

.855

213

.639

0-1

-.003

114

.342

101

.303

278

.834

324

.972

298

.894

299

.897

36

.108

235

.705

19923

137

19833

47

19923

19958

1

207 83

9869 9744 9779

208

242

118

153

28

9904

9939

1814

29

63

278

312

188

64

9760

9974

3980 3981 :i982 3983 3984 3985 3986 3987 3988 3989 3990 3991 3992 3993

3994

3995 3996 3997 3998 3999 4000

261 4001 4002 4003 4004

231 202 254 226 4005 4006

4007 4008 4009 401o|

© See Text. Art. 101 abuv

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE 1.

'ilion-jmrU =i 10,OOOM.v oj n circle. A titlii ^ '/auM of the mo'/»\\ synoi/ic rerulu/iim.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

True

Luni-Solar

cycle. (Southern.)

Briliaspati

cycle (Northera)

current nt Meslia sai'ikranti.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding saiikrftnti

expressed iu

a^

Time of the succeeding SRiikn'mti

expressed in

4011 WM

4013

4014 401.-i 401 f. 4017 4018 4019 4020 4021 4022 4023 4024 4025 4026 4027 4028 4029 4030 4031 4032 4033 4034 4035 403fi 4037 4038 4039 4040 4041 4042

832 833

835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

33

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

84- 85

85- 86

909-10 910-11

87-

88

*912-13

88-

89

913-14

89-

90

914-15

90-

91

915-16

91-

92

•916-17

92-

93

917-18

93-

94

918-19

94-

95

919-20

95-

96

♦920-21

96-

97

921-22

97-

98

922-23

98-

99

923-24

99-

ion

♦924-25

100-

1

925-26

ini-

2

926-27

102-

3

927-28

103-

4

♦928-29

104-

5

929-30

105-

6

930-31

106-

7

931-32

107-

8

•932-33

108-

9

933-34

109-

10

934-35

110-

11

935-36

111-

12

•936-37

112-

13

937-38

113-

14

938-39

114-

15

939-40

115-

16

•yn)-4i

Sukla

Pramoda . .

Prajapati .

Aiigiras . . . SrimukUa.

Pramoda l). . Prajfipati . . . .

6 Aiigiras.

Yavan

Dhatri

Isvara

Bahudhauya . . Pramathin.. . .

Vikrama

Vrisha

Chitrabhanu . .

SubliAnu

Tarawa

Parthiva

Vjaya

Sarvajit

Sarvadhari . . .

Virodhin

Vikrita

Khara

Nandana

Vijaya

Jaya

Manmathn.. . . Durmukba . . . Hcmalnniba.. .

Vilamha

Vikflriii

Srimuklia . . .

Bhava

Y'uvan

Dhatri

l.svara

Ikhudhaiiya . PramSthin.. . Vikrama . . . .

Vpsha

Chitrabhanu . Subhanu . . . .

Tarana

parthiva....

Vyaya

Sarvajit

SarvadhArin . Virodhin . . .

Vikrita

Khara

Nandana. . . . Vijaya ......

Jaya

Manmatha.. . Durmukha . . Ilemalamba. . Vlhimba . . . .

Vikarin

SArvari

7 Asvina. . . 10 Pamha(K3h.) 1 Chaitra..

9818

108

9865

29.454 0.324 29.595

9967

6 Bhudrapada.

7 As

SrAvaua .

27.906

2 VaisAkha. . . .

29.172

olc I, \m\ p.'i;

THE HINDU CALENDAR. xli

TABLE I.

[i'ol. 23) <i 1= Disliinre of maon from sun. (Col. 24) i ^ moo/i'x iiieiiii anomiili/. (Vol. 25) r ^ »««'.« w«;« nnnmatif.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS fcontinued.J

III. COM^rENCBMENT OF THE

Mean.

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of CJlmilra Sukla Ut.)

Name of month.

Time of the prcceilitii; sai'ikrAnti

cij)rcs8cJ ill

Time of the succeeding sankrflnti

expressed in

Day

and Month

A. D.

(Time of the Mcsha sankrftnti.)

Week day.

By the Ai-yo SiddfaAnta.

Day

and Month

A. D.

Week day.

At Banrlse on meridian of UJJain.

Moon's Age.

9a

10a

12a

13

17

20

21

22

12 IMiAlsiina

29.422 29.851

29.357

20.78;

29.291 29.720

0 Bhadrapuda .

9742

29.6.54 29.100

0.838

0.773

0.279

0.707

0.576

22 Mai'. 22 Mar.

22 Mar.

21 Mar.

22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar.

21 Mar.

22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 JIar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

6Fri.

OSat.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur. OSat. ISun. 2 Mon.

4 Wed.

5 Thur, 6Fri. OSat.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thnr. OSat.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

5 Thar.

6 Fri. OSat. ISun.

3 TucB.

4 Wed.

5 Thur. 6Fi-i.

1 Sun

9 41

25 12

40 44

56 15

11 46

27 17

42 49

58 20

13 51

29 22

44 54

0

15 56

31 27

46 59

2 30

18 1

33 32

49 -

4 3;

20 (

35 3;

51 !

6 40

22 11

37 42

53 14

8 45

24 16

39 47

55 19

10 50

3 52 10 5

23 Feb.

54)

14 Mar.

73)

4 Mar.

63)

22 Feb.

53)

11 Mar.

70)

28 Feb.

59)

19 Mar.

78)

7 Mar.

67)

25 Feb.

56)

16 Mar.

75)

5 Mar.

64)

23 Feb.

54)

13 Mar.

72)

2 Mar.

61)

21 Mar.

80)

9 Mar.

69)

26 Feb.

57)

17 Mar.

76)

7 Mar.

66)

24 Feb.

55)

14 Mar.

73)

4 Mar.

63)

23 Mar.

82)

11 Mar.

71)

28 Feb.

59)

19 Mar.

78)

8 Mar.

67)

26 Feb.

57)

16 Mar.

75)

5 Mar.

64)

23 Feb.

54)

12 Mar.

72)

5 Thur.

4 Wed.

2 Mon.

OSat.

5 Thur.

2 Mon. ISun.

5 Thur.

3 Tues.

2 Mon.

6 Fri.

4 Wed.

3 Tues.

0 Sat. 6 Fri.

3 Tues. OSat.

6 Fri.

4 Wed.

1 Sun. OSat.

5 Tliur.

4 Wed. ISun.

5 Thur.

4 Wed ISun.

6 Fri.

5 Thur.

2 Mon. OSat

5 Thur

319 56

57 144

254 242

0-13

143 171 118 205 201 109 llfi 246 0

212 276 272 256 305 131 252 231

28 264

23

012

—.057

.351

.957 .168 .171 .432 .225 .762 .726

-.03»

.429 .513 .354 .61 .603 32 .348 .738

—.000

.006 .636 .828 .816 .768 .915 .393 .756 .693 .084 .792 .069

9850 9H8i

9885

9920

9795

10

44

9920

134

169

45

79

9955

9831

9865

80

9955

9990

204

239

115

9991

25

9901

115

150

26

240

9930

toil

4012

4013

4014 4015 4016 4017 4018 4019 4020 4021 4022 4023 4024 4025 4026 4027 4028 4029 4030 4031 4032 4033 4034 4035 4036 4037 4038 4039 4040 4041 4042

© Se.' Te.vt. Art. 101 above

xlii

THE INDIAN CALENDAR. TA P»hK I.

Liinalion-parU nr 10,000M« of o rircle. A tU/ii =r ',j„;/; of the moon's si/nodic revolution.

I. CONCLRRENT YEAR.

11. ADDED LUNAR MONTU.S

Kali

Sakii.

s It

•-a

s

Kollam.

A. I).

Samvatsara.

True,

Lmii-Sular

(•y<-l... (SoiUhi-ni.)

Brihaspati

cycle (Northern)

current at -Mesha sankrSDti.

.Name of month

Time of the preceding sankranti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding sankranti

expressed in

^

?

1

2

3

3a

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4043 4044 4045 4046 4047 4048 4049 4050 4051 4052 4053 4054 4055 4056 4057 4058 4059 4060 4061 4062 4063 4064 4065 4066 4067 40(i8 4069 4070 4071 4072 4073 4074 tii7r,

864

865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 K89 890 891 892 893 894 895 H!t(l

999 1000 1001 1002 1O03 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031

348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380

116-17 117-18 118-19 119-20 120-21 121-22 122-23 123-24 124-25 125-26 126-27 127-28 128-29 129-30 130-31 131-32 132-33 133-34 134-35 135-36 136-37 137-38 138-39 139-40 140-41 141-42 142-43 143-44 144-45 145-46 146-47 147-48 I4H.49

941-42 942-43 943-44

•944-45 945-46 946-47 947-48

•948-49 949-50 950-51 951-52

•952-53 9.53-54 954-55 955-56

•956-57 957-58 958-59 959-60

•960-61 961-62 962-63 963-64

•964-65 965-66 906-67 967-68

•968-09 969-70 970-71 971-72

•972-73 973-74

35 Plava

36 Subhakrit ...

G Bhadrapada .

9677

29.031

233

0.699

36 Subhakrit

37 Sobhana

38 Krodhiii

39 Visvavasu

40 Parabhava

41 Plavai'iga

42 Kilaka

43 Saumva

44 Sadbaraiia

45 Vii-odhakril . . .

46 Paridhavi

47 Pramudiu

48 Ananda

49 Rakshasa

50 Anala

38 Krodhiu

39 Viii-avasu ...

40 Parabhava

4 Ashadba ....

9581

28.743

298

0.894

42 Kilaka

3 Jyeshtha...

9727

29.181

495

1.485

44 Sadharaua. . . .

45 Virodhakrit

7 Asvina

9768

29.304

167

0..501

40 Paridliuvin

47 Pramadiu

48 Ananda

5 Sravaiia

9773

29.319

340

1 . 020

49 Rakshasa

50 Anala

3 Jyeshtha ....

9260

27.780

42

0.126

52 Kaiavukta. . . .

53 Siddharthiu...

2 Vaisakha ...

9894

29.682

298

0.894

52 Kaiavukta

53 Siddhavthin.. .

55 Durinati

6 Hhadmpada .

9S09

29 . 427

274

0.822

56 Dundubhi ....

57 Rudhirodplriii

58 Raktaksha .

59 Krodliana ....

60 Kshaya

1 Prabhava

2 Vibliava

3 Sukla

4 Pramoda

5 Prajajiati

6 Aiigiriis

7 Srimnkha , , . .

57 Rudhirodgarin

58 Raktaksha....

4 Ashadha ....

9588

28.764

411

1 . 233

1 Prabhava

2 Vibhava.

3 Jyeshtha ....

9786

29.358

472

1.416

3 Sukla

7 Asvina

9783

29.349

131

0.393

6 Ai'igiras

5 Srava(ia

9916

29.748

537

1.611

8 \\Ma:\

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE 1.

xliii

{Col. 33) (I zz: Distuiirc of mnnn from mil. (Col. '24) b r= moon's meuii anomuli). (Cot. 25) r =i .«««'.« mraii iiiioiiiah).

II Al)l)i;i) I.INAK MONTHS

111. f'OMMENC'EMKNT Ol' Tl

Mean.

Solar year.

Name (if muntli.

Time of the preceding sai'ikr&nti

expressed in

Time of the

suweeding

saiil<ranti

expressed in

Bay

and Month

A. D.

11a 12a

13

(Time of the Mesha sankr&nti.)

Week day.

14

By the Arya Siddhftnta.

15

17

Luni-Solar year. (Civilday of ChaitraSukla 1st.)

Day

and Month

A. D.

18

20

At Sunrise on meridian of UJJaln.

Moon's

A"e.

22

23

S Karltika . . . . a863

6 Uhfulrapada

11 Magha.

9 Miirgasii'sha

6 Bhadrapada.

29.323 29.952

29.886 29.392

9776

9897

0.874

22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar.

22 .Mar.

23 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar.

22 Mar.

23 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar.

22 Mar.

23 Mar.

22 Mar. 2 Mar. 2 Mar.

23 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar.

22 Mar.

23 Mar. 22 JIar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar.

23 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 Mar.

Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. 6Fri. OSat. ISun. 2 Mon.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

6 Kri. ISun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. 6 Fri. OSat. ISun. 2 Mon.

4 Wed.

5 Thiu" fi Pri. OSat.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. 5Thui- OSat.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

5 Thur. 0 Kri

0 Sat

IMar. 20 Mar. 9 Mar.

27 Feb.

17 Mar.

7 Mar. 24 Feb.

14 Mar. 3 Mar

22 Mar. 11 Mar.

28 Feb.

18 Mar.

8 Mar.

26 Feb.

16 -Mar. 5 Mar.

22 Feb.

13 Mar.

1 Mar.

20 Mar.

9 Mar.

27 Feb.

17 Mar. 7 Mar.

24 Feb.

15 Mar. 3 Mar.

21 Mar. 11 Mar.

28 Feb.

18 Mar. S Mar.

2 Mon.

1 Sun.

5 Thur.

3 Tues. .Mon.

OSat.

4 Wed. 3 Tues. OSat.

6 Fri.

3 Tues. OSat. 6 Fi'i.

4 Wed.

2 Mon.

1 Sun.

5 Thur

2 Mon. 1 Sun.

5 Thur.

4 Wed. 1 Sun.

6 Fri.

5 Thur

3 Tues. OSat.

6 Fri. 3 Tues. ISun. 6 Fri. 3 Tues.

090 312

—.024

426 360 714 189 330 270 546

,459 042 021

,37 762 780 489 483 741 591 681 048 390

.351 873 669

,915 924

,147 750 OCO

2 Mou. I© -3 OSat. 133

9812

9846

9722

9936

9971

185

61

96

9971

6

9882

9758

9792

7

42 991 9952 9828

291

167

201

77

)773

9987

9863

9S98

\\i

223 4043 272 4044

4045 4046 4047 4048 4049 4050 4051 4052 4033 4054 4053 4056 4057 4058 4059 4060 4061 4062 4063 4064 4065 4066 4067 4068 4069 4070 4071 4072

216 4073 267

239

0 See Text. Art. 101 above, para. 2.

xliv THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE 1.

Lunatioii-iiiiits = 10,OOOM,s of u circle. J tithi ^ '.loM of the moon's synodic rccolulioii.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS

2

4076

407

4078

4079

4080

4081

4082

40S3

4084

408

4086

408

4088

4089

4090

4091

4092

4093

4094

409

4096

4097

4098

4099

4100

4101

4102

4103

4104

HOo

U06

4107

897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 92fi 927 928

3a

5

1032

1033

1034

1035

1036

1037

1038

1039

1040

1041

1042

1043

1044

1045

104(i

1047

1048

1049

1050

1051

10

1053

1054

105

1056

105

1058

1059

1060

1061

1062

1063

149-50 150-51 151-52 152-63 153-54 154-55 155-56 156-57 157-58 158-59 1 59-fiO 160-61 161-62 162-63 163-64 164-65 165-66 166-67 107-68 168-69 169-70 170-71 171-72 172-73 173-74 174-75 175-76 176-77 177-78 178-79 179-80 180-81

974-

975-

»976-

977-

978-

979-

»980-

981-

982-

983-

*984-

985-

986-

987-

♦988-

989-

990-

991-

*992-

993-

994-

995-

•996-

997-

998-

999-

■1000-

1001-

1002-

1003-

'1004-

1005-

True.

l.uiii-Soliir

cycle. (Southern.)

6

Brihaspati

cycle

(Northern)

cun-cnt

at Mcsliii s'nikrJnti.

Name of month.

75 76

77 '7: 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 9.: 96 97 98 99 1000 1

Bhiiva

Yuvau

Dhatri

Isvara

Babudhanya . . Pramathiu . . , Vikrama ....

Vrisha

Chitrabhauu . Subhanu ....

Taraiia

Piirthiva ....

Vyaya

Sarvajit

Sarvadhariii . Viroilhin ....

Vikrita

Khara

Nandana. . . .

Vijaya

Jaya

Manmatha.. . Durmnkha . . lleuialaiiiba.. Vilamba ....

Vikilriu

Sftrvari

Plava

Subhakrit . . . Sobhann .... Kvudhin . . . Visvftvasu . . .

Yuvan

Dhatri

Isvara

Babudhanya . Pramathiu.. . Vikrama. . . .

Vrisha

Chitrabhauu. Sublitlnu. . . .

Taraiia

PJrthiva. . . .

Vyaya

Sarfajit

Sai'vadhariu. . Virodhin ....

Vikrita

Kbara

Nandaua. . . .

Vijaya

Jaya

Maumatha '). Hemalamba..

Vilamba

Vikilrin

Sirvari

Plava

.Subhakrit . . . Sobbana, . . . . Krodhin . . . . Visvivasu . . ParAbhava. . Plavangn . .

7 Asvina.

Sravaua .

5 Sravaua.

Time of the preceding saiikrAnti

expressed in

9287

29.076

29.754

Time of the succeeding Siiiikr&nti

expressed in

') Duriiiukha, No. 30, was supprcsbcd in the north.

THE HfNDU CALENDAR. xlv

TABLE 1.

(Col. S.S) (I =: IHsltitti-r of innoii from fuii. {Col. •l\) h zr mooii'x hicuii uniinwli/. (Col. 25) <■ := .lun'.s mean UHouiali/.

11. ADDED l.LNAR MONTHS (cunlinued.)

III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Mean.

Solar year.

Liini-Solar year. (Civil day of ChaitraSukla Ut.)

Name of month.

Time of the preceding sai'ikrSnti

expressed iu

a -r 5. =

Oa

10a

Time of the

succeeding

saiikrunti

expressed in

Day

and Month

A. D.

12a

13

(Time of the Meshn sai'ikranli.)

Week

dnv.

14

By the Arya SiddhftnU.

Day

and Month

A. D.

15

17

19

Week day.

20

At Sunrise ou meridian of Ujjain.

22

23

25

2 Vaisnktia

H Maeha.

9732 9875

29.196 29.624

0.118 0.546

29.987 29,493

0.909 0.415

fi bhadrapada

2 Vaisakha.

29.428 29.856

0.350 0.778

9787

0.284

9930 9766

29.790 29.297

0.713 0.219

22 Jlar.

(81)

23 Mar.

82)

22 Mar.

8-2)

22 Mar.

(81)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

(82)

22 Mar.

(82)

22 Mai-.

(81)

23 Slar.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

22 Mar.

82)

22 Mar.

81)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

22 Mar.

82)

22 Mar.

81)

23 Mai-.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

22 Mar.

82)

22 Mar.

81)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

22 Mar.

82)

22 Mai-.

81)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

22 Mar.

82)

22 Mar.

81)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

22 Mar.

82)

22 Mar.

81)

1 Sun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Tliur.

0 Sat.

1 Suu

2 Moil.

3 Tues.

5 Thur

6 Eri. OSat. ISun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

6 \Y\. ISun.

Mon,

3 Tues.

4 Wed. 6 Fri. OSat. ISun. 2 Mon. 4 Wed.

Thur. 6 Fri. 0 Sat.

2 Mon

3 Tues.

4 Wed. Tliur'

.58 32

14 4

29 35

45 6

0 37

Ifi 9

31 40

47 11

2 42

18 14

33 45

49 16

4 47

20 19

35 50

51 21

6 52

22 24

37 55

53 26

8 57

24 29

40 0

55 31

11 2

26 34

42 5

57 36

13 7

28 39

44 10

59 41

23 25

5 37

11 50 18 2

0 15

6 27

12 40

18 52

1 5

7 17

13 30

19 42

1 55

8 7

14 20

20 32

2 45

8 57

15 10

21 22

3 35

9 47

16 0

22 12

4 25

10 37

16 50

23 2 5

11 2

17 4 23 5

15

25 Feb. 16 Mar.

4 Mar. 21 Feb. 12 Mar.

2 Mar.

20 Mar. 9 Mar.

27 Feb.

18 Mar. 6 Mar.

23 Feb. 14 Mar.

4 Mar.

21 Mar.

11 Mar.

28 Feb.

19 Mar.

8 Mar. 25 Feb.

16 JIar.

5 Mar.

22 Feb.

12 Mar. 2 Mar.

21 Mar.

9 JIar. 27 Feb.

17 Mar.

6 Mar.

24 Feb.

13 Mar.

4 Wed.

3 Tues. OSat.

4 Wed.

3 Tues. ISun. OSat.

4 Wed. 2 Mon. ISun.

5 Thur. 2 Mou.

1 Sun.

6 Fri. 4 Wed.

2 Mon. 6 Fri.

Thur.

3 Tues. OSat. 6 Fri.

3 Tuea. OSat. 6 Fri.

4 Wed. 3 Tues. OSat.

Thur. 3 Tues. OSat.

Thnr. 3 Tues.

.006 .195 .198 .138 .264 .807 .774 .016 .471 .546 .381 .408 633 .831 .396 .78 .045 .048 .672 .579 .846 .804 .447 .441 .801 .738 .126 .825 .099 .117 .948 .018

9898

9774

9808

23

57

9933

148

182

58

9934

9968

183

9879

93

9969

3

218

93

128

9914

128

163

39

253

9949

9825

39

9735

4076 4077 4078 4079 4080 4081 4082 4083 4084 4085 4086 4087 4088 4089 4090 4091 4092 4093 4094 4095 4096 4097 4098 4099 4100 4101 4102 4103 4104 4105 4106 4107

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE 1.

I.uiuii'w,i-}iiuis == 10,000Mi nf a circle. A lilhi

iilli of llic MOOii's synodic revolutioii.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

i &

Tiue.

Lmii-Solar

cycle. (Southern.)

Brill aspati cycle

(Northern) current at Mcshii

sankranti.

Name nf mouth.

Time of the preceding (iaiikranti

expressed in

Time of the

succeeding

sankr&nti

ei pressed in

3a

5

6

10

11

UOR

'.)2U

1064

413

4IO!t

930

1065

414

■1110

931

1066

415

4111

932

1067

416

4112

933

1068

417

4113

934

1069

418

4114

935

1070

419

4115

936

1071

420

4116

937

1072

421

4117

938

1073

422

tllR

939

1074

423

4119

940

1075

424

4120

941

1076

425

4121

942

1077

426

4122

943

1078

427

4123

944

1079

428

4124

945

1080

429

4125

946

1081

430

4120

947

1082

431

4127

948

1083

432

4128

949

1084

433

412'J

9.50

1085

434

4130

951

1086

435

4131

952

1087

436

4132

953

1088

437

4133

954

1089

438

4134

955

1090

439

4135

956

1091

440

41 3«

957

1092

441

4137

958

1093

442

4138

959

1094

443

413«

960

1095

444

181-

82

182-

83

183-

84

184-

85

185-

86

186-

87

187-

88

188-

89

189-

90

190-

91

191-

92

192-

93

193-

94

19.4-

95

195-

96

196-

97

197-

98

198-

99

199-

200

200-

1

201-

2

202-

3

203-

4

204-

5

205-

6

206-

7

207-

H

208-

9

209-

10

210-

11

211-

12

212-

13

1006- 7

1007- 8 •1008- 9

1009-10 1010-11 1011-12

>1012-13 1013-14 1014-15 1015-16

►1016-17 1017-18 1018-19 1019-20

*1020-21 1021-22 1022-23 1023-24

•1024-25 1025-26 1026-27 1027-28

•1028-29 1029-30 1030-31 1031-32

•1032-33 1033-34 1 034-35 1035-36

•1036-37 1037-38

40 Parabha\ a . . .

41 Plavai'i^a

42 Kilaka

43 Saumya

44 Sildharaua

45 Virodhakrit . .

46 Paridhavin.. .

47 Framadiu. . . .

48 Ananda

49 Rakshasa

50 Anala

51 Pingala

52 Kal.nukta. . . .

53 Siddhilrthin. . .

54 Raudra

55 Durmati

56 Uundubhi. . . .

57 Rudhirodgariu

58 RaktAksha....

59 Krodhana . . . .

60 Kshaja

1 Prabhava . . . .

2 Vibhava

3 Sukla

4 Pramoda

5 Prajupati

6 Aiigiras

7 Snmukha . . . .

8 Bhftvn

9 Yuvau

10 Dhfitri

11 Isvara

42 Kilaka

43 Saoniya ....

44 Sadharaiia . .

45 Virodhakrit.

46 PariiUiaviu .

47 Pramadin . .

48 .\uanda. . . .

49 Rakshasa... 0 Auala

51 Pingala

2 KSlayukla. . . . 53 Siddhrirtliiu . .

4 Raudra

55 Hurniati

56 Duudnbhi

7 Rudhirodgarin

8 Raktaksha . . . .

9 Krodhana . . . . 60 Kshaya

1 Prabhava

2 Vibhava

3 Sukla

4 Pramoda

5 Prajapali

6 Angiras

7 Snmukha . . . .

8 Bhftva

9 Yuvan

10 DUAtri

11 fsvara

1 2 BahudhAnya . . 13"PrftmAthin., . ,

6 Bhadrapada.

2 VaiiAkha.

6 Bhadrapada.

1 Chaitra. 5 SrAvavn.

9474

29.694

9859 9438

29.577 28.314

251 253

288 263

215 241

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE 1.

{Col. 23) a ^=. IHsUiiue of moon, from sun. [Col. 24) h ^ moon'! meiin anomaly. (Col. 25)

xlvii

anomaly.

ADDKD LUNAR MONTHS (continued.)

Ill ((I\I.MI:N( F.MKNT OT TIIK

Mean.

Liini-Solar year. (Civil day uf Chaitra Sukla Ist.)

Name of muntli.

Time of the ))rcccdiii^ saiikriinii

expressed in

9a

Time (if the suceceding sankrunli

eijii'esscd in

Day

and Month

A. D.

(Time of the Mesha sai'ikr^nti.)

11a 12a

13

Week dav.

14

By the A178 Siddhfinta.

Day

and Month

A. D.

15

17

19

Week dav.

20

Moon's Age.

21

22 23

24

'J Margasirsha

.725

9886 9722

0.582 0.088

986;

12 I'hr.li;un;i.

9700 9843

29 100 29 . 529

9 .MArgasirslia

5 SrJvaiia

7 Asvina

29.891 29.398

0.S13 0.320

23 Mar. 23 Mar.

22 Mar.

23 Mar. 23 Mar. 23 Mar.

22 Mar.

23 Mar 23 Mar. 23 Mar.

22 Mar.

23 Mar. 23 Mar. 23 Mar.

22 Mar.

23 Mar. 23 Mar. 23 Mai-.

22 Mar.

23 Mar. 23 Mar. 23 Mar

22 Mar.

23 Mar. 23 Mar. 23 .Mar.

22 Mar

23 Mar. 23 Mar.

; Mar.

23 Mar.

r.\ >hr.

OSat ISun. 2 Mon.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

6 Fri. OSat.

2 Mod.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

0 Sat.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

5 Tliur.

6 Kri. OSat. 1 Sun.

3 Tues,

4 Wed. oThui- 6 Kri.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. 6 Fri. OSat. 1 Sun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed

15 12

30 44

46 15

1 46

17 17

32 49

48 20

3 51

19 22

34 54

50 25

5 5t

21 i\

36 59

52 30

8 1

23 32 39

54 35

10 6

25 37

41 9

56 40

12 11

27 42

43 14

58 45

14 16

29 47

45 19

0 50

Ifi 21

3 Mar. 22 Mar. U Mar.

28 Feb. 19 Mar.

8 Mar. 25 Feb. 15 Mar.

4 Mar.

22 Feb.

12 Mar. i Mar.

21 Mar. 10 Mar. 27 Feb. 17 Mar.

6 Mar.

23 Feb.

13 Mar.

3 Mar

22 .Mar.

12 Mar.

29 Feb. 19 Mar.

8 Mar. 25 Feb. 15 Mar.

4 Mar. 22 Feb.

13 Mar. 1 Mar.

<2 20Mar

1 Sun. OSat.

Thur.

2 Mon. ISun.

Thur.

2 Jlon.

1 Sun.

5 Thui'.

3 Tues.

2 Mon. OSat.

6 Fri.

3 Tues. OSat. 6 Fri.

3 Tues. OSat.

6 Fri.

4 Wed.

3 Tues.

1 Sun.

5 TUur

4 Wed. ISun.

5 Thur

4 Wed. ISun.

6 Fri.

5 Thur.

2 Mon. 1 Sun.

.474 .411 .765 .227 .366 .303 .300 .495 .084 .495 .420 .804 .825 .522 .504 .771 .624 .141 .096 .438 .399 .912 .696 .948 .957 .74-1 .798 .108 .468 .444 .036 .231

199

74

109

998.-

9860

9895

9771

9985

20

234

269

144

9930

9806

9841

55

90

304

180

21

9

9966

1

9876

91

125

4108 4109 4110 4111 4112 4113 4114 4115 4116 4117 4118 4119 4120 4121 4122 4123 4124 4125 4126 4127 4128 4129 4130 4131 4132 4133 4134 4135 4136 2.5ll|4137 2194138 270 4139

xlMii ■ THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE 1.

[.KiKilioii-jiiirl.s := lO/KIOM.v of a cii-ck. A lilhi zr '/j.p/// of the. nwoiis si/noJir recoliilin,,

I. CONCUKKENT YEAR.

II. AIJUED LUNAR MONTHf>.

^ bo

o s

3a

Lmii-Soliir

cycle. (Southern.)

6

Brihnsjiuli cjclc

(N.ii-theru)

cuiTcnt

at Meslui

sankranli.

Time uf the |>i'cceding saiikr&nti

expressed in

Time of the

succeeding

sanki'anti

exprcsseil in

4140 4141 4U2 4143 4144 4145 4146 4147 4148 4149 4150 4151 4152 4153

4154

4155 4156 4157

415a

4159

4160

4161

4162

4163

4164

416

4166

4167

4168

4169

4170

976 977 97K 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991

1006 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1103 1106 1107 1108 1109

1110

nil

1112

1113

IIU

111

1116

1117

1118

1119

1120

1121

1122

1123

U24

1125

1126

213- 14

214- 15

215- 16

216- 17

217- 18

218- 19

219- 20

220- 21

221- 22

222- 23

223- 24

224- 35

225- 26

226- 27

227- 28

228- 29

229- 30

230- 31

231- 32

232- 33

233- 34

234- 35

235- 36

236- 37

237- 38

238- 39

239- 40

240- 41

241- 42

242- 43

243- 44

1038-39 1039-40

•1040-41 1041-42 1042-43 1043-44

♦1044-45 1045-46 1046-47 1047-48

•1048-49 1049-50 1050-51 1051-52

•1052-53

1053-54 1054-55 1055-56

•1056-57 1057-58 1058-59 1059-60

•1060-61 1061-62 1062-63 1063-64

•1064-65 1065-66 1066-87 1067-68

•1068-69

Bahudhimya Pramathin . . Vikrama . . . .

Vrisha

Chitrabh^uu . SnbhSnu . . . .

T^raiia

Parthiva .. . .

■^'yay

Sarvajit

Sarvadh^riu . Virodhiu....

Vikrita

Khara

Vikrama . . . .

Vrisha

C'hitrabhunu . Subhanu . . . .

Tarapa

Parthiva

Vyaya

Sarvajit

Survadhfirin,. Virodhiu , . . .

Vikrita

Kharn

Nandana . . . .

9763

6 lihadrapada.

343 465

1.029 1.395

5 Sravava.

17 V

Vijaya

Jaya

Mauniatha. . . Uunnukha . . llemalamba. .

Vilamba

Vikarin

SSrvari

Plava

Subhakrit. . .

Subhana

Krodhin .... Visvivasu . , . Paribhava . . . Plavaiiga .... Kilnkn

ij='>"

Jaya

ilaumatha.. Durniukba . llenuilamba. Vilauiba . . . VikSriu .... Sarvari ....

Plava

Subhakrit . . Sobhana. . . . Krodhin . . . VisvfivasH. . Parflbhavn . . Plavanga . . .

Kilaka

Saumya .... Sftdhftnuin .

7 Asvina.. . 10 l'amlia(ksh.) 1 Chaiti-a..

9874

93

9896

29.622 0.279

147

9938

193

0.4411 29. 814 J 0.579

S8.356

28.146

2 Vaisdklia.

9726

29.178

HhAtlnipatlii

316 870

0.948 1.110

9475

THE HINDU CALENDAR. xlix

TABLE I.

(Col. 23) a :zi JHsUinre of moon from sun. (Col. 24) b = moon's mean anmniily. (Col. 25) r = .?a«'.« /iieaii iiitoiiiali/.

II AUDKU li;n.\k months

III. COMMKNCKMENT OF TilK

Mean.

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra .Sukla 1st.)

Xainc of month.

8a

Time of the precedina: sai'ikrAuti

expressed in

9a

10a

Time of the siiceeedinsi sankrilnti

expressed iu

Day

and Mouth

.\. 1).

12a

13

(Time of the Mcsha saiikrunti.)

Week day.

14

By the Ai^a SiddhanlJi.

Day

and Month

A. D.

17

19

Week dav.

20

Moon's Age.

23

25

9777 9920

29.332 29.760

0.254 0.682

9756

J.267

0.617

6 BhAdrapadii

9712

12 PhAlguna.

9855 9997

29.564 29.992

0.486 0.914

SrAvaiia

9976

29.927

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

83)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

83)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mai-.

83)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

83)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

83)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

83)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

23 .Mar.

83)

23 Mar.

82)

23 Mar.

82)

24 Mar.

83)

23 Mar.

83)

5Thur 61'>i.

1 Son.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. 6Fri. OSat. ISun.

2 Mon.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

6 Fri. OSat.

2Mou.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. Thur

OSat. ISun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

5 Thur.

6 Fri. OSat. ISun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur. OSat.

1 Sun.

53 39

9 10

24 41

40 12

55 44

11 1

26 46

42 17

57 49

13 20

28 51

44 22

.59 54

15 25

30 56

46 27

1 59

17 30

9 Mar. 26 Feb. 16 Mar

6 Mar. 23 Feb. 14 Mar.

3 Mar 22 Mar 11 Mar. 28 Feb. 18 Mar

7 Mar 25 Feb. 16 Mar

3 40

9 52

16 5

22 17

4 30

10 42

16 55

23 7

5 20

11 32

17 45 23 57

6 10

12 22

18 35 0 47

7 0

4 Mar. (64

Feb. (53; Mar. (72; Mar. (61 Mar. (80; Mar. (68 Feb. (5 Mar. (76; Mar. (66; Feb. (54: Mar. (73: Mar. (63 Mar. (81 -Mar. (69 Feb. (59: Mar. (77: Mar. (67:

5 Thur.

2 Mon.

1 Sun.

6 Fri.

3 Tues.

2 Mon. OSat. 6 Fri.

3 Tues. OSat. 6 Fri

3 Tues.

1 Sun. OSat.

4 Wed.

2 Mon. 1 Sun.

5 Thur.

4 Wed.

1 Snu.

5 Thur.

4 Wed.

2 Mon.

6 Fri.

5 Thur.

3 Tues. 1 Sun.

5 Tliur. 3 Tues. 1 Sun.

6 lYi.

9911

9787

9822

36

9912

9946

161

195

71

994

9981

1857

71

106

9982

196

231

107

141

17

9892

1927

142

17

52

266

9962

9888

52

9748

9963

4140

4I4I 4142 41 43 4144 4145 4146 4147 4148 4149 4150 4151 4152 4153

4154

4155 4156 4157 4158 4159 4160 4161 4162 4163 4164 4165 4166 4167 4168 4169 4170

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

I.i(,i(i/w,i-],(irlx = l(),l"l(l///.v of II lifiii: A lithi

nth nf Hif moon's fi/iioJic recoliitioii.

I. CONOUKUENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

a

k

>■.

Huka.

■a OS

«|

"^

1

s

2

3

3a

992

1127

476

993

1128

477

994

1129

478

995

1130

479

996

1131

480

997

1132

481

998

1133

482

999

1134

483

1000

1135

484

1001

1136

485

1002

1137

486

1003

1138

487

100+

1139

488

100.5

1140

489

1000

1141

490

1007

1142

491

1008

1143

492

1009

1144

493

1010

1145

494

1011

1146

495

1012

1147

496

1013

1148

497

lOU

1149

498

101.5

1150

499

1016

1151

500

1017

1152

501

1018

1153

502

1019

1154

503

1020

1155

504

1021

1156

505

1022

1157

506

1023

1158

507

True.

Luui-Solar

cycle. (Southeru.)

6

Brihaspali

cycle

(Northern)

ciirrenl

at Meslia

sanki'anti.

Name nf month.

Time of the preceding sai'ikrSnti

expressed in

10

Time of the succeeding sankrSuti

expressed in

B :^

11

4171

4172

4173

4174

4175

4176

41

4178

4179

4180

4181

4182

4183

4184

418

41Sfi

4187

4188

4189

4190

4191

4192

4193

4194

119

4196

419

419K

4199

4200

4201

1202

244-45 245-46 246-47 247-48 248-49 249-50 250-51 251-52 252-53 253-54 254-55 255-56 256-57 257-58 258-59 259-60 260-61 261-62 262-63 263-64 264-65 265-66 266-67 267-68 268-69 269-70 270-71 271-72 272-73 273-74 274-75 275-76

1069- 70

1070- 71

1071- 72 ■1072- 73

1073- 74

1074- 75

1075- 76 ■1076- 77

1077- 78

1078- 79

1079- 80 '1080- 81

1081- 82

1082- 83

1083- 84 ■1084- 85

1085- 86

1086- 87

1087- 88 ■1088- 89

1089- 90

1090- 91

1091- 92 ■1092- 93

1093- 94

1094- 95

1095- 96 '1096- 97

1097- 98

1098- 99 1099-100

■lion- 1

Saumya

SudhArai.ia . . . Virodhakrit . . . Paridhavin . . . Prainadin . . . .

Ananda

Rakshasa

Anala

Piiigala

Kalayukta . . . . Siddhilrlhin . .

Raudra

Durmati

Uuiidubhi . . . . Rudhirodgarin RaktAksha . . , . Krodhaua . . . .

Kshaya

Prahhava

Vibhava

Sukla

Pramoda

Prajapati

.\ngiras

Srimukha . . . .

Bhi'iva

Vuvaii

Dhatri

I.svara

Bahudhloya . . Prainftthin. . . . Vikraraa

Virodhakrit. Paridhavia . Pramadiu . . Ananda. . . . Rakshasa...

7 Asvina. ,

Anala

Piiigala

Kalayukta.. . . Siddharthin . .

Raudra

Durmati l). . . . Rudhirodgarin Raktaksha.. . . Krodhana . . . .

Kshaya

Prabhava. . . .

Vibhava

Sukla

Pramoda

PrajSpati

AiiL'iras

6 Bliadrapada.

9756 9733

Srimukha . . .

IJhAva

Yuvau

UhAtn

iMara

UahudhAnya. PramAlhin. . . Vikrania . . . .

Vrislia

Chit rabhanu . SubliAau . ,

7 Asvina..

5 SrAvaiin..

9763

612

258

281 329

U7

Dundubhi, .No, M, \\:\- -»y\n\~»A ni tlj<

THE HINDU CALF.Xn.lR.

TAHliK I.

[Vol. 2.'i) II :=: Distunce of moon from xiiii. (Col. i\) h =: moon's mean iinomuli/. [Cot. 25)

su» .V menu aiinmiili

II ADDED UNAU MONTHS (conCiniieil.)

Mean.

III. (■OMMENCEMENT OF THE

Solar yeur.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Cliaim Suklii Ist.

Name i>^ mouth.

8a

Time of the

preceding

sai'ikr&nti

expressed in

9a

10a

Time of the suececdin^ snnkr&nti

expressed in

11a

Day

and Month

A. D.

12a

13

(Time of the Mesha saiikrfinti.)

Week

dav

14

By the .^rya Siddh&nta.

Day

and Month

A. D.

15

17

19

Week day.

20

At Sunrise on meridian of Ujjaln.

Age.

21

22 23

24

29.433 29.861

0.355 0.783

fi HhailnipadiK .

3 .lyeshfha .

11 Ma-ha.

9982 976'

29.796 29.302

S Kilrttika...

29 . 730

9745

I Chaitr

U MSivaiirsha.

9888 9724

29.665 29.171

0.587 0.093

6 Kl,?,drapa.la

2 VaiJAkha.

11 M%ha..

9702 9845

29.105 29.. 534

0.028 0.456

23 Mar. 28 Mar.

24 Mar. 23 Mar. 23 Mar.

23 Mar.

24 Mar. 23 Mar. 23 Mar.

23 Mar.

24 Mar. 23 Mai-. 23 Mar.

23 Mar.

24 Mar. 23 Mar. 23 Mar.

23 Mar.

24 Mar. 23 Mar. 23 Mar.

23 Mar.

24 Mar. 23 Mar.

23 Mar.

24 Mar. 24 Mar. 23 Mar.

23 Mar.

24 Mar. 24 Mar. 23 Mar.

2 Mon

3 Tues.

5 Thur

6 Kri. OSat. ISun.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. TUur

6 Fri.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. fiFri. OSat. ISun.

2 Mon. 4 Wed.

Thur. 6 Fri. OSat. i Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed. 6 Fri. OSat.

1 Sun.

2 Mou.

4 Wed.

5 Thur fi Fri,

33 48 32

4 4 19 3;; 35 6 50 37

6 9 21 40 37 11 62 42

8 14 23 45 39 16 54 47 10 19 25 50 41 21 56 52 12 24 27 55 43 26 58 57 14 29 30 0 45 31

1 2 16 34 32 5 47 36

3 7 18 39 34 10

13 12

19 25

1 37

7 50 14

20 15

2 27

8 40

14 52 21

3 17

9 30

15 42

21 55

4 7

10 20

16 32

22 45

4 57

11 10

17 22

23 35

5 47

12 0

18 12

0 25

6 37

12 .50

19 2

1 15

7 27

13 40

25 Feb.

16 Mar. 5 Mar.

23 Mar. 12 Mar.

1 Mar. 20 ilar. 8 Mai-.

26 Feb.

17 Mar.

7 Mar.

24 Feb. 14 Mar.

3 Mar.

22 Mar. 10 Mar.

27 Feb.

18 Mar.

8 Mar.

26 Feb.

16 Mar.

5 Mar.

23 Mar.

12 Mar. 1 Mar.

20 Mar.

9 Mar.

27 Feb.

17 .Mar.

6 Mar.

24 Feb

13 Mar.

4 Wed. 3 Tues. OSat. 6 Fri.

3 Tues. OSat. 6 Fri.

3 Tues.

1 Sun. OSat.

5 Thur.

2 Mon. 1 Sun.

5 Tliur.

4 Wed.

1 Sun.

5 Thur. 4 Wed.

2 Mon. OSat.

6 Fri.

3 Tues. ISun.

6 Fri.

3 Tues.

2 Mon. 6 Fri.

4 Wed.

3 Tues. OSat.

5 Thur. 3 Tues.

177

212

87

122

9998

9874

9908

9784

998

33

247

123

158

33

08

9944

9819

9854

68

283

317

193

9889

103

9979

14

9889

104

138

14

229

9925

4171

4172

4173

4174

417

4176

417

4178

4179

4180

4181

41H2

4183

4184

41«5

418(1

4187

41S8

41S9

4190

4191

4192

4193

4194

419.-.

419(1

U97

U9,S

4199

4200

4201

4202

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

Lii»iitio>i-]wrt.<i ^ lO.OOOM.'! of a cinlf. A tithi = ^ mIIi nf the /noon's si/iiotlic recolulioii.

I. CONCURKENT YEAK.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

2

3a

4

True.

cycle. (Southern.)

6

Briliasiiati

cycle

(Northern)

cui-rent

at Mcsliii

sankrdnti.

Name of mouth.

Time of the preceding 8aiikrinti

expressed in

10

Time of the succeeding sai'ikriinti

expressed in

4203

4204

420

420C

4207

4208

4209

4210

4211

4212

4213

4214

4215

4216

421

4218

4219

4220

4221

4222

4223

4224

422.1

422fi

4227

4228

4229

4230

4231

4232

4233

4234

>23

1024 102.5 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 10.50 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056

1159

1160

1161

1162

1163

1164

1165

1166

1167

1168

1169

1170

1171

1172

1173

1174

1175

1176

117

1178

1179

1180

1181

118

1183

1184

1185

1186

1187

1188

1189

1190

1191

270- 77

277- 78

278- 79

279- 80

280- 81

281- 82

282- 83

283- 84

284- 85

285- 86

286- 87

287- 88

288- 89

289- 90

290- 91

291- 92

292- 93

293- 94

294- 95

295- 96

296- 97

297- 98

298- 99 299-300 300- 1 .301- 2

302- 3

303- 4

304- 5

305- 6

306- 7

307- 8

308- 9

1101- 2

1102- 3

1103- 4 ni04- 5

1105- 6

1106- 7

1107- 8 •1108- 9

1109-10 1110-11 1111-12

•1112-13 1113-14 1114-15 1115-16

*1116-17 1117-18 1118-19 1119-20

♦1120-21 1121-22 1122-23 1123-24

* 1124-25 1125-26 1126-27 1127-28

•1128-29 1129-30 1130-31 1131-32

•1132-33 1133-34

Vrisha

Chitrabhanu . .

Subh4nu

Tdraoa

PSrthiva

Vyaya

Sarvajit

Sarvadharin . .

Virodhin

Viki-ita

Khara

Nandana

Vijaya

Jaya

Manmatha.. . . Durmukha . . . Uemalamba.. .

Vilamba

Vikfirin

SSrvari

Plava

Subhakrit . . . .

Sobhann

Krodhin

Visvilvasu. . . . Parfibhava . . . .

Plavaiiga

Kilaka

Saumya

Sadhia-ava . . , . Virodhakrit.. . Paridhftviu . . . I'ramridin . . . .

TArana

Pfirthiva. .

Vyaya

Sarvajit

Sarvadharin . Virodliini .

Vikrita

Khara

Nandana . . . . Vijaya

6 Bhudrapada.

Manmatha.. Durniuklia . Hemahimba Vilamba . . . Vikfirin....

Plava

Subhakn-it . . Sobhana. . . . Krodliin.. . . VisvAvasu. . Parabhava . . Plavaiiga . . .

Kilaka

Saumya .... Sfidhftraiia.. Virodhakrit. Paridhftvin . PrainAdin . . Anandn. . . . RAkshnsa . . . Aniila.

7 .\svina.

SrAvava .

28.047

liliAdnipada

3 Jvcshtha.

29.817

563

230

107

78 421

575 223

TlfE HINDU C A LEX PAR.

TABLE 1.

{(ol. i'.\) (I =: DixtiiiK-e of moon from xiiii. {Col. iV) li -=z mooii'-i mean anomaly. [Col. 25) r

mean iiiiomnlj/.

III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Luni-Solar .year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)

Day

i.J Month.

.\. D.

13

(Time of tlic Mushii sniikrfmti.)

Week day.

14

By the .\iya , By the Sftrya Siddhanta Siddhanta.

Day

and Month

A. D.

Gh. Pa.

15

17

15a

19

Week day.

20

At Haniise on meridian ot Ujjaln.

Moon'i Age.

23

25

23 Mar.

24 Mar. 24 Mar. 23 Mar.

23 Mar.

24 Mar. 24 .Mar. 23 .Mar.

23 Mar.

24 Mar. 24 Mar. -'.! Mar.

23 Mar.

24 Mar. 24 Mar. 23 >Iar.

23 Mar.

24 Mar. 24 Mar.

23 .Mar.

24 Mar. 24 Jlar. 24 Mar.

23 Mar.

24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar.

23 Mar.

24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar.

23 Mar.

24 Mar.

;83).. (83)..

;82)..

:83).. ;83)..

;83)..

(82).. :83). . ;83)..

;83).. ;82). .

:83)..

;83).. ;83).. ;82).. ;83)..

(83). . (83).. :83)..

0 Sat...

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

0 Sat. . .

1 Sun. .

2 Mon.

3 Tnes.

5 Thur.

6 Fri...

0 Sat...

1 Sua..

3 Tnes.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

6 Fri...

1 Sun..

2 Mon..

3 Tues. .") Thur. fi Fri...

0 Sat.. .

1 Sun..

3 Tues.

4 Wed..

5 Thui-. 8 Fri...

1 Sun. .

2 Mon

3 Tues.,

4 Wed . fi Fri...

49 41 a 12

20 44

36 1.5

.51 46

7 17

22 49

24 54

40 25

55 56

11 27

26 59

42 30

58 1

13 32

29 4

44 35

n 6

15 31 46 2 17 33

37 9 40 11 42 14 48 45 4 16

2 Mar. (61). 21 Mar.

11 Mar. 28 Feb. 18 Mar

8 Mar. 25 Feb. 15 Mai-.

4 Mar. 23 Mar.

12 Mar.

1 Mar.

20 Mar.

9 Mar.

27 Feb.

17 Mar. 6 Mar.

23 Feb.

14 Mar.

2 Mai-.

21 Mar.

11 Mar.

28 Feb.

18 Mar.

8 Mar. 25 Feb.

15 Mar.

3 Mar.

22 Mar.

12 Mar. 2 Mar.

20 Mar.

9 Mar.

0 Sat.... 6 tVi,...

4 Wed...

1 Snn. . .

0 Sat....

5 Thur..

2 Mon...

1 Sun...

5 Thur..

4 Wed...

1 Sun...

6 Fri

5 Thur..

2 Mon... 0 Sat

6 Fri

3 Tues...,

0 Sat

6 Fri

3 Tues....

2 Mon....

0 Sat

4 Wed...

3 Tues....

1 Sun

5 Thur...

3 Tues....

0 Sat

6 Fri

4 Wed. . . .

2 Mon....

1 .Sun....

5 Tlnir...

9800

983.-

49

9925

9960

174

50

84

9870

210

244

120

)995

30

9906

9941

155

31

65

280

155

851

9727

9762

9976

190

225

101

4203 4204 4205 4206 4207 4208 4209 4210 4211 4212 4213 4214 4215 4216 4217 4218 4219 4220 4221 4222 4223 4224 4225 4226 4227 4228 4229 4230 4231 4232 4233 4234 4235

t Whei-ever these marks occur the day of the month and neek-day in cols 13, 14 should, for Snrya Siddhanta calculations be advanced by 1. Thus in A.)). 1117-18 the .Mcsha sai'ikranti date by the Siii-ya Siddhduta is March 24tb, (0) Saturday.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

I.utuilidii-jKirl^ ^ lO.OOOM,^- of n cinlc. A tithi r= \i,Mi of tlir 1,100ns si/iiodic recolulion

1. CONCURRENT YEAR.

11. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

Kali.

Saka.

1

Kullain.

.A. 1).

Samvatsai-a.

True.

l.uni-Siilar

cycle. (Soutbern.)

Rrihaspati

cycle

(Northern)

current

at Mesha

saiikrSnti.

Name of nitmtb.

Time of the preceding saiikranti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding saiikranti

expressed in

3 i

£

.2 -^

i i.

^

H

1

2

3

3a

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4236 4237 4238 4239 4240 4241 4242 1243 4244 4245 4246 4247 4248 4249 4250 425] 4252 4253 4254 4255 4250 4257 4258 4259 4260 4261 4262 4263 4264 4265 4266 4267 426H

1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1005 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077

107H 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089

1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224

541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 56f 567 568 569 570 571 572 573

309-10 310-11 311-12 312-13 313-14 314-15 315-16 316-17 317-18 318-19 319-20 320-21 321-22 322-23 323-24 324-25 325-20 326-27 327-28 328-29 329-30 330-31 331-32 332-33 333-34 334-35 335-36 336-37 337-38 338-39 339-40 340-41 341-42

1134-35 1135-36

♦1136-37 1137-38 1138-39 1139-40

•1140-41 1141-42 1142-43 1143-44

•1144-45 1145-46 1146-47 1147-48

•1148-49 1149-50 1150-51 1151-52

•1152-53 1153-54 1154-55 1155-56

•1156-57 1157-58 1158-59 1159-60

•1160-61 1161-62 1162-63 1163-64

•1164-65 1165-66 1160-07

48-Ananda

49 Rakehasa

50 Anala

51 Piiigala

3 Jyesbtha

9422

28.266

92

0.276

54 Raudra

1 Cbaitra

9987

29.961

212

0.630

52 Killayukta. . ..

53 Siddbfirthiu...

56 Diindubhi . . .

57 Rudbirodgarin

5 Sravaya

9547

28.641

182

0.546

56 nundubbi

57 RiidhirodgSrin

58 RaktSksha

59 Krodbaiia ....

60 Kshaya

1 Prabhava

2 Vibhava

3 Sukla

4 Pramoda

5 Praji'ipati

6 Aiigiras

7 Sriinukba

8 Bhilva

9 Yuvan

10 Dhutri

11 Isviira

12 Bahudbanya..

13 Pramfitbin....

14 Vikrama

15 Vriaba

16 Chitrabbunu. .

17 Subhfinu

18 Tfiraua

19 Pftrtbiva

20 Vyina

59 Krodhana . . . .

4 Ashfidha ....

9623

28.869

490

1.470

2 Vibhava

3 Sukla

2 Vaisfikha....

9733

29.199

136

0.408

4 Pramoda

5 Prajfipati .....

6 Blifulrapailn .

9653

28 . 959

05

0.195

7 Srimukha . . . .

8 Bhilva

4 Ashfidha

9lrt0

27.480

35

0.105

9 Yuvan

10 Dbfitpi

3 .lyeshtba ....

9591

28.773

169

0.507

12 Bahudbfinya . .

13 Pramfitbin

12 Pbulguna. . . .

9851

29.553

0

0.001

15 Vrisba

5 Srfivaiia

9578

28.734

314

0.942

18 TftnHin

4 Asbildha

9664

28.992

455

1.365

21 Sarvajit 1)

2 Vaisftkba.. . .

9849

29.547

310

0.930

2 i Vikriln

6 BlifiilRi|milu .

9813

29 439

201

0.783

'1 .Sarviidhllriii, Nu

iippl-osrd ill llic llolib.

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE 1.

{Col. 23) u ^ Dislanre of moon from sun. (Vol. i\) It ^ moon's menu unomuly. {Vol. 25) r =: sunn mciDi iinnmali/.

III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Solar year.

I.uni-Solar jeai'. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukln Ist.)

Day

and Month.

.\. D

13

(Time of (he Mesha sankranti.)

Week day.

14

By the Arya Siddh&nta.

Gh. Pa. H. M

15

By the Sflrya SiddMnto.

Day

and Month.

A. D.

17a

19

Week dav.

20

At Sonrlso on meridian of Ujjaln.

Moon's Age.

I -3

25

24 Mar. 24 Mar.

23 Mar.

24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar.

23 Mar.

24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar.

23 Mar.

24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar.

23 Mar.

24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Slar. 24 Mor. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar.

(83)

0 Sat.. .

1 Sun . .

2 Mon..

4 Wed.

5 Thar.

6 Fi-i... 0 Sat. . .

2 Mon..

3 Tues..

4 Wed..

5 Thur.

0 Sat...

1 Sun. .

2 Mon..

3 Tues..

5 Thar.

6 Fri... 0 Sat...

2 Mon.

3 Tues..

4 Wed..

5 Thur.

0 Sat. . .

1 Son. .

2 Mon..

3 Tues..

5 Thur.

6 Kri...

0 Sat...

1 Sun..

3 Tues..

4 Wed..

5 Thur.

1

6 13

12 26

18 39 to 51

7 4

13 16

19 29

26 Feb.

17 Mar.

5 Mar. 22 Feb. 13 Mar.

3 Mar.

21 Mar.

11 Mar. 28 Feb. 19 Mar.

7 Mar. 24 Feb.

15 Mar.

4 Mar.

22 Mar.

12 Mar.

2 Mar.

21 Mar. 9 Mar.

26 Feb.

16 Mar.

6 Mar.

24 Mar.

13 Mar.

3 Mar.

22 Mar. 10 Mar.

27 Feb.

18 Mar.

7 Mar.

25 Feb. 15 Mar.

4 Mar

2 Mon.

1 Sun.,

5 Thur,

2 Mon.

1 Sun. ,

6 Fi-i.., 0 Thur,

3 Tues. 0 Sat... 6 P'ri. ., 3 Tues. 0 Sat. . . 6 Fri..,

3 Tues.

2 Mon.

0 Sat. . , 5 Thur,

4 Wed.,

1 Sun.,

5 Thur,

3 Tues.

1 Sun. .

0 Sat. . .

4 Wed.

2 Mon.

1 Snn. .

5 Thur.

2 Mon.

1 Sun..

5 Thur.

3 Tues.

2 Mon.,

6 Fri...

9976

11

87

9763

9797

12

46

261

136

171

47

9922

9957

9833

9867

82

296

331

206

82

9778

9992

27

9903

117

152

28

9903

9938

9814

28

63

4236

4237

4238

4239

4240

4241

4242

4243

4244

4245

4246

4247

4248

4249

4250

4251

4252

4253

4254

425

4256

1257

4258

4259

4260

4261

4262

4263

4264

4265

4266

4267

Sec footnote p. liii .ibove.

Ivi

THE INDIAN CALENDAR

TABLE 1.

hiDKition-jiinls =r IO.OOOMa of o circle. A titlii =z '/auM of the diooii'x synodic reroliilioii.

I CONCLillUENT YEAR,

II. ADDED LUNAK .MONTHS.

2

True.

Luni-Solar

cycle. (Southcni.)

6

Brihaspati

cycle (Northern)

current at Mcsh!i saukrauti.

Name of luontli.

Time of the preceding saiikr&nti

expressed in

10

Time of the succeeding s«iikranti

expressed in

11

4269

4270

4271

4272

4273

4274

4275

4270

42'

427S

4279

4280

4281

4282

4283

4284

428;

4286

4287

4288

4289

4290

4291

4292

4293

4294

4295

4296 4297 4298 4299 43(10

1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1090 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 llOfi 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115

1116

1117

UIH 1119 1120 II 21

1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1210 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250

1251

1252 1253 1254 1255 1 256

342-43 343-44 344-45 345-46 346-47 347-48 348-49 349-50 350-51 351-52 352-53 353-54 354-55 355-56 356-57 357-58 358-59 359-60 360-61 361-62 362-63 363-64 304-65 365-66 366-67 867-68

368-69

369-70 370-71 871-72 372-73 373-74

1107-68

♦1168-09 1169-70 1170-71 1171-72

*1172-73 1173-74 1174-75 1175-76

»1176-77 1177-78 1178-79 1179-80

♦1180-81 1181-82 1182-83 1183-84

♦1184-85 1185-86 1186-87 1187-88

*1188-89 1189-90 1190-91 1191-92

♦1192-93

1193-94

1194-95 1195-90 ♦1190-97 1 197-98 1198-99

21 Sai'vajit

22 Sarvadharin.. .

23 Virodhin

24 Vikrita

25 Khara

26 Nandana

27 Vijaya

28 Jaya

29 Manmatha . . .

30 Durmukba . . .

31 Hemalainbn.. .

32 Vilamba

33 Vikiirin

34 Sarvari

35 Plava

36 Subhakrit

37 Sobbaua

38 Krodhin

39 Visvavasu . . . .

40 Parubhava . . . .

41 Plavaiiga

42 Kilaka

43 Saumya

44 Sftdhftraua

45 Virodbakrit. , .

46 Paridh&vin . . .

47 Pramfidin . . ,

48 Ananda

49 Rukshasa

60 Auala

51 Pingala. . . . .

52 Kulavnkla. . .

Khara

Nandana . . .

Vijaya

Jaya

Manmatha.. Durmukba.. Hemalamba. Vilaraba . . . Vikarin .... sarvari ....

Plava

Subhakrit . . Sobhana. . . . Krodhin. . . . Visvavasu . ParSbhava . Plavaiiga . . .

Kilaka

Saumya .... Sadh&raya.. Virodbakrit Paridbavin . Praniadin . . Ananda. . . . RUkshasa . . . Anala

il Piiigala.

Kalayukta. . SiddbAnhin. lUudra .... Durraati . . . Unndublii. .

29.979

324 342

6 BhAilrapada.

9866 9875

29.598 29 . 625

414 414

5 Sravaua.

760

3 Jyeshtha.

7 Asvina

10 Paiaha {Ksh. 1 Cliaitra

9906

82

9951

29.718 0.246 29.863

145 9941

282

5 SrAvaya.

THR HINDU CAf.fXPAR. Ivii

TABLE I.

(Vol. 23) II = Distiiiire of moon f mm sun. (Col. 21) h zzi mooii'.i mciin unouiiily. (Vol. i'\) r ^ sun'.i mean iinomiili/.

III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Solar ye

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla 1st.)

Day

and Month.

.\. 1).

13

(Time (if the Mcshn saiikrflnti.)

Week

Jay.

14

By the Arya SiddhAnta.

15

17

By the Surya Siddhfinta.

Day

and Month.

A D.

Gh. Pa. H. M

17a

Week

day.

20

At Sanrlse on meridian ol Ujjaln.

Moon's Age.

24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 2.-) Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar.

24 Mar.

25 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar.

24 Mar.

25 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar.

24 Mar.

25 Mar. 24 Mar.

1 24 Mar.

24 Mar.

25 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 Mar.

6 Fri. . .

1 Sun . .

2 Mou

3 Tues..

4 Wed . 6 Fri...

0 Sat...

1 Sun..

2 Mon..

4 Wed..

5 Thur.

6 Fri..:

1 Sun. .

2 Mon..

3 Tnes..

4 Wed.. 6 Fri...

0 Sat. . .

1 Sun . .

2 Mon..

4 Wed..

5 Thur.

6 Fri... 0 Sat. . .

2 Mon..

3 Tues..

4 Wed..

5 Thur.

0 Sat. . .

1 Sun..

2 Mon..

3 Tues..

21

37

57

7

22

51

23 Mar. (82)..

3

50

12

39

5

3

12 Mar. (72),

10

2

28

10

11

16

1 Mar. (60)..

Ifi

15

43

42

17

29

20 Mar. (79). .

a2

27

59

13

23

41

9 Mar. (68)..

4

40

14

45

5

54

26 Feb. (57)..

10

52

30

16

12

6

16 Mar. (75)..

17

5

45

48

18

19

6 Mar. (65) . .

23

17

+1

19

to

32

23 Feb. (54)..

5

30

16

51

6

44

13 Mar. (73)..

U

42

32

22

12

57

3 Mar. (62)..

17

55

47

54

19

10

22 Mar. (81)..

0

7

3

25

1

22

U Mar. (70)..

()

20

18

57

7

35

28 Feb. (59)..

12

32

34

28

13

47

18 Mar. (77)..

18

45

50

0

2

0

7 Mar. (66)..

0

57

5

31

2

13

24 Feb. (55)..

7

10

21

3

8

25

15 Mar. (75)..

13

22

36

35

14

38

4 Mar. (63). .

li)

35

52

6

20

50

23 Mar. (82)..

1

47

7

38

3

3

13 Mar. (72)..

8

0

23

9

9

16

1 Mar. (61)..

14

12

38

41

15

28

19 Mar. (78). .

20

25

54

12

21

41

8 Mar. (67). .

2

37

9

44

3

53

26 Feb. (57)..

8

50

25

15

10

6

16 Mar. (76)..

15

2

40

47

16

19

6 Mar. (65). .

21

15

56

18

22

31

23 Feb. (54)..

3

27

11

50

4

44

14 Mar. (73)..

9

40

27

21

10

57

2 Mar. (62)..

15

52

42

53

17

9

21 Mar. (80). .

22

5

58

24

23

22

10 Mar. (69)..

5 Thur. . .

54

.162

9973

3 Tues. . .

198

.594

187

0 Sat

85

.255

63

6 Fri

157

.471

98

3 Tues. . . .

161

,483

9973

0 Sat

127

.381

9849

6 Fri

163

.489

9884

4 Wed....

329

.987

98

1 San

81

.243

9974

0 Sat

61

.183

8

5 Thur. . .

227

.681

223

4 Wed....

261

.783

257

1 Sun. ..

220

.600

133

5 Thur...

227

.681

9

4 Wed..,.

299

.897

43

1 Sun

190

.570

9919

5 Thur. . .

0-28

— .osj

9795

5 Thur...

318

.954

168

2 Mon. . . .

76

.228

44

1 Snn

84

.252

79

6 Fri

307

.921

293

3 Tues....

289

.867

169

1 Sun

69

.207

9865

5 Thur...

19

.057

9740

3 Tues....

213

.639

9955

2 Mon....

206

.618

9989

0 Sat

322

.966

204

4 Wed....

96

.288

79

3 Tues....

114

.342

114

0 Sat

44

.132

9990

6 Fri

128

. 384

24

3 Tues. , . .

131

.393

9900

4269

4270

4271

4272

4273

4274

4275

4276

4277

4278

4279

4280

4281

4282

4283

4284

4285

4286

4287

4288

428

4290

4291

4292

4293

4294

4295

f Sec fodtnott' [I, Mil above

® See Text, Art. 101 abovt-, para. 2.

LioKilioii-parts

THE INDIAN CALENDAR

TABLE 1.

10,OnO///A of (I cinlc. A litlii = ',.i..M of (he moan's fi/noJic rerolufin

I. CONCURRENT YEAR,

II. ADDED LUNAR .MONTHS.

Kali.

True.

Luni-Solar

cycle. (Southcni.)

Brihasputi

cycle (Northern)

current at Mesha saiikruuti.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding sankr&nti

cvprcsscd in

Time of the succeeding sankrtinti

expressed in

2

6

10

11

4301 4302 4303 4304 4305 430fi 4307 4308 4309 4310 4311 4312 4313 4314 4315 4316 4317 4318 4319 4320 4321 4322 4323 4324 4325 432fi 4327 4328 4329 4330 4331 4332 4333

1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1140 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 lir>3 1154

1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 126.i 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 128; 1286 1287 1288 1289

606 607 608 609 610 611 012 613 614 015 010 017 618 019 620 021 022 023 624 625 026 627 028 629 030 031 632 033 634 035 636 637 638

374- 75

375- 76

376- 77

377- 78

378- 79

379- 80

380- 81

381- 82

382- 83

383- 84

384- 85

385- 86

386- 87

387- 88

388- 89

389- 90

390- 91

391- 92

392- 93

393- 94

394- 95

395- 96

396- 97

397- 98

398- 99 399-400

400- 1

401- 2

402- 3

403- 4

404- 5

405- 6

406- 7

1199-200 ■1200- 1

1201- 2

1202- 3

1203- 4 ■1204- 5

1205- 0

1206- 7

1207- 8 '1208- 9

1209- 10 1210-11 1211- 12 ■1212- 13

1213- 14

1214- 15

1215- 16 ■1216- 17

1217- 18

1218- 19

1219- 20 '1220- 21

1221- 22

1222- 23

1223- 24 '1224- 25

1225- 20

1226- 27

1227- 28 '1228- 29

1229- 30

1230- 31

1231- 32

3 Siddhai-thin...

54 Raudra

55 Durmati

56 Dundubhi

57 Rndhirodgi'irin

58 Raktuksha... ,

59 Krodhana ....

60 Kshaya

1 Prabhava

2 Vibhava

3 Sukla

4 Pramoda

5 PrajSpati

6 Angiras

7 Srimukha ....

8 Bhilva

9 Yuvan

10 Dhatri

11 Isirara

12 BahudhSnya..

13 Pramfithin . . .

14 Vikrama

15 Vrisha

16 Chitrabhftnu . .

17 Subhfinu

18 Tfiraoa

19 Pfirthiva

20 Vyaya

21 Sarvajit

22 Sarvadhfirin . .

23 Virodhin

24 Vikrita

25 Kliarn

57 Rudhirodgirin

58 Raktaksha.. . . 9 Krodhana . . . .

60 Kshaya

1 Prabhava

2 Vibhava

3 Sukla

4 Pramoda

5 Prajilpati

6 Angiras

7 Srimukha

8 Bhava

9 Yuvan

10 Dhatri

11 isvara

12 Bahudhanya . .

13 Pramfithin . . .

14 Vikrama

15 Vrisha

16 Chitrabhanu . .

17 Sublnnin

18 Tfiraua

19 Pftrthiva

20 Vyaya

21 Sarvajit

22 Sarvadhflrin . .

23 Virodhin

24 Vikrita

25 Khara

26 Nandana

27 Vyaya

28 Jaya

29 Manmatha. . . .

29.478

6 BhAdrapada.

7 Asvina.

5 SrSvaua.

28.704

6 BluVlrapada .

39.776

422 406

667

304

380 435

705 364

THE HINDU CALENDAR. lix

TABLE I.

{Col. 2li) (/ =: Distance of moon from sun. {Cot. 24) b ■zz moon's mean anomaly. {Vol. 25) r := sun's mean unomulij.

III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE 1

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ist.)

At Sonrtse on meridian uf Ujjaln.

Day

and .Month

A. 1).

Day

and Month

A. D.

Week ' day.

Moon's

Age.

a.

*.

c.

Kali.

1

day.

By the .\ry Siddh&nla.

»

By the SiU-y Siddhftnta.

a

p. .

•sl

II

ll

Oh.

Pa.

H.

M.

Gh.

Pa.

H.

M.

13

14

15

17

16a

17a

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

25 Mar. (84)..

5 Thur. .

10

44

4

17

13

56

5

34

27 Feb,

58)..

0 Sat... .

58

.174

9776

236

208

4301

24 Mar. (84)..

6 Fri....

26

15

10

30

29

27

11

47

17 Mar.

(77)- •

6 Fri. . . .

74

222

9810

172

259

4302

24 Mar. (83)..

0 Sat....

41

46

16

42

44

59

18

0

7 Mar.

66)..

4 Wed...

213

.639

25

55

231

4303

24 Mar. (83)..

1 Sun...

57

17

22

55

to

30

to

12

25 Feb.

56)..

2 Mon...

329

.987

239

939

203

4304

25 Mar. (84)..

3 Tues...

12

49

5

7

16

2

6

25

16 Mar.

75)..

1 Sun...

315

.945

274

875

254

4305

24 Mar. (84). .

4 Wed...

28

20

11

20

31

33

12

37

4 Mar.

64)..

5 Thur. .

153

.459

149

722

223

4306

24 Mar. (83)..

5 Thur. .

43

51

17

32

47

5

18

50

23 Mar.

82)..

4 Wed...

205

.615

184

658

275

4307

21 Mar. (83). .

6 Fri . . .

59

22

23

45

+2

3(i

tl

3

12 Mar.

71)..

1 Sun...

196

.588

60

505

244

4308

25 Mar. (84)..

1 Sun. . .

14

54

5

57

18

8

7

13

1 Mar.

60)..

5 Thur. .

189

.567

9935

3.52

213

4809

24 Mar. (84). .

2 Mon...

30

25

12

10

33

40

13

28

19 Mar.

79)..

4 Wed. . .

246

.738

9970

288

264

4310

24 Mar. (83)..

3 Tues...

45

36

18

22

49

10

19

40

8 Mar.

67)..

1 Sun...

92

276

9846

136

233

4311

25 Mar. (84) . .

5 Thur. .

1

27

0

35

4

43

1

53

26 Feb.

57)..

6 Fri...

220

.660

60

19

205

4312

25 Mar. (84)..

6 Fri....

16

59

(•)

47

20

14

s

6

17 Mar.

76)..

5 Thur. .

195

.585

95

955

257

4313

24 Mar. (84). .

0 Sat...

32

30

13

0

35

46

14

18

6 Jlar.

66)..

3 Tues...

330

.990

309

839

228

4314

24 Mar. (83)..

1 Sun. . .

48

1

19

12

51

17

20

31

24 Mai-.

83)..

1 Sun...

6

.018

3

738

277

4315

25 Mar. (84)..

3 Tues...

3

32

1

25

6

49

2

43

14 Mar.

73)..

6 Fri....

263

.789

220

622

249

4316

f

25 Mar. (84). .

4 Wed...

19

4

7

37

22

20

8

56

3 Mar.

62)..

3 Tues...

260

.780

95

469

218

4317

24 Mar. (84). .

5 Thur..

34

35

13

50

37

52

15

9

20 Mar.

80)..

1 Sun...

34

.102

9791

369

267

4318

24 Mar. (88). .

6 Fri....

50

6

20

2

53

23

21

21

10 Mar.

69)..

6 Fri....

286

.858

6

252

239

4319

25 Mar. (84)..

1 Sun...

5

37

2

15

8

55

3

34

27 Feb.

58)..

3 Tues...

106

.318

9881

99

208

4320

25 Mar. (84). .

2 Mon...

21

9

8

27

24

26

9

46

18 Mar.

77)..

2 Mon...

86

.258

9916

33

259

4321

24 Mar. (84)..

3 Tues...

36

40

14

40

39

58

13

59

7 Mar.

67)..

0 Sat. . . .

201

.603

130

919

231

4322

24 Mar. (83)..

4 Wed...

52

11

20

52

55

29

22

12

24 Feb.

55)..

4 Wed...

10

.030

6

766

200

4323

25 Mar. (84)..

6 Fri....

7

42

3

5

11

1

4

24

15 Mar:

74)..

3 Tues...

47

.141

41

702

252

4324

25 Mar. (84) . .

0 Sat

23

14

9

17

26

32

10

37

4 Mai-.

63)..

0 Sat. . . .

14

.042 9916

549

221

4325

24 Mar. (84) . .

1 Sun...

38

45

15

30

42

4

16

50

22 Mar.

82)..

6 Fri....

104

.312 9951

485

272

4326

24 Mar. (83). .

2 Mon...

54

16.

21

42

37

35

23

2

11 Mar.

70)..

3 Tnes...

89

.267

9827

332

241

4327

25 Mar. (84) . .

4 Wed...

9

47

3

55

13

7

5

15

1 Mar.

60)..

1 Sun...

320

.960

41

216

213

4328

25 Mar. (84)..

5 Thur. .

25

19

10

7

28

38

11

27

20 Mar.

79)..

0 Sat....

330

.990

76

152

264

4329

24 Mar. (84)..

6 Fri. . . .

40

50

16

20

44

10

17

40

8 Mai-.

68)..

4 Wed...

91

.273

9951

999

234

4330

24 Mai-. (83). .

0 Sat....

56

21

22

32

59

42

23

53

26 Feb.

57)..

2 Mon...

214

.642

166

883

205

4331

25 Mar. (84)..

2 Mon...

11

52

4

45

15

13

6

5

17 Mai-.

76)..

1 Sun...

213

.639

200

819

257

4332

25 Miir. (84). .

3 Tues...

27

24

10

57

30

45

12

18

6 Mar.

63)..

5 Tlmr..

95

.285

76

666

226

4333

t See footnote p. liii

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

Lunalioii-iiurts = lO.OOOM* of a circle. A tithi = ',.wM of the moons synodic rnolulion.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

True.

Luni-Solai'

cycle. (Southern.)

Brihaspati cycle

(Northern) current at Mesha

sahkrSnti.

Name of month ,

Time of the preceding saukranti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding saiiki'&nti

eipresscd in

3a

5

6

10

11

4334

433

4336

4337

4338

4339

4340

4341

4342

4343

4344

434

4346

4347

4348

4349

43.50

43.51

4352

4353

4354

435

4356

4357

■4358

435'J

1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 11C6 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180

4361 4362 4363 4364 43(1

1182 1183 1184 1185 1186

1290

1291

1292

1293

1294

1295

1296

1297

1298

1299

1300

1301

1302

1303

1304

1305

1306

1307

1308

1309

1310

1311

1312

1313

1314

1815

1316

1317 1318 1319 1320 1321

639 640 611 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662

407- 8

408- 9 409-10 410-11 411-12 412-13 413-14 414-15 415-16 416-17 417-18 418-19 419-20 420-21 421-22 422-23 423-24 424-25 425-26 426-27 427-28 428-29 429-30 430-31 431-32 432-33

433-34

434-35 435-36 436-37 437-38 ■138-39

'1232-33

1233-34 1234-35

1235-36

•1236-37 1237-38 1238-39 1239-40

* 1240-4 I 1241-42 1242-43 1243-44

♦1244-45 1245-46 1246-47 1247-48

*1248-49 1249-50 1250-51 1251-52

* 1252-53 1253-.54 12.54-55 1255-,56

♦1256-57 1257-58

1258-.59

1259-60

•1260-61

1261-62

1262-63

1263-64

26 Nandaua . . . .

27 Vijaya

28 Jaya

29 Manmalha.. .

30 Durraiikha.. .

31 Hcmalamba. ,

32 Vilamba . . .

33 Vikarin ....

34 Survari .... Plava

36 .Subhakrit . .

37 Sobhana.. . .

38 Krodhin . .

39 Visvavasu . .

40 ParSbhava . .

41 I'lavanga . . .

42 Kilaka

43 Saumj a ....

44 Sadhilrana . .

45 Virodhakrit.

46 Paridhilviu .

47 Pranifidin .

48 Ananda ....

49 Rakshasa . . .

50 Anala

5 1 Pii'igala ....

30 Durmukha.. .

31 Hcmalamba..

32 Vilamba ....

33 Vikarin

34 Sarvari

35 Plava

36 Subhakrit . . .

37 Sobhana . . . .

38 Krodhin....

39 Visvavasu . . .

40 Parabhava . .

41 Plavai'iga . . . .

42 Kilaka

43 Saumj a

44 Sildhiiraua . . .

45 Virodhakrit..

46 ParldhJvin . .

47 Pramadin. . .

48 Ananda l) . . .

50 Anala

51 Pii'igala

52 KSlayukta...

53 Siddharthin .

54 Haudra

55 Durmati . . . ,

56 Dundublii . .

Srftvaija .

6 liliadrapada

52 Kalayukta.

53 Siddhartbin .

54 Raudra

55 Durmati ....

56 Duudubhi . .

57 KuJhiriidgurii:

57 Uudiiirodiiar

58 Rjiktaksha..

59 Krodhaua . .

60 Kshaya

1 Prabhava. . .

2 Vibhava . . .

3 Jyeslitha. 7 .\svina. . .

5 Srivaya.

8 Karttika . . . 10 I'ltiisha (lis/i 1 Chaitra. . . .

6 llhadnipadn.

9746

35 9876

377 406

670 342

29.658 0.105 29.628

51

9930

65

447

') Kakshaita, .No. 49, nan suppressed iu the uortli.

THE If/NDU CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

Ixi

(Col. i:\) 11 -

= Dislanii'

of moon J

rom sun.

(Col

24)

b =

moon's mean onomiili/. {Col. i.

r .««»

'■» mfan finomti

b/.

111. COM.MENCEMENT OV THE 1

Solai

year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ist )

(Time

of the Mesha saiikrftnti )

At Sunrise on mertdian of Ujjain.

Moon's Age.

Day

ni«l .Montli

A. D.

Day

and Month

A. D.

Week day.

b.

c.

Kali.

• Week day.

By the Ary

Siddh&nta.

1

By the Siirj Siddh&nta.

a

3 .5

J1

Gh.

Pa.

H.

M.

Gh.

Pa.

H.

M.

13

14

15

17

16a

17a

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

1

24 Mar. (84)..

4 Wed....

42

55

17

10

46

16

18

30

24 Mar. (84)..

4 Wed...

168

504

111

602

277

4334

24 Mar. (83)..

5 Thur. . .

58

26

23

22

tl

48

to

43

13 Mar. (72)..

1 Sun...

172

.516

9987

449

246

4335

25 Mar. (84)..

0 Sat

13

57

5

35

17

19

6

56

2 Mar. (61)..

5 Thur..

137

.411

9862

296

216

4336

25 Mar. (84)..

1 Sun

29

29

11

47

32

51

13

8

21 Mar. (80). .

4 Wed...

176

.528

9897

232

267

4337

24 Mar. (84)..

2 Mod....

45

0

18

0

48

22

19

21

9 Mar. (69)..

1 Sun...

©-19

-.057

9773

80

236

4338

25 Mar (84)..

4 Wed. . . .

0

31

0

12

3

54

1

33

27 Feb. (58)..

6 Fri....

97

.291

9987

963

208

4339

25 Mar. (84)..

5 Thur. . .

10

2

6

25

19

25

7

46

18 Mar. (77). .

5 Thur. .

78

.234

22

899

2.59

4340

25 Mar. (84)..

6 Fri

31

34

12

37

34

57

13

59

8 Mar. (67)..

3 Tues...

239

.717

236

782

231

4341

24 .Mar. (84)..

0 Sat

47

5

18

50

50

28

20

11

25 Feb. (56)..

0 Sat....

153

.459

112

630

200

4342

25 Mar. (84). .

2 Mod... .

2

36

1

2

6

0

2

24

15 Mar. (74)..

6 Fri....

229

.687

146

566

252

4343

23 Mar. (S4). .

3 Tues....

18

7

7

15

21

31

8

37

4 Mar. (63)..

3 Tues...

236

.708

22

413

221

4344

25 Mar. (84)..

4 Wed....

33

39

13

27

37

3

14

49

23 Mar. (82). .

2 Mon...

311

.933

57

349

272

4345

24 Mar. (84)..

5 Thur. . .

49

10

19

40

52

34

21

2

11 Mar. (71)..

6 Fri....

204

.612

9932

196

241

4346

25 Mar. (84) . .

0 Sat

4

41

1

52

8

6

3

14

28 Feb. (59)..

3 Tues...

0-13

— .036

9808

43

211

4347

25 Mar. (84). .

1 Sun ....

20

12

8

5

23

37

9

27

19 Mar. (78)..

2 Mon...

0-36

-.108

9843

979

262

4348

25 Mar. (84). .

2 Mon....

35

44

14

17

39

9

15

40

9 Mar. (68)..

0 Sat....

91

.273

57

863

234

4349

24 x\Iar. (84)..

3 Tues....

51

15

20

30

54

40

21

52

27 Feb. (58)..

5 Thur. .

273

.819

271

746

206

4350

25 Mar. (84). .

5 Thur. . .

C

46

2

42

10

12

4

5

17 Mar. (76)..

4 Wed...

318

.934

306

682

257

4351

25 Mar. (84). .

6 Fri

22

17

8

55

25

44

10

17

6 Mar. (65). .

1 Sun . . .

296

.888

182

530

226

4352

25 Mar. (84)..

0 Sat

37

49

15

7

41

15

16

30

24 Mar. (83)..

6 Fri. . . .

79

.237

9878

429

275

4353

24 .Mar. (84)..

1 Sun. . . .

53

20

21

20

56

47

22

43

12 Mar. (72)..

3 Tues...

32

.096

9754

276

244

4354

25 Mar. (84)..

3 Tues. . . .

S

51

3

32

12

18

4

55

2 Mar. (61)..

1 Sun...

227

.681

9968

160

216

4355

25 Mar. (84)..

4 Wed...

24

22

9

45

27

50

11

8

21 Mar. (80)..

0 Sat

233

.699

3

96

267

4356

25 Mar. (84)..

5 Thur. . .

39

54

15

57

43

21

17

20

10 Mar. (69)..

4 Wed...

0-33

—.096

9878

943

236

4357

24 .Mar. (84)..

6 Fri

55

25

22

10

58

53

23

33

28 Feb. (59)..

2 Mon...

111

.333

93

827

208

4358

25 Mar. (84). .

1 Sun

10

56

4

22

14

24

3

46

18 Mai-. (77). .

1 Sun...

127

.381

127

763

260

4359

125 Mar. (84)..

2 Mon...

26

27

10

35

29

56

11

58

7 Mar. (66). .

5 Thur. .

53

.159

3

610

229

4360

25 Mar. (84). .

3 Tues. . .

41

59

16

47

45

27

18

11

24 Feb. (55). .

2 Man...

50

.150

9879

457

198

4361

24 Mar. (84). .

4 Wed. . . .

57

30

23

0

to

59

to

24

14 Mar. (74). .

1 Suu . . .

141

.423

9913

393

249

4362

25 .Mar. (84)..

6 Fri

13

1

5

12

16

30

6

36

3 Mar. (62)..

5 Thur. .

70

.210

9789

240

218

4363

25 Mar. (84). .

0 Sat

28

32

11

25

32

2

12

49

22 Mar. (81). .

4 Wed...

89

.267

9824

176

270

4364

25 >Iar. (84)..

1 Sun....

44

4

17

37

47

33

19

1

12 Mar. (71)..

2 Mon...

230

1

.690

38

60J 242

4363

t See footnote p. liii above. © Sec Text Art. 101. para. 2.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

I.uiialioii-jmi-ts r= 10,000M« of a circle. A liihi ^ '/^oM of (he moon's sj/nodic rcmluiwn.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS

True.

Luni-Solar

cycle. (Southern.)

Brihaspati cvdc

(Nort liei-n) current at Mesha

sankranti.

Name of month.

Time of the preceiling sankrdnti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding sankr&nti

6

4366 4367 4368 4369 4370 4371 4372 4373 4374 437.5 4376 4377 4378

1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199

1322

1323

1324

132

1326

1327

1328

1329

1330

1331

133

1333

1334

4380

4381

4382

4383

4384

438

4386

4387

4388

4389

4390

4391

4392

4393

4394

439.')

4396

1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217

1336

1337

1338

1339

1340

1341

1342

1343

1344

134

1346

1347

1348

13-19

13.50

1351

13.52

439-40

■MO-41 441-42 442-43 443-44 444-45 445-46 446-47 447-48 448-49 449-50 450-51 451-52

453-54 454-55 455-56 466-57 457-58 458-59 459-60 460-61 461-62 462-63 463-64 464-65 465-66 466-67 467-68 468-69 169-70

'1264-65 1265-66 1266-67 1267-68

»1268-69 1269-70 1270-71 1271-72

•1272-73 1273-74 1274-75 1275-76

*1276-77

1277-78

1278-79 1279-80

•1280-81 1281-82 1282-83 1283-84

•1284-85 1285-86 1286-87 1287-88

•1288-89 1289-90 1290-91 1291-92

•1292-93 1293-94 1294-9.5

Raktaksha . Krodhana . Kshaja . . . Prabhava.. Vibhava.. .

Sukla

Pramoda . . Prajapati.. Angiras . . . Srimukha . Bhava .... Vuvan .. . . Dhatri...

11 Isv

Buhudhanya . Pi'ani&thin. . . Vikrama ....

Vrisha

Cbitrabhanu. Subhauu ....

TAi-aua

ITirthiva ....

Vjaya

SarvBJit

Sarvadh&rin . Virodhin.. . .

Vikrita

Khara

Nandana. . . .

Vyaya

J"va

Sukla

Pramoda . . . Prajapati.. . . Angiras . . . . Srimukha . . .

Bhava

Yuvan

Dhatri

Isvara

Bahudhanya . Pnimathin.. . Vikrama . . . . Vrisha

17 Subhauu....

18 Taraiia

19 Parthiva

20 Vyaya

21Sarvajit

22 Sarvadharin .

23 Virodhin . . . .

24 Vikrita

25 Khara

26 Nandana . . . .

27 Vijaya

8 Jaya

29 Maumatha. . .

30 Diirmukha . ,

31 Ilemalamba.,

32 Vihimba

33 Vik.irin . . .

3 Jveshtlia .

8 Karttika , 10 Paii3ka{Ksh) 12 Phaiguna

5 Sriivana

6 Bhftdrapada

9846

45

9955

9730

4 Aahadha... 9266 27.798

29.277

29.874

643

306

29,538 0.135

25

9982

32

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

(CoL 23) (/ in IHsUiHfe of moon from sun. {Col. 24) b =: moon's mean anom/ily. (Col. 25)

bdii

.iuh'k mean anomaly.

III. COMMENCEMENT OF Till.

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)

Day

and Month

A. U.

13

(Time of the Mesha sankrflnti.)

Week

day.

14

By the Arya Siddhfinta.

16

By the Sflrya Siddhanta.

Day

and Month

A. D.

16a

17a

18

Week day.

20

At Sunrise on mertdian of CJJaIn

Moon's Age.

23

26

24 Mar.

25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar.

25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar. 25 Mar 25 .Mar.

84). ;84). ;84).

;84). ;85).,

84).

;84).

84). 85). 84). 84). 84). 85).

84).

:84). 84). 85). 84).

:84).

84). ;85).

;84).

84). 84). 85). 84).

84).

:84).

;85). 84).

84)

2 Mon..

4 Wed .

5 Thur.

6 Fri...

1 Snn. .

2 Mon. .

3 Tues..

4 Wed.. 6 Fri...

0 Sat. . .

1 Sun..

2 Mon.. 4 Wed..

6 Fri

0 Sat

2 Mon....

3 Tues....

4 Wed. . . .

5 Thar. . .

0 Sat

1 Sun . . . .

2 Mon....

3 Tues. . . .

5 Thur. . .

6 Fri

0 Sat

1 Sun

3 Tues... .

4 Wed. . .

5 Thur. .

59 35

15 6

30 37

46 9

1 40

17 11

32 42

48 14

3 45

19 16

34 47

.50 19

18 27

0 40

6 52 13 5

19 17

1 30

7 42 13 55

20 7

2 20

16 10

22 23

4 36

in 48

1

14 26 39

51 4

6 17 12 29 18 42 to 54

7 7

29 Feb.

20 Mar. 9 Mar.

26 Feb. 16 Mar.

5 Mar.

24 Mar. 13 Mar.

2 Mar.

21 Mar. 10 Mar. 28 Feb

18 Mar.

7 Mar.

25 Mar.

15 Mar.

3 Mar.

22 Mar.

12 Mar. 1 Mar.

19 Mar.

8 Mar. 25 Feb.

16 Mar. 5 Mar.

23 Mar.

13 Mai-. 3 Mar.

21 Mar. 10 Mar.

27 Feb.

60). . 79). . 68). . 57).. 76).. 64).. 83).. 72). . 62). . 80).. 69). . 59).. 78)..

66)..

;84). . 74) .

;63). .

;81).. 71).. (60). .

:79). .

;67). . [56).. 75). . [65). . ;82).. :72).. ;62).. ;8l).. (69)..

6 Fri. . .

6 Fri...

3 Tue8..

0 Sat..

6 Fri...

3 Tues..

2 Mon.. 6 Fri...

4 Wed..

3 Tues.. 0 Sat. . .

5 Thur.

4 Wed..

6 Fri...

4 Wed..

1 Sun..

0 Sat.. .

5 Thur.

2 Mon..

1 Sun..

5 Thur.

2 Mon..

1 Sun..

6 Fri... 4 Wed..

2 Mon.. 0 Sat... 6 Fri...

3 Tues.. 0 Sal. .

©-=> 330 165 118 204 200 259 107 235 212

©-;

210

273

45

299

121

104

217

22

59

22

31

100

332

©-»

109

228

228

106

91

9914

287

163

38

73

9949

9983

9859

73

108

9984

198

233

9804

19

9894

9929

143

19

54

9930

9805

9840

54

9750

9965

179

214

89

9965

4366 4367 4368 4369 4370 4371 4372 4373 4374 4375 4376 4377 4378

4380 4381 4382 4383 4384 4385 4386 4387 4388 4389 4390 4391 4392 4393 4394 4395 4396

t See footnote p. liii above.

® Sec Text. Art. 101, pai-a

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

LiiiiutioH-parls

=1 W,WUlh

s of II i-irrlt: A titlii z=. ^ iuth of thf moon's si/ii

oi/ir recoliitioii .

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

11. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

Kali.

Saka.

1 1

-1

KoUain.

A. 1).

Samvatsara.

True.

Luni-Solar

cycle. (Southern.)

Brihaspati cycle

(Northern)

at Mesha sanki-anti.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding sankrAnti

expressed in

Time of the suCT-eeding saukrAnti

expressed in

P

a Q

iJ 2

3

S

1

2

3

3a

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4397

4398

4399 4400 4401 4402 4403 4404 4405 4406 4407 4408 4409 4410 4411 44U' 4413 4U4 Ula 44 IC

4117

4418 4419 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425

1218

1219

1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237

1238

1239

1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1 246

1353

1354

1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1302 1363 1.S64 1365 1366 1367 1368 1309 1370 1371 1372

1373

1374 1875 1376 1377 1378 1379 1880 13H1

702

703

704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721

722

723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730

470-71

471-72

472-73 473-74 474-75 475-76

476-77 477-78 478-79 479-80 480-81 481-82 482-83 483-84 484-85 485-86 486-87 487-88 488-89 489-90

490-91

491-92 492-93 493-94 494-95 495-96 496-97 497-98 498-99

129.5-

♦1296-

1297- 1298- 1299-

•1300- 1301- 1302- 1303-

♦1304- 1305- 1306- 1307-

•1308- 1309- 1310- 1311-

•1312- 1313- 1314-

1315-

•1316- 1317- 1318- 1319-

•1S20- 1821- 1322- 1323-

96

97

98 99 300

1

3 4

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

16

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

29 Maiimatha . . .

34 .Sarvari

35 Plava |

9 Murgasirsha . 10 I'lius/miKsA.) 12 Phalguna...

9991

1

9964

29.973 0.003 29.892

1

9954

91

0.003| 29 . 862 \ 0.273)

31 Hcmalamba.. .

36 SubhakTit

37 Sobhanu

33 VikSrin

34 Sfirvari

35 Plava

38 Krodhin

5 Sravana

9661

28.983

344

1.032

40 Parabhava

36 Subhakrit

37 Sobhana

38 Krodhin

39 Visvavasu ....

40 ParSbhava...

41 Plavanga

42 Kilaka

43 Sauiiiya

44 Sfidharaua . . .

45 Virodhakrit..

46 Paridhaviii . . .

47 Praraadin ....

48 Ananda

49 Hilksliasa

50 Anala

41 Plavanga

42 Kilaka

4 Asbadha

9715

29.145

554

1.662

44 Sadhaiana. . . .

45 Virodhakrit.. .

2 \aisakha ....

9889

29.667

310

0.930

46 Paridhavin . . .

6 Bbfulrapada..

9827

29 481

250

0.750

49 Rakshasa

4 .ishfiilha

9239

27.717

101

0.303

51 Pingiila

52 K&layukta

3 Jycshtha

9776

29.328

328

0.984

54 Raudra <

8 Karttika

9 .Mdri/as.(Ksh.) 12 Phftlguna. . , .

9950

31

9917

29.850 0.093 29.751

31

9996

67

0.093| 29.9881 0.20l|

52 Killayukta ....

53 SiddhArlhin.. .

54 Kaudra

55 Diinnati

56 Uundiibhi....

57 Hudhirodgfiriu

57 RudhirodgArin

58 llaktaksha

5 Srflvava

9048

28.944

425

1.275

60 Kshnya

4 .\shAdhn

9800

29 . 400

547

1.641

2 Viblmvn

THE HINDU CALENDAR. Ixv

TABLE I.

{Col. 23) a zr Dulanee of moon from sun. (Cot. 2i) b ^ nwon.s mean anomaly. (Col. 25) c ■^ suit't mean anomaly.

III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Solar year.

Liini-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukia I at.)

Day

and Moiitii

A. D.

(Time (if the Mesha sai'iki'fmti.]

Week

day.

14

By the Arya Siddbanta.

Gh. Pa. H. M

15

17

By the Siirya Siddbanta.

Day

and Month

A. D.

Gh. Pa. H. M

17a

Week day.

At Sunilae on meridian of Ujjaln.

.Moon's Age.

24

1

43'J7

4398

4399 4400 4401 4402 4403 4404 440.-) 4400 4407 4408 4409 4410 4411 4412 4413 4414 441.5 4416

4418 4419 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425

26 Mar

85)..

25 Mar.

85),.

25 Mar.

84)..

25 Mar.

(84)..

26 Mar.

(85)..

25 Mar.

(85)..

25 Mar.

(84). .

25 Mar.

(84)..

26 Mar.

(85)..

25 Mar.

(85)..

25 Mar.

(84)..

25 Mar.

(84)..

26 Mar.

(85). .

25 Mar.

(85)..

25 Mar.

(84)..

25 Mar

(84)..

26 Mar.

(85)..

25 Mar.

(85)..

25 Mar.

(84)..

25 Mar.

84)..

20 Mar.

85)..

25 Mar.

(85).

25 Mai-.

(84)..

25 Mar.

(84)..

26 Mar.

(85)..

25 Mar.

(85). .

26 Mar.

(84)..

25 Mar.

(84). .

26 Mar.

(85)..

2 Mod ..

3 Tues. .

5 Tbur. .

6 JVi...

0 Sat . . .

1 Sun . . .

3 Tues...

4 Wed...

5 Tbur.,

6 Fri...

1 Sun...

2 Men...

3 Tues..

4 Wed... 6 Fri...

0 Sat. . .

1 Sun . . .

2 Mou..

5 Thnr.

6 Fri... 0 Sat...

2 Mon..

3 Tuea .

4 Wed..

5 Tbur. 0 Sat. . .

26 40 42 11

35 25

50 57 C 28

18 Mar. (77)..

,60).

25 Mar. 14 Mar.

4 Mar.

22 Mar.

12 Mar. 1 Mar.

20 Mar. 8 Mar.

25 Feb.

16 Mar.

5 Mar.

23 Mar.

13 Mar. 3 Mar.

21 Mar. 10 Mar. 27 Feb.

17 Mar.

25 Mar. 14 Mar.

4 Mar. 23 Mar. U Mar 28 Feb. 19 Mar.

8 Mar.

84).

82).. 71).. 60). . 79).. 68). . 56). . 7.5). . 64). . 83).. 72)..

;62)..

80).. 70).. 58).. 76)..

06)..

73).. 63). .

:82)..

71).. 59)..

78).. (17)..

2 Men.. 6 Fri...

4 Wed. .

3 Tues.. 1 Sun . .

5 Tbur.

4 Wed.. 1 SUH..

5 Thur.

4 Wed.. 1 Sun . .

0 Sat. . .

5 Thur. 3 Tues..

1 Sun..

6 Fri... 3 Tues.. 1 Sun. .

5 Thur.

2 Mon.. 0 Sat. . . fl Fri. . .

3 Tuis.. 0 Sat. . .

6 Fri . 3 Tues. .

112 95 253 163 239 245 194 219 4

0-18

106

20

— .045

372 423 192 204 453 246

9875

0

35

249

125

159

35

9911

9946

9821

9856

70

285

9981

195

71

9767

16

9891

106

140

16

9892

9926

9802

f See footuote p. liii above.

0 See Text. Art. 101, para. 2.

Ixvi THE rNDfAN CALENDAR.

TABLE L

l,ii,iulioii-jiiii-ls =: 10,OOOM.« of a rircli\ A tillii r= ',3oM of tlie mooii\i si/nodic revolulioii.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

2

3a

Sainvatsara.

True.

]>uiii-Sular

cycle. (Southern.)

6

Brihaspati

cycle

(Northeni)

cuiTeiit

at Mesha

sankrSnti.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding Bankrfinti

expressed in

10

Time of the succeeding saiikrdnti

expressed in

c :^

11

4+26 4127 4428 4429 4430 4431 4432 4433 4434 4435

4437 4438 4439 4440 4441 4442 4143 4444 4445 444(5 4447 444K 4449 4450 4451 4452 4453 4454 445

1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256

1258 12.59 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1 266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277

1382 1383 1384 138, 1386 1387 1388 1389 1390 1391

1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411 1412

500- .501- 502- 503- 504- 505- 506- 507- 508-

510- 11

511- 12

512- 13

513- 14

514- 15

515- 16

516- 17

517- IH

518- 19

519- 20

520- 21

521- 22

522- 23

523- 24

524- 25

525- 26

526- 27 627- 28

528- 29

529- 30

•1324-25 1325-26 1326-27 1327-28

♦1328-29 1329-30 1330-31 1331-32

•1332-33 1333-34

1335-36

•1336-37 1337-38 1338-39 1339-40

•1340-41 1341-42 1342-43 1343-44

•1344-45 1345-46 1346-47 1347-48

•1348-49 1349-50 1350-51 1351-52

•1352-53 1353-54 1354-55

Raktaksha . . . Krodhaua . . ,

Kshaya

Prabhava.. . .

Vibhava

Sukla

Pramoda. . . .

AiigU-as... Srimukhii .

Yuvan

Dhatri

Isvara

liabudhauyn . . PramStbin . . .

Vikrama

Vrisba

CbitrabbHnu . .

Subhduu

Tirana

PArthiva

Vyaya

Sarvajit

Sarvadhilrin . .

Virodhin

VikriU

khara

Naudaua

Vijnya

.I:iv,-i

Sukla

Pramoda . . Prajapali.. Angiras.. . Srimukha . Bbava.... Yuvan. . . . Dhatri...

Isvara

Bahudbauva .

Vikrama 1). . . Chitrabbanu . Subhanu . . . .

Taraua

Parthiva . . . .

Vyaya

Sarvajit

Sarvadbirin . Virodhin. . . .

Vikfita

Khara

Nandana ....

Vijaya

Java

Manmatha . . Durmukba. . Ilcnialaniba. .

Vilamba

VikArin

6 Bbudrapada

461 433

9297

27.891

7 Asvina. . . 10 I'aitsha (Ksh.) 12 Phalguna.

9 9915

29.727 0.027 29.745

130

9942

33

SrAvapa.

28.827

4 AsliAdha .

627

2 Vaisakba . . . 6 BbAdrapada.

9957

29.871

514 538

4 AsbAdha .

2 Vai.sftkha . . .

6 ItlimhMpada.

9471

'J Vrisba, No. 15, Viia suppressed in the north.

THE HINDU CALENDAR. Kvii

TAIiliE I.

{Col. 2.'i) II zrz Dislinire of moon from xiiii. (Cnl. i\) h = mdoiis meun iniomulj/. (Col. 25) r r= sun'.': menu iiiwaiiiUj.

III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE 1

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)

Kali.

Day

and Month A. 1).

Time

of the Mesha sai'ikr&nti.)

Day

and Month

A. D.

Week day.

At Sunrise on meridian of tJJJaln.

Moon's Age.

a

b.

c.

Week liny.

By the A17 Siddh&nta.

a

By the Surya Siddhanta.

i-

J1

Gh.

Pa.

H.

M.

Gh.

Pa.

H.

M.

E--I

13

14

16

17

15a

17a

19

20

21

22

23

24

26

1

25 Mar. (85)..

1 Sun

30

50

12

20

34

36

13

50

26 Feb. (57)..

1 Son

260

.780

16

128

201

4426

25 Mar. (84)..

2 Mod. ...

46

21

18

32

50

8

20

3

16 Mar. (75)..

0 Sat

246

.738

51

64

252

4427

26 Mar. (85)..

4 Wed. . . .

1

52

0

45

5

39

2

16

5 Mar. (64)..

4 Wed....

0-6

-.018

9927

911

222

4428

26 Mar. (85)..

5 Thur. . .

17

24

6

57

21

11

8

28

24 Mar. (83)..

8 Tues....

0-12

-.036

9962

847

273

4429

25 Mar. (85)..

6 Fri

32

55

13

10

36

42

14

41

13 Mar. (73)..

1 Sun ....

177

.531

176

731

245

4430

25 Mar. (84)..

0 Sat

48

26

19

22

52

14

20

54

2 Mar. (61)..

5 Thur...

128

.384

52

578

214

4431

26 Mar. (85)..

2 Mod....

3

57

1

35

7

45

3

6

21 Mar. (80). .

4 Wed...

213

.639

86

514

265

4432

26 Mar. (85)..

3 Tucs. . . .

19

29

7

47

23

17

9

19

10 Mar. (69). .

1 Sun ... .

209

.627

9962

361

235

4433

25 Mar. (85)..

4 Wed....

35

0

14

0

38

48

15

31

27 Feb. (58)..

5 Thur . .

116

.348

9838

208

204

4434

25 Mar. (84). .

5 Thur...

50

31

20

12

54

20

21

44

17 Mar. (76). .

4 Wed....

122

.366

9872

144

255

4435

26 Mar. (85)..

0 Sat

fi

2

2

25

9

51

3

57

7 Mar. (66). .

2 Mon. .. .

251

.753

87

28

227

4436

26 Mar. (85)..

1 Sun

21

34

S

37

25

23

10

9

26 Mar. (85). .

1 Sun. . . .

231

.693

121

964

278

4437

25 Mar. (85). .

2 Mon...

37

5

14

50

40

55

16

22

14 Mar. (74). .

5 Thur. . .

7

.021

9997

811

247

4438

25 Mar. (84)..

3 Tues...

52

36

21

2

56

26

22

34

4 Mar. (63) .

3 Tues. . . .

221

.663

211

694

219

4439

26 Mar. (85)..

5 Thur. . .

8

7

3

15

11

58

4

47

23 Mar. (82). .

2 Mon. . . .

284

.852

246

630

271

4440

26 Mar. (85)..

6 Fri

23

39

9

27

27

29

11

0

12 Mar. (71)..

6 Fri

282

.846

122

478

240

4441

25 Mar. (85)..

0 Sat

39

10

15

40

43

1

17

12

29 Feb. (60)..

3 Tues. . . .

264

.792

9997

325

209

4442

25 Mar. (84). .

1 Sun ... .

54

41

21

52

58

32

23

25

19 Mar. (78)..

2 Mon....

312

.936

32

261

260

4443

26 Mar. (85). .

3 Tues...

10

12

4

5

14

4

5

37

8 Mar. (67). .

6 Fri

137

.411

9908

109

230

4444

26 Mar. (85)..

4 Wed. . . .

25

44

10

17

29

35

11

50

26 Feb. (57)..

4 Wed...

258

.774

122

992

201

4445

25 Mar. (85)..

5 Thur. . .

41

15

16

30

45

7

18

3

16 Mar. (76)..

3 Tues. . . .

235

.705

157

928

253

4446

25 Mar. (84)..

6 Fri

56

46

22

42

to

38

to

15

5 Mar. (64)..

0 Sat

35

.105

32

775

222

4447

26 Mar. (85). .

1 Sun ....

12

17

4

55

16

10

6

28

24 Mar. (83)..

6 \\\

71

.213

67

711

273

4448

26 Mar. (85)..

2 Mod....

27

49

11

7

31

41

12

41

13 Mar. (72)..

3 Tues. . . .

33

.099

9943

558

242

4449

25 Mar. (85)..

3 Tues. . . .

43

20

17

20

47

13

18

53

1 Mar. (61)..

0 Sat

39

.117

9818

405

212

4450

25 Mar. (84)..

4 Wed....

58

51

23

32

+2

44

tl

6

20 Mar. (79)..

6 Fri

111

.333

9853

341

263

4451

26 Mar. (85)..

6 Fri

14

22

5

45

18

le

7

18

9 Mar. (68)..

3 Taes. . . .

©-S

-.006

9729

188

232

4452

26 Mar. (85). .

0 Sat

29

54

11

57

33

47

13

31

27 Feb. (58) .

1 Son

148

.444

9943

72

204

4453

25 Mar. (85). .

1 Sun ....

45

25

18

10

49

19

19

44

17 Mar. (77)..

0 Sat

125

.375

9978

8

255

4454

26 Mar. (85)..

3 Tues....

0

56

0

22

4

50

1

56

7 Mar. (66)..

5 Thnr. . .

243

.729

192

891

227

4455

26 Mar. (85)..

4 Wed....

16

27

6

35

20

22

8

9

26 Mar. (85)..

4 Wed. . . .

244

.732

227

827

279

4456

f Sec footnote p. liii above.

© Sec Text. Art. 101 above, para. "l.

Ixviii THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

hiiiHition-puTta = 10,000//(.« of ti rirrlf. A lilhi ^ '/muM of the moon's synodic recolatioii.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

11. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

3a

True.

l.uni-Solar

cycle. (Southern.)

6

Brihaspati

cycle

(Northern)

current

at Mesha

sai'iki'lnli.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding sai'ikrunti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding sahkrunti

expressed in

4457

4458

4459

4460

4461

4462

4463

4464

446

4466

4467

4468

4469

4470

4471

4472

4473

4474

447

4476

4477

4478

4479

4480

4481

4482

4483 4484

448: 4486 4487 44S8

1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 128; 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 129' 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302

1303

1304 1305 1306 130; 1308 1309

1413

1414

1415

1416

1417

1418

1419

1420

1421

1422

1423

1424

1425

1426

1427

1428

1429

1430

1431

1432

1433

1434

143

1436

1437

1438

1439 1440 1441 1442 1443 1444

530-31 531-32 532-33 533-34 534-35 535-36 536-37 537-38 538-39 539-40 540-41 541-42 542-43 543-44 544-45 545-46 546-47 547-48 548-49 549-50 550-51 551-52 552-53 553-54 554-55

555-56

556-57 557-58 558-59 559-60 560-61 561-62

1355-56

*1356-57 1357-58 1358-59 1359-60

•1360-61 1361-62 1362-63 1363-64

*1364-65 1365-66 1366-67 1367-68

•1368-69 1369-70 1370-71 1371-72

» 1372-73 1373-74 1374-75 1375-76

•1376-77 1377-78 1378-79 1379-80

•1380-81

1381-82 1382-83 1383-84 •1384-85 1385-86 1386-87

Manmatha . . Durmukha . . Hemalamba. . Vilamba ....

Vikai'in

Sfirvari

Plava

Subhakrit . . .

Sobhana

Krodhiu .... Visvavasu. . . Parabhava . . . Plavauga ....

Kilaka

Sauraya

Sudharaua.. . Virodhakrit.. Paridhuvin . . Pramadiu . . .

Anauda

Rakshasa.. . .

Aiiala

Piiigala

KAIayukta. . . Siddharthin..

Plava

Subhakrit . . Sobhana. . . . Krodhin . . . Visvfivasu . . ParSbhava . Plavaiiga. . ,

Kilaka

Sauniya. . . SSdhfiraiia . Virodhakrit Paridhavin . Praniadin . Anauda. . . Rakshasa . .

Anala

Piiigala ... Kalayuktn. , Sidlulrthiu. , Raudra ... Durmati Dundubhi. Rudhirodgtirin Raktaksba Krodhana .

28.872

374

6 Bhadraiiada

490 544

6 BUadrapaJa .

5 SrAvava.

9743

29.229

28.731

Dunnati

Dundubhi. . . . KiidhirodgAriii Raktaksha.. . . Krodhana . . . . Kshuva

CiO Kshaya . .

1 Prabhava

2 Vibhava. .

3 Suklu . . .

4 Pranioda.

5 PrajApati.

6 Aiiginis..

8 Kfirttikn.

9 Mdrgai.(Ksh) 2 Vaisakha.

9987

15

9927

29.811 0.045 29.781

15

9927

455

6 Bhadra|)ada.

29.718

29.397

THr. [ff.XDU CAI.EXDAR. Ixix

TABLE 1.

(Tn/. 23) (I =z Disliiiire of moon from sun. (Col. 21-) li ^ niuonn mean unomalij. [Cot. 25) c m .iiin'.s mean anomaly.

III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)

Day

and Mmith

A. 1).

(Time of the Mesha sankrfinti.)

W.tk day.

By the Arya SiddfaSnta.

By the Silrya Siddhauta.

Day

nod Month

A. 1).

Week day

At Sanrlse on morldiaD of tTjJalD.

Moon's Age.

13

14

15

17

15a

17a

19

20

23

24

26 Mai-.

(85). .

25 Mar.

(85)..

26 Mar.

(85). .

26 Mar.

(85). .

26 Mar.

(85)..

25 Mar.

(85). .

26 Mar.

(85)..

26 Mar.

(85)..

26 Mar.

(85)..

25 Mar.

(85)..

26 Mar.

(85)..

26 Mar.

(85)..

26 Mar.

(85)..

25 Mar.

(85)..

26 Mar.

(85). .

26 Mar.

(85)..

26 Mar.

(85). .

25 Mar.

(85)..

26 Mar.

85)..

26 Mar.

85)..

26 Mar.

85)..

25 Mar.

85)..

26 Mar.

85) .

26 Mar.

85)..

26 Mar.

85)..

26 Mar.

86)..

26 Mar.

85)..

26 Mar.

85)..

26 Mar.

85)..

26 Mar.

86)..

26 Mar.

85)..

26 Mar.

85)..

5 Thur.

6 Fri...

1 Sun . .

2 Mon..

3 Tues..

4 Wed.. 6 Fri...

0 Sat...

1 Sun. .

2 Mon..

4 Wed..

5 Thm-.

6 Fri... 0 Sat. . .

2 Mon..

3 Tues..

4 Wed. .

5 Thur.

0 Sat...

1 Sun . .

2 Mon..

3 Tue9 .

5 Thur.

6 Fri... 0 Sat. . .

2 Mon...

3 Tues...

4 Wed...

5 Thur. .

0 Sat. . . .

1 Sun . . .

2 Mon ..

33

19

35 5

50 36

12 21 IS 34 to 46

6 .-)9

13 11 19 24

15 Mar. (74).

3 Mai-. (63). 22 Mar. (81). 11 Mar. (70). 28 Feb. (59). 18 Mar. (78).

8 Mar. (67).

26 Feb. (57).

17 Mar. (76). 5 Mar. (65).

24 Mar. (83). 13 Mar. (72).

2 Mar. (61)..

20 Mar. (80)..

9 Mar. (68)..

27 Feb. (.58)..

18 Mar. (77)..

7 Mar. (67)..

25 Mai-. (84)..

15 Mar. (74). .

4 Mar. (63). .

21 Mar. (81)..

11 Mar. (70)..

28 Feb. (59)..

19 Mar. (78)..

8 Mar. (68)..

25 Feb. (56). .

16 Mar. (75). .

5 Mar. (64).. 23 Mar. (83). .

12 Mai-. (71). . 2 Mar. (61)..

1 Sun. . 5 Thur.

4 Wed..

1 Sun .

5 Thur. 4 Wed..

2 Mon..

0 Sat. . .

6 Fri...

3 Tues..

2 Mon.. 6 Fri...

3 Tues..

2 Men.. 6 Fi-i...

4 Wed..

3 Tnes..

1 Sun . . 6 Fri...

4 Wed.. 1 Sun. . 6 Fri. . . 4 Wed.. 1 Sun. . 0 Sat. .

5 Thur.

2 Mon . 1 Sun . .

5 Thur. 4 Wed.. 1 Sun . .

6 Fri...

103

9978

13

9889

9764

9799

13

228

262

138

173

48

9924

9959

83.-

49

83

298

9994

208

84

9780

9994

9870

29 9905 9940 981.-

30

4457 4458 4459 4460 4461 4462 44B3 4464 4465 4466 4467 4468 4469 4470 4471 4472 4473 4474 4475 447B 4477 4478 4479 4480 4481

4482

4483 4484

4485 4486 4487 4488

f See footnote j). liii above

I.vx THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

Liaiation-pnrls =^ 10,O00M.v nf n cirrli-. .1 tithi := ';'au//< of the moon's synodic revolution.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS

2

True.

I.uni-Solar

cycle. (Southern.)

6

cycle

(Northern)

current

at Mesha

sankr^nti

Name of month.

Time of the preceding saiikr^nti

expressed in

10

Time of the succeeding sankr9nti

cipnssed in

4489 4490 4491 4498 4493 4494 4495 4496 4497 4498 4499 4500

4501

4502

4503

4504

4505

4500

4507

4508

4509

4510

4511

4512

4513

4514

4515

4516

451

4518

4519

4520

1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321

1322

1323 1324 132i 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 133: 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1 340 1341

1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456

1457

1458 1459 1460 1461 1462 1463 1464 1465 1466 1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476

562-63 563-64 564-65 565-66 566-67 567-68 568-69 569-70 570-71 571-72 572-73 573-74

574-75

575-76 576-77 577-78 578-79 579-80 580-81 581-82 582-83 583-84 584-85 585-86 586-87 587-88 588-89 589-90 590-91 591-92 592-93 593-94

1387- 88

1388- 89

1389- 90

1390- 91

1391- 92 ■1392- 93

1393- 94

1394- 95

1395- 96 ■1396- 97

1397- 98

1398- 99

1399-400

'1400- 1

1401- 2

1402- 3

1403- 4 ■1404- 5

1405- 6

1406- 7

1407- 8 •1408- 9

1409- 10

1410- 11

1411- 12 '1412- 13

1413- 14

1414- 15

1415- 16 '1416- 17

1417- 18 141 S- 19

1 Prabhava.. . .

2 Vikhava

3 Sukla

4 Pramoda ....

5 Praj&pati

6 Ai'igiras

7 Srimukha . . .

8 Bhava

9 Yuvan

10 Dhatri

11 Isvara

12 liahudhanya.

13 Pramfithiu.. . .

14 Vikrama. . . .

15 Vrisha

16 CUitrabhanu.

17 Subhfinu....

1 8 Tiiratia

19 Pfirthiva

20 Vyaya

21 Sarvajit

22 Sarvadhftrin .

23 Virodhiu

24 Vikrita

25 Kharu

26 Nandana. . . .

27 Vijaya

28 Java

29 Manmatha.. .

30 Durmukha. . .

31 Hemalamba..

32 Vilamba ....

Srimukha . Bhava. . . . Yuvan . . . . Dhatri

6 Bhadrapada

Bahudhanya . Pramathin. . . Vikrama . . . .

Vrisha

Chitrabhanu. Subhunn . . . . Tarava

5 Sravana

3 Jveshtha .

Vyaya .......

Sarvajit

Sarvadharin . Virodhin.. . .

Vikrita

Kbara

Nandana . . . .

Vijaya

Jaya

Maumatha.. . Durmukha . . lliinnlamba. . Vilamba . . . .

Vikariii

savvari

8 Kai-ttika. 10 Pau3h/i(Ksh.) 1 Chaitra . .

29.943 0.240 29.586

121

9950

56

6 Bhftdrapada.

29.967

6 Bhadrapada.

Plava

Subhakrit . Sobbaoa. . . Krodhin . .

THE HINDU CALENDAR. Ixxi

TABLE 1.

yCol. 23) II ^ IHstiinre of moon from sun. (Col. 2I) li ^= nioon'.i mean unomali/. [Col. 25) r := sun's mean iinniiiali/.

in. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla lal.)

aud Month. A. D.

13

(Time of the Mesbn sankrunti.)

Week day.

14

By the Arya Siddh&nta.

17

By the SOrya Siddh&nta.

Day

and Month.

A. 1).

17a

19

Week day.

20

At SuQTlae on meridian ot UJjaln.

Moon's Age.

21

22

23

20 Mar.

85).

26 Mar

86).

26 Mar.

85).

26 Mar

85).

26 Mar.

85).

26 Mar.

86).

26 Mar.

85).

26 Mar.

85).

26 Mar.

85).

26 Mar.

86).

26 Mar.

85).

26 Mar

85).

26 Mar.

85).

26 Mai-.

86).

26 Mar.

85).

26 Mar.

85).

26 Mar.

(85).

26 Mar.

(86).

26 Mar.

(85).

26 Mar.

(85).

26 Mar.

(85).

26 Mar.

(86).

26 Mar.

(85).

26 Mar.

(85).

27 Mar.

(86).

26 Mar.

(86).

26 Mar.

(85).

26 Mar.

(85).

27 Mar.

(86).

26 Mar.

(86).

26 Mar.

(85).

26 Mar

(85).

3 Tues.

5 Thui-.

6 Fri...

0 Sat. . .

1 Sun. .

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

6 Fri...

1 Suu. .

2 Moil.

3 Tues.

-t Wed.

6 Fri...

0 Sat. . .

1 Sun . .

2 Men..

4 Wed.,

5 Thur.

6 Fri. . . 0 Sat. . .

2 Mon.

3 Tues.,

4 Wed., 6 Fri...

0 Sat. . .

1 Sun..

2 Mou.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

6 Fri... 0 Silt. . .

to 27

6 39

12 52 I'J 4 fl 17

7 30

13 42 19 55

21 Mar. 9 Mar.

27 Feb.

18 Mar.

7 Mar.

25 Mar. 14 Mar.

3 Mar.

22 Mar.

11 Mar.

28 Feb.

19 Mar.

9 Mar.

26 Feb.

16 Mar.

5 Mar.

24 Mar.

12 Mar.

2 Mar.

21 Mar. 10 Mar.

28 Feb.

17 Mar.

6 Mar.

25 Mar.

13 Mar.

3 Mar.

22 Mar. 12 Mar.

29 Feb. 19 Mai-.

8 Mar.

5 Thur.

2 Mon., 0 Sal...

6 Fri. . .

3 Tues.,

2 Mon., 6 Fri...

3 Tues..

2 Mon.,

0 Sat. . .

4 Wed.,

3 Tues.

1 Sun . .

5 Thur.

4 Wed.,

1 Sun..

0 Sat. . .

4 Wed..

2 Mon.

1 Sun..

5 Thur.

3 Tues. 1 Sun..

5 Thnr.

4 Wed.. 1 Sim,.

6 Fri. . .

5 Thur. 3 Tues.. 0 Sat...

6 Fri... 3 Tues..

.786 .027 .492 .570 .408 .672 .660 .387 .414 .804 .063 .063

.693

.609 .873 .825 .973 .450 .819 .756 .147 .855 .120 .144 .366 .039 .489 .426 .777 .249 .387 .327

64

9940

1

1

65

99

9975

9851

9886

100

9976

10

224

100

135

11

45

9921

13

170

46

260

9956

9832

9866

9742

9956

9991

205

81

lie

9992

4489 4490 4491 4492 4493 4494 4495 4496 4497 4498 4499 4500

4501

4502 4503 4504 4.505 4500 4507 4508 4509 4510 4511 4512 4513 4514 4515 4516 4517 4518 4519 4520

t Sec footnote p. liii ahoye.

Ixxii

THE INDIAN CALENDAR

TABLE 1.

LuiiiilioH-parts ^ 1 U,tJI)U//j.v oj a cinlc. A lillii z^ \.titli of the moon's synodic retoliihn

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS

True

Limi-Solar

cycle. (Southern.)

Brihasputi

cycle (Norlheni)

current at Mesha sankrSnti.

N'amc of month.

Time of the preceding sankr&nti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding sankranti

3

3a

6

11

4521 4522 4523 4524 4525 4526 4527 4528 4529 4530 4531 4532 4533 4534 4535 4536 4537 4538 4539 4540 4541 4542 4543 4544 4545 4546 4547 4548 4549 50 4551 4552 4553

1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374

1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1499 1.500 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509

594- 595- 596- 597- 598- 599- 600- 601- 602- 603- G04- 605- 606- 607- 608- 609- 610- 611- 612- 613- 614- 615- 016- 017- 618- 619- 620- 621- 622- 623- 624- 625- 026-

1419-

*1420- 1421- 1422- 1423-

*U24- 1425- 1426- 1427-

'1428- 1429- 1430- 1431-

*1432- 1433- 1434- 1435-

*1436- 1437- 1438- 1439-

*1440- 1441- 1442- 1443-

•1444- 1445- 1446- 1447-

•1448- 1449- 1450- 1451-

Vikilriu . .

Sarvari . .

Plava.. . .

Subhakrit

Sobhana. .

Krodhin .

Visvavasu

Parabhava

Plavanga

Kilaka..

Sauiaya.,

Sudhilrana

Virodhakrit

Paridhavin

Pramadin

Ananda. .

Rakshasa .

Anala ...

Piiigala . .

Klllayukta

Siddharthi

Kaudra . .

Durmati .

Dundubhi

Uudhirodgi

Raktaksha

Krodhaua

Kshaya . .

Prabhava.

Vibhava. .

Sukla.. . .

Pramnda .

I'n.jn|iati,

Visvuvasu .... Parabhava ') . .

Kilaka

Saumya

Sadharapa . . . . Virodhakrit.. . Paridhavin . . . Pramadin . . . .

Ananda

Rakshasa

Anala

Piiigala

Kalayukta. . . . Siddhiirthin.. .

Raudra

Durmati

Dundubhi. . . . Kudhirodgariu Raktaksha . . . . Ki'odhana . . . .

Kshaya

Prabhava

Vibhava

Sukla

Pramoda

Prajfipati

Ai'igiras

Srimukha . . . .

Bhdva

Yuvan

Dhfltri

Isvara

Ualiudhaiivn

28.776

29.487

6 Bhadrapada.

28.887

111 81

173

3 Jveshtha.

28.788

264

90

5 Srftvapa.

297

6 Bhfidrapada.

29.475

'; Plavniiga No. 41 wan suppressed in the .N'orlh.

THE HfNDU CALENDAR. TABLE 1.

Ixxiii

(Col. 23) (1 -

= Disliiiire

of moon from

sun.

(Col

24)

b =

moon's mean unoniiili/. (Col. 25

) '• =

= suns menn 1

n„ma

('/■

III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Solar ycai'.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil da;

of Chaitra Sukla 1st.)

(Time "f "'" Af—l'n iioiil-i-

nti ^

At Sunrise on meridian ol Ujjaln.

Day

and Month.

A. D

Day

and Month.

A. D.

Week day.

Moon's Age.

a.

b.

c.

Kali.

Week day.

By the A17 Siddh&nta.

ly the Surya SiddhJnta.

a

1

■si

II

Gh.

Pa.

H.

M.

Gh.

Pa.

H.

M.

5 ^

13

14

15

17

15a

17a

19

20

21

22

23

24

26

1

27 Mar.

86)..

2 Mon.. . .

5

19

2

7

9

31

3

48

27 Mar. (86). .

2 Mon...

200

.600

26

462

279

4521

26 Mar.

(86)..

3 Tue3....

20

50

8

20

25

2

10

1

13 Mar. (75). .

6 Fri

172

.516

9902

309

248

4522

26 Mar.

(85). .

4 Wed....

30

21

14

32

40

34

16

14

4 Mar. (63)..

3 Tues....

35

.105

9778

156

217

4523

26 Slar.

(85)..

5 Thar. . .

51

52

20

43

36

6

22

26

23 Mar. (82)..

2 Mon...

29

.087

9812

92

269

4524

27 Mar.

(86). .

0 Sat

7

24

2

57

11

37

4

39

13 Mar. (72)..

0 Sat

146

.438

27

976

241

4325

26 Mar.

(86)..

1 Sun

22

55

9

10

27

9

10

51

2 Mar. (62)..

5 Thur.. .

275

.823

241

860

213

4526

26 Ma.-.

85)..

2 Mon...

38

26

13

22

42

40

17

4

21 Mar. (80)..

4 Wed ...

282

.846

276

795

264

4527

26 Mar.

(85)..

3 Tues....

33

57

21

35

58

12

23

17

10 Mar. (69)..

1 Sun

182

.546

151

643

233

4528

27 Mar.

86)..

5 Thur. . .

9

29

3

47

13

43

3

29

27 Feb. (38)..

5 Thur. . .

179

.537

27

490

202

4529

26 Mar.

86)..

6 Fri

23

0

10

0

29

15

11

42

17 Mar. (77)..

4 Wed. . . .

265

.795

62

426

233

4530

26 Mar.

83)..

0 Sat

40

31

16

12

44

46

17

54

6 Mar. (65)..

1 Sun

216

.648

9937

273

223

4531

26 Mar.

85)..

1 San

56

2

22

25

to

18

to

7

25 Mar. (84)..

0 Sat

248

.744

9972

209

274

4532

27 Mar.

86)..

3 Tues. . .

11

34

4

37

15

49

6

20

14 Mar. (73)..

4 Wed....

37

.111

9848

56

243

4533

26 Mar.

86)..

4 Wed. . . .

27

5

10

50

31

21

12

32

3 Mar. (63)..

2 Mon

151

.453

62

940

215

4534

26 Mar.

85)..

5 Thar. . .

42

36

17

2

46

52

18

43

22 Mar. (81)..

1 Sun...

139

.417

97

876

266

4533

26 Mar.

85)..

6 Fri

58

7

23

15

t2

24

to

57

12 Mar. (71)..

6 Fri

311

.933

311

759

238

4336

27 Mar.

86)..

1 Sun

13

39

.5

27

17

53

7

10

1 Mar. (60). .

3 Tues. . . .

242

.726

187

606

207

4337

26 Mar.

86)..

2 Mon. . . .

29

10

11

40

33

27

13

23

19 Mar. (79)..

2 Hon....

324

972

221

542

259

4538

26 Mar.

85)..

3 Tues....

44

41

17

52

48

58

19

35

8 Mar. (67).

6 Fri

327

.981

97

390

228

4339

27 Mar.

86)..

3 Thui-. . .

0

12

0

5

4

30

1

48

26 Mar. (85)..

4 Wed....

70

.210

9793

289

276

4540

27 Maiv

86)..

6 Fri

15

44

6

17

20

1

8

1

16 Mar. (75)..

2 Mon. . . .

272

.816

8

173

248

4541

26 Mar.

86)..

0 Sat

31

15

12

30

33

33

14

.13

4 Mar. (64)..

6 Fri

42

.126

9883

20

218

4542

26 Mar.

85)..

1 Sun....

46

46

18

42

51

4

20

26

23 Mar. (82)..

5 Thui-...

19

.057

9918

956

269

4543

27 Mar.

86)..

3 Tues....

2

17

0

55

6

36

2

38

13 Mar. (72)..

3 Tues....

154

.462

132

840

241

4544

27 Mar.

86)..

4 Wed....

17

49

7

7

22

8

8

51

2 Mar. (61)..

0 Sat

21

.063

8

687

210

4343

26 Mar.

86)..

5 Thur.. .

33

20

13

20

37

39

15

4

20 Mar. (80)..

6 Fri

85

.255

43

623

261

4546

26 Mar.

85)..

6 Fi-i

48

31

19

32

53

11

21

16

9 Mar. (68)..

3 Tues....

84

.252

9918

470

230

4547

27 Mar.

86)..

1 Sun...

4

22

1

45

8

42

3

29

26 Feb. (57)..

0 Sat

65

.195

9794

317

200

4548

27 Mar.

86)..

2 Mon... .

19

54

7

57

24

14

9

41

17 Mar. (76)..

6 Fri

109

.327

9829

253

251

4549

26 Mar.

86)..

3 Tues...

35

25

14

10

39

45

13

54

fi Mar. (66)..

4 Wed....

290

.870

43

137

223

4350

26 Mar.

85)..

4 Wed. . . .

50

56

20

22

55

17

22

7

25 Mar. (84)..

3 Tues...

280

.840

78

73

274

4551

27 Mar.

86)..

6 Fri

6

27

2

35

10

48

4

19

14 Mar. (73)..

0 Sat

25

.075

9953

920

243

4552

27 Mar.

86)..

0 Sat

21

39

8

47

26

20

10

32

4 Mar. (63)..

5 Thur. . .

177

.531 168

1

803

215 43531

t See footnote p. liii abov

Ixxiv

THE INDIAN CALENDAR

TABLE 1.

•iliaii-jHirl.i =r 10,0UU//i.s of ii rircle. A tillii 3= '/.wM nf the moon's lynodic rerolutii.n.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

11. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS

Kali.

Saka.

"S 1

1

s

Kollam.

A. 1).

Samvatsara.

True.

l,uni-Solar

cycle. (Southern.)

Brihaspati

cycle (Northern)

current at Mesha sankrAnti.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding sankrAnti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding SRiikrinli

expressed iu

3

S

s ^

P

1

2

3

3a

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4.'>,">4 4555 4556 4557 4558 4559 4560 4561 4562 4563 4564 4565 4566 4567 4568 4569 4570 4571 4572 4.573 4574 4575 4576

4577

4.578 4579 4580 4581

4582 4683 45K4

1375 1376 1377 1378 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397

1398

1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1 405

1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1532

1533

1534 1535 1.536 1537 1538 1.539 1540

8.59 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881

882

883

884 885 886 887 888 KH!I

627-28 628-29 629-30 630-31 631-32 632-33 633-34 634-35 635-36 636-37 637-38 638-39 639-40 640-41 641-42 642-43 643-44 644-45 645-46 646-47 647-48 648-49 649-50

650-51

051-52 652-53 653-54 654-55 655-56 656-57 657-58

* 1452-53 1453-54 1454-55 1455-56

♦1456-57 1457-58 1458-59 1459-60

•1460-61 1461-62 1462-63 1463-64

•1464-65 1465-66 1466-67 1467-68

•1468-69 1469-70 1470-71 1471-72

•1472-73 1473-74 1474-75

147.5-76

•1476-77 1477-78 1478-79 1479-80

•1480-81 1481-82 1482-83

6 Aiigiras

7 Srimukba

8 Bhava

9 Yuvan

10 Dhatri

11 Isvava

12 BahudhuDva . .

13 Pramath'm

14 Vikrama. ....

15 Vrisha

16 Chitrabhanu . .

17 Subhanu

18 Tarawa

19 Parthiva

20 Vyaya

21 Sarvajit

22 Sarvadhariu . .

23 Virodhin

24 Vikrita .

13 Pramfithin.. .

14 Vikrama

15 Vri»ha

3 Jyeshtha

9764

29.292

338

1.014

17 Subhanu

8 Karttika

9971

29.913

84

0.252

19 Parthiva

20 Vyaya

21 Sarv.ijit

5 SrSvaua

9750

29 . 250

485

1.455

22 Sarvadbfirin. . .

'

23 Virodhin

24 Vikrita

4 .\shadha ....

9836

29.508

626

1.878

26 Nandana

27 Vijaya

1 Chaitra

9712

29.136

21

0.063

28 Java

6 UhadrapaJa..

9983

29.949

433

1.299

29 Manmatha.

30 Durmukha. . . .

31 Hemalamba.. .

4 .\$hi'iilba ....

9342

28.026

164

0.492

25 Khara

26 Nandana

27 Vijaya

28 Java

29 Manmntlm....

30 Burniukha. . . .

31 Hemalamba...

32 Vilamba

33 VikArin

34 Sflrvari

35 Plava

36 Sublmkrit ....

33- VikArin

34 SArvari

35 Plava

3 Jyeshtha

9959

29.877

507

1.521

36 Subhakrit . . . J

7 Asvina

11 M,!(ilia(Ksh.)

12 PhAlgiiaa, . . ,

9902

16

9990

29.706 0.048 29.970

121

9990 131

0.3631 29.970 O.393I

39 VisvAvasu

40 Parftbhava.. . .

5 Sravaua

9712

29.136

516

1.548

42 Kilakn

43 Saumva

4 .\8hAaha ....

9974

29.922

661

1.988

iCol. 2:i) ,1 = Distann- of

THE HIXDU CALEMhlK.

TABLE 1.

front .11111. I Co/. •2i) h rr Mooii'.i uieiiii iiiiomiili/. (Col. 25)

Ixxv

fiati/.

111. COMMENCEMKNT OF TUB

Luni-Soliu' year. (Civil day of Chaitra .Siiltla Ist)

Day

and Monti

A. D.

(Time of the Mcshii sankrAnli )

Week dav.

By the Aiy^i Siddhilntn.

By the Surya Siddhanta.

Day >d .Month A. I).

Wfi'k

At Hanriso <iii meridian of UJJalD

Moon's Age.

13

14

15

17

17a

19

20

23

25

26 Mar.

26 Mar.

27 Mar. 27 Mar. 26 Mar.

26 Mar.

27 Mar.

27 Mai-.

26 Mar.

28 Mar.

27 Mar. 27 Mar. 26 Mar.

26 Mar.

27 Mar. 27 JIar.

26 Mar.

27 Mar. 27 Mar. 27 Mar.

26 Mar.

27 Mar. 27 Mar.

26 Mar.

27 Mar. 27 Mar. 27 Mar.

26 Mar.

27 Mar. 27 Mar.

86)

1 SUD. .

2 Mod.

4 Wed.

5 Thur,

6 Fri... 0 Sat. . .

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

0 Sat. . .

1 Siin..

2 Mon.

3 Tues. .5 Thur.

6 Fri. . . 0 Sat. . .

2 .Mon.

3 Tues. i Wed. 5 Thur.

0 Sat...

1 Sun . .

3 Tues.

5 Thur.

6 Fi-i...

0 Sat. . .

1 Sun. .

3 Tues..

4 Wed .

50 0

.5 31

21 2

36 34

52 5

7 36

23 7

54 28

U oil

25 31

41 2

5f, 34

12 5

27 37

22 .Mar. 11 Mar. 28 Feb. 19 Mar.

7 Mar. 26 Mar.

16 Mar. 5 Mar.

23 Mar.

13 Mar. 2 Mar.

21 Mar. 9 .Mar.

26 Feb.

17 Mar. 7 JIar.

25 Mar.

14 Mar. 4 Mar.

22 Mar. 10 Mar.

27 Feb.

18 .Mar.

26 Mar. 16 Mar.

5 Mar. 24 Mar. 12 Mar.

1 Mar. 20 Mar.

:82). .

70).. 59)..

78).. 67).. 85).. 75)..

:64). .

83)..

72)..

61). .

80)..

69)..

57)..

76)..

66)..

85)..

73)..

63)..

81)..

70).

58)..

77)..

67) .

86).. 75).. 64).. 83).. 72).. 60).. 79)..

4 Wed.. 1 Sun . .

5 Thur.

4 Wed..

1 Sun . .

0 Sat.. .

5 Thnr.

2 Mon. .

1 Sun..

6 Fri. . .

3 Tues..

2 Mon.. 6 Fri...

3 Tues..

2 Mon. .

0 tat. . . 6 Fri...

3 Tufs .

1 Sun. . 6 Fri. . . 3 Tues.. 0 Sat. . . 6 Fri...

3 Tues. 1 Sun.. 5 Thur.

4 Wed. 1 Sun..

5 Thur. 4 Wed.

202

78

9954

9988

9864

9899

113

9989

23

238

114

148

24

9900

9934

149

183

59

273

9969

9845

9721

9755

4

219

94

129

5

9880

9915

267 4554 230 4555 205 4556

4557 4558 4559 4560 4561 4562 4563 4564 4565 4566 4567 4568 4569 4570 4571 4572 4573 4574 4575 4576

14577

4578 4579 4580 4581 4582 208 4583 259 4584

Sec footnote p. liii above.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

[.Hiiiitiihi-pitrls zr lO.OOOMs of a circle. A /Mi =r 'liot/i of IJie moon's si/nodic revolulioii.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAK MONTHS.

3a

5

True.

Luni-Sular

cycle. (Southern.)

6

Brihaspati

cycle

(Northern)

current

at Mesha

sankrauti.

Name ()f month.

Time of the preceding sauki'anti

expressed in

10

Time of the succeeding saiikrlnti

expressed in

11

4.585

4586

4587

4588

4589

4590

4591

4592

4593

4594

4595

4596

4597

4598

4599

4600

4C01

H'Mi

4003

4(104

4005

4606

4607

4008

4609

4010

401 1

4012

4613

4614

4615

4616

4617

1407

1408

1409

1410

1411

1412

1413

1414

1415

1416

1417

1418

1419

1420

1421

1422

1423

1424

1425

1426

1427

1428

1429

1430

1431

1432

1433

1434

1435

1436

1437

1438

1542

1543

1544

154

1546

1547

1548

1549

1550

1551

1552

1553

1554

155

1556

1557

1558

1559

1560

1561

1502

1503

1564

1565

1506

1507

1508

15

1570

1571

1572

1573

899

900

901

90:

903

904

90

906

907

908

909

910

911

912

913

914

91

910

917

918

919

920

921

658-59

659-60

660-61

061-62

062-63

663-64

664-65

665-66

666-67

667-68

068-69

609-70

670-71

671-72

672-73

673-74

674-75

675-76

676-77

677-78

678-79

679-80

680-81

081-82

682-83

083-84

684-85

685-80

686-87

687-88

688-89

689-90

690-9 1

1483-

1484-

1485-

1486-

1487-

^488-

1489-

1490-

1491-

■1492-

1493-

1494-

1495-

•1496-

1497-

1498-

1499-

1500-

1501-

1502-

1503-

1504-

1505-

1506-

1507-

■1508-

1.509-

1510-

1511-

'1512-

1513

1514

1515

37 Sobhana

38 Krodhin

39 Visvavasu. . .

40 Parabhava.. .

41 Plavai'iga ....

42 Kilaka.. . . .

43 Saumya,. . . .

44 Sadharana . .

45 Virodhakrit..

46 Paridhavin . .

47 Pramadin . . .

48 Anauda

49 Rakshasa

50 Anala .....

51 Piiigala

52 Killayukta .

53 Siddharthiu . .

54 Raudra

155 Dunnati

56 Dundubhi. . . .

57 RudhirodirArin

58 Raktuksha

59 Krodhana . . . .

60 Kshaya

1 Prabhava

2 Vibhava

3 Sukla

4 Pramoda

5 Prajilpati

6 Ai'igiras

7 Srimukha ...

8 Bhftva

9 Vuvan

44 Sadharana. . . . Virodhakrit.. .

46 ParidhSvin . . .

47 Pramadin ....

48 Ananda

49 Rakshasa

50 Anala

51 Piiigala

Kalayukta. . . .

53 Siddharthiu . .

54 Raudra

55 Dai-mati

56 Dundubhi . . . .

57 Rudhirodgurin

58 Raktaksha . . . .

59 Krodhana . . .

60 Kshaya

1 Prabhava

2 Vikhava

3 Sukla

4 Pramoda

5 Prajapati .... 0 Aiigiras

7 Srimukha . . ,

8 Bhfiva

9 Yuvan

10 Dhatri

11 isvara

1 2 BahudhAnya .

13 Pramftthin.. .

14 Vikrama ...

15 Vrishal)

, 17 SuljhAmi.

5 Sravaoa.

6 Bhadrapada.

9679

27.777

28.770

5 Sravatia

6 Bhadrapada

137 145

1) Chitrahhiinu, No. 10, «a

M.ppi

rill.

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

Ixxvii

(Vol 2:i) a z

= DUUtnr,-

of moon J

'mm

<w^/.

(Col

21)

h —

moon's iiiedn tinnmuli/. (Col. 2

5) <• =

=: .suii'.i iiieaii aiwuiiili/.

III. COMMENCExMENT OF THE

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ist.)

'Time

Uf th" ^lo°l>« aD^Irl^ntl \

At Sunrise on meridian of UJjaln.

Day

aiu' Mond,

i. U.

Day

and Month

A. D.

Week day.

Moon's Age.

24

25

Kali.

Wixk (la.v.

By the .\rya Siddhdnta.

By the Sui-j Siddh^nfa.

a

II

Gh.

Pa.

H.

M.

Gh.

Pa.

H.

M.

13

14

15

17

15a

17a

19

20

21

22

23

1

■in Mai (86)..

5 Thur. . .

38

39

15

27

43

8

17

15

9 Mar. (68). .

1 Sun...

49

.147

9791

161

228

4585

26 Mai (8G)..

6 Fri

.54

10

21

40

58

40

23

28

27 Feb. (58)..

6 Fri....

187

.561

5

44

200

4586

■27 Mar (86)..

1 Sun

9

41

3

52

14

12

5

41

17 Mar. (76)..

5 Thur. .

162

.486

40

980

251

4587

27 Mai. (86)..

2 Mou ...

25

12

10

5

29

43

11

53

7 Mar. (66)..

3 Tues...

289

.867

254

864

223

4588

27 Mai. (86)..

3 Tues. . . .

40

44

16

17

45

15

18

6

26 Mar. (85)..

2 Mon...

296

.888

289

800

275

4589

26 Mai (86)..

4 Wed....

56

15

22

30

to

46

to

18

14 Mar. (74)..

6 Fri....

194

.582

165

647

244

4590

27 Mai (86)..

6 Kri

n

46

4

42

16

18

6

31

3 Mar. (62). .

3 Tnes...

187

.561

40

494

213

4591

27 Mai (86)..

0 Sat

27

17

10

55

31

49

12

44

22 Mar. (81)..

2 Mon...

275

.825

75

430

264

4592

27 Mai (86). .

1 Sun

42

49

17

7

47

21

18

56

11 Mar. (70). .

6 Fri. . . .

229

.687

9951

277

234

4593

26 Mai (86)..

2 Mon....

58

20

23

20

t2

52

tl

9

28 Feb. (59)..

3 Tues...

68

.204

9826

125

203

4.594

27 Mai (86)..

4 Wed....

13

51

5

32

18

24

7

21

18 Mar. (77)..

2 Mon...

54

.162

9861

61

254

4595

27 Mai (86)..

5 Thur...

29

22

11

45

33

55

13

34

8 Mar. (67)..

0 Sat. . . .

166

.498

75

944

226

4596

27 Mar. (86). .

6 Fri

44

54

17

57

49

27

19

47

27 Mar. (86)..

6 Fri....

155

.465

110

880

277

4597

27 Mar. (86). .

1 Sun. . . .

0

25

n

10

4

58

1

59

16 Mar. (76)..

4 Wed...

324

.972

324

764

249

4598

27 Mar. (86)..

2 Mon....

15

56

6

22

20

30

8

12

5 Mar. (64)..

1 Sun. . .

250

750

200

611

218

4599

27 Kar. (86). .

3 Tues. . . .

31

27

12

35

36

1

14

25

23 Mar. (82)..

6 Fri. . . .

26

.078

9896

511

267

4600

27 Jiai-. (86)..

4 Wed....

46

59

18

47

51

33

20

37

12 Mar. (71)..

3 Tues...

21

.063

9772

358

236

4601

27 Itai-. (87)..

6 Fri

2

30

1

0

7

4

2

50

1 Mar. (61). .

1 Sun...

268

.804

9986

241

208

4602

27 >:ar. (86)..

0 Sat

18

1

7

12

22

36

9

2

20 Mar. (79)..

0 Sat

288

.864

21

181

259

4603

27 Wai-. (86)..

1 Sun . . . .

33

32

13

25

38

7

15

15

9 Mar. (68)..

4 Wed...

(il

.183

9896

29

228

4604

27 Mar. (86)..

2 Mon. . . .

49

4

19

37

53

39

21

28

27 Feb. (58). .

2 Mon...

180

..540

111

912

200

4605

27 Mar. (87)..

4 Wed...

4

35

1

50

9

10

3

40

17 Mar. (77). .

1 Sun..

171

.513

145

848

252

4606

27 Mar. (86)..

5 Thur. . .

20

6

8

2

24

42

9

53

6 Mar. (65)..

5 Thur..

31

.093

21

695

221

4607

27 Mar. (86)..

6 Fri

35

37

14

15

40

13

16

5

25 Mar. (84)..

4 Wed...

93

.279

56

631

272

4608

27 Mar. (86). .

0 Sat

51

y

20

27

55

45

22

18

14 Mar. (73)..

1 Sun...

90

270

9931

479

241

4609

27 Mar. (87). .

2 Mon....

G

40

2

40

11

17

4

31

2 Mar. (62)..

5 Thur. .

74

.222

9807

326

210

4610

27 Mar. (86). .

3 Tues...

22

11

8

52

26

48

10

43

21 Mar. (80)..

4 Wed...

122

.366

9842

262

262

4611

27 Mar. (86)..

4 Wed....

37_

42

15

5

42

20

16

56

11 Mar. (70)..

2 Mon. . .

307

.921

56

145

234

4612

27 Mar. (86). .

5 Thur. . .

53

14

21

17

57

51

23

8

28 Feb. (59)..

6 Fri....

68

.204

9932

992

203

4613

27 Mar. (87). .

0 Sat

8

45

3

30

13

23

5

21

18 Mar. (78)..

5 Thur..

45

.135

9967

928

254

4614

27 Mar. (86). .

1 Sun. . . .

24

16

9

42

28

54

11

34

8 Mar. (67)..

3 Tues...

192

.576

181

812

226

4615

27 Mar. (86)..

2 Mon...

39

47

15

55

44

2B

17

46

27 Mar. (86)..

2 Mon. .

217

.651

216

748

277

4616

27 Mar. (SCi..

3 Turs....

55

19

22

7

59

57

23

59

16 Mar. (75). .

C Fri....

152

.456

91

595

247

4617

t See footnote p. liii above.

Ixxviii THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TAlJliK I.

Liiniilio)i-iiUi-ts = lO.OOOMi of a rirele. A tithi = '/aoM of the moon's synodic revotulion.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. .\DDED LUNAR MONTHS.

3a

Trne.

Luni-.Salar

oyclc. (Southern.)

6

cycle

(Northern)

current

at Mesha

saukrauti.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding sankrAnti

expressed in

Time of the succeeding sankrSnfi

cxpresscil in

1-^ C.

11 12

4f)18 4fil9

tCc'l Wii

4623

4624 4625 462(1 4627 4628 462!) KiliO 4631 4632 4633 4634 4635 4636 4637 4638 463'J 4640 4641

4642

1439 1440 1441 1442 1443

1444

1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 1457 1458 1459 1460 1461 1462

1463

4643 1464 4644 1465

464

4646

4647

464K

1460 1467 1408 1469

1574 1575 1576 1577 1578

1579

1580

1581

1582

1583

1584

158,

1586

1587

1588

1589

1590

1591

1592

1593

1594

1595

1596

1597

115

1599 1000 1601 1602 1003 1604

923 924 925 926 927

928

929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946

947

948 949 950 951 952 953

691- 92

692- 93

693- 94

694- 95

695- 96

696- 97

697- 98

698- 99 699-700

700- 1

701- 2

702- 3

703- 4

704- 5

705- 6

706- 7

707- 8

708- 9

709- 10

710- 11

711- 12

712- 13

713- 14

714- 15

715- 16

716- 17

717- 18

718- 19

719- 20

720- 21

721- 22

•1516-17 1517-18 1518-19 1519-20

•1520-21

1521-22

1522-23 1523-24

»1524-25 1525-26 1526-27 1527-28

*1528-29 1529-30 1530-31 1531-32

*1 532-33 1533-34 1534-35 1535-36

•1536-37 1537-38 1538-39 1539-40

•1540-41

1541-42 1542-43 1543-44 •1544-45 1545-46 1540-47

10 Dhatn

11 Isvara

12 Bahudhanya .

13 Pramathin...

14 Vikrama . . . .

15 Vrisha

16 Chitrabhilim.

17 .SubhAuu

18 Tiiraiia

19 Parthiva

20 Vyaya

21 Sarvajit

22 Sarvadhru'in .

23 Virodhin....

24 Viknta

25 Khara

i& Nandana ...

27 Vijaya

28 Jaya

29 Manmatlm. .

30 Uurmukha.

31 Hemalamba

32 Vilamba . . . 83 Vikfirin

34 SHrvari .

18 Taraua...

19 Parthiva.

20 Vyaya . . .

21 Sarrajit..

22 Sarvadhar

23 Virodhin..

4 Vikrita . . . .

25 Khara

6 Nandana . . .

27 Vijaya

28 Jaya

29 Manmatha. .

30 Durnuikha .

31 Hemalainba

32 Vilamba...

33 Vikurin. . .

34 Survari ... Plava

36 Subhaki-it .

37 Sobhana . .

38 Krodhin. . .

39 Visvilvaau .

40 Farabhava.

41 PlaTanga. .

35 Plava

36 Subhakrit . . .

37 Sobhana

38 Krodhin

89 VisvUvasu . . .

40 I'arlibhava ..

3 Jveshtha .

8 KarCtika .

9 Mdrgas.(Ksh.) 2 Vaiiikha.

6 Bliadi'apada .

6 Bhadrapada..

9756

458 1.374

9961 12

42 Kilaka.

48 Saumya. . . .

44 SildhfiraQa. .

45 Virodhakrit.

46 ParidhJfin .

47 Pnimi'idin . .

48 .\nanda

3 Jveshtlia .

7 A?vina. . . 10 l'ausl,a(Kah.) 1 Chaitra . .

5 Srilvava.

9649

9704

96

9847

9348

29.883 0.036 29.967

12 0.036]

9911 29.733}

558 1.674

616 I 1.848

29.748

J.947

29.112 0.288 29.541

60

9948

65

0.747

0.1801 29.844) 0.195

{Co/. 33) ./ = Dhliiiirc of moon /,■

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLP] 1.

II. {Cil. 21) /j nr hioon's mean iiHniiiiilj/. {Cut. 25)

Ixxix

pj'.v iiieiiii II noiniilij .

111. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil da;

of Chaitra Sukla Ist.)

(Tim(

«1° the Meoho ooAki-Anti 1

At Sunrise on meridian of tJJJaln.

Dav

and Month

A. D.

Day and Month

Week day.

Moon's

As;e.

a.

b.

c.

Kali.

Week (lay.

By the .\r)

Siddhftntn.

a

By the Silrya Siddbanta.

Jl

li

Gh.

Pa.

H.

M.

Gh.

Pa.

H.

M.

y

13

14

15

17

15a

17a

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

1

27 Mar.

87)..

.5 Thur. . .

10

50

4

20

15

29

6

11

4 Mar. (64)..

3 Tues....

158

.474

9967

442

216

4618

27 Mar.

86)..

6 Fri

2fi

21

10

32

31

0

12

24

23 Mar. (82)..

2 Mod....

239

.717

2

378

267

4619

27 Mar.

86)..

0 Sat

41

52

16

45

46

32

18

37

12 .Mar. (71)..

6 Fri

155

.465

9877

226

236

4620

27 Mar.

86)..

1 Sun....

57

24

22

57

t2

3

to

49

2 Mar. (61)..

4 Wed....

323

.969

92

109

208

4621

27 Mar.

87)..

3 Tues....

12

55

5

10

17

35

7

2

20 Mar. (80). .

3 Tues....

306

.918

126

45

259

4622

27 -Mar.

86)..

4 Wed....

2S

26

11

22

33

fi

13

15

9 Mar. (68)..

0 Sat

53

.159

2

892

229

4623

27 Mar.

86)..

5 Thur...

43

•57

17

35

48

38

19

27

27 Feb. (58)..

5 Thur...

221

.663

216

776

201

4624

27 Mar.

86)..

6 Fri

.59

29

23

47

t4

9

tl

40

18 Mar. (77)..

4 Wed....

255

.765

251

712

252

4625

27 Mar.

87)..

1 Suu

1.5

0

6

0

19

41

7

52

C Mar. (66)..

1 Sun

217

.651

127

5.59

221

4626

27 Mar.

86)..

2 Men....

30

31

12

12

35

12

14

5

25 Mar. (84)..

0 Sat

306

.918

161

495

272

4627

27 Mar.

86)..

3 Tues... .

46

2

18

25

50

44

20

IH

14 Mar. (73)..

4 Wed....

294

.882

37

342

241

4628

28 Mar.

87)..

5 Thur...

1

34

0

37

()

15

2

30

3 Mar. (62)..

1 Suu ....

185

. 555

9913

189

211

4629

27 Mar

87)..

6 Fri

17

5

6

50

21

47

8

43

21 Mar. (81)..

0 Sat

187

.561

9947

125

262

4630

27 Mai-.

86)..

0 Sat

32

36

13

2

37

19

14

55

11 Mar. (70)..

5 Thur. . .

310

.930

162

9

234

4631

27 Mar.

86)..

1 Sun....

48

7

19

15

52

50

21

8

28 Feb. (59)..

2 Mon...

70

.210

37

856

203

4632

28 Mar.

87)..

3 Tues....

3

39

1

27

8

22

3

21

19 Mar. (78)..

1 Sun

77

.231

72

792

254

4633

27 Mar.

87)..

4 Wed...

19

10

7

40

23

53

9

33

8 Mar. (68). .

6 Fi-i

301

.903

286

675

226

4634

27 Mar.

86)..

5 Thur. . .

34

41

13

52

39

25

15

46

26 Mar. (85)..

4 Wed....

58

.174

9982

575

275

4635

27 Mar.

86)..

6 Fri

50

12

20

5

54

56

21

58

15 Mar. (74)..

1 Sun

64

.192

9858

422

244

4636

28 Mar.

87)..

1 Sun

5

44

2

17

10

28

4

11

4 Mar. (63)..

5 Thur...

15

.045

9734

270

213

4637

27 Mar.

87)..

2 Mon....

21

15

8

30

25

59

10

24

22 Mar. (82)..

4 Wed. . . .

44

.132

9769

206

265

4638

27 Mar.

86)..

3 Tues...

30

46

14

42

41

31

16

36

12 Mar. (71)..

2 Mon....

197

.591

9983

89

236

4639

27 Mar.

86)..

4 Wed...

52

17

20

55

57

2

22

49

2 Mar. (61)..

0 Sat

315

.945

197

973

208

4640

28 Mar.

87)..

6 Fri

7

49

3

7

12

34

•'

2

21 Mar. (80)..

6 Fri

296

.888

232

909

260

4641

|27 Mar.

87)..

0 Sat

23

20

9

20

28

5

11

14

9 Mar. (69)..

3 Tues. . . .

108

.324

108

756

229

4642

27 Mar.

86)..

1 Sun. . . .

38

51

15

32

43

37

17

27

2(1 Feb. (57). .

0 Sat

41

.123

9983

603

198

4643

27 Mar.

86)..

2 Mou....

54

22

21

45

59

8

23

39

17 Mar. (76). .

6 Fri

124

.372

18

539

249

4644

28 Mar.

87)..

4 Wed.. .

9

54

3

57

14

4(1

5

52

6 Mar. (65)..

3 Tues. . . .

127

.381

9894

386

218

4645

27 Mar.

87)..

5 Thur...

25

25

10

10

30

11

12

5

24 Mar. (84)..

2 .Mon..,.

194

..582

9928

322

270

4646

27 Mar.

86)..

6 Fri ... .

40

56

16

22

45

43

18

17

13 .Mar. (72)..

6 Fri

67

.201

9804

169

239

4647

27 Mar.

86)..

0 Sat

SC.

27

22

35

tl

14

II

30

3 Mar. ifi2). .

4 Wed....

206

.filS

IS

53

211

41)48

t See footnote )). li

Ix.xx

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

Lii,i(ilio,i-jjiiiis = Kl.OOflM.v of II ririli: A titlii = ','3oM nf Ihr moon'!' si/,iijJii- ncoliilwii.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

g

^

-;^—

= 2

'^^

ZJ>

3

3a

1605

954

1606

955

1607

956

1608

957

1609

958

1610

959

1611

960

1612

961

1613

962

IfiU

963

1615

964

1616

965

1617

966

1618

967

16iy

968

1620

969

1621

970

1622

971

1623

972

1621

973

1625

974

1626

975

1627

976

1628

977

1629

978

1630

979

1631

980

1632

981

1633

982

163+

983

1635

984

1636

985

1637

986

5

True.

Liini-Solai'

i-yclc. (Southern.)

6

Brihaspati

cycle

(Northern)

current

at Mesha

sanki'anti.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding saiikranti

expressed in

Time of the snccecding saiikraDti

expressed in

11

4650

4651

4552

4653

4654

465

4656

4657

4658

4659

4660

4661

4662

4663

4664

4665

4666

4667

4668

4669

4670

4671

4672

4673

4674

4675

4676

4677

4678

4679

4680

WlKl

1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 M82 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1499 1.500 l.-.Ol 15(12

722-23 723-24 724-25 725-26 726-27 727-28 728-29 729-30 730-31 731-32 732-33 733-34 734-35 735-36 736-37 737-38 738-39 739-40 740-41 741-42 742-43 743-44 744-45 745-46 746-47 747-48 748-49 749-50 750-51 751-52 752-53 753-54 754-55

1547-48

•1548-49 1549-50 1550-51 1551-52

•1552-53 1553-54 1554-55 1555-56

•15.56-57 1557-58 1558-59 1559-60

•1560-61 1.561-62 1562-63 1563-64

•1564-65 1565-66 1566-67 1567-68

'1568-69 1569-70 1570-71 1571-72

•1572-73 1573-74 1574-75 1575-76

•1576-77 1577-78 1578-79 1.579-SO

41 Plavauga

42 Kilaka

43 Saumja

44 Sadharaiia . . . .

45 Virodhakril.. .

46 Paridhavin . . .

47 Pramadin . . . .

48 Ananda

49 Rakshasa

50 Auala

51 Piiigala

52 Kaiayukta

53 SiddhSrthin . .

54 Raudra

55 Durmati

56 Uundubhi. . . .

57 Rudhirodgiifiu

58 Raktuksha.. . .

59 Krudhaua . . . .

60 Kshaya

1 Prabhava

2 Vibhava

3 Sukla

4 Pramoda

5 PiTijapati

6 Ai'igivas

7 Snmukha . . . .

8 lihfiva

9 Yuvan

10 Dhatn

11 l^varu

12 Rahudhfinya . .

13 Pruiuathin . . .

Rakshasa

Anala

Piiigala

Kalayukta. . . . SiddhSrthin.. .

Raudra

Buvmati

Dundubhi. . . . Rudhirodgarin Raklaksha.. . .

Krodhana

Kshaya

Prabhava

Vibhava

Sukla

Pramoda

Prajapati

Aiigiras

Srimukha . . . .

BhAva

Yuvau

Dhatfi

Isvara

Bahudhunya . . PraraSthin. . . .

Viki-ama

Vrisha

Chitrabhiinu . .

Subhinu

Tilrana

Pfirthiva

Vyaya

.Sarvajit

2 Vaisakha.

6 Bhadrapada.

4 Ashiidha .

3 Jveshtha .

7 Abvina.

Sravaya .

6 Bhadrapada.

4 Ashadhn.

28.677

28.431

394 63

753

129 126

THE HINDU CALENDAR. Ixxxi

TABLE I.

(Col. 2.'{) (/ ^ IHstiimc of moon from snii. (Col. )l\) h :=: moon's menu nnomnli/. iCnI. 25) r =: xun's mean nnomnli/.

JII. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)

Day

ami Month

A. D.

(Time of the Mesha sankrfinti.)

Week day.

By the Arya SiddhAnta.

By the Siirja SiddbAnta.

Day

and Montli

A. D.

Wuck dav.

At SanrlM on meridian of UUaln-

Moon's Age.

13

17

17a

19

20

23

24

25

28 .Mar.

87)..

27 Mar.

87)..

27 Mar.

86)..

27 Mar.

86)..

28 Mar.

87)..

27 Mar.

87)..

27 Mar.

86)..

28 Mar.

87)..

28 Mar.

87)..

27 Mar.

87)..

27 Mar.

86)..

28 Mar.

87)..

28 Mar.

87)..

27 Mar.

87)..

27 Mar.

86)..

28 Mar.

87)..

28 Mai-.

(%1). .

27 Mar.

87)..

27 Mar.

(86)..

28 Mar.

(87)..

28 Mar.

(87)..

27 Mar.

(87)..

27 Mar.

(86)..

28 Mar.

(87)..

28 Mar.

(87)..

27 Mar.

(87)..

27 Mar.

(86). .

28 Mar.

(87). .

28 Mar.

(87)..

27 Mai-.

(87)..

27 Mar.

(86)..

28 Mar.

(87). .

28 Mar

(87).

2 Mon. . . .

11

59

4

47

16

46

6

42

3 Tues. . . .

27

30

11

0

32

17

12

55

4 Wed....

43

1

17

12

47

49

19

8

5 Thur...

.58

32

23

25

Yi

21

tl

20

0 Sat

14

4

5

37

18

52

7

33

1 Sun

29

35

11

50

34

24

13

45

2 Mon...

45

f)

18

2

49

55

19

58

4 Wed. ..

0

37

0

15

5

27

2

11

5 Thar. . .

16

9

6

27

20

58

8

23

6 Fri

31

40

12

40

36

30

14

36

0 Sat

47

11

18

52

52

1

20

48

2 Mon....

2

42

1

5

7

33

3

1

3 Taes...

18

14

7

17

23

4

9

14

4 Wed. . . .

33

45

13

30

38

36

15

26

5 Thm-...

49

16

19

42

54

7

21

39

0 Sat

4

47

1

55

9

39

3

52

1 Sun

20

19

8

7

25

10

10

4

2 Mon...

35

50

14

20

40

42

16

17

3 Taes. . . .

51

21

20

32

56

13

22

29

5 Thur...

6

52

2

45

11

45

4

42

6 Fri

22

24

8

57

27

16

10

55

0 Sat

37

55

15

10

42

48

17

7

1 Sun....

53

26

21

22

58

19

23

20

3 Tues. . . .

8

57

3

35

13

51

5

32

4 Wed...

24

29

9

47

29

23

11

45

5 Thur. . .

40

0

16

0

44

54

17

58

6 Fri

55

31

22

12

to

2fi

to

10

1 Sun

11

2

4

25

15

57

6

23

2 Mon...

26

34

10

37

31

29

12

35

3 Tues. . . .

42

5

16

50

47

0

18

48

4 Wed...

57

36

23

2

t2

32

tl

1

6 Fri

13

7

5

15

18

3

7

13

0 Sat

28

39

11

27

33

35

13

26

22 Mar. (81).

11 Mar. (71). 28 Feb. (59).

19 Mar. (78).

8 Mar. (67).

26 Mar. (86).

15 Mar. (74). 4 Mar. (63).

23 Mar. (82).

12 Mar. (72).

2 Mar. (61).

20 Mar. (79).

10 Mar. (69).

27 Mar. (87).

16 Mar. (75).

6 Mar. (65).

25 Mar. (84).

13 Mar (73).

3 Mar. (62).

22 Mar. (81).

11 Mar. (70).

28 Feb. (59). 18 Mar. (77).

7 Mai-. (66).

26 Mar. (85). 15 Mar. (75).

4 Mar. (63).

23 Mar. (82). 13 Mar. (72).

1 Mar. (61). 20 .Mar. (79).

9 Mar. (68). 28 .Mar. (87).

3 Toes....

183

.549

53

989

1 Sun ....

306

.918

267

872

5 Thur. . .

149

.447

143

720

4 Wed....

202

.606

178

656

1 Sun

191

.573

53

503

0 Sat

281

.843

88

439

4 Wed....

240

.720

9964

286

1 Sun

86

.258

9840

133

0 Sat

73

.219

9874

69

5 Thur...

188

..564

89

953

3 Tues....

325

.975

303

836

1 Sun

0-1

— .003

9999

736

6 Fri

258

.774

213

619

4 Wed. . . .

33

.099

9909

519

1 Sun....

29

.087

9785

366

6 Fri

280

.840

9999

2.50

5 Thur. . .

303

.909

34

186

2 Mon. . . .

79

.237

9910

33

0 Sat

196

.588

124

917

6 Fri

287

.861

159

852

3 Tues. . . .

41

.123

34

700

0 Sat

12

.036

9910

547

6 Fri

101

.303

9945

483

3 Taes....

84

.252

9820

330

2 Mon...

134

.402

9855

266

0 Sat

322

.966

69

150

4 Wed...

84

.252

9945

997

3 Tues....

02

.186

9980

933

1 Sun....

206

.618

194

816

5 Thur...

92

.276

70

664

4 Wed. .

162

.486

105

600

1 Sun ....

166

.498

9980

447

0 Hat

250

.750

15

383

4649 4650 4651 4652 4653 4654 4655 4656 4657 4658 4659 4660 4661 4662 4663 4664 4665 4666 4667 4668 4669 4670 4671 4672 4673 4674 4675 4676 4677 4678 4679 4680 4681

t See footnote p. liii

See Text. Art. 101 above, pai-a. 2.

THE IXDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE 1.

I.iiiiiilioii-piiiis =^ V),(UI(l//is of II circli'. A lithi ^ ' nutli itf Ih: mrjim s si/,iudir fticoliiliun .

I. CONCUKKENT YEAR.

11. AUDEU LUNAR MONTHS.

3a

Triic

Ijuni-Solai'

I'jcle. (Southern.)

6

Brihaspati rydc

(Ncirtheni)

fiin'cnl

ul Mesha

sauki-anti.

Name nf innntli.

Time of the

])rice(ling

sankranti

i',\iii-esfed in

9 10 11

Time of the

succeeding

suiikranti

expressed in

B ^

4fi82 4683 4684 468; 4686 4687 4688 4689 4690 4691 4692 4693 4694 4695 4696 4697 4698 4B99 47(10 4701 4702 4703 4704 4705 4706 4707 4708 4709 4710 4711 4712 4713 47 1 4

1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1.524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530 1.531 1532 1533 1534 1535

1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1(170

987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019

755-56 756-57 757-58 758-59 759-60 760-61 761-62 762-63 763-64 764-65 765-66 766-67 767-68 768-69 769-70 770-71 771-72 772-73 773-74 774-75 775-76 776-77 777-78 778-79 779-80 780-81 781-82 782-83 783-84 784-85 785-86 786-87 7W7-KK

'1580- 81

1581- 82

1582- 83

1583- 84 •1584- 85

1585- 86

1586- 87

1587- 88 '1588- 89

1589- 90

1590- 91

1591- 92 '1592- 93

1593- 94

1594- 95

1595- 96 '1596- 97

1597- 98

1598- 99 1599-600

'1600- 1

1601- 2

1602- 3

1603- 4 ■1604- 5

1605- 6

1606- 7

1607- 8 '1608- 9

1609- 10 1810- 11 1611- 12 •1612- 13

) .SuuMlja, .\o

Vikrama . . . .

Vrisha

Chitrabhanu . Siibhi'inu . . . .

Tarana

I'arthiva . . . .

Vyaja

Sarvajit

Sarvailharin . Virodhin . . . .

Vikrita

Khara

Naudana. . . .

Vijava

Jaya

.Maumatha.. . Durmukha . . llemalamba.. Vilamba . . . .

Vikurin

Sartari

Plava

Subhakrit . . .

Sobhana

Krodhin . . . . Visvuvasu . . . ParAbhava.. . Plavaiiga . . . .

Kilaka

Sauniya

Sildhurava . ■ . \irodhakrit.. I'aiiilhnvin . .

nurih.

Sarvadhariu. Virodhin.. .

Vikrita

Khara

Nandana . . .

Vijaya

Java

Manmatha.. Durmukha . Hemalamba. Vilamba.. . .

Vikarin

SSrvari ....

Plava

Sttbhakrit . . Sobhana. . . . Krodhin ... Visvavasu . . Parabhava . . Plavaiiga . . . Kilaka 1).. . Sadharana . . Virodhakrit. Paridhi'iviu . PramAdiu . . Auanda. ... Rftkshasa.. ,

Annla

Piiigala

KAIayuktn. . Siddhilrtbiu

Raudrn

Diiriiiati

9752 29.256

9894 i 29.682

9894 29.682

6 Bhadrapada

9806 29.418

9443 28.329

9753

7 As

9728

9789

6 BhAdrapada.

9997

280 233

375 21

731

THE /i/XDU CAI.F.XDAR.

TABLE I.

{Vol. 2:{) (I = Dislanre of moon from sun. (Col. il) Ij =r iiwonx mean atiomuli/. (Col. 25)

Ixxxiii

^ .tiin'.i mean anomaly.

III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Siikla Ist.)

D..V

niul Miiiit

.\. I).

(Time of tlic Mesha snnkiAiili )

Week (lay.

By the Arya Siddh&nta.

By the Sftrya Siddhanta.

Day

and Month

A. D.

Week

dav.

At Snnrise on meridian of UJJaln.

Moon's Age.

13

14

15

15a

17a

19

20

21

23

25

il Mar -11 Mar. 28 Mar. 28 Mar.

27 Mar.

28 Mar. 28 Mar. 28 Mar.

27 Mar.

28 Mar. 28 Mar. 28 Mar.

27 Mar.

28 Mar. 28 Mar. 28 Mar.

27 Mar.

28 Mar. 28 Mar. 28 Mar.

27 Mar.

28 Mar. 28 Mar. 28 Mar.

27 Mar.

28 Mar. 28 Mar. 28 Mar.

27 Mar.

28 Mar. 28 Mar. 28 Mar. L>S Mar.

,87).. 86)..

:87).. ;87). . :87).. :87).. ;87).. ;87). .

(87). .

:87).. :87)..

(87).. ;87).. :87)..

7)..

7)..

;87)..

7)..

7)..

7).. ;87).. ;87). .

7)..

7).. :87). . (87) . ;87).. :87). . (87). . :87)..

;87).. :87). .

1 Sun..

2 Mod..

4 Wed..

5 Thur.

6 Fri...

1 Sun..

2 Mon..

3 Tues..

4 Wed.. 6 Fri...

0 Sat. . .

1 Sun . .

2 Mon..

4 Wed..

5 Thui-.

6 Fri... 0 Sat...

2 Mon..

3 Tues..

4 Wed..

5 Thur.

0 Sat. . .

1 Sun..

2 Mon .

3 Tues..

5 Thur.

6 Fri...

0 Sat. . .

1 Sun . .

3 Tues..

4 Wed.. .5 Thur. 0 Saf...

38 9 41 12

fi 44 22 1.5 37 47 .53 18

8 50 24 21 39 53 55 25 10 56 26 28 41 59 57 13 28 44 59 15 30 46 tl 17

31 2 34

37 8 40 U 43 14 32 46 48 17 t3 49 19 20 34 52 50 23

16 Mar.

5 Mar.

25 Mar. 14 Mar.

8 Mar.

22 Mar. n Mar. 28 Feb.

18 Mar.

7 Mar.

26 Mar.

16 Mar.

4 Mar.

23 Mar.

13 Mar.

2 Mar.

19 Mar.

8 Mar.

27 Mar.

17 Mar.

6 Mar.

25 Mar.

14 Mar.

3 Mar. 21 Mar. 10 Mai-. 27 Feb.

18 Mar.

7 Mar.

26 Mar. 16 Mar.

5 Mar. 23 Mar.

4 Wed.. 1 Sun..

1 Sun..

5 Thur. 3 Taes..

2 Mon..

6 Fri...

3 Tues..

2 Mon.. 6 Fri...

5 Thur.

3 Tues..

0 Sat. . .

6 Fri...

4 Wed..

1 Sun.. 6 Fri...

3 Tues..

2 Mon..

0 Sat. . .

5 Thur.

4 Wed. .

1 Sun..

5 Thur.

4 Wed..

1 Sun . .

5 Thur. 4 Wed..

2 Men.. 1 Sun..

6 Fri...

3 Tues.. i Mon..

169

0-27

322

70

235

267

226

233

305

198

203

327

85

91

313

293

73

26

59

214

331

312

121

51

133

136

66

82

223

200

323

160

213

507

9890

-.081

9766

966

139

210

15

705

230

801

264

678

140

699

16

915

50

594

9926

609

9961

981

175

255

51

273

85

939

300

879

175

219

9871

078

9747

177

9782

642

9996

993

210

936

245

363

121

153

9997

399

31

408

9907

198

9783

246

9817

669

32

600

66

969

281

480

156

639

191

46S2 4683 4684 4685 4686 4687 4688 4689 4690 4691 4692 4693 4C94 4695 4696 4697 4698 4699 4700 4701 4702 4703 4704 4705 4706 4707 4708 4709 4710 4711 4712 4713 4714

t See footnote p. liii abov

© See Test. Art, 101 nbo

para.

THE TNDTAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

I.uinitwn-parif ^ 1 (l,O00///.v of ii tirrlt: A lithi r= ';.;oM of tin- moon's si/iiodii- retolution.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

C

-.

>.

^ .

Knli

.Siika.

^S^

SJ2

-'23

■■J>

1

2

3

3a

True.

I.mii-Solar

cycle. (Southern.)

:tl

cycle

(Northcru)

current

at Mesha

saiiki'lnti.

Name uf month.

Time of the preceding sankranti

expressed in

10

Time of the succeeding sankranti

expressed in

11

4715

4716

4717

4718

4719

4720

4721

4722

4723

4724

4725

4726

472'

4728

4729

4730

4731

4732

4733

4734

4735

4736

4737

47i

4739

4740

4741

4742

4743

4744

4745

4746

4747

1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1.567 1568

1671

1672

1673

1674

1675

1676

1677

1678

1679

1680

1681

1682

1683

1684

168,

1686

1687

1

1689

1690

1691

1692

1693

1694

169.=

1696

1697

1698

1020

1021

1022

1023

1024

1025

1026

102'

1028

1029

1030

1031

1032

1033

1034

103

1036

1037

1038

1039

1040

1041

1042

1043

1044

1045

1046

1047

1699 1048

1700 10-19

1701 10.50

1702 1051

1703 1052

789- 90

790- 91

791- 92

792- 93

793- 94

794- 95

795- 96

796- 97

797- 98

798- 99 799-800

800- 1

801- 2

802- 3

803- 4

804- 5

805- 0

806- 7

807- 8

808- 9

809- 10

810- 11

811- 12

812- 13

813- 14

814- 15

815- 16

816- 17

817- 18

818- 19

819- 20

820- 21

1613-14 1614-15 1615-16

•1616-17 1617-18 1618-19 1619-20

*1620-21 1621-22 1622-23 1623-24

* 1624-25 1625-26 1626-27 1627-28

*1628-29 1629-30 1630-31 1631-32

•1632-33 1633-34 1634-35 1635-36

* 1636-37 1637-38 1638-39 1639-40

•1640-41 1641-42 1642-43 1643-44

•1644-45 1645-46

47 Pramudin . .

48 Anauda

49 Rakshasa

50 Anala

1 Piugala

52 Kalayukta. . . .

53 Siddharthin . .

54 Raudi'a

55 Durmati

56 Dundubhi ....

57 Rudhirodgfirin

58 Raktaksha... .

59 Kriidhana ....

60 Kshaya

1 Prabliava

2 Vibhava

3 Sukla

4 Pramoda

5 Prajapati

6 Aiigiras

7 Srimukha ...

8 Bhilva

9 Yuvan

10 Dhfitri

11 Isvara

1 2 Bahudhfinya . .

13 PramAthin

14 Vikrama

1 5 Vrislia

16 ChitrabhAnu . .

17 Subhftnu...

18 TAraya

19 PArthiva

Dundubhi. . . . Rudliirodgarin RaktAksha.. . . Krodhana . . . .

Kshaya

Prabliava

Vibhava

Sukla

Pramoda

Prajapati

Angiras

Srimukha . . . .

BhAva

Yuvan

DhAtri

Isvara

BahudhAnya . PramAtliin . Vikrama ....

Vrisha

CliitrabhAuu . Subhanu ....

TAraya

PArthiva

Vyaya

Sarvajit

SarvadhArin . Virodhin ....

Vikrita

Khara

Nandnna ....

Vijaya

Java

3 Jveshtha .

4 AshAdha .

6 BhAdrapada.

5 Srirapa.

29.829 29.640

29.373

29.247

495 119

720

rffi-: inxnv cAirxDAit \\\

TABLE I.

[(til. i'.\] II z= Di.iliinie of iiition J'rviii ■•■■iiii. {Oil. ii) h = moon's menu idkhiiiiIi/. (Col. 25) r :=: .sun'.i meiin iiiioiiinly.

in COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukia Ut.)

At Sanrise on

(Tim

of Ihc Mc3h!i

anki-

•inti.)

moridian of Cjjain.

Day and Month

Day and Month

Week

Moon's Age.

Kali.

Jv the Arva

Uv the Surva

"C C"

A. D

Week day.

SiddhSnta

SiddhAnta

A.

I).

11

<*■

Gh.

Pa.

H.

M.

Oh.

Pa.

H.

M.

13

14

15

17

15a

17a

19

20

21

22

23

24

26

1

28 Mar.

(87)..

1 Sun

16

21

6

32

21

26

s

35

12 Mar.

(71)..

6 Fri

201

.603

67

507

2354715]

28 Mar.

(87)..

2 .Mon...

31

52

12

45

36

58

14

47

1 Mar.

(60)..

3 Tues....

196

.588

9942

354

204

4716

28 Mar.

(87)..

3 Tucs. . . .

47

24

18

57

52

30

21

0

20 Mar.

(79). .

2 Mon....

253

.759

9977

290

255

4717

28 Mar.

(88)..

a Thur. . .

2

55

1

10

8

1

3

12

8 Mar.

(68)..

6 Fri

101

.303

9853

138

224

4718

28 Mar.

(87)..

6 Fri

18

26

7

22

23

33

9

25

27 Mar.

(86)..

5 Thur. . .

92

.276

9888

74

276

4719

28 Mar.

(87)..

0 Sat

33

57

13

35

39

4

15

38

17 Mar.

(76)..

3 Tues....

204

.612

102

957

248

4720

28 Mar.

(87)..

1 Sun...

4!)

211

19

47

54

36

21

50

6 Mar.

(65)..

0 Sat

0-n

-.042

9977

804

217

4721

28 Mar.

(88)..

3 Tues. . . .

:>

II

2

0

10

7

4

3

24 Mar.

(84)..

6 Fi-i

12

.0.36

12

740

268

4722

28 Mai-.

(87)..

4 Wed ....

20

31

S

12

25

39

10

15

14 Mar.

(73). .

4 Wed....

268

.804

226

624

240

4723

28 Mar.

(87). .

.5 Thur...

36

2

14

25

41

10

16

28

3 Mar.

(62). .

1 Sun

269

.807

102

471

209

4724

28 Mar.

87)..

6 Fri

.51

34

20

37

56

42

22

41

21 Mar.

(80)..

6 Fri

39

.117

9798

371

258

4725

28 Mar.

88)..

1 Sun ... .

7

5

2

50

12

13

4

53

10 Mar.

(70)..

4 Wed....

292

.876

12

254

230

4726

28 Mar.

(87)..

2 Mon....

22

36

9

2

27

45

11

6

27 Feb.

(58)..

1 Sun. . . .

115

.345

9888

101

199

4727

28 Mar.

87)..

3 Tues. . . .

38

7

15

15

43

16

17

19

18 Mar.

(77)..

0 Sat

95

.285

9923

37

250

4728

28 Mar.

87)..

4 Wed....

53

39

21

27

58

48

23

31

8 Mar.

(67)..

5 Thur. . .

211

.633

137

921

222

4729

28 Mar.

88)..

6 Fri

9

10

3

40

14

19

5

44

26 Mar.

(86)..

4 Wed....

203

.609

172

857

273

4730

28 Mar.

87)..

0 Sat

24

41

9

52

29

51

11

56

15 Mar.

(74)..

1 Sun. . . .

54

.162

48

704

242

4731

23 Mar.

87)..

1 Sun

40

12

16

5

45

22

18

9

5 Mar.

(64)..

6 Fri

330

.990

262

588

214

4732

28 Mar.

87)..

2 Mon....

.5.5

44

22

17

to

54

to

22

23 Mar.

(82)..

4 Wed...

110

.330

9958

487

263

4733

28 Mar.

88)..

4 Wed...

11

15

4

30

16

25

6

34

11 Mar.

(71)..

1 Sun

94

.282

9834

335

232

4734

28 Mar.

87)..

5 Thur. . .

2fi

46

10

42

31

57

12

47

1 Mar.

(60)..

6 Fri

328

.984

48

218

204

4735

28 Mar.

87)..

6 Fri

42

17

16

55

47

28

18

59

19 Mar.

(78). .

4 Wed....

0-11

-.033

9744

118

253

4736

28 Mar.

87)..

0 Sat

57

49

23

7

t3

0

tl

12

9 Mar.

(68)..

2 Mon....

100

.300

9958

1

225

4737

28 Mar.

88)..

2 Mon....

13

20

5

20

18

32

7

25

27 Mai-.

(87)..

1 Sun....

80

.240

9993

937

276

4738

28 Mar.

37)..

3 Tues....

28

51

11

32

34

3

13

37

17 Mar.

(76)..

6 Fri

220

.660

207

821

248

4739

28 Mar.

87)..

4 Wed. . . .

44

22

17

45

49

35

19

50

6 Jlar.

(65)..

3 Tucs. . . .

102

.306

83

663

217

4740

28 Mar.

87)..

5 Thnr...

59

54

23

57

t5

6

t2

2

25 Mar.

(84)..

2 Mon....

172

.516

118

604

268

4741

28 Mar.

8';)..

0 Sat

15

25

6

10

20

38

8

15

13 Mar.

(73)..

6 Fri

176

..528

9993

451

237

4742

28 Mar.

87)..

1 Sun....

30

56

12

22

36

9

14

28

2 Mar.

(61)..

3 Tues. . . .

145

.435

9869

298

207

4743

28 Mar.

87)..

2 Mon....

46

27

18

35

51

41

20

40

21 Mar.

(80)..

2 Mon....

183

.549

9904

234

258

4744

29 Mar.

88)..

4 Wed...

1

59

0

47

7

12

2

53

10 Mar.

(69)..

6 Fri

©-12

—.036

9779

82

227

4745

28 Mar.

88)..

5 Thur..

17

30

7

0

22

44

9

5

28 Feb.

(59)..

4 Wed....

107

.321

9994

965

199

4746

28 Mar.

87)..

6 Fri

33

1

13

12

38

15

15

18

18 Mar.

(77)..

3 Tues . . .

86

.258

28

901

250 4747 1

t See footnote j). Iiii above.

© See Test. Art. 101 above, para 2.

Ixxxvi THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

f.iiiiiitioii-piirls := lO.OOOM.v nf a rirclf. J lithi zn 'jjot/i of tin' moon's synodic revolution.

I. CONCURRENT YEAH.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

C 5

2

-I %

3 3a

5

True.

Liini-Solar

cycle. (Southern.)

6

Brihaspati

cycle

(Northern)

current

at Me8ha

sankrunti.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding saiikranti

expressed in

o i

Time of the succeeding saiikrSnti

expressed in

4748

4749

4750

4751

4752

4753

4754

4755

475fi

4757

4758

4759

47fiO

47fil

4702

4703

47fi4

4765

47fi6

47fi

47CH

47fi«

4770

4771

4772

4773

47

47

477fi

4777

4778

4779

47H()

1569 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1.592 1593 1594 1595 1.596 1.59' 1 598 1599 1600 1601

1704

1705

1706

1707

1708

1709

1710

1711

1712

1713

1714

171

1716

1717

1718

1719

1720

1721

1722

1723

1724

172

1726

172'

1728

1729

1730

1731

1732

1733

1734

1735

173r'

1053

1054

1055

1056

1057

1058

1059

1060

1061

1062

1063

1064

106."

1066

1067

1068

1069

1070

1071

1072

1073

1074

107

1076

107'

1078

1079

1080

1081

1082

1083

1084

108.-)

821-22 822-23 823-24 824-25 825-26 826-27 827-28 828-29 829-30 830-31 831-32 832-33 833-34 834-35 835-36 836-37 837-38 838-39 839-40 840-41 841-42 842-43 843-44 844-45 845-46 846-47 847-48 848-49 849-50 850-51 851-52 852-53 K.i3-54

1646-47 1647-48

* 1648-49 1649-50 1650-51 1651-52

*1652-53 1653-54 1654-55 1655-56

* 1656-57 1657-58 1658-59 1659-60

♦1660-61 1661-62 1662-63 1663-64

* 1664-65 1665-66 1666-67 1667-68

•1668-69 1669-70 1B70-71 1671-72

♦1672-73 1673-74 1674-75 1675-76

•1676-77 1677-78 167S-7it

20 Vyaya

21 Sarvajit ....

22 SarradhSrin . .

23 Virodhin

24 Vikrita

25 Khara

26 Nandana ....

27 Vijaja

28 Jaya

29 Manmatha. . .

30 Durnmkha . .

3 1 Hcmalamba . .

32 Vilamba

33 VikArin

34 Sarvari

35 Plava

36 Subhakrit . . .

37 Sobhana

38 Krodbin

Visvavasu.. .

40 Parabhava.. .

41 Plavaiiga.. . .

42 Kilaka

43 Saumya

44 SAdhai'ava.. .

45 Virodhakrit..

46 ParidhAvin . .

47 PramAdiu . . .

48 Ananda

49 RAkshnsa ....

50 Anala,

51 Piiigala

52 KAIavukta...

Manmatha. Dunnukiia Hemalamba Vilamba . . VikArin. . .

27.984

Sarva

Plava

Subhakrit . . Sobhana . . . Krodhin . . . Visvavasu . . Parabhava . . Plavaiiga . . .

Kilaka

Saumya. . . . SadliAraua. . Virodhakrit ParidhAvin . PiamAdin . .\nanda .... RAkshasa..

Anala

Pii'igala ... KAlayukta. SiddliArthin liiiudra . . . Durmati . Duudubbi . RudhirodgAriu RaktAkslia Krodbana . Kshayn . . . Prabhava..

28.974

6 BliAJrapada .

SrAvaiia .

SrAvaya .

27.957

6 BhAdraiutda.

SrAvaua

216 219

212 262

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE 1.

Ixxxvii

[f'ol. 2."?) (I := Disltnire of mnon from sun. (Col. 21-) 4 z= mouii'.i mean uiwukiIi/. (Col. 25) r := .tun's mean rniomah/.

III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil da;

of Chaitra Sukla Ist.)

Kali.

Day

and Month.

A. D

(Time of t

ic Mesha saiikrunti.)

Day

and Month.

A. D.

Week day.

At Sunrise on meridian ot Cjjain.

Moon's Age.

a

h.

c.

Week day.

By the Ai-y Siddhinta.

1

3y the Sflrj Siddhinta.

a

a

1

Is

n

Gh.

Pa.

H.

M.

Gh.

Pa.

H.

M.

iq ^

13

14

16

17

16a

17a

19

20

21

22

23

24

26

1

28 Mar. (87)..

0 Sat....

48

32

19

25

53

47

21

31

8 Mar. (67)..

1 Sun

247

.741

243

784

222

4748

29 Mar. (88)..

2 Mon...

4

4

1

37

9

18

3

43

27 .Mar. (86)..

0 Sat

280

.840

277

721

273

4749

28 Mar. (88)..

.3 Tucs...

19

35

7

50

24

50

9

56

15 Mar. (75)..

4 Wed....

235

.705

1.53

568

243

4750

28 Mar. (87). .

4 Wed. . .

3.5

0

14

2

40

21

16

9

4 Mar. (63)..

a Sun ...

242

.726

29

415

212

4751

28 Mar. (87). .

5 Thui-..

50

37

20

15

55

53

22

21

23 Mar. (82)..

0 Sat

315

.945

63

351

263

4752

29 Mar. (88). .

0 Sat. . . .

fi

9

2

27

11

24

4

34

12 Mar. (71)..

4 Wed....

211

.633

9939

198

232

4753

28 Mar. (88)..

1 Sun...

21

40

8

40

26

56

10

46

29 Feb. (60)..

1 Sun ... .

0-3

—.(106

9815

45

202

4754

28 Mar. (87)..

2 Mon .

37

11

14

52

42

27

16

59

19 Mar. (78)..

0 Sat

0-37

-.081

98.50

981

253

4755

28 Mar. (87)..

3 Tues...

.52

42

21

5

57

59

23

12

9 Mar. (68)..

5 Thur. . .

100

..300

64

865

225

4756

29 Mar. (88)..

5 Thur. .

8

14

3

17

13

30

5

24

28 Mar. (87)..

4 Wed. . . .

107

.321

99

801

276

4757

28 Mar. (88)..

6 Fri....

23

45

9

30

29

2

11

37

16 Mar. (76)..

1 Sun

2

.006

9974

648

245

4758

28 Mar. (87)..

0 Sat....

39

16

15

42

44

34

17

49

6 Mar. (65). .

6 Fri

302

.906

189

532

217

4759

28 Mar. (87)..

1 Sun...

54

47

21

55

to

5

to

2

24 Mar. (83)..

4 Wed....

84

.252

9885

431

266

4760

29 Mar. (88)..

3 Tues ..

10

19

4

7

15

37

6

15

13 Mar. (72). .

1 Sun

37

.112

9760

278

235

4761

28 Mar. (88). .

4 Wed...

25

50

10

20

31

8

12

27

2 Mar. (62)..

6 Fri

236

.708

9975

162

207

4762

28 Mar. (87). .

5 Thur. .

41

21

16

32

46

40

18

40

21 Mar. (80)..

5 Thur...

230

.690

9

98

258

4763

28 Mai-. (87)..

6 Kri....

56

52

22

45

t2

11

to

52

10 Mar. (69)..

2 Mon.. .

0-S3

-.009

9885

945

227

4764

29 Mar. (88)..

1 Sat....

12

24

4

57

17

43

7

5

28 Feb. (.59)..

0 Sat

119

.357

99

829

199

4765

28 Mar. (88). .

2 Mon...

27

55

11

10

33

14

13

18

18 Mar. (78)..

6 Fri

134

.402

134

765

251

4766

28 Mar. (87)..

3 Tues. . .

43

26

17

22

48

46

19

30

7 Mar. (66)..

3 Tues...

60

.180

10

612

220

4767

28 Mar. (87) . .

4 Wed. . .

58

57

23

35

t-i

17

tl

43

26 Mar. (85)..

2 Mon....

142

.426

44

546

271

4768

29 Mar. (88)..

6 F\-i....

14

29

5

47

19

49

7

56

15 Mar. (74).

6 Fri

147

.441

9920

395

240

4769

28 Mar. (88)..

0 Sat. . . .

30

0

12

0

35

20

14

8

3 Mar. (63)..

3 Tues. . . .

78

.234

9796

242

209

4770

28 Mar. (87)..

1 Sun...

45

31

18

12

50

52

20

21

22 Mar. (81). .

2 Mon....

97

.293

9831

178

261

4771

29 Mar. (88)..

3 Tues...

1

2

0

25

6

23

2

33

12 Mar. (71). .

0 Sat. . . .

238

.714

44

62

233

4772

29 Mar. (88)..

4 Wed...

16

34

6

37

21

55

8

46

1 Mar. (60)..

4 Wed....

0-12

—.036

9921

909

202

4773

28 Mar. (88)..

5 Thur..

32

5

12

50

37

26

14

59

19 Mar. (80)..

3 Tues. . . .

0-M

— .060

9955

845

253

4774

28 Mar. (87)..

6 Fri....

47

36

19

2

52

58

21

11

9 Mar. (68). .

1 Sun....

172

.516

170

728

225

4775

29 Mar. (88)..

1 Sun. . .

3

7

1

15

8

29

3

24

28 Mar. (87). .

0 Sat

225

.675

204

664

276

4776

29 Mar. (88)..

2 Mon...

18

39

7

27

24

1

9

36

17 Mar. (76)..

4 Wed....

209

.627

80

512

245

4777

28 Mar. (88)..

3 Tues..

34

10

13

40

39

32

15

49

5 Mar. (65)..

1 Sun

205

.615

9956

359

215

477S

28 Mar. (87)..

4 Wed...

49

41

19

52

55

4

22

2

24 Mar. (83)..

0 Sat

265

.795

9990

295

266

4779

29 Mar. (S8) . .

fi Kri....

'

12

2

5

10

36

4

14

13 Mar. (72)..

4 Wed. . .

115

.345

9866

142

235 4780

t See I'ootniile j). liii abo

© See Text. Art. 101 above, para. 2.

Ixxxviii THE INDIAN CALENDAR

TABLE 1.

Ijunrilion-jHirix =^ ]U,(JI)U///.v 0/ ti rirrle. A litlii =^ ^jiuth of the moon's stynoilic revolution.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

3a

True.

Luni -Solar

cycle. (Southern.)

Brihaspali

cjclct (Norlheni)

current at Mcsha saiikriiutk

Name of

month.

Time of the preceding sankrSnti

espnssed in

Time of the succeeding saiikrunti

11

4783 4782

4783

4784 478.5 4786 4787 4788 4789 4790 4791 4792 4793 4794 4795 4796 4797 4798 4799 4800 4801 4802 4803 4804 4805 4806 4807 4808 4809 4810 4811

1602 1603

1604

1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632

1737 1738

1739

1740

1741

1742

1743

1744

1745

1746

1747

1748

1749

1750

1751

1752

1753

1754

175

1756

1757

1758

1759

1760

1761

1762

1763

1764

176.';

1766

1767

1086 1087

1088

1089

1090

1091

1092

1093

1094

1095

1096

1097

1098

1099

1100

1101

1102

1103

1104

110

1106

1107

1108

1109

1110

1111

1112

1113

1114

1115

1116

854-55 855-56

856-57

857-58 858-59 859-60 860-61 861-62 862-63 863-64 864-65 865-06 866-67 867-68 868-69 869-70 870-71 871-72 872-73 873-74 874-75 875-70 876-77 877-78 878-79 879-80 880-81 881-82 882-83 883-84 884-85

1679- 80

1680- 81

1681- 82

1682- 83

1683- 84

1684- 85

1685- 86

1686- 87

1687- 88

1688- 89

1689- 90

1690- 91

1691- 92 ■1692- 93

1693- 94

1694- 95

1695- 96 ■1696- 97

1697- 98

1698- 99 1 699-700

53 Siddfaarthin.

54 Raudra ....

2 Vibhava.

3 Sukla. . .

9755

55 Durniati .

4 Pramoda.

■1700-

1701-

1702-

1703- '1704-

1705- 6

1706J 7

1707- 8 '1708- 9

1709- 10

56 Dundubhi . . . .

57 Rudhirodgfirin

58 Raktakshn. . . .

59 Krodhana . . . .

60 Kshaya

1 PrabhavB

2 Vibhava

3 Sukla

4 Pramoda

5 Prajnpati

6 Aiigiras

7 Srimukha . . . .

8 Bhava

9 Yuvan

10 Dhatri

11 Isvara

12 Bahudh&nya . .

13 Pramdthin . .

14 Vikrama

15 Vriaha

16 Chitrahhfinu..

17 Subhfinu

18 TArava

19 PArthiva

20 Vyaya

21 Sarv^jit

22 SarvadhArin . .

23 Virodhin

5 PrajSpati.. . .

6 Ai'igiraa

7 Srimukha . . .

8 BhAva 1) . . . .

10 Dhatri

11 Isvara

12 Bahudhunya.

13 Pramathin.. .

14 Vikrama . . . .

1 5 Vrisha

16 ChitrabhSuu .

17 Subhanu . . . .

18 Turana

19 PArthiva

20 Vyaya

21 Sarvajit

22 SarvadhArin..

23 Virodhin .. . .

24 Vikrita

25 Kliara

26 Nauduna . . . .

27 Vijnya

28 Jaya

29 Manmatlia . . .

30 Durmuklia. . .

31 Ilemahiniba .

32 Vilaniba

33 VikAriu

7 Asvina.. . 10 Pamha{Ksk.) I Chaitra . .

94

9920

29.364 0.282 29.760

no

9936

6 BhAdrapada .

28.827

169 216

7 Asvina.

9772

511 147

SrAvana .

<; Yuvnii, Nil. 9. was supprcssril in the imrtli.

THE HINDU CALENDAR. TABLE 1.

Ixxxix

(Cot. 23) a z

= Oistiinre

n/ moon from

V//W.

{Col

21)

/.. =

monn'.i iiieuii unomali/. (Col. 25

) '• =

= suns mean iirioma

'.'/■

III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil ds;

of Chniti-a Sukla Ist.)

(Time "f ""■ l^T

nti.)

At Sunrise on meridian of UJJaln.

Day

and Month.

A. D

Day

and Month.

A. D.

Week day.

Moon's Age.

o.

b.

c.

Kali.

Week day.

By the Ary Siddh&nta.

Jy the Sttr Siddh&nta.

a

a

I

f s

tl

It S-3

Gh.

Pa

H.

M.

Gh.

Pa.

H.

M.

13

14

16

17

16a

17a

19

20

21

22

23

24

26

1

29 Mar.

88)..

0 Sat

20

44

8

17

26

7

10

27

3 Mar.

62)..

2 Mon....

245

.735

80

26

207

4781

28 Mar

88)..

1 Sun....

36

15

14

30

41

39

16

39

21 Mar.

81)..

1 Sun. . . .

222

.666

115

962

258

4782

28 Mar

87)..

2 .Moil . .

.51

46

20

42

57

10

22

52

10 Mar.

69)..

5 Thur. . .

1

.003

9991

809

228

4783

29 Mar.

88)..

4 Wed....

7

17

2

55

12

42

5

5

28 Feb.

59)..

3 Tues. . . .

217

.651

205

694

199

4784

29 Mar.

88)..

5 Thur...

22

49

9

7

28

13

11

17

19 Mar.

78)..

2 Mon....

279

.837

240

628

251

4785

28 Mar.

88)..

6 Fri

38

20

15

20

43

45

17

30

7 Mar.

67)..

6 Fi-i

278

.834

115

475

220

4786

28 Mar

87)..

0 Sat

.53

51

21

32

59

16

23

42

25 Mar.

84)..

4 Wed...

50

.150

9811

375

269

4787

29 Mai-.

88)..

2 Mon....

9

22

3

45

14

48

5

55

15 Mar.

74)..

2 Mon....

306

.918

26

259

240

4788

29 Mar.

88)..

3 Tues. . . .

24

54

9

57

30

19

12

8

4 Mar.

63)..

6 Fri

130

.390

9901

106

210

4789

28 Mar.

88)..

4 Wed....

40

25

16

10

45

51

18

20

22 Mar.

82)..

5 Thur...

113

.339

9936

42

261

4790

28 Mar.

87)..

5 Thur. . .

55

56

22

22

tl

22

+0

33

12 Mar.

71)..

3 Tues....

226

.678

150

925

233

4791

29 Mar.

88)..

0 Sat

11

27

4

35

16

54

6

46

1 Mar.

60)..

0 Sat

31

.093

26

773

202

4792

29 Mai-.

88)..

1 Sun

26

59

10

47

32

25

12

58

20 Mar.

79)..

6 Fri

66

.198

61

708

253

4793

28 Mar.

88)..

2 Mon....

42

30

17

0

47

57

19

11

8 Mar.

68)..

3 Tues....

28

.084

9936

556

222

4794

28 Mar.

(87)..

3 Tucs....

58

1

23

12

t3

28

tl

23

27 Mar.

86)..

2 Mon. . . .

118

.3.54

9971

492

274

4795

29 Mar.

88)..

5 Thnr. . .

13

32

5

25

19

0

7

36

16 Mar.

75)..

6 Fri

105

.315

9847

339

243

4796

29 Mar.

88)..

6 Fri

29

4

11

37

34

31

13

49

5 Mar.

64)..

3 Tues. . . .

0-6

— .OlS

9723

186

212

4797

28 Mar.

88)..

0 Sat

44

35

17

50

50

3

20

1

23 Mar.

83)..

2 Mon....

0-6

—.018

9757

122

263

4798

29 Mar.

88)..

2 Mon...

0

6

0

2

5

34

2

14

13 Mar.

72)..

0 Sat

117

.351

9972

6

235

4799

29 Mar.

88)..

3 Tues...

15

37

6

15

21

6

8

26

3 Mar.

62)..

5 Thur...

237

.711

186

889

207

4800

29 Mar.

88)..

4 Wed....

31

9

12

27

36

38

14

39

22 Mar.

81)..

4 Wed....

236

.708

221

825

259

4801

28 Mar.

88)..

.5 Thur...

46

40

18

40

52

9

20

52

10 Mar.

70)..

1 Sun....

112

.336

96

672

228

4802

29 Mar.

88)..

0 Sat

2

11

0

52

7

41

3

4

29 Mar.

88)..

0 Sat

183

.549

131

608

279

4803

29 Mar.

88)..

1 Sun....

17

42

7

5

23

12

9

17

18 Mar.

77)..

4 Wed...

186

.558

7

455

248

4804

29 Mar.

88)..

2 Mon...

33

14

13

17

38

44

15

29

7 Mar.

66)..

1 Sun

155

.465

9882

303

217

4805

28 Mar.

88)..

3 Tues. . . .

48

45

19

30

54

15

21

42

25 Mar.

85)..

0 Sat

197

.591

9917

239

269

4806

29 Mar.

88)..

5 Thur...

4

16

1

42

9

47

3

55

14 Mar.

73)..

4 Wed. . .

5

.015

9793

86

238

4807

29 Mar.

88)..

6 Fri

19

47

7

55

25

18

10

7

4 Mar.

63)..

2 Mon. . . .

122

.366

7

969

210

4808

29 Mar.

88)..

0 Sat

35

19

14

7

40

50

16

20

23 Mar.

82)..

1 Sun

103

.309

42

905

261

4809

28 Mar.

88)..

1 Sun....

50

50

20

20

56

21

22

32

12 Mar.

72)..

6 Fri

260

.780

256

789

233

4810

29 Mar.

88)..

3 Tues...

6

21

'^

32

11

53

4

45

1 Mar.

60)..

3 Tues...

169

.507

132

636

202

4811

Set' footnote [) liii above.

0 See Text. Art. 101 above, para. 2.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR TABLE 1.

Liauilion-jKirts ^ 10,0(IOMi' oj a circle. A lithi ^ ',,'"''' "f '^'' mo(jii's synodic revolution.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

2

3

3a

'i'ruf.

Luni-Solar

fvde. (Southern.)

6

Brihaspali

fvclf (Nortliern)

ciuTcnt at Mcsha saiikranti.

Name of month.

Time of the preceding sai'ikr&nti

e\'pr»-ssed in

Time of the succeeding soi'ikrunti

expressed in

11

4812 4813 4814 4815 4816 4817 4818 4819 4820 4821 4822 4823 4824 4825 4826 4827 4828 4829 4830 4831 4832 4833 4834 4835 4836 4837 483H 4839 4840 4841 4842 4843

1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664

1768

1769

1770

1771

1772

1773

1774

1775

1776

1777

1778

1779

1780

1781

1782

1783

1784

1785

1786

1787

1788

1789

1790

1791

1792

1793

1794

179

1796

1797

1798

1799

1117

1118

1119

1120

1121

1122

1123

1124

1125

1126

1127

1128

1129

1130

1131

1132

1133

1134

113

1136

1137

1138

1139

1140

1141

1142

1143

1144

1145

1146

114'

114H

8S5- 86

886- 87

887- 88

888- 89

889- 90

890- 91

891- 92

892- 93

893- 94

894- 95

895- 96

896- 97

897- 98

898- 99 899-900

900- 1

901- 2

902- 3

903- 4

904- 5

905- 6

906- 7

907- 8

908- 9

909- 10

910- 11

911- 12

912- 13

913- 14

914- 15

915- 16

916- 17

1710-11 1711-12

•1712-13 1713-14 1714-15 1715-16

•1716-17 1717-18 1718-19 1719-20

•1720-21 1721-22 1722-23 1723-24

•1724-25 1725-26 1726-27 1727-28

•1728-29 1729-30 1730-31 1731-32

•1732-33 1733-34 1734-35 1735-36

•1736-37 1737-38 1738-39 1739-40

•1740-41 1741-42

Vikrita

Khara

Nandana

Vijaya

Java

Manmatha .... Durmukha . . . Heraalamba . .

Vilaraba

Vikarin

Siirvari

Plava

Subhakrit ...

Subhana

Krodhin

Visvfivasu .... Pai'fibhava ...

Plavariga

Kilaka

Saumya

Siidharatia .... Virodhakrit.. . Pai-idh&vin. . . Pramildin . . . .

.\nanda

Rnkshasa

Auala

Pii'igala

KAhiyukttt.. . . Siddh&rthin. . .

Ksudra

Durniati

Sfirvari

Plava

Subhakrit . . . .

Sobhana

Krodhin

Visvavasu ... Parabhava ...

Plavaiiga

Kilaka

Saumja

Sadht'iraua .... Virodhakrit . . . Paridhavin . . . Pramadin . . . .

A nanda

Rilkshasa

Anala

Pii'igala

K&layukta. . . . Siddhjirthin.. .

Raudra

Dui'mati

Dundubhi . . . . Riidhirodgarin Raktaksha . . . . Krodhana . . . .

Ksliaya

Pn\bhava

Vibhava

Sukla

Praniuda

PmjApati

6 Bhadiapada.

7 Asvina.

457

128

6 Bbadrapada.

280 252

9552

7 Asvina.

9763 9754

29.289 29.262

458 96

5 SrAvana

9893

29.676

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

iTo/. 23) •! -

— nhtiiiiiv

of moin/ from

>■«//.

(r«

f. 24)

h -

: moon's iiicdii a

II omul If. (Col. 2."

1 '• :

=: .««//'.( Mfdii

"""'"

l,j.

III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Solar year.

Iiuni-Solar year. (Civil da;

of Chaitra Sukla Ist )

(Tim

■ of the .Mr-l'" .J. ..M-. ■.■."!; N

At Sunrise on meridian of UJiain.

niul Monlli A. 1).

l).iy

and Month

A. 1).

Week

day.

Moon's Age.

a.

«. 24

25

Kali.

1

Week day.

By the Arj SiddhAnln.

"

By the Silrya Siddhanta.

ll

.3~

'a

Gh.

I'a.

H.

M.

Gh.

Pa.

11.

M.

13

14

15

17

15a

17a

19

20

21

22

23

2'J Mar

88)..

\ We.l....

21

52

8

45

27

24

10

58

20 Mar.

(79)..

2 Mon. . . .

244

.732

166

572

254

4812

29 M»i-.

88)..

.5 Thiir. . .

37

24

14

57

42

56

17

10

9 Mar.

(68)..

6 Fri

252

.756

42

419

223

4813

28 Mar.

88)..

6 Fi-i

52

55

21

10

58

27

23

23

27 Mai-.

(87)..

5 Thur. . .

.327

.981

77

355

274

4814

29 Mar.

88)..

1 Sun

8

26

3

22

13

59

5

36

16 Mar.

(75)..

2 Mon...

226

.678]9952

203

243

4815

29 Mar.

88)..

2 Mon. . . .

23

57

9

35

29

30

11

48

5 Mar.

64)..

6 Fri

14

.042

9828

50

212

4816

29 Mar.

88)..

3 Tues....

39

29

15

47

45

2

18

1

24 .Mar.

(83)..

5 Thur. . .

0-1"

—.030

9863

986

264

4817

28 Mar.

88)..

4 Wed. . . .

55

0

22

0

to

33

+0

13

13 Mar.

(73). .

3 Tues....

114

.342

77

869

236

4818

29 Mar.

88)..

6 Fri

10

31

4

12

16

5

6

26

3 Mar.

(62)..

1 Suu....

294

.882

292

753

207

4819

29 Mar.

88)..

0 Sat

26

2

10

25

31

36

12

38

21 Mai-.

80)..

6 Fri

13

.039

9987

652

2.56

4820

29 Mar.

88)..

1 Sun

41

34

16

37

47

8

18

51

11 .Mar.

70)..

4 Wed....

311

.933

202

536

228

4821

28 JIar.

88) .

2 Mon....

57

5

22

50

t2

39

fl

4

28 Mar.

88)..

2 Mon....

94

.282

9898

436

276

4822

29 Mar.

88) . .

4 Wed....

12

36

5

2

18

11

7

16

17 Mar.

76)..

6 Fri

51

.153

9774

283

246

4823

29 Mar.

88)..

5 Thur..

28

7

11

15

33

43

13

29

7 Mar.

66)..

4 Wed. . . .

250

.750

9988

166

218

4824

29 Mar.

88)..

6 Fri

43

39

17

27

49

14

19

42

26 Mar.

85)..

3 Tues....

247

.741

23

102

269

4825

28 Mar.

S8)..

0 Sat

59

10

23

40

-i-4

46

tl

54

14 Mar.

74)..

0 Sat

0-7

—.021

9898

949

238

4826

29 .Mar.

88)..

2 Mon....

14

41

5

52

20

17

s

7

4 Mar.

63)..

5 Thur...

133

.399

113

833

210

4827

29 Mar.

88)..

3 Tues....

30

12

12

5

35

49

14

19

23 Mar.

82)..

4 Wed....

148

.444

147

769

261

4828

29 Mar.

88)..

4 Wed....

45

44

18

17

51

20

20

32

12 Mar.

71)..

1 Sun. . . .

69

.207

23

616

230

4829

29 Mai-.

89)..

6 Fri

1

15

0

30

6

52

~

45

29 Feb.

60)..

5 Thur...

74

.222

9899

463

200

4830

29 Mar.

88)..

0 Sat

in

46

6

42

22

23

8

57

19 Mai-.

78)..

4 Wed...

158

.474

9933

399

251

4831

29 Mar.

88)..

1 Sun

32

17

12

55

37

55

15

10

8 Mar.

67)..

1 Suu....

90

.270

9809

247

220

4832

29 Mar.

88)..

2 Mon....

47

49

19

7

53

26

21

22

27 Mar.

86)..

0 Sat

112

.336

9844

183

272

4833

29 Mar.

89)..

4 Wed... .

3

20

1

20

8

58

3

35

16 Mai-.

76)..

5 Thur. . .

255

.765

58

66

243

4834

29 Mar.

88)..

.5 Thur. . .

18

51

7

32

24

29

9

48

5 Mar.

64)..

2 Mon. . . .

3

.009

9934

913

213

4835

29 Mar.

88)..

6 Fi-i

34

22

13

45

40

1

16

0

24 Mai-.

83)..

1 Sun....

0-s

— .015

9968

849

264

4836

29 Mar.

88)..

0 Sat. . . .

49

54

19

57

55

32

22

13

14 Mar.

73)..

6 Fri

184

.552

183

733

236

4837

29 JIar.

89)..

2 Mou....

5

25

2

10

11

4

4

26

2 Mar.

6-2). .

3 Tues....

134

.402

59

580

205

4838

29 Mar.

88)..

3 Tues....

20

56

8

22

26

35

10

38

21 Mar.

80)..

2 Mon...

219

.657

93

516

256

4839

29 Mar.

88)..

4 Wed....

3fl

27

14

35

42

7

16

51

10 Mar.

69)..

6 Fri

215

.645

9969

363

225

4840

29 Mar.

88)..

5 Thur...

51

59

20

47

57

38

23

3

29 Mar.

88)..

5 Thur...

277

.831

3

299

277

4841

29 Mar.

89)..

0 Sat

7

30

3

0

13

10

5

16

17 Mar.

77)..

2 Mon...

130

.390

9879

146

246

4842

29 Mai-.

88)..

1 Sun....

23

1

9

12

28

41

11

28

7 Mar.

66)..

0 Sat

260

.780

93

30

218

4843

f See fuotnote p. liii abuv

0 Sec Text. Ait. 101 :ib<p

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE 1.

Luiwiion-iiaits :=. 10,OOOMs of a rircte. A tithi = 'jinl/i of the moon's synodic recolution.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II, ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

3

3a

True.

Lmii-Suhu-

cycle. (Southern.)

6

Brihaspati cycle

(Northern) cun-cnt at Mesha

sai'ikrSnti.

Name (jf month.

Time of the preceding saiikrant i

expressed in

10

Time of the succeeding saiiki-finti

expressed in

4844

4K45

4846

4847

4848

4849

4850

4851

4852

4853

4854

4855

485B

4857

4858

4859

4860

4861

4S62

4863

4864

486

4SG6

4867

4868

4869

4870

4871

4872

4873

4874

4875

1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1G85 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696

1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831

1149

1150

1151

1152

1153

1154

1155

1156

1157

1158

1159

1160

1161

1162

1163

1164

116

1166

1167

1168

1169

1170

1171

1172

1173

1174

1175

1176

1177

1178

1179

1180

917-18 918-19 919-20 920-21 921-22 922-23 923-24 924-25 925-26 926-27 927-28 928-29 929-30 930-31 931-32 932-33 933-34 934-35 935-36 936-37 937-38 938-39 939-40 940-41 941-42 942-43 943-44 944-45 945-46 946-47 947-48 948-49

1742-43 1743-44

♦1744-45 1745-46 1746-47 1747-48

•1748-49 1749-50 1730-51 1751-52

*1752-53 1753-54 1754-55 1755-56

♦1756-57 1757-58 1758-59 17.59-60

♦1760-61 1761-62 1762-63 1763-64

♦1764-65 1765-66 1766-67 1767-68

♦1768-69 1769-70 1770-71 1771-72

♦1772-73 1773-74

56 Dundubhi ....

57 Rudhirodgarin

58 Raktaksha.. . .

59 Krodhana ....

60 Kshaya

1 Prabhava

2 Vibhava

3 Snkls

4 Pi'amoda

5 Prajapati

6 Aiigiras

7 Srimukha ....

8 Bhava

9 Yuvan

10 Dhatri

1 1 Isvara

12 Bahudhanya . .

13 Pramathin. . . .

14 Vikrama

1 5 Vrisha

16 Chitrabhanu. .

17 Subhfinu...

18 Tdraiia

19 Parthiva. ..

20 Vyaya

21 Sarvajit.. . .

22 Sarvadhfirin

23 Virodhin . . .

24 Vikrita

25 Khara

26 Nandann . . .

27 Vijaya..'. ..

6 Ai'igiras

7 Srimukha . . ,

8 Bhava

9 Yuvan

10 Dhatri

1 1 Isvara

1 2 BahudhJnya .

13 Pramathin.. .

14 Vikrama . . . .

15 Vrisha

16 Chitrabhanu.

17 Subhanu . . . .

18 Tarana

19 PArthiva

20 Vyaya

21 Sarvajit

22 Sarvadharin .

23 Virodhiu . . . .

24 Vikrite

25 Khara

26 Nandana . . . .

27 Vijaya

28 Java

29 Manmatha. . .

30 Durmakha . .

31 Hemalamba..

32 Vilamba

33 Vikuriu

34 Sirvarin . .. .

35 Plaval)

37 Sobhana

38 Krodhin .

6 Bhadrapada.

9878

5 Sravava.

9779

29.837

') Subhakril, No. 36, was suppressed in (he n()r(h.

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

iro/. 2.'i) ii ^ Diftuiiir of iiionii from xiiti. {Col. '^1) b ■zz iiiooii''s nieaii aiiomiili/. (Col. 25) c =:

t'tin OllOnllltt/.

III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra SukU Ist.)

Day

Hii.i Month

A. i).

13

(Time of the Mesha sankrinti.)

Wtck <lav.

14

By the Arya Siildh&nla.

16

17

By the Siirya Siddh&nta.

Day

and Month

A. 1).

15a

19

Week dav.

20

At Sanrfse on mfrtdlon of UJjsln.

Moon's Age.

23

29 Mar.

29 Mar.

29 Mar.

29 Mai-.

29 Mar.

29 Mar.

29 Mar.

29 Mar.

29 Mar.

29 Mar.

29 Mar. 9 April 9 April

10 April 9 April 9 April 9 April

10 April 9 April 9 April 9 April

10 April 9 April 9 April 9 April

10 April 9 April 9 April 9 April

10 April 9 April 9 April

89)

99) X

,99). .

100).

100).

99). .

99)..

100).

100).

;99)..

99)..

100).

100).

99)..

99)..

100).

100).

2 Mod .

3 Tucs..

5 Thur.

6 Fri...

0 Sat...

1 SuD . .

3 Tues..

4 Wed..

5 Thur.

6 Fii...

1 Sun..

2 Mon..

3 Tues..

5 Thur.

6 Fri...

0 Sat. . .

1 Sun. .

3 Tues..

4 Wed

5 Thur.

6 Fri. . .

1 Sun. .

2 Mon..

3 Tues..

4 Wed.. 6 Fri...

0 Sat. . .

1 Sun..

2 Mon..

4 Wed .

5 Thur.

6 Fri...

26 Mar. 15 Mar.

4 Mar.

23 Mar.

12 Mar.

1 Mar.

19 Mar. 8 Mar.

27 Mar.

17 Mar.

5 Mar. 4 April

24 Mar.

13 Mar. 31 Mar.

20 Mar. 8 April

29 Mar.

18 Mar.

6 April 26 Mar. 15 Mar.

2 April 22 Mar. 11 Mar.

30 Mar.

19 Mar.

7 April

28 Mar. 17 Mar.

4 April 24 Mar.

85).. 74).. 64)..

:82)..

71).. 60). . 79).. 67). . 86).. 76).. 65).. i94)X 83).. 72).. 91)..

6 Fri...

3 Tues.. 1 Sun..

0 Sat...

4 Wed..

1 Sun..

0 Sat. . .

4 Wed..

3 Tues..

1 Sun..

5 Thur.

4 Wed.. 1 Sun. .

5 Thur.

4 Wed..

1 Sun.. 0 Sat...

5 Thur. 3 Tues..

2 Mon..

6 Fri...

3 Tnes..

2 Mon. . 6 Fri...

3 Tues.. 2 Mon..

0 Sat. . . 6 Fri...

4 Wed..

1 Sun. . 0 Sat... 4 Wed..

128

4

218

254

129

4

39

9915

9949

164

39

74

9950

9825

9860

9736

9770

9985

199

234

109

9985

20

9896

9771

9806

4844

4845

4846

4847

4848

4849

4850

4851

4852

4853

4854

4855

4856

485

4858

4859

4860

4861

4862

4863

4864

4865

4866

4867

4868

4869

4870

4871

4872

4873

4874

4875

See fuutnute p. liii above.

X From here (inelusive) forward the dates are New Style.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

Liinatioii-iiUi-ts ^ 10,000Mi of a circle. A lithi z= '/30M of llie moon's si/nodic revolution.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

11. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

3a

True.

Limi-Soliu-

cydo, (Southern.)

6

Brihiispati cycle

(Northern)

ClUTCIlt

at Mcsha sanki'unti.

Name »f month.

Time of the precedinfT saijki'anti

expressed in

10

Time of the succeeding sai'ikr&uti

expressed in

4S76

4877

4S78

4879

4880

4881

4882

4883

4884

488.i

4886

4887

4888

4889

4890

4891

4892

48'.)3

4894

489.5

4890

4897

4898

4899

4900

4901

4902

490;i

4904

490!:

4900

4907

lfi97

lfi98

1699

1700

1701

1702

1703

1704

1705

1706

1707

1708

1709

1710

1711

1712

1713

1714

ll\h

1716

1717

1718

1719

1720

1721

1722

1723

1724

172.')

1726

1727

1728

1832

1833

1834

183.5

1836

1837

1838

1839

1840

1841

1842

1843

1844

1845

1846

1847

1848

1849

1850

1851

1852

1853

1854

1855

1856

1857

1858

1859

1860

1861

1862

1863

1181

1182

1183

1184

11 85

1186

1187

1188

1189

1190

1191

1192

1193

1194

1195

1196

1197

1198

1199

1200

1201

1202

1203

1204

1205

1206

1207

1208

1209

1210

1211

1212

949-50

950-51

951-52

952-53

953-54

954-55

955-56

956-57

957-58

958-59

959-60

960-61

961-62

962-63

963-64

9C4-65

965-66

966-67

967-68

968-69

969-70

970-71

971-72

972-73

973-74

974-75

975-76

976-77

977-78

978-79

979-80

980-81

1774- 1775- 1776- 1777- 1778- 1779- 1780- 1781- 1782- 1783- ■1784- 1785- 1786- 1787- '1788- 1789- 1790- 1791- '1792- 1793- 1791- 179.5- •1796- 1797- 1798- 1799- 1800 5 1801- 1802- 1803- •1804- 1 805-

28 Java

29 Manmatha. . .

30 Durmukba. .

31 Hemalamba.

32 Vilamba ...

33 Vikarin

34 Silrvari

35 Plava

Subhakrit . .

37 Sobhana. . . .

38 Krodhin . . .

39 Visvilvasu . .

40 Parabhava . .

41 Plavaiiga . . . Kllaka

43 Saumj a ....

44 Sadharai.ia..

45 Virodhakrit.

46 I'aridhuvin .

47 Pramadin . .

48 A nanda ....

49 Rfikshasa . . .

50 Anala

51 Pingnla

52 KSlavukta.. . .

53 Siddharthin. . .

54 Kaudra

55 Durmati

56 Dundubhi

57 Kudhirodgririn

58 llaktllksha

59 Krodhnnn . . . .

39 VisVilvasu . .

40 Parabhava..

41 Plava^ga . . .

42 Kilaka

43 Saumya.. . .

44 SSdhfirapa..

45 Virodhakrit.

46 Paridhavin .

47 Pramadin . .

48 Ananda. . . .

49 R&kshasa . . .

50 Anala

51 Piiigala

52 Kfilavukta. .

53 .Siddharthin,

54 Raudra ....

55 Durmati . . .

56 Dundubhi. .

57 RudhirodgSrin

58 Raktiiksha.

59 Krodhaua .

60 Kshaya . . .

1 Prabhava..

2 Vibhava. . .

3 Sukla

4 Pramoda . .

5 Prajapati..

6 .'Viigiras. . .

7 Srimukha .

8 iJhfiva ...

9 Yuvan .... 10 Dhfltri,

6 Bhadiapada.

3 Jvcshtlia.

1 Chaitra. 5 Sravapa.

4 .^shailha

6 Rhadrapada.

5 Sri'iTaoa.

3 Jveshtha.

217 221

27.684

J The jcjir 1800 was not a leap-year.

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLK I.

[iol. 23) ti = Distiiiiic of moon from sun. (Cot. iV) h = moons mean

Ij/. {Col. 25)

iDlomdIi/.

111. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)

(Time

„f tbo Moohn cn.-.l-vilni; ^

At Sunrise un meridian of Cjjain

Day

:M.a Mclllh

.\. 1).

Day

and Month

A. D.

Week day.

.Moon's Age.

a.

4.

Kalll

Week •lay.

By the Ary Siddhauta.

)

By the Siddh

Sfirv Anta.

a

c.

~-|

It

H S

Gh.

Pa.

H.

M.

Gh.

Pa.

H.

M.

a S"

13

14

15

17

15a

17a

19

20

21

22

23

24

26

1

9 AprU(99)..

0 Sat. . . .

55

12

22

5

tl

2

to

25

13 Mar. (72). .

1 Sun . . . .

213

.639

9931

271

203

4876

10 April (100).

i Mod...

10

44

4

17

16

33

6

37

1 April (91)..

0 Sat

241

.723

9966

207

2.54

4877

9 April (100).

3 Tues...

26

15

10

30

32

5

12

50

20 Mar. (80). .

4 Wed...

29

.087

9841

54

223

4878

9 April (99)..

4 Wed...

41

46

16

42

47

36

19

3

8 April (98)..

3 Tues . . .

8

.024

9876

990

275

4879

9 April (99). .

.5 Thur. .

57

17

22

55

t3

8

fl

15

29 Mar. (88)..

1 Sun

130

.390

90

874

246

4880

10 April (100).

0 Sat

12

49

5

7

18

39

7

28

19 Mar. (78)..

6 Fri

306

.918

305

757

218

4881

y April (100).

1 Sun...

28

20

11

20

34

11

13

40

5 April (96)..

4 Wed....

24

.072

1

657

267

4882

9 April (99). .

2 Mon...

43

51

17

32

49

42

19

53

25 Mar. (84). .

1 Sun

12

.036

9876

504

236

4883

9 April (99). .

3 Tucs...

59

22

23

45

f3

14

t2

6

14 Mar. (73)..

5 Thur. . .

8

.024

9752

351

205

4884

10 April (IflO).

5 Thiu-..

14

54

5

57

20

45

8

18

2 April (92). .

4 Wed....

63

.189

9787

287

256

4885

9 April (100).

6 Fri....

30

25

12

10

36

17

14

31

22 Mar. (82). .

2 Mon....

264

.792

1

171

228

4886

9 April (99). .

0 Sat. . . .

45

56

18

22

51

49

20

43

11 Mar. (70)..

6 Fri

36

.108

9877

18

198

4887

10 April (100).

2 Mon...

1

27

0

35

7

20

2

56

30 Mar. (89)..

5 Thiu-...

11

.033

9911

954

249

4888

10 April (100).

3 Tues...

Ifi

59

6

47

22

52

9

9

20 Mar. (79)..

3 Tues. . . .

148

.444

126

837

221

4889

9 April (100).

i Wed...

32

30

13

0

38

23

15

21

7 April (98)..

2 Mon....

163

.489

161

773

272

4890

9 April (99). .

.5 Thur. .

48

1

19

12

53

55

21

34

27 Mar. (86)..

6 Fri

79

.237

36

621

241

4891

10 April (100).

0 Sat....

3

32

1

25

9

26

3

46

16 Mar. (75)..

3 Tues....

82

.246

9912

468

211

4892

10 April (100).

1 Sun . . .

19

4

7

37

24

58

9

59

4 April (94)..

2 Mon. . . .

167

.501

9947

404

262

4893

9 April (100).

2 Mon...

34

35

13

50

40

29

16

12

23 Mar. (83)..

6 Fri

102

.306

9822

251

231

4894

9 April (99)..

3 Tues...

50

e

20

2

56

1

22

24

13 Mar. (72)..

4 Wed....

284

.852

37

134

203

4895

10 April (100).

5 Thur. .

5

37

2

15

11

32

4

37

1 April (91)..

3 Tues. . . .

271

.813

71

70

2.54

4896

10 April (100).

6 Fri...

21

9

8

27

27

4

10

49

21 Mar. (80)..

0 Sat

19

.0.57

9947

918

223

4897

9 April (100).

0 Sat...

3C

40

14

40

42

35

17

2

8 April (99)..

6 Fri

12

.036

9982

854

275

4898

9 April (99)..

1 Sun...

52

11

20

52

58

7

23

15

29 Mar. (88). .

4 Wed....

196

.588

196

737

247

4899

in April (100).

3 Tues...

7

42

3

5

13

38

5

27

18 Mar. (77)..

1 Sun

142

.426

72

584

216

4900

10 April (100).

4 Wed...

23

14

9

17

29

10

11

40

6 April (96). .

0 Sat

228

.684

106

520

267

4901

10 April (100).

5 Thur. .

38

45

15

30

44

41

17

53

26 Mar. (85). .

4 Wed....

225

.675

9982

368

236

4902

10 April (100).

6 Fri....

54

16

21

42

■fO

13

to

5

15 Mar. (74). .

1 Sun

137

.411

9858

215

205

4903

U April (101).

1 Sun. . .

9

47

3

55

15

44

«

IH

3 April (93). .

0 Sat

146

.438

9892

151

257

4904

11 April (101).

2 Mon...

25

19

10

7

31

16

12

30

24 Mar. (83)..

5 Thur...

277

.831

107

34

229

4905

10 April (101).

3 Tues...

40

50

16

20

46

47

IS

43

12 Mar. (72). .

2 Mon....

30

,090

9982

882

198

4906

10 April (100).

4 Wed. . .

5fi

21

22

32

t2

19

to

3 .5

31 Mar. (90)..

1 Sun

29

.087

17

817

249

4907

See foiitnote p. liii abdve.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE 1.

I.ii,i,itio,i-]Hirlf — \U,UWtli.s of II rirrli: J titlii = ^ ...Mi of tin- moon's s,/,ioiJir i-cniii/io

I. CONCUKRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

3

3a

5

True.

liUiii-Solar

cycle. (Southern.)

6

Brihaspali

cycle

(Northeni)

cuiTeiit

at Mesha

sai'ikranti.

X;mie of jM.mlh.

Time of the preceding sai'ikr&nti

expressed in

10

Time of the succeeding sankrfinti

expressed in

n

4908

4909

4910

4911

4912

4913

4914

4913

4916

491

4918

4919

4920

4921

4922

4923

4924

4925 4826 4927 4928 4929 4930 4931 4932 4933 4934 4935 4936 4937 4938

1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 173.^. 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744

1745

1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759

1864

1865

1

1867

1868

1

1870

1871

1872

1873

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880

1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894

1213

1214

121

1216

1217

1218

1219

1220

1221

1222

1223

1224

1225

1226

1227

1228

1229

1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1 243

981- 982- 983-

986- 987-

990- 991- 992- 993- 994- 995- 996-

997- 98

998- 99 999-1000

1000- 1001- 1002- 1003- 1004- 1005- lOOC- 1007- 1008- 1009- 1010- 1011-

1806- 7

1807- 8 *1808- 9

1809-10 1810-11 1811-12

♦1812-13 1813-14 1814-15 1815-16

*1816-17 1817-18 1818-19 1819-20

•1820-21 1821-22

1822-23

1823-24

♦1824-25 1825-26 1826-27 1827-28

•1828-29 1829-30 1830-31 1831-32

•1832-33 1833-34 1834-35 1835-36

•1836-37

60 Kshaya

1 Prabhavii . . .

2 Vibhava. . . .

3 Sukla

4 Pnimoda . . .

5 Prajilpati . . .

6 Aiigiras . . . .

7 Srimukha. .

8 Bhava

9 Yuvau

10 Dhatri

11 Isvara

12 Bahudhanya

13 Pramalhiu .

14 Vikrama. . .

15 Vrisha

Isvara

Balimllianya . Pramathin. . . Vikrama . . . .

Vrisha

Cliitrabhauu. Sublianu . . . .

Tarana

Parthiva .... Vvaya

5 Sraraiia.

0 Bhildrapada.

308 336

Sarvajit.. . . SarvadUariu Virodhin ... Vikrita ....

Khara

Nandaua . . .

16 Chitrabbanu.

27 Vijaya.

17 Subhauu...

18 Tarana

19 PArthiva

20 Vyaya

21 Sarvajit

22 Sarvadhilrin . 3 Virodhiu....

24 Vikrita

25 Khara

26 Naudaoa ...

27 Vijaya

28 Jaya

29 .Maiiinatha. . .

30 Durmiikha . .

Jaya

Maumatha. . Durmukha. . Ucmalamba. Vilamba. . . . Vikarin.... Sarvari ....

Plava

Subbakrit . . Stibbana. . . . Krodbiu . . . Visvfivasu . . ParAbbava . . Plavnnia .

7 Asvina. . . 10 l'ait3ha(Ksh.) 1 Cbaitra . .

74 9870

29.544 0.222 29 610

127

9918

161

5 Srava^a..

9427

6 Bbtulnipada.

9707

4 .\sb(\dha 9160

28.380 251 0.7-53

THE HINDU CALENDAR. xc

TABLE I.

[Col. 23) It iz: DisUiiiic of moon front sun. (Col. ii) h m moon's menu iitKimiily . (Col. 25) <■ = sun's mean (inomiili/.

III. COMMENCEMENT OK THE

Solar year.

Lani-Solar year. (Civil ilay of Chaitra Sukla Ist.)

Day

and .Mouth

A. 1).

13

(Time of the Mesha sankrjlnti.)

Week .lav.

14

By the Arya Siddhnnta.

17

By the Surya Siddhanta.

Day

and Mouth

A. D.

15a

17a

19

Week day.

20

Moon's Ape.

23

24

25

11 April

101)

11 April

101)

10 April

101)

10 April

101)

11 April

101)

11 April

101)

10 April

101)

11 AprU

101)

11 April

101)

11 April

101)

10 April

101)

11 April

101)

11 April

101)

11 April

101)

10 April

101)

11 April

101)

11 April

101)

11 April

101)

10 April

101)

11 .\pril

101)

11 April

101)

11 April

101)

10 April

101)

11 April

101)

11 April

101)

11 April

101)

10 April

101)

11 April

101)

11 April

101)

11 April

101)

10 April

101)

6 Fri...

0 Sat. . .

1 Snn..

2 Mod..

4 Wed..

5 Thur.

6 Fri...

1 Sun..

2 Mon. .

3 Tues.. i Wed.. 6 Fri...

0 Sat...

1 Sun . .

2 Mon..

4 Wed..

5 Thur.

6 Fi'i... 0 Sat...

2 Mon.

3 Toes.

4 Wed..

5 Thur.

0 Sat...

1 Snn. .

2 Mon.

3 Tues

5 Thur.

6 Fri...

0 Sat. . .

1 Sun . .

23 22 5 3.5

17 50

33 22

48 54

t4 25

19 57

35 28

51 0

fi 31

7 8

13 21

19 33

tl 46

26 15

41 46 57 18 12 49 28 21 52

43

14 56

30 27

45 59

fl 30

17 2

32 33

48 5

t3 36

to 36 6 49

21 Mar. (80). 9 April (99).

28 Mar. (88).

17 Mar. (76). 0 April (95).

25 Mai-. (84).

14 Mar. (74).

2 April (92).

22 Mar. (81). 10 April (100)

29 Mar. (89).

18 Mar. (77). 6 April (96).

26 Mar. (85).

15 Mar. (75).

3 April (93).

24 Mai-. (83).

13 Mar. (72).

31 Mar. (91).

20 Mar. (79).

8 April (98).

28 Mar. (87).

16 Mar. (76).

4 April (94).

25 Mar. (84). 15 Mar. (74).

2 April (93). 22 Mai-. (81). 10 April (100)

30 Mar. (89) 18 Mar. (78).

6 Fri...

5 Thur. 2 Mon..

6 Fri...

5 Thur.

2 Mon..

0 Sat. . .

6 Fri...

3 Tues..

2 Mon.. 6 Fri...

3 Tues..

2 Mon.. 6 Fi-i...

4 Wed..

3 Tues..

1 Sun..

5 Thur.

4 Wed. . 1 Sun. .

0 Sat. . .

4 Wed..

1 Snn. . 0 Sat. . .

5 Thni-. 3 Tues..

2 Mon..

6 Fii...

5 Thur. 2 Mon..

6 Fri...

231

266

142

17

52

9928

142

177

53

87

9963

9839

9873

9749

9963

9998

212

88

123

9998

33

9909

9784

9819

33

248

282

158

193

69

994

4908 4909 4910 4911 4912 4913 4914 4915 4916 4917 18 4919 4920 4921 4922 4923

4924

4925 4926 4927 4928 4929 4930 4931 4932 4933 4934 4935 4936 4937 4938

See tootnote p. liii above.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE 1.

I.iiiiiilioii-jiiirls = l<l/MI(lMs of i( ririh'. .i titlii ^ ' j.iM of I lie niooiix s>//ioi/if recnliilio

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR iMONTHS.

True.

I.uiii-Solai'

cydc. (Southern.)

6

Brihiispati cjclc

(Northern)

current

at Meslia

sankrrinti.

Name of mouth.

Time of the preceding sankr&nti

expressed in

c .*^

Time of the succeeding sankr&nti

expressed in

10

11

•1939

•1910

I9il

4942

4943

4944

494.5

494(!

494*

494S

4949

4950

49.51

495i2

4953

4954

4955

49.56

4957

4958

4959

4960

4961

4962

4963

4961

4965

49(;fi

496

496S

4969

4970

1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791

1895

1896

1897

1898

1899

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

190

1906

190

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1201 1262 1263 1264 1265 1260 1267 1268 1209 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275

1012-13 1013-14 1014-15 1015-16 1016-17 1017-18 1018-19 1019-20 1020-21 1021-22 1022-23 1023-24 1024-25 1025-26 1026-27 1027-28 1028-29 1029-30 1030-31 1031-32 1032-33 1033-34 1034-35 1035-36 1036-37 1037-38 1038-39 1039-40 1040-41 1041-42 1042-43 1043-44

1837-38 1838-39 1839-40

•1840-41 1841-42 1842-43 1843-44

*1844-45 1845-46 1846-47 1847-48

♦1848-49 1849-50 1850-51 1851-52

*1852-53 18.53-54 1854-55 1855-56

•1856-57 1857-58 1858-59 1859-60

•1860-61 1861-62 1862-63 1863-04

•1864-65 1865-06 1866-67 1867-68

•1868-69

31 Uenialamba. . .

32 Vilamba

33 Vikfirin

34 Sarvari

35 Plava

36 Subhakril

37 Sobhana

38 Krodhin

39 Visvuvasu . . . .

40 Parubhava

41 Plavanga

Kilaka

43 ISaumya

44 Sadhilrana.. . .

45 Virodhakrit.. .

46 Paridhuvin . . .

47 Pramfidiu . . . .

48 .^nauda

49 Uukshasa

50 Anala

51 Piii^ala

KAlayukt.'i. . . .

53 Siddhilrthin.. .

54 Raudra

5 Durmati ....

56 Dundubhi. . . . i7 RudhirodgAriu >8 RiikliUsha....

59 Krodhaua . . . .

CO Ksliaya

1 Prabhnva

2 Vibliava

Kilaka

Saumya

SSdliSraua .... Virodhakrit.. . Paridhiivin . . , Pramadin . . . .

Ananda

Rakshasa

Anala

Piiigala

Kiilayukta .... Siddharthin. . .

Raudra

Durmati

Duudubhi .... Rudhirodgarin Raktaksha.. . . Krodhaua . . . .

Kshaya

Prabhava 1) . . .

Sukla

Pramoda

PrajSpuli

Ai'iginis

Srimukha ....

lihilva

Vuvan

DhStri

7 Asviua.

9876

6 Bhi'idrapada

7 Asviua.

5 Sravana.

BalmdliAnya . PrauiAthin. . . Vikrama , .

') Vibhava, No. 2, Mas auppresscd in the niutli.

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE 1.

{(•f.l. 2.'!) n

= nUlmice

nf iiirtnn

from

xini.

{Co

. 24

b =

I iiiooii's met/It anomali/. (Col. 2:'

)^-

— xiiH's mean ttnomt

/y.

in. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Solar year.

Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra .Sukia 1st.)

Kali.

Day and .Month

(Time

of the Mesha sankranti )

Day and Month

Week day

At Sunrise on meridian of Ujjain.

Moon's Age.

By the .\rya

By the Surya

r "^

A. 1).

Week day.

Siddhttnta.

Siddiinta.

A. D.

s ^

a.

b.

..

Gh.

Pa.

H

M.

Gh.

Pa.

H.

M.

1 S.

^-1

13

14

15

17

16a

17a

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

1

11 April (101)

3 Tues....

13

1

.-,

12

19

8

7

39

6 April (96). .

5 Thnr. . .

255

.765

9979

212

264

4939

11 April (101).

4 Wed....

28

32

11

25

34

39

13

52

26 Mar. (85)..

2 Mon. . . .

46

.138

9855

59

233

4940

11 April (101).

5 Thur...

44

4

17

37

50

11

20

4

16 Mar. (75). .

0 Sat

161

.483

69

942

205

4941

10 April (101).

6 PYi

59

35

23

50

1-5

42

t2

17

3 April (94). .

6 Fri

147

.441

104

878

256

4942

11 April (101).

1 Sun

1.5

f.

6

2

21

14

8

29

24 Mar. (83). .

4 Wed. . . .

318

.954

318

761

228

4943

11 April (101).

2 Mod...

SO

37

12

15

36

45

14

42

11 April (101).

2 Mon....

36

.108

14

661

277

4944

U April (101).

3 Tucs . .

46

9

18

27

52

17

20

55

31 Mar. (90)..

6 Fi-i

23

.069

9890

508

246

4945

11 April (102).

5 Thur...

1

40

0

40

7

48

3

7

19 Mar. (79)..

3 Tues. . . .

16

.048

9765

350

215

4946

11 April (101).

6 Fri

17

11

6

52

23

20

9

20

7 AprU(97)..

2 Mon....

75

.225

9800

292

266

4947

11 April (101).

0 Sat

32

42

13

5

38

51

15

33

28 Mai-. (87)..

0 Sat

279

.837

14

175

238

4948

11 April (101)

1 Sun

48

14

19

17

54

23

21

45

17 Mar. (76)..

4 Wed....

52

.156

9890

22

208

4949

11 April (102).

3 Tues...

3

45

1

30

9

54

3

58

4 April (95)..

3 Tues....

28

.084

9925

958

259

4950

11 April (101).

4 Wed. . . .

19

IR

7

42

25

26

10

10

25 Mar. (84)..

1 Sun

162

.486

139

842

231

4951

11 April (101).

5 Thur. . .

34

47

13

55

40

58

16

23

14 Mar. (73)..

5 Thur. . .

28

.084

15

689

200

4952

U April (101).

6 lYi

•50

19

20

7

56

29

22

36

2 April (92). .

4 Wed....

90

.270

49

625

251

4953

11 April (102).

1 Sun....

5

50

2

20

12

1

4

48

21 Mar. (81)..

1 Son

90

.270

9925

472

220

4954

11 April (101).

2 Mon. ...

21

21

8

32

27

32

11

1

9 April (99). .

0 Sat

177

.531

9960

408

272

4955

11 April (101).

3 Tues....

3fi

52

14

45

43

4

17

13

29 Mar. (88)..

4 Wed....

115

.345

9835

255

241

4956

n April (101).

4 Wed . ..

52

24

20

57

58

35

23

26

19 Mar. (78)..

2 Mon....

299

.897

50

139

213

4957

11 April (102).

6 Fri

7

55

3

10

14

7

5

39

6 AprU(97)..

1 Sun

288

.864

84

75

264

4958

11 April (101).

0 Sat

23

26

9

22

29

38

11

51

26 .Mar. (85)..

5 Thur...

34

.102

9960

922

233

4959

11 AprU(lOl).

1 Sun....

38

57

15

35

45

10

18

4

16 Mar. (75)..

3 Tues....

186

.558

175

806

205

4960

11 April (101).

2 Mon ....

54

29

21

47

to

41

to

16

4 April (94)..

2 Mon...

209

.627

209

741

257

4961

11 April (102).

4 Wed

10

0

4

0

16

13

6

29

23 Mar. (83)..

6 Fri

151

.453

85

589

226

4962

11 April (101).

.5 Thur...

25

31

10

12

31

44

12

42

11 April (101).

5 Thur. . .

239

.717

120

525

277

4963

11 April (101).

6 Fri

41

2

16

25

47

16

18

54

31 Mar. (90)..

2 Men....

236

.708

9995

372

246

4964

11 April (101).

0 Sat

5fi

34

22

37

+2

47

tl

7

20 Mar. (79)..

6 i'Vi

149

.447

9871

219

215

4965

11 April (102).

2 Mon. . .

12

5

4

50

18

19

7

20

7 AprU (98). .

5 Thur...

161

.483

9906

155

267

4966

11 April (101)

3 Tues....

27

3fi

11

2

33

50

13

32

28 Mar. (87)..

3 Tuea....

294

.882

120

39

239

4967

11 April (101).

4 Wed...

43

7

17

15

49

22

19

45

17 Mar. (76)..

0 Sat

46

.138

9996

886

208

4968

11 April (101).

5 Thur...

58

39

23

27

+4

53

tl

57

5 .\pril(95)..

6 Fi-i. . . . .

44

.132

30

822

259

4969

11 April (102).

0 Sat

14

10

^

40

20

25

8

10

25 Mar. (85)..

4 Wed...

250

.7.50

245

705

231

4970

Sec footnote p. liii above.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE I.

Liincitimi-jmrls ^: 10,000M.s of ii rirrle. .1 lithi = ^jiM of the moon's synodic revolution.

I. CONCURRENT YEAR.

II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.

2

3a

True.

I.mii-Solar

cycle. (Soutlieni.)

6

Brihaspati

cycle

(Northern)

current

at Mesha

sai'ikranti.

Name of mouth.

Time of the preceding sanki'uuti

cipreased in

10

Time of the succeeding bai'ikranti

csjiressed in

11

4971

4972

4973

4974

4975

4976

49

4978

4979

4980

4981

4982

4983

4984

498

4986

498

4988

4989

4990

4991

4992

4993

4994

499

499B

499

4998'

4999

.-)000

5001

5002

1792 1793

1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1H17 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823

1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958

1276

1277

1278

1279

1280

1281

1282

1283

1284

1285

1286

1287

1288

1289

1290

1291

1292

1293

1294

129

1296

129

1298

1299

1300

1301

1302

1303

1304

1305

1306

1307

1044-45 1045-46 1046-47 1047-48 1048-49 1049-50 1050-51 1051-52 1052-53 1053-54 1054-55 1055-56 1056-57 1057-58 1058-59 1059-60 1060-61 1061-62 1062-63 1063-64 1064-65 1065-66 1066-67 1067-68 1068-69 1069-70 1070-71 1071-72 1072-73 1073-74 1074-75 1075-76

1869- 70

1870- 71

1871- 72 '1872- 73

1873- 74

1874- 75

1875- 76 '1876- 77

1877- 78

1878- 79

1879- 80 •1880- 81

1881- 82

1882- 83

1883- 84 ►1884- 85

1885- 86

1886- 87

1887- 88 »1888- 89

1889- 90

1890- 91

1891- 92 •1892- 93

1893- 94

1894- 95

1895- 96 •1896- 97

1897- 98

1898- 99 1899-900

1900J- 1

3 Sakla

4 Pramoda . . .

5 Prajapati

6 Ai'igiras ....

7 Srimutha . .

8 Bhilfa

9 Yuvan

10 Dhatri

11 Jsvara

12 Bahudhanja

13 Pramfithin .

14 Vikrama. . .

15 Vrisha

16 Chitrabhfinu

17 Subhiluu . . .

18 Tarann

19 Parthiva...

20 Vyaya

21 Sarvajit....

22 Sarf adharin. . .

23 Virodhin . . .

24 Vikrita

25 Khara

6 Nandaua . . .

27 Vijaya

28 Java

29 .Manniatha..

30 Durmukha .

31 Hcmalaniba.

32 Vilamba...

33 Vikftrin....

34 Sarvari

Vrisha

Chitrabhauu . Subhanu . . . .

Tai-ana

Parthiva. . . .

Vyaya

Sarvajit

Sarvadharin. . Virodhin . . . .

Vikrita

Khara

Nandana . . . .

Vijaya

Jaya

Manuiatha.. . Durmukha . . Hemalamba . . Vilamba . . . .

Vikurin

Sarvari

Plava

Subhakrit . . . Sobhuna . . . . Krodhin . . . . Visvavasu . . . Parabhava . . . Plavaugii . . .

Kilaka

Saumya

Sadharaua . . Virodhakrit. Paridhavin .

2 A'aisakha.. .

6 Bhadrapada .

7 Asviua. . .

527 194

Sravaua.

29.763

6 Blu'idnipada.

62 402

7 Asvina.

544

189

i The year 1900 A 1) «ill not l,r :, leap-year.

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE 1.

[Cnl. 2.'i) a :=: Distance of moon from siiii. (Col. i\) h ^ /iwoii'x nieini ininmuli/. [Col. 25) r := sun'.i mean iiiiomuli/.

III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE

Solar year.

Day

and Month

A. D.

(Time of the Mesha sankraiiti .)

Week (lav.

By the Arya Siddhunta.

By the Sunn Siddhliuta.

I.uui-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukia Ut.)

Day

and Month

A. D.

Week dnv .

At Saurlae or, meridian of UJJaln.

Moon's Age.

13

14

16

17

15a

17a

le

20

21

22

23

25

11 April (101)

11 April (101)

12 April (102) 11 April (102). 11 April (101).

11 April (101).

12 April (102). 11 April (102). 11 April (101).

11 April (101).

12 April (102). 11 April (102). 11 April (101). 11 April (101).

April (102). 11 April (102).

11 April (101). U April (101).

12 April (102). 11 April (102). 11 April (101). 11 April (101).

April (102). 11 April (102). 11 April (101). U April (101).

April (102). 11 April (102). 11 April (101).

11 April (101). April (102).

12 April (102).

1 Sun. .

2 Mon. . 4 Wed.. .5 Thiir. 6 Fri... 0 Sat...

2 Mon..

3 Tues..

4 Wed..

5 Thur.

0 Sat...

1 Siin..

2 Mon..

3 Toes.. a Thur. f. Fri...

0 Sat. . .

1 Sun..

3 Tues..

4 Wed..

5 Thur.

6 Fri...

1 Sun..

2 Mon..

3 Tues..

4 Wed.. 6 Fri...

0 Sat...

1 Sun..

2 Mon..,

4 Wed..

5 Thur. ,

.59

15 24

.30 5.5

46 27

tl 58

17 30

33 2

48 33

t4 5

19 36

35 8

50 39

14 Mar. (73). .

2 April (92)..

22 Mar. (81)., 8 April (99). .

29 Mar. (88)..

19 Mar. (78)..

7 April (97).,

26 Mar. (86)..

16 Mar. (75)..

3 April (93). .

23 Mar. (82)..

10 April (101).

30 Mar. (89)..

20 Mar. (79)..

8 April (98)..

28 Mar. (88)..

17 Mar. (76).. 5 April (95). .

25 Mar. (84)..

13 Mar. (73)..

1 April (91)..

21 Mar. (SO). .

9 April (99). .

29 Mar. (89).. 19 Mar. (78)..

7 April (97)..

27 Mar. (86).. 15 Mar. (75)..

3 April (93).. 23 Mar. (82)..

11 April (101).

31 Mar. (90)..

1 Sun . . . 0 Sat....

4 Wed...

2 Mon...

0 Sat....

5 Thur.. 4 Wed...

1 Sun...

6 Fri.... 4 Wed...

1 Sun...

0 Sat. . . .

4 Wed. . .

2 Mon. . .

1 Sun... C Fri....

3 Tues...

2 Mon... 6 Fri....

3 Tues...

2 Mon... 6 Fri....

5 Thur..

3 Tues... 1 Snn . . .

0 Sat

4 Wed...

1 Sun . . .

0 Sat

4 Wed..., 3 Tues.... 0 Sat

.651

.918

.876

.021

.528

.897

.828

.210

.900

.171

.189

.417

.10:

.564

.504

.855

.309

.441

.369

.378

.570

.147

.162

.513

.897

.912

.594

.582

.840

.70;

.810

.186

120

155

31

9727

9941

155

190

66

280

9976

11

226

101

136

12

1887

9922

9798

9832

47

261

296

171

47

82

9957

9992

1971 4972 4973 4974 4975 4976 4977 4978 4979 4980 4981 4982 4983 4984 4985 4986 4987 4988 4989 4990 4991 4992 4993 4994 4995 4996 4997 4998 4999 5000 001 5002

Si-f footnotr p. liii above.

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE 11. PART 1.

CORRESPONDENCE OP AMANTA AND PtjUNIMANTA MONTHS (See Arl. 51 J

Amantn iiumllis.

rrm.iimfiuta monllis

4 Ashitdha.

7 Asvina.

1 1 MAaha .

Sukla.

5 Sruvaya

(i Bhailrapaila . . .

s

I Krishna . .

I Sukla. . . .

t Krishna . .

I Sukla

I Krishua . .

I Sukla

I Krishna . .

I Sukla

^ Krishiia . .

I Sukla

I Krishua . .

I Sukla

t Krishna . .

I Sukla . . . .

/ Krishna . .

I Sukla. . . .

I Krishna . .

I Sukla. . . .

( Krishria . .

I Sukla

/ Krishna . .

I Sukla. . . ,

I Krishiia . .

Jycshtha.

BhaJrapada

Phalgnna.

Sukla ::: Suddha and other synonyms.

Krishpa z^ Bahula, Vadya, and other synonyms.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE II. PART II.

CORKESPONDENCE OP MONTHS IX DIFFERENT ERAS.

(\,v .Irl. lli:i uf the 'JWl.)

LUNI-SOLAR YEAR.

Other months corresponding to Luuar months.

Chaitradi.

Ashadhadi.

Asvinadi.

KArttikAdi.

Sanskrit names of months.

Tulu names.

Sanskrit names of mc

nths.

Solar mouths.

Mouths A. D.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Kidi 417'J.

Saka 1000.

Vikrama Samvat

Chedi (Kalaelmri)

Vikrama 113-1.

A. D. 1077.

Vikrama 113.5.

Gupta 758.

1134.

829.

NevAr 198.

1

Chaitra.

Paggu.

Chaitra.

Chailra

Chaitra.

Mina, Mcsha.

Feb.. March, April. .May.

a

Vaisukha.

BesS.

Vaisakha.

Vaisakha.

Vaisakha.

Mesha, Vrishahha.

March, April, Slay, June.

S

Jyeshtha.

Kartehi.

Jyeshtha. 1135.

Jyeshtha.

Jyeshtha.

Vrishahha, Mithuna.

April, May, June, July.

4

AshAdlia.

Ati.

Ashadha.

Asha.lha.

AshAdha.

Mithuna, Karka.

May, June, July. Aug.

5

Si-avana.

Sui.ia.

Sravana.

Sravana.

SrAvana.

Kark.a, Siiiilia.

June. July, Aug., Sept.

6

Bhadrapaila.

Nirvilla

Bhi'idrapada.

Bhadrapada. 830.

BhAdrapada.

Siiiiha, KanyA.

July, Aug., Sept , Oct.

7

.\sviua.

Hontclu.

Asvina.

Asvina.

Asvina. 1135; 199.

KanyA, Tula.

Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov.

H

KHrttika.

Jardc.

KArttika.

KarKika.

Karttika.

TulA, Vri.^chika

Sept., Oct., Nov., Pec. 1078.

'.)

Margasii'sha.

Pcrarde.

Margasirsha.

Margasirsha.

M argasirslia.

Vrischika, Dhanus.

Oct., Nov , Dec, Jan.

10

Pausha.

Pl'iutflll.

Pausha.

Pausha.

Pausha.

Dhanus, llakai-n.

Nov . Dec, Jan , Feb.

11

Mugha.

Mflyi.

Magha.

MAgha.

MAgha.

Makara, Kumbha.

Dec., Jan., Feb., March.

12

Phdiguna.

Suggi.

Phfilgmia.

PhAlgnna.

PliAlguna.

Kumbha, M5ua.

Jan., Feb., March, April.

N.B. i. All the years are current, and the lunar-mouths arc umAula.

N.B. ii. Cliailrildi ■^ "heginuiug with Chaitra"; Meshddi n "beginuiug with Mesha" and so uu.

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TARLE II. PART 11. (continuer)

coin: KSI'ON DEN CE OF MONTHS IN DIFFERENT ERAS. (See Art 103 of the Text. J

SOLAR YEAR.

Other montl

s corresponding

MeshJdi.

Siiiihadi.

Kanyadi.

to Solai months.

Sign names.

Bengali names.

Tamil names.

TiiinevcUy names.

Snutb

Malayalam

uames.

Nortb

Malayalam

names

Orissa names.

Lunar months.

Months A. D

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Knli 4179. Vita-ama 113.5. Saka HIOO. Bengali San 484.

TiunevcUy 252.

Kollam 252.

Kollam 252.

Vilayati 484.

A. 0, 1077

1

Mcsha.

Vaisakha (Baisiik).

C'bittirai (Sittirai).

Chittirai (Sittirai).

Medam.

MEdam.

Baisak.

Chait., Vais.

Mar., Apr., May.

2

Vrishabba

Jyeshlha (Joistho).

Vaigusi, Vaiyasi.

Vaigasi (Vaiyusi).

Edavam.

Edavam.

Joistho.

Vais., Jyesh.

Apr, May, June.

3

Mithnna.

AsbAi.lha (Assar).

Ani.

Ani.

Midunam.

Midunam.

Assar.

Jyesh.jAsha.

May, June, July.

4

Karka.

Sruvaua (ShrSban)

A.li.

.\<li.

253.

Karkadakam 253.

Karkadakam.

Sawun.

.\sha., Srav.

June, July, Ang.

•''

Siii.lia.

HbSJi-apada (Bbudro).

.\vani.

Avani.

Chihgam.

('hiiigam. 253.

BhSdro.

485.

Srav., BhSd.

July, Aug , Sept.

i\

KanyA.

Asviua (Assin).

Purattuili

— (Purattusi).

PtirattAdi

— (Purattasi).

Kanui.

Kauni.

Assin.

Bhad., Asv.

Aug., Sept., Oet

7

Tula.

Kilrttika (Kfirttik).

Aippasi (Arppisi, — Ai)pisi).

Aippasi (Arppisi, — Appisi).

TulAm.

Tulam.

Kurtfik.

.\sv., Kartt.

Sept.. Oct., Nov.

8

Vrischika.

MargasJrsha (Aghran).

Karttigai.

Karttigai.

Vrisobikam

Vriscbikam.

Agbr"ai.

K3rt., Marg.

Oct,, Nov., Dee.

^

1078.

9

Dbanus.

Pausha (Paus)

.Mr.i-gali.

Mai'gali.

Dhanu.

Dhana.

Paus.

-\I"irg.,Paus.

Nov., Dec, Jan.

10

Makara.

Magha.

Tai.

Tai.

Makaram.

Makaram.

Magha.

Paus., Magh.

Dee., Jan., Feb.

11

Kumbha.

Phalguna (Falgun).

Masi.

Milsi.

Kumbbam.

Kumbbam

Falgun.

Magh., Pbra.

Jan., Feb., Mar.

12

Mmn.

Chaitra (Choitro).

Pan gun i.

Panguni.

Minam.

.Mi nam.

Choitro.

Phfd., Chait.

Feb., M.ar., Apr.

=var ttika).

0

CMlukya

(initial month

doubtful).

17-8

0

Simha (Asbadha).

t4-5

1

37-8

0

Lakshmana

Sena (KSrttika).

!

42-8

5-6

0

Ilahi.

■6-7

479-80

441-2

436-7

0

RAjasaka (Jjeshtha).

14-5

597-8

559-60

554-5

118-9

0

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

Kali.

T A JD IJ ill 11. r A li 1 111.

■ CORRESPONDENCE OF YEARS OF DIFFERENT ERA

N.B. i The month in which Ihe year of a oon-ChaitrMi or non-MeshMi era begi An era which has no month printed under it in the heading is Chaitrldi or MeshSdi.

N.B. ii. To turn a year of one era into that of another, use the year 0 under one a horizontal line under the other. For instance, to turn a Saka year into a Vikrama ye

S.

ns is given in

nd the corres

ar and vice v

Vikrama 57

brackets in

lending year ersa, Saka 0 -8; and so 0

he heading.

on the same = Chaitradi . (See also

0

Saptarshi.

26

0

Viltramfl.

3044

3018

0

Vikrama (AshSdha. Kirttika).

Vikrama 136 = .Ashadhldi Art. 104 of the test.)

or Klirttikadi Vikrama 134-5. A. D. 0 = either kind of

3044-5

3018-9

0-1

0

A. D. (January).

3101-2

3076-6

57-8

57-8

0

Saka.

3179

3153

135

134-5

77-8

0

Chedi (Asvina).

3349-SO

3323-4

305-6

305-6 304-5

247-8

170-1

0

Valabhi (Karttika).

3420-1

8394-5

376-7

376-7 376

318-9

241-2

71-2

0

Gupta.

3421

3395

377

376-7

319-20

242

71-2

0-1

0

Fasali of

South

(June, July).

3692-3

3666-7

646-9

648-9 647-8

590-1

513-4

342-3

271-2

271-2

0

(Alvin.) Ainll (BhldTkp.d>)-

3694-5

3668-9

660-1

650-1 649-50

592-3

515-6

344-5

273-4

273-4

2-3

0

Bengali.

3695

3669

651

650-1

593-4

516

345-6

274-5

274

2-3

0-1

0

Sflr-San (June).

3701-2

3675-6

657-8

656-7

599-600

522-3

351-2

280-1

280-1

8-9

6-7

6-7

0

Harsha.

3708

3682

664

663-4

606-7

529

S58-9

287-8

287

16-6

13-4

13

6-7

0

MSg!.

3740

3714

696

695-6

638-9

661

390-1

319-20

319

47-8

46-6

45

38-9

32

0

Kollam (Simha, Kanyi).

3926-7

3900-1

882-3

882-3 881-2

824-5

747-8

576-7

605-6

;605-6

284-5

231-2 232

231-2

225-6

218-9

186-7

0

Nevar (Ktottika).

3980-1

3954-5

936-7

935-6 936

878-9

801-2

631-2

560

!i.69-60

288-9

286-7

286-6

279-80

272-3

240-1

54-5

0

Chilukya

(initial month

doubtful).

4177-8

4151-2

1133-4

1133-4

1075-6

998-9

828-9

767-8

756-7

486-6

463-4

482-3

476-7

469-70

437-8

261-2

197-S

0

Simh. (Ashadha).

4215-6

4189-90

1171-2

1171 1170-1

1113-4

1036-7

865-6

794-5

794-5

522-3 623-4

620-1

520-1

514-5 613-4

507-8

475-6

288-9

284-5

37-8

0

I^kshmana

Sena (K«rttik»).

4220-1

4194-5

1176-7

1176-7 1176

1118-9

1041-2

871-2

800

799-600

528-9

626-7

626-6

619-20

512-3

480-1

294-5

240

42-8

5-6

0

nuii.

4656-7

4630-1

1612-3

1612-3

1655-6

1477-8

1307-8

1236-7

]| 235-6

964-5

962-3

961-2

966-6

948-9

916-7

730-1

676-7

479-80

441-2

*S6-7

0

Rj^fasaka

(Jwshtk.'.

4T::,-«

4749-60

1731-2

1730-1

1673-4

1596-7

1425-6

1364-6

1364-5

1082-3

1081-2

1080-1

1073-4

1067-8

1035-6

84S-9

794-5

597-8

559-60

554-J ; ;>-->

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE 111.

COLLEC'I'lVE DURATION OF MONTHS

1' V K T i.

Pakt 11

Lur

i-Solar year (Chaitradi).

Solar year (MesMdi).

Collective doratloQ from the beginning of ttie year to the end of each month.

1 1

Name

of Mont h.

SaiikrSnti

at end of

month in

cul. 5.

Collective duration (in days) from the beginning of the year to the end of the month in col. 5, or to the saiikranti in col. 5 a.

■J.

Name

..f

M 0 n 1 h.

Exact.

a 1

<

By the Anja Siddhdnia.

By the Siiri/a Hiddhdula.

1 ~

% S <

Hindu reckoning.

European reckoning.

Hindu reckoning.

European reckoning.

D.

GH.

P.

D.

H.

M.

D.

GH.

P.

D.

H.

M

1

1 :i

l!

s 9 10 11 12

2

3

3a

4

6

6a

6

7

8

9

10

Cliaitra ....

Vaisakha . . .

Jyeshtha . . .

.\sha.lha . . .

.Snivaiia ....

Bhadrapada.

.Vsvina

Karttika

.Margasirsha

Pausha ....

Magha

Phalguna .. In interca- lary years.

30 BO 90 120 150 ISO 210 240 270 •!00 330 160 390

30 59 89

lis

US 177 207 236 266 295 325 354 3S4

1 2 3 4

fi

7 8 9 10 11 12

Mesha

Vrishabha.. Mithuna.. .

Karka

Siiiiha

Kanyil ....

Tula

Vrischika . . Dhauus . . . .\lakara . . . Kumbha.. . Mina

Vrisliabha..

Mithuna. . .

Karka

Siiiiha

Kanya

Tula

Vrischika.. .

Dhanus. . . .

Makara

Kumbha . . .

MSna

Mesha (of the follow. ingycar)t.

30(2) 62(6) 93(2) 125(6) 156(2) 186(4) 216(6) 246(1) 275(2) 305(4) 334(5)

365(1)

55 19 56 24 26 53 47 18 39 6 55

15

30

34

0

4

9

33

45

16

18

42

12

31

30(2) 62(6) 93(2) 125(6) 156(2) 186(4) 216(6) 246(1) 275(2) 305(4) 334(5)

365(1)

22

7 22

9

10 21 19

7 15

2 22

6

12 49 24 38

28

6 18 43

41 5

12

30(2) 62(6) 94(3) 125(6) 156(21 186(4) 216(6) 246(1) 275(2) 305(4) 334(5)

365(1)

56 21 0 28 29 56 49 19 38

54

15

7 20

1 32 39

8 44

9 13

6 19

32

30(2) 62(6) 94(3) 125(6) 156(2) 186(4) 216(6) 246(1) 275(2) 305(4) 334(5)

365(1)

22

8

0

11

11

22

19

7

15

2

21

6

27 32 0 25 52 27 54 40 17

44

13

31 62 94

125 156 187 217 246 276 305 335

365

The figures in brackets in columns 6, 7, S, 9 give the (ir) or weekday iiidcN.

The moment of the Mesha sankriinti coincides with the exact beginning of the solar yea

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE ill.

COLLKCTIVK DURATION OF MdNTllS

I'.virr II.

Luni-Solar year (Chaitrudi).

Solar year (McshMi).

Collective duration from the beginning of the yeai to the end of each month.

3a

X il 111 c

of Mont h.

Sai'ikrAnti

at end of

mouth iu

col. 5.

6a

Collective duration (iu days) from the bcgiuning of the year to the end of the month in col. 5, or to the saiikrfmti in col. 3 a.

By the Arya Siddhdnta.

Hindu

reckoning.

European reckoning.

By the Siirija Siddhiiuta.

Hindu reckoning.

D. GH. P

European reckouing.

D. H. M

10

Cliaitra

Vaisukha... Jyeshtha. . . ,\shailha . . . Sravaiia . . . . BhAdrapada.

.\5vi11a

Karttika. . . . Margasirsha Pausha . . . , Matrha

Phalguna . . In interca- lary years.

Mesha. . . . Vrishablia. Mithuna.. Karka. . . Siiiiha. . . . KanvH . . .

Tula

Vrischika . Dhanus . . .Makara . . Kumbha . . Mma ...

Vrisliabha . . Mithuna . . .

Karka

Siiiiha

Kanya

Tula

Vrischika... Dhanus. . . . Makara .... Kumbha . . . Mina

3n(2) 62(6) 93(2) 125(6) 156(2) 186(4) 216i6) 246(1) 275(2) 305(4) 334(5)

Mesha (of the follow- ing ycar)t.

365(1)

30(2)

22

62(6)

7

93(2)

22

125(6)

9

156(2)

10

186(4)

21

216(6)

19

246(1)

7

275(2)

15

305(4)

2

334(5)

22

365(1)

6

30(2)

56

62(6)

21

94(3)

0

125(6)

28

156(2)

29

186(4)

56

216(6)

49

246(1)

19

275(2)

38

305(4)

5

334(5)

54

365(1)

13

7

30(2)

22

20

62(6)

8

1

94(3)

0

32

125(6)

11

39

156(2)

11

8

186(4)

22

44

216(6)

19

9

246(1)

7

13

275(2)

15

6

305(4)

2

19

334(5)

21

32 365(1)

6

31

62 94

125 156 187 17 246 276 305 335

The figures in brackets in columns fi, 7, S, 9 givi- the («■) or weckihi) index.

The moment of the Mesha saiikranti coincides with the esact beginning of the solar year.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE IV.

(//■) {.t) (B) (C) FOR EATIRY DAY IN THE YEAK.

{Prof. Ja

cobt's Table 7 in

Ind. Ant., Vol

xrii

, modified and corrected

.

No.

No.

No.

of

{«,.)

{"■)

ffi)

(<••)

of

(w)

(«•)

(4.)

{<■)

of

(-..)

(a)

(*.)

(<•)

days.

days.

days.

1

1

339

36

3

43

1

4561

561

118

85

1

8784

85

233

i

2

fi77

73

5

44

2

4900

597

120

86

2

9122

121

235

;!

3

1010

109

8

45

3

5238

633

123

87

3

9461

157

238

I

4

1355

145

11

46

4

5577

669

126

88

4

9800

194

241

5

5

1693

181

14

47

5

5916

706

129

89

5

138

230

244

(i

6

2032

218

16

48

6

6254

742

131

90

C

477

266

246

7

0

2370

254

19

49

0

6593

778

134

91

0

816

303

249

s

1

2709

290

22

50

1

6932

815

137

92

1

1154

339

252

9

2

3048

327

25

51

2

7270

851

140

93

2

1493

375

255

111

3

3386

363

27

52

3

7609

887

142

94

3

1831

411

257

11

4

3725

399

30

53

4

7947

923

145

95

4

2170

448

260

U

5

4064

435

33

54

5

8286

960

148

96

5

2509

484

263

i:i

6

4402

472

36

55

6

8625

996

151

97

6

2847

520

266

It

0

4741

508

38

56

0

8963

32

153

98

0

3186

557

268

lo

1

5079

544

41

57

1

9302

69

1.56

99

1

3525

593

271

16

•>

5418

581

44

58

2

9641

105

159

100

2

3863

629

274

17

3

5757

017

47

59

3

9979

141

162

101

3

4202

665

277

18

4

6095

653

49

60

4

318

177

104

102

4

4540

702

279

1!)

5

6434

690

52

61

5

657

214

167

103

5

4879

738

282

20

6

6773

726

55

62

0

995

250

170

104

6

5218

774

285

21

0

7111

762

57

63

0

1334

286

172

105

0

5556

811

287

22

1

7450

798

60

64

1

1672

323

175

106

1

5895

847

290

23

2

7789

835

63

65

2

2011

359

178

107

2

6234

883

293

24

3

8127

871

66

66

3

2350

395

181

108

3

6572

919

296

25

4

8466

907

68

67

4

2688

432

183

109

4

6911

956

298

2(i

5

8804

944

71

68

5

3027

468

186

110

5

7250

992

301

27

6

9143

9 SO

74

09

0

3300

504

189

111

0

7588

28

304

28

0

9482

16

77

70

0

3704

540

192

112

0

7927

65

307

29

1

9820

52

79

71

1

4043

577

194

113

1

8265

101

309

:io

2

159

89

82

72

2

4381

613

197

114

2

8604

137

312

:il

3

498

125

85

73

3

4720

649

200

115

3

8943

174

315

32

4

836

161

88

74

4

5059

686

203

116

4

9281

210

318

33

5

1175

198

90

75

5

5397

722

205

117

5

9620

240

320

34

fi

1513

234

93

76

6

5736

758

208

118

0

9959

282

323

3.'-)

(1

1852

270

96

77

0

6075

794

211

119

0

297

319

326

3C

1

2191

306

99

78

1

6413

831

214

120

1

636

355

329

37

2

2529

343

101

79

2

6752

867

216

121

2

974

391

331

38

3

2868

379

104

80

3

7091

903

219

122

3

1313

428

334

39

4

3207

415

107

81

4

7429

940

222

123

4

1652

464

337

4(1

.5

3545

452

110

82

5

7768

976

224

124

5

1990

500

889

41

r,

3884

488

112

83

6

8106

12

227

125

6

2329

530

342

I J

II

4223

524

115

84

0

8445

48

230

126

0

266S

573

345

THE HINDU CALENDAR. T A B L E IV. (CONTINUED).

N..

No.

No.

of

(*'•)

(")

{«.)

Kc)

of

(K-)

(«)

(*)

(<■)

of

(«;.)

(«.)

(*)

(<•)

,bjs.

ilavs.

daj-9.

127

1

8006

609

348

171

3

7906

206

468

215

5

2806

803

589

128

2

3345

645

350

172

4

8245

242

471

216

6

3144

839

591

12'J

3

3684

682

353

173

5

8583

278

474

217

0

3483

875

594

130

4

4022

718

356

174

6

8922

315

4i76

218

1

3822

912

597

131

5

4361

754

359

175

0

9261

351

479

219

2

4160

948

600

132

6

4699

790

361

176

1

9599

387

482

220

3

4499

984

602

133

0

5038

827

364

177

2

9938

424

485

221

4

4838

20

605

134

1

5377

863

367

178

3

276

460

487

222-

5

5176

57

608

135

2

5715

899

370

179

4

615

496

490

223

6

5515

93

fill

136

3

6054

936

372

180

5

954

532

493

224

0

5854

129

613

137

4

6393

972

375

181

6

1292

569

496

225

1

6192

166

616

13S

5

6731

8

378

182

0

1631

605

498

226

2

6531

202

619

139

6

7070

45

381

183

1

1970

641

501

227

3

6869

238

621

liO

0

7408

81

383

184

2

2308

678

504

228

4

7208

274

624

in

1

7747

117

386

185

3

2647 ■

714

506

229

5

7547

311

627

142

2

8086

153

389

186

4

2986

750

509

230

6

7885

347

630

143

3

8424

190

392

187

5

3324

787

512

231

0

8224

383

632

144

4

8763

226

394

188

6

3663

823

515

232

1

8563

420

635

145

5

9102

262

397

189

0

4001

859

517

233

2

8901

456

638

146

6

9440

299

400

190

1

4340

895

520

234

3

9240

492

641

147

0

9779

335

402

191

2

4679

932

523

235

4

9579

529

643

148

1

118

371

405

192

3

5017

968

526

236

5

9917

565

646

149

2

456

407

408

193

4

5356

4

528

237

6

256

601

649

150

3

795

444

411

194

5

5695

41

531

238

0

594

637

652

151

4

1133

480

413

195

6

6033

77

534

239

1

933

674

6.54

152

5

1472

516

416

196

0

6372

113

537

240

2

1272

710

657

153

6

1811

553

419

197

1

6710

149

539

241

3

1610

746

660

154

0

2149

589

422

198

2

7049

186

542

242

4

1949

783

663

155

1

2488

625

424

199

3

7388

222

545

243

5

2288

819

665

156

2

2827

661

427

200

4

7726

258

548

244

6

2626

855

668

157

3

3165

698

430

201

3

8065

295

550

245

0

2965

891

671

158

4

3504

734

433

202

6

8404

331

553

246

1

3303

928

673

159

5

3842

770

435

203

0

8742

367

556

247

2

3642

964

676

160

6

4181

807

438

204

1

9081

403

559

248

3

3981

0

679

161

0

4520

843

441

205

2

9420

440

561

249

4

4319

37

682

162

1

4858

879

444

206

3

9758

476

564

250

5

4658

73

684

163

2

5197

916

446

207

4

97

512

567

251

6

4997

109

687

164

3

5536

952

449

208

5

435

549

569

252

0

5335

145

690

165

4

5874

988

452

209

6

774

585

572

253

1

5674

182

693

166

5

6213

24

454

210

0

1113

621

575

254

2

6013

218

695

167

6

6552

61

457

211

1

1451

658

578

255

3

6351

254

698

108

0

6890

97

460

212

2

1790

694

580

256

4

6690

291

701

169

1

7229

133

463

213

3

2129

730

583

257

5

7028

327

704

170

2

7567

170

465

214

4

2467

766

586

258

6

7367

363

706

THE INDIAN CALENDAR. TABLE IV. (CONTINUED)

X.I.

No.

No.

of

(-)

(")

(<)

(c.)

of

('")

(«,)

(«)

('■)

of

(■"•)

(«.)

(«.)

(<^)

ll»)S.

(Inj's.

days.

259

0

7706

400

709

302

1

2267

960

827

344

1

6489

484

942

260

1

8044

436

712

303

2

2605

996

830

345

2

6828

521

945

2G1

2

8383

472

715

304

3

2944

33

832

346

3

7167

557

947

262

3

8722

508

717

305

4

3283

69

835

347

4

7505

593

950

263

4

9060

545

720

306

5

3621

105

838

348

5

7844

629

953

264

5

9399

581

723

307

6

3960

142

840

349

6

8183

666

955

265

6

9737

617

726

308

0

4299

178

843

350

0

8521

702

958

266

0

76

654

728

309

1

4637

214

846

351

1

8860

738

961

267

1

415

690

731

310

3

4976

250

849

352

2

9198

775

964

268

2

753

726

734

311

3

5315

287

851

353

3

9537

811

966

269

3

1092

762

736

312

4

5653

323

854

354

4

9876

847

969

270

4

1431

799

739

313

5

5992

359

857

355

5

214

884

972

271

1769

835

742

314

6

6330

396

860

356

6

553

920

975

272

6

2108

871

745

315

0

6669

432

862

357

0

892

956

977

273

0

2447

908

747

316

1

7008

468

865

358

1

1230

992

980

274

1

2785

944

750

317

2

7346

504

868

359

2

1569

29

983

275

2

3124

980

753

318

3

7685

541

871

360

3

1907

65

986

276

3

3462

16

756

319

4

8024

577

873

361

4

2246

101

988

277

4

3801

53

758

320

5

8362

613

876

362

5

2585

138

991

278

5

4140

89

761

321

6

8701

650

879

363

6

2923

174

994

279

G

4478

125

764

322

0

9039

686

882

364

0

3262

210

997

280

0

4817

162

767

323

1

9378

722

884

365

1

3601

246

999

281

1

5156

198

769

324

2

9717

758

887

366

2

3939

283

2

282

2

5494

234

772

325

3

55

795

890

367

3

4278

319

5

283

3

5833

271

775

326

4

394

831

893

368

4

4617

355

8

284

4

6171

307

778

327

5

733

867

895

369

5

4955

392

10

285

5

6510

343

780

328

6

1071

904

898

370

6

5294

428

13

286

6

6849

379

783

329

0

1410

940

901

371

0

5632

464

16

287

0

7187

416

786

330

1

1749

976

903

372

1

5971

500

18

288

1

7526

452

788

331

2

2087

13

906

373

2

6310

537

21

289

2

7865

488

791

332

3

2426

49

909

374

3

6648

573

24

290

3

8203

525

794

333

4

2764

85

912

375

4

6987

609

27

291

4

8542

561

797

334

5

3103

121

914

376

5

7326

646

29

292

5

8881

597

799

335

6

3442

158

917

377

6

7664

682

32

293

6

9219

633

802

336

0

3780

194

920

378

0

8003

718

35

294

0

9558

670

805

337

1

4119

230

923

379

1

8342

755

38

295

1

9896

706

808

338

2

4458

267

925

380

0

8680

791

40

296

2

235

742

810

339

3

4796

303

928

381

3

9019

827

43

297

3

574

779

813

340

4

5135

339

931

382

4

9357

863

46

298

4

912

815

816

341

5

5473

375

934

383

5

9696

900

49

299

5

1251

851

819

342

6

5812

412

936

384

6

35

936

51

300

6

1590

887

821

343

0

6151

448

939

385

0

373

972

54

301

0

1928

924

824

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE V.

M) (B) (C) KOI! IIOUKS AND MINUTES. (Trof. Jaculns Ind. Ant., Table 8).

Hours.

(a.)

{''■)

('•)

Minu- tes.

("■)

{'•■)

(<■)

Miuu- tes.

(«)

('')

(..)

1

U

0

1

0

0

0

31

7

0

0

28

3

0

2

0

0

0

32

8

0

3

42

5

0

3

0

0

33

8

0

4

50

6

0

4

0

0

34

8

0

5

71

8

5

0

0

35

8

0

6

85

9

6

0

0

36

8

0

7

99

11

7

0

0

37

9

0

8

113

12

8

0

0

38

9

0

9

127

14

9

0

0

39

9

0

10

141

15

10

0

0

40

9

0

11

155

17

11

0

0

41

10

0

12

169

18

12

0

0

42

10

0

13

183

20

13

0

0

43

10

n

14

198

21

14

0

0

44

10

0

15

212

23

15

0

0

45

11

0

16

226

24

16

0

0

46

11

0

17

240

26

17

0

0

47

11

0

18

254

27

18

0

0

48

11

0

19

268

29

19

0

0

49

12

0

20

282

30

20

0

50

12

0

21

296

32

21

0

51

12

0

22

310

33

22

0

52

12

0

23

325

35

3

23

5

0

53

12

(1

24

339

36

3

24

6

0

54

13

0

—

_

—

25

6

0

55

13

0

_

_

_

26

6

0

56

13

0

_

_

_

27

6

0

57

13

0

_"

__

—

28

7

0

58

14

0

_

29

7

0

59

14

0

-

-

-

-

30

7

0

60

14

2

0

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TAJiLE VI.

LUNAR EQUATION.

(ArU. 107,108).

Akovuk.nt (i).

N.B. The equation in col. 2 corresponds lu either of the

ai-gumcnts in cols. 1 and 3.

(This u Prof. Jamil's Ind. Ant., Vol. XFII., Table 9,

re-arrariged.)

TABLE Vll.

SOLAK EQUATION. (Aria. 107,108).

AUGUUENT (c).

N.B. The equation in rol. 2 coiTesponds to either of the

arguments in cols. 1 and 3.

(Thix is Prof, .lacohi's Ind. Aid., Vol. XVII., Table 10,

re-arranged.)

Argn.

Equ.

Argu.

Argu.

Equ.

Argu.

Argu. 1

Equ. 2

Argu 3

Argu.

Equ

Argu.

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

0

140

500

500

140

1000

0

60

500

500

60

1000

10

149

490

510

131

990

10

57

490

510

64

990

20

158

480

520

122

980

20

53

■ts(l

520

68

980

.30

166

470

530

114

970

30

49

170

530

72

970

40

175

460

540

105

960

40

45

460

540

76

960

50

1S4

450

550

96

950

50

41

450

550

79

950

fiO

192

440

560

88

940

60

38

440

560

83

940

70

200

430

570

80

930

70

34

430

570

86

930

80

208

420

580

72

920

80

31

420

580

90

920

90

215

410

590

65

910

90

28

110

590

93

910

100

223

400

liOO

57

900

100

25

400

600

96

900

III!

230

390

fiUI

50

89(1

110

22

39(1

610

99

890

120

236

380

(i20

44

8S0

120

19

3S0

620

102

880

130

242

370

63(1

38

870

130

16

370

630

105

870

140

248

360

filO

32

860

140

14

360

640

107

860

150

253

350

1150

27

850

1.50

11

350

6.50

109

850

IfiO

258

340

(iliO

22

840

160

9

340

660

112

840

1711

263

330

I'lTO

17

83(1

170

7

33(1

670

113

830

IKO

267

320

r,80

13

820

180

6

32(1

680

115

820

190

270

310

(i'.)O

10

810

190

4

310

690

117

810

200

273

300

7110

7

8011

200

3

300

700

118

800

210

276

290

710

4

790

210

2

290

710

119

790

220

277

280

720

3

780

220

1

2SII

720

120

780

230

279

270

73(1

1

77(1

230

0

27(1

730

120-

770

240

280

260

740

0

760

240

0

260

740

121

760

250

280

250

750

0

750

250

0

25(1

750

121

7.50

Dim-rtnci- e()Uution.

Last Eigiiik of .\iigi .mk.nt. |

9

«

7 1 6 1 5 4 1 3

2

A

All!) Olt SUBTRArT. |

9

8

7

6

5

4or5

4

3

8

7

6

6

5

4

3

2

7

6

6

5

4

3 or 4

3

2

6

5

5

4

4

3

2

2

5

4 or 5

4

3 or 4

3

2 or 3

2

lor 2

Ourl

4

4

3

3

2

2

2

1

0

3

3

2

2

2

lor 2

1

1

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

I

1

1

1

1

1

Oorl

(I

(1

Al MLIAHV TABLE TO TABLES VI. .VND VII

Not

the difference iu the (Tables VI., VII.) equation-figures for the nearest figures of the argument. Take this ditTcreucc in the left-hand column of this Tabic, and run the eye to the right till it reaches the figure standing under the last figure of the given ai'gumcnt. The result is to be added to or sub- tracted from the cc|Uiit ion-figure for the lower of the two argu- ment figures, according as the scale is increasing or decreasing.

Thus; Table VI., argument 334. Difference between equations for 330 and 340 is (263 — 258) 5, decreasing. The figure in the AuxiliaiT Table opposite 5 and under 4 is 2 The proper equation therefore is 263 — 2 or 261.

Argument 837. DiflVreucc between 830 and 840 is (22 — 17) 5. increasing. The figure opposite 5 and under 7 is 3 or 4. The cipialion therefore is 17 -f 3 = 20, or 17 + 4 zz 21.

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE VI 11.

INDICES OF TITIllS, NAKSHATRAS, AND YOGAS; AND THE KARANAS OF TITHIS.

TITHI AND KARANA.

ia S

Index

KaraQos.

For the 1st half of the tithi.

For the 2nd half of the tithi.

NAKSHATRA.

Index

(«) (Ordinal")' system).

8

Index for the coding point of

tlie Nakahatra accordic); to tlie

unequal space system of

Garga

firulimi Sidd- hflnta.

10

11

Index

13

§akla.

1

5

0

7

8

9 10 11 12 13 U 1.5 Krish.

1

0- 333- 667- 1000- 1333- 1667- 2000- 2333- 2667- 3000- 3333- 3667- 4000- 4333- 4667-

5000- .5333- 5667- 6000- 6333- 6667-

333 667 1000 1333 1667 2000 2333 2667 3000 3333 3667 4000 4333 4667 5000

5333 5667 6000 6333 06C7 7000

Kiiiistaghna

2 Biilava . . .

4 Taitila...

6 Vaiiij.. . .

1 Bava....

3 Kaulava..

5 Gara . . .

7 Vishti f..

2 Balava...

4 Taitila...

6 Vaiiij.. . .

1 Bava....

3 Kaulava..

5 Gara

7 Vishti . . .

2 Bilava...

4 Taitila . . .

6 A'aiiij . . . 1 Bava . . . .

3 Kaulava..

5 Gara . . . .

7000- 7333 7333- 7667 7667- 8000 8000- 8333 8333- 8667 8667- 9000 9000- 9333 9333- 9667 9667-10000

7 Vishti . . .

2 Balava...

4 Taitila. . .

6 Va(iij .... 1 Bava ....

3 Kaulava . .

5 Gara ....

7 Vishti . . . Chatashpada

1 Bava.

3 Kaulava.

5 Gara.

7 Vishti t.

2 Bulava.

4 Taitila.

6 Vavij.

1 Bava.

3 Kaulava.

5 Gara.

7 Vishti.

2 Balava.

4 Taitila.

6 Vaijij.

1 Bava.

3 Kaulava.

5 Gara.

7 Vishti.

2 Balava.

4 Taitila.

6 Vaoij.

1 Bava.

3 Kaulava.

5 Gara.

7 Vishti.

2 BAlava.

4 Taitila.

6 Vaoij. Sakuni. N5ga.

Asvini

Bharan!

Krittika

Rohiiii

Mrigasiras

Ardra

Punarvasu

Pnshja

.\sleshi

Magha

Purva Phalsuni. Uttara Phalguni .

Hasta

Chitra

Svati

0- 370- 741- Ull- 1481- 1852- 2222- 2593- 2963- 3333- 3704- 4074- 4444- 4815- 5185-

Visakha

Anurddha

Jjeshtha

Mula

I'llrva Asliadha. . . Uttara Ashadha. .

Ahhijit

Sravana

DhanishthS *♦ . . . Satabhishaj \^. . . . Pilrva Bhadrapada Uttara Bhadrapadu Rcvali

5556- 5926- 6296- 6667- 7037- 7407- (7685- 7778- 8148- 8519- 8889- 9259- 9630-

370 741 1111 1481 1852 2222 2.593 2963 3333 3704 4074 4444 4815 5185 5556

5926 6296 6667 7037 7407 7778 7802) 8148 8519 8889 9259 9630 10000

370 556 926 1481 1852 2037 2593 2963 3148 3518 3888 4444 4815 5185 5370

6481 6852 7222

7778

8148 8519 8704 9074 9630 10000

366 549 915 1464 18,30 2013 2562 2928 3111 3477 3843 4392 4758 5124 5307

6222 6405 6771 7137 7686 7804 8170 8536 8719 9085 9634 10000

Vishkambha

Priti

Ayuahmat . . Saubhagya . . Sobhana. . . . Atigatida. . . Snkaiiiiau . .

Dhriti

Sula

Gatxla

Vriddhi , . . Dhruva . . . . VySghata.. . Harshatia. . . Vajra

0- 370 370- 741 741- nil nil- 1481 1481- 1852 1852- 2222 2222- 2593 2593- 2963 2963- 3333 3333- 3704 3704- 4074 4074- 4444 4444- 4815 481.5- 5185 5185- 5556

5556- 5926 5926- 6296 6296- 6667 6667- 7037 7037- 7407 7407- 7778

7778- 8148 8148- 8519 85 19- 8889 Brahman... 8889- 9259

Indra 9259- 96.30

Vaidhriti... 9630-10000

Siddhi§.... Vyatipata. . . Variyas . . . . Parigha . . . .

Siva

Siddha

Sadhya , Subha . . Sukla.. .

' in- KiiiilUiilma.

t Vishti is also called Bhadra, Kal_\;"u,ii

** or Sravishtha.

tt or Satataraka.

$ or Asrij.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE VII1\

LONGITUDES OF KNDING-POINTS OF TITHIS.

TABLE VIIIB.

LONGITUDES OF PARTS OK TITHIS, NAKSHATRAS AND YOGAS.

Tithi-Indes

(Lunation- parts)

(0

Tithi.

Degrees.

1

2

3

333

1

12° 0'

667

2

24° 0'

1000

3

36° 0'

1333

4

48° 0'

1667

5

60° 0'

2000

6

72° 0'

2333

7

84° 0'

2667

8

96° 0'

3000

9

108° 0'

3333

10

120° 0'

3667

11

132° 0'

4000

12

144° 0'

4333

13

156° 0'

4667

14

168° 0'

5000

15

180° 0'

5333

16

192° 0'

5667

17

204° 0'

6000

18

216° 0'

6333

19

228° 0'

6667

20

240° 0'

7000

21

252° 0'

7333

22

264° 0'

7667

23

276° 0'

8000

24

288° 0'

8333

25

300° 0'

8667

26

312° 0'

9000

27

324° 0'

9333

28

336° 0'

9667

29

348° 0'

10000

30

360° 0'

For longitudes uf endiiig-jmijits nf Nakshatras and Yogas, text, Table Art. 38.

1 TITHI-

NAKSHATKA and

YOGA.

Tithi-Index

(Lunation parts)

(/.)

2"

.2 S

ja 'S

^1

Ok.—,

"^ -rt at-, « a

1 §> ^

•S ;S s

Nakshatras and

Yogas (and decimals).

i 1

5

1

2

3

4

5

e

33

0.1

1° 12'

33

0.09

1° 12'

(16

0.2

2° 24'

66

0.18

2° 24'

100

0.3

3° 36'

100

0.27

3° 36'

200

0.6

7° 12'

200

0.54

7° 12'

300

0.9

10° 48'

300

0.81

10° 48'

400

1.2

14° 24'

400

1.08

14° 24'

500

1.5

18° 0'

500

1.35

18° 0'

600

1.8

21° 36'

fiOO

1.62

21° 36'

700

2 1

25° 12'

700

1.89

25° 12'

800

2,4

28° 48'

800

2.16

28° 48'

900

2.7

32° 24'

900

2.43

82° 24'

1000

3.0

36° 0'

1000

2.70

36° 0'

1100

3.3

39° 36'

1100

2.97

39° 36'

1200

3.6

43° 12'

1200

3.24

43° 12'

1300

3.9

46° 48'

1300

3.51

46° 48'

1400

4.2

50° 24'

1400

3.78

50° 24'

1.500

4.5

54° 0'

1500

4.05

54° 0'

1600

4.8

57° 36'

1600

4.32

57° 36'

1700

5.1

61° 12'

1700

4.59

61° 12'

1800

5.4

64° 48'

1800

4.86

64° 48'

1900

5.7

68° 24'

1900

5.13

68° 24'

2000

6.0

72° 0'

2000

5.40

72° 0'

2100

6.3

75° 36'

2100

5.67

75° 36'

2200

6.6

79° 12'

2200

5.94

79° 12'

2300

6.9

82° 48'

2300

6.21

82° 48'

2400

7.2

86° 24'

2400

6.48

86° 24'

2500

7.5

90° 0'

2500

6.75

90° 0'

2600

7.8

93° 36'

2600

7.02

93° 36'

2700

8.1

97° 12'

2700

7.29

97° 12'

2800

8.4

100° 48'

2800

7.56

100° 48'

2900

8.7

104° 24'

2900

7.83

104° 24'

3000

9.0

108° 0'

3000

8.10

108° 0'

3100

9.3

111° 36'

3100

8.87

111° 36'

3200

9.6

115° 12'

3200

8.64

115° 12'

3300

9.9

118° 48'

3300

8.91

118° 48'

HKKl

10. L'

122^ 2f

litOO

9. IS

VI-1-' -iv

THE HINDU CALENDAR. cxv

T A B L P] V I I 1 «. (coNTiMiED.) T ABLE V J 1 1 ». (continued)

TITIU.

NAk.SII.VTHA A.Mi

VDCA.

2 'S 1

i

S a §= 1

Q -3

z

Nakshatras and

Y'ogas (and decimals).

p .i

1

2

3

4

6

6

3500

10.5

126° 0'

3500

9.45

126° 0'

3600

10.8

129° 36'

3600

9.72

129° 36'

3700

n.i

133° 12'

3700

9.99

133° 12'

3800

11.4

136° 48'

3800

10.26

136° 48'

3900

11.7

140° 24'

3900

10.53

140° 24'

4000

12.0

144° 0'

4000

10.80

144° 0'

4100

12.3

147° 36'

4100

11.07

147° 36'

4200

12.6

151° 12'

4200

11.34

151° 12'

4300

12.9

154° 48'

4300

11.61

154° 4S'

4400

13.2

158° 24'

4400

11.88

158° 24'

4500

13.5

162° 0'

4500

12.15

162° 0'

4C00

13.8

165° 36'

4600

12.42

165° 36'

47110

14.1

169° 12'

4700

12.69

169° 12'

4800

14.4

172° 48'

4800

12.96

172° 48'

4900

14.7

176° 24'

4900

13.23

176° 24'

5000

15.0

180° 0'

5000

13.50

180° 0'

5100

15.3

183° 36'

5100

13.77

183° 36'

5200

15.6

187° 12'

5200

14.04

187° 12'

5300

15.9

190° 48'

5300

14.31

190° 48'

5400

16.2

194° 24'

5400

14.58

194° 24'

5500

16.5

198° 0'

5500

14.85

198° 0'

5600

16.8

201° 36'

5600

15.12

201° 36'

5700

17.1

205° 12'

5700

15.39

205° 12'

5S00

17.4

208° 48'

5800

15.66

208° 48'

5900

17.7

212° 24'

5900

15.93

212° 24'

COOO

18.0

216° 0'

6000

16.20

216° 0'

6100

18.3

219° 36'

6100

16.47

219° 36'

62011

18.6

223° 12'

6200

16.74

223° 12'

630(1

18.9

226° 48'

6300

17.01

226° 48'

6400

19.2

230° 24'

6400

17.28

230° 24'

6500

19.5

234° 0'

6500

17.55

234° 0'

6600

19.8

237° 36'

6600

17.82

237° 36'

6700

20.1

241° 12'

6700

18.09

241° 12'

6800

20.4

244° 48'

6800

18.36

244° 48'

6900

20.7

248° 24'

6900

18.63

248° 24'

7000

21.0

252° C

7000

18.90

252° 0'

7100

21.3

255° 36'

7100

19.17

255° 36'

7200

21.6

259° 12'

7200

19 44

259° 12'

iriiii.

NAKMiATUA A.N]

^•JCA.

3"

•i

i

is.-.

and als).

8

^ B -^

•2 .=

%

3

si,-

e 3|

2 3

I'ithi-

iiiatio

^ 13

t

a

a

1^:

•3 >• —

1 %

a

hJ

z

z &

~ —

1

2

3

4

6

6

7300

21.9

262°

48'

7300

19.71

262° 48'

7400

22.2

266°

24'

7400

19.98

266° 24'

7500

22.5

270°

0'

7500

20.25

270° 0'

7600

22.8

273°

36'

7600

20.52

273° 36'

7700

23.1

277°

12'

7700

20.79

277° 12'

7800

23.4

280°

48'

7800

21.06

280° 48'

7900

23.7

284°

24'

7900

21.33

284° 24'

8000

24.0

288°

0'

8000

21.60

288° 0'

8100

24.3

291°

36'

8100

21.87

291° 36'

8200

24.6

295°

12'

8200

22.14

295° 12'

8300

24.9

298°

48'

8300

22.41

298° 48'

8400

25.2

302°

24'

8400

22.68

302° 24'

8500

25.5

306°

0'

8500

22.95

306° 0'

8600

25.8

309°

36'

8600

23.22

309° 36'

8700

26.1

313°

12'

8700

23.49

313° 12'

8800

26.4

316°

48'

8800

23.76

316° 48'

8900

26.7

320°

24'

8900

24.03

320° 24'

9000

27.0

324°

0'

9000

24.30

324° 0'

9100

27.3

327°

36'

9100

24.57

327° 36'

9200

27.6

331°

12'

9200

24.84

331° 12'

9300

27.9

334°

48'

9300

25.11

334° 48'

9400

28.2

338°

24'

9400

25.38

338° 24'

9500

28.5

342°

0'

9500

25.65

342° 0'

9600

28.8

345°

36'

9600

25.92

345° 36'

9700

29.1

349°

12'

9700

26.19

349° 12'

9800

29.4

352°

48'

9800

26.46

352° 48'

9900

29.7

356°

24'

9900

26.73

356° 24'

10000

30.0

360°

0'

10000

27.00

360° 0'

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE IX.

TABLE GIVING THE SERIAL NUMBER 01' DAVS FROM THE END OF A YEAR AD. FOR TWO

CONSECUTIVE AD. YEARS.

Pakt I.

Number

of days reckoned

from the 1st of January of the same year.

Jan.

Feb.

March.

April.

May.

Juuc.

July.

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

1

1

32

fiO

91

121

152

182

213

244

274

305

335

1

2

2

33

f.l

93

122

153

183

314

245

275

300

336

2

3

3

3-t

fi2

93

123

154

184

215

246

276

307

337

3

4

■1

3.5

(13

94

124

155

185

316

247

277

308

338

4

5

r.

38

Ii4

95

125

156

186

217

248

278

309

339

5

6

c

37

C5

96

126

157

187

218

249

279

310

340

6

7

7

38

fifi

97

127

158

188

219

250

280

311

341

7

8

s

39

07

98

128

159

189

220

251

281

312

342

8

9

9

40

BS

99

129

160

190

221

252

282

313

343

9

10

10

41

C9

100

130

161

191

222

253

283

314

344

10

11

11

42

70

101

131

162

193

223

254

284

315

345

11

12

12

43

71

102

133

163

193

224

255

285

316

346

12

13

13

44

73

103

133

164

194

225

256

286

317

347

13

14

U

45

73

104

134

165

195

226

257

287

318

348

14

15

l.->

4fi

74

105

135

166

196

227

258

288

319

349

15

16

IB

47

75

106

136

167

197

228

259

289

320

350

16

17

17

48

7fi

107

137

168

198

229

260

290

321

351

17

18

18

49

77

108

13S

169

199

230

261

291

322

352

18

19

lU

50

78

109

139

170

200

231

262

292

323

353

19

20

20

51

79

110

140

171

301

333

263

293

324

354

20

21

21

52

SO

111

141

173

302

233

264

294

325

355

21

22

22

53

81

112

142

173

203

234

265

295

326

356

22

23

23

54

82

US

143

174

204

235

266

296

327

357

23

24

24

55

S3

114

144

175

305

236

267

297

328

358

24

25

2."i

50

84

115

145

176

306

237

208

298

329

359

26

26

2fi

57

85

UB

UB

177

307

238

269

299

330

360

26

27

27

58

SO

117

147

178

208

239

270

300

331

361

27

28

28

59

87

US

148

179

309

240

271

301

332

362

28

29

2'.)

CO

88

119

149

180

310

241

272

302

833

303

29

30

30

-

89

120

150

181

211

242

273

303

334

364

30

31

31

-

90

-

151

-

213

243

-

304

-

365

31

Jim.

1-cb.

Mnrrh.

April.

May.

June

July.

Auic.

S,p.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

THE HINDU CALENDAR. TABLE IX. (CONTIMJKD.)

I'ABI.K GIVINT, Till'. SKIUAI. NUMHEK OF DAYS FIIOM TllK END OK A VEAK AD. KOI! TWO CONSEClil'lVE A.B. YEARS.

!■ \ u 1 1 1.

Number of days reckoned from the 1st of January of the prec

ding year.

1

Jnn.

Feb.

March.

April.

May.

Jiinr.

July.

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec

1

Sfifi

397

425

456

486

517

547

578

009

039

670

700

2

H(i7

398

426

457

487

518

548

579

610

640

071

701

2

3

HCiS

399

427

458

488

519

549

580

611

641

672

702

3

4

;«iu

K)(l

428

459

489

520

550

581

612

642

673

703

4

5

37(1

■Kll

429

4G0

490

521

551

582

013

643

074

704

5

6

371

Wi

430

401

491

522

552

583

614

044

075

705

6

7

•x\i

403

431

462

492

523

553

584

015

645

070

706

7

8

373

■tot

432

463

493

524

554

585

016

646

077

707

8

9

374

405

433

464

494

525

555

586

017

647

678

708

9

10

375

406

434

465

495

526

556

587

018

648

679

709

10

11

37fi

407

435

400

490

527

557

588

019

649

080

710

11

12

377

408

436

407

497

528

558

589

620

650

681

711

12

13

37S

409

437

468

498

529

559

590

621

651

682

712

13

14

371)

410

438

469

499

530

500

591

622

652

083

713

14

15

3S(I

411

439

470

500

531

501

592

623

653

684

714

15

16

381

412

440

471

501

532

562

593

624

654

685

715

16

17

3S2

413

441

472

502

533

563

594

625

055

080

716

17

18

3S3

414

442

473

503

534

564

595

626

656

687

717

18

19

38t

415

443

474

504

535

565

596

627

657

088

718

19

20

3S.-)

410

444

475

505

536

500

597

628

658

089

719

20

21

380

417

445

470

500

537

567

598

029

059

090

720

21

22

387

418

446

477

507

538

508

599

030

000

091

721

22

23

3SS

419

447

47S

.508

539

509

600

631

601

092

722

23

24

389

420

448

479

509

540

570

601

032

602

093

723

24

25

390

421

449

480

510

541

571

602

033

603

094

724

25

26

391

422

450

481

511

542

572

003

634

004

(;95

725

26

27

392

423

451

482

512

543

573

004

635

605

090

720

27

28

393

424

452

483

513

544

574

605

630

000

097

727

28

29

39 \

425

453

484

514

545

575

006

637

607

698

728

29

30

39.^>

-

454

485

515

540

576

007

038

608

699

729

30

31

39fi

-

455

-

510

-

577

608

-

069

-

730

31

Jan.

Feb.

Marcli.

A,,vil.

May.

June.

.Inly.

An-.

Sop.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec

i THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE X.

FOR CONVERTING TITHI-PARTS, AND INDICES OF TITHIS, NAKSHATRAS, AND YOGAS INTO TIJIE [N.B. In this Table a tithi is supposed to eontain 1,000 parts.

In this Table a tithi ., „ „ ,, lunation „ „ „ „ sidereal month » i> » ., yoga ehakra

Therefore :

In the case of Titbi-parts „ „ „ „ Tithi-index (t) „ „ ,, ,, Nakshatra-indes («) . ,, „ ,, ., Ydgn-index (//)

10,000 10,000 10,000

the argument shews l,000ths of a tithi.

„ lO.OOOths „ „ lunation.

10,000ths „ „ sidereal month.

, lO.OOOths „ „ yoga-i-halvra].

1

Tim.- .'quivnleiit of

£

<

Time equivalent of

a

1

<

Time equivalent of 1

=3

1 1

s

g ^

a

•r <=■ •5 "

is.

1

■7 !»

>•

H.

M.

H.

M.

H.

M.

H.

M.

H.

M.

li.

M.

H.

M.

H.

M.

H.

M.

H.

M.

H.

M.

H.

M.

1

0

1

0

4

0

4

0

4

41

0

68

2

54

2

41

2

30

81

1

55

5

44

5

19

4

57

2

0

3

0

9

0

8

0

7

42

0

2

59

2

45

2

34

82

1

56

5

49

5

23

5

0

.•i

0

4

0

13

0

12

0

11

43

1

3

3

2

49

2

37

83

1

58

5

53

5

27

5

4

4

0

6

0

17

0

16

0

15

44

2

3

7

2

53

2

41

84

1

59

5

57

5

30

5

7

•'

0

7

0

21

0

20

0

18

45

4

3

11

2

57

2

45

85

2

0

6

1

0

34

5

11

(>

0

9

0

26

0

24

0

22

46

5

3

16

3

1

2

48

86

2

2

6

6

5

38

5

15

7

0

10

0

30

0

28

0

26

47

7

3

20

3

5

2

52

87

2

3

6

10

5

42

5

18

s

0

11

0

34

0

31

0

29

48

8

3

24

3

9

2

56

88

2

5

6

14

5

46

5

22

9

0

13

0

38

0

35

0

33

49

9

3

28

3

13

2

59

89

2

6

6

18

5

50

5

26

10

0

14

0

43

n

39

0

37

50

11

3

33

3

17

3

3

90

2

8

6

23

5

54

5

29

11

0

16

0

47

0

43

0

40

51

12

3

37

3

21

3

7

91

2

9

6

27

5

58

5

33

12

0

17

0

51

0

47

0

44

52

14

3

41

3

25

3

10

92

2

10

6

31

6

2

5

37

13

0

18

0

55

0

51

0

48

53

15

3

45

3

29

3

14

93

2

12

6

35

6

6

5

40

14

0

20

0

0

55

0

51

54

17

3

50

3

32

3

18

94

2

13

6

40

6

10

5

44

15

0

21

4

0

59

0

55

55

18

3

54

3

36

3

21

95

2

15

6

44

6

14

5

48

IC

0

23

8

3

0

59

56

19

3

58

3

40

3

25

96

2

16

6

48

6

18

5

51

17

0

24

12

7

1

2

57

21

4

2

3

44

3

29

97

2

17

6

52

6

22

5

55

18

0

26

17

11

1

6

58

22

4

7

3

48

3

32

98

2

19

6

57

C

26

5

59

19

0

27

21

15

10

59

24

4

11

3

52

3

36

99

2

20

7

1

6

29

6

2

20

0

28

25

19

13

fiO

25

4

15

3

56

3

40

100

3

22

7

5

6

33

6

6

21

0

30

29

23

17

61

2(i

4

19

4

0

3

43

200

4

43

14

10

13

7

12

12

22

0

31

34

27

21

62

28

4

24

4

4

3

47

300

7

5

21

16

19

40

18

18

23

0

33

38

30

24

63

29

4

28

4

8

3

51

400

9

27

28

21

_

24

0

34

42

34

28

64

31

4

32

4

12

3

54

500

11

49

35

26

25

0

35

46

38

32

65

32

4

36

4

16

3

58

600

14

10

42

31

—

—

—

—

26

0

37

51

42

35

66

34

4

41

4

20

4

2

700

16

32

49

37

_

_

_

27

0

38

55

46

39

67

35

4

45

4

24

4

5

800

18

54

56

42

28

0

40

59

50

42

68

36

4

49

4

28

4

9

900

21

16

63

47

29

0

41

2

3

54

46

69

38

4

53

4

31

4

13

1000

23

37

70

52

30

0

43

2

8

58

50

70

39

4

58

4

35

4

16

31

0

44

2

12

2

2

53

71

41

5

2

4

39

4

20

32

u

45

2

16

2

6

57

72

42

5

6

4

43

4

24

83

0

47

2

20

2

10

2

1

73

43

5

10

4

47

4

27

34

0

48

2

25

2

14

2

4

74

45

5

15

4

51

4

31

35

0

50

2

29

2

18

2

8

75

46

5

19

4

55

4

35

36

0

51

2

33

2

22

2

12

76

48

5

23

4

59

4

38

37

0

52

2

37

2

26

2

15

77

49

5

27

5

3

4

42

38

0

54

2

42

2

30

2

19

78

51

5

32

5

7

4

46

89

0

55

2

46

2

33

2

23

79

52

5

36

5

11

4

49

40

0

57

2

50

2

37

2

26

80

—

5

40

'"

15

4

53

THE HINDU CALENDAR. cxi

TABLE XL

LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES OF PRINCIPAL PLACES.

(Latitudes and lonc/itudes in degrees and minutes; Longitudes in minutes of time, being the difference in time beticeen Ujjain

and the place in question.)

[N.B. This Table is based on the maps of the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, but all longitudes require a correction III' — ;!' 39" to bring thcni to the latest corrected longitude of the Madras Observatory, namely, 80° 14' 51"].

To convert Ujjain mean time, as found by the previous Tables, into local mean time, add to or subtract from the former the minutes of longitude of the place in question, as indicated by the sign of plus or minus in this Table.

NAxME OF PLACE.

N. Latitude.

Long. E

from

Greenwich.

Long.

from njjain In minutes of time.

NAME OF PLACE.

N.

Latitude.

Long. E

from

Greenwich.

from Ujjain in minates of time.

Abrt (Arbuda)

.isi-a (Fort)

Ahmadubad

Ahmaduagar

Ajanta

Ajna-r

Aligadh (Allyghnr. Coel)

Allahabiul (Prayfuja)

.Aniaravati (on the Krishna)* •• Amaruvati (Amraoti, Oomra-

wnttee, in Berar)

Amritsar

Anhilvad (Patan)

Arcot (.irkUdu)

I Aurangabad

Ayodhya (see Oudc)

B'ldami

Balagavi, or Balagaiiivc

Bauavasi

Bai'dhvun (Burdnan)

Bai-oda (Badoda)

Barsi

Bclgaum . .

Iknares

HhAgalpur (Bengal)

liharatpur (Bhurtpoor)

Blulsa

Blinpill

Bihar (Birhar. in Bengal)

Bijapur (Becjapoor)

Hijuagar (see Vijayanagai-)

Hikauer

24" 36' 27° 10' 23° 1' 19° 4' 20° 32' 20° 30' 27° 52' 25° 26' 16° 34'

20° 55'

31° 37'

23° 51'

12° 54'

19° 54'

15° 55' 14° 23' 14° 32' 23° 14' 22° 18' 18° 13' 15° 51' 25° 19' 25° 15' 27° 13' 23° 32' 23° 15' 25° 11' 16° 50'

72° 50'

78° 5'

72° 39'

74° 48'

75° 49'

74° 45'

78° 8'

81° 54'

80° 25'

77° 49'

74° 56'

72° 11'

79° 24'

75° 24'

75° 45' 75° 18' 75° 5' 87° 55' 73° 16' 75° 46' 74° 35' 83° 4' 87° 2' 77° 33' 77° 52' 77° 28' 85° 35' 75° 47'

- 0

- 4 + 9 + 24 + 18

+ 8

- 4

- 15 + 14

- 2

- 0

- 2

- 3

+ 48

- 10

- 0

- 5 + 29 + 45 + 7 + 8 + 0 + 39

- 0

Bombay (Gt. Trig. Station) . . .

Broach (Bhrigukachha)

Bundi

BurhSnpur

Calcutta (Foi-t William)

Calingapatam (see Kalii'igapatam] Cambay (Khambat, Sthambarati) Cannpore (Kahupar, Old City)

Cochin

Congeeveram (see Klnchi). . . .

Cuttack (see Katak)

Dacca (Dhaka)

Debli (Delhi, Old City)

Devagiri (Daulatabad)

DhSra (Dhar)

DharvSd (Dharwar)

Dholpur (City)

Dhnlia

Dvaraka

Ellora (Velapura)

Farukhabad (Furruck°.)

Gaya

GhSzipur

Gimir

Goa (G6pakapattana)

Gorakhapur (Goruckpoor) ....

Gurkha

Gwalior

Haidarabad (l)i:khan)

Haidarubad (Sindh)

Harda (in Gwalior)

Ilardwilr

18° 54' 21° 42' 25° 26' 21° 19' 22° 33'

22° 18'

26° 29'

9° 58'

23° 43' 28° 39' 19° 57' 22° 36' 15° 27' 26° 41' 20° 54' 22° 14' 20° 2' 27° 23' 24° 47' 25° 35' 21° 32' 15° 30' 26° 45'

26° 14' 17° 22' 25° 23' 22° 20' 29° 57'

72° 52' 73° 2'

75° 42' 76° 18' 88° 24'

72° 41' 80° 22' 76° 18'

90° 27'

77° 18'

75° 17'

7.5° 22'

75° 5'

77° 58'

74° 50'

69° 2'

75° 14'

79° 37'

85° 4'

83° 39'

70° 36'

73° 57'

83° 25'

84° 30'

78° 14'

78° 32'

68° 26'

77° 9'

78° 14'

- 12

- 11

- 1

+

+ 50

- 13

4- 18

+ 58 +

- 2

- 2

- 3 + 9

- 4

- 27

- 2 + 15 + 37 + 31

- 21

- 8 + 30 + 35 + 10 + 11

- 30 + 5 + 10

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

T A B L E X I. (CONTIM El) )

NAME OF PLACE.

N. Latitude.

Luug. E

from

Greenwich.

from Cjjain in minutes of time.

NAME oy PLACE

N.

Latitude.

Lon;;. E

from

Greenwich.

HoshangAbad

Indorc

Jabalinir (Jubbulpore)

Jaganathapuri

Jalgaum

Jaypur (Jeypore, in Rajputilna)

JhAnsi

Jcidlipur

JunagiuIIi

Kalii'igapatam (Calingapatam) .

Kalvan (Bombaj)

Kalyan (Kalliannce, Nizam's

Dominions)

Kanauj

Kai'ichi (or Congceveram) . .

Katak (Cuttack)

Khatmaniju

Kfllapnr (Kolhapur)

Labor (Lahore)

Lakhnau (Lucknow)

Madhura (Jladura, Madras Prcs.)

Madras (Observatory) 1

Maisfir (Mysore)

.Malkhcil (Manvaklif-ta)

Maudavi (in Catch)

Maiigalur (Mangalort)

Mathura (Muttra N.W.P.) . .

Mongir (or Muriger)

MultSn (Mooltau)

NSgpur (Nagpore)

Nfisik

Oomrawuttee (.iw Amaravati

22° 45' 22° 43' 23° 11' 19° 48' 21° 1' 26° 55' 25° 28' 26° 18' 21° 31' 18° 20' 19° 15'

17° 53' 27° 3' 12° 50' 20° 28' 27° 39' 16° 41' 31° 35' 26° 51' 9° 55' 13° 4' 12° 18' 17° 12' 22° 50' 12° 52' 27° 30' 25° 23' 30° 12'

21° y

20° 0'

77° 47' 75° 55' 80° 0' 85° 53' 75° 38' 75° 53' 78° 38' 73° 5' 70° 31' 84° 11' 73° 11'

77° 1' 79° 59' 79° 46' 85° 56' 85° 19' 74° 17' 74° 23' 80° 58' 78° 11' 80° ISVs 76° 43' 77° 13' 69° 25' 74° 54' 77° 45' 86° 32' 71° 32' 79° 10' 73° 51'

+ 8

- 0 + 17 + 40

- 1

- 0 + 11

- 11

- 21 + 33

- 11

+ 17

+ 16

+ 40

+ 38

- 6

- 6 + 21 + 9 + IS + 4 + 6

- 26

- 4 + 8 + 43

- 17 + 13

■- 8

Oude (Oudh, Ayodhya)

Paithan

Pandhapiir

Pfitan {see Ai.ibilwad)

Patau {see Somnathpatan) . .

Patiahl

Patpa

Peshawur

Poona (Puijem)

Pooree (Pari, see Jagannathapurl)

Puriiiya (Poomeah)

Ramesvara (Rameshwur)

Batnagiri

RevS (Rewa, Riwiiui)

Sigar (Saugor)

Sahet Mahet (Sravasti) 2

Sambhalpur (Sumbulpore) ....

Satilra

Seringapatam (Srirangapattana)

Sholapur

Sironj

.Somnathpatan

Srinagar (in Kashmir)

Surat

Taujore (Tanjiivi'ir)

Thi'uia (Tannah)

Travancore (Tirnvai'ikudu) . . . .

Trichinopoly

Trivandrum

Udaipur (Oodeypore)

I'jjain ■'

Vijayanagar

26° 48' 19° 29' 17° 41'

30° 19' 25° 36' 34° 0' 18° 30'

25° 48' 9° 17' 17° 0' 24° 31' 23° 50' 27° 31' 21° 28' 17° 41' 12° 25' 17° 41' 24° 6' 20° 53' 34° 6' 21° 12' 10° 47' 19° 12' 8° 14' 10° 49' 8° 29' 24° 34' 23° 11' 15° 19'

82° 16' 75° 27' 75° 24'

76° 28' 85° 16' 71° 40' 73° 55'

87° 34' 79° 23' 73° 21' 81° 21' 78° 48' 82° 5' 84° 2' 74° 3' 76° 44' 75° 58' 77° 45' 70° 28' 74° 52' 72° 53' 79° 12' 73° 1' 77° 19' 78° 45' 77° C 73° 45' 75° 50' 76° 32'

1 The longitude of the .Madras Observatory, wliieh forms llic basis of the Indian tieo-i-apliieal surveys, has been lalel\ corrected to 80° 14' 51". '

•i Sahet Mahet is not on the Survey of India map. The particulars are taken from the Imperial Gazetteer. '■'• With the curiwtion noted in note 1 above (— 3' 39") the longitude of Ujjaiu comes to 75° 46' 6".

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE XII.

(See Arts.

53 to 03.;

Sam vatsaras

<.f the

CO-year cycle

of

Jupiti-r.

SaiuvaUisra uf

tbc twelve-year cycle

of the meau-sign

system.

Mian-sign of Jupiter

by his

mean longitude.

.Samvatsaras

of the

60-year cycle

of

Jupiter.

Samvatsara of

the twelve-year cycle

of the mean-sign

system.

Mean-sign of Jupiter

by his

mean longitude.

Corresponding to the samvatsara of the siity-year cycle of the mean-sign system.

Corresponding to the samvatsara of the siity-ycar cycle of the mean-sign system.

1

2

3

1

2

3

1 Prabhava

5 SrSvaiia

11 Kumbha.

31 Hemalamba.. . .

11 .Magha

5 Simha.

- Vibhava

0 Bhadrapada

12 Miua.

32 Vilamba

12 Phalguna

6 KanvA.

3 Sukla

7 Asvina

1 Mcsha.

33 Vikarin

1 Chaitra

7 Tula.

•I Pramoda

8 Kurttika

2 Vrishabha.

34 Sarvari

2 Vaisakha

8 Vrischika.

") Prajapati

fi Ai'igiras

9 Margasirsha . . . 10 Pausha

3 .Mithuna.

35 Plava

3 Jveshtha

9 Dhanus.

4 Karka.

36 Subhakrit

4 Ashailha

10 Makara.

7 Sniniikba

11 MagUa

5 Siihha.

37 Sobhana

5 Sruvaua

11 Kumbha.

8 Bhava

12 Phalguna

0 Kanyu.

38 Krodhin

6 Bhadrapada

12 Mina.

"J Yuvan

1 Chaitra

7 Tula.

39 Visvavasu

7 Asvina

1 ilesha.

10 Dhfttri

2 Vaisakha

8 Vrischika.

40 Parabhava

8 KSrttika

2 Vrishabha.

1 1 tsvara

3 Jveshtha

9 Dhanus.

41 Plavaiiga

9 Margasirsha . . .

3 Mithuna.

12 Rihuilhauva. . . .

4 Ashadha

10 Makara.

42 Kllaka

10 Pausha

4 Karka.

13 Pramathin

5 Sravaua

11 Kumbha.

43 Saumya

11 Magha

5 Siiiiha.

14 Vikrama

6 Bhudrapada

12 Mina.

44 Sadhiiraua

12 Phalguna

6 Kanvil.

13 Vrisha

7 Asviua

1 Mesha.

45 Virodhakrit

1 Chaitra

7 Tula.

10 Chitrabhanu . . .

8 Karttika

2 Vrishabha.

46 Paridhavin ....

2 Vaisakha

8 Vrischika.

17 Sublianu

9 Margasirsha . . .

3 Mithuna.

47 Pramadiu

3 Jyeshtha

9 Dhanns.

18 THravia

10 Pausha

4 Karka.

48 Ananda

4 Ashadha

10 Makara.

19 Parthiva

11 Magha

5 Simba.

49 Rakshasa

5 Sravaoa

11 Kumbha.

20 Vvava

12 Phalguna

50 Anala

6 Bhadrapada ....

7 Asvina

12 Mina.

21 Sarvajit

1 Chaitra

7 Tula.

51 Phigala

1 Mesha.

22 Sarvadharin. . . .

2 VaLsakha

8 Vrischika.

52 Kulayukta

8 Karttika

2 Vrishabha.

23 Virodhin

3 Jveshtha

9 Dhanus.

53 Siddhlrtin

9 Margasirsha . . .

3 Mithuna.

24 VikTita

4 Ashadha

10 Mak.-vra.

54 Kaudra

10 Pausha

4 Karka.

25 Khara

5 Sravaua

11 Kumbha.

35 Durmati

11 Magha

5 Simha.

20 Nandana

6 Bhildi-apada ....

12 Mina.

56 Dundubhi

12 Phalguna

6 Kanya.

27 Vijaya

7 Asvina

1 Mesha.

57 Rudhirodgarin..

1 Chaitra

7 Tula.

28 Jaya . .

8 Karttika

2 Vrishabha

58 Raktaksha

2 Vaisakha

8 Vrischika

29 Manmatha

9 Mirgaslrsha

3 Mithuna.

59 Krodhana

3 Jveshtha

9 Dhanus.

30 Dumiukha

10 Pausha

4 Karka.

4 Ashadha

10 Makara.

N.B. i. The samvatsara and sign (cols. 2. 3.) correspond to the samvatsara in col. 1 only when the latter is taken as the samvatsara of the mean-siyn (Northern) GO-ycar cycle (Table J , col. 7).

N.B. ii. Jupiter's sign by his apparent longitude is either the same, as or tbc next preceding, or the next sncceetling his mean-sign. Thus, in Prabhava Jupiter stands in mean Kumbha, when be may have been cither in apparent Makara, Kumbha, or Mina.

;xii THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE XI 11.

(Tlie foUow'wq Table fur fiiidiwi thi- ilai/ of Hit- ireek for anij date from A. J). 300 lo 2300 has been sujijjiied bi/ Dr. Burgess) CAIENnAK FOl! THE YEARS FROM A.I). :500 TO 2'MW.

300

400

500

Olio

700

800

900

CO

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

—

—

—

~

—

1500

1600

1700

1800

^.^■

1900

2000

2100

2200

G *

C

E

Odd Years of the Centuries.

0

28

56

84

CF

AG

BA

CB

DC

ED

FE

1

29

57

85

E

F

G

A

B

c

1)

2

30

58

86

11

E

F

G

A

B

C

3

31

59

87

C

I)

E

F

G

A

B

4

32

60

88

BA

CB

DC

ED

FE

GF

AG

5

33

fil

89

G

A

B

C

I)

E

F

(;

34

02

90

F

G

A

B

C

D

K

7

35

(13

91

E

F

G

A

B

C

11

■s

3(!

04

92

lie

ED

FK

GF

AG

BA

Cll

9

37

65

93

H

C

D

E

F

G

A

10

38

66

94

A

B

(■

D

E

F

G

11

39

67

95

G

A

H

C

D

E

F

12

40

68

90

FE

GF

AG

BA

CB

DC

ED

13

41

09

97

1)

E

F

G

A

B

C

14

42

70

98

c;

D

E

1'

G

A

B

15

43

71

99

B

V.

1)

E

F

(i

A

1(1

44

72

AG

BA

CB

DC

ED

I'E

GF

17

45

73

F

G

A

B

C

1)

E

IS

40

74

E

F

G

A

B

V,

D

19

47

75

—

D

E

F

G

A

B

C

20

48

76

_

CB

DC

ED

FE

GF

AG

BA

21

49

77

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

22

50

78

G

A

B

C

1)

E

F

23

51

79

—

F

G

A

B

C

D

E

24

52

so

__

ED

FE

GF

AG

BA

CB

DC

25

53

81

C

D

E

F

G

A

B

20

54

82

B

C

D

E

F

G

A

27

55

S3

—

A

B

C

D

E

]•

G

the years 1500, 1700, \c. (N.8.) wliu'li nrc not liap

A D

G C

F B

E

A

D G

C F

B

E

February, March

Novembei

April

May

luly

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

li

E C F

A D B E

G C A D

F B G C

E A F B

1) G E A

C F D G

September

December

1

8

15

22

29

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 W.d.

5 Thur.

6 Fri.

0 Sat.

2

9

16

23

30

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

6 Fri.

0 Sat.

1 Sun.

3

10

17

24

31

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

6 Fri.

0 Sat.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

4

11

18

25

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

0 Fri.

0 Sat.

1 Sun.

2 Mon.

3 Tues.

12

19

26

B Thur.

B IVi.

0 Sat.

1 Sum.

2 .Miiu.

3 Tu.8.

4 W,-.l.

0

13

20

27

6 Fri.

0 Sat.

1 Sun.

2 Men.

3 Tues.

4 Wed.

5 Thur.

14

21

28

—

0 Sat.

1 Sun.

2 Mt)u.

3 T,„s.

4 We.1.

5 Thur.

0 Fri.

I.oc.k out fur (he century in the \\n\A ui the Talile. ami the o.l.l u'liis in the left hand eoluinns; ami in (he eorrespondiuj; culninn and line is the Domini'eal letter. Thus for 1893 .N.S. (he Dominical letter is found to be A.

In the 2nd Tabic find the month, ami in line with it the same Dominical Idler, in the same column with which arc the days of the week corrcspouding to the days of the month on the left. Thus, for July 1893, we fiud, in line with July. A (ill the last c(duinn). and in the column below Saturday corresponds to the Isl, 8th, 15lh. &c. of the monlli, Sun lay lo 2ud, 9ih. &c.

When there arc two letters together it is a Icnji year and the first letter serves for January and I'cbinary, tlie second for the rest of the year. Thus, for A.I). 600, the Domiuicul leltcre are CB, and 29tU February is found with C to be Monday 1st .March is found with U to be Tuesday.

cx.xiii

t-iiihte. Where iib.ioliite '

iii-i-erliiess is reijuired, proreeil hi/ Art. 119.7

», I'auska

in. Makurn. Mftghn

11. Kumbha. PhAlgunn

2. Mina, Cliait

■u

|{Tam.)

Tai (Tarn.)

MAsi (Tarn.)

Pangun

Clam.)

MArgaH.

0. Mnkai'aiii, Tni.

7. Kumbhain, .MA;i.

8

Miuain

, Paiigii

ui.

IlKllU.

5. Makaram.

t). KuiiiWiam.

7. .\

!„a,n.

1

21

28

6

12

19

26 —

4

11

•18

25

2

9

16

23

30

(1)

5

22

29

6

13

20

27 —

5

12

19

26

—

3

1(1

17

24

i2)

6

23

30

_

7

14

21

28 i -

6

13

20

27

—

4

11

18

25

<3i

7

24

1

S

15

22

29 —

7

14

21

28

3

12

19

26

(4.

%

25

2

9

16

23

— 1

8

15

22

29

—

6

13

20

27

(5)

9

26

3

10

17

24

— 2

9

16

23

30

7

14

21

28

(6)

0

27

—

4

11

18

25

— 1 3

10

17

24

—

1

8

15

22

29

—

(7)

.27

Dec. 4

Dec. 1 1

Dec. 11

1 Dec. 18 Dec. 25

Jan. 1

Jan. 8

Jan. 8

Jan. 15

Jan. 22

Jan. 29

Feb. 5

Feb. 5

Feb. 12

Feb. 19

Feb. 26

-Mar. 5

Mai-. 12

Marl 3

28

5

12

12

19

26

2

9

9

16

23

30

6

6

13

20

27

6

13

14

2S)

6

13

13

20

27

3

10

10

17

24

31

7

7

14

21

28

7

14

15

30

7

14

14

21

28

4

11

11

IS

25

Feb. 1

8

8

15

22

Mar. 1

8

15

16

. 1

8

15

15

22

29

5

12

12

19

26

2

9

9

16

23

2

9

16

17

2

9

16

16

23

30

6

13

13

20

27

3

10

10

17

24

3

10

17

18

3

10

17

17

24

31

7

14

14

21

28

4

11

11

18

25

4

11

18

19

4

11

18

18

25

Jan. 1

8

15

15

22

29

5

12

12

19

26

5

12

19

20

6

12

19

19

26

2

9

16

16

23

30

6

13

13

20

27

6

13

20

21

6

13

20

20

27

3

10

17

17

24

31

7

14

14

21

28

7

14

21

22

7

14

21

21

28

4

11

18

18

25

Feb. 1

8

1.5

15

22

Mar. 1

8

15

22

23

8

15

22

22

29

5

12

19

19

26

2

9

16

16

23

2

9

16

23

24

9

16

23

23

30

6

13

20

20

27

3

10

17

17

24

3

10

17

24

25

10

17

24

24

31

7

14

21

21

28

4

11

18

l.S

25

4

11

18

25

26

11

18

25

25

Jan. 1

8

15

22

22

29

5

12

19

19

26

5

12

19

26

27

12

19

26

26

2

9

16

23

23

30

B

13

20

20

27

6

13

20

27

28

13

20

27

27

3

10

17

24

24

31

7

14

21

21

28

7

14

21

28

29

U

21

28

28

4

11

18

25

25

Feb. 1

8

15

22

22

Mai-. 1

8

15

22

29

30

15

22

29

29

5

12

19

26

26

2

9

16

23

23

2

9

16

23

30

31

16

23

30

30

6

13

20

27

27

3

10

17

24

24

3

10

17

24

31

Apr. 1

17

24

31

31

7

14

21

28

28

4

11

18

25

25

4

11

18

25

Apr. 1

2

18

25

Jan. 1

Jan. 1

8

15

22

29

29

5

12

19

26

26

5

12

19

26

2

3

19

26

2

2

9

16

23

30

30

6

13

20

27

27

6

13

20

27

3

4

20

27

3

3

10

17

24

31

31

7

14

21

28

28

7

14

21

28

4

5

21

28

4

4

11

18

25

Feb. 1

Feb. 1

8

15

22

Mar. 1

Mar. 1

8

15

22

29

5

6

22

29

5

5

12

19

26

2

2

9

16

23

2

2

9

16

23

30

6

7

23

30

6

6

13

20

27

3

3

10

17

24

3

3

10

17

24

31

7

8

24

31

7

7

14

21

28

4

4

11

IS

25

4

4

11

18

25

Apr. 1

8

9

25

Jan. 1

8

8

15

22

29

5

5

12

19

26

5

5

12

19

26

2

9

10

26

2

9

9

16

23

30

6

C

13

20

27

6

6

13

20

27

3

10

11

27

3

10

10

17

24

31

7

7

14

21

28

7

7

14

21

28

4

11

12

28

4

11

11

18

25

Feb. 1

8

8

15

22

.Mar. 1

8

8

15

22

29

5

12

13

29

5

12

12

19

26

2

9

i»

16

23

2

9

9

16

23

30

6

13

14

30

6

l.S

18

20

27

3

10

10

17

24

3

10

10

17

24

11"

7

14

15

31

7

14

14

21

28

4

11

11

18

25

4

11

11

18

25

Apr. 1

8

15

16

. 1

8

15

15

22

29

5

12

12

19

26

5

12

12

19

26

2

9

16

17

2

9

16

16

23

30

6

13

13

20

27

6

13

13

20

27

3

10

17

18

3

10

17

17

24

31

7

14

14

21

28

7

14

14

21

28

4

11

18

19

4

11

18

18

25

Feb. 1

8

15

15

22LMar. 1

8

15

15

22

29

5

12

19

20

5l 12

19

19

26

2

9

16

16

23 2' <)

in

If)

23

.SO

f.

13

20

21

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE XIV.

/Wm r.

(r^d

.„„.» (. ^

../».

.««,

/„,<../««,./

..

/"'

IMu DaU „

*.,„

»>

"y

rr*,.

-, M

-1.J

™^

-w/

w *

„W,.

„/...

Hi::.

ifc r.

J/r, «.

Vl ./to nrr-

„, i.

/to .»

-s il

...A

y. «.

,...«, (, to

Jy-

Hi,

.Mi,

■4.^

,.,«

v-i.

Ir. B

to, .4

.(.tr

,„,

,M.

„«,,i

'j.f

. l«.j

llESuiM VEAILH

ai»BA. VAn'^m.

J Vn

Ulilu, J^»litb«

J Mc.b,,,,.. A.bk

»•

4 kirk.. Sr

....

5.

diiiiba. Bhnjnipul>

8. K.nj», Aiti.n

7. T.II. Klnl,l.

8. YriwhilB. Mftrgailr.Ii

9. Dl...... P,..b,

10. SLkflm. Mfl^h.

11 K.nbb.. Pbilg...

"■ ' ■'"'.''?':"■ ■';'„'

" ' ■'

>,™««| ,1W,)

,1.1 (T.n )

A.. (T...1

A« rr.,.

1

A..,i (Tm.l

P^ttAdi (T,.,.)

Aipprii (Tarn.)

KArdlgui <T>ini.)

MArgBli (Tarn)

T.1 ,Tml

Mli fr.m)

P..j,.l T...

IX'W'! ,''"""

u. jri£i«, jy;»<rdi

10. £A>ua. foi^^ii.

11 j;,rf»r.a«. .I«.,

.,A-„W.>..,..V„

~2.K...,.P.„„,«.

~~"-

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JThire

(ibaolute correctness is

required, proceed by

Art. i;!'J.7

10. Pnuaha (Tel. Can )

11. .MAgha (Tel. Can.)

12. PhAlguna (Tel. Can )

10. Pflntelu (Tulu.)

11. Ma>i (Tulu)

12. Suggi (Tuhi.)

•

PaDsha ukla.

11. MAgha krishpa.

11. Mftgha 12. PhUguna aukla. krishoa.

)2. Ph&lsaaa ankla.

1. Chaitra irislipa.

\ 13tl

Month

in intercalary year».

3. Paasha

5. Mfigha

5. Phi'ilguna

I

(S. Vikraraa. Ncvilr.)

(S. Vikrama. Nevftr.)

(S. Vikrama. Nevfir.)

I

Sukla.

Kris

W^.

Sukla.

Krisbva.

Sukla.

Krishpa.

Mikla.

Krishna.

8

15

7

14or30

7

14

6

13

5

12

4 11

4

11

3

10

9

Kr.l

8

Sii.l

8

15

7

14

—

6

13

5 12

5

12

4

11

10

2

9

—

2

9

Kr.l

8

30

—

7

14

6

13

6

13

6

12

11

S

10

—

3

10

2

9

—

Su. 1

8

15

7

14...30

—

7

14

6

13

12

4

11

4

11

3

10

2

9

Kr.l

8

Su. 1

8

15

7

14

13

6

12

—

5

12

4

11

—

3

10

2

9

—

2

9

Kr.l

8

30

14

6

13

—

6

13

6

12

—

4

11

3

10

—

3

10

2

9

—

9

Nov.16

Nov. 23

Nov. 30

Dec. 7

Dec. 7

Dec. 14

Dec. 21

Dec. 28

Jan. 4

Jan. 4

Jan. 11

Jan. 18

Jan. 25

Feb. 1

Feb. 1

Feb 8

Feb. 15

Feb. 22

Mar. 1

D

17

24

Dec. 1

8

8

15

22

29

6

5

12

19

26

2

2

9

16

23

2

1

18

25

2

9

9

16

23

30

6

6

13

20

27

3

3

10

17

24

3

i

19

26

3

10

10

17

24

31

7

7

14

21

28

4

4

11

18

25

4

3

20

27

4

11

11

18

25

Jan. 1

8

8

15

22

29

5

5

12

19

26

5

I

21

28

5

12

12

19

26

0

9

9

16

23

30

0

6

13

20

27

fi

5

22

29

6

13

13

20

27

3

10

10

17

24

31

7

7

14

21

28

7

5

23

30

7

14

14

21

28

4

11

11

18

25

Feb. 1

8

8

15

22

Mar. 1

s

?

24

Dec. 1

8

15

15

22

29

5

12

12

19

26

2

9

9

16

23

2

y

3

25

2

9

16

16

23

30

6

13

13

20

27

3

10

10

17

24

3

10

}

26

3

10

17

17

24

31

7

14

14

21

28

4

11

11

18

25

4

11

)

27

4

11

18

18

25

Jan. 1

8

15

15

22

29

5

12

12

19

26

5

12

I

28

5

12

19

19

26

2

9

16

16

23

30

6

13

13

20

27

6

13

}

29

6

13

20

20

27

3

10

17

17

24

31

7

14

14

21

28

7

14

i

30

7

U

21

21

28

4

11

18

18

25

Feb. 1

8

15

15

22

Mar. 1

8

15

I

Dec. 1

8

15

22

22

29

5

12

19

19

26

2

9

IB

16

23

2

9

16

i

2

9

16

23

23

30

6

13

20

20

27

3

10

17

17

24

3

10

17

i

3

10

17

24

24

31

7

14

21

21

28

4

11

IS

18

25

4

11

18

r

4

11

18

25

25

Jan. 1

8

15

23

22

29

5

12

19

19

26

»

12

19

5

12

19

26

26

2

9

16

23

23

30

6

13

20

20

27

6

13

20

6

13

20

27

27

3

10

17

24

24

31

7

14

21

21

28

7

14

21

7

14

21

28

28

4

11

18

25

25

Feb. 1

8

15

22

22

Mar. 1

8

15

22

8

15

22

29

29

5

12

19

26

26

2

9

16

23

23

2

9

16

23

9

16

23

30

30

6

13

20

27

27

3

10

17

24

24

3

10

17

24

10

17

24

31

31

7

14

21

28

28

4

11

18

25

25

4

11

18

25

11

18

25

Jan. 1

Jan, 1

8

15

22

29

29

5

12

19

26

26

5

12

19

26

12

19

26

2

2

9

16

23

30

30

6

13

20

27

27

6

13

20

27

13

20

27

3

3

10

17

24

31

31

7

14

21

28

28

7

14

21

28

14

21

28

4

4

11

18

25

Feb. 1

Feb. 1

b

15

22

.Mar. 1

Mar. 1

8

15

22

29

I 15

22

29

5

5

12

19

26

0

9

16

23

2

2

9

If.

23

30

1 16

23

30

6

6 13

20

27

3

3

10

17

24

3

3

10

17

24

31

1 17

U

31

7

7 14

21

28

4

4

u

18

25

4

4

11

IS

2B

.\pr. 1

Where

absolute correctnes

1 is

required, proceed hi/

Art. i:?y.7

10. Pausha (Tel. Can )

11. Mftghii (Tel. Can.)

12. Phfilgunn C

'el. Can.)

j

10. I'ftntelu (Tulu.)

11. M(l)i (Tuju.)

12. Suggi (Tuju.)

1

. Paasha

U. Mfigha

11. MSgha

12. PMlguna

12. Phftlgnna

1. Chaitra

f

\ 13th

.Month

ill intercalary year*. 1

eukla.

krishQa,

sukla.

kTis}l^a.

8nkU.

■ Srisilma.

3. Pausha

5. MAgha

5. Phf.lgi

na

(S. Vikrama. Nevfii-.)

(S. Vikrama. Nevftr.)

(S. Vikrama.

VevSr.)

Sukla.

Krislniii.

Sukla.

Krishna.

Sukla.

Krishpa.

Mikln.

Kri>bua.

8

15

7 14..

30

7

14

6

13

_

5

12

4

11

4

11

3

10

9

Kr.l

8

-

Su. 1

8

15

7

14

—

6

13

5

12

—

5

12

4

11

10

2

9

-

2

9

Kr.l

8

30

7

14

e

13

6

13

5

12

11

8

10

-

3

10

2

9

—

Su. 1

8

15

7

14or30

7

14

6

13

12

4

11

-

4

11

3

10

—

2

9

Kr.l

8

—

Su. 1

8

15

7

14

18

6

12

-

5

12

4

11

3

10

2

9

2

9

Kr.l

8

30

U

6

13

-

6

13

6

12

—

4

11

3

10

—

3

10

2

9

—

9 Nov. 16

Nov. 23

Nov. 30

Dec

7

Dec. 7

Dec. 14

Dec. 21

Dec. 28

Jan. 4

Jan. 4

Jan. 11

Jan. 18

Jan. 25

Feb. 1

Feb. 1

Feb 8

Feb. 15

Feb. 22

Mar. 1

a 17

24

Dec. 1

8

8

15

22

29

6

5

12

19

26

2

2

9

16

23

■I

1 18

25

2

9

9 16

23

30

6

6

13

20

27

3

3

10

17

24

3

i 19

26

3

10

10

17

24

31

7

7

14

21

28

4

4

11

18

25

4

5 20

27

4

11

11

18

25

Jan. 1

8

8

15

22

29

5

=

12

19

26

5

I 21

28

5

12

12

19

26

2

9

9

16

23

30

C

6

13

20

27

f.

5 22

29

G

13

13

20

27

3

10

10

17

24

31

7

7

14

21

28

7

3 23

30

7

14

14

21

28

4

11

11

18

25

Feb. 1

8

8

15

22

Mar. i

8

1 24

Dec. 1

8

15

15

22

29

5

12

12

19

26

2

9

9

16

23

2

9

5 25

2

9

16

16

23

30

6

13

13

20

27

3

10

10

17

24

3

111

J 26

3

10

17

17

24

31

7

14

14

21

28

4

11

11

18

25

4

11

) 27

4

11

18

18

25

Jan. 1

8

15

15

22

29

5

12

12

19

26

5

12

I 28

5

12

19

19

26

2

9

16

16

23

30

6

13

13

20

27

6

13

i 29

6

IS

20

20

27

3

10

17

17

24

31

7

14

14

21

28

7

14

) 30

7

14

21

21

28

4

11

18

18

25

Feb. 1

8

15

15

22

Mar. 1

8

15

t Dec. 1

8

15

22

22

29

5

12

19

19

26

2

9

16

16

23

2

9

16

. 2

9

16

23

23

30

6

13

20

20

27

3

10

17

17

24

3

10

17

) 3

10

17

24

24

31

7

14

21

21

28

4

11

lb

18

25

4

11

18

r 4

11

18

25

25

Jan. 1

8

15

23

22

29

5

12

19

19

26

5

12

19

i 5

12

19

26

26

2

9

16

23

23

30

6

13

20

20

27

6

13

2(1

1 R

13

20

27

27

3

10

17

24

24

31

7

14

21

21

28

7

14

21

) 7

14

21

28

28

4

11

18

25

25

Feb. 1

8

15

22

22

Mar. 1

8

15

22

8

15

22

29

29

5

12

19

26

26

2

9

16

23

23

2

9

16

23

! y

16

23

30

30

6

13

20

27

27

3

10

17

24

24

3

10

17

24

1 10

17

24

31

31

7

14

21

28

28

4

11

18

25

25

4

11

18

25

h 11

18

25

Jan

. 1

Jau. 1

8

15

22

29

29

5

12

19

26

26

5

12

19

26

i 12

19

26

2

2

9

16

23

30

30

6

13

20

27

27

6

13

20

27

\ 13

20

27

3

3

10

17

24

31

31

7

14

21

28

28

7

14

21

28

' 14

21

28

4

4

11

18

25

Feb. 1

Feb. 1

8

15

22

.Mar. 1

.Mar. 1

8

15

22

29

I IB

22

29

5

5

12

19

26

2

■2

9

16

23

2

2

9

16

23

30

• 16

23

30

6

6

13

20

27

3

3

10

17

24

3

3

10

17

24

31

t 17

24

311

7

7

14

21

28

4

4| 11

18

25

4

4

11

18

25

.\pr. 1

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE XV.

/;< .. .

.< ../.

/O KM

Hi. r.

Ji,

»J

«,lt

fcta

./«

laMn ./ H

SUtn

Hi.^.

0.^,

„h.

,.

,

to Wn, .,. »

.»,.

rjfe

"j™

ns

"utT"!

,a,f

W/r

»"iil

«.'

f^;4

./(»

ZT

,,/!,

HTOOJF

i, •«

i.j, .

1',™.

«, 1,

I«W.

„ ™m.. ^

^,e,.

.-.....*..

n..

„.,

.,.A.„r„

/«««

,».ir.

erf, pf«

«rf*,

^rti

8.7

(Mshrfibi Trf- CdJ, Qf P.KK« rl'u|u )

1. P..01, (T.1..J

« V.LaU. |T.l Cu)

I i^ cr.J..|

8 JjHbtlu (T(I Cio)

4 ...bWh. ira. c..,i

4 At, (T.I..)

I S,l..,. (T,l. C.)

6. Bb»dr.p«di. IT<1. Cn 1 8 Niroflli (Tuln.)

7. BoDlelu IThIu)

8. Klrltik. IT,I. C. ) 8 JlrJ. |T,.l..l

9 Mflrxwlnlii iTtL Cm)

VZZZ'

11. Migh.cr»i CiD) 11. Mir tr*.l

12. PbUgDsi rT<]. C«o 1 U. Sogg. (Talo-t

1

bt^^DDUg «iU, Chiilra SdU. <Ch«.rtdi Vik™„.)(ita,^. S«D..t,

MT"

8. VtiUUa

' <r""

S. J;t*bUii

8- Jr-kii. 1. A.bMh.

i.kU. lQi.b,l

4. Aibi^

'JC"

5. Srt.,M

8. Bbldnp«lB

e. Bh&dnpodn 7. Airiai fukl*. triibva

jukln. kTi.ho«.

. nmik.

B MArg.>1r.b. kr,.bu.

9. Milrg«lr.h. 10, Pau.ho

—

Pnosh.

11. MighB

11. Mlgb. 12. PUUgoiu iniU. 1 kTi.bo.. :

.,-ia:.pUIgnu '>. Chiitn

|,.,.._„

(S V.knm^ Vr.it.)

„ viri.,,

(3, Viknroi, N«Jr.)

8 Jylihlka

(S V.knn... Ncvflf )

,. J^LT"!,

It. MJJr-pada

,2.1:72.,

(S Vikrama. Nf.lr)

2. Mlrgaiitril..

s v'k^"""

S. Sllgb. (S. Vikramx JJevtt.)

(5 ViknmL Nntr.)

I . 1 >| s|4| a| a|o

S.IU.

K^.„,

s.kU. 1 Kri.b..

S""-^ 1 K -

S.kU. K„,L,..

•.M, 1 kn.l..

iM,. 1 Kr..l.«=.

S.kl.

--

S.kl.

Kn.b...

Sukh. j Kri.boj-

Sukb.

Xr.b...

SokU- 1 lin,h^

Sokli 1 Kiiiisi

I

iC'

s,.

Mo,^

1

wS

Thar.

S..1

iS

"'a

i

so

S./I

i;

^'l

10

fcrSO

i

10

l' Kll

»l

SuH

;

Kil

t

4'^

I

^

i

I

13

1

Sii.l

i ^1

1

4»a)

1

i

1

10

30

3ii 1

;

'"a

I

£0

5«ri

\

15

J

a

l

1;

Kt.l 4

12

^"S

ii

1

J

14

i

10

Kr.l

i

■|"J

\

J

1

1 ;

r

»p..

::

28 2B

»pr, 1

Apt.lJ

20

M., 1

S 4

»pt.l!

i[.r 1

A,r20

18

M., i

26

>1.,11

M.jlB

:;

:

Jul "'

21

2.

8

'i

Aug. :

20

2i

A»B. 1

Aug. 1

81 A.g. 1

11 B.p, 1

A.S.10 S.p. 1

A.,.;.

14

It

S.p. 1

A.gli

% 1

Aug."

i

5.p. 1 ii

;

ti J

80

S.p. 7

Ii

2.,. 2.

if

ii

,! li

I

]

"•'1

1(

sS

■ 3 li

S li 8 li

e 11

16 31

as ai s 10

\

so

a 3 4

i

s

JO

IM. 1

ii

D«.28

::

i 9

28 90

i S

«

19 SO

-'i

<

i

9 !

30 iO S3 S3

38 35

11 >i«1

L — ' '

J

1 :: 1""!

iJ

11

1 -

su

( l

*i

"

Ap

1

laa

i

s.,

M

:;

j

lr*2

cxxivrt

•re abiolttte correctness is

required, proceed hi/ Art. l.'?!)./

Pausha (\\-\. Can

11. MAghu CIVI Can.)

1

2. rhi'dguna (Til. Can.)

1

Pdntelu (Tolu.)

11. M4)i (Tu!u.)

12. Snggi (Tula.)

isha 11. MAgha

11. Mftgha

12. I'hnlguna

12

Phfclguna

1 . CUailra

\ 13lh

Month in intercalarr

years.

kriahoa.

sukla.

krishna.

ukla.

krishua.

j

3. Pausha

5. MAgha

5. Phftlguna

Vikraiiia. Ncvfir.)

(S. Vikrama. Xevfir.)

(S. Vikrama. Ncvflr.)

la. Krisluui.

Sukla. Krisbpa.

Sukla. Krishna.

Sukla.

Kri

boa.

i

15

7

14or30

7

14 6

13

5

12

4

11

4

11

3

10

1

Kr.l

8

—

Sn 1

8

15 7

14

—

6

13

5

12

5

12

4

11

D

2

9

—

2

9

Kr.l 8

30

—

7

14

6

13

6

13

5

12

I

3

10

—

3

10

2 9

—

Sii. 1

8

15

7

14or30

7

14

6

13

2

4

11

—

4

11

3 10

—

2

9

Kr.l

8

Su. 1

8

15

7

14

5

5

12

—

5

12

4 11

—

3

10

2

9

2

9

Kr.l

8

30

%

6

13

—

6

13

6 1 12

—

4

11

3

10

—

3

10

2

e

.11

Dec. 18

Dec. 25

Jan. 1

Jan. 1

Jan. 8

Jan. 15

Jan. 22

Jan. 29

Jan. 29

Feb. 5

Feb. 12

Feb. 19

Feb. 26

Feb. 26

Mar. 5

Mar.l2

Mar.l9

Mar.26

12

19

26

2

2

9

16

23

30

30

6

13

20

27

27

6

13

20

27

13

20

27

3

3

10

17

24

31

31

7

14

21

28

28

7

14

21

28

14

21

28

4

4

11

18

25

Feb. 1

Feb 1

8

15

22

Mar. 1

Mar. 1

8

15

22

29

15

22

29

5

5

12

19

26

2

2

9

16

23

2

2

9

16

23

30

16

23

30

6

6

13

20

27

3

3

10

17

24

3

3

10

17

24

81

17

24

31

7

7

14

21

28

4

4

11

18

25

4

4

11

18

25

Apr. 1

18

25

Jan. 1

8

8

15

22

29

5

5

12

19

26

5

5

12

19

26

2

19

26

2

9

9

16

23

30

6

6

13

20

27

6

6

13

20

27

8

20

27

3

10

10

17

24

31

7

7

14

21

28

7

7

14

21

28

4

21

28

4

11

11

18

25

Feb. 1

8

8

15

22

Mar. 1

8

8

15

22

29

5

22

29

5

12

12

19

26

2

9

9

16

23

2

9

9

16

23

30

6

23

30

6

13

13

20

27

3

10

10

17

24

3

10

10

17

24

31

7

24

31

7

14

14

21

28

4

11

11

18

25

4

11

11

18

25

Apr. 1

8

25

Jan. 1

8

15

15

22

29

5

12

12

19

26

5

12

12

19

26

2

9

26

2

9

16

16

23

30

6

13

13

20

27

6

13

13

20

27

3

10

27

3

10

17

17

24

31

7

14

14

21

28

7

14

14

21

28

4

11

28

4

n

18

18

25

Feb. 1

8

15

15

22

Mar. 1

8

15

15

22

29

5

12

29

5

12

19

19

26

2

9

Ifi

16

23

2

9

16

16

23

30

6

13

30

6

13

20

20

27

3

10

17

17

24

3

10

17

17

24

31

7

14

31

7

14

21

21

28

4

11

18

18

25

4

11

18

18

25

Apr. 1

8

15

1

8

15

22

22

29

5

12

19

19

26

5

12

19

19

26

2

9

16

2

9

16

23

23

30

6

13

20

20

27

6

13

20

20

27

3

10

17

3

10

17

24

24

31

7

14

21

21

28

7

14

21

21

28

4

11

18

4

11

18

25

25

Feb. 1

8

15

22

22

Mar. 1

8

15

22

22

29

5

12

19

5

12

19

26

26

2

9

16

23

23

2

9

16

23

23

30

6

13

20

6

13

20

27

27

3

10

17

24

24

3

10

17

24

24

31

7

14

21

7

14

21

28

2S

4

11

18

25

25

4

11

18

25

25

Apr. 1

8

15

22

81 15

22

29

29

5

12

19

26

26

5

12

19

26

26

2

9

16

23

9

16

23

30

30

6

13

20

27

27

6

13

20

27

27

3

10

17

24

10

17

24

31

31

7

14

21

28

28

7

14

21

28

28

4

n

18

25

11

18

25

Feb. 1

Feb. 1

8

15

22

.Mar. 1

.Mar 1

8

15

22

29

29

5

12

19

26

12

19

26

2

9

16

23

i

2

9

16

23

30

30

6

13

20

27

13

20

27

3

3

10

17

24

3

3

10

17

24

31

31

7

14

21

28

14

21

28

4

4

11

18

25

4

4

11

18

25 Apr. 1

.\pr. 1

8

15

22

29

15

22

29

5

5

12

19

26

5

5

12

19

20 2

-'

9

Ifi

23

:w

cxxiv«

tre abiolule eorreclnes

i>

required, proceed hi/ Art. 139./

Paiisha (Ti-1. ton i

a. .Miigha (Ttl. Can.)

12. Phalguna (Tel. Can )

J

Pflntclu (Tuju.)

11. M4>i (Tula.)

12. Suggi (Tulu.)

1

isha 11. MSgba

11. Jia^'hu

12. Phal^unn

12

Phalguna

1 . Cliaitra

[

\ 13th

Mont)' in interonlarv

viar-i

krishpa.

sukla.

krishpa.

iikla.

krishaa.

8. Pausha

5. .MAgha

5. PhAlguna

Vikrama. Nevfir.)

(S. Vikrama. Neviir.)

(S. A'ikrama. NevSr.)

la.

Krishna.

Sukla. Krishna.

Sukla.

Krishna.

Sukla.

Kr.

hna.

5

15

7

14or30

7

14 1 6

13

_

5

12

4

11

4

11

3

10

>

Kr.l

8

—

Sn 1

8

15 1 7

14

—

6

13

6

12

_

5

12

4

11

)

2

9

—

-

2

9

Kr.l 8

30

—

7

14

6

13

—

6

13

5

12

1

3

10

—

-

3

10

2 9

—

Su. 1

8

15

7

14"r30

7

14

6

13

e

4

11

-

-

4

11

3 10

—

2

9

Kr.l

8 -

,Su. 1

8

15

7

14

3

5

12

—

-

5

12

4 11

—

3

10

2

9

—

2

9

Krl

8

30

t

6

13

-

-

6

13

5 I 12

—

4

11

3

10

—

3

10

2

9

.11

Dec. 18

Dec. 25

Jnn

1

Jan 1

Jan. 8

Jan. 15

Jan. 22

Jan. 29

Jan 29

Feb 5

Feb. 12

Feb. 19

Feb. 26

Feb. 26

Mar. 5

Mar.l2

Mar.l9

Mar.26

12

19

26

0

2

9

16

23

30

30

6

13

20

27

27

6

13

20

27

13

20

27

3

3

10

17

24

31

31

7

14

21

28

28

7

14

21

28

14

21

28

4

4

11

18

25

Feb. 1

Feb 1

8

15

22

Mar. 1

Mar. 1

8

15

22

29

16

22

29

5

5

12

19

26

2

2

9

16

23

2

2

9

16

23

30

16

23

30

6

6

13

20

27

3

3

10

17

24

3

3

10

17

24

31

17

24

31

7

7

14

21

28

4

4

11

18

25

4

4

11

18

25

Apr. 1

18

25

Jan. 1

8

8

15

22

29

5

5

12

19

26

5

5

12

19

26

2

19

26

2

9

9

16

23

30

6

6

13

20

27

6

6

13

20

27

3

20

27

3

10

10

17

24

31

7

7

14

21

28

7

7

14

21

28

4

21

28

4

11

11

18

25

Feb. 1

8

8

15

22

Mar. 1

8

8

15

22

29

5

22

29

5

12

12

19

26

2

9

9

16

23

2

9

9

16

23

30

6

23

30

6

13

13

20

27

3

10

10

17

24

3

10

10

17

24

31

7

24

31

7

14

14

21

28

4

11

11

18

25

4

11

11

18

25

Apr. 1

8

25

Jan. 1

8

15

15

22

29

5

12

12

19

26

5

12

12

19

26

2

9

26

2

9

16

16

23

30

6

13

13

20

27

6

13

13

20

27

3

10

27

3

10

17

17

24

31

7

14

14

21

28

7

14

14

21

28

4

11

28

4

11

18

18

25

Feb. 1

8

15

15

22

Mar. 1

8

15

15

22

29

5

12

29

5

12

19

19

26

2

9

16

16

23

2

9

16

16

23

30

6

13

30

6

13

20

20

27

3

10

17

17

24

3

10

17

17

24

31

7

14

31

7

14

21

21

28

4

11

18

18

25

4

11

18

18

25

Apr. 1

8

15

1

8

15

22

22

29

5

12

19

19

26

5

12

19

19

26

2

9

16

i 2

9

16

23

23

30

6

13

20

20

27

6

13

20

20

27

3

10

17

1 81 10

17

24

24

31

7

14

21

21

28

7

14

21

21

28

4

11

18

' 4

11

18

25

25

Feb. 1

8

15

22

22

iMar. 1

8

15

22

22

29

5

12

19

5

12

19

26

26

2

9

16

23

23

2

9

16

23

23

30

6

13

20

6

13

20

27

27

3

10

17

24

24

3

10

17

24

24

31

7

14

21

7

14

21

28

28

4

11

18

25

25

4

11

18

25

25

Apr. 1

8

15

22

8

15

22

29

29

5

12

19

26

26

5

12

19

26

26

2

9

16

23

9

16

23

30

30

6

13

20

27

27

6

13

20

27

27

3

10

17

24

10

17

24

31

31

7

14

21

28

28

7

14

21

28

28

4

11

18

25

11

18

25

Feb

1

Feb. 1

8

15

22

Mar. 1

.Mar 1

8

15

22

29

29

5

12

19

26

12

19

26

2

2

9

16

23

2

2

9

16

23

30

30

6

13

20

27

18

20

27

3

3

10

17

24

3

3

10

17

24

31

31

7

14

21

28

14

21

28

4

4

11

18 23

4

4

11

18

25

Apr. 1

.\pr. 1

8

15

22

29

15

22

29

0

5

12

19 26

5

5

12

19

20

2

2

9

Ifi

23

30

THE HINDU CALENDAR.

TABLE XV. (coNTiNUBn.)

/7, „ .

«../,

« MU

i^T,

fc

.1^,11

tto.

./™

.fik,

.,^.

H^.

D.U.

.,W

r

in l<q

.„y

»-.;

™;

°™»

",'™,°

«t,"

n

.../

..dfi

™.i

w/I

MON^lt

./»

w,°

» 0//W

"„,'

«, .«,

d,),.

L».»,A,

md.,

^...

..<,,

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THE MLHAMMADAN CALENDAR.

TABLE XVI.

INITIAL DAYS OF MUHAMMADAN YEAKS OK TlIK III.IKA. N.U. i. Asteritkt indicate Leap-yfara.

ii. lj> U, llijra 11G5 iiielusire, Ihr .1.1). daU.i are Old Sl,,le.

llijra year.

C'uiniDcnccnient u

r the year.

Hijra year.

CommcDceinent o

f the year.

Hijra year.

CoiumencemcDt o

f the year.

Weekday

Date i.D.

Weekday.

Da

c AD.

Weekday.

Date A.D.

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

6 iVi.

16 July

622 (197)

38

0 Sat.

9 June

658 (160)

75

0 Sun,

2 May

694 (122,

•2

3 Tuc».

5 July

623 (186)

39

4 Wed.

29 .May

6.59 (149)

•76

4 Wed

21 Apr.

695 (111)

3

1 Sun.

24 June

624* (176)

•40

1 Sun.

17 May

660* (138)

77

2 Mon.

10 Apr.

696^ (101)

i

5 Thurs.

13 Juuc

625 (164)

41

6 Fri.

7 May

661 (127)

•78

6 Fri.

30 Mar.

697 (89)

•5

2 .\lon.

2 June

626 (153)

42

3 Tucs.

26 Apr,

662 (116)

79

4 Wed.

20 Mar.

698 (79)

6

0 Sal.

23 May

627 (143)

•43

0 Sal.

15 Apr.

663 (105)

80

1 Sun.

9 Mar,

699 (68)

•7

4 Wid.

11 May

628* (132)

44

5 Thurs.

4 Apr,

664* (9.5)

*81

5 Thurs,

26 Feb,

700* (57)

8

2 Mon.

1 May

629 (121)

45

2 Mou.

24 .Mar.

665 (83)

82

3 Tucs.

15 Feb.

701 (46)

y

6 Fri.

20 Apr.

630 (110)

»46

6 Fri.

13 Mar.

666 (72)

83

0 Sat.

4 Feb,

702 (35)

•1(1

3 Tues.

9 Apr.

631 (99)

47

4 Wed.

3 Mar.

667 (62)

*84

4 Wed.

24 Jau.

703 (24)

11

1 Sun.

29 Mar.

632* (89)

»48

1 Sun.

20 Feb.

668* (51)

85

2 Mon.

14 Jan.

704^ (14)

12

5 Thurs.

18 Mar.

633 (77)

49

6 Fri.

9 Feb.

669 (40)

*86

6 Fri.

2 Jau.

705 (2)

•13

2 Mon.

7 Mar.

634 (66)

50

3 Tucs.

29 Jau.

670 (29)

87

4 Wed.

23 Dec.

705 (357)

U

0 Sat.

23 Feb.

635 (56)

*51

0 Sat.

18 Jan.

671 (18)

88

1 Suu.

12 Dec.

706 (346)

15

4 Wed

14 Feb.

636* (45)

52

5 Thurs.

8 Jau.

672* (8)

*89

5 Thurs,

1 Dec,

707 (335)

»lfi

1 Suu.

2 Feb.

637 (33)

53

2 Mou.

27 Dec.

672* (362)

90

3 Tues.

20 Nov.

708* (325)

17

6 Fri.

23 Jan.

638 (23)

*54

6 Fri.

16 Dec.

673 (350)

91

0 Sat.

9 Nov.

709 (313)

•IS

3 Tucs.

12 Jau.

639 (12)

55

4 Wed.

6 Dec.

674 (340)

•92

4 Wed,

29 Oct.

710 (302)

19

1 Sun.

2 Jan.

040» (2)

•56

1 Sun.

25 Nov.

675 (329)

93

2 Mon.

19 Oct.

711 (292)

20

5 Thurs.

21 Dec.

640* (356)

57

6 Fri.

14 Nov.

676* (319)

94

6 Fri.

7 Oct.

712^ (281)

•21

2 Mon.

10 Dec.

641 (344)

58

3 Tues.

3 Nov,

677 (307)

•95

3 Tues.

26 Sep.

713 (269)

22

0 Sat.

30 Nov.

642 (334)

*59

0 Sat.

23 Oct.

678 (296)

96

1 Sun.

16 Sep,

714 (259)

23

4 Wed.

19 Nov.

643 (323)

60

5 Thurs.

13 Oct.

679 (286)

•97

5 Thurs.

5 Sep.

715 (248)

'24

1 Sun.

7 Nov.

644* (312)

61

2 Mon.

1 Oct.

680* (275)

98

3 Tues.

25 Aug.

716^ (238)

25

6 Fri.

28 Oct.

645 (301)

*62

6 Fri.

20 Sep.

681 (263)

99

0 Sat,

14 Aug,

717 (226)

♦26

3 Tues.

17 Oct.

646 (290)

63

4 Wed.

10 Sep.

682 (253)

•100

4 Wed.

3 Aug.

718 (215)

27

1 Sun.

7 Oct.

647 (280)

64

1 Sun.

30 Aug.

683 (242)

101

2 Mon.

24 July

719 (205)

28

5 Thurs.

25 Sep.

648* (269)

*65

5 Thurs.

18 Aug.

684* (231)

102

6 Fri.

12 July

720^ (194)

•29

2 Mon.

14 Sep.

649 (257)

06

3 Tues.

8 Aug.

685 (220)

•103

3 Tucs.

1 July

721 (182)

30

0 Sat.

4 Sep,

650 (247)

•67

0 Sat.

28 July

686 (209)

104

1 Sun.

21 June

722 (172)

31

4 Wed.

24 Aug.

651 (236)

68

5 Thurs.

18 July

687 (199)

105

5 Thurs.

10 June

723 (161)

•32

1 Suu.

12 Aug.

652* (225)

69

2 Mon.

6 July

688* (188)

•106

2 Mon.

29 Jlay

724* (150)

33

6 Fri.

2 Aug.

653 (214)

•70

6 Fri.

25 June

689 (176)

107

0 Sat.

19 May

725 (139)

31

3 Tues.

22 July

654 (203)

71

4 Wed.

15 June

690 (166)

•108

4 Wed.

8 May

726 (128)

*35

0 Sat.

11 July

655 (192)

72

1 Suu.

4 June

691 (155)

109

2 Mon.

28 Apr.

727 (118)

36

5 Thurs.

30 June

656* (182)

•73

5 Thurs.

23 May

692* (144)

110

6 Fri.

16 Apr.

728* (107)

•37

2 Mon.

19 June

657 (170^

74

3 Tucs,

13 .May

693 (133'i

•111

3 Tucs.

5 Apr.

729 (95)

THE MUHAMMAD AN CALENDAR.

TABLE XVI.

INITIAI, DAYS OK MUHAMMADAN YEARS OF TIIK III.IKA.

N'.li. i. Axlrriaks imiicale Leap-ijeara.

ii. //. In Ilijra 11(15 inclusive, llir .1.1). dal,:i ar^ Old Sl,,lf.

Ilijra yonr.

Coinmi'iiiTiiifnt u

f tlie year.

Ilijra year.

Cuminencement c

f the year.

Ilijra year.

Counnencenicut a

f the year.

Weekday.

Date A. 11.

Weekday.

Date AD.

Weekday.

Di.

e A.D.

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3 1

1

G Fri.

16 July

622 (197)

38

0 Sat.

9 June

658 (160)

75

0 Sun.

2 .May

694 (122)

'i

3 Tui-9.

5 July

623 (186)

39

4 Weil.

29 May

059 (149)

♦76

4 Wed.

21 Apr.

095 (111)

i

1 Sun.

24 June

624» (176)

•40

1 Sun.

17 May

660' (138)

77

2 Mou.

11) Apr.

OUO* (101)

I

5 Thurs.

13 June

025 (164)

41

6 Fri.

7 May

601 (127)

•78

0 Fri.

30 Mar.

097 (89)

•5

2 M.in.

2 June

626 (153)

42

3 Tues.

26 Apr.

602 (ill))

79

4 Wed.

20 Mar.

698 (79)

6

0 Sat.

23 May

627 (143)

•43

0 Sat.

15 Apr.

663 (105)

80

1 Sun.

9 Mar.

699 (68)

•7

4 W.il.

11 May

628* (132)

44

5 Thurs.

4 Apr.

004' (95)

•81

5 Thurs.

26 Feb.

700' (57)

8

2 Mon.

1 May

629 (121)

45

2 Mon.

24 .Mar.

605 (83)

82

3 Tues.

15 Feb.

701 (40)

U

6 I'ri.

20 Apr.

630 (110)

•46

6 Fri.

13 Mar.

0G6 (72)

83

0 Sat.

4 Feb.

702 (35)

•10

3 Tuos.

9 Apr.

631 (99)

47

4 Wed.

3 Mar.

067 (62)

•84

4 Wed.

24 Jan.

703 (24)

n

1 Sun.

29 Mar.

632" (89)

•48

1 Sun.

20 Feb.

068* (51)

85

2 Mon.

14 Jan.

704^ (14)

li

5 Thurs.

18 Mar.

633 (77)

49

6 Fri.

9 Feb.

669 (40)

*86

6 Fri.

2 Jan.

705 (2)

•13

2 -Mon.

7 Mar.

634 (66)

50

3 Tues.

29 Jan.

670 (29)

87

4 Wed.

23 Dec.

705 (357)

u

0 Sat.

25 F.b.

635 (56)

•51

0 Sat.

18 Jan.

671 (18)

88

1 Sun.

12 Dec.

700 (346)

15

4 Wed.

14 Feh.

636* (45)

52

a Thurs.

8 Jan.

672* (8)

*89

5 Thurs.

1 Dec.

707 (335)

•Hi

1 Sun.

2 Feb.

637 (33)

53

2 Mon.

27 Dec.

672* (362)

90

3 Tufs.

20 Nov.

708» (325)

17

6 Fri.

23 Jan.

638 (23)

•54

6 Fi-i.

16 Dec.

673 (350)

91

0 Sat.

9 Nov.

709 (313)

•18

3 Tues.

12 Jan.

639 (12)

55

4 Wed.

6 Dec.

674 (340)

*92

4 Wed.

29 Oct.

710 (302)

19

1 Sun.

2 Jan.

640* (2)

•50

1 Sun.

25 Nov.

675 (329)

93

2 Jlon.

19 Oct.

711 (292)

i<i

5 Thurs.

21 T)ce.

640» (336)

57

6 Fri.

14 Nov.

676* (319)

94

6 Fri.

7 Oct.

712^ (281)

♦21

2 Mon.

10 Dec.

641 (344)

58

3 Tues.

3 Nov.

677 (307)

•95

3 Tues.

26 Sep.

713 (269)

ii

0 Sat.

30 Nov.

642 (334)

•59

0 Sat.

23 Oct.

078 (296)

96

1 Sun.

16 Sep.

714 (-259)

23

4 Wed.

19 Nov.

643 (323)

CO

5 Thurs.

13 Get.

079 (286)

•97

5 Thurs.

5 Sep.

715 (248)

'24

1 Sun.

7 Not.

644* (312)

61

2 Mon.

1 Oct.

680* (275)

98

3 Tues.

25 Aug.

716* (238)

25

6 Fri.

28 Oct.

645 (301)

•62

6 Fri.

20 Sep.

681 (263)

99

0 Sat.

14 Aug.

717 (226)

•2fi

3 Tncs.

17 Oi-t.

646 (290)

63

4 Wed.

10 Sep.

682 (253)

*100

4 Wed.

3 Aug.

718 (215)

27

1 Sun.

7 Get.

647 (280)

64

1 Sun.

30 Aug.

683 (242)

101

2 Mon.

24 July

719 (205)

28

5 Thurs.

25 Sep.

648* (269)

•65

5 Thurs.

18 Aug.

684* (231)

102

6 Fri.

12 July

720* (194)

•29

2 Mon.

14 Sep.

649 (257)

66

3 Tues.

8 Aug.

685 (320)

•103

3 Tues.

1 July

721 (182)

30

0 Sat.

4 Sep.

650 (247)

•67

0 Sat.

28 July

686 (209)

104

1 Sun.

21 June

722 (172)

31

4 Wed.

24 Aug.

651 (236)

68

5 Thurs.

18 July

687 (199)

105

5 Thnrs.

10 June

723 (161)

•32

1 Suu.

12 Aug.

652' (225)

69

2 Mon.

6 July

688* (188)

•106

2 Mon.

29 Jlay

724* (150)

33

6 Fri.

2 Ang.

653 (214)

•70

0 Fri.

25 June

689 (176)

107

0 Sat.

19 Jlay

723 (139)

34

3 Tues.

22 July

654 (203)

71

4 Wed.

15 June

690 (166)

*108

4 Wed.

8 May

726 (128)

*35

0 Sal.

11 July

655 (192)

72

1 Suu.

4 June

691 (155)

109

2 Mon.

28 Apr.

727 (118)

38

5 Thurs.

30 Jnne

656* (182)

•73

5 Thurs.

23 May

692* (144)

110

6 Fri.

16 Apr.

728* (107)

•37

2 Mon.

19 Jnne

657 (170)

74

3 Tues.

13 May

093 (1331

•111

3 Tues.

5 Apr.

729 (95)

TffE IXDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE XV I. (CONTINUED) INITIAL DA.YS OF MUIIAMMADAN YEARS Ol' THE IIIJKA. N.B. i. Asterisks indicate Leap-years.

ii. I']) lu Hijra

1105 iucliisire, the

.I.D. flates are Old Sti/I

Hijra jear.

Cummeucement of the year.

Hijra year.

Commencement o

f the yeai-.

Hijra year.

Commencement u

f the year.

Wcckdaj

Dat

e A.D.

Weekday.

Date A.D.

Weekday.

Da

e AD.

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

= 1

112

1 Sun.

26 Mar.

730 (8.5)

•149

1 Sun.

16 Feb.

766 (47)

186

2 Mon.

10 Jan.

802 (10)

n:i

5 Tliurs.

15 Miir.

731 (74)

1.50

6 Fri.

6 Feb.

707 (37)

♦187

6 Fri.

30 Dec.

802 (364)

•HI

2 Moil.

3 .Mar.

732^ (63)

151

3 Tues.

26 Jan.

768* (26)

188

4 Wed.

20 Dec.

803 (354)

115

0 Sat

21 Feb.

733 (52)

•152

0 Sat.

14 Jan,

709 (14)

189

1 Sun.

8 Dec.

804* (343)

*116

4 Weil.

10 Feb.

734 (41)

153

5 Thurs.

4 Jan.

770 (4)

•190

5 Thurs.

27 Nov.

805 (331)

117

2 Mon.

31 Jan.

735 (31)

154

2 Mon.

24 Dec.

770 (358)

191

3 Tues.

17 Nov.

806 (321)

us

f. Fri.

20 .Tan.

736* (20)

•155

fi Fri.

13 Dec.

771 (347)

192

0 Sat.

6 Nov.

807 (310)

•ll'J

3 Tucs.

8 Jan.

737 (8)

156

4 Wed.

2 Dec.

772^ (337)

•193

4 Wed.

25 Oct.

808* (299)

120

1 Sun.

29 Dec.

737 (363)

•157

1 Sun.

21 Nov.

773 (325)

194

2 Mon.

15 Oct.

809 (288)

121

5 Thurs.

18 Dec.

738 (352)

158

6 Fri.

11 Nov.

774 (315)

195

0 Fri.

4 Oct.

810 (277)

*122

2 Mod.

7 Dec.

739 (341)

159

3 Tucs.

31 Oct.

775 (304)

•196

3 Tues.

23 Sep.

811 (266)

123

0 Sat.

26 Nov.

740* (331)

•160

0 Sat.

19 Oct.

776* (293)

197

1 Sun.

12 Sep.

812* (2,56)

\U

4 Wed.

15 Nov.

741 (319)

161

5 Thurs.

9 Oct.

777 (282)

•198

5 Thurs.

1 Sep.

813 (244)

»125

1 Sun.

4 Nov.

742 (308)

162

2 Mon.

28 Sep.

778 (271)

199

3 Tucs.

22 Ang.

814 (234)

126

6 Fri.

25 Oct.

743 (298)

•163

6 Fri.

17 Sep.

779 (260)

200

0 Sat.

11 Aug.

815 (2231

*127

3 Tuus.

13 Oct.

744* (287)

164

4 Wed.

6 Sep.

780^ (250)

•201

4 Wed.

30 July

816* (212)

128

1 Sun.

3 Oct.

745 (276)

165

1 Sun.

26 Aug.

781 (238)

202

2 Mon.

20 July

817 (201)

129

5 Thurs.

22 Sep.

746 (265)

•166

5 Thurs.

15 Aug.

782 (227)

203

6 Fri.

9 July

818 (190)

•130

2 Jlon.

11 Sep.

747 (254)

167

3 Tues.

5 Aug.

783 (217)

•204

3 Tues.

28 June

819 (179)

131

0 Sat.

31 Ang.

748^ (244)

•168

0 Sat.

24 July

784* (206)

205

1 Sun.

17 June

820» (169)

132

4 WrJ.

20 Aug.

749 (232)

169

a Thurs.

14 July

785 (19.5)

•200

5 Thurs.

6 June

821 (157)

* 1 33

1 Suu.

y Aug.

750 (221)

170

2 Mon.

3 July

786 (184)

207

3 Tues.

27 May

822 (147)

13 1

ti Fri.

30 July

751 (211)

•171

6 Fri.

22 June

787 (173)

208

0 Sat.

16 May

823 (136)

135

3 Tu.s.

IS July

752* (200)

172

4 Wed.

11 June

788* (163)

•209

4 Wed.

4 May

824* (12.5)

*130

0 Sat.

7 July

753 (188)

173

1 Sun.

31 May

789 (151)

210

2 Mon.

24 Apr.

825 (114)

137

5 Thurs.

27 June

754 (178)

•174

5 Thurs.

20 May

790 (140)

211

6 Fri.

13 Apr.

820 (103)

•138

2 Mon.

16 June

755 (167)

175

3 Tucs.

10 May

791 (130)

•212

3 Tues.

2 Apr.

827 (92)

139

0 Sat.

5 June

756* (157)

•176

0 Sat.

28 Apr.

792* (119)

213

1 Sun.

22 Mar.

828* (82)

140

4 Wrd.

25 May

757 (145)

177

5 Thurs.

18 Apr.

793 (108)

214

5 Thui-s.

11 Mar.

829 (70)

•141

1 Sun.

14 May

758 (134)

178

2 Mon.

7 Apr.

794 (97)

•215

2 Mon.

28 Feb.

830 (59)

142

C Fri.

4 May

759 (124)

•179

6 Fri.

27 Mar.

795 (86)

216

0 Sat.

18 Feb.

831 (49)

143

3 Tucs.

22 Apr.

760^ (113)

180

4 Wed.

ir, Mar.

796^ (76)

•217

4 Wed.

7 Feb.

832* (38)

•144

0 Sat.

11 Apr.

761 (101)

181

1 Sun.

5 Mar.

797 (64)

218

2 Mon

27 Jan.

.S33 (27)

145

5 Thurs.

1 Apr.

762 (91)

•182

5 Thurs.

22 Feb.

798 (53)

219

6 Fri.

16 Jan.

.S34 (16i

•14fi

2 .M.in

21 .Mar.

763 (80)

183

3 Tues.

12 Feb.

799 (43)

•220

3 Tucs.

5 Jau.

835 (5)

147

0 Sat.

10 Mai'.

764' (70)

184

0 Sat.

1 Feb.

800» (32)

221

1 Sua.

26 Dec.

835 (360)

148

4 Wed.

27 Feb.

765 (58)

•185

4 Wed.

20 Jan.

801 (20)

222

5 Thurs.

14 Dec

836* (3.19)

THE Ml IfAMMADAN CALENDAR.

TABLE XVI. (CONTINUED.) INITIAL DAYS OP MUIIAMMADAN YEARS OF THE IlIJRA.

N.li. i. Asterhka imUcalv Lcaji-i/ears.

ii. //. I, I llijra lltir) i,ic!i(.iive, the A.D. d,il,:s nr,- (llil M.,lr

llijni vnir.

('(immcnocmeiit

1" the year.

llijrn year.

Commencement i

f the year.

Hyra year.

CoinmeDccraent c

f the year. 1

WcckJny.

Date A.l).

Weekday.

Date A.D.

Weekday.

Date A.D.

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

•223

2 Man.

3 Dec.

837 (337)

260

3 Tucs.

27 Oct.

873 (300)

297

4 Wed.

20 Sep.

909 (263)

m

0 Sat

23 Nov.

838 (327)

•261

0 Sat.

16 Oct.

874 (289)

298

1 Sun.

9 Sep.

910 (252)

235

4 Wed.

12 Nov.

839 (316)

262

5 Thurs.

6 Oct.

875 (279)

•299

5 Thurs.

29 Aug.

911 (241)

•226

1 Sun.

31 Oct.

840^ (305)

263

2 Mon.

24 Sep.

876' (268)

300

3 Tues.

18 Aut;.

912* (231)

227

6 Fri.

21 Oct.

841 (294)

•264

6 Fri.

13 Sep.

877 (256)

301

0 Sat.

7 Aug.

913 (219)

•228

3 Tiies.

10 Oct.

842 (283)

265

4 Wed.

3 Sep.

878 (246)

•302

4 Wed.

27 July

914 (208)

229

1 Sun.

30 Sep.

843 (273)

•266

1 Sun.

23 Aug.

879 (235)

303

2 Mon.

17 July

915 (198)

230

5 Thurs.

18 Sep.

844* (262)

267

6 IVi.

12 Aug.

880* (225)

304

6 Fri.

5 July

916* (187)

•231

2 Mon.

7 Sep.

845 (250)

268

3 Tues.

1 Aug.

881 (213)

•305

3 Tues.

24 June

917 (175)

232

0 Sat.

28 Aug.

846 (240)

•269

0 Sat.

21 July

882 (202)

306

1 Sun.

14 June

918 (165)

233

4 Wed.

17 Aug.

847 (229)

270

5 Thurs.

11 July

883 (192)

•307

5 Thurs.

3 June

919 (154)

•234

1 Sun.

5 Aug.

848» (218)

271

2 Mon.

29 June

884» (181)

308

3 Tues.

23 May

920* (144)

235

6 Fi-i.

26 July

849 (207)

•272

6 Fii.

18 June

885 (169)

309

0 Sat.

12 May

921 (132)

•236

3 Tucs.

15 July

850 (196)

273

4 Wed.

8 June

886 (159)

•310

4 Wed.

1 May

922 (121)

237

1 Sun.

5 July

851 (186)

274

1 Sun.

28 May

887 (148)

311

2 Mon.

21 Apr.

923 (111)

238

5 Tliui-s.

23 June

852^ (175)

♦275

5 Thurs.

16 May

888^ (137)

312

6 Fri.

9 Apr.

924* (100)

•239

2 Mon.

12 June

853 (163)

270

3 Tues.

6 May

889 (126)

•313

3 Tues.

29 Mar.

925 (88)

240

0 Sat.

2 June

854 (153)

•277

0 Silt

25 Apr.

890 (115)

314

1 Suu.

19 Mar.

926 (78)

241

4 Wed.

22 May

855 (142)

27H

5 Thurs.

15 Apr.

891 (105)

315

5 Tliurs.

8 Mar.

927 (67)

•242

1 Sun.

10 May

856* (131)

279

2 Mon.

3 Apr.

892* (94)

•316

2 Mon.

25 Feb.

928* (56)

243

6 Fri.

30 Apr.

857 (120)

•280

6 Fri.

23 Mar.

893 (82)

317

0 Sat.

14 Feb.

929 (45)

244

3 Tues.

19 Apr.

858 (109)

281

4 Wed.

13 Mar.

894 (72)

•318

4 Wed.

3 Feb.

930 (34)

•245

0 Sat.

8 Apr.

859 (98)

282

1 Sun.

2 Mai-.

895 (61)

319

2 Mon.

24 J.in.

931 (24)

246

5 Thurs.

28 Mar.

860* (88)

*283

5 Thurs.

19 Feb.

896* (50)

320

6 Fri.

13 Jan.

932* (13)

•247

2 Mon.

17 Mar.

861 (76)

284

3 Tues.

8 Feb.

897 (39)

•321

3 Tucs.

1 Jan.

933 (1)

248

0 Sat.

7 Mar.

862 (66)

285

0 Sat.

28 Jan.

898 (28)

322

1 Sun.

22 Dec.

933 (356)

249

4 Wed.

24 Feb.

863 (55)

•286

4 Wed.

17 Jan.

899 (17)

323

5 Thurs.

11 Dec.

934 (345)

•250

1 Sun.

13 Feb.

864* (44)

287

2 Mon.

7 Jan.

900* (7)

•324

2 Mon.

30 .\ov.

935 (334)

251

6 Fii.

2 Feb.

865 (33)

♦288

6 Fri.

26 Dec.

900* (361)

325

0 Sat.

19 Nov.

936* (324)

252

3 Tues.

22 J.nn.

866 (22)

289

4 Wed.

16 Dec.

901 (350)

•326

4 Wed.

8 Nov.

937 (312)

•253

0 Sat.

11 Jan.

867 (11)

290

1 Sun.

5 Dec.

902 (339)

327

2 Mon.

29 Oel.

938 (302)

254

5 Thurs.

1 Jan.

868^ (1)

*291

5 Thurs.

24 Nov.

903 (328)

328

6 Fri.

18 Oct.

939 (291)

255

2 Mon.

20 Dec.

868* (355)

292

3 Tucs.

13 Nov.

904* (318)

*329

3 Tues.

6 Oct.

940* (280)

•256

6 Kri.

9 Dee.

869 (343)

293

0 Sat.

2 Nov.

905 (306)

330

1 Sun.

26 Sep.

941 (269)

25"

4 Wed.

29 Nov.

870 (333)

*294

4 Wed.

22 Oct.

906 (295)

331

5 Thurs.

15 Sep.

942 (258)

•258

1 Sun.

18 Nov.

871 (322) ,

295

2 Mon.

12 Oct.

907 (285)

*332

2 Mon.

4 Sep.

943 (247)

259

6 Fri

7 Nov.

872* (312) '

•39fi

6 Fri.

30 Sep.

908* (274)

333

0 Sal.

24 Aug.

9 It* (237)

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE XVI. (CONTINUED.) INITI.a, DAYS OF MDHAMMADAN YEARS OK THE HIJRA. N.B. i. Asterisks indicate Leap-j/ears.

ii. I'p to Uijra llfiS inclusive, llir A.l). dittcs are Old Style.

llijia year.

Conimeucemeut o

Ihe year.

Uijra year.

Coniineueenient o

f Ihe year.

Uijra year.

Cuuime

ueemeut of tlie year.

Weekday.

Date A.D.

Weekday.

Da

e A.D.

Weekday.

Date A.D.

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

3;i4

4 Wed.

13 Aug.

945 (225)

371

5 Thurs.

7 July

981 (188)

•408

5 Thurs.

30 May 1017 (150)

*3:i.^

I Sun.

2 Aug.

946 (214)

372

2 Mon.

26 June

982 (177)

409

3 Tues.

20 May 1018 (140)

3.'i«

6 Fri.

23 July

947 (204)

•373

6 Fri.

15 June

983 (166)

410

0 Sat.

9 May 1019 (129)

•337

3 Tucs.

11 July

948* (193)

374

4 Wed.

4 June

984* (1561

•411

4 Wed.

27 Apr. 1020^ (118)

338

1 Sun.

1 July

949 (182)

375

1 Snn.

24 May

985 (144)

412

2 Mon. .

17 ^pr. 1021 (107)'

339

0 Thurs.

20 June

950 (171)

•376

5 Thurs.

13 May

986 (133)

413

6 Fri.

6 Apr. 1022 (96)

»34()

2 Mun.

9 June

951 (160)

377

3 Tucs.

3 May

987 (123)

•414

3 Tucs.

26 Mar. 1023 (85)

341

0 Sal.

29 May

952* (150)

•378

0 Sat.

21 Apr.

988* (112)

415

1 Suu.

15 Mar. 1024^ (75)

342

4 Wed.

18 May

953 (138)

379

5 Thurs.

11 Apr.

989 (101)

•416

5 Thui-s.

4 Mar. 1025 (63)

*343

1 Snn.

7 May

954 (127)

380

2 Mon.

31 Mar.

990 i90)

417

3 Tucs.

22 Feb. 1026 (53)

344

6 Fri.

27 Apr.

955 (117)

*381

6 Fri.

20 Mar

991 (79)

418

0 Sat.

11 Feb. 1027 (42)

345

3 Tues.

15 Apr.

956* (106)

382

4 Wed.

9 Mar.

992* (69)

•419

4 Wed.

31 Jan. 1028* (31)

•34fi

0 Sat.

.4 Apr.

957 (94)

383

1 Sun.

20 Feb.

993 (57)

420

2 Mon.

20 Jan 1029 (20)

347

5 Thurs.

25 Mar.

958 (84)

•384

5 Thurs.

15 Feb.

994 (46)

421

6 Fri.

9 Jan. 1030 (9)

»34S

2 Mon.

14 Mar.

959 (73)

385

3 Tucs.

5 Feb.

995 (36)

•422

3 Tues.

29 Dec. 1030 (363)

34a

0 Sat.

3 iMar.

960* (63)

*386

0 Sat.

25 Jan.

996* (25)

423

1 Suu.

19 Dee. 1031 (353)

350

4 Wed.

20 Feb.

961 (51)

387

5 Thurs.

14 Jan.

997 (14)

424

5 Thurs.

7 Dee. 1032* (342)

*351

1 Sun.

9 Feb.

962 (40)

388

2 Mon.

3 Jan.

998 (3)

*425

2 Mon.

26 Nov. 1033 (330)

352

fi Fri.

30 Jan.

963 (30)

•389

6 Fri.

23 Dee.

998 (357)

426

0 Sat.

10 Nov. 1034 (320)

353

3 Tues.

19 Jan.

964* (19)

390

4 Wed.

13 Dee.

999 (347)

•427

4 Wed.

5 Nov. 1035 (309)

•354

0 Sat.

7 Jan.

965 (7)

391

1 Sun.

1 Dee.

1000^ (336)

428

2 Mon.

25 Oct. 1036* (299)

355

5 Thurs.

28 Dec.

965 (362)

•392

5 Thui-6.

20 Nov.

1001 (324)

429

6 Fri.

14 Oct. 1037 (287)

•356

2 Mon.

17 Dec.

966 (351)

393

3 Tues.

10 Nov.

1002 (314)

•430

3 Tucs.

3 Oct. 1038 (276)

357

0 Sat.

7 Dec.

967 (341)

394

0 Sat.

30 Oct.

1003 (303)

431

1 Sun.

23 Sep. 1039 (266)

358

4 Wed.

25 Nov.

968* (330)

•395

4 Wed.

18 Oet.

1004» (292)

432

5 Thurs.

11 Sep. 1040* (255)

•3.59

\ Sun.

14 Nov.

969 (318)

396

2 Mon.

8 Oet.

1005 (281)

•433

2 Mon.

31 Aug. 1041 (2431

3fil)

6 Fri.

4 Nov.

970 (308)

*397

6 Fri.

27 Sep.

1006 (270)

434

0 Sat.

21 Aug. 1042 (233)

3(11

3 Tuca.

24 Oct.

971 (297)

398

4 Wed.

17 Sep.

1007 (260)

435

4 Wed.

10 Aug. 1043 (222)

•362

0 Sat.

12 Oct.

972* (286)

399

1 Sun.

5 Sep.

1008^ (249)

•436

1 Sun.

29 July 1044^ (211)

363

5 Thurs.

2 Oct.

973 (275)

*400

5 Thurs.

25 Ang.

1009 (237)

437

6 Fri.

19 July 1045 (200)

364

2 Mon.

21 Sep.

974 (264)

401

3 Tucs.

15 Aug.

1010 (227)

•438

3 Tucs.

8 July 1046 (189)

•365

6 Fri.

10 Sep.

975 (253)

402

0 Sat

4 Aug.

1011 (216)

439

1 Sun.

28 June 1047 (179)

366

4 Wed.

30 Aug.

976* (243)

•403

4 Wed.

23 July

1012^ (205)

440

5 Thm-s.

16 June 1048* (168)

♦367

1 Sun.

19 Ang.

977 (231)

404

2 Mon.

13 July

1013 (194)

•441

2 Mon.

5 June 1049 (156)

368

6 Fri.

9 Aug.

978 (221)

405

6 Fri.

2 July

1014 (183)

442

0 Sat.

26 May 1050 (146)

369

3 Tues.

29 July

979 (210)

•406

3 Tucs.

21 June

1015 (172)

443

4 Wed.

15 May 1051 (135)

'370

0 Sat.

17 July

980* (199)

407

1 Sun.

10 Juni

1016» (162)

' •441

i

1 Suu.

3 May 10.-)2* (1241

THE MUHAMMADAN CALENDAR.

TABLE XVI. (CONTJNUKD.) INITIAL DAYS OK MUHAMMADAN YEARS OK THE HIJRA. N B, i. Asterisks indicate Lvap-yt'ors.

ii 1 1> In llijra nf)5 iiictiisiie, the A.I), ilolfs are Old Style.

Ilijn. jcnr.

Commenceiuent of thi- ,\

ear

llijra year.

Commencement of the year.

Uijra year.

CommeDcement of the year.

Weekday.

Date A. I).

Weekday.

Date AD.

Weekday.

Date A.D.

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

445

6 Fri.

23 Apr. 1053

(113)

*482

6 Fri.

Hi .Mar. lOSl) (75)

519

0 Sat.

7 Feb.

1125 (38)

..uo

3 Tucs.

12 Apr. 1054

(102)

483

4 Wed.

(i M.ir. 1(19(1 (65)

•520

4 Wed.

27 Jan.

1126 (27)

447

1 Sun,

2 Apr. 1055

(92)

484

1 Sun.

23 leb. 1091 (54)

521

2 Mon.

17 Jan.

1127 (17)

448

5 Thurs.

21 Mar. 1056*

(81)

*485

5 Thurs.

12 I'cb. 1092* (43)

522

6 Fri.

6 Jan.

112S» (fi)

•449

2 Mou. .

lOJMar. 1057

(69)

486

3 Tues.

1 Feb.' 1093 (32)

•523

3 Tucs.

25 Dec.

1128^ (360)

450

0 Sat.

28 Feb. 1058

(59)

♦487

0 Sat.

21 .Jan. 1094 (21)

524

1 Suu.

15 Dec.

1129 (349)

451

4 Wed.

17 Feb. 1059

(48)

488

5 Thurs.

11 Jan. 1095 (11)

525

5 Thurs.

4 Dec.

1130 (338)

•452

1 Sun.

6 Feb. 1060^

(37)

489

2 Mon.

31 Dec. 1095 (365)

•526

2 Mon.

23 Nov.

1131 (327)

453

6 Fri.

26. Jan. 1061

(26)

♦490

6 ft-i.

19 Dec. 1096* (354)

527

0 Sat.

12 Nov.

1132* (317)

454

3 Tues.

15 Jan. 1062

(15)

491

4 Wed.

« Dec. 1097 (343)

•528

4 Wed.

1 Nov.

1133 (305)

•455

0 Sat.

4 Jan. 1063

(♦)

492

1 Sun.

28 Nov. 1098 (332)

529

•I .Mon.

22 Oct.

1134 (295)

456

5 Thurs.

25 Dec. 1063

(359)

*493

5 Thurs.

17 -Nov. 1099 (321)

530

6 I'ri.

11 Oct.

1135 (2S.I)

♦457

2 Moil.

13 Dec 1064^

(348)

494

3 Tucs.

6 Nov. UOO^ (311)

*531

3 Tues.

29 Sep.

1136* (273)

458

0 Sat.

3 De.-. 1065

(337)

495

0 Sat.

2fi Oct. 1101 (299)

532

1 Suu.

19 Sep.

1137 (262)

459

4 Wed.

22 Nov. 1066

(326)

•496

4 Wed.

15 Oct. 1102 (288)

533

5 Thurs.

8 Sep.

1138 (251)

•Kid

1 Sun.

11 Nov. 1067

(315)

497

2 Mon.

5 Oct. 1103 (278)

♦534

2 Mon.

28 Aug.

1139 (240)

461

6 Fri.

31 Oct. 1068*

(305)

•498

6 »i.

23 Sep. 1104* (267)

535

0 Sat.

17 Aug.

1140* (230)

462

3 Tues.

20 Oct. 1069

(293)

499

4 Wed.

13 Sep 1105 (256)

*536

4 Wed.

6 Aug.

1141 (218)

•463

0 Sat.

9 Oct. 1070

(282)

300

1 Sun.

2 Sep. 1106 (245)

537

2 Mon.

27 July

1142 (208)

464

5 Thurs.

29 Sep. 1071

(272)

•501

5 Thurs.

22 Aug. 1107 (234)

538

6 Fri.

16 July

1143 (197)

465

2 Mon.

17 Sep. 1072*

(261)

502

3 Tues.

11 Aug. 1108* (224)

•539

3 Tucs.

4 July

1144" (ISfi)

•466

6 Fri

6 Sep. 1073

^(249) (239)

503

0 Sat.

31 July 1109 (212)

540

1 Sun.

24 June

1145 (17.5)

467

4 Wed.

27 Aug. 1074

•504

4 Wed.

20 July 1110 (201)

541

5 Thui-s.

13 June

1146 (164)

•468

1 Sun.

16 Aug. 1075

(228)

505

2 Mon.

10 July 1111 (191)

*542

2 Mon.

2 June 1147 (153) |

469

6 Fri.

5 Aug. 1076*

(218)

•506

6 Fri.

28 June 1112* (180)

543

0 Sat.

22 May

1148* (143)

470

3 Tues.

25 July 1077

(206)

507

4 Wed.

18 June 1113 (169)

544

4 Wed.

11 M.ay

1149 (131)

•471

0 Sat.

14 July 1078

(195)

508

1 Sun.

7 June 1114 (158)

*545

1 Sun.

30 Apr

1150 (120)

472

5 Thui-s.

4 July 1079

(185)

*509

5 Thurs.

27 May 1115 (147)

546

6 Fri.

20 Apr.

1151 (110)

473

2 Mon.

22 June 1080*

(174)

510

3 Tues.

16 May 1116 (137)

*547

3 Tucs.

8 Apr.

1152* (99)

♦474

6 Fri.

11 June 1081

(162)

511

0 Sat.

5 May 1117 (125)

548

1 Sun.

29 Mar

1153 (88)

475

4 Wed.

1 June 1082

(152)

*512

4 Wed.

24 Apr. 1118 (114)

549

5 Thurs.

18 Mar

1154 (77)

•47G

1 Sun.

21 May 1083

(141)

513

2 Mon.

14 Apr. 1119 (104)

♦550

2 Mon.

7 Mar

1155 (66)

477

6 Fri.

10 May 1084*

(131)

514

6 Fri.

2 Apr. 1120* (93)

551

0 Sat.

25 Feb.

1156* (.56)

478

3 Tucs.

29 Apr. 1085

(119)

•515

3 Tues.

22 Mar. 1121 (81)

552

4 Wed.

13 Feb.

1157 (44)

•479

0 Sat.

18 Apr. 1086

(108)

516

1 Sun.

12 Mar. 1122 (71)

*553

1 Sun.

2 Feb.

1158 (33)

480

5 Thurs.

8 Apr. 1087

(98)

•517

5 Thurs.

1 Mar. 1123 (60)

.554

6 Fri.

23 Jan.

1159 (23)

iSl

2 Mon.

27 Mar. lOSS*

(S7)

518

3 Tues.

19 Feb. 1124* (50)

555

3 Tucs.

12 Jan.

IICO* (12)

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE XV I. (CONTINUED.) INITIAL DAYS OK MUHAMMADAN YEAUS OK THE HI.IRA. N,B. i. Asterisks ii/dicate Lf/ip-ifears.

ii. 1 1, to llijr.i llfiS iiiclusivi; the .I.IJ. <l.il,s are Old Mijle.

Hijra yeai-.

Commeiiceniciu

.1' the year.

j

Hijra year.

Cumnicneenieul

if the year.

Hijra year

Commeneemeut of the year.

Weekday.

Date A.D.

Weekday.

Date A.D.

Weekday.

Date A.D.

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

•556

0 Sat.

31 Dec.

1160» (366)

593

1 Sun.

24 Nov.

1196' (329)

630

2 Mon.

18 Oct. 1232^ (292)

557

5 Thurs.

21 Dee.

1161 (35,5)

*594

5 Thurs.

13 Nov.

1197 (317)

631

6 Kri.

7 Oct. 1233 (280)

*558

2 Mon.

10 Dee.

1162 (344)

595

3 Tues.

3 Nov

1198 (307)

•632

3 Tues.

26 Sep. 1234 (269)

559

0 Sat.

30 Nov

1163 (334)

•596

0 Sat.

23 Oet.

1199 (296)

633

1 Sue.

16 Sep. 1235 (259)

560

4 Wed.

18 Nov

1164* (323)

597

5 Thurs.

12 Oct.

1200* (286)

634

5 Thurs.

4 Sep. 1236* (248)

»561

1 Sun.

7 Nov.

1165 (311)

598

2 Mon.

1 Od.

1201 (274)

•635

2 Mon.

24 Aug. 1237 (236)

562

6 Kri.

28 Oet.

1166 (301)

•599

6 Kri.

20 Sep-

1202 (263)

636

0 Sat.

14 Aug. 1238 (226)

563

3 Tins.

17 Oct.

1167 (290)

600

4 Wed.

10 Sep.

1203 (253)

*637

4 Wed.

3 Aug. 1239 (215)

•564

0 Sat.

5 Oct.

1163* (279)

601

1 Sun.

29 Aug.

1204* (242)

638

2 Mon. •

23 July 1240^ (205)

565

5 Thurs.

25 Sep.

1169 (268)

•602

5 Thui-8.

18 Aug.

1205 (230)

639

6 Kri.

12 July 1241 (193)

*566

2 .Mon.

14 Sep.

1170 (257)

603

3 Tues.

8 Aug.

1206 (220)

*640

3 Tues.

1 July 1242 (182)

567

0 Sat.

4 Sep.

1171 (247)

604

0 Sat.

28 July

1207 (209)

641

1 Sun.

21 June 1243 (172)

568

4 Wed.

23 Aug

1172* (236)

•605

4 Wed.

16 July

1208* (198)

642

5 Thurs.

9 June 1244* (161)

♦569

1 Sun.

12 Aug

1173 (224)

606

2 Mon.

6 July

1209 (187)

*643

2 Mon.

29 May 1245 (149)

570

6 Kri.

2 Aug

1174 (214)

•607

6 Kri.

25 June 1210 (176)

644

0 Sat.

19 May 1246 (139)

571

3 Tues.

22 July

1175 (203)

608

4 Wed.

15 June

1211 (166)

645

4 Wed.

S May 1247 (128)

*573

0 Sat.

10 July

1176^ (192)

609

1 Sun.

3 June

1212* (155)

•646

1 Sun.

26 Apr. 1248* (117)

573

5 Thurs.

30 June 1177 (181)

•610

5 Thurs.

23 May

1213 (143)

647

6 Pri.

16 Apr. 1249 (106)

574

2 Mon.

19 June 1178 (170)

611

3 Tues.

13 May

1214 (133)

•648

3 Tues.

5 Apr. 1250 (95)

♦575

6 Fri.

8 June 1179 (159)

612

0 Sat.

2 May

1215 (122)

649

1 Sun.

26 Mar. 1251 (85)

576

4 Wed.

28 May

1180* (149)

•613

4 Wed.

2(1 Apr.

1216* (111)

650

5 Thurs.

14 Mar. 1252^ (74)

*577

1 Sun.

17 May

1181 (137)

614

2 Mon.

10 Apr.

1217 (100)

•6^

2 Mon.

3 Mar. 1253 (62)

578

6 Kri.

7 .May

1182 (127)

615

6 Fri.

30 Mar.

1218 (89)

652

0 Sat.

21 Keb 1254 (52)

57'J

3 Tucs.

26 Apr.

1183 (116)

•616

3 Tues.

19 iMar.

1219 (78)

653

4 Wed.

10 Feb. 1255 (41)

*580

0 .Sat.

14 Apr.

1184* (105)

617

1 Sun.

8 Mar.

1220* (68)

•654

1 Sun.

30 Jan. 1256* (30)

581

5 Thurs.

4 Apr.

1185 (94)

•618

5 Thurs.

25 Keb.

1221 (56)

655

6 Kri.

19 Jan. 1257 (19)

582

2 Mon.

24 Mar.

1186 (83)

619

3 Tues.

15 Feb.

1222 (46)

•656

3 Tues.

8 Jan. 1258 (S)

•583

6 Kri.

13 Mar.

1187 (72)

620

0 Sat.

4 Keb.

1223 (35)

657

1 Sun.

29 Dee. 1258 (363)

584

4 Wed.

2 Mar.

1188* (62)

•621

4 Wed.

24 Jan.

1224* (24)

638

5 Thurs.

18 Dec. 1259 (352)

585

1 Sun.

19 Keb.

1189 (.50)

022

2 Mon.

13 Jan.

1225 (18)

•659

2 Mon.

6 Dec. 1260* (341)

*586

5 Thurs.

8 Keb.

1190 (39)

623

6 Kri.

2 Jan.

1226 (2)

660

0 Sat.

26 Nov. 1261 (330)

587

3 Tues.

29 Jan.

)191 (29)

•624

3 Tucs.

22 Dec.

1226 (356)

661

4 Wed.

15 Nov. 1262 (319)

•588

0 Sat.

IS Jan.

1192» (18)

625

1 San.

12 Dec.

1227 (346)

•662

1 Sun.

4 Nov. 1263 (308)

589

5 Thurs.

7 Jau.

1193 (7)

•626

5 Thurs.

30 Nov.

1228* (835)

663

6 Kri.

24 Oct. 1264^ (298)

590

2 Mou.

27 Dee.

1193 (361)

627

3 Tues.

20 Nov.

1229 (324)

664

3 Tucs.

13 Oet. 1265 (286)

•591

6 Kri.

16 Dec.

1194 (350)

628

0 Sat.

9 Nov.

1230 (313)

•665

0 Sat.

2 Oct. 1266 (275)

592

t Wed

6 Dee.

1195 (340)

'629

1 Wed.

29 Oct.

1231 (.302)

666

5 Thurs.

22 Sep. 1267 (26,5>

77//!: MUHAMMADAN CALENDAR.

TABLE XVI. (CONTINUED.) INITIAI, DAYS OF MUIIAMMADAN YEARS OK THE IlIJKA.

N li i. .hirrixk.i iiii/i,;,/,- Lfaji-yi-ars.

ii //. 1,1 IHjni \U\:> inc/iisiiv, the A.D. dales are Old Sli/I,-.

Ilijra .vonr.

Cominencenicnl uf the yrnr.

Ilijra year.

Cammeucement of the year.

Hijra year.

(.'omuieucemenl of the \ear. 1

Weekday

Dale A.J).

Weekday.

Date AD.

Wrakday.

Date A.D.

1 •667

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

2 Mim.

10 Sep. 1268* (254)

704

3 Tues.

4 Aug. 1304* (217)

*74l

3 Tues.

27 June 1340' (179)

G68

0 Sal.

31 Aug. 1209 (243)

705

0 Sat.

24 July 1305 (205)

742

1 Sun.

17 June 1341 (168)

66'J

4 Wed.

20 Aug. 1270 (232)

•706

4 Wed.

13 July 1306 (194)

743

5 Thurs.

6 June 1342 (157)

•670

1 Sun.

9 Aug. 1271 (221)

707

2 Mon.

3 July 1307 (184)

•744

2 Mon.

26 May 1343 (146)

671

6 Vxx.

29 Jnly 1272* (211)

*708

6 Fri.

21 Juue 1308* (173)

745

0 Sat.

15 May 1344' (13fi)

672

3 Tiies.

IS July 1273 (199)

709

4 Wed.

11 June 1309 (162)

•746

4 Wed.

4 May 1345 (124)

•673

0 Sat.

7 July 1274 (188)

710

1 Sun.

31 May 1310 (151)

747

2 Mon

24 Apr 1346 (114)

674

5 Thurs.

27 June 1275 (178)

•711

5 Tlmrs.

20 May 1311 (140)

748

6 Fri.

13 Apr. 1347 (103)

675

2 Mon.

15 June 1276* (167)

712

3 Tues.

9 May 1312* (130)

*749

3 Tues.

1 Apr. 1348^ (92)

•676

6 Fri.

4 June 1277 (155)

713

0 Sat.

28 Apr. 1313 (118)

750

1 Sun.

22 Mar. 1349 (81)

677

4 \Ved.

25 May 1278 (145)

*714

4 Wed.

17 Apr. 1314 (107)

751

5 Thurs.

11 Mar. 1350 (70)

'678

1 Sun.

14 May 1279 (134)

715

2 JIou.

7 Apr. 1315 (97)

*752

2 Mon.

28 Feb. 1351 (59)

679

6 Fri.

3 May 1280* (124)

*716

6 Fri.

26 Mar. 1316* (86)

753

0 Sat.

18 Feb. 1352^ (49)

680

3 Tues.

22 Apr. 1281 (112)

717

4 AVed.

16 Mar. 1317 (75)

754

4 Wed.

6 Feb. 1353 (37)

•681

0 Sat.

11 Apr. 1282 (101)

718

1 Sun.

5 Mar. 1318 (64)

*753

1 Sun.

26 Jan. 1354 (26)

682

5 Thurs.

1 Apr. 1283 (91)

*719

5 Thurs.

22 Feb. 1319 (53)

756

6 Fri.

16 Jan. 1355 (Ui)

683

2 Mon.

20 Mar. 1284* (80)

720

3 Tues.

12 Feb, 1320* (43)

*757

3 Tues.

5 Jan. 1356* (5)

♦684

6 Fri.

9 Mar. 1285 (68)

721

0 Sat.

31 Jan. 1321 (31)

758

1 Sun.

25 Dec. 1350^ (360)

685

i Wed.

27 Feb. 1286 (58)

•722

4 Wed.

20 Jan. 1322 (20)

759

5 Thurs.

14 Dec. 1357 (348)

•686

1 Sun.

16 Feb. 1287 (47)

723

2 Mon.

10 Jiin. 1323 (10)

♦760

2 Mon.

3 Dec. 1358 (337)

687

6 Fi-i.

6 Feb. 1288* (37)

724

6 Fri.

30 Dec. 1323 (364)

761

0 Sat.

23 Nov. 1359 (327)

688

3 Tucs.

25 Jan. 1289 (25)

*725

3 Tues.

18 Dec. 1324* (353) I

762

4 Wed.

11 Nov. 1360* (3161

•689

0 Sat.

14 Jan. 1290 (14)

726

1 Sun.

8 Dec. 1325 (342)

*763

1 Sun.

31 Oct. 1361 (304)

690

5 TUurs.

4 Jan. 1291 (4)

*727

5 Thurs.

27 Nov. 1326 (331)

764

6 Fri.

21 Oct. 1362 (294)

691

2 Mon.

24 Dec. 1291 (358)

728

3 Tues.

17 Nov. 1327 (321)

765

3 Tues.

10 Oct. 13C3 (283)

•692

6 Fri.

12 Dee. 1292* (347)

729

0 Sat.

5 Nov. 1328* (310)

•706

0 Sat.

28 Sep. 1364* (272)

693

4 Wed.

2 Dec. 1293 (336)

•730

4 Wed.

23 Oct. 1329 (298)

767

5 Thurs.

18 Sep. 1365 (261)

694

I Sun.

21 Nov. 1294 (325)

731

2 Mon.

15 Oct. 1330 (288)

•768

2 Mon.

7 Sep. 1366 (250)

•695

5 Thurs.

10 Nov. 1295 (314)

732

6 Fri.

4 Oct. 1331 (277)

769

0 Sat.

28 Aug. 1367 (240)

696

3 Tuci.

30 Oct. 1296* (304)

'733

3 Tues.

22 Sep. 1332* (266)

770

4 Wed.

16 Aug. 1368* (229)

•697

0 Sat.

19 Oct. 1297 (292)

734

1 Sun.

12 Sep. 1333 (255)

*771

1 Sun.

5 Aug. 1369 (217)

698

5 Thurs.

9 Oct. 1298 (282)

735

5 Thurs.

1 Sep. 1334 (244)

772

6 Fri.

26 July 1370 (207)

699

2 Mon.

28 Sep. 1299 (271)

•736

2 Mon.

21 Aug. 1335 (233)

773

3 Tucs.

15 July 1371 (196)

•700

1 Fri.

Hi Sep. 1300* (260)

737

0 Sat.

10 Aug. 1336* (223)

•774

0 Sat.

3 July 1372* (185)

701

t Wed.

fi Sep. 1301 (249)

•738

4 Wed.

30 July 1337 (211)

775

5 Thurs.

23 June 1373 (174)

702

1 Sun.

26 Aug. 1302 (238)

739

2 Mon.

20 July 1338 (201)

•776

2 Jlon. {

12 June 1374 (163)

'703

-) Thurs.

15 Aug. 1303 (227)

740

0 Fri.

'J July 1339 (190)

777

1 .-^at.

2 .tunc 137.-> (153)

Till-: INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE XVI. (CONTINIED.) INITIAL DAYS OF MCIIAMMADAN YEAliS OF TIIK lllJRA. N B. i. Asteruks indicate Leai>-;tears.

ii. Vp to Hijra 1105 inclusie,; the A.l). dales are Old Style.

Uijra jciir.

C'omincnoemeul of the year.

Hijra year.

Coinmeneement

af the year.

Hijra year.

Commencemeut of the year.

WcckJaj.

Date A IJ.

Weekday.

Date AD.

Weekday.

Date AD.

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

778

4 Wcl.

21 May 1376» (142)

•815

4 Wed.

13 Apr

1412* (104)

852

5 Thurs.

7 Mar

1448* (67)

*77'J

I Sun.

10 May 1377 (130)

816

2 Mon.

3 .\i)r.

Hi:! (93)

♦853

2 Mon.

24 Feb.

1449 (55)

780

fi I'ri.

30 Apr. 1378 (120)

•817

6 Fri.

23 Mar.

1414 (,S2)

854

0 Sat.

14 Feb.

1450 (4.5)

781

3 Tucs.

19 Apr. 1379 (109)

81S

4 Wed.

13 Mar.

141,-i (72)

855

4 Wed.

3 Feb.

1451 (34)

•782

0 Sal.

7 Apr. 1380* (98)

819

1 Sun.

1 Mar.

1410* (01)

*850

1 Sun.

23 Jan.

1452* (23)

783

.1 Thiii-s.

28 M«r. 1381 (87)

•820

5 Thurs.

18 Feb.

1417 (49)

857

6 Fri.

12 Jan.

1453 (12)

78-t

2 Mon.

17 Mar. 1382 (76)

821

3 Tucs.

8 Feb.

1418 (39)

*858

3 Tues.

1 Jan.

1454 (1)

*785

ti Fri.

6 Mar. 1383 (6r,)

822

0 Sat.

28 Jan.

1419 (28)

859

1 Sun.

22 Dec.

1454 (356)

786

4 Wed.

24 Feb. 1384* (55)

•823

4 Wed.

17 Jan.

1420* (17)

860

5 Thurs

11 Dec.

1455 (345)

*787

I Sun.

12 Feb. 1385 (43)

824

2 Mon.

6 Jan.

1421 (6)

*861

2 .Mon.

29 Nov.

1456* (334)

788

6 Fri.

2 Feb. 1386 (33)

825

6 Fri.

26 Dee.

1421 (300)

862

0 Sat.

19 Nov.

1457 (323)

789

3 Tues.

22 Jan. 1387 (22)

•826

3 Tues.

15 Dec.

1422 (349)

863

4 Wed.

8 Nov.

1458 (312)

•790

0 Sat.

11 Jan. 1388* (11)

827

1 Sun.

5 Dec.

1423 (339)

•864

1 Snu.

28 Get.

1459 (301)

791

.5 Tluirs.

31 Dec. 1388* (366)

•828

5 Thurs.

23 Nov.

1424^ (328)

865

6 Fri.

17 del.

1400» (291)

792

2 Mon.

20 Dec. 1389 (354)

829

3 Tues.

13 Nov.

1425 (317)

•866

3 Tucs.

(i Oet.

1461 (279)

»79S

(! Fi-i.

9 Dec. 1390 (343)

830

0 Sat.

2 Nov.

1426 (306)

867

1 Sun.

26 Sep.

1462 (269)

791

4 WeJ.

29 Nov. 1391 (333)

*831

4 Wed.

22 Oct.

1427 (295)

868

5 Thurs.

15 Sep.

1463 (258)

79".

1 Sun.

17 Nov. 1392* (322)

832

2 Mon.

11 Oct.

1428^ (285)

•869

2 Mou.

3 Sep.

1464* (247)

•79C.

.1 Thui-s.

6 Nov. 1393 (310)

833

6 Fri.

31) Sep.

1429 (273)

870

0 Sat.

24 Aug.

1465 (236)

797

3 Tues.

27 Oct. 1394 (300)

*834

3 Tues.

19 Sep.

1430 (262)

871

4 Wed.

13 Aug.

1466 (225)

*798

0 Sat.

16 Oet. 1395 (289)

835

1 Sun

9 Sep.

1431 (252)

•872

1 Suu.

i Aug.

1467 (214)

799

5 Tliiirs.

5 Oet. 1396* (279)

*836

5 Thurs.

28 Aug

1432^ (241)

873

0 Fri.

22 July

1468* (204)

SCO

2 .Mon.

24 Sep. 1397 (267)

837

3 Tues.

18 Aug.

1433 (230)

874

3 Tucs

11 July

1469 (192)

*801

6 Fri.

13 Sep. 1398 (256)

838

0 Sat.

7 Aug.

1434 (219)

•875

0 Sat.

30 June

1470 (181)

802

4 Wed.

3 Sep. 1399 (240)

•839

4 Wed.

27 July

1435 (20S)

876

5 Thurs.

20 June

1471 (171)

803

I Sun.

22 Aug. 1400* (235)

840

2 Mou.

10 July

1430* (198)

*877

2 Mon.

8 June 1472* (160) |

•804

5 Thurs.

11 Aug. 1401 (223)

841

6 Fri.

5 July

1437 (186)

878

0 Sat.

29 M.y

1473 (149)

805

3 Tues.

1 Aug. 1402 (213)

•842

3 Tucs.

24 June

1438 (175)

879

4 Wed.

18 May

1474 (138)

•800

0 Sat.

21 July 1403 (202)

843

1 Sun.

14 June

1439 (105)

•880

1 Sun.

7 May

1475 (127)

807

0 Thurs.

10 July 1404* (192)

844

5 Thurs.

2 June

1440* (154)

881

6 Fri.

26 Apr.

1476* (117)

808

2 Mon.

29 June 1405 (180)

•845

2 Mon.

22 May

1441 (142)

882

3 Tucs.

15 Apr.

1477 (105)

•809

0 Fri.

18 June 1406 (169)

846

0 Sat.

12 May

1442 (132)

•883

0 Sat.

4 Apr.

1478 (94)

810

4 Wed.

8 June 1407 (159)

•847

4 Wed.

1 May

1443 (121)

884

5 Thurs.

25 .Mar.

1479 (84)

811

1 Sun.

27 May 1408* (14S)

848

2 JIou.

20 Apr.

1444* (111)

885

2 Mon.

13 Mar.

1480* (73>

•812

5 Thurs.

16 May 1409 (136)

849

6 Thurs.

9 Apr.

1445 (99)

•886

0 Fri.

2 .Mar.

1481 (01)

813

3 Tues.

0 Ma> 1 HO (126)

•850

3 Tucs.

29 Mar

1446 (88)

887

4 Wed.

20 Feb.

1482 (51)

811

0 Sal.

2.-. A|.,-. 1111 (115)

851

1 Sun.

19 Mar

1417 (7S)

•888

1 Sun

9 Feb.

1483 (40)

'/'///■; mihammadan calendar.

TABLE XVI. (CONTINUKD.) INITIAI, IIAVS OF MLllAMMADAN VKAKS OF TllK IIIJKA N.B. i Asterisks indicate Leap-ijears.

ii. Up to llijra 1165 inrlusive, the A.D. dales are Old Sti/lf

llijrn vcar

Cominciicimcnl of the year.

llijrn year.

C'omni

nccmcnt of the year.

Flijra

year.

Coinmeneenicut

.f the year

Weekday.

Date A.D.

Weekday.

Date A.D.

Weekday.

Date A.I).

1

2

3

. 1

2

3

1

2

3

889

6 Fri.

30 Jan. 1484» (30)

•926

6 Fri.

23 Dec. 1519 (357)

963

0 Sat.

16 Nov.

1555 (320)

890

3 Toes.

18 Jan. 1485 (18)

927

4 Wed.

12 Dee. 1520* (347)

964

4 Wed.

4 Nov.

1556* (309)

•891

0 Sat.

7 Jan. 1486 (7)

928

1 Sun.

1 Dec. 1521 (335)

*965

1 Sun.

24 Oct.

1557 (297)

892

5 Thurs.

28 Dec. 1486 (362)

•929

5 Thurs.

20 Nov. 1522 (324)

966

6 fti.

14 Oct.

1558 (287)

893

2 Moil.

17 D«-. 1487 (351)

930

3 Tues.

10 Nov. 1523 (314)

•967

8 Tues.

3 Oct.

1559 (276)

•894

6 Fri.

5 Dee. 1488^ (340)

931

0 Sat.

29 Oct. 1524* (303)

968

1 Sun.

22 Sep.

1560* (266)

895

4 Wed.

25 Nov. 1489 (329)

•932

4 Wed.

18 Oct. 1525 (291)

969

5 Thurs.

11 Sep.

1561 (254)

•896

1 Sun.

14 Nov. 1490 (318)

933

2 Mon.

8 Oct. 1526 (281)

•970

2 Mon.

31 Aug.

1562 (243)

897

6 Fri.

4 Nov. 1491 (308)

934

6 Fri.

27 Sep. 1527 (270)

971

0 Sat.

21 Aug.

1563 (233)

898

3 Toes.

23 Oct. 1492» (297)

•935

3 Tues.

15 Sep. 1528* (259)

972

4 Wed.

9 Aug.

1564* (222)

•899

0 Sat.

12 Oct. 1493 (285)

936

1 Sun.

5 Sep. 1529 (248)

•973

1 Sun.

29 July

1565 (210)

900

5 Tliurs.

2 Oct. 1494 (275)

*937

5 Thurs.

25 Aug. 1530 (237)

974

6 Fri.

19 July

1566 (200)

901

2 Mon.

21 Sep. 1495 (264)

938

3 Tlles.

15 Aug. 1531 (227)

975

3 Tues.

8 July

1567 (189)

•902

6 Fri.

9 Sep. 1496* (253)

939

0 Sat.

3 Aug. 1532* (216)

•976

0 Sat.

26 June

1568^ (178)

903

4 Wed.

30 Aug. 1497 (242)

•940

4 Wed.

23 July 1533 (204)

977

5 TTiurs.

16 June

1569 (167)

904

1 Sun.

19 Aug. 1498 (231)

941

2 Mon.

13 July 1534 (194)

•978

2 Mon.

5 June 1570 (156) |

•905

5 Thui-s.

8 Aug. 1499 (220)

942

6 Fri.

2 July 1535 (183)

979

0 Sat.

26 May

1571 (146)

906

3 Tues.

28 July 1500* (210)

•943

3 Tues.

20 June 1536* (172)

980

4 Wed.

14 May

1572* (135)

•907

0 Sat.

17 July 1501 (198)

944

1 Sun.

10 June 1537 (161)

•981

1 Sun.

3 May

1573 (123)

908

5 Tliurs.

7 July 1502 (188)

945

5 Thurs.

30 May 1538 (150)

982

6 Fri.

23 Apr.

1574 (113)

909

2 Mon.

26 June 1503 (177)

•946

2 Mon.

19 May 1539 (139)

983

3 Tues.

12 Apr.

1575 (102)

•910

6 Fri.

14 June 1504* (16C)

947

0 Sat.

8 May 1540* (129)

*984

0 Sat.

31 Mar.

1576' (91)

911

4 Wed.

4 June 1505 (155)

•948

4 Wed.

27 Apr. 1541 (117)

985

5 Thurs.

21 Mar.

1577 (80)

912

1 Sun.

24 May 1506 (144)

949

2 Mon.

17 Apr. 1542 (107)

*986

2 Mon.

10 Mar.

1578 (69)

•913

5 Tliurs.

13 May 1507 (133)

950

6 Fri.

6 Apr. 1543 (96)

987

0 Sat.

28 Feb.

1579 (59)

914

3 Tues.

2 May 1508* (123)

•951

3 Tues.

25 Mar. 1544* (85)

988

4 Wed.

17 Feb.

1580^ (48)

915

0 Sat.

21 Apr. 1.509 (111)

952

1 Sun.

15 Mar. 1545 (74)

*989

1 Sun.

5 Feb.

1581 (36)

•916

4 Wed.

10 Apr. 1510 (100)

953

5 Thurs.

4 .Mar. 1546 (63)

990

6 Fri.

26 Jan.

1582 1) 26)

917

2 Mon.

31 Mar. 1511 (90)

•954

2 Mon.

21 \\h. 1547 (52)

991

3 Tues.

15 Jan.

1583 (15)

•918

6 Fri.

19 Mar. 1512* (79)

955

0 Sat.

11 F,-b. 1548* (42)

•992

0 Sat,

4 Jan.

1584* (4)

919

4 Wed.

9 Mar. 1513 (68)

♦956

4 Wed.

30 Jan. 1549 (30)

993

5 Thurs.

24 Dee.

1584* (359)

920

1 Sun.

26 Feb. 1514 (57)

957

2 Mon.

20 Jan. 1550 (20)

994

2 Mon.

13 Dec.

1585 (347)

•921

5 Thurs.

15 Feb. 1515 (46)

958

6 Fri.

9 Jan. 1551 (9)

•995

6 Fri.

2 Dec.

1586 (336)

922

3 Tues.

5 Feb. 1516* (36)

*959

3 Tues.

29 Dec. 1551 (363)

996

4 Wed.

22 Nov.

1587 (326)

923

0 Sat.

24 Jan. 1517 (24)

960

1 Sun.

18 Dec. 1552* (353)

•997

1 Sun.

10 Nov.

1588* (315)

•924

4 Wed.

13 Jan. 1518 (13)

961

5 Thurs.

7 Dec. 1553 (341)

998

8 Fri.

31 Oct.

1589 (304)

925

2 Mon.

3 Jan. 1519 (3)

•962

3 Mon.

26 Nov. 1554 (330)

999

S Tues.

20 Oct.

1590 (293)

1) In the Roman Catholii- rauutries of F.urop,- tlic New Styli' iva.s introdueid from Oetober 5th 1582 A.D. and the year 1700 was ordered to be a rominon, not a Loap-year. Dales in the above Table arc however for English reckoning, where the New Style was not introduced till Sept. 3rd 1752 A.I) For the initial dates of the llijra years, therefore, in the former oountries. add 10 days to the date given in the Table from Hijra 991 to llijra 1111 inclusive, and 11 d.nys from Hijra 1112 to Hijra 1165 inclusive.

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE XVI. (CONTINUED) INITIAL DAYS OF MUUAMMAUAX YEARS OF THE HIJKA N.H. i. Asterisks indicate Leap-years.

ii l']j to Ilijra UG.') inclusive, the A.D. dates are Old Sti/le.

llijra year.

Cummenccment

d1' the year.

nijra year.

Commencement of the year.

Hijra year.

Commeucemcut

01 the year.

Weekday.

Date A.D.

Weekday.

Date A.D.

Weekday.

Date A.I).

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

•1000

0 Sat.

9 Oct.

I.i91 (282)

1037

1 Sun.

2 Sep. 1627 (245)

♦1074

1 Sun.

26 July

1063 (207)

1001

5 Thurs.

28 Sep.

1592* (272)

*1038

5 Thurs.

21 Aug. 1628* (234)

1075

6 Fri.

15 July

1664* (197)

1002

2 Mon.

17 Sep.

1593 (260)

1039

3 Tues.

11 Aug. 1629 (223)

♦1076

3 Tues.

4 July

1665 (185)

♦1003

6 Fri.

6 Sep.

1594 (249)

1040

0 Sat.

31 July 1630 (212)

1077

1 Sun.

24 June

1666 (175)

1004

4 Wed.

27 Aug.

1595 (239)

♦1041

4 Wed.

20 July 1631 (201)

1778

5 Thurs.

13 June

1667 (164)

1005

1 Sun.

15 Aug.

1596* (228)

1042

2 Mon.

y July 1632* (191)

*1079

2 Mon.

1 June

1668* (153)

♦1006

5 Thurs.

4 Aug.

1597 (216)

1043

6 Fri.

28 June 1633 (179)

1080

0 Sat.

22 May

1669 (142)

1007

3 Tues.

25 July

1598 (206)

*1044

3 Tues.

17 June 1634 (168)

1081

4 Wed.

11 May

1670 (131)

•1008

0 Sat.

14 July

1599 (195)

1045

1 Sun.

7 June 1635 (158)

*1082

1 Sun.

30 Apr.

1671 (120)

1009

5 Thurs.

3 July

1600* (185)

*1046

5 Thurs.

26 May 1636* (147)

1083

6 Pi-i.

19 Apr.

1672* (110)

1010

2 Jlon.

22 June

1601 (173)

1047

3 Tues.

16 May 1637 (136)

1084

3 Tues.

8 Apr.

1673 (98)

*1011

fi Fri.

11 June

1602 (162)

1048

0 Sat.

5 May 1638 (125)

*1085

0 Sat.

28 Mar.

1674 ■ (87)

1012

4 Wed.

1 June

1603 (152)

•1049

4 Wed.

24 Apr. 1639 (114)

1086

5 Thui-s.

18 Mar.

1675 (77)

1013

1 Sun.

20 May

1604* (141)

1050

2 Mon.

13 Apr. 1640* (104)

•1087

2 Mon.

6 Mar.

1676* (66)

•1014

5 Thurs.

9 May

1605 (129)

1051

6 Fri.

2 Apr. 1641 (92')

1088

0 Sat.

24 Feb.

1677 (55)

1015

3 Tues.

29 Apr.

1606 (119)

*1052

3 Tues.

22 Mar. 1642 (81)

1089

4 Wed.

13 Feb.

1678 (44)

•lOUi

0 Sat.

18 Apr.

1607 (108)

1053

1 Sun.

12 Mar. 1643 (71)

*1090

1 Sun.

2 Feb.

1679 (33)

1017

5 Thurs.

7 .\pr.

1608* (98)

1054

5 Thurs.

29 Feb. 1644* (60)

1091

6 Fri.

23 Jan.

1680* (23)

1018

2 Mon.

27 Mar.

1609 (86)

♦1055

2 Mon.

17 Feb. 1645 (48)

1092

3 Tnes.

11 Jan.

1681 (11)

•1019

6 Fri.

16 Mar.

1610 (75)

1056

0 Sat.

7 Feb. 1646 (38)

*1093

0 Sat.

31 Dec.

1681 (365)

1020

4 Wed.

6 Mar.

1611 (65)

*1057

4 Wed.

27 Jan. 1647 (27)

1094

5 Thurs.

21 Dec.

1682 (355)

1021

1 Sun.

23 Feb.

1612* (54)

1058

2 Mon.

17 Jan. 1648* (17)

1095

2 Mon.

10 Dec.

1683 (344)

•1022

5 Thurs.

11 Feb.

1613 (42)

1059

6 Fri.

5 Jan. 1649 (.5)

•1096

B Fri.

28 Nov.

1684* (333)

1023

3 Tues.

1 Feb.

ir.lt (32)

*l()(i0

3 Tues.

25 Dec. 1649 (359)

1097

4 Wed.

18 Nov.

1685 (322)

1021

0 Sat.

21 Jan.

1615 (21)

1001

1 Sun.

15 Dec. 1650 (349)

*1098

1 Sun.

7 Nov.

1686 (311)

•1025

4 Wed.

10 Jan.

1616* (10)

1062

5 Thurs,

4 Dec. 1651 (338)

1099

6 Fri.

28 Oct.

1687 (301)

1026

2 Mon.

30 Dec.

1616* (365)

•1063

2 Mon.

22 Nov. 1652* (327)

1100

3 Tues.

16 Oct.

1688* (290)

•1027

6 Fri.

19 Dec.

1617 (353)

1064

0 Sat.

12 Nov. 1653 (316)

*1101

0 Sat.

5 Oct.

1689 (278)

1028

4 Wed.

9 Dec.

1618 (343)

1065

4 Wed.

1 Nov. 1654 (305)

1102

5 Tliurs.

25 Sep.

1690 (268)

1029

1 Sun.

28 Nov,

1619 (332)

•1066

1 Sun.

21 Oct. 1655 (294)

1103

2 Mon.

14 Sep.

1691 (257)

•1030

5 Thurs.

16 Nov.

1620* (321)

1067

6 Fri.

10 Oct. 1656* (284)

•1104

6 IVi.

2 Sep.

1692* (246)

1031

3 Tues.

6 Nov.

1621 (310)

•1068

3 Tues.

29 Sep. 1657 (272)

1105

4 Wed.

23 Aug.

1693 (235)

1032

0 Sat.

26 Oct.

1622 (299)

1069

1 Sun.

19 Sep. 1658 (262)

♦1106

1 Suu.

12 Aug.

1694 (224)

•1033

4 Wed.

IS Oct.

1623 (288)

1070

5 Thurs.

8 Sep. 1659 (251)

1107

6 Fri.

2 Aug.

1695 (214)

1034

2 Mon.

4 Oct.

1624* (278)

•1071

2 Mon.

27 Aug. 1660* (240)

1108

3 Tues.

21 July

1696* (203)

1035

0 Fri.

23 Sep.

1626 (266)

1072

0 Sat.

17 Aug. 1661 (229)

♦1109

0 Sat.

10 July

1697 (191)

•1036

3 Tuc«.

12 Sep.

1626 (255)

1073

4 Wed.

6 Ang. 1062 (218)

1110

5 Thurs.

30 June

1698 (181)

THE MUHAMMADAN CALENDAR.

TABLE XV I. (CONTINUED) INITIAL DAYS OF MUHAMMADAN YEARS OF THE IIIJRA. N B i AileriiLi indiealf Leap-ijfars.

ii. i]

tu llijra

1165 incluaive. the A.D. dates tir

f Old .Slyl

Iliji-a

;«ir

Commencement of the year.

Hijra year.

CommencemeDt of the year.

Hijra

year.

Commencement of the year.

Wefkclav

Dale A.D.

Weekday.

Date A.D.

Weekday.

Dale A.D.

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

Ull

2 Mon.

19 June 1699 (170)

1148

3 Tuejs.

13 May

1735

(133)

1185

3 Tues.

16 Apr.

1771 (106)

•1112

6 Fri.

7 June 1700* (159)

1149

0 Sat.

1 May

1736*

(122)

*1186

0 Sat.

4 Apr.

1772* (95)

1113

4 Wed.

28 May 1701 (148)

•11.50

4 Wed.

20 Apr.

1737

(110)

1187

5 Thurs.

25 Mar.

1773 (84)

IlK

1 Sun.

17 May 1702 (137)

1151

2 Mon.

10 Apr.

1738

(100)

*1188

2 Mon.

14 .Mar.

1774 (73)

• 1 1 1 .-1

5 Thurs.

6 May 1703 (126)

1152

6 Fri.

30 Mar.

1739

(89)

1189

0 Sat.

4 Mar.

1775 (63)

inc.

3 Tues.

25 Apr. 1704* (116)

*1153

3 Tues.

18 Mar.

1740*

(78)

1190

4 Wed.

21 Feb.

1776* (52)

MU?

0 Sat.

14 Apr. 1705 (104)

1154

1 Sun.

8 Mar.

1741

(67)

*1191

1 Sun.

9 Feb.

1777 (40)

ins

5 Thurs.

4 Apr. 1706 (94)

1155

5 Thurs.

25 Feb

1742

(56)

1192

6 Fri.

30 Jan.

1778 (30)

11 lU

2 Mon.

24 Mar. 1707 (83)

*1156

2 Mon.

14 Feb.

1743

(45)

1193

3 Tues.

19 Jan.

1779 (19)

•1120

6 Fri.

12 Mar. 1708* (72)

1157

0 Sat.

4 Feb.

1744*

(35)

*1194

0 Sat.

8 Jan.

1780* (8)

1121

4 Wed.

2 Mar. 1709 (61)

*11.58

4 Wed.

23 Jan.

1745

(23)

1195

5 Thurs.

28 Dec.

1780* (363)

1122

1 Sun.

19 Feb. 1710 (50)

1159

2 Mon.

13 Jan.

1746

(13)

*1196

2 Mon.

17 Dec.

1781 (351)

•1123

5 Thurs.

8 Feb. 1711 (39)

1160

0 Fri.

2 Jan.

1747

(2)

1197

0 Sat.

7 Dec.

1782 (341)

112+

3 Tues.

29 Jan. 1712* (29)

*1161

3 Tues.

22 Dec.

1747

(356)

1198

4 Wed.

26 Nov.

1783 (330)

1125

0 Sat.

17 Jan. 1713 (17)

1162

1 Sun.

11 Dec.

1748*

(346)

*1199

1 Sun.

14 Nov.

1784* (319)

•1126

4 Wed.

6 Jan. 1714 (6)

1163

5 Thurs.

30 Nov.

1749

(334)

1200

6 Fri.

4 Nov.

1785 (308)

1127

2 Mon.

27 Due. 1714 (361)

*1164

2 Mon.

19 Nov.

1750

(323)

1201

3 Tues.

24 Oct.

1786 (297)

■1128

6 Fri.

16 Dec. 1715 (350)

1165

0 Sat.

9 Nov.

1751t (313)

•1202

0 Sat.

13 Oct.

1787 (286)

112U

4 Wed.

5 Dec. 1116* (340)

*116G

4 Wed.

8 Nov.

1752*

(313)

1203

5 Thurs.

2 Oct.

1788* (276)

1130

1 Sun.

24 Nov. 1717 (328)

1167

2 Mon.

29 Oct.

1753

(302)

1204

2 Mon.

21 Sep.

1789 (264)

•1131

5 Thurs.

13 Nov. 1718 (317)

1168

fl Fri.

18 Oct.

1754

(291)

*1205

6 Fri.

10 Sep.

1790 (253)

1132

3 Tues.

3 Nov. 1719 (307)

*1169

3 Tues.

7 Oct.

1755

(280)

1206

4 Wed.

31 Aug.

1791 (243)

1133

0 Sat.

22 Oct. 1720* (296)

1170

1 Sun.

26 Sep.

1756*

(270)

*1207

1 Sun.

19 Aug.

1792* (232)

•1134

4 Wed.

11 Oct. 1721 (284)

1171

5 Thurs.

15 Sep.

1757

(258)

1208

6 Fri.

9 Aug.

1793 (221)

1135

2 Mon.

1 Oct. 1722 (274)

*1172

i Mon.

4 Sep.

1758

(247)

1209

3 Tues.

29 July

1794 (210)

♦1136

6 Fri.

20 Sep. 1723 (263)

1173

0 Sat.

25 Aug.

1759

(237)

•1210

0 Sat.

18 July

1795 (199)

1137

4 Wed.

9 Sep. 1724* (253)

1174

4 Wed.

13 Aug.

1760*

(226)

1211

5 Thurs.

7 July

1796* (189)

1138

1 Sun.

29 Aug. 1725 (241)

*1175

1 Suu.

2 Aug.

1761

(214)

1212

2 Mon.

26 June

1797 (177)

•1139

5 Thurs.

18 Aug. 1726 (230)

1176

6 Wi.

23 July

1762

(204)

*1213

6 Fri.

15 June

1798 (166)

1110

3 Tues.

8 Aug. 1727 (220)

*1177

3 Tues.

12 July

1763

(193)

1214

4 Wed.

5 June

1799 (156)

1141

0 Sat.

27 July 1728* (209)

1178

1 Sun.

1 July

1764*

(183)

1215

1 Sun.

25 .May

1800 (145)

•1142

4 Wed.

16 July 1729 (197)

1179

5 Thurs.

20 June

1765

(171)

*1216

5 Thurs.

14 May

1801 (134)

1143

2 Mon.

6 July 1730 (187)

•1180

2 Mon.

9 June

1766

(160)

1217

3 Tues.

4 May

1802 (124)

1144

6 Fri.

25 June 1731 (176)

1181

0 Sat.

30 May

1767

(150)

*1218

0 Sat.

23 Apr.

1803 (113)

•1145

3 Tues.

13 June 1732* (165)

1182

4 Wed.

18 May

1768*

(139)

1219

5 Thurs.

12 Apr.

1804* (103)

1146

1 Sun.

3 June 1733 (154)

•1183

1 Sun.

7 May

1769

(127)

1220

2 Mon.

1 Apr.

1805 (91)

'1147

5 Thurs.

23 May 1734 (143)

1184

6 Fri.

27 Apr.

1770

(117)

*1221

6 Fri.

21 Mar.

1806 (80)

; The Nivv Style was introduced into England from 3rd Scptimbc-r, 1752. The 9th November, 1751, is therefore an Old Slyh- date, and the Stii November, 1752, is a New Slyle one (see above, Note 2. p. 11, Sotf 1, p. 88).

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE XVI. (coNTiNiEir)

INITIAL DAYS OF MUHAMMADAN YEARS OF THE IIIJKA. N.B. i. Asterisk! indicitr Leap-years.

ii. Vji to nijra 116.') Inclusive, the A.B. dates are Old Sli/le.

Hijra year.

Commencement of the year.

Hijra year.

Commencement ol

the year.

Hijra year.

Commencement of the year.

Weekday.

Bate A.D.

Weekday.

Date

A.D.

Weekday

Dale A.D.

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

1222

4 Wed.

11 Mar.

1807 (70)

1255

1 Sun.

17 Mar.

839 (76)

1288

5 Thurs.

23 Mar. 1871 (82)

1223

1 Sun.

28 Feb.

1808* (59)

•1256

5 Thurs.

5 Mar.

1840^ (65)

•1289

2 Mon.

U Mar. 1872* (71)

♦1224

5 Thurs.

16 Feb.

1809 (47)

1257

3 Tues.

23 Feb.

L841 (54)

1290

0 Sat.

1 Mar. 1873 (60)

1225

3 Tues.

6 r,b.

1810 (37)

1258

0 Sat.

12 Feb.

1842 (43)

1291

4 Wed.

18 Feb. 1874 (49)

*1226

0 Sat.

26 Jan.

1811 (26)

•1259

4 Wed.

1 Keb.

1843 (32)

•1292

1 Sun.

7 Feb. 1875 (38)

1227

5 Thurs.

16 Jan.

1812* (16)

1260

2 Mon.

22 Jan.

1844* (22)

1293

6 Fri.

28 Jan. 1876^ (28)

1228

2 Men.

i Jan.

1813 (4)

1261

6 Fri.

10 Jan.

845 (10)

1294

3 Tues.

10 Jan. 1877 (16)

•1229

6 Fri.

24 Dec.

1813 (358)

•1262

3 Tues.

30 Dec.

1845 (364)

•1295

0 Sat.

5 Jan. 1878 (5)

1230

4 Wed.

14 Dec.

1814 (348)

1263

1 Sun.

20 Dec.

846 (354)

1296

5 Thurs.

20 Dec. 1878 (360)

1231

1 Sun.

3 Dec.

1815 (337)

1264

5 Thurs.

9 Dec.

847 (343)

•1297

2 Mon.

15 Dec. 1879 (349)

*1232

5 Thurs.

21 Nov.

1816* (326)

•1265

2 Mon.

27 Nov.

848* (332)

1298

0 Sat.

4 Dec. 1880* (339)

1233

3 Tues.

11 Nov.

1817 (315)

1266

0 Sat.

17 Nov.

849 (321)

1299

4 Wed.

23 Nov. 1881 (327)

1234

0 Sat.

31 Oct.

1818 (304)

•1267

4 Wed.

6 Nov.

1850 (310)

♦1300

1 Sun.

12 Nov. 1882 (316)

*1235

4 Wed.

20 Oct.

1819 (293)

1268

2 Mon.

27 Oct.

851 (300)

1301

6 Fri.

2 Nov. 1883 (306)

1236

2 Mon.

9 Oct.

1820* (283)

1269

6 Fri.

15 Oct.

852* (289)

1302

3 Tues.

21 Oct. 1884* (295)

♦1237

6 Fri.

28 Sep.

1821 (271)

•1270

3 Tues.

4 Oct.

853 (277)

♦1303

0 Sat.

10 Oct. 1885 (283)

1238

4 Wed.

18 Sep.

1822 (261)

1271

1 Sun.

24 Sep.

1854 (267)

1304

5 Thurs.

30 Sep. 1886 (273)

1239

1 Sun.

7 Sep.

1823 (250)

1272

5 Thurs.

13 Sep.

855 (256)

1305

2 Mon.

19 Sep. 1887 (262)

•1240

5 Thurs.

26 Aug.

1824* (239)

•1273

2 Mon.

1 Sep.

1856* (245)

*1306

6 Fri.

7 Sep. 1888* (251)

1241

3 Tues.

16 Aug.

1825 (228)

1274

0 Sat.

22 Aug.

1857 (234)

1307

4 Wed.

28 Aug. 1889 (240)

1242

0 Sat.

5 Aug.

1826 (217)

1275

4 Wed.

11 Aug.~~

858 (223)

•1308

1 Sun.

17 Aug. 1890 (229)

•1243

4 Wed.

25 July

1827 (206)

•1276

1 Sun.

31 July

859 (212)

1309

6 Fri.

7 Aug. 1891 (219)

1244

2 Mon.

14 July

1828* (196)

1277

6 Fri.

20 July

860* (202)

1310

3 Tues.

26 July 1892^ (208)

1245

6 Fri.

3 July

1829 (184)

•1278

3 Tues.

9 July

861 (190)

•1311

0 Sat.

15 July 1893 (196)

•1246

3 Tues.

22 June

1830 (173)

1279

1 Sun.

29 June

862 (180)

1312

5 Thurs.

5 July 1894 (186)

1247

1 Sun.

12 June

1831 (163)

1280

5 Thurs.

18 June

863 (169)

1313

2 Mon.

24 June 1895 (175)

•1248

5 Thurs.

31 May

1832* (152)

•1281

2 Mon.

0 June

864* (158)

•1314

6 Fri.

12 June 1896* (164)

1249

3 Tues.

21 May

1833 (141)

1282

0 Sat.

27 .May

805 (147)

1315

4 Wed.

2 June 1897 (153)

1250

0 Sat.

10 May

1834 (130)

1283

4 Wed.

16 May

866 (136)

•1316

1 Sun.

22 May 1898 (142)

•1251

4 Wed.

29 Apr.

1835 (119)

♦1284

I SUD.

5 Jlay ]

867 (125)

1317

6 Fri.

12 May 1899 (132)

1252

2 Mon.

18 Apr.

1830* (109)

1285

6 Pi-i.

24 Apr.

868^ (115)

1318

3 Tues.

1 May 1900 (121)

1253

6 Fri.

7 Apr.

1837 (97)

•1286

3 Tues.

13 Apr.

869 (103)

•1254

3 Toes.

27 Mar.

1838 (86)

1287

1 Sun.

8 Apr.

870 (93)

APPENDIX.

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.' By Dr. Robert Schram.

A complete list of all eclipses of the sun for any part of the globe between the years 1 200 B.C. and 2160 A.D. has been published by Oppolzer in his "Canon der Finsternisse", (Denkschriften der mathematisch naturwissenscliaftliclien Classe der Kais. Akademie der Wissen- schaftcti in Wieji, Vol. LII. 1887). In this work are given for every eclipse all the data necessary for the calculation of the path of the shadow on the earth's surface, and of its beginning, greatest phase, and end for any particular place. But inasmuch as the problem is a complicated one tlie calculations required are also unavoidably complicated. It takes considerable time to work out by the exact formula; the time of the greatest phase of a given eclipse for a particular place, and when, as is often the case with Indian inscriptions, we are not sure of the year in which a reported eclipse has taken place, and it is therefore necessary to calculate for a large number of eclipses, the work becomes almost impossible.

The use, however, of the exact formulae is seldom necessary. In most cases it is sufficient to make use of a close approximation, or still better of tables based on approximate formuhe.

Such tables I have published under the title " Tafeln zur Berechnung der naheren Umstande der Sonnenfinsternisse", (Denkschriften der mathematisch 7iatunvissenschaftlichen Classe der Kais. Akademie der Wisscnschaften in Wien, Vol. LI. 1886) and the Tables B, C, and D, now given are based on those. That is to say. they contain extracts from those tables, somewhat modified and containing only what is of interest for the continent of India. Table A is a modified extract from Oppolzer's Canon, containing only eclipses visible in India and the immediate neighbourhood. All others are eliminated, and thus the work of calculation is greatly diminished, as no other eclipses need be examined to ascertain their visibility at the given place.

Oppolzer's Canon gives the following elements :

Date of eclipse and Greenwich mean civil time of conjunction in longitude. L' = longitude of Sun and Moon, which is of course identical at the middle of the eclipse. Z n Equation of time in degrees, f = Obliquity of the ecliptic. , p sinP beinc equal to ^'" ^''~^\ where b and b' denote the moon's and sun's

log pi "^ fa "1 s,Q (T— 5r')

latitude, i? and iv' their respective parallaxes. 1 ~ , q cosQ being the hourly motion of p sinP. log AL = the hourly motion of "'"' '.' '''" '^T'''^ where L denotes the moon's, L' the sun's longitude.

° ' sm (t — t')

1 I propose to publish, ritlier in a second edition of this work, if such should be called for, or in one of the scientific periodicals, tables of lunar eclipses, compiled from Oppolzer's Canon der Fimtemitae, and containing those visible in India during the period comprised in the present volume. [R. S.]

no ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

u', =: radius of shadow.

f, = angle of shadow's cone.

y = shortest distance of shadow's centre from earth's centre.

(I, = Sun's hour-angle at Greenwich at the moment of this shortest distance.

log n = hourly motion of shadow's centre.

log sin S'j „ , , ,. ^. , ° . ' Sun s declination, log cos 5 \

N' ■=. angle of moon's orbit with declination circle (N' — N — h, where N is the angle of

the moon's orbit with latitude circle, and tan h ^ cos L' cos f.

G sin g sin G rz sin V sin N'.

K sin g cos G = cos N'.

sin g cos g zz cos V sin N'.

sin k sin k sin K == sin N'.

cos g sin k cos K =: sin §' cos N'.

cos k J cos k = cos S' cos N'.

With these elements the calculation of the moment of greatest phase of eclipse at a given

place, whose longitude from Greenwich is A, and whose latitude is ^, is found by the formula: :

log cpi ■= 0,9966 log (p.

m sinM ~ 7 — 0,9966 cos g sin 0i + cos <?)j sin g sin (G + t„).

m cosM rz (t„ — A — /ct) -^ — 0,9966 sin Cpj cos k + cos i^j sin k cos (K + t„). m'sinM'=: — 0,2618 cos cp^ sin g cos (G + t„). m'cosM'=n — 0,2618 cos cj>, sin k sin (K + tj.

ti = t„- 15 1^, cos (M + M'). Making firstly t„ = A + (/., this formuhe gives the value of t,. This value is put in the formulae instead of t„ and the calculation repeated, and thus we get a closer value for t; which, again put in the place of t„, gives a second corrected value of t. Calculation by these formulje must be repeated as long as the new value of t differs from the former one, but, as a general rule, three or four times suffices. The last value of t is then the hour-angle of the sun at the given place for the moment of greatest phase at that place. With the last value of m we find

the magnitude of the greatest phase at the given place in digits = 6 , _^ — —r-

These calculations are, as will be seen, very complicated, and for other than astronomical problems it is hardly ever necessary to attain to so great a degree of accuracy. For ordinary purposes they may be greatly simplified, as it suffices to merely fix the hour-angle to the nearest degree. The angle N is very nearly constant, its mean value being N = 84°3 or N = 95°7 according as the moon is in the a.scending or descending node. Which of these is the case is always shown by the value of P, as P is always near o" when the moon is in the ascending, and near 180° when she is in the descending node. Taking also for f a mean value, say fzz 23°6o, and making the calculations separately for the cases of the ascending and descending node, we find that S', h, N', sin g, cos g, sin k, cos k, G and K are all dependents of L', and can therefore be tabulated for single values of L', say from 10 to 10 degrees. The second of the above formulae

m cos M = (t,, — A — /!*) ^ — 0,9966 sin (?), cos k -|- cos (p, sin k cos (K -f t„) will give for t the value

ECLIPSES OE THE SUN /N INDIA. 1 1 1

t =(;. + jc*) + ^ X 0,9966 sin <J), cos k - ^ cos <$i sin k cos (K + t) + ^ m cos M. The angle M being, at the moment of greatest phase, always sufficiently near 90° or 270", — m cosM can be neglected; and, introducing for — its mean value 27,544, and identifying (J), with <p, the value of t„ can simply be determined by the expression

t zr (A + jtt) + 27,447 sin 0 cos k - 27,544 cos $ sin k cos (K + t) instead of determining it by the whole of the above formulje. Now in this last expression k and K are mere dependents on L', and therefore the values of t can be tabulated for each value ofL' with the two arguments ?. -}- ijl and cp. Table D is constructed on this formula, only instead of counting t in degrees and from true noon it is counted, for Indian purposes, in ghatikas and their tenths from true sunrise.

The value of t for the instant of the greatest phase at the given place being found, it can be introduced into the formula

m sin M = y — 0,9966 cos g sin Cpj + cos Cpj sin g sin (G + t). As M is always near 90° or 270°, sin M can be considered equal to +1, so we have + m = y — 0,9966 cos g sin cp -\- cos <p sin g sin (G + t) where the sign ± is to be selected so that the value of m may always be positive. The second part of the above expression

— 0,9966 cos g sincp + coscp sing sin(G + t) (which, for the sake of brevity, may be called by the letter V) contains only values which directly depend on L', such as cos g, sin g, G, or which, for a given value of L', depend only on A + /!t and <p, and therefore the values of r' can be tabulated for each value of L' with the two arguments X + /* and (p. This has been done in the Table B which follows, but instead of r' the value i -f r' = T has been tabulated to avoid negative numbers. The value of m can then be found from

m = + (y + r').

Both Tables B and D ought to consist of two separate tables, one containing the values of L' from 0° to 360° in the case of P being near o", the other containing the values of L' from 0° to 360° for the case of P being near 180". To avoid this division into two tables, and the trouble of having always to remember whether P is near 0° or 180°, the two tables are combined into one single one; but, whilst in the case of P being near 0° L' is given as argument, in the case of P being near 180" the table contains, instead of L', L' + 400" as argument. We need therefore no longer care whether the moon is in the ascending or descending node, but simply take the argument as given in the first table.

With the value of m, found by m =: + (7 + r'), we can find the magnitude of the greatest

phase in digits — 6 -p- £- — —7, which formula can also be tabulated with the arguments u'„ and

m, or with u'. and (7 + r). This has been done in Table C. As u', when abbreviated to two places of decimals has only the six values 0.53, 0.54, 0.55, 0.56, 0.57 and 0.58, every column of this Table is calculated for another value of u'^, whilst to y the constant 5 has been added so that all values in the first Table may be positive. Instead of giving u', directly, its last cipher is given as tenths to the value of (7 + r) so that there is no need for ascertaining the value of u',.

Of all elements, then, given by the Canon we want only the following ones; — Date of eclipse, and Greenwich mean time of conjunction in longitude.

1,2 ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

L' — longitude of sun and moon. P (only indication if P is near o" or near i8o°). u', = radius of shadow.

y = shortest distance of shadow's centre from earth's centre. fi ■=. Sun's hour-angle at Greenwich at the moment of this shortest distance.

(There is no necessity for attempting any further explanation of all the other elements and formulae noted above, which would be impossible without going into the whole theory, of eclipses. Such an attempt is not called for in a work of this kind.)

These elements are given in Table A in the following form: — Column I. Date of eclipse, — year, month, and day; Old Style till 2 September, 1752 A.D., New

Style from 14 September, 1752.

Column 2. Lanka time of conjunction in longitude, counted from mean sunrise in hours and minutes.

Column 3. L = longitude of sun and moon in degrees, when P is near 0°; or longitude of

sun and moon plus 400°, when P is near 180°; so that numbers in this column

under 360° give directly the value of this longitude, and indicate that P is near 0°,

or that the moon is in the ascending node, whilst numbers over 400° must be diminished

by 400 when it is desired to ascertain this longitude. At the same time these last

indicate that P is near 180°, that is that the moon is in the descending node.

Column 4. /tt = Sun's hour-angle at Greenwich at the moment of shortest distance of shadow's

centre from earth.

Column 5. y' = ten times the second decimal cipher of u'^ +5+7- So the tenths of the

numbers of this column give the last cipher of u'„ whose first ciphers are 0.5,

and the rest of the number diminished by 5 gives the value of y.

For instance ; the Une 975 II 14, o h 52 m, 730°, 202°, 74.66 shows that on the 14th February,

A.D. 975, the conjunction took place at oh 52m after mean Lanka sunrise, that the longitude

of sun and moon was 330° (the moon in the descending node), yi, — 202°, u'^ = 0,57, and y = — 0,34.

Use of the Tables.

Table A gives, in the first column, the year, month, and day of all eclipses visible in any part of India, or quite close to the frontiers of India. The frontiers are purposely taken on rather too large a scale, but this is a fault on the right side. The letters appended shew the kind of eclipse; "a" stands for annular, "t" for total, "p" for partial. Eclipses of the last kind are visible only as very slight ones in India and are therefore not of much importance.' When the letter is in brackets the meaning is that the eclipse was only visible quite on the frontiers or even beyond them, and was without importance. When the letter is marked with an asterisk it shews that the eclipse was either total or annular in India or close to it, and is therefore one of greater importance. The second column shews, in hours and minutes counted from mean sunri.se at Lanka, the time of conjunction in longitude. This column serves only as an indication as to whether the eclipse took place in the morning or afternoon ; for the period of the greatest phase at any particular place may differ very sensibly from the time thus given, and mu.st in every case be determined from Table D, if required. The third, fourth, and fifth columns, headed respectively L, ,«, and y\ furnish the arguments for the following Tables B, C, and D, by which can be found the magnitude and the moment of the greatest phase of the eclipse at a particular place.

' Hut Bcc Art. 40rt, p. 23, panigraph 2, I'rofcssor Jarobi'a remarks ou tclipscs uuDtioneJ iu Imlian inscriptions. [K. S.]

ECLIPSES OE THE SUN IN INDIA. , i;^

Table H (as well as Table D) consists of seventy-two different Tables, each of which is calculated for a particular value of L taken in tens of degrees. Kach of these little tables is a table with a double argument, giving tlie value of y" . The arguments are, vertically the latitude <$, and horizontally the longitude A of the given place, the latter being stated in degrees from Greenwich and augmented by the value of ,« given in Table A. The reader selects that table which is nearest to the value of L given by Table A, and determines from it, by interpolation with the arguments (p and /+/ic, the value of 7". If a greater degree of accuracy is desired, it is necessary to determine, with the arguments :p and a-|-;«, the value of 7" by both tables preceding and following the given value of L, and to interpolate between the two values of y" so found.

The final value of y" is added to the value of y' given by Table A, and this value ot y' + y" serves as argunjent for Table C, which gives directly the magnitude of the greatest phase at the given place in digits, or twelfths of the sun's diameter.

Table D is arranged just like Table B, and gives, with the arguments ^ and /.+ //, the moment of the greatest phase at the given place in ghatikas and their tenths, counted from true sunrise at the given place.

The first value in each line of Tables B and D corresponds to a moment before sunrise and the last value in each line to a moment after sunset. Both values are given only for pur- poses of interpolation. Therefore in both cases the greatest phase is invisible when / + At coincides exactly with the first or last value of the line, and still more so when it is less than the first or greater than the last value. But in both cases, when the difference between A + /Ci and the last value given does not exceed 15 degrees, it is possible that in the given place the end of the eclipse might have been visible after sunrise, or the beginning of the eclipse before sunset. As the tables give only the time for the greatest phase this question must be decided by direct calculation.

EXAMPLES.

Example i. Was the echpse of the 20th June, AD. 540, visible at Jalna, whose latitude (p, is 19° 48' N., and whose longitude, A, is 75° 54' E. ?

Table A gives: 540 VI 20, /h 57m L = 490 [/. =1 314° y := 35,34

Jalna has (p z= 20°, and A = 76°

A+^ = 30° Table B. L 1= 490 gives, with Cp = 20" and A + /x =: 30°, y" = 0,86

y'+y" = 36,20 Table C gives, with y' y" — 36,20, the magnitude of the greatest phase as nearly 8 digits. Table D. L = 490 gives, with <p — 20° and X+f^ — 30°, for the moment of the greatest phase, 24.8 ghatikas or 24 gh. 48 pa. after true sunrise at Jalna.

Example 2. Was the same eclipse visible at Multan, whose latitude O is 30" 13' N., and whose longitude, A, is 71° 26' E.?

Table A gives: A.D. 540 VI 20, 7h.57m. L=z490. /.i. = 3i4" 7':^ 35,34 Multan has 0 = 30° and Air 71°

A + f4=: 25°

Table B. L = 490 gives, with p — -^o" and >. + {^ = 2$". . . . y" — 0,76 , ' ' ^ ^^^^°

(0.80 and 0.72)

7' + / = 36,10

"4 ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

Table C gives, with 7' + y"=36,io, the magnitude of the greatest phase as exactly lo digits. Table D. L=490 gives, with 4) = 30° and A + /^ = 25°, for the moment of the greatest phase, 24,0 ghatikas, or 24 gh. o pa. after true sunrise at Multan.

Example 3. Was the eclipse of the 7th June, A.D. 913, visible at Trivandrum, whose latitude, (p, is 8° 30' N., and longitude. A, 76°56'E.?

Table A gives: 913 VI 7, 8 h.35 m. L = 48o /■•^ = 323° 7' = 44,98

Trivandrum has, ($) ;= 8° and A. = ^^°

A + iM = 40° Table B. L = 480 gives, with 4) = 8° and A + /.4 = 40", y" = i ,02

7' -)- y" = 46,00 Table C shews, with y' + y" = 46,00, that the eclipse was total at Tri\?andrum. Table D. L = 480 gives, with cp = 8° and A + ;tt — 40, for the moment of totality 26,2 ghatikas or 26 gh. 12 pa. after true sunrise at Trivandrum.

ExAMi'LE 4. Was the same eclipse visible at Lahore whose latitude, cp, is 3i''33'N., and longitude, A, 74° 16' E..?

Table A gives: 913 VI 7, 8 h. 35 m. L = 48o A^ = 323° y'=: 44,98

Lahore has ($ = 32° and A= 74°

Table B. L =: 480 gives, with (p = 32° and A -f ^a = 37°, •/' = 0,69

r' + r"=: 45 ,67

Table C gives, with 7' + 7" = 45,67, the magnitude of the greatest phase 4,8 digits. Table D. L = 48o gives, with 0=332° and A + ^ = 37°, for the moment of the greatest phase 26,9 ghatikas, or 26 gh. 54 pa. after true sunrise at Lahore.

In all these examples the value of L (Table A) was divisible by 10, and therefore a special table for this value was found in Table B. When the value of L is not divisible by 10, as will mostly be the case, there is no special table exactly fitting the given value. In such a case we may take the small table in Table B for the value of L nearest to that given. Thus for instance, if L is 233 we may work by the table L — 230, or when L is 487 we may work by the Table L = 490 and proceed as before, but the result will not be very accurate. The better course is to take the value of y" from both the table next preceding and the table nex-t following the given value of L, and to fix a value of y" between the two. ^ Thus for L = 233 we take the value of y" both from Table 230 and from Table 240 and fix its truer value from the two. But where the only question is whether an eclipse was visible at a given place and there is no necessity to ascertain its magnitude, the first process is sufificient.

Example 5. Was the eclipse of the 15 January, A.D. 1032, visible at Karachi, whose latitude, Cp, is 24° 53' N., and longitude. A, 66°57'E.?

Table A gives 1032 I 15, loh.im. L = 70i ((4 = 342° 7'=:45,46

Karachi has <p = 25°, and / -^. 67°

A + /« = 49° Table B. L 1=700 gives, with i:p = 2 5° and A + /* = 49°... 7" =0,6-? J , . , „ ^

TableB.L = 7io „ „ ,, . ..7" =0,69 !' ^^ '^°' ^ ^oi • ./'=o,64

7' + ?''' = 46,10

1 Here the auxiliary tabic lo Tabliu VI. and VII. ubuvo miiy be iisid. [R. S]

ECLIPSES OE THE SUN /N INDIA. ,,5

Tabic C gives, with y' + y" = 46, i o, the magnitude of the greatest phase as 10,0 digits.

Table D. L 700 gives, with cp == 25 and A + /ot = 49°, 25,7 \ r t r -.1

^ ,, ^ , ' ^ ^ ^ ^ '^ '^^ ' ^" or for L 701, for the moment

Table D. L 710 „ „ „ „ „ „ 26,0 ^ '

of the greatest phase, 25,7 ghatikas, or 25 gh. 42 pa. after true sunrise at Karachi.

Example 6. Was the same eclipse visible at Calcutta, whose latitude, (J), is 22° 36' N., and

longitude, A, 88° 23' E. ?

Table A gives 1032 I 15, 10 h. i m. L = 70i a' = 342° 7' = 45,56

Calcutta has ^ ::= 23°, and A = 88°

A + /* =: 70° A + jtt is greater than the arguments for which values are given in Table B, 700 and 710. This indicates that the greatest phase of the eclipse takes place after stmset and is therefore invisible. ' EXtVMPLE. 7. Was the eclipse of the 31st. December, A.D. 1358, visible at Dhaka, whose latitude, cp, is 23° 45' N., and longitude, A, 90° 23' E. ? Table A gives: 1358 XII 31, i h. 28 m. L = 288 ,(* =: 213° y' — 45,48

Dhaka has (J) = 24°, and A = 90°

A + ^ = 303°

Table B. L 280 gives, with <h = 24° and A + i^ 303°, . . 7" = 0,42 j ^ ^

T ui D T ^ " „ ,, (. orforL 288 . . . 7" z:: 0,36

Table B. L 290 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ 7 =10,351

7' + 7" — 45.84 Table C gives, with y' + y" = 45184, the magnitude of the greatest phase as 8,5 digits.

Table D. L 280 gives, with <p = 24° and X + fi = 303°, . . 0,0 J „ r ,

~ , , T^ T ^ ^ I , or for L 288, for the moment

Table D. L 290 „ „ „ ,, ,, „ ... 0,2 V

of the greatest phase 0,2 ghatikas, or o gh. 12 pa. after true sunrise at Dhaka.

Example 8. Was the same eclipse visible at Bombay whose latitude, <$, is 18° 57' N., and longitude. A, 72° 51' E. ?

Table A gives: 1358 XII 31, i h. 28 m. L =: 288° jCt — 213° y' = 45,48

Bombay has <p — ig" A = 73°

A + ;a =: 286° A + ^ is /ess than the arguments for which there are values given in Table B 280 and B 290. This indicates that the greatest phase of the eclipse took place before stmrise and was therefore invisible. °

Example 9. Was the eclipse of the 7tli June, A.D. 141 5, visible at Srinagar, whose latitude, <p, is 34° 6' N., and longitude, A, = 74° 55' E. ?

Table A gives: 141 5 VI 7, 6 h. 14 m. L — 484 /x — 289° y' — 35,58

Srinagar has :p = 34°, and A = 75°

A + ^ IT 4°

Table B 480 gives, with 4) zz 34° and A + ;tt = 4° y" z=o,8i J

T- L, D „ I/O 1, or for L 484 . . y =z 0,81

Table B 490 ,, „ „ ,, ,, „ , y — 0,82 ) t *t / .

y' + y" zz 36,39 Table C gives, with y' + y" = 36,39, the magnitude of the greatest phase as 3,3 digits.

1 For the visibility of the beginning of the eclipse see page 111.

2 For the visibility of the end of the eclipse see page 111.

ii6 ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

Table D 480 gives, with ^ = 34" and A + ^ =: 4", . . . 18,8 /

^ , , ^ o I . or for L 484, ior the moment

Table D 490 „ „ „ „ „ ., „ ••• i8.9 \

of the greatest phase 18,8 ghatikas, or 18 gh. 48 pa. after true sunrise at Snnagar.

Example 10. Was the same eclipse visible at Madras, whose latitude, $, =r 13° 5' N., and

longitude, A, 80° \f E.?

Table A gives: 141 5 VI 7, 6 h. 14 m. L = 484 {/. — 289° 7' = 35,58

Madras has Cp = 13°, and A = 80°

A + |(* — 9°

Table B. L 480 gives, with ^—il" and A + jt* — 9°, . . . . 7" = i , 1 5 ^

~ , , ,5 r „ ^ , 1, or for L 484 ... 7 = 1,14

Table B. L490 ,, „ „ ,, „ „ , 7 =; 1,14 V ^ ^ '^ j

7' + 7" = 36.72 7' + 7" is greater than the values contained in Table C. This indicates that Madras is too much to the south to see the eclipse. Example ii. Was the eclipse of the 20th August, A.D. 1495, visible at Madras, whose latitude, ^, is 13° 5' N., and longitude, A, 80° 17' E.? Table A gives: 1495 VIII 20, 4h. 55m L=i5S /4 = 269'' 7' = 54,62

Madras has 0 =: 13° and A = 80°

A + pi = 349° Table B. L 1 50 gives, with ^ - 1 3° and A + /■.* =: 349", r" = i .oS /, or for L 1 5 5 . . . 7" = i ,03

TableB. L160 „ „ „ „ ,. „ y"-\fi\S V

7+7=55,65

Table C gives, with 7' + 7" = 55,65, the magnitude of the greatest phase as 4,4 digits. Table D. L 1 50 gives, with cp = 1 3- and 7 + /^ = 349° ; • • ' 2' W or for L 1 5 5 , for the greatest Table D. L 160 „ „ „ „ „ „ . . ii,8\

phase 1 2.0 ghatikas, or 1 2 gh. o pa. after true sunrise at Madras.

Example 12. Was the same eclipse visible at Srinagar whose latitude, v, = 34" 6' N., and longitude, A, 74° S 5 ' E. ? Table A gives: 1495 VIII 20, 4 h. 55 m. L=i55 ^ =: 269° 7' = 54,62

Srinagar has ^ := 34" A = 75°

A + /^ = 344° Table B. L 1 50 gives, with ,? = 34" and 7 + />!• = 344". 7" = °'72 / q^ for L 1 5 5 7" = o 7 1

TableB. Li 60 7" = 0,69 V ' " '—

7' + 7" = 55.33

7' + 7" is less than the values contained in Table C.

This indicates that Srinagar is too much to the north to see the eclipse.

It was intended that these tables should be accompanied by maps shewing the centre-lines, across the continent of India, of all eclipses of the sun between A.D. 300 and 1900, but it has not been found possible to complete them in time, owing to the numerous calculations that have to be made in order that the path of the shadow may be exactly marked in each case. Such maps would plainly be of considerable value as a first approximation, and I hope to be able soon to publish them separately.

Vienna, November, 1895. R- SCHRAM.

ECL/PSF.S OF rifF. RUN IN INDIA.

TABLE A.

Lanlf

» tlmo

I.UII

ta tlmo

hunV

11 time

D.itr A. 1).

c-onjunctlon measared

from sunrise.

L.

fi-

>'■

Diitf A D

■.)

incliiiii isured

irise.

/,.

!■'

"''

Dale .V. D.

conjunction measured

from sunrise.

1.

!'■■

r'-

301 IV 25

Oh.

6 m.

434

288

45.46

I*

SOI VIII 17

4h

12 m.

144

254

60.00

n

415 IX 19

2h.

27 m.

176

230

65.85

I

S04 II -li

7

12

733

301

76.10

V

303 I 1

23

52

082

191

75.38

a.

418 VII 19

10

8

116

344

45.35

(•

305 VIll 7

4

19

134

259

04.72

o*

304 VI 10

11

58

85

13

45 . 57

I

419 XII 3

1

29

652

221

46.15

P

30G I 31

2

4

712

220

44.02

(0

305 VI 6

0

40

75

203

56.38

h')

421 XI 11

6

41

030

297

54.81

(a,

300 VII 27

c,

26

123

288

75.47

a

367 X 10

5

15

597

275

54.77

t

425 111 0

7

29

347

302

55.29

a'

307 VI 5

4

30

74

265

44.27

I

368 IV 3

22

27

15

168

55.90

a

425 VIII 29

9

45

556

340

44.84

(0

30S XI 'iy

23

27

649

189

75.36

(«)

370 VIII 8

0

40

535

205

05.45

a

420 VIII 19

I

43

546

217

34.14

t

310 XI 8

0

12

626

198

74.01

(a)

371 II 2

7

32

314

302

55.38

a*

427 VII 10

9

10

508

335

45.98

I

313 IX 7

4

44

564

265

44.69

I

372 VII 17

2

23

514

227

33.96

(P)

429 XII 12

3

23

262

243

45.87

t

31t III 2

23

49

343

185

50.06

V

373 VI 7

11

32

476

10

45.75

t

432 IV 16

10

44

427

355

31.91

I

31(1 VII (1

3

48

503

252

65.24

a*

374 XI 20

'.)

(i

239

333

45.21

I

432 X 10

8

28

198

324

75.12

a

310 XII 31

0

18

281

285

55.41

a*

375 XI 10

0

38

228

205

45.87

I

433 IX 29

10

12

187

347

65.82

a*

320 IV 25

1

40

435

219

54.70

a

378 IX 8

10

0

166

346

75.23

a

434 II 25

4

24

738

200

60.15

(/"

320 X 18

6

57

206

301

45.23

i

379 VIII 28

U

27

155

3

65.94

a

435 II 14

7

8

727

298

75.40

o*

32 1 II 11

10

32

723

347

44.64

t

380 I 24

4

28

705

260

60.07

V

435 VIll 10

1

37

137

219

34.55

t

325 XII 22

3

18

071

246

66.03

P

381 I 12

7

52

694

310

75.39

a*

436 II 3

6

45

715

290

74.70

326 XII 11

7

37

660

310

75.37

381 VII 8

2

32

100

232

34.74

t

438 XII 3

2

10

652

229

45.49

f

327 VI 0

4

2

74

256

34.90

t*

382 1 1

7

0

082

298

74.71

a

440 V 17

3

20

57

245

45.61

i

329 X U

5

38

596

284

46.12

P

383 XI 11

7

43

030

316

46.15

P

442 IX 20

6

40

578

298

65.64

a

331 III 25

2

16

4

226

75.29

a

385 IV 25

22

52

30

178

05.08

a

446 I 13

7

45

295

308

54.49

a

332 m 13

7

29

353

301

50.01

(P)

386 IV 15

5

47

25

279

55.83

t

446 VII 10

1

30

508

217

05.32

a'

333 U I

9

41

313

338

44.02

w

387 III 6

10

47

346

355

43.94

U')

447 VI 29

3

48

497

2.50

74.55

a

333 VII 28

8

18

525

321

76.09

p

388 VIII 18

7

55

540

314

05.51

a*

449 V 8

2

24

448

233

45.73

t

334 I 22

1

47

303

218

44.70

{0

392 VI 7

5

14

476

274

55.07

a*

454 VIII 10

1

11

138

210

■45.23

t'

334 VII 17

10

38

514

354

65.31

a

393 V 27

S

38

466

323

74.29

(«)

455 VII 30

11

31

127

3

66.03

P

338 V 6

8

41

445

325

54.83

a*

393 XI 20

9

30

239

337

45.87

t

457 VI 8

I

32

78

219

64.75

a

33i) X 19

7

4

206

301

45.89

t

395 IV 6

4

12

416

258

45.54

t*

457 XII 2

23

55

653

194

54.81

a

341 III 4

5

U

744

209

55.40

t*

399 VII 19

10

9

116

340

34 68

(0

458 V 28

10

35

67

353

45.53

t

346 VI 0

4

38

75

203

45.64

I

400 VII 8

2

43

100

233

45.42

I*

459 V 18

1

48

57

220

36.24

0"

348 IV 15

8

33

26

324

74.47

a

402 V 18

4

5

57

259

74.23

(a)

459 X 12

10

42

600

2

76.42

ip^

348 X 9

6

16

597

292

4a. 45

t*

402 XI 11

8

20

630

325

45.49

t

460 IV 7

11

11

19

3

44.44

it)

349 IV 4

9

14

15

331

05.22

a*

403 V 7

5

34

46

279

65.00

a*

401 III 27

22

30

8

171

55.19

«

352 II 2

10

22

314

340

44.68

t*

407 11 23

23

40

336

184

55.32

a ■

461 IX 20

1

54

578

224

44.92

f

353 Vll 17

3

13

514

241

44.61

t

407 VIII 19

1

54

546

222

44.79

i*

462 III 17

2

52

358

232

75.96

a

354 1 11

5

9

292

265

76.14

P

408 II 13

4

44

325

258

70.09

P

464 VII 20

8

18

518

319

65.40

a'

355 V 28

4

15

460

261

45 . 08

i

409 VI 29

2

1

497

227

45.91

(t)

465 I 13

5

10

295

269

45.19

I

356 XI 9

I)

18

228

201

45.22

I

410 VI 18

11

59

487

15

65. If

a

405 VII 9

10

14

507

346

74 63

{<!)

358 III 2(i

5

11

406

274

66 . 23

ip)

410 XII 12

2

49

262

236

45.21

t

467 V 19

9

42

458

343

45.80

t

359 IX 11

2

3

106

227

04.55

413 X 11

0

55

199

213

74.45

a

467 XI 13

0

47

23^

211

74.40

a

3i;0 III 4

3

5

744

236

44.70

(0

414 IV 0

2

59

417

238

34.85

t

468 V 8

1

58

448

225

35.04

1

360 VIII 28

2

59

155

238

75.28

a*

414 IX 30

0

52

187

209

75.15

a

468 XI 1

0

6

221

19'.

75.08

"

nS

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TABLE A.

Date A. D.

Lanka time

of eoujunetion measured

from sunrise.

L.

f-

''

Date A. D.

Lanka time

of conjunction measured

from sunrise.

L.

F-

y'-

Date A. D.

Lanka time

of conjunction measured

from sunrise.

L.

1^-

y'-

469 X 21

2h. 13 m.

209

229

65.77

a

519 VIII 11

6 h. 6 m.

539

284

74.86

a*

567 VII 21

22 b

. 49 m.

120

173

35.81

I

•472 VUI 20

8

51

148

326

45.18

I*

521 VI 20

7

36

490

311

46.02

P

568 VI 11

7

6

82

304

44.00

{t)

474 ] 4

4

10

686

257

46.15

P

521 XII 15

1

9

266

213

74.38

{")

569 XI 24

5

30

645

279

45.01

t

475 W 19

8

14

88

319

64.67

a

522 VI 10

0

27

480

203

35.26

t*

572 IX 23

3

11

682

246

75.75

a

475 Xn 14

S

32

264

322

64.81

a

522 XII 4

0

14

254

199

.75.06

a

573 III 19

7

36

1

306

35.03

t'

479 IV 8

5

54

19

282

55.13

a

523 Xr 23

3

9

243'

242

65.74

a

573 IX 12

3

11

571

243

75.04

a*

479 X 1

10

12

589

349

44.95

(t)

526 IX 22

8

30

181

323

55.05

I

574 III 9

0

14

350

193

45.74

t

480 IX ^0

2

S

579

226

44.26

I

528 II 6

6

15

719

287

46.19

(P)

574 IX 1

5

32

560

276

64.31

(")

481 VIII 11

7

24

539

307

56.19

ip)

529 VII 21

4

46

119

266

64.44

a

576 VII 11

22

59

511

179

35.48

i

484 I 14

5

57

296

278

45.86

I

530 I 15

10

5

698

341

04.83

a

577 I 5

0

33

288

200

75.04

a

485 XI 23

8

53

243

332

74.40

(")

531 VI 30

7

40

99

307

35.95

{()

577 XII 25

4

36

276

260

65.73

a'

486 V 19

9

30

459

338

35.11

t*

532 XI 12

23

45

633

195

65.72

(«)

580 X 24

9

12

214

336

54.99

a

486 XI 12

8

4

232

318

75.07

a

533 V 10

2

59

50

241

64.91

a

583 VIII 23

2

25

151

232

54.25

a

487 V 9

2

31

449

232

44.37

W

534 IV 29

6

10

40

286

75.69

a

584 II 17

10

37

731

349

64.88

a*

487 XI 1

10

25

220

352

65.76

a

534 X 23

3

43

612

252

44.32

I

585 VIII 1

6

31

130

289

35.75

I

488 III 29

2

49

410

239

66.30

(p)

535 IX 13

6

21

571

294

56.34

W)

586 XII 16

1

30

667

218

55.72

a

489 III 18

4

59

759

269

75.60

a*

538 11 15

7

43

329

304

45.81

t

587 VI 11

23

13

82

184

64.66

{«)

489 IX 11

1

39

169

221

44.41

I

539 XII 26

9

14

277

333

74.38

a

588 V 31

1

30

71

216

75.44

a*

490 111 7

5

21

748

271

74.87

a

540 VI 20

7

57

490

314

35.34

I*

589 V 20

2

47

61

234

66.18

(i-t

491 II 24

10

57

737

352

54.15

{a)

540 XII 14

8

21

265

319

75.05

a

589 X 15

6

21

604

297

66.44

(i-)

491 VIII 21

1

50

148

219

65.91

(a)

541 VI 10

0

36

480

203

44.58

t

590 X 4

10

45

593

0

75.78

a*

493 I 4

4

46

686

265

45.50

f

543 IV 20

1

27

431

219

75.80

a

591 IX 23

10

31

582

354

75.08

a

494 VI 19

0

56

88

208

45.37

l*

543 X 14

2

49

202

241

44.33

I

592 III 19

8

15

1

314

45.70

/

496 X 22

6

55

611

303

05.70

t*

544 IV 8

2

45

420

235

65.04

a

594 I 27

9

1

310

327

74.33

a

500 II 15

8

37

328

321

54.44

I

545 III 28

10

0

409

342

54.29

I

594 VII 23

6

35

522

293

35.55

I

501 VII 30

23

21

528

183

74.79

a

545 IX 22

0

9

181

196

05.78

a

595 I 16

8

33

299

319

75.03

a*

502 VII 20

1

3

518

206

64.05

{«)

547 II 6

6

41

719

291

45.55

i*

596 XII 25

0

39

277

199

46.35

(P)

503 VI 10

0

17

479

202

45.95

t

548 VII 20

22

55

119

176

45.15

I

598 V 10

23

17

452

186

65.26

a

505 V 19

9

57

459

343

44.44

I

549 XII 5

2

55

656

243

76.46

ip)

599 IV 30

8

19

441

319

44.48

I

50« XI I

4

44

221

265

56.38

ip)

550 XI 24

8

17

044

323

65.72

a*

601 III 10

7

24

762

304

45.64

t

508 IX 11

0

30

170

202

55.09

t

651 V 21

9

48

61

343

64.83

a*

604 I 7

3

30

689

248

76.47

(/-)

509 VIII 31

9

8

159

329

65,86

a

554 III 19

8

28

0

831

44.34

t

604 XII 26

10

7

678

346

55.72

(0)

512 I 5

1

39

686

216

64.82

a

555 III 8

23

31

350

184

45.07

1

605 VI 22

5

52

92

284

64.58

a

512 VI 29

8

U

98

316

45 . 30

t*

5.59 VI 21

7

54

490

312

44.66

I

606 VI 11

7

52

82

312

75.35

a

513 VI 19

0

11

88

195

36.02

P

560 XII 3

7

0

254

297

56.36

(P)

608 IV 20

7

19

32

307

44.17

I

514 V 10

9

24

50

338

44.23

t

561 IV 30

8

I

441

318

75.87

a

609 IV 9

23

24

22

1S6

34.92

(')

515 X 23

3

12

fill

246

44.99

t*

562 IV 19

9

40

431

340

65.11

a*

613 VII 23

a

52

522

281

44.87

1*

516 IV 17

23

33

29

185

75.77

%

562 X 14

0

52

203

310

55.00

a*

616 V 21

6

3

462

287

65.34

a

517 IV 7

0

1

19

190

76.50

W)

663 X S

7

50

192

312

75.75

a*

616 XI 15

2

8

238

229

64.97

(I*

518 VIII 22

5

13

550

274

65.60

%

566 11 6

3

35

720

228

64.86

a

617 XI 4

7

35

225

309

75.70

«•

519 11 15

li

58

323

294

45.14

1'

566VI11 1

6

27

130

290

45.09

1*

618 111 31

23

32

413

187

36.37

W't

P.CffPSFS OF THE .V^'yV IN INDIA.

TA iJ IJ-: A.

Lanka time

Lanka tlmo

of conjnnctloD measured

from sunrise.

Lanka time

of conjunction measured

from Hunrlse.

I)ut<

A

1).

conjunction muasured

from sunrise.

L.

K-

>'•

Dale A.

1).

L

/•t-

y'

Date A. D.

/,

l^'

y'-

618

X

24

7h

21m

213

304

70.39

(/-)

663 V

12

22 h

21 m.

54

171

34.72

(0

714 VIII 14

231

. 4 m.

144

180

74.86

a

(•>2()

III

10

2

10

752

224

64.96

a

665 IV

21

3

1

33

237

56.28

(;-)

715 VIII 4

1

57

134

221

65.61

a

(WO

IX

2

5

48

162

282

44.93

I*

667 VIII

25

4

25

554

260

55.05

I*

716 VII 23

12

2

123

10

46.32

(J')

fi2:i

XII

27

8

y

678

315

45.02

t

670 VI

23

2

20

493

231

55 58

a

719 V 23

23

57

65

192

56.07

P

6.;4

XII

15

23

58

668

192

44.35

t

670 XII 18

3

46

270

250

64.97

a

721 IX 26

3

55

586

256

55.18

f

628

X

26

2

18

615

235

75.83

a

671 XII

7

7

58

258

313

75.68

a*

724 VII 24

23

13

525

183

55.80

a

627

IV

21

7

8

33

302

34.86

t*

672 VI

1

5

36

473

277

34.05

w

725 1 19

5

0

303

266

64.94

a

627

X

15

1

42

604

223

75.14

a*

672 XI

25

7

13

247

301

86.36

p

725 Vll 14

11

19

514

3

45.01

t

628

IV

9

23

54

23

191

45.60

t

674 IV

12

0

13

424

198

65.12

a

726 I 8

8

17

292

313

75.66

a

628

X

3

4

39

593

265

64.43

a

674 X

5

6

28

195

294

44.83

t

726 VII 4

4

3

504

253

34.27

I

630Vnn3

22

3

543

166

35.67

t

678 I

28

10

25

712

346

45.04

t

726 'XII 28

7

28

280

300

rC 33

(P)

63 1

II

7

0

17

321

194

74.99

a

678 VII

24

9

38

123

337

75.01

a*

727 V 25

12

9

466

21

46.09

(.P)

632

I

27

5

47

310

275

55.69

a*

679 VII

13

12

4

113

12

65.76

a

728 XI 6

8

19

228

323

44.79

t

633

VI

12

9

42

483

344

76.21

{/>)

680 XI

27

2

17

649

233

85.87

a

729 X 27

0

17

217

201

45.46

t

634

XI

26

10

40

247

356

64.97

{a)

681 V

23

5

52

64

284

34.65

t

732 VIII 25

6

0

155

285

74.80

a

637

III

31

23

7

414

182

45.74

I

681 XI

16

1

28

637

220

75.19

a*

733 VIII 14

9

7

144

329

65.55

a*

637

IX

24

1

32

183

222

54.13

C)

682 V

12

22

27

54

171

45.40

t

734 XII 30

2

29

682

232

85.89

a

638

III

21

9

41

403

338

65.00

a*

682 XI

5

5

10

626

274

64.49

(«)

735 VI 25

4

17

96

260

34.43

t

63'J

IX

3

6

14

162

287

35.59

I

686 11

28

6

8

343

281

55.61

I

735 XII 19

1

54

671

223

75.20

a*

611

I

17

3

12

700

241

55.73

a*

688 VII

3

9

12

504

334

55.66

a

737 X 28

7

17

619

311

46.54

(P)

642

XII

27

8

50

679

324

44.35

(0

692 IV

22

7

15

435

304

65.19

a*

740 IV 1

5

25

15

273

45.47

I*

643

VI

21

22

36

92

171

65.93

a

693 IV

11

9

48

424

339

74.43

a

742 Vni 5

6

25

535

292

55.86

a

643

XI

17

7

15

638

310

66.48

iP)

693 X

5

7

6

195

302

45.50

t*

746 V 25

3

39

466

251

65.43

a

644

XI

5

10

14

626

354

75.85

a*

695 II

19

4

13

733

255

55.78

i*

747 V 14

5

32

456

277

74.66

a

645

X

25

9

30

615

341

75.16

a

697 I

28

11

4

712

354

44.37

I

747 XI 7

9

1

228

332

45.45

I*

646

IV

21

7

32

33

306

45.54

t

698 XII

8

10

23

660

353

85.87

(.a)

749 III 23

4

11

406

258

45.89

I

648

II

29

7

38

343

307

74.24

a

699 XI

27

9

34

648

340

75.19

a

753 I 9

10

28

693

351

85.90

{")

648 VIII

24

5

57

553

285

35.72

t

700 V

23

5

47

65

281

45.33

(t)

753 XII 29

10

3

682

344

75.21

a

649

11

17

7

58

332

310

74.96

a*

702 IV

2

4

52

15

269

74.07

a

754 VI 25

3

31

96

247

45.10

f

650 VIII

3

5

38

533

275

64.21

(«)

702 IX

26

6

21

586

294

45.84

t

756 X 28

7

51

619

318

45.91

t

651

I

27

2

48

310

229

46.32

P

703 III

22

6

16

4

287

64.83

a

757 IV 23

3

30

36

249

64.63

a

651

XII

18

7

30

269

308

44.29

e

704 IX

4

3

3

565

239

64.38

a

758 X 7

1

35

597

219

74.50

a

653

VI

1

6

5

473

286

44.71

t*

705 II

28

4

4

343

249

46.24

P

759 IV 2

4

14

15

254

36.11

(P)

653

XI

25

23

48

247

191

75.68

{")

705 VII 25

11

40

525

12

76.53

(P)

760 II 21

11

5

336

359

44.20

(0

655

IV

12

6

46

424

298

45.80

t

706 I

19

9

46

303

339

44.27

I

761 VIII 5

2

25

535

230

45.14

I*

658

IX

3

5

51

163

279

46.29

p

707 VII

4

3

56

504

252

44.94

t*

762 i 30

0

4

314

189

75.63

a

659

VII

25

1

57

124

224

64.33

a

707 XII

29

0

14

281

194

75.67

a

763 I 18

23

27

303

178

76.31

(P)

660

I

18

1

45

701

217

45 . 03

t

709 V

14

4

57

456

272

46.01

iP)

764 VI 4

10

17

477

351

65.51

a'

660 VII

IS

3

5

113

239

75.09

a*

710 X

26

28

35

217

192 44.80

I

764 XI 28

2

0

2.50

227

44.78/

661

VII

2

5

18

102

271

65.84

a

712 X

5

6

3

195

285 56.20

P

766 XI 7

7

13

229

303

56.17 J9

602

V

23

'"

31

64 281

43.97 i/))

714 11

19

3

-'

734

242 45.09

t*

767 IV 3

11

56

417

15

45.94(0

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TABLE A.

Laiiku time of

Lanka time of

Lauka time of

—

Date A.

1).

conjunction

measured

from

sunrise.

/,.

t'--

"''■

Dak A. D.

conjunction measured

from sunrise.

I.

l^--

>'■

Date A. D.

conjunction measured

from sunrise.

L.

1^-

''■

7fi8 HI

23

4h

2 m.

406

254

35.20

I*

815 IX 7

Ih

59 m

568

226

45.29

(

861 III 15

7h

50 m.

759

313

76.08

Cp^

709 IX

4

23

55

166

192

65.44

a

816 III 2

22

42

347

170

75.53

i")

862 III 4

9

21

748

832

65.34

o*

770 VIII

25

10

53

155

354

46.14

V

817 n 19

22

41

336

167

76.23

IP)

862 VIII 28

23

40

159

190

54.71

t

772 VU

5

10

45

106

855

45.03

t

818 VII 7

6

1

508

286

65.77

a

863 Vni 18

0

23

149

288

65.47

a'

772 XII

28

23

44

682

187

64.52

a

818 XII 31

4

41

284

263

44.77

(0

864 VIII 6

7

20

138

300

76.22

(f'

775 V

4

10

25

46

353

64.56

(«)

819 VI 26

7

4

497

300

75.01

a'

866 VI 16

9

5

88

331

44.97

(*

775 X

29

4

27

619

265

65.25

a*

820 XII 9

8

57

262

326

66.17

P

866 XII 11

1

25

664

215

74.58

a

779 11

21

5

11

336

268

64.88

a

821 V 5

10

39

448

358

46.11

(J>)

867 VI 6

1

57

78

222

35.71

t

779 VI1116

10

8

546

346

45.20

t

822 IV 25

3

31

438

249

35.37

t*

869 X 9

2

49

600

241

45.39

e

7S0 11

10

7

45

325

305

75.61

a

823 X 7

23

22

198

187

65.33

a

873 11 1

0

56

317

295

44.74

I

7S() VIII

5

2

57

536

236

34.47

t

824 IX 26

11

2

187

359

46.01

P

873 VII 28

2

35

529

233

75.26

a"

781 VI

26

9

28

498

339

56.33

(P)

826 VIII 7

8

40

138

324

54.82

t

874 VII 17

6

9

518

284

54.50

a

782 XII

9

10

54

262

359

44.78

(0

829 VI 5

6

58

78

301

54.33

a

876 V 27

2

12

470

230

35.58

I

783 XI

29

2

41

251

235

45 45

(*

829 XI 30

5

41

653

282

65.27

a

877 XI 9

0

12

231

200

65.28

a

786 IV

3

11

58

417

14

85.25

(0

831 V 15

10

57

57

357

35.86

t

878 V 6

4

22

449

258

64.02

K«'

786 IX

27

3

46

187

254

74.66

a

833 III 25

3

53

8

252

64.74

a

880 IX 8

7

20

170

306

54.66

I'*

787 III

24

4

20

407

256

44.52

t

833 IX 17

10

7

578

348

45.33

t

883 VII 8

3

42

109

251

54.10

i"'

787 IX

16

7

34

176

308

05.39

a*

834 III 14

5

55

358

279

75.49

a*

884 1 2

7

1

686

298

65.28

a

789 1

31

2

8

716

225

75.93

a

8.34 IX 7

2

42

568

234

44.63

W*

884 XII 21

9

31

675

335

74.58

a

789 VII

27

2

55

127

239

34.22

i

835 III 3

0

12

346

280

76.19

(?)

885 VI 16

9

24

89

334

85.64

I

790 I

20

2

12

704

224

75.23

a*

836 VII 17

12

39

518

25

65.85

{a)

888 IV 16

2

40

30

234

75.30

a'

791 1

9

8

14

693

313

54.52

C)

837 XII 31

5

16

284

270

45.44

I*

888 X 9

3

33

601

250

44.72

(

791 VII

6

2

57

106

236

65.75

a

840 V 5

11

9

449

4

35.43

t*

889 IV 4

3

54

19

249

66.03

P

792 XI

19

1

17

641

218

45.93

I

840 X 29

2

57

220

243

74.59

a

890 VIII lU

8

58

550

331

76.07

P

791 V

4

3

49

47

252

45.27

I*

841 IV 25

3

22

439

245

44.69

t

891 VIII 8

9

18

539

334

75.84

a'

79G IX

6

4

53

567

271

56.02

V

841 X 18

7

31

209

310

65.30

a

892 II 2

7

19

318

299

45.41

<•

S(K) \1

25

23

27

498

188

65.69

a

843 III 5

0

38

748

204

76.03

P

894 VI 7

9

40

480

341

35.65

I

801 VI

15

0

42

487

205

74.92

a

843 VIII 29

2

16

159

231

44.05

{t)

894 XII 1

3

14

254

246

74.56

{„\

802 VI

4

3

3

476

238

64.16

a

844 II 22

1

45

737

217

65.30

a*

895 V 28

1

23

470

216

44.90

t

H02 XI

29

0

21

251

198

56.17

ip)

845 II 10

9

20

726

329

54.57

t

895 XI 20

8

42

243

327

65.27

a*

803 IV

25

3

10

438

245

46.05

(P)

845 VIII 6

23

23

13S

182

65.53

a

897 IV 5

21

46

420

164

76.19

(J'<

800 IX

Ifi

2

50

177

235

46.05

(P)

846 XII 22

3

42

675

251

55.94

i

898 III 26

0

11

410

197

65.43

a

807 11

11

9

47

727

340

75.96

(a)

848 VI 5

1

47

78

221

45.05

t*

899 III 15

9

28

759

333

54.67

t

808 I

31

10

10

715

343

75.25

a*

850 X 9

4

50

600

273

56.11

P

901 I 23

5

46

708

279

55.97

t

808 VII

27

1

18

127

213

44.89

I*

851 IV 5

11

6

19

1

64.68

(a)

902 VII 7

23

49

109

191

44.82

t

809 VII

10

9

42

117

337

05.68

a

853 IX 7

1

31

568

215

53.92

iP)

904 XI 10

6

4

633

291

56.14

P

HIO XI

30

10

5

652

849

45.93

w

854 11 1

7

23

317

303

54.05

t

905 V 7

7

62

51

315

64.47

a

H12 V

14

11

10

57

2

45.20

I*

856 VII 5

23

Hi

508

181

64.42

(a)

906 IV 26

9

20

40

334

75.22

a'

HI 2 XI

H

1

11

630

214

74.55

a

856 XII 31

2

5

285

220

66.17

P

907 X 10

1

34

601

218

54.01

("1

813 V

4

3

24

47

244

35.93

t

859 V 6

10

48

449

357

44.76

t

908 III 5

8

9

350

816

43.08

(/.

hll III

25

11

4

S

1

44.07

{!)

860 X 8

3

52

209

253

45 . 96

1

911 II 2

3

10

318

234

66.15

P

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA. TA r. liK A.

I.iin

ku time

Lill

ka time

Lanka llmo of

Date A

1)

i-oujuiicHon measured

from sunrise.

L.

fi-

t'-

Dale

A

1)

eunjlinctlon measured

from sunrise.

/,.

f*

y'-

Date

A

n.

conjunction meuured

from 3nnrl8«.

/,

K

>'•

'.)l:i VI

7

8h

35 m.

480

323

44.98

I*

960

V

28

4 h. 45 m.

71

267

74.97

a*

1005

I

13

2h

14m.

299

222

45.90

.

911 XI

20

5

58

243

284

45.93

I

961

V

17

7

27

61

305

65.73

a

1007

V

19

0

65

463

299

45 . 03

f

Die IV

5

7

26

420

307

63.48

a

965

III

6

3

0

351

233

66.07

P

1012 VIII 20

5

32

152

274

55.95

t

9ir, ix

29

23

0

192

183

54.58

(a)

967

VII

10

6

2

512

284

55.21

I*

1014

I

4

1

12

690

211

45.45

t*

917 IX

19

4

0

181

255

75.32

a*

968

XII

22

8

34

277

319

43 92

I

1014

VI

29

23

58

103

194

74.71

(«)

918 IX

8

4

7

170

234

76.04

(P)

970

V

8

4

38

452

267

55.68

a

1015

VI

19

3

46

92

249

33.48

a

920 I

23

23

34

709

185

65.30

(«)

970

XI

1

23

21

225

190

64.52

a

1019

IV

8

1

20

23

212

65.93

a

920 VII

18

7

17

120

303

44.75

t

971

X

22

2

49

214

239

75.22

a*

1021 VIII 11

3

44

543

2.30

35.42

t

921 I

12

1

34

697

213

74.60

{«)

972

IV

16

8

23

431

318

34.17

(')

1024

VI

9

1

27

483

219

55.91

a

921 VII

8

0

23

110

198

35.49

t*

972

X

10

2

19

202

229

75.92

a

1024

XII

4

0

24

258

203

64.49

a

923 XI

11

4

47

633

270

43 . 43

t*

974

II

24

23

24

742

183

65.38

(«)

1025

XI

23

2

36

247

235

75.18

a'

927 III

fi

8

14

350

316

44.66

t

974 VIII 20

6

IS

152

289

44.57

t

1026

V

19

7

15

463

303

34.37

t

927 VIII 29

23

9

5fi0

183

75.46

a

975

II

14

0

52

730

202

74.66

a

1026

XI

12

1

50

235

222

75.86

a

928 II

24

0

7

340

191

45.37

t

975 VIII

9

23

17

141

182

35 . 30

I

1027

XI

1

5

37

234

278

66.50

(P)

92S VIII 18

3

34

550

246

54.70

a*

977

XII

13

7

25

667

307

45.44

t*

1028

IX

21

6

27

184

294

44.44

(t)

930 VI

29

0

34

501

204

33,80

I

978

VI

8

11

9

82

2

74.88

a

1029

IX

10

23

2

173

181

45.15

(0

931 XII

12

1

53

265

222

55.26

a*

978

XII

2

23

2

656

180

44.77

(t)

1032

I

15

10

1

701

342

45 . 40

i*

935 IV

f.

0

58

420

208

44.77

I

980

V

17

0

14

61

195

46.37

ip)

1032

VII

10

6

26

113

291

74.62

a

935 IX

30

11

29

192

8

75.28

(a)

981

IV

7

8

20

22

320

34.52

t

1033

I

4

1

29

690

213

44.78

t

93f) IX

IH

11

20

180

3

73.99

a

982

111

28

0

11

12

195

45.25

I

1033

VI

29

10

37

102

351

53.40

a*

937 II

13

22

37

731

172

56.01

(P)

982

IX

20

2

22

582

231

54.85

a*

1034

VI

18

22

0

92

161

46.13

P

938 11

3

7

39

720

306

65.32

a*

984

VII

30

23

9

533

183

36.01

(0

1035

V

10

7

25

54

308

34.32

t

939 I

23

9

27

708

331

74.61

a

986

I

13

3

41

299

245

55.25

t

1036

IV

28

22

56

44

179

45.07

I

939 VII

19

7

57

120

311

35.42

t*

988

V

18

11

35

462

11

55.76

a

1036

X

22

2

38

615

237

54.93

a*

940 VII

7

23

54

no

189

46.19

(P)

988

XI

12

7

39

236

313

64.51

{")

1039 VIII 22

11

7

354

2

55.48

I

9t3 V

17

22

21

61

170

75.06

a

989

V

7

23

32

452

188

44.96

I

1040

II

15

4

54

332

263

55.20

t

912 XI

11

5

26

634

278

44.77

I

989

XI

1

10

39

225

337

75.21

(«)

1042

VI

20

8

25

494

323

55.98

a

943 V

7

0

40

50

203

65.81

o*

990

X

21

10

1

213

345

75.^9

a

1042

XII

15

8

47

269

327

64.49

a

9U n.

20

6

21

582

295

76.23

P

991

III

18

22

47

403

177

56.12

P

1043

VI

9

21

39

483

160

45.18

t

945 IX

9

6

19

571

292

75.52

a*

992

III

7

7

1

752

298

65.42

a*

1043

XII

4

10

39

258

355

85.18

a

946 III

6

8

17

351

315

45.34

I

993

II

24

8

21

741

315

74.70

a

1044

XI

22

9

53

247

342

75.85

a

948 VII

9

8

2

511

316

35 . 87

i

993 VIII 20

7

5

152

299

33.24

I*

1045

IV

19

21

32

435

161

56.29

(/')

949 VI

28

22

53

501

177

45.13

I

995

I

4

1

32

689

218

36.14

P

1046

IV

9

4

50

425

268

65.38

a

949 XII

22

10

30

276

350

55.26

a

996

XII

13

7

53

668

312

44.78

I

1047

III

29

5

54

414

281

74.84

a

950 VI

18

7

21

491

302

64.33

a

998

X

23

5

0

615

277

76.33

(P)

1047

IX

22

7

11

184

304

45.11

I

952 IV

2fi

21

39

441

161

55.61

(«)

999

X

12

4

50

604

272

75.63

a

1048

III

17

7

12

403

298

64.12

(«)

953 IV

16

8

34

431

323

44.83

I*

1000

IV

7

7

54

23

312

45.20

t*

1049

II

5

3

17

723

242

46.17

f

955 II

25

6

49

741

296

56.04

P

1000

IX

30

10

18

593

351

54.89

(a)

1051

I

15

10

12

701

343

44.79

t

95S VII

19

7

13

121

298

46.13

P

1001

IX

19

22

57

582

178

44 18

it)

1052

XI

24

4

41

648

271

86 . 37

P

958 XII

13

8

B

667

319

56.14

U')

1002

VIII 11

6

48

543

298

46.07

P

1053

XI

13

4

41

637

270

75 . B8

"'

959 VI

9

3

42

82

252

64.21

"

1004 i

Vll

20

3

18

522

241

64.58

a

1054

V

10

6

16

55

289

45.00

1'

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TABLE A.

Lar

ka time

L»

ika time

Lanka time

Dale A. D.

conjunction measured

from Bonrlse.

I.

y-

"/'•

Date

A U

(Mjnjunctton measured

from sunrise.

L

1^-

y'

Date A.

D.

conjunction measured

from sunrise.

L.

{'■

'■'

105i XI 2

11 h

. Ore.

626

3

54.95

(a)

1107

XII 16

51

. 22 m

671

276

75.69

a*

1161 I

28

4h

. 34 m.

715

263

76.43

(7')

1055 X 23

0

9

615

198

44.26

(I)

1108

VI 11

3

46

86

252

44.77

I

1162 I

17

6

8

704

284

65.71

a'

1056 IX 12

6

24

575

295

46.23

(P)

1109

V 31

11

41

75

8

65.57

a

1162 VII

14

0

58

117

209

54.53

t

1058 VIII 21

23

48

554

190

74.79

a

1109

XI 24

2

21

648

230

44.30

(0

1163 VII

3

7

25

107

303

65.31

fl*

1059 II 15

*

8

332

250

45 86

t

1110

X 15

7

3

608

307

46.32

p

1164 VI

21

8

29

96

318

76.08

(/"

1059 VIII 11

0

16

543

194

74.04

{a)

1113

III 19

4

58

5

265

35.75

t

1164 XI

16

8

39

641

330

56.87

;'

1061 VI 20

5

0

494

270

35.26

l*

1115

VII 23

3

23

525

245

35.47

I

1166 V

1

11

53

47

14

44.87

(/)

lOCii IV 19

11

47

435

13

65.65

(a)

1118

V 22

7

54

467

316

65.89

a

1167 IV

21

4

40

37

263

35.60

I

1064 X 12

23

15

206

188

44.39

I

1118

XI 15

1

18

239

218

44.35

w

1168 IX

3

11

39

567

13

56.41

p

10G6 IX 22

4

44

185

265

55.82

a

1119

V 11

8

43

456

326

75.13

a*

1169 VIII 24

2

32

557

234

35.65

i

1068 II 6

3

25

723

242

45.48

i*

1120

X 24

4

58

218

270

65.75

a*

1172 I

27

1

32

314

209

56.42

V

1069 VII 21

0

31

123

200

55.24

a*

1122

III 10

4

37

756

262

45.57

t*

1173 VI

12

4

4

487

256

65.39

a

lOTO VII 10

12

40

113

20

45.98

I

1123 VIII 22

22

17

155

168

55.05

(t)

1174 VI

1

8

22

477

319

54.61

a

1073 V 9

22

17

55

167

65.73

a

1124 VIII 11

11

16

145

0

45.78

I*

1174 XI

26

6

0

251

284

65.73

a'

1074 IV 29

0

20

44

196

76.50

(P)

1126

VI 22

10

51

96

357

54.69

(t)

1176 IV

11

4

37

428

265

35.71

I

1075 III 19

10

59

4

359

64.37

{a)

1129

IV 20

8

55

36

331

54.21

a

1178 III

21

4

47

407

262

64.21

(«)

1075 IX 13

2

12

575

230

55.59

a

1129

X 15

1

42

608

225

65.69

a

1178 IX

13

10

59

177

359

45.62

(*

1076 IX 1

6

51

565

297

74.85

a

1130

X 4

4

47

597

269

74.98

a*

1180 VII

24

8

5

128

315

54.46

w

1079 VII 1

12

24

504

20

35.33

I

1131

IX 23

4

32

586

262

74.27

(a)

1181 I

16

23

19

704

180

54.99

C'

1079 Xn 26

2

47

280

234

85.16

a

1133 VIII 2

11

0

536

359

35.54

t*

1183 V

23

6

9

68

290

54.00

0-)

1080 VI 20

5

41

494

278

34.59

t

1134

I 27

2

34

314

22S

75.12

a

1183 XI

17

2

9

641

231

65.74

a

1080 XII 14

2

11

269

224

75 . 83

a

1134 VII 23

4

12

526

255

34.80

I'

1184 XI

5

3

54

630

256

75.06

a'

1081 XII 3

6

56

258

295

66 . 47

(P)

1135

I 16

2

35

302

227

75.81

a*

1185 V

1

12

22

47

19

35.53

(0

1083 X 13

23

52

206

196

45.06

I

1137

XI 15

1

41

240

222

45.02

i*

1185 X

25

3

25

619

247

74.37

a

1086 VIII 12

2

27

145

232

74.39

a

1140

IX 12

23

45

177

194

74.22

a

1187 IX

4

10

30

568

354

35.70

f

1087 II 6

3

21

723

240

44.81

t

1141

III 10

4

3

756

252

44.90

I

1188 II

29

1

20

847

211

75.04

a

1087 VIII 1

7

39

134

307

55.17

t*

1141

IX 2

5

50

166

282

54.99

t*

1188 VIII

24

3

18

558

244

44.99

f

10S9 VI 11

5

50

86

284

34.11

t

1143 VIII 12

11

52

145

8

36.41

ip)

1189 II

17

2

22

336

224

75.74

a'

1090 XI 24

4

4

648

257

54.96

a

1144

XII 26

6

3

682

283

54.97

t

1190 VII

4

9

47

508

343

66.23

P

lO'Jl V 21

5

1

65

269

65 65

a

1145

VI 22

0

51

96

205

65.40

a*

1191 VI

23

10

30

498

353

65.48

a'

1093 l.\ 23

9

55

586

347

65.63

a'

1146

VI 11

2

7

86

223

76.17

ip)

1191 XII

18

4

0

273

254

55.01

I

1094 111 19

5

8

4

269

45.09

t*

1147

X 26

9

46

619

348

65.71

a*

1193 VI

1

3

8

477

239

43.95

(f>

1097 I 16

9

40

303

337

74.47

a

1148

IV 20

4

20

36

260

44.93

t*

1195 IV

12

3

23

428

245

45.04

/

1098 I 5

10

47

292

353

85.15

a

1151

11 18

9

36

336

336

74.40

a

1195 X

6

5

28

198

280

54.88

t

1100 V 11

1

18

456

217

65.80

a

1152

II 7

10

18

325

344

75.10

a*

1197 IX

13

11

42

177

8

46.27

0-^

1101 IV 30

2

10

445

228

75 05

a*

1153

I 26

10

37

314

347

75.79

{a)

1198 11

7

22

20

726

167

65.74

w

1101 X 24

8

23

217

324

45.04

I

1153

VII 23

2

35

526

229

44.09

t

1199 I

28

7

51

715

308

55.00

t

1102 IV 19

4

48

435

263

64.30

(a)

1165

VI 1

21

38

477

160

65.30

a

1201 XI

27

10

26

653

355

75.75

(")

1103 III 10

4

7

755

257

46.24

iP)

1155

XI 26

10

26

251

353

45.01

I

1202 V

23

2

48

68

238

34.72

t

iioovni I

3

38

134

245

45 . 84

I

1156

V 21

1

30

466

216

54.53

a

1202 XI

16

11

49

641

14

85.07

w)

1106 \ii -r,

4

47

682

268

SR.40

1

1160

IX 2

2

56

166

CI

45.67

t

1205 III

22

8

'

9

317

74.27

"

KCfJ/'SFS OF '/HE S(W IN INDIA.

T.\ IM.K A.

'2.3

Lon)

a time

Lanka tlmo

Lanka timu of

Dat.- A I).

conjiini-tion

from sunriso.

I.

F

y'

Date A D.

coiOUDutlon mouHurcd

from suurlse.

I.

V-

y'

Dale A I).

coujunotlon moasarod

from uunrlao.

L.

1^

y'

I2lir, HI 11

8h.

38 111.

358

321

74.99

a*

1253 III 1

8li

51m.

748

324

45.07

I*

1300 VIII 15

9li

47 m.

550

341

55.14

U'UC IX 4

11

12

568

3

45.04

I

1255 I 10

4

0

697

255

56.41

(P)

1301 VIII 4

23

38

540

186

44.39

1207 11 28

10

4

846

340

65.71

(o)

1256 VI 24

1

1

99

210

34.50

t

1302 VI 26

9

15

501

335

.36.20

p

1207 VIII 25

0

43

558

203

54.28

I

1258 VI 3

9

53

79

340

46.03

iP)

1303 VI 15

22

40

491

175

55.48

1211 XII 7

1

40

262

216

76.45

(P)

1260 IV 12

5

40

30

280

74.82

a

1303 XII 9

8

22

265

321

54.81

1213 IV 22

10

52

439

358

45.10

t*

1260 X 6

11

38

601

12

45.15

(0

1304 VI 4

5

5

481

270

64.70

a'

12U X 5

3

28

199

248

45.56

I*

1261 IV 1

8

26

19

319

65.56

a

1304 XI 27

22

48

254

177

45.49

(0

1210 II 19

6

16

737

287

65.76

a*

1261 IX 25

23

44

590

191

54.41

a

1307 IV 3

8

49

421

326

45.19

f

1217 Vlll 4

3

19

138

243

75.08

a*

1262 VIII 16

12

10

550

21

76.54

iP)

1310 VII 26

23

31

131

187

34.29

(0

1218 I 2S

7

23

716

299

44.33

{')

1265 I 18

23

55

307

187

65.71

a

1312 VII 5

7

19

111

301

45.81

121S VII 24

3

53

127

249

75.83

a*

1266 I 8

1

51

295

215

86.44

U>)

1314 V 15

1

38

61

221

74.59

«

122U VI 2

10

12

78

349

34.65

t

1267 V 25

8

36

470

325

55.32

I*

1315 V 4

5

51

51

282

55.36

«•

1221 V 23

3

29

68

246

35.39

t*

1268 XI 6

.5

11

232

274

45.50

f

1315 X 28

23

47

623

193

64.48

a

1223 IX 26

2

49

589

241

45.78

i

1270 III 23

5

24

410

276

55.87

a

1317 IX 6

10

2

571

348

65.98

a

1226 II 28

2

15

347

221

56.34

P

1271 IX 6

0

1

170

196

74.88

a

1319 II 20

23

59

340

189

65.66

a

1227 I 19

6

31

306

290

44.33

t

1272 III 1

8

55

749

323

44.40

t

1319 Vm 16

7

20

550

302

44.46

(0

1227 VII 14

23

32

518

188

65.64

a

1272 VIII 25

0

11

159

195

75.61

a

1320 II 10

1

22

329

207

76.39

P

1228 VII 3

5

4

508

269

54.85

t*

1274 VII 5

8

28

110

321

34.43

t

1321 VI 26

5

39

502

280

55.56

I

1228 XII 28

7

18

284

300

65.73

a*

1275 VI 25

1

51

100

221

35.17

t*

1322 XII 9

7

41

265

309

45.48

i*

1230 V 14

3

34

460

251

35.90

I

1277 X 28

4

17

622

264

45.85

t

1324 IV 24

3

31

442

251

56.03

P

1232 IV 22

2

16

439

227

64.38

{a)

1280 IV 1

1

57

19

220

46.21

P

1325 X 7

21

55

202

167

74.75

(«)

1233 X 5

4

13

199

257

46.21

ip)

1281 II 20

8

20

339

317

44.27

t

1326 IV 3

9

17

421

332

34.52

t

1234 VIII 26

5

47

159

283

54.26

(«)

1282 II 9

23

7

329

177

54.96

w

1328 VIII 6

7

11

141

303

34.23

(')

1235 II 19

0

38

737

200

45.04

t

1282 VIII 5

2

25

539

230

55.07

I*

1329 VII 27

0

18

131

197

34.96

r

1235 Mil 15

10

fi

149

345

75.00

a

1283 I 30

8

5

318

309

65.70

a

1331 XI 30

6

38

656

297

45.87

(•

1236 VIII 3

10

31

138

349

75.75

a*

1284 VI 15

1

53

491

225

36.12

(P)

1332 V 25

8

9

72

318

64.50

1237 XII 19

3

3

675

241

75.77

a*

1285 XI 27

23

40

254

191

54.81

t

1334 V 4

0

42

51

203

46.02

p

1238 XII 8

3

50

664

252

85.09

a

1287 XI 7

5

4U

232

282

46.17

P

1335 111 25

9

0

12

330

44.16

t

1239 VI 3

10

58

79

358

35.32

I*

1289 111 23

0

56

410

207

45.14

1

1336 IX 6

0

57

571

210

55.25

1

1239 XI 27

3

29

652

247

74.41

W

1289 IX 16

7

11

ISl

304

74.83

a

1337 III 3

7

42

351

305

65.62

-

1240 V 23

2

40

69

232

46.10

V

1290 IX 5

7

15

170

302

75.55

a*

1339 VII 7

12

37

512

24

55.64

t

1241 X 6

11

11

600

7

45.81

(0

1291 VIII 25

11

59

159

11

56.26

P

1339 XII 31

1

49

287

220

54.80

t

1242 IX 26

3

22

590

248

45.12

I*

1292 I 21

3

39

708

248

75.80

a*

1341 XII 9

8

8

266

314

46.15

1'

1243 III 22

1

6

8

208

65.62

a*

1293 I 9

3

53

697

250

85.12

a

1342 V 5

10

44

452

359

56.09

(p)

1245 VII 25

6

10

529

287

65. 72

a

1293 VII 5

9

18

110

332

35.10

I

1343 IV 25

6

14

442

199

45. 3C

t*

1246 I 19

6

9

307

283

54.99

I

1293 Xll 29

4

7

68r

252

74.44

a

1343 X 18

5

30

213

281

74.72

a

1247 VII 4

1

8

508

208

44.18

(0

1294 VI 25

0

12

loo

194

45.88

I

1344 X 7

5

26

202

278

75.42

a'

1248 V 24

11

4

470

a

35.97

I

1296 X 28

4

30

62;

266

45.19

t*

1345 IX 26

10

58

191

358

56.11

P

1249 V 14

1

27

460

218

55.24

t*

1297 IV 22

22

48

4(]

I7r

65.43

a

1346 11 25

3

17

741

243

75.87

"

1249 XI 6

6

27

231

295

54.82

t

1299 VIII 2'

2

50

561

239

65.93

(a)

1347 II 11

3

19

730

241

75.17

"

1250 V 3

9

8

449

331

G4.45

a

1300 II 21

7

25

;!t(

3U-

54.94

r

1347 VIII "

Jl

54

142

31--

U.Sll

I

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TABLE A.

Lauka time

Lanka timo

of conjunction

from sunrise.

Lanka time

ll.iU' A 1),

coDJunetion moa.sured

from sunrise.

/,

\'-

''

Dale

A.

D

/,

I'-

>■'■

Date A.

I)

conj

nnction asured

nrise.

L.

!'■

■)'■

1318 VII 26

211.

38 ni.

131

155

55.67

(0

1391

IV

,r,

5

1. 5(1 ni.

23

280

05.48

a

1447 IX

10

7h

29 m

576

311

66.05

/'

1H50 XI 30

6

26

656

293

55.22

t

1393 VIII

8

y

42

544

341

55.87

a

1448 III

5

4

45

354

264

44.71

t

i:!54 III 25

7

22

12

304

54.82

I*

1394

II

1

3

42

321

246

44.78

(0

1448 VIII 29

10

1

565

346

75.33

a

1354 IX 17

8

46

582

328

55.29

t

1397

V

26

22

48

473

178

35.51

t

1451 XII

23

5

0

280

269

84.64

{«•

1355 IX 6

23

7

572

181

44.56

(0

1398

XI

9

5

1

235

272

75.33

a*

1452 XII

11

3

35

269

277

75.33

a

1358 I 10

10

30

299

349

54.80

I

1400

111

26

1

29

414

218

76.00

a

1453 VI

7

3

3

485

268

44.20

i

1358 VII 7

0

36

512

202

64.95

a*

1401

III

15

I

36

403

217

75.28

a

1454 IV

27

22

14

446

172

76.20

P

1358 XII 31

1

28

2S8

213

45.48

t

1401

IX

8

7

14

174

305

44.73

t

1455 IV

16

22

38

435

175

75.46

a

1359 VI 2G

1

21

501

211

64.19

(«)

1402

III

4

4

8

752

252

64.55

(a)

1456 IV

5

2

40

424

233

64.70

a

1361 V 5

7

49

452

313

35.37

t

1405

I

1

8

36

690

321

55 . 23

l*

1459 II

3

10

17

723

345

55.26

t*

1362 IV 25

0

54

442

208

34.63

(Q

1406

VI

16

6

15

93

286

35.72

t

1460 VII

18

4

31

124

259

35.50

i

1364 III 4

10

51

752

357

75.90

(«)

1407

VI

5

23

27

83

183

36.43

UA

1461 VII

7

21

50

114

157

36.22

(yl

1365 II 21

10

53

741

355

75.20

a

1408

IV

26

5

55

44

285

54.65

t

1461 XII

2

I

14

639

217

66.16

/'

1366 VIII 7

4

52

142

264

55.60

I

1408

X

19

9

9

615

336

55.38

I

1462 V

29

3

20

76

246

54.42

t

1367 VII 27

U

17

181

358

66.41

(i>)

1409

X

8

23

47

604

194

44.67

I

1462 XI

21

10

44

648

359

55.41

(n

1367 XII 22

0

25

678

202

45.88

(0

1412

II

12

12

10

332

13

44.76

(0

1463 V

18

9

10

65

332

65.19

a"

1369 VI 5

2

46

82

235

55.13

t*

1413

II

1

3

48

321

246

45.45

t*

1463 XI

11

1

35

637

220

44.73

t

1369 XI 30

0

37

656

204

64.51

a

1415

VI

7

6

14

484

289

35.58

t

1464 V

6

9

57

55

342

73.95

{")

1371 X 9

8

38

604

330

66.09

P

1416

V

26

23

37

474

189

34.84

I

1467 III

6

5

14

354

269

43.37

1'

1373 III 24

22

37

12

171

65.54

a

1419

III

26

8

45

414

325

75.34

a*

1469 VII

9

4

35

515

263

35.80

1

1373 IX 17

7

12

582

303

44.60

it)

1420

IX

8

3

4

174

240

55.43

a*

1470 VI

28

21

53

505

162

35.06

t

1374 III 13

23

40

1

183

76.28

P

1421 VIII 28

7

50

163

309

76.21

ip)

1473 IV

27

5

24

446

278

75.53

a

1375 II 1

8

42

321

323

64.05

w

1422

I

23

2

54

712

236

45.90

e

1474 IV

16

9

57

435

343

54.76

a

1375 VII 29

2

37

533

234

55.79

a

1423

VII

7

23

46

113

190

54.89

I

1474 X

11

2

15

207

231

65.32

«♦

1376 VII 17

7

8

522

300

65.04

a*

1424

I

2

1

40

690

215

74.52

(«)

1475 IX

30

5

27

195

276

76.07

1'

1377 I 10

10

19

299

345

45.47

t

1493

XI

10

8

39

637

330

06.15

p

1476 II

25

4

36

745

262

45.96

I

1377 VII 6

7

48

512

308

64.28

(a)

1428

X

9

0

25

605

201

44.00

t

1478 VII 29

12

4

135

13

35.43

t

1377 XII 31

1

44

288

215

46.15

P

1429

III

5

8

40

354

324

63.98

(p)

1479 XII

13

9

37

670

342

66.16

(/.I

1378 V 27

1

1

473

213

56.23

ip)

1430 VIII 19

3

9

554

242

73.27

a*

1480 VI

8

10

18

86

350

54.34

((^

1 380 V 5

8

34

453

323

34.70

I

1431 VIII

8

3

37

543

246

64.52

a

I48I XI

21

10

23

649

352

44.73

t

1381 X 18

3

7

213

242

,56.05

P

1432

11

2

3

44

322

243

56.14

P

1482 XI

11

1

58

638

225

44.05

(1)

1383 VIII 28

23

21

163

185

44 . 78

I

1434

VI

7

7

4

484

300

34.91

I*

1484 IX

20

0

12

586

201

75.44

a

1384 VIII 17

12

10

153

15

55.54

i

1435

XI

20

4

19

240

259

56.00

P

1485 IX

9

0

37

575

204

74.71

„•

1386 I 1

9

18

690

334

45.88

I

1437

IX

29

23

21

195

188

44.65

t

1486 HI

6

4

40

355

259

56.07

/»

1386 VI 27

3

37

103

250

64.25

a

1438

IX

19

10

40

185

355

63 . 39

a

1487 VII

20

12

7

526

16

33.87

('^

1386 XII 21

23

54

679

192

55.23

a

1441

I

23

I

49

712

218

55.25

t*

1488 VII

9

5

19

516

273

33.13

1

1387 VI 16

9

43

92

340

55.05

l*

1441

VII

18

6

53

124

296

54 81

t*

1489 XII

22

6

15

280

284

33.98

a

1387 XII 11

8

59

668

328

64.51

(a)

1442

1

12

9

5«

701

338

74.52

a

1491 V

8

12

5

456

18

65.60

{„)

1388 VI 4

22

53

82

176

46.80

t

1444

XI

10

2

6

637

230

53.41

I*

1491 XI

2

0

23

228

205

64.58

1

1389 IV 26

8

29

44

325

.33.99

I

1445

V

7

2

31

55

232

65.27

«•

1492 X

21

10

IS

218

350

65.30

,'

1 3'.)0 X 9

0

52

6(14

212

55 36

t

1446

IV

26

3

20

41

242

76.(13

y

1493 IV

16

5

19

435

272

44.09

1

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TA HliK A.

La

ika tjuii'

La.

kii lime

Lu

nku timo

\Mv A. 1).

coujuiirtton nieasurod

ftom sunrise.

i.

!'■■

>'

Dale .\. U.

coiijuni-tloii moitsurod

from sunrLso.

L

F

y'-

Dale A.

D.

COIlJUIlctioll

mea-sarod

from sanrlso.

I.

('

"''

ll'J5 II 25

2h. 49 m.

745

234

55,31

t'

1545 VI 9

7h

. 48 111.

487

313

65.85

rt

1595 IX

23

11 h. 14 m.

590

8

40.19

(/')

Uy5 VIII 20

4

55

155

269

54.62

I

1545 XII 4

2

12

262

229

54.56

(')

1596 IX

12

3

4

579

243

45.51

I

1190 II 14

10

4

734

340

74.57

a

1546 XI 23

10

40

251

356

75.20

{a)

1597 III

7

22

27

357

108

05.19

a

14'J7 VII 29

12

S3

135

23

36.09

(rt

1547 V 19

3

57

467

252

44.29

t

1599 II

15

0

55

336

201

46.54

ip)

1498 XII 18

4

11

671

258

55.42

t*

1549 III 29

2

27

418

231

55.43

I*

1000 VI

30

11

35

508

8

45.28

1

U99 VI 8

22

14

86

107

65.02

a

1549 IX 21

4

11

188

261

54.48

I

1600 XII

25

11

30

284

4

75.24

(")

lr.00 V 27

22

58

75

177

75.79

a

1550 III 18

8

53

407

325

74.68

a

1001 VI

20

2

11

498

225

34.51

I

1501 X 12

6

17

008

295

66.17

P

1551 VIII 31

12

3

167

13

45.92

(t)

1603 V

1

0

41

450

207

55.01

I'

1502 IV 7

4

46

26

267

44.58

I

1553 I 14

0

25

704

288

45.43

t*

1604 IV

19

6

12

439

287

74.85

a*

1502 X 1

7

30

597

311

75.49

a*

1555 VI 18

23

22

96

181

56.20

P

1605 IV

8

0

39

428

291

74.11

{")

1503 III 27

21

32

10

156

35.29

(0

1555 XI 14

0

0

641

292

76.24

{!')

1607 II

16

8

9

737

314

45.47

t*

1503 IX 20

7

55

586

315

74.76

(a)

1556 V 9

3

49

58

254

34.39

I

1608 11

6

0

8

727

192

44.78

t

1500 I 24

4

53

314

265

74.61

{")

1556 XI 2

6

10

630

294

75.58

a*

1009 XII

16

6

31

675

295

76.28

P

1500 VII 20

12

45

526

24

45.21

t

1557 X 22

6

62

619

301

74.87

(«)

1010 VI

11

2

18

89

230

34.18

(0

1507 I 13

6

23

302

286

65.31

a*

1558 IV 18

11

50

38

10

55.90

(0

1010 XII

5

6

2

603

287

85.62

a*

1507 VII 10

2

13

516

224

54.43

t

1560 II 20

3

57

347

252

74.53

(a)

1611 XI

24

7

7

652

803

74.92

1509 XI 12

8

56

240

332

54.57

(0

1500 VIII 21

U

28

558

7

45.40

t

1612 V

20

9

45

69

339

55.70

t

1510 V 8

0

17

456

199

54.89

I

1561 II 14

6

44

336

291

65.25

a*

1614 IX

23

11

1

590

4

45.55

t

1513 III 7

10

51

756

356

55.34

it)

1561 VIII 10

23

32

547

185

54.04

a

1015 III

19

6

8

8

284

65.15

o*

1514 VIII 20

3

28

156

245

35.31

I*

1563 XII 15

10

52

273

358

54.55

(0

1610 IX

1

0

58

569

207

74.05

"

1516 I 4

2

26

693

231

06.16

p

1504 VI 8

21

27

487

156

55.12

I

1017 VII

22

10

19

529

351

66.17

P

1517 VI 19

4

40

97

264

64.94

a*

1567 IV 9

10

I

429

346

55.48

a

1019 VII

1

9

37

509

336

34.59

(0

1517 XII 13

4

7

671

255

44.74

(0

1568 IX 21

3

28

188

248

45.16

t*

1021 V

11

7

49

460

314

55.68

a

1518 VI 8

5

24

86

273

05.70

a*

1570 II 5

3

23

726

244

00.18

P

1022 X

24

4

38

221

207

45.08

I

1521 IV 7

5

29

27

276

35.24

t*

1571 VII 22

0

4

128

195

74.68

a

1024 III

9

3

30

759

248

56.25

ip)

1523 VIII 11

3

23

547

247

35.99

(0

1572 I 15

6

43

705

291

44.70

I*

1626 U

16

8

43

738

321

44.80

I

1520 I 12

23

33

302

181

55.97

(0

1572 VII 10

0

49

117

204

05.44

a

1627 VIII

1

3

30

138

243

55.94

i")

1527 V 30

1

16

477

216

65.76

«

1575 V 10

4

38

58

264

35.06

t*

1629 VI

11

3

0

90

239

34. S4

I*

1528 V 18

7

22

406

305

54.97

/*

1578 III 8

11

22

358

4

74.49

{a-)

1630 XI

23

23

50

652

192

54.24

I

1528 XI 12

2

27

240

233

65.27

«*

1579 VIII 22

0

46

558

295

54.70

a

1631 V

20

23

46

69

187

66.45

(P)

1529 XI 1

4

17

228

259

75.99

a

1580 II 15

1

3

336

204

45.92

I*

1631 X

15

3

55

612

260

46.25

iP)

1530 III 29

5

7

418

273

46.07

(P)

1582 VI 20

4

30

498

262

55.20

t*

1632 IV

9

8

50

30

329

74.33

1

1532 VIII 30

11

20

166

4

35.25

t

1582 XII 15

3

13

273

241

75.25

a

1633 IX

23

5

5

590

273

64.86

a*

1533 VIII 20

4

14

156

255

45.97

(0

1583 XII 4

4

2

262

253

85.95

a

1034 III

19

1

37

8

215

45 . 82

t

1535 VI 30

11

7

107

0

64.85

a

1687 IX 22

4

1

188

255

45.84

t

1030 VII

22

1

57

529

223

45.43

t

1530 VI 18

11

51

96

9

65.61

a*

1589 II 4

23

39

726

186

45 . 45

1

1037 I

16

3

54

307

248

75.23

a

1539 X 11

23

4

608

183

74.84

(")

1589 VIII 1

6

38

138

294

74.00

a

1638 I

5

4

6

295

250

85.93

a

1540 IV 7

4

10

27

256

55.95

t

1590 VII 21

7

24

128

303

65 . 35

a*

1641 X

24

4

51

221

269

45.76

1*

1541 VIII 21

11

10

557

4

30.05

P

1593 V 20

12

9

69

17

34.99

V)

1643 lU

10

0

46

759

205

45.52

t*

1542 VIII 11

3

49

547

251

45.34

t

1593 XI 12

22

55

641

181

74.91

(«)

1643 IX

3

2

50

170

241

74.39

a

1544 I 24

8

8

314

310

55.96

t

1.594 V 10

-

33

59

231

55.77

t

1644 VIII 22

3

50

159

251

65.13

"_

126

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TABLE A.

Lauka tinu-

of

conjunction

measured

from

sunrise.

Lanka time

uf

Lanka time of

Date A. 1).

/,.

!'■

>'•

Date A. D.

conjunction moasnred

from sunrise.

I.

!'■

"/'•

Date A D

conjunction

from simrise.

L

f-

y'

1C45 Vlll 11

10 h

47 m.

149

353

55.87

t

1B93 VI 23

nil

27 m.

502

8

56.00

P

1741 XI 27

4h

43 III.

656

267

75.00

a

lr,47 VI 22

10

23

100

350

34.77

(0

1695 XI 26

6

35

255

293

55.73

I*

1742 V 22

23

50

72

191

35.46

r

UU7 XII 15

23

43

674

189

74.93

a

1697 IV 11

0

47

432

208

35.65

I*

1744 IX 24

23

48

593

196

45.75

iO

1648 VI 10

23

53

90

190

55.55

I*

1697 X 5

0

29

202

207

74.24

a

1745 III 22

2

15

12

227

75.05

a

1650 X 15

3

19

612

249

55.61

t

1698 IX 24

1

36

191

221

64.97

a*

1746 III 11

2

16

1

224

75.78

a*

1652 III 29

9

34

19

335

45.77

(t)

1699 III 21

8

2

411

311

54.19

a

1747 VIII 26

7

52

533

314

66.25

(/-l

1653 III 19

1

55

9

218

36.45

(?)

1699 IX 13

9

27

181

330

55.70

I*

1748 VII 14

10

25

523

350

75.52

a'

165-1 II 7

5

35

329

276

54.50

a

1701 VII 24

8

32

132

322

44.55

t

1749 XII 28

8

42

288

321

55.72

I

1651. VIII 2

9

16

540

333

45 . 49

t*

1702 I 17

0

43

708

201

64.95

a

1751 V 13

23

52

463

195

35.84

I

1655 I 27

11

58

318

9

75.22

(a)

1703 1 6

10

37

697

349

54.26

(t)

New Style.

1655 VII 23

0

35

529

201

34.74

I*

1704 XI 16

4

32

645

267

55.67

t*

1752 XI 6

0

52

224

211

64.88

«•

1657 VI I

21

46

481

163

55.84

a

1706 V 1

8

46

51

325

45.60

I

1753 V 3

6

52

443

296

54.34

«

1658 V 22

2

15

471

229

65.08

a*

1707 IV 21

I

46

41

218

36.31

W)

1753 X 26

9

32

213

339

55.59

1'

1659 V 11

2

51

460

236

74.32

a

1708 III 11

5

50

2

281

54.41

a

1755 IX 6

7

8

163

303

44 35

(')

1661 III 20

8

54

410

328

45.56

I

1708 IX 3

7

58

572

316

45.67

i*

1756 III 1

1

12

741

209

65.00

«

1662 III 10

I

28

760

214

44.86

t

1709 II 28

11

24

351

2

75.14

(«)

1758 XII 30

6

17

679

289

55.69

a*

1G62 IX 2

10

55

170

359

65.07

a

1709 VIII 23

23

38

561

189

34.93

I

1760 VI 13

7

17

83

302

35 . 39

/

1664 I 18

6

51

708

297

76.31

(J»)

I7I1 XII 28

8

57

287

328

44.36

t

1761 VI 3

0

38

73

201

36.12

P

1665 I 6

6

8

697

285

85.64

a*

1712 VI 22

21

35

502

158

75.34

{")

1762 IV 24

4

39

34

266

54.26

{")

1665 XII 26

8

4

685

313

64.94

a

1712 XII 17

0

31

277

201

45.04

i

1762 X 17

7

57

604

819

45.78

I*

1666 VI 22

6

52

100

295

55.47

t

1715 IV 22

8

35

442

325

35.71

t

1763 IV 13

9

25

23

335

75.00

a'

1667 VI 11

12

55

90

24

66.29

P

1716 IV 11

1

34

432

218

44.99

t

1763 X 6

23

42

593

193

45.07

1

1669 IV 20

4

30

40

262

54.98

t*

1716 X 4

9

11

202

336

64.93

a

1764 IV 1

9

31

12

334

75.73

(")

1671 VIII 24

7

12

561

306

66.37

(J")

1718 IX 13

7

51

181

310

46.33

ip)

1766 II 9

11

8

321

359

44.34

(0

1673 VIII 2

8

10

540

315

34.80

I

1719 II 8

5

50

730

280

75.68

a*

1767 I 30

3

2

310

236

45.02

1

1674, VII 23

1

21

530

211

34.07

I

1720 I 28

8

58

719

325

64.96

a*

1768 VII 14

0

55

512

204

54.08

u:»

1675 VI 18

4

38

492

266

55.92

(«)

1720 VII 24

3

46

132

248

55.24

a*

1769 I 8

1

47

288

215

76.47

(p)

1676 VI 1

8

44

481

326

65.17

a*

1721 VII 13

8

24

121

316

66.04

P

1769 VI 4

7

24

474

308

35.90

1

1676 XI 25

6

46

254

298

45.05

I

1723 V 23

2

7

72

227

54.78

t

1770 V 25

0

33

464

204

45.17

r

1677 V 21

9

25

470

334

04.41

a

1727 IX 4

7

32

572

308

34.98

t

1770 XI 17

8

55

235

332

04 . 86

a

1680 III 20

9

38

411

337

44.89

I*

1728 VIII 24

0

12

562

195

44.25

t

1772 X 26

8

37

214

324

46 . 23

I'

1681 IX 2

1

45

170

219

55.75

i

1730 VII 4

3

59

512

254

75.43

a

1773 III 23

4

32

403

263

75.78

.<

1683 VII 14

1

7

121

210

44.62

I

1730 XII 28

9

23

288

333

45.03

I*

1774 III 12

9

10

752

329

65.03

a-

1685 XI 16

5

46

645

287

46.30

V

1731 VI 23

4

55

50!.

266

64.68

a*

1774 IX 6

1

2

163

210

65.04

,r

1686 V 12

5

16

61

276

64.12

a

1731 XII 17

23

59

277

191

55.72

t

1775 VIII 26

4

14

163

255

75.81

a

1687 V 1

11

46

61

12

54.92

a

1734 IV 22

9

21

443

335

45.05

I*

1776 I 21

1

55

701

223

46 . 33

(/'1

1687 X 26

4

27

623

265

64.95

a

1733 X 6

1

22

202

216

55.62

I

1777 VII 4

23

30

103

187

44.55

U^

1688 IV 20

1

8

41

210

45.66

I*

1737VIin4

23

81

153

188

44.41

I

1781 X 17

7

59

604

318

45.10

/

1690 VIII 24

0

16

561

200

45.62

t

1738 VIII 4

10

47

142

354

55.17

a

1782 X 6

23

54

694

194

44.39

t

1691 II 18

8

45

340

246

75.17

a

1739 XII It

8

15

678

320

46.32

(P)

1784 VIII 15

23

28

644

187

75.68

a

IC'j:.' 11 7

3

42

329

243

75.88

"

1741 VI 2 9

15

8i.

334

44.71

t

1785 11 9

11

46

321

'

45.01

('1

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

T A P.li K A.

127

Dote A.

I).

Lanku thiio

of coujunction lut'aMired

from snnrlse.

i.

V-

y'

Dale A

B

Luuka time of

CODjUDCtlOD

measured

from sunrl.se.

L.

F-

y'-

Dole

A. U.

LuDka time

of eolOuDCtiOQ measured

f^om aunrlHO.

L.

1^

y'-

17H5 VII

5

Oh

43 m.

633

203

64.92

«•

1817 XI

9

0 h. 57 m

626

213

45.15

I*

1850

IV 5

41

. 57 m.

10

270

44.21

(0

17S6 I

30

1

58

310

218

55.71

t*

1818 V

5

0

27

44

290

75.54

a

1856

IX 29

2

53

586

242

75.94

(")

1788 VI

4

8

1

474

316

45.25

f

1819 IX

19

11

51

576

17

66.53

{]>)

1857

IX 18

4

38

575

260

65.19

a*

178« XI

17

2

19

235

231

55.55

f

1821 111

4

4

55

343

265

44.97

t

1858

III 15

11

17

355

359

55 . 05

(«)

17'JI IV

3

11

50

414

13

75.82

(0)

1823 II

11

2

24

322

222

76.46

(I')

1801

I 11

2

32

291

230

64.82

(«)

1791 IX

27

22

39

185

178

44.25

(0

1824 VI

26

22

47

495

176

45.40

I

1801

VII H

1

17

506

212

54.78

a

1792 IX

16

8

18

174

320

04.98

a

1824 XII

20

9

44

209

341

64.83

a

1862

XII 21

4

8

209

254

46.16

P

1793 III

12

5

11

752

268

44.35

(0

1825 VI

16

11

28

485

5

54.62

(0

1864

V 5

23

18

440

185

55.20

t

1793 IX

5

11

2

103

358

75.74

a*

1827 IV

26

2

5

435

228

65.93

a

1867

III 6

8

42

745

324

65.77

a

1794 VIII

25

11

31

152

2

66.46

(P)

1828 IV

14

8

22

424

320

55.15

I*

1868 VIII 18

4

16

145

257

34.95

/•

1795 I

20

23

26

701

185

55.71

(")

1828 X

8

23

11

196

185

64.89

a

1871

VI 18

1

34

86

219

74.54

a

1795 VII

16

0

40

114

294

44.47

t

1829 IX

28

1

0

185

209

75.62

a

1871

XII 12

3

6

600

243

45.19

I'

1790 I

10

5

20

690

172

75.02

a

1830 11

23

3

56

734

253

40.37

(P)

1872

VI 6

2

28

70

230

65.31

a*

179f. VII

4

22

9

104

265

35.24

t

1832 VII

27

13

6

124

29

35.09

(t)

1874

X 10

10

6

597

352

75.99

a

1798 XI

8

0

40

620

210

45.83

(D

1833 VII

17

6

21

114

286

35.83

t

1875

IV 6

5

40

16

279

44.87

I*

1799 V

4

23

17

44

184

74.87

(«)

1835 XI

20

9

35

637

342

45.17

I

1875

IX 29

11

59

586

17

05.24

(«)

ISOO IV

23

23

36

34

187

75.61

a

1836 XI

9

0

39

627

206

54.47

I

1877

III 15

1

58

355

217

76 . 39

P

1801 IV

13

3

27

23

242

66.32

iP)

1840 III

4

3

10

344

237

55.07

I*

1879

I 22

10

50

302

350

64.82

(")

18U2 VIII 28

6

8

554

288

75.76

a

1840 VIII 27

5

49

554

279

54.38

(D

1879

VII 19

8

10

516

314

54.86

a

1S03 V11117

7

29

543

305

05.00

a*

1842 VII

8

0

7

506

286

45.47

t

1881

V 27

•2

40

467

178

66.14

P

1804 II

11

10

29

322

346

55.71

(t)

1843 XII

21

4

14

269

257

55.52

t*

1882

V 17

6

38

456

295

55.33

I*

1805 VI

26

22

22

495

172

36.05

P

1845 V

6

9

1

446

333

60.00

(«)

1887 VIII 19

4

43

146

202

45 . 63

t

1806 XII

10

1

22

257

217

04.84

a

1846 X

20

6

48

207

300

64.85

a

1889

VI 28

7

5S

97

314

74.40

a

1807 VI

fi

4

28

475

260

54.54

t

1847 IV

15

5

26

425

274

44.47

t

1890

VI 17

9

2

86

329

65.22

a*

1807 XI

29

10

53

246

359

55.54

if)

1847 X

9

8

12

195

318

75.58

a*

1890

XII 12

2

15

600

228

54.50

t

1808 XI

18

1

46

230

221

46.19

ip)

1848 IX

27

8

40

184

323

76.28

P

1894

IV 6

3

5

10

238

55.57

t*

1810 IV

4

0

45

414

205

55.10

a

1849 11

23

0

34

734

201

65.75

a*

1894

IX 29

4

47

580

267

44.54

t

1813 II

1

7

55

712

311

65.72

a*

1849 VIII 18

4

37

145

264

44.20

t

1895

VIII 20

12

0

547

17

36.39

iP)

1814 VII

17

5

37

114

276

35.16

t*

1850 II

12

5

33

723

274

75.05

a

1896 VIII 9

4

6

537

256

45.70

I

1815 VII

6

22

57

104

175

35.91

t

1852 XII

11

2

36

659

237

45.86

t

1898

I 22

6

28

302

287

45.51

I*

1816 XI

19

9

13

037

338

45.84

I*

1855 V

16

1

17

55

211

50.12

P

1900

XI 22

6

21

240

293

74.77

(«)

1817 V

16

6

0

55

286

74.79

a*

128

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TABLE B.

A + F.

2G0° 270° 280° 290° 300° 310° 320° 330° 310° 350°

0°

10°

20°

30°

40°

50°

60°

70°

80°

90°

100°

L. = 0° * =

= 40°

).080.07(

).080.10

).13(

).18

3.25

3.33

3.430.53

3.610.69

3.74

3.78

3.81

3.82

3.82

30°

0.14

).140.16

3.19

3.24

3.32

3.41

3.53 0.65

3.75

3.84

0.90

3.95

3.98

3.99

3.99

20°

0.24

1.240.25

3.28

3.34

3.41

).51

3.630.77

3.89

3.99

1.07

1.12

1.15

1.16

1.16

10°

3.37

3.38

3.40

3.44

3.51

3.62

3.73

3.88

1.02

1.13

1.23

1.28

1.31

1.33

1.33

0°

3.51

3.51

3.53

3.57

0.64

3.74

3.85

1.00

1.15

1.26

1.36

1.43

1.47

1.49

1.49

L.= 10°* =

= 40°

0.06

).06

0.08

3.11

0.15

0.21

0.28

0.36

0.46

3.55

0.64

0.72

0.76

0.80

0.81

0.82

0.81

30°

3.14

0.15

3.18

0.22

0.28

0.36

0.45

0.57

3.68

0.78

0.87

0.93

0.97

0.99

0.99

0.98

20°

0.25

0.26

0.27

0.31

0.37

0.45

0.55

0.67

0.81

0.93

1.03

1.10

1.14

1.16

1.16

1.15

10°

0.37

0.37

0.39

0.42

0.48

0.55

).66

0.78

0.93

1.06

1.17

1.25

1.30

1.33

1.33

1.32

1°

0.51

0.52

0.55

0.60

0.68

0.78

0.90

1.04

1.19

1.31

1.39

1.45

1.48

1.49

1.48

L. = 20° 4.=

= 40°

0.07

0.08

0.10

0.14

0.18

0.25

0.32

0.41

0.50

0.59

0.67

0.74

0.78

0.81

0.81

0.81

0.79

0.76

30°

0.15

0.16

0.17

0.21

0.25

0.32

0.40

0.50

0.61

0.72

0.82

0.90

0.95

0.98

0.99

0.98

0.96

20°

0.25

0.27

0.30

0.34

0.41

0.50

0.60

0.72

0.85

0.96

1.06

1.12

1.15

1.16

1.16

1.14

10°

0.38

0.40

0.44

0.51

0.60

0.70

0.83

0.97

1.09

1.20

1.27

1.31

1.32

1.32

1.30

0°

0.52

0.54

0.58

0.64

0.72

0.82

0.95

1.09

1.22

1.34

1.42

1.46

1.48

1.48

1.46

L.= 30°4< =

= 40°

0.08

0.09

0.12

0.16

0.21

0.27

0.35

0.44

0.54

0.63

0.69

0.75

0.79

0.80

0.80

0.79

0.77

0.73

30°

0.15

0.16

0.19

0.23

0.29

0.36

0.44

0.54

0.65

0.75

0.85

0.92

0.96

0.98

0.98

0.97

0.94

0.89

20°

0.26

0.29

0.33

0.38

0.44

0.53

0.65

0.77

0.89

1.00

1.08

1.14

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.11

10°

0.39

0.41

0.44

0.49

0.56

0.65

0.77

0.88

1.02

1.14

1.24

1.29

1.32

1.32

1.30

1.28

0°

0.54

0.57

0.63

0.69

0.77

0.88

1.01

1.15

1.28

1.38

1.44

1.48

1.48

1.46

1.43

L. = 40° (J.

= 40°

0.08

0.09

0.11

0.15

0.19

0.24

0 32

0.40

0.48

0.57

0.65

0.71

0.76

0.79

0.79

0.78

0.75

0.72

0.69

30°

0.17

0.19

0.23

0.27

0.32

0.40

0.48

0.59

0.09

0.80

0.88

0.94

0.96

0.97

0.95

0.92

0.89

0.84

20°

0.29

0.32

0.37

0.43

0.50

0.59

0.69

0.82

0.93

1.04

1.10

1.14

1.15

1.13

1.10

1.06

10°

0.40

0.44

0.48

0.53

0.62

0.70

0.81

0.94

1.06

1.18

1.27

1.30

1.31

1.29

1.27

1.22

0°

0.58

0.61

0.67

0.74

0.82

0.93

1.07

1.19

1.32

1.41

1.45

1.48

1.47

1.43

1.39

L.= 50° 4.

= 40°

0.09

0.11

0.14

0.17

0.22

0.29

0.35

0.43

0.51

0.60

0.68

0.73

0.77

0.78

0.78

0.76

0.72

0.69

0.64

0.59

30°

O.l'J

0.21

0.25

0.3(

0.37

0.44

0.53

0.63

0.73

0.82

0.90

0.94

0.96

0.95

0.93

0.89

0.84

0.79

20°

0.32

0.35

0.40

0.47

0.54

0.64

0.74

0.85

0.97

1.06

1.12

1.14

1.13

1.10

1.06

1.01

10°

0.44

0.47

0.52

0.58

0.07

0.77

0.87

0.98

1.11

1.21

1.28

1.30

1.30

1.27

1.22

1.17

0°

0.61

0.R6

0.71

0.8(

0.89

1.00

1.12

1.24

1.35

1.43

1.46

1.45

1.43

1.39

1.33

L.= 60° 4<

= 40°

0.11

0.14

0.17

0.21

0.28

0.33

0.40

0.48

0.55

0.63

o.7(

0.75

0.78

0.78

0.75

0.73

0.69

0.64

0.59

0.54

30°

0.22

0.25

0.30

0.36

0.42

0.50

0.58

0.68

0.77

0.86

0.92

0.95

0.95

0.93

0.89

0.84

0.79

0.73

20°

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.52

0.60

0.69

0.80

0.91

1.01

1.08

1.10

1.11

1.09

1.05

1.00

0.94

0.88

10°

0.49

0.52

0.57

0.65

0.73

0.82

0.94

1.06

1.16

1.24

1.29

1.30

1.27

1.24

1.18

1.11

0°

0.66

0.72

0.79

0.87

0.96

1.07

1.18

1.30

1.39

1.44

1.45

1.44

1.39

1.34

1.27

L.= 70° *■

= 40°

0.15

0.17

0.21

0.25

0.82

0.38

0.44

0.52

0.59

0.65

0.72

0.75

0.77

0.76

0.73

0.69

0.65

0.59

0.54

0.49

80°

0.25

0.29

0.34

0.4c

0.47

0.54

0.63

0.71

0.79

0.87

0.92

0.93

0.92

0.89

0.84

0.79

0.78

0.67

20°

0.4C

0.45

0.51

0.57

o.or

0.75

O.8.-

0.94

1.03

1.09

1.11

1.09

1.0.-

1.00

0.94

0.89

0.82

10°

0.58

0.04

0.71

0.79

0.88

0.98

1.09

1.19

1.2f

1.28

1.26

1.22

1.16

1.10

1.04

0°

0.72

0.78

0.84

0.93

1.02

1.13

1.24

1.34

1.41

1.44

1.42

1.38

1.33

1.27

1.2(

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TABLE B.

1 29

X + y..

2U0°

•270°

280°

2i)0°

300°

310°

:!20°

;wo°

310°

3.50°

0°

10°

20°

30°

10°

.W"

«0°

70°

80°

90°

10()°

L

= 80°(p=40°

0.17

0.21

0.26

0.30

0.36

0.42

0.49

0.55

0.62

0.68

0.72

0.74

0.74

0.72

0.68

0.64

0.59

0.53

0.49

0.43

80°

0.29

0.33

0.39

0.45

0.52

0.59

0.67

0.75

0.82

0.88

0.91

0.91

0.88

0.83

0.78

0.72

0.68

0.60

20°

0.45

0.51

0.57

0.64

0.71

0.81

0.90

0.99

1.05

1.09

1.08

1.05

1.00

0.94

0.87

0.81

0.75

10°

0.63

0.70

0.76

0.86

0 95

1.04

1.14

1.22

1.26

1.25

1.22

1.10

1.10

1.03

0.96

0°

0.78

0.85

0.92

1.01

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.38

1.42

1.42

1.38

1.33

1.27

1.20

1.13

L.

= 90° 41= 40°

0.21

0.25

0.29

0.35

0.40

0.46

0.52

0.58

0.65

0.69

0.72

0.73

0.72

0.68

0.63

0.58

0.53

0.48

0.43

0.38

0.33

30°

0.34

0.39

0.45

0.51

0.57

0.65

0.72

0.80

0.85

0.89

0.90

0.88

0.84

0.78

0.72

0.66

0.60

0.55

0.49

20°

0.51

0.5C

0.62

0.70

0.77

0.86

0.94

1.01

1.06

1.07

1.05

1.00

0.94

0.86

0.80

0.73

0.67

10°

0.71

0.77

0.85

0.93

1.02

1.10

1.18

1.23

1.25

1.23

1.17

1.10

1.03

0.96

0.89

0°

0.85

0.92

0.99

1.08

1.16

1:25

1.34

1.39

1.41

1.39

1.34

1.27

1.19

1.12

1.05

L.

= 100° 4. = 40°

0.25

0.29

0.34

0.38

0.44

0.50

0.55

0.61

0.66

0.69

0.71

0.70

0.68

0.64

0.58

0.53

0.47

0.42

0.37

0.32

0.28

30°

0.39

0.44

0.49

0.56

0.62

0.09

0.76

0.82

0.87

0.89

0.88

0.84

0.79

0.73

0.67

0.60

0..54

0.48

0.44

20°

0.57

0.63

0.69

0.77

0.84

0.91

0.98

1.03

1.06

1.06

1.01

0.95

0.89

0.81

0.74

0.68

0.62

10°

0.77

0.83

0.90

0.99

1.07

1.14

1.20

1.23

1.22

1.17

1.11

1.04

0.96

0.89

0.82

0°

0.92

0.98

1.05

1.14

1.22

1.30

1.36

1.39

1.38

1.33

1.26

1.19

1.11

1.04

0.97

L.

= 110°i?)=40°

0.34

0.39

0.44

0.49

0.54

0.59

0.63

0.67

0.70

0.70

0.68

0.64

0.59

0.54

0.49

0,43

0.38

0.32

0.27

0.24

30°

0.45

0.50

0.56

0.61

0.67

0.73

0.78

0.83

0.86

0.87

0.84

0.79

0.73

0.67

0.61

0.54

0.48

0.43

0.39

20°

0.64

0.70

0.70

0.82

0.89

0 . 95

1.00

1.04

1.04

1.01

0.95

0.89

0.81

0.74

0.67

0.62

0.56

10°

0.84

o.yi

0.97

1.04

1.11

1.17

1.21

1.21

1.18

1.12

1.05

0.96

0.88

0.82

0.75

0°

1.00

1.07

1.13

1.20

1.28

1..34

1.37

1.38

1.34

1.28

1.20

1.12

1.04

0.98

0.91

L.

= 120°<}i = 40°

0.39

0.43

0.4S

0.52

0.57

0.61

0.65

0.68

0.68

0.67

0.64

0.59

0..54

0.49

0.43

0,37

0.32

0.28

0.24

0.21

30°

0.55

0.60

0.66

0.71

0.76

0.80

0.84

0.85

0.84

0.79

0.74

0.67

0.61

0.54

0.48

0.43

0.38

0.34

20°

0.70

0.75

0.81

0.86

0.92

0.97

1.01

1.02

1.00

0.95

0.89

0.82

0.75

0.67

0.61

0.55

0.51

10°

0.91

0.97

1.02

1.08

1.14

1.18

1.19

1.17

1.12

1.04

0.96

0.89

0.82

0.75

0.69

0°

1.07

1.13

1.19

1.25

1.31

1.35

1.36

1.34

1.29

1.20

1.12

1.04

0.97

0.91

0.85

L.

^130° 4. =40°

0 . 44

0 . 48

0.52

0.56

0.60

0.63

0.66

0.67

0.67

0.65

0.60

0.55

0.49

0.43

0.37

0.33

0.28

0.24

0.21

30°

0.62

0.06

0.71

0.75

0.79

0.82

0.84

0.83

0.81

0.75

0.69

0.62

0,55

0.48

0.43

0.38

0.34

0.31

20°

0.76

0.81

0.80

0.91

0.95

0.99

1.01

1.00

0.97

0.90

0.83

0.75

0.67

0.01

0.55

0.50

0.40

10°

0.97

1.02

1.07

1.11

1.16

1.18

1.17

1.13

1.06

0.97

0.89

0.81

0.74

0.68

0.63

0°

1.14

1.19

1.24

1.28

1.32

1.35

1.34

1.29

1.22

1.13

1.05

0.97

0.88

0.84

0.79

L.

= 140° 4. = 40°

0.52

0.55

0.58

0.61

0.64

0.65

0.65

0.64

0.60

0.56

0.50

0.43

0.38

0.33

0.28

0.24

0.21

O.IS

30°

0.65

0.69

0.73

0.77

0.80

0.82

0.82

0.80

0.76

0.70

0.62

0.55

0.49

0.43

0.38

0.34

0.30

20°

0.86

0.90

0.94

0.97

0.99

1.00

0.97

0.92

0.85

0.77

0.69

0.62

0.56

0.51

0.46

0.43

10°

1.02

1.07

1.10

1.14

1.16

1.17

1.14

1.08

1.00

0.92

0.84

0.77

0.71

0.65

0.61

0°

1.19

1.24

1.27

1.31

1.33

1.33

1.30

1,24

1.16

1.07

0.99

0.91

0.85

0.79

0.75

L

= 150° 4 = 40°

0.55

0.58

0.61

0.63

0.64

0.64

0.63

0.61

0.56

0.51

0.45

0.39

0.33

0.28

0.24

0.21

0.18

0.17

30°

0.70

0.73

0.70

0.79

0.80

0.81

0.80

0.77

0.72

0.65

0.57

0.50

0.44

0.39

0.35

0.31

0.29

20°

0.89

0.92

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.97

0.93

0.87

0.79

0.70

0.62

0.55

0.50

0.46

0.43

0.40

10°

1.07

1.10

1.13

1.15

1.16

1.15

1.10

1.03

0.94

0.85

0.77

0.70

0.65

0.60

0.57

0°

1,24

1.2s

1.30

1.32

1.33

1.31

1.26

1.19

1.09

1 . 00

0.92

0.86

0.80

0.76

0 73

I30

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TABLE B.

A + ,x.

2G0°

270°

280°

290°

300°

310°

320°

330°

340°

350°

0°

10°

20°

30°

40°

50°

G0°

70°

80°

90°

100°

L.

= 160° 1^=40°

0.58

O.flO

0.02

0.63

0.64

0.63

0.61

0.57

0.52

0.46

0.40

0.34

0.29

0.25

0.22

0.19

0.17

0.16

30°

0.76

0.78

0.79

0.80

0.79

0.77

0.72

0.66

0.59

0.52

0.45

0.39

0.34

0.31

0.28

0.27

20°

0.92

0.95

0.90

0.97

0.96

0.93

0.88

0.81

0.73

0.64

0.57

0.51

0.46

0.43

0.40

0.39

10°

1.10

1.13

1.14

1.15

1.14

1.11

1.05

0.97

0.88

0.79

0.71

0.65

0.60

0.57

0.55

0°

1.27

1.30

1.31

1.32

1.31

1.27

1.21

1.13

1.03

0.94

0.86

0.81

0.70

0.73

0.71

L.

= 170° $ = 40°

0.62

0.63

0.63

0.62

0.60

0.57

0.52

0.47

0.39

0.33

0.29

0.24

0.21

0.18

0.16

0.15

30°

0.78

0.79

0.79

0.79

0.77

0.73

0.67

0.61

0.53

0.46

0.40

0.34

0.31

0.28

0.27

0.20

20°

0.95

0.96

0.97

0.96

0.94

0.90

0.83

0.76

0.67

0.59

0.52

0.47

0.43

0.41

0.40

10°

1.12

1.13

1.14

1.13

1.11

1.06

0.99

0.91

0.82

0.73

0.66

0.61

0.57

0.54

0.53

0°

1.30

1.30

1.31

1..30

1.27

1.22

1.15

1.06

0.97

0.88

0.81

0.76

0.72

0.70

0.69

L.

= 180° 1^=40°

0.63

0.63

0.62

0.60

0.57

0.54

0.49

0.42

0.36

0.30

0.25

0.21

0.18

0.17

0.16

0.16

30°

0.79

0.79

0.79

0.77

0.73

0.69

0.63

0.56

0.48

0.41

0.35

0.31

0.28

0.27

0.26

0.26

20°

0.96

0.96

0.96

0.94

0.90

0.85

0.78

0.70

0.61

0.53

0.47

0.43

0.40

0.39

0.38

10°

1.14

1.14

1.13

1.11

1.07

1.02

0.94

0.85

0.76

0.67

0.61

0.57

0.55

0.53

0.53

0°

1.31

1.31

1.30

1.28

1.24

1.18

1.09

1.00

0.91

0.82

0.77

0.73

0.71

0.69

0.69

L.

= 190°(fi=40°

0.63

0.62

0.60

0.57

0.54

0.49

0.44

0.38

0.31

0.26

0.21

0.18

0.16

0.15

0.15

0.10

30°

0,79

0.78

0.77

0.74

0.70

0.65

0.68

0.51

0.43

0.37

0.32

0.28

0.26

0.26

0.26

20°

0.97

0.96

0.94

0.91

0.87

0.81

0.73

0.65

0.56

0.49

0.44

0.41

0.39

0.39

0.40

10°

1.14

1.13

1.11

1.08

1.03

0.97

0.88

0.79

0.70

0.62

0.57

0.54

0.53

0.63

0.54

0°

1.31

1.30

1.28

1.24

1.19

1.12

1.03

0.94

0.85

0.78

0.73

0.70

0.69

0.69

0.70

L.

= 200°4i = 40°

o.on

0.58

0.54

0.60

0.45

0.39

0.33

0.27

0.22

0.18

0.16

0.15

0.16

0.17

30°

0.77

0.74

0.70

0.66

0.60

0.52

0.45

0.38

0.32

0.28

0.26

0.26

o.2r

0.28

20°

0.96

0.94

0.91

0.87

0.82

0.75

0.66

0.58

0.50

0.44

0.40

0.38

0.38

0.39

0.41

10°

1.14

1.11

1.08

1.04

0.98

0.91

0.82

0.73

0.65

0.58

0.54

0.53

0.53

0.55

0.57

0°

1.30

1.28

1.26

1.20

1.14

1.07

0.98

0.88

0.80

0.73

0.70

0.69

0.69

0.71

0.73

L.

= 210°<})=40°

0.58

0.55

0.50

0.40

0.40

0.34

0.28

0.22

0.18

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.17

0.19

30°

0.74

0.71

0.66

0.61

0.54

0.47

0.40

0.33

0.29

0.26

0.25

0.26

0.28

0.31

20°

0.91

0.87

0.82

0.7(

0.69

0.61

0.52

0.45

0.40

0.38

0.37

0.38

0.41

0.44

10°

1.11

1.08

1.04

0.99

0.93

0.85

0.76

0.67

0.60

0.55

0.52

0.52

0.54

0.57

0.60

0°

1.28

1.25

1.20

1.15

1.08

1.00

0.91

0.82

0.75

0.70

0.68

0.69

0.71

0.73

0.77

L.

= 220°4>=40°

0.55

0.51

0.46

0.41

0.34

0.28

0.23

0.18

0.15

0.14

0.15

0.16

0.19

0.22

30°

0.71

0.66

0.61

0.55

0.48

0.40

0.34

0.28

0.25

0.24

0.25

0.27

0.30

0 84

20°

0.88

0.S3

0.77

0.70

0.63

0.55

0.47

0.41

0.38

0.37

0.38

0.41

0.45

0.49

10°

1.05

1.0(

0.94

0.86

0.78

0.70

0.61

0.54

0.51

0.51

0.53

0.!>6

0.6(

0.64

0°

i.2r

1.21

i.ir

1.10

1.02

0.93

0,85

0.76

0.70

0.67

0.67

0.69

0.78

0.77

0.81

L.

= 230°4' = 40°

0.51

0.47

0.42

0.35

0.29

0.24

0.19

0.16

0.14

0.14

0.16

0.19

0.22

30°

0.67

11.62

o.sr

0.49

0.42

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.24

0.24

0.27

0.30

0.35

20°

i).8:

0.78

0.71

0.04

0..50

0.48

0.41

0.37

0.35

0.37

0.40

0.44

0.49

10°

0 . 99

0.94

0.87

0.79

0.71

0.62

0 . 55

0 . 5t

0.49

0.51

0.54

0.59

0 64

0.69

0"

1.21

l.K

l.K

1,02

0.95

0.80

0.78

0 70

0.6C

0 . 65

0 . 67

0.71

0.75

0.81

0.S6

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA. TAHIiK. 1}.

'31

A + /i.

•2(5(1°

270°

280°

290°

3(K)°

:{10°

320° 330°

310°

3.-iO°

0°

10°

20°

30°

W°

50°

60°

70°

80°

ao°

1(KI°

L

= 240° 4. =40°

0.46

0.41

0.35

0.29

0.24

0.19

0.15

0.13

0,13

0.15

0.18

0.22

0.26

30°

0.61

0.55

0,49

0.43

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.22

0,23

0.25

0.29

0.34

0.39

20°

0.78

0.72

0.65

0,57

0.49

0.43

0.37

0.34

0,35

0.38

0.43

0.49

0 54

1U°

0.94

0.87

0.81

0,73

0.64

0.57

0.51

0.48

0.49

0,53

0.58

0.64

0.70

0.76

0°

1.16

1.10

1.04

0.96

0.88

0,79

0.72

0.66

0.64

0.65

0.69

0.74

0.80

0.86

0.93

L

= 250°* = 40°

0.35

0.29

0.24

0.18

0.14

O.IS

0.12

0.14

0,18

0,22

0.27

0.32

30°

0.55

0.49

0 . 42

0.36

0.29

0.24

0.22

0.22

0.24

0.28

0.34

0.40

0,45

20°

0.71

0.65

0.57

0.50

0.43

0.37

0.34

0.34

0.37

0.42

0,48

0.55

0.61

10°

0.87

0.81

0,73

0.65

0.57

0.50

0.47

0.48

0.51

0.57

0.64

0.71

0.77

0°

1 09

1.03

0.97

0,89

0,81

0.73

0.66

0.63

0.63

0.67

0,73

0.80

0.87

0,94

1.00

L

= 260° 4. = 40°

0.34

0.29

0,23

0.18

0.13

0.11

0.10

0.12

0.17

0.22

0.27

0.32

30°

0.48

0.42

0.35

0.29

0.24

0.21

0.20

0.23

0.28

0.33

0.40

0.47

0,53

20°

0.64

0.57

0 . 50

0 . 43

0.37

0.33

0.32

0.35

0.40

0.47

0.54

0.62

0,69

10°

0.80

0.72

0.65

0,58

0,52

0.47

0.45

0.49

0.55

0.62

0.70

0.78

0.85

0°

1.02

0.96

0.S8

0.81

0.73

0.67

0.62

0.60

0.63

0,70

0.78

0.86

0.93

1.01

1.08

h

= 270° 4. =40°

0.28

0.23

0.18

0.14

0.11

0.10

0.11

0.15

0.21

0.27

0.33

0.40

30°

0.41

0.36

0.29

0.24

0.21

0.19

0.21

0.26

0.32

0.39

0.47

0.54

0.61

20°

0.56

0,49

0.42

0.37

0.32

0..30

0,32

0.37

0.45

0,53

0.61

0.69

0.76

10°

0.80

0.72

0,65

0.58

0.52

0.47

0.44

0,4(i

0.51

0.59

0.68

0.76

0.85

0.93

0°

0.95

0.88

0.81

0.74

0.67

0.62

0.59

0.01

0.66

0.74

0.83

0.92

1.01

1,08

1.15

L.

= 280° 4. = 40°

0.23

0.18

0,13

0.11

0.10

0.10

0,14

0.19

0.26

0.33

0.40

0.46

30°

0.35

0,29

0,24

0,20

0.18

0.18

0,23

0.29

0.38

0.46

0..53

0.60

0.67

20°

0.49

0.43

0.37

0.31

0.29

0.30

),35

0.42

0.51

).60

0.68

0.76

0 , 83

10°

0.71

0.65

0.57

0.51

0.46

).42

0.43

0.48

0,55

0.65

0.75

0.84

0.92

1,00

0°

0.87

0.81

0,74

0.67

0.62

0.58

0.58

0.63

0,71

0.81

0,91

1.00

1.09

1.16

1.22

L.

= 290°<fi=40°

0.17

0.13

0.11

0.09

0.10

0.13

0.18

0.26

0.33

0,40

0.47

0.53

30°

0.28

0.23

0.19

0.17

0.18

0.21

0.27

0.35

0.44

0.53

0.61

0.68

0.74

20°

).42

0.37

0,32

0.29

0.28

0.32

0.39

0,48

0.58

0,68

0.77

0.84

0.91

10°

0.63

).57

0.51

),45

0.42

0.41

0.45

0.51

0.62

0.72

0.83

0.92

1.00

1.07

0°

0.79

0.72

0.66

0,61

0.57

0.56

0.58

9.65

0.76

0.86

0,97

1.07

1.15

1.23

1,28

L.

= 300° 4, = 40°

0.13

0.10

0,08

0.09

0.11

8.16

9.23

9.30

0 39

0.46

0 . 53

).59

30°

0.29

0.24

0.20

0.18

0.17

0.19

3.25

3.33

9.42

0,52

3,60

3.68

0.75

0.81

20°

0.41

0.36

0,31

0,28

0.27

).29

J. 34

3.43

3.54

0.65

3.75

).83

).91

0.97

10°

0..57

0.51

0.46

0.42

0.41

),42

J. 47

3.57

3,68

0.80

).90

3.99

1,07

1.13

0°

0.73

0.67

0.61

0..57

0.55

0.56

3.61

3.70

3,82

9.94

1.05

1,14

1,22

1.29

1.35

L

= 310° 4. =40°

0 13

0.10

0.08

0.08

0.10

).14

3.20

3.28

3.36

9.45

3.52

3.59

0,65

30°

) 23

).19

0.16

).16

).17

D.22

3.29

3.38

3.48

9.58

3.67

3.74

9.81

0.86

20°

0..36

).32

0.2H

0,27

0.27

1.32

).40

3.. 50

).01

9.73

).83

).91

).97

1.03

10°

).51

0.46

0.42

0.40

0.40

1.44

3.52

3.62

3.75

9.87

),98

1.06

1,13

1.19

1.23

0°

0.67

0.61

0.57

9.55

0.54

3.57

3.65

3.75

3.88

1.00

1.11

1.20

1,29

1..34

1.39

132

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TABLE B.

A + ^.

>G0°

•270°

i80°

290°

300°

310°

320°

330°

340°

350°

0°

10°

20°

30°

40°

50°

60°

70°

80°

90°

100°

L.

= 320°4> = '10°

0.10

0.08

0.07

0.09

0.12

0.17

0.24

0.33

0.42

0.50

0.58

0.64

0.69

0.73

30°

O.IU

0.17

0.15

0.16

0.19

0.25

0.34

0.44

0.54

0.64

0.72

0.80

0.86

0.90

20°

0.32

0.29

0.26

0.26

0.29

0.35

0.44

0.55

0.08

).79

0.87

0.96

1.03

1.07

10°

0.46

0.42

0.39

0.38

0.40

0.46

0.56

0.67

0.81

0.93

1.03

1.12

1.19

1.24

1.28

0°

0.62

1.57

0.54

0.53

0.54

0.59

0.68

0.80

0.93

1.06

1.18

1.27

1.33

1.39

1.43

L.

= 330° ^ = 40°

0.08

0.07

0.08

0.10

0.15

0.21

0.29

0.38

0.47

0.56

0.63

0.69

0.74

0.77

30°

0.17

0.15

0.15

0.17

0.22

0.29

0.39

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.79

0.85

0.90

0.94

20°

0.28

0.26

0.25

0.27

0.31

0.39

0.49

0.62

0.74

1.85

0.95

1.02

1.07

1.11

10°

0.42

0.39

0.38

0.39

0.42

0.49

0.60

0.74

0.87

0.99

1.10

1.17

1.23

1.28

1.30

0°

0.57

0.54

0.52

0.52

0.56

0.62

0.72

0.86

0.99

1.12

1.23

1.32

1.38

1.43

1.46

L.

= 340° 4, = -10°

).08

0.07

0.07

0.09

0.13

0.18

0.26

0.34

0.44

0.53

0.61

0.68

0.73

0.78

0.80

30°

0.17

0.15

0.15

0.16

0.20

0.26

0.34

0.44

0.55

0.66

0.76

0.84

0.90

0.95

0.97

20°

0.26

0.25

0.26

0.29

0.34

0.43

0.54

0.68

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.06

1.11

1.14

1.16

10°

0.39

0.37

0.37

0.39

0.44

0.53

0.65

0.79

0.93

1.04

1.15

1.22

1.27

1.30

1.32

0°

0.53

0.51

0.51

0.53

0.57

0.66

0.77

0.90

1.04

1.18

1.28

1.36

1.41

1.45

1.47

L.

= 350° 4* = 40°

0.06

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.15

0.21

0.29

0.39

0.48

0.57

0.65

0.72

0.76

0.79

0.81

0.81

30°

0.15

0.14

0.15

0,17

0.22

0.29

0.36

0.48

0.60

0.71

0.80

0.88

0.93

0.96

0.98

0.99

20°

0.26

0.25

0.25

0.26

0.31

0.38

0.46

0.59

0.72

0.84

0.95

1.04

1.09

1.13

1.15

1.16

10°

0.37

0.37

0.38

0.42

0.49

0.57

0.70

0.84

0.98

1.09

1.19

1.25

1.29

1.32

1.33

0°

0.52

0.51

0.52

0.55

0.61

0.70

0.82

0.96

1.10

1.23

1.33

1.40

1.45

1.48

1.49

L.

= 360° 4, = 40°

0.08

0.07

0.08

0.10

0.13

0.18

0.25

0.33

0.43

0.53

0.61

0.69

0.74

0.78

0.81

0.82

0.82

30°

0.14

0.14

0.16

0.19

0.24

0.32

0.41

0.53

0.65

0.75

0.84

0.90

0.95

0.98

0.99

0.99

20°

0.24

0.24

0.25

0.28

0.34

0.41

0.51

0.63

0.77

0.S9

0.99

1.07

1.12

1.15

1.16

1.16

10°

0.37

0.38

0.40

0.44

0.51

0.62

0.73

0.88

1.02

1.13

1.23

1.28

1.31

1.33

1.33

0°

0.51

0.51

0.53

0.57

0.64

0.74

0.85

1.00

1.15

1.26

1.36

1.43

1.47

1.49

1.49

L

= 400° 4- = 10°

0.15

0.15

0.16

0.18

0.21

0.25

0.30

0.36

0.42

0.48

0.54

0.57

0.60

0.62

0.62

0.02

30°

0.26

0.26

0.26

0.28

0.31

0.35

0.41

0.48

0.56

0.63

0.69

0,73

0.76

0.78

0.79

0.79

20°

0 39

0.39

0.41

0.44

0.48

0.54

0.62

0.70

0.79

0.86

0.90

0.94

0.96

0.97

0.97

10°

0.53

0 . 53

0.54

0.57

0.61

0.68

0.7f

0.85

0.94

1.02

1.07

1.11

1.13

1.14

1.14

0°

0.69

0.69

0.70

0.72

0.76

0.82

0.91

1.00

1.09

1.18

1.23

1.27

1.29

1.31

1.31

L.

= 410° 4, =40°

0.15

0.16

0.18

0.21

0.24

0.29

0.34

0.40

0.47

0.53

0.57

0.60

0.62

0.63

0.63

0.62

30°

0.2f

0.26

0.28

0.30

0.34

0.40

0.45

0.53

0.6(

0.67

0.73

0.77

0.79

0.79

0.79

0.78

20°

0 . 39

0.41

0.43

0.47

0.52

0.59

0.67

0.70

U.83

0.90

0.94

0.96

0.97

0.96

0.95

10°

0.53

0.54

0.57

0 . 60

0.66

0.73

0.82

0.91

0.99

1.06

1.11

1.13

1.14

1.13

1.12

0°

0.69

0.70

0.72

0.76

0.81

0.88

0.97

1.06

1.15

1.22

1.27

1.80

1.31

1.31

1.30

L

= 420°4< = 40°

O.lfi

0.17

0.19

0.21

0.25

0.29

0.34

0.40

o.4r

0.52

0.57

0.61

0.63

0.64

0.63

0 . 02

O.fiO

0.58

30°

0.27

0.2H

0 31

0.34

0.39

0.4.'

0.52

0..59

0.6f

0.72

0,77

0.80

11.80

0.80

0.78

0.76

20°

0 . 3!

0.40

0.43

o.4r

0.51

0.57

0.65

0.7;

0.81

0.88

0.94

0.97

0.97

0.97

0.95

0.9:.

10°

0.54

0.5f

0 . 60

0.65

0.71

0.78

0.87

0.97

1.05

1. 11

1.14

1.14

1.14

1.12

1.0'J

0°

0.7(

0.72

0.75

0.8(

o.sr

0.98

1.02 I.IL

1.20

1.27

1.3(

1.31

1.31

1.29

1.27

ECLIPSES OP TIJE SUN IN INDIA.

133

A +M.

260°

270°

280°

290°

300°

310°

320°

:530°

340°

3ri0°

0°

10°

20°

30°

40°

50°

60°

70°

80°

90°

1(M)°

L.

= 430O(fi=40o

o.ir.

0.18

0.20

0.24

0.28

0.33

0..39

0.44

0.51

0.56

0.60

0.63

0,64

0.64

0,63

0.61

0.58

0.55

30°

0.28

0.30

0 34

0.38

0.43

0.50

0.57

0.64

0.71

0.76

0.80

0,81

0.80

0,79

0.76

0.73

0.70

20°

0.40

0.43

0.46

0.50

0.55

0.62

0.70

0.78

0,86

0.92

0.97

0,98

0.97

0.95

0.92

0.89

10°

0.56

0.59

0.64

0.69

0.77

0.85

0.93

1.02

1.09

1.14

1.15

1.14

1.12

1.09

1.06

0°

0.72

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.92

1.00

1.09

1.18

1.25

1.30

1.32

1.31

1.29

1.27

1.23

L.

= 440°4> = 40°

0.19

0.21

0.24

0.28

0.33

0.39

0.44

0.50

0 . 56

0.61

0.64

0.66

0,66

0,64

0.82

0.59

0.56

0.52

30°

0.30

0.34

0.38

0.43

0 . 49

0.55

0.62

0.70

0 76

0.80

0.82

0,81

0.80

0.77

0.74

0.70

0.65

20°

0.42

0.46

0.50

0.55

0.61

0,68

0.76

0.85

0.91

0.97

0.99

0,98

0,97

0.93

0.90

0.85

10°

0.60

0.64

0.69

0.75

0.83

0.91

1.00

1.08

1.14

1.16

1.16

1,14

1,10

1.06

1.02

0°

0.75

0.79

0,84

0.90

0.98

1.07

1.15

1.24

1.30

1.33

1.33

1,31

1,27

1,23

1.19

L.

= 450° 4. = 40°

0.21

0.24

0.28

0.32

0.37

0.43

0.48

0.54

0.60

0.64

0.67

0.67

0,06

0.63

0.60

0,56

0,52

0.48

0,44

30°

0.30

0.33

0.37

0.42

0.48

0.54

0.61

0.68

0.74

0.80

0.83

0.83

0,82

0.78

0,74

0,70

0,65

0.61

20°

0.46

0.50

0.55

0.61

0.67

0.75

0.82

0.90

0.96

1.00

1.00

0,99

0.95

0.91

0,86

0,81

0.76

10°

0.64

0.69

0.75

0.82

0.89

0,97

1.06

1.13

1.17

1.18

1,16

1,12

1,08

1,02

0.97

0°

0.79

0.84

0.90

0.98

1.05

1.14

1.22

1.30

1.34

1.35

1,33

1.29

1.25

1.19

1,14

L.

= 4fi0°4. = 40°

0.21

0.24

0.28

0.32

0.37

0.42

0.48

0.53

0.59

0.64

0.67

Q.68

O.08

0,65

0,62

0.58

0.53

0,48

0.43

0.39

30°

0.34

0.37

0.42

0.47

0.54

0.60

0.67

0.73

0.79

0.84

0.85

0.84

0,81

0,77

0,72

0.66

0,61

0.55

20°

0.50

0.55

0.60

0.66

0.74

0.81

0.89

0.96

1.01

1.03

1.01

0.98

0,93

0,87

0.81

0,75

0,70

10°

0.69

0.75

0.81

0.89

0.96

1.05

1.12

1.18

1.20

1.19

1.15

1,09

1.04

0.98

0,91

0°

0.84

0.90

0.96

1.04

1.12

1.21

1.28

1.34

1,36

1.35

1.31

1,26

1.20

1,14

1,07

L.

= 470° 4. =40°

0.24

0.28

0.32

0.37

0.43

0.48

0.53

0.58

0.64

0.68

0.70

0.69

0,67

0 64

0.59

0.54

0,48

0.43

0.39

0,34

30°

0.39

0.44

0.49

0.55

0.61

0.67

0.73

0.79

0.84

0.87

0.86

0.84

0,79

0.73

0.67

0,61

0.56

0,50

0,45

20°

0.56

0.62

0.68

0.74

0.81

0.88

0.95

1.01

1.05

1.03

1.01

0.95

0.88

0.82

0.76

0.70

0,64

10°

0.75

0.81

0.88

0.96

1.03

1.11

1.18

1.21

1.20

1.17

1.11

1.04

0.97

0,91

0.84

0°

0.91

0.97

1.03

l.li

1.19

1.27

1.34

1.37

1.37

1.33

1,27

1,20

1.13

1,06

1.00

L.

= 480° 4, = 40°

0.29

0.33

0.3S

0.43

0.48

0.53

0.59

0.64

0.68

0.71

0.71

0.70

0.66

0,61

0.55

0.50

0.44

0.39

0,34

0.29

0,26

30°

0.44

0.49

0.55

0.61

0.67

0.73

0.79

0,85

0.88

0.89

0.87

0.82

0.76

0,69

0.62

0.57

0.50

0.44

0,40

20°

0.61

0.67

0.74

0.8!

0.88

0.95

1. 01

1.05

1.06

1.03

0.98

0.91

0.84

0.76

0.69

0.62

0.57

10°

0.82

0.89

0.96

1.04

1.11

1.17

1.22

1.23

1.20

1.14

1.07

0.99

0.92

0,84

0.77

0°

0.98

1.04

1.12

1.19

1.27

1.33

1.38

1.40

1.37

1.30

1.22

1.14

1.07

0.99

0.92

L.

= 490° 41 =40°

0.33

0.38

0.43

0.48

0.54

0.58

0.64

0.68

0.72

0.73

0.72

0.70

0.65

0.58

0.52

0.46

0.40

0.35

0.29

0,25

0,21

30°

0.49

0.55

0.61

0.66

0.73

0.78

0.84

0.88

0.91

0.90

0.86

0.80

0.72

0.65

0.57

0.51

0.45

0,39

0,34

20°

0.68

0.74

0.81

0.87

0.95

1.00

1.06

1.08

1.07

1.02

0,95

0.86

0.78

0.70

0,63

0.57

0.52

10°

0.89

0.96

1.03

1.10

1.17

1.22

1.25

1.23

1.18

1.10

1.01

0.93

0.84

0,76

0.71

0°

1.05

1.12

1.19

1.26

1.33

1.38

1.41

1.39

1.34

1.26

1.17

1.08

0.99

0.92

0.85

L

= 500° (fi = 40°

0.43

0.48

0.53

0.58

0.63

0.68

0.72

0.74

0.74

0.72

0.68

0,62

0.55

0.48

0.41

0,35

0.29

0.25

0,20

0,17

30°

0.61

0.67

0.72

0.78

0.84

0.88

0.91

0.92

0.89

0.83

0,76

0.68

0.60

0.52

0.46

0.40

0.34

0.30

20°

0.75

0.81

0.87

0.94

1.00

1.05

1.08

1.09

1.05

0.99

0.90

0.81

0,71

0.64

0.57

0.51

0,45

10°

0.96

1.03

1.10

1.16

1.22

1.25

1.26

1.22

1.14

1.04

0.95

0,86

0.77

0.70

0.63

0°

1.13

1.19

1.26

1.33

1.38

1.42

1.43

1.37

1.29

1.19

1.09

1,00

0.91

0.84

0.78

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TABLE B.

A + ft.

260°

•270°

280^

2!K)°

300°

310°

320°

330°

310°

3.50°

0°

10°

20°

30°

40°

50°

60°

70°

80°

90°

100°

L= 510° 4. = 40°

0.49

0.54

0.59

0.65

0.69

0.73

0.76

0.77

0.75

0.72

0.67

0.59

0.52

0.44

0.38

0.32

0.26

0.21

0.17

0.14

30°

0.67

0.73

0.79

0.84

0.89

0.92

0.94

0.92

0.88

0.80

0.72

0.63

0.54

0.47

0.41

0.35

0.30

0.20

20°

0.82

0.88

0.94

1.00

1.05

1.09

1.11

1.09

1.03

0.95

0.85

0.75

0.06

0.57

0.50

0.45

0.40

10°

1.05

1.11

1.17

1.23

1.26

1.28

1.26

1.19

1.10

0.99

0.88

0.79

0.71

0.04

0.58

0°

1.21

1.28

1.34

1.39

1.43

1.44

1.42

1.35

1.24

1.14

1.03

0.93

0.85

0.77

0.72

1,. = 520° 4. = 40°

0.54

0.59

0.64

0.69

0.73

0.76

0.78

0.78

0.76

0.70

0.63

0.50

0.49

0.40

0.33

0.27

0.21

0.17

0.14

0.11

30°

0.73

0.79

0.84

0.89

0.93

0.95

0.95

0.92

0.86

0.77

C.68

0.58

0.50

0.42

0.36

0.30

0.26

0.22

20°

0.88

0.94

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.12

1.11

1.08

1.01

0.91

0.80

0.70

0.60

0.52

0.45

0.40

0.36

10°

1.11

1.17

1.22

1.27

1.29

1.29

1.24

1.16

1.05

0.94

0.82

0.72

0.64

0.57

0.52

0.48

0°

1.27

1.33

1.39

1.43

1.45

1.44

1.39

1.30

1.18

1.06

0.95

0.86

0.78

0.71

0.65

L. = 530° ifi = 40°

0.59

0.64

0.69

0.73

0.76

0.78

0.79

0.77

0.74

0.68

0.00

0.52

0.43

0.35

0.29

0.22

0.17

0.14

0.11

0.09

30°

0.79

0.84

0.89

0.93

0.96

0.96

0.95

0.90

0.83

0.73

0.63

0.54

0.44

0.37

0.30

0.26

0.22

0.19

20°

1.00

1.06

1.10

1.13

1.13

1.12

1.07

0.97

0.86

0.74

0.04

0.54

0.47

0.40

0.35

0.31

10°

1 17

1.23

1.27

1.30

1.31

1.28

1.22

1.12

0.99

0.87

0.70

0.07

0.59

0.52

0.48

0.44

0°

1.33

1.39

1.43

1.45

1.46

1.43

1.35

1.25

1.12

1.00

0.89

0.80

0.71

0.00

0.61

1,. = 540°4.=40°

0.69

0.73

0.76

0.78

0.80

0.79

0.77

0.72

0.65

0.58

0.49

0.40

0.32

0.25

0.20

0.16

0.12

0.10

0.09

30°

0.84

0.89

0.93

0.95

0.97

0.96

0.94

0.88

0.79

0.69

0.59

0.48

0.40

0.32

0.27

0.22

0.18

0.16

20°

1.05

1.10

1.12

1.44

1.13

1.10

1.03

0.93

0.81

0.69

0.58

0.49

0.42

0.36

0.32

0.28

10°

1.22

1.27

1.30

1.32

1.31

1.26

1.19

1.07

0.94

0.82

0.70

0.01

0.54

0.48

0.43

0.41

0°

1.38

1.43

1.46

1.47

1.46

1.41

1.32

1.20

1.07

0.94

0.82

0.73

0.67

0.61

0.57

L. = 550°.). = 40°

0.73

0.77

0.80

0.81

0.81

0.80

0.76

0.70

0.63

0.54

0.45

0.36

0.28

0.22

0.16

0.13

0.10

0.08

30°

0.89

0.93

0.96

0.98

0.97

0.92

0.86

0.76

0.65

0.55

0.44

0.30

0.29

0.23

0.19

0.17

0.15

20°

1.10

1.13

1.16

1.16

1.14

1.08

1.00

0.89

0.77

0.65

0.53

0.44

0.38

0.33

0.29

0,26

10°

1.27

1.30

1.32

1.32

1.29

1.24

1.14

1.02

0.89

0.70

0.65

0.50

0.49

0.44

0.41

0.39

0°

1.43

1.46

1.48

1.48

1.44

1.38

1.3^

1.14

1.01

0.88

0.77

0.68

0.62

0.57

0.54

1,. = 5fiO°4, = 40°

0.7fi

0.79

0.80

0.81

0.80

0.78

0.74

0.67

0.59

0.50

0.41

0.32

0.25

0.18

0.13

0.10

0.08

0.07

30°

0.95

0.97

0.98

0.97

0.95

0.90

0.81

0.72

0.60

0.49

0.39

0.31

0.24

0.20

0.17

0.15

0.14

20°

1.13

1.15

1.16

1.15

1.12

1.06

0.96

0.84

0.72

0.59

0.49

0.40

0.34

0.29

0.26

0.25

10°

1.30

1.32

1.33

1.31

1.28

1.20

1.09

0.97

0.83

0.70

0.60

0.51

0.44

0.41

0.88

0°

1.47

1.49

1.49

1.47

1.43

1.34

1.23

1.10

0.96

0.82

0.72

0.64

0.59

0.55

0.53

I,. = 570° 4. = 4(1°

0.81

0.82

0.82

0.80

0.77

0.72

0.64

0.55

0.46

0.37

0.28

).21

0.16

0.11

0.08

0.07

0.07

30°

0.98

0.99

0 . 99

0.97

0.93

0.87

0.79

0.68

0.57

0.46

0.36

).28

0.22

0.18

0.15

0.14

20°

1.15

1.16

1.16

1.15

1.10

1.03

0.93

0.81

0.68

0.56

0.45

0.37

1.31

0.27

0.26

0.25

10°

1,32

1 . 33

1 . 33

1.30

1 . 25

1.17

1.06

0.93

0.78

0.66

0.55

0.47

0.42

0 . 39

0.37

0.37

0°

1.48

1.49

1.48

1.45

1 . 39

1.30

1.18

1.04

0.90

).77

0.07

0.60

0.55

0.52

0.51

L. = 580°<J; = 40°

0.82

0.82

0.81

0.78

0.74

0.09

0.61

0.53

0.43

0.33

0.25

0.18

0.13

0.10

0.08

0.07

0.08

30°

0 . 99

0.99

0.98

).95

0.90

0.84

0.75

0.65

0.53

0.41

0.32

0.24

1.19

0.10

0.14

0.14

20°

1.16

1.16

1.15

1 12

1.07

0 . 99

B.89

0.77

0.03

1.51

0.41

0 34

0.28

0.25

0.24

0.24

10°

1 . 33

1.33

1.31

1.28

1.23

1.13

1.02

0.88

0.73

0.62

0.51

).44

0.40

0.38

0.37

0"

1.49

1.49

1.47

1.43

1.36

1.26

1.15

1.00

0.85

B.74

0.64

0.57

0.53

0.51

0.51

RCUPSF.S OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TA15LK 15.

>3S

A + ^.

2(iO°

•270°

•280"

•2!K>°

:!0()°

310°

320°

;{3()°

310°

:i50°

0°

10°

2(1°

ao°

10°

no°

60°

70°

80°

flO"

100°

L.

= 590° 41 = 40°

0.«2

0.81

0.79

0.76

0.72

0.65

0.58

0.49

0.39

0.29

0,22

0.15

0.10

0.08

0.07

0.07

30°

O.'JO

0.98

0.96

0.93

0.88

0.80

0.71

0.00

0.48

0.37

0.29

0.22

0.18

0.15

0.14

0.15

20°

1.16

l.l.'i

1.13

1.10

1.04

0.95

0,84

0.72

0.59

0.47

0.37

0,31

0.26

0.23

0.25

0.26

10°

1.33

1.32

1.29

1.25

1.19

1.09

0.97

0.84

0.70

0,57

0.48

0.42

0.38

0.37

0,37

0°

1.49

1.48

1.45

1.40

1.32

1.22

1.10

0.96

0.81

0,69

0.01

0.55

0..52

0,51

0.52

I,.

= 000° $ = 40°

0.80

0.77

0.73

0.08

0.61

0.53

0.44

0..34

0.20

0.18

0.13

0.C9

0.07

0,07

0.08

30°

0.97

0.94

0.89

0.83

0.75

0 . 65

0.55

0.44

0.34

0.25

0,19

0.10

0.14

0,14

0.17

20°

1.16

1.14

1.11

1.06

0 . 99

0.90

0.79

0,07

0.54

0,43

0.34

0.28

0.25

0.25

0.25

10°

1.32

1.30

1.27

1.22

l.U

1.05

0.92

0.79

0.03

0.52

0.44

0.40

0.37

0,37

0,39

0°

1.48

1.40

1.42

1.36

1.28

1.18

1.05

0.91

0.78

0.60

0.58

0.54

0.52

0.52

0,54

L

= 610° 4. = 40°

0.78

0.75

0.69

0.63

0.57

0.48

0.39

0,30

0.22

0.16

0.11

0.08

0.08

O.OK

30°

0.94

0.91

0.86

0.79

0.71

0.61

0.5U

0,3'J

0 . 29

0.23

0.18

0.15

0,15

0.17

20°

1.11

1.08

1.02

0 . 94

0.85

0.74

0,02

0.50

0.39

0.30

0.27

0.20

0,20

0,28

10°

1.30

1.28

1.23

1.17

1.10

0.99

0.87

0.73

0,00

0,49

0.42

0,39

0,38

0,39

0.42

0°

1.46

1.43

1.37

1.31

1.23

1.12

0.99

0.85

0,72

0.02

0.50

0.52

0,52

0,54

0.57

L.

= 020° 4. = 40°

0.73

0.70

0.05

0.58

0.51

0.42

0.34

0,25

0.18

0.12

0.09

0.08

0.08

0.10

30°

0 90

0.86

0.80

0.72

0.04

0.54

0.44

0.34

0.25

0,19

0.16

0.15

0,17

0.19

20°

1.07

1.03

0.96

0.88

0.79

0.07

0.55

0.44

0.34

0,28

0.25

0.25

0.28

0.33

10°

1.28

1.24

1.20

1.12

1.04

0.94

0.81

0.07

0.50

0,40

0,41

0.39

0.40

0.43

0.48

0°

1.42

1.39

1.33

1.26

1.18

1.07

0.93

0.81

0,08

0.59

0.55

0,52

0.53

0.57

0,61

L.

= 030° 4 = 40°

0.05

0.59

0.52

0.45

0.30

0.27

0.20

0.14

0.10

0.08

0.08

0.10

0.13

30°

0.87

0.81

0.75

0.67

0.59

0.48

0.38

0.30

0.22

0.18

0.10

0.17

0.19

0.23

20°

1.03

0.97

0.91

0.83

0,73

0.63

0.50

0,39

0.32

0.27

0.26

0.28

0.31

0.36

10°

1.24

1.20

1.14

1.06

0.98

0.87

0.75

0.62

0.51

0.44

0.40

0.40

0.42

0.46

0,51

0°

1.39

1.34

1.29

1.20

l.U

1.00

0.88

0.76

0.65

0.57

0.54

0.55

0.57

0.61

0,67

L.

= 640° 4 =40°

0.59

0.53

0.46

0.39

0.31

0.23

0,16

0.11

0.09

0,08

0.10

0.13

30°

0.81

0.76

0.69

0.61

0.52

0.42

0.33

0.25

0.19

0.17

0.18

0,20

0.24

0.29

20°

0.97

0.91

0.83

0.75

0.65

0.54

0,44

0,35

0.29

0.27

0,28

0,31

0.37

0.42

10°

1.13

1.07

0.99

0.90

0.80

0.08

0.57

0.48

0.42

0,40

0..t2

0,46

0.51

0.57

0°

1.34

1.28

1.21

1.13

1.04

0.93

0.82

0,70

0,01

0.56

0.55

0,50

0.61

0.66

0.73

L.

= 050° 4 = 40°

0.54

0.47

0.40

0.33

0.20

0.18

0.13

0.10

0.09

0.11

0.13

0.17

30°

0.73

0.69

0.62

0.54

0.45

0.30

0.28

0.22

0.19

0.18

0,20

0.24

0,29

20°

0.91

0.84

0.77

0.68

0.58

0.48

0.39

0.31

0.28

0,29

0.31

0,36

0,42

10°

1.00

1.00

0.92

0.83

0.72

0.02

0.52

0.45

0.41

0,42

0.40

0.51

0.58

0.64

0°

1.28

1.22

1.16

1.07

0.98

0.87

0.76

0.66

0.59

0.56

0.58

0.62

0.67

0.73

0.80

L.

= 660° 4 =40°

0.46

0.40

0.33

0.26

0.19

0.15

0.11

0.09

0.11

0.13

0.17

0.22

30°

0.68

0.61

0.54

0.47

0.39

0.30

0.24

0.19

0.19

0.21

0.25

0.30

0.35

20°

0.83

0.77

0.68

0.60

0.51

0.42

0.35

0,30

0.29

0,31

0.37

0.48

0.49

10°

1.00

0.92

0.84

0.75

0.65

0.56

0.47

0,43

0.42

0.40

0.51

0.57

0.65

0.71

0°

1.22

1.15

1.08

0.99

0.90

0.80

0.70

0.62

0.58

0.68

0.62

0.67

0.73

0.80

0.87

"36

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TABLE B.

>. + 11..

2li<)°

270°

280°

290°

.!(K)°

310°

320°

i-M°

;iio°

;J50°

0°

10°

20°

30°

40°

50°

G0°

70°

80°

90°

100°

L, = 670°if. = 40°

0 . 39

0.33

0.27

0.21

0.15

0.11

0.10

0.11

0.14

0.18

0.23

0.28

30°

0.01

0.54

0.47

0 . 39

0.32

0.20

0.21

0.20

0.21

0.25

0.29

0.36

0.42

20°

0.77

0.09

0.61

0.53

0.46

0.38

0.32

0.30

0.32

0.37

0.43

0.50

0.57

10°

0.93

0.85

0.7G

0.08

0.59

0.51

0.46

0.44

0.40

0.52

0.58

0.65

0.72

0.79

0°

1.15

1.08

1. 01

0.92

0 84

0.75

0.66

0.61

0.59

0.61

0.66

0.73

0.81

0.88

0.95

L = 080° 4) = 40°

0.33

0.27

0.22

0.17

0.13

0.11

0.12

0.14

0.18

0.23

0.29

0.34

30°

0.53

0.47

0.40

0.33

0.28

0.23

0.20

0.21

0.25

0.29

0.35

0.42

0.48

20°

0.69

0.62

0.54

0.47

0.40

0.35

0.32

0.32

0.37

0.43

0.49

0.57

0.63

10°

0.86

0.79

0.71

0.02

0.55

0.49

0.40

0.47

0.51

0.58

0.65

0.73

0.80

0°

1.08

1.02

0.95

0.86

0.78

0.70

0.64

0.61

0.02

0.67

0.74

0.81

0.89

0.96

1.03

I,. = 090° 4. = 40°

0.32

0.27

0.22

0.18

0.14

0.12

0.12

0.14

O.IS

0.24

0.29

0.35

30°

0.46

0.40

0.34

0.29

0.24

0.21

0.22

0.25

0.29

0.36

0.42

0.49

0.55

20°

0.02

0.55

0.48

0.42

0.37

0.34

0.34

0.37

0.43

0.51

0.58

0.64

0.71

10°

0.77

0.71

0.64

0.56

0.51

0.47

0.47

0.50

0.57

0.65

0.73

0.80

0.86

0°

1.00

0.93

0.87

0.80

0.72

0.66

0.63

0.62

0.66

0.72

0.80

0.88

0.96

1.02

1.09

I,. = 700°<f = 40°

0.27

0.22

0.18

0.15

0.13

0.13

0.15

0.19

0.24

0.29

0.35

0.41

0.46

30°

0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.22

0.22

0.25

0.29

0.35

0.42

0.49

0 . 55

0.61

20°

0.55

0.49

0.43

0.38

0.35

0.34

0,37

0.42

0.49

0.57

0.04

0.71

0.77

10°

0.77

0.71

0.65

0.59

0.53

0.50

0.49

0.51

0.56

0.64

0.73

0.80

0.87

0.94

0°

0.93

0.87

0.81

0.75

0.69

0.65

0.64

0.06

0.71

0.80

0.88

0.90

1.03

1.09

1.15

L. = 710°<)> = 40°

0.22

0.19

0.16

0.14

0.14

0.15

0.19

0.24

0.30

0.35

0.41

0.46

0.51

30°

0.34

0.30

0.27

0.24

0.23

0.25

0.29

0.34

0.42

0.48

0.55

0.61

0.00

20°

0.49

0.44

0.40

0.37

0.35

0.37

0.41

0.48

0.58

0.64

0.71

0.78

0.83

10°

0.70

0.65

0.59

0.55

0.51

0.49

0.50

0.56

0.62

0.71

0.80

0.87

0.94

1.00

0°

0.80

0.81

0.76

0.72

0.68

0.65

0.66

0.71

0.78

0.87

0.95

1.03

1.12

1. 10

1.21

L. = 720°4. = 40°

0.22

0.19

0.17

0.15

0.15

0.16

0.19

0.24

0.29

0.35

0.41

0.40

0.51

0.55

30°

0.34

0.30

0.27

0.25

0.24

0.25

0.28

0.34

0.40

0.47

0.55

0.61

0.60

0.70

20°

().4K

0.44

0.41

0.37

0.36

0.37

0.40

0.46

0.54

0.62

0.69

0.77

0.82

0.87

10°

0.0.5

O.Cl

0.57

0.53

0.51

0.52

0.55

0.01

0.69

0.78

0.86

0.94

0 99

1.05

0°

0.81

0.70

0.73

0 . 09

0.07

0.67

0.70

0.70

0.84

0.93

1.01

1.09

1.15

1.21

1.25

I,. = 730° 4. = 40°

0.18

0.10

0.15

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.22

0.28

0.34

0.40

0.45

0.50

0.54

0.58

30°

0.30

0.2K

0.26

0.25

0.25

0.28

0.33

0.39

0.47

0.54

0.00

0.66

0.70

0.74

20°

0.41

0.41

0.38

0.37

0.38

0.40

0.45

0.52

0.61

0.69

0.76

0.82

0.87

0.91

10°

0 . 5U

0.50

0.52

0.51

0.51

0.54

0.58

0.06

0.75

0.84

0.92

0.98

1.04

1.07

1.11

0°

0.70

0.72

0.70

0.08

0.67

0.69

0.74

0.81

0.91

1.00

1.08

1.14

1.20

1.24

1.27

1,. = 740° $=40°

0.17

0.15

0.15

0.10

0.18

0.22

0.27

0.33

0.39

0.45

0.50

0.54

0.58

0.60

30°

0.28

0.20

0.20

0.26

0.28

0.32

0.38

0.45

0.52

0.60

0.65

0.70

0.74

0.77

20°

0.40

0.3K

0.37

0.37

0.39

0.43

0.50

0.58

0.60

0.75

0.81

0.87

0.90

0.93

0.90

10°

0.50

0.54

0.52

0.52

0.53

0.5H

0.64

0.72

0.81

0.90

0.97

1.03

1.07

1.10

1.13

0°

0.73

0.70

0.69

0.08

0.69

0.73

0.79

0.87

0.97

1.06

1.14

1.19

1.24

1.27

1.29

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TA HLK 15.

m

A + («.

2G0°

270°

280°

2!H)°

3(M)

:!ln :;-in :;:!(1^'

aio°

350°

0°

10°

20°

30°

40°

50°

eo°

70°

80°

90°

100°

L.

= 750Oi)> = 40°

0.10

0.15

0.15

0.16

0.18

0.21

0.26

0.31

0.39

0.4-1

0.49

0.54

0.57

0.00

0.02

0.03

30°

0.20

0.26

0.20

0.28

0.32

0.37

0.43

0.51

0.58

0.05

0.70

0.74

0.77

0.78

0.79

20°

0 . 39

0 39

0.39

0.41

0.44

0.49

0.56

0.65

0.73

0.81

0.87

0.91

0.94

0.96

0.97

10°

0.54

0.53

0.53

0.54

0.57

0.62

0.70

0.79

0.88

0.97

1.03

1.08

1.11

1.13

1.14

0°

0.70

0.70

0.09

0.70

0.73

0.78

0.85

0.94

1.03

1.12

1.19

1.24

1.28

1..30

1.31

L.

= 700° $=40°

0.15

0.15

0.16

0.18

0.21

0.25

0.30

0.36

0.42

0.48

0.54

0.57

0.60

0.62

0.62

0.62

80°

0.26

0.26

0.26

0.28

0.31

0.35

0.41

0.48

0.56

0.63

0.69

0.73

0.76

0.78

0.79

0.79

20°

0.39

0.39

0.41

0.44

0.48

0.54

0.62

0.70

0.79

0.86

0.90

0.94

0.96

0.97

0.97

10°

0.53

0.53

0.54

0.57

0.01

0.68

0.70

0.85

0.94

1.02

1.07

1.11

1.13

1.14

1.14

0°

0.69

0.69

0.70

0.72

0.76

0 . 82

0.91

1.00

1.09

1.18

1.23

1.27

1 29

1.31

1.31

t38

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TABLE a

-

^

^

-

*" 1 »

° S

® S

'^ a

' 1

° s

TS ft.-r'

•^ — •?.

r' + r".

3 .5P

T' + r"

■s 15

y' + y".

3 t^

•s "i 5

y'+y".

ZS -I-

•sin

r'+r".

s bo

1 |n

y' + r"-

1 IP

3 s>

^1.2

g'|,2

||.s

«5 m;

« 3:

35.17

0

45.46

0

55.43

0

65.44

0

75.43

0

85.42

0

33.51

1

45 . 50

1

53.50

1

03 . 49

1

75.48

1

85.47

1

35.56

2

45.55

2

53.34

2

63.54

2

75.53

2

85.52

2

35.fi0

3

45.39

3

55.59

3

65.38

3

75.58

3

85.57

3

35 r, I

^^.

45 , 64

^^.

65.03

*=5

63.63

*^

73.63

*Z

85.62

5|

35 . C8

•"> s.

45.68

5|

53.68

5|

65.68

5|

75.68

5|

85.68

cr

cr

35.73

6 2.

43.73

6g

53.73

6 5

63.73

6 2.

75.73

62

85.73

65

3.-,. 77

Tg:

45.77

7^

35.77

7^

63 77

7=:

75.78

7=;

85.78

^i^

35.81

B''

45.82

8"

55.82

8-"

63.82

8"

75.83

8°

85.83

8"

35.85

9

43 . 86

9

55.86

9

65.87

9

75.87

9

85.83

9

35.90

10

45.90

10

55.91

10

63.92

10

75.92

10

85.93

10

35.94

11

45.95

11

55.96

11

65.97

11

75.97

11

85.98

11

35.98

12

45.99

12

56.00

12

—

—

—

—

—

—

36.00

Total.

46.00

Total.

56.00

Total.

60.00

Auiiular.

76.00

.\unulai'.

86.00

Annular

36.02

12

46.01

12

36.00

12

—

—

—

—

—

—

36.06

11

46 , 05

11

56.04

11

66 . 03

11

76.03

11

86.03

11

36 . 10

10

46.10

10

56.09

10

00.08

10

76 . 08

10

86.07

10

36.15

9

46.14

9

56.14

9

66.13

9

76.13

9

86.12

9

36.19

K.

■40.18

8«

50.18

K.

66.18

K.

76.17

8co

86.17

8c«

36.23

_ c

46.23

7|

56.23

7|

66.23

7 =

76.22

7 =

86.22

7|

30.27

6?

46.27

6 5

56 . 27

6?

60.27

6 2

s

76.27

62

86.27

6|

36.32

'' 5^

46.32

5=;

56 . 32

5=:

66.32

5=r

76.32

a

86.32

5=t

3(! . 36

■%'■

46 , 30

4"

.'-6 . 37

4^

60.37

4^

76.37

4"

86.38

4"

36 . 40

3

46.41

3

36.41

3

66.42

3

70.42

3

86.43

3

36 . \ i

2

46 . 45

2

50.46

2

66 . 40

2

70.47

2

86.48

2

36.4'J

1

40.30

1

36 . 50

1

00 . 3 1

1

76.52

1

86.53

1

36,53

(1

K, . ', i

II

56.33

0

66.50

0

76.37

0

86 . 58

0

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN /N INDIA.

TA I5LK I).

'39

A + ^.

260°

270°

280°

2!K)"

300°

310°

320°

3:10=

310°

3.W°

0°

to°

20°

30°

40°

50°

60°

70°

80°

90°

100°

L =

0° <J> =40°

S8.3

0.0

1.7

3.6

5.5

7.7

9.8

12.2

14.7

17.2

19.5

21.8 23.8

25.8

27.8

29.5

31.2

30°

59.3

1.0

2.8

4.7

6.8

9.2

11.5

14.2

16.8

19.3

21.7

23.8

26.0

27,8

29.7

31.3

20°

58.7

0.3

2.2

4.0

6.0

8.3

10.8

13.5

16.3

19.0

21.5

23.8

25.8

27.7

29.5

31.2

10°

.59.8

1.5

3.3

5.3

7.7

10.2

12.8

15.7

18.5

21.0

23.5

25.7

27.5

29.3

31.0

0°

59,3

1.0

2.8

4.8

7.0

9.5

12.2

15.0

17.8

20.5

23.0

25.2

27.2

29,0

30.7

L.=

10°4( = 40o

59.0

0.5

2.2

4.0

8.0

0.0

10.2

12.5

15.0

17.3

19.8

22.2

24.3

26.3

28.2

30.0

31.7

30°

59.7

1.3

3.0

5.0

7.0

9.3

11.7

14.3

16.8

19.3

21.8

24.2

26.2

28.2

29.8

31.5

20°

59.0

0.7

2.3

4.3

6.3

8.5

11.0

13.7

16.3

19.0

21.7

24.0

2G.0

28,0

29,8

31.5

10°

58.3

0.0

1.7

3.5

5.5

7.7

10.0

12.7

15.5

18.3

21.0

23.5

25.7

27.7

29.5

31.2

0°

59.3

1.0

2.8

4.7

6.8

9.3

11.8

14.7

17.5

20.3

22.8

25.0

27.2

29.0

30.7

L.=

20°<f = 40°

59.3

0.8

2.5

4.3

6.3

8.3

10.5

12.8

15.2

17.7

20.2

22.5

24.7

20.7

28.7

30.5

32.2

33.8

30°

58.5

0.0

1.7

3.5

5.3

7.3

9.7

12.0

14,5

17.2

19.7

22.2

24.5

26. 7

28.7

30.3

32.2

20°

59.2

0.7

2.5

4.3

6.3

8.5

10.8

13.5

16.3

19.0

21.7

24.0

26.2

28.2

30.0

31.7

10°

59.8

1.5

3.3

5.3

7.5

9.8

12.5

15.3

18.2

20.8

23.3

25.7

27.7

29.5

31.2

0°

59.3

1.0

2.7

4.7

6.7

9.0

11.7

14.5

17.3

20.2

22.7

25.0

27.2

29.0

30.7

L.=

30° 4. = 40°

59.8

1.5

3.2

4.8

6.7

8.7

10.8

13.2

15.7

18.2

20.5

23.0

25.2

27.3

29.3

31.0

32.7

34.3

30°

58.8

0.3

2.0

3.7

5.5

7.5

9.7

12.0

14.5

17.2

19.8

22.3

24.7

26.8

28.8

30.7

32.3

34.0

20°

59.3

0.8

2.5

4.3

6.3

8.5

10.8

13.3

16.2

19.0

21.7

24.2

26.3

28.3

30.2

31.8

10°

58.5

0.0

1.7

3.5

5.3

7.5

9.8

12.3

15.2

18.2

20.8

23.5

25.8

27.8

29.7

31.3

0°

59.3

1.0

2.7

4.5

6.5

8.8

11.5

14.2

17.2

20.0

22.7

25.0

27.2

29.0

30.7

L =

40° 4) = 40°

58.8

0.3

1.8

3.5

5.2

7.0

9.0

11.2

13.5

15.8

18.3

20.8

23.3

25.5

27.7

29.7

31.5

33.2

34.8

30°

59.0

0.5

2.2

3.8

5.7

7.5

9.7

12.0

14.7

17.3

20.0

22.5

25.0

27.2

29.2

31.0

32.7

34.3

20°

59.5

1.0

2.7

4.5

6.3

8.5

10.8

13.5

16.3

19.2

21.8

24.3

26.7

28.7

30.5

82.2

10°

58.3

59.8

1.5

3.2

5.2

7.2

9.7

12.2

15.0

18.0

20.8

23.5

25.8

27.8

29.7

31.5

0°

59.2

0.8

2.5

4.3

6.3

8.7

11.3

14.0

17.2

20.0

22.7

25.2

27.2

29.2

30.8

L.=

50° 4> = 40°

59.2

0.5

2.2

3.7

5.5

7.3

9.2

11.3

13.7

16.2

18.7

21.2

23.7

26.0

28.0

30.0

32.0

33.7

.35.3

36.8

30°

59.2

0.7

2.2

3.8

5.7

7.7

9.8

12.2

14.7

17.3

20.2

22.7

25.2

27.3

29.5

31.3

33,0

34,7

20°

59.5

1.0

2.7

4.5

6.3

8.5

10.8

13.5

16.3

19.2

22.0

24.5

26.8

28.8

30.7

32.5

10°

58.5

0.0

1.5

3.3

5.2

7.2

9.5

12.2

15.0

18.0

21.0

23.7

25.8

28.0

.30.0

31.7

0°

59.2

0.7

2.3

4.3

6.3

8.7

11.2

14.0

17.0

20.0

22.5

25.2

27.3

29.2

31.0

L.=

60°<fi=40°

59.2

0.7

2.2

3.8

5.5

7.3

9.3

11.5

13.7

10.2

18.7

21.3

23.8

26.2

28.3

30.3

32.2

33.8

35.5

37.0

30°

59.2

0.7

2.2

3.8

5.7

7.7

9.7

12.2

14.7

17.3

20.2

22.8

25.3

27.5

29.5

31.5

33.2

34.8

20°

59.5

1.0

2.7

4.5

6.3

8.5

10.8

13.5

16.3

19.3

22.0

24.7

27.0

28.8

30.8

32.5

34.2

10°

58.3

59.8

1.3

3.2

5.0

7.2

9.5

12.2

15.0

18.0

21.0

23.7

26.0

28.2

30.0

31.7

0°

59.0

0.7

2.3

4.2

6.2

8.5

11.2

14.2

17.2

20.2

22.8

25.3

27.3

29.3

31.0

L.=

70°(f =40°

59.3

0.7

2.2

3.8

5.7

7.5

9.3

11.5

13.8

16.3

18.8

21.5

24.0

26.3

28.5

30.5

32.3

34.2

85.7

37.3

30°

59.3

0.8

2.3

4.0

5.8

7.7

9.8

12.2

14.7

17.7

20.3

23.0

25.5

27.8

29.8

31.7

33.3

35.0

20°

59.5

1.0

2.7

4.3

6.3

8.5

10.8

13.5

16.5

19.3

22.2

24.8

27.2

29.2

31.0

32.7

34.3

10°

59.8

1.5

3.2

5.2

7.2

9.5

12.3

15.2

18.3

21.3

23.8

26.2

28.3

30.2

31,8

0°

59.0

0.5

2.2

4.2

6.2

8.7

11.2

U.2

17.3

20.5

23.2

25.5

27.5

29.3

31.2

ECL/PSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TABLE 1).

.-,.

260°

■270°

280°

290°

300°

310°

320°

330°

340°

■a:<o°

0°

10°

20°

30°

40°

50°

G0°

70°

80°

90°

100°

L.

= 80° $=40°

59.3

0.7

2.2

3.8

5.5

7.3

9.3

11.5

13.8

16.3

19.0

21.5

24.0

26.3

28.6

30.5

32.3

34.2

35.7

37.3

30°

59.2

0.5

2.2

3.5

5.5

7.5

9.7

12.0

14.7

17.5

20.3

23.0

25.5

27.7

29.7

31.5

33.3

34.8

20°

59.3

0.8

2.5

4.3

6.2

8.3

10.7

13.5

16.3

19.3

22.2

24.8

27.0

29.2

31.0

32.7

34.2

10°

59.7

1.3

3.0

5.0

7.2

9.6

12.3

15.3

18.5

21.3

24.0

26.3

28.3

30.2

32.0

0°

58.8

0.5

2.2

4.2

6.2

8.5

11.3

14.3

17.5

20.5

23.2

25.5

27.7

29.5

31.2

L.

= 90° 4. = 40°

59 . 2

0.7

2.2

3.8

5.5

7.3

9.3

11.5

13.8

16.3

18.8

21.5

24.0

26.3

28.5

30.5

32.3

34.2

35.7

37.2

38.7

30°

59.0

0.5

2.2

3.8

5.5

7.5

9.7

12.2

14.8

17.5

20.3

23.2

25.5

27.8

29.8

31.7

33.3

34.8

36.3

20°

59.2

0.7

2.3

4.2

6.0

8.2

10.7

13.6

16.5

19.5

22.2

24.8

27.0

29.2

30.8

32.7

34.2

10°

59.7

1.2

3.0

5.0

7.2

9.7

12.3

15.5

18.7

21.5

24.2

26.3

28.3

30.2

31.8

0°

58.8

0.5

2.2

4.2

6.3

8.7

11.5

14.7

17.8

20.8

23.5

25.7

27.7

29.5

31.2

L.

= 100° 4. = 40°

58.8

0.3

1.8

3.3

5.2

7.0

8.8

11.0

13.3

16.0

18.5

21.2

23.7

26.0

28.2

30.2

32.0

33.8

35.3

36.8

38.3

30°

58.7

0.2

1.7

3.5

5.2

7.2

9.6

11.8

14.5

17.3

20.2

22.8

25.3

27.5

29.5

31.3

33.0

34.7

36.0

20°

59.0

0.5

2.2

4.0

6.0

8.2

10.8

13.5

16.5

19.5

22.3

24.7

27.0

29.0

30.8

32.5

34.0

10°

59 . 5

1.2

3.0

5.0

7.2

9.7

12.5

15.7

18.7

21.8

24.2

26.3

28.3

30.2

31.7

0°

58.8

0.3

2.3

4.2

6.3

8.8

11.8

15.0

18.2

21.0

23.5

25.8

27.8

29.7

31.2

L.

= 110° 4. = 40°

59.8

1.3

3.0

4.7

6.5

8.5

10.7

13.2

15.7

18.3

20.8

23.3

25.7

27.8

29.8

31.7

33.3

35.0

36.5

38.0

30°

58.5

0.0

1.7

3.3

5.2

7.2

9.3

11.8

14.5

17.3

20.2

22.8

25.2

27.3

29.3

31.2

32.8

34.3

35.8

20°

59.0

0.5

2.2

4.0

6.0

8.2

10.8

13.5

16.5

19.5

22.2

24.7

27.0

29.0

30.7

32.3

33.8

10°

59.5

1.2

2.8

5.0

7.2

9.7

12.7

15.7

18.8

21.8

24.2

26.2

28.2

30.2

31.8

0°

58.8

0.5

2.2

4.2

6.5

9.0

12.0

15.2

18.3

21.3

23.8

25.8

27.8

29.5

31.2

L.

= 120° 4 = 40°

59.3

0.8

2.5

4.2

6.0

8.0

10.2

12.5

15.0

17.7

20.3

22.8

25.2

27.3

29.3

31.2

32.8

34.5

36.0

37.3

30°

59.5

1.2

2.8

4.7

6.7

8.8

11.3

U.O

16.8

19.7

22.3

24.7

26.8

28.8

30.7

32.3

34.0

35.3

20°

58.7

0.2

1.8

3.7

5.7

8.0

10.5

13.3

16.3

19.3

22.0

24.5

26.7

28.7

30.5

32.2

33.7

10°

59.3

1.0

2.8

4.8

7.0

9.7

12.5

15.7

18.8

21.5

24.0

26.2

28.2

29.8

31.5

0°

58.8

0.5

2.3

4.3

6.7

9.2

12.2

15.3

18.5

21.3

23.7

25.8

27.8

29.5

31.2

L.

= 130° 4, =40°

59.0

0.6

2.0

3.8

5.7

7.7

9.8

12.2

14.7

17.2

19.8

22.3

24.7

26.8

28.8

30.7

32.3

34.0

35.5

30°

59.3

0.8

2.5

4.3

6.3

8.7

11.0

13.7

16.5

19.3

22.0

24.3

26.5

28.5

30.3

32.0

33.7

35.0

20°

58.5

0.0

1.7

3.5

5.5

7.8

10.3

13.2

16.2

19.0

21.8

24.2

26.5

28.3

30.2

31.8

33.3

10°

.59.3

1.0

2.8

4.8

7.2

9.7

12.7

15.7

18.7

21.6

24.0

26.2

28.0

29.8

31.5

0°

58.8

0.5

2.3

4.3

6.8

9.3

12.3

15.5

18.5

21.3

23.7

25.8

27.8

29.5

31.2

L.

= 140° 4. =40°

59 . 8

1.5

3.2

5.0

7.0

9.2

11.5

13.8

16.5

19.0

21.5

24.0

26.0

28.0

30.0

31.7

33.3

34.8

30°

58.8

0.5

2.2

4.0

6.0

8.2

10.5

13.2

16.0

18.8

21.5

24.0

26.0

28.0

29.8

31.5

33.2

20°

59.8

1.6

3.3

5.3

7.5

10.0

12.8

15.8

18.8

21.5

24.0

26.2

28.2

20.8

31.5

33.0

10°

59.2

0.8

2.7

4.7

6.8

9.5

12.3

15.5

18.5

21.3

23.7

25.8

27.8

29.5

31.2

0°

58.8

0.5

2.3

4.5

fi.7

9.3

12.3

15.5

18.5

21.3

23.7

25.8

27.7

29.5

31.2

L.

= 150° 4 = 40°

59.2

0.8

2.6

4.3

6.3

8.5

10.8

13.2

15.8

18.3

20.8

23.2

25.3

27.3

29.2

31. 0

32.7

34.2

30°

.58.5

0.2

1.8

3.5

5.5

7.7

10.2

12.8

15.5

18.3

21.0

23.3

25.5

27.5

29.8

31.2

32 7

20°

59.5

1.2

3.0

5.0

7.2

9.7

12.6

15.3

18.3

21.0

23.6

25.7

27.7

29.5

31.2

32.7

10°

59.2

0.8

2.7

4.7

0.8

9.5

12.8

15.8

18.3

21.2

23.7

26.8

27.7

29.5

31.2

IJ°

58.8

0.7

2.5

4.5

6.8

U.5

12.8

15.3

18.5

21.2

23.7

25.8

27.7

29.5

81.2

ECL/PSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TAI'. LI-: I>.

A + ^.

2(;(t

27(1 2i!(l

290°

300°

310°

:j2o°

:i;t() :'.i(i :!.".() o' 10 2(1'

30°

40°

50^

i;(i

711

!;ii

!lll

100°

L.

= 160=><f. = 40°

58.5

0.2

1.8

3.7

5.7

7.7

10.0

12.5

15.2

17.7

20.0

22.3

24.5

26.5

28.5

30.2

31.8

3.33

30°

59.7

1.3

3.2

5.2

7.3

9.7

12.3

15.0

17.8

20.3

22.8

25.0

27.0

29.0

30.7

32.2

20°

59.3

1.0

2.7

4.7

7.0

9.3

12.2

15.0

18.0

20.7

23.2

25.3

27.3

29.2

30.8

32.3

10°

59.0

0.7

2.5

4.5

0.7

9.2

12.0

15.0

18.0

20.8

23.3

25.5

27.5

29.3

31 0

0°

59.0

0.7

2.5

4.5

0.8

9.3

12.2

15.3

18.3

21.0

23.5

25.7

27.7

29.3

31.0

L.

= 170° (J. = 40°

59.7

1.3

3.2

5.0

7.0

9.3

11.7

14.3

16.8

19.3

21.7

24.0

26.0

27.8

29.7

31.3

30°

59.2

0.8

2.7

4.7

0.7

9.0

11.7

14.3

17.2

19.8

22.2

24.5

2C.5

28.3

30.2

31.7

20°

59.2

0.8

2.5

4.5

6.7

9.2

11.8

14.7

17.5

20.3

22.8

25.2

27.2

29.6

30.7

10°

59.0

0.7

2.5

4.3

6.7

9.2

11.8

14.8

17.8

20.7

23.2

25.5

27.5

29.2

30.8

0°

59.0

0.7

2.5

4.5

6.8

9.3

12.2

15.2

18.2

21.0

23.5

25.7

27.7

29.3

31.0

L

= 180° 4. = 40°

59.2

0.8

2.5

4.5

6.5

8.7

11.2

13.7

16.2

18.7

21.2

23.3

25.3

27.3

29.2

30.8

30°

58.8

0.5

2.3

4.2

6.3

8.7

11.2

13.8

16.5

19.3

21.8

24.0

26.0

28.0

29.8

31.3

20°

58.8

0.5

2.2

4.2

6.3

8.7

11.3

14.2

17.0

19.8

22.5

24.7

26.7

28.5

30.3

10°

58.8

0.5

2.2

4.2

0.3

8.8

11.7

14.5

17.5

20.3

23.0

25.2

27.2

29.0

30.7

0°

59.0

0.7

2.5

4.5

6.7

9.2

12.0

15.0

18.0

20.8

23.3

25.5

27.5

29.3

31.0

L

= 190° $ = 40°

58.7

0.3

2.0

3.8

6.0

8.2

10.5

13.0

15.7

18.2

20.5

22.8

24.8

26.8

28.7

30.3

30°

58.5

0.2

2.0

3.8

6.0

8.2

10.7

13.3

16.2

18.8

21.3

23.7

25.8

27.7

29.5

20°

58.5

0.2

1.8

3.8

5.8

8.2

10.8

13.7

16.7

19.3

22.0

24.3

26.3

28.2

30.0

10°

58.7

0.3

2.0

4.0

6.2

8.5

11.3

14.2

17.2

20.0

22.7

25.0

27.0

28.8

30.5

0°

59.0

0.7

2.3

4.3

6.5

9.0

11.8

14.8

17.8

20.7

23.2

25.5

27.5

29.3

31.0

L.

= 200° 4. = 40°

59.8

1.7

3.5

5.5

7.7

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.7

20.0

22.3

24.5

20.3

28.2

30°

59.7

1.5

3.3

5.3

7.7

10.2

12.8

15.7

18.3

20.8

23.2

25.3

27.2

29.0

20°

58.3

0.0

1.7

3.5

5.7

8.0

10.7

13.5

16.3

19.2

21.8

24.2

26.2

28.0

29.8

10°

58.7

0.3

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.5

11.2

14.2

17.2

20.0

22.7

25.0

27.0

28.8

30.7

0°

59.0

0.7

2.3

4.3

6.5

9.0

11.7

14.7

17.8

20.7

23.2

25.5

27.5

29.3

31.0

L.

= 210° $=40°

.59.2

1.0

2.8

4.8

7.0

9.3

11.8

14.5

17.0

19.5

21.8

23.8

25.8

27.7

30°

59.3

1.2

3.0

5.0

7.3

9.8

12.5

15.3

18.0

20.7

23.0

25.0

27.0

23.8

20°

59.8

1.5

3.3

5.5

7.8

10.3

13.2

16.2

19.0

21.7

24.0

26.2

28.0

29.8

10°

58.5

0.2

1.8

3.7

5.8

8.2

10.8

13.8

17.0

19.8

22.5

24.8

27.0

28.8

30.5

0°

58.8

0.5

2.3

4.2

6.3

8.8

11.5

14.7

17.7

20.5

23.2

25.5

27.5

29.3

31.2

L.

= 220° $ = 40°

58.8

0.5

2.3

4.3

6.7

9.0

11.5

14.2

10.7

19.2

21.5

23.5

25.5

27.3

30°

59.2

0.8

2.7

4.8

7.2

9.7

12.3

15.2

17.8

20.5

22.8

24.8

26.8

28.5

20°

59.5

1.2

3.0

5.2

7.5

10.2

13.0

16.0

18.8

21.5

23.8

26.0

27.8

29.5

10°

0.0

1.8

3.7

5.8

8.2

U.O

13.8

17.0

20.0

22.7

25.0

27.0

28.8

30.5

0°

0.5

2.2

4.0

5.8

8.0

10.0

13.2

16.2

19.0

22.3

25.0

27.3

29.3

31.2

32.8

L.

= 230° 4=40°

58.3

0.2

2.0

4.2

6.3

8.7

11.3

13.8

16.5

18.8

21.2

23.3

25.2

30°

58.8

0.7

2.5

4.7

6.8

9.5

12.2

15.0

17.7

20.3

22.7

24.7

26.7

20°

59.3

1.0

3.0

5.0

7.5

10.0

13.0

16.0

18.8

21.5

23.8

25.8

27.8

10°

59.8

1.7

3.5

5.7

8.0

10.8

13.8

17.0

19.8

22.5

24.8

26.8

28.8

30.5

0°

58.8

0.5

2.2

4.2

6.3

8.7

11.5

14.5

17.7

20.7

23.2

25.7

27.7

29.5

31.2

142

ECUPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TABLE D.

A -i- ^,.

2G0°

270°

280°

2iM)°

aoo°

310°

320°

330°

310'

350°

0°

10°

20°

30°

40°

50°

60°

70°

80°

90°

100°

L.

= 240° 4, = 40°

58.2

0.0

1.8

4.0

6.2

8.7

11.3

13.8

16.5

18,8

21,2

23,2

25.0

30°

i>8.8

0.5

2.5

4.7

7,0

9,5

12,3

15.2

17,8

20,3

22,7

24,8

26,7

20°

59.2

1.0

2.8

5,0

7.5

10,2

13.0

16.0

19,0

21.5

23,8

25,8

27,7

10°

0.0

1.8

3.7

5,7

8.2

11,0

14.0

17.2

20.2

22.7

25,0

27,0

28,8

30.5

0°

58.8

0.5

2.2

4.2

6,3

8.7

11.5

14.7

17.8

20.8

23.3

25.7

27.7

29,5

31.2

L

= 250° 4. — 40°

59.8

1.8

4,0

6.3

8.8

11.3

14.0

16.5

18.8

21,2

23,2

25,0

S0°

.58.7

0.3

2.3

4,5

7.0

9,5

12.3

15.2

17,8

20.3

22.7

24.7

26.5

20°

59.2

0.8

2.8

5,0

7.5

10,2

13.2

16,3

19,0

21.5

23.8

25.8

27,7

10°

59.8

1.5

3.5

5,7

8.2

11,0

14.2

17.3

20,2

22.7

25.0

27,0

28.8

0°

58.8

0.5

2.2

4.2

6.3

8.8

11,7

14.8

18.0

21,0

23.5

25.8

27,8

29,5

31.2

L

= 2fi0° 41 — 40°

58.2

0.0

2.0

4.2

6.5

9,0

11.7

14.3

16.8

19,2

21,2

23,2

30°

58.8

0.7

2.7

4,8

7.3

10,0

12.8

15.7

18,3

20,7

22,8

24,8

26,7

20°

59.2

1.0

3.0

5,3

7.8

10,7

13,7

16.7

19,3

21,8

24,0

26,0

27,8

10°

59.8

1.7

3.7

5,8

8.5

11,3

14,5

17.5

20,3

22,8

25,2

27.2

28,8

0°

58.8

0.3

2.2

4.2

6,5

9,0

11,8

15.0

18,2

21,2

23.7

25,8

27.8

29,7

31,2

L.

= 270°4i = 40°

58.2

0.0

2,2

4,3

6.7

9.3

12.0

14.5

17.0

19.3

21,3

23,3

30°

58.8

0.7

2.8

5,0

7.5

10.3

13.2

15,8

18.5

20.8

23,0

24,8

26,7

20°

59.3

1.2

3.3

5.7

8.2

11.0

14.0

17.0

19.7

22.0

24,3

26.2

28,0

10°

58 . 2

0.0

1.8

3.8

6.0

8.7

11.7

14.8

17.8

20.7

23.0

25,2

27.2

28.8

(1°

58.8

0.5

2.3

4.3

6.5

9.2

12.2

15,3

18.5

21.3

23.7

25.8

27.8

29.5

31,2

L.

= 280° 4 =40°

58.7

0.7

2.7

5.0

7,5

10.0

12,7

15,2

17,5

19,8

21.8

23,7

30°

59.2

1.2

3.3

5.7

8,2

11,0

13.8

16,5

19.0

21.3

23.3

25,2

27.0

20°

.59.5

1.5

3.5

6.0

8.5

11.5

14.5

17.3

20,0

22.3

24.3

26.3

28.0

10°

58.3

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.3

9.0

12,0

15.2

18,2

20,8

23.2

25,3

27.2

29.0

0°

58.8

0.5

2.3

4.5

6.8

9,5

12.5

15.7

18.7

21.0

23.8

25,8

27 8

29,5

31.2

L.

= 290°4i = 40°

59.3

1.3

3.3

5.5

8,0

10.8

13.3

15.8

18,0

20.3

22,3

24.0

30°

.59.5

1.5

3,7

6.0

8,7

11.3

14,2

16.8

19.3

21.5

23,5

25.3

27,0

20°

59.7

1.7

3,8

0.3

8,8

11,8

14.8

17.7

20,2

22,5

24,5

26.3

28,0

10°

58.5

0.2

2.2

4.2

6.7

9,3

12,3

15,5

18.3

21,0

23,3

25,3

27.2

28,8

0°

58.8

0.7

2.5

4.5

6.8

9,5

12.7

15.8

18.8

21.3

23,8

25.8

27.8

29,5

31.0

L.

= 300° 4 = 40°

59.7

1.8

4.0

G.S

8,8

11,3

13.8

16.3

18,7

20,7

22.7

24.5

30°

58.2

0.0

2.0

4.2

6,7

9,3

12.0

14.8

17.3

19.8

22.0

24.0

25,8

27,5

20°

58.3

0.2

2.2

4,3

6,7

9.5

12,3

15.2

18.0

20.5

22.7

24.7

26,5

28,2

10°

58.7

0.5

2.5

4.7

7.0

9,8

12,7

15,8

18.7

21.2

23,5

25.5

27,3

29,0

0°

59.0

0.7

2.7

4,7

7.2

9,8

12,8

15.8

18.8

21,5

23,8

25,8

27,7

29,3

31.0

L.

= 310° 4. = 40°

58.5

0.3

2.3

4,7

7.0

9,3

12,0

14.6

16.8

19,2

21,2

23.2

25,0

30°

58.7

0,5

2.6

4,7

7.2

9.8

12,5

15.2

17.7

20.2

22,2

24.2

26.0

27,7

20°

58.7

0.5

2.5

4,8

7.2

9,8

12,7

15.7

18,3

20,7

23,0

25.0

26,7

28,3

10°

58.8

0,7

2.7

4,8

7.3

10,0

13,0

IS. 8

18,721,2

23,5

25.5

27.3

29,0

30.5

0'

59.0

0.8

2.7

4.8

7.5

10,0

13,0

16.0

18.821.3

23.7

25.7

27.7

29,3

30.8

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA. TA I{|>K 1).

'43

A + iL.

260°

270°

280°

290°

300°

310°

320°

3:10°

mo°

aso^

0°

10°

20°

ao°

40°

50°

G0°

70°

110°

00°

100°

L

= 320°<fi=40°

.59.2

1.2

3.2

5.3

7.7

10.2

12.7

15.2

17.5

19.7

21.8

23.7

25.5

27.1

30°

59.2

1.0

3.0

5.3

7.7

10.3

13.0

15.7

18.2

20,5

22.5

24.5

26.3

28.(1

20°

59.0

0.8

2.8

5.0

7,5

10.2

13,2

15.8

18.5

20.8

23.2

25.0

26.8

28.5

10°

59.2

1.0

2.8

5.0

7.5

10.2

18.2

16.0

18.8

21,3

23.7

25.7

27.5

29.2

30.7

0°

59.2

0.8

2.8

4.8

7.3

10,0

12.8

16.0

18.7

21.3

13.7

25.7

27.5

29.2

30.8

L

=:330°<f = 40°

59.8

1.8

3.8

6.0

8,3

10,7

13.2

15.7

18.0

20.3

22.3

24.2

26.0

27.8

30°

59.7

1.5

3.5

5.7

8,2

10,7

13.3

16.0

18.5

20,8

23.0

24.8

26.7

28.3

20°

59.5

1.3

3.3

5.5

7,8

10.5

13.3

16.2

18.8

21.2

23.3

25.3

27.2

28.8

10°

59.3

1.0

3.0

5.2

7,5

10.2

13.0

16.0

18.7

21.2

23.5

25.5

27.3

29.0

30.7

0°

59.3

1.0

2.8

5.0

7.3

10.0

12.8

15.8

18.5

21.2

23.5

25.5

27.3

29.0

30.7

L.

= 340° 41 =40°

59.0

0.7

2.5

4,5

6.7

9.0

11.5

13.8

16.3

18.7

21,0

23.0

25.0

26.8

28.5

30°

58.3

0.2

2.0

4,0

6.2

8.5

11.0

13.7

16.2

18.7

21.2

23.2

25.2

27.0

28.7

20°

59.8

1.7

3,5

5.7

8.0

10.7

13,3

16.2

18.8

21.3

23.5

25.5

27.3

29.0

30,7

10°

59.5

1.3

3,2

5.3

7.7

10,3

13,2

16.0

18.7

21.3

23.7

25.7

27.5

29.2

30.8

0°

59.3

1.0

2.8

5.0

7.3

9,8

12,7

15,5

18.3

21.0

23.3

25.3

27.3

29.0

30.7

L.

= 350° 4- = 40°

59.5

1.2

3,2

5.0

7.2

9.5

11.8

14,3

16,8

19.2

21.3

23.5

25.5

27.3

29.0

30.7

30°

59.0

0.7

2.5

4.5

6.7

8.8

11,3

14,0

16.7

19.2

21.5

23.7

25.7

27.5

29.2

30.8

20°

58.3

0.0

1.8

3,7

5.8

8.2

10,7

13.5

16.2

18.8

21.3

23.5

25.7

27.5

29.2

30.8

10°

59,7

1.3

3.2

5.3

7.7

10.2

13.0

15.8

18.5

21.0

23.3

25.5

27.3

29.2

30.8

0°

59.3

1.0

2.8

5.0

7.2

9.7

12.5

15.3

18.2

20.7

23.2

25.3

27,2

29.0

30.7

L

= 360° 4. = 40°

58.3

0.0

1.7

3.5

5.5

7.7

9,8

12.2

14.7

17.2

19.5

21.8

23.8

25.8

27,8

29.5

31.2

30°

59.3

1.0

2.8

4.7

6.8

9,2

11,5

14.2

16,8

19.3

21.7

23.8

26.0

27,8

29.7

31.3

20°

58.7

0.3

2.2

4.0

6.0

8,3

10,8

13.5

16,3

19.0

21.5

23.8

25.8

27,7

29.5

31.2

10°

59.8

1.5

3.3

5.3

7.7

10.2

12.8

15.7

18.5

21.0

23.5

25.7

27.5

29.3

31.0

0°

59 . 3

1.0

2.8

4.8

7.0

9.5

12.2

15,0

17.8

20.5

23.0

25.2

27,2

29.0

30.7

L.

= 400°4> = 40°

59.2

0.8

2.7

4.7

6.7

8.8

11.3

13.8

16.3

18.8

21.3

23.5

25.5

27.5

29.2

.30.8

30°

58.7

0.2

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.2

10.7

3.5

16.2

18.8

21.3

23.7

25.8

27.';

29,5

31.2

20°

59.7

1.5

3.3

5.3

7.5

10.2

3.0

15.8

18.7

21.3

23.7

25.8

27.8

29.5

31.2

10°

59.3

1.0

2.8

4,8

7.0

9.7

12,5

15.5

18.3

21.2

23.7

25.8

27,8

29.5

31.2

0°

59.0

0.7

2.5

4.5

6.7

9.2

12,0

15.0

18.0

20.8

23.3

25.5

27.5

29.3

il.O

L.

= 410° 4, =40°

59.7

1.3

3.2

5.0

7.0

9.3

11.7

4,2

16.7

19.3

21.7

24.0

26.0

27.8

29.7

31.3

30°

59.5

0.5

2.3

4.2

6.2

8.5

10.8

3.5

16.3

19.0

21.7

24.0

26.0

28.0

29.8

31.5

20°

0.0

1.7

3.5

5.5

7.8

10.3

3.2

16.0

18.8

21.5

24.0

26.2

28.2

29.8

31.5

10°

59.5

1.2

2.8

4.8

7,2

9.7

2.5

15.5

18.5

21.2

23.7

26.0

27.8

29.7

31.3

0°

59.0

0.7

2.3

4.3

6.5

9,0

1.8

14.8

17.8

20.7

23.2

25.5

27,5

29.3

31.0

L.

= 420° 4. =40°

58.7

0.2

1.8

3.5

5.5

7.5

9.7

12,0

4.3

16.8

19.5

22.0

24.3

26.3

28,3

30.2

31.8

33.5

30°

59.5

1.0

2.7

4.7

6,7

8.8

11.3

3,8

16.7

19.3

22.0

34.3

26.5

28,5

30.3

32.0

20°

58.7

0.2

1.8

3.7

5,7

7.8

10,8

3.0

16.0

18,8

21.7

24.0

26.3

28,3

30.0

31.7

10°

59.3

1.0

2.8

4,8

7.0

9.5

2.3

15.3

18,3

21.2

23.7

25.8

27,8

29.7

31.3

0°

59.0

0.7

2.3

4.3

6.5

9.0]

1.7

14.7

17.8

20.7

23.2

25.5

27,5

29.3

31.0

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TABLE D.

?. + il.

260°

•270°

280°

29(1°

^0°

310°

320°

330°

310°

3r>o°

0°

10°

20°

30°

40°

50°

60°

70°

80°

90°

100°

L.

=:-i30°4) = 40°

59.2

0.7

2.3

4.2

6.0

8.0

10.2

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.2

22.5

24.8

27.0

29.030.8

32.5

34.2

sn°

59.7

1.2

3.0

4.8

6.8

9.0

11.3

14.0

16.8

19.5

22.2

24.7

26.8

28.8

30.5

32.2

33.8

20°

58.7

0.2

1.8

3.7

5.7

7.8

10.3

13.0

16.0

18.8

21.7

24.2

26.3

28.3

30.2

31.8

in°

59.5

1.2

3.0

4.8

7.0

9.5

12.3

15.3

18.3

21.2

23.8

26.0

28.0

29.8

31.5

0°

58.8

0.5

2.3

4.2

6.3

8.8

11.5

14.7

17.7

20.5

23.2

25.5

27.5

29.3

31.2

L.

=; 440° (J =40°

59.5

1.0

2.7

4.3

6.3

8.3

10.3

12.8

15.3

17.8

20.5

22.8

25.2

27.3

29.3

31.2

32.8

34.5

30°

.59.8

1.5

3.2

5.0

7.0

9.0

11.5

14.2

17.0

19.8

22.5

24.8

27.0

29.0

30.8

32.5

34.2

20°

59.0

0.5

2.2

3.8

5.8

8.0

10.5

13.2

16.2

19.2

22.0

24.5

26.7

28.7

30.5

32.2

10°

59.5

1.2

2.8

4.8

7.0

9.3

12.2

15.2

18.3

21.2

23.8

26.0

28.0

29.8

31.5

0°

58.8

0.5

2.3

4.2

6.3

8.7

11.5

14.5

17.7

20.7

28.3

25.5

27.7

29.5

31.2

L.

= 450° 4. =40°

.59.8

1.3

3.0

4.7

6.5

8.5

10.7

13.0

15.5

18.2

20.7

23.2

25.5

27.7

29.7

31.5

33.3

34.8

36.3

30°

58.7

0.0

1.7

3.3

5.2

7.2

9.3

11.7

14.3

17.2

20.0

22.7

25.0

27.3

29.3

31.2

32.8

34.3

20°

59.0

0.5

2.2

4.0

5.8

8.2

10.5

13.8

16.2

19.2

22.0

24.5

26.8

28.8

30.7

32.3

33.8

10°

59.5

1.2

3.0

4.8

7.0

9.5

12.3

15.3

18.3

21.3

23.8

26.2

28.2

30.0

31.7

0°

58.8

0.5

2.2

4.2

6.3

8.7

11.5

14.5

17.7

20.7

23.2

25.7

27.7

29.6

31.2

L

= 460° 4, = 40°

58.7

0.0

1.5

3.2

4.8

6.7

8.7

10.8

13.2

15.7

18.3

21.0

23.5

25.8

28.0

30.0

31.8

33.5

35.2

36.7

30°

58.7

0.0

1.7

3.3

5.2

7.2

9.3

11.7

14.3

17.2

20.0

22.7

25.2

27.3

29.3

31.2

32.8

34.5

20°

,50.0

0.5

2.2

4.0

6.0

8.2

10.7

13.3

16.3

19.3

22.2

24.7

27.0

29.0

30.8

32 . 5

34.0

10°

59.5

1.2

2.8

4.8

7.0

9.5

12.2

15.3

18.5

21.3

24.0

26.2

28.2

30.0

31.7

0°

58.8

0.5

2.2

4.2

6.3

8.7

11.5

14.7

17.8

20.8

23.3

25.7

27.7

29.5

31.2

L.

= 470° $ = 40°

58.7

0.2

1.7

3.3

5.0

6.8

8.8

11.0

13.3

15.8

18.3

21.0

23.5

26.0

28.2

30.2

32.0

33.7

35.3

36.8

30°

58.8

0.3

1.8

3.5

5.3

7.3

9.5

11.8

14.5

17.3

20.2

22.8

25.3

27.5

29.5

31.3

33.0

34.7

36.2

20°

59.2

0.7

2.3

4.0

6.0

8.3

10.7

13.5

16.5

19.5

22.3

24.8

27.0

29.0

30.8

32.5

34.0

10°

59.5

1.2

3.0

5.0

7.2

9.7

12.5

15.7

18.7

21.7

24.2

26.3

28.6

30.2

31.8

0°

58.8

0.5

2.2

4.2

6.3

8.8

11.7

14.8

18.0

21.0

23.5

25.8

27.8

29.5

31.2

L.

= 480° 4. = 40°

58.7

0.2

1.7

3.2

5.0

6.8

8.8

11.0

13.3

15.8

18.5

21.0

23.7

26.0

28.2

30.0

31.8

33.7

35.2

36.7

38.2

30°

.58.7

0.0

1.7

3.3

5.2

7.2

9.3

11.8

14.5

17.3

20.2

22.8

25.2

27.5

29.5

31.2

33.0

34.5

36.0

20°

59.0

0.5

2.2

4.0

6.0

8.2

10.7

13.5

16.5

19.5

22.3

24.8

27.0

29.0

30.8

32.5

34.0

10°

59.5

1.2

3.0

5.0

7.2

9.7

12.7

15.7

18.8

21.8

24.2

26.3

28.3

30.2

31.8

0°

58.8

0.3

2.2

4.2

6.5

9.0

11.8

15.0

18.2

21.2

23.7

25.8

27.8

29.7

31.2

L

= 490° 4, = 40°

58. '

0.2

1.7

3.2

5.0

6.8

8.8

11.0

13.3

15.8

18.5

21.0

23.5

25.8

28.0

30.0

31.8

33.5

35.2

36.7

38.2

30°

58.'

0.2

1.5

3.3

5.2

7.2

9.5

11.8

14.7

17.5

20.2

22.8

25.3

27.5

29.5

31.2

32.8

34.5

36.0

20°

58.8

o.a

2.2

3.8

6.0

8.2

10.8

13.5

16.5

19.5

22.3

24.8

27.0

28.8

30.7

32.3

33.8

10°

59..'-

1.2

3.0

5.0

7.2

9.8

12.7

15.8

19.0

21.7

24.2

26.3

28.3

,30.2

31.7

0°

58.8

0.5

2.3

4.8

0.5

9.2

12.2

15.3

18.5

21.3

23.7

25.8

27.8

29.5

31.2

L.

— 500° 4, - 40°

59.7

1.3

2.8

4.7

6.5

8.5

10.7

13.0

15.5

18.0

20.7

28.2

25.5

27.7

29.7

31.5

33.2

34.8

86.3

37.7

30°

59.8

1.3

3.2

5.0

7.0

9.2

11.7

U.3

17.2

20.0

22.7

25.0

27.2

29.2

30.8

32.5

34.2

35.5

20°

58.8

0.:

2.0

3.8

6.0

8.2

10.8

13.7

16.7

19.5

22.3

24.7

26.8

28.7

30.5

32.2

33.7

10°

59.3

1.2

3.0

5.0

7.3

10.0

12.8

16.0

19.0

21.8

24.2

26.3

28.3

30.0

31.7

0°

58.8

0.5

2.3

4.6

6.8

9.6

12.5

16.7

18.7

21.5

23.8

25.8

27.8

29.5

31.2

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

T,\ r, LK 1).

'45

A + ^.

260°

270°

28()°

29()°

to«°

110°

120°

:13()°

340°

:j.'>0°

0°

10°

20°

30°

40°

50°

60°

70°

80°

90°

100°

I,.

= 510° ^ = 40°

59.3

1.0

2.5

4.3

6.2

8.2

10.3

12.7

15.2

17.8

20.3

22.8

25.2

27.3

29.2

31.0

32.7

34.3

36.0

37.3

30°

59.7

1.3

3.0

4.8

6.8

9.2

11.7

14.3

17.0

20.0

22.5

24.8

27.0

28.8

80.7

32.3

33.8

35.3

20°

.58.7

0.3

2.0

3.8

5.8

8.2

10.8

13.7

16.5

19.5

22.2

24.5

26.7

28.7

30.3

32.0

33.5

10°

59.5

1.2

3.0

5.2

7.5

10.0

13.0

16.2

19.0

21.8

24.2

26.2

28.2

29.8

31.5

0°

58.8

0.7

2.5

4.5

0.8

9.5

12.7

15.8

18.8

21.3

23.8

25.8

27.8

29.5

31.0

L

= 520° 4. = 40°

59.0

0.5

2.2

3.8

5.7

7.7

9.8

12.2

14.7

17.3

19.8

22.3

24.5

26.7

28.7

30.5

32.2

.33.8

35.3

36. S

30°

.59.2

0.8

2.5

4.5

6.5

8.7

11.2

13.8

16.7

19.3

21.8

24.3

26.3

28.3

30.2

31.8

33.3

34.8

20°

58.5

0.2

1.8

3.8

5.7

8.0

10.7

13.3

16.3

19.2

21.8

24.2

26.3

28.2

30.0

31.7

33.2

10°

59.8

1.0

2.8

5.0

7.3

10.0

13.0

16.0

18.8

21.5

23.8

25.0

27.8

29.7

31.2

32.7

0°

59.0

0.7

2.7

4.7

7.2

9.8

12.8

15.8

18.8

21.5

23.8

25.8

27.7

29.3

31.0

L

= 530° ^=40°

58.5

0.0

1.7

3.3

5.3

7.3

9.3

11.7

14.2

16.7

19.2

21.7

24.0

26.2

28.0

29.8

31.7

33.2

34.8

36.2

30°

59.0

0.7

2.3

4.2

6.3

8.5

11.0

13.5

16.3

19.0

21.5

23.8

26.0

28.0

29.8

31.5

33.0

34.5

20°

59.8

1.7

3.5

5.5

7.8

10.3

13.2

16.0

18.8

21.5

23.8

26.0

27.8

29.7

31.3

32.8

10°

.59.3

1.0

3.0

5.2

7.8

10.0

13.0

10.0

18.8

21.5

23.8

25.8

27.7

29.5

31.0

32.5

0°

59.0

0.8

2.7

4.8

7.5

10.0

13.0

16.0

18.8

21.3

23.7

25.7

27.7

29.3

30.8

L.

= 540° 4> = 40°

59.5

1.2

2.8

4.7

6.7

8.8

11.0

13.5

16.0

18.5

20.8

23.2

25.3

27.3

29.2

30.8

32.5

34.0

35.5

30°

58.7

0.3

2.0

3.8

5.8

8.0

10.5

13.0

15.7

18.3

21.0

23.3

25.5

27.3

29.2

30.8

32.5

34.0

20°

59.8

1.5

3.3

5.3

7.7

10.2

12.8

15.7

18.5

21.2

23.5

25.7

27.6

29.3

31.0

32.5

10°

59.2

1.0

2.8

4.8

7.2

9.8

12.7

15.7

18.5

21.0

23.5

25.5

27.5

29.2

30.8

32.3

0°

.59.2

0.8

2.8

4.8

7.3

10.0

12.8

16.0

18.7

21.3

23.7

25.7

27.5

29.2

30.8

L.

= 550°4> = 40°

59.0

0.7

2.3

4.0

6.0

8 2

10.3

12.8

15.2

17.7

20.2

22.5

24.7

26.7

28.5

30.2

31.8

33.5

30°

58.3

0.0

1.7

3.5

5.5

7.7

10.0

12.5

15.2

17.8

20.3

22.7

24.8

26.8

28.7

30.3

32.0

33 . 5

20°

.59.5

1.2

3.0

5.0

7.2

9.7

12.3

15.2

18.0

20.5

22.8

25.0

27.0

28.8

30.5

32.0

10°

59.3

1.0

2.8

4.8

7.2

9.8

12.5

15.5

18.3

20.8

23.2

25.3

27.2

29.0

30.7

32.2

0°

59.3

1.0

2.8

5.0

7.3

10.0

12.8

15.8

18.5

21.2

23.5

25.5

27.3

29.0

30.7

L.

= 560°4> = 40°

58.2

59.8

1.5

3.3

5.3

7.3

9.5

11.8

14.3

16.8

19.2

21.5

23.7

25.7

27.7

29.5

31.2

32.7

30°

59.5

1.3

3.0

5.0

7.2

9.5

12.0

14.5

17.2

19.7

22.0

24.3

26.3

28 2

30.0

31.7

33.2

20°

59.3

1.0

2.8

4.8

7.0

9.3

12.0

14.7

17.5

20.2

22.5

24.7

26.7

28.5

30.3

31.8

10°

59.2

0.8

2.7

4.7

7.0

9.5

12.2

15.0

17.8

20.5

22.8

25.0

27.0

28.8

30.5

0°

.59.3

1.0

2.8

5.0

7.3

9.8

12.7

15.5

18.3

21.0

23.3

25.3

27.3

29.0

30.7

L.

=::570°<}>=40°

59.3

i!o

2.8

4.7

6.7

8.8

11.2

13.7

16.0

18.5

20.8

23.0

25.0

27.0

28.8

30.5

32.0

30°

59 ."2

0.8

2.5

4.5

6.5

8.8

11.3

13.8

16.3

19.0

21.3

23.7

25.7

27.7

29.3

31.0

20°

59.2

0.8

2.7

4.7

6.7

9.0

11.7

14.3

17.0

19.7

22.2

24. S

26.3

28.3

30.0

31.7

10°

59.2

0.8

2.7

4.7

6.8

9.3

12.0

U.8

17.7

20.3

22.7

24.8

26.8

28.7

30.3

32.0

0°

59.3

1.0

2.8

5.0

7.2

9.7

12.5

15.3

18.2

20.7

23.2

25.3

27.2

29.0

30.7

L

= 580° $ = 40°

58.8

0.5

2.2

4.2

6.2

8.2

10.5

12.8

15.3

17.8

20.2

22.3

24.5

26.5

28.3

30.0

31.7

30°

58.7

0.3

2.2

4.0

6.2

8.3

10.7

13.2

15.8

18.5

20.8

23.2

25.8

27.2

29.0

30.7

20°

58.8

0.5

2.3

4.2

6.2

8.5

11.0

13.7

16.5

19.2

21.7

24.0

26.0

27.8

29.7

31.3

10°

59.0

0.7

2.5

4.3

6.5

9.0

11.5

14.8

17.2

19.8

22.3

24.7

20.7

28.5

30.2

0°

59.3

1.0

2.8

4.8

7.0

9.5

12.2

15.0

17.8

20.5

23.0

25.2

27.2

29.0

30.7

146

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TABLE D.

A ~ /z.

•>G0°

270°

280°

290°

300°

310°

320°

330°

340°

350°

0°

10°

20°

30°

40°

50°

G0°

70°

80°

90°

100°

1-. = 590° * =40°

58.3

0.0

1.7

3.5

5.5

7.7

9.8

12.2

14.7

17.2

19.5

21.8

24.0

25.8

27.8

29.5

30°

58 . 5

0.2

1.8

3.7

5.7

7.8

10.2

12.7

15.3

18.0

20. r

22.7

24.8

26.8

28.7

30.3

20°

58.5

0.2

1.8

3.7

5.8

8.0

10.5

13.2

15.8

18.7

21.2

23.5

25.7

27.5

29.3

31.0

10°

58.8

0.5

2.3

4.2

0.3

8.7

11.2

13.8

16.7

19.5

22.0

24.3

26.5

28.3

30.0

0°

59.3

1.0

2.8

4.7

0.8

9.3

11.8

14.7

17.5

20.3

22.7

25.0

27.2

29.0

30.7

I.. = 600° 4. = 40°

59.5

1.2

3.0

5.0

7.0

9.3

11.7

14.2

16.5

19.0

21.3

23.5

25.5

27.3

29.0

30°

59.7

1.3

3.2

5.2

7.2

9.7

12.2

14.7

17.3

19.8

22.2

24.3

26.3

28.2

30.0

20°

58.3

0.0

1.7

3.5

5.5

7.7

10.2

12.8

15.7

18.3

21.0

23.3

25.5

27.3

29.2

10°

58,8

0.5

2.2

4.0

0.0

8.3

11.0

13.7

16.5

19.3

22.0

24.3

26.5

28.3

30.2

0°

59.3

1.0

2.7

4.7

0.7

9.0

11.7

14.5

IT. 3

20.2

22.7

25.0

27.2

29.0

30.7

L. = 610°<f, = 40°

58.8

0.7

2.5

4.3

6.3

8.7

11.0

13.5

16.0

18.3

20.7

22.8

24.8

20.8

30°

59.3

1.0

2.8

4.7

6.8

9.2

11.7

14.3

17.0

19.5

22.0

24.2

26.2

28.0

20°

59.8

1.5

3.3

5.3

7.5

9.8

12.5

15.3

18.2

20.8

23.2

25.3

27.3

29.2

10°

58.7

0.3

2.0

3.8

5.8

8.2

10.7

13.3

16.3

19.2

21.8

24.2

20.3

28.3

30.0

0°

59.3

1.0

2.7

4.5

0.5

8.8

11.5

14.2

17.2

20.0

22.7

25.0

27.2

29.0

30.7

L. = 620°4i = 40°

58.5

0.2

2.0

3.8

0.0

8.2

10.5

13.0

15.5

18.0

20.3

22.5

24.5

26.5

30°

59.0

0.7

2.5

4.5

0.5

8.8

11.3

14.0

16.7

19.3

21.7

24.0

26.0

27.8

20°

59.5

1.2

3.0

4.8

7.2

9.5

12.2

14.8

17.8

20.5

23.0

25.2

27.2

29.0

10°

58.7

0.2

1.8

3.7

5.7

8.0

10.5

13.3

16.2

19.2

21.8

24.3

20.5

28.3

30.2

0°

59.2

0.8

2 5

4.3

6.3

8.7

11.3

14.0

17.2

20.0

22.7

25.2

27.2

29.2

30.8

I,. = 630°4i=40°

59.7

1.5

3.5

5.5

7.8

10.2

12.7

15.3

17.7

20.0

22.3

24.3

20.2

30°

58.7

0.3

2.2

4.2

0.2

8.7

11.2

13.8

16.5

19.2

21.7

23.8

25.8

27.7

20°

59.3

1.0

2.7

4.7

7.0

9.3

12.0

15.0

17.8

20.5

22.8

25.2

27.2

29.0

10°

58.5

0.0

1.7

3.5

5.5

7.8

10.3

13.2

10.0

19.0

21.7

24.2

26.3

28.3

30.2

0°

59.2

0.7

2.3

4.3

6.3

8.7

11.2

14.0

17.0

20.0

22.5

25.2

27.3

29.2

31.0

L. = 640°4i = 40°

59.5

1.3

3.3

5.3

7.7

10.2

12.7

15.2

17.7

20.0

22.2

24.3

30°

58.5

0.2

2.0

4.0

6.2

8.7

11.2

14.0

16.7

19.3

21.8

24.0

26 0

27.8

20°

59.2

0.8

2.7

4.7

6.8

9.3

12.2

15.0

17.8

20.7

23.0

25.2

27.2

29.0

10°

0.0

1.7

3.5

5.5

7.8

10.3

13.2

16.3

19.2

22.0

24.3

26.5

28.5

30.3

0°

59.0

0.7

2.3

4.2

6.2

8.5

11.2

14.2

17.2

20.2

22.8

25.3

27.3

29.3

31.0

L. = 650°4. = 40°

59.3

1.2

3.2

5.3

7.7

10.2

12.7

18.3

17.8

20.2

22.2

24.2

30°

58.3

0.0

1.8

3.8

6.0

8.5

11.2

14.0

16.7

19.3

21.7

23.8

25.8

20°

59.0

0.7

2.5

4.5

6.8

9.3

12.2

15.2

18.2

20.7

23.2

25.3

27.3

10°

59.8

1.5

3.3

5.3

7.7

10.3

13.2

10.3

19.3

22.0

24.5

26.5

28.5

30.2

0°

59.0

0.5

2.2

4.2

0.2

8.7

11.2

14.2

17.3

20.5

23.2

25.5

27.5

29.3

31.2

L. = 000° 4. = 40°

59.3

1.2

3.2

5.5

7.8

10.3

3.0

15.5

18.0

20.3

22.3

24.3

30°

58.3

0.2

2.0

4.0

6.3

8.8

11.5

4.3

17.2

19.7

22.0

24.2

26.2

20°

-.9.0

0.7

2.7

4.7

7.0

9.7

12.5

5.5

18.5

21.0

23.5

25.5

27.5

10°

59.7

1.5

3.3

5, 5

7.8

10.5

13,5

6.7

19.7

22.3

24.7

26.7

28.7

30.3

0-'

■)8.8

0 . 5

2.2

4.2

6.3

8.5

11.3

1

U.S

7.5.0.5

23 2

-•'••"•

27.7

29 . 5

U.2

ECLIPSES OE THE SUN IN INDIA.

T.\ ni.M 1).

K + it

260°

■ I 270 -ilJO

■2!H) KUMV

310°

:}20=

:»o=

310=

350'

0°

10°

20°

30°

40°

50°

U0°

70°

80°

90°

100°

L

= 670° * = -10°

59.3

I. a

3.?

5.7

8.2

10.7

,3..-

16. C

IS.;

20 . X

22.7

24.5

30°

58.3

0.2

2.C

4.2

6.5

9.^

11.6

14.7

17.5

20.0

2i.2

24.3

26.2

20'

5U.0

0.8

2.7

5.C

7.3

10. C

13. C

16.0

18.8

21.3

23.7

25.8

27.7

10°

59.8

1.5

3..'-

5.7

8.0

10.8

13.8

17.0

20.0

22.7

24.8

26.8

28.7

30.5

0°

58.8

0.5

2.2

4.2

fi.3

8.7

11.5

14.7

17.8

20.8

23.5

25.7

27.7

29.5

31.2

L.

= 680° 41=40°

.59.8

1.8

3.8

6.2

8.7

11.3

14.0

16.. =•

18.8

21.0

23.0

24.8

30°

58.7

0.5

2.5

4.7

7.0

9.7

12.5

15.3

18.0

20.5

22.7

24.7

26.5

20°

59.2

1.0

3.0

5.2

7.7

10.3

13.3

16.3

19.2

21.7

24.0

26.0

27.8

10°

59.8

1.5

3.5

5.8

8.3

11.2

14.2

17.3

20.2

22.8

25.0

27.0

28.8

0°

58.8

0.3

2.2

4.2

6.3

8.8

11.8

15.0

18.2

21.0

23.5

25.8

27.8

29.7

31.2

L.

= 690° 4. = 40°

58.3

0.2

2.2

4.5

6.8

9.3

12.0

14.5

17.0

19.3

21.5

23.5

30°

58.8

0.7

2.7

5.0

7.5

10.2

13.0

15.8

18.3

20.8

23.0

25.0

26.7

20°

59.3

1.2

3.2

5.5

8.0

10.7

13.8

16.8

19.5

22.0

24.2

26.2

27.8

10°

59.8

1.7

3.7

6.0

8.5

11.3

14.5

17.7

20.5

23.0

25.2

27.2

28.8

0°

58.8

0.5

2.2

4.2

6.5

9.0

12.0

15.2

18.3

21.2

23.7

25.8

27.8

29.5

31.2

L.

= 700°$ =40°

.59.0

0.8

2.8

5.2

7.5

10.2

12.7

15.3

17.8

20.0

22.2

24.0

25.8

30°

.59.3

1.2

3.3

5.7

8.2

10.8

13.7

16.5

19.0

21.3

23.5

25.5

27.2

20°

.59.7

1.5

3.5

5.8

8.3

11.3

14.3

17.2

19.8

22.3

24.5

26.3

28.2

10°

58.5

0.2

2.0

4.0

6.3

8.8

11.8

15.0

18.0

20.8

23.3

25.3

27.2

29.0

0°

58.8

0.5

2.3

4.3

6.7

9.2

12.2

15.3

18.5

21.3

23.7

25.8

27.8

29.5

31.2

L.

= 710°sfi = 40°

59 . 5

1.3

3.5

5.8

8.2

10.8

13.3

16.0

18.3

20.5

22.7

24.5

26.3

30°

59.7

1.7

3.7

6.0

8.7

11.3

14.2

16.8

19.5

21.7

23.8

25.7

27.5

20°

,59.8

1.8

3.8

6.2

8.8

U.7

14.7

17.7

20.2

22.7

24.7

26.7

28.3

10°

58.5

0.2

2.2

4.2

6.5

9.2

12 0

15.2

18.2

21.0

23.3

25.5

27.3

29.2

0°

58.8

0.5

2.3

4.3

6.8

9.3

12.3

15.5

18.5

21.3

23.7

25.8

27.8

29.5

31.2

L.

= 720° 4. = 40°

58.3

0.2

2.2

4.2

6.5

9.0

11.5

14.2

16.7

19.0

21.3

23.3

25.2

26.8

30°

58.5

0.2

2.2

4.2

6.5

9.2

11.8

14.7

17.3

19.8

22.2

24.3

26.2

27.8

20°

58.5

0.2

2.0

4.2

6.5

tf-.2

12.0

15.0

17.8

20.5

22.8

25.0

26.8

28.5

10°

58.8

0.5

2.3

4.3

6.7

9.3

12.3

15.0

18.3

21.2

23.5

25.7

27.5

29.3

0°

58.8

0.5

2.3

4.5

6.7

9.3

12.3

15.5

18.5

21.3

23.7

25.8

27.7

29.5

31.2

L.

= 730°<fi = 40°

59.0

0.8

'2.8

4.8

7.2

9.7

12.2

14.8

17.3

19.7

21.8

23.8

25.7

27.5

30°

58.8

0.7

2.7

4.7

7.0

9.7

12.3

15.2

17.8

20.3

22.7

24.7

26.5

28.3

20°

58.8

0.7

2.5

4.7

7.0

9.7

12.5

15.5

18.3

20.8

23.2

25.3

27.2

28.8

10°

58.8

0.5

2.3

4.5

6.8

9.5

12.3

15.5

18.5

21.2

23.5

25.7

27.5

29.2

50.8

0°

58.8

0.7

2.5

4.5

6.8

9.5

12.3

15.3

18.5

21.2

23.7

25.8

27.7

29.5

31.2

L.

= 740°4>=40°

59.8

1.7

3.5

5.7

8.0

10.3

13.0

15.5

18.0

20.3

22.5

24.5

26.3

28.2

30°

59.3

1.2

3.0

5.2

7.5

10.0

12.7

15.5

18.2

20.7

23.0

23.0

26.8

28.7

20°

59.2

1.0

2.8

4.8

7.2

9.8

12.7

15.5

18.3

21.0

>3.3

25. 5

27.3

29.0

JO. 7

10°

59.0

0.8

2.7

4.7

7.0

9.7

12.5

15.5

18.5

a. 2

23.7

25.7

27.7

39.3

Jl.O

0°

59.0

0.7

2.5

4.5

6.8

9.3

12.2

15.3

18.3

il.O

23.5 25.7

27.7

29.3

il.O

148

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.

TABLE D.

>. f y.

260°

'270°

•280°

•290°

300°

310°

3-20°

330°

•340°

350°

0°

10°

20°

30°

40°

50°

60°

70°

80°

90°

100°

L.

= 750° (}. = 40°

58.7

0.3

2.2

4.2

6.2

8.5

19.8

13.3

16.0

18.5

20.8

23.0

25.2

27.0

28.7

30.3

30°

.59.8

1.7

3.5

5.7

8.0

10.5

13.2

16.0

18.7

21.2

23.3

25.5

27.3

29.2

30. S

20°

59.3

1.2

3.0

5.0

7.3

10.0

12.7

15.7

18.5

21.2

23.5

25.5

27.5

29.2

30.8

10°

59.2

0.8

2.7

4.7

7.0

9.7

12.5

15.5

18.3

21.2

23.5

25.7

27.7

29.3

31.0

0°

59.0

0.7

2 5

4.5

6.8

9.3

12.2

15.2

18.2

21.0

23.5

25.7

27.7

29.3

31.0

L.

= 7BO°4. = -iO°

59.2

0.8

2.7

4.7

6.7

8.8

11.3

13.8

10.3

18.8

21.3

23.5

25.5

27.5

29.2

30.8

30°

58.7

0.2

2.0

4.0

6.0

8,2

10.7

13.5

16.2

18.8

21.3

23.7

25.8

27.7

29.5

31.2

20°

59.7

1.5

3.3

5.3

7.5

10.2

13.0

15,8

18.7

21.3

23.7

25.8

27.8

29.5

31.2

10°

59.3

1.0

2.8

4.8

7.0

9.7

12.5

15.5

18.3

21.2

23.7

25.8

27.8

29.5

31.2

ll»

59.0

0.7

2.5

4.5

fi.7

9.2

12.0

15.0

18.0

20.8

23.3

25.5

27.5

29.3

31.0

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Art. 3i. />. p.

A better description of the sankrantis may be<^iven thus. The sayana Mesha saiikranti, al.so called a Vishuva sankranti, marks the vernal equinox, or the moment of the sun's passing the first point of Aries. The sayana Karka sankranti, three solar months later, is also called the dakshinayana (soutliward-going) sankranti. It is tlie point of the summer solstice, and marks the moment when the sun turns southward. The sayana Tula sankranti, three solar months later, also called a Vishuva sankranti, marks the autumnal equino.x or the moment of the sun's passing the first point of Libra. The sayana Makara sankranti, three solar months later still, is also called the uttarayana (northward-going) sankranti. It is the other solstitial point, the moment when the sun turns north- ward. The nirayana (or sidereal) Mesha and Tula sankrantis are also called Vishuva sankrantis, and the nirayana Karka and Makara sankrantis are also, though erroneously, called dakshinayana and uttarayana sankrantis. Art. po, p. 52.

Line 6. After "we proceed thus" add; — "The interval of time between the initial point of the luni-solar year ( Table /., Cols, ip, 20) and the initial point of the solar year by the Surya Siddhanta {Table /., Cols, ij, i^, and ija, or lya ^) can be easily found.

Lijie p. After "Art. 151 " add; — "or according to the process in Example i, Art. 148." Line 16. After "intercalations and suppressions" add;—V^e will give an example. In Professor Chhatre's Table, Karttika is intercalary in Saka 551 expired, A.D. 629 — 30 (see Ind. Ant., XXILL. p. 106); while in our Table Asvina is the intercalary month for that year. Let us work for Asvina. First we want the tithi-index [t) for the moments of the Kanya and Tula sankrantis. In the given year we have {Table /., Col. 19) the initial point of the luni-solar year at sunrise on 1st March, A.D. 629, (=60), and {Cols, ij, 17) the initial point of the solar year by the Ary a- Siddhanta (= 17 h. 32 m. after sunrise on March 19th of the same year). By the Table given below (p. 151) we find that the initial moment of the solar year by the Siirya Siddhanta was I 5 minutes later than that by the Ary a Siddhanta. Thus we have the interval between the initial points of the luni-solar and solar years, according to the Surya Siddhanta, 'as 18 days, 17 hours, and 47 minutes. Adding this to the collective duration up to the moment of the Kanya and Tula sankrantis [Table LIL, Col. p), i.e., 156 days, u hours and 52 minutes, and 186 days, 22 hours and 27 minutes respectively, we get 175 days, 5 hours, 39 minutes, and 205 days, 16 hours, 14 minutes. We work for these moments according to the usual rules (Method C, p. Jj).

a. b. c.

For the beginning of the luni-solar year ( Table /., Cols. 2j, 24, 25) 9994 692 228

For 175 days {Tabic IV) 9261 351 479

For 5 hours {Tabic T.) 71 8 I

For 39 minutes {Do) 9 i o

9335 52 708

' Our a, b, r, (Table I., Cols. 23, 2-t, ia) arc calculated by the Siiri/a Sidd/idiita, and therefore we give the rule for the Siiri/a Siddhinta. The time of the Mesha saiikrilntis by the Arya Siddhanta from AD. 1101 to 190O is given in Table I. That for years from A.D. 300 to 1100 can be obtained from the Table on p. 151.

ISO

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

over 9335 52 708

Equation for b (52) [Tabic J 7.) 186

Do. (or c (70S) (Tab/c- 17/.) 119

9640 Aj^'-aifi a.

For the beginning of the luni-solar year 9994

For 205 days 9420

For 16 hours 226

For 1 4 'minutes 3 o o

9643 156 791

Equation for (/;) 256

Do. for (c) 119

b.

c.

692

228

440

561

24

2

This proves that the moon was waning at the Kanya sankranti, and waxing at the Tula sankranti, and therefore Asvina was intercalary [sec Art. /j). This being so, Karttika could not have been intercalary.

The above constitutes an easy method of working out all the intercalations and suppressions of months. To still further simplify matters we give a Table shewing the sankrantis whose moments it is necessary to fix in order to establish these intercalations and suppressions. Equation c is always the same at the moment of the sankrantis and we give its figure here to save further reference.

Months.

Saiikvantia to be fixed

Equation c.

1.

2.

3.

1. Chaitra

2. Vai.s.ikha

3. Jyeshtha

4. Ashadha

5. Sravana

6. Bhadrapada

7. Asvina

8. Karttika

9. Margasirsha 10. Pausha

I 1. Magha 12. Phalguna

Mina . . Mesha . Vrishabha Mithuna Karka . Siriiha . Kanya . Tula . . Vrischika Dhanus Makara . Kumbha

. Mesha . Vrishabha . Mithuna . . Karka . . . Simha . . . Kanya . . Tula . . . Vrischika . Dhanus . . Makara . . Kumbha . . Mina . . .

3

I

15 42

75 103 119 119 104 78 47 20

Art. q6, Table, p. jj.

Instead of this Table the following may be used. It shews tlie difference in time between the Mesha- sankrantis as calculated by the Present Siirya and First Arya Sidd/iantas, and will

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

'51

save the trouble of making any calculation according to the Tabic in the text. Uut if great accuracy is required the latter will yield results correct up to 24 seconds, while the new Table gives it in minutes.

TABLE

Shewing time -difference in minutes between the moments oftheMesha sahkr^nti as calculated by the Present Surya and First Arya Siddhantas.

[The sign — shews that the Mesha sahkranti according to the Siirya Siddhc'uita took place before, the sign + that it took place after, that according to the Arya SiddhantaJ .

Years

Diff. in

Years

Diff, in

Years

Diff.

Years

Diff.

A.D.

minutes.

AI).

minutes.

AD.

minutes.

AD.

minutes.

-

+

+

-i-

300—8

21

501— y

1

703—11

23

904—12

45

309-17

20

510—19

3

712—20

24

913-21

46

318—27

19

520—28

3

721—29

25

922—30

47

328—36

18

529-37

4

730—38

20

931—39

48

337—45

17

538—46

5

739—47

27

940—48

49

348—54

16

547-55

6

748-56

28

949—58

50

355—6.3

15

556-64

7

757-66

29

959—67

51

364—72

14

565—73

8

767-75

30

968—76

52

373—81

13

574—83

9

776—84

31

977—85

53

382—91

12

584—92

10

785—93

32

986—94

54

392 — 100

11

593—601 .

11

794—802

33

995-1003

55

401—9

10

602—10

12

803—11

34

1004—13

56

410—18

9

611—19

13

812-20

35

1014-22

57

419—27

8

620—28

14

821—30

36

1028—31

58

428—36

7

029—38

IS

831—39

37

1032—40

59

437—45

6

039-47

10

840—48

38

1041—49

60

446—55

5

648—56

17

849—57

39

1050—58

61

456—64

4

657-65

18

858—66

40

1059-07

62

465—73

3

666— 7t

19

867-75

41

1068-77

63

474—82

2

675—83

20

876-84

42

1078—86

64

483—91

1

684—92

21

885—94

43

1087-95

65

492—500

0

693-702

22 .

895—903

44

1096—1104

66

Art. 102, pp. j6, S7-

From the initial figures for the zv. a. b. c. of luni-solar Kali 3402, A.D. 300 — i, given in the first entry in Table I., and the figures given in the Table annexed to this article

152

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

(which gives the increase in zc. a. b. c. for the different year-lengths) it is easy to calculate with exactness the initial w. a. b. c. for subsequent luni-solar years. Thus —

For Kali 3402 355 days

)»i-4> !i4-34

895-17 883-51

255-93 971-91

(Oitr entries in Table I.) b.

9981

89s

256

For Kali 3403 384 days

195-75 34-66

778-68 935-97

•27 84 51-31

196

779

228

For Kali 3404 etc.

230-41 etc.

714-65 I 279-15 etc. I etc.

I

3 etc.

230 etc.

715 etc.

279 etc.

To ascertain how many days there were in each year it is only necessary to use col. 19 of Table I. with Table IX. Kali 3403 began 26th February. Table IX. gives the figure 57 on left-hand side, and 422 on the right-hand side, the former being entered in our Table I.

But since A.D. 300 was a leap-year we must take, not 422, but 423, as the proper figure. Kali 3402 began 8th March (68). 423—68=355, and this in days was the length of Kali 3402. Similarly (17th March) 441 — (26 February) 57 = 384, and this was the length of Kali 3403 ; and so on.

It may be interesting to note that in every century there are on an average one year of 385 days, four years of 383 days, twenty-three years of 355 days, thirty-two years of 384 days, and forty years of 354 days.

P. 98.

To e7id of Art. 160, add the following; — "160(a). To find the tropical (say ana) as well as the sidereal (nirayana) saiikranti. Find the time of the nirayana saiikranti (xiCd' ^r/. 2j) required, by adding to the time of the Mesha sankranti for the y&z.x {Table /., Cols, /j /c 77^?) the collective duration of the nirayana sankranti as given in col. 5 of Table III., under head " sankrantis." Then, roughly, the sayana sankranti took place as many ghatikas before or after the nirayana one as there are years between Saka 445 current, and the year next following or next preceding the given year, respectively.

" For more accurate purposes, however, the following calculation must be made. Find the number of years intervening between Saka 445 current, or Saka 422 current in the case of the Siirya Siddhanta, and the given year. Multiply that number by i;, or ^^ in the case of the Surya Siddhanta. Take the product as in ayanamsas, or the amount of precession in degrees. Multiply the length of the solar month [Art. 2./) in which the sayana sankranti occurs (as shewn in the preceding paragraph) by these ayanamsas and divide by 30. Take the result as days ; and by so many days will the sayana sankranti take place before or after the nirayana saiikranti of the same name, according as the given year is after or before Saka 445 (or Saka 422). This will be found sufficiently accurate, though it is liable to a maximum error (in A.D. 1900) of 15 ghatikas. The maximum error by the first rule is one day in A.D. 1900. The smaller the distance of the given date from Saka 445 (or 422) the smaller will be the error. For absolute accuracy special Tables would have to be constructed, and it seems hardly necessary to do this.

d.

w.

//.

m.

(82)

5

'4

5-'

275

2

'5

43

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 153

The following example will shew the method of work.

Wanted the moment of occurrence of the nirayana Makara sankranti and of the sayana Makara (or uttarayana) sankranti in the year Saka 1000, current.

Moment of Mesha .sankranti (Table I.) March 23

Add collect, duration to beginning of Makara (Table III.) ....

Then the moment of the nirayana Makara sankranti is 358 i 635

(One day being added because the hours exceed 24.) 358 =3 December 24th. 1= Sunday.

The nirayana Makara sankranti, therefore, occurred on Sunday, December 24th, at 6 h. 35 m. after sunrise. Now for the sayana Makara sankranti. By the Table given above we find that in the given year the sayana sankranti took place 9 days, 6 hours before the nirayana sankranti ; for A.D. 1000 — 445 = 555 ghatikas = 9 days 15 gh. rz 9 days, 6 hours, and it took place in nirayana Dhanus.

d. Ti'. //. m. Moment of nirayana Makara sank: 24 Dec. = 358 i 6 35 Deduct 9 9260

15 Dec. 349 6 o 35

This shews that the sayana Makara sankranti took place on Friday. Dec. 15th, at 35 minutes after sunrise.

(2) F^or more accurate time we work thus. lOOO — 445 =555. Multiplying by — we have 9-, or 9" 1 5' in ayanamsas. The length of the month Dhanus is 29 d. 8 h. 24 m. 48 s. (Table, p. 10).

d. Ii. III. s. 29 d. 8 h. 24 m. 48 s. X 9'/4

30

= 9 1 " 39

We take 11 m. 39 s. as = 12 m., and deduct 9 d. i h. 12 m. from the moment of the nirayana Makara sankranti, which we have above.

d. w.

//.

III.

24 Dec.

358 I

6

35

9

9 2

I

12

15 Dec. 349 6 5 23

This shews that the sayana Makara sankranti took place on Dec. 15th at 5 h. 23 m. after sunrise, the day being Friday. '

" The following Table may be found useful. It may be appended to Table VIII. and called -'Table VIII. C".

• Actual calculation by the .\na SidilhSnta proves that the sSyana sankranti in question took place only 1 minute after the time 90 found. [S. B. D.]

'54

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

Table of Rasis (signs).

[The moments of the sankrantis are indicated by the first of the two entries in cols 2 and 3. Thus the moment of the Simha sankrinti is shewn by s. = 3333, degrees = 120°.]

Rilsis (signs.)

S.

(See Ai-ts.

133 and 156.)

Degrees.

Nakshatras forming the RSsis.

1

2

3

4

1. Mesha i. Vrishabha

3. Mithuna

4. Karka

5. Siihha C. Kanyl

7. Tula

8. Vrischika

9. Dhanus

10. Makara

11. Kumbha

12. Miua

0—833 833— 1667 16C7— 2500 2500—3333 3333-4167 4167-5000 5000-5833 5833-6667 6667—7500 7500-8333

8333—9167

9107—10000

0°— 30°

30°— 60°

60°— 90°

90°— 120°

120°— 150°

150°— 180°

180°— 210°

210°-240°

240°— 270°

270°— 300°

300°— 330°

330°— 360°

1. Asvinii 2. Bharapi; 3. First quarter of Krittika.

3. Last three quarters of Krittika; 4. Rohini; 5. Firet half of Mrigasiras.

5. Latter half of Mrigasiras; 0. Ardra; 7. First three quarters of Punarvasu.

7. Last quarter of Punarvasu; 8. Pushya; 9. Asleshft. 10. Magha; 11. Pi'irva-Phalguni; 12. First quarter of Uttara-Plialguni. 12. Last tlirec quarters of Uttara-Phalguni; 13. Hasta; 14. First half of Chitra. 14. Second half of Chitra; 15. SvSti; 16. First three quarters of Vi^akha. 16. Last quarter of Visakha; 17. Anuradha; 18 Jyeshtha. 19. Mula; 20. Purva-Ashfidha; 21. First quarter of Uttara-Ashadha. 21. Last three quarters of L'ttara-Ashadha; 22. Sravaoa; 23. First half of Dhauishtha (or Sravishtha.)

24. Second half of Dhanishtha (or Sravishtha) ; 24. Satataraka (or SaUbhishaj),

25. First three quarters of Purva Bhadrapada.

25. Last quarter of Purva Bhadrapada; 25. Uttara-Bhadrapada ; 27. Revati.

"i6o(i^). The following is a summary of points to be remembered in calculating and verifying dates. The li.st, however, is not exhaustive.

A. A luni-solar date may be interpreted as follows : —

(I.) With reference to current and expired years, and to amanta and piirnimanta months, (.v) When the year of the given era is Chaitradi.

(«)• For dates in bright fortnights, two possible cases ; (i.) expired year, (ii.) current year. [b] For dates in dark fortnights, four possible cases; viz., expired year, or current year, according to both the puriiimanta and amanta system of months, (li) When the year is both Chaitradi and non-Chaitradi.

(a) For dates in bright fortnights, three possible cases; viz., (i) Chaitradi year current, (2) Chaitradi year expired i^ non-Chaitradi year current, (3) non-Chaitradi year expired. (/') Dates in dark fortnights, si.x possible cases ; viz. , the same three )-ears according to both the pijri.iim.inta and amanta system of months.

For months which are common to Chaitradi and non-Chaitradi years, the cases will be as in (a). (II.) With reference to tlie tithi.

All the above cases, supposing the tithi was current, (i) at the given time as well as at sunrise of the given day, {2) for the given time of the da\-, but not at its sunri.se.

B. A solar date may be interpreted as follows : — (I.) With reference to current and expired years.

(a) When the year of the given era is Meshadi, two possible cases ; [a] expired year, [!>) current year.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 155

(b) When the year of tlie given era is both Meshiidi and non-Meshadi, three possible cases ; {a) Meshadi year current, (/') Mcshadi year expired — non-Mcshadi year current, (i) non-Meshadi year expired. (II.) With reference to the civil beginning of the month, all the cases in Art. 28.

C. When the era of a date is not known, all known possible eras should be tried.

D. (a) According to Hindu Astronomy a tithi of a bright or dark fortnight of a montli never stands at sunrise on the same week-day more than once in three consecutive years. For instance, if Chaitra .sukla pratipada stands at sunrise on a Sunday in one year, it cannot stand at sunrise on Sunday in the year next preceding or next following.

(/^) It can only, in one very rare case, end on the same week-day in two consecutive years, and that is when there are thirteen lunar months between the first and second. There are only seven instances ' of it in the 1600 years from A.D. 300 to 1900.

(c) It cannot end on the same week-day more than twice in three consecutive years.

(d) But a tithi can be connected with the same week-day for two consecutive years if there is a confusion of systems in the naming of the civil day, naming, that is, not only by the tithi current at sunrise, but also by the tithi current during any time of tliat day. Even this, however, can only take place when there are thirteen lunar months between the two. If, for instance, Chaitra sukla ist be current during, though not at sunrise on, a Sunday in one year; next year, if an added month intervenes, it may stand at sunrise on a Sunday, and con- sequently it may be connected with a Sunday in both these (consecutive) years.

(1?) A tithi of an amanta month of one year may end on the same week-day as it did in the pijrnimanta month of the same name during the preceding year.

(/) The interval between the weekdays connected with a tithi in two consecutive years, when there are 12 months between them, is generally four, and sometimes five ; but when thirteen lunar months intervene, the interval is generally one of six weekdays. For instance, if Chaitra sukla 1st ends on Sunday (=1) in one year, it ends next year generally on (i 4- 4 = 5 =) Thursday. and sometimes on(i +5 = 6 =) Friday, provided there is no added month between the two. If there is an added month it will probably end on(i -f6 = o=) Saturday.

{g) According to Hindu Astronomy the minimum length of a lunar month is 29 days, 20 ghatikas, and the maximum 29 days and 43 ghatikas. Hence the interval between the week- days of a tithi in two consecutive months is generally one or two. If, for instance, Chaitra sukla pratipada falls on a Sunday, then Vaisakha sukla pratipada may end on Monday or Tuesday. But by the existence of the two systems of naming a civil day from the tithi current at its sunrise, as well as by that current'at any time in the day, this interval may sometimes be increased to three, and we may find Vai.sakha sukla pratipada, in the above example, connected with a Wednesday.

E. {a) A sankranti cannot occur on the same week-day for at least the four years preceding and four following.

(/;) See Art. 119, par. 3.

160 (c) To find the apparent longitude of Jupiter. (See Art. 4?, /. .,v, and Table XII.) I. To find, first, the mean longitude of Jupiter and the sun.

(i.) Find the mean longitude of Jupiter at the time of the Mesha sankranti by the following Table W. That of the sun is 0" at that moment.

(ii.) Add the sodhya (Art. 26, p. n, Art. 90, p. 52) given in the following Table Y to

I They arc A.D 440—1; 776—7; 838—9, 857—8; 1183—4; 1264—5; 1581—2.

«9

156 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

the time of the apparent Mesha sai'ikranti (as given in Table I., cols. 13 to 17, or i/rf). The sum is the moment of the mean Mesha sankranti. F'ind the interval in days, ghatikas, and palas between this and the given time (for which Jupiter's place is to be calculated). Calculate the mean motion of Jupiter during the interval by Table Y below, and add it to the mean longitude at the moment of mean Mesha sankranti. The sum is the mean place of Jupiter at the given moment. The motion of the sun during the interval (Table Y) is the sun's mean place at the given moment.

II. To find, secondly, the apparent longitude.

(i.) Subtract the sun's mean longitude from that of Jupiter. Call the remainder the " first commutation". If it be more than six signs, subtract it from twelve signs, and use the remainder. With this argument find the parallax by Table Z below. Parallax is tiihius when the commuta- tion is not more than six signs, plus when it is more than six. Apply half the parallax to the mean longitude of Jupiter, and subtract from the sum the longitude of Jupiter's aphelion, as given at the bottom of Table Z below. The remainder is the anomaly. (If this is more than six signs, subtract it from twelve signs, as before, and use the remainder.) With this argument find the equ ition of the centre ' by Table Z. This is minus or plus according as the anomaly is o to 6, or 6 to 12 signs. Apply it to the mean longitude of Jupiter, and the result is the heliocentric longitude.

(ii.) Apply the equation of the centre (plus or minus) to the first commutation ; the sum is the "second commutation". If it is more than six signs, use, as before, the difference between it and twelve signs. With this second commutation as argument find the parallax as before. Apply it (whole) to Jupiter's heliocentric longitude, and the result is Jupiter's apparent longitude.

Example. We have a date in an inscription. — "In the year opposite Kollam year 389, Jupiter being in Kumbha, and the sun 18 days old in Mina, Thursday, loth lunar day of Pushya" "

Calculating by our method "C" in the Text, we find that the date corresponds to Saka 1 138 current, Chaitra sukla dasami (lOth), Pushya nakshatra, the i8th day of the solar month Mina of Kollam 390 of our Tables, or March 12th, A.D. 1215.^

To find the place of Jupiter on the given day.

gh. pa.

Apparent Me.sha sank, in Saka 1137 {Table /., Cols. 13 — /j) 25 Mar. (84) Tues. (3) 3 32 Add sodhya {Table Y) 2 2 2 8 51

27 Mar. (86) Tues. (5) 12 23 The given date is -Saka 1138 12 Mar. (436)

(350)

350, then, is the interval from mean Mesha sankranti to 12 gh. 23 pa. on the given day. The interval between Saka i current and Saka 1137 current is 1136 years.

• Neglecting the minutes and seeonJs of anomaly, the equation mnv be taken for degrees. Thus, if the anomaly is 149° V 49", the equation may be taken for 149'. If it were 149° 31' 12", take the eijuation for 150°. And so in the case of comma- Ution. For greater accuracy the equation and parallax may be found by proportion

2 Indian Antiquary, XXIV., p. 307, date No. XI.

' The year 389 in the original seems to be the etpired year . There are instances in which the word "opposite" is so used and I am inclined to think that the word used for "opposite" is used to denote "expired" (gata). The phrase " 18 days old" is used to shew the 18lh day of the solar month. [S. B. D.)

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

>57

Saka I (Table Wj

Years looo

lOO

, 30

', 6

At mean Mesha sank : . Days (Table Y) . . . . 300 50

Mean long: on the given day.

Deduct Sun's mean longitude from that of Jupiter

JUI'ITER.

Stga

°

1

II

0

9

0

29

3

22

0

0

(Nole that there

5

5

12

0

to a sign, and 0?

6 6

10 2

33 6

36

43

Sun.

9

18

24

52

55

48 44

sign

"

' 1"

9

25

40 51

4

9

'7

I

19

16 48

10 1 1

17 14

57 57

49 39

I I

14

57

39

II

3

0

10

= first commutation.

As this is more than six signs we deduct it from 12 signs. Remainder, signs o, 26° 59' 50". Call this 27".

Parallax for 27° (see Table Z) ^ \' 20'.

sign » ' "

Mean longitude of Jupiter (above) 10 17 57 49

Add half the parallax 2 10

10 20 7 49

Subtract longitude of Jupiter's aphelion (bottom of Table 2)i 6 o O O

Anomaly 4 20 7 49

4 signs, 20 degrees = 140 degrees. Equation of centre for argument 140° — (Table Z) 3° 25'. Deducting this from Jupiter's mean longitude found above (los. 17° 57' 49") we have los. 14° 32' 49" =: Jupiter's heliocentric longitude; and deducting it from the first commutation (lis. 3° o' 10") we have, as second commutation, los. 29° 35' 10". Remainder from 12 signs, is. 0° 24' 50". Parallax for i sign, or 30°, (Table Zj ^ d^ 49'. Applying this (adding because the commutation is over 6 signs) to the heliocentric longitude of Jupiter we have (los. 14° 32' 49" + 4° 49'=) lOs. 19° 21' 49" as the apparent (true) longitude of Jupiter.

From this we know that Jupiter was in the i ith sign, Kumbha, on the given date.

IS8

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE W.

[For finding the 7nean place of Jupiter. Argument = number of years between Saka i and the given Saka year.]

•5 u « -H

Surya SidJhanta . . First Arja Do. . . . Sdrya Siddhauta with bija

Signs

°

'

"

0

7

56

54

U

9

0

29

0

5

49

4

No. of

years.

Sili'ja Siddlmnia

•"irst Ar)-a

Siddhunt

i

Sun-a Siddhanta with

jija

Signs

Degi-ees

Mins.

Sees.

s^

°

'

"

S.

°

'

"

1

1

0

21

6

1

0

21

7

1

0

21

4

2

2

0

42

12

2

0

42

14

2

0

42

7

3

3

1

3

18

3

1

3

22

3

1

3

11

4

4

1

24

24

4

1

24

29

4

1

24

14

5

5

1

4.-.

30

5

1

45

36

5

1

45

18

C

0

3

6

36

6

2

6

43

6

2

6

22

7

7

2

27

42

7

2

27

50

7

2

27

25

8

8

2

48

48

8

2

48

59

8

2

48

29

9

9

3

9

54

9

3

10

5

9

3

9

32

10

10

3

31

1)

10

3

31

12

10

3

30

36

20

8

7

2

0

8

7

2

24

8

7

1

12

30

6

10

33

0

6

10

33

36

6

10

31

48

40

4

14

4

0

4

14

4

48

4

14

2

24

50

2

17

35

0

2

17

3G

0

2

17

33

0

60

0

21

6

0

0

21

7

12

0

21

3

36

70

10

14

37

0

10

24

38

24

10

24

34

12

80

8

28

8

0

8

28

9

36

8

28

4

48

90

7

1

39

0

7

1

40

48

7

1

35

24

100

5

5

10

0

5

5

12

0

5

5

6

0

200

10

10

20

0

10

10

24

0

10

10

12

0

300

3

15

30

0

3

15

36

0

3

15

18

0

400

8

20

40

0

8

20

48

0

8

20

24

0

500

1

25

50

0

1

26

0

0

1

25

30

0

600

7

1

0

0

7

1

12

0

7

0

36

(1

700

0

6

10

0

0

6

24

0

0

5

42

0

800

5

11

20

0

5

11

36

0

5

10

48

0

900

10

16

30

0

10

16

48

0

10

15

54

0

1000

3

21

40

0

3

22

0

0

3

21

0

u

2000

7

13

20

0

7

14

0

0

7

12

0

0

8000

11

5

0

0

11

6

0

0

11

3

0

0

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

TABLE Y.

[Mean motion of Jupiter and Sun. Argument = number of days (ghatikas and palas) between mean Mesha saiikranti and the given moment.]

(This is applicable to alt tie Suldhdntat).

«59

No.

of days.

Jupiter.

Sun.

1

s.

"

'

"

^

'

"

1

0

0

4

59

0

0

59

8

2

0

0

U

58

0

1

58

16

3

0

0

14

57

0

2

57

25

i

0

0

19

57

0

3

56

33

5

0

0

24

56

0

4

55

41

6

0

0

29

55

0

5

54

49

7

0

0

34

54

0

6

53

57

8

0

0

39

53

0

7

53

5

9

0

0

44

52

0

8

52

14

10

0

0

49

51

0

9

51

22

20

0

1

39

43

0

19

42

43

30

0

2

29

34

0

29

34

5

40

0

3

19

26

1

9

25

27

50

0

4

9

17

1

19

16

48

60

0

4

59

7

1

39

8

10

70

0

5

49

0

2

8

59

32

80

0

C

38

52

2

18

50

54

90

0

7

28

43

2

28

42

15

100

0

8

18

35

3

8

33

37

200

0

16

37

9

6

17

7

14

300

0

24

55

44

9

25

40

51

,/. gh. pa.

^ ,, f Sin-R Siddhunta 2 10 14

Sodhva = i . •

\ .^na Siddhunta 2 8 51

Motion for ghatikAs iz: as many minutes and seconds as tlierc are degrees and minutes for the same number of days. Motion for palas zz as many secondB as there are degrees for the same number of days.

Example. The motion of Jupiter in four ghatikAs is 19^ , or (say) 20 seconds. The motion of the Sun in five palas is 4^5 , or (say) 5 seconds.

i6o

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

TABLE Z.

[For Equation of centre. Argiimetit — Jupiter s anomaly. For Parallax, Argument = commutation.]

1

Equation

1

Equation

i

Equation

.s

Parallax.

uf

_o

Parallax.

of

.2

Parallax.

of

1

a

centre.

a

1

centre.

1

60

<

centre.

°

'

°

'

°

'

°

'

°

'

1

0

10

0

5

25

4

2

2

7

49

7

33

3

45

2

0

19

0

10

26

4

11

2

11

50

7

41

3

48

8

0

29

0

15

27

4

20

2

15

51

7

48

3

52

4

0

38

0

21

28

4

30

2

20

52

7

56

3

56

5

0

48

0

26

29

4

39

2

24

53

8

4

3

59

6

0

58

0

31

30

4

49

2

29

54

8

12

4

2

7

8

0

37

31

4

59

2

33

55

8

20

4

5

8

18

0

42

32

5

7

2

38

56

8

27

4

8

9

27

0

47

33

5

17

2

42

57

8

34

4

11

10

37

0

52

34

5

26

2

47

58

8

41

4

14

11

47

0

57

35

5

34

2

51

59

8

48

4

17

12

57

2

36

5

43

2

55

60

8

55

4

20

13

2

7

7

37

5

52

2

58

61

9

1

4

22

14

2

16

12

38

6

1

3

4

62

9

8

4

25

15

2

26

17

39

6

9

3

8

63

9

14

4

27

16

2

36

22

40 '

6

18

3

12

64

9

21

4

80

17

2

46

27

41

6

26

3

16

65

9

28

4

32

18

2

55

32

42

6

35

3

20

66

9

34

4

35

19

3

4

37

48

6

44

3

23

67

9

40

4

87

20

3

14

42

44

6

52

3

27

68

9

45

4

39

21

8

24

47

45

7

0

3

31

69

9

49

4

41

22

3

33

52

46

7

8

8

36

70

9

54

4

48

23

3

42

57

47

7

17

3

^38

71

9

59

4

45

24

3

52

2

1

48

7

25

3

42

72

10

4

4

47

Longitude of the Aphelion of Jupiter, by SArya Siddhftnta r= 6 signs 21 degrees Aryu Siddh&nta = 6 „ 0 „

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

i6i

i

Eq latioii

1

Bquatinn

1

E,|n

Btion

a

c 1

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of centre.

C3 3

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of ccnlrc.

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ceil

f tre.

1

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°

°

'

°

'

1

'

°

'

73

10

9

4

49

109

11

25

4

54

145

7

41

3

4

74

10

11

4

51

110

11

24

4

52

146

7

31

3

0

75

10

19

4

52

HI

11

22

4

50

147

7

19

2

55

76

10

24

4

54

112

U

19

4

49

148

7

8

2

50

77

10

2S

4

55

113

n

16

4

47

149

6

57

2

46

78

10

33

4

56

114

11

13

4

45

150

6

46

2

41

79

10

37

4

57

115

11

10

4

43

151

6

34

2

36

80

10

41

4

59

116

n

6

4

41

152

6

23

2

31

81

10

46

5

0

117

11

2

4

38

153

6

11

2

27

82

10

50

5

1

118

10

59

4

36

154

5

59

2

22

88

10

54

5

1

119

10

55

4

34

155

5

47

2

17

84

10

58

5

2

120

10

51

4

31

156

5

34

2

12

85

1

5

3

121

10

46

4

29

157

5

21

2

7

86

4

5

4

122

10

41

4

26

158

5

8

2

2

87

7

5

4

123

10

36

4

23

159

4

55

57

88

10

5

5

124

10

31

4

21

160

4

42

51

89

13

5

5

125

10

25

4

18

161

4

29

46

90

16

5

5

126

10

19

4

15

162

4

16

41

91

19

5

6

127

10

13

4

12

163

4

2

35

92

22

5

6 •

128

10

7

4

9

164

3

48

30

93

25

5

6

129

10

1

4

6

165

3

34

24

91

27

5

6

130

9

54

4

3

166

3

20

19

95

28

5

6

131

9

47

3

59

167

3

6

13

90

29

5

5

132

9

39

3

55

168

2

52

8

97

30

5

5

133

9

32

3

52

169

2

38

2

98

30

5

4

134

9

25

3

49

170

2

24

0

57

99

30

5

4

135

9

17

3

45

171

2

10

0

51

100

31

5

3

136

9

9

3

41

172

1

55

0

45

101

31

5

3

137

9

0

3

37

173

1

41

0

40

102

31

5

2

138

8

51

3

33

174

1

27

0

34

103

30

5

1

139

8

41

3

29

175

1

13

0

29

104

30

5

0

140

8

32

3

25

176

0

59

0

24

105

29

4

59

141

8

22

3

21

177

0

44

0

18

106

28

4

58

142

8

12

3

17

ITS

0

29

0

12

107

27

4

57

143

8

2

3

13

179

0

15

0

6

108

26

4

55

144

7

52

3

8

ISO

0

0

0

0

INDEX.

~~^aJ\0~* ^~OX.aO^

"(I." "«." "<;." in Table I. ejplained. Art. 102, p. 56. Abul Fazal, on the Lakshmnna Sena Era, Art. 71, p. 46. Adhiks miusas, or interi'alnted months, system cxplaincil, Art. 25,

p. 11; adhika tithis, rules governing, Art. 32, p. 17;

variation on aecount of longitude, Art. 35, p. 19; detailed

rules governing. Arts. 45 to 51, pp. 25 to .31; Arts. 76

to 79, pp. 48, 49; (see also under Intercalation, Lunar

month, Tithi). Ahargttua, meaning of. Art. 30, and note 2, p. 16; Art. 47,

p. 28. Akbar, established the Fasali Era, Art. 71, p. 44; and the

Ililhi Era. Art. 71, p. 46. Jkbarndma, The, of Abul Fazal, Art. 71, p. 46. Alberuni, Sapfarshi Kala Era used in MultAn in his day.

Art. 71, p. 41; and the Harsha-KAla Era in Mathura and

Kanauj, Art. 71, p. 45, Am^ta system of lunar months, definitiuD, Art. 13, p. 4;

compared with piiiTjiimanta system in tabular form. Art. 45,

p. 25 ; how it affects intercalation of months in luni-solar

system, Art. 51, p. 30. AmavSsya, definition of, Art. 7, p. 3; name of a tithi, id.;

ends a paksha or fortnight. Art. 11, p. 4; see also Art. 13,

p. 4; Art. 29, p. 13. Amli Era of Orissa, The, Art. 71, p. 43. . Amrita Siddhi Yoga, Art. 39, p. 23; in an actual parichi'iiiga,

p. 15. Ariisa, or degree of angular nioasurement. Art. 22, p. 9. Angas= limbs; paiichanga. Art. 4, p. 2. Anomalistic, Length of — lunar month. Art. 12, note 2, p. 4;

— solar year, definition and length of. Art. 15, and note 3,

p. 5. Anomaly of a planet, true and mean, defined. Art. 15,

note 4, p. 5. Apara paksha. (See Pakaha).

Apogee, Sun's, longitude of, in A.D. 1137, Art. 24, p 11. Apparent, saiikriinti, defined. Art. 26, p. 11; meaning of

word "apparent", Art. 26, note 2, p. 11; "apparent time".

Art. 36, p. 19.

Apsides, Line of, in reference to length of anomalistic solar year, Art. 15, and note, p. 5.

"Arabi-san" The. (See Mahratta Siir tan).

Aries, first point of Art. 14, p. 5; sidereal longitude measured from, Art. 23, p. 9.

Ai^a-paksha school of astronomers. Arts. 19, 20, p. 7, 8.

Aryas, Ancient, were acquainted with the starry nakshati-as. Art. 38, p. 21.

Jri/a Siddhdnta, The First, Art. 17, p. 6 ; the Second, id. ; length of year according to First, now in use. Art. 18, p. 7 ; account of the. Arts. 19, 20, 21, pp. 7 to 9, and notes. Basis of solar reckoning in this work. Art 37, p. 20; mean inter- calations according to. Art. 49, p. 29 ; Rule of, for finding the samvatsara current on a particular day. Art. 59, p. 34; List of expunged samvatsaras of the 60-year cycle of Jupiter according to the rule of the. Art. 60, p. 36 ; where used in the Tables as basis of calculation, Art. 73, p. 47; difference between moment of Mesha-sankranti as calculated by the — and the Sdnja Siddhdnta, Art. 96, p. 54, and table.

Ayanamsa, Warren's use of the. Art. 24, note 1, p. 11.

Badi, or Vadi paksha. (See Vaksha.)

Bahula paksha. (See Paksha.)

Bilrhaspatya samvatsara. (See Brihasiiati cluikra.)

Bengal. Solar reckoning used in. Art. 25, p. 11 ; use of the "Bengali Sau" Era in, Art. 71, p. 43; of the Viiayati Era in, id. ; New Year's Day in, Art. 52, p. 32.

Bengalis, followers of the Saura school of astronomy. Art. 20, p. 8.

"Bengali San" Era, The, Art. 71, p. 43.

Bcrars, Ganesa Daivajna's works followed in. Art. 20, p. 9.

Bhilskaracharya (A.D. 1150) mentions the Second .tnja Sidd- hiliila. Art. 20, p. 8 ; follows the rule given in the Kdlatalia- rii-fchana for naming adhika and kshaya mi'isas. Art. 46, p. 27; snpprcjised months according to. Art. 47, p 27 ; Art. 50, p. 30.

Bhdsvall, a Karaya, (A.D. 1099), Art. 20, p. 8 ; Art. 52, p. 31.

Bija, or correction, Art. 19, p. 7 ; Art. 20 and notes, pp. 7 to 9; Varilhamihira's, Art. 20, p. S; Lalla's, irf. ; intheAyam- fiijaitka, id. \i. 8 ; in the Makaranda, id. p, 8 ; Ga^esa Daivajiia's, id. p. 8.

164

INDEX.

Bombay, New year's day in. Art. 52, p. 32.

Brahmagupta His Brahma Siddhdnta, Art. 17, p. 6; Art 19, p. 7; Art 30, note 1, p. 8 ; his si stem of naksbatra mea- suremcnl, Art. 38, p. 21: Art. 40, note 1, p. 23.

Brahmaiias, The. Art 41. p. 24.

Brahnia-paksha school of astronomers, Arts 19. 20. p. 7, 8.

Brahma Siddhdnta of Brahmapupta, Art. 17, p. 6; Art. 19. p. 7 ; Art. 20, p. 8 ; system of nakshatra measurement accord- ing to, Art 38, p. 21 ; rule for naming intercalated and expunged months, Art. 46, p. 27; Art. 50, p. 30.

Brihaspnti sannatsara-chakra, or siity-year cycle of Jupiter, Arts. 53 to 62. pp 32 to 37 ; duration of a year of the, Art. 54 p. 33; Expuuction of a year of the, Arts. 54 to 60, pp. 33 to 36 ; Rules for finding the year current on any day. Art. 59, p. 34.

Bv'kat tamhilu. Rule for finding the samvatsara current on a particular day. Art. 59, p. 35 ; List of expunged samvatsaras of the fiO-yrar cycle of Jupiter according to the — rule. Art. 60. p. 36.

Brihat TUhichintdmani, The, by Ganesa Daivajua, (A.D. 1527) Art. 20, p. 8.

Buchanan, on the Lakshmana Sena Era, Art. 71, p. 46.

Canon der Finsternisse, by Oppolzer, Art. 40ff, p. 23. See Dr. R. Schi'am's Article on Eclipses, pp. 109—116.

Central Provinces, Gapcsa Daivajua's works followed in. Art. 20, p. 9.

Ceremonies, Religious, performauce of, how regulated with reference to tiihis. Art. 31, p. 17.

Chaitiildi Vikrama year The, Art. 71, p. 41.

Chaldcfa. Names of Hindu days of week derived from, Art. 5, note 1, p. 2.

Chaldceans, were acquainted with the starry nakshatras. Art. 38, p. 21.

Chdlukyan Era, The, Art. 71. p. 46.

Chiindra milsa. or lunar month. Sec Lunation, Lunar month

Chara, The. defined. Art. 24, note 1, p 11.

Chcdi Era, The, Art. 71, p. 42.

Chhatrc, Professor, list of intercalated and suppressed months. Art. 46. note 3, p. 27, and Art. 78, and note 1, p. 49.

Chinna Kimrdi, The Oiiko cycle in. Art. 64. p. 38.

Chitlagone, The MUgi-san Era used in. Art. 71, p. 45.

Christian Era, The, current or cipind years (?) Art. 70, note 2, p. 40; Use of, in India, Art. 71, p. 42.

Civil day. The. (See Solar day).

Cochin, New Year's Day in, Art. 52, p. 32.

Colcbrooke, on the Lakshmana Sena Era, Art. 71, p. 46.

Cowasjec FatcU, List of intercalated and suppressed months in his "Chronologij." Art. 46, note 3, p. 27, and Art. 78, and note 1, p! 49.

Ciiuuinghain, General Sir Arthur. Indian Eras. List of inter- calated and suppressed months, Art. 46, ui>te 3, p. 27. and Art. 7S. and note 1, p. 49. On the Lakshmana Sena Era, Art. 71, p. 46.

Current year, defined, Art. 70, p. 40.

Cycle. Sixty-year — of Jupiier, Arts. 53—62, pp. 32—36; List of expunged sainvatsaras, Art. 60, p. 36, earliest men- lion of, in inscriptions, Art. 61, p. 36; The southern

60-year, or luni-solar, cycle Art. 62, pp. 36, 37; Twelve- year — of Jupiter, Ait. 63, p. 37, and Table XI L; flra/i^i- parirritti — of 90 y. ars, the. Art. 64. p. 37 Onio — the, Art 64. p. 38.

Dakhani system of lunar fortnights. Art. 13, p. 5.

Dakshinuyana sankr&nti. (See Saiikrdnli).

Danda. Length of Art. 6. p. 2.

Days of the week. Names of Hindu, Art. 5. p. 2.

Definitions and general ei|ilanation of names and Indian divi- sions of time, 4rts. 4 — 17, pp 2 — 7.

Bhikotida, a Karana by Sripati, Art. 47, and note 4, p. 27.

Bhi-oriddhida, a work by Lalla. Art. 20, p. 8.

Dina. or solar day. Art. 6, p. 2.

Divasa. Sfivana — = solar day. Art. 6, p. 2.

Division of time amongst the Himlus, Art. 6. p. 2.

Divyasimhadeva, prince of Orissa, Art. 64, p. 39.

DvSpura Yuga. (See Yuga).

Eclipses, note on. Art. 40a, p. 23; note by Professor Jacobi on id.; Dr. Schram's paper on, and Tables, pp. 109 — 188.

Ecliptic, synodical and sidereal revolutions of moon. Art. 12, note 2, p. 4.

Elements and Definitions, Arts. 4 — 17, pp. 2 — 7.

"Equal-space-system" of nakshatras. Art. 38, p. 21.

"Equation of the centre", defined. Art. 15, note 4, p. 5; term explained. Art. 107, p. 60; greatest possible, according to the Siiri/a-Siddhilnta, Art. 108, p. 61; given for every degree of anomaly in the Makaranda, Art. 109, p. 61.

Eras, The various, treated of. Arts. 65—71, pp. 39 — 47; use of, by emigrant races, Arts. 66, 67, p. 39.

Expired year, defined, Art. 70, p. 40.

Expunctiou. Of tithis, rules governing. Art 32, p. 17; Variation on account of longitude. Arts. 34, 35, pp. 18, 19; — of nakshiitras. Art. 35, p. 19; — of months, Ai-ts. 45 to 51, pp. 25 to :n, and Arts 77 to 79, pp. 48, 49 ; alluded to by Bhfiskara-charja, Arts. 46, 47, p. 27. (See Lunar month); — of a samvatsara. Art. 54, p. 33 ; variations in practice. Art. 55, p. 83 ; List of expunged samvatsuras. Art. 60 and Table p 36; — of samvatsaras in the 1 2-year cycle of Jupiter, Art. 63, p. 37.

Fasali year. The, Art. 71, p. 44. Do. luni-solar, id. New War's Day in Madras, Art. 52, p. 32; New Year's Day ia Bengal, id.

Fixed piiint in Aries, The, sidereal longitude measured from. Art. ri, p 9.

Fleet, Dr. F., Art. 71, p. 40. note 1; on the Chedi Era, Art 71, p. 42, note 4 ; on the Gupta and Valabhi Eras, Art. 71, p. 42.

Flight, Muhammad's, Art. 161, p. 101.

Ganesa Daivajna, author of the Grnha/dghava, a KaraQa in A.U. Ij2ll, and of the Brihat and Lat/ku Tithichinldmanit (A.D. 1527). Art. 20, p. 8; his bi^a, id.; L st of suppresred mouths according to. Art. 60. p. 30; dilTereut treatment of Snka years by. Art. 08. p. 39.

Gaujani, New Year's Day in, Art. 52, p. 32; The Oi'iko cycle. Art B4. p. 37.

Garga's system of nakAhatras, Art. 38, p. 21.

Gats, a — year defined. Art. 70 p. 40.

INDEX.

>6S

Ghat!. (Soc ghatikd.)

Ghatikd, Length of, Art. 6, p. 2.

Giriii Chandra, ••Chronological Tables" by, Art. 71, p. 43.

GraJiatdghava. The, a Karava, wriiten by Gapesa Duivajfia(A.D. 1520), Art. 20, p. 8; Art. 60, p. 80; Art. 68, p. 40.

Gralia-parivritti eycle. The, Art. 64, p. 37 ; equation of, id., and note 4.

Gregorian year, Length of, compared with that of the Ilijra. Art. 162, p. 102, note 1.

Gujarflt, The Brahma school of astronomy followed in. Arts 20, 21, pp. 8, 9; and the Gralialdyhava and Laghu Tithicliin- tdmatfi of Gapcsa Daivnjna Art. 20, p. 9; New Year's Day in. Art. 52, p: 32; use of the Vikrania Erain, Art. 71, p.41; and by settln-s from — in S. India, id.

Gupta Era, The, Art. 71, p. 43.

Haiilarfibild, Gapcsa Daiiajno's works followed in, Art. 20, p. 9.

Harsha-Kdla Era, The, Art. 71, p. 45.

Harshava dfaana of Kanauj, King, establishes the Harsha-Kula Era, .\rt. 71, p. 45.

Helali, The, Art. 161, p. 101.

Heliacal rising of a planet, defined. Art. 63, note 2, p. 37.

Hijra, Ytar of the Its origin. Art. 161, p. 101. Length of — and Gregorian years compared. Art. 162. p. 102 ; begins from heliacal rising of moon. Art. 164, p. 102.

Hissabi, The, Art. 161, p. 101.

Ilfihi Era, The, Art. 71. p 46.

Inauspicious days. Certain, Art 32, p. 17.

Indrayumna, R6ja of Orissa, date of his birth is the epoch of the Amli Era. Art. 71. p. 43.

Intercalation of months in Hindu calendar, system explained. Art. 25, p. 11; — of tithis. Art. 32, p. 17; variation on account of longitude. Art. 34. p. 18 ; — of nakshatras. Art. 35, p. 19; detailed rules governing the — of months. Art. 45 to 51, pp. 25 to 31 ; order of — of months recnrs in cycles. Art. 50, p. 29 ; according to true and mean systems. Art 47. p. 27: by different SiddhJntas, Art. 49, p. 29; by amSnia and pilrnimSnia systems. Art. 51, p. 30. See also Jr/s. 76—79, pp. 4S 49.

Jacobi, Professor, note on eclipses, Art. 40a, p. 23.

Jahdngir, used the IlAhi Era, Art. 71, p. 46.

Julian period. Art. 16, p. 6.

Jupiter. Bija, or correction, applied in A.D. 505 to his motion, by Var8ha-mihira, Art. 20, p. 8, and by Lalla, id ; sixty- year cycle of, Arts. 53-62. pp. 32 ff.; t»clve-year cycle of Art. 63, p. 37, and Table Xll.; heliacal rising of, marks beginning of year in one system of 12-year cycle. Art. 63, p 37. twelve-year cycle of the mean-sigu system, Art. 63, p. 37, and Table XH.

Jgotiska-darpiina , The, Rule for mean intercalation of months, Art 47, p. 27.

Jijotishatattna rule for eipnnction of a sanivatsara. Arts. 57, 59. pp 33, 34 ; rule for finding the samvatsara current on a particular day, Art. 59, p 35; List of expunged samvatsaras of the 60-year cycle of Jupiter accurdmg to the — rule. Art. 60, p. 36. Kalachun Era, The, Art. 71, p. 42.

Kdlatalva-viveciana, The, a work attributed to the Sage Vyita.

Art 46, p. 27. Kali-Vuna, The, Era described. Art. 71, p. 40. Kalpa, Length of. Art. 16, p. 6. Kanarese Districts follow the Grahaldghava and Laghu Tithi-

chintu'maui of Gaoesa Daivajna, Art. 20, p. 9. Kanauj, Use of Hai-sha-kJla Era in. Art. 71, p. 45. Karana, Art. 1, p. 1; Art. 4, p. 2; definition of. Art. 10, pp. 3,

4; names of. Table Vlll., cols. 4 and 5; data concerning

them, in an actual panehiliiga. Art. 30, p. 14; "Karapa

index". Art. 37, p. 20; further details concerning. Art. 40,

p. 23. Karana, An astronomical treatise. Art 17, note 1, p. 6; the

PuMha SiddHdntikd, id.; account of some of the Karanas,

Arts. 19 to 21, pp. 7 to 9; Vilviiaia Kochchanna's — , Art.

20, p. 8 ; the Makaranda, id. ; the Grahaldghava, id. ; the

Blidsvatt — , Art. 52, p. 31. Karaiiaprt^kdsa, an astronomical work. Art. 20, p. 8. Karttikildi Vikraina year, The, Art. 71, p. 41. Kashmir, Saptarshi-K^la Era, The, used in. Art. 71, p. 41 ;

New Year's Day in, according to Alberuni, Art. 52, p. 32. Kaththa-kalil, Length of. Art. 6, p. 2. KiitbiavM, New Year's Day in, Art. 52, p. 32; use of the

Vikrama Era in. Art. 71, p, 41; do. of the Valabhi Era,

Art. 71, p. 43. Khalif Umar, Art. 161, p. 101. Khand'kliddya of Bralimagupta, The, (A.D. 665), Art. 20,

p. 8, note 1. Kielhom, Dr. F, on the Saptarsbi-Kfila Era, Art. 71, p. 41;

on the Vikrama Era, id., pp. 40, note 2, 41; on the Chedi

or Kalachuri Era, id., p. 42, and note 4; on the Nev&r

Era, Art. 71, p. 45; on the Lakshmana Sena Era, Art. 71,

p. 46. KoUam Era, Description of the, or Era of Parasurama, Art. 71.

p. 45 ; — dtutu, id. Krishna paksha. (See Pakshd). Krita ynga (See Tuya). Kshaya, meaning of word. Art. 32, p. 18. Kshaya tilhis. general rules governing. Art. 32, p. 17 ; variation

on account of longitude. Arts. 34, 35, p. 18/ Kshaya m4sas,

detailed rules governing, Arts. 45 to 51, pp. 25 to 31, and

Arts. 76 to 79, ))p. 48, 49; — samvatsara. Art. 54, p. 33;

list of, Art. 60, and Table, p. 36. (Sec Erpunction, Lunar

month). Laghu Tithichinttlmani, The, a work by Ganesa Daivajna

(A.D. 1527) Art. 20, p. 8. Lahore, New Year's Day in, according to Alberuni, Art. 52,

p. 32. Lak.hmana Sena Era, The, Art. 71. p. 46, • lalla, author of the Dhi-vriddhida. Art. 20, p. 8; introduced

a bija to First Anja Siddhdnta. id. Liiukfi, latitude and longitude of. Art. 36, and note 2, p. 20. Laukika KSIa Era The. (Sec Saptarshi Kfila ) Longitude, variation in time caused by. Arts 34, 35, pp. 18, 19. Lunar month. (See also Foksha, Amdnta, Piinumdnta, Lunition.) Detini ion of the term. Art. 12a. and note, p. 4; names of the

months, Art. 41, p. 24. and note 1; originally derived from

i66

INDEX.

thr nakshatras, Art. 43, and Table, pp. 24, 25; afterwards from the names of the solar months, Art. 44, p. 24; detailed rules goTerning intercalation and cipunction of, Arts. 45 to 51, pp. 25 to 31; varying lengths of months. Art. 45, p. 25 ; names of intercalated and ciijungcd months how given. Art. 16, p. 26; rule in Wn Kiilatalva-r'tvechana. and in the Brahma-Siddhtinta, id. ; true and mean systems, Art. 47, p. 27 ; suppression of a month impossible under the latter, id. p. 28; intcrealation of months recurs in cycles, Art. 50, p. 29; peculiarities observable in the order, id.; intercalation by amanta and piirnimanta systems, Art. 51, p. 30; Arts. 76 to 79, pp. 48, 49; names of the Hindu lunar months. Table II., Part i., cols. 1 to 3; Part ii.,cols. 1 to 5; Tabic III., col. 2.

Lunation, a natural division of time. Art, 12, )). 4; synodical revolution, id. note 2.

Lunation-parts. (See Tithi-inde.r.)

Luni-sidar month-names, general rule, Art. 14, p. 5; Art. 41, p. 24; season-names, star-names. Art. 14, p. 5; the former first met with in the Tdjur Vedas, id. ; modem names derived from star-names. Arts. 42 to 44, pp. 24, 25.

Luni-solar year. Begins with amanta Clhaitra sukla 1st, Art. 52, p. 31; rule when that day is citlier adhika or kshaya, id. p. 31 ; rule when Chaitra is intercalary, id. p. 32; southern or luni-solar cycle of Jupiter, Art. 62, p. 36 ; The — Fasali year. Art. 71, p. 44.

Luni-solar reckoning used in most part of India, Art. 25, p, 11.

Madhyama, = mean. Art. 26, note 2, p. 11.

MSsri-San Era, The, Art. 71, p. 45.

Mahdblidrata, Beginning of year mentioned in the, Art. 52, p. 32.

llahayuga. Length of. Art. 16, p. 6.

MahratU Sur-San Era, The, Art. 71, p. 45. Kiija-Saka Era.IThe, Art. 71, p. 47.

Maisur, Gapesa Daivajiia's works followed in, Art, 20, p. 8.

Makaranda, The, a Karana (A.D. 1478), Art. 20, p. 8.

Equation of the centre for every degree of anomaly given in the, Art. 109, p. 61.

Malabar, Use of the Saka era in. Art. 71, p. 42 ; use of KoUara au'.ln in. Art. 71, p. 45.

MSlava Era, The, = the Vikrama Era, Art. 71. p. 42.

Malayiljani, school of astronomers use the V dkkya-karaiia, Art. 20, p. 8; and <\i<: AryaSiddhdnU, kti.tX.f. 9 ; — countries, solar reckoning used in, Art. 25, p. 11; New Year's Day in the — country. Art. 52, p. 32.

Marflthis follow Gayesa Daivajiia's Grahaldghava and Laijhu Titlii- chintamani. Art, 20, p. 9.

MfirvUdi system of lunar fortnights. Art. 13, p. 5.

Milrvadis of Southern India use the Vikrama era. Art. 71, p. 41.

MatliurS, Use of Ilarshakala Era in. Art. 71, p. 45.

Mean anomaly, moon's, sun's. Art. 15, note 4, p. 5; Art. 102, p. 56; term explained with reference to Tables VI. and VII., and "A" and -c" in Table I., Art. 107, p. 60.

Mean sankninti defined. Art. 20, p. 11; meaning of word "mean". Art. 26, note 2, p. 11; "mean time," Art. 36, p. 19; '• mean solar day," id.; " mean sun," I'rf. ; "niiannoon," id. ; true and mean systems regulating intercalation and sup- pression of months in the luni-solar calendar. Art. 47, p. 27.

Mei-idian used in the Tables, Art. 73, p. 47.

Mesha saukriinti, the general rule for naming luni-aolar months. Art. 14, p. 5; Art. 44, p. 24; the mean — takes place after the true — at the present day. Art. 26, p. 11; files the beginning of the solar year. Art. 52. p. 31; difference in calculation between the Present Surya and First Arya Sidd/uiuias, Art. 96, Table, p. 55.

Methods, three. A, B, C, for calculation of dates by the Tables, preliminary remarks. Art. 2, 3, pp. 1, 2 ; fully detailed. Arts. 135 to 100, pp. 05 to 101.

Mithila, Use of the Lakshmana Sena Era in. Art. 71, p. 46.

Month, Lunar, lengths of synodical, sidereal, tropical, anoma- listic, nodical. Art. 12, note 2, p. 4 ; names of — in the Uahi Era, Art. 71, p. 46; Muliammadau, Table of, Art. 163 p. 102.

Moon, her motion in longitude marks the tithi. Art. 7, p. 3 ; one synodic revolution constitutes 30 tithis, id. ; bija applied to her motion by Lalla, .\rt. 20, p. 8 ; and to her apogee, id.; mean length of her sidereal revolution. Art. 38, p. 21 ; how the moon's motion caused the naming of the lunar months after the nakshatras. Art. 43, p. 24 ; lunar equation of the centre explained. Art. 107, pp. 60 f.

"Moon's age," term used in Table I, its meaning. Art. 97, p. 55.

Muhammad, date of his flight. Art. 101, p. 101.

Muhammadan calendar, perpetual, by Dr. Burgess p. 106.

Muhammadan months, Table of, Art. 163. p. 102.

Mukundadeva, prince of Orissa, Art. 64, p. 39.

Multan, The Saptarshi Kala Era used in. Art. 71, p. 41. New year's day in, according to Alberuni, Art. 52, p. 32.

Muttra. (See Mathuril).

Nadi, Length of. Art. 6, p. 2.

Nadika, Length of, Art. 6, p. 2.

Nakshatra, Art. 1, p. 1 ; Art. 4, p. 2 ; Art. 38, p. 21 ; definition of, Art. 8, p. 3; length of, id.; data concerning, in an actual panchaiiga. Art. 30, p. 16; intercalation and expunctiun of. Art. 35, p. 19; — or "nakshatra index," Art. 37, p. 21; equal and unequal space systems of, Art. 38, p. 21 ; longitudes of ending points of, Table shewing. Art. 38, p. 22; gave their names to the lunar months. Arts. 43, 44, and Table, pp. 24, 25; method for calculating fully explained. Art. 133, p. 64.

Nepal (or Nevar) Era, The, Art. 71, p. 45; use of Marsha KMa Era in, id.; use of Gupta Era in, Art. 71, p. 43.

Ncvflr Era, The, Art. 71, p. 45.

"New Style" in Europe, Art. 168, p. 103.

New Year's Day, The Hindu, Art. 52, p. 31 ; Varies in various localities, id., and note 3, p. 32.

Nija miisas. (See adhika tmisas).

Nirayaua Saiiki-Snti. (Sec Saiikrilnli).

Nirnaycuindhu, The, Art. 31, note, p. 17.

Nodical lunar month, Length of. Art. 12. note 1, p. 4.

"Old Style" in Europe, Art. 168, p. 103.

Onko cycle. The, Art. 64, p. 37.

Oppolzer's "Canon der JimUmiise", Art. 40a, p. 23.

Orissa, New Year's Day in, Art. 52, p. 32; the Ouko cycle in. Art. 64, p. 37; use of Amli Era in. Art 71, p. 43.

Paitamdha Siddhdnla, The, Art. 17, p. 6.

INDEX.

167

Paksha, or niomi'a fortnight, Definition of, Art. 11, p. 4; snkla°-, suJdha^-, krishnn"-, behula°-, pflrva°-, apara°-, id.

Pala, Li-iijcth of. Art. 0, p. 2.

Pafichili'ign, Art. 1, p. 1; definition of. Art. 4, p. 2; calcu- lated according to one or other of the SiddhaHlas, Art. 19, p. 7; the principal articles of, treated in detail, Art. 29 to 51, pp. 13 to 31; specimen page of a. Art. 30, pp. 14, 15.

Faheha Siddh,!ntii,t, The, of Vnruha-Mihira, Art. 20, ]>. 8; Art. 17, note 1, p. 6.

Para, Length of. Art. 6, p. 2.

Pardiara Siddlulnta, The, Art. 17, p. 26.

Parasn KAma Era, The. Art. 71, p. 45.

Parla Kimcdi, The Ohko cycle in. Art. 64, p. 37.

Pttultia Siddhdnia, The, Art. 17, p. 6.

Pedda KiineUi, The Oiiko cycle in. Art. 64, p. 37.

Persian, old calendar of Yazdajird, Art 71, p. 47.

Fhatteiuhaprakdia, The, Art. 71, p. 42, note 2.

Pitri, Ceremony in honour of, proper day for performinsr, Art. 31, p. 17.

Prina, I/cngth oi; Art. 6, p. 2.

Pratipadil, or first tithi of the month. End of, how determined. Art. 7, p. 3.

Prativipala, Length of. Art 6, p. 2.

Precession of the equinoxes, in reference t« the length of tropical s<dar year. Art. 15, p. 5; and to the coincidence of sidereal and tropical signs of the zodiac. Art. 23, p. 10.

Piirnimd, definition of. Art. 7, p. 3 ; name of a tithi, id. ; ends a fortnight, or paksha. Art. 11, p. 4. See also Art. 13, p. 4; Art. 29, p. 13.

Pflrnimiinta system of lunar months, definition. Art. 13, p. 4; compared with amuota system in tabular form, Art. 45, p. 25; how it aSects intercalation of months in luni-solar system. Art. 51, p. 30.

Pflrva paksha. (See Paksha).

Qnilon. (See Kollam).

Radius vector. Art. 15, note 4, p. 5.

Xdjamrit/diika Sidd/idnta, The, Art. 17, p. 6; length of year according to, now in use, Art. 18, p. 7 ; Art. 19, p. 7 ; Art. 20, p. 8; corrections introduced in the, .\rt. 20, p. S.

Rija-Saka Era. The, of the -Mahrattas, Art. 71, p. 47.

Raj4 Taraiigini, The, use of the Saptarshi Kala Era in. Art. 71, p. 41.

Rajendra Lai Slitra, Dr., on the Lakshmana Sena Era, Art. 71, p. 46.

R^jputAna, residents in, follow the Brahma-paksha school of astronomy. Art. 21, p. 9.

Rijyiibhisheka Era, The, of the Mahrattas. Art. 71, p. 47.

Ramachaudradeva, prince of Orissa, .\rt. 64, p. 39.

Rdma-viaoda, The, Art. 71, note 2, p. 42.

Rasi, or sign of the zodiac. Art. 22, p. 9.

Ratnamdld of .Sripati, Art. 59, note 2, p. 35; list of ex- punged samvatsaras of the 60-year cycle of Jupiter, according to the rule of the — , Art. 60, p. 36.

Religious ceremonies, day for performance of, how regulated, Art. 31, p. 17.

Somaka Siddhunia, The, Art. 17. p. 6; Art. 59, note 2, p. 34.

Saka Era, The, sometimea represented in Bengal and the

Tamil country as solar, Art. 67, p. 39; description of the Art. 71, p. 42.

Sdkalya Brahma Siddhdnia, The, Art. 17, p. 6; Art. 69, note 2, p. 34.

Samhilds. (See Veda).

Samvatsara, of the 60-ycar cycle of Jupiter, Arts. 53 to 02, pp. 32 to 37; duration of, according to the Sdiya Siddhunia, Art. 54, p. 33; expunction of a, (kshaya samvatsara) Art. 54, p. 33; variations in practice. Art. 50 to 00, pp 33 to 36; rules for finding the — current on a particular day, Art. 59, pp. 34/; list of expunged — Art. 60 and Table, p. 36; — of the 12-year cycle of Jupiter, Art. 63, p. 37, and Table XII.; of the 12-year cycle of Jupiter of the mean-sign system, Art. 63, p. 37, and Table XII.

Sankoshtanusana-chaturthi, a certain religious observance, proper day for performing. Art. 31, p. 17.

Sai'ikr'inti, definition of, Art. 23, p. 9 ; true and mean, dis- tinguished. Art. 26, p. 11; use of the word in this work, Art. 27, p. 12; how the incidence of the — affects intercalation and expunction of months in the Inni-solar calendar. Art. 45, p. 25, and Table; Art. 79, p. 49; Mcsha — , table shewing difference of moment of, as calculated by the Ari/a and Sdri/a Siddh4ntai, Art. 96, p. 54, and Table. (See also the Additions and Corrections, pp. 149—161).

Saptarshi Kala Era, The, Art. 71. p. 41.

Sastra KSIa Era, The. (See Saptarshi Kd/a).

Saura masa, or solar month. (See So/ar months).

Saura-paksha school of astronomers, .\rts. 19, 20, pp. 7, 8.

Sayana sai'ikranti. (See Sahk-rdntt).

Sexagesimal division of the circle in India, Art. 22, p. 9.

Shah Jahun used the llahi Era, Art. 71, p. 46.

Shahi"u--San Era of the Mahrattas, The, Art 71, p. 45.

Siddhunlas, Year- measurement according to the different — , Art. 17, p. 6; what is a Siddhunta, id., note 1; account of the various. Arts. 19 to 21, pp. 7 to 9 ; differences in results when reckoning by different, .\rt. 37, p. 20 ; especially in the matter of adhika and kshaya milsas, Art. 49, p. 29.

Siddhdnia Sekhara, The, of .Sripati, Art. 47, p. 27.

Siddhdnta Siromani, The, Art. 50, p. 30; coincidence of sidereal and tropical signs of zodiac according to, Art. 23, p. 10.

Sidereal revolution of moon. Art. 12, note 2, p. 4; length of — lunar month. Art. 12, note 2, p. 4; — solar year, defi- nition, and length of. Art. 15 and note 3, p. 5 ; — revo- lution of earth, id.

Siihha Samvat Era, The, Art. 71, p. 46.

Sindh, New Year's Day in.according to Albcruni, Art. 52. p. 32.

Sivaji, Rilja, established the Mahratta Riija Saka Era, Art. 71, p. 47.

Smrititatlvdmfila, The, Art. 71, p. 46.

Sodhya, defined. Art. 26, p, 11; Art. 90, p. 52.

Solar days, correspondence of, with tithis for purposes of preparing calendars, Art. 31, p. 16; how named. Art. 31, p. 16; "mean — ", Art. 36, p. 19; variation in lengths of, its cause, id.

Solar months. The, .\rts. 23 to 28, pp. 9 to 13; zodiacal names of. Art. 23, and note 1, p. 10; named after lunar months,

i68

INDEX.

Art 23 and note 2, p. 10; lengihs of, according to difTcrent Slddhintoi, in tabular form. Art 24, [) 1(1; inaccurate li-nglhs given by Warren, Art. 24, note 1, p 11; biginiiiiig; of. An. 28. p. 12; varying rulrs guverniuK the beginning of, irf.

Solar year, vanities of the, defined. Art 15, p. 5; begins with Mrsha saiikranti, Art. 52, p. SI.

Solar reckoning used in Bengal, Art. 25. p. 11.

Soma Siddhiinla, The, Art. 17. p. 6; Art. 59, note 2, p. 34.

Southern India, system "f lunar fortnights, Art. 13, p. 4; New Year's Day in, Art. 52. p. 32.

Spathta, = true or appparent. Art. 26. note 2, p. 11

SrSd.iha ceremony. Proper day for performing a, Art. 31, p. 17.

Sripiiti, a celebrated astronorair. Art. 47, and note 4, p 27; his Balnamild, Art. 59, note 2. p. 35.

Suddha paksba. (See Faksha)

Sudi, or Sudi, paksha. (See Paksha).

Sukla paksha. (See Patsha).

Sun, moon's distance from, in longitude fixes the tithi, Art 7, p. 3; longitude of his apogee in A.D, 1137, Art. 24, p. 11, "mean sun," Art. 36, p. 19; solar equation of the centre Art. 107, p. 60 f.

Suppression of samvatsaras, months, and tithis. (See Expunction).

Sura, Length of, Art. 6. p. 2.

Sfir-San Era of the Mahrattas, The, Art. 71, p. 45.

Siirya Siddhdnta, epoch of Kali-yiiga according to the. Art. 16, p. 6; length of year according to. Art. 17. p. 6 and Art. 18 p. 7; account of the. Arts. 19, 20, 21. pp. 7 to 9, and notes basis of luni-solar reckoning in the Tables, Art. 37. p. 20 ; trnc length of solar months according to, Art. 43, p, 25, Art. 50, p. 29; list of suppressed months according to the. Art. 50, p, 29; duration of a Burhnspati/a samvalsara, or year of the 60-ycar cycle of Jupiler according to the. Art. 54, p. 33; — rule for finding the samvatsara current on a particular day. Art. 59, and note 1, p. 34; list of expunged samvatsaras of the 60-year cycle of Jupiter according to the

Rule, Art. 60, p. .36; ilifference between moment of Mesha>

saiikr&nti as calculated by the — and the Arya Siddhdnta, Art. 96, p. 54, and Table; greatest possible equation of centre according to the. Art. lOS, p. 01.

Synodic, revolution of moon, (see Lunation). Length of mean — lunar month. Art. 12, note 2, p. 4.

Tabakdt-i-Akbar,. The, Art. 71, p. 46

Tables, iu this work. Description and explanation of, Arts. 73 to 117, pp, 47 to 62.

Tamil countries, solar reckoning used in. Art. 25, p. 11.

Tamil school of astronomers use the V dkhja-Karana, Art. 20, p. 8, and the Anja Siddhdnta, Art. 21, p. 9.

TMkhi lUlhi, The, Art. 71, p 46.

Telugus, The, follow the present Siirija Siddhdnta for astro- nomical calculations since A.D. 1298, Art. 20, p. 8.

Time-divisions, Hindu, Art. 6, p. 2.

TinncvcUy, the Saka Era used in. Art. 71, p 42; use of Kollam dndu in, Art 71, p. 45.

Tirhut. use of the Lakshuiana Sena Era in. Art. 71. p 46.

Tithi, one of the elements of a paiichilnga. Art. 4, p 2; definition of. Art. 7, p 3; varying lengths of. Art, 7, p. 3; astronomical reason for varying length of, Art. 7, note 1,

p. 3; details concerning the, and names of. Art. 29 p 13; corresiiondeme of, with solar days for purposes of preparing calendar. Art. 31, p. 16; intercalation and expunction of — (adhika and kshaya tithis). Art. 32, p. 17; varies in different localities, Art 35. p. 19 Tithi-indei, Art. 37, p. 20; Art. 80, p. 49; conversion of

— into lunation-parts. Art. 81, p. 50; do. into measures of solar time, Art. 82. p. 50.

Travancore, New Year's Day in. Art. 52, p. 32.

Treta yuga. (See Yuga),

Tropical. Length of — lunar month. Art. 12, note2. p. 4;

— solar year, definition aud length of. Art. 15, and note, p. 5. True sai'ikianti defini'd, Art. 26, and note 2, p. 11; meaning of word 'true", Art. 26, uote 2. p. 11; "true time", Art. 36, p 19; true and mean systems regulating inter- calatiim and suppression of months in luni-solar calendar, Art. 47, p 27.

Ujjain, (see Lauki). "Ujjain mean time", Art. 36, p. 20;

longitude of, id., note 2; meridian of, used in the Tables,

Art. 73, p. 47. Umar Khalif, Art. Ifil, p. 101.

"Unequal-space system'" of nakshatras. Art. 38, p. 21. Utpala, a writer on Astronomy, Art. 17, note 2, p. 6. UttarSyana sankraoti. (See Sarikrd'di). Vadi, or badi, pakslia. (See Paksha). V dkkya karaiia. The, an astronomical work. Art. 20, p. 8. Valabhi Era, The, Art. 71, p. 43. VAra, or week-day. Art. 4, p. 2; names of days of the week,

Hindu, Art. 5, p. 2. Varuhamihira, author of the Fahcha Siddhdntikd, Art. 17, notes

1, 2, p. 6; Art. 20, p. 8; Art. 40, note 1, p. 23. Varsha, or solar year, Art. 15, p. 5. Vartamiina, a — year defined. Art. 70, p. 40. Vfisara, =; solar day. Art. 6, p. 2. rdsishtha Siddhdnta, The, Art. 17, p. 6; Art. 59, note 2,

p. 34. Vfivilala Kochchanna, author of a Karatw, A.D 1298, Art. 20,

•p. 8. Veda, The Ydjur — , Art. 41, p. 24. Veddiiga Jyotisha, The, Art. 17, p. 6; Art 44, p. 25 ; Art. 47,

p. 28 ; beginning of year according to. Art. 32, p. 32. Vighati. Length of. Art. 6. p. 2.

Vijala Kalaihuri, Defeat of Eastern Chfllukyas by. Art. 71, p. 40. Vikrama, "King-(?), Art. 71, p. 42. Vikraraa Era, sometimes represented by Tamil calendar makers

as solar and Mcshadi, Art. 67, p. 39 ; not used by Hindu

Astronomers, Art. 70, note 2, p. 40; The — described.

Art. 71, p. 41; "Northern — " and Southern — " id.,

" — .Hamvat", p. 42. Vikramfiditya Tribhuvana Malla, established the C'balukya Era,

Art. 71, p. 46 Vilfiyati year. New Year's Day. Art. 52, p. 32; Art. 71, p 43. Vinftdi, Length of. Art. 6, p. 2. Vipaln, Length of. Art. 6. p. 2. Virakesvnradcva, prince of Oiissa, Art. 64. p 39. Vrata. Proper day for performance of a, Art. 31, p. 17. Pfiddhi, meaning of word. Art. 32, p. 18.

INDEX.

169

Warren Ilia KdUuankalita, Art. 24, nolo 1, p. 11-. inaccurate lengths of 9olar m^inths recorded in. id , on the Christian Era, Art. 71, p. 40. iioU- 2; on the VilAjaii Era, Art 71, p. 43, note 1; on thn Kollam Kra, Art. 71, p. 45, note 4j on the Qraha-farivritii cycle. Art. 64, p. 37.

Week-da\ names, Hindu, An. 5, p. 2.

Yiizilajird, Old Persian calendar of. Art. 71. p. 47.

Year. The Hindu, solar, Inni-solar, or liiimr. Art. 2.5. p. 11; beginning of, Art. 62, p. 31; GOyear cycle of Jupiter, Arts. 53 to 02, pp. 32 to 37; twelve-year cycle of Jupiter,

Art. 63. p 37; current (rarlamdna) and expired igala)

year" disiiniiuishcd. Art. 7f, p. 40. Yoga. Art. 1. p. 1; Art. 4, p. 2; definition of, Art. 7. p. 3;

length of, id.\ data concerning, in an actual pnnch&n^a, Art.

30, p 13, " — index", Art. 37, p. 20; special yogas, and

auspicious and inauspicious onrs. Art. 39, p 22. Yogas, Method for calculating, fully explained. Art. l.'!3, p. 64, Yoga tilrils, or chief siai-s of the nakshatras, Art. 3>i, p. 21. Yuga, Length of. Art. 10, p. 0. Zodiac, The Hindu, An. 22. p. 9.

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