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THE NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
LuEsther T. Mertz Library

Gift of

The Estate of

Henry Clay Frick, II
2007

eoeceecocesoecesveF20200000090000080

INDIAN TREES

PNDIAN TREES

AN ACCOUNT OF TREES, SHRUBS, WOODY
CLIMBERS, BAMBOOS AND PALMS
INDIGENOUS OR COMMONLY
CULTIVATED IN THE.

BRITISH INDIAN EMPIRE

BY

GE Ra Cre DRAIN DISS sK:CsE

Ph.D. (Bonn), LL.D. (Edin.), F.R.S., F.L.S., F.R.G.S., and Hon.
Member of the Royal Y

of the Society of

‘ the Pharm

Great Britain

ASSISTED BY INDIAN FORESTERS

LONDON
ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & CO Lrtp

r6 JAMES STREET HAYMARKET S.W

1906

ie

BUTLER & TANNER,
THE SELWOOD PRINTING WORKS,
FROME, AND LONDON.

MERTZ LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL
GARDEN

sae

&!
F

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION : : : : 5 3 ; :

Errara 3 rig fy MER leds tet RR i
Inpran Trees :

ADDENDA. : ‘ : ‘ ‘

‘ Typex or VERNACULAR Names

_ Inpex or European Names. .

Typex oF OrprErRS, GENERA AND SPECIES

XXXIli., XXXIV
: : 1
699

ae 723

d . 735

: 5 Cer

i Mle tae)

\

INTRODUCTION

Tue object of this work is restricted and is entirely practical. It is
intended for Foresters and others, who may wish to make themselves
acquainted with the immense variety of trees, shrubs, climbers, bamboos and
palms in the British Indian Empire. Ceylon and the Malay Peninsula are
not included, and the book is limited to fowering plants; tree-ferns I have
not been able to deal with. In this study the first step necessarily is to
determine the name of a plant met with, and my principal aim has been to
facilitate this difficult operation. To some extent I am told this has been
accomplished for a portion of the Empire by the Forest Flora of North-West
and Central India, which was commenced by the late Dr. Lindsay Stewart
and completed by me in 1874.

Since I commenced the work about eight years ago, my hope has been that
this book might facilitate the preparation of local Forest Floras, small portable
handbooks, giving an account of the arborescent vegetation of limited areas,
provinces or districts of the British Indian Empire. This hope has been
strengthened by the publication in 1901 by Rai Sahib Upendranath Kanjilal
of that excellent handbook, the Forest Flora of the School Circle, in what
are now called the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. The author was
a pupil of Mr. J. F. Duthie, who taught systematic botany at the Dehra
Dun Forest School from 1881 to 1902. Kanjilal has told me that his work
has been greatly facilitated by the Forest Flora of North-West and Cen-
tral India, but his book’ is full of original observations, made by him
during his many years’ work in the forests attached to the Imperial
Forest School. Following the example set by him, I trust that the local
Forest Floras of the future will be based mainly upon the study of the trees
and shrubs as they grow in the forest, and hence as a matter of course they
must be written in India.

The attainment of my principal object, to facilitate the identification of
trees and shrubs, will I hope be furthered by the illustrations which I have
been able to give of 201 species. I had hoped to induce Miss M. Smith,
the accomplished Botanical Artist at Kew, to undertake this work. Unfor-
tunately she had not sufficient leisure, and was only able to give me two
figures in Anonacew. For the greater part of the remainder I have had
the good fortune to secure the services of Dr. Roland Anheisser of Cologne,
and I feel sure that those who may use this book will be grateful to him for
the help which his illustrations will give them. They increase the bulk
of the book, but I have gladly given up over GO pages to them. It will be
noticed that no illustrations are given of trees which may be supposed to
be generally known, such as Teak, Sal, Sissoo, Deodar.

The present book does not claim to be a Forest Flora, such as we haye in
Europe, giving all that is known regarding the internal structure, the
marketable products, the mode and rate of growth, the biological features,
the sylvicultural requirements, the treatment in the forest, and the insect
and fungoid enemies of the different species. Such a work for the whole
of the British Indian Empire would fill several volumes and could not
be written at present. France has an exceedingly rich and varied flora,
end yet Mathieu’s admirable Mlore HMorestiére de la France (the last edition
by Fliche), only deals with 397 species, while in the present volume
over 4,400 species are described.

vii

vill INTRODUCTION

When forestry has made more progress in India, when successful systems
of regenerating the oak and coniferous forests of the North-Western, the
magnolias, oaks, laurels, and maples of the Eastern Himalaya have been estab-
lished, when the effect of fire protection upon Teak and other trees has been
determined by series of comparative valuation surveys in different districts,
when yield tables, showing the amount of timber production per acre per
annum of the principal kinds under different circumstances, have been
prepared, and when the chief enemies, insects and fungi, of these species are
more fully known, then it will be time to publish complete and practically
useful books, dealing with the most important trees in each province.

One branch of the subject has already been dealt with in a satisfactory
manner: I mean the identification of the different timbers of India by their
appearance, weight, hardness and other qualities, as well as by their
structure, as far as this can be seen with the aid of a good pocket lens. The
necessity of readily recognizing the more important Indian timbers had from
the commencement of my Indian career in 1856 compelled me to pay attention
to this subject. When in 1877 I was ordered by the Government of India to
send to the Paris International Exhibition of 1878 a collection of timbers from
all provinces of the British Indian Empire, I determined that all specimens
should be correctly named, and this could only be accomplished by a method-
ical examination of their structure and other qualities. For this purpose I
asked for and obtained the assistance of two young Indian foresters, Mr.
J. S. Gamble and Mr. A. Smythies. The work commenced at Simla in
August 1877, and early in November it was transferred to Calcutta, where a
house with a large compound was hired, and where the logs and specimens
sent from all provinces were collected and worked up. There we worked
hard until February, the descriptions of the structure of each kind being
usually dictated by me to my assistants. The result was the large col-
lection of Indian timbers, correctly named, which was sent to Paris by
the Government of India and a large number of duplicate collections de-
posited at the Déhra Dtn Forest School, at the Offices of Conservators in
the different provinces, at the Museum, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, at the
Nancy Forest School and at other public institutions in Europe, America
and India.

After despatching these collections I considered how to utilize the result of
our labours for the benefit of Indian foresters, and I proposed to the Govern-
ment of India, that Mr. Gamble should be entrusted with the publication on
Government account of a Manwal of Indian Timbers. The result has been
the excellent handbook, which appeared in 1881, describing the structure
and properties of the timber of 906 species, with notes regarding the distribu-
tion of the trees, their rate of growth and other matters. Since then
Mr. Gamble has been indefatigable in collecting specimens of timbers not
included in his Manwal, examining them on the system established in 1877-8
and revising the descriptions previously made. The second edition of Indian
Timbers, published by him on his own account in 1902, contains descriptions
of 1,450 species, illustrated by excellent photographs, which greatly enhance
the value of the work. This second edition is an entirely new book ; it is
based upon the intimate knowledge of the species constituting the Indian
forests, which the author had acquired during his long service in the forests of
Burma, Bengal, Madras and North-West India. He has greatly enlarged the notes
on the geographical distribution and on the economic uses of the different
species and has added notes on their mode of growth, their sylvicultural
requirements and their treatment in the forest. The suggestion made on
p- xix. of his Introduction, that keys of the distinguishing characters of
timbers, as far as they can be seen with the aid of a good pocket lens,
be prepared for the trees found on limited areas, should be borne in mind by
the authors of local Forest Floras.

It appears to me doubtful whether the local Forest Floras, the preparation of

INTRODUCTION ix

which will I trust be facilitated by the present book, can be enlarged so as to
deal with those questions which are of real importance to the forester, viz., the
internal structure of the different species, their mode of life, sylvicultural
requirements aud treatment, as w ell as their protection against enemies in the
shape of insects and fungi. The number of species is too large in India; it is
essential that these local handbooks should be small and easily portable.
The authors of future local forest floras must try to facilitate the identification
of their principal timbers by means of keys to their structure and be content
with the humble task which I haye set before me in the present book,
to make the work of determining the names of the species constituting their
forests easier than it is at present. This, it is true, is not forestry, but it is
the first step towards the systematic treatment of forests. This first step
is singularly difficult in India, owing to the enormous number of species.

It may possibly be said that the present work as well as the local Forest
Floras of the future should be limited to the more important trees. When I
commenced the present work at Bonn about eight years ago, I had this intention,
I proposed to limit myself to the more important kinds, and Mr. Gamble,
with whom at that time I discussed the subject in the hope that we might
perhaps undertake the work together, kindly drew up for me a list of what
he regarded as the more impor tant species. As the work progressed, I found
the selection of the species that might be omitted exceedingly dithcult, and
I came to the conclusion that the usefulness of the book would be greatly
impaired by such limitation. I pictured to myself one of my young colleagues
in Burma who had come across a large tree, which from the w ings on the
fruit he recognized as a Dipterocarp. ‘Tf this book only contained a descrip-
tion of the more important species, such as WDipterocarpus alatus, D.
tuberculatus, Hopea odorata, Pentacme suavis, and Shorea vobusta, it would
not help him, for there are upwards of 20 similar species in Burma, and he would
have to study Kurz’s Forest Flora of Burma, the Flora of British India
and the numerous subsequent publications. He would meet the same
difficulty with species of other orders and genera. A book on this plan would
be no real help to him.

My ambition has been to publish a path-finder through the bewildering
variety of trees, shrubs, climbers, bamboos and palms, which constitute the
forests in the different provinces of India. I do not maintain that foresters
ought to know them all, but they ought to have the means of making them-
selves acquainted with them without undue loss of time. If my book
accomplishes this, I shall be much gratified. Quite unexpectedly a shrub, a
climber, a bamboo or a tree may be found to be of considerable importance
from a forester’s point of view, and he should then have easy means of
identifying the species in question.

Though I have not limited myself to a selected number of species, I have
given fuller descriptions in larger type of all common species and of those which
at present are recognized as important. With the others I have dealt in
small type * in a very summary manner. From the point of view of the
botanist all species are of equal importance and ought to be treated alike.
This book however is not intended for botanists, it is written for the use of
foresters and of practical men, and for these classes of readers species which
are common or valuable, obviously are at present infinitely more important
than the others. Species which are doubtful or which are imperfectly known
I have as a rule omitted altogether.

Many genera and species, in which some readers of this book are likely to
take a special interest, I have to my great regret been compelled to leave out.
I have not been able to deal with the species of Dioscorea, though the roots
are most valuable in times of famine, nor have I seen my way to include the

* All species are numbered, though in some cases I have refrained from giving a
name. It must not be thought that the species in small type are regarded as

sub-species.

x INTRODUCTION

tall grasses, which form the Savannahs of Burma and the Subhimalayan tract.
I have not been able to mention that most remarkable Marantaceous soft-
wooded shrub of the Andamans, Clinogyne grandis, Benth., the stems tufted,
16 ft. high, with broad elliptic leaves and conspicuous scented white flowers.
Very few of the numerous important exotic species cultivated in India have
been mentioned. Several of my younger friends have urged me to describe a
much larger number of introduced and cultivated kinds. This has been im-
possible. As it is, in spite of my efforts at shortening and condensing, the
book has become inconyeniently bulky.

In a few cases I have found it necessary to establish new species; as a rule
I have left the task of naming new species to professional systematic botanists,
and have contented myself with briefly indicating the character by which a
species believed by me to be new differs from others; adding a reliable
vernacular name whenever possible.

Regarding the limitation of species there will always be different opinions.
My idea is, and always has been, that as long as the matter has not been fully
studied in the field, it is better to leave old-established species alone and not
to split them up. When writing my old Forest Flora I had to decide
whether I should separate the Himalayan and softly tomentose Rhas
velutina, Wall., from the glabrous R. Cotinus, of the Mediterranean
region. JI decided to leave both under Rhus Cotinus, and my decision
in this and in other similar cases has been accepted by the authors
of the Flora of British India and by other botanists. For similar
reasons Tam unable to agree with Lt.-Colonel Prain in his excellent paper
on Leguminose (Journ: As. Soc. Bengal, LXVI. 514) in separating the
Himalayan Albizzia mollis from A. Julibrissin, which I regard as a widely
spread species, extending from the mountains of Abyssinia to Japan; or with
the same author in dividing Flemingia strobilifera into 4 species. Mez in his
valuable monograph of Myrsinacew classifies the Indian forms of the very
variable Mesa indica under 7 species. I think it quite possible that other
botanists may partially adopt his views, but may be content with a smaller
number separated by characters not exactly the same as those selected by
Mez, the result of which will be numerous synonyms and possible confusion.
Hence in this book Mesa indica appears as one species.

For foresters this multiplication of species goes too far, but I trust I may
not be misunderstood. Quercus sessilifiora and Q. pedunculata are two
clearly distinct species, differing not only by their leaves and other characters,
but what is of much greater importance, by their mode of growth and by their
requirements in regard to soil and companionship of other trees. Forests of
these two species require different treatment, and yet they are united under
Quercus Robur by Parlatore (D. C. Prodromus, XVI. 2.4) by Sir Joseph
Hooker in his Stwdents’ Flora, ed. [V. 367, and by Professor Marshall Ward
in his Handbook of Forest Botany, I. 213.

It is not possible to arrive at a final decision whether a form should be
classed as a species or a variety. The fact that it comes true from seed does
not settle the matter. In Burma good varieties of the Mango come true from
seed, in India seedlings have to be grafted or inarched in order to produce
good edible Mangoes. Sir Joseph Hooker regards the three Cedars as varieties
only of C. Libani, though they come true from seed. To a great extent it is
a matter of convenience whether we speak of species or of varieties, and the
question ought not to be invested with undue importance. Guided by this
consideration, that the question is not one of real importance, I have followed
the Flora of British India in calling the Indian Oleander Neriwm odorwm,
though, as explained on p. 462, I hold that N. Oleander, N. muscatense and
N. odorum are local forms of one species, which extends from the Mediterranean
region to China. In any case the forester will do well to take species in a
wide sense, until it has been proved that they differ in regard to their mode
of growth, their requirements and the treatment which they demand.

INTRODUCTION xi

The necessity of condensing to the utmost has made it impossible to quote
synonyms and literature more than was absolutely necessary. Under each
order Bentham and Hooker’s Genera Plantarum, and under each genus
Hooker’s Flora of British India have always been quoted, otherwise as a rule
no literature has been given, with the exception of such illustrations as I
thought might be accessible to those who may use the book in India.

With regard to the names of genera and ‘species, I have with very few
exceptions, unless later authors had proved to my satisfaction the necessity

_ for a change, followed the Flora of British India. In this matter I have
proceeded with great caution, for the change of a name always causes
inconvenience, loss of time, and often creates confusion. The arguments
brought forward in favour of a change may at first sight appear to be decisive,
and yet it often happens that some points have been overlooked. I have
not been able to follow Dr. Cooke, who, in his excellent Flora of Bombay,
calls the well-known Zizyphus nummularia, W. et A., Z. rotundifolia,
Lam., nor do I feel justified in substituting Mitragyna, Korthals, for
Stephegyne of the same author.

Bentham and Hooker’s Genera Plantarum has been my guide in regard to
the sequence of orders, with this sole exception, that Gymnosperms have
been placed at the end. In the following cases I have found it necessary,
following generally the arrangement in Engler u. Prantl, Natiirliche Pflanzen-
familien, to adopt a different limitation of orders: (1) Ancistrocladacce have
been taken out of Dipterocarpem. (2) Olacinew have been divided into the
two natural and well defined orders of Olacacew and Icacinacee. (3) Sapin-
dace@ here appear as three orders: Staphyleacew, Aceracew and Sapindacew
proper. (4) Evicacew here comprise two orders of Bentham and Hooker’s
Genera Plantarum, Ericacee and Vacciniacee. (5) Hernandiacee consists
of Hernandia and 2 genera, placed under Combretacew in the Genera
Plantarum. (6) Urticaceew have been divided into, (Imacew, Moracew and

Irticacee proper, and (7) Cupuliferw into Betulacew and Fagacce.
Filicium has been transferred from Burseracew to Sapindacew, Helwingia
from Araliacee to Cornacea, and Reptonia from Myrsinacew to Sapotacee.
The practical advantages of these alterations are very great, and will I trust
eventually be recognized by those who may use this book. In the case of
Myrtacee and in one or two other instances I have adhered to the classifica-
tion of the Genera Plantarum, and have merely indicated the arrangement,
which in my opinion would be more natural. Wherever feasible I have
followed other Botanists in adopting the termination -acew for all natural
orders. .

The descriptions of orders and genera as a rule relate only to the genera
and species included in this work. As regards botanical terms, | desire to remind
the reader that a leaf is oblong, if its two sides are nearly parallel. This
term is often used erroneously for leaves with curved sides, narrowing gradu-
ally towards the two ends. In such cases I employ the term clongate-elliptic
or ovate-lanceolate as the case may be. Secondary nerves are those which
branch off from the midrib, and tertiary those which branch off from the
secondary nerves. In accordance with some leading systematic hand-
books the term albumen has been used. It would have been more correct to
speak of perisperm in the case of Piperacee and of endosperm in the case
of the other orders. I have only done so in the case of bamboos and palms, as
well as in the Synopsis of Orders. In the Records of the Botanical Survey
of India, I noticed lately that the metrical system has been used for the
dimensions of leaves and other organs. Most probably the metrical system
will eventually be adopted in India and Great Britain, but until this is
accomplished, foresters must continue to deal with acres, feet and inches. In
a few cases, when stating the diameter of vessels or other elements which
can only be seen through a microscope, I had for obvious reasons to make an
exception. The few abbreviations used: |. for leaves, n. for nerves, fl. for

xii INTRODUCTION

flowers, fr. for fruit, Haz. for Hazara, Bash. for Bashahr, Kun. for Kunawar,
C.P. for Central Provinces, Kar. for Karen, will be readily understood.

Vernacular names of species, if sifted with care, are valuable whatever may
be said to the contrary, and I have endeavoured to select those which seemed
to me most likely to be useful. Apart from the names recorded in my old
Forest Flora, and those collected by myself after 1874, those recorded in Kurz’s
Forest Flora of Burma, in Beddome’s Flora Sylvatica, in Gamble’s second
edition of Indian Timbers and in his other publications, in Talbot’s List of
Trecs and Shrubs of the Bombay Presidency, in the excellent lists of Burmese
names by the late Mr. Corbett, I have received much help in this respect
through the kindness of local forest officers and others. From Madras I have
received a printed list, giving the names of trees and shrubs in the 5 principal
languages of that Presidency. Similar lists, some in manuscript, others in
print, I have received from many districts or forest circles in other parts of
India. I hope that the selection which these abundant materials have
enabled me to make will prove useful, but I know that the spelling of these
names will be found to be the weakest point of the whole book. In the case
of Eng, Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, | have adhered to the old spelling, as
the name has, through the publications of Kurz and others, become familiar
to Botanists outside India. -When the local Forest Floras of the future come
to be prepared for the different forest circles or provinces, the spelling of
the vernacular names in the different languages will doubtless receive due
attention. In the case of languages spoken in limited areas, or otherwise
less important for the forester, such as Lepcha, Sontal, Kol, Gond, Bhil,
Shan, Chin, Karen, I have only given the names of a few common and
important trees.

The materials, upon the examination of which the description of genera and
species in this book are based, have been as follows. Fist : The magnificent
and well-arranged collections in tne Herbarium and Museums, with the
library and the living specimens cultivated in the houses or the grounds, of
the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. I value highly the privilege of having
been permitted the free use of these matchless treasures. I have also
consulted, whenever it seemed necessary, the specimens of Wallich’s Her-
barium at the Linnean Society, as well as the collections preserved in the
Natural History Museum at South Kensington. I cannot sufficiently express
my gratitude for the assistance I have received in this work from the Director
of the Royal Botanic Gardens, from all members of his staff, as well as from
the officers of the Natural History Museum and the Linnean Society.

Second: The collections made by me in the different provinces of India
from 1856 to 1883. These collections might have been exceedingly valuable,
for there are few important forest districts in British territory which I have not
visited, often repeatedly at different seasons of the year. Collecting, however,
was not my business. The object of my being appointed in January 1856 by
Lord Dalhousie to the charge of the Pegu forests was purely practical. My
duty in Burma was to place the management of the Teak forests upon a safe
footing, so as to ensure the maintenance and gradual improvement of the
valuable growing stock, while utilizing timber not exceeding the amount
annually produced in the forests. The difficulties with which I had to
contend were great, and the opposition against methodical forest management
was powerful. This is not the place to give an account of my work in India;
it must suffice to say that, unless I had had in Burma the steady support of the
late Sir Arthur Phayre, and at a later date, after I had been summoned
to Caleutta to assist the Government of India in organizing forest business in
the other provinces, the protection and guidance of Colonel (now Sir Richard)
Strachey, there would perhaps be no Forest Administration in India, and
there would be no need for the present book. My work during the 28
years of my Indian service has never left me leisure for collecting
systematically, or for working out scientific problems.

INTRODUCTION xiii

Whenever possible I took about with me Endlicher’s Genera Plantarum,
Roxburgh’s Flora Indica, Wight and Arnott’s Prodromus, and in later
years Kurz’s Forest Flora of Burma and other books as they appeared.
Whenever I could snatch an hour or two I examined the trees and shrubs
which I had found. Unfortunately for myself I never was a keen sportsman ;
this, however, gave me time during my life in Burma, from 1856 to 1862, te
record descriptions with rough sketches of the plants examined. Many
specimens of my old Burma collections are, in accordance with my wish, at
the Herbarium of the Royal Gardens, Calcutta, but a portion I have kept,
and Lt.-Colonel Prain has most kindly lent me some of my old specimens for
examination. Thus I have been able to utilize for the present book a
considerable portion of my old Burma notes, and this will I trust increase its
value. It must not be supposed that in those days I knew the systematic
names of the trees and shrubs of Burma. In January 1860,I was able to

md a few weeks with the late Dr. Thomas Thomson at the Calcutta gardens,
and while there obtained the names of some of the more important trees and
_ shrubs. Until then, and in most cases afterwards, I called them by their Burmese
names. In 1859 I drew up a descriptive account of eighteen kinds of bamboos,
all well known to me by their dimensions, their mode of growth, their culm-
sheaths and other characters, but until Munro’s Monograph of Bamboos
appeared in 1866, I only knew them by their Burmese names. After I left
Burma and commenced work in the other provinces of the Empire, I had
even less time for botanical studies. The result has been that to the end
of my Indian career I remained ignorant of many trees and shrubs, to which
my attention had not been specially drawn. Intelligent readers will discover
in the Addenda appended to this book several species which I had omitted
because I did not know them.

Third : The specimens and notes sent to me by my younger friends and by
my former colleagues. Before speaking of foresters I desire to state that the
Superintendent of the Royal Gardens, Calcutta, has for several years past
most kindly sent me duplicates, which it was thought might help me in my
present work. Mr. John F. Duthie, the late Superintendent of the Saharanpur
Botanic Gardens, has sent me specimens, and has enabled me to
examine others collected by him in Northern India. Colonel A. A. Barrett
has at different times sent me most valuable material, with full notes, from
Abbotabad and from the Chitral valley, and Dr. T. Cooke has most kindly,
in the case of difficult genera, permitted me to examine the specimens of the
rich collections made by him in the Bombay Presidency.

The first collection from forest officers came from Mr. A. E. Lowrie, at that
time in charge of the forests of Ajmer-Merwara. It consisted of an almost
complete set of well dried specimens of the trees and shrubs of that district,
with copious and instructive notes, accompanied in many cases by pieces of
wood, which enabled me to understand difficult genera, such as Cordia, better
than before.

From Mr. J. S. Gamble, C.I.E. and F.R.S., I have received repeated con-
signments of splendid specimens collected by him in Bengal and in the Madras
Presidency, which have been a great help to me in this work. Moreover,
when I had nearly finished bamboos, Mr. Gamble at my request most
generously sent for my inspection and examination the specimens which he
had received from India since the publication of his great work on the Indian
bamboos, including several new species named by him.

Mr. J. W. Oliver, when Conservator in Upper Burma, sent me several import-
ant collections, made, partly by him, partly by Mr. E. M. Buchanan, on the hills
in the Ruby Mines district, and in that remarkable region of dry country on
both sides of the Irawadi river between Thayetmyo and Mandalay. Upper
Burma was annexed three years after I had left India, and these collections,
with Mr. Oliver’s notes, as well as a number of specimens sent me by Mr. A.
Smythies, gave me some idea of the forest vegetation of that country. L had

XIV INTRODUCTION

never visited the Andamans, but it has been my good fortune that Mr. Gilbert
Rogers; who for several years has had charge of the forests in these islands,
has lately been able on several occasions to come to Kew and to give me
excellent information, chiefly regarding the palms and bamboos, which he had
studied with special care. The more important of his collections were not
available, but fortunately he was able to obtain for me materials for the study
of several important species. Nor had I been in Baluchistan, and hence the
specimens and information which Mr. J. H. Lace has given me in regard to
the forest vegetation of that country have been of the greatest value.

As soon as I had determined to undertake this work, I made my
intention known to my young friends and former colleagues in India,
asking them to furnish me with material for this work. This request
has been responded to from nearly all provinces in the most liberal manner.
From Travancore Mr. T. F. Bourdillon has from the.commencement supplied
me with specimens and ample notes regarding new and difficult species.
Mr. A. W. Lushington has furnished me with valuable notes and specimens
from the Madras Presidency, Mr. Talbot has sent me notes with specimens of
various species, Mr. G. M. Ryan has been indefatigable in supplying me
with material from the Thana district in Bombay, and in sending replies to
my inquiries. Mr. R.S. Hole has sent me notes and specimens from Jabalpur ;
Mr. R. L. Heinig notes and specimens of a bamboo from Chittagong ; and to
Mr. H. H. Haines I am indebted tor splendid collections and most valuable
notes from Singbhum and Sikkim. The forest officers in Assam have favoured
me with specimens and lists of bamboos in their districts. From Rai Sahib
Upendranath Kanjilal I have received numerous contributions, and Mr. J. H.
Lace has most kindly lent me specimens illustrating difficult genera from the
North-West Himalaya.

The collections received from Burma I can only mention briefly, although
for my work they have been by far the most important. To Mr. F. B. Manson
I am indebted for a large collection of specimens from Tavoy, Mergui, and
other districts of Tenasserim, and to Mr. KE. M. Buchanan for a consignment
from Tharawadi. The late H. Slade and J. Messer, who have both died prema-
turely—a great loss for the progress of forestry in Burma—sent me notes and
specimens, chiefly of bamboos ; from Mr. Montague Hill I have received several
large and most valuable consignments, with lists and notes, chiefly from the hills
east of Bhamo, and Mr. R. 8. Troup has furnished me with excellent specimens
and notes, chiefly of bamboos and palms. By far the richest and most
important collections have come from Mr. C. B. Smales. He commenced
sending in 1898, and continued steadily until he came home on furlough in
1903. His specimens and notes are excellent, and they have enabled me
almost to feel at home in the forest vegetation of Upper Burma. His is an
instance of a keen sportsman turning his attention to the study of trees,
shrubs and bamboos with excellent effect.

In spite of this wealth of material, which has been at my disposal, I feel
strongly that, to do full justice to the task I had undertaken, I ought to have
gone to the Royal Gardens, Calcutta, to consult the untold treasures which
must have accumulated at that long-established splendid institution, the
result of the labours of skilful collectors, some of them foresters. For this
undertaking, however, I had neither the strength nor the means, and I feel
that in many respects my work is incomplete.

The publications bearing upon the woody plants of India since the appear-
ance of the Forest Flora of N.W. and Central India have been very numerous
and very important. In 1872 and 1873, the years devoted to that work, the
Genera Plantarwm, by Bentham and Hooker, was only available to the end
of Rubiacec, and Hooker’s Flora of British India only to page 306 of the
first volume. Of Boissier’s Flora Orientalis the first 2 volumes had appeared.
These three standard works are now complete, and in addition to these the
whole of Engler u. Prantl’s Natiirliche Pflanzenfamilien and a number of

INTRODUCTION XV

monographs of important orders in Engler’s Pflanzenreich, which will be
found quoted in their proper place. Kurz’s Forest Flora of Burma appeared in
1877, and it has been a real pleasure to witness how thoroughly this modest
but most important work is appreciated and how eagerly it has been used by
foresters in Burma. A most important help has been the magnificent volumes
of the Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, chiefly I, Ficus
(1888), IT. Artocarpus, Quercus, Castanopsis (1889), III. 2. Magnoliacew
(1891), Ill. 3. Myristica (1891), IV. 1. Anonacew (1893), all by Sir George
King, VII. Bambusew by J. S. Gamble (1896), and X. Dalbergia by Lt.-Col.
D. Prain (1904). ‘The Jowrnal and Transactions of the Linnean Society
since 1873 contain numerous papers which have been utilized by me, and
which are quoted in their proper place. The Records of the Botanical
Survey of India brought a number of most important papers by Mr Pottinger,
Mr. G. A. Gammie, and C. Marshall Woodrow, Lt.-Col. Wood, Signore
Odoardo Beccari, Mr. Duthie, Lt.-Col. Prain and Capt. Gage. Among the
numerous publications in other languages which have been useful to me in
this work, apart from the two general works edited by Professor Engler,
I desire specially to mention Pierre, Flore Foresticre de la Cochinchine,
an important work for the study of Burmese trees, tab. 1-400, the last
published in 1899, and Koorders en Valeton, Boomsorten op Java, vol. I.—-X.,
the last in 1904.

The excellent List of trees, climbers and woody shrubs of the Bombay
Presidency, by W. A. Talbot, ed. IT. 1902, has been of the greatest use,
and Mr. Gamble’s Indian Timbers, particularly the second edition (1902),
which I have been able to use from Caprifoliacew onwards, has been invalu-
able, as well as his List of Trees of the Darjeeling District, ed. I. 1896.
The Flora of Simla, by the late Sir Henry Collett, 1902, with Miss
Smith’s excellent illustrations in that valuable book, will be found quoted
under the species illustrated. Lt.-Col. David Prain’s Bengal Plants (2 vols.,
1903) I have been able to use for the last Orders only, and the large number
of additional localities quoted from that book under “ addenda” will show
how far from complete the specimens before me have been with regard to
Chittagong and other portions of Bengal. The first volume of Mr. Duthie’s
Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plain and Dr. Cooke’s Flora of Bombay, vol. I.
and yol. IT. to p. 432, have been most useful to me.

The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society contains valuable
papers by Bourdillon, Talbot, Marshall Woodrow and Th. Cooke. A series of
most important papers has been published in the Jowrnal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal, the most prominent of which are the Materials for a Flora
of the Malay Peninsula, by Sir George King, now continued by Mr. J. S.
Gamble, which commenced to appear in 1890.

It may perhaps be expected that I should say a few words regarding the
geographical distribution of the species dealt with in this volume. These
remarks must be brief, and as a matter of course they must be limited to
species described in this volume, trees, shrubs, etc. In the introductory essay
to the Flora Indica by J. D. Hooker and T. Thomson of 1855, p. 115, four
primary divisions were recognized, viz.: I. Hindustan, including the Western
Peninsula from the base of the Himalaya to Cape Comorin; IT. The Himalaya ;
III. Bastern India, or India east of the mouth of the Ganges; IV. Afghan-
istan and Baluchistan ; and it was clearly set forth in that admirable essay
that the vegetation of the Western Himalaya had great affinity to that of
Western Asia and Europe, and that genera and species of China and Japan
prevailed in the Eastern Himalaya.

Since then a number of excellent papers have been published, in which
these great primary divisions have been subdivided, and a larger number of
botanical regions established. The most important of these papers are:
C. B. Clarke, the Botanical Subsubareas of British India, illustrated by
the Distribution of Cyperacew, Journal Linnean Society, XXXIV. p. 1

xvi INTRODUCTION

(1898), Lt.-Colonel Prain, Introduction to Bengal Plants, p. 2 (1903), Sir
Joseph Dalton Hooker, A Sketch of the Flora of British India (1904).* In
this admirable paper Hooker divides British India Ge ecsile into three
Botanical areas, a Himalayan, an Hastern and a Western, the two last-named
being roughly separated by a line drawn meridionally from the Himalaya to
the Bay of Bengal. These areas he divides into 9 provinces, 7 of which are
included in the present work, viz.: (1) The Eastern Himalaya, (2) The
Western Himalaya, (3) The Indus plain, (4) The Gangetic plain, (5) Malabar
in a very extended sense, (6) The Deccan in a very broad sense, (7) Ceylon,
(8) Burma, (9) the Malay Peninsula. 7 and 9 are not included here. In
stating the distribution of the species described in this book it was obviously
in most cases necessary to go into detail, and wherever feasible, the names of
the 64 subdivisions were used which had already been indicated in the intro-
duction to the Flora Indica of 1855, and which in his last sketch Hooker has
arranged under the 9 provinces now adopted by him. In many cases,
however, the distribution of species had to be further defined, and here to a
great extent the administrative division of the Empire into districts and sub-
divisions has been used. It is assumed that those who may use this book are
familiar with the geography of India. In the case of a few of the less
common, but important species, I have added the locality and the dates on
which they were found by me. It will I trust be understood that I had to
indicate the geographical distribution of a species in as few words as possible,
so that when a species is found in Chutia Nagpur and the Western Peninsula
it may be assumed also to occur in Orissa, though this is not specifically
stated. Again, when a species is found on the Khasi hills and in Chittagong,
it may be expected to occur also on the Lushai hills. The term Central India
is sometimes used in a wide sense, comprising the Central Provinces.

The principal factors which influence the geographical distribution of trees
in India are latitude, elevation, moisture and the nature of the soil. In addition
to these, it must be borne in mind that there is a marked difference in the
vegetation of the Western and Kastern divisions of the country. The influence
of latitude and elevation above sea-level is obvious and is generally recognized ;
regarding the influence of soil, moisture and the difference between West and
East it may be useful tosay a few words. Regarding the influence of soil upon
forest growth in India, only a few isolated facts are known at present. Sal
forests are found on sandstone, conglomerate and on the sandy gravelly and
shingly soil of the Subhimalayan tract; Eng (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus)
chiefly affects laterite; Hardwickia binata most commonly grows on sand-
stone, and if found on trap, as in South Berar, the rock is rich in veins
of quartz. Mimusops hexandra, as far as known, behaves in the same
manner. Cupressus torulosa asa rule is only found on limestone. On the
other hand Zeak thrives well on the sandstone and calcareous shales of the
Pegu Yoma, on gneiss, granite and other crystalline rocks east of the Sitang
river above Toungoo and in North Kanara, on trap in the Satpura range, and
in the Khandeish Dangs, on limestone in the Thaungyin forests of Tenasserim,
and it also grows on deep alluvial soil. The same may be said of many
important forest trees. YVerminalia tomentosa, it is true, and Diospyros
Melanoxylon thrive best on heavy clay soil, but we find them on ditterent
geological formations.
~ In Europe forest trees behave in a similar way. The Beech and the Silver
Jjir thrive best on calcareous soils, but they will grow on soils differing greatly
in regard to their physical and chemical constitution. The Larch in Switzer-
land and the Tyrol prefers crystalline rocks, which are poor in lime, while in
Bavaria and Salzburg this tree is commonly found on calcareous and not on
silicious soils.

The trees and shrubs, which grow near the sea coast and on the banks of

* A chapter in the forthcoming Imperial Gazetteer of India (advance copy).

ee Se. ee.”

a

INTRODUCTION xvil

tidal streams, including the Mangrove formation, are quite peculiar, the
extent of these littoral forests is considerable, the habits and structure of
the principal species have been thoroughly studied ; * this, however, is not the
place to say more regarding them.

The reader will I trust not misunderstand me. The nature of the soil, and
consequently the nature of the rock, by the disintegration of which the soil
has been formed, is a most important factor in forestry. It will cradually
be more fully understood that Teak forests on trap require a different treat-
ment from those on gneiss, on limestone, on sandstone and calcareous shales or
on alluyial soil; and doubtless Indian foresters will eventually find that
many trees thrive better on certain classes of soil than on others. The large
area covered with basaltic rocks in Western India affords opportunities for
promising studies in this respect. The Sal tree on the Satpura range has its
western limit on the sandstone of the Pachmarhis. It does not thrive on trap,
and hence it is not found further west in that region. A carefully prepared
list of species found in the trap country of the Peninsula and of those which
are wanting, though they are found on other formations in the same region,
may prove instructive in many respects.

At the British Association assembled at Brighton in 1872, I had the honour
to explain before the geographical section my views regarding the distribution
of forests in India. My paper was published in Ocean Highways, 1872, p. 200,
and in the Transactions of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, VII. 88
(1873). It was illustrated by a map, on which I had, on the ground of the imper-
fect meteorological data then available, entered the regions of greater or less
moisture, as indicated by the annual rainfall. I laid stress upon a subject
which is now universally recognized, the intimate relation between moisture
and forest growth in India. Since then the Indian Meteorological Department
has been established, and the maps published by that Department are more
accurate and much more detailed than the map which I ventured to compile in
1872. Still the reat regions then established remain, and with the addition
of the dry region in the Irawadi valley, not known to me in 1872, they are:

First: I. The arid region with a scanty and irrecular rainfall, never
exceeding 15 inches annually, and an atmosphere dry nearly throughout the
year, comprising Sind, the southern Punjab and western Rajputana.

Second, the three dry regions, annual rainfall between 15 and 30 inches,f
viz.: II. The northern dry region, adjoining the arid region on its north
and east sides, comprising the greater portion of the plains of the Punjab to
within a short distance from the foot of the Himalaya, Eastern Rajputana
and a large part of what are now called the United Provinces, extending
eastwards along the Ganges beyond Cawnpore. III. The Peninsular dry
region, comprising the greater part of the Deccan and Mysore. IV. The
Eastern dry region in the Irawadi valley, comprising the following districts.
West of the river: the southern portion of Shwebo, the eastern half of the
Lower Chindwin, Sagaing, Pakokku and Minbu. Last of the river: the
western portion of Mandalay and Kyaukse, Myingyan, Meiktila and Magwe.

Third, the two moist regions, rainfall 75 inches and upwards, viz: V. The
Western moist region, extending from the Gulf of Cambay to Travancore and
comprising the country from the coast to some distance east of the crest of the
Ghats. VI. The Eastern moist region, comprising the eastern Himalaya with
a narrow strip along the outer ranges, extending north-west as far as the
Ravi, the greater part of Assam, Eastern Bengal, the northern part of Upper
and nearly the whole of Lower Burma.

* Schimper, Indo-Malayische Strand Flora (1891), Plant-Geography, p. 90, 287 (1908).
Prain, Flora of the Sundriban in Records Bot. Survey India II. 240. Hooker, Sketch
of the Flora of British India, 26.

+ In the excellent large Rainfall Map of India, published by the late Henry
Blanford in 1888, and in later maps published by the Meteorological Department,
the regions are limited by lines of 10-20, 20-80, etc., inches of the annual rainfall.

b

xvi INTRODUCTION

Fourth: VII. The intermediate region, comprising the remainder with a
rainfall between 30 and 75 inches, heavier in the belts adjoining the two moist
regions, in hilly districts and in places along the sea-coast.

In the paper quoted I alsc mentioned the large extent of arid valleys
in the inner Himalaya, and described the gradual but most remarkable
changes in the forest vegetation experienced when ascending the valley of
the Sutlej river, from the moist ranges of the Outer Himalaya into the dry
and, higher up, the arid region beyond Wangtu. Changes similar to these
but much more striking, are noticed when ascending from the evergreen forest
at the foot and on the slopes of the Western Ghats to the crest of the ghats
and beyond into the dry country of the Deccan or Mysore. The evergreen
forest disappears, its place is taken first by moist, further east by dry
deciduous forest, until at last the thorny scrub of the Deccan takes the place
of forest. ;

Excluding the Himalaya, the forester distinguishes two great classes of
forests in India: the deciduous forest, which, unless specially protected, is
burnt over every year, and the evergreen forest, into which as a rule fires do
not enter. The deciduous forests, as is well known, are the most valuable,
as they contain most of the really important species. Extensive areas of ever-
green forest are only found in the two great moist regions, the western and
eastern, and not everywhere in these, for there are large areas in the moist
regions stocked with deciduous forest. As a rule the existence of evergreen
forest indicates heavier rainfall and moister air, but there are cases where the
nature of the soil seems to be an important factor in this respect. Thus in
the lower portion of the Thaungyin valley on the British side there is a large
stretch of evergreen forest on deep alluvial soil. Marching through this region
on my way up the valley in March 1859, I found the mean height of this forest
to be 200 ft., with a few specimens of Antiaris toxicaria towering above it.
The ground was stocked with trees of all ages, from seedlings to tall poles,*
brushwood and creepers, forming a dense mass of vegetation 200 ft. high.
Higher up the valley on undulating ground deciduous forest with a con-
siderable amount of Teak prevails. Something similar I have seen on the
head waters of the Attaran river, where stretches of alluvial soil are stocked
with evergreen, and hills or undulating ground with deciduous forest. Aspect
also has something to do with the distribution of these two classes of forest.
In Burma I have often seen one side of a valley clothed with evergreen, and
the other with deciduous forest. The conditions which in the moist regions
of India govern this matter will doubtless eventually be more fully examined.
The Kans of the Sorub Taluka of Mysore, isolated patches of evergreen forest,
in which the Pepper vine is cultivated, are specially recommended for study.

Stretches of evergreen forest are also found on hills in the intermediate and
dry regions, for instance on the Shevaroy and Javadi hills, and in the
Cuddapah and Karnul districts of Madras, where the moisture is greater than
in the country surrounding these hills. They are sometimes designated
as dry evergreen forest, some of the more prominent trees being: Ochna
Gamblei, Terminalia pallida, Eugenia alternifolia, Strychnos potatorwm.

On the east side of the Peninsula, near the coast, under the influence of the
North-east Monsoon, extensive tracts of waste lands and low hills are stocked
with a kind of nearly evergreen forest growth, which I have designated
as semi-evergreen scrub, f some of the prominent species of which are: Flacourtia
Ramontchi, Pterospermum suberifolium, Hugonia Mystax, Erythroxylon
monogynum, Zizyphus Xylopyrus, Eugenia bracteata, Webera corymbosa,
Canthium parviflorum, Maba buxifolia, Carissa spinarwm, Ehretia
buxifolia.

* The species of the evergreen forest, even more than Beech and Silver Fir in
Europe, spring up and are able to live in deep shade.
+ Brandis, Suggestions on Forest Administration, Madras, p. 110 (1883).

INTRODUCTION xix

Every forester and all those who are likely to use this book are familiar
with the paramount influence of latitude, elevation and moisture upon forest
growth in India, but it is perhaps less generally known that there are numerous
species, genera, and even natural orders, which are found in the east and
are wanting in the west and vice versa. As already stated, it is generally
recognized that the vegetation of the Western Himalaya has great
affinity to that of Western Asia and Europe, while types of China and
Japan prevail in the Eastern Himalaya. Putting aside the Himalaya
for the present, the affinity of the vegetation in the Western Penin-
sula* with that of Africa has long been recognized; it was Hooker who
first drew prominent attention to it, and, as already mentioned, in his recent
sketch, divides India into three great Botanical areas or regions,a Himalayan,
an Hastern and a Western. The following remarks relate to the Western
and Eastern Peninsulas of India and the provinces and districts north of the
two peninsulas to the foot of the Himalaya. A line drawn from Caleutta
northwards to near the foot of the Himalaya will be found convenient to

‘separate these two great divisions, the western and eastern division of India

outside the Himalaya.

The Western Peninsula has no Cupulifere (Betulacew and Fagacee), no
Conifere with the exception of Podocarpus latifolia, and no Hamamelidacee
or Sawxifragacee, orders which are well represented in eastern India.
Acer is absent from the Western Peninsula and so are Thymelwacee, with
the sole exception of Lasiosiphon. Five of the 7 Magnoliaceous genera
(Magnolia, Manglietia, Talauma, Ilicium, Schizandra) are not represented
in the west. On the other hand, of Capparidacew : Niebuhria, Merua and
Cadaba are Western, while Boscia and Roydsia are Eastern, the principal
genus, Capparis, having species in both peninsulas. Of the 12 genera of
Ternstremiacee 5 (Pyrenaria, Schima, Camellia, Actinidia and Saurauja)
belong exclusively to the Eastern Flora. Two genera of Burseracea@ (Bos-
wellia and Balsamodendron) belong to Africa, Arabia and the Western
Peninsula, but are wanting in the Hast. Of the 68 species of Meliacee the
majority are eastern or common to both sides, but Turrwa, Beddomea and
Chloroxylon are exclusively western. Soymida may possibly yet be found in
the dry region of Upper Burma. Of Sapindaceew, Guioa and Mischocarpus
are eastern, while Dodoneaa and Filicitum are exclusively western genera.
Among Anacardiacew, Nothopegia is western, while Parishia, Melanorhea,
Swintonia, Dracontomelum, Drimycarpus and Bouea are exclusively eastern
genera. Of Leguminose, Mundulea, Ougeinia, Hardwickia and Prosopis
are western, while Afzelia, Crudia, Pahudia, Amherstia, Parkia and others
belong to the Eastern Division. Among Rosacew, Pyrus, Docynia, Pourthiwa
and Eriobotrya are found in the Eastern but not in the Western Peninsula.
Of Myrtacew, Rhodomyrtus belongs to the Western Peninsula, while
Decaspermum, Rhodamnia, Leptospermum, Tristania, Melaleuca and
Planchonia are Eastern genera. Of Araliacew, Cornacew, Rubiacew and
Palme, numerous genera belong exclusively to the Eastern Flora. In
Sapotacew, Isonandra is western, while Sarcosperma is eastern. Salvadora
is western, but no Agapetes, Pentapterygium, Styrax, Osmanthus, Congea,
Lindera, and Morus are found in the Western Region. Of Bamboos,
Ochlandra is western with one species in the Malay Peninsula; one section of
Oxytenanthera is Western, while the other section belongs to the eastern
peninsula. Most of the other genera have species in the eastern division only,

‘while the 4 large genera Arundinaria, Bambusa, Dendrocalamus and

Teinostachyum have species both in the western and eastern divisions.

Many genera besides Oxytenanthera have distinct sections of Eastern and
Western species: for instance Pterospermum, Holigarna and Connarus.
Further, a number of western and eastern species are so closely allied that

* The terms Western and Eastern Peninsula are used in Hooker’s great Flora of
British India,

Xx INTRODUCTION

they may be regarded as vicarious species, unless it is preferred not to
recognize any difference between them. As instances I may mention
Dipterocarpus indicus and D. turbinatus, Elewocarpus tuberculatus and
E. aristatus. These cases are analogous to the vicarious species on both
sides of the Atlantic, such as Cercis Stliquastrum and C. canadensis, Ostrya
carpinifolia and O. virginiana.

There are one or two instances of genera, which are found in Hastern India
and tropical Africa, but which have not yet been discovered in the Western
Peninsula. The most remarkable instance is Dalhowsiea bracteata and
africana, two species so closely allied, that they have been united in the Flora
of British India and of Tropical Africa.

The forester will naturally wish to know to what extent these remarks relate
to the more important forest trees. Omitting the trees of the Himalaya, we
may single out 60 as being by far the most important among the large number
of species here described. Of these sixty, 20 are Western, such as: Shorea
robusta, Chloroxylon Swietenia, Dalbergia latifolia, Pterocarpus Marsu-
- piwm, 17 are Eastern, such as: Hopea odorata, Pterocarpus dalbergioides,
Pinus Khasia and Dendrocalamus giganteus, while 23 belong to both
divisions, among them Xylia dolabriformis, Acacia Catechu, Terminalia
Chebula, Lagerstremia flos-regine, Tectona grandis and Bambusa
arundinacea.

The preceding remarks must not be misunderstood. Many genera and
species are common to both the Western and Hastern divisions of India. A
comparison of localities similar as regards moisture and elevation will show
this abundantiy. A very remarkable instance of this is mentioned by Hooker
on p. 33 of his late Sketch of the Flora of British India. He compares the
Nilgiri flora with that of the cool regions of the far distant Khasi, Manipur,
Naga hills and the hills in Northern Burma. Moisture, elevation and soil are
similar, but these localities are separated by 14 degrees of latitude and
17 degrees of longitude. The following are the most remarkable instances
mentioned by him: Rubus, of which 2 species are common to the Nilgiris and
to the hills of Eastern India, is a large cosmopolitan genus. Hypericwm and
Rhamnus belong to the Northern temperate zone, but have representatives in
mountainous regions within the tropics, of which Hypericum Hookerianum, H.
mysorensc and nepaulense, Rhamnus virgatus and R. Wightii are found on the
Nilgiris. Of Viburnam, a genus of the temperate and subtropical regions of
the Northern Hemisphere, 15 species are found in India, and 4 of these:
V. punctatum, V. coriaceum, V.odoratissimumand V. erubescens, are common
to the Western and Eastern region (see p. 361). This most interesting com-
parison of the Nilgiris and the hills of Hastern India does not invalidate what
has been said regarding Hastern and Western genera and species. The
Nilgiris have no oaks, no pines, no Pyrus, no Hamamelidacew, no Saxi-
fragacee, no Agapetes or Pentapterygium, and many other genera common
on the hills of Eastern India, are wanting on the Nilgiris.

A most interesting and valuable account has lately been published by
Capt. A. T. Gage, I.M.S., of the vegetation in the Minbu district, which forms
part of the dry region of the Irawadi valley in Upper Burma. (Records of
the Botanical Survey of India, vol. III. 17.) This district the author
divides into three regions :—I. The mountainous zone comprising the eastern
slopes of the Arakan Yoma and a lower range of hills running parallel to the
Yoma. II. A narrow flat alluvial belt 4-5 miles wide fringing the western
bank of the Irawadi river. III. The desert zone 20-30 miles wide, comprising
the greater portion of the district. In this zone only 60 of the 700 species
collected by him were found. The most striking feature in the vegetation of
this zone, Capt. Gage states (p.17), is the preponderance of Deccan and Indo-
African species. At first sight this would seem to upset much that has been
said regarding Western and Eastern species. On page 130 the author gives
a list of the species found in the desert zone according to their geographical

INTRODUCTION sre

distribution, and from this list it appears, that out of the 60 species 11 are
found in the Deccan and 8 are distributed from Africa to India, while the rest
are endemic in Burma, are distributed over other parts of India, over Malaya,
China and Australia, or are found in a large portion of the tropical zone. Of
the 19 Deccan and African species most are found in other parts of India
besides the Deccan, and the remark made by Capt. Gage, interesting as it is,
does not affect what has here been said regarding the difference in the veget-
ation of Western and Eastern India outside the Himalaya.

The effect of the climatic factors which have influenced the character
of forest growth in India, the chief being elevation, latitude and moisture, is
readily intelligible, while the difference in the vegetation of the Western
and Hastern divisions is not so easily explained. It might be supposed
that the soil in these two great divisions of India was different, and
that this would account for the remarkable facts here mentioned. This
view may be supported by the extensive area covered with basaltic rocks

in the Western peninsula, a formation which, as far as known, is not found in

the Eastern division of India. In spite of this fact, however, it cannot in any
way be said that the character of the soils is essentially different in these two
great divisions of the country. The difference between western and eastern
species rather points to changes which in remote ages must have taken place
in the configuration and climate of the country, a most interesting subject,
which however cannot be discussed here.

One of the most important steps taken by Dr. Schlich, when organizing the
Indian Forest School in connexion with the Cooper’s Hill Engineering College,
was to arrange, not only for the teaching of systematic botany, but to insist
upon the students becoming familiar with the anatomy and physiology of
trees, so that they should thoroughly understand the development, nutrition,
and propagation of plants. Further, that their attention should be directed to
important biological features, which are not generally dealt with im books on
systematic botany. Professor Marshall Ward, whom Dr. Schlich fortunately
secured to carry out this plan, managed to instil some of his own enthusiasm
into his students, and it has often given me intense pleasure to witness the
keen interest in general botanical questions on the part of young Indian
foresters at home on leave, who had the privilege of his teaching. I feel
assured that at the Dehra Dun Forest School also, the necessity of studying
the general branches of botany is fully understood.

Under these circumstances I thought myself justified in introducing here
and there a few very brief remarks on such points in regard to the anatomical
structure, chiefly of the timber, and on important biological features, which I
thought might be useful to foresters. Our knowledge of the structure of the
stem, chiefly of climbing shrubs in India, is as yet very incomplete. What I
have incidentally mentioned in this book may perhaps induce some, foresters
or others, to pay more attention to this subject. Equally important is the
study of anomalous wood structure in the case of trees, such as Cocculus
laurifolius, most Combretacew, Dalbergia paniculata, Strychnos, the
woody species of Plumbaginacee, Nyctaginacea, Amarantacee: and Cheno-
podiacee.

The bright colouring of the young shoots of evergreen trees, which delights
the eye in Mesua ferrea, Acer oblongum, Amherstia nobilis, Quercus tneana,
is well known, but has been fully described in the case of a few species only.
The autumn colouring of deciduous species, which is so marked a feature in
the temperate zone and which is not uncommon in the Himalaya ( Vitis
semicordata, formerly known as V. himalayana, Acer Campbellii) is rare in
the rest of India, yet there are noteworthy exceptions, such as Terminalia
Catappa, Anogeissus latifolia, A. pendula and Antidesma diandrum.
Doubtless there are others besides. The study of gregarious species and of
such as have the tendency to form pure forests naturally interests foresters.
The factors, however, which enable Shorea robusta, Dipterocarpus tuber

XXxii é INTRODUCTION

culatus, Hardwickia binata to get and retain the upper hand over other
species and to form pure forests, are by no means fully understood.
In connexion with this subject. the coincidence in some cases of
periodical flowering and gregarious habit should be mentioned (Bamboos,
Strobilanthes, cf. Brandis in Ind. For. XXV.1). The nature of the reserve
materials which nourish the germinating seedling, starch in bamboos, oil in
the cotyledons of Bassia and the endosperm of the Coco nut, the horny
substance (cellulose) of the endosperm in Coffea and other Rubiacee and in
Phenix, is by no means known of all Indian trees. Many woody climbers,
but not all to the same extent, yield, when cut like the vine in Europe in
spring, large quantities of watery fluid, and the joints of many bamboos at a
certain age are full of water. An accurate record on the spot of observations
on these and other important biological matters will prove to be of real value.
What is required in the first instance is an accurate record of facts, on
the ground of which general conclusions can be framed hereafter.

Ne thorough study of the life, the habits and the requirements of trees will
be found to be of great assistance in devising measures for guarding against
diseases and other calamities, and for gradually increasing the annual yield of
timber and other forest produce per acre. It is chiefly when an unexpected
and unexplained calamity arises, such as the Spike disease in sandal wood,
that the forester feels the need of a more intimate acquaintance with the life
of trees.

There is a class of shrubs which I am disposed to call plants of mountain
torrents, and which merit the attention of those who are likely to use this
book. The following may here be mentioned as instances: Camellia caduca,
Rhazya stricta, Rhabdia lycioides, Litsea angustifolia, Homonoia riparia,
Ficus semocarpa, Ficus lanceolata. These and other shrubs grow in masses
in rocky or shingly stream-beds, dry during half the year and entirely sub-
merged several times, often for a week or longer, during the rains. Their
organization must be peculiar, and merits special study.

I have thought it right in this book to mention a number of species which
are only undershrubs, because I consider that their study may be useful to
foresters and others in India. They belong to genera comprising large or middle-
sized trees. After the fires of the hot season have passed through the grass--
lands of the Subbimalayan tract and of other parts of India, in the midst of
the black desolation, which is the result of these fires, we often come across a
large blossom coming out of the ground, looking ata distance like a beautiful rose
with numerous long delicate filaments. This is Car eya herbacea, closely allied
to Careya arborea, a large tree of India and Burma. Soon after the flowers a
tuft of leaves appears, and during the rains the fruit ripens, looking like a
large green apple. Through the action of the leaves the woody rootstock
underground steadily increases in size and, though the fires of the following
season destroy all shoots above ground, the rootstock remains uninjured and
annually brings forth flowers, leaves and fruit. The undershrubs which
behave in a similar fashion are very numerous, belonging to many orders.
Grewia sapida with edible fruit, Ochna pumila with large golden yellow
flowers, Erythrina resupinata with an upright raceme of scarlet flowers may
be mentioned as instances.* They must not be confounded with temporary
undershrubs, such as are formed through the action of the annual fires, by
all trees that coppice readily. Seedlings of Sal, Teak, Zizyphus jujuba,
Terminalia and many other trees which spring up in grasslands or in the
forest, are cut back to the ground by the annual fires, and here also, through
the action of the leaves, a lar ge woody irregularly -shaped rootstock is formed,
which throws up coppice shoots that are “destroyed by the fires of the hot
season. But when the area is protected against fire these coppice shoots grow

* The more prominent species of this class, besides those mentioned, are: Olaa

nana, Flemingia nana, Combretum nanum, Mussenda incana, M. uniflora, Indigofera
Hamiltonii, Jasminum Smalianum, Premna nana.

ee

INTRODUCTION xxiil

up into trees.* What becomes of the permanent undershrubs here described,
when the area is protected against fire, is not known; probably they are
smothered by the surrounding vegetation. That some of these undershrubs
were cultivated long ago in the Calcutta Botanic Garden is evident from
Roxburgh’s Flora Indica, but no record exists whether they had changed
their habit when no longer exposed to the réwime of annual fires.

In the old Forest Flora of North-West and Central India I drew attention
to a number of these remarkable undershr ubs, and wrote regarding them on a
later occasion (Ind. For. XX VI. 10). It has given me great pleasure | to find that
Mr. Duthie, in his excellent Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plain, has fully
recognized the importance of these interesting species, and it is satisfactory that
in the Park of the Dehra Dun Forest School Kanjilal has at my suggestion
commenced to cultivate a number (particularly Grewia sapida) in order to
see whether they will change their habits when no longer exposed to the
annual fires. It is possible, though not proved, that trees or large shrubs
may, by the continuous action of the annual fires, gradually have been con-
verted into undershrubs. Against this idea, however, stands the fact that
Careya herbacea, Erythrina resupinata and most other species adyerted to,
differ from the arborescent species of the same genus by very definite characters
in leaves, flowers and fruit. As far as known at present, Premna is the only
genus which forms an exception in this respect. No less than 5 undershrubs
are known in this genus, and 3 of thesé can hardly be separated by characters
other than habit from species which are trees or large shrubs (cf. P.
pinguis, P. amplectens and P. macrophylla, p. 511). Similar undershrubs
are known from tropical Africa, and there are species in the Arctic regions
(Cornus suecica, C. canadensis, Rubus arcticus), the shoots of which are killed
annually by the ‘frost of winter, the undergr ound rootstock remaining alive.

Tam fully aware that in speaking of these undershrubs and in descr ibing
them in this book I lay myself open to the charge of inconsistency. At the
outset I said that the object of this book was ‘entirely practical. I admit
that no forest revenue can be made out of these undershrubs, and that they
are not likely ever to play an important part in the system of forest manage-
ment. But foresters who may cultivate these remarkable species will thereby
be induced more completely to study the laws which govern the habits of
plants and the conditions which may under certain circumstances cause the
development and mutation of species. Indeed, I go further, and would venture
to suggest that some of these remarkable undershrubs be cultivated in Indian
Porest Gardens, although they are not likely immediately to increase the
forest revenue. Their study may quite unexpectedly throw light upon
some important forest questions. At the present day this may be pro-
nounced fanciful by my young friends in India, and they may regret that
their old friend has indulged in such fancies. They will I hope relent when
they find practical suggestions of other kinds in this book, which I trust will
be of real use to them in their work.

It now remains to express my deep gratitude to all those who have assisted
me in this arduous work. During the progress of it I have had the great
privilege of discussing many important points with Sir William Thiselton-
Dyer, with Dr. Dukinfield H. Scott, Ma. W. B. Hemsley, Dr. Otto Stapf, Mr.
C. B. Clarke, and with Dr. Augustine Henry.. Mr. James Ramsay Drummond
has kindly given me much valuable information regarding trees and shrubs
of the Punjab. To Mr. C. H. Wright, of the Herbarium, Kew, I am
indebted for the care which he has devoted to the index and for the assistance
he has given me in preparing the manuscript for the press and in correcting
the proofs. Mr. Martin Cole has been most useful in preparing excellent
microscopic slides whenever I required them. Several Indian officers, while

* (frewia scabrophylla at times isan undershrub, when exposed to the annual fires ; in
other places it grows into a tall shrub. Other shrubs probably behave in the same
manner,

Xxiv INTRODUCTION

on furlough at home, have assisted me materially in the work. Colonel A. A.
Barrett has helped me to work up Rosacew, and otherwise assisted me
greatly. Mr. H. H. Haines has most generously devoted considerable time,
while at home on furlough, in assisting me in Celastracew, Rhamnacee and
Ampelidee. Mr. A. F. Broun, late Conservator of Forests in Ceylon and now
Director of Woods and Forests ia the Sudan, together with Mrs. Broun, have
enabled me by their careful dissections and sketches to understand the species of
Strychnos and other difficult genera. Mr. C. B.Smales has devoted a great part
of his furlough from Burma toworking up with me oaks and chesnuts, Ficus,
palms and bamboos. His intimate practical knowledge of the bamboos of Upper
Burma, their appearance and mode of growth, has been invaluable, and
without his help I could never have mastered this difficult order. ~ In connec-
tion with bamboos I wish to state that Dr. Otto Stapf has communicated to me
the result of his as yet unpublished researches, which establish two great
divisions of bamboos, one with, the other without endosperm in the ripe seed.
Mr. T. F. Bourdillon has from the beginning been most useful in regard to the
forest vegetation of Travancore. As already mentioned, Mr. Gilbert Rogers
has given me most valuable information about palms and bamboos of the
Andamans. Mr. A. E. Wild, late Conservator of Forests, Bengal, has helped
me steadily from the beginning in examining the specimens at the Museum of
the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

I tender my thanks to His Majesty’s Secretary of State for India for having
purchased 300 copies of this book. Mr. C. B. Clarke has been a true friend in
this matter ; without his intervention the book would probably never have
been published. The publishers have placed me under obligations by not
losing patience with the long delay and the great bulk of the work, neither
of which I anticipated when I commenced it.

I am keenly alive to the many imperfections of this work, and I know that
numerous errors and omissions will be discovered in it. With the over-
whelming mass of detail that had to be mastered, this, at my time of life, was
perhaps unavoidable. In spite of these imperfections, the book will I hepe
in some respects facilitate the progress of good forest management in India.
Not that the knowledge of species means good forest management. But it is
the first step towards the study of matters which are of real importance in
forestry; the habits, mode and rate of growth of trees, their ability to appro-
priate certain mineral substances from the soil, the capacity of their leaves and
other green parts to take up carbon dioxide and to form timber, a capacity
which varies in different species of trees to a degree not yet sufficiently
recognized by botanists, and finally their habits of flowering and seeding, as
well as their ability to reproduce themselves from coppice shoots or root-
suckers. The study of the sylvicultural requirements of the different species
is the foundation of a successful system of treatment, leading up to the
greatest annual production of timber and other forest produce per acre.
Foresters in India should always bear in mind that botany is not forestry, but
that the knowledge of species is indispensable. With the enormous number
of genera and species in India the acquisition of this knowledge is difficult.
I hope I may have succeeded in smoothing the way a little, and in this hope I
wish all my young friends, whether they have learnt their profession in
Europe or at the Imperial Forest School in India, an honourable and prosperous
career in the Indian forests. Should any one look down upon them because
their work makes no show and does not bear fruit immediately, like that of
the engineer and other public officers, they will console themselves with the
proud consciousness that they are the guardians of the future and permanent
interests of the 300 millions who inhabit the great British Indian Empire,
and that they are contributing materially to ensure the comfort and welfare
of future generations.

oo

im tee ee

SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS

The distinguishing characters are selected with special reference to the
trees and shrubs described in this work.

First Class. ANGIOSPERMS.

Flowers bisexual or unisexual, as a rule with perianth, consisting of one or
several whorls of leaves, free or connate (calyx and corolla). Ovules enclosed
in an ovary, fertilized by the pollen-tube growing towards them through the
tissue of stigma and style. Seeds enclosed in the fruit, embryo straight
or curved, with or without endosperm.

First Sub-Class. DICOTYLEDONS.

The stem consists of pith, wood, bast and bark, which form concentric
cylinders, wood and bast being separated i in the growing stem by a continuous
layer of long soft cells (cambium), which are transformed into new wood on
the outside of the wood cylinder, and into new bast on the inside of the hollow
bast cylinder. The wood consists of wood-fibres, vessels, wood-parenchyma and
medullary rays. Many climbers have anomalous structure, also the erect woody
species of Plumbaginacee, Nyctaginacee, Amarantacew and Chenopodiacee
and a few trees of other orders: Cocculus laurifolius, Dalbergia paniculata,
most Combretacee, Strychnos, and the non-Indian Drimys. Leaves net-
veined. Parts of perianth, calyx or corolla usually in fours or fives. Embryo
with two cotyledons which, when the seed germinates, are as a rule raised
above ground (in Garcinia, Ochrocarpus and Mesua the embryo consists of a
homogeneous fleshy mass).

I. POLYPETALA:.

Flowers in the majority of species bisexual, as a rule with both calyx and
corolla, the corolla consisting of distinct petals.

A. THALAMIFLORZ: (including Disciflora).

Sepals in the majority of cases distinct, petals and stamens hypogy nous,
ovary free. <A well-dey eloped disk in Orders 13 Tamaricacen, 25 Rutacee,
26 Simarubacee, 43 Moringacee, in Orders 28-52, 34-41 and in a few genera
of 7 Capparidacee, 10 Bixacee and 21 Taacecs,

1. Ranunculacee, p. 1. Sepals deciduous, often petaloid. Stamens o, anthers adnate,
longitudinally dehiscent. Carpels numerous, free, 1-celled.

2. Dilleniacee, p.3. L. alternate, simple, penninerved, petiolessheathing. Fl. large,
white or yellow. Sepals 5, imbricate, persistent, petals 5, caducous. Carpels one or
many, more or less cohering, styles free.

Magnoliacee, p.5. LL. alternate, simple, most genera with convolute deciduons
stipules. Sepals and petals alike, in whorls of three, imbricate, deciduous. Stamens 8,
anthers basifixed. Carpels numerous, usually distinet, generally on an elongated
torus. Embryo minute, endosperm uniform.

XXV

XXvi SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS

4. Anonacee, p.9. LL. alternate, simple, stipules none. Sepals 8, petals in one or
two trimerous whorls. Stamens usually om, filaments short or none, anther-cells
adnate to a broad connective. Carpels distinct in fruit (confluent in Anona). Seeds
large, embryo small, endosperm ruminated.

5. Menispermacee, p. 22. Usually climbers with broad medullary rays and otherwise
anomalous wood structure. L. alternate, simple, mostly palminerved, often peltate,
stipules 0. Fl. small, unisexual, trimerous, sepals usually free. Stamens opposite to
petals, usually 6, carpels free, as a rule 8. Embryo curved, with or without
endosperm.

6. Berberidacee, p. 27. L. alternate, glabrous. Sepals and petals alike, usually
trimerous, caducous. Stamens opposite fo petals, anthers adnate, as a rule opening by
valves. » Carpels distinct, often one only. Endosperm fleshy.

7. Capparidacee, p. 31. L. as a rule alternate, stipules often present and spinescent.
Fl. usually bisexual, often zygomorphic. As a rule sepals 4, petals 4. Stamens
generally numerous, filaments filiform. Carpels connate into a 1-celled ovary with
2-4 parietal placentas, often on an elongated gynophore. Embryo curved, endosperm J
or scanty.

8. Resedacee, p. 37. LL. alternate, stipules minute or 0. FI. in spikes or racemes,
often zygomorphic, calyx 4-7-lobed. Stamens usually numerous, seated on a hypo-
gynous disk. Carpels connate into a 1-celled ovary with 2-6 parietal placentas. Seeds
numerous, reniform, endosperm 0.

9. Violacee, p.37. L. as a rulé alternate, stipules small or leafy. F]. regular or
zygomorphie, sepals 5, imbricate, persistent, petals 5. Stamens 5, filaments short or 0,
connective broad and often produced above, anthers connivent or connate round the
ovary. Carpels connate into a one-celled ovary with usually 3 parietal placentas.
Seeds small, embryo straight in a fleshy endosperm.

10. Bixacee, p. 38. L. alternate, simple, mostly dentate, stipules small or 0. FI.
regular, 4- or 5-merous, stamens usually numerous. Ovary 1-celled, seeds few, arillate
or with pulpy testa.

11. Pittosporacee, p. 42. L. alternate, simple, entire, stipules 0. FI. regular,
pentamerous and pentandrous, sepals free, as well as petals imbricate, anthers versatile.
Embryo small, in copious endosperm.

12. Polygalacee, p. 43. L. alternate, simple, quite entire, stipules 0. Fl. bisexual,
zy gomorphic, sepals 5, the 2 inner larger, petaloid, petals 5 or 3. Stamens as a rule 8,
filaments usually connate in a cleft sheath, anthers mostly opening by terminal pores.

13. Tamaricacee, p. 45. L. alternate, small, generally scale-like. Fl. regular, in
spikes, racemes or panicles, sepals and petals usually free, pentamerous, sometimes
tetramerous. Stamens as many as petals or twice their number. Capsule 3-5-valved,
seeds tufted or winged. é

14. Hypericacee, p. 47. L. opposite, often gland-dotted, stipules 0. Fl. regular,
bisexual, sepals 5, imbricate, petals 5, contorted in bud. Stamens numerous, filaments
usually connate into 3 or 5 bundles, anthers versatile. Endosperm 0.

15. Guttifere, p. 48. Juice resinous, yellow or greenish. L. opposite, simple, entire,
usually coriaceous, stipules 0. Fl. regular, unisexual or polygamous, sepals 2-6,
mostly in decussate pairs, petals as a rule 2-6, imbricate or contorted. Fr. usually
indehiscent, seeds large, endosperm 0.

16. Ternstremiacee, p.56. LL. alternate, simple, generally coriaceous, stipules 0. Fl.
regular, as a rule bisexual, sepals and petals usually pentamerous and imbricate.
Stamens generally numerous, ovary 3-5-celled.

17. Dipterocarpacee, p. 63. Resinous trees. L. alternate, usually coriaceous,
simple, penninerved, stipules large, enclosing the bud. Fl. bisexual, regular, calyx-
segments 5, some or all as a rule much enlarged in fr. Petals 5, contorted, stamens 5,
10, or more, anthers adnate to filaments. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded.

18. Ancistrocladacee, p. 73. Glabrous, woody climbers, not resinous. lL. entire,
stipules minute, caducous. Fl. bisexual, regular, pentamerous, calyx adnate to the
1-celled ovary, segments much enlarged in fr.

19. Malvacee, p. 74. Wood soft and light. L. alternate, mostly stipulate, generally
palminerved, hairs usually stellate. Fl]. as a rule bisexual, regular, supported by 3 or
more bracteoles. Sepals 5, valvate, more or less connate, petals 5, base adnate to
staminal-column, contorted in bud. Stamens numerous, filaments variously connate,
anthers 1-celled.

20. Sterculiacee, p. 79. L. alternate, mostly stipulate, hairs often stellate. Sepals
5, valvate, more or less connate, petals 5 or none. Stamens commonly monadelphous,
anthers 2-celled. Fr.a dehiscent capsule or a whorl! of distinct carpels.

21. Tiliacee, p. 93. L. alternate, simple, stipules deciduous. FI. regular, almost
always bisexual. Sepals 5, usually connate, valvate in bud. Stamens numerous, anthers
2-celled. Ovary 2-10-celled.

22. Linee, p. 106. L. alternate, simple, entire. Fl. bisexual, regular, sepals and
petals pentamerous, sometimes tetramerous. Stamens 8 or 10, half the number often _

SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS XXvil

sterile, filaments united at base, anthers versatile. Ovary 3-5-celled. Capsule
dehiscing septicidally.

23. Malpighiacee, p. 108. L. usually opposite, simple, entire, stipules smal] or 0.
FI. often zygomorphic, calyx 5-lobed, petals 5, often fimbriate. Stamens 10, sometimes
unequal. Fr. usually of one or more winged samaras.

24. Geraniacee (Averrhoa), p. 110. L. alternate, imparipinnate, stipules 0. Fl.
bisexual, sepals 5, petals 5, stamens 10. Fr. oblong, fleshy, 5-ribbed. ;

25. Rutacee, p. 111. L. aromatic, dotted with translucent glands, stipules 0. Fl.
regular, sepals and petals 4 or 5, stamens 4-5 or 8-10, filaments inserted on the outside
of the disk.

26. Simarubacee, p. 124. Bark bitter, |. alternate, stipules deciduous or 0. Fi.
regular, small, often unisexual, sepals 3-5, usually connate, petals 3-5. Stamens
as many as petals or double their number, inserted outside the disk.

27. Ochnacee, p.128. L. alternate, simple, glabrous, stipulate. Fl. regular, bisexual.
Sepals 4 or 5, free, imbricate, persisting, petals 5 or more, deciduous, stamens 10 or ©,
anthers basifixed. Fr. of 3-10 one- or few-seeded drupes.

28. Burseracee, p.129. Resinous. L. alternate, imparipinnate, sometimes 1-foliolate.
Fl. small, regular, calyx 3-5-lobed, petals 3-5. Stamens as many as petals or twice
their number, inserted on the disk or outside at its base. Ovary 2-5-celled, ovules 2
in each cell.

29. Meliacee, p.134. L. alternate, generally pinnate, stipules 0. Fl. regular, in eymose
panicles, calyx small, 4-5-cleft, petals 4-5, stamens twice the number of petals, filaments
generally united into a tube, disk between stamens and ovary, often tubular.

30. Chailletiacee, p. 146. L. alternate, entire, simple, stipules deciduous. FI.
1-sexual or polygamous, petals 5, notched or bifid, stamens 5, disk of 5 glands, alternating
with stamens. Ovary pubescent 2-3-celled, ovules 2, collateral in each cell. Endo-
sperm 0, cotyledons thick.

31. Olacacee, p. 147. L. alternate, stipules 0. Fl. small, as a rule bisexual, calyx
small or wanting, stamens opposite to petals or ». Ovary at base often 2-5-celled,
ovules pendulous from a free axile placenta. Drupe I-seeded. In Engler u. Prantl,
Natiirl. Pflanzenfam. III. 1. 231 placed near Loranthacew and Santalacee.

32. Icacinacee, p. 150. L. generally alternate, stipules 0. Fl. small, 1-sexual or
polygamous, calyx small or wanting, stamens alternating with petals. Ovary 1-celled.
Drupe 1-seeded.

33. Ilicinee, p. 154. L. alternate, simple, usually coriaceous and evergreen, stipules
minute. Fl. regular, usually 1-sexual, calyx 4-5-lobed, petals 4-5, connate at base.
Stamens 4-5, alternating with petals, disk 0. Fr. a drupe, supported by the persistent
calyx, stones 1-seeded, 2 or more.

34. Celastracee, p. 157. L. simple, asa rule opposite, stipules minute or none. Fl.
regular, small, bisexual or polygamous, calyx small, 4- or 5-lobed, persistent. “Disk
large, surrounding the base of the 3—5-celled ovary or partially enclosing it, stamens
3-5, rarely 10, inserted on the disk.

35. Rhamnacee, p. 167. Branchlets or stipules often spinescent, ]. simple. Fl. small,
regular, calyx 4-5-cleft, lobes triangular, valvate in bud, disk lining or filling the
calyx-tube, petals inserted at the mouth of calyx-tube. Stamens opposite to petals,
often enclosed by them.

36. Ampelidew, p. 175. Climbers, |. alternate, often compound. Fl. regular, calyx
small, entire or 4-5-dentate, petals 4-5, valvate in bud. Stamens opposite to petals,
inserted outside or between the lobes of the disk. Fr. a berry.

87. Staphyleacew, p. 180. L. opposite, stipulate, compound, leaflets stipellate. Fl.
regular, bisexual, pentamerous, stamens 5, inserted outside the disk. Ovary 3-celled.

. Aceracee, p. 181. L. opposite, stipules 0. Fl. regular, polygamous, calyx 5-12-
parted, deciduous. Stamens generally 8, inserted outside or upon (rarely inside) the
disk. Fruiting carpels winged.

839. Sapindacee; p.184. L. alternate (opposite in sen/us), stipules 0. Fl. sometimes
zygomorphic, mostly polygamous. Stamens inserted between disk and ovary, fila-
ments usually hairy, disk frequently unilateral. Ovary 3-celled, often 3-lobed. .

40. Sabiacee, p. 193. L. alternate, stipules 0. Fl. small, calyx 4—5-partite, stamens
4-5, opposite to petals, anther-cells distinct, usually adnate to a large connective.

41. Anacardiacee, p. 195. L. in most genera alternate, stipules 0. Fl. regular,
calyx 3-5-cleft (spathaceous in G/uta). petals 3-5, rarely 0. Stamens alternating with
petals, inserted under, rarely on the disk. Ovary in 2 genera inferior, drupe 2-5- seeded.

42, Coriariacew, p. 209. L. opposite, simple, stipules 0. Fl. regular, bisexual,

pentamerous, stamens 10. Fruiting carpels 5, distinct, 1-seeded, enclosed in the
persistent sueculent petals.
* 48. Moringacee, p. 209. Wood soft, 1. deciduous, alternate, bi- or tri-pinnate, pinne
and leaflets opposite, glands at base of petioles and pinne. Fil. large, bisexual,
pentamerous, petals unequal. Fertile stamens 5, opposite to petals, alternating with
sterile stamens. Fr. a long 1-celled 3-valved pod.

XXVili SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS

B. CALYCIFLORE.

Calyx gamosepalous, often adnate to ovary. Petals inserted on calyx, or on
disk lining calyx-tube.

44. Connaracee, p. 210. L. alternate, imparipinnate or 1-foliolate, leaflets entire,
coriaceous, stipules 0. Fl. usually bisexual and regular, pentamerous, petals
linear-oblong, stamens 10, the epipetalous stamens generally shorter and often sterile.
Carpels 5, free, mostly hairy, ovules 2, collateral. Fruiting carpel one, 2-valved.

45. Leguminose, p. 214. L. stipulate, as a rule alternate and compound. ~ FI.
bisexual, petals 5, in the majority of genera zygomorphic, stamens 10 or w. Carpel
one, free, ovules usually numerous, attached to the inner suture. Fr. a 1-celled pod,
endosperm generally 0.

46. Rosacee, p. 277. L. stipulate, usually alternate. FI. pentamerous, as a rule
regular and bisexual, stamens usually numerous. Carpels mostly distinct, often
adnate to and enclosed in the calyx-tube. Albumen 0 or scanty.

47. Saxifragacee, p. 296. L. simple. Fl. regular, 4- or 5-merous, calyx free or
adnate to ovary, stamens free, as many as petals, twice the number or numerous.
Carpels 2 or numerous, usually connate, ovules numerous. Seeds small, embryo minute,
in copious albumen.

48. Hamamelidacee, p. 300. L. alternate, stipules usually deciduous. Fl. in compact
heads or spikes, usually bracteate, calyx-tube more or less adnate to ovary, ovary
2-celled, styles 2, usually persistent. Testa shining.

49. Rhizophoracee, p. 302. L. opposite, usually coriaceous and entire, scars of
petioles mostly prominent, stipules interpetiolar, deciduous. Fi. regular, generally
bisexual, calyx more or less adnate to ovary, limb 4-14-lobed, lobes as a rule persistent,
petals asmany as sepals, stamens usually twice the number of petals. Fr. coriaceous,
usually 1-seeded.

50. Combretacee, p. 306. L. simple, entire, stipules 0. Fl. usually bisexual and
regular, calyx-tube adnate to ovary and produced beyond it, segments 4-5, valvate,
petals often wanting. Stamens as many as calyx-segments or twice their number,
perigynous, Fr. generally angled or winged.

51. Myrtacee, p. 316. L. simple, generally quite entire, either opposite with trans-
lucent glands or alternate without glands. Stipules 0. Fl. regular, generally
bisexual. Ovary enclosed in and generally adnate to calyx-tube. Stamens oo, inserted
with the petals in the mouth of calyx-tube.

52. Melastomacee, p. 332. L. opposite, entire or nearly so, usually with 3-7 basal
nerves, no translucent glands, stipules 0. Fl. regular, bisexual, calyx-tube entirely or
partially adnate to ovary, segments 4 or 5, deciduous. Stamens twice the number of
calyx-segments, inserted with petals on the edge of calyx-tube, connective often large.

53. Lythracee, p. 337. L. generally opposite, simple, entire. Calyx cup-shaped,
persistent, seements valvate, often with intermediate teeth, petals when present
imbricate and crumpled in bud. Ovary as a rule superior.

54. Samydacee, p. 842. LL. alternate, distichous, stipules small. Fl. regular, incon-
spicuous, generally bisexual. Calyx persistent, tube short. Capsule 2—-4-valved,
seeds numerous.

55. Passifloracee, p. 345. L. alternate, usually lobed. FI. regular, unisexual in
Papaya, bisexual in Passiflora.

56. Datiscacee, p. 346. (Tetrameles.) L. deciduous, petiolate, broadly ovate. Fl.
diccious, ¢ calyx deeply 4-lobed, petals 0, stamens 4. Capsule crowned by the
persistent calyx-segments, the valves terminating in the persistent styles.

57. Cactacee, p. 346. (Opuntia.) Stems and branches succulent, prickly. Fl.
regular, bisexual, solitary, calyx-tube adnate to ovary, petals numerous, imbricate,
stamens ». Fr. fleshy, seeds numerous.

58. Araliacee, p. 347. L. alternate, simple or compound. Fl. regular, usually
pentamerous and umbellate. Calyx adnate to ovary, usually entire, petals caducous.
Stamens inserted outside the epigynous disk, anthers didymous.

59. Cornacee, p. 854. L. entire, stipules 0. Fl. regular, calyx-tube adnate to ovary,
limb persistent, segments small, petals 4 or 5, inserted with stamens round an
epigynous disk. Fr. drupaceous.

Il. GAMOPETAL&.

Flowers in the majority of species bisexual, as a rule with both calyx and
corolla, corolla gamopetalous.

60. Caprifoliacee, p. 357. L. opposite, stipules usually 0. Fl. bisexual, calyx-tube
adnate to ovary, limb 38-5-toothed, corolla often zygomorphic, lobes 5. Stamens
inserted on the corolla-tube.

SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS Xx1X

61. Rubiacee, p. 364. L. opposite, sometimes whorled, stipules as a rule inter-
petiolar. Fl. as a rule bisexual and regular, calyx-tube adnate to ovary, corolla
inserted round the epigynous disk, stamens inserted on the corolla-tube, alternating
with its lobes. Ovary as a rule 2-celled.

62. Composite, p. 398. L.asa rule alternate, stipules 0. Inflorescence a dense head
of many small fl., sessile on a broad receptacle and enclosed in an involucre of whorled
or imbricate bracts. Calyx usually a pappus of hairs on the top of the ovary,
stamens on the corolla-tube, anthers usually connate, connective producéd upwards.

63. Goodeniacee, p. 403. (Scevola.) L. alternate, simple, stipules 0. FI. bisexual,
in short axillary cymes, calyx adnate to ovary, lobes 5. Corolla oblique, split on the
back, stamens 5. inserted at the base of the corolla. Fr. a drupe, crowned by the
enlarged calyx-segments.

64. Bricacece, p. 403. L. alternate, simple, stipules 0. Fl. bisexual, 4- or 5-merous,
stamens asa rule twice the number of corolla-lobes, anther-cells opening at the top by
pores or short slits. Ovary inferior or superior, 4-, 5-or many-celled, ovules numerous
on an axile placenta.

65. Epacridacee, p. 412. (Leucopogon.) UL. alternate, coriaceous, longitudinally
nerved. Fl. 5-merous, anthers 1-celled, opening by a single longitudinal slit.

66. Plumbaginacee, p. 413. LL. alternate, entire. Fl. regular, bisexual, pentamerous,
sheathed by bracts, calyx 5-ribbed, ovary 1-celled, ovule 1.

67. Myrsinacee, p. 413. L. alternate, simple, generally gland-dotted, stipules 0.
Calyx persistent, often enlarged in fr. Corolla-tube short or none, stamens opposite
the corolla-segments. Ovary 1-celled, ovules on a free central placenta.

68. Sapotacee, p. 421. L. entire, usually alternate and coriaceous. Fl. bisexual,
calyx persistent, sezments 4-8, almost distinct, corolla-tube short, lobes 4-24. Fr. a
1-8-seeded berry, seeds oily, with a crustaceous shining testa.

69. Ebenacee, p. 428. LL. entire, as a rule alternate, stipules 0. Fl. regular, usually
dicecious, calyx gamosepalous, persistent and generally enlarged in fr., segments 3-6,
corolla-segments 3-6, stamens usually twice the number of corolla-lobes, filaments .
variously connate at base, often in pairs, anthers basifixed. Rind of fr. coriaceous,
seeds embedded in soft or viscid pulp.

70. Styracee, p. 437. L.alternate, stip. 0. Fl. bisexual, regular, 4-5-merous, calyx
superior or inferior, limb persistent, petals free or connate, stamens 10 or numerous.
Ovary 2-5-celled, ovules 1 or few on the inner angle.

71. Oleacew, p.442. L.asa rule opposite, stip.0. Fl. regular, as a rule bisexual, in
trichotomous panicles, calyx small, often truncate. Stamens 2, filaments usually
short, ovary free, 2-celled, ovules 1 or 2 in each cell.

72. Salvadoracee, p. 453. Glabrous, 1. opposite, entire, stipules minute. FI. small,
tetramerous, calyx small, coroJla membranous. Ovary free, 1-2-celled. 5

73. Apocynacee, p. 454. LL. entire, as a rule opposite or whorled, stipules 0 or small,
sometimes intrapetiolar. Fl. regular, bisexual, usually pentamerous. Calyx free,
corolla-lobes spreading, mostly contorted in bud, stamens 5, inserted in the corolla-
tube. Carpels 2, usually distinct. Seeds often with a tuft of hairs. Endosperm
scanty.

74. Asclepiadacee, p. 465. L. entire, as a rule opposite, stipules 0. Fl. regular,
bisexual, pentamerous. Calyx inferior, sepals imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted
on the base of the corolla, anthers cohering or connate, enclosing the stigma, pollen-
grains as a rule united into waxy masses. Corona corolline or staminal. Carpels
2, distinct. Seeds usually winged and surmounted by a dense brush of hairs. Embryo
large, in copious endosperm.

75. Loganiacee, p. 473. L. opposite, simple, generally connected by interpetiolar
stipules or by a raised line. Fl. regular, usually bisexual, ovary free, 2-celled. Embryo
straight, in copious endosperm.

76. Boraginacee, p. 478. L. asa rule alternate and simple, stipules 0. Fl. bisexual,
as a rule regular and pentamerous, in unilateral spikes or racemes, calyx free, per-
sistent, lobes valvate in bud. Ovary superior, cells 2, each with 2 ovules, or 4, each
with one ovule. Fr. a drupe or consisting of 4 nutlets.

77. Convolvulacea, p. 483. L. alternate, stipules 0. Fl. large, bisexual, regular,
pentamerous, sepals distinct, persistent. Fr. a berry or capsule, seeds 2-4.

78. Solanacem, p. 489. L.asarule alternate, stipules 0. Fl. regular, pentamerous,
calyx usually gamosepalous, ovary free. Fr. a berry or capsule, seeds numerous.

79. Scrophulariacee, p. 491. (Wightia, Brandisia.) 1. usually opposite, stip. 0.
Fl. usually bisexual, corolla bilabiate, stamens 4, didynamous. Fr. a capsule, seeds
numerous.

80. Bignoniacee, p. 491. L. usually opposite, compound, leaflets opposite, stip. 0.
Fl. bisexual, generally zygomorphic, calyx gamosepalous, truncate, split or toothed.
Ovary free, supported by an annular disk. Fr. often elongated, generally dehiscent,
the two yalyes separating from the dissepiment, to which numerous seeds are
attached.

XXX SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS

81. Acanthacee, p. 496. L. opposite, stip.0. Fl. bisexual, mostly irregular. Ovary
free, 2-celled, style filiform, bifid, one branch often obsolete. Capsule loculicidal, seeds
seated on hard curved acute supports.

82. Verbenacee, p. 502. L. usually opposite or whorled, stip. 0. FI. bisexual or by
abortion polygamous, usually zygomorphic. Calyx as a rule gamosepalous and
persistent, lobes imbricate, stamens usually 4, ovary 2- or 4-celled, 1 ovule in each cell.

83. Labiate, p. 515. Mostly aromatic, branches usually 4-sided, 1. opposite or
whorled, stip. 0. “Fl. zygomorphic, calyx persistent, corolla usually 2-lipped, lobes
imbricate in bud. Stamens didynamous, the 2 upper sometimes imperfect or wanting.
Ovary free, usually 4-lobed, supported by the annular disk. Fr. of 4 one-seeded
nutlets.

Ill. MONOCHLAMYDEZ.

Fl. frequently unisexual, perianth as a rule simple, rarely a distinct calyx
and corolla.

84. Nyctaginacee, p.517. (Pisonia.) L.as a rule entire and opposite, stip. 0. Fl.
usually bisexual, often inyolucrate, perianth small, petaloid. Ovary free, 1-celled,
ovule 1. Fr. indehiscent, enclosed in the persistent perianth-tube.

85. Amarantacee, p. 517. Stip. 0. Fl. usually bisexual, perianth of 5 persistent
sepals, imbricate in bud. Stamens opposite the sepals, ovary free, 1-celled. Seed one,
embryo horseshoe-shaped or annular, surrounding a mealy endosperm.

86. Chenopodiacee, p.518. L. alternate, rarely opposite, simple, stip. 0. Fl. small,
perianth of 3-5 sepals, stamens opposite the sepals. Fr. generally enclosed in the
perianth, seed one, embryo curved, annular or spiral.

87. Polygonacee, p. 519. LL. alternate, simple, stipules scarious or membranous,
usually sheathing. Fl. small, usually bisexual, perianth of 4-6 persistent segments,
imbricate in bud, stamens opposite the segments. Ovary free, 1-celled, compressed or
trigonous. Fr. a small hard nut, seed one.

88. Aristolochiacee, p. 521. L. alternate, stip.0. Fl. bisexual, perianth campanu-
late or tubular, 3-lobed or 2-lipped, ovary inferior, placentas parietal, ovules
numerous. :

89. Piperacee, p. 522. (Piper.) L. alternate, entire, basal nerves 3 or more, stipules
membranous, enclosing the buds. Fl. usually dicecious or polygamous, in catkin-like
spikes, perianth 0, stamens 14, hypogynous. Berry 1-seeded, seed globose.

90. Myristicacee, p. 528. Aromatic, 1. entire, penninerved, stip. 0. Fl. 1-sexual,
perianth as a rule 3-lobed, valvate in bud, anthers 6-30, usually sessile, ovary free,
ovule 1, erect. Seed arillate, endosperm oily, ruminate. In Engler u. Prantl, Natiirl.
Pflanzenfam. III. 2. 40 justly placed near Anonacee.

91. Lauracee, p. 526. Aromatic, l. as a rule entire and evergreen, stip. 0. Perianth
regular, deeply 6-cleft, segments biseriate, tube often enlarged in fr., stamens peri-
gynous, normally 12 in 4 circles, those of the innermost circle often wanting, those of
the two outermost circles opposite to perianth-segments, anther-cells 2 or 4, opening
by valves. Ovary free, 1-celled. Fr. a berry or drupe, seed one, cotyledons thick,
oily. In Engler u. Prantl, Natiivl. Planzenfam. III. 2. 106 placed in the vicinity of
Berberidacee and Menispermacee.

92. Hernandiacee, p. 542. L. alternate, stip. 0. Perianth of 4-10 segments, stamens
3-5, anther-cells 2, opening by valves.

93. Proteacee, p. 548. L. hard, mostly alternate, stip. 0. FI. bisexual, perianth of
4 segments, in bud valvately cohering into a cylindrical tube, tips free, recurved.
Stamens 4, filaments inserted on perianth-segments. Ovary free, 1-celied. Seeds few.

94. Thymeleacee, p. 544. L. simple, quite entire. Fl. usually bisexual, perianth
tubular or campanulate, lobes 4 or 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the
perianth, usually twice the number of lobes. Ovary free, usually 1-celled.

95. Hleagnacee, p. 546. Often spinescent, with silvery or brown stellate scales or
hairs. L. alternate, quite entire, stip.0. Fr. indehiscent, entirely enclosed within
the lower fleshy part of perianth, seed 1, radicle inferior.

96. Loranthacee, p. 547. Parasitic on stems and branches. I. entire, usually
opposite, sometimes wanting. Fl. regular, perianth simple or double, stamens equal
to and opposite the petals or perianth-lobes. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, ovule 1, adnate
all round to the ovary walls. Fr. usually viscid. —

97. Santalacee, p. 558. Mostly root-parasites. L. entire, stip.0. Perianth usually
adnate to ovary, 5-S-lobed, stamens opposite to lobes, ovary 1-celled, ovules several.
Drupe or nut 1-seeded.

98. Euphorbiacee, p. 555. L. in most genera alternate, undivided and stipulate. Fl.
as arule unisexual. Perianth calycine, several genera with petals. Ovary superior,
as a rule of 8 carpels, more or less united, styles 3, ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, pendulous
from the inner angle.

SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS XXXi

99. Ulmacee, p. 593. LL. distichous, undivided, stipulate. Perianth 4-9-lobed or of
4-5 sepals, stamens opposite to perianth-segments, rarely twice their number. Ovary
of 2 carpels, usually 1-celled, ovule 1, pendulous.

100. Moracee, p.597. L. usually alternate, stipules large, often amplexicaul. Fl.
unisexual, crowded on receptacles, which are globose, cylindric or hollow. ¢? perianth
of 4 sepals or segments, often fleshy in fr. Ovary 1-celled, ovule 1, usually pendulous.

101. Urticacee, p.616. L. alternate, stipulate, as a rule dentate, basal n. 3. FI.
unisexual, sessile, usually in compact heads or clusters, stamens 4 or 5, opposite to
perianth-segments, filaments inflexed in bud. Ovule erect, orthotropous.

102. Platanacee, p. 619. LL. alternate, palminerved, lobed, stipules large. FI.
monccious, in unisexual globose heads on long axillary peduncles, sepals and petals
minute, anthers linear, almost sessile, ovaries hairy at base,as many as sepals. In
Peeler u. Prantl, Natiirl. Pflanzenfam. III. 2a. 137, placed near Hamamelidacee and

‘OSACER.

103. Juglandacee, p.619. L. alternate, pinnate, stip. 0. Fl. monecious, ¢ in lateral
pendulous catkins. @ in few- or many-fid. spikes, perianth adnate to the 1-celled

__ ovary, ovule 1, erect. Cotyledons oily, endosperm 0.

104. Myricacee; p. 620. Aromatic, |. alternate, coriaceous, stipules 0. Fl. unisexual,
in catkins, stamens 3-6 in the axils of broad bracts. Fr. fleshy, endocarp bony,
seed 1, endosperm 0.

105 Casuarinacee, p. 620. Branchlets slender, deciduous, ribbed, jointed, mem-
branous dentate sheaths at the joints, the teeth alternating with the ribs of the next
joint above. Fl. unisexual, ¢ monandrous, ? in small ovoid spikes at the ends of
lateral branchlets. Fr. a woody globose cone.

106. Betulacee, p. 621. L. alternate, undivided, as a rule serrate, stipules deciduous.
Fl. early in spring, ¢ in drooping catkins, anther-cells as a rule distinct, ? in spikes,
ovary 2-celled, 1 pendulous oyule in each cell, styles 2, long, filiform, perianth 0 or
adnate to ovary.

107. Fagacee, p. 624. UL. alternate, simple, penninerved, stip. deciduous, FI.
monecious, ¢ in drooping catkins or in erect spikes, anther-cells not distinct. ¢ in
spikes, each fl. or group of fl. enclosed in an involucre of numerous bracts, coalescing
in fr., perianth adnate to ovary. Ovary 2-6-celled, 2 pendulous ovules in each cell.

108. Salicacee, p. 636. L. deciduous, alternate, simple, stipulate. Fl]. dicecious, in
eatkins similar in both sexes, 1 fl. in the axil of each bract, a disk at the base of
stamens and ovary, perianth 0. Ovary 1-celled, ovules © on 2-4 parietal placentas.
Seeds o, minute, enclosed by Jong silky, deciduous hairs.

Second Sub-Class)s MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Fibro-vascular bundles scattered in the cellular tissue of the stem, closely
packed near the circumference and more sparse near the centre. Pith, wood
and bark not distinct, no continuous cambium layer and no regular increase
in thickness by the formation of concentric layers of new wood and bark.
(Dracaena and Cordyline abnormal.) Leaves on sheaths or broad-based
petioles, the blade usually with longitudinal nerves and undivided transverse
veins. Perianth, when present, stamens and usually carpels, in threes or
multiples of 3. Embryo small, usually in copious endosperm, cotyledon one,
remaining enclosed in the germinating seed.

109. Liliacee, p. 640. Perianth in 2 series, imbricate in bud, stamens mostly 6.
Ovary 38-celled, style 1, ovules attached to the inner angle of cells.

110. Palme, p. 642. Stem solid, usually unbranched, in most genera with a terminal
erown of pinnately or palmately divided 1., petiole broad-based, pinne or segments
usually folded longitudinally. Inflorescence with large sheathing bracts, fl. unisexual
or polygamous, calyx and corolla of 8 segments each. Carpels 8, usually united in a
$-celled ovary. Endosperm horny or oily.

111. Pandanacee, p. 658. Stem solid, dividing into dichotomous branches, each
branch with a tuft of linear sheathing 1. in tristichous spirals, edges and midrib
usually spinous. Inflorescence clothed with leafy spathes, fl. dicecious, small, crowded,
oe 0. Fr. asynearpium of numerous more or less obconical fruits, endosperm
oily. .

112. Gramineaw (Bambusee), p. 660. Stems above ground hollow, jointed, branches
usually fascicled at the nodes. LL. linear or oblong, on long split sheaths. FJ. usually
bisexual, in distichous spikelets, each fl. in the axil of a bract (glume) with an inner
usually 2-nerved bract (palea). Stamens 3 or 6, in a few species %, usually supported
by thin seales (lodicules). Seed 1, embryo with a large fleshy scutellum, and in most
genera with a farinaceous endosperm.

XXxil SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS

Second Class. GYMNOSPERMS.

Fl. unisexual, perianth none or incomplete. Ovules free, not enclosed in an
ovary, fertilized by the pollen-tube entering the micropyle or a tube formed
by the integument. Seeds naked, embryo straight with copious endosperm.

113. Gnetacee, p. 685. Stem and branches jointed at the nodes. lL. opposite or
reduced to a short sometimes 3-4-dentate sheath. FJ. unisexual, @ one erect ovule,
integument single, prolonged into a tube. Ovule enclosed in a perianth, which usually
becomes fleshy in fr.

114. Conifere, p. 688. Branches often whorled, 1. alternate, usually acicular, often
tufted. Fl. unisexual, without perianth, g: deciduous catkins, with antheriferous
scales. Seeds at the base of carpellary scales, often forming a cone. Endosperm mostly
oily, cotyledons 2 or more.

115. Cycadacee, p. 697 (Cycas). Trunk cylindric, sometimes branched, with terminal
tufts of rigid, pinnate leaves, pith and bark large. FJ. dicecious, at the apex of trunk
among the leaves, ¢ in erect cones with numerous thick scales, bearing on the under-
surface «© globose anther-cells. 9: carpophylls densely woolly in crowded whorls
around the top of trunk, each with 1-5 pairs of ovules on its edge.

ERRATA.

Page xxiiline 7, for Coco read Cocoa

19, for Buchaniana read Buchananiana

17, for Saurania read Saurauja

12 from below, for Vaung read Yaung

8, for T. read J.

10, for T. read J.

6, for South read Sonth.

8 from below, for 36C read 76

13, and 8 from below, for Circass, read Circars

13 from below, for petals read pet.

23 from below, for Sikkim, Himalaya read Sikkim Himalaya

30 lines 27-! 28, for leaf, bearing read leaf- -bearing
34 line 19 from below, for longispina read longispina

35
39
46

”

”

>

4, for Yemetthen read Yemethen
21 from below, for bark read back
10 from below, for Lahaue read Lahaul

47 bottom line, for Cratoxylum read Cratoxylon
48 line 17, for EEE hnauk read Sathange ohnauk

55
59
63
87
gs
100
103

aie}

128
129
136
138
140
143
151
159
160
163
174
176
180
184
190
193

”
156
197
200

203
204

31, for 5 read 2
13 from below, for Nagesar read Nageshwar
11 from below, for Gangau read Gangaw
13, for Ensynaxis read Busynaxis
18, for manrotricha read macrotricha
9, for 3 read 11
ay from below, for many flowered, subtended read many, fl. subtended
22, for Tagaw read Tayaw
21 from below, for orary read ovary
23, for flower read inflorescence
7, for Metimé read Metme
13 from below, for 4 in. across, read 1 in. long
2 from below, for A. read O.
9, for Anbl. read Aubl.
13, for Hanbd. read Handb.
14 from below, before W. insert 2
4, from below, for Katha read Kathé
17, for 3-4 read }
6, for Cocos read Coco
26, for 388 read 588
18 from below, for Cocos read Coco
15 from below, for Thankyeghat read Thaukyeghat
5, for Duphla read Daphla
11 from below, dele R.
7, jor pal read pale
32, for C. read V.
4 from below, for L. read Leaflets
2 from below, dele lobed
3 from below, for 6 and ¢g read g and
7, for Kyobo read Gyobo
8, strike out piscidia
10 and 13, read 204 for 205
28, for ovules read ovule
23, jor Bucki-amelw read Bucki-amela
24, for Ihingan read Jhingan
2, for hill read hills
20, jor Lepoha read Lepcha
XXX1U ©

xxxiv ERRATA

Page 204 line 8 from below, for Thi hon read Thihe

> 205 ,, 12 from below, for 6 7ead 7
A 5 from below, for 7 read 8
» 206 ,, 21, add Thayet, Burm.
> 231 ,, 10, for ercet read erect

> », 26 from below, for Seluppya read Seleippya
232 ,, 25 from below, for Hrythrna read Erythrina
241 ,, 15, for Ngayamin read Ngayanin
, 251 ,, 9, for zollingeriana read Zollingeriana
B5 23 from below, for Jntsia read Intsia
273 ,, 26 from below, for Jnga read Inga
; 35 4 from below, for Jnga read Inga
» 287 ,, 26, for Hayara read Hazara
288 ,, 21, for Harial read Hariab
296 ,, 10, for 2 read 20
300 ,, 15, for Geneva read Genera

ae » 13 from below, 7vead Kun. for Kan.
312 lines 15-16, for 1. petiolate, opposite in some species, whorled, read 1. petiolate,

opposite, in some species whorled

, 312 line 27, for Thamaka-nwé Burm. read Thamaka-nwé, Burm.
334 ,, 28, for Anamalai hills, Ceylon, read Anamalay hills.—Ceylon
. 340 ,, 27, for Mehudi read Mehndi
341 ,, 12 from below, for Henslovia read Henslowia
345 ,, 25, for Singhbhum-Mahendragiri read Singhbhum. Mahendragiri
346 ,, 19, for 5 read 4
, 376 ., 25 from below, for Cochinchina, stems read Cochinchina. Stems
379 ,, 20, for Kurmuri read Karmari
» 395 ,, 16 from below, for formicarium read formicarum
411 ,, 7 from below, for Moolejit read Mooleyit
a5 Gads 9 PE op @ aaah II
, 417 ,, 19, for javadies read Javadies
BS 23, for R read #
424 14, for Perottetianaread Perrottetiana
432 ,, 3 from below, for Timburui read Timburni
435. ,, 23 from below, for 2-34 read 2-5

s 3 18 from below, strike out slightly
444. ,, 19, for ghaut read ghant
450 ,, 25, for Chameli read Chambeli
454 ., 36 from below, for edges read wedges
457 ,, 24, for A read R, and for verticellata read verticillatu
459 ,, 3, for Satwin read Satvin
460 ,, 21, for Zulat read Zalat
465 ,, 9, for ovalifolius read ovatifolius
© 48733 205 jor 4 Biiread 4.P.
494 ,, 20, for Thabet read Thabeit
ay SIL gy CS OP Jeb yAgeres 12,
11 from below, for 9 read 7

» 11 from below, for 7’ read P
head line, read LAURACEArE for LAVRACEAE
line 30, for Culitlaban read Culitlawan:

26, for Ceylon II read Ceylon LT

2

i , 15 from below, for E read L

s e 3 2 from below, for Daphniphyllum read Daphnidium
od Olle, 3 from helow, for § read L.

be ae A on 7 from below, strike out (solitary in L. Stocksiz)

554 ,, 3, for XXXIX read XXIX
564 bottom line, for ¢ fl. read 9 fl.

575 line 24 from below, for Perottetianum read Perrottetianwm
,, 593 ,, 16, for 8 read wo

» 620 ,, 3 from below, for long read bony alias

632 ,, 10 from below, for 107 read 197

,» 633 ,, 6, for wylocarpus read xylocarpa

634 ,, 23, for 8 read 84

» 640 ,, 18, for T read P.

.. 653 ,, 9 from below, for Garuba read Guruba |

654 ,, 13 from below, for flabellum read flagellum

G5 Te. Gh for Rarecad

= G9 5 28) for Ps read, Pinus é S

INDIAN TREES

Orper I. RANUNCULACEAE. Gen. Pl. i. 1.

Tribe Clematidez. rect or climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, usually
compound, stipules 0, petioles often woody, twisted round supports. Sepals
petaloid, valvate. Stamens ©, carpels ©, each with one pendulous oyule.
Fruit, a head of sessile or stalked achenes.

Petals none. : , ! : . ; . 1. Cremartis.
Petals 6-12 2. NARAVELIA.

1. CLEMATIS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 2.

Woody climbers. Sepals usually 4, petals 0, achenes usually with long
feathery styles. Species 100, a few in tropical, mostly in temperate climates.
Of the 20 Indian species only the larger and more common kinds are
mentioned here.

A. Pedicels 1-flowered, in axillary fascicles, leaves trifoliolate.

1. C. montana, Ham.; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 217. Vern. Gavol, Pangi;
Kauni, N.W.

Leaves fascicled on arrested branchlets, leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
coarsely toothed, 1}-2} in. long. Fl. white, 2-3 in. diam., pedicels longer than
leaves. Stamens glabrous.

Himalaya from the Indus eastwards, generally 7,000-9,000, ascending to 12,000 ft.
Khasi hills.. FJ. April-June. 2. C. barbellata, Edgew. North-West Himalaya, 8,000-
10,000 ft. Fl. dull purple, sepals acuminate, pubescent on both surfaces, anthers
bearded.

B. Fl. in axillary panicles, sepals spreading, filaments glabrous,

3. C. smilacifolia, Wall.—Syn. C. subpeltata, Wall. Pl. As. Rav. t. 20.
Syn. C. Munroana, Wight Il. t. 1.

Branches furrowed, leaves usually 1-foliolate, at times 3-foliolate, petioles
twisted woody ; leaflets coriaceous, glabrous, 4-10 in. long, ovate, base rounded
or deeply cordate, entire or remotely serrate. Panicles 6-12 in., fl. 1-L} in.
diam., sepals 4-5, coriaceous, oblong, at length reflexed, outside dull brown
tomentose, inside purple. Feathery styles in fruit 2 in. long.

Sikkim, Khasi hills, Burma hills, Western Coast from North Kanara southwards,
in evergreen forests. FI. C. S.—Ceylon, lower montane zone. Malay Archipelago.
4. C, grata, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 98. North-West Himalaya 2,000-8,000 ft., Upper
Burma, China, leaves pinnate, leaflets 5, broadly ovate, acuminate, inciso-serrate or
B-lohed, pubescent or tomentose beneath. Fl. white, } in. diam.

: B

2 I. RANUNCULACEA [Clematis

5. C. Gouriana, Roxb.; Wight Ic. 933-4. Vern Belkiim, Belkangu,
N.W.

Leaves pinnate, often bipinnate, leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
entire or irregularly serrate, 2-3 in. long, 3-5 basal nerves, upper part of
petiole often without leaflets, woody, twisted round supports. Fl. greenish-
white } in. diam.

Sub-himalayan tract, ascending to 4,000 ft.; Burma, upper and lower; Western
Peninsula. FJ. R. S.—Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

C. Fl. in axillary panicles, sepals spreading, filaments hairy.

6. C. Wightiana, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 935.

Soft-tomentose, leaves pinnate, leaflets usually 5, broadly cordate or ovate,
3-5 lobed, densely villous beneath. FI. 1-2 in.diam. Sepals tawny-tomentose
outside, filaments with long white silk.

Western Ghats, from Mahableshwar southwards, common on the Nilgiris. Fl.
Jan—Feb. 7. C. orientalis, Linn. Dry valleys of the inner N.W. Himalaya, glabrous,
glaucous, leaves pinnate or bipinnate, leaflets lobed, varying from linear-lanceolate
to broad-ovate ; fl. 14 in. across, yellow, mottled with purple, sepals 4.

D. Fl. in axillary panicles, sepals erect with recurved tips.

10. C. Buchaniana, DC.; Collett Simla Fl. fig. 1. Vern. Aauni, Bali,
Jauns.

A large woody climber, greyish tomentose, leaves pinnate, leaflets 5-7,
broadly ovate, coarsely serrate or 3-5 lobed. Fl. campanulate, cream coloured,
sepals ribbed, filaments linear, densely hairy.

Himalaya, from the Punjab eastwards, 5,000-10,000 ft., Khasi hills. Fl. Aug—Dec.

11. C. connata, DC. Himalaya, from Kashmir eastwards, closely allied to 10, but
nearly glabrous, fl. smaller and petioles generally connate into a flat coriaceous or
woody expansion. 12. C. grewieflora, DC. Himalaya, from Kumaon eastwards, as-
cending to 5,000 ft. Manipur, Shan hills, Upper Burma, densely and softly tawny or
rusty tomentose, leaves pinnate, leaflets 3-5, cordate or broadly ovate. Fl. 14 in. long,
tawny tomentose outside, filaments filiform above. 13. C. acuminata, DC. Hima-
laya, from Kedar Kanta eastwards, Khasi hills to Patkoy range, leaves trifoliolate
glabrous, leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or distantly toothed, fl. yellow
sepals slightly pubescent outside.

2. NARAVELIA, DC.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 6.

Climbing shrubs, leaves pinnate, leaflets 2 opposite, common petiole
prolonged into a tendril. FI. in large axillary panicles. Sepals 4, petals 6-12,
linear-spathulate, achenes with long hairy styles. Species 2.

1. N. zeylanica, DC.—Syn. Atragene zcylanica, Linn. ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.
188. Vern. Sat-gyo-yit, Burm. ; Nara-wel, Singhal.

Branchlets, petioles and inflorescence pubescent, leaflets broad-ovate,
acuminate, 3-4 in. long, entire or with a few large teeth, softly tomentose
beneath, with 5-7 prominent basal nerves, tendril deflexed at right angles to
the petiole. Fl. yellowish green, panicles lax, usually longer than leaves.
Sepals |} in., tomentose outside, soon deciduous, petals as long as sepals,
linear spreading, achenes hairy, with hairy style 2 in. long.

Sub-himalayan tract, from Nepal eastwards, ascending to 3,000 ft., Burma, Western
Peninsula. Fl. at different times between June and Dec. Ceylon, Malay Archipelago,
South China. 2. N. laurifolia, Wall. Martaban and Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago, to the Philippines. Glabrous, fl. cream coloured, petals broader at the
end, more or less spathulate.

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Dillenia) Il. DILLENIACE 3

Orvek II. DILLENIACEZH. Gen. PI. i. 10.

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, not aromatic, with simple alternate penni-
veined leaves and dilated petioles, often winged and sheathing at base.
Flowers large, bisexual, regular, white or yellow, single or in cymose fascicles.
Sepals usually 5, persistent, imbricate in bud. Petals generally 5, deciduous.
Stamens mostly 2 , hypogynous, free. Anthers basifixed, or laterally adnate to
the connective. Ovary free, consisting of one or several more or less distinct
carpels, styles always distinct. Seeds with an arillus, albuminous, embryo
minute.

Remarkable anatomical characters: Hairs never glandular, always one-celled, some-
times stellate, and surface of leaves often rough, the roughness being caused in some
species by short thick-walled hairs ; in others (species of the American genus Curatella,
which are used to polish wood and even metals) by siliceous concretions in the
epidermis, and in some by saes filled with raphides protruding above the surface.
Medullary rays in the wood very broad: hence on a radial section the remarkably
mottled appearance of the wood. The wood fibres always haye bordered pits. ;

The genera Saurania and Actinidia, placed by Baillon and Gilg (Engler u. Prantl.
iii. 6, p. 125, 126) in this order, are here included under Ternstroemiacee.

Trees, flowers solitary or fasciculate, connective not
broader than filament, carpels connate : : > ft) Drvenra.
Shrubs or climbers, fl. in axillary or terminal panicles,
connective broad ;
Carpels 3-5, free, ovules © in 2 series . . : . 2. Terracera.
Carpel 1, ovules2-3. ; : : : : . 3. Denia.

1. DILLENIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 36.

Trees with large dentate or crenate leaves, crowded at the ends of thick
branchlets. Secondary nerves numerous, parallel, nearly straight, very
prominent. Flowers scented, anthers opening by small terminal slits or pores,
carpels 5-20, cohering with the axis, ovules indefinite, styles spreading. Fruit
enclosed by the enlarged coriaceous or fleshy sepals. Species 25, Indo-Malayan
region.

A. Evergreen. Fl. white.

1. D. indica, Linn.—Syn. D. speciosa, Thunb. ; Wight Ic. t. 823; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 103. Vern. Chalta, Beng. Hind.; Motha Narmal, Mar. ;
Kanagala, Kan. ; Thabyu, Burm. ; Masang, Kachin.

A middle-sized tree, trunk short, erect, branches spreading, leaves lanceo-
late, coriaceous, pubescent beneath, hard when old. Secondary nerves 30-40
pair, ending in the points of serratures. Petiole hairy 1-2, blade 10-14 in.
long. Carpels 20, styles linear recurved. Fruit 3-5 in. diam., hard outside,
fleshy within ; seeds reniform, numerous, hairy along the edges, embedded in
pellucid glutinous pulp.

Sub-himalayan tract, from Nepal eastwards. Moister regions of both peninsulas,
chiefly along streams. Frequently planted. Fl. R. S.—Ceylon.

2. D. bracteata, Wight Ic. t. 358.

Branchlets and petioles grey-silky. Leaves coriaceous, broadly elliptic,
obtuse or emarginate, slightly crenate, on both sides glabrous, petiole }, blade
3-5 in. long. Secondary nerves 12-20 pair. Fl. in few fld. racemes, 2-3 in.
diam., sepals silky, carpels 5.

Veligondas and other hills on the east side of the peninsula.

4 Il. DILLENIACEA [Dillenia
_ B. Deciduous, fl. appearing before the leaves, yellow, solitary.

3. D. aurea, Smith.—Kurz, F. Fl. i. 20. Syn. D. ornata, Wall. Pl. As.
Rar. t.23. Vern. Aggdi, Oudh; Kalle, Gond, Satpuras; Korkotta, Kol. Byu,
Burm.

Youngest shoots grey—or tawny-silky. Leaves coriaceous, obovate, narrowed
into a channelled and sheathing petiole. Secondary nerves 20-30 pair, ter-
tiary prominent, parallel, often branching and anastomosing, petiole 14-2 in.,
blade 6-12 in. long. FI. solitary, 2-3 in. diam., peduncles 1-1} in. long,
carpels €—10.

Sal forests of Oudh and Central Provinces (Banjar Valley). Mandevi (D.B. Feb.,

1870), Burma, hills between Sitang and Salween rivers, 2,000-4,000 ft. Sheds leaves
Feb., Mar. Fl. before young leaves appear, April, May.

4. D. pulcherrima, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 19. Vern. Byw, Lower, Linshave,
Upper Burma.

Supposed to differ from D. aurea by larger elliptic leaves with a rounded
base, softly and grey-pubescent while young. Secondary nerves further apart,
tertiary nerves not more prominent than the minute reticulate veins. FI.
3-4 in. diam., peduncles 1$-3 in. long, carpels 12. Foresters in Burma will
eventually determine whether these two species are really distinct. Pierre,
Fl. For. Cochinch. t. 11, 12, 13, unites them.

Upper and Lower Burma, chiefly in Eng forest. Fl. H.S.
C. Deciduous, fl. appearing before the leaves, yellow, fasciculate.

5. D. pentagyna, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 20; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 104. Vern.
Aggai, Oudh; Telea Sdg, Mandeyi; Sta, Gond, Satpuras; Rai, Kol; Kari,
Karmal, Mar.; Kangal, Kanagola, Kan.; Nay teku, Tam.; Koda punna,
Mal. ; Zinbywn, Burm.

Bark grey or pale brown, with shallow depressions of irregular shape,
caused by the exfoliation of the outer layers. Leaves silky, pubescent when
young, 12-36 in., narrowed into short winged sheathing petioles, secondary
nerves 30-40 pair, excurrent (as well as some branch nerves) into fine silky
teeth. Fl. 1 in. diam., 5-10, fasciculate on tuberosities along 2-3 year-old
branchlets marked by the scars of the sheathing petioles, pedicels slender,
1-3 in. long. Carpels 5, fruit with the enlarged fleshy sepals, }—? in. diam.

Sal forests in the sub-himalayan tract, from Oudh eastwards. Deciduous forests in
both peninsulas. Sheds its leaves in H.S., comes into fl. soon afterwards. D. pilosa,
Roxb., is described by Kurz F. Fl. i. 20, with large solitary fl. In Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 38
it is identified with D. pentagyna.

6. D. scabrella, Roxb.; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 22.

Young shoots with long silky hairs. Leaves narrow-lanceolate or oblanceo-
late, membranous, upperside rough, underside roughish-tomentose, teeth minute,
petiole 1-14, blade 6-12 in. long, secondary nerves 30-40, almost at right
angles to midrib. Fl. 1} in. diam., 3-7 fasciculate on slender bracteate
pedicels, 1-2 in. long. Sepals nearly glabrous, carpels 5-7.

Assam, Khasi hills, Chittagong, Andamans. FI. H.S. with the fresh leaves or before

the leaves are out. 7. D. parviflora, Griff. Lower Burma, differs by rigidly coriaceous
leaves, softly tomentose beneath, longer petioles, calyx and pedicels densely tomentose.

2. TETRACERA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 31.

Woody climbers rarely trees or shrubs, with entire, coriaceous, erect, generally
harsh leaves. Fl. in terminal cymose panicles. Sepals 4-6, petals as many,
stamens «©, anther cells distinct, attached to a broad connective, which

Tetracera| II. DILLENIACEX 5

gradually narrows into the filament. Carpels 3-5, free, coriaceous, dehiscent
when ripe. Species 24, in the tropics of both hemispheres.

1. T. laevis, Vahl.—Syn. 7. Rheedii, DC.; Wight Ie. t. 70.
A glabrous climber. Leaves elliptic-oblong, entire or distantly dentate,
3-5 in. long, secondary nerves 6-8 pair. Fl. white, 1 in. diam.

Malabar and Travancore, Ceylon. Fl. March. 2. T. Assa, DC. (Chittagong, Lower
Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago) is similar, but has hairy branchlets.

3. DELIMA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 31.
(Included under Tetracera by Gilg in Engler u. Prantl, iii. 6, 112.)

Characters of Tetracera, but leaves crenate-serrate and carpel solitary,
with 2-3 ovules. Seed solitary, with a cup-shaped, toothed arillus in a
coriaceous follicle. Species 2, one in South America.

D. sarmentosa, Linn.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 22.

An evergreen, large climber, with rough reddish-brown branches. Leaves
elliptic, blade 3-6, petiole } in. long, secondary nerves 10-20 pair, prominent
beneath, very rough from minute, adpressed scattered stiff hairs. Fl. small
white, in large axillary and terminal panicles.

Assam, Cachar, Chittagong, Burma. Fl. R.S.—Malay Peninsula and Archipelago

Orver IIT. MAGNOLIACEA, Gen. PI. i. 16.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, often aromatic. Leaves alternate, in
most genera with amplexicaul convolute deciduous stipules. Flowers solitary,
generally large and bisexual. Sepals and petals similar, arranged as a rule in
trimerous whorls. Stamens free, numerous, anther cells adnate to filaments.
Ovaries numerous, generally spirally arranged on the elongated torus. Ovyules
attached to the ventral suture. Embryo minute, in an abundant oily
albumen.

Important anatomical characters: Sacs containing resin in the parenchyma of leaves,
often visible as transparent dots; wood fibres with bordered pits, the wood of Drimys
(South America, Australia, Borneo) consisting entirely of such fibres with bordered
pits, without vessels, resembling the wood of Conifers.

A. Shrubs or trees, stipules convolute, embracing the leafbuds. Fl. bisexual, carpels
in fruit on an elongated axis.
a. Carpels dehiscing dorsally, not separating from the axis.
Ovaries immediately over the stamens, or only separated from them by a short
interval; carpels in fruit closely packed.

Ovules 2, fruit cylindrie . : : : < . 1. Maewotra.
Ovules 6 or more, fruit ovoid. y * 4 . 2. MANGLIETIA.
Ovaries separated by a distinct internode from stamens,
carpels in fruit more or less distant. : : . §B. Micuevta.
b. Carpels dehiscing ventrally or indehiscent, separating
from the axis . : ‘ ; q : 5 2 . 4 Tavauma.
- B. Shrubs, stipules 0. FI. bisexual, carpels in one whorl. Iuuicrum (p. 9).

C. Climbing shrubs, stipules 0. Fl. unisexual.
Fruiting carpels in an elongated spike. ‘ “ . 5. Senizanpra.
Fruiting carpels in a globose head . , , ' , Kavsura (p. 9).

’

6 II. MAGNOLIACEA [Magnolia

1. MAGNOLIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 41.

Trees, rarely shrubs, leafbuds enveloped in the convolute stipules. Sepals 3,
petals 6-12, in whorls of 3. No interval, or only a short interval between
ovaries and stamens. Hach ovary with 2 collateral ovules. Fruit a dense
spike of dorsally dehiscing carpels, which are more or less connate. Outer
layers of testa fleshy. Species 18, North America and Mexico, China and
Japan, mountains of Indi¢.

1. M. pterocarpa, Roxb. Corom. Pl. t. 266; Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. iii.
t. 53.—Syn. M. sphenocarpa, Wall.; Fl. B. Ind. i. 41.

A large evergreen tree, the youngest parts tawny-pilose. Leaves coriaceous,
quite glabrous when full grown, 8-16 in. long, secondary nerves 12-18 pair.
Flowers fragrant, terminal, campanulate, 2-3} in. across, on a stout peduncle,
13-2 in. long. Sepals coriaceous, ¢ eneod outside, petals fleshy, white. Fruiting
spike 5-7 by 13-25 in. Carpels 4—} in. long, narrowed into long lanceolate
spreading coriaceous beaks. Seeds orange.

Subhimalayan tract from Nepal eastwards, Assam, Khasi and Chittagong hills,
Pegu (Kurz).

2. M. Campbellii, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Ann. Bot. G. Calc. i. t. 51, 52
Vern. Lal Champ, Nepal.

A large deciduous tree, wood white, not heavy. eaves 4-12 in. long,
underside pale, silky tomentose when young, nearly glabrous when full
grown, secondary nerves 12-16 pair. Flowers terminal, 6-10 in. across,
appearing when the tree is leafless, scented, rose-coloured, occasionally white.
Sepals and petals similar, 12-15. Fruiting spike cylindric, 6-8 in. by 1 in.
Seeds red.

Himalaya, 7,000-10,000 ft., from Nepal eastwards. Manipur, 8,000 ft. Fl. April.

The other species may be classified as follows :—

No interval between ovaries and stamens: 3. M. globosa, Hook. f. & Thoms. ; Ann. Bot.
G. Cale. iii. t. 50. Sikkim, 9,000-10,000 feet. A small tree, leaves membranous, ovate,
5-8 in., rusty tomentose beneath, chiefly along nerves 4. M. Gustavi, King, |. ¢. t. 61.
Makum forest, Assam. Leaves lanceolate, entirely glabrous, 5-7 in.

A short interval between ovaries and stamens: 5. M. Griffithii, Hook. f. & Thoms. ; Ann.
B. G. C. iii. t. 48, 49. Assam. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong, pale and hairy
beneath, 9-13 in. 6. M. Pealiana, King, l.c. t. 59. Makim Forest, Assam. Leaves
from a rounded base, elliptic-oblong, 6-9 in.

2. MANGLIETIA, Blume; Fl. Brit. Ind. 42 (included under Magnolia
by Prantl in Engler u. Prantl, iii. 2, p. 16).

Differs from Magnolia by the large number, 6 or more, of ovules in the
ovary. Species 5, mountains of tropical Asia.

1. M. insignis, Blume; Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. iii. t. 55.—Syn. Magnolia
insignis, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 182. Vern. Vawng saga Burm.

A large evergreen tree, youngest branches petioles and pedicels pubescent,
otherwise glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceclate, 5-10 in. long;
secondary nerves not much more conspicuous than the shorter intermediate
ones, which are joined by prominent polygonal venation. Fl. scented, 4-5
in. across. Sepals 3, dull red, with greenish veins; petals 9, pure white or
whitish yellow, tinged with pink. Fruiting spike narrowly ovoid, 3-5 in.
long.

Sikkim (rare), Nepal, Assam, Khasi hills, 3,000-6,000ft., Naga hills. Ruby mines
district, Upper Burma, 6,500 ft. 2. M. Caveana, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Ann Bot. Gard.
Cale. iii. t. 57, 57 bis. Khasi hills 2,000-8,000 {t., Maktiim Forest, Assam. Leaves
elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 8-10 in.

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oh S

Michelia| Il. MAGNOLIACE# 7
3. MICHELIA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i, 42.

Trees, mostly evergreen, buds enveloped in the convolute stipules. Leaves
thinly coriaceous, tertiary nerves prominently reticulate. Sepals and petals
similar, 9-15, in whorls of 3. Filaments flat, anthers introrse. Ovaries
separated from the stamens by a distinct internode, style generally much
shorter than ovary. Fruit a lax, rarely dense spike of woody or coriaceous
dorsally dehiscing carpels. Species 16, Indo-Malayan region, mostly on the
mountains.

A. Leaves small, 3-6 in. long, fl. white.

1. M. Cathcartii, Hook. f. & Th.; Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. iii. t. 60. Vern.
Titi Champ, Nep.

A large evergreen tree, heartwood dark olive-brown, young branches
densely silky. Leaves pale beneath, acuminate, midrib hairy on both sur-
faces, chiefly on the upper. Fl. terminal, 3-4 in. diam., white, turning red in
drying, perianth leaves 9, inner gradually smaller. Stamens more than 1 in.
long, overtopping the ovaries, which are sessile and densely imbricate.

Sikkim Himalaya 5,000-7,000 ft. Naga hills. Fl. May, June.

2. M. nilagirica, Zenker; Wight Ic. t. 938; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 62; Ann.
Bot. Gard. Cale. t. 65.—Syn. M. pulneyensis, Wight Ill. t. 5.

A moderate sized tree, buds silky. Leaves shortly and bluntly acuminate.
Fl. 1}-2 in. across, on short generally leafless axillary branchlets. Perianth
leaves usually 12, the inner narrower. Stamens shorter than gynecium.
Ovaries silky, with 24 oyules. Fruiting spike interrupted, 2-3 in. long,
carpels warty, apiculate, mixed with many abortive carpels. Seeds bright
scarlet.

Nilgiris, Palnis and other hills in the peninsula, Ceylon. Fl. H.S.

B. Leaves moderate sized or large, 4-12 in. long.

3. M. oblonga, Wall.; Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. iii. t. 67. Vern. Bor Soppa,
Ass.

A very tall tree, entirely glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, 4-6 in. long.
Secondary nerves 7-9 pair, somewhat prominent beneath. Fl. yellowish white,
3-4 in. across. Fruiting spike lax, 6-7 in. long. Carpels sessile, woody,
lenticellate, blunt.

Assam, Silhet. Fl. C.S. Nearly allied are the following, which are all entirely
glabrous: 4. M. Mannii, King; Ann. iii. t. 70. Assam, Silhet. Leayes rigidly coria-
ceous, fl. smaller, ripe carpels distant, oblong, slightly apiculate. 5. M. punduana,
Hook. f. & Thoms.; Ann. iii. t. 66. Assam, Khasi hills. Leaves thinly coriaceous.
Secondary nerves not much more conspicuous than the shorter intermediate and
the reticulate tertiary nerves. Fl. 14 in. across. Ripe carpels distant, compressed,
not beaked. 6. M. Kisopa, DC.; Ann. iii. t.58 B. Kumaon and Nepal 5,000-7,000 ft.,
rare in Sikkim. Leaves coriaceous. Fl. 1-14 in. across. Carpels small, } in. diam.,
compressed, shortly apiculate.

7. M. lanuginosa, Wall.: Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. iii. t. 62. Vern. Gogay
Champ, Nepal.

A large deciduous tree, branchlets and underside of full grown leaves
densely pale-grey tomentose. Leaves lanceolate. Fl. axillary, yellowish
white, 2}-3 in. across. Perianth leaves 12-18, oblanceolate. Ovaries densely
lanate, style glabrous. Fruiting spike lax, 4-5 in. long. Carpels compressed,
shortly stalked, woody, warty, }-1 in. Seeds orange.

Eastern Himalaya, from Nepal eastwards, 5,000-7,000 ft. Khasi hills. Pl. Rs.

8. M. excelsa, Blume; Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. iii. t. 63. Vern. Bara

Champ, Safed Champ, Nepal.
A large deciduous tree, heartwood olive-brown, buds clothed with brown,

8 Il. MAGNOLIACHEA [Michelia

dark red or ferrugineous tomentum, full grown. leaves nearly glabrous. FI.
axillary, white, scented, 4 in. across. Perianth leaves 12, obovate and spathu-
late. Fruiting spike lax, 4-8 in. long. Carpels } in., shortly beaked. Seeds
red.

Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, 5,000-8,000 ft. Khasi and Naga hills. Fl. March.

9. M. Champaca, Linn. ; Brandis F. FI. t. 1.—Syn. MW. aurantiaca, Wall. ;
Pl. As. Rar. t. 147. Vern. Champ, Champa, Hind. ; Sampighi, Kan. ; Cham-
pakam, Tel.; Shembuga, Tam.; Saga, Burm

A large evergreen tree, heartwood light brown, young shoots silky. Leaves
nearly glabrous when full grown, blade 8-10, petiole slender, #-1 in. Fl.
yellow or orange, strongly scented, shortly pedunculate, 2 in. across. Perianth
leaves 15. Fruiting spike compact, 3-6 in. long. Carpels ovoid, blunt,
lenticellate. Seeds brown.

Wild on the Western Ghats in the southern portion of the peninsula (Beddome), in
Sikkim (up to 3,000 ft.) and in Lower Burma (Kurz). Cultivated in the moister parts
of India and Burma. Fl. H.andR.S. 10.™. manipurensis, Watt MSS. Khongui hill,
Manipur, April, 1882, G. Watt. A remarkable species resembling M. Champaca.
Leaves puberulous beneath, with very minute hairs, style as long as ovary, which is
clothed with ferruginous hairs. Fruit unknown. 11. M. montana, Blume; Ann. Bot.
G. Cale. iii. t. 68. Sikkim, Assam, Silhet, Java. An anomalous species with only
1 or 2 carpels, which are 1-2 in. long, 1 in. broad, woody. Leaves 3-8 in., elliptic.
Secondary neryes 8-12 pair, prominent beneath.

4. TALAUMA, Juss.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 40.

Differs from Magnolia by the structure of the fruiting spike. Carpels
woody, and dehiscing by the ventral suture, or spongy and indehiscent, but
finally separating from the axis. Species 20, in the tropical and subtropical
regions of Kastern Asia and South America.

A. Carpels woody, dehiscing by the ventral
suture, leaves glabrous beneath or nearly so.

1. T. Hodgsoni, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Ann.
Bot. Gard: Cale. iii. tab. 47. Balwkhat, Nepal.

A moderate sized tree, quite glabrous, except
the puberulous young carpels. Leaves coriaceous,
8-20 in. long, nerves 15-25 pair, reticulate veins
raised, prominent. Petiole 14-24 in., slender,
base thickened. Fl. white, terminal, campanu-
late, 5 in. long, sepals and petals similar, fleshy.
Fruit ovoid, 4-6 in. long, consisting of numerous
imbricating woody carpels, separating from a
woody deeply pitted axis.

Sikkim, ascending to 6,000 ft. Assam, Khasi hills,
Cachar, Taungmé, Upper Burma. 2. T. andamanica,
King; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. iii. t. 483. Andamans.
A shrub or small tree. Leaves oblanceolate, blade 7-10
in., petiole 4-1 in.; fl. globose, 14 in. diam. 3. T. Ra-
baniana, Hook. fil. ’& Thoms.; Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale.
iii. t. 46. Khasi hills, Mergui (Kur z). Leaves lanceo-
late ; blade 8-12 in. petiole 1}-2 in. long; fl. 2-24 in.
4. T. mutabilis, Blume; Ann. Bot. G. Gale. tii. 6. 44.—
Syn. 7. Candollei, Kurz; F. Fl. i. 24. Tenasserim. A
shrub, fl. ovoid, 24 in. long.

B. Carpels spongy or corky, indehiscent, con-
Fro. 1.—Talauma Hodgsoni, fluent, separating when ripe from the central
Hook. f. & Thoms. 34. woody axis, leaves pubescent beneath.

Talauma) Il. MAGNOLIACE# i)

5. T. spongocarpa, King, Ann. iii. tab. 47 (bis). Upper Burma. Secondary nerves
7-9 pair, prominent beneath, as well as the shorter intermediate ones. 6. T. phellocarpa,
King, Ann. iii. t. 47 (tev). Sib-sagar district and Mikir hills, Assam. Secondary
nerves 12-16 pair, not much more distinct than the reticulate veins between them.

Tlicium, Linn., comprises several evergreen aromatic shrubs with coriaceous leaves,
readily known by the arrangement of the one-seeded carpels in one radiating whorl.
When ripe they are woody and split at the upturned ventral suture, so that the seed
becomes visible. Of the Indian species T. Griffithii, Hook. f. & Thoms.; Ann. Bot.
Gard. Cale. iii. 40a, Bhutan, Khasi hills, with 10-15 ovaries, is the most notable.
T. anisatum, Loureiro, of China, yields the well known Star-anise.

5. SCHIZANDRA, Michaux; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 44.

Climbing shrubs with exstipulate, glabrous, mostly membranous leaves. FI.
unisexnal. Sepals and petals similar, 9 or 12, in trimerous whorls. ¢: 5-30
stamens, filaments often fleshy and confluent, anthers free or more or less
immersed in the fleshy mass of confluent filaments. 9 : Ovaries numerous,
densely imbricate round a conical torus, which elongates considerably when
the carpels ripen. Species 6, mountains of India, China, Java and North
America.

A. Filaments connate below, free above.

1. S. grandiflora, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Ann. iii. t. 694; Collett, Simla
Fl. fig. 6. Vern. Roal, Paternalla; Ballon, Jaunsar; Singoto, Nepal.

Leayes membranous, approximate at the ends of branchlets, 3-4 in. long,
with distant minute obtuse teeth, petioles slender, $-1 in. long. Fl. white,
fragrant, solitary, nodding, more than 1 in. across, on slender peduncles 1 in.
long. Fruit with a cylindrical fleshy axis, 6-9 in. long, bearing numerous
scarlet fleshy 2-seeded carpels.

Himalaya, from the Sutlej eastwards, 6,000-10,000 ft. FI. May, June. Extends to
Western China. 2. §. elongata, Hook. f. & Thoms.; Ann. Bot. G. Cale. iii. t. 69 B.
Himalaya, from Nepal eastwards, 5,000-8,000 ft., China, a powerful climber, leaves
broader, petioles longer. Fl]. yellowish, smaller, less than 1 in. across. Fruiting spike
3-4 in. long.

B. Filaments connate into a fleshy mass.

3. §. propinqua, Hook. f. & Thoms.; Ann. iii. t. 414. Sub-himalayan tract, from
Garhwal eastwards, ascending to 5,000 ft., China. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, petiole 4-3
in. FI. yellow or orange, + in. diam., on short pedicels. Fruiting spike fleshy, 6 in.
long. 4. S, axillaris, Hook. f. & Thoms.; Ann. iii. t. 74a. Khasi hills, Shan States,
Upper Burma, 4,000 ft. Differs by narrower lanceolate, thinly coriaceous leaves. F.
small, scarlet. Fruiting spike 1-2 in. long.

Kadsura, Kaempfer, comprises seyeral large glabrous woody climbers, the leaves
without stipules, fl. unisexual, the fruit’ a globose head of indehiscent fleshy 1-seeded
carpels. 1. K. Roxburghiana, Arnott; Ann. iii. t. 734. Foot of Eastern Himalaya to
5,000 ft., Assam. Structure of wood normal, vessels large. Leaves ovate-lanceolate,
inner filaments connate, fruit 1-2 in diam., carpels shortly beaked. 2. K. Wightiana,
Arn.; Ann. iii. t. 74m. Malabar. Leayes broadly ovate, denticulate in the upper half,
filaments all free, carpels truncate.

Orper IV. ANONACEA. Gen. PI. i. 20.

Trees or shrubs, erect or climbing, bark of branchlets marked by numerous
longitudinal anastomosing narrow ridges. Leaves alternate, simple, entire,
exstipulate. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual, Sepals 3, free or connate,
usually valvate. Petals 6, hypogynons, biseriate, the 3 inner sometimes want-
ing. Stamens usually numerous, filaments short or none, the 2 anther cells

10 IV. ANONACHEA [Saccopetalune
adnate on the outside of the broad connective. Ovaries 1-celled, as a rule
hairy and numerous, with the stamens on a conyex or conical, rarely flat or
concave torus. Fruit usually consisting of numerous 1- or many-seeded carpels,
dry or succulent, on stalks, often long, which lengthen as the fruit ripens,
rarely dehiscent or united in one fleshy fruit. Seeds large, embryo small,
albumen ruminate, often separable into 2 halves marked by a longitudinal
furrow on the testa.

Remarkable anatomical characters :—Spherical or lenticular cells containing resin in
the parenchyma of leaves, often visible as pellucid dots. On a transverse section the
timber of all species shows numerous fine transverse bars, at right angles to the
medullary rays, consisting of wood parenchyma. Hairs, when present, 1-celled or few-
celled, stellate in some genera.

A. Ripe carpels indehiscent, distinct, mostly stalked.

I.—The 3 outer petals small, similar to sepals.
Ovules6 or more, inner petalsalwayssaccate at base 1. SaccoprraLum.
Ovules 1-2, inner petals mostly thin, flat.

Connective acute, stamens few ornumerous . 2. Miniusa.
Connective broad, obtuse, stamens always nu-
merous : : 3 : : Z : . 3, PHmanrnus.
II.—Petals uniform in shape and texture, fl. globose or campanulate.
Petals imbricate in bud, ovules 6-12. : . 4. Saceraa.
Petals valvate in bud, ovules 1-2 . : 6 . 5. Popowta.

III.—Petals uniform, erect or spreading, the inner wanting in 2 species of Unona.
Ripe carpels numerous.
Petals valvate in bud.

Ovules 1-2, ripe carpels 1-seeded 0 6 . 6. PoLyauruia.
Ovules 2-8, 1-seriate, ripe carpels constricted
between seeds. ‘ . 7. Unowna.
Ovules many 2-seriate, connective lanceolate 0 Cananeium (p. 16).
Petals imbricate in bud, ovules many, 2-seriate,
connective obtuse . : : : 9 : . 8. Uvarta.

IV.—Petals uniform, erect or spreading, ripe carpels 1-6,
few seeded . 5 : : : 0 : . 9. ALPHONSEA.
V.—AII petals, or the inner only, connivent, closing over stamens and ovaries.
1. Inner petals dissimilar, generally smaller, conniving over stamens and
ovaries, the blades cohering by their edges.
a. Inner petals narrowed into a linear claw.

Stamens 6-12, ovoid, anther cells contiguous . 10. Ornopnra.
Stamens , cuneate, connective broad, truncate or
triangular 6 : 11. Mitrernora.
b. Inner petals not narrowed into a linear claw.
Style oblong or clavate . : : . : Oxynirra (p. 19).
Style cylindrical, generally bifid : 3 : . 12. GontorHaLaMUs.

2. Petals nearly equal, similar in shape (the inner sometimes smaller),
all or the inner only with a concave base.
Ovaries many, petals thick, fey connivent, the

inner sthaller : 2 : . 13. MeELoporum.
Ovaries 1 or more, petals narrow ‘linear, from a ,
concave base : ‘ Xyzorta (p. 20).
Ovaries 2 or more, ovules £ 2, petals flat from a con-
cave base, fl. on woody, hooked peduncles . . 14. Arrazorrys.
Ovary 1, ovules numerous, calyx cup-shaped,
truncate, or deeply 3-cleft . . : : 0 CyatHocatyx (p. 21).
B. Ripe carpels dehiscent, distinct . : : : : ANAXAGOREA (p. 21).
C. Carpels united into a large fleshy fruit . . : . 15. Anona.

1. SACCOPETALUM, Bennett; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 88.

Deciduous trees, fl. bisexual. Inner petals saccate at base, much larger
than sepals and the three outer petals. Stamens indefinite, connective pro-
longed into a conspicuous appendage. Ovaries indefinite, ovules 6 or more.
Species 5, 1 Australian, the others of Hastern Asia.

|
.
|

Saccopetalum|] IV. ANONACEA 11
1. S. tomentosum, Hook. f. & Thoms.; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 39; Ie. Pl. Ind.

mOrmen49" Ann: iv. +. 207.—Syn. Uvaria tomentosa, Roxb. Cer. Pl. t. 35.

Vern. Kari, Um,
Umbi, Him, Hin-
di, Mar.; Ome,
South; Gonda
palaso, Uriya;
Chilka-didu,
Tel.; Hessare,
ISan.

A large tree,
branchlets tomen-
tose. Full grown
leaves glabrous,
excepting midrib,
3-6 in. long, ovate
chlong. Fl. soli-
tary or in pairs,
pedicels hairy,
very slender, 2-3
in. long; minute
bracteoles at the Tri 2—Saccopetalum tomentosum, Hook. f. & TLouus.
base. Sepals and Leaf, fr ; section of fruit, fl. 4.
outer petals lan-
ceolate, spreading; inner petals }—} in. long, ovate-lanceolate. Ripe carpels
tomentese, dark purple, with a pungent smell, 1 in. diam., 3-4 seeded, on
stalks }—} in. long.

Oudh and Gorakhpur forests, Aravalli hills, Satpura range, Behar, Orissa, Northern
rate 8 (not uncommon in Sal forests), Western Ghats and throughout the Peninsula.
Fl. HS.

2. S$. longiflorum, Hook. fil.; Ann. iv. 208, inner petals 14 in. long, is cultivated in the
Botan. Garden, Calcutta, said to have been brought from Chittagong. 3. S. sclerocar-
pum, Hook. f. & Thoms.; Ann. iv. t. 208 bis—Syn. Miliusa sclerocarpa, Kurz FP. FI. i. 48,
Martaban and Tenasserim, is imperfectly known.

2. MILIUSA, Leschenault; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 86.

Deciduous trees, fl. usually bisexual, in one species polygamous. Sepals 3
rye k ata I poy’ ge. ,
small, petals 6 in 2 series, the outer similar to sepals, the inner thin, flat and
much larger. Stamens definite or indefinite, connective more or less apiculate.
Ovaries indefinite, linear-oblong, ovules 1-2. Species 24. Indo-Mualayan.

1. M. velutina, H.f.& Thoms.; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t.37; Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 87;
Brand., Forest Fl. t. 2; Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. iy. t. 206; Vern. Dom sal, N. W.
India: Barhi, kari, Kajrauta, Iler, Oudh, Central Provinces; Omé, Ombe,
Singbhim; Adna Kaitha, Mal.; Thabut gyi, Burm.

A middle-sized tree, branchlets, leaves and flowers densely silky tomentose.
Leaves 3-9 in. long, from a reunded or slightly cordate base ovate-oblong,
peticles short. Fl. on slender 2-3 in. long jedicels, in short racemes at the
ends of short branchlets, generally with a few leaves at the base. Sepals and
outer petals lanceclate or ovate, inner petals 3 times their length, triangular
or ovate, silky tomentese outside, dark purple and glabrous inside. Ovaries
pubescent, ovules2. Ripe carpels } in. diam., 2-seeded, on stalks 4~} in. long,
forming a round head.

Sub-himalayan tract from the Ganges eastwards, ascending to 1,500 ft., Central India,
Chota Nagpore, Northern Circars, Burma. Fl. H. 8. The young leaves appear in April
or May.

Other species with bisexual fl. are; 2. M, macrocarpa, Hook. f. & Thoms.; Ann. iy,

12 IV. ANONACEA [Miliusa

t. 202a, a small glabrous tree of Sikkim, 2,500-6000 ft., Assam and the Khasi hills,
leaves lanceolate acuminate 5-7 in., ripe carpels cylindric 3 in. Jong. 3. M. Wightiana,
Hook. f. & Thoms. ; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 86; Ann. iy. t. 2028, a small glabrous tree
of the Tinnevelli and Travancore hills, leaves 2-4 in., ripe carpels 4 in. long. Two
glabrous shrubs: 4. M. nilagirica, Bedd. lc. t. 88; Ann. iv. t. 2034, of the Nilgiris.
Leaves 2-4 in. long. 5. M. indica, Lesch.; Bedd. l.c. t. 85; Ann. iv. t. 205. Evergreen
forests from Kanara to Malabar, leaves 2 in., ripe carpéls 4 in. long, purple.

6. M. Roxburghiana, Hook. f. & Thoms. ; Ann. iv. t. 189s.
A tree, attains 50 ft., branchlets softly pubescent. Leaves lanceolate, long-

Fie. 3.—Miliusa Roxburghiana, Hook. f. & Thoms. Leaf, fl., fruit. 4.

acuminate, 3-6 in. Fl. dicwcious or polygamous, sepals and 3 outer petals
green, lanceolate or linear, reflexed, inner petals obtuse, fleshy, 4 in. long, dark
greenish-red. Itipe carpels nearly globose, $ in. diam. on slender stalks. Seed
1, rarely 2.

Subhimalayan tract in Sikkim, ascending to 2,000 ft., Assam, Chittagong hills,
Burma. Fl. H.S. I. tristis, Kurz F. Fl. i. 47, possibly a variety with larger leaves
and flowers.

3. PHAZEANTHUS, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 72.

Trees or shrubs, often climbing, the outer petals small like the sepals, the
inner large, flat, coriaceous, ovate-triangular from a broad base. Stamens
numerous, anther cells distant, connective broad, obtuse, often produced beyond
anthers. Ovaries numerous, style cylindric or clavate, ovules 1-2, Ripe
carpels stalked, 1-seeded.

1. P. andamanicus, King, Ann. iy. t.2014, Andamans. Leaves thin, elliptic-lanceolate
acuminate, glabrous, 5-7 in., secondary nerves slender, nearly at right angles to
midrib, not much more prominent than tertiary nerves and intra-marginal veins.

2. P. malabaricus, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 36c. Ann. t. 2018. South Wainad, 2,000 ft.
Outer petals twice as large as sepals, inner red, thick and fleshy, twice the size of the
outer.

4. SAGERAZA, Dalz.; Gen. Pl. i. 22.

Glabrous evergreen trees or shrubs, leaves shining coriaceous, se¢ond. nerves
not much more prominent than intermediate and tertiary nerves. Fl. globose,
bisexual or unisexual, fasciculate on wocdy tubercles, often on the old wood.
Sepals small, connate at base or free and slightly imbricate. Petals imbricate,

NN ee

Sagerwa| IV. ANONACEX 13

concave, the 3 outer a little larger than the 3 inner. Stamens on a flat
torus, 9-24, short, broad and fleshy, anthers cells contiguous or distant, on
a broad truncate connective. Ovaries 3-6, style short, ovules 6-8. Ripe
carpels globose or ovoid, shortly stalked. Species 6, in tropica] Asia. I follow
King (Ann. iy. 6) in re-establishing Sagerwa, united with Bocagea in FI. Brit.
ndia i. 92.

A. FI. bisexual.

1. S. laurina, Dalzell; Ann. iy. t. 358.—Syn. Bocagea Dalzellii, Hook. f.
& Thoms. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 92. Vern. Sageri, Har-kinjal, Mar.

A middle-sized tree, leaves 4-7 in., fl. white, }-} in. diam., pedicels short.
Sepals distinct, slightly imbricate, outer petals larger, but not twice the size
of inner; stamens 12-18, anther cells contiguous. Ripe carpels nearly sessile,
1 in. diam.

Evergreen forests of the Konkan (north as far as Matheran) and North Kanara. FI.

Oct., Noy. 2. S. Dalzellii, Bedd. Ic. t. 42. Anamallays,in dense moist woods. Travan-
core, evergreen forest, 2,000 ft.; leaves 10-14 in. FI. bright yellow, 4 in. diam., pedicels

1-13 in. long, sepals connate at base, ciliate, anthers 12-24. United with S. /aurina
by King, Ann. iv. p. 8.

B. Fl. unisexual.

3. S. Listeri, King lec. t. 35a, Chittagong hill tracts, branchlets slender, round,
leaves 4-5 in., ripe carpels broadly ovoid. 4. S. elliptica, Hook. f. & Thoms. ; Ann. iv.
t. 34 (Bocayea elliptica, F|. Brit. Ind. i. 92) Tenasserim, leaves 8-14 in., ripe carpels
globose.

5. POPOWIA, Endl.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 68.

Byergreen shrubs or trees, generally small. Fl. small, often polygamous,
solitary or a few together, sessile or shortly pedunculate, campanulate or sub-
globose, opening but slightly. Petals valvate in bud, outer spreading, inner
thick, concave, connivent. Ovaries few, not more than 8, oyules 1-2. Ripe
carpels generally on short stalks. Species 33, Asiatic, Australian, one African.

1. P. Hookeri, King, Ann. iy. t. 1654.—Syn. Polyalthia argentea, Hook.
fil. & Thoms. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 67.

A shrub, nearly glabrous, leaves 3-7 in. long, silvery beneath, ripe carpels
oblong, granulate, glabrous, } in. long.

Assam, Khasi and Naga hills. Fl. R.S.

2. P. Kurzii, King, Ann. iv. t. 1638.—Syn. Polyalthia macrophylla,
Hook. f. & Thoms. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 66; P. dubia, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 38.

A shrub or small tree, branchlets and underside of younger leaves tawny-
woolly. Leaves 6-10 in., secondary nerves 10-14 p. prominent beneath, arching,
joined by intramarginal veins. Fl. sessile, tomentose, campanulate, poly-
gamous, solitary or in pairs. Fruit unknown.

Andamans, Tenasserim. FI. R.S.

The remaining species have small leaves. 3. P. Beddomeana, Hook. fil. & Thoms.
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 68; Ann. iv. t. 160n.—Syn. P. ramosissima, Bedd. Te. Pl. Or. t. 75, hills
between Tinnevelli and Travancore, branchlets tomentose, leaves2 in. long. 4. P. nitida,
King, Ann. iy. t. 165s. Andamans, Nicobars. Leaves thinly coriaceous, 2-4 in. long,
shining, carpels ovoid, 4 in. long, seeds 1-3. 5. P. Helferi, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Ann. iv.
t. 1604. Andamans, Tenasserim. Leaves membranous, long acuminate, 3-5 in. long.

6. POLYALTHIA, Blume; Fl. Brit. Ind. i, 62.

Trees or shrubs, mostly evergreen. Fl: usually bisexual, sepals 3, petals 6,
longer than sepals, as a rule equal, stamens o, short, closely packed on a convex
torus, anther cells concealed by the overlapping connective. Ovaries numerous,

14 IV. ANONACEH [Polyalthia

style globose, cylindric or clavate, ovules 1 or 2. Fr. a cluster of numerous
carpels generally on long stalks. Species 50, 3 African, 2 Australian, the
rest of tropical Asia. d

A. Ovule 1, fl. solitary.

1. P. suberosa, Benth. & Hook. f.; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Or. t. 56; Ann. iy. t.
7Tic.—Syn. Uvaria suberosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 34. Vern. Kuradia, Uriya.

A small tree, bark corky, branchlets pubescent. Leaves distichous, elliptic-
oblong, sometimes broader at apex, glabrous when full grown, 2-4 in. Fl.
small, on slender extra-axillary peduncles, shorter than leaf, bracts near base
small, linear. Sepals less than half the length of petals, petals oval, reddish-
brown, silky outside. Ripe carpels black, 4 in. diam. Stalks slender, longer
than carpels, but not more than twice their leneth.

Oudh forests, Behar, Northern Circass., east side of the peninsula, Tenasserim. Fl].
H.S. Ceylon, China.

2. P. cerasoides, Benth. & Hook. fil. ; Bedd- Fl. Sylv. t. 1; Ann. iy. t. 868.
—Syn. Uvaria cerasoides, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 33. Vern. Sandi Ome, Kol ; Gutti,

Tel; Thabut-thein, Burm.
A middle-sized deciduous tree, branchlets tomentose. Leaves distichous,

Fic. 4.—Polyalthia cerasoides, Benth. & Hook. fil. Leaf, fl., fruit. 4.

membranous, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous above, pale and more or
less tomentose beneath. Fl. } in. diam., green, on tomentose pedicels, shorter
than leaf, bracts 1 or 2, small or large, ovate. Sepals ovate, membranous,
petals 4 im. long, equal. Ripe carpels numerous, red, } in. diam., on slender
stalks twice their length or longer.

Behar, Chota Nagpore, Northern Circass., Western Ghats from Nasik southwards,
throughout the peninsula. Burma, often in Eng. forests. FI. February to May.
3. P. coffeoides, Benth. & Hook. f.; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 53; Ann. iy. t. 91. Wainad
and Anamalai hills. A glabrous tree. Sepals short, petals 14 in. Carpels oblong, 1 in.,
narrowed into a shorter stalk. 4. P. andamanica, Kurz; Ann. iv. t. 90. Andamans.
A shrub, branchlets tomentose, carpels oblong. 5. P, Jenkinsii, Benth. & Hook. f.; Ann.
iv. t. 96. Assam, Silhet, Malay peninsula. A tree, fl. 2 in. diam.

B. Ovule 1, fl. fasciculate, umbellate or corymbose.

Polyalthia) IV. ANONACEA 15

6. P. longifolia, Benth. & Hook. fil.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 38; Ann. iv. t. 99.
—Syn. Guatteria longifolia, Wall. ; Wight Ic. t. i. Vern. Asok, Devidari,
Hind. ; Putrajivi, Kan. ; Aranci, Mal.

A tall tree, entirely glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate, undulate,
pellucid-dotted, 5-8 in. Fl. yellowish green, on long slender pedicels, in sessile
or shortly pedunculate umbels. Petals from a broad base lanceolate, long-
acuminate, spreading. Sepals broad, short. Ripe carpels ovoid, ? in., stalk
$ in. long.

Indigenous in Ceylon, largely planted in avenues in most parts of India, as far north
as Hushiarpur. Fl. February, May.

7. P. fragrans, Benth. & Hook. f.; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 54; Ann. iy.
t. 1004. Vern. Nedunar, Mal.

A large tree, branchlets minutely but densely tawny-tomentose. Leaves
elliptic or ovate, shining aboye, dull, often puberulous beneath, 6-8 in. lone.
Secondary nerves 12-15 pair, prominent beneath. Fl. in tomentose shortly
peduneulate corymbs, petals linear 1} in., sepals small, orbicular Carpels
ovoid, 1-1} in. long.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, from the Ratuagiri district southwards.
Fl. November. 8. P. simiarum, Benth. & Hook. f.; Ann. iv. t. 101. Assam, Chittagong,
Burma, and the Andamans, Siam, Cochin China. A large tree. Leayes 5-11 in.
secondary nerves 12-16 pair, prominent. Fl. in sessile fascicles, petals linear, spread-
ing. 14 in. long. Carpels 14 in. long, orange to bluish black when riper.

C, Ovyules 2 or 3, superposed. FI. solitary.

9. P. Korinti, Benth. & Hook. fil.; Ann. iv. t. 1104.—Syn. Guatteria
Korinti, Dunal; Wight. Ic. t. 398.

A spreading shrub, branchlets pubescent. Leaves nearly glabrous, elliptic,
narrowed to both ends, 3-6 in. Secondary nerves not much more prominent
than the reticulate veins. Fl. bright green, }—} in. diam., on slender pedicels,
petals spreading. Carpels numerous, ovoid, } in. long, red when ripe, stalks
short.

Western Peninsula, Ceylon. Fl. September. 10. P. obliqua, Hook. f. & Thoms. :
Ann. iv. t. 1008. Chittagong hills, Malacca, Sumatra. A tree or shrub. Leaves
from an oblique base, oblong-lanceolate. Secondary nerves 6-S pair, arching, joined by
intramarginal veins at a distance from margin.

7. UNONA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 58.

Trees or shrubs, erect or climbing. Petals long, the 3 inner often a little
smaller, wanting in two species. Stamens crowded cuneate, anther cells linear,
extrorse, concealed by the subglobose or truncate, rarely conical, apex of con-
nective. Ovaries numerous, ovules 2-8, 1-serrate on the ventral suture. Ripe
carpels elongate, generally much constricted between seeds. Species 50,
tropical Asia and Africa.

A. Petals 6, in 2 rows.

1. U. Desmos, Dunal; Ann. iv. t. 73.

A spreading evergreen shrub, often climbing, branchlets rufous-pubescent.
Leaves thinly coriaceous, glabrous above, sparingly pubescent beneath.
Secondary nerves 8-12 pair, slender but prominent. FI. solitary, nodding,
‘on slender extra-axillary peduncles, 2-6 in. long. Petals coriaceous, ovate-
lanceolate, 1-2 in. long. Ripe carpels numerous, stalked, glabrous, constricted
between the 2 or 3 ovoid joints, }—} in. long.

Assam, Chittagong, Lower Burma, Malay Peninsula. Fl. June.

16 IV. ANONACEA [| Unona

2. U. discolor, Vahl; Bedd. Ic.Pl. Ind. Or. t. 51.; Ann. iy. t. 74.—Syn.
U. undulata, Wall. Pl. As.-Rar. t. 265.

An eyergreen, often climbing shrub, youngest shoots pubescent. Leaves
membranous, oblong-
lanceolate, 3-7 in. Fl.
solitary, on slender extra-
axillary often leaf-op-
posed peduncles, 1-2 in.
long. Petals greenish-
yellow, narrowly lanceo-
late, 1-3 in. long. Ripe
carpels numerous, purple,
stalked, ? to 1} in. long,
joints 2-5, the constric-
tions between the joints
often slender and pubes-
cent.

Base of eastern Himalaya,
Assam, Chittagong, Upper
and Lower Burma, Western
Peninsula. Fi. May—Juiy.

3. U. pannosa, Dalz.; Bedd.
Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 52; Ann.

Fie. 5.—Unona discolor, Vahl. Leaf, fl., fr. 4. iv. t. 72. A small tree of
the Western Ghats from
the Konkan southwards. Leaves membranous, 2-3 in. FI. straw-coloured, petals
14 in., densely clothed with brown silky hairs. Carpels sessile, ovoid, 1-3 seeded.
4. U. viridifiora, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 158; Ann. iv. t. 75. A gigantic climber.
Travancore Ghats. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Petals lanceolate, silky,
1-23 in. long. 5. U. dumosa, Roxb.; Ann. iy. t. 76. Silhet, Assam, Malay Pen-
insula. Branchlets and underside of leaves softly tomentose. 6. U. Lawii, Hook.
fil. & Thoms.; Bedd. l.c. t. 73; Ann. iy. 77a. An erect or climbing shrub on the
Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards. Leaves 2-4 in., petals linear, 1-2 in.,
carpels of 1-2 ovoid joints. 7. U. latifolia, Hook. fil. & Thoms. ; Ann. iy. t. 78. (U. Bran-
disana, Pierre Fl. For. Coch. t. 19). A large deciduous tree on the Salween river south
of the Karenni country. Cochinchina, Malay Peninsula. Branchlets and underside
of leaves grey-tomentose. Leaves ovate or orbicular. Fl. scented, petals veined, 2 in.
long.

B. Petals 3, sometimes 2 only, those of the inner row wanting.

8. U. Dasymaschala, Blume; Ann. t. iv. 81.

An evergreen scrambling shrub, shoots softly pubescent. Leaves thinly
coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, 45-8} in. long. FI. solitary, nodding, 14-3 in.
long, on peduncles 14-13 in. Petals fleshy, lanceolate, 3 in. long. Ripe
carpels numerous, on short stalks, joints 3-7, oblong.

Lower Burma, Andamans. Fl. June. Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. 9. U. longi-
flora, Roxb.; Ann. iv. t. 80. Glabrous evergreen shrub of Assam, the Khasi hills
and Chittagong, also Perak. FI. crimson, petals 5 in. long.

Canangium odoratum, Baillon; Ann. iv. t.67.—Syun. Cananga odorata, Hook. f. & Thoms. ;
Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 56. Vern. Kadatnyan, Burm., is an evergreen tree, 30-60 ft. Leayes
4-8 in., often oblique. FI. pale yellow, fragrant, drooping, on long pedicels in 2-6 fld.,
shortly pedunculate racemes. Petals 6, lanceolate, equal, 3 in. long, connective pro-
duced beyond anthers into a short lanceolate process. Ripe carpels 10-12, stalked, 2 in.
long, nearly black when ripe, with 6-12 flat seeds. Indigenous in Martaban and Tenas-
serim, the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago; elsewhere cultivated.

7. UVARIA, inn.; El. Brit. Ind. 1. 47.

Climbing or scrambling shrubs, generally with stellate pubescence. FI.
yellow, purple or brown, usually large and showy. Sepals, 3 often connate
at base. Petals 6, imbricate, nearly equal, spreading. Stamens indefinite,

Uvaria) IV. ANONACEA 17

connective ovoid or truncate, obtuse, anther cells lateral. Ovaries numerous,
ovules as a rule many, in two rows on the ventral suture. Torus (apex of
pedicel) generally much enlarged in fruit. About 110 species, a few African,
Australian, the rest in tropical and subtropical Asia.

A. Full grown leaves densely tomentose beneath,

1. U. macrophylla, Roxb.; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 122; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind.
Or. t. 81; Ann. 4.t. 10. Vern. Thabwot-nwe, Burm.

A large climber, branchlets and petioles rusty tomentose. Leayes coriaceous,
elliptic-oblong, sometimes broader towards the apex, base rounded or slightly
cordate, upper surface glabrous, except the tomentose midrib and nerves, lower
lax rusty-tomentose, 5-12 in. long. Secondary nerves 10-15 pair, prominent
as well as tertiary nerves and intramarginal veins. Fl. 1} in. across, dark
purple, in short axillary racemes, sometimes solitary, sepals rusty-tomentose.
Ripe carpels glabrous, oblong, blunt at the ends, 1-1} in., stalks }-1 in,
long, on the woody enlarged torus. Seeds numerous,

Silhet, Chittagong, Burma. FI. H.S. Also Malay Peninsula, Ceylon, Java.

2. U. purpurea, Blume; Ann. Bot. G. Cale. iv. t. 12.—Syn. U. grandiflora, Roxb. ;
Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 121 (Thabwot, Burm.). Burma and Malay Archipelago, South
China. FI. solitary, crimson or dark purple, 2-3 in. diam., on a thick pedicel 3-2 in.
long, with 2 or 3 large ovate or rounded bracts. Ripe carpels cylindric, tomentose,
14-24 in. long, pulp sweet, edible. 3. U. Hamiltoni, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Ann. iy. t. 6.
Subhimalayan tract from Sikkim eastwards, Assam, Khasi hills, Chota Nagpore (in
ravines), Eastern Bengal, Upper Burma, Andamans. A powerful climber with brick
red fl., solitary or fasciculate, 14-24 in. across, pedicels 1 in. long, with a tomentose
rounded bract. Ripe carpels ovoid, 14 in. long, scarlet. 4. U. hirsuta, Jack; Ann.
iv. t. 14. Burma and Malay Archipelago. Branchlets, buds, and ripe carpels densely
clothed with long hairs and dark rusty wool. Ripe carpels cylindric, 14-2 in. long.
5. U. ferruginea, Ham.; Ann. iv. t. 15.—Syn. Pllipeia ferruginea, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit.
Ind. i. 52. Eng forests of the Ivrawaddi valley and Tenasserim. A low deciduous
shrub, fl. 1 in. diam., ripe carpels almost sessile, 4 in. long, red, glabrous,

B. Full grown leaves entirely glabrous or pubescent along nerves only,

6. U. Narum, Wall.; Ann. iy. t. 21; Talbot List 3. Vern. Nara
panal, Mar.

A large climber, all parts except inflorescence glabrous. Leaves pale
brown beneath, oblong-lanceolate, 6-9 in. long,
Secondary nerves slender, not prominent. Fl. 1-1}
in. diam., yellow, solitary, on slender peduncles
13-2 in. long. Petals connate at base, sometimes
more than 6. Fruiting carpels numerous, glabrous,
scarlet, cylindric or oyoid. Stalks 14-2 in. long.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats from the
Konkan southwards. FI. C.S, Ceylon. King, Ann. iv.
p. 28 tab. 22; and Cooke, Fl. Bombay i. 9, separate from
this U. Hookeri (U. Narum, Wight Ill. t. 6) with ovoid
carpels, tapering to both ends, on thick stalks, and
larger fl.

The other species of this section may be classified as
follows :—

a. Leaves perfectly glabrous, small, 2-5 in.

7. U. micrantha, Hook. f. & Thoms.; Ann. iy. t. 15.
Lower Burma, Andamans, Malay Peninsula and Archi- F1G.6.—Uvaria Narum, Wall.
pelago. Fl. 4 in. diam., ripe carpels stalked, ovoid, Fr. and section. 4.
4 in. 2-4 seeded. Leaves resemble Popowia nitida, King.
8. U. zeylanica, Linn. ; Ann. iv. t. 19. Malabar and Travancore, Ceylon. Fl. } in. diam.,
carpels nearly sessile, ovoid, 4 in. long.

b. Leaves perfectly glabrous, 4-8 in, long.

9. U. lurida, Hook. f. & Thoms.; Ann. iv. t. 28, Sikkim, Khasi hills, Russelkonda
C

18 IV. ANONACEE [Uvaria

hills, Ganjam district.. Leaves coriaceous, secondary nerves 10-12 pair, slender but
prominent beneath, numerous shorter intermediate nerves. Fl. on short pedicels, ripe
carpels 1-14 in. long, torulose, stalks 4-6 in.

c. Leaves hairy along nerves beneath, 4-8 in. long ; branchlets hairy.

10. U. ptychocalyx, Miq.; Ann. iy. t. 28. Lower Burma, Sumatra, Borneo. Leaves
broad, shortly acuminate. Secondary nerves prominent beneath, 14-18 pair, pubescent
as well as midrib on the upper side. Carpels globose, 4 in. diam., tubercled and hairy,

stalk 1 in. long. 11. U. bracteata, Roxb.; Ann. iv. t. 7. Silhet, Tenasserim. Calyx
pubescent, ripe carpels ovoid or cylindric, 2 in. long.

9. ALPHONSEA, H. f. & Th.; Fl. B. Ind. i. 88.

Evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves generally glabrous, secondary nerves as
a rule not more prominent than the reticulate veins between them. FI. buds
generally conical, sepals 3, small, petals 6, erect or spreading, often saccate at
base, larger than sepals. Torus cylindric or hemispheric. Stamens ©.
Ovaries 1-12, ovules 4-10 in 2rows. Ripe carpels 1-6, few seeded. Species 13,
of tropical and sub-tropical Asia.

1. A. lutea, Hook. f. & Thoms.; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Or. t. 91 ; Ann. iv. t. 209.—
Syn. Uvaria lutea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 36. Vern. Nwa-la-byut, Upper Burma.

A large tree, shoots minutely rufous-strigose. Leaves glabrous above,
strigose along nerves beneath, 3-6 in. long. FI. } in. diam., fasciculate, on
short woody bracteolate peduncles. Pedicels 1 in., with 2 small bracteoles in
the middle. Ripe carpels 4-6, broadly ovoid, pointed, 14-14 in. long, on short
thick stalks. Seeds 3-6.

Silhet, Orissa, Burma, Ceylon. Fl. H.S.

2. A. ventricosa, Hook. f. & Thoms.; Ann. iy. t. 210. Assam, Chittagong, Andamans.
A tall tree. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, shining, 6-9 in., secondary nerves slender,
12-18 pair. Fl.clustered in shortracemes. Ripe carpels 4-6, 14 in. long. 3. A, madras-
patana, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Or. t. 92, Fl. Sylv. t. 76; Ann. iv. t. 2144. Common along streams
in the Cuddapah and North Arcot hills. A shady tree, glabrous except fl. and fruit.
Leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate 3-4 in. long, obtuse at the apex. Fl. bright yellow,
ovaries 8-4. 4. A. zeylanica, Hook. f. & Thoms. ; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 90; Ann. iy. t.
2148. Travancore and Tinneyelli hills. Ceylon. A tree, young shoots pubescent,
otherwise glabrous. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, 2-4 in.

10. OROPHEA, Blume; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 90.

Trees or shrubs, fl. small, sometimes unisexual, axillary. Sepals 3, valvate,
petals 6, valvate, outer ovate, inner clawed, generally longer and cohering by
their margins, forming a mitriform cap. Stamens 6-12, ovoid, fleshy ; anther
cells dorsal, contiguous. Ovaries 38-15, ovules 4. Species 25, Eastern Asia.

A. Stamens 6.

1. 0. polycarpa, A. DC.; Ann. iy. p. 101, t. 1514. Andamans, Martaban, Tenasserim.
Leaves elliptic-oblong, acuminate, 3-4 in. long. Fl. several on slender flexuose branch-
ing peduncles with bracts at the bends. Inner petals spreading, oblong, narrowed into
a short claw. Carpels globose,4in. diam. This species isanomalous: all the following
have the inner petals cohering by their tips or margins. 2. 0. hexandra, Blume;
Ann. iv. t. 147%. Tenasserim, Andamans. Leaves 4-6 in. Carpels oblong, 14 in., seed
generally solitary, narrowly cylindric. 38. 0. Brandisii, Hook. f. & Th.; Ann. iy. t. 147.
Martaban, Tenasserim. A small tree. Leaves 6-10 in., peduncles 1-2 fld., inner petals
# in. long, blade trapeziform, shorter than claw. Ripe carpels sessile, oblong, 1 in. long.
4. 0. zeylanica, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Ann. iy. 146z. North Kanara, Ceylon. Leaves
2-4 in., carpels globose, 4 in. diam.

B, Stamens 12.

5. O. uniflora, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 69; Ann. iy. t. 144.
Western Ghats, from Coorg to Travancore. A middle-sized tree, wood hard, very
tough. Leaves 2-4 in., fl. solitary, drooping, cream coloured. Ripe carpels globose, 4 in.
diam. 6. 0. Thomsoni, Bedd. l.c. t. 67; Ann. iv. t. 1448. Leaves 2-3 in., peduncles short,

Orophea| Iv. ANONACEE 19

2-3 fld. Carpels globose. 7. 0. erythrocarpa, Bedd. l.c. t. 68; Ann. iv. t. 145s. Ana-
mallay hills. Leaves 3-4 in., peduncles 3-4 fid., tomentose, fl. } in. diam. Ripe carpels
red, oblong, 1 in. long.

11. MITREPHORA, Blume; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 76.

Evergreen trees, fl. sometimes unisexual, petals 6, the 3 outer spreading,
veined, the 3 inner narrowed into a flat claw, blades concave, cohering at the
edges and vaulted over the stamens. Stamens , cuneate, connective broad,
truncate or triangular. Ovaries numerous, ovules 24 or more, biseriate.
Species 10, tropical Asia.

1. M. Maingayi, Hook. f. & Thoms.; Ann. iv. t. 154.—Syn. I. vande-
flora, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 45. Vern. Thabut-net, Upper Burma.

A large tree, branchlets softly rusty-tomentose. Leaves elliptic or ovate,
3-7 in. long, secondary nerves 6-12 pair, prominent beneath. Fl. showy, on
slender pedicels, generally 2-5 on short leafless woody branchlets, closely set
with the scars of tomentose bracts. Sepals densely silky outside, as long as
broad. Petals yellow, mottled with red, the outer undulate 1} x? in., the
inner on linear claws, blades cohering by their hairy edges. Ripe carpels
1 in. long, broadly ovoid, densely tomentose, seeds 4, stalks stout, ? in.

Burma. FI]. February—April. Malay Peninsula, Java.

2. M. grandiflora, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 101; Fl. Sylv. t. 75; Ann. iv. t. 155. South
Kanara Ghats at 2,000 ft. Branchlets minutely pubescent, fl. 2-3 in. diam., turning
from pure white to yellow. Ripe carpels sessile, ovoid, {-1 in., seed 1. 3. M. tomentosa,
Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Ann. iv. t. 153. Assam, Chittagong, Pegu. Branchlets and under-
side of leaves softly tomentose. Leaves 6-9 in., secondary nerves prominent, 10-15 pair.
4, M. Heyneana, Thw. ; Bedd. Ic. P]. Ind. Or. t. 77; Ann. iv. t.152n. Palni and Tinnevelli
hills. Ceylon. Leayes glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, 24 in, 5. M. reticulata, Hook. f. &
Thoms.; Ann. iy. 156. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. Leaves glabrous, excepting
midrib, 5-7 in. Secondary nerves 12-15 pair, prominent beneath. Ripe carpels ovoid,
# in. long. 6. M. Prainii, King; Ann. iy. 158. Andamans. Shoots grey-pubescent.
Leaves 6-9 in., glabrous excepting midrib, secondary nerves prominent, 12-15 pair.

Oxymitra, Blume. Shrubs, erect or climbing. Petals 6,the 3 outer large, the inner
much smaller, not clawed, conniving over stamens and ovaries. Stamens numerous.
Style oblong or clavate, recurved, ovules 1-2. Ripe carpels 1 seeded, stalks short.
1. 0, fornicata, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Ann. iv. t. 156n. Silhet, Assam, Chittagong hills,
Tenasserim, Andamans. Scandent, leaves membranous, glaucous beneath, tertiary
neryes parallel, prominent. Fl. rusty-pubescent, sepals membranous, ovate-lanceolate,
4 in. long. Outer petals thin, yellow, 2 in. long. Ripe carpels cylindric, subsessile.
2. O. Maclellandii, Hook. f. & Thoms.; Ann. iy. t. 169. Martaban, Tenasserim. Erect,
leaves thinly coriaceous, 7-10 in., purplish brown beneath, secondary nerves 12-18 pair,
Pecnrent beneath ; tertiary nerves parallel. Sepais short, petals coriaceous, the outer
14 in. long.

~12. GONIOTHALAMUS, Blume; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 72.

Shrubs or small trees. Secondary nerves joined by more or less distinct
intramarginal loops. Distichous scaly bracts on peduncles. Petals 6, inner
smaller, clavate, cohering, so as to form a vaulted cap over stamens and ovaries.
Stamens numerous, connective produced beyond anther cells into a variously
shaped process. Ovaries many, style cylindric or subulate, simple or 2 fid.
Ripe carpels 1 seeded, often supported by the persistent bracts or sepals.
Species 47, eastern tropical Asia.

1. G. cardiopetalus, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Ann. iv. p. 93, t. 129; Bedd.
Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 62.

A shrub or small tree, branchlets minutely pubescent. Leaves thinly
coriaceous, entirely glabrous, 6-9 in. long, margin undulate. Fl. } in. diam.
on short peduncles. Style cylindric, stigma 2-cleft. Ripe carpels oblong,
sessile, } in. long.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, from North Kanara to Malabar. Fl.

March.

20 IV. ANONACHEA [Goniothalamus

2. G. sesquipedalis, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Ann. iy. t. 139.—Syn. Guatteria
sesquipedalis, Wall. Ic. Pl. As. Rar. t. 266.

A glabrous shrub. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, 6-14 in.,
both surfaces shining, the lower paler, secondary nerves 12-18 pair, prominent
beneath, as well as the intramarginal loops. Fl. greenish-yellow, sweet-scented,
axillary or supra-axillary, solitary or in pairs, on short stout pedicels. Ripe
carpels few, nearly sessile, ovoid, apiculate, #-1 in. long, orange red when
ripe, supported by the persistent veined broadly ovate sepals.

Foot of Sikkim Himalaya, ascending to 5,000 ft., Assam, Burma. 3. G. Wightii, Hook.
fil. & Thoms.; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 63; Ann. t. 1228, hills between Tinnevelli and
Travancore, a small tree, outer petals 4-4 in., leaves lanceolate, 3-4 in. 4. G. wynadensis,
Bedd. l.c. t. 61; Ann. iv. t. 1284, Wainad,a large shrub. Leaves 8-11 in., secondary
nerves prominent beneath. 5. G. Simonsii, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Ann. iv. t. 137, Khasi
hills, branchlets and underside of leaves along nerves brown tomentose. Leaves 9-14
in., secondary nerves 14-18, prominent beneath. 6. G. Griffithii, Hook. fil. & Thoms. ;
Seats t. 186, Tenasserim. Sepals broadly ovate, outer petals lanceolate acuminate

in. long.

13. MELODORUM, Dunal; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 78.

Shrubs, mostly chmbing. Leaves large, elliptic- or lanceolate-oblong,
secondary nerves numerous, prominent. Fl. buds pyramidal or conical. Sepals
3 small, connate at base, petals thick, fleshy, connivent, the 3 inner generally
smaller, triquetrous above, hollowed below on the inner face. Ovaries many,
style cylindric, generally short, ovules 2 or more. Species 35, tropical Asia.

A. Leaves rusty tomentose or pubescent beneath.

1. M. rubiginosum, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Ann. iy. t. 183.

Branchlets rusty tomentose. Leaves 3-9 in., carpels velvety, ovoid obtuse,
1 in. long, stalk tomentose, as long as carpels.

Assam, Chittagong, Martaban, Tenasserim. Fl. C.S. 2. M. bicolor, Hook. fil. &
Thoms. ; Ann. iv. t. 1758, Sikkim, Assam, Burma. Leayes roughly tomentose beneath,
3-7 in. FI. woolly outside, carpels globose 1 in. diam., stalks short. 3. M. verrucosum,
Hook. fil. & Thoms. ; Ann. iy. t. 1774, Khasi hills, Yunan. Leaves lanceolate, 2-5 in.
Carpels globose, densely tuberculate, 14-2 in. diam., narrowed into a stalk 4-8 in.

B. Leaves glabrous beneath.

4, M, Wallichii, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Ann. iy. t. 1754, Assam, Khasi hills. Leaves
oblong-lanceolate, 3<8 in. long, secondary nerves 10-12 pair, carpels ovoid 4 in.
diam., stalks 1} in. 5. M. polyanthum, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Ann. iy. t. 1724, Assam,
Khasi hills, Chittagong hill tract. Leaves lanceolate, 5-3 in. Fl. small in bracteate
sessile or shortly pedunculate umbels. 6. M. macranthum, Kurz; Ann. iv. t. 186,
Andamans, a tree, leaves elliptic-oblong, 6-8 in., secondary nerves slender, outer
petals 3-5 in., ripe carpels oblong, 14-14 in., does not perhaps belong to this genus.

Xylopia parvifolia, Hook. fil. & Thoms. ; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 48, Fl. Sylv. t. 172;
Ann. iy. t. 1904 (Santhu, Mal.) is a lofty tree with huge buttresses, in the evergreen
forests of Travancore, also in Ceylon. Leayes coriaceous, 24-34 in. long, secondary
nerves indistinct, reticulate veins visible on both sides. Fl. buds linear, fl. 3 in. long,
yellow, in axillary few fld. subsessile fascicles. Petals nearly equal, from a broad base
narrow-linear, silky pubescent outside, the 3 inner with a concaye base. Ovaries 5,
oblong, pubescent, style as long as ovary, glabrous, stigma longer than style, hairy.
Ripe carpels blunt, tapering to the base, pubescent, 1-13 in. long. The representative
in India of a large genus (60-70 species) in the tropics of both hemispheres.

14. ARTABOTRYS, R. Brown; Fl. Brit. Ind. 1. 53.

Evergreen, scrambling or climbing shrubs. Peduncles extra-axiilary,
hooked, recurved, generally thick and woody, often grappling supports, bearing
single fl. or fascicles of fl. Petals 6, nearly equal; base of all concave, closing
over stamens and ovaries, limb spreading. Ovaries few or numerous, ovules 2,
erect, collateral. Species 32, tropical Africa and Eastern Asia.

Artabotrys) ITV. ANONACEAL 21

A. Petals lanceolate or elliptic.

1. A: zeylanicus, Hook. fil. & Thoms. ; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 48: Ann.
iv. p. 43 t. 53.

An enormous climber. Leaves coria-
ceous, quite glabrous, shining, 3-6 in.
long. Peduncles flat, bearing 1-4 fl. ‘
Petals coriaceous, brownish, lanceolate,
densely tomentose, the outer 1} in. long,
the inner a little smaller. Ripe car-
jels sessile, ribbed, mucronate.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats,
from Kanara southwards. Fl. Noyember.
Ceylon.

2. A. geet cents. R. Brown ;
Ann. iv. t.

A large Eamphiag glabrous shrub.
Leaves ‘thinly coriaceous, oblong-lan-
ceolate, 4-6 in. long. FI. solitary or
in pairs, greenish yellow, exceedingly
fragrant, petals acute, minutely seri-
ceous, be 1}in. long. Ovaries glabrous.
Ripe ‘carpels 8- 15, pyriform, apiculate,
narrowed into a short stalk, 14-1} in.
long, yellow.

Indigenous in Tenasserim (Kurz, F. Fl.
i. 31) and Ceylon, cultivated throughout
India. Fl. H.and R.S. 3. A Kurzii, Hook.

fil. & Thoms. : Ann. iv. t. 47, a straggling yg. 7,—Artabotrys zeylanicus, Hook.
or climbing deciduous shrub in the Eng Ieee nore | Lenten

forests of the Irawaddi valley (Nyané, Upper i = ;
Burma) Branchlets, petioles, and nerves cn the underside of leaves pubescent, petals
velvety obtuse } in. 4. A. crassifolius, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Ann. iv. t. 51; Kurz, F.
Fl. i. 30, an evergreen woody climber in Tenpsserim.

B. Petals fleshy, cylindric clavate or triquetrous.

5. A. suaveolens, Blume; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 32; Ann. iv. t. 61.

A large climber. Leaves shining, acuminate, 2-4 in. long. Fl. fasciculate,
on recurved flat woody peduncles, which sometimes lengthen out to 5 inches.
Petals fleshy, tomentose, }—} in., blade cylindric to clavate. Ripe carpels few,
ellipsoid, glabrous, } in. long.

Silhet, Chittagong, Burma, Malay Peninsula. Fl. R.S. 6. A. burmanicus, A. D. C.;
Ann. iv. t. 62 » Manipur, Burma. Leaves 4-7 in., rusty nes ent beneath, secondary
nerves 8-10 pair, Prpnrnenh, joined by distinct intramarginal veins, petals narrow-
linear 1 in. long. 7. A. speciosus, Kurz; Ann. iv. t. 57, ‘Andamans, with yellow fl.
14 in. long.

Cyathocalyx zeylanicus, Champion; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 47; Amn. iv. t. 42, is a
tree common in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, from South Kanara
southwards, glabrous, calyx an obscurely 3-toothed truncate cup. Petals 6, nearly
equal, base concave, closing over stamens and oyaries. Ovary solitary, glabrous, w ith
numerous ovules. Ripe ‘carpel Lee ularly ovoid, 14-8 in. long, subsessile. 2. ¢.

martabanicus, Hook. fil. & Thoms. ; Ann. iv. 43, middle-sized tree of Martaban and
Tenasserim, similar, but with a deeply B-clefi calyx.

Anaxagorea, luzoniensis, A. Gray ; Ann. t. 118a.—Syn. A. zeylanica, Hook. fil. & Thoms. ;
Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 46, Burma, Andamans, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipel-
ago, isa small evergreen shrub, entirely glabrous. Leaves membranous, with pellucid
dots. Fl. white, $ in. diam., solitary on short pedicels, ovaries few, glabrous. Ripe
carpels clavate, narrowed into a thick stalk, 1-2 seeded, dehiscing, 2 valved.

bo
bo

Iv. ANONACEA [Anona

15. ANONA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. 1. 78.

Trees or shrubs with bisexual fl. Sepals small, petals 6 or 3. Stamens
indefinite, crowded round a hemispherical torus, connective overlapping the
anthers. Carpels united into a large fleshy fruit, seeds numerous, embedded
in a soft pulp.

A. squamosa, Linn. Custard apple. Vern. Sitaphal, Saripha, Hind.

Wholly glabrous, leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, pellucid dotted,
with a peculiar smell. Fl. greenish, single or in pairs, on pedicels as long as
flower. Exterior petals lanceolate, triquetrous, thick and fleshy, 1 in. long,
3 interior minute or wanting. Fruit 2-41in. diam., seeds oblong, brownish black.

Indigenous in the West Indies, completely domesticated over a great part of India,
cultivated as far north as Gurdaspur in the Punjab. Fl. H.S.

Other species cultivated in India: 2. A. muricata, Linn.; Sowr-sop. 3. A. reticulata,
Linn.; Bullock’s heart. Vern. Ramphal.

Orpen V. MENISPERMACE. Gen. Pl. i. 30.

Climbing or twining, rarely erect shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually palmi-
nerved, often peltate, stipules O. Fl. small, dicezious or polygamous. Sepals
usually 6, the outer 3 often minute. Petals usually 6, sometimes wanting.
6: Stamens commonly 6, free, opposite to petals, or anthers on a staminal
column. @ : Carpels distinct, 3, sometimes more, or 1 only, ovule 1 (2 in
Fibraurea). Fruit generally drupaceous, the seed enclosed in a woody or
coriaceous endocarp, usually curved or horseshoe shaped, scar of style often
near the base of carpel.

Remarkable anatomical characters.—The wood of all species has broad medullary rays,
alternating with broad wedges of wood, and as a rule very large vessels. Many species
have concentric bands of bast (phloém) in the wood. This is the case in Cissampelos
Pareira, Cyclea Burmanni, Cocculus macrocarpus, villosus and Leeba, and also in Coc-
culus laurifolius, one of the few trees in this order. These bands of bast in the wood
have been called concentric, frequently however they are partial, alternating masses
of wood and bast occupying portions only of the circumference.

The following species, and probably many others besides, have no bands of bast in
the wood: Lophophyllum bicristatum, Tinospora cordifolia, Coscinium fenestratum and
Hematocarpus Thomsont.

‘A. Ovary 1, style scar basal, leaves generally peltate:

Sepals 6-10, free, petals 3-5, free. : : . 1. Srepmanra.

Sepals 4, free, petals of male 4,connate . , : CISSAMPELOS (p. 23).

Sepals 4-8, connate, petals of male 4-8 connate. . 2. CycneEa.

Sepals 4-8, connate, petals of male 0, leaves cordate. LorwopHytium (p. 24).
B. Ovaries 3, style scar terminal.

Filaments distinct. : 6 0 . 8. Trnospora.

Anthers on a staminal column, sepals 12. ; . 4. Asprpocarya.

Anthers on a staminal column, sepals6 . : é ParaBana (p. 24).

C. Ovaries 3, sometimes more, style scar basal or ventral, filaments distinct, leaves
generally not peltate.

Seed albuminous, globose —. : : . 5, ANAMIRTA.

Seed albuminous, horseshoe shaped, sepals 6.
Petals 8, ovaries 3-6 . 5 3 : : ¢ ; Coscrntum (p. 25).
Petals 6, ovaries 3-12 . : 6. Trrracora.
Petals 6, ovaries 3-6, style subulate : A . 7%. Coccuus.
Petals 6, ovaries 3, style bifid . : 5 : : Prrtcampy.ws (p. 26).
Petals 5-8, ovaries3 . Orn roa : : ; . 8. Lracta.

Seed exalbuminous
Sepals, petals, stamens6 . : 9 , é ‘ PacuyGons (p. 27).
Sepals and petals 6, stamens 9 . 6 : 6 : Pycnarnena (p. 27).
Sepals 9-12, petals 6, stamens 6 . s : : : Hamarocarpus (p. 27).

Sepals 8, petals 2, stamens 8 0 ; : 5 ; ANTITAXIS (p. 27).

Cyclea) V. MENISPERMACE 23
1. STEPHANIA, Louw. ; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 102.

Slender but widely spreading perennial glabrous climbers, hardly woody.
Leaves peltate, membranous, basal nerves numerous. Fl. umbellate, in com-
pound pedunculate umbels. ¢: Sepals 6-10, ovate or obovate, petals 3-5,
oboyate, fleshy, anthers 6, connate round the top of the staminal column.
De: Sepals 1-5, petals of male, no staminodes. Ovary 1, style 3-6 partite.
Endocarp horseshoe shaped, tubercled. Seed almost annular. About 8 species,
from tropical Africa to Polynesia and Australia.

1. S. hernandifolia, Walp.—Syn. Clypea hernandifolia, W. & A.; Wight
ll, BBEE

Leaves ovate, pale beneath, blade 2-4, petiole 1-2 in. Umbels capitate,
ripe carpels } in. diam., fasciculate (one only in each flower).

Subhimalayan tract, from Nepal eastwards, Assam, Khasi hills, Bengal, Burma,
Western Ghats and coast, Ceylon. Fl. March-August. Malay Peninsula and Archi-
pelago, Cochinchina, Southern China, Polynesia and Australia. 2. S. rotunda, Lour. ;
Vern. Parha,Din. Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 6,000 ft.
Assam to Burma, Western Ghats and coast. A large bulbous-rooted climber ; leaves
round, often sinuate-lobed, 3-7 in. diam.; fl. yellow, on slender pedicels. 3. S, elegans,
Hook, fil. & Thoms. Subhimalayan tract from Garhwal eastwards, ascending to 6,000
ft. Khasi hills. A wiry climber; leaves elongate-deltoid, acuminate, 24 in.; metallic
lustre underneath. Peduncles filiform, longer than petioles. Berries small, red,
transparent.

‘

Cissampelos Pareira, Linn.; Brandis, F. Fl. 10; Collett Simla Fl. fig. 7—Vern.
Katori, pataki, tikri, Pb.; Parhe, Dan, is a climber with herbaceous or slender
woody branches, on a short stout stem: branches more or less grey tomentose ;
leaves generally peltate; male fl. tetramerous, in small lax cymose clusters, at the
end of short slender axillary peduncles: female fl. in elongate simple or compound
racemes, with numerous broad alternate foliaceous bracts, ovary 1. Ripe carpels
4 in. diam., style scar basal, endocarp transversely ridged and tubereulate, seed
horseshoe shaped. Subhimalayan tract, from the Indus eastwards, ascending to
4,000 ft. Chota Nagpore. Common in both peninsulas, not in the arid region. Fl.
March-October. Cosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical countries.

2. CYCLEA, Arnott; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 104.

Climbing shrubs, branchlets longitudinally ribbed, leaves peltate, fl. in
axillary panicles, Male: Calyx 4-8 lobed, petals 48) more or less connate.
Anthers 4-6, on the top of the staminal column, connate, bursting transversely.
Female : Sepal 1 oblong, petal 1 orbicular. Ov ary 1, style short, 3-5 lobed.
Drupe pisiform, style scar near base, endocarp tubercled, seed horseshoe
shaped. Species 6. Madagascar, India, China.

Fig. 8.—Cyclea peltata, Hook fil. & Thoms. 4.

.

24 V. MENISPERMACEA [Cyclea

1. C. peltata, Hook. fil. & Thoms. Vern. Paryel, Mar.

Leaves deltoid, entire, branchlets petioles and underside of leaves hairy,
6: Calyx campanulate, 4-lobed, corolla an irregularly 4-lobed cup. Drupe
pilose.

Sikkim, Assam, Khasi hills, Burma, Western coast of the Peninsula, from the Kon-
kan southwards. Fl. R.S. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Nearly allied and very
similar: 2. C. Burmanni Miers, Western Ghats and coast from the Konkan southwards,
Ceylon. Leaves elongate, deltoid, acuminate, slightly undulate or sinuate, corolla

urceolate, nearly entire, drupes pearly white, the dense masses of fruit like miniature
bunches of white grapes.

Lophophyllum bicristatum, Griff.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 105, is a tall woody climber of the
lower hills of Sikkim (to 2,000 ft.), Bhutan, the Khasi hills and Manipur. Branchlets,
petioles and underside of leaves hairy ; leaves cordate, not peltate ; tertiary nerves promi-
nently reticulate, g without petals, 2 with 2 fleshy sepals. One circle only of wood
wedges, which bifurcate near the bark.

3. TINOSPORA, Miers; Fl. Brit. Ind. 1. 96.

Deciduous climbers, stems succulent, corky ; leaves membranous, not peltate,
with 5-7 basal nerves. Fl., when the plant is leafless, in axillary or terminal
racemes or panicles. Sepals 6, the 3 inner larger; petals 6, smaller than the
inner sepals. @: Stamens 6, free, filaments thick, often adnate to petals,
anther cells bursting obliquely. 9: Staminodes 6, clavate, ovaries 3, stigma
broad. Drupes 1-3, style scar terminal, seed generally curved round the
intruded endocarp. Species 9, tropics of Asia, Australia and Africa.

1. T. cordifolia, Miers—Syn. Cocculus cordifolius, DC.; Wight Ic. t.
485, 486. Vern. Batindu, Pb.; Gélel, guloh, gurach, Hind.; Gulwail, Mar.

A glabrous climber. Leaves cordate, blade 1-24 in., petiole 1-2 in. long,
FI. yellow, in slender racemes or racemose panicles, drupes 1-3, red, succulent,
4 in. diam., endocarp smooth.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Jumna eastwards, Central India and Western Peninsula,
Chittagong, Andamans. Fl. February—April. Nearly allied: 2. T. nudiflora, Kurz,
F. Fl. i. 52. Sindén manwé, Burm. Lower Burma. Shoots densely whitish-tomentose.
Leaves ovate, softly pubescent, pale beneath, drupes juicy, 1 in. diam., orange-yellow.

3. T. malabarica, Miers; Trimen Handbook Ceylon, i. 38.

Stems $ in. diam., smooth and shining, bark papery, shoots pubescent,
leaves cordate, pubescent above, whitish-tomentose beneath, blade 4-5 in.
Ripe carpels crimson, 4 in. diam., endocarp tubercled.

oY

Western Peninsula, Sikkim, Khasi hills and Chittagong. Fl. February—May.

Following Trimen I unite with this: JT. tomentosa, Miers; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 96.
Nearly allied: 4. T. crispa, Miers. Assam to Burma, Malay Peninsula. Leaves glabrous,
blade 2-6 in., petiole 1-3 in. long, drupe 1 in. long, ovoid.

4. ASPIDOCARYA, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 95.

1. A. uvifera, Hook. fil. & Thoms. (the only species).

A climber, leaves ovate-cordate, slightly peltate, basal nerves 3-5, petioles
2-3 in. Fl. in slender panicles. Sepals green, 12, in 2-4 rows, the 6 outer
narrow, the 6 inner broadly-ovate or orbicular. Petals 6, smaller than the
inner sepals, obovate, the edges incurved. 4: Anthers 6, bursting trans-
versely, on the top of a slender staminal column. 2: 6 clavate staminodia
opposite to petals and enveloped by them, 3 carpels, united at the top by a 3 fid
stigma. Fruit a fleshy edible drupe, consisting of one flat 1-seeded carpel,
2 in. long, rarely 2 or 3, style scar terminal.

Sikkim, ascending to 5,000 ft. Fl. H.S.

Parabena sagittata‘ Miers. Subhimalayan tract from Nepal eastwards, ascending to

Tiliacora\

3,000 ft., Khasi hills, Chittagong, Burma.
Leaves cordate or sagittate, often sinu-
ate toothed, fl. in pedunculate dichoto-
mous cymes, sepals 6, drupes ovoid tuber-
culate } in. long.

5. ANAMIRTA, Colebrooke ;
Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 98.

Species 2 or perhaps more, India,
Malay Archipelago.

A. paniculata, Colebr,; Trimen
Handb. Ceylon, i. 40.—Syn. A. Coc-
culus, Wight et Arn. Vern. Kak-
mari, Hind.

A powerful glabrous climber,
stems woody, 4 in. diam., twisting
round supports and sending out
numerous rootlets, bark thick,
spongy, deeply cracked. Leaves
thinly coriaceous, cordate or broadly
ovate, blade 4-8, petiole 2-6 in. long,
basal nerves 3-5. FI. green, scented,
in long pendulous panicles, sepals 6,
petals 0. g : Numerous 2-celled an-
thers, round the top of a short thick
central column. 2: 4-5 carpels,
style lateral. Drupes usually 2,
black, 4 in. diam., on short thick
stalks, in ample panicles.

Fie. 10.—Tiliacora racemosa, Colebr.
Section of carpel }.

V. MENISPERMACEA

Ta Saeed

pt)
\
HR N
ne
es \~
f vr
yy YY
SS
Kos Za ee
Ss

Fig. 9.—Anamirta paniculata, Colebr.
Leaf, fruit. 3.

Assam, Khasi hills, both Peninsulas. Cey-
lon. FI. February in Burma, May, June in
Ceylon. Also Malay Archipelago. Thedry
fruit (Cocculus indicus) an article of trade.
Seeds extremely bitter, used to adulterate
beer and in India to intoxicate fish. Con-
tain Picrotoxin, a poisonous substance.

Coscinium fenestratum, Colebrooke. Ceylon,
probably also in the Peninsula. A woody
climber, young shoots and underside of
leaves yellow-tomentose, leaves broadly
ovate or cordate, in young plants peltate,
blade 4-8, petals 3-4 in., fl. dicecious, in
dense globose heads; sepals 6, petals 3,
stamens 6, the 3 inner cohering half way
up. Drupes 1-3, 4 in. diam. Cotyledons
orbicular, thin, laciniate.

6. TILIACORA, Colebrooke ;
Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 99.

T. racemosa, Colebr. (the only
species). Vern. Karwant, Oudh, Tilia-
koru, Beng.

A large evergreen climber, perfectly
glabrous, leaves ovate, blade 3-5 in.,
petiole 1 in. long, 3 basal nerves,

26 VY. MENISPERMACEA [Tiliacora
the lowest pair of secondary nerves from near the base, reticulate veins con-
spicuous. Fl. yellow, supported by small bracts, in axillary panicles. Sepals
6, in 2 series, the inner much larger ; petals 6, minute, stamens 6, ovaries 3-12.
Ripe carpels 1-10, on short stalks, blunt, } in. long, endocarp wrinkled, seed
bent double, albumen oily, cotyledons linear.

Oudh forests, Bengal, Western Peninsula. Fl. R.S. but also at other times. Ceylon.

7. COCCULUS, DC.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 101.

Small trees or woody climbers. Fl. panicled, sepals 6, the inner larger,
petals 6, shorter than the sepals of the inner circle, concave, embracing the
stamens. 4 : Stamens 6, filaments free, anthers terminal, the cells opening
by transverse slits. 9 : Ovaries 3-6. Drupes generally 3, compressed, scar
of style near the base on the inner side, endocarp tuberculate, horseshoe shaped.
Species 18, in all tropical and subtropical countries.

1. C. laurifolius, DC.; Brandis F. Fl. 9. Vern. Tilphara, N.W.

An erect evergreen shrub or moderate sized tree, leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved,
shining, the 2 lateral nerves prominent, extending beyond the middle of the
leaf. Fl. small, in axillary panicles.

N.W. Himalaya from Chamba to Nepal, ascending to 5,000 ft. Anamalaihills. Shan
hills, Upper Burma, at 4,000 ft. Fl. H.S. Java, China, Japan.

2. C. macrocarpus, Wight et Arn.—Syn. C. glauwcescens, Kurz, F. Fl.
B. B.i.55. Vern. Vatoli, Vat-yel, Mar.

A gigantic glabrous woody
climber, stem as thick as a
man’s leg, bark smooth, branch-
lets with numerous slender ribs,
leaves round, pale beneath, blade
2—4 in. diam., often broader than
long, petiole 2-4 in. long, 3-5
basal nerves. Fl. numerous,
pale yellow, in pendulous pani-
cles, 1-2 ft. long, mostly from
the old wood. _ Ripe carpels 1-2,
obliquely obovoid, nearly 1 in.
long, tapering into a short neck,
endocarp with transverse ridges.

West side of the Peninsula, from
Matheran southwards. Khasi hills,
Chittagong, Lower Burma. Fl.
February—March. Ceylon, moist
low country, Sumatra, Celebes,

Fic. 11.—Cocculus macrocarpus, South China.

Wight et Arn. 4. Two small woody climbers, com-

mon in hedges: 3. €. villosus, DC. ;

Vern. Paukh, Oudh, common in the plains and lower hills of both Peninsulas. Branch-

lets, leaves and inflorescence grey-tomentose, leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse,

often mucronate, 1-3 in. long; 4. C. Leeba, DC., dry and arid regions of Western

India, Punjab, Sind, Baluchistan (—hanging down over the perpendicular stony sides

of dry watercourses--), Western Rajputana, Deccan—Afghanistan, Arabia, tropicaland

subtropical Africa. Branches and young leaves pubescent, leaves oblong or trapezoid,
obtuse, often lobed, 3-13 in. long.

Pericampylus incanus, Miers. Sikkim, Assam, Khasi hills, Burma, Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago, is a tomentose climbing shrub, leaves membranous, from a straight
or cordate, sometimes slightly peltate base, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, pale
beneath, 5 basal nerves. FI. in axillary cymose panicles, petals 6, ovaries 3, style 2 fid,
segments subulate. Drupes red, the size of a pea, endocarp horseshoe shaped, crested
and echinate.

bo
-~]

Limacia) VI. MENISPERMACE#

8. LIMACIA, Loureiro; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 100.

Woody climbers, leaves coriaceous, triplinerved or with 3 basal nerves. FI.
in panicles, sepals 6-10, petals 5-8, embracing the stamens, smaller than the
sepals of the inner circle. ¢ : Stamens 3—9, sometimes more, anthers adnate,
bursting vertically. 9 : Staminodes 6, ovaries 3. Drupes obovoid or reniform,
style scar near the base, seed long cylindrical, curved round the intruded
endocarp. Species 8-10, Eastern tropical Asia, Solomon Islands, North
Australia.

1. L. cuspidata, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Trimen Handb. Ceylon i. 42.
Evergreen, young shoots pubescent, leaves 2-3 in. long, longer on vigorous
shoots, stamens 8-12. Drupes nearly globose, }—-} in. long, ‘dull reddish purple.

Assam, Silhet, Tenasserim, Ceylon, Cochinchina, China. Fl. R.S. L. triandra,
Miers. Lower Burma, Malay Peninsula. Leaves triplinerved, 2-4 in. ane sepals 9,
thick, stamens 3. 3. L. velutina, Miers. Mergui, Malay Peninsula. Branches velvety,
leaves tomentose, 2-6 in., basal and secondary nerves prominent beneath.

Pachyzone ovata, Miers; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 105.—Syn. P. odorifera, Miers; Kurz, F. Fl.
i. 56; Cissampelos "Plukenetii, DC.; Wight Ic. t. $24, 825. Vern. Ngu pyu, Burm., Coro-
mandel coast (Sriharikota), but also inland; common in the sw amp forests of the
plains of Lower Burma, also on limestone rocks. A Jarge evergreen spreading shrub
with long drooping and climbing branches, branchlets and petioles hairy, leaves ovate,
coriaceous, glabrous, shining, basal nerves 3-5, fl. white, with a strong honey scent,
pedicellate, generally panic ‘led in the axils of linear hairy bracts, in slender axillar vy
racemes, sepals 6, the 3 outer smaller, petals 6, small, embracing the filaments. Ovaries
3; ripe carpels reniform, glabrous, } in. long, style scar basal. 2. P. dasycarpa, Kurz,
F. Fl. i. 56. Tenasserim, the drupes densely tomentose, is closely allied.

Pycnarrhena plenifiora, Miers; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 106. Assam, Silhet, is a large, erect
or scrambling shrub, shoots often tomentose, branchlets ribbed, leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, thinly coriaceous, secondary nerves 6-8 pair, impressed above, very promi-
nent beneath, joined at a distance from the edge by conspicuous intramarginal veins,
fl. in axillary capitate clusters. Sepals 6, the inner larger, petals 6, stamens 9, filaments
short. Drupe 3 in. lorig, style scar lateral.

Another climber with exalbuminous seeds is Hematocarpus Thomsoni, Miers; FI.
Brit. Ind. i. 106. Sikkim, Himalaya and Khasi hills. Perfectly glabrous, leaves rigidly
coriaceous, elliptic lanceolate, the 3 basal nerves running along “the edge nearly to the
apex ; secondary nerves conspicuous, almost at right angles to midr ib.

Antitaxis calocarpa, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 57, Chittagong, Andamans and Nicobars, is a large
evergreen woody diccious climber, leaves oblong-lanceolate, penninerved, secondary
nerves not much more conspicuous than the finely reticulate veins, pedic -els numerous,
paniculate, filiform, }-§ in. long. Sepals 8, in decussate pairs, the inner larger, petals
2 small, stamens 8. Drupes 1-3, glabrous, shining, scarlet, } in. long, style scar
ventral, endocarp brittle, seed nearly globular, concave ventrally, albumen none,
cotyledons fleshy, half round, incurved.

Orver VI. BERBERIDACEZ. Gen. PI. i. 40.
(Berberidee.)
(Lardizabalacew and Berberidacee, Engler und Prantl, iii. 2, pp. 67, 70)

Glabrous shrubs, sometimes climbing. Leaves alternate, simple or com-
pound. Sepals ani petals free, usually trimerous. Stamens 4-5, opposite to
petals, anthers adnate. Carpals 1-3, ovules few or numerous. Seeds with
copious albumen.

A. Lardizabalem. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, anthers opening by slits, carpels 3.

Climbers, leaves 3-9 foliolate, stamans free : . L. Hocnasurtra.
C limbers, leaves 8 foliolate, stamens monadelphous. é Parvaria (p. 28).
Erect shrubs, leaves pinnate. : : : Drcatsnka (p. 28).

B. Berberew, Erect shrubs or herbs, fl. pissin, athens opening by valves, carpel 1.
Shrubs, generally spiny, fl. yellow, ovules few basal . 2. Beruerts.

28 VI. BERBERIDACEZ [Berberis

1. HOLBCELLIA, Wall.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 108.
Species two, 1 Chinese.

1. H. latifolia, Wall.; Brandis, F. Fl. 13. Vern. Gophla, N.W.

A large climber, the ends of branches often transformed into tendrils.
Outer bark corky, deeply cleft vertically. Wedges of wood with large
vessels, separated by very broad medullary rays, no rings of bast in the
wood. Leaves 3-9-foliolate, leaflets acuminate, ovate-lanceolate, blade 3-6,
petiole $ in. Fl. monecious, purplish-green, sweet-scented. Sepals 6, petals 6,
minute, stamens 6, ovaries 3. Fruit consisting of 2-3 fleshy edible oblong
bee 2-4 in. long, seeds numerous, in several vertical rows, immersed in
pulp. :

Himalaya 4,000-9,000 ft., from Kashmir eastwards. Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur.
Fl. April, May.

Parvatia Brunoniana, Decaisne; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 108, Assam, Khasi hills, Taépo
mountain, S.E. of Toungoo, 5,000 ft. A large climbing shrub with trifoliolate leaves.
Fl. monecious, greenish yellow, in axillary fascicled racemes. Ripe carpels 1-14 in.
leng, ovoid, many-seeded.

Decaisnea insignis, Hook. fil. & Thoms., Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 107, in humid forests of the inner
valleys of Sikkim and Bhutan (7,000-9,000 ft.) is a smal] tree 10 ft. high, stem simple
or with a few branches, each bearing a tuft of large imparipinnate leaves, 2-3 ft.
long, leaflets opposite, glaucous beneath, common petiole constricted above insertion of
leaflets. Fl]. green, monoecious, in Jong racemes. Sepals 6,acuminate, in 2 rows, petals
0, stamens 6, monadelphous, ovaries 3, with many 2-seriate ovules. Fruit consisting
of three yellow, fleshy, edible, spreading follicles, seeds many.. Wood normal, medullary
rays narrow, pith large.

9, BERBERIS, Linn.: Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 108.

Spiny shrubs with yellow wood. Leaves spinous-toothed, simple or
imparipinnate. Fl. yellow, sepals 6, imbricate in two series, with a few ap-
pressed bracts, petals 6, imbricate, stamens 6, anther cells opening by recurved
valves. Ovary 1, stigma peltate, sessile or on a short style, ovules usually
few, basal. Fr. a berry. Upwards of 100 species, many variable, closely
allied, and difficult to keep apart. Temperate and subtropical regions of the
northern hemisphere and temperate South America.

Section I—Mahonia. Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets opposite.

1. B. nepalensis, Spreng.--Syn. B. Leschenaultii, Wall.; Wight: Ic.
t. 940. Vern. Kandlu, Sharor, Chamba; Khoru, Jauns, Maranthu, Trav.

An eyergreen shrub. Leaflets 6-12 pair, ovate-lanceolate, 1-5 in. long, the
lowest pair often near the base, much smaller and nearly orbicular, common
petiole articulate at the insertion of leaflets, frequently two small subulate
stipules on its) broad, nearly sheathing base. - Upper leaves often reduced to
sheathing bracts. Racemes long, compact, several at the ends of branches.
Berry blue-glaucous, ovoid (globose on the Nilgiris).

Outer Himalaya, 6,000-8,000 ft., from the Ravi eastwards. Khasi hills, Manipur,
Burma hills, Nilgiris. Fl. October—April.

Section II.—Berbcris proper. Branches ribbed; leaves simple, gradually
narrowed into a short petiole, those on elongated shoots generally reduced to:
simp'e cr 2-7 forked spines, in the axils of which are arrested branchlets,
bearing tufts cf leaves. The shoots with elongated internodes generally grow
from the terminal bud of a short arrested branch.

A. Fl. in racemes, corymbs or umbels.

9.B. vulgaris, Lion.; Hooker’s Stud. Fl. 3rd ed. 15.—Barberry. Vern.
Chochar, Chamchir, Hattu.

Berberis| VI. BERBERIDACEA y

bo

9

Deciduous, bark grey, branchlets red. Leaves membranous or thinly
coriaceous, glaucous beneath, serrate with equal spinulose teeth, crowded on
arrested branchlets in the axils of 3-fid, rarely 5-fid or simple spines.
Racemes pedunculate, stigma broad, sessile. Berry ovoid or cylindric, as
long as or shorter than pedicel, usually red when ripe.

North-West Himalaya, mostly in shady forest of Silver Fir, Spruce and Oak, 8,000 -
12,000 ft. Fl. March-June. Tibet, Northern Asia, Japan and China, Afghanistan,
Europe. A form with thinly coriaceous leaves in Baluchistan.

3. B. aristata, DC.; Brand. F. Fl. 12; Collett Simla Fl. fig. 8.—Syn. B.
tinctoria, Leschenault; Wight Ill.t.8. Vern. Kashmal, Kaumul, Kammul,
Simla; Bagi Sutrum, Kan; Kingora, Garhwal.

Branches shining, reddish-brown, slightly drooping. Leaves coriaceous,
more or less persistent, obovate or oblanceolate, green beneath, entire or with
few large distant spinescent teeth. FI. golden yellow, in long drooping
compound racemes, much longer than leaves, peduncles and pedicels slender.
Berries spindle-shaped, tapering into a short style, stigma small subglobose.

Outer Himalaya, Indus to Bhutan, 4,000-10,000 ft., Nilgiris, Ceylon. Fl. March—June.
On high exposed ridges a stunted shrub with smaller leaves and short racemes.

4. B. Lycium, Royle; Brandis F. Fl. 12. Vern. Kashmal, Chochar,
Chotra, Simla.

An erect shrub, bark grey or whitish, branches rigid. Leaves narrow,
lanceolate or oblanceolate, coriaceous, mucronate, generally entire, bright green
above, glaucous beneath. Fl. small, pale yellow, in corymbose, at times
compound racemes, which generally are as long as or a little longer than
leaves. Pedicels slender, longer than the blue ovoid berries, style distinct,
stigma capitate.

Outer North-West Himalaya on clearances, along the roadside, often gregarious,

_from Kashmir to Garhwal, 3,000-8,000 ft. Fl. March, April, a fortnight earlier than
B. avistata,

5. B. asiatica, Roxb.; Brandis F. Fl. 12.

Bark pale, the arrested
leaf-bearing shoots often
on the top of stout woody
tuberculate branchlets of
previous years. Leaves
rigidly coriaceous, white
beneath, obovate, some-
times nearly orbicular,
nerves and veins strongly
reticulate, lacunose — be-
tween the veins. Seedlings
have broadly-ovate leaves,
petiole slender, more than
twice the length of blade.
The juvenile state of other
species (B. Wallichiana,
B. concinna) is similar.
Fl. in short corymbose
racemes. erries large,
ovoid, often nearly globose,
red or black, stigma capi-
tate on a distinct style.

Outer Himalaya, from Ku-
maun eastward, ascending to
7,500 ft. Parasnith in Behar. Fic. 12.—Berberis asiatica, Roxb. Seedling and
Fl. H. S. fruiting branch. 4.

30 VI. BERBERIDACEA [Berberis

6. B. coriaria, Royle; Bot. Register vol. xxvii. (1841) t. 46. Vern.
Tharmala, Chochar, Kambra, Narkanda, Bagi.

A tall shrub, branches grey, rigid, spines generally trifid, } in. long, from a
broad base. Leaves thickly coriaceous, 1-3 in. long, upper side dark green,
with prominent whitish reticulate veins, under side pale green, shining,
lacunose when dry, oblanceolate or obovate, narrowed into a short petiole, the
upper half serrate, teeth large, spinescent. Racemes stiff, simple, sessile, longer
than leaves, pedicels in the axils of persistent, lanceolate, often serrate bracts,
with 2 minute lateral bracteoles. Berry ovoid, covered with thick white
bloom, purple when ripe. Stigma broad, flat, on a distinct style.

North-West Himalaya, from Kulu to Kumaun, 8,000-10,000 ft., extending into the
inner dry valleys. Abundant on the great ridge which separates the Sutle] and Tons
valleys, from Narkanda to Sungri. Fl. March—-May. I call this remarkable species
B. coriaria out of deference to the authorities at Kew. The figure quoted has red
berries, stated to be without bloom, and it is very doubtful whether B. coriaria, Royle,
is this species.

7. B. umbellata, Wall.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 110.

Leaves more or less deciduous, obovate or oblanceolate, glaucous beneath,
sparingly serrulate. Fl. in umbelliform corymbs on a long naked peduncle,
berries ovoid-oblong, stigma flat, sessile.

Himalaya 9,000-11,000 ft., from Kashmir eastwards. Fl. May—June.. 8. B. virescens,
Hook. fil., Bot. Mag. t. 7116, Kashmir, Sikkim (9,000 ft.), Bhutan. Leaves small 2-14 in.,
fl. pale yellow or greenish-yellow, fasciculate or in few fld. racemes. Berry oblong,
scarlet, stigma nearly sessile.

B. Peduncles fascicled, 1 flowered.

9. B. Wallichiana, DC.; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 248.

Evergreen. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, lanceolate, tufted, the arrested leaf,
bearing shoots often on the top of stout woody tuberculate branchlets up
to 1 in. long, spines 3-7 fid. Fascicles generally many-flowered, pedicels
slender. Berries ovoid, purple.

Himalaya, from Nepal eastwards, 8,000-10,000 ft., Khasi hills, Manipur, Upper
Burma, Ruby Mines, and Southern Shan States at 4,000 ft. FI. April, May. 10. B.
ulicina, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Ladak, Western Tibet, a small densely spiny shrub, 1-2
ft. high. FI. on short peduncles, crowded.

The following three species have solitary peduncles: 11. B. angulosa, Wall. ;
Kashmir, Nepal, Sikkim (11,000-13,000 ft.). Leaves 1-13 in., usually quite entire,
peduncle longer than leaf, stout, curved, berry globose or broadly oblong, red, 4-4 in.
Jong. 12. B, macrosepala, Hook. fil., Inner Sikkim Himalaya, 12,000-13,000 ft. Leaves
obovate, spinulose-toothed, #-14 in., berries $$ in., red, 6-10 seeded. 13. B. concinna,
Hook. fil., Garhwal, Kumaon, 9,000-13,000 ft. Interior valleys of Sikkim, 12,000-13,000
ft., a small much branched shrub, forming dense tufts or cushions. Leayes 3-2 in.,
obovate, spinous-toothed, white beneath, peduncles slender, exceeding the leaves. Fl.
bright orange, berries 4—} in.

14. B. insignis, Hook. fil. & Thoms. ; Gamble List 5.

A large shrub, resembling holly, differs from all Indian species of this
section by the leaves not being crowded on short arrested branchlets, but
separated by well developed internodes. Leaves lanceolate, rigidly coriaceous,
shining on both surfaces, with long spinescent teeth, 3-6 in. long ; secondary
nerves numerous, prominent beneath, copiously branching towards the edge.
Fl. golden-yellow, 3-20 in a fascicle, berries } in., black.

Sikkim, 8,000-10,000 ft., Bhutan, China. Fl. spring and autumn.

wre Fy -

=

eS

Maerua) VII. CAPPARIDACEA 31

Orper VII. CAPPARIDACEA. Gen. PI. i. 103.
(Capparidee.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes climbing. Leaves simple or 3-9 foliolate,
stipules mostly spinescent, in some genera wanting. Fl. usually bisexual,
often zygomorphic. Sepals 4, free or connate, petals 4, sometimes 2 or none,
imbricate or open in bud. Stamens exserted, generally numerous. Ovary 1,
consisting of 2 or more carpels, generally 1-celled, as a rule raised on an
elongated gynophore, ovules % on 2 or more parietal placentas. Seeds with-
out albumen, embryo incurved.

Remarkable anatomical characters.—In species of Maerua, Cadaba, and Roydsia the
wood is interrupted by concentric bands of bast (phlo#m).

Calyx tube lined by the disk. ~

Leaves 3-5 foliolate, petals 0, fruit ovoid 1. Nrescneta.

Leaves simple, petals 4, fruit moniliform . 2. Marrva.

Leaves simple, petals 0, fruit globose . ; ; : Boscra (p. 32).
Sepals 4, open in bud, leaves 3-foliolate : : . 3. Crarzyva.
Sepals 4, imbricate or outer valvate, leaves Sritle:

Stamens 4-6, inserted high up on the gynophore . 4. Capapa.

Stamens numerous, inserted at the base of By noplere 5. Carparis.
Sepals 6, ovary 3-celled . : é : . 6. Roynsta.

1. NIEBUHRIA, DC.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 171.
Species about 8, most in South Africa.

N. linearis, DC.; Wight Ic. t. 174.—Syn. Maerua linearis, Pax in Engler
u. Prantl, iii. 2. 234.

A small tree with pale grey bark and 3-5 foliolate leaves, leaflets lanceolate,
1-3 in. long, midrib distinct, second. nerves scarcely visible. Racemes
terminal, few fld. Calyx
tube ovoid, limb 4-cleft,
valyate, petals 0. Stamens
@ inserted on the gyno-
phore considerably above
its base. Ovules numerous
on 2 parietal placentas.
Berry ovoid, 1-seeded,
cotyledons fleshy, involute.

Hills on the east side of the
Western Peninsula.

2. MAERUA, Forskahl
Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 171.

Species about 20, some
in Arabia, most in tropical

Africa.

M. arenaria, Hook.
fil. & Thoms.; Trimen
Ceylon i. 58. Syn. AL
ovalifolia, Camb.; Cooke,
Tl. Bomb. i. 41. Vern.
Vika, Guzerat.

A lar ge woody climber,
bark light grey, leaves Fie. 18.—Maerua arenaria, Hook. fil. & Thoms. 4.

32 VII. CAPPARIDACEA [Maerua

elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 4-3 in. Fl. greenish-white, scented, in terminal
or lateral corymbs, calyx tube lined by a disk, on the edge of which the 4 short
petals are inserted. Stamens o, inserted on the gynophore above its base.
Ovary short, ovules numerous on 2 parietal placentas. Fruit yellow, 1-3 in.
long, fleshy, moniliform, many seeded, each seed portion forming almost a
separate berry. Cotyledons fleshy, involute.

Drier parts of North-West India, the Peninsula and Ceylon. FI. C.S.

Boscia variabilis, Coll. et Hemsl.; Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. t. 1—Syn. Niebuhria
variabilis, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 59, Meiktila and elsewhere in-Upper Burma. A small tree,
shoots puberulous, leaves simple, 1-24 in., narrowly oblong, calyx tube very short,
lined by a fleshy annular disk, petals 0, ovary with a small number of ovules on two
placentas.

3. CRATAEVA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 172.

Deciduous trees with trifoliolate leaves. Fl. large, sometimes unisexual,
corymbose. Sepals 4, deciduous, petals long-clawed, open in bud, both inserted
on a fleshy often lobed disk. Stamens numerous ona short column at the base
of a filiform gynophore. Placentas 2 with numerous ovules. Species 10, in
the tropics of both hemispheres.

1. C. religiosa, Forst.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 116.—Syn. C. Roxburghii, R. Br. ;
Kurz, F. Fl. i. 66; Trimen Handb. i. 59.. Vern. Barna, biliana, varvunna,
Hind. ; Nirvala, Mar.; Nardve, Kan.; Maralingam, Tam.; Kadat, Burm.

A moderate-sized tree, large white lenticels on branches, bark with grey
horizontal wrinkles, wood yellowish-white, even- close- and smooth-grained.
Leaves clustered at the ends of branchlets, common petiole 2-4 in. long,
leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the lateral from an oblique basis, petiolules
articulate. Fl. 2 in. diam., cream coloured. Fr. ovoid or globose, 2-3 in.
diam.; rind hard, rough, with numerous white specks; seeds } in. long,
numerous, reniform, in a yellow pulp.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Ravi eastwards, ascending to 2,000 ft. Both
Peninsulas, in low and shady places, chiefly near banks of streams. Often planted.
Fl. H.S., with and after the young leaves. Dry country of Ceylon (fl. Dec.). Tonkin,
China, Formosa, Malay Archipelago, Polynesia, Tropical Africa. 2. €. hygrophila,
Kurz, F. Fl. i. 67 (Yekadat, Burm.). Swamp forest of the Irawaddi valley, a shrub or
small tree, fruit cylindric, 4-5 in. long. 3. C, lophosperma, Kurz. Assam, Shan hills,
Upper Burma; fl. smaller, fruit globose, 2-celled, seeds tuberculate.

4. CADABA, Forskahl; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 172.

Unarmed shrubs. Leaves simple or 3-foliolate. Sepals free. Petals clawed,
4 or 2, rarely 0. Disk trumpet-shaped or spathulate ; stamens 4-6, inserted
high up on the gynophore. Ovules o, on 2-4 parietal placentas. Fruit
slender, fleshy, sometimes dehiscent. Cotyledons convolute. Species 14, dry
regions of Western Asia and Tropical Africa, one in the Malay Archipelago
and North-West Australia.

1. C. indica, Lamk. Vern. Shegurti, Kan.

A straggling tree or shrub. Leaves simple, 1-1} in. Fl. yellowish-white ;
petals 4, limb oblong. Disk process ? in., curved, pink. Fruit cylindric,
irregularly torulose, 1—2 in. long.

Central Provinces, Berar, Gujarat, Deccan, dry country of Ceylon. Fl. October—March.

Two species with simple leaves: 2. ©. farinosa, Forsk.; Engler und Prantl, iii. 2,
fig. 141. Sind, Arabia, Abyssinia. A straggling, much branching shrub. Leaves 4in.,
oblong; petals spathulate. 3. C. heterotricha, Stocks; Sind. A small rigid tree.
Leaves broad-ovate or orbicular, glaucous-grey, often with minute stellate and

glandular hairs.
One species with trifoliolate leaves. 4. C. trifoliata, Wight et Arn.; Nellore, Tinne-

Cadaba| Vil. CAPPARIDACE 33

velli, dry region of Ceylon. Leaflets lanceolate, 2 in. long, secondary nerves distinct,
sepals oyate, the outer larger, veined, petals pale yellow or white, claw long, slender,
limb nearly orbicular. Disk process # in. long, hollow, dilated at the end, orange-yellow.

5. CAPPARIS, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 173.

Trees or shrubs, often climbing, as a rule with stipulary thorns. Leaves
simple, often variable in shape and size. Fl. generally regular, often large ;
sepals 4, free, mostly imbricate in bud; petals 4, sessile, imbricate; stamens
2, inserted on a small disk, filaments longer than petals. Ovary on a slender
gynophore, mostly 1-celled; ovules «© on 2-6 parietal placentas. ~ Fruit
fleshy, seeds many, embedded in pulp, cotyledons convolute. Species 125, in
all warm regions, not in North America.

,

A. FI. solitary, axillary, nearly all western species.

1. C. spinosa, Linn.; Brand. F. Fl. 14.—Syn. C. Murrayana, Graham ;
Wight Ic. t. 379; C. leucophylla, DC.; Collett Simla Fl. 38. Caper plant.
Vern. Kabbar, Arab. ; Kakri, kander, Pb.; Bussar, Kunawar ; Kalvari, Sind.

A trailing shrub, with long green branches, young shoots frequently downy
with soft hairs. Leaves broad-ovate or obovate, thick, mostly glabrous when
full grown; stout, generally recurved, stipular spines at the base of petiole. Fl.
1-3 in. across, pedicel equal to or longer than leaf. Petals at first pure white,
pink and purplish red as they fade. Stamens longer than petals, filaments
slender, purple. Fruit 1-3 in. long, on a strong gynophore, bent downwards
when ripe, opening irregularly by 3-4 valves, crimson inside.

Punjab, Sind, Guzerat (Powergarh), Western Ghats as far south as Mahabaleshwar
(here on the western moist face of the Ghats). Inner dry valleys of North-West
Himalaya, ascending to 12,000 ft., Western Tibet and Yarkand. Fl. according to
locality between January and October. Western Asia, North Africa, and South
Europe. The flower buds (pickled) are the capers of Europe. In Ladakh the young
leaves eaten as vegetable.

2. C. divaricata, Lamk.; Wight Ic. t. 889.—Syn. C. stylosa, DC. ; Bedd.
Manual 15t.2. Vern. Wagati, Mar.

A large shrub or small tree, shoots glabrous or pubescent. Leaves linear or
elliptic, stipular spines straight. Fl. green, 2} in. diam., pedicels $-1 in.
Fruit ribbed, tubercled, nearly globose, 2—3 in. diam.

Common all over the Deccan, on stony ground and on black soil in Babul forests.

Nearly allied: 3. C. hastigera, Hance, a Chinese shrub, also found in Upper Burma,
young shoots with minute caducous stellate hairs; leaves with two obtuse lobes at
the base, sometimes lanceolate, entire, the only Eastern species as yet known in this
section. 4. C. grandiflora, Wall.—Syn. C. pyrifolia, Wight et Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 1,047.
Southern portion of the western peninsula. Branchlets tomentose. Leaves ovate,
acute, mucronate, pubescent beneath. FI. 3 in. diam,, pedicels }-4 in. 5. C. zeylanica,
Linn.—Syn. ‘C. brevispina, DC.; Hook. Ic. t. 126; Vern. Wagutti, Mar. Coast scrub
forests, Ganjam. Western Deccan, dry country of Ceylon, glabrous. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, pale beneath, 14-4 in., secondary and reticulate tertiary nerves promi-
nent. FI. sometimes in pairs, 19-2 in. diam. white, petals with a basal blotch of

ellow, which turns purple. Fruit 14 in. bright scarlet. 6. C. Heyneana, Wall.

vergreen forests of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards, young shoots
floccose, stipulary spines minute or wanting. Leaves 3-6 in., coriaceous, shining above,
ovate or lanceolate; secondary nerves prominent, joined by distinct intramarginal
loops. Fl. pale blue, 4-5 in. diam., sometimes in pairs.

B. Fl. in corymbs or umbels, western species.

7. C. aphylla, Roth; Brand. F. Fl. 14, t. 3. Vern. Kartl, Kari, Kair,
Karil, North-West India; Aral, Sind; Ker, Kera Guj, Mar. :
A glabrous, almost leafless shrub, at times a small tree, rarely 20 ft. high ;
D

34 VII. CAPPARIDACEE [(Capparis

trunk short, erect, often 4-5 ft. girth, branches numerous, green, divaricating,
forming a dense rounded crown, wood close-grained, tough, roots immense,
spreading deep and wide. .Leaves on young shoots only, caducous, linear,
ik in., occasionally larger spathulate, to 4 in. long, stipular thorns yellowish,
straight. Fl. 1 in.diam., red or scarlet, rarely yellow, in corymbs on short
lateral branchlets. Fruit 2 in. long, }—3} in. diam., red, on a gynophore 1 in.
long.

Arid and dry regions of the Western Peninsula, from the Punjab and Sind to Tuti-
corin. Fl. October—June.

8. C. Roxburghii, DC.; Wight Ic. t. 1,048. Vern. Poorwi, Mar

A large woody climber, branchlets finely tomentose. Leaves 2-3 in., glabrous,
elliptic, petioles } in., stipular thorns sometimes wanting. Fl. white, 14 in.
diam. in corymbs of 4-10 at the ends of branches. Fruit globose, 13-2 in.
diam., on a woody stalk 24 in. long. :

Evergreen forests on the Western Ghats from North Kanara southwards, also on the
east side of the peninsula (Sriharikota), Fl. H.S. Nearly allied, but quite distinct,
is 9. C. Moonii, Wight; Trimen Handb. Ceylon i. 62, Western Ghats, from Khandala
southwards, Ceylon. A very ornamental shrub, branchlets brown, glabrous, shining.
Leaves elliptic-oblong, 3-4 in. Fl. white 4-5 in. diam., in many fid. corymbs at the
ends of branches, peduncles stout 2-3 in. long. Fruit globose, 2-4 in. diam., on a
woody stalk,

10. C. grandis, Linn. fil. Vern. Pachunda, Katarni, Mar.

A small tree, generally unarmed, trunk thick, short, branchlets and leaves
softly tomentose beneath. Leaves 2-3 in., rhomboid-ovate or obovate ;
secondary nerves 8-10 pair, distinct, as well as the reticulate tertiary nerves
between. Fl. white, ? in. diam., in many fld. corymbs at the ends of branches,
pedicels thick, tomentose. Fruit purple, size of a nutmeg.

Chanda, Deccan, and east side of the peninsula. Fl. March to October, Ceylon.
Kurz, F. Fl. i. 64, states that it is frequent in the dry forests of the Prome district.
A specimen marked by him C. grandis, L.,and auricans, Kurz, is different; the flowers
are smaller and they are on very slender pedicels.

11. C. parviflora, Hook. fil. & Thoms. ; southernmost parts of the Western Peninsula,
a large spreading shrub, unarmed. Leaves 2-5 in. elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate. FI.
less than } in. diam. on slender pedicels, in 8-10 fld. shortly pedunculate umbels. Fruit
pisiform. 12. C. pedunculosa, Wall. Western Ghats, from Matheran southwards, also
on the east side of the peninsula. A spreading shrub with stipulary thorns, varying
in length, leaves broadly ovate, 1 in. long. Fl. 4 in. across on slender pedicels 1-1} in.
long. Fruit globose. Not specifically distinct is C. longispina, Hook. fil. & Thoms.,
with straight divaricate long stipular spines. 13. C. diversifolia, Wight et Arn.
Southern part of the Western Peninsula. A glabrous shrub with flexuose branches.
Leaves on some branches linear, 1-2 in. long, on others oyate-lanceolate, stipulary

thorns sharp, recurved. Fl. purple, 14in. diam. in few fld. terminal corymbs. Fruit
oyoid, 14 in. long.

C. Fl. in umbels or corymbs. Eastern species and species common to both
regions.

14. C. sepiaria, Linn.; Brand. F. Fl. 15; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 66. Vern.
Ivatdn, Katdran, Merwara.

A thorny shrub or small tree. Branchlets pubescent. Leayes 1-3 in.
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, downy beneath. Fl. white, } in. diam., in many
fid. terminal or axillary umbels, pedicels filiform. Fruit globose, black when
ripe, $ in. diam.

Punjab and north-west, not common, Merwara hills. Common in the drier districts
of both Peninsulas, Eng forest of Burma. Fl. February-May—Ceylon, Malay Penin-
sula and Archipelago. 15. C. orbiculata, Wall., Upper Burma, is’arigid spreading shrub.
Leaves }-1 in. long, from a slightly cordate base broadly obovate, or nearly orbicular,
stipular thorns sharp recurved, from a thick downy base. FI. small, in pedunculate
umbels, pedicels filiform, peduncles slender. Kurz, F. Fl. i. 64, is disposed to identify

Capparis| VIL. CAPPARIDACE® 35

this species with C. grandis, which however is unarmed. 16, C. glauca, Wall.; Linn.
Soc. Journ. xxviii. 19. Meiktila, dry region of Upper Burma. Anerectshrub. Leaves
either oboyate # in., or linear 1-2 in. long. Fl. small, glabrous, on filiform pedicels in
many fid. umbels. 17. C. flavicans, Wall. Yemetthen, dry region of Upper Burma.
Leaves obovate, 4-1 in. Fl. unisexual, small, petals densely woolly outside. 18. ¢.
versicolor, Griff.; Mergui. Climbing. Leaves lanceolate glabrous, shining above, pale
beneath. Fl. glabrous, 2 in. diam., white, afterwards rose, in terminal corymbs. 19.
C. trinervia, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; Tenasserim, Siam. Branches brown-tomentose.
Leaves 24 in., secondary nerves 3 pair, distinct, the lowest pair from near the base.
Fl. 14-2 in. diam., on stout rusty-tomentose pedicels from the axils of the uppermost

leaves and in terminal, many fid. corymbs.
D. Fl. in terminal racemes or panicles, mostly Eastern species.

20. C. floribunda, Wight Ill. t. 14.

A large woody climber. Branches glabrous, thorns few. Leaves coriaceous,
glabrous. Fl. } in. diam., white, on slender pedicels, in pedunculate umbels,
which are arranged in large terminal panicles. Stamens about 8. Fruit
1 in. diam., globose.

Both sides of the Western Peninsula, from Vizagapatam southwards. Tenasserim,
Ceylon. 21. C. pumila, Champion ; Khasi hills, Sikkim to 3,000 ft., China. A large scram-
bling shrub. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves
glabrous, lanceolate, acuminate. FJ. 4 in. diam.,
white, in large terminal panicles. 22. C. assamica,
Hook. fil. & Thoms. ; Assam. Branchlets glabrous.
Leaves lanceolate, 4-6 in., secondary nerves 8-10
pair, prominent beneath, thorns minute. FI.
very small, in terminal many fld. racemes. 23.
¢. burmanica, Col]. et Hemsl., Journ. Linn. Soc.
xxyili. 19 t. 2. Dry plains of Upper Burma.
An unarmed shrub. Branchlets finely greyish-
pubescent. Leaves coriaceous 1 in., elliptic or
almost orbicular. Fl. 3% in. diam., in large
terminal panicles. 24. C. andamanica, King,
Ann. Garden Calcutta, vol. vy. 119 t. 187. Beach
of South Andaman island. <A glabrous climber,
unarmed. Leayes coriaceous 3-4 in. FI. small,
in many fld. crowded umbels arranged in large
terminal panicles. 25. C. ambigua, Kurz, F. Fl. i.
65; Ann. Garden, Calcutta, vol. v. 120 t. 188.
Andamans, a thorny climber. Branchlets
puberulous. Leaves 4-5 in. Berry 1} in.
Seed 1.

E. Fl. axillary and supra-axillary, in
vertical lines on the branches.

26. C. horrida, Linn. fil.; Wight Ie. t.
173. Vern. Iins, Kathins, N.W.; Waghati,
Mar.; Karalwa, Oudh; Atanday, Tam. ;
Namani-thanlyct, Burm.

A scrambling shrub, at times climbing
over tall trees. Shoots and young leaves
covered with dense rusty, caducous pubes-
cence, Leaves 2-4 in., ovate, elliptic, at
times obovate and even lanceolate, obtuse,
more often mucronate, second. nerves 4-8
pair, stipulary thorns, stout, recurved.
Pedicels supra-axillary, 2-4 in., a vertical
line, the uppermost flower opening first.
Fl. 1-2 in. diam., at first white, turning
pink afterwards, often so numerous that pye. 14 — Capparis horrida, Linn
the bush looks like a mass of white and fil. 4. ees

36 VII. CAPPARIDACEA [Capparis

pink, filaments purple. Fruit obovoid or globose, 1-1} in. diam., reddish
brown.

Plains and lower hills in most parts of India and Burma. Fl. December to April.
Also Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. C. acuminata, Willd., Fl. Brit. Ind.
i. 178, may possibly only be a form of C. horrida.

A scrambling, thorny shrub, common on the Aravalli hills in Merwara
(Gitoran), branchlets and 1. softly tomentose, 1. broadly elliptic, 2-3 in., second.
n. 10-15 pair, fr. 1 in. diam., glabrous shining, gynophore stout, has not yet
been named.

27. C. tenera, Dalz.; Vern. Sun let thé, Burm.
A straggling glabrous armed climber. Leaves membranous or thinly
coriaceous, 14-3 in. Fl. white, 4-} in. across, 2-4 in a vertical series, pedicels

filiform, 3-1} in. long, petals tomentose outside. Fruit small, few-seeded.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, Konkan and North Kanara. Assam, Manipur
(cultivated as a hedge plant), Andamans, Lower and Upper Burma. FI. H.S.—Ceylon.
To this probably belongs C. disticha, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 62.

The following species of this section all belong to the Eastern region : 28. C, multiflora,
Hook. fil. & Thoms., Sikkim, up to 5,000 ft., Manipur, Upper Burma. A large unarmed
shrub or small tree with long branches. Leaves 6-12 in., membranous, secondary
nerves 8-12 pair, with shorter intermediate, as well as intramarginal neryes, promi-
nent beneath. Fl. small, on slender pedicels, in long rows along branches, forming
elongated many fid. racemes, generally with a few leaves at the top. 29. C. olacifolia,
Hook. fil. & Thoms. Subhimalayan tract from Nepal eastwards, in Sikkim under
Khair and Sissoo along river banks. Assam, Shan States, Upper Burma. A large
shrub. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves 3-5 in., glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate.
Fl. 14 in. across, white, anthers blue. Fruit # in. diam., red or black, shining.
30. C. viminea, Hook. fil. & Thoms.—Syn. C. membranifolia, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 61. Sikkim (to
4,000 ft.), Assam, Bhutan, Upper and Lower Burma. A large glabrous shrub, thorns
wanting or minute. Leaves membranous, 3-6 in. long, elliptic, abruptly acuminate.
Fl. 1 in. across, white, 2-5 in a vertical row. Fruit purple,$in.diam. 31. C. sabiefolia,
Hook. fil. & Thoms. Khasi and Naga hills, Yunan. A large unarmed glabrous shrub.
Differs from 30 by ovate-lanceolate leaves 2-3 in., and smaller pisiform 1—2-seeded
fruit. 82. C. micracantha, DC. Pegu, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. - A large shrub or
small tree, glabrous, thorns minute. Leaves 4-8 in., coriaceous, shining, secondary
nerves 6-8 pair, prominent beneath. FJ. white with a blue centre, 14 in. across, 24 in
a vertical series, pedicels } in.orless. Fruit ovoid,2-3in. 33. C. xanthophylla, Coll. et
Hemsl., Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 20. Dry region of the middle Irawaddi, Yemethen.
Thorns minute. Leaves coriaceous, 2-3 in., narrowed into petiole 4$in. long. Buds-
and flowers rusty-tomentose.

6. ROYDSIA, Roxb.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 180.

Unarmed woody climbers. Branches often lenticellate. Leaves simple.
Fl. in racemes or panicles. Calyx deeply 6 partite, sezments biseriate; petals
O. Stamens oo inserted at the base of the cylindric gynophore. Ovary 3-
celled, ovules biseriate in the angles of the cells. Fruit fleshy, endocarp
woody or crustaceous, 3-valved, 1-celled. Seed 1, cotyledons fleshy, unequal,
the larger embracing the smaller. Species 6, eastern tropical Asia.

A. Styles 3, ovules many.

1. R. suaveolens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 289. Vern. Ahegra, Ass.; Ngan
nwe, Burm.

A large climber. Branches with raised white dots. Leaves 6-12 in., acute
or abruptly acuminate, glabrous. Fl. 3 in. diam., sweet-scented, anthers
bright yellow. Drupe 1} in., orange-coloured, covered with a thin brittle rind,
endocarp smooth.

Sikkim, ascending to 3,000 ft., Assam, Bhutan, Khasi hills, Manipur. Upper Burma.
Fl. Febr-May. 2. R. obtusifolia, Hook. fil. & Thoms. ; Lower Burma, plains of the delta

bt

Roydsia| Vil. CAPPARIDACEZ 37

and valleys. Leaves 4-5 in., glabrous,
oblong, obtuse at both ends, endocarp
muricate with long soft prickles.

_ B. Style 1 with 3 minute stig-
mas, ovules few.

3. R. parviflora, Griff; Fl.
Brit. Ind. i. 409.

Leaves glabrous, 4-7 in. Fl.
} in. across, inodorous, densely
tomentose, in large axillary or ter-
minal panicles, ovules about 4 in
each cell.

Pegu, Upper Burma, Malay Penin-
sula. 4. RB. fasciculata, King, Ann.
Gard. Cale. v. 121, t. 140. Banks of
Yoonzaleen river, Burma. Young
branches, under side of leayes and
inflorescence softly puberulous. Leaves
3-44 in. long. FI. } in. across, in short
fasciculate racemes.

Orver VIII.—Resedacee. Ochradenus
baccatus, Delile; FJ. Brit. Ind. i. 182,
Sind, Baluchistan, desert regions of
Western Asia and WNorth-eastern
Africa, is a densely ramified strong
smelling shrub, attaining 10-12 ft., Fic, 15.—Roydsia suaveolens, Roxb. 3.
with long wiry green branches. Leaves
}-1hin., fleshy, linear-spathulate. FI. minute, yellowish, often unisexual, on short
pedicels in long rigid racemes. Calyx flat, rotate, 5-toothed, petals 0, disk uni-
lateral, stamens 10-12. Ovary closed, not open at the top, 3-beaked, ovules many on 3
parietal placentas. Fruit a white few-seeded berry.

Orper IX. VIOLACEA. Gen. Pl. i. 114.
( Violarice.)

Herbs or shrubs, leaves alternate, stipulate. Fl. regular or zygomorphic,
pentamerous, filaments short, connective produced beyond the anther cells.
Ovary 1-celled, ovules many, on 3 parietal placentas. Fruit a 3-valved capsule,
albumen fleshy.

1. ALSODEIA, Thouars; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 186.

Shrubs, rarely trees. Leaves simple, tertiary neryes distinct, parallel,
stipules rigid. Fl. small, regular, sepals 5, rigid, petals 5, peduncles with
many bracts. Stamens 5, inserted on the edge of an annular disk or inside of
it, connective produced into a broad membranous appendage. Style straight,
stigma terminal, seeds few. Species 50, in the tropics of both hemispheres.

1. A. bengalensis, Wall.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 70.

An eyergreen shrub, at times a small tree attaining 25 ft., entirely glabrous.
Leaves 3-5 in., serrulate, stipules narrow. Fl. } in. diam., glabrous, fasciculate
in the axils of leaves or of fallen leaves, disk thick, 5-lobed, stamens included,
anthers free, ovary and style glabrous.

Sikkim, Silhet, East Bengal, Andamans, Lower Burma. Fl. H. 8.

38 IX. VIOLACEA [Alsodeta

2. A. zeylanica, Thwaites; Bedd. Fl. Sylyv. t. 229.
Differs by puberulous branchlets, the leaves obscurely serrulate, stipules
broadly subulate and conspicuously ribbed.

Evergreen forests, Malabar, Travancore, Ceylon, Fl. C.S. 3. A. Roxburghii, Wall.
Silhet, Andamans, Siam. - Leaves 1-14 in. stamens exserted, anthers cohering in a cone.
4. A. racemosa, Hook. fil. & Thoms. (4. long giracemosa, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 70). ‘Assam, Lower
Burma. A small tree. Leaves 3-4 in. serrate, pale beneath, racemes slender, solitary,
3-5 in. long, bracts conspicuous, lanceolate, ribbed, anthers free, bearded at base. 5.
A. mollis, Hook. fil. & Thoms. Tenasserim. A shrub. Shoots, young leaves and fl.
densely tomentose. Leaves 6-10 in., capsule densely pubescent.

Orper X. BIXACEZ. Gen. Pl. i. 122.

(Bixacee, Warburg in Engler und Prantl, iii. 6. 307, and a portion of
Flacourtiacee, ibid. ii. 6a. p. 1.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves. Stipules 0, minute or early
deciduous. FI. regular, often 1-sexual, tetramerous or pentamerous. Anthers
2-celled, bursting by slits or pores. Disk thickened, often glandular. Ovary
one, generally 1-celled, ovules on several parietal placentas. Seeds frequently
with an arillus or a pulpy testa, embryo enclosed in a fleshy, generally oily
albumen, cotyledons foliaceous.

The 2 first genera, Cochlospermum (Maximilianea, Mart. et Schrank) and Bixa, in
Engler and Prantl stand under Bixacee, the rest under Flacourtiacee.

A. Fl. bisexual, petals 4-6.
Leaves palmately lobed or divided : . 1. CocHLosprrmum.
Leaves entire, fl. large, petals 5, contorted in 1 bud : Brxa (p. 89).
Leaves entire, fl. small, petals 4 6, imbricate in bud . 2. Scoropra.

B. Fl. as a rule dicecious, petals 0.

Ovary 2-6 celled. : é 6 : : . 8. Fracourtia.
Ovary 1-celled ' : : ; : F j . 4. Xytosma.
C. Fl. dicecious, petals with a scale or a flat pubescent gland at the base.
Sepals connate, filaments free ow . : 5, GyNocarDIA.
Sepals connate, filaments united ina column, anthers 5 Ryparosa (p. 41).
Sepals free 5, petals 5, stamens 15, free, filaments
glabrous. . 6. Hypnocarrus.
Sepals free 4, petals 8, stamens 20- 32, ‘filaments free, 3
hairy . ; : : : : 0 : : TARAKTOGENOS (p. 42).

1. COCHLOSPERMUM, Kunth; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 189.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves. palmately lobed or divided. FI. bisexual; sepals 5,
deciduous, petals 5, contorted in bud. Stamens indefinite, inserted on a disk
without glands, anther cells opening with a short slit at the top. Ovules
numerous on 3-5 parietal placentas, style 1, filiform. Capsule 3-5 valved,
seeds numerous, reniform, with long woolly hairs. Albumen oily. Species 13,
1 in India, 3 in Africa, 3 in Australia, the remainder in tropical America.

1. C. Gossypium, DC.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 171; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 72. Vern.
Kumbi, Gabdi, Hind. ; Gejra, Sahar.; Hupu, Kol.; Ganiar, Gond.; Ganeri,
Bhil.; Gongal, Gunglay, Gulgul, Mar.; Kongillam, Tam.; Buruga, Kan.

- A soft-wooded deciduous tree, with few thick short branches. Leaves near
the ends of branches, palmately 5-lobed, 4-9 in. diam., lobes shortly acuminate,
entire, grey-tomentose beneath, petioles 4-6 in. FI. 4-5 in. diam., golden-
yellow, sepals silky, capsules pear-shaped, 3-4 in. long.

Cochlospermum| xX. BIXACE# 39

Subhimalayan tract, from the Sutlej to the Sarda river, Behar, Bandelkhand, Central
Provinces, Deccan and east side of the Peninsula. FI. February—April. Dry region of
the Irawaddi valley.—Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Cambodia. Yields a colourless gum.

Bixa orellana, Linn.; Wight Ill. t. 17; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 79, Arnotto. Vern. Thidin,
Burm. ; a native of America, but long cultivated and naturalized in India, is a small
tree with few branches, leaves cordate, acuminate. Fl. large, 1-2 in. diam., white or
pink, capsule reddish-brown, clothed with soft prickles. Seeds covered with a red pulp
(originally fleshy papillze on the testa), which yields the well known dye, albumen
farinaceous. Fl. R.S.

2. SCOLOPIA, Schreber; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 190.

Trees, often with axillary spines. Leaves coriaceous, the lowest pair or pairs
of secondary nerves from the base. Fl. 2-sexual, small, in axillary racemes.
Sepals 4-6, petals similar to sepals, imbricate in bud. Stamens numerous,
anthers opening by slits, connective produced beyond anthers. Ovules few,
on 3-4 parietal placentas. Berry 2-4 seeded. Species 16, 1 in Australia,
the rest in tropical Asia and Africa.

1. S. crenata, Clos; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 78.—Syn. S. acuminata, Clos ;
Trimen Handb. Ceylon i. 70.

A middle-sized tree, thorny while young, glabrous except inflorescence, wood
red, close grained. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-6 in., more or less
distinctly crenate. Fl. in axillary racemes, pedicels 1-3 fld., connective of
anthers glabrous. Berry green, globose, # in. diam.

Common in the forests of the Western Ghats, from North Kanara southwards,
Nilgivis, Shevaroys, Malnad of Mysore. Fl. H.S. Ceylon, Borneo, Philippines.

2. 8. Roxburghii, Clos; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 73. Mergui, Malay Peninsula. Branches
armed with long, strong, straight and compound spines. Fl. yellow, solitary, connective
ciliate, fruit olive-shaped.

3. FLACOURTIA, Commers.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 191.

Trees or shrubs, mostly armed with spinescent branchlets, young shoots and
leaves often red. Leaves toothed or crenate, the lowest or the two lowest
pairs of secondary nerves proceeding from the base. Fl. small, dicecious in
most species, sepals 4-5 imbricate, vetals 0. Male: Stamens numerous,
anthers attached by the bark, opening by slits. Memale: Ovary 2-6 celled,
the parietal placentas meeting in the centre, disk annular, lobed, or of distinct
glands. Styles 2-10, short, free, or connate. Fruit a drupe with a number
of 1-seeded stones. Cotyledons orbicular. Species 15, difficult to distinguish,
tropical Africa and Asia.

A. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, length of blade more than twice its greatest
width.

1. F. cataphracta, Roxb.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 74. Vern. Na-ywe, Burm.

A middle-sized deciduous tree, wood reddish, close-grained, stem armed with
compound spines, young shoots slightly pubescent. Leaves glabrous, lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate, 2-4 in. Sepals hairy within, edges ciliate. Ovary
narrowed into a short, cylindrical or conical style. Stigmas 4-6, capitate.
Fruit globose, } in. diam., stones 10-14.

Subhimalayan tract, from Nepal eastwards, Burma. Fl. C. 8.

The following 8 species have the secondary nerves very prominent beneath: 2. F,
montana, Grahain. Konkan, north and south Kanara. A very thorny tree, branchlets
softly tomentose. Leaves 4-8 in., glabrous above, except the hairy midrib, slightly
pubescent beneath. Fl. dioecious in fascicled, densely pubescent racemes. 8. F, mollis,
Hook. fil. & Thoms. Tenasserim, Kachin hills of Upper Burma. Branchlets and under-
side of leaves densely and softly tomentose. Leaves 5-7 in., elliptic-lanceolate. Fl.
dimcious, in short axillary racemes. 4. F. inermis, Roxb.; Cor. Pl. t. 222. A native of

40 2 X. BIXACEA : [Flacourtia

the Malay Archipelago, cultivated in India on account of its acid edible fruit. An
unarmed evergreen tree, leaves glabrous, 4-8 in., fl. bisexual, fruit red, seeds 8-10.

B. Leaves ovate or obovate, length of blade not more than twice its
greatest width. :

5. F. sepiaria, Roxb. Cor. pl. t. 68. Vern. Tambat, Mar.; Miridi, Kan.

A much-branched shrub or small tree, the branchlets as a rule terminating
in sharp rigid spines, which bear leaves and flowers. Leaves 1-2 in., glabrous,
obovate from a cuneate base. Fl. yellowish, dicecious, styles 3-4, distinct.
Drupe purple, } in. diam.

Bengal, Sundarbans, Chittagong, Burma. Scrub:on the Coromandel coast, Deccan,
Kanara, Kurg, Nilgiris, Travancore. FI. C.S. Ceylon, Java.

6. F. Ramontchi, L’Héritier; Brand. F. Fl. 18; Wight Ic. t. 85.—Syn.
FE’. sapida, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 69. Vern. Katai, Hind.;
Kakein, C. P.; Gargéti, Berar; Mehrlo, Kol. ;
Kaikin, Merwara; Kanker, Bauswara; Paker,
Kaker, Bhekal, Tamlat, Mar.; Gapra, Coorg.

A large shrub, under favourable conditions a
moderate-sized tree, with a short trunk and thorny
branches, wood tough, close-grained. Leaves decidu-
ous, 1-5 in., variable in shape from ovate to obovate,
glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath. FI.
yellow, diccious, in short, simple or compound
racemes, generally pubescent. Styles 5-11. Drupe
3 in., dark-red or black, edible, stones superposed
in two tiers.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Punjab eastwards, Raj-
putana, Behar, Central India, the Deccan and the Penin-
sula, mostly in dry open places and on rocky” hills.
Manipur. Dry and Eng forests of the Irawaddi valley

. (Kurz, F. Fl. i.75). The leaves fall in January—February,
“Fie. 16.—Flacourtia. the new foliage appears April and May. Fl. November-
Ramontchi, L’Hérit. 4. March. Also in Ceylon and the Malay Archipelago.

4. XYLOSMA, Forster; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 194.

Characters of Flacourtia, but ovary 1-celled, placentas 2, rarely more,
parietal, ovules few. Style 1, short. Fruit a small 2-8 seeded berry. Species
30, tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres.

1. X. longifolium, Clos; Brand. F. Fl. t.4. Vern. Cherinda, Chirunda,
Pb.; Katpatia, Katari, Hind.

A moderate-sized tree, glabrous, often armed with strong straight axillary
spines. Leaves 4—9 in., coriaceous, shining, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate.
Secondary nerves 8-10 pair, arching. Fl. small, dicecious, in short axillary
glomerate panicles. Stigma indistinctly lobed, berry 4 in. diam.

Subhimalayan tract and outer hills, ascending to 5,000 ft., from the Punjab east-
wards, Manipur. Fl. January—May. China. 2. X. controversum, Clos. Nepal, Khasi
hills, Assam, China. Nearly allied, differs by broader leaves, 3-6 in. long, secondary
nerves 6-8 pair. 3. X. latifolium, Hook. f.& Thoms. Bababuden hills, Mysore. A large

thorny tree, branchlets, petioles and inflorescence finely pubescent, panicles slender.
Berry 3 in. diam.

5. GYNOCARDIA, R. Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 195.
G. odorata, R. Br. in Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 299 (the only species). Vern.
Chaulmugra, Beng. :
A large evergreen tree, perfectly glabrous, wood hard, red or brown. Leaves

Gynocardia| xX. BIXACEA 41

coriaceous, oblong, abruptly acuminate, quite entire, 6-10 in. long. Secondary
nerves 4-6 pair, prominent beneath. Fl. scented, pale yellow, fragrant, in
large fascicles on the trunk or a few in the leaf axils, diwcious. Calyx cup-
shaped, 5-toothed, petals 5, with a ciliate scale at the base of each. ¢@:
Stamens o, anthers basifixed, linear. 9 : Larger, staminodes 10-15, villous,
ovary 1-celled, styles 5, stigma large cordate, ovules o on 5 parietal placentas.
Fruit globose, 3-5 in. diam.,rind thick, hard, rough. Seed obovoid, 1 in. long,
immersed in pulp. Cotyledons flat in oily albumen.

Subhimalayan tract, ascending to 4,000 ft., from Sikkim eastwards, Khasi hills,
Chittagong, Burma. Fl. H.S. Pulp of fruit used to poison fish. The Chaulmugra oil
of commerce is supposed to be made of the seeds. This, however, is doubtful, and it is
supposed that they are the produce of Taraktogenos Kurzii, King.

Ryparosa Kurzii, King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 59 (1891), 125 ; Ann. Gard. Cale. v.
2 t. 154 (Ityparia cesia, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 78). Andamans, Nicobars. A small evergreen
tree. Leaves 8-12 in., elliptic. Secondary nerves 6-8 pair, prominent beneath, inter-
mediate and tertiary nerves conspicuously reticulate. FJ. small, dicecious, in axillary
tawny-pubescent racemes, the male attaining 12 in. Calyx globose in bud, 3-5 cleft,
Petals 5, imbricate, each with a large sericeous scale at the base. Filaments united
in a column, anthers 5, ovate, ovary with 1-3 biovulate parietal placentas. Fruit
globose, 2-seeded.

6. HYDNOCARPUS, Gaertner; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 196.

Trees, leaves serrate or entire, stipules deciduous. FI. few together or
solitary, or fasci-
culate on short
thick woody
branchlets in the
axils of fallen
leaves. Sepals 5,
imbricate in bud.
Petals 5, with
scales at the base.
3 : Stamens 5-8,
filaments free,
glabrous, an-
ther cells often
Separate on a
broad connective.
9: Stamens
similar, but an-
thers without
pollen. Ovary
1-celled, ovules
many, on 3-6 pa-
rietal placentas.
Stigmas 3-5 ses-
sile, spreading,
lobed. Berry glo-
bose, crowned
with the persist-
ent stigma, rind
hard. Seeds
many, embedded
in pulp, albumen
oily. Species
12, tropical
Asia. Fic. 17.—Hydnocarpus Wightiana, Blume ¥.

42 X. BIXACEA | Hydnocarpus

1. H. Wightiana, Blume.—Syn. H. inebrians, Wall.; Wight Ill. t. 16.
Vern. Kastel, Kantel, Mar.; Toratti, Kan.; Maravetti, Tam. ;

A tall tree, branchlets and racemes slightly pubescent. Leaves 4-9 in.,
membranous or thinly coriaceous, elliptic- or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, often
deeply serrate. Secondary nerves arching, prominent, tertiary nerves not
conspicuous, transverse, parallel. Fl. white, $-1 in. diam, petals ciliate,
twice as long as the ovate fimbriate scales. Fruit tomentose, 2-4 in. diam.

Common along the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards, ascending to 2,000
ft., also below the Ghats in Malabar and Kanara. Fl. H.S. Fruit used to intoxicate
fish, the oil of the seeds medicinally in cutaneous diseases. 2. H, alpina, Wight Ic. t.
942; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 77. Nilgiris to 6,000 ft., Ceylon (low country). Young shoots
nearly glabrous. Leaves 4-6 in., quite entire, veins finely reticulate. Petals oblong-
lanceolate, glabrous, equal to the linear scales. 3. H. castanea, Hook. fil. & Thoms. An-
damans, Tenasserim and Mergui Archipelago. A middle-sized tree, perfectly glabrous.
Leaves thickly coriaceous, 8-14 in. Fruit size of an orange, rugose.

Taraktogenos Kurzii, King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 59 (1891), p. 123 (Hydnocarpus
heterophyllus, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 77). Vern. Kalawso, Burm. Eastern and southern slopes of
the Pegu Yoma, very frequent in Martaban. . An evergreen tree, 40-50 ft. Shoots,
young leaves and inflorescence tawny pubescent. Leaves thinly coriaceous, entire,
7-10 in., lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. Secondary nerves very prominent beneath,
tertiary numerous, transverse, and parallel. Sepals 4, petals 8 broadly ovate, ciliate,
each with a flat fleshy pubescent gland at the base. Stamens 24, free, filaments hairy.
Fruit size of an orange, tawny-velvety. Seeds numerous, embedded in pulp.

Orper XI. PITTOSPORACEA. Gen. Pl. 1. 130.
(Pittosporee.)

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, often crowded at the ends
of branches, almost verticillate, stipules 0. Fl. pentamerous, usually bisexual,
sepals and petals imbricate. Stamens 5, opposite to sepals, anthers versa-
tile. Ovary 1, of 2 rarely 3-5 carpels, 1-celled or 2-5-celled by the projec-
tion of the parietal placentas. Style 1, stigma often lobed. Ovules many.
Fruit capsular, sometimes an indehiscent berry. A small embryo in copious
albumen.

PITTOSPORUM, Banks; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 198.

Erect trees or shrubs. Sepals often connate at base, petals erect, claws often
connate. Ovary incompletely 2-3-celled. Capsule 2- rarely 3-valved, the
placenta in the middle of each valve. Seeds embedded in a viscid pulp.

A. Branchlets glabrous, young shoots sometimes puberulous, leaves glabrous.

1. P. tetraspermum, Wight et Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 971; Bedd. Manual t. 2.
A large shrub or small tree. Leaves 2-3 in., reticulate veins between secon -
dary nerves. Fl. 4 in., greenish yellow, few, in small terminal, nearly sessile
umbels. Capsule rough, glabrous, globose, apiculate, 4-seeded, } in. diam.,
valves. hard, almost woody.
i est ern Ghats from the Konkan southwards, Nilgiris. Fl. February—March.
Ceylon.

2. P. floribundum, Wight et Arn.; Brand. F. Fl. 19. Vern. Yekadi,
Mar.

A small tree. Leaves 4-6 in., pale beneath, margin waved. FI. yellowish,
4 in. long, in short compact terminal panicles, consisting of numerous many-
flowered dense corymbs. Capsule glabrous, 4+ in. diam., valves coriaceous.
Seeds 1-4, occasionally 8.

Pittosporumn| XI. PITTOSPORACEA 43

Subhimalayan tract and outer ranges, from the Jumna eastwards, in Sikkim
5,000-8,000 ft. Khasi hills, Shan hills, Upper Burma, Western Ghats from the Konkan
to the Nilgiris. Fl. January—June.

8. P. nilghirense, Wight et Arn.; Wight Ill. t. 70. Nilgiris, Sigur, Bolampatty
valley, Palni hills. A shrub or small tree. Fl. 4 in. long, in slender glabrous 3-8
fd. corymbs, often several from one leaf axil. Capsule somewhat compressed, 4 in.
long, seeds 6. 4. P. humile, Hook. fil. & Thoms. Khasi ane A small much-branched
shrub. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 2 by 4 in. FI. 4 in. long, in short, fasciculate,
few fld. racemes. 5. P. glabratum, Lindl. Khasi hills, Manipur, China. iN small tree.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2-4 in., pale beneath. Fl. 4-3 in., pale yellow, in lax
terminal corymbs. Capsule 1 in, long, ovoid-oblong, 3-valved.

B. Branchlets tomentose, leaves hairy beneath.

6. P. eriocarpum, Royle; Brand. F. Fl. 19. Vern. Meda timyri, North-
West Provinces.

A small tree with spreading branches. Branchlets, leaves and inflorescence
yellowish-tomentose. Leaves 3-8 in., secondary nerves 8-16 pair. Fl. § in.,
pale yellow, in short compact terminal panicles. Sepals lanceolate, densely
tomentose. Capsule tomentose, } in. diam., valves thick, woody, broad-ovate.

Outer North-West Himalaya, Jumna to Sarin 3,000-6,500 ft. FI. March, April.

7. P. dasycaulon, Miquel. Gapsundi, Mar. Evergreen Ghat forests from the Konkan
to Travancore. Leaves 3-5 in., glabrous when full grown, except along midrib,
secondary nerves not conspicuous. Fl. 4 in., in dense terminal panicles, sepals
ovate, ciliate. Capsule 4 in. diam. 8. P. ferrugineum, Ait.: Kurz, F. Fl. i. 78. Tenas-
serim, Malabar, Malay Peninsula. A spreading, much-branched tree. Branchlets,
young leaves and inflorescence rusty-pubescent. Fl. } in., in lax pedunculate com-
pound corymbs, sepals narrow acuminate.

Orper XII. POLYGALACEA. Gen. PI. i. 154.
(Polygalee.)

Herbs, rarely trees or shrubs, erect or scandent. Leaves alternate, simple,
quite entire. Stipules 0. Fl. zygomorphic, bisexual, 3-bracteate. Sepals 5,
as a rule free, the 2 inner larger, petaloid (wings). Petals 3-5, unequal, the
lowest concave, generally keel- -shaped. Stamens 4-8, filaments usually united
into a sheath, anthers mostly opening by terminal pores. Ovary 1-3-celled,
style generally curved.

Herbs or erect shrubs, capsule 2-valyed ' . 1. PoryGara.
Trees or erect shrubs, fruit indehiscent, not w inged 2. NANTHOPHYLLUM.
Climbers, fruit indehiscent, winged 8. SECURTDACA.

1. POLYGALA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 200.

Mostly herbs, a few shrubs. Sepals often persistent, the 2 inner petaloid.
Petals 3, united at the base with the staminal sheath, the lowest keel-shaped
and generally crested. Stamens 8, filaments united in their lower half into a
split sheath. Ovary 2-celled, one ovule in each cell. Capsule 2-valved,

2-seeded. Species 450, in both’ hemispheres, chiefly in warmer regions.

1. P. arillata, Hamilton; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 100; Wight Ie. t. 946.—
Syn. Chamebucus arillata, Hassk.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 7

A large shrub, attaining 12 ft., young shoots pubese ent. Leaves membranous,
elliptic-lanceolate, 4-6 in., petiole 4-} in. Fl. 4—} in., yellow and purple.
Capsule coriaceous, } in, diam., rugose when dry. Seeds globose, nearly covered

with a fleshy orange-coloured arillus, exalbuminous, cotyledons ‘fleshy.

44 XII. POLYGALACEA |Polygala

Outer Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, 2,000-7,000 ft. Khasi hills, Upper Burma,
Hills of the western coast. Fl. June-August. Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, China.

2. P. Karensium, Kurz (Chamebuxus Karensium, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 79), is a small glab-
rous shrub, frequent on the hills east of Toungoo, 4,000-6,000 ft. Leayes lanceolate,
pale beneath, narrowed into a petiole 3-1 in. long. FJ. white, with pale lilac tips, in

short unilateral racemes. Capsule 4 in. diam., membranous. Seeds obovate, silky.

2. XANTHOPHYLLUM, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 208.

Trees or shrubs, leaves turning yellow in drying. Sepals 5, nearly equal.
Petals 4 or 5, unequal, zygomorphic, the lowest keeled. Stamens 8, distinct,
partly attached to base of petals. Disk annular, often lobed, hypogynous.
Ovary l-celled. Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled.. Seed without albumen, arillus
none. Species 40, from India to New Guinea and tropical. Australia.

A. Flowers more than } in. long, ovules 4-14.

1. X. flavescens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 284; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 81.—Syn. X. Arnot-
tianum, Wight; Bedd. Manual t. 3. Vern. Muttei, Tam.; Thitpyw, Burm.

A large glabrous evergreen tree. Leaves coriaceous, 4-7 in. Secondary
nerves 5-7 pair, finely and conspicuously reticulate veins between them. Fl.
3-1 in. long, yellow, in axillary or terminal panicles. Sepals finely tomentose.
Ovary densely strigose, with pluricellular hairs. The number of ovules varies
from 4-12 (the forms X. angustifolium, Wight Ill. 50 t. 23, and X. virens,
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 284; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 81, have only 4 ovules). Fruit globose,
2 in. diam., olive green, walls very thick:

West side of the peninsula, from the Nilgiris southwards, Silhet, Chittagong hills,
Lower and Upper Burma. Fl. February—May. Also Ceylon, Java, Sumatra. 2. X affine,
Korth.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 82.
Tenasserim, Malay Peninsu-
la. A shrub or tree. Leaves
thinly coriaceous, sepals to-
mentose, ovary glabrous,
ovules 8-14.

B. Flowers less than
4 in. long, ovules 4.

3. X. glaucum, Wall.;
Kurz, F. Fl. i. 81. Vern.
Thitpyu, Lower, Thit Kay-
én, Upper Burma.

A glabrous evergreen
tree. Leaves chartaceous,
glaucous and opaque be-
neath, reticulate veins dis-
tinct. FI. white, 4-4 in.
long, in large lax, slightly
pubescent panicles, ovary
with 1-celled hairs. Fruit
glabrous, verrucose, }—}in.
diam.

Upper and Lower Burma,
in moist places, often forming
strips of pure shady forest.
Fl. March, April. Malay
Peninsula.

4. X. andamanicum, King,
Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. vol. v.
t. 161. Andamans. A small
Fie .18.—Securidaca tavyoyana, Wall. 4. tree. Leaves thinly coriace-

Xanthophyllum) XII. POLYGALACEA 45

ous, ovary glabrous, fruit smooth, shining. 5. X Griffithii, Hook. fil. Mergui, Ma-
lacca and Perak. A tree attaining 50 ft., leaves coriaceous, ovary tomentose. Fruit
(unripe) tawny tomentose.

3. SECURIDACA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 207.
Species 30, tropics of both hemispheres.

S. tavoyana, Wall.—Syn. S. inappendiculata, Hassk.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 80.

A large woody climber, wood anomalous, numerous masses of xylem separated
by tangential and radial bands of bast (phloém). Fl. red, in racemes forming
a lax terminal panicle. Sepals deciduous, petals 3, the 2 lateral minute, adnate
to the staminal sheath, the third concave and hooded. Fruit 1-seeded, indehis-
cent, a long coriaceous wing at the upper end.

Assam, Silhet, Chittagong, Burma. Fl. August. China.

Orver XIII. TAMARICACEA. Gen. PI. i. 159.
(Tanariscinee.)

Undershrubs, shrubs, rarely trees or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate,
small, generally scale-like, sessile with a broad base, imbricating. Fl.
recular, usually bisexual, in spikes, racemes or panicles, in some genera
solitary. Sepals and petals pentamerous, sometimes tetramerous, generally
free. Stamens 5, 10, or numerous, inserted on an annular glandular disk,
anthers versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary syncarpous, of 3-5 carpels,
ovules numerous, on 3-5 placentas, which sometimes are enlarged, so as to
divide the ovary into cells. Capsule 3-5 valved. Albumen small or wanting,
embryo straight.

Stamens 5 or 10, free, styles 3 or 4, short, each with a

large capitate stigma - 2 : : : : 1. Tamanrx.
Stamens 10, filaments united into a short tube, ovary
tapering into a short style with 8 sessile stigmas . 2. Myricanrra.

1. TAMARIX, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 248.

Shrubs or small trees, medullary rays broad, very prominent on radial
section. Leaves minute, scale-like. In the juvenile state the leaves are
longer, lanceolate from a broad base, up to } in. long. Fl. white or pink, in
spikes or dense racemes. Sepals and petals free. Stamens 5-10, inserted on
an annular disk. Ovary 1-celled, placentas at the bottom of the ovary,
styles 3 or 4, short. Seeds small, with a long coma, consisting of a setiform
axis studded with long hairs. Species 65, Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Several species, in India, chiefly 7. gallica and T. dioica, are gregarious, covering
extensive areas on river banks. On the Indus the seeds of these species, and of other
trees, which are borne down by the river, are deposited on the new formations of
alluvial land, which are submerged during the floods. When the floods have subsided,
the-seeds germinate, and in early spring these lands are coyered with a dense forest of
Tamarix, with a sprinkling of other trees, chiefly of Populus euphratica.

A. Stamens 5,

1. T. gallica, Linn.; Wight Ill. t. 24; Brand. F. Fl. t. 5.—Syn. 7,
indica, Roxb. Vern. Ghazlei, Baluch.; Ghaz, Pusht.; Pilchi, Pb.; Leé,
Lai, Jhau, Sind; Jhau, Beng.

46 XIII TAMARICACE® [Tamaria

A glaucous gregarious shrub or small tree, wood reddish. Leaves minute,
not sheathing, apex acute, patent or loosely appressed. FI. mostly bisexual,
pentamerous, white or pink, crowded in long slender spikes collected in dense
panicles at the ends of branches and forming large irregular masses of flower.
Bracts shorter than fl.. Disk slightly 5- or 10-crenate, filaments not dilated
at base, styles short, stigma often almost sessile. Capsule 5%, in. long, more
than twice the length of the withered sepals supporting it.

From western Tibet, where it ascends to 11,000 ft., following the Indus and its main
tributaries through the Punjab and Sind. Western Peninsula in sandy river beds
and on the sea coast. Fl. Aug.—Feb. Ceylon, on the coast in the drier districts.
Widely distributed in the countries round the Mediterranean, through western and
northern Asia, to China and Japan. Kuyz, F. Fl. i. 83, gives this species from Pegu.
I have not seen specimens. Roxburgh’s species 7. indica may have to be restored.
See Niedenzu de genere Tamarice, Braunsberg, 1895. 2. T. salina, Dyer, Salt range,
Punjab, differs by broader leaves, and filaments dilated at base.

3. T. dioica, Roxb.; Brand. F. Fl. t.6. Vern. Lei, Pilchi, Pb.; Shans,
Oudh; Byaung-chedauk, Upper Burma.

A glaucous gregarious shrub. Leaves sheathing, sheath tubular, apex
acuminate, closely appressed, with a broad white margin. Fl. diccious,
pentamerous, purple or light pink, in stiff compact cylindrical pedunculate
spikes often forming loose panicles at the ends of branches. Bracts as long as,
or nearly as long as, flowers. @: Stamens alternating with the 5 lobes of the
fleshy disk, anthers distinctly apiculate. 2 : 5 thin linear staminodia, styles
filiform, thickened at the end, longer than ovary. Capsule ,%; in. long, about
twice the length of the withered sepals and petals at its base.

Throughout northern India, ascending to 2,500 ft. in the outer Himalaya. Sind,

Western Peninsula, Bengal, Assam. Burma, dry region of the Irawaddi valley, chiefly
on sandbanks in river beds. Fl. May—October.

4. T. articulata, Vahl; Brand. F. Fl. t. 7.—Syn. TZ. orientalis, Forsk.
Vern. Farash, Pb.; Asrelez, Sind.

A middle-sized tree with an erect trunk, frequently 6-7 ft. in girth, wood
white, branchlets articulate at base of sheath, often grey with saline efflorescence.
Leaves sheathing, sheath ~, in. long, obliquely truncate, apex triangular,
acute, appressed. Sheath and apex with impressed glands. FI. bisexual or
moneecious, loosely scattered on long slender spikes, which are generally
collected at the ends of branches in loose pamela, Bracts shorter than fl.
Disk entire or indistinctly 5-lobed. Capsule + in. long,

Punjab, ascending to 1,200 ft., extending east to the Jumna. Upper and Middle
Sind. Grows well on saline soils. The extremities of branchlets and the leaves on
older branchlets are shed during the cold season, new shoots and leaves come out about
May. Fl. May toSeptember. A variety in the Punjab with upright branches. Afghan-
istan, western Asia, Egypt, and Somaliland.

B. Stamens 10.

5. T. ericoides, Rottl—Syn. Trichaurus ericoides, Wight et Arn.; Wight
Til. t. 24, B. Ice. 22. Vern. Jhaura, Merwara; Jao, sarub, sarata, Mar.; Shushar,
Pangi, Lahaue.

A beautiful shrub or small tree. Leaves amplexicaul, hardly slheailaag,

ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Fl. larger than any of the others, 3; in. long,

heath-like, pale pink, at times white, on short pedicels, in crowded terminal
spike-like racemes. Disk 10-lobed, alternate stamens shorter. Capsule } in.
long.

Western Peninsula in the beds of rivers, extending north to the western foot of the
Avravalli hills, to Behar and Bengal. Fl. Sept—Dec. 6. T. stricta, Boiss. Sind, covered
with gr eyish-w hite dry and tasteless powder. Leaves sheathing, almost truncate, covered
with round white elevated dots.

b
|

Cratoxylon| XII. TAMARICACEE 47
2. MYRICARIA, Desy.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 249.

Fl. bisexual, pink or white, in long racemes. Stamens more or less united
in atube. Species 10, Europe, Central Asia, China.

1. M. germanica, Desy.; Brand. F. Fl. t. 8.—Syn. M. bracteata, Royle
Til. t.44. Vern. Hombu, Umbu, North-West Himalaya.

A gregarious shrub. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, generally crowded,
less than }in. long. Fl. pink, on short pedicels, in dense cylindrical racemes
often 12 in. long. Bracts longer than pedicels, ovate-lanceolate, with broad
membranous lacerate margins, caducous.

Abundant in the inner arid regions of the Himalaya from Iskardo to Sikkim, between
5,000 and 10,000 ft., occasionally to 15,000 ft. Chiefly in sandy stream beds, where it
often covers large areas. Fl. July, Aug. Also in Tibet, Afghanistan, western and
northern Asia, and on the mountains of Europe. 2. M. elegans, Royle; Kunawar,

Spiti, Lahaul, Ladak and Zanskar, often associated with M. germanica. Leaves larger,
oblanceolate, fl. white.

Orpen XIV. HYPERICACEA, Gen. Pl. i. 163.
(Hypericinee.)
(Included under Guttifer@, Engler u. Prantl, iii 6. 205.)

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Leaves opposite, often punctate, entire in the
species here described, stipules 0. FI. bisexual, regular, cymose or solitary
sepals and petals each 5, sepals imbricate, petals contorted in bud. Stamens
# in 3 or 5 bundles, anthers versatile. Ovary of 3-5 carpels, 1- or 3-5-celled,
styles filiform, free or united, ovules on parietal or axile placentas. Seeds
without albumen.

Capsule opening loculicidally, seeds winged . : . 1. Craroxyton,
Capsule opening septicidally or at the junction of carpels,
seeds not winged . : , : : : . - Hypericum (p. 48).

1. CRATOXYLON, Blume; Fi. Brit. Ind. i, 257.

Fl. in axillary or terminal cymose panicles, sepals persistent. Fleshy
hypogynous glands alternating with the staminal bundles. Ovary 3-celled
styles 3, distinct. Capsule dehisc-
ing loculicidally, seeds winged
at the upper end, Species 12 in
tropical Asia.

1. C. polyanthum, Korth. ;
Kurz, F. Fl. i. 84.

A middle-sized glabrous tree
thorny, (Pierre, F]. For. Cochin.
t. 50). Leafless in H. S., stem
fluted, heartwood dark-coloured.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, glau-
cous beneath, reticulate veins dis-
tinct. Fl. pink or bright red,
in 3 fid. axillary cymes, often
solitary, petals persistent some
time after flowering, hypogynous
glands large, nearly half the
length of petals. Capsule oblong,
considerably longer than sepals,
nearly twice their length. Fic. 19,—Cratoxylum polyanthum, Korth. 4

48 XIV. HYPERICACEA [Cratoaylon

Martaban and Tenasserim, Andamans. Fl. March, April. Also in Cochinchina,
Cambodia, Borneo, China.

2. C. neriifolium, Kurz. Vern. Beébya, Burm.

Differs by narrower lanceolate leaves. FJ. in few fld. cymes, forming lax
terminal panicles, capsules ovoid, slightly longer than sepals.

Chittagong, dry country of Tete valley, common, yields good fuel, Pegu,
Tenasserim. Fl. H. S. Cambodia. 3. €. arborescens, Blume; Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago, reported from Moulmein, evergreen. Leavesecoriaceous, fl. scarlet, in
large terminal panicles.

The followi ing species are leafless in the H. S., and have very delicate caducous petals :
4. ©. formosum, Benth. & Hook. fil. ; ; Kurz, F. Fl.i.84. Andamans, Siam, Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago. A glabrous tree, generally small, but at times attaining 80 ft. Leaves
broadly elliptic, thinly coriaceous when mature. Fl. 4in., pure white, with a slight
red tinge, capsule # in., three times the length of calyx. 5. C. prunifolium, Dyer;
Pierre, FL Gochinchs t. 52( C. pruniflorum, Kurz, F. Fl. i.84). A small pubescent deciduous
shrub or tree, usually armed with sharp spinescent branchlets, in the Eng forests of
Burma and in Cochinchina. (Sathange hnauk, Upper Burma.) , Leaves obovate to lin-
ear oblong, grey-velvety beneath. Fl. 4-4 in. lilac or pink.

Of Hypericum, Linn., Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 253, with large yellow flowers, seeds not
winged, 19 species are known in India, mostly perennial, a few annual herbs. Some
are ace abs up to 6 ft. high, of which may be mentioned :—

A. Styles longer thanovary. 1. H. mysorense, Heyne; Wight Ic. t. 56. Western Ghats,
from the Konkan southwards, Nilgiris, Palnis, Ceylon. Leaves oblong-lanceolate
approximate. Fl. 2-24 in. diam. 2. H. cernuum, Roxb.; Piuli, N.W. North-West
Himalaya, Indus to Nepal, Kuram valley, Afghanistan. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate,
glaucous beneath. Fl. 2 in. diam.

B. Styles not longer than ovary. 3. H. Hookerianum, Wight et Arn.; Wight Ic. 959.
Himalaya.6,000-11,000 ft. from Kumaon eastwards, Khasi hills, Cerey Burma, Nilgiris,
Java. Branches terete. Leaves 1-4 in., ovate-lanceolate, obtuse FI. 2 in. diam. 4. H.
patulum, Thunb. (. oblongifolium, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 244.) ieGraloge, from Kashmir
eastwards, Khasi hills, Manipur. Branches 2-edged, leaves 1-2 in., elliptic-lanceolate.
Fl. 1 in. diam.

Orper XV. GUTTIFERA. Gen. Pl. i. 167.
(Vesque in DC. Monogr. Phan. vol. viii., 1893.)

Trees, rarely shrubs, as a rule evergreen and entirely glabrous. Leaves
opposite, generally without stipules. El regular, generally polygamous, some-
times bisexual. Sepals 2-6, often in decussate pairs, petals 2-6, imbricate or
contorted, in some cases 0. (In this order the sepals are arranged in pairs in
the same way as leaves, while petals have a spiral arrangement.) ‘Stamens as
a rule indefinite, hypogynous, filaments often connate in bundles. Ovary
generally 1-5 celled. Fruit usually indehiscent, seeds without albumen.

Resin-canals and -cavities in leaves, pith and bark. Transverse bars of wood par-
enchyma between medullary rays.

A. Ovary 2-12 celled, cells with one, rarely two ovules, stigma peltate, sessile, rarely
on a short style. Embryo a homogeneous fleshy mass.
Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals. : . dL. Garernta.
Calyx closed in bud, bursting into 2 valves . : . 2. OcHRocarpus.

B. Ovary 1-2 celled, ovules 1+ in each cell, style slender, or 2 styles. Embryo of
two fleshy cotyledons, sometimes consolidated.
Secondary nerves , close, conspicuous, style 1, stigma

gener ally peltate a . 3. CALOPHYLLUM.
Secondar y nerves many, joined by transverse veins,

styles 2, stigma minute . . 4. Pacrnoneuron.
Secondar y nerves very close put indistinct, stigma

peltate . . . 5. Mesva.

Secondary nerves distant, not conspicuous, stigma 4fid. 6. Kayra.

Garcinia) XV. GUTTIFERA 49

1. GARCINIA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 259,

Trees, rarely shrubs, as a rule entirely glabrous, in most species with a
yellow rarely white, resinous juice in the bark, pith and endocarp, perhaps
also in the wood. Leaves evergreen, rarely stipulate. Fl. cymose or
solitary, polygamous. Sepals 4 or 5, petals 4 or 5, imbricate. Male: Stamens
numerous, collected in a ring or in several bundles, which surround a rudimen-
tary ovary, more often on a central often 4-cornered mass, rarely free. Lemale
or bisexual: A 2-12 celled ovary crowned by a large peltate stigma, which is
usually sessile, ovules solitary in each cell attached to the innerangle. Stamens
or staminodes generally surrounding the ovary, Fruit with a coriaceous rind,
seeds embedded in pulp. The embryo consists of a large homogeneous fleshy
mass, the cells of which are filled with ‘oil. Species 180, tropics of the old
world.

A. Fl. pentamerous, occasionally on the same tree tetramerous. Male:
Stamens in 5 bundles surrounding a distinct rudimentary ovary.

1. G. Xanthochymus, Hook. fil—Syn. Xanthochymus pictorius, Roxb.
Jor. Pl. t. 196; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 88. Vern. Jharambi, Mar.; Deva garige,
Janagi, Kan.; Nela mawu, Coorg; Madaw, Burm.

A moderate-sized tree with dense dark green shining foliage, branchlets
quadrangular, dilated below the nodes. Leaves thickly « coriaceous, oblong or
elliptic- oblong, acute, blade 8-14, petiole 3-1 in., thick, channelled on “the
upper side, secondary nerves numerous, parallel, alternating with shorter inter-
mediate nerves. FI. fasciculate on fick uneyen axillary protuberances,
pedicels 1 in., petals } in., orbicular, spreading, thin. JJale: Stamens in 5
broad bundles of 3-5, on a fleshy lobed disk. Bisexual: ovary 5-celled,
stigma 5-lobed. Fruit dark yellow 2-3 in, diam.

Sikkim, ascending to 3,000 ft., Assam, Khasi and Chittagong hills, Burma, Andamans.
Western Peninsula, in the Cirears, but chiefly in the evergreen forests along the
Western Ghats, from North Kanara southwards. Fl. H.S. Fr.C.8. Also in Penang.

2. G. spicata, Hook. fil. ; Trimen Handb. Ceyl. i. 98.—Syn. G 5 RUT OLG,
FI. Brit. Ind. i. 269 (G@. spicata is the older name and G. Ae eisilies Oliver,
an African species). Vern. Haldi, Mar.

A moderate-sized tree, with wide-spreading branches, branchlets angular.
Leaves broadly elliptic, obtuse, secondary nerves numerous, blade 3-6, petiole
j-} in. Fl. on short pedicels, fasciculate on axillary protuberances (unde-
veloped branchlets), which frequently lengthen out and form spiciform racemes
up to 6 in. long. Ovary 3-4 celled, stigma 3-5 lobed. Fruit green, the size
of a walnut.

Western Ghats, from Matheran southwards. On the east side near the Pulicat lake.
Fl. H.S. Also in Ceylon. A var. with larger l.and fl. on the ghats of the Konkan and
of Kanara, Fl. C. S. (Cooke, Fl. Bombay i. 79). 3. G, andamanica, King. Andamans
(G. dulcis, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 92). Branchlets thick, angular, pubescent. Leaves 8-11 in.,
from a broad base elongate-ovate, secondary nerves 14-16 pair, prominent beneath.
Fruit bright yellow 1-14 in. crowned by the persistent 5-lobed stigma.

B. Fl. tetramerous. Male: Stamens surrounding a rudimentary ovary.
Female: ovary 5-12 celled.

4. G. Mangostana, Linn. Vhe Mangosteen. Vern. Mingut, Burm.

An evergreen glabrous middle-sized tree, attaining under favourable cirecum-
stances 60 ft. and more. Leaves thickly coriaceous, 6-10 in., elliptic-oblong,
secondary nerves numerous, parallel, alternating with shorter intermediate
nerves, joined by distinct intramarginal veins. Fl. as a rule bisexual, solitary
or in pairs at the ends of branchlets, 2 in. dian. Stamens many, filaments
slender, flat at base and sometimes connate, anthers ovate-oblong, 2-celled.
Ovary 5-8 celled, stigma sessile, thick, 5-8 lobed. (Male fl. described by Rox-

EB

50 XV. GUTTIFERA [Garcinia

burgh: stamens a on the 4 lobes. of a large fleshy receptacle.) Fruit globose,
dark purple, rind thick, full of yellow resinous juice, seeds embedded in snow-
white delicious pulp.

Home unknown, cultivated in the moister regions of tropical Asia. Fl. Noyember—
February. Fr.May,June. The distribution of sexes in Garcinia merits careful study.
Pierre has examined more than 1,500 Mangosteen trees, without finding a single male
fl. But he adds that several species produce male fl. while young, and female fl. at a
later age. Pierre, F]. For. Cochinch. t. 54.

Nearly allied: 5. G pedunculata, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 114, 115. Rangpur (Bengal),
Assam. Cultivated on account of the pleasantly acid fruit. Leaves 6-12 in., narrowed
into petiole 1-13 in. long, secondary nerves distant, 10-14 pair. Male fi. large, in 8-12-fld.
panicles. Fruit yellow, size of a small melon. 6. G. travancorica, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. i. 173.
Tinnevelli and Travancore Ghats, in the southernmost portion of the Peninsula, gre-
garious in places. A middle-sized tree, very ornamental. Leaves 2— in., linear-oblong,
secondary nerves numerous, parallel, almost at right angles to midrib, distinct but not
prominent, alternating regularly with shorter intermediate nerves. Ovary 4-celled.
Fruit 13-1} in., ovoid to globose, seeds 1-2.

7. G. speciosa, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 258; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 88. Vern.
Parawa, Burm.

A large evergreen tree. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, secondary
nerves parallel, numerous, alternating with faint shorter intermediate nerves.
Fl. sweet-scented; ¢ : 1-14 in. diam., on slender peduncles # in., in fascicles
of 4-5 at the ends of branchlets, anthers « ovate, nearly sessile on the fleshy
4-lobed mass round the short thick abortive ovary, which is crowned by a
large yellow convex orbicular stigma. @: Solitary, stigma entire or indistinctly
4-lobed. Fruit globose, 2 in. diam., bright red when ripe, pulp very acid.

Tenasserim and Andamans. Fl. February—April.

Nearly allied are the following eastern species: 8. G. moulmeinensis, Pierre; Vesque
Guttiferze in DC. Monogr. Phan. viii. 394, Burma, probably G. cornea, Kurz, F. FI. i. 88.
9. G. Kurzii, Pierre; Vesque l.c. 403, and 10. G. Kingii, Pierre; Vesque, le. 407, both
from the Andamans. 11. G. affinis, Wall. (under G. cornea, L.,in Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 260,
G. cornea, L.; Vesque l.c. 397 is a native of Amboina), Silhet. 12. G. atroviridis, Griff.,
Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 266. Assam, Malay Peninsula.

C, Fl. tetramerous. 4g: Stamens surrounding a rudimentary ovary.
@ ; Ovary 2-celled.

13. G. stipulata, T. And.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 267; Gamble List, 7.
A middle-sized, sometimes a large tree. Leaves 6-12 in., thickly
coriaceous, elliptic-oblong or ellip-
tic-lanceolate, secondary nerves
10-16 pair, prominent beneath,
with shorter intermediate nerves,
tertiary nerves parallel, obliquely
transverse, stipules small, early
deciduous. FI. ¢: In shortly
pedunculate 3-7-fld. cymes, axil-
lary, or above the scars of fallen
leaves, pedicels 4-3 in., bracteolate
above their base and in the axils of
acute or rounded bracts. Stamens
many, in an annular mass enclos-
ing the rudimentary pistil. 2? :
Singly or in pairs. Fruit yellow,
oblong, 2-celled and 2-seeded.
Subhimalayan tract, from Sikkim
eastwards, ascending to 5,000 ft. Com-
mon in the valleys of the Tista and
Fic. 20. Garcinia stipulata, T. And. 4 its affluents. Fl. August, September.

a

ae

Garcinia] XY. GUTTIFERA 51

Nearly allied: 14. G. anomala, Planch. et Triana. Khasi hills. A small erect tree,
branches often whorled. Leaves coriaceous, turning yellow in drying, secondary nerves
numerous, parallel, stipules 0. FI. greenish-yellow, inodorous, cymes 3-fld., pedicels
supported by foliaceous bracts § in. long, petals 4 in. long. Fr. 14 in. diam., pericarp
thin. 15. G. merguensis, Wight Ic. t. 116; Kurz, P. Fl. i. 89. Malay Peninsula from
Mergui southwards, a middle-sized tree. Leaves 3-4 in., turning brown in drying,
secondary nerves indistinct. Fl. small, ¢ in many-fld. cymes, anthers numerous, on
4 distinct thick fleshy bundles surrounding a large rudimentary pistil. ‘

D. Fl. tetramerous. Male: a central round or 4-sided mass with numerous
2-celled anthers.

16. G. paniculata, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 112. Vern. Bubi Kowa, Silhet.

A middle-sized tree. Leaves 6-9 in., membranous, elliptic-lanceolate,
narrowed into petiole {-1 in. long, secondary nerves distant, 8-10 pair, tertiary
transverse, faint, numerous. Sepals green, smaller than petals, the inner
obtuse, larger than the outer, petals white, imbricate. g: in pyramidal
panicles with decussate branches, often longer than leaves, anthers numerous,
imbricate on a large globose central mass. 92: in pedunculate sometimes
branching spikes, stigma hemispherical, entire, tubercled. A few staminodia
surrounding the ovary. _ Fruit yellow, 1 in. diam., the seeds immersed in pulp,
similar in taste to that of a mangosteen.

Bhutan, Assam, Khasi hills, Silhet. Fl. November, December. Fr. July.

17. G. echinocarpa, Thw.; Trimen Handb. Ceylon, i. 96.
A tree attaining 50 ft., trunk thick, throwing out long aérial roots. Leaves
3-5 in., coriaceous, ovate or obovate, tapering into the }-% in. long petiole,

Fre. 21.—Garcinia echinocarpa, Thw. 4.

secondary nerves numerous, parallel. Fl. greenish, sessile. ¢ : in clusters,
stamens numerous on a thick 4-sided central mass, anther cells 2, adnate fo a
thick connective. 2 : Ovary 4-celled, covered with numerous imbricate fleshy
scales. Fr. 1-1} in. long, covered with sharp tubercles, seeds 1-3,

In evergreen forests, abundant on the Tinnevelli hills, in Travancore above 3,000 ft.,
Fl. April. Ceylon.

18. G. Cambogia, Desrouss. ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 298; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 85.
To this species probably belong : G‘. contcarpa, Wight Ic. t. 121, and G. papilla,
Wight, Spic. Nilg. t. 28, 29, Ic. t. 960. Vern. Upagi mara, Kan.;
Manthulli, Coorg; Gorakkapulli, Trav.

A middle-sized tree. Leaves 4-6 in., broadly lanceolate, blade 4—6 in., narrowed
into petiole } in. long, secondary nerves 8-12 pair, with shorter intermediate

52 XV, GUTTIFERA [Garcinia

ones. - Fl. yellow, or orange. ¢: Numerous 2-celled anthers on short filaments
upon a short thick central receptacle. Bisexual or ? ; Stamens 6-20, often
sterile, free or connate in bundles, surrounding the ovary, which is 6-10 celled,
stigma 6-10 lobed. Fruit varying in shape, 2}-3 in diam., yellow or reddish,
with 6-10 deep furrows which are continued nearly to the apex.

Evergreen forests along the Western Ghats from Kanara southwards. Fl, C. and
IES) eEics Rens:

19. G. indica, Choisy; Pierre, Fl. For. Coch, t. 80.—Syn. G. purpurea,
Roxb.; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t, 270. Vern. Kokuwm, Hind.; Murgal, Kan. ;
Ratamba, Mar.

A slender tree with
drooping branches, branch-
lets. black. Leaves red
when young, 2-4 in.,
thickly membranous, lan-
ceolate, occasionally ob-
lanceolate, nearly sessile,
secondary nerves slender,
6-10 pair, a few shorter
very slender intermediate
nerves between. Fl. small
— 6: In terminal 3-7-
flowered often pedunculate
cymes, pedicels } in. long,
anthers o, 2-celled on
short filaments crowded on
a central hemispherical

Fig. 22.—Garcinia indica, Choisy. 4. receptacle, 3: Solitary,

stamens 10-18 in4 bundles

alternating with petals, Ovary 5-7 celled, stigma 6-7 radiate, each ray

with 2 lines of tubercles. Fruit globose, 1} in. diam., not grooved, purple,
seeds embedded in a red acid pulp.

Western coast and Western Ghats from Matheran southwards. Often planted. FI.
Noyember—February. Fr, April, May.

Closely allied are; 20. G, microstigma, Kurz, F, Fl. i. 91. A single-stemmed or
meagre shrub, not unfrequent on South Andaman, Leaves similar to but larger than
those of G, indica. 21. G lanceefolia, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 163, Assam, Khasi hills,
Silhet, Chittagong hills. A slender bush. Leaves 2-4 in., thickly membranous, lanceo-
late, acuminate, calyx yellowish-green, petals bright red. Fr. orange yellow, obovoid,
1 in. diam., seeds 6-8,

E, Fl. tetramerous. @: a central 4-sided mass with 4-celled anthers.

22, G. Cowa, Roxb.—Syn. G. Kydia, Roxb. ; Wight Ic. t. 113; Kurz, F.
Fl. i, 90. Vern. Taungthale, Burm.

A large tree with drooping branches. Leaves 4-5 in., membranous, broadly
lanceolate, secondary nerves faint, very oblique, 6-10 pair. Fl. yellow or
reddish yellow, 4 in. diam. ¢@: In 3-—8-fld. umbels, stamens numerous, densely
covering a fleshy almost 4-cornered central mass; rudimentary pistil O, anthers
4-celled, the cells at the 4 angles of a thick connective. 2 : Ovary globose
6-8 celled, style grooved, stigma broad, granular. Fruit the size of a small
orange, yellow or dark purple, 6-8 grooved, terminated by a nipple-shaped
protuberance.

Assam, Silhet, Chittagong, Chota Nagpore, Nilgiris and elsewhere in the Peninsula.
Lower Burma, Andamans. FI. February—May. Fr, May, June.

Nearly allied is 23. @ succifolia, Kurz (1872); F. Fl. i. 91 (G, loniceroides, T. And., F).
Brit. Ind. i. 264 (1874). Upper Burma, Sittang and Ivawaddi valleys in Lower Burma,
Leayes lanceolate, 2-4 in. long. >

Garcinia) XV. GUTTIFERA 53

F. Fl. tetramerous,. g: Anthers on a central mass, 1-celled, dehiscing
transversely.

24. G. Morella, Desrouss.; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 86. Syn. Hebradendron
cambogioides, Graham; Wight Ill. t. 44.

A middle-sized tree, branchlets quadrangular. Leaves 3-5 in., thinly coriace-
ous, broadly lanceolate. FI. greenish-white, sessile in the axils of fallen leaves.
dg : 2-3 together, anthers 1-celled dehiscing transversely, filaments short, on
a central thick 4-sided column. @ : Staminodes 12, connate at base in a
ring round the globular 4-celled ovary, stigma peltate, irregularly lobed and
tubercled. Fruit $ in. diam., seeds 4.

North Kanara, evergreen forests (Talbot): South Kanara, motst forests of the plains
and ghats to 2,000 ft. (Bedd.). Fl. November. Fr. February, March. Common in
Ceylon, moist low country to 2,000.

Closely allied are the following species: 25. G. pictoria, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 102;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 87. A common tree in the forests on the west side of the peninsula
up to 3,500 ft. (Bedd.). Staminodia in the female flower in 34 fleshy bundles, each
having 2-7 sterile clavate anthers. 26.G. elliptica, Wall. ; Vesque Guttiferse, 478. Khasi
hills, Silhet. The horizontal anthers of the male flower often bent down at the ends.

The pigment obtained from G. Morella and pictoria is equal to the gamboge of
commerce, which is yielded by a Siamese species, G. Hanburyi, Hook. fil.; Pierre, Fl.
Forest. t. 73, 74. It exudes from incisions made in the bark.

27. G. Choisyana, Wall., and 28. G. heterandra, Wall., of the Eastern Peninsula, have
broadly ovate leaves, the former membranous, the latter thickly coriaceous. 29. G.
Wightii, T. And., from the Western Peninsula, has linear-lanceolate leaves.

2. OCHROCARPUS, Thouars; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 270.

Differs from Garcinia chiefly by the calyx, which is entirely closed at first,
and afterwards splits into 2, sometimes 3 valves or sepals. Petals 4, stamens
numerous, filaments slender, filiform, entirely free or only connate at base.
Ovary 2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell, or 4-celled, one ovule only in each cell.

Species 12, 7 in Madagascar, 1 in tropical Africa, the rest in India and the
Indian Archipelago, eastwards to New Guinea and Fiji. Not in Ceylon.

1. O. longifolius, Benth. & Hook. fil.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 89.—Syn. Caly-

’ saccion longifolium, Wight Ic. t.1999. Vern. Wundy, Punay, Suring?, Kan.

A large tree. Leaves 5-9 in., rigidly coriaceous, oblong and oblong-lanceolate,
generally acute, secondary nerves indistinct, veins in dry leaves distinctly
and minutely reticulate. Fl. male and bisexual, § in. diam., white, streaked
with red, in dense fascicles, with numerous bracts at base, in the axils of fallen
leaves or on the old wood, sepals reflexed during flowering, petals acute. Fr.
obliquely ovoid, pointed, 1 in. long.

Western Ghats from Khandala to Malabar. Fl. March, often cultivated. The
globose flower buds are used for dying silk.

Closely allied is 2. 0. siamensis, ‘T. And. (including 0. nervosus, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 94).
Lower and Upper Burma, Siam, Cambodia, sometimes in Eng forests. Leaves smaller,
obtuse or emarginate. Fl. solitary or in few-fld. lax fascicles, on long slender pedicels.

3, CALOPHYLLUM, Linn. ; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 271.

Trees with shining coriaceous leaves, secondary nerves ®, straight, closely
and evenly parallel, nearly at right angles to midrib, buds as a rule puberu-
lous with minute rusty hairs. Wood reddish, medullary rays distinct on a
radial less distinct on a transverse section, being similar in colour to the inter-
vening tissue. Fl. ¢ and 2 in axillary or terminal panicles, sepals 4, petals
none, or 4—8, the 2 inner or all sepals petaloid. Stamens o, filaments filiform,
free or connate at base. Ovary 1-celled, style slender, stigma generally peltate,

54 XV. GUTTIFERA [Calophyllune

ovules few, mostly one only:: Drupe with a crustaceoug endocarp, cotyledons
thick, fleshy, the cells filled with oil. Species 60, tropics of both hemispheres.

A. Petals 4,

1. C. Inophyllum, Linn. ; Wight Ic. t. 77. Alexandrian laurel, Punna,
Malyal.
A middle-sized ornamental tree or shrub, glabrous, buds only with minute

Fic. 23.—Calophylum Inophyllum, Linn. 4.

rusty hairs. Leaves elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate, blade 4-8, narrowed
into petiole }-1 in. long. Fl. scented, white, 1 in. diam., in axillary racemes. *
Fr. yellow, 1 in. diam.

A littoral species, on the west coast from Bombay, on the east coast from Orissa
southwards. Andamans and Tenasserim. Fl]. C. 8. On the sea coast, within the
Geo pie eon Madagascar to Australia and the Pacific. Often cultivated. The seeds
yield oil.

2.-C. elatum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.2. This and C. tomentoswm are known
as the Poon spar tree.

A tall tree, wood light red, shining, branchlets and petioles glabrous. Leaves
elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-5, petiole 4-1 in. long. FI. in ample terminal
pubescent panicles, sepals hairy, the 2 outer small, the 2 inner petaloid, and as
large as petals. Fr. ovoid, apiculate, 14 in. long.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, and adjoining hills, from South Kanara to
the Palnis. Fl. January—Febuary. 3. C. tomentosum, Wight Ic. t. 110. Evergreen
forests of North Kanara, branchlets and petioles rusty-tomentose. Fl]. in axillary
racemes, the 4 sepals of nearly equal size. 4. C. polyanthum, Wall. Sikkim to 5,000 ft.,
_ Khasi hills, hills east of Toungoo (Kurz, F. Fl. i.95). A large tree, almost entirely
glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, blade 4-7, petiole marginate, 4-1 in. Fl. white, $ in.
diam., in axillary racemes and terminal panicles. Fr. globose, ¢ in. diam. Dd. C.
trapezifolium, Thwaites. Travancore evergreen forest, 4,000 ft—Ceylon. A large tree,
leaves obovate, 1-14 in., narrowed intoshort petiole. FJ. nearly 1 in. diam., in few-fid.
axillary racemes near the ends of branches. Fr. ovoid, apiculate, ? in. long.

- B. Petals none or early deciduous.

- 6. C. Wightianum, Wall.—Syn. C. decipiens, Wight Ic. t. 106. The
Poon spar of Travancore. Vern. Bobbi, Mar.; Iria, Trai, Kan.; Katta

punna, Travancore. a
A tree, lofty in Travancore, middle-sized elsewhere, almost entirely glabrous,

Calophyllum) XV. GUTTIFERA 55

bark yellow (Talbot), branchlets angular. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, obovate,
obtuse. Fl. 4 in. diam. on axillary racemes, shorter than leaves, petals some-
times present in the bud. Fr. 1 by # in.

On the banks of rivers and in evergreen forest, Western Ghats ascending to 4,500 ft.,
from North Kanara southwards. Fl. December—April. A remarkable variety, possibly
a distinct species, with elliptic acute leaves, fr. small, 4 in. long, oil made from the seed,
fl. Oct., Nov., occurs along river banks in Travancore and possibly further north (Cheru
punna, Atta punna, Pora punna, Travancore). Tothis may belong Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 90.
7. ©. amenum, Wall.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 95; Vesque in Monogr. Phan. viii. 576 (C. retu-
sum, Wall., Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 272, in part). Tenasserim and Andamans, young shoots,
petioles and inflorescence with minute rusty pubescence, Leaves elliptic, rigidly
coriaceous, blade 2-4 in., narrowed into petiole 4-1 in. long. Fr. globose 4 in. diam.
8. C. spectabile, Willd. Tenasserim, Andamansand Nicobar. Pantaya, Burm. A large
tree. Leaves 7-10 in. long, woolly beneath along midrib. FI. 3 in. diam., on pedicels
# in. long, in short umbelliform axillary cymes, sepals all petaloid. Fr. globose, $ in.
diam.

4, PAECILONEURON, Bedd.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 278.

Trees, branchlets and petioles clothed with minute hairs. Leaves coriaceous,
secondary nerves 0, close, joined at right angles by numberless transverse
veins. Fl. bisexual; (¢ fl. not yet found?). Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals, imbricate
in bud, petals 5 or 6, contorted or imbricate. Stamens 16-20, filaments free,
slightly united at base, anthers basifixed. Ovary 2-celled, 2 ovules in each
cell. Styles 2, filiform. Species 2.

1. P. indicum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 3. Vern. Kirbally, Balagi, Kan.
Puthan kolli, Tray.

A large tree. Leaves 4-9 in., acuminate, secondary nerves very close
and equidistant. Fl. yellowish-white, in- terminal panicles, sepals 5, petals 5,
contorted, anthers tuberculate, each cell consisting of numerous superposed
compartments.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats from South Kanara southwards, ascending
to 4,000 ft. Fl. C.and H.S. 5. P. paucifiorum, Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 93. Banks of rivers
on the South Tinnevelli and Travancore mountains (Vern. Pudangalli), secondary

nerves less close and regular. Fl. solitary or in pairs, sepals 4 unequal, petals 6
imbricate, anthers smooth. Fruit globose, pointed, # in. diam., dehiscent, valves 2,

coriaceous, seed 1.

5. MESUA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 277.

Three species in FI. Brit. Ind., one transferred by Vesque to Kayea, the third
(M. Thwaitesii of Ceylon) united by him with M. ferrea.

M. ferrea, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 118; Vesque, Guttiferee in DC. Monogr.
Phan. 630.—Syn. M. coromandeliana, Wight; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 64;
M. pedunculata, Wight Ie. t. 119. M. speciosa, Chois.; Wight Ie. t. 961, Spici-
legium Neilg. t. 30, 31. Vern. Nagesar, Beng. ; Nahorv, Assam; Naga-kesara,
Tel.; Nagchampa, Mar.; Naga sampige, Kan. ; Inupw mara, Coorg; Nangul,
Tam.; Gangau, Burm.

A large evergreen tree, heartwood dark red, extremely hard, medullary
rays extremely fine. The young shoots at first brilliant red, then pink, gradually
passing into dark green. Leaves 2-6 in., coriaceous, lanceolate, upper side
shining, under side covered with a white waxlike powder, secondary nerves
very close, but indistinct. Fl. 3-4 in. diam., solitary, nearly sessile, bisexual.
Sepals 4 in 2 rows, petals 4, imbricate, stamens o, anthers linear, basifixed.
Ovary 2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell, style filiform, stigma peltate. Fruit
pointed, 1-1} in., 2-valved, valves tough, supported by the enlarged sepals,
seeds 1-4, testa hard, shining, embryo a fleshy homogeneous mass.

Western Duars and Assam, Khasi hills, Chittagong. Upper Burma, Tenasserim,

56 XVI. TERNSTR@MIACEA [Mesua

Andaman Islands, western coast from North Kanara southwards. Generally in ever-

green forests. Commonly cultivated. Fl. February—April. Also in Ceylon and the
Malay Peninsula. 3

6. KAYEA, Wall.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 276.

_ Trees glabrous, secondary nerves distant, not prominent. Sepals 4, petals 4,
imbricate, stamens o distinct, ovary 1-celled, ovules 4, rarely 8, erect, style
long, filiform, stigma 4-fid. Fruit indehiscent, in most species enclosed in the
greatly enlarged calyx, pericarp coriaceous, seeds 1—4, cotyledons large, fleshy.
Species 20, eastern peninsula and Indian Archipelago. :

1. K. floribunda, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 210.

A large tree. Leaves 5-9 in., coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate. Fl. in large
terminal panicles, sepals green, nearly orbicular, petals white with pink edges,
anthers golden-yellow. Fruit 1-seeded, enclosed by the thick wrinkled yellow
much enlarged calyx.

Sikkim to 3,000 ft., Assam, Khasi hills, Burma hills, east of Toungoo. 2. K. nervosa,
T. Anders. ; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 96. Tenasserim. Leaves chartaceous, 24 in., elliptic-
lanceolate. Fl. 13 in. diam., solitary or 2-8 together, terminal or axillary, petals obovate.
Fruit supported by but not enclosed in the enlarged calyx. 3. K. Manii, King, Ann.
Gard. Cale. v. 2, 144. Andamans. Leayes coriaceous, 5-7 in. Fl. 4-3 in. diam. on
slender pedicels in fasciculate racemes.

-Orver XVI. ‘'TERNSTR@MIACEA. Gen. Pl. 1. 177.

(Theacee, Engler und Prantl iii. 6. 175, with the exception of Sawrauwja and
Actinidia, placed under Dilleniacee [l.c. 125, 126] and Stachywrus, which
constitutes Gilg’s Order Stachyuracee [l.c. 192].)

Shrubs or trees, rarely climbing. Leaves alternate, simple, often serrate,
stipules 0. Fl. usually showy and bisexual, regular, generally pentamerous,
sepals and petals in a few cases morenumerous. Stamens generally numerous.
Ovary free (half inferior in Anneslea), cells 3-5, numerous in Actinidia, styles
as many as cells.

A. Peduncles 1-flowered, anthers basifixed, embryo curyed.

Ovary free, fl. bisexual as a rule, anthers glabrous
Ovary free, fl. bisexual, anthers pilose.

le

TERNSTR@MIA.

Ovary 3-5 celled, seeds numerous 2. ApINaANDRA =
Ovary 2-4 celled, seeds few 3. CLEYERA.

Ovary free, fl. dicecious . 4, Burya.

Ovary half inferior . 5. ANNESLEA.

B. Peduncles 1-flowered, anthers versatile, embryo straight.
Fruit indehiscent
Fruit dehiscent.
Seeds winged, radicle inferior

aD

. Pyrenarta.

é 5 : . 7. Scnma.
Seeds winged, radicle superior . é : 0 . 8. Gorponta.
Seeds wingless . : : 6 ¢ ; : 9. CAMELLIA.

C. Fl. in cymes or panicles, anthers versatile, fruit pulpy, embryo straight in
copious albumen.
Fl. pentamerous, stamens many.

Styles numerous . : a ‘ ; ‘ C . 10. Acrinrpta.
Styles 3-5 . : 4 ; 5 . 11. Sauravsa.
Fl. tetramerous, stamens few. ; 0 c 0 . Sracuyurus (p. 63).

1. TERNSTREMIA, Linn. fil.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 280.

Glabrous trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous, entire or dentate. Fl. solitary,
calyx supported by 2 bracteoles. Sepals 5, petals 5, both imbricate and connate
at base. Stamens many, free, filaments generally short, anthers basifixed,

:

a

Ternstramia| XVI. TERNSTREMIACEA 57

glabrous, obtuse or shortly apiculate. Ovary 2-3 celled, ovules 2, rarely 1
or more than 2 in each cell, pendulous from the apex. Seeds 2-4, testa bony,
albumen 0, embryo horseshoe-shaped. Species
30, tropical Asia and America.

1. T. japonica, Thunb.—Syn. 7. gymnan-
thera, Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 91; Cleyera gymnan-
thera, W. et A.; Wight Ic. t. 47. Vern.
Kaymone, Kamoni, Nilgiris.

A large tree, stunted at high elevations.
Leaves crowded at the ends of branches, entire,
2-3 in. long, gradually narrowed into a petiole
1-1 in. long, secondary nerves indistinct. Ped-
uncles $-1 in., axillary, or more often above
the scars of fallen leaves. FI. pale yellow,
corolla spreading 4-3 in. diam. Fruit $ in.
diam., tipped with persistent style, and sup-
ported by bracteoles and sepals. Seeds 3-4, red.

Sikkim 7,000-8,000 ft., Khasi hills, Upper and
Lower Burma, Nilgiris. Fl. December to June.
Also Ceylon, China, Japan. 2. T. penangiana, Choisy ;
Kurz, F. Fl. i. 99. Andamans and Tenasserim,
Malay Peninsula, Cochinchina. Leaves 4-8 in.,
obovate. FI. dicecious, nearly 1 in. across, anthers
not apiculate. Fr. 14 in. diam., seeds 4, covered by Fic. 24.—Ternstroeemia japonica,
a reddish pulp, resembling that of Bixa orellana, Thunb. Seed cut open. 4.

2. ADINANDRA, Jack.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 281.

Species 12, one African, one in China and Formosa, the rest in the Malay
Peninsula and Indian Archipelago.

1. A. villosa, Choisy; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 100.

A middle-sized tree, young branches, leafbuds, petioles, under side of leaves
as well as back of sepals and petals clothed with long silky hairs. Leaves
4-5 in., coriaceous, shortly acuminate. Fl. axillary, mostly bisexual, on short
pedicels. bracteoles caducous, some distance below the flower. Stamens
20-30 free, slightly attached to base of petals, silky, apiculate. Ovary
5-celled, hairy, style cylindric, glabrous, stigma minute, ovules numerous,
pendulous from the apex. Fruit } in. diam., silky, seeds numerous, reniform,
embryo horseshoe-shaped, albumen 0.

Lower Burma, chiefly in Eng forest. Fl. H.S. Also in Perak. Pierre, Fl. For. t.
125, unites this with A. integerrima, T. And. King, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol, 59
(1891), 190, keeps them separate. 2. A. Griffithii, Dyer, a small tree, Khasi hills, has gla-
brous buds, leaves and flowers, the stamens sparingly hairy, and the style deeply 5-fid.

3. CLEYERA, DC.; Fl. Brit. Ind. 7. 283.
(Included under Lurya in Engler u. Prantl iii. 6. 189.)
Species 6, India, China, Japan, Central America and the West Indies.

1. C. ochnacea, DC.

A small tree. Leaves 3-5 in. Fl. yellow, axillary, fascicled, peduncles
j-1 in. long, thickened towards the apex, bracteoles minute. Stamens numerous,
anthers pilose, shorter than filaments. Ovary generally 4-celled, style filiform,
stigma 2—3- partite.

Nepal, Khasi hills, Ruby Mines district, Upper Burma. Fl. R. S. Also China,
Japan. C. japonica, Sieb. & Zuce. (not Thunb.), with which this species is identified in

58 XVI. TERNSTREMIACEA [Cleyera

the enumeration of Chinese plants, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 76, has white petals, other-
wise there is no difference. C. grandiflora, Hook. fil. & Thoms. Khasi hills, with
larger leaves and usually solitary flowers is perhaps not specifically distinct.

4, EURYA, Thunb.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 284.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves mostly serrate. Fl. dicecious, sepals and petals
imbricate, petals united at base, stamens 12-15, attached to the base of the
corolla, anthers adnate. Ovary mostly 3-celled, styles 3, distinct or partially
united. Fruit indehiscent, seeds numerous, small, angular, albumen copious,
oily.

1. E. japonica, Thunb.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 101.; Bedd. Fl. Sylvy. t. 92.—Syn.
E. Wightiana, Wight Ill. t. 38. Vern. Jhingni, Nep.; Huluni, Nilgiris;
Taung lapet, Taw lapet (wild tea), Burm.

A shrub or a small tree ; prominent raised lines on branchlets descending on
both sides from the insertion of leaves. Leaves 2-5 in., lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, obtusely serrate, glabrous, rarely pubescent while young. Fl.
small, white, on short nodding pedicels, 2 or 3 together, rarely solitary, in the
axils of leaves, sepals quite glabrous, style deeply 3- rarely 4-5-cleft, berries
numerous, the size of a peppercorn, mucronate.

Outer Himalaya, from Sikkim eastwards, 3,000-6,000 ft., Western Ghats and hills
adjoining them, from Kanara southwards. Hills of Upper and Lower Burma. FI.
throughout the year, chiefly R. S. Also Ceylon, from 4,000 ft. upwards, Malay
Archipelago, China, Japan, Korea, Fiji Islands.

2. E. acuminata, DC.; Royle Ill. t. 25. Vern. Sanu jhingni, Nep.

Supposed to differ from E. japonica by young shoots being hairy, by more
narrowly lanceolate leaves, often hairy beneath, and by the flowers in dense
fascicles of 5 or more. In the F. Fl. of North-West and Central India, p. 24,
I united them; Kurz, Trimen and the Flora of Brit. Ind. keep them separate.

Outer Himalaya, from the Jumna eastwards, 3,000-9,000 ft., Khasi-hills, Chittagong.
Burma hills, often in Pinus kasya forests. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
3. E, symplocina, Blume, Sikkim 5,000-7,000 ft., Bhutan, Assam, Khasi, and Naga hills,
Manipur, Burma, is a middle-sized tree. Leaves 3-5 in., secondary nerves 8-12 pair,
fairly distinct, peduncles silky, sepals silky outside, styles united. 4. E. trichocarpa,
Korth. Khasi hills, Bhutan, Amboina. Pubescent, ovary densely silky, styles united
to % of their length.

5. ANNESLEA, Wall.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 280.

A, fragrans, Wall. ;
Pl. As. Rar. t. 5, the
only species; Pierre,
Fl. Fort. 127.

A moderate-sized
tree. Leaves crowded
at the ends of branches,
3-5 in., narrowed into
petiole 1 in. long,
secondary nerves indis-
tinct. El. white,
peduncles 2-3 in. Sta-
mens ©, glabrous,
anthers long-apiculate,
torus enlarged, cup-
shaped, passing into a
calyx tube adnate to
Fre. 25.—Anneslea fragrans, Wall. Fruit cut open. 3. the 3-celled ovary,

‘
r.

1 es Se | 2

Anneslea| XVI. TERNSTR@MIACEAX 59

ovules many in each cell, pendulous. Fruit 1 in. diam., crowned by the large
persistent sepals, seed cylindric, testa woody, inner integument thin but
tough, embryo horseshoe-shaped, albumen 0.

Manipur. Common in the Eng forests of the plains and hills in Upper and Lower
Burma. Fl. January-April. Also Malay Peninsula, Cochinchina, and the Philippines.
I follow Pierre in regarding A. monticola, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 98, as belonging to this
species. :

6. PYRENARIA, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. 1. 289.

Leaves thinly coriaceous, styles 5, free, or partially united. Ovary 5-celled,
ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit indehiscent, fleshy-coriaceous, seeds oblong,
stout, without a wing, testa woody, albumen 0. Species 7, Malay Peninsula
and Indian Archipelago.

1. P. barringtonizfolia, Seem.—Syn. Ensynaxis barringtonifolia,
Griffith, Notule iv. 560, Ic. Pl. As. t. 603 iii.

A serambling shrub. Leayes 8-10in., glabrous, obovate from a cuneate base,
abruptly acuminate, strongly serrate, secondary nerves 8-10 pairs, joined at
a distance from the edge by intramarginal yeins. Fl. yellowish white, 1} in.
diam., almost sessile, supported by coriaceous erose-crenate bracts, which
gradually pass into sepals, bracts and sepals tomentose outside. Styles dis-
tinet.

Garo hills. Upper Assam. FJ. H. 8S. 2. P. camelliefiora, Kurz, hills of Lower
Burma. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves 5-7 in., yellowish green when dry. Drupe
obovoid, 1 in., seeds 2. 3. P. diospyricarpa, Kurz, F. F]. i. 104. Branchlets pubescent.
Leaves 4-5 in. Drupes oboyoid, the size of a small pear, 4-5 ribbed, waxy yellow.

7. SCHIMA, Reinw.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 288.

Evergreen trees. Leaves entire or crenate. Fl. showy, solitary on axillary
peduncles, two deciduous bracteoles under calyx. Sepals 5, nearly equal, petals
5, slightly connate at the base, the outermost concaye, often hood-like. Stamens
many, filaments adnate to base of petals, attached to the back of anthers
above their base. Ovary 5-celled, style simple or lobed at the apex with broad
spreading stigmas, ovules 2-6 in each cell, attached laterally. Capsule globose,
woody, loculicidal, with a persistent axis. Seeds flat, kidney-shaped, winged
on the back, albumen thin, cotyledons foliaceous, radicle inferior, curved
upwards. Species 3 or 4, eastern Asia, tropical and subtropical.

Fic. 26.—Schima Wallichii, Choisy. Fl. and fr.

ch

60 XVI. TERNSTR@MIACEA [Schima

1. S. Wallichii, Choisy (1854). Vern. Chilawni, Nepal, Sikkim, Duars ;
Samching, Bhutia; Dingan, Khasi; Mukria Sal, Assam; Laukya, Upper
Burma.

A tall tree, bark dark grey, rugged, wood red, moderately hard, durable, but
shrinks and warps (42- 50 Ib. per cub. {t.). Coppices readily. Buds, branchlets,
petioles and under side of leaves pubescent, sometimes tomentose. Leaves
4-6 in., chartaceous, entire or siligiatchy crenate. Fl. 13-2 in. diam., white,
fragrant, stamens yellow, peduncles #-2 in.

Subhimalayan tract, from Nepal eastwards, ascending to 5,000 ft., Khasi hills, Mani-
pur, Chittagong hills, Upper Burma, Yunan. Fl. April-June. Fr. C.8. 2. §, Noronhe,
Blume (1825); King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 59 (1891) 201.—Syn. S. crenata,
Korthals; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 289. Upper Burma, Ruby Mines, 6,000 ft. (Thityabyu),
Martaban, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Cochinchina, Indian Archipelago, China.
Supposed to differ by leaves more distinctly crenate and larger fr., but is probably
only a form of S. Wallichii, which, when this view is adopted, will be known by. the
older name S. Noronhe. 3. §. Khasiana, Dyer. Khasi hills. Glabrous, except the silky
buds, sepals and petals. Leaves strongly serrate, veins distinctly reticulate between
tertiary nerves, peduncles stout, # in. Fl. 24 in. diam. Of S. monticola, Kurz, I have
seen no specimens, and none from Burma of S. bancana, Miq.

8. GORDONIA, Ellis; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 290.

Differs from Schima in the following points: bracteoles, sepals and petals
passing by a regular gr adatoms from bracteoles to petals, filaments often connate
at base into a ‘fleshy cup or 5 thick fleshy bundles. Capsule oblong, woody.
Seeds prolonged upwards ee an oblong wing, albumen O, embryo ‘straight,
radicle superior. Species 10, eastern tropical and subtropical Asia, Southern
Atlantic States of North America.

1. G. obtusa, Wall.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 83. Wight, Spicil. Neilg. t. 20.
Vern. Nagetta, Nilgiris.

A middle-sized tree, buds and flowers silky. Leaves 2-4 in., glabrous,
crenate, obtuse, the cuneate base narrowed into a short petiole. Fl. white, 14
in. across, capsule 1 in., 5-angled.

Western Ghats, from the Konkan southwards, Nilgiris, Palnis. Fl. June-Sept.
2G. excelsa, Blume; Sikkim 4,000-6,000 ft., Bhutan, Khasi hills, Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago, has lanceolate acuminate leaves, 4-10 in., capsule 1-14 in. long.

9. CAMELLIA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 292.

(Thea, Linn.; Baillon, Histoire des Plantes iv. 252; Engler und Prantl 111,
6. 182.) 4

Evergreen trees or shrubs, leaves mostly serrate. Fl. showy, axillary, bracteo-
late, solitary or a few together. Sepals 5-6, imbricate, similar to bracteoles, the
inner larger. Petals 5, rarely more, strongly imbricate. Stamens oo, the
outer filaments often partially connate into a ring or tube, the inner free,
anthers versatile. Ovary 3-5 celled, styles 3-5, free or partly connate,
ovules pendulous, 4-5 in each cell. Capsule dehiscing loculicidally, seeds
mostly solitary in each cell, testa coriaceous or crustaceous, the inner coat thin
and membranous, radicle short, albumen 0. Cotyledons oily. Species 16,
India, China, and Japan.

1 Tinneeus, and after him Seemann (Camellia and Thea, Transactions Linn. Soc. xxii.
337), kept the two genera separate. Bentham and Hooker in Genera Plant. i. 187,
united them, giving preference to the name Camellia, as containing the larger number
of species.

eS es

<=

oP a oe ee

Ld

__ 9

~s-e
-

Camellia) XVI. TERNSTR@MIACEA 61
A. Flowers nodding, capsule supported by the persistent sepals.

1. C. Thea, Link; Brand. F. Fl. 25.—Syn. C. Bohea, Griffith, the China
plant, and c. theifera, Griffith, the indigenous Assam plant; C. theifera, Fl.
Brit. Ind. i, 292; Thea sinensis (not chinensis), Linn. Sp. Plant. Zhe Tea
plant. ae Let pet, Burm.

A shrub or small tree, glabrous or slightly pubescent. FI. solitary, peduncles
with a few distinct bracts, sometimes a second flower in the axil of one of them.
Sepals round, yery obtuse. Petals white, obovate, obtuse, glabrous or pubescent
on the back. Stamens glabrous, ovary villous, styles 3 glabrous, connate
beyond the middle. Capsule depressed, 3-cornered, 3-seeded. Testa hard,
shining.

Indigenous in Upper Assam (discovered 1834) and in the hilly country to the east of
it (the Assam plant has larger more acuminate leaves, and has a more arborescent habit
than the shrub cultivated in China). Also indigenous in Upper Burma, Katha district,
2,000 ft., Ruby Mines district, 7,000 ft., and the snorthern Shan States. Cultivated ages
ago in China and Japan. Since 1840 cultivated extensively in Assam, Cachar, Sikkim,
the N.W, Himalaya and the Nilgiris. Grown in Ceylon on a large scale. FI. C.S,

C. caudata, Wall.; Kurz, F. FI. i. 108.

A small tree with a spreading crown, branchlets, petioles and under side of
leaves hairy. Leaves 3-4 in., lanceolate, long-acuminate. Fl. $1 in. diam.,
white, 2-3 together, peduncles short, covered with imbr icating bracts, sepals
and petals silky outside. Stamens clothed with long hairs, ovary and styles
hairy. Capsule } in. diam., 1-celled, 1-seeded.

Bhutan, Khasi hills, Burma, hills east of Toungoo, Fl. November—March.
B. Flowers erect, sepals deciduous.

3. C. drupifera, Lour.—Syn. C. Kissi, Wall., As. Researches xiii. 430, and
Pl. As. Rar. t. 256. Vern. Hingua, Nep.; Letpet, Burm.

A large shrub or small tree, branches spreading, branchlets and petioles
more or less hairy. Leaves elliptic- lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate in the upper
half, 3-4 in. long, secondary nerves 6-8 pair, faint. Fl. white, erect, on short
peduncles, bearing broad silky imbricating bracts, solitary or 2-3. Petals
obovate, j-1 in. long, falling soon after flowering. Stamens 70-80, glabrous,
+ in. long, filaments free, dilated below. Ovary hairy, style glabrous, in the
upper half 2~3-fid, ovary and style } in. long. Capsule nearly 1 in. diam.,
depressed-globose, peduncle marked by the scars of bracts and sepals.

Himalaya, from Nepal eastwards, 4,000-7,000 ft., Assam, Khasi hills. Burma, hills
east of Toungoo, 2,000 ft., Ruby Mines hills, 6,000 ft, F..C.S

Closely allied is 4. C. caduca, C. B. Clarke MSS., Khasi hills, above the Bishop’s falls
in large quantity in the river bed on rocksand sand submerged during floods. Bhutan,
Sikkim. Leaves narrower, on both sides minutely wrinkled, secondary nerves quite
obscure. Fl. much smaller, petals 4 in., cuneate, emarginate, very early caducous.
Stamens }-4 in., outer series 30, filaments in their lower half united into a tube, inner
series 5-10, free. Capsule pyriform, pointed, 4 in. 5. C, lutescens, Dyer, Mishmi hills,
a shrub, Leayes 2-34 in., caudate-acuminate, closely serrate, secondary nerves 6-8
pair, distinct. Fl. fragrant, white, turning yellow. Stamens 20-80, filaments broad,
the outer combined into a short irregular fleshy tube. Ovary globose, densely silky,
styles short, recurved.

10. ACTINIDIA, Lindl. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. i, 285.

Climbing shrubs, structure of wood normal, vessels very large. Leaves
membranous. Fl. polygamous or diccious, in axillary cymes. Sepals 5, petals
5, imbricate. Stamens o, free, anthers versatile. Ovary cells numerous,
styles as many as cells, divergent, elongated after flowering. Fruit fleshy,
embryo straight in copious albumen. Species 10, China, Japan, and eastern

Himalaya.

62 XVI. TERNSTREMIACEA [| Actinidia

1. A. callosa, Lindl. Vern. Tikiphal, Nep.

A large climber, stems attaining 4 in. diam., bark corky, brown, rough.
Leaves elliptic, 4-6 in., shortly acuminate, glabrous, sepals oblong obtuse,
tomentose, styles clavate. Fruit ? in., ovoid, pleasantly acid, edible.

Himalaya, from Garhwal eastwards, 3,000-8,000 ft., Khasi hills, Manipur, Shan hills,
at 5,000 ft. FI. May, June. Alsoin China and Japan. 2. A. strigosa, Hook. fil. &
Thoms., Sikkim 6,000-8,000 ft.,common about Darjeeling. Branchlets, petioles, and
under side of leaves hispid with long hairs. Fl. ? in. diam., white or light pink, sepals
slightly pubescent. Fruit 14 in., edible.

11. SAURAUJA, Willd.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 286. (Sawrauia, Gilg in
Engler u. Prantl ii. 6. 127.)

Trees or shrubs, shoots more or less strigose or scaly. Leaves approximate
at the ends of branches, usually serrate, secondary nerves prominent, parallel.
Fl. usually bisexual, in cymose panicles, axillary or from the old wood. Sepals
5, strongly imbricate, petals 5, connate at base, imbricate, often forming a cup-
shaped corolla. Stamens numerous, anthers opening at the top by a pore or
short slit. Ovary 3-5 celled, ovules numerous, styles 3-5 distinct or united.
Fruit indehiscent, generally somewhat fleshy. Seeds small, with copious albu-
men. Species 60, tropical and subtropical Asia and America.

A. Flowers in axillary pedunculate cymose panicles, bracts deciduous.

1. S. napaulensis, DC.; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 178; Brandis, F. Fl. 25.
Vern. Gogea, Gogina, Goganda, Hind.; Ratendu, Jaunsar.

Fie. 27.—Saurauja napaulensis, DC. 3.

Small tree or large shrub, wood soft, spongy, boughs ending in tufts of
leaves, among which are the flower panicles. Young shoots, petioles and under
side of leaves covered with scurfy tomentum, mixed with brown deciduous
acuminate scales. Leaves 10-15 in., strongly serrate, secondary nerves 25-30
pair. Fl. pink, in pedunculate panicles, styles 4 or 5 distinct, conspicuous.

Outer Himalaya, 2,500-7,000 ft , from the Jumna eastwards. Khasi hills, Manipur. Fl.
H.S., R. 8S. Fruit viscid, eaten. 2. §. Griffithii, Dyer. Sikkim, Terai, and outer valleys,
to 6,000 ft. Branchlets, petioles and inflorescence densely clothed with soft woolly
ferruginous tomentum. Leaves bright green above, brown, softly tomentose beneath,
8-12 by 4-6 in., with sharp spinulose teeth, petiole 2-3 in. Panicle on peduncle 6-8 in.
long.

Pees oe

ge

Saurauja) XVI. TERNSTREMIACEX 63

B. Flowers mostly on the old wood, in trichotomous cymes, bracts in pairs
at all the ramifications.

3. S. Roxburghii, Wall.; Kurz, F. Fl. 103. Vern. Auli gogen, Nep.;
Thit ngayan, Burma.

A middle-sized evergreen tree, the young parts covered with a mealy scurf,
intermixed with minute scales. Leaves 8-12 in. Cymes hairy, many-flowered,
bracts deltoid, acute. Fl. } in. diam., stamens o, styles 3-5.

Sikkim, Terai and outer valleys, ascending to 4,000 ft., Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur,
Chittagong, hills east of Toungoo, 2,000-6,000 ft. Upper Burma, 1,500-3,000 ft. Fl.
(OM SHAS BS

4. §. fasciculata, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 148. Saré gogen, Nep. Nepal, Sikkim, 2,000-
5,000 ft. A small tree. Leaves ferrugineo-tomentose beneath. Fl. 4 in. diam., white,
afterwards pink. 5. S. punduana, Wall. Sikkim, Terai, and outer valleys, ascending
to 6,000 ft., Upper Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur, Burma. Cymes many-flowered, ramifi-
cations densely covered with acute scales, bracts broad-ovate. Fl. ?in. diam. 6. S.
tristyla, DC.; Malay Peninsula, said to extend north into Tenasserim. Leaves spinulose-
serrate, 7-10 in. Fl]. unisexual, } in. diam., on slender pedicels, in fascicles of 2-6
mostly on the old wood, petals white, stamens 20, styles 3, rarely 4. 7. S. manrotricha,
Kurz, F. Fl. i. 106. Assam, Khasi hills, Upper Burma. Branchlets, petioles and under
side of leaves densely clothed with long stiff hairs. Leayes narrow-lanceolate, serratures
setose, secondary nerves 12-15 pair, arcuate. Fl. red. 8. S. cerea, Griff. (S. arcuata,
Kurz, F. Fl. i. 103). Bhutan, Upper Burma. Young parts covered with appressed hard
sharp scales. Leaves obovate, blade 8-10 in., petiole }-} in. Fl. 1 in. diam., petals
waxy, white, base blood-red.

Stachyurus himalaicus, Hook. fil. & Thoms., Himalaya, from Nepal eastwards, 5,000-
$,000 ft., Manipur, China, is a small tree or extensively scrambling shrub, glabrous,
fl. tetramerous, in short lateral spikes on long pendulous branches. Stamens 8, ovary
4-celled, style simple, stigma capitate-peltate, ovules many. Berries } in. diam.

Orper XVIJ. DIPTEROCARPACEA. Gen. Pl. i. 189.

(Dipterocarpee.)
(Brandis in Journal Linnean Society, vol. xxxi, (1895) p. 1.)

Resinous trees, rarely shrubs, mostly evergreen. Leaves alternate, stipulate,
simple, penniveined, generally coriaceous, petioles mostly thickened below the
blade. Young shoots and inflorescence, calyx and outside of petals in most
species pubescent, hairs 1-celled, generally stellate or fasciculate. FI. bi-
sexual, regular, pentamerous, in spikes or racemes, these often unilateral and
mostly paniculate. Receptacle fleshy, broad, flat or obconical, often concave,
bearing on its outer edge the calyx, the segments of which as a rule are much
enlarged in fruit. Petals contorted, stamens 5, 10, or more, anthers introrse,
adnate to filaments, which are mostly short, the connective being often pre-
longed beyond the anthers. Ovary 3-celled, often prolonged into a fleshy
stylopodium, in some cases immersed in the hollow receptacle. Two collateral
ovules in each cell, attached to the inner angle. Fruit 1-seeded, pericarp
coriaceous, indehiscent. Seed with or without albumen, cotyledons fleshy,
bifid, often stipitate, in most species filled with starch, in others with oil,
while some contain both.

Remarkable anatomical characters.—-Resin ducts are found in the pith of the young
stem and branches, in the pith of all vascular bundles, in the petiole, midrib, nerves
and veins of leaves as well as of those bundles which run through the bark. The
walls of these ducts are lined by a stratum of thin-walled secreting cells. In many
species similar ducts are also found in the wood. They contain an essential oil, known
as wood-oil in the case of Dipterocarpus, as camphor-oil in the case of Dryobalanops.
Exposed to the air, outside or in cavities of the trunk, these essential oils are
transformed into resin or camphor.

Cortical leaf traces—Some distance below the node the leaf traces separate from

64 XVII, DIPTEROCARPACEA

the central cylinder and run through the bark before they enter the petiole. There

are generally three leaf traces, one apical, two lateral, all consisting of a vascular

bundle with one or several resin ducts in the pith. In some cases these traces run in
the bark through an entire internode,

Structure of petiole——The 3 vascular bundles, which enter the petiole, forming its
central cylinder, remain distinct in rare cases. As a rule they ramify and coalesce,
forming at the base of the petiole an intricate mass of xylem and phloém with a
number of resin ducts, and in most species the internal structure of the petiole changes
in its progress from the base to the blade. For systematic purposes it is convenient to
examine the petiole immediately below the base of the blade. At this point we frequently
find a semicircle of vascular bundles, more or less united, each with its resin duct,
and inside this semicircle one or several vascular bundles with or without resin ducts.

Structure of wood.—Vessels moderate-sized, often in groups, enclosed in a narrow
white ring consisting of wood parenchyma. Medullary rays fine and moderately
broad, generally equidistant, the horizontal cells of these in many cases very long,
3 mm. in Dipterocarpus alatus. These longitudinal cells, as well as the resin ducts in
the younger wood, are filled with essential oil. Many species have a distinct dark-
coloured heartwood. Resin ducts, vessels, fissures and other cavities in the old wood
are filled with resin,

Biological features—As a rule large trees, with tall, regularly shaped trunks.
With few exceptions they do not bear flowers and seed until they have attained a
considerable age. Asa rule they seed annually, though the quantity of seed produced
varies from year to year.. In the Malay Peninsula and in Ceylon, however, there are
species which flower periodically, some every sixth year. The seed germinates soon
after ripening, in some cases before it falls to the ground. Sey eral species (Sal,
Eng) are gregarious and form forests of considerable extent, in which they prevail over
their companions.

Geographical distribution —The Order is limited to the Indo-Malayan region, from
the Seychelles to New Guinea. Of the 325 species (in 16 genera) at present known, 30
are here described. Of species found elsewhere may be mentioned: (1) Dryobalanops
aromatica, Gaertn. f., Johore, Sumatra, Borneo, and probably on the Philippine Islands,
yields the Borneo camphor, which is deposited in cavities in the wood in the shape of
beautiful colourless or light yellow crystals. (2) Shorea selanica, Blume, Amboina,
produces large quantities of transparent amber-like resin, hanging down from the
branches in conical or cylindrical masses, often as thick as a man’s leg. (3) Several
species, the seeds of which contain fat resembling tallow (Tang kawang), which is an
important article of trade in the Malay Archipelago. The chief of these are: Shorea
stenoptera, Burck; S. aptera, Burck; 8. gysbertiana, Burck; and S. pinanga, Scheffer,
all in Borneo ; Tsopter a borneensis, Scheffer, Malay Peninsula, Bangka, Borneo.

The Order divides itself naturally into 5tribesand 16 genera. One tribe (Dryobalan-
opsee) and 7 genera of the other tribes are not represented in the British Indian
Empire.

J. Dipterocarpee.—Calyx tube enclosing the fruit; 2 lobes expanding into long wings.
Stamens more than 20; connective prolonged into a long point. Ovary with a large
fleshy stylopodium.

Stipules large, amplexicaul, calyx tube free, stamens o,
style filiform . c

Stipules small, deciduous, calyx tube adnate to fruit,
stamens 20- 35, style short . 2 . 2. ANISOPTERA.

II. Shoree.—Calyx as a rule imbricate in ead in most cases the 2 or 3 outer segments
accrescent in fruit, forming long wings. Stamens mostly 15, rarely more (Shorea,
section Hushorea), in a few cases 10. Connective usually aw ned,

Wings 2; appendix of connective long, pointed, as a rule

a lar ge ’stylopodium : . 38. Hopes.
Wings 3; anthers with 5 pointed appendages 0 . 4, Penracme,
Wings 3; appendix of connective as a rule long, pointed 5. SHorea.
Wings 5; calyx in bud nearly valvate ; anthers with 3

1. Diprerocarrus,

short appendages ° 6. ParasHorea.
Lobes of fruiting calyx slightly and evenly enlarged,
thick, sometimes woody, appendage of connective long,
aus Stylopodium generally distinct . fs . 7. Batanocareus.
be
ee “oval. Appendix of connective short, obtuse,
0 é D - . 8. VatTica.

no stylopodium ;
IV. Vateriee.—Calyx imbricate in are Lobes of fruiting

calyx equal and shorter than fruit. Stamens o.
Anthers linear-oblong with 1 or 2 appendages. . 92-VaTERIA.

——_—_—

Dipterocarpus} XVII. DIPTEROCARPACEA 65

1. DIPTEROCARPUS, Gaertn. f.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 295.

Tall, regularly shaped trunks, no heartwood. Leaves are renewed at the end
of the hot season, when the old leaves fall. Secondary nerves prominent,
straight, joined by parallel tertiary nerves. In bud the two halves of the leaf
are folded upon each other and the sections between two secondary nerves are
also folded in half. Fl. large, pink, in short few-fld. axillary panicles.
Receptacle concave, continued into a campanulate or obconical calyx tube
with 5 segments, 2 of which are larger. Stamens o, connective prolonged
into a long point, anther cells mostly equal. Ovary generally hairy, con-
tinued into a conical fleshy stylopodium, style filiform, stigma minute. Tube
of fruiting calyx enclosing fruit, but not adnate to it, globose or ovoid, smooth
or with 5 ribs or wings, alternating with calyx segments, two of which
develop into large longitudinally veined wings. Pericarp thin at the base,
thick and fibrous in the upper portion. The cotyledons of the germinating
seed remain enclosed in the pericarp and fruiting calyx, being attached to the
radicle by long petioles. Species 64.

Numerous (up to 100) resin ducts in a leaf-bearing internode near the circum-
ference of the pith. The lateral leaf traces enter the bark at varying levels, generally
in the upper half of the internode. Numerous stipular traces in the bark below the
node. Frequently large mucilage cavities in pith and cortex.

A. Tube of fruiting calyx smooth.

1. D. turbinatus, Gaertn. f.—Syn. D. levis, Ham.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 213;
Kurz, F. Fl.i. 114. Vern. Gurjun, Chittagong; Kanyin-ni, Burm.

Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, blade 5-12 in., petiole rarely more than
+ the length of blade, secondary nerves 14-18 pair. Varies greatly in
regard to the pubescence of young shoots, leaves and inflorescence. Kurz calls
the form with glabrous and glossy leaves. D. levis, that with hoary leaves
D. turbinatus.

Cachar, Tipperah, Chittagong hills, Burma, Andamans, Malay Peninsula. FI.
April. Fruit May. Asa rule not gregarious, but scattered in mixed forest, generally
taller than the trees associated with it. North of Bhamo D. levis is reported to grow
gregarious in patches. Yields wood oil. Heartwood reddish-grey, not durable. Closely
allied is 2. D. indicus, Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 94 (D. turbinatus, Cooke, Bombay FI. i. 84).
Yennemara, Coorg; Ennai, Tam.; Velayani, Mal. Evergreen forest of the Western
Ghats from North Kanara southwards. Fl. January-March. Petioles longer, 4 to 4
the length of blade, and secondary nerves less numerous, 10-15 pair.

3. D. obtusifolius, Teysm.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 115.

Young shoots, petioles and inflorescence}densely clothed with long pale
tawny hair. Leaves broadly ovate, obtuse, to 9 in. long, pubescent above,
softly tomentose beneath, secondary nerves 12-14 pair. Fl. showy, pink,
shortly pedicellate on short axillary racemes. Fruit 1} in. diam.

Throughout the Eastern Peninsula, 20° N. Lat. its northern limit. In Cochinchina
and Cambodia very common and gregarious. Ascends to 3,000 ft. in Pegu and Marta-
ban; at higher elevations gregarious, forming forests similar to those of D. tuber-
culatus. D. vestitus, Wall., Tavoy, very similar and probably not specifically distinet.

4. D. pilosus, Roxb. ; Kurz F. Fl. i. 115.—Syn. D. Baudii, Korthals.

Young shoots, stipules and petioles densely clothed with tawny fascicled
hairs. Leaves elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate, 8-18 in. long, ciliate at the
edges, hairy beneath, secondary nerves 20-25 pair. Fruiting calyx glabrous,
ovoid, 2 in. long, wings to 9 in. Fruit densely pubescent.

Damp forests in the upper part of the Assam valley, Chittagong hills, Aracan, Lower
Burma, Andamans(?). Fruit April. Sumatra (gregarious, Korthals), Bangka. Yields
a semifluid resin.

F

66 XVII. DIPTEROCARPACEA [| Dipterocarpus

B. Tube of fruiting calyx with 5 protuber-
ances near its mouth.

5. D. tuberculatus, Roxb.; Kurz, F, Fl.
1,113. Vern. Eng (In), Burm.

Stipules 4-5 in. long, greyish-tomentose.
Leaves up to 18 in. long and 14 in. broad,
cordate or broadly-ovate, apex rounded, glossy
above, glabrous or slightly pubescent beneath,
secondary nerves 10-15 pair, arching. Fl.
large, petals 14 in. long, tomentose outside.
Fruiting calyx tube obovate, velvety when
young, glabrous when mature, between the
segments produced into 5sharp knobs. Nuts
tomentose.

Throughout the Eastern Peninsula from Pegu
to Cambodia, northern limit at 25° N. Lat. Em-
inently gregarious, forming extensive forests on
laterite at the foot of the hills of Lower and Upper
Burma, accompanied by subordinate species, Ters
minalia, Eugenia, Dillenia, Symplocos and others.
Yields wood oil and resin. Fl. April. Fr. May.
Heartwood red, moderately durable.

C. Tube of fruiting calyx with 5 longitu-
dinal wings.

6. D. alatus, Roxb.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 116.
Vern. Kanyinbyu, Burm.

Shoots and stipules pubescent. Leaves
ovate or elliptic, acute, pubescent beneath,
margin ciliate, secondary nerves 12-15 pair,
blade 4-6 in., petiole (softly hairy) 1-1} in.
long. Wings on fruiting calyx tube broad,
half the diameter of tube or more.

Pegu, Tenasserim, Siam, Cambodia. FI. April, fruit May. Not gregarious, but
scattered in mixed forests, generally taller than the trees associated with it. Heart-
wood greyish-red, not durable. The medullary rays consist of two classes of cells, long
and short; the long cells (up to 0°12 inch long) are filled with wood oil.

Closely allied and possibly not distinct is 7. D. costatus, Gaertn. f., Lower Burma,
South Tipperah, near the coast (Hamilton), wings on calyx tube narrow. 8. D, incanus,
Roxb. Pegu, South Andaman (common), Chittagong (doubtful), Tongkah in Siam on
theeast coast of the Malay Peninsula at itsnorth extremity. Branchlets, young shoots
and petioles softly hairy. Leaves ovate, thinly pubescent on both surfaces, margin
ciliate. 9. D, Bourdilloni, Brandis in Hook. Ic. Plant. t.2403 (Kar angili, Mal.). Carcoor
Ghat (Malabar), Travancore, evergreen forest in the low country. A lofty tree, young
shoots, branchlets and petiole softly velvety. Leaves elliptic, shortly acuminate, tomen-
tose beneath, 6-10 in. long, secondary nerves 12-18 pair, tube of fruiting calyx glab-
rous, 14 in. long, wings on tube $ in. wide. Similar to D. insignis, Thwaites, of Ceylon,
but distinct.

Fra. 28.—Dipterocarpus pilosus,
Roxb. 4.

2, ANISOPTERA, Korthals; FI. Brit. Ind. i, 300.

Stipules small, early deciduous. Stamens 20-35, anther cells unequal, con-
nective prolonged into a long awn. Stylopodium thick, fleshy, bearing 3,
sometimes 4-6, short styles. Fruiting calyx adnate to fruit, globose or cam-
panulate, 2 segments much larger than the others, with 3 prominent longi-
tudinal nerves and numerous transverse veins. Species’15.

In the circumference of the pith 18-24 resin ducts. The lateral leaf traces enter the
bark at varying levels, in some species at the base of the internode. In the petiole a
complete circle of 7-13 vascular bundles, with a resin duct in each, and a central mass
of vascular bundles, without resin ducts.

Anisoptera| XVII. DIPTEROCARPACEA 67

1. A. glabra, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 112. Vern. Thin
kadu, Burm.

Evergreen, glabrous, except the pubescent inflor-
escence, wood hard, dark olive-ereen. Leaves coria-
ceous, elliptic-oblong. Fruiting calyx-tube much
constricted at the mouth. the 2 larger segments
oblanceolate, with 3 prominent longitudinal nerves,
joined at right angles by conspicuous transverse
veins.

Pegu, Martaban, Cambodia and Cochinchina. Fl. April,
May. 2. A oblonga, Dyer (Shorea nervosa, Kurz). Tenas-
serim. Young shoots and leaves on the nerves beneath
with scattered tufts of minute stellate hairs.

3. HOPEA, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 308.

Stipules small or minute, early deciduous. FI.
in unilateral spikes or racemes, arranged in
ample racemose panicles, calyx often glabrous, petals
always hairy outside. Calyx sexments imbricate, the
two outer growing out into thin membranous wings
as the fruit ripens. Stamens 15, of which 10 in 5
pairs are episepalous, in a few species 10, anther cells
equal, connective prolonged into a long awn. Stylo-

é : a Fic. 29.—Anisoptera
podium generally large. Seeds without albumen, glabra, Kurz. 4

cotyledons thick, fleshy, concave, one enclosing the ~
other, both bifid to the base. Radicle and petioles of cotyledons embedded
in a groove between the lobes of the outer cotyledon, while the lignified pla-
centa with the remains of dissepiments intrudes between the lobes of the inner,
they are filled with starch and oil, the former generally prevailing. Species
46, one in New Guinea.

Resin ducts in the pith 8-12 at the base of a leaf-bearing internode. ‘The 2 lateral
leaf traces run a short distance only through the bark.

Sect. .—Euhopea. Secondary nerves not more than 20 pair, not approxi-
mate.

A. Calyx grey-tomentose.

1. H. odorata, Roxb., Cor. Pl. t. 210. Vern. Thingan, Burm.

Evergreen, wood yellowish-brown, close- and eyen-grained, very durable.
Glabrous, except inflorescence. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, secondary nerves
12 pair. FI. fragrant, in axillary grey-tomentose panicles, petals ciliate
at margin, anthers oblong. Ovary gradually narrowed into conical stylo-
pedium and long cylindrical style. Ovary and stylopodium puberulous.

Moist forests in the southern portion of the Eastern Peninsula, from Pegu and
Tenasserim to Cochinchina, Andamans. Also reported from Chittagong. Not gre-
garious, but scattered in mixed forests. Fl. March, April. Fruit May, June.

2. H. parviflora, Beddome, Fl. Sylv. t. 7. The Zronwood of Malabar.
Vern. Bovumara, Kan.; Nirkongu, Tinnevelli.

Differs from 1 by petals not ciliate, anthers small orbicular, ovary and
stylopodium glabrous, stigma 3-fid, stylopodium ovoid, constricted at base.

Moist forests of the Western Ghats, from South Kanara southwards. Fl. March,
8. H. oblongifolia, Dyer. Mergui. Secondary nerves 10 pair, between them a multitude
of fine veins, closely reticulate, stylopodium cylindric. 4. H. Helferi, Brandis (Vatica
Helferi, Dyer). Mergui, 60 miles inland, branchlets tomentose. Leaves from a cordate
unequal-sided base, oblong. FI. pedicelled in terminal panicles, ovary glabrous.

68 XVII. DIPTEROCARPACEA | Hopea

B. Calyx glabrous.

5. H. Wightiana, Wall.; Wight Ill. t. 37. Vern. Aavs?, Mar.; Haiga,
Kan.; Ila pongu, Tam.

Youngest branchlets and petioles softly pubescent, otherwise glabrous.
Leaves coriaceous, oblong, 6-8 in. long, petiole short. Fl. in axillary fascicled
panicles, shorter than the leaves, petals pubescent outside. Upper portion
of ovary puberulous, stylopodium glabrous, slightly verrucose, style short.
Round echinate galls frequent in the axils of leaves.

. Evergreen forests at the foot of the Western Ghats, from North Kanara southwards.
Often gregarious, covering large tracts in the low country of South Kanara. FI.
March—June. 6. H. glabra, Wight et Arn—(H. Wightiana var. glabra, Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 96). Ghats of Tinnevelli and Travancore. Leaves lanceolate, 3-4 in. long, secondary
nerves 8 pair. Ovary, stylopodium and outside of petals slightly puberulous.
7. H. racophlea, Dyer—Syn. H. malabarica, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 185 (Karung
Kongu, Tam.; Veduvali Kongu, Mal.), Travancore. A large glabrous tree, bark dark,
peeling off in long recurved strips, which hang all round the trunk. Leaves ovate,
caudate-acuminate, blade 2-44, petiole slender, 4 in. long. -Panicles 2-4in one leaf
axil. Stylopodium cylindric, slightly narrowed at base. Larger segments of fruiting
calyx spathulate, obtuse, with 7-11 longitudinal nerves.

Sect. II.—Dryobalanoides. Secondary nerves numerous, approximate, often
obscure.

8. H. Griffithii, Kurz. Mergui, Malay Peninsula. Main secondary nerves 14-24 pair,
with numerous shorter Annormediane nerves, joined by very closely reticulate veins.
Panicles glabrous, axillary, much shorter than leaf. Sty lopodium | broad, constricted
at base, glabrous.

4. PENTACME, A. DC.; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soe. vol. 31 (1895) 72.
Species 3, Hastern Peninsula and Philippines.

P. suavis, A. DC.—Syn. P. siamensis, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 119; Shorea
siamensis, Miq.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 304. Vern. Engyin, Burm.

A lar, we tree, ‘heartwood brown, hard and durable, on dry ridges a shrub.
Leafless “during part of the hot season, when the tree is covered with lar oe
panicles of Slnoway flowers. Leaves ovate, ‘whitish-tomentose beneath while quite
young. Fl. ? in. across, petals orbicular, at flowering time forming a hollow
globe, open at the top, enclosing stamens and ovary. Stamens 15, anthers
oblong, cells equal, the valves of each cell, as well as the connective, prolonged
into ashortawn, sothat each anther has 5 subulateappendages. Ovary glabrous.
prolonged intoaconical stylopodium, style filiform, elabrous. Allcalyx seements
enlarged in fruit, but the three outer much larger than the others, all narrowed
into a stalk, which expands into a broad base, appressed to the base of fruit,
but not enclosing it. Cotyledons thick, fleshy, Stipitate, concave, enclosing
each other, filled with fat and oil, radicle short, plumula conspicuous.

Throughout the Eastern Peninsula, extending to 25° N. Lat. Gregarious a 2 Upper
Burma and Cochinchina, scattered in the Eng forest of Low er Burma. Fl. H

5. SHOREA, Roxb.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 303.

Stipules in a few species large and persistent, in most small and early
deciduous. Leaves coriaceous, secondary nerves prominent, tertiary mostly
parallel. Flowers as a rule in unilateral spikes or racemes, whichare distichous
and regularly alternating on the branches of large axillary and terminal
panicles. Hach flower subtended by 2 bracteoles, mostly deciduous, in a few
species persistent and conspicuous, Sepals strongly imbricate, hairy. Petals
hairy outside. Anther cells generally equal; connective as a rule prolonged
into a pointed appendage. Segments of fruiting calyx with their broad bases

i
2

Shorea} XVII. DIPTEROCARPACEA 69

tightly enclosing the fruit, the 3 outer ones larger and much longer than
fruit. Cotyledons fleshy, filled with starch or fat oil, concave, one embracing
the other, and the lienified placenta with remains of dissepiments enclosed by
them, Species 89, of which 7 are here described.

In the circumference of the pith at the base of internode from 3 to 30 resin ducts.
Three leaf traces enter petiole, the 2 lateral enter the bark at different levels. The
petiole below insertion of blade asa rule has a semicircle of 7 or 9 half-moon shaped
vascular bundles, distinct or confluent, each with a resin duct. The central mass of
vascular bundles consists of several curved bands, with or without resin ducts.

A. Stamens 20-60, appendage of connective ciliate, stylopodium large,
hairy, as well as ovary; style short, glabrous, stigma minute. The species of
this section have young shoots and inflorescence grey stellately pubescent.

1. S. robusta, Gaertn. f.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 212; Bedd. Pl. Sylv. t. 4.
Brandis F. Fl. 26 t. 9. Vhe Sal tree. Vern. Sal, sakhu, Hind; Koroh,
Oudh ; Sarei, rinjal, C. P.; Sarjom, Kol; Salwa, soringhi, Uriya; Gugal,
Tel.

A large gregarious tree, heartwood dark brown, coarse- and cross-grained,
hard, heavy, strong and tough. Leaves when full grown glabrous and shin-
ing, 4-10 in. long, from a rounded or cordate base broad-ovate, more or less
acuminate, ending in an obtuse point, secondary nerves 10-12 pair, stipules
caducous, petiole 4 the length of blade. Fl. yellowish on short pedicels, in
unilateral racemes arranged in large compound axillary and terminal panicles.
Calyx and petals softly grey tomentose outside, calyx lobes short, triangular.
Petals 4 times the length of calyx, orange inside. Wings of fruiting calyx
obtuse, oblong or spathulate, the larger 2-3 in. long, with 10-15 parallel
longitudinal nerves and distinct straight or oblique transverse veins.

The area occupied by the Sal tree forms two irregular but fairly defined belts,
separated by the Gangetic plain. The northern or subhimalayan belt extends from
the Kangra valley in the Punjab to the Darrang and Nowgong districts in Assam.
Further to the north-west the cold is too severe, while further east in the
Brahmaputra valley the climate is too moist throughout the year. The southern or
Central India belt extends from the Coromandel coast west to the Pachmarhi sandstone
hills, and south to the Godayari river. Neyer quite leafless, the young foliage appears
in March with the flowers. The seed ripens in June and germinates immediately,
often before falling to the ground.

2. 8. Tumbuggaia, Roxb.; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 5.—Syn.
Vatica Tumbuggaia, Wight et Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 27.
Vern. Tamba, Jalari, Tel. Hills of Cuddapah and
North Arcot. <A large tree, differs chiefly by smaller
leaves, secondary neryes 8-10 pair, petiole 4-} length
of blade.

3. S. obtusa, Wall.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 118;
Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. t. 234. Vern. Thitya,
Burm.

A large tree, heartwood similar to that of
Sal, but more even-grained. Leaves 4-6 in.,
oblong, obtuse, narrowed into petiole 4} length
of blade, secondary nerves 10-14 pair.

Bastern Peninsula, not known north of 20° N. Lat.,
generally associated with Diplerocarpus tuberculatus ;
in Cambodia, according to Pierre, forming pure
forests by itself.

Fic. 80.—Shorea obtusa, Wall.

B. Stamens 15-20, rarely more, anthers ob- Transverse section of inter-

long, connective terminating in a long filiform ode below insertion of petiole,

naked appendage. Ovary mostly glabrous, no ™#*gtified 17 times. — Three

Beatinod: PERMIC TAM Genre ationn: leaf traces in the bark, the

iy topo mene styie Jonge! 1an ovary, stigma apical with 8 resin ducts, each
generally 3-dentate. of the two lateral with one.

70 XVII. DIPTEROCARPACEA [Shorea

4. S. Talura, Roxb.—Syn. S. laccifera, Heyne; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 6;
Vatica laccifera, Wight Ic. t. 164. Vern. Talara, talari, Tam; Jalari, Tel.;
Jhalli, Kan.

A large tree, perfectly glabrous, only petals pubescent on the outside, and
sepals ciliate on edges, wood very hard, heartwood small. Leaves 3-4 in.,
from a more or less rounded base, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, petiole 1-} length of
blade. FI. light pink, $ in. long, in drooping axillary panicles, ramifications
slender, almost filiform. Stamens 15, in 3 rows. Anthers of the 5 interior
stamens longer than the others, appendage of connective equal to anther,
scabrous at the end. Larger wings of fruiting calyx 3 in. long, narrowed
above the broad base, which completely encloses the fruit.

Hills of the southern Deccan, also on the west side, in evergreen forests, from North

Kanara southwards. Fl.C.S. Closely allied and perhaps not specifically distinct is
5. §. floribunda, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 119, Tenasserim ; base of leaves acute.

6. S. assamica, Dyer. Vern. Makai, Assam.

A tall tree, shoots, stipules and young leaves softly tomentose, stipules # in.,
lanceolate, nearly faleate. Fl. 4 in. on very short pedicels, sepals and petals
hairy outside. Stamens 15, appendage long, glabrous. Ovary and base of
style hairy, style filiform, longer than ovary. Fruiting calyx glabrous, wings
coriaceous, the longer 3—5 in., the shorter more than half as long.

Upper Assam, forests at the foot of the Naga hills, in Sibsagar and Lakhimpur
districts. Fl. September. 7. 8S. gratissima, Dyer. Tenasserim, Singapore. Glabrous
except branches of inflorescence outside, of calyx and petals. Fl. 4 in., in unilateral
paniculate racemes, stamens 20-25, top of ovary and base of style slightly puberulous,
Wings of fruiting calyx thin, membranous.

6. PARASHOREA, Kuz, F. Fl. 1. 117.
Species 4, 1 in Sumatra, 2 in the Philippine Islands.

1. P. stellata, Kurz; Pierre, Fl]. For. Cochinch. t.224.—Syn. Shorea stellata,
Dyer, Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 304. Vern. Kawnghmu,
Burm.

A tall evergreen tree, attaining 150ft. Leaves
pale beneath, blade 4-6, petiole 4-1 in. long,
secondary nerves 8-10 pair, tertiary nerves
numerous, parallel, not more conspicuous than the
reticulate veins between them. Fl. small, cream-
coloured, in large axillary and terminal panicles.
Sepals almost valvate in bud, like the petals
grey-velvety outside. Stamens 15, anthers hir-
sute, linear, on short filaments, prolongation of
connective short, obtuse.- Ovary hairy, globose,
prolonged into a cylindric furrowed style, no
stylopodium. Segments of fruiting calyx nearly
equal, tube not enlarged, the ovoid acuminate
velvety fruit free and exposed.

Martaban and Tenasserim, also Malay Peninsula.

Scarce in the southern portion of the Pegu Yoma.
Fl. March, April.

Fie. 31.—Parashorea stellata,
Kurz. 4$.

7. BALANOCARPUS, Beddome, Foresters’ Manual, 287.

Trees, glabrous except inflorescence, stipules minute, deciduous. Fl.
supported by 2 bracteoles, in unilateral racemes, arranged in compound
panicles. Calyx on a flat torus, distinctly imbricate. Stamens 15, in some

ee

Balanocarpus| XVII. DIPTEROCARPACE® 71

species 10, filaments much dilated at base, anthers short, ovate, connective
prolonged into a straight apical awn, longer than anther. Segments of fruit-
ing calyx enlarged and thickened, not “much longer than fruit, enclosing
its base. Fruit oblong or globose, apiculate, often with numerous raised lines.
Species 14, 1 in Ceylon, 7 in the Malay Peninsula, 4 in Borneo, 2 Indian.

1. B. utilis, Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 330.—Syn. Hopea longifolia, Dyer, FI.
Brit. Ind. i. 309. Vern. Kong, Kara kong, Tinnevelli.

A lofty tree, young shoots and inflorescence hoary. Leaves lanceolate,
obtuse, secondar y nerves 10-12 pair, tertiary parallel, visible on both sides of
leaf. Fl. }-tin. long, stamens 15, awn twice or three times the length of anther.
Fruit globose, } in. diam., veined, not ribbed. 3

Tinnevelli hills, south of Courtallam, 1,000-3,000 ft. 2. B. erosa, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t
329. Tinnevelli hills 2,000-3,000 ft. Leaves oblong from a cordate, often unequal-sided
base, tertiary nerves reticulate. Fruit ovoid, 1 in. long, with numerous longitudinal lines.

8. VATICA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 301.

Brandis, Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. 31, 116 (Synaptea and Vatica, Trimen Handb.
Ceylon i. 126, 127; Vatica and Retinodendron, King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
vol. 62, 100, 127).

Trees, sometimes shrubs. Leaves mostly coriaceous, tertiary nerves reticu-
late. Fl. in spikes or racemes, not unilateral, arranged in terminal and axillary
panicles. Calyx segments yalvate, petals as a rule much longer than broad,
erect, not spreading whenexpanded. Stamens 15, of which 10 (in 5 pairs) stand
opposite to the sepals. Filaments of the 10 outer stamens very short, those of
the 5 inner much longer. Ina few species 10 stamens. Anthers short, glab-
rous, cells very unequal, diverging at the base, appendix of connective obtuse.
Ovary either free or half immersed in the obconical receptacle, generally
hairy, often pitted, style usually shorter than ovary, often ribbed and furrowed,
stigma capitate or conical. Segments of fruiting calyx either equal, or two
segments growing out into long wings. Species 45, Eastern Peninsula and
Indian Archipelago.

A. (Subgenus Retinodendron.) Ovary free, segments of fruiting calyx equal,
shorter than fruit, spreading or reflexed.

1. V. Roxburghiana, Blume; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 95; Trimen Handb.
Ceylon i. 128.—Syn. V. chinensis, Linn.; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soe. vol. 31,
p-. 119 (the older name, but the tree does not grow in China, and Blume’s
name is better known). Vern. Vella payin, Mal.

A moderate-sized tree, young shoots and inflorescence slightly pubescent.
Leaves from a rounded base elliptic-lanceolate, blade 4-9, petiole 14-2 in.
long. Fl. 3 in. in axillary panicles, shorter than leaves, pedicels as long as
calyx, 5-ribbed. Fruit nearly globose, 1} in. diam., densely pubescent, inde-
hiscent but marked with 3 vertical grooves supported at base by the enlarged
thinly coriaceous sepals, pericarp very thick, fibrous, woody.

Western Ghats, South Kanara to Travancore. Fl. H.S. Also Ceylon, moist low
country.

2. V. lancezfolia, Blume; Kurz, F. Fl. 1.122. Vern. Morhal, Makrai,
Assam.

A large shrub, sometimes a tree, youngest shoots and inflorescence mealy-
puberulous. Leaves from a acute base oblong-lanceolate, chartaceous, pale
beneath, blade 5-8, petiole } in. long. Fl. yellowish-white, fragrant, ? in.
long, anthers ovate-oblong, the cells with a blunt beak at the base, appendage
of connective cylindric, as long as anthers. Fruit ovoid, 1 in. long.

72 i XVII. DIPTEROCARPACEA | Vatica

Assam, in the valley as well as on the hills sur-
| rounding it, Cachar, Chittagong hills. Upper
| Burma on the Irawaddi above Bhamo. Fl. April,
May. 3. V. Griffithii, Brandis. Mogaung, Upper
Burma. A tree. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, blade
4-9, petiole $ in. long. Fl. yellow, scented, in
much ramified axillary panicles.

B. (Subgenus Synaptea).. Ovary as a rule
entirely or partially immersed in receptacle,
2 segments of fruiting calyx expanding into
long wings.

4. V. grandiflora, Dyer.—Syn. Anisop-
tera odorata, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 112.

A middle-sized deciduous tree, young
shoots and inflorescence clothed with ferru-
cinous stellate tomentum. Leaves coriaceous,
elliptic, blade 5-7, petiole #-I in. long. Fl.
2 in., ovary
slightly im-
mersed in the
receptacle,
densely
clothed with
stellate hairs.
Wings of
fruiting
calyx ob-
lanceolate,
the larger
2} in. long
with stellate
deciduous

Fig. 32.—Vatica lancefolia, Blame. Fl. and fr. 4.

pubescence, the smaller one-third their length.

Martaban, Tenasserim, Singapore. 5. V. faginea, Dyer, Tenasserim, Perak, Cochin-
china, is very similar and perhaps not specifically distinct. Leaves and flowers smaller,
blade 4-5, petiole 4-4 in. long. Fl. 4 in.

6. V. Scaphula, Dyer; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 301. Vern. Boil shora, Mugh
(Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 611).

A large tree. Leaves elliptic-oblong, blade 5-8 in., petiole much thickened
in the upper half, 1 in. long, midrib and 14-16 pair secondary nerves very
prominent beneath, tertiary nerves parallel and reticulate. Fl. 4 in. diam.,
in ample terminal panicles, ramifications and calyx grey tomentose with long
stellate hairs, petals white, nearly glabrous, broadly ovate, spreading.
Stamens 10.

Maskhal Island, Chittagong district, canoes made of it. FI.C.S. The anatomy of
this anomalous species merits further study.

9. VATERIA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 313.
Species 3, one in Ceylon, another on the Seychelles.

1. V. indica, Linn.; Roxb. Cor. pl. t. 288; Wight Ill. t. 36.—Syn. V.
malabarica, Blume; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 84. The Piney Varnish Tree. Vern,
Dhupada, Gugli, Kan.; Bili dupa, Coorg; Vellet Kuntrikam, Tam.; Payin.
Mal.

Vateria| XVII. DIFTEROCARPACE® 73

A large handsome evergreen tree, young shoots and inflorescence clothed
with scurfy stellate tomentum. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, elliptic-oblong,
blade 4-10, petiole 1-1} in. long, secondary nerves 14-16 pair, prominent
beneath as well as midrib. Fl. } in. across, in ‘large terminal panicles, pedicels
longer than calyx segments. Petals spreading, , slightly pubescent outside.
Stamens 40-50, filaments short, anthers linear, hairy at base, cells unequal,
the outer much longer, appendix of connective as long as anther. Ovary
tomentose, style filiform, stigma minute. Fruit ovoid, 2- “21 in. long, splitting
open into 3 valves, fr uiting ‘calyx small, segments reflexed. Cotyledons filled
with fat (Piney tallow).

Evergreen forests along the Western Ghats, ascending to 4,000 ft. Planted largely
as an avenue tree below ‘and above ghat in the moister western districts of Mysore.

F). H.S.

Orper XVIII. ANCISTROCLADACEA. Planchon; Gilg in
Engler u. Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ii. 6. p. 274.

Only Genus: ANCISTROCLADUS, Wall.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 299.

Hyergreen, glabrous, woody climbers, numerous strong hooked tendrils
terminating the principal branches, the leaf- and flower-bearing branchlets
being axillary. Leaves entire, sessile, lanceolate, usually in tufts at the ends
of branchlets, stipules minute, caducous. FI. bisexual, calyx adnate to ovary,
lobes 5, imbricate, petals 5, ‘slightly contorted. Stamens 5 or 10, filaments
broad, short, connate at base. Ov ary 1-celled, ovule solitary. Fruiting calyx
much enlarged. No resin ducts. Species 8, one in tropical Africa, the others in
eastern tropical Asia.

A. Leaves broad, width more than 4 times their length.

1. A. extensus, Wall. ; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 62 ii. (1893) 137,

A strong climber. Leay es coriaceous,
obovate or broadly oblanceolate, secon-
dary nerves distinct, joined by intra-
marginal veins. Panicle repeatedly
dichotomous. Lobes of fruiting calyx
unequal, the larger 14-1} in. long.

Lower Burma, Andamans. FI. C.S. 2.
A. Heyneanus, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1987-88
(Kardor, Kardal, Mar.). Western Ghats,
from the Thana district southwards, in
evergreen forest. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate,
secondary nerves not more conspicuous t han
the reticulate veins between, panicle twice
dichotomous. Lobes of fruiting calyx nar-
row, unequal, with distinct parallel nerves.

B. Leaves narrow, width less than 4
times their length.

3. A. Wallichii, Planchon; Kurz,
ewer bul

A large woody climber with dark-
brown twisted stems, numerous Strong
black hooked tendrils on the branch-
lets. Leaves lanceolate and oblanceo- yg. 38.— Ancistrocladus extensus
late, 1-2 ft. long, midrib stout. FI. Wall. 3.

74 XVIII. ANCISTROCLADACEA [Ancistrocladus

purplish, in dichotomous loose panicles, shorter than leaves. Fruiting calyx
lobes nearly equal, about } in. long.

Silhet, Cachar, Chittagong, Pegu, Tenasserim. Fl. C. 8. 4. A. Griffithii, Planch.
(Pan ben nwé) Burm.) Lower Burma. Swamp forests and muddy river banks.
Leaves 5-10 in., panicles repeatedly dichotomous, ramifications slender flexuose. Fl.
pale lilac or pink. 5. A.attenuatus, Dyer, Tenasserimand Andamans. Leaves 12-15 in.,
linear cuneate, midrib prominent, ramifications of panicles stout, bracts triangular,
acute, lobes of fruiting calyx unequal, 2 lobes larger, # in. long.

Orper XIX. MALVACEA. Gen. PI. i. 195.

(Malvacee and Bombacacew, Engler und Prantl ii. 6. pp. 30, 53.)

Herbs, rarely arborescent, younger parts asa rule clothed with stellate hairs,
wood light, soft. Leaves alternate, mostly stipulate, generally palminerved.
Fl. large, regular, as a rule bisexual. Sepals generally 5, more or less connate,
valvate in bud. Petals 5, hypogynous, usually adnate to the base of staminal
column, in bud twisted or imbricate. Stamens usually om, monadelphous.
Anthers 1-celled, bursting lengthwise. Ovary syncarpous, carpels numerous,
usually in a whorl round a conical torus. Fruit a number of distinct carpels
or a capsule, opening loculicidally. Seeds generally without albumen.

A. Staminal tube truncate or 5-toothed, bearing short filaments on the outside.
Bracteoles 5, persistent, as long as calyx or half its

length . : : : : : : : : . 1. Histscus.
Bracteoles minute, deciduous : a 5 : . 2. Tuesprsra.

B. Staminal tube short, divided into filaments, calyx leathery, leaves digitate.
Stamens 5, capsule 5-valved, filled with silky wool . 8. Krroprnpron.
Stamens numerous, capsule 5-valved, filled with silky

Wool |. . ; : 9 0 0 6 : . 4. Bompax.
Stamens numerous, fruit woody, indehiscent, filled
with mealy pulp . 0 ; 0 : 5 : 0 ADANSONTA (p. 78).

C. Staminal tube divided into numerous filaments, leaves
simple, penniveined . 6 : 0 : é ¢ Durio (p. 78).
D. Staminal tube divided into 5 antheriferous segments.
Leaves penniveined, oblong-lanceolate, entire . . 5. CULLENTA.
Leaves with 5-7 basal nerves, orbicular or nearly so. 6. Kypra.

1. HIBISCUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. 1. 334.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves often lobed. Calyx supported by a whorl of
5 or more bracteoles. Staminal tube bearing on the outside short filaments
along its entire length, and sometimes also at the apex, summit truncate
or 5-toothed, anthers reniform. Ovary 5-celled, the cells alternating with
petals. Styles 5, spreading, connate below. Capsule 5-valved, sometimes

10-celled. Species 150, chiefly in the tropics of both hemispheres.

1. H. macrophyllus, Roxb.; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 51. Vern. Yetewwn,
Burm.

A middle-sized tree. Branchlets, petioles and inflorescence densely clothed.
with soft tomentum mixed with long tawny fasciculate hairs, 1-$ in. long or
longer. Leaves entire, cordate, softly tomentose on both sides, blade 6-12 in.
diam., petiole 6-10 in. long. Stipules oblong, convolute, hispid-tomentose, 2 in.
long, deciduous. Fl. in axillary pedunculate cymes, each flower enclosed in bud
by two large ovate deciduous bracts. Bracteoles 10-12, linear-lanceolate, as long
as calyx. Corolla 2-3 in. diam., yellow, witha dark purple eye, turning purple.
Capsule pointed, hispid. Seeds reniform, on the edge with long tawny hairs.

Hibiscus | XIX. MALVACEA 75

Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Malay Peninsula, frequent on deserted Toungyas and in
secondary forest. Fl. March, April. 2. H. collinus, Roxb. Western Peninsula and
Ceylon. A large shrub or small tree. Leaves nearly glabrous, 3-lobed, lobes acumi-
nate. Fl. axillary, solitary. Bracteoles 7-10, a little shorter than calyx. Capsule
depressed, globose, densely hispid. ‘

3. H. tiliaceus, Linn.; Bedd. Manual 29 t. iv. f. 1.—Syn. Paritium
tiliaceum, Wight et Arn.; Wight Ic. t.7. Vern. Naparutti, Mal.; Thinban,
Burm. :

A small much-
branched tree,
young shoots and
inflorescence pubes-
cent. Leaves en-
tire, from a cordate
base nearly orbicu-
lar, shortly grey-
pubescent beneath,
blade 3-8 in. diam.,
petiole 1-5 in. long.
Stipules broad,
early deciduous
Fl. in axillary or
terminal few - fld.
racemes. Brac-
teoles 10, connate,

-half the length of
calyx. Corolla 2-3
in. diam., pale ; Fic. 34.—Hibiseus tiliaceus, Linn. fr. 4.
yellow, with a
crimson centre, red in the evening. Capsule 10-celled, seeds slightly pilose.

Beach and tidal forests on the coasts of both peninsulas and Ceylon, ascending the
river as far asthe tide. Gregarious. Fl. December—March. Sea coasts in the tropics of
both hemispheres.

Three species from China and Japan commonly grown in gardens :—4. H. Rosa
sinensis, Linn. Leaves nearly glabrous, ovate, entire at the base, coarsely toothed at
apex. Fl. solitary, axillary. Bracteoles 6 or 7, linear, half the length of calyx.
5. H, mutabilis, Linn. Leaves velvety, with 3-5 shallow lobes. Bracteoles 10, linear,
shorter than calyx. Fl. pure white at first, delicate pink before fading. 6. H. syriacus,
Linn. Leaves nearly glabrous, 3-lobed, coarsely dentate, base cuneate. FI. solitary
on short peduncles. Bracteoles 6 or 7, linear, shorter than calyx.

2. THESPESIA, Correa; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 345.

Trees or shrubs. Bracteoles few, deciduous, sometimes wanting. Calyx
truncate or minutely toothed. Staminal tube 5-toothed at the apex. Style
club-shaped, 5-furrowed, entire or 5-toothed. Species 6, Madagascar, tropical
Asia and Australia.

1. T. populnea, Correa; Wight Ic. t. 8: Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 63. The
Tulip ov Portia tree. Vern. Parash, Beng.; Dumbla, Sundarb.; Bhendy,
Mar.; Huvarasi, Kan. ; Portia, pursa, pursang, Tam.

A middle-sized evergreen tree of rapid growth, heartwood small, dark-
coloured. Leayes cordate, acuminate, entire, on both sides with minute pel-
tate scales, blade 3-5, petiole 14 in. Fl. axillary, solitary or 2 together.
Bracteoles none, or early deciduous. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate. Corolla
yellow, passing into purplish pink when withering, 2 in. diam. Capsule dehis-
cent or indehiscent, seeds silky.

Beach and tidal forests along the western coast from the Konkan southwards, coasts

76 : XTX. MALVACEA | Thespesia

of Chittagong, Burma and the Andamans. Fl. throughout the year. Littoral
throughout the tropics. In the Western Peninsula largely planted as an avenue tree.

KS

Fie. 85.—Thespesia populnea, Correa. 4.

T. Lampas, Dalz. et Gibs.—T. macrophylla, Blume; T. Cooke, Fl. Bombay i. 114.
fe Lampas, Cay.; Wight Ic. t. 5. Vern. Ban hapas, Kakhi, Hind. A large
shrub. Common in deciduous forests of both peninsulas. Young shoots and leaves
beneath shortly: stellate tomentose. Leaves more or less lobed, bracteoles minute.
Calyx nearly truncate, with 5 small distant subulate lobes. Corolla 3} in. across,
bright yellow with a crimson centre. Seeds small, club-shaped, black and glossy.

3. ERIODENDRON, DC.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 349. ae Gaertner ;
Schumann in Bnoler Uu. rea lil. 6. 62.)

Species 9, mostly American.

E. anfractuosum, DC.; Wight Ic. t. 400; Bedd. Manual t. iv. fig. 2—
Syn. E. orientale, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 131; Ceiba pentandra, Gaertner.

A large deciduous glabrous tree, branches horizontal in whorls, stems armed
with woody conical prickles. Leaves digitate, leaflets 5-8, elaucescent beneath.
Fl. creamy white, 1-1} in. long, in numerous axillary fascicles on short stout
tubercles near the ends of br anches, appearing with or before the young leaves.
Calyx campanulate, with 5 obtuse iach persistent. Petals twice to three
times the length of calyx. SEIMEI 5, connate at base into a fleshy tube.
Capsule 3-5 in., tardily dehiscent, 5-celled, cells lined with long white silky
wool. Seeds glabrous, bearing a fear dense tuits of silky hair.

Indigenous on the Andamans, the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, and in tropical
America. Often planted in Burma and India. FI. January-March.

.
‘
q
;
4
4
i
:
?

-~]
-1

Bombax| XIX. MALVACEZ

4, BOMBAX, Linn.;
Fl]. Brit. Ind. i. 349.

Deciduous trees with
digitate «labrous leaves.
Peduncles axillary, 1-
flowered, congregated
at the ends of branch-
lets. Calyx leathery,
cup-shaped, splitting
irregularly. Staminal
tube short, divided into
numerous filaments,
longer than tube, each
bearing a 1-celled an-
ther. Ovary 5-celled, :
ovules numerous. Cap- “SS>
sule loculicidal, 5-
valved, inside thickly
clothed with long silky
hairs, in which the
seeds are embedded in
dense wool. Cotyledons
much folded, enclosing
the radicle, albumen
thin. Species 40-50,
chiefly in Central and
South America, a few
in Africa.

1. B. malabari-
cum, DC.; Wight Ill.
t. 29; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 82.—Syn. B. hepta-
phyllum, Cay.; Roxb.
Cor. pl. t. 247. The
Cotton — tree. Vern.
Simal, shembal, Hind. ;
Tdel, Kol; Sayar, Mar. ;
Burla, sauri, Wan.;
Burgha, buraga, Tel. ;
lava, Tam. Mal.; Fia. 36.—Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC. 4.

Letpan, Burm. ;

A very large tree, stem generally with large buttresses at the base, wood
white, very soft, turning dark on exposure. Branches in whorls of 5-7,
spreading nearly horizontally, the stem of young trees covered with sharp
conical prickles. Leaflets 5 or 7, lanceolate, 4-8 in. long, common petiole as
long as or longer than leaflets. Fl. appearing before the leaves, large, scarlet,
occasionally white, calyx inside silky tomentose. Petals 2-3 in. long, stellate-
tomentose on both faces. Filaments about 70, much longer than staminal
column, the 5 inner stout, forked at the top, each branch bearing an anther,
some intermediate ones simple, the numerous outer ones at the base united in
5 clusters. Anthers long, afterwards twisted. Capsule oblong, hard, woody,
4-5 in. long. Seeds glabrous, embedded in silky wool.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Indus eastward, ascending to 8,500 ft. Common in
both peninsulas and often cultivated. Leafless from December until April. Fl.
February, March. Fruit April, May. Also in Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, Queensland and
North Australia.

2. B. insigne, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 79, 80. Burma, Andamans, Malay Peninsula,
‘Western Ghats, Kanara. Trunk without prickles, branches armed with prickles or un-

78 XIX. MALVACEA | Bombax

armed. Fl. scarlet or white, petals5-Gin. long. Stamens 400to 600. Capsule glabrous,
7-10 in. long. 3. B. anceps, Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. t. 175. Pegu (Didu Letpan,Kokye),
Shan hills, Upper Burma, Cochinchina. Fl. white, petals 3 in. long, pubescent on both
faces. Stamens about 350, staminal tube fin. long. Style glabrous. B. cambodiense,
Pierre lc. t. 174, has a hairy style.

Adansonia digitata, Linn., the Baobab or Monkey bread tree, indigenous in tropical
Africa, and often cultivated, is a large tree with a disproportionately thick trunk,
rapidly tapering upward and divided into large limbs. Leaves digitate, leaflets 5 or 7,
lanceolate, downy beneath. Fl. large, white, staminal tube thick, longer than the
free portion of filaments. Anthers linear, contorted. Fruit pendulous, oblong-oboyoid,
8-12 in. long, filled with tough fibres and a mealy slightly acid pulp, in which the
kidney-shaped brown hard shining seeds are immersed.

Durio zibethinus, Linn., the Doorian (Duyin, Burm.), indigenous in the Malay Archi-
pelago, is cultivated in Tenasserim. Leaves entire, penninerved, elliptic-oblong, both
surfaces shining, the upper glabrous, the lower clothed with orbicular scales. Fl. 2 in.
long, on pendulous dichotomous panicles, mostly from the old wood, on stem and
branches. Inflorescence, involucre and calyx clothed with shining orbicular scales.
Bracteoles more or less connate, calyx leathery, 5 lobes on a short tube. Petals 5,
spathulate. Staminal tube divided into 4-5 bundles, filaments numerous, each bearing
several anther cells on a globose fleshy connective. Fruit ovoid-oblong, 8-12 in. long,
densely covered with large smooth pyramidal prickles. Seeds pale y valine embedded in
a thick cream-coloured pulp (the confluent arilli) of delicious ‘taste but offensive

smell.

5. CULLENIA, Wight; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 350.

C. excelsa, Wight Ic. t. 1761, 62. The only species. Bedd. Manual t.
iv. fig. 3. Vern. Vedupla, Tam.; Karayani, Mal.

A tall tree, wood moderately soft, not durable. Young shoots covered with
peltate scales. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, penninerved, caudate-acumi-
nate, glabrous above, covered ‘beneath with silvery or orange-coloured peltate
scales. Stipules 0. Fl. reddish-brown, in large clusters on the old wood.
Bracteoles connate into a tube splitting irregular ly into 3-5 lobes. Calyx tubu-
lar, obscurely 5-lobed, as well as bracteolar tube completely covered with large
peltate scales, petals 0. Staminal tube exser ted, divided into 5 filiform segments,
each segment bearing along its length numerous minute anthers in globose
clusters. Ovary 5 5-celled, ovules 2 in each cell. Style hairy, longer than
stamens, stigma globose. Fruit 4-5 in. long, densely covered with long
prickles, valves 3-5. Seeds few, 14 in. long, | testa hard, shining, brown,
nearly covered by a large fleshy white arillus. Cotyledons fleshy, no albu-
men. i

Western Ghats up to 4,000 ft., from Coorg southwards. Fl. H.S. Ceylon, moist
region, 2,000-5,000 ft. Common.

. KYDIA, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 348.

Fl. numerous, male and bisexual, in large terminal panicles. Bracteoles
4-6, leafy, connate at the base, in fruit accrescent and spreading. Calyx cam-
panulate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, longer than calyx, attached by their claws to the
base of staminal column. Staminal tube divided into 5 linear seoments, 3-8
sessile anthers at the end of each segment, style 3-cleft. Capsule globose,
3-celled, opening loculicidally, 3-seeded.. Species 2 2, Indian.

1. K. calycina, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 215 (the bisexual plant); Wight Ic. t.
879, 880.—Syn. K. fraterna, Roxb. l.c. t. 216 (the male plant); A. Roax-
burghiana, Wight Ic. t. 881. Vern. Pula, puli, patha, Hind.; Bargah,
Baranga, Centr. Prov. (N. C.); Kopdsia, Uriya; Warung, Iliya, Mayr. ;
Bellaka, Bendi, Kan.; Potri, pandiki, Tel.; Tabo, Dwalok, Myethlwa,
Burm.

A large shrub or small tree, wood greyish-white, soft, no heartwood, medul-

yw: re

Kydia| XIX, MALVACEE 79

lary rays joined by white transverse bars of parenchyma, resembling wcod of
Anonacee. Young shoots, inflorescence and under side of leaves. grey- or
tawny-tomentcse. ~ Leaves ‘nearly crbicular, angled or slightly lobed, blade
3-5, petiole 1-2} in. long. Br acteoles slightly pubescent, in the bisexual flower
longer than calyx, when the seed ripens, 3 or 4 times the length of calyx.
Capsule tomentose, seeds reniform.

Subhimalayan tract from the Indus eastward, common in the deciduous forests of both
peninsulas. The old leaves are shed in February, the new foliage appears in April and
May. Fl. July-October. Fruit ripens C. S., and hangs on the tree for months.

2. K. glabrescens, Masters. Bhutan, Assam, Malacca. Leayes obovate or orbicular.
nearly glabrous. Bracteoles spathulate, glabrous, shining.

Orper XX. STERCULIACEZ. Gen. Pl. i. 214.

Trees, shrubs, climbers or herbs, frequently tomentose with steilate hairs.
Leaves alternate, mostly stipulate. Fl. regular, rarely zygomorphic, bisexual
or unisexual. Calyx more or less deeply divided into 5, rarely less, valvate
lobes or segments. Petals 5 or none. Stamens commonly monadelphous,
with 5, 10 or 15 2-celled anthers. Fruit carpels either distinct or united into
a loculicidally dehiscent capsule.

A. Fl. unisexual or polygamous, petals none.
Anthers 5-25, fruit carpels dehiscent . : : . iL. Srercurra.
Anthers 5, carpels woody, indehiscent . : , . 2. Herirrera.

B. Fl. bisexual, erect shrubs or trees, leaves palmately lobed or angled.
Capsule ovoid, woody or coriaceous ¢ : ; . 38, Briorena
Capsule cylindrical, coriaceous, hairy . 4. Hewrer
Capsule turbinate, membranous . : - : : Aproma (p. $9).

C, Fl. bisexual, climbing shrubs, capsule globose, covered
with prickles or bristles P : : 5 : . 5, Burrrnerta.

D. FI. bisexual, trees, rarely shrubs, staminal column short,
divided into 20 filaments, 15 with, 5 without anthers,
capsule tomentose or hoary, mostly cylindrical . . 6. Prerosrermum.

E. Fl. bisexual, trees, rarely shrubs, leaves not lobed or angled.
(a) Leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate.
Fl. in axillary fascicles, petals short, orbicular,
concave, hairy 3 5 Lerronycuta (p. 92).
Fl. in terminal cor ymbose panicles, pet tals clawed . 7. Reevesta.
(6) Leaves ovate-oblong, from an unequal-sided base
claw of petals cone ave, blade bifid, segments
linear. j 7 : GuazuMa (p. 92).
(c) Leaves broad- ovate, ‘base often cordate.
Petals equal, spathulate, marcescent, capsule coria-

ceous, ovoid ; ‘ Mevocura (p. 92).
Petals unequal, capsule membranous, inflated, ‘pyri-
ideals - E ; : : : KLEtNHoyvia (p. 92).

Theobroma Cacao, Linn. A native of the West Tate and adjoining parts of South
America cultivated on the Nilgiris and elsewhere. The seeds yield cocoa,

1, STERCULIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 354 (Sterculia, Brachychiton,
Pterygota, Firmiana, Schumann in Engl. u. Prantl iii. 6. 96, 97).

Trees, wood soft light, often spongy, vessels large, medullary rays prominent,
bast very tough, Hairs stellate. Leaves entire, lobed or digitate, Fl. uni-
sexual or polygamous. Calyx more or less deeply 5- rarely 4-cleft, usually
coloured. Petals none. Anthers 5, 10, 12, in some species 20 or 25, on a
staminal column, which in the female and bisexual flower is adnate toa long or
short gynophore. Ovary of 5 distinct carpels, 2 or more ovules in each. Fruit

80 XX. STERCULIACER [Sterculia

carpels (follicles), spreading, woody, coriaceous, or thin foliaceous, opening alone
the inner edge. Cotyledons of s»me species flat, thin, albumen adhering to
them, of others thick and fleshy, without albumen. Species 100-120, chiefly
in tropical Asia, one section (Brachychiton) in Australia, -

A. Follicles woody or coriaceous, opening when the seeds ripen.

(a) Leaves digitate.

1. S. foetida, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 181, 364. Vern. Jangal Badadm, Hind. :
Pinari, Tam.; Letkék, Shawbyu, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Leaflets 7-9, elliptic-lanceolate, when full grown
coriaceous and glabrous beneath, petiole 8 in. long, stipules ensiform, caducous.
Fl. red and yellow or dull purple, smell most offensive, in racemiform panicles,
6-12 in. long. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the lobes } in. long, oblong or lanceolate,
spreading gynophore as long as or longer than calyx tube. Ovary villous.
Follicles woody, scarlet, almost glabrous outside, fibrous inside. Seeds black,
10-15 in each. Cotyledons thick, fleshy, albumen 0.

Western coast, from the Konkan southwards, Burma. FI. April, May. Fr. C.S., the
seeds roasted and eaten. A widely spread tree, from eastern tropical Africa to North
Australia. 2. S. versicolor, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t.59. Upper Burma. A small tree, leaflets
grey beneath, fl. small, in panicles 8-12 in. long, fragrant, first yellow, afterwards deep
orange. Calyx lobes $ in., inflexed, and connivent at the top.

(b) Leaves simple, palmately lobed.

3. S. urens, Roxb., Cor. Pl. t. 24; Brandis F. F1.33. Vern. Gular, Hind. ;
Kulu, Karhar, Central Provinces ; Tele, Kol; Karat, Kandol, Mar.; Kalauri,
Panch Mahals. :

A large deciduous tree, bark smooth, white or greenish-grey, exfoliating in
large thin irregular plates. Leaves crowded at the ends of branches, tomen-
tose beneath, nearly glabrous above, cordate, shallowly 5-lobed, lobes entire,
acuminate, blade 8-12 in., petioles 6-10 in. long. Fl. in crowded, erect, more
or less pyramidal panicles, clothed with a dense sticky tomentum of glandular
stellate hairs, a few bisexual, mixed with a large number of male flowers.
d: Staminal column short, anthers about 20. ¢: Gynophore short, thick.
Fruit of 4-5 sessile, radiating, ovoid, thickly coriaceous carpels, 3 in. long, red
when ripe, covered outside with stiff stinging bristles. Seeds 3-6 in each
carpel, oblong, dark brown.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Ganges eastward. Common in dry deciduous forests,
often associated with Boswellia, throughout the Peninsula and on the hills of Rajpu-
tana, Central India and Behar. Dry forests of Burma. FI1.C. 8. Fr. H.S. Also in

Ceylon.

4, S. villosa, Roxb.; Brand. F. Fl. 32. t. 10. Vern. Udal, udar, Hind. ;
Godgodalo, Gulkandar, Pb.; Sisi, Kol; Sarda, Kuthada, Mar.; Savaya,
Kan. ; Murutthan, Tam.; Vakka, Mal.; Shawni, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree, bast very tough, young shoots, petioles and
inflorescence tawny-tomentose. Leaves crowded at the ends of branches, densely
tomentose beneath, deeply 5-7 lobed, lobes oblong or ovate-oblong, toothed or
lobed, blade 12-18 in. across, petiole as long as blade. Stipules large, broadly-
lanceolate, deciduous. Fl. yellow, on slender pedicels, loosely arranged in long
drooping panicles, 5-8 panicles at the end of thick leafless branches, marked
with the scars of fallen leaves. Male and bisexual flowers mixed, the former
more numerous. Calyx campanulate, outside clothed with stellate hairs. ¢ :
Gynophore as long as calyx tube, ovary globose, surrounded at its base by a
membranous ring, adnate to the gynophore and bearing on its edge 10 anthers.
Follicles 2-5, sessile, coriaceous, bright red when ripe, 15-3 in. long, clothed
inside and outside with stiff stellate hairs, seeds several in each follicle.

Subhimalayan tract and outer hills from the Indus eastward, ascending to 3,500 ft.,
Punjab salt range, Oudh forests. Central India and Western Peninsula. Sikkim,

Sterculia] XX. STERCULIACE 81

Assam, Khasi hills, Andamans, Burma. Valued and in many places exterminated on
account of the bast, of which ropes for dragging timber are made. FI. March, April.
Fr. June, July. Coppices readily.

Fic. 87.—Sterculia villosa, Roxb. 4.

5. S. ornata, Wall.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 136; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.,
GO, ii. (1892) 62.—Syn. 8. armata, Mast. in part. Vern. Shaw wa, Burm.

A middle-sized deciduous tree, young shoots tomentose with soft crimson
(brown when dry) often glandular hairs. Leaves from a deeply cordate base
almost reniform, more or less deeply divided into 5 or 7 acuminate lobes, under-
side densely tomentose, upper side sprinkled with minute fascicled hairs.
Panicles softly tomentose, several at the ends of the thick branches, 8-15 in.
long, many-flowered. Fl. large, calyx widely campanulate, } in. diam., pale
ochre coloured with a reddish base. Follicles 3-4 in. long, first densely

@

82 XX. STERCULIACES [Sterculia

clothed with pungent fragile hairs, glabrescent afterwards, brillant orange-
scarlet when ripe.

Lower Burma, probably also on the Andamans. The ropes made of the bast as good
as those of S. villosa. Fl. Febr. Closely allied: 6. S. hypochra, Pierre, Fl. Cochinch. t.
185. Lower Burma, T. H. Aplin, April, 1888. 4 fl. smaller, 4 in. across, calyx segments
half the length of tube or less, panicles 12 in. long, ample, drooping, ramifications
slender, pedicels filiform.

(c) Leaves simple, entire.

7. S. guttata, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 487; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 105. Vern.
kikari, Thana; Kukar, goldar, Mar.; Happu-savaga, Kan.; Kawili, Thondi,
Tam.; Advalam, Mal. :

A large or middle-sized tree. Leaves from a rounded or slightly cordate base

Fig. 38.—Sterculia guttata, Roxb. 3.

ovate, shortly acuminate, entire, under side as well as petioles tomentose, blade
5-10, petiole 1-3 in. long, secondary nerves 8-12 pair, the lowest pair basal.
Fl. white or pale yellow, with an offensive smell, in racemiform, rusty or tawny
tomentose panicles at the ends of branches. Calyx divided to near the base into.

—

Sterculia| XX. STERCULIACEA 83

5 thick segments, outside rusty tomentose, inside dark purple with long hairs,
staminal column } in. long, slender, glabrous, anthers 10-12. Follicles 3 in.
long, red, with large black seeds, which are roasted and eaten.

On the west side of the Peninsula from the Thal Ghat southwards, frequent in ever-
green forest (Andamans, Burma doubtful), Ceylon. 8. S. Roxburghii, Wall. Sikkim, up
to 6,000 ft., Assam, Khasi hills. A small tree. Differs by glabrous elliptic-oblong
leaves, blade 4-5, petiole 1-2 in. long, short racemes with slender peduncles and filiform
pedicels. Follicles 3-4 in. pink. 9. §, striatiflora, Mast. Amber Mines, Upper Burma.
A shrub. Leaves glabrous, membranous, oblanceolate, blade 8-18, petiole 1 in., midrib
and secondary nerves prominent, panicle shorter than leaves, calyx funnel-shaped,
striated.

10. S. alata, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 287.—Syn. S. Haynii, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 230.
Vern. Anei thondi, Tam.; Letkék, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Leaves from a cordate base broadly-oyate, entire, both
surfaces glabrous, blade 4-12, petiole 2-4 in. long, basal nerves 5 or 7, promi-
nent beneath, the middle one with 4 pair of secondary nerves. Fl. in short
rusty-tomentose racemes, calyx } in. long, campanulate, divided halfway into
5 or 6 thick lanceolate segments, which are rusty stellate-tomentose outside
and red-veined within. Follicles stalked, woody, nearly globose, 5 in. diam.
Seeds oblong, with a large obovate thick spongy terminal wing, 2} in. long and
1} in. broad.

Tista valley, Sikkim, not common, Silhet, Chittagong. North Kanara, Tinneyelli
and Travancore. Lower Burma, Andamans. Fl. Febr., March. Malay Peninsula.

11. S. coccinea, Roxb.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 137.
An evergreen shrub or small tree. Leaves glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, entire,

Fic, 89.—Sterculia coccinea, Roxb. 3

blade 6-16, petiole 1-2 in. long. Panicles slender, axillary. Fl. pink (yellowish,
Dnars) on capillary pedicels, } in. long, buds narrow-conical, calyx 5-lobed
nearly to the base, lobes linear, 1—} in., often cohering at the tip, long spreading
hairs on them. follicles coriaceous, lanceolate, crimson, 3-4 by } in.

84 XX. STERCULIACEA [Stercalia

Sikkim, ascending to 3,000 ft., Bhutan, Assam, Khasi hills, Burma. Fl. August—
October, in Burma March (Kurz). Nearly allied: 12. §. levis, Wall. Pegu and¥Tenasse-
rim, Malay Peninsula. Petioles 1-2 in., panicles shorter, follicles narrower. 13. S. nobilis,
Rob. Brown. A native of China, sometimes cultivated in India, has elliptic leaves,
blade 5-9, petiole 1-2 in., large drooping panicles and fragrant flowers. A very re-
markable species of this group is 14. §. cognata, Prain. Kachin hills, Upper Burma.
Leaves glabrous, narrow-oblanceolate, blade 9 by 14 in. gradually narrowed into short
hirsute petiole, secondary nerves numerous, joined by prominent intramarginal veins,
panicles short, ramifications filiform, calyx segments } in. slightly pilose.

15. S. Balanghas, Linn.; Wight Ill. t. 30; Trimen Handb. i. 165.

Youngest shoots, petioles and inflorescence clothed with tawny stellate
pubescence. Leaves ovate or elongate-elliptic, blade 5-15, petiole 1-2 in. long.
Panicles 4-5 in. long. FI. scented, greenish purple, follicles 3- aly 1 in., shortly
stalked, minutely pubescent, brilliant orange-scarlet, seeds % in. _ ovoid, jet,
black, shining.

Travancore and ghats of Tinnevelli, Ceylon, low country common. FI. R.S.

The following 4 species are closely allied to each other, and with 8. Balanghas, with
which some day perhaps they may be united. 16. §. rubiginosa, Ventenat; King, in
Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. 60 (1892) p. 69. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. A tree
20-50 ft., rusty-tomentose. 17. §. ensifolia, Masters; King, l.c. p. 70. Mergui, Malay
Peninsula. A shrub or small tree. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, caudate-acumi-
nate, rusty-tomentose beneath. 18. §. angustifolia, Roxb.; King, lc. 68, Martaban,
Perak. A small tree, velvety rusty-tomentose. 19. §, parviflora, Roxb.; King, l.c. 66.
Silhet, Andamans, Nicobar, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. A tree 20-50 ft., the
youngest shoots ferruginous-tomentose. Fl. smaller than of the preceding.

20. S. populifolia, Roxb.; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t.3; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. t. 197.
Hills of the Coromandel coast and throughout French Indo-China. A small tree.
Leaves deeply cordate, blade 3-4, petiole 2-6 in. long, basal nerves 7-9, calyx 4 in.,
follicles stalked, terminated by a membranous oblique strongly veined obtuse wing.

B. Follicles membranous, opening soon after fertilization, long before the
seeds ripen.

21. S. colorata, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 25; Brandis F. Fl. 34. Vern. Bodula
walena, samart, Hind.; Mutruk, Ajmere; Sisi, Kol, Sonth.; Khowsey, Mar.
Karaka, Tel.; Wetshaw, Burm.

A middle-sized, often a large tree, stem often fluted, wood grey, very soft
medullary rays broad, conspicuous, joined by transverse bars of wood paren-
chyma, youngest shoots clothed with grey stellate pubescence. Leaves crowded
at the ends of branches, shallowly 3- or 5-lobed, lobes triangular acuminate,
blade 6-12 in. across, petiole 3-8 in. long. Panicles numerous, erect, from
bright coral-red to greyish-brown, the entire inflorescence, as well as the calyx
covered with dense stellate tomentum. Calyx 3-14 in. long, persistent, funnel-
shaped, the mouth with 5 triangular teeth. Staminal column as long as, or
longer than calyx. Follicles 1-5, stalked, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, membra-
nous, pink outside, opening long before the seeds ripen, and bearing 2 seeds
near the base.

Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastward, ascending to 4,000 ft. Central
Provinces, the Peninsula, Lower and Upper Burma. Leafless during winter. Fl.

March, April, the young leaves generally appear after the flowers. Fr. June, July.
According to some botanists, this consists of three distinct species :

(a) S. colorata, Roxb. Western Peninsula. Adult leaves on both sides perfectly
glabrous, panicles bright coral red. Calyx in fl. 3-3 in. long, $-4 in. across at mouth.

(a) S. fulgens, Wall. Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, J ava. Full grown leaves
harsh beneath with dense minute stellate pubescence. Panicles orange or dull yellow,
ealyx in fl. 14-14 in. long, 3 in. across.

(c) S. pallens, Wall. (Khardala, N. W.). Seine tract. Branchlets, petioles
and under side of adult leaves more or less densely velvety, upper side pubescent or
glabrous. Panicles and calyx greyish brown, calyx in fl. 3-~ in. long and 4-3 across
at mouth,

22.8. seaphigera, Wall.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 140. Burma, Cochinchina, Malay Archi-
pelago, Sumatra. A tall deciduous glabrous tree. Leaves ovate, blade 5-10, petiole 2-5

Sterculia) XX. STERCULIACEA 85

in.long. Follicles 1-5, on stout pubescent stalks, opening long before maturity, 6-8 in.
long, membranous, conspicuously veined, boat-shaped. Seed 1 (rarely 2) attached to
the very base of the follicle. 23. S. campanulata, Wall.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 139. Marta-

Fic. 40.—Stereulia colorata, Roxb. Fl. fr. 4.

ban, eastern slopes of the Pegu Yoma, Nicobars, Malay Peninsula, Cochinchina, Malay
Archipelago. A large deciduous tree. Leaves broadly oyate from a cordate base,
blade 4-6, petiole 2-5 in. Calyx campanulate, as a rule persistent in fruit. Follicles
3-6, 2-3 in. long, membranous, veined, saccate, ending in an oblong-lanceolate wing,
apie outside, yellowish-brown inside. Seed at the base of the follicle, generally one
only.

2. HERITIERA, Aiton; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 362.

Evergreen trees. Leaves simple, coriaceous, quite entire, silver-scaly beneath.
Pl. small, unisexual, in axillary panicles. Calyx 4-5, sometimes 6-7 cleft.
Petals 0. @ : Staminal column slender, bearing a ring of 4—5 2-celled anthers
at the top. 9 : Ovary of 5 nearly distinct carpels with 1 or 2 ovules. Ripe
carpels woody, indehiscent, keeled or winged. Cotyledons thick, albumen none.

Species 6 or 7, tropics of the old world and of Australia.

A. Littoral species.

1. H. littoralis, Dryander; Bedd. Manual t. 11, fig. 6. Vern. Sunder,
Sundri, Beng. Pinle kanazo, Burm.

A middle-sized gregarious tree, heartwood dark red, very hard, medullary
rays reddish, intervening tissue dark red. Leaves elliptic-oblong from a

86 XX. STERCULIACEA [Heritiera

rounded or slightly cordate base, blade 5-10, petiole 3-3 in. Panicles shorter
than leaves, fl. pale greenish-pink, calyx } in. long. Ripe carpels 1-3, 13-3
in., glabrous, shining, with a strong sharp keel.

Fic. 41.—Heritiera littoralis, Dryander. 4.

Coast of Burma and the Andamans, coasts of the Peninsula and Ceylon. Fl. R.S.
Seashore within the tropics of the old world and Australia. 2. H. Fomes, Buch.
(H. minor, Roxb.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 141). Sundriban, sea coast of Burma and the
Malay Peninsula. Leaves narrowed towards the base, blade 4-6, petiole 4 in., ripe
carpels obliquely compressed, slightly keeled.

B. Inland species.

3. H. macrophylla, Wall.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 141; Bot. Mag. t. 7192.

A large tree. Leaves elliptic-oblong, acuminate, bright silvery beneath, blade

7-14, petiole 2-4 in. Panicles large, half the length of leaves. Fl. pink. Fr.
lobose, rough, with an abrupt, flat beak.
Khasi hills, Cachar, Manipur, Upper Tenasserim (Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. t. 204
reports it from the Delta of the Mekong river). 4. H. acuminata, Wall. Khasi hills
Leaves lanceolate, long acuminate, blade 3-5, petiole +-2in. Fl. white, ripe carpels
globose # in., wing coriaceous, 14 in. long.

of
a]

ae oe

ay f-

ea

io Fe 4 ot ee

Hevitiera) XX. STERCULIACEA 87

5. H. Papilio, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 218.

A lofty tree, wood red, very hard, young shoots and inflorescence clothed
with golden stellate tomentum. Leaves lanceolate, shining above, silvery
beneath, blade 4-5, petiole ? in. long. Panicles twice or three times the
length of petiole, ripe carpels with a broad oblique membranous wing, 2-3
times the length of carpel, veined with numerous strong parallel nerves.

Common in the evergreen forests of the Tinnevelli and Travancore Ghats at 3,000 ft.
and upwards. Fl. R.S. Prain, Ann. Gard. Cale. ix., 9, unites 4 and 5. 6. HE dubia,
Wall.; Prain in Ann. Gard. Cale. ix. t. 3. Khasi hills, 1. ovate, glabrous above, densely
silvery-lepidote beneath, ripe carpels 14 in. long, compressed, cuneate-oblong, a
narrow thick wing on one side. Nearly allied to H. littoralis.

3. ERIOLAENA, DC.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 370.

Deciduous trees or large shrubs with stellate pubescence, heartwood close-
grained. Leaves cordate toothed, with 5-9 basal nerves, stipules deciduous.
Peduncles axillary, 1-many-flowered. Fl. bisexual, buds supported by an
inyolucre of 3-5 bracteoles, generally laciniate and early caducous, calyx deeply
5-cleft, rarely 4-cleft, segments hairy on both sides. Petals usually 5, some-
times 4, on thick and broad claws, tomentose inside. Filaments connate at
base into a short tube, anthers linear, 2-celled, cells parallel. Ovary tomen-
tose, 5-10-celled, style erect, stigmas 5-10, spreading. Capsule woody, 5-10-
celled, dehiscing loculicidally, dissepiments attached to the valves. Seeds
numerous, winged above. Species 7-8, Asiatic.

A. Bracteoles laciniate, petals 5.

1. E. Wallichii, DC., Mém. Mus. Paris x. 1823 t. 5; Gamble list 12.

A tree, wood red-brown, hard, close grained. Young shoots, petioles and
under side of leaves clothed with dense soft greyish tomentum, stipules lanceo-
late, as a rule deeply laciniate. Fl. large, solitary on axillary pedicels, 3-4 in.
long, subtended by 5 broad deeply-cut bracteoles. Calyx segments on both
sides densely tawny-woolly, 1} in. long, style and stigma with long hairs.

Oudh forests, Sikkim. Fl. H.S.

2. E. Hookeriana, Wight et Arn.; Bedd. Manual, 35, t. v.; Brandis, F.
Fl. 36. Vern. Bundun, Kol; Guagoli, Sonth.

A small tree, young shoots, petioles and under side of leaves clothed with
soft brown or tawny tomentum. Peduncles axillary many flowered, sub-
tended by pinnatisect bracteoles. Calyx segments }-1 in. long, style hairy.
Capsule 1 in. long, sharply bent down, valves tubercled, not keeled.

Common in the deciduous forests of the Satpuras, in Berar and in the Western
Peninsula. Chota Nagpore, probably also in Behar. Fl. R.S., C.S. Closely allied and

erhaps not specifically distinct is 3. E. Stocksii, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; west side of the
eninsula, from the Aravalli hills (Giali, dhaula Giala) the Panch Mehals (Jehali)
to the Konkan. Under side of leaves grey or tawny-tomentose, peduncles 1-3 fid.,
bracteoles deeply laciniate, so as to appear mossy.

4. E. Candollei, Wall., Pl. As. Rar. t. 64; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 148. Vern.
Doani, Burm.

A large tree, heartwood brick red, beautifully mottled, young shoots, petioles
and under side of leaves thinly tawny pubescent. Fl. yellow, generally in
terminal panicles, bracteoles 3 under each flower, deeply cut, style glabrous.
Capsule 2 in. long, valves obtusely keeled, not tuberculate.

Bhutan. Burma, not uncommon in deciduous forests. Ruby Mines district. To
this possibly belong specimens collected by me, Noy. 1863, in fruit on the banks of the
Choti Gandak, Gorakhpur district. (Vern. Bim.)

5, E. quinquelocularis, Wight Ic. t. 882 (Microchlwna under the plate ;
Bedd. Fl. Syly. Manual t. 5.
A small tree, young shoots, and under side of leaves clothed with short but

88 XX. STERCULIACEE [Eriolena

dense silvery or tawny pubescence. FI. in large terminal panicles, bracteoles
at a distance from the flowers, minute, dentate, early deciduous. Sepals 1 in.,

Fic. 42.—Eriolena quinquelocularis, Wight. Fl., fr. 3.

style hairy, capsule ovoid, 1 in. long, valves slightly tubercled, at times quite
smooth.

Western Peninsula, chiefly on the west side, from Bombay southwards. Fl. July,
August.

B. Bracteoles entire or nearly so, petals usually 4.

6. E. spectabilis, Planchon.—Syn. Wallichia spectabilis, DC. in Mém.
Mus. Paris. x. (1823) t. 6.

A small tree, young shoots and under side of leaves with short grey or tawny
pubescence. FI. in large terminal panicles, involucre of 2-4 linear rarely
dentate bracteoles } in. below flower. Sepals 1} in.,as a rule 4, petals 4, stamens
40-50, style hairy below, glabrous above. Capsule 1} in. long.

Nepal, Manipur, abundant in oak forests at 8,500 ft., Mogok in Upper Burma 4,500
ft., on open exposed slopes with Kydia calycina. Fi. April, May.

4. HELICTERES, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. 1. 365.

Shrubs, rarely trees. Fl. bisexual. Calyx tubular, more or less equally 5-cleft.
Petals 5, clawed, usually zygomorphic. Staminal column adnate to gynophore,
bearing 5 or 10 anthers. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, several ovules in each cell.
Fruit carpels 5, opening along their inner edge, straight or spirally twisted.
Albumen scanty, cotyledons folded round the radicle. Species 40, tropics
of both hemispheres.

A. Fruit spirally twisted.
1. H. Isora, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 180. Vern. Maror-phal, Napast, Hind. ;

Helicteres| XX. STERCULIACEA 89

Petchmura, Sonth.; Kaval, Orla, Uriya; Kevani, Muradsing, Mar.: Navargi,
Kauri, Kan.; Kaiva, Tam. ; Thungé che, Burm.

A large roughly tomentose shrub. Leaves from a more or less cordate—often
oblique—base, broadly obovate or orbicular, shortly acuminate, irregularly
toothed, sometimes slightly lobed, blade 4-5, petiole } in., basal nerves 4-7,
stipules linear, deciduous. FI. brick-red, in axillary, sometimes extra-axil-
lary fascicles, pedicels shorter than calyx. Calyx } in., petals twice as long,
the 2 larger spathulate, the 3 others with two teeth at the endof claw. Fruit
1-2 in. long, on a gynophore nearly as long, cylindrical, hairy, twisted.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Jhelum eastward, throughout Central India, the
Western Peninsula, and probably Burma. Fl. April to December, fresh foliage in
April. Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, and Archipelago. Australia.

B. Fruit straight, not twisted.

2. H. hirsuta, Lour.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 143; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ix.
(1892) 82.—Syn. H. spicata, Colebr.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 366.

A shrub, softly tomentose. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, basal nerves
3-5. Fl. purple or deep blue, tinged with pink, in short axillary racemes.
Fruit 1-1} in., cylindric, acuminate, densely clothed with long stellate wool
and soft prickles (var. lanigera very densely woolly).

Tenasserim. FJ. March, Malay Peninsula. 3. H. angustifolia, Linn. (/Z. obfusa, Wall. ;
Kurz, F. Fl. i. 144). Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, China. Leaves lanceolate, grey-
tomentose beneath, 3 basal nerves, calyx 4 in., petals a little longer. Fruit cylindric,
4-4 in. long, densely covered with soft villous prickles. 4. H. elongata, Wall. Sikkim,
Assam, Burma, Yunan. Leaves obliquely ovate-lanceolate, thinly stellate-pubescent.
Fl. in axillary or terminal elongate racemes, as long as or longer than leaf. Fruit 1-14
in. long, cylindric, beaked. 5. H. glabriuscula, Wall. Upper Burma. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate, 1-14 in., softly pubescent, peduncles axillary 2-3 fld. Fl. less than 4 in.
Fruit 4 in., stellate-pubescent, valves beaked.

Abroma augusta, Linn.; Bedd. Fl. Syly. Manual t. 5, isa small tree, indigenous in
the Malay Archipelago, perhaps also in the Peninsula, naturalized in many parts of
India. Branchlets, under side of leaves and inflorescence soft-pubescent. Leaves ovate
from a cordate base, often lobed or angled, basal nerves 5-7. Peduncles extra-axillary
with 2-3 large purple bisexual fl. Sepals 1 in., persistent, petals contorted in bud,
claw concave. Staminal tube short, 5 petaloid staminodes alternating with 5 sessile
anthers. Capsule turbinate, membranous, 5-angled, 5-winged.

5. BUETTNERIA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 376.

Large woody climbers, flowers minute, in axillary much branched cymes. FI.
bisexual, petals 5, a narrow fleshy blade, with 2.small lateral lobes on a concave
claw. Staminal tube with 5 broad truncate or emarginate teeth, and between
them 5 extrorse anthers. Capsule globose, echinate, 5-celled, 5-valved, the
cells 1-seeded. Species 50, a few in tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa,
the rest in America.

1. B. pilosa, Roxb.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 151. Vern. Vattaya-niwe, Burm.

A large climber, the stem as thick as a man’s thigh. Leaves cordate
serrulate, shortly 3-5 lobed, lobes acuminate, blade 5-6, petiole 4-5 in.
Capsules globose, } in. diam., densely covered with long brown rigid but
flexible bristles.

: eae up to 4,000 ft., Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur, Chittagong, Burma. Fl. May-
uly.

2. B. aspera, Colebr.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 151.

A powerful woody climber, often with a tree-like stem. Leaves cordate,
entire, glabrous and shining above, blade 5-8, petiole 2-5 in. Capsule globose,
1}-2 in. diam., armed with many long sharp spines.

90 XX. STERCULIACER [Bucttneria

Sikkim, ascending to 4,000 ft., Khasi hills, Andamans, Burma. Fl. May, June.
Cochinchina, China. 3. B. crenulata, Wall. Pegu, Tenasserim. Leaves ovate-acumi-
nate, blade 3-4, petiole 1-3 in. long, capsule #-1 in. diam., prickles } in. long.
4. B. andamanensis, Kurz. Andamans, Tenasserim (Thaungyeen, March, 1859 D.B.).
Leaves 3-5 lobed, capsules #-1 in. diam., prickles on a conical bas2, unequal in length.

6. PTEROSPERMUM, Schreber ; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 366.

Trees, rarely shrubs, hairs stellate. Fl. bisexual, bracteolate, calyx deeply 5-
cleft, deciduous. Staminal column short, adnate to the gynophore, divided into
20 filaments, 15 with linear anthers, 5 without anthers (staminodia). Ovary
5-celled, stigma club-shaped and furrowed. Capsule woody or coriaceous,
opening loculicidally in 5 valves. Seeds winged at the end, albumen none or
scanty, cotyledons wrinkled or folded. Species 18, tropical Asia.

A. Western species.

1. P. suberifolium, Lam.; Trimen Handb. Ceylon i. 169. Vern. Bayalo,
Uriya; Tada, Narudu, Tel.

A middle-sized tree, branchlets and inflorescence densely clothed with fine
ferruginous or tawny
stellate hairs. Leaves
distichous, 2-4 in., from
a rounded base obovate-
oblong, acuminate, often
irregularly lobed in the
upper part, upper side
glabrous, under — side
white or yellowish,
felted with fine stellate
hairs. Fl. yellowish-
white, sweet scented,
peduncles short, axil-
lary, sometimes bearing
2-3 flowers, bracteoles
deciduous, linear. Calyx
1 in., capsule 2-3 in.
long, # in. diam., at-
tenuate into a stalk
5-3? in. long, tapering
at the apex to a point,
white-velvety.

Western Peninsula on

brs the east side, along the
Fic. 43.—Pterospermum suberifolium, Lam. coast and inland on the

Fl. fr. 4. hills, ascending to 3,000 ft.

2. P. Heyneanum, Wall.; Wight Ic. 489. Vern. Tada, Tel.

A middle-sized tree, branchlets, petioles and inflorescence rusty-tomentose.
Leaves greyish-brown, tomentose beneath, variable in shape, ordinarily oblong,
coarsely toothed or lobed, blade 4-6, petiole 4 in. long, those on coppice shoots
palmately lobed, on petioles 2-3 in. long. Peduncles axillary, a little longer
than petiole, 1-3 fid., bracteoles palmatifid, calyx 2 in. long, petals obliquely
spathulate. Capsule brown-velvety, 2-23 in. long.

Western Peninsula on the east side, along the coast and inland onthe hills. FI.C.S.

Nearly allied: 3. P. reticulatum, Wightet Arn. (Polavu, Tam.) West side of the Penin-
sula, from North Kanara southwards. Fl. 2-8 together, nearly sessile, supported by
numerous imbricate deeply laciniate bracts almost mossy, segments filiform. Calyx 1-14
in. 4. P. obtusifolium, Wight. Tinneyelli Ghats. Leaves cuneate or obovate, obtuse,

Plerospermum] “XX. STERCULIACEE 91

coarsely toothed. Fl.
small, calyx # in., cap-
~sule 2-3 in. long, verru-
cose when young. 5. P.
_ glabrescens, Wight et
Arn. (Vatta Polavu,
Tam.) TinneyelliGhats.
_ Leaves entire, obovate,
_ shortly acuminate, blade
5-8, petiole 3-1 in., calyx
4 in. long, capsule 4-5
in., with 5 sharp raised
ridges.

6. P. rubigino-
sum, Heyne; Bedd.
Fl. Syly. t. 106. Vern.
Chinna polarcu,
Tam.; Malavuram,
— Thodati, Mal.

A tall tree, branch-
lets, under side of
leaves and inflores-
cence red-brown or
tawny pubescent.
Leaves 1-3 in., very
_ oblique, the upper half
much larger, rounded
at base. FI. solitary

axillary, sepals igure

2 in. long. Capsule
eylindric pentagonal, Fic. 44.—Pterospermum Heyneanum, Wall.
2 in. long. ; F]. branch and coppice shoot. 4.

West side of the Peninsula, in evergreen forests, from Malabar southwards, ascending
to 3,000 ft. FI. September—January.

B. Eastern species.

7. P. acerifolium, Willd.; Wight Ic. t. 631; Brandis, F. Fl. t. 11. Vern.
_Hati paila, Nep.; Tawng petwwin, Burm,

A tall evergreen tree, bark smooth grey, thin, hear twood red Branchlets

and inflorescence clothed with ferruginous tomentum. Leaves large from
obovate to orbicular, often peltate, sinuately lobed, glabrous above, grey-
tomentose beneath, blade 6-15, petiole 4-12 in. Calyx segments linear, we to5
in. long, petals pure white. Capsule brown- tomentose, pentagonal, 2-6 in.
long. Seeds numerous, with large brown membranous wings. The capsule is
” believed to take more than 12 months to ripen.
Foot of Himalaya, from the Jumna eastward, in Sikkim ascending to 4,000 ft,
- Khasi hills, Manipur, Chittagong, Burma. Fl. H.S. 8. P. aceroides, Wall. ‘Tenas-
serimand Andamans. Tl. Dee ‘ember—Februar, ‘y. Leaves oblong or oboyate-oblong, not
lobed, petiole 4 in. FI. solitary or in 3-4 fld. axillary cymes, sepals 2-3 in. long.

9. P. semisagittatum, Ham.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 146. Vern. Nagy?, Burm.

A middle-sized deciduous tree, trunk longitudinally channeled, branchlets,
under side of leaves and inflorescence softly tawny-tomentose. Leaves 3-9 in.,

from an unequal base oblong-lanceolate, almost sessile, one basal lobe rounded,
the other longer, triangular, often long-acuminate, stipules deeply pinnatitid,
; "segments filiform. F. ‘large, white, on short axillary peduncles, solitary or a
few together, supported by a woolly involucre of large pinnatifid bracteoles,
segments filiform. Petals broad-obovate. Capsule w oody, 3 in. long, cylindrical,
rusty-tomentose.

92 XX. STERCULIACE® [Pterospermum
Chittagong hill tracts, Upper and Lower Burma. FI. H.S.

10. P. lancezfolium, Roxb.; Brandis, F. FI. 35.

A large tree, young shoots and under side of leaves with short tawny,
sometimes grey tomentum. Leaves lanceolate from a rounded, nearly equal-
sided base. Fl. fragrant, axillary, on peduncles longer than calyx, bracteoles
few, bifid or trifid, sezments subulate. Calyx 1} in., petals white. Capsules
lanceolate, hairy, 2-3 in. by ?-1 in.

Khasi hills, Manipur, Chittagong. Fl. H.S, (specimens from Ceylon and the Konkan
are doubtful). 11. P. Blumeanum, Korth.; King, in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 60 (1892)
84. (P. cinnamomeum, Kurz, and javanicum, Jungh. ; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 147.) Assam, Mar-
taban and Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Leaves very unequal sided,
blade 3-5, petiole } in., calyx 2 in., capsule woody, cylindric, 3-4 in. long.

Leptonychia glabra, Turcz.: Kurz, F. F1.i. 150, is a small tree in the evergreen forests of
the Western Ghats, from the Carcoor Ghat southwards; in Tenasserim, the Andamans,
the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, quite
entire. Fl. bisexual, in axillary fascicles, petals 5, valvate, short, orbicular, concave,
hairy. Staminal tube short, bearing an inner series of 5 short fleshy subulate, an outer
series of 5-10 ligulate staminodes, and between these two series a third of 10 stamens.
Capsule coriaceous, 4 in. long, rugose, seed 1, oblong, black. (L. moacurroides, Bedd.,
Fl. Syly. t. 114; L. heteroclita, Kurz, supposed to differ by 10 staminodes in the outer
series, probably is the same species.)

7. REEVESIA, Lindl.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 363.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, entire, penniveined, the lowest pair of lateral
nerves basal. Fl. bisexual, in terminal corymbose panicles, calyx campanulate,
5-dentate, petals clawed. Staminal column adnate to gynophore, much longer
than petals, bearing a globose head of 2-celled anthers. Ovary 5-celled, 5-lobed,
2 ovules in each cell. Capsule woody, septicidally 5-valved. Seeds winged
downwards, cotyledons flat, foliaceous, in a fleshy albumen. Species 3, from the
eastern Himalaya to China.

1. R. Wallichii, Brown; Khasi hills, China, a middle-sized tree. Leayes glabrous,
ovate from a rounded or acute base. Fl. white, capsule obtuse, 14-2 in. long, the valves
separating in two along the dorsal suture. 2. R. pubescens, Masters, Sikkim 3,000—
5,000 ft., differs by pubescent leaves with a broad often nearly cordate base, larger
pink flowers.

Guazuma tomentosa, H. B. & Kunth; Wight Ill. t.31; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 107. A tree
indigenous in tropical America, but often planted in India. Leaves from an unequal-
sided base ovate-oblong, acuminate. Fl. bisexual, small, yellow and purple, in axil-
lary many fld. cymes. Petals: claw concave, lamina of 2 linear segments. On the
staminal tube 5 petaloid staminodes, alternating with 5 filaments, each bearing several
anthers. Capsule ovoid, woody, tubercled, resembling a mulberry.

Melochia velutina, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Manual t. 5 (Visenia umbellata, Wight Ic. t. 509);
is a small soft-wooded, ornamental tree, indigenous in the Malay Archipelagé (in Lower
Burma, Kurz), cultivated frequently throughout India. Branchlets, petioles, under side
of leaves and inflorescence velvety-tomentose. Leaves broad-ovate from a cordate or
rounded base, serrate, basal nerves 5-7, blade 4-9, petiole 14 in. long. Fl. bisexual, pale
pink, sometimes white, in large corymbose axillary and terminal panicles, calyx cup-
shaped, cleft half way into 5 triangular segments, petals 5, spathulate, equal, marcescent.
Stamens 5, filaments at base connate into a short tube. Ovary 5-celled, 2 ovules
in each cell, styles 5, free. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved.

Kleinhovia Hospita, Linn.; Bedd. Man. t. 4. A showy tree, indigenous in the
delta of the Mekong river, on the seashore of the Malay Archipelago, but also inland
in tropical East Africa and Australia, cultivated in the Western Peninsula. Leaves
5-7 nerved, broadly ovate, often with a cordate base. FI. rose-coloured, 2-sexual, in
large terminal panicles. Sepals 5, distinct, equal, petals unequal, zygomorphic.
Staminal tube adnate to gynophore, enlarged into a 5-fid cup, each segment bearing 3
2-celled anthers, cells divergent. Five small acute staminodes between segments.
Capsule inflated pyriform, membranous, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds 1-2 in each cell,
tubercled, cotyledons conyolute.

— —Brownlowia) XXII. TILIACEA 93

Orper XXI. TILIACEA. Gen. PI. i. 228

(Elewocarpacee and Tiliacew, Schumann in Engler u. Prantl iii. 6. pp. 1, 8.)

Trees or shrubs, some genera herbaceous. Leaves alternate, simple, stipules
deciduous. FI. regular, generally bisexual and pentamerous. Sepals free
or connate, valvate. Stamens numerous, free, sometimes in bundles. Anthers
2-celled. Ovary free, 2-10-celled, ovules attached to axile placentas. Stamens
and ovary as a rule on an elevated androgynophore, sepals and petals at its base.
Seeds with or without albumen.

Sacs containing mucilage in pith, bark and the leaf parenchyma. These mucilage
sacs are wanting in Hl@ocarpus and Echinocarpus. This is one reason for separating
Lleocar pacee.

A. Sepals connate into a cup, staminodes 5.
Carpels distinct, 2-valved, 1-seeded é : : . 1. Browntowra.
Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded, winged 2. PENTACE.

B. Sepals connate, no staminodes . : F : : . 3. Berrya.
C. Sepals free, petals as a rule with a thickened or glandular claw.
Fruit a drupe with several stones . : . 4. Grewia.
Capsule winged, separating into 3-5 L-seeded carpels Cotumsta (p. 101).
Fruit w oody, triquetrous, slightly winged, I-seeded . Enrryocarvus (p. 101).
D. Sepals free, petals not clawed.
Fruit covered with prickles or bristles . 5 : . 5. Benrocarrvs.
Fruit a fleshy drupe, with 1 stone, 1 or more seeded . 6. Exaocanrus.

Plagiopteron suaveolens, (triff.; Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. (1844) t. 13; Kurz, F. Fl. i.
172, is a scandent shrub of Mergui. Leaves opposite, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, 4-5
in. Fl. small, greenish, very fragrant, in dense axillary panicles, ramifications oppo-
site, sepals minute, petals linear-oblong, revolute. Ovary entire, 3-celled, 2 ovules in
each cell, style subulate. Fruit dry, with 3 wings ¢~ in. long. Kuyrz classes this
species under Malpighiacee.

1. BROWNLOWIA, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 381.

.

Trees, with Scaly or stellate pubescence. Leaves with 3-9 basal nerves.
Fl. numerous, in large terminal panicles. Calyx campanulate, irregularly 3-5
cleft. Stamens many, filaments free on a raised torus. Anthers broad, some-
times nearly globose. Inside the stamens, surrounding the ovary, 5 petaloid
Staminodes, opposite the petals. Carpels 5, more or less cohering, each with
2 ovules ultimately free, 2-valved, 1-seeded. Albumen none, cotyledons thick
fleshy. Species 10-15, tropical Asia.

1. B. elata, Roxb., Cor. Pl. t. 265; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 153.

A lofty evergreen tree, young shoots rusty- or tawny-puberulous. Leaves
cordate, petiole 2-4, blade 4-12 in, long, coriaceous, glossy above, glauces-
cent and puberulous beneath. Fl. yellow, 4-} in. diam. Calyx } in. long,

scurfy-tomentose. Carpels woody, usually 2-3, 1-1} in. diam., ash-grey,
minutely puberulous, sutwre prominent.
Tidal forests of Chittagong and Tenasserim. Fl. H.S. 2. B. lanceolata, Benth. An
‘evergreen shrub or tree of the tidal and Mangrove arate ‘of the Sundriban and the
Burma coast. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lane eolate, pale beneath. Fl. small, carpels
- lobose, 4 in. diam. 8. B. peltata, Benth. ; “Kurz, F. Fl. i. 153 (B. Helferiana, Pierre, F.
1. Cochinch. under t. 180). A small tree of Tenasserim; has round peltate leaves,
" petiole 7-8 in. long, blade with 9 basal nerves, 8-10 in. long, calyx velvety outside.

94 XXI. TILIACEA | Pentace

2. PENTACE, Hassk.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 381.

Trees with leathery leaves and numerous small flowers in terminal panicles.
Calyx campanulate, 5-fid. Stamens numerous, filaments usually in 5 bundles.
Staminodes 5, short. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit dry, indehiscent, t-celled, 1-seeded,
with 3-10 large membranous wings. Embryo large, ina thinalbumen. Species
15, Burma and the Eastern Peninsula.

1. P. burmani-
ca, Kurz, F. Fl. i.
154. Vern. Thitka,
Burm.

A large evergreen
tree, wood red (white
when fresh cut),
shining, not hard,
even grained, medul-
lary rays prominent
on radial section,
young shoots pubes-
cent. Leaves ovate-
or obovate - oblong,
acuminate, more or
less sinuate - lobed,
glossy above, pale
and pubescent be-
neath. Secondary
nerves 5-7 pair, the
lowest pair basal.
Inflorescence tawny-
tomentose. Stamens

Fre. 45.—Pentace burmanica, Kurz. 3. in 5 bundles of 4-7

each, the bundles

alternating with long linear staminodes. Capsule with 5 broad membranous
wings, 1-14 in. long. :

Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests on the hills of Burma. Fl. February, March.
Also on the hills of Cambodia. 2. P. Griffithii, King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., vol. 60,
ii. 104, of Tavoy, has leaves with 5 basal nerves, the 2 outer close to the margin, the 3
inner very prominent, large flowers (4 in. diam.) and a capsule with 10 wings.

3. BERRYA, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 383.

B. Ammonilla, Roxb., Cor. Pl. 264. The only species. Wight Ill. t. 34;
Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 58. Vern. Petwin, Burm.

A tall tree with smooth pale bark, heartwood dark red, very hard. Leaves
cordate, acute, bright green, with 5-7 basal nerves, margin undulating, glabrous
above, glabrous or slightly pubescent beneath. Petiole 2-4, blade 5-8 in. long.
Stipules 4 in. long, linear-setaceous. FI. white, numerous, } in. diam., in lax
terminal panicles. Stamens o, free, no staminodes. Ovary 3-4-celled.
Capsule supported by the persistent calyx, globose, pubescent, with 6
horizontally spreading, blunt, papery wings 1 in. long. Seeds 1-4 in each cell.

Malabar, Travancore, Ceylon, Andamans, Burma. Fl. C.S. Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch.

t. 183, regards the tree of the Eastern Peninsula, leaves softly tomentose beneath, as a
distinct species— B. mollis, Wall.

4. GREWIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 383.

Trees or shrubs, mostly deciduous, at times scrambling or climbing. Branch-
lets, leaves and sepals mostly clothed with stellate hairs. Simple hairs on petals,

Grewia) XXI. TILIACEH 95

androgynophore and ovary. Leaves more or less distinctly dentate, rarely
lobed, base generally oblique, with 3, rarely 4 or 5 basal nerves. Fl. in
pedunculate, generally umbelliform cymes. Sepals valvate, often coloured on
the inside, deciduous. Petals shorter than sepals, in most species with a thick
base (claw), bearing on the inside an area, generally papillose, surrounded by a
densely villous, semicircular or circular rim. Stamens as arule a, free,
together with the ovary on a raised more or less costate torus (androgynophore
or gonophore), the ridges of which alternate with the petals, the lower part
glabrous, the upper hairy or tomentose. Ovary 2 or 4-celled, in most species
tomentose, style 1, ovules asarule 8. Stigma generally broad, more or less
distinctly 5-lobed. Fruit a drupe, often deeply lobed, with 1-4 pyrenes, which
are 1- or few-seeded, the endocarp often osseous, surrounded by a fibrous meso-
carp. Over 100 species, tropical and sub-tropical, from Africa to Queensland.

A. Fl. bisexual, petals with a distinct claw.

(a) Peduncles mostly solitary, leaf opposed, rarely terminal or axillary, blade
of petals twice the length of claw.

1. G. oppositifolia, Roxb. ; Wight Ic. t. 82; Brandis, F. Fl. t. 12. Vern.
Katar, Pusht.; Dhaman, Pharvan, Bhimal, Binl, Behiil, North-West Himalaya.

A middle-sized tree, wood white, with small irregularly shaped heartwood.
Leaves 2-4 in., ovate, acuminate. Peduncles single, leaf opposed, 1-1 in. long.
Pedicels 1-8, supported by linear deciduous bracts. Sepals 3-1 in. Petals
shorter than sepals, yellowish red, blade linear, twice the length of claw. Drupe
deeply 2-4 lobed, fleshy. Fruit olive-green, then black, with scattered hairs.

Suleiman range, Baluchistan (3,500 ft.), Salt range. Himalaya, extending eastward
to Nepal and ascending to 6,000 ft. The leaves are shed in March, the new leaves come
out in April and May. Fl. March, June.

2. G. populifolia, Vahl; Trimen Handb. Ceylon t. 18. Vern. Gango,
Gangertin, Rajputana.

A shrub with stiff divaricate branches, bark white, wood yellowish-white,
tough. Branchlets and ,
leaves slightly rough with
short stellate hairs.
Leaves broadly ovate,
sometimes obovate, coarse-
ly dentate, blade }—2 in.,
petioles slender, J-} in.
long. Peduncles slender,
generally leaf opposed and
solitary, with 1-3 large
white flowers. Sepals
} in., blade attached to
back of claw. Gonophore
glabrous, with 5 densely
villous teeth. Ovary gla-
brous as a rule. Drupe
shining, orange, of 2-4
distinct globular — lobes,
each with a 2-celled stone.

Dry and arid regions of
North-West India, Sind and
the Deccan. Salt range, foot
of North - West Himalaya,
ascending to 2,000 ft. Fl.

July-December. Dry country Y)
of Ceylon, western Asia,
Egypt, tropical Africa.

Fic, 46.—Grewia populifolia, Vahl. 4.

96 XXI. TILIACEA [Grewia

(b) Peduncles mostly solitary and axillary, leaves with 3 basal neryes.
Western species.

3. G. columnaris, Smith; Wight Ic. t. 44. Vern. Tegali, Tel.

A scrambling, at times almost climbing shrub, rough with short stellate
hairs. Leaves 2-3 in., ovate-lanceolate. Peduncles mostly solitary, axillary,
extra-axillary or terminal, 1} in., with 3-5 yellowish-white flowers on short
bracteate pedicels. Sepals }, petals + in., blade triangular, narrower than, and
nearly as long as, claw. Gonophore 5-ridged, the tomentose part with 5 villous
teeth, stigma radiate, 5-lobed. Drupes pyriform, indistinctly 4-lobed.

Both sides of the Western Peninsula. Fl. May—November. Ceylon, dry country.
Closely allied is 4. G. emarginata, Wight et Arn.,a shrub on the Nilgiris Palnis and
Tinnevelli hills. Leaves woolly beneath, flowers larger, white, peduncles longer and
drupes deeply 2-4 lobed.

5. G. orientalis, Linn.; Trimen Handb. Ceylon i. 176. Vern. Tegali, Tel.

A scrambling often climbing shrub. Leaves 3-4 in., nearly glabrous, ovate-
lanceolate. Peduncles solitary, terminal, axillary or extra-axillary. Fl. large,
white. Sepals ?-1 in., petals } in. Blade triangular, as long as claw and
attached at its back. Gonophore as in 3. Drupes globose, scarcely lobed, 2 in.
diam.

Moister districts on both sides of the Western Peninsula, from Kanara southwards.
Fl. R.S. Closely allied and perhaps not specifically distinct is 6. G. bracteata, Roth.
Hills of the Karnatic. Drupes indistinctly 2-4 lobed, hairy.

7. G. umbellifera, Bedd.—Syn. G. Ritchiei, Mast.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 389.

A lofty scandent shrub, at times a tree, the stem at the base often covered
with blunt woody protuberances. Branchlets, petioles and-inflorescence with
rusty stellate pubescence. Leaves 3-5 in. long, elliptic-oblong, shortly acu-
minate, 3-nerved, the 2 lateral basal nerves extending to the middle of the
blade or beyond it. Peduncles $-1} in. long, generally 1, sometimes 2, mostly
axillary, bearing 5-15 large flowers. Sepals 4-3, petals 4-4 in., bladeas long as
or longer than claw. Gonophore long, cylindric, tomentose, the lower glabrous
portion very short. Fruit of 4 distinct drupes, 4-+ in. diam.

Western Ghats from the Concan southwards. Nearly allied is 8. G. heterotricha,
Masters, in evergreen forests on the Western Ghats from North Kanara southwards.
A lofty climber, branchlets, petioles and under side of leaves rusty-tomentose. Pe-
duncles 1-13 in. long, axillary or leaf opposed. Fruit unknown. G. wmbellata, Roxb. ;
King, in As. Soc. Bengal, vol. 60 (1892) 110, is a Malayan species, not found in the
Western Peninsula.

(c) Peduncles mostly solitary and axillary, leaves with 3 basal nerves.
Eastern species and species of both peninsulas.

9. G. scabrida, Wall.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 158.

An evergreen shrub. Branchlets, petioles and inflorescence shortly rusty-
tomentose. Leaves 5-6 in., ovate-lanceolate, serrate, chartaceous, rough with
short stellate hairs, especially beneath, the tertiary nerves parallel and promi-
nent beneath. Peduncles axillary, short, bearing 2-5 flowers. Sepals }-3, petals
4 in., blade as long as or longer than claw. Gonophore } in. long, the glabrous
part very short, the tomentose portion 5-ribbed. Drupe # in. diam., slightly
2-4 lobed.

Assam, Tenasserim. Fl. September. Nearly allied: 10. G. nagensium, Prain, Journ.
As. Soc. Bengal, vol. 69 ii. (1900) 168. Assam. Leaves tomentose: Fruit of 2 distinct
verrucose drupes.

11. G. levigata, Vahl. Vern. Phiran, Din, Udapai, Tam. ; Kwe-tayaw,
Upper, Kyet-tayaw, Lower Burma.
A small or middle-sized tree, wood white, soft. Leaves 4-7 in., oblong-lanceo-

J
q
a
;

Se ae eee lihaiiis, ciiet Pt,

Grewia| XXI. TILIACEA 97

late, acuminate, mem-
branous, nearly gla-
brous, under — side
with a few scattered
hairs. Secondary
nerves 4-5 pair, the
lowest pair from the
base. Peduncles axil-
lary, slender, often 2-3
togzether, bearing um-
belliform — bracteate
cymes of 3-5 flowers.
Sepals 3-1 in. 3-
nerved, petals }—} in.,
blade triangular,
shorter, rarely longer
than claw. Tomen-
tose part of gonophore
shorter than glabrous
portion, at times re-
duced to a narrow
villous band. Drupes
1-3, rarely 4, nearly
distinct.

Outer Himalaya, from
the .Jumna eastward,
ascending to 3,000 ft.
Both Peninsulas. FI.
June—October. Leaves:
renewed in April.
Nearly allied, united
with it by Pierre, FI.
For. Cochinch. t. 161: 12.
oh eee ie Fic. 47.—Grewia levigata, Vahl. 4.
kim, Assam, Khasi hills, a shrub, leaves and flowers smaller. Gonophore glabrous,
with a fringes of hairs at top. Fruit didymous, 4-seeded.

(d) Peduneles fasciculate, axillary, gonophore glabrous with a fringe of hairs
at top.

a, Leaves narrow, with 3, rarely 4 or 5 basal nerves.

13. G. salvifolia, Heyne; Brandis For. Fl. 43. Vern. Saras, siris, Mer-
wara; Burgu, Kol; Vulipi, Kan.

-A shrub or small tree, heartwood dark brown, hard, branchlets, inflorescence
and under side of leaves white or grey, with short pubescence. Leaves 2-3 in.,
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, edge entire, undulate or serrulate. Peduncles
slender, with 2-3 conspicuous yellow flowers. Sepals 4 in., on both sides silky,
petals } in., the blade longer than claw, back of claw hairy. Fruit generally
of two distinct round drupes. :

Dry and arid regions of North-West India and the Decean. Fl. April-September.
Nearly allied, and perhaps not specifically distinet, is 14. G, excelsa, Vahl. Singbhum,
Behar, Bundelkhand and Coromandel coast. Anerect tree. Leaves 3-6 in. with oblique
base and sometimes 4 or 5 basal nerves. Under side of leaves white or green. Fl. May.

15. G. pilosa, Lam.; Brandis F. Fl. 39. Vern. Pasangan, pisangan,
Rajputana ; Tegali, Tel. ;

A large straggling shrub, branchlets, petioles, under side of leaves and inflor-
escence rough with fine light-brown stellate hairs. Leaves 2-4 in., oblong or
lanceolate-oblong, serrate. Secondary nerves 4—5 pair, the lowest pair from
the base. Peduncles short, about 4 in. long, buds hirsute, constricted in the

H

98 XXI. TILIACEA [Grewia

middle. Sepals 1-3, petals } in. long. Blade 3 times the length of claw,
bifid, with numerous longitudinal nerves, back of blade hirsute with stiff hairs.
Gonophore glabrous, cup-shaped, edge ciliate. Anthers hairy, style hairy m
the lower part, stigma 2-dentate, ovules numerous. Rind of fruit crustaceous,
with short stellate hairs.

Oudh, Behar, Aravalli hills, and throughout the Western Peninsula. Fl. July—
September. A species remarkable by the shape of gonophore, hairy anthers and
stigma. Whether this is the plant described by Lamarck as G. pilosa is doubtful.
G. carpinifolia, Juss.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 887, anthers glabrous, ovules 8, grows in
tropical Africa, and is not known from India.

B. Leaves broad, with 5, sometimes only with 4, basal nerves.

16. G. rotundifolia, Juss., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris iv. (1804) t. 50 £. 3;
Wight Ic. t. 45.
Leaves 1-1} in., grey-tomentose, chiefly beneath, obovate or orbicular
Peduncles slender, !—? in., pedicels longer than flowers. Buds distinctly ribbed,
cylindric. Sepals +, petals }-} in., blade twice the length of claw. Gonophore
jy In., glabrous, ribbed, 5 obtuse hairy teeth at top.

Coromandel coast, Nilgiris (united with G. orbicw’ata in Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 386; this
however, has 3-neryed leaves and petals without claws).

17. G. asiatica, Linn. Vern. Pharsa, Phalsa, Dhamin, Karva, Hind. ;
Sial posra, Nep.; Gonyia, Kol; Jana, Tadasal, Kan.; Unu, Tam.: Chadicha.
Mal.; Tagaw, Pintayaw, Burm.

A middle-sized tree, bark greyish-white or greyish-brown, sapwood whitish,
heartwood small, irregularly shaped, dark brown. Branchlets and under side
of leaves varying from glabrous to densely and softly tomentose. Leaves vary-
ing from broad-cordate to obliquely ovate. Stipules varying from linear to
foliaceous and broadly faleate. Peduncles axillary, in fascicles of 2-10, varying
in length from }-2 in., each bearing 3-5 flowers. Sepals j-}, petals 4-} im.,
yellow or red and yellow, blade as long as or longer than claw. Fruit globose,
with pleasantly acid pulp, indistinctly lobed.

Common in both Peninsulas, largely grown in gardens on account of the fruit. FI.
January—May. This extremely variable tree was described under three species by me,
F. Fl. 40, and by Kurz, F. Fl. i. 160. My subsequent experience in India has convinced
me that these forms cannot be maintained as species, their distinguishing characters
not being constant. Their characters are ordinarily defined as follows :— :

1. G. asiatica, Linn. The cultivated form. Leaves broad-cordate, more or less tomen-
tose beneath, stipules linear, buds cylindrical or clavate, flowers large, fruit large.
2. G. vestita, Wall. (G. elastica, Royle). Chiefly in the subhimalayan tract from the
Indus to Sikkim. lLeayes small, ovate, usually much longer than broad, under side
with thick greyish-yellow tomentum. Stipules linear, buds obovoid. 3. G. tiliefolia,
Vahl. Chiefly in the Peninsula and Ceylon, also in North-West India. Leaves large,
very oblique, nearly glabrous, or hoary beneath. Stipules leafy, falcate, auriculate.
Masters, in Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 386, unites G. vestita and G. asiatica.

18. G. sapida, Roxb., is a remarkable undershrub, common in grass lands of the Dans
and subhimalayan tract, ascending to 3,000 ft., also in Upper Burma, with a short
woody underground stem, throwing up annually, after the fires have passed over the
ground, a number of herbaceous shoots 1-2 ft. high. Flowers yellow, in umbels of 2-4.

sepals 4-3, petals #-} in., blade linear, twice the length of claw. Fruit slightly lobed.
stones enclosed in sweetish pulp.

19. G. villosa, Willd.; Brandis, F. Fl. 39, Vern. Dhokelan, Merwara.

A shrub, often gregarious, branches, leaves and inflorescence densely silky
with long stellate hairs. Leaves nearly orbicular from a cordate base, 1-4 in.
diam., rugose, transverse veins numerous, prominent and parallel, tufts of
silky hairs on the serratures. FI. dull yellow, peduncles very short in compact
axillary clusters. Sepals linear, membranous, 4 in. long, clothed on both
sides with short stellate, outside also with long simple hairs, the tips often
with a long branched and stellate process. Blade of petal thin, twice the

length of claw. Fruit globose, a distinct crustaceous brown rind, with tufts
of long stellate hairs, pulp pleasant.

Grewia) XXI. TILIACEA 99

ey. region of North-West India and the Deccan. FI. June-September. Tropical
Trica.

_ 20. G. abutilifolia, Juss.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 161. Vern. Pet-ok, Tayaw-a,
Upper Burma.

A shrub (deciduous, Smales), sometimes only 2 ft. high, branchlets, leaves
and inflorescence roughly stellate-tomentose. Leaves 4-8 in. long, broadly
ovate, almost orbicular, often slightly lobed, tertiary nerves distinct beneath.
Peduncles yery short, in compact axillary clusters. Sepals }—}, petals 7 in.,
blade shorter than or as long as claw. Gonophore glabrous, edge villous,
small tufts of hair at base between petals. Drupe slightly 2-4-lobed, 4-} in.
diam., edible. :

Sikkim, Assam, Manipur, Chittagong, Burma, chiefly in Eng forest, but_also on
Taungya clearings. Chanda district. Peninsula, chiefly on the west side. FI. R.S.
Cochinchina.

21. G. scabrophylla, Roxb.—Syn. G. sclerophylla, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42 ;
Wight Ic. t. 89: Brandis F. F139, Vern. Petshat, Burm,

A shrub, branchlets, under
side of leaves and inflorescence
clothed with soft tawny tomen-
tum. Leaves 4-9 in. long, ovate
or obovate, tertiary nerves dis-
tinct beneath. Peduncles short.
FI. large, blade of petals obovate,
longer than, often twice the
length of claw. Gonophore
glabrous, edge villous, 5 small
tufts of hair at base between
petals. Fruit globose, not lobed,
}—? in. diam., rind crustaceous,
hairy, stones 4, 1-2 seeded in
sweet gelatinous pulp.

Subhimalayan tract and outer
valleys, from the Jumna eastward.
Oudh forests, northern Circars,
Assam, Pegu, Upper Burma. In
Engdain and grass lands a small
shrub 3 ft. high, burnt down every
year (Smales). A similar habit in
the grass lands of the Duars
(Haines). Fl. April - September.
G. sclerophylla is the older name,
but G. scabrophylla is supported by
full description in Roxb., F]. Ind. Fie. 48.—Grewia scabrophylla, Roxb, Stamens
ii. 584, and ovary, petal, sepal, three times magnified.

(e) Inflorescence a large terminal panicle. Fl. nearly sessile, in 3-fd. heads,
supported by lanceolate often Jaciniate bracts, stigma minutely 2-4-dentate.

22. G. Microcos, Linn.: Wight Ill. t. 33.—Syn. G. ulmifolia, Roxb.
Vern. Myat-ya, Burm.

A middle-sized tree, at times only a shrub, young shoots and petioles slightly
pubescent. Leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 4-8 in, long,
secondary nerves 5-8 pair, the lowest pair basal, stipules lanceolate. Fl.
yellowish-white, sepals 4, petals \, in., blade equal to claw, often bifid.
Gonophore glabrous, with a woolly fringe at top, ovary glabrous. Fruit glo-
bose, $ in. diam., not lobed.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, from Satara southwards, Khasi hills, Chitta-
gong, Burma. The best covering leaf for Burmese cigars. Fl. March—July. Ceylon,
Cochinchina, Java, Sumatra.

28. G. calophylla, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 157. Andamans and Nicobars. A middle-sized ever-
green tree. Leaves glabrous, coriaceous, 8 in. long. Sepals , petals }-4 in., blace

100 XXI. TILIACEA [Grewia

linear, twice the length of claw or longer. Gonophore 4 in., upper portion velvety,
equal to the lower glabrous and ribbed portion. Ovary and style slightly puberulous.
Fruit obovoid, 14 in. long. :

24. G. sinuata, Wall. Swamp forests of the alluvial plains, Lower Burma. A large
shrub. Leaves 1-2 in. long, sinuately lobed, hairy beneath. Fl. small, in short panicles
at the ends of branches. Sepals 4, petals 4 in., blade equal to claw, claw hairy on back.
Gonophore glabrous, 5 villous teeth at the edge. Ovary glabrous. Fruit pyvriform,
4-1 in. long. :

B. FI. bisexual, petals without a distinct claw.

25. G. orbiculata, Rottler; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 386. len :

Branchlets, leaves and inflorescence hoary. Leaves elliptic, 1-1} in. long,
dentate, 3- sometimes 5-nerved, softly grey-pubescent beneath. Peduncles
slender, ? in., bearing umbels of 3-5 flowers. — Pedicels as long as or longer than
sepals. Buds ovoid or globose, tomentose, indistinctly ribbed. Sepals 4 in.,
petals thin, veined, } im., oblanceolate, glabrous with only a few hairs on the
slightly thickened base.

Deccan and east side of Peninsula. Similar in appearance to G. rotundifolia, Juss.

26. G. leptopetala, sp. nov.—Syn. G. tiliwfolia, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 108.

Branchlets and under side of leaves varying
from glabrous to densely and softly tomentose,
leaves from broad-cordate to obliquely ovate,
stipules varying from linear to foliacesus and
broadly faleate. Peduncles axillary, slender,
in fascicles of 2-6, short, not as a rule exceed-
ing 4 in., each bearing 2-5 flowers. Petals
thin, veined, lanceolate or linear, often 2-fid
at tip, perfectly glabrous, excepting a few
hairs on the slightly thickened base. Drupes
generally 2-lobed, 4 in. diam.

North-West Provinces, Chittagong, Western Pen-
insula, south as far as Travancore. Not known
from Burma. Fl. January-April. This species
exhibits a variation as to pubescence and shape of
leaves almost parallel to that of G. asiatica. The
glabrous form is chiefly in the Peninsula, the
hoary form chiefly on the west side of the Penin-
sula, while the tomentose is mostly found in North-
(i ern India. 27. G. elatostemoides, Coll. et Hemsl. ;
Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. 28. p. 27. Fort Stedman, Shan hills, 3,000 ft. A small tree.
Leaves 3 in. obliquely ovate, 4-nerved, under side with white short pubescence.
Peduncles axillary, short. Sepals 4, petals 3 in., glabrous, veined, lanceolate.

To this group also belongs G. eriocarpa, Juss.; Pierre, Fl. For. t. 158, of Cochin
China and Java, as well as species from Borneo and Africa. .

Fic. 49,--Grewia leptopetala,
is. Stamens and orary,
petal, sepal, three times
magnified,

C. Fl. polygamous, generally male and bisexual.

28. G. polygama, Roxb. ; Brandis, F. Fl. 42.

A shrub or small tree, heartwood pale brown. Branches bifarious, spread-
ing, branchlets, petioles, under side of leaves velvety, inflorescence strigose
with long stellate hairs. Leaves lanceolate, 2-5 in., sharply serrate. Pedun-
cles short, slender, axillary, generally fasciculate. Sepals 4, petals + in.,
blade equal to claw, which is hairy on back. Stamens as a rule 10-12,
but sometimes more numerous. Stigma 5-lobed, lobes spreading, deeply cut
into numerous segments. Fruit 4 in. diam., more or less 2—4-lobed, hairy.

Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys, ascending to 4,000 ft., Salt range, Behar
Assam. The Konkan. Burma. FI. R.S. Ceylon. :

29. G. hirsuta, Vahl; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 159. Vern. Ayettaycav, Burm.
A small shrub. Branchlets, petioles and underside of leaves hirsute or

Grewia| XXI. TILIACHEA 101

tomentose. Buds ovoid, densely pilose. Sepals {—, petals j-j'5 in., blade
rounded, as long as claw. Anthers glabrous. In some specimens the hairs
at the top of gynophore as long as filaments. Stigma bifid, branches penicillate,
ovules 8. Rind of fr. crustaceous, with lone hairs,

Western Peninsula, both in the dry and moist districts. Burma. Fl.H.R.S. Pierre,
Fl. For. Cochinch. t. 167, suggests ae union of 28 and 29. Closely allied are: 30.
G. microstemma, Wall.: Kurz, F. Fl. 160. Burma. With broader oblique leaves,
often 4-nerved. 31. G humilis, Wall. iBenpall Burma. Leaves small, 1-2 in.

5. COLUMBIA, Pers.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 393. Species 7, tropical Asia.

1. C. floribunda, Wall.: Kurz, F. Fl. i. 156, is a shrub of Burma, the Naga hills
and Manipur, also found in Tonkin oa Yunan. Leaves rough on both sides with
stellate hairs, from a cordate sometimes rounded base, obovate-oblong, usually lobed at
the tip, petioles 1-2 in. long. Fl. small, pentamerous, in few-fid. jnvolucrate heads
on terminal panicles, petals nearly as long as sepals, yellow with scarlet dots. Capsule
% in. diam., stellate- BOnLES winged, separating when ripe into 3 or 4 indehiscent
1-seeded 2-winged carpels. Cc. flagrocarpa, C.B. Clarke, MSS. Chittagong hill tracts.
A tree 40 ft. high, eamare and under side of leaves softly tomentose, leaves ovate-
lanceolate from an oblique base, capsule 3-5-winged, 1 in. across, seed portion clothed
with stellate bristles. 3. C. merguensis, Planch. Mergui. Leaves lanceolate, stellate-
pubescent beneath. Fruit 3-winged, 1 in. across.

Erinocarpus Nimmoanus, Graham; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 110. Vern. Chira, Mar.: Kadu-
bendi, Kan., is a small tree common in dee iduous forests of North Kanara, the Belgaum
district and the Konkan, with large cordate, slightly 3-5-lobed leaves, palmately 7-9-
neryed, 8 in. diam., petiole 3-5 in. Fl. ye low, 1-2 in. across, in terminal panicles.
Fruit 142 in. long, woody, triquetrous, Slightly winged, covered with large broad-
based prickles. Seed 1, albuminous.

6. ECHINOCARPUS, Blume; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 399 (Included under
Sloanea, Linn., by Schumann in Engler u. Prantl iii. 6. 5).

Trees with penniveined leaves. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. Sepals 4-5,
imbricate. Petals 4-5, variously cut. Stamens numerous, free, on a thick
disk. Anthers linear, opening by a terminal pore. Capsule woody or cori-
aceous, loculicidal, covered with prickles or bristles, 3-6- or by abortion
1-celled. Seeds albuminous. Species 12, Indo-Malayan and Australian.

1. E. sterculiaceus, Benth.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 400. Vern. Banj, Nep.

A large tree, young shoots puberulous. Leaves minutely serrulate, 8-10 in.
long, petiole 2 in., glabrous above, softly tomentose beneath. Secondary
nerves and veins prominent. Capsule pendulous, red, globose, 2 in. diam., 5—6-
celled, densely covered with straight sharp subulate minutely hispid spines
\—{ in. long.

Sikkim, Bhutan, hills of Martaban and Tenasserim, 3,000-5,000 ft.

2. E. Sigun, Blume; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 162; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. t. 169.
—Syn. £. Murex, Benth., Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 399.

A large tree, nearly glabrous. Leaves oblong lanceolate, entire. Capsule
ovoid, woody, 1-1} in. long, 3-4-valved. Valves covered with rigid prickles
3 in. long, blunt from a conical base.

Khasi hills, 8,000-5,000 ft., Tenasserim. Fl. April. Cambodia, Java.

3. E. assamicus, Benth. Vern. Phul Hingri, Assam.

A middle-sized tree. Leayes 9-12 in. long, elliptic, abruptly acuminate,
nearly glabrous, petiole 1-2 in. Fruit 2 in. long, densely studded with
slender spines | in. long.

Sikkim, Assam, Charduar, Nambar and Makiim forest.

E. dasycarpus, Benth.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 400. Vern. Gobria, Nep.
A large tree, wood soft, grey. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, entire

102 XXI. TILIACEA | Echinocarpus

or serrulate, glabrous, secondary nerves prominent beneath. Blade 4-6,
petiole 1 in. Peduncles crowded near ends of branches, often fasciculate. Fl.
1 in. across. Capsule globose, 1 in. diam., 4-5-valved, the valves covered with
a dense felt of short deciduous bristles.

Sikkim, 3,000-8,000 ft.. Bhutan. Fl. November. China. 5. E. tomentosus, Benth.
Sikkim, Bhutan, Manipur, Yunan. Capsule larger, similarly covered. Leaves densely
and softly tomentose beneath.

6. ELAZOCARPUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 400.

Evergreen trees, with penniveined leaves, old leaves often red before falling.
Fl. in the species here described bisexual, racemose, in the axils of early
deciduous bracts. Petals fringed or lobed, rarely entire, inserted at the base
of a thick glandular disk or torus, induplicate-valvate in bud. Stamens
numerous, inserted inside the disk. Anthers linear, opening at the top by two
confluent short slits. Ovary 2-5-celled, style 1, subulate. A drupe, stone
1-celled or 2-5-celled, 1 seed in each cell. Albumen fleshy, cotyledons
flat, broad. 123 species known, most in the two Peninsulas and the Malay
Archipelago. Outside this area from Madagascar and Socotra to China and
Japan and the Pacifie Islands.

A. Ovary 5- sometimes 4-celled. Fl. small and middle-sized, sepals +—} in.
long.

1. E. Ganitrus, Roxb.—Syn. Ganitrus spherica, Gaertn. ; Wight Ic. t. 66.
Vern. Rudrak, Rudraksch.

Attains 60 ft. Leaves membranous, lanceolate, obscurely serrulate, nearly
glabrous, 3-6 in., petiole J-} in. long. Secondary nerves 10-15 pair. FI.
white, in compact drooping racemes, shorter than leaves, from the axils of
fallen leaves. Sepals 4-4 in. long, petals a little longer, obovate, laciniate
beyond the middle, pedicels longer than sepals. Torus short, fleshy, wrinkled,
pubescent. Anthers nearly sessile, 25-35, the longer valve with 1 or 2 white
bristles. Fruit globose, bluish-purple, ?-1 in. diam. Stone elegantly
tubercled, marked with 5 vertical grooves, 4-5-celled, often only 1-seeded.

Nepal, Assam, Chittagong. Fl. C. S. Malay Peninsula, Java and Celebes. 2.
E. stipularis, Bl.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 170. A large tree in the evergreen forests of the
Martaban and Tenasserim hills. Branchlets, petioles, under side of leaves and inflores-
cence soft-tomentose. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong, blade 3-7, petiole 1 in. long.
Stipules broad, palmately lobed, 3-5-neryed. Fl. small, sepals 4 in., pedicels longer
than sepals, torus of 5 distinct globose truncate 2-grooved fleshy glands. Stamens
20-25, filaments half the length of anthers. Stone 1-seeded, in thin pulp.

B. Ovary 3-celled, each cell with 2 collateral ovules. Fl. small, sepals not
over 4, rarely 4 in., petals cuneate, deeply laciniate. Longer anther valve
ciliate. .

3. E. serratus, Linn.; Trimen Handb. Ceylon i. 184 t. 20.—Syn. E.
cuneatus, Wight; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 402 (with 3-celled stone). Vern. Ulang
Karei, Tam.

Leaves thickly chartaceous, from an acute base elliptic or elliptic-obovate,
crenate, glabrous above, with a few thin hairs beneath. Fl. white, racemes
mostly axillary, sepals 4 in., pedicels as long as sepals, petals 3-fid to the
middle, segments laciniate. Disk of 5 distinct tomentose glands. Stamens
25-30, filaments much shorter than glands, the longer anther valve ciliate.
Drupe ovoid, more or less acuminate at both ends, 1-1} in. Stone strongly
tubercled in a copious pulp, often 1-celled, 1-seeded. $

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, from North Kanara southwards. FI. C.S.,
R.S. Ceylon moist region. 4. E. floribundus, Blume; King, in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,
vol. 60 ii. (1892) 128; vern. Jalpai, of Sikkim, Assam and Burma, is supposed to be
different. Petiole usually longer and blade generally thinner, stone almost smooth

Elwocar pus) XXT. TILIACEA 103

with 3 vertical grooyes. I am disposed to refer all Indian specimens to EZ. serratus,
Linn., which Gamble, List 13, gives from Sikkim. J. floribundus of Cochinchina and
Java has smaller flowers, sepals 1-4 in., and may be different. 5. E. lacunosus, Wall.;
Kurz, F. Fl. i. 168; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. t. 144. Vern. Butalet, Burm. Evergreen
forests of Lower Burma. Young shoots and racemes silky-hairy, sepals 4 in. Leaves
cuneate or obovate, obtuse, narrowed into short petiole, racemes lax, stone with rounded
tubercles. This possibly is Z. longifolius, Wall.

6. E. robustus, Roxb.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 169.

Leaves ovate from a rounded base, acuminate, pubescent and pale beneath,
blade 6-9, petiole #1} in., thickened and geniculate at the insertion of blade.
Secondary nerves 8-12 pair. Sepals + in., petals broad-cuneate, much larger
than sepals. Disk fleshy, consisting of 5 distinct tomentose lobes. Stamens
30-40, anthers on short filaments, one valve ciliate. Style thickened at the
base, articulate with the ovary. Drupe ovoid, 1-1} in. long. Stone rugose,
slightly 3-grooved, 3-celled.

Sikkim, Western Duars, Assam, Cachar, Chittagong, Burma, Malay Peninsula. Fl
H.S. To this probably belongs E. Helferi, Kurz, Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 402. 7. E. sikkimensis,
Masters. Evergreen forests at the foot of the Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya, ascend-
ing to 5,000 ft. Young shoots and inflorescence grey-pubescent, the pedicels more
than twice the length of calyx,sepals } in. long. 8. E. Wallichii, Kurz, F. Fl. i.169. Eng
forests of Lower Burma. Branchlets, petioles and under side of leaves tawny-tomentose.

9. E. lancezfolius, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 65. Vern. Bhadras, Nep.

A large tree, perfectly glabrous, excepting the flower. Wood soft, light-
coloured. Leaves lanceolate, thinly coriaceous, narrowed into a short petiole.
Secondary nerves 6-12 pair, joined by conspicuous intramarginal veins.
Racemes mostly infra-axillary, stiff, shorter than leaves. Sepals nearly glab-
rous, } in. long, disk consisting of 5 distinct hairy glands. Anthers on filaments
half their length, shortly ciliate at tip. Drupe oblong, 1} in. long, stone
1-seeded, slightly tubercled.

Common about Darjeeling, 6,000-8,000 ft., Khasi hills; 4,000-5,000 ft., Manipur. Fl.
R.S. According to Kurz, F. Fl. i. 168, in Tenasserim.

Species 3-9 are closely allied. In course of time Indian foresters will be able to
say whether mode of growth and other biological characters justify the classification
here attempted, which is based upon characters, which in this genus are variable.

C. Ovary 3-celled, each cell with 2 collateral ovules. Fl. small, sepals not
over } in., petals cuneate, deeply laciniate. Anthers not ciliate.

19. E. oblongus, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 202 t. 43; Wight Ic. t. 46. Vern.
Hanal tadi, Wan.; Bike mara, Nilgivis; Khatta Karei, Tam.

Young shoots puberulous. Leaves coriaceous, as a rule glabrous, underside
sometimes minutely hairy, broadly elliptic, petiole glandular-thickened at apex,
about 1 in., blade 4-6 in. long. Secondary nerves arcuate, branching, promi-
nent, tertiary reticulate. Racemes shorter than leaves, bracts caducous, longer
than buds, dentate. Sepals red, }in.long. Petals cut not quite to the middle.
Filaments bent, as long as anthers or longer. Style pilose at the base, not
articulate with ovary. Drupe ovoid, more or less acuminate at both ends,
1-seeded.

Evergreen forest on the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards. Bababiden
hills, Nilgiris, Anamalais. Fl. April-June. Gaertner’s specimen was from the Leiden
Museum, and probably is not this Species at all, the fruit is obtuse at both ends. The
name therefore may eventually have to be changed. 2. leptostachya, Wall. and LP.
lucidus, Roxb., Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 408, are doubtful. 11. E. hygrophilus, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 168.
Common in the plains of Lower Burma. Leaves coriaceous, obovate, narrowed into a
short petiole. Racemes lax, sepals $ in. Fruit lanceolate, acuminate at both ends.

~ Nearly allied to 2. decipiens, Hemsley, from China, and 2. photiniasolius, Hook. et Arn.

from Japan. 412. E. Braceanus, Watt, Naga hills 5,000 ft., Manipur 6,000-7,000, Kachin
hills in Upper Burma, is a very remarkable tree. Branchlets, inflorescence, under
side of leaves along nerves rusty- or dark grey-tomentose. Leaves oblong, serrate,
midrib and nerves very prominent. Fl. on short pedicels, supported by round, serrate
or laciniate, tomentose bracteoles. Petals laciniate nearly to the base.

104 XXI. TILIACED [Elewocarpus

D. Ovary 2- rarely 3-celled, each cell with 2 rows of superposed ovules. FI.
middle-sized, sepals 4-3 in., petals cuneate, deeply cut, anthers terminated by
a long awn or bristle.

13. E. aristatus, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 63.—Vern. Garali, Assam.

Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, blade 5-12 in., gradually narrowed into a
petiole 1-2 in., which is thickened and geniculate at the insertion of blade,
upper side glabrous, underside with a few hairs on nerves. Secondary nerves
10-20 pair, prominent beneath. Racemes pubescent, 10-15 fid., pedicels nearly
as long as sepals, sepals }-? in., densely pubescent outside. Petals yellow
(Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 600, white in Icones Roxburghiane), with long soft
hairs at the back. Stamens 45-50, awn equal or nearly equal to anther.
Ovary tomentose. Stone rugose with two raised ridges (deeply tuberculate in
a specimen from Sikkim).

Subhimalayan tract from Sikkim eastward. Dwars (a large tree), Khasi hills, Chitta-
gong, Burma, Andamans. Fl. April,May. This probably is Z. simplex, Kurz, F. FI. i.
165.

14. E. tuberculatus, Roxb.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 113.—Syn. Monocera
tuberculata, Wight et Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 62, Ill. t. 35.

Similar to 13, but leaves pubescent beneath, inflorescence rusty-tomentose.
Stamens more numerous, up to 80. Fl. white, stone compressed, deeply tuber-
culate.

Common in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats and adjoining hill ranges,
from Mahableshwar southwards. Fl. C.S. Iam disposed to think that 13 and 14 are
one species. Glabrous specimens (called E. aristatus) have been collected in the Konkan,
while tomentose specimens (called FE. tuberculatus) are known from Burma. The
other characters are not more reliable than the pubescence of leaves. 15. E, rugo-
sus, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 61. Chittagong, Makim forest, Assam (D. B., April,
1879). Leaves approximate near the ends of branches, glabrous, obovate-spathu-
late, lower part narrow, with a rounded base, widening gradually into a broad apex.
Blade 6-12 in., petiole 0, or very short and broad, inflorescence rusty-tomentose.
Sepals 3 in., pedicels longer than sepals. Petals pale yellow (Icones Roxburghiane),
silky on both sides. Stamens 45, ovary grooved, tomentose. Stone rugose. LH. grandi-
folius, Kurz, F. Fl. 165, with larger leaves, gradually narrowed into petiole, and pubes-
cent beneath, may possibly belong to this.

16. E. ferrugineus, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 112.—Syn. Monocera ferruginea,
Wight Ic. t. 205.

Branchlets, petioles, wnder side of leaves and inflorescence densely rusty-
tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, the two halves bent back so as to he
boat-shaped. Blade 4-5, petiole 3-1 in. long. Racemes 6-12-flowered, pedicels
as long as or shorter than sepals. Sepals 4 in. long, silky outside, glabrous
inside, petals silky on both sides. Petals oblong-cuneate, upper edge with
10-12 villous teeth. Stamens 20, awns not half as long as anthers. Ovary
tomentose, 3-celled, ovules numerous, superposed. Drupe ovoid, # in. long.

Nilgiris. Palni and Anamalai hills. Fl. April. 17. E. Munroii, Mast. Evergreen
forests of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards. Leaves perfectly glabrous,
ovate-lanceolate, chartaceous, crenate. Blade 2-4, petiole 1-14 in. Racemes short, with
8-10 flowers. Sepals 4 in. long, slightly pubescent outside. Stamens 20, awn shorter
than anther. Ovary 2-celled, tomentose. 18. E, acuminatus, Wall.; Fl. B. Ind. i. 406.
Assam and Khasi hills.. Leaves glabrous, lanceolate, narrowed into short petiole.
Racemes short, pedicels twice the length of sepals, which are }-4 in., midrib prominent
on inside. Petals cuneate, hairy on both faces, teeth 10-15, lanceolate, glabrous. Stamens
30-40, filaments glabrous, as long as anthers, thickened at the base. Awn short, hairy
like anther. Ovary 2-celled, elabrous.

E. Ovary 2-celled, each cell with two rows of superposed ovules. FI. large,
sepals 3 in. and longer. Petals cuneate, deeply cut. Anthers terminated by
a long awn or bristle, rarely mucronate.

19. E. obtusus, Blume; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 60 ii. 134,

ses hee

Elwocar pus) XXI. TILIACEA 105

where it is explained why the older name, E. Monoceras, Cav., Fl. Brit. Ind. i.
405, has not been used by him for the Indian tree.

Leaves perfectly glabrous, oblanceolate, narrowed gradually into a slender
petiole. Blade 3-7, petiole 1-1; in. Secondary nerves 5-10 pair. Racemes
corymbose, shorter than leaves, with 4-8 large flowers. Peduncles and pedicels
slender, the latter longer than sepals: sepals } in. long, narrowly linear-lanceo-
late. Petals oblong-cuneate, divided into 2-3 laciniate segments, silky outside

Fic. 50.—Eleocarpus Varunna, Ham. 43.

with appressed hairs, base thickened and hairy inside. Torus annular, tomen-
tose, 20-costate. Stamens up to 70, filaments hairy, awn as long as anther,
ovary tomentose. Drupe ovoid, obtuse, 14 in. long. Stone strongly tubercu-
late, 1-seeded.

Western Dwars, Tondu forest (Haines), Assam, Burma. Fl. May. Mekong delta,
Malay Peninsula. This probably is BP. littoralis, Kurz (not T. et B.) F. Fl. i. 167.
20. EB. venustus, Bedd. I'l. Sylv. t. 174, Travancore Ghats at 4,500 ft., with large
snow-white fragrant flowers, issimilar, but differs in less numerous stamens, up to 40,

106 XXI. TILIACHA [Eleocarpus

in the anthers, which are mucronate, not awned, glabrous filaments and ovary.
21. E. bracteatus, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 165, is a large tree. Upper Assam (D, B.), Thoung-
geen and Yonzaleen (D. B.), Shan hills (Collett). Leaves perfectly glabrous, elliptic,
obovate, crenate, narrowed into a petiole 3-1 in. long, which is thickened and genicu-
late at apex. Secondary nerves 8-10 pair. Racemes short, corymbose. Pedicels 3 times
the length of sepals, in the axils of oblong-obovate, often serrate bracts. Sepals 2 in.
long. Awn nearly as long as anther, ovary 2-celled, tomentose, stone wrinkled.

92. E. grandiflorus, Smith; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 166; Pierre, Fl. For. Coch. t.
142.—Syn. Monocera grandiflora, Hooker, Bot. Mag. t. 4680. Vern. Ye Saga,
Burm.

A large shrub or small tree, entirely glabrous, except flowers. Leaves lanceo-
late, more or less crenate. Petiole } in., not thickened at apex. Racemes
3-6 fld., shorter than leaves, flowers scented, pedicels long, slender, in the axils
of oblong bracts. Sepals red, #-1 in. long, glabrous outside, silky inside.
Petals white or cream-coloured, silky outside. Disk cylindric, tomentose,
suleate. Awn about the length of anther. Ovary pubescent, 2-celled.
covered with woody reflexed spines.

Thaukyeghat near Toungoo (Kurz), Upper Burma (Prager, Smales). Fl. April, May.
Cochinchina, Java.

Stone

F. Ovary 2- or 3-celled, ovules superposed in two rows. Fl. small and
middle-sized, sepals 1-1 in. Petals broader at base. Anthers with short
awns.

23. E. Varunna, Ham.; Kurz, F. Fl. 1. 165.

Young shoots grey, silky. Leaves perfectly glabrous, elliptic-lanceolate,
serrate. Petiole thickened and geniculate at the top. Blade 4-8, petiole 1-3
in. long. Secondary nerves 10-14 pair, prominent. Racemes axillary, numer-
ous, 10-12 fid., pedicels a little longer than sepals. Buds and flowers outside
grey with silky hairs. Sepalstin. Petals oblong, broader at the base, hairy on
both sides, with 7-10 linear teeth. Stamens 25-40, on a 10-lobed torus, awn
shorter than anther. Ovary ribbed, hairy, 3-celled. Drupe 4 in. long, stone
smooth, 1-seeded.

Subhimalayan tract in evergreen forests, from Nepal eastward, ascending in Sikkim
to 4,000 ft. Assam, Chittagong. Fl. March, April. 24. E. prunifolius, Wall., Khasi
hills, Manipur, is similar, but leaves almost entire, and smaller. Blade 2-4, petiole
1-14 in. Sepals }in., awn very short. 25. E. petiolatus, Wall.; King, in Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. vol. 60 ii. (1892) 180 (8. integer, Masters, not Wall.). Silhet, Cachar, Burma,
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Leaves coriaceous, shining, elliptic, entire, acute
or shortly acuminate. Blade 4-6, petals 1-3 in. Racemes shorter than leaves, sepals
tin. Petals oblong, the apex cut into 10-14 subulate glabrous teeth. Ovary 2-celled.
Drupe 4 in diam., stone slightly rugose. 26. E. Griffithii, Masters. Tenasserim, Malay
Peninsula.. Racemes axillary, longer than leaves, as well as flowers whitish-silky.
Sepals in. Petals ovate, acuminate, irregularly fimbriate. :

Orper XXII. LINEA. Gen. Pl. i. 241.
Linacee and Erythroxylacee, Engler u. Prantl iii. 4. 27, 37.

Herbs, shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, simple, generally quite
entire. Fl. recular, as a rule bisexual. Sepals 5, petals 5. Stamens 5 or 10,
filaments united at base, anthers versatile 2-celled. Ovary 3-5-celled, styles
3-5, free, or more or less connate. Several species of Linwm, Reinwardtia,
and probably also of other genera are remarkable on account of their dimorphic
and polymorphic flowers with varying relative length of styles and stamens.

Stamens 10, fruit a drupe, seeds several, woody hooks

on branchlets . : . . d , 0 . 1. Hueonta.
Stamens 5, staminodes 5, fruit a capsule : Rerywarprta (p .107).
Stamens 10, fruit a capsule . : : ; é Ixonantues (p. 107).
Stamens 10, fruit a 1-seeded drupe é ; 5 . 2. ErytHroxyton.

te =

Pe ee ek

Fe Rl

Ve see! es

ae

Hugonia) XX. LINEA 107

1. HUGONIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 413.
Species 11, tropical Africa, Asia, Australia.

H. Mystax, Linn. ; Wight Il. t. 32. Vern. Kaki Bira, Tel.

A scrambling shrub, branches spreading, set with numerous short stiff
yellow tomentose branchlets, leaf-
less below, bearing in the axils of
the lowest leaves a pair of woody,
reflexed, circinate tomentose spines
(modified peduncles, occasionally
bearing flowers), above them tufts
of leaves and axillary flowers.
Leayes alternate, stipules subulate.
Fl. yellow, 1 in. across, sepals 5,
unequal, imbricate, petals 5, con-
torted. Stamens 10, filaments
connate at base. Ovary 5-celled,
styles 5 distinct. Drupe red or
yellow, 4 in. long, endocarp bony,
grooved, seeds 2-3.

Western Peninsula, from the Kon-
kan on the west, the Northern Circars

on the east side southwards. Fl. May
—October. Ceylon.

Reinwardtia trigyna, Planchon, com-
mon in northern India and the Penin-
sula. Shan hills, Upper Burma, is a
small shrub, leaves elliptic-lanceolate,
entire or nearly so, with large bright
yellow flowers, sepals and petals 5,
stamens 10, styles 3, sometimes 4 or 5,
remarkable on account of the great
variation in the relative length of
styles and stamens. Not specifically
distinct is R. tetragyna, Planchon, Sikkim, Khasi hills, Behar, Chota Nagpore, Penin-
sula. Leaves larger, dentate, styles 3-5, generally 4. 3

Fic. 51—Hugonia Mystax, Linn. 3.

Ixonanthes khasiana, Hook. fil., Khasi hills, is a small tree with elliptic-lanceolate
membranous leaves, 3-44 in. FI. 4 in. long, in dense fld. cymes on slender peduncles,
shorter than leaves.

2. ERYTHROXYLON, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 414.

Shrubs or small trees, glabrous, leaves alternate, quite entire, stipules intra-
petiolar. Fl. bisexual, pentamerous, petals with a scale, generally bifid, at
the top of the claw, stamens 10, filaments united into a short tube. Ovary
3-celled, styles 3, often connate below. Drupe 1-seeded, generally supported
by the persistent calyx and staminal tube. Species 90, tropical, mostly
American. £. Coca, Lam., the leaves of which are extensively used as a
powerful stimulant in South America, and which yield the valuable anmes-
thetic Cocaine, might be grown on the Nilgiris and elsewhere.

A. Western species.

1. E. monogynum, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 88.—Syn. EF. indicum, Bedd. FI.
~Sylv. t. 81; Sethia indica, DC.; Wight Ill. t. 48. Vern. Dévadaru, Tel.,
Kan. ; Semlichan, Tam.
A shrub or small tree. Heartwood very hard, dark-brown. Leaves cuneate,
1-2 in. long, dull, not shining, glaucous-brown beneath when dry, stipules
triangular, long, acuminate. Fl. axillary, generally in fascicles of 1-4, style

108 XXII. LINEA [Erythroxylon

trifid at top. Drupe oblong, apiculate, bright scarlet, supported by the
persistent sepals and stamens. :

Western Peninsula, from the Godavari southwards. Fl]. August-November. Ceylon,
common in the dry country. 2. E. lanceolatum, Wight, Courtallum, Ceylon. Ditfers

by larger lanceolate shining leaves, 2-4 in. long, stipules early deciduous, and solitary
flowers.

B. Eastern species:

3. E. Kunthianum, Wall.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 171. Khasi hills, hills east of Toungoo,
Thaungyeen. Fl. March-May. <A stunted deciduous tree. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate,
opaque above, pale glaucous-brown beneath. Fl. sometimes unisexual, styles distinct.
4. E. burmanicum, Griff., Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, differs by obovate obtuse
leaves, glossy above and styles connate to the middle.

Orpen XXIII. MALPIGHIACEZ. Gen. Pl. 1. 247.

Climbing shrubs, rarely erect. Leaves opposite, simple, stipules 0 or incon-
spicuous. Fl. regular or zygomorphic, bisexual, pentamerous. Calyx deeply
divided, petals free, disk obscure. Stamens 10. Ovary free, 3-celled, 3-lobed,
ovules solitary. Fruit carpels 1-3, usually winged.

Fl. zygomorphic, petals clawed, unequal, 1 stamen
longer than the rest, style 1 . : z : . 1. Hierace.
Fl. regular, petals sessile, equal, stamens equal, styles 3 2. AsprpoprErys.

1. HIPTAGE, Gaertner; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 418.

Fl. generally white, zygomorphic, the Sth petal larger and coloured. Large
glands adnate to the pedicel below the calyx. Stamens 10, all antheriferous,
one much longer than the rest. Fruit of 1-3 samaras, connate at the base,
each terminating in three long wings. Species 8, south-eastern Asia.

1. H. Madablota, Gaertn.; Wight Ill. t. 50.—Syn. Gaertnera racemosa,
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 18. Vern. Madho-lota, Madh-malti, Hind.; Boro mali,
Uriya; Halad wail, Mar.; Bi me, Upper Burma.

A tall spreading and climbing shrub, the trunk stout, erect. Branchlets,
young leaves and inflorescence hoary or appressed tomentose, full grown leaves
glabrous. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute or shortly acuminate, 4—6 in. long,
secondary nerves 4-6 pair. FI. #-1 in. diam., very fragrant, petals fimbriate,
the 5th petal dashed with yellow. Wings coriaceous, the middle one lanceo-
late or oblanceolate, 1-2 in. long, the two lateral half as long, linear-oblong.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Indus eastward, ascending to 3,000 ft. Common,
chiefly near watercourses and in moist places, throughout Central India, the Western
Peninsula and Burma. Fl. January-March. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago,
South China. 2. H, obtusifolia, DC.; Kurz, F. Fl. i.173. Pegu Yoma in deep ravines.
China. A woody evergreen climber, the trunk cable-like, up to 100 ft. long. Leaves
coriaceous, glossy and dark green above, petals with a villous fringe. 38. H. acuminata,
Wall.; Khasi hills, Manipur. A bushy dense shrub. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous,
lanceolate ; tertiary nerves parallel and reticulate, prominent; racemes short, dense,
clothed with thick brown tomentum. 4. H. parvifolia, Wight et Arn. Peninsula
from the Nilgiris southwards, Ceylon. Leaves lanceolate, glabrous, shining above,
wings membranous, all linear-lanceolate ; the middle one 1 in. long, bifid at the apex.

5. H. candicans, Hook. fil.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 174. Vern. Taung-thaw-ga,
Lower ; Bein-thein, Upper Burma.
A small deciduous tree or shrub. Branchlets, inflorescence and under side

Hiptage) XXIII. MALPIGHIACEE 109

of leayes whitish or yellowish-grey tomentose. Leaves ovate or elliptic 2-4 in.
Fl. scented, white or lilac, 5th petal with a bright yellow blotch near the
base, wings pink, middle one lanceolate, 1}—2 in., the two lateral broad, obtuse,
4 in. long.

Dry and Eng forest in the Irawaddi valley, from Prome upwards, Manipur, Shan
hills. Fl. March. Cochinchina. 6. H. sericea, Hook. fil. Tenasserim, Malay Penin-
sula. A woody climber, branchlets and inflorescence clothed with soft brown hairs,-
racemes slender, 3-6 in. long. Fl. 4-$in. diam. Wings of fruit linear-lanceolate, the
middle one 13-2 in. long, the lateral ones shorter.

2. ASPIDOPTERYS, A. Juss.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 419.

Fl. small, regular, yellow or white, in axillary or terminal panicles, no
glands on pedicel, petals quite entire, not clawed. Stamens 10, equal. Ovary
3-lobed, styles 3, glabrous, stigmas capitate. Fruit of 3 elongated}nuts,
which separate when mature, each surrounded by an orbicular or oblong mem-
branous wing. Species 14, tropical Asia.

A. Leaves glabrous beneath, or nearly so.

1. A. Roxburghiana, A. Juss.—Syn. Triopteris indica, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 160.

A woody climber, inflor-
escence, rusty-tomentose,
branchlets, petioles and
midrib beneath often rusty-
pubescent. Leaves elliptic-
ovate, blade 3-4, petiole
4 in. long. Petals } in.
long. Wings of fruit ob-
long, 1} in. long.

Sikkim, Assam, Khasi and
Naga hills. Western Penin-
sula. Fl. August—October.
2. A Helferiana, Kurz. Ten-
asserim and Andamans, Shan
hills. A large climber.
Leaves broadly elliptic,
glaucous, often slightly hairy
beneath. Fl. on slender pedi-
cels, umbellate, umbels ar-
ranged in axillary, slender,
rusty - tomentose « panicles.
Wings of fruit ovate, thinly
membranous, 1 in. long.

The following two species
have a small dorsal wing or
crest on the nucleus: 3. A.
canarensis, Dalz. (probably
A. glomerata, Wight Ic. t.
1986.) Evergreen forests of
the Kanara and Malabar
Ghats, glabrous. Leaves
thinly coriaceous, elliptie-
lanceolate, blade 8-5, petiole
1 i . ‘ . Crowde i xi Tv
| oa pt areata Fic. 52.—Aspidopterys Roxburghiana, A. Juss. 4.
nearly orbicular, 1 in. diam.,
shining, thinly membranous. 4. A. concava, A. Juss. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.

-Glabrous. Wings of fruit orbicular, thinly hyaline, with raised veins.

B. Leaves tomentose or pubescent beneath.

5. A. nutans, Hook. fil.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 175.
A woody climber, young shoots and inflorescence pubescent. Leaves broadly

110 XXII. MALPIGHIACE® [ Aspidopterys

ovate, shortly acumin-
ate, silky beneath, blade
4-10, petiole 1-2 in.
Wings of fruit broad-
ovate, 1-13 in. long.

Sikkim, ascending to
3,900 ft., Assam, Manipur,
Upper Burma. FI. July—
December. 6. A, hirsuta,
A. Juss. (Hirea hirsuta,
Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 13).
Trawaddi valley, from
Promeupwards. Branch-
lets and inflorescence hir-
sute with long tawny
hairs, leayes obovate, on
both sides clothed with
long soft hairs, flowers
white, petals nearly 4 in.
long, wings of fruit ob-
long 14 by 4 in.

7. A. Wallichii,
Hook. fil. — Syn. A.
lanuginosa, A. Juss. ;
Brandis, F. Fl. 44.

Fig. 53.—Aspidopterys nutans, Hook fil. 3, A large climber.

Young shoots, under

side of leaves and inflorescence clothed with soft white or grey tomentum.

Leaves ovate from a cordate or rounded base, acuminate, blade 4-5, petiole

3 in. Panicle graceful, lax, pendulous, petals } in., ovary clothed with long
white hairs. Wings of fruit oval, 1} in. long.

Subhimalayan tract, from Dehra Dun to Nepal, ascending to 4,000 ft. Fl. R.S.
8. A. cordata, A. Juss. Western coast and Western Ghats, from Bombay southwards.
Young shoots, under side of leaves and inflorescence clothed with whitish appressed
hairs. Leaves cordate, acuminate, blade 3-7, petiole 1-2 in. Wings of fruit_nearly
orbicular. Of A. tomentosa, A. Juss., a native of Java, given by Kurz (F. Fl. i: 175)
from Martaban, I have seen no Burma specimens.

Orpen XXIV. GERANIACEA, Gen. Pl. i. 269.

Tribe Oxalidee (Oxalidaceac, a distinct order in Engler u. Prantl ii.
4, 15). Mostly perennial herbs, rarely trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, gene-
rally compound. FI. bisexual, regular, sepals 5, imbricate in bud, persistent,
petals 5, free or slightly connate at base. Stamens 10, the 5 outer opposite to
petals, shorter and at times sterile, filaments slightly connate at base. Ovary
5-celled, styles 5 distinct.

AVERRHOA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 439.

Trees. Leaves imparipinnate, sensitive, leaflets nearly opposite, stipules 0.
Fl. in cymose panicles, ovules numerous in each cell. Fr. oblong, fleshy,
indehiscent. Embryo straight, with thin foliaceous cotyledons in a fleshy
albumen. Species 2, cultivated in the tropics of the old and new world,
native country unknown.

1. A. Carambola, Linn, Sans. Karmara, Vern. Kamrak, Kamaranga,
Hind.; Pulichi, Mal.; Saung gya, Burm.

Averrhoa}| XXIV. GERANIACEA 111

Leaflets ovate, acuminate, 2-5 pair. Fl. small, variegated white and purple,
panicles axillary, sometimes on the old wood. Calyx glabrous, the shorter
stamens usually minute and sterile. Fruit yellow, ellipsoid, 3 in. long, with 5

prominent ridges. Funicle of seed dilated into a ‘fleshy bilabiate, irregularly
cut arillus.

Cultivated on account of its fruit for ages in India and Burma, as far north as
Lahore. FJ. Febr.-Aug. Fr. C. S. 2. A Bilimbi, Linn.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 117.
Vern. Bilimbi, Hind. ‘Cultivated and run wild in tropical India. Leaflets oblong,
acuminate, 6-14 pair. Fl. dark brownish purple, } in. long, in panicles on the old wood
of stem and branches, inflorescence and calyx rusty pubescent. Fruit yellow,

, oblong,
slightly furrowed, seeds without arillus.

Orper XXV. RUTACE. Gen. Pl. i. 278

Shrubs or trees, a few genera herbaceous, as a rule strongly aromatic.
Leaves alternate (except Hvodia and Melicope), compound or simple, dotted
with translucent glands, stipules none. Fl. regular, 4—5-merous, rarely 3-
merous, sepals free or connate. Stamens as a rule 4-5 or 8-10, filaments

usually free, inserted on the outside of an annular or cylindrical disk. Carpels
4-5, mostly connate,

Cavities containing ethereal oil in the tissue of leaves, flowers and fruit as wellas in
the bark, are an important character of this order, separating it from Me/iacee and other
allied orders. The ethereal oils secreted into these cavities from the surrounding
tissue cause the aromatic smell of most Rutacee; in most cases they can readily be
seen as translucent glands.

A. Unarmed, leaves opposite, leaflets entire, flowers polygamous.
Stamens 4-5 ; . 2 c : c . L. Byopra.
Stamens8 . : : : 3 : ; , ; Me ticore (p. 112).
B. Unarmed, leaves imparipinnate.
Styles short, persistent, leaflets 1-5, rarely 7
Styles deciduous, ovary linear, 2-celled
Style deciduous, ovary 4—5-celled.
Stamens 10, filaments subulate

Stamens 8 or 10, filaments dilated below the Ss
ulate tip.

C, Unarmed, leaves 1-foliolate, flowers polygamous.
EF]. 4-merous, stamens 8
FI. 5-merous, stamens 5

2. GLycosMIs.
3. Murraya.

. Mrcrometum.

5. CLAUSENA.

6, Acronycura,
¢ 7. SKIMMIA.
D. Mostly armed, leaves 3-foliolate or imparipinnate, petiole often winged.
Ovules 1-2 in each cell.
Stamens 3-8, flowers often unisexual
Stamens 8-10, flowers bisexual
Ovules numerous in each cell,
Leaves imparipinnate .

8. ZANTHOXYLUM.
9, Lrmonta.

. 10. Prronta.

Leaves trifoliolate . ; : : { . 11. ate.
EB. Mostly armed, leaves 3-foliolate.
Fl. unisexual : : 5 i ‘ ‘: ; . 12. Topparta.

Fl. bisexual.
FI}. 3-merous, stamens 6, leaflets crenate . Tripnasta (p. 120).
F). 4-5-merous, leaflets coriaceous, entire . . 18. Luvunca.

F, Mostly armed, leaves 1-foliolate.

Ovules 1-2 in each cell.

Erect, fl. in racemes or corymbs, anthers oblong
or oyate . ; : 3 : ; , . 14

Often scandent, fl. solitary or fascicled

Ovyules numerous in each cell

. ATALANTIA.
15. PaARamMianya,.
. 16. Crrrus.

. EVODIA, Forst.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 487.

Evergreen, roe aromatic shrubs or trees. L. opposite, simple or
compound, leaflets quite entire. [Fl. small, polygamous, 4-5-merous, in

112 XXV. RUTACEA | Evodia

panicled axillary cymes. Stamens 4-5, filaments subulate, anthers oblong.
Ovary deeply 4-lobed; 4-celled, ovules 2 in each cell, stigma 4-lobed. Carpels
separating in fruit, 2-valved, 1-2 seeds in each. Species 45, from Madagascar
through India and the Malay Archipelago to Australia and Polynesia.

A. Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely 1-foliolate.

2. E. Roxburghiana, Benth.—Syn. L. triphylla, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Manual
t. 6, £.2; Zanthoxylon triphyllum, Wight Ic. t. 204.

A small tree with opposite branches, young shoots puberulous. LL. 3-foliolate,
petiole 1-4 in. long, panicles divaricate, as long as or longer than petioles.
Ripe carpels 2-4, wrinkled, } in. long, seeds black, shining. ;

Western Ghats, from the Konkan southwards, Nilgiris, Palnis. Hills of Upper and
Lower Burma. Fl. R. S., Fr. C. S—Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. 2.
E. triphylla, DC., common on the hills of Martaban and Tenasserim, and in Upper
Burma. A slender shrub, differs very slightly by the more prominent secondary nerves
and intramarginal veins, and the panicles much shorter than petioles. 3. E. glabra,
Blume. Andamans. A tree attaining 70ft., perfectly glabrous, leaflets thinly coriaceous,
oboyate, shortly and abruptly acuminate, 4-10 in. long; secondary nerves 10-15 pair,
prominent beneath. 4. E. viticina, Wall. Tenasserim. A shrub. Internodes with 4
decurrent lines. Leaves often 1-foliolate, leaflets lanceolate, pale beneath, 2-4 in. long,
panicles contracted, shorter than petiole.

B. Leaves imparipinnate.

5. E. fraxinifolia, Hook. fil.; Vern. Kanukpa, Nep.

A moderate-sized, strongly aromatic tree. L. perfectly glabrous, leaflets
3-6 pair, 4-9 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sometimes slightly
crenulate, base often oblique. FI. greenish-white, sepals small, obtuse, petals
much longer, linear, hairy above. @: Filaments hairy, longer than petals,
four rudimentary acuminate ovaries. @ : Fr. red, 4 in. diam.

Outer Himalaya, 4,000-7,000 ft., from Nepal eastward. Khasi hills. Fl. May. Closely
allied are: 6. E. meliefolia, Benth. Assam, Cachar, China. Glabrous. Leaflets 3-4 in.,
base very oblique, panicle loose, terminal, ramifications slender. 7. E. ruteecarpa, Hook.
fil. & Thoms. Inner valleys of the Sikkim Himalaya, 7,000-10,000 ft., China, Japan. A
small tree with dense foliage, not aromatic, branchlets, leaves, and inflorescence clothed
with soft velvety pubescence, panicles 3-4 in. diam., ramifications stout.

Melicope indica, Wight Ic. t. 1051, Bedd. Manual t. 6, f. 1, is a glabrous shrub or
small tree, common on the higher ranges of the Nilgiris near the western and south-
western edge. Leaves opposite, 1-foliolate, elliptic or obovate, entire, blade 3-4, petiole
1in. long. Fl. 3-5 on long axillary peduncles, 4-merous, stamens 8. Carpels 4, nearly
distinct, styles united in the capitate 4-lobed stigma. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Ripe
carpels 2-4, free, coriaceous, dehiscing on the inner face, seed black, shining, cotyledons
large, flat, in oily albumen. The genus comprises 15 species, mostly Polynesian.

2. GLYCOSMIS, Correa; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 499.
Species 6 in the Indo-Malayan region.

G. pentaphylla, Correa; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Manual, t. vi. fig. 6; Brandis, F.
Fl. 49.—Syn. Limonia pentaphylla, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 84; L. arborea, Roxb.
ib. t. 85. Vern. Ban Nimbu, Hind.; Kirmira, Mar.; Gonji, Gunji, Tel. ;
Panal, Mal.; Taw shauk, Lower; Obok, Upper Burma.

Evergreen, unarmed, a shrub or small tree. Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets
generally alternate 1, 3,5, rarely 7. FI. in axillary pedunculate panicles, 2-4
in. long, pentamerous, bisexual, stamens 10, filaments flat. Ovary 2-5-celled,
1 ovule in each cell, style thick, fleshy, short, not jointed with ovary.
Berry irregularly globose, white, pink or blue, 4 in. diam.

Dehra Din, undergrowth in moist forests. Gangetic plain, often as underwood in
Mangoe groves, Oudh forests. Sikkim, ascending to 4,000 ft., Assam. Both Peninsulas.
Fl. and fr. throughout the year. Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Australia.

Glycosmis| XXV. RUTACEA 113

A most variable species, the forms of which are described in Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 500. In
Trimen Journ. of Botany, 1876, p. 33,8. Kurz divides G. pentaphylla into 10 species,
7 of which are found in British India. 2.G, montana, Pierre, a small tree in Cochin-
china, may possibly be found in Upper Burma, panicles yery short, stamens unequal,
5 shorter, anthers not apiculate, style fleshy, as long as ovary. A species, probably
new, is a small tree 20 ft. high in evergreen forest, Pudaw, Upper Burma (Smales Febr.
1901, Metimé, Burm.), leaflets 7-9, panicle terminal, large, spreading, petals rusty-pilose

J H ; 5
outside, filaments thick, short, the epipetalous anthers almost sessile.

3. MURRAYA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 502.

Shrubs or small trees. LL. imparipinnate, leaflets alternate. Fl. bi-
sexual, pentamerous, petals imbricate, stamens 10. Ovary on a more or
less elongated disk, linear, 2-celled, style deciduous. Fr. a 1-2-seeded berry,
albumen 0, cotyledons plano-convex. Species 4, of the Indo-Malayan region.

1. M. exotica, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 96; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Manual t. vii. p. 2;
Brandis, F. Fl. 48. Vern. Marchula, North-West; Bilgar, Din. ; Otali, Kol;
Karepaku, Tel.; Konji, Tam.; Thanatka, Burm.; Moksongayok, Pyinmana
(Troup.).

~
anes
———

RY / Y / |
re / \ RAs ;
AIAN . — Na

mS
Ne

iP

Fig. 54.—Murraya exotica, Linn. 4.

A large shrub or small tree, evergreen, youngest parts pubescent. Bark
ash-grey, wood white, close-grained, resembling boxwood. Leaflets usually
5-7, quite glabrous, shining, 1-3 in. long. Fl. campanulate, } in. across, white,
fragrant, in short axillary and terminal corymbs. Ovary linear, 2-celled,
style filiform, stigma capitate. Berries } in, long, red, acuminate at both
ends, 2-seeded,

Outer Himalaya, from the Jumna eastward, ascending to 4,500 ft. Assam. Burma
Upper and Lower, Satpura range. Hills of the Peninsula. Fl. March-September.
The bark used as a cosmetic by Burmese ladies. 2. M. elongata, Alph. DC.; Fl. Brit.
Ind. i. 508. Upper Burma (Wallich). Leaflets 4-5 in. Berry 3 in. long. May
possibly only be a variety.

3. M. Koenigii, Spreng.—Syn. Bergera Koenigii, Linn.; Roxb. Cor. PI. t.
112; Wight Ic. t. 138. Vern. Gandhla, Gandhela, Kathnim, Hind. ; Kari-
Bevu, Kan. ; Kare paku, Tel.

A small pubescent tree with a short trunk and a close shady crown, leafless
during a short time in the hot season, all parts with a powerful peculiar smell.

I

114 XXV. RUTACEA [Murray a
Leaflets 11-25, from an oblique base ovate-lanceolate, 1 in. long. FI. white, in
terminal corymbose panicles. Ovary 2-celled, style short, cylindrical. Fr.
2 in. diam., black, rugose.

Outer Himalaya, from the Ravi eastward, ascending to 5,000 ft., Assam, Chittagong,

Burma Upper and Lower. Evergreen and deciduous forests of the Peninsula, often as
underwood. Fl. H.S.

4. MICROMELUM, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 501.
Species 6, Indo-Malayan region.

1. M. pubescens, Blume; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Manual t. vil, f.1, Engler u
Prantl iii. 4, 186 fig. 107. Vern. Tanyinbo, Burm.

A small evergreen tree, the younger parts pubescent. L. alternate, im-
paripinnate, leaflets 7-15, alternate or nearly opposite, 4-6 in. long, from an
oblique base ovate-lanceolate, entire. Fl. strongly scented, }-} in. diam., in
large hoary terminal corymbose compound cymes, calyx cupshaped, entire or
5-toothed, petals 5, tomentose outside, thick, valvate, or slightly imbricate in
bud, } in. long, stamens 10. Ovary hairy, 5-celled, style articulate with
ovary, stigma capitate. Berry dry, glabrous, 1-2-seeded. Albumen 0, cotyle-
dons folded and crumpled.

Nepal, Sikkim, ascending to 3,000 ft., Assam, Khasi and Naga hills, Bengal. Gumsur
hills, Ganjam (Bedd.) Chittagong. Upper and Lower Burma. Fl. December—February.
Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, China. 2. M. hirsutum, Oliver; Kurz,
F. Fl. i. 187. Burma Upper and Lower. A low shrub, densely tomentose, leaflets
smaller, repand-serrate. Ovary densely hirsute. Unripe berries pubescent. Possibly
only a variety of M. pubescens.

5. CLAUSENA, Burm.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 503.

Shrubs or trees with imparipinnate, mostly deciduous leaves, leaflets
membranous. Fl. small, 4-5-merous, petals imbricate, stamens 8 or 10, the
alternate shorter, filaments dilated below the subulate tip. Ovary stipitate,
4—5-celled, ovules 2 in each cell, style deciduous immediately after flowering
or later. Albumen 0, cotyledons plano-convex. Species 14, chiefly Indo-
Malayan, a few in China, Africa and Australia.

A. Ovary hairy.

1. C. pentaphylla, DC.; Brandis, F. Fl. 49. Vern. Ratanjote, Teyrar,
Hind.

A. strongly aromatic shrub, young shoots and inflorescence silky-tomentose,
full-grown leaves pubescent. Leaflets 5 or 7, nearly opposite, 4-6 in. long,
secondary nerves ‘prominent beneath. Fl. yellowish, in terminal panicles.
Berry verrucose, pale orange, 1-1 in. long.

Subhimalayan tract, Garhwal to Sikkim, Oudh forests. Fl. H. 8.

2. C. excavata, Burm.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 188. Vern. Ofte Armu, Kol;
Seitnan, Burm.

A shrub or small tree (an undershrub in Sal and Eng forest) strongly and
unpleasantly aromatic, young shoots and inflorescence pubescent or tomentose,
leaflets 15-30, alternate, pubescent beneath. Fl, greenish-yellow, tetramerous,
in lax terminal cymose panicles. Berry ? in. broadly oblong.

Subhimalayan tract, from Nepal eastward, Chota Nagpore, Chittagong, Burma.
Often in Saland Eng forest. Fl.H.S. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. 3. €. Wampi,

Blanco, a small nearly glabrous, pleasantly aromatic tree, a native of China, is grown
in gardens; berry edible, size and shape of a gooseberry.

B. Ovary glabrous.

4, C. indica, Oliver; Trimen Handbook Ceylon, i. 221. Vern. Vepille?, Tam

Clausena| XXV. RUTACEA 115

A shrub or small tree, leaflets 7-13, chartaceons, alternate, 1}-3 in. long,
base very oblique, edge wavy, shining, glabrous on both sides, Fl. 5-merous,
greenish-white, laxly arranged in a terminal corymbose panicle, petals

glabrous, thin, } in long. Ovary 2-5-celled, glabrous, tuberculate. Somewhat
resembles Micromelum pubescens.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, from North Kanara southwards. Fl. H. 8.

Kat Vepillei, Tam.: Pott’, Mal.
A shrub or small tree, young shoots pubescent, leaflets 7-15, membranous,

7

4 ff
\ Zs
{ eZ
/ V Wes

Fig. 55.—Clausena Willdenowii, W. et A. 4.

14-24 in. long. FI. 4-5-merous, white, in slender simple axillary racemes,
shorter than leaves. Ovary on a short narrow gynophore, slightly 4-5-lobed at
tip, 4-5-celled, fruit globose, }-} in. diam.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats from Sattara southwards, Sikkim,
Naga hills, Burma, Ceylon. Fl. H.S. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Manual t. vii. p. 3, represents
the ovary as hairy. The following Eastern species with alternate leaflets belong to
this section—a. F/. in terminal panicles: 6. C. heptaphylla, W. et A. Lower Bengal
Khasi hills, Chittagong, Burma. Glabrous, leaflets 5-11, equal or slightly oblique
at base, 2-6 in. long. 7. CG, macrophylla, Hook. fil. Tenasserim. Softly villous,
leaflets equal or slightly oblique at base, 5-7 in. long. 8. C, Wallichii, Oliver. Burma.
Leaflets 18-17, glabrous, rhomboid, crenulate, 2-8 in. long. 0b. Hl. in axillary racemes:
9. C. suffruticosa, W. et A., Chittagong, Khasi hills, China. A low undershrub, softly
tomentose, leaflets 5-17, oblique, 3-4 in. long.

116 XXV. RUTACEA [Acronychia

- 6. ACRONYCHIA Forst:; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 498.
Species 17, tropical Asia, China, Japan, Australia, and Polynesia.

A. laurifolia, Blume.—Syn. A. pedtnculata, Mig.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
Manual t. vi. f. 4.; Cyminosma pedunculata, DC.; Wight Ill. t. 65 (fl.
figured as 5-merous). :

A large evergreen shrub or moderate-sized tree, very variable. Leaves
opposite, glabrous, 1-foliolate, quite entire. FI. polygamous, 4-merous, white
or yellowish green, fragrant, in axillary pedunculate trichotomous cymes.
Petals linear, more or less villous within. Stamens 8, filaments subulate,
hairy at base, inserted outside a thick 8-grooved tomentose disk, those
alternating with petals longer. Ovary tomentose 4-celled, ovules 2 in each cell,
superposed. Fruit globose, often grooved at top, }-} in. diam., 3-5-seeded.
Albumen copious, cotyledons oblong, flat.

Eastern Din, rare (Kanjilal F. Fl.,50). Sikkim to 4,000 ft., Assam, Chittagong,
Pegu, Tenasserim, Andamans. Western Ghats, from North Kanara southwards,

Palni and Anamalai hills. Fl. June-December. Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago. Cochinchina.

7. SKIMMIA, Thunb.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 499.
Species 3, Himalaya, China, and Japan.

S. Laureola, Sieb. and Zuce.; Brandis F. Fl. 50.—Syn. Limonia Laureola,
Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 245. Vern. Ner, Nehar, Gurlpata, N.W. Him.; Patrang,
Kunawar; Chumldani, Nep.

A gregarious, evergreen, wholly glabrous, strongly aromatic shrub, small in
the N.W., often a small tree in Sikkim, wood white, close-grained. IL. alter-
nate, simple, quite entire, midrib prominent. Fl. bright yellow (greenish-yellow
or white in Sikkim), pentamerous, polygamous, in short crowded terminal
panicles. Stamens 5, alternating with petals. Fr. ellipsoid, red (black in
Sikkim), -? in. long, fleshy, with 1-3 cartilaginous 1-seeded kernels. Albu-
men fleshy, cotyledons flat.

Himalaya, from the Indus eastward, 5,000-11,000 ft. Fl. April, May. Fr. Oct., Nov.

Afghanistan. The Japanese species, S. japonica, Thunb., united with this in Engler u.
Prantl iii. 4. 181, has 4-merous flowers.

8. ZANTHOXYLUM, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 492. (Xanthoxylum
and Fagara, Engler u. Prantl iii. 4. 115.)

Shrubs or trees, nearly always armed, prickles on stems aud branches
generally on a corky conical base. L. alternate, 3-foliolate or imparipinnate.
Fl. small, generally unisexual, and 4-5-merous. Either (Fayara) with sepals
and petals, the former-smaller, or (Zanthoxylwmz) a perigonium of 5-8 leaves.
Stamens in all cases alternate with petals or perigonium leaves. Ovary
of 1-5 distinct oblique 1-celled carpels, styles sometimes connate at the apex.
Ripe carpels 1+5, globose, generally coriaceous, dehiscing ventrally. Seeds
shining, blue or black. Embryo in a fleshy albumen, radicle short, cotyledons
flat. Species 140 in tropical and subtropical regions.

A. Common petiole winged, perigonium of 5-8 leaves. Leaves imparipin-
nate.

1. Z. alatum, Roxb.; Brandis F. Fl. 47. Vern. Vezbal, Hind.; Timbar,
Timru, Bashahr, Jaunsar; Timur, Nep.

A shrub, at times a small tree, almost entirely glabrous, wood white, close-
grained, prickles shining, strong, broad and flat on branchlets petioles and

Zanthoxylum| XXV. RUTACE 117

midrib, those on older branches often on a conical corky base. Leaflets opposite,

2-4 pair, sessile, lanceolate, sec. n. indistinct. Fl. yellow, dicecious, in lax

sparingly branched axillary panicles. Ripe carpels rugose, red,-solitary, rarely
3.

Outer Himalaya, from the Indus eastward, ascending to 7,000 ft., Khasi and Naga

Fic. 56.—Zanthoxylum Rhetsa, DC. 4

hills, hillsof Vizagapatam and Ganjam. FI. Oct., Novy. Bark used for intoxicating fish.
2. Z. Acanthopodium, DC. Outer Himalaya, Kumaon to Sikkim, Khasi hills, differs
by distinct sec. n. Sometimes pubescent. Fl. in round, compact clusters, ripe
carpels 2-4. Both species have a strong pungent smell.

B. Common petiole not winged, sepals 4-5, petals as many. Panicles or
clusters of flowers mostly axillary, ramifications alternate.

118 XXV. RUTACEEA [Zanthoxylum

3. Z. ovalifolium, Wight; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Manual t. 6. f. 3.

A large shrub or small tree, quite glabrous, often unarmed. L. trifolio-
late, leaflets 3-4 in,, coriaceous, crenulate, sec. n. numerous, slender, parallel.

Sikkim Terai and outer valleys, ascending to 3,000 ft., Assam, Khasi hills. Western
Ghats from Kanara southwards. Fl. March, "Apr il. 4. Z Hamiltonianum, Wall.
Sikkim, Assam, Upper Burma, a large scrambling shrub, thorns on stem and branches
ona large corky conical base, branchlets and petioles pubescent or velvety, leaflets
2-3 pair, , opposite, entire, 4-7 in., glossy on both surfaces, sec. n. and intramarginal
veins prominent. Fl. green, in short axillary panicles. 5. Z. tetraspermum, W. et A.
Western Ghats from Coorg southwards, Nilgiris, Anamalais, Ceylon, a large climber
with long rope-like stems, | set with woody conical spine- tipped prickles, branchlets
and petioles armed with numerous small deflexed spines, leaflets opposite, 3-4 pair,
very glossy, coarsely serrate, sec.n. slender, numerous. Fl. yellowish-pink, in terminal
and axillary panicles.

6. Z. oxyphyllum, Edgew. Vern. Siritakdangji, Lepcha.

A glabrous shrub, often climbing over tall forest trees, prickles usually
recurved. Leaflets lanceolate, 3-10 pair, alternate and opposite. Fl. tetramerous,
large, lilac, J-4 in. diam.

Outer Himalaya, from Garhwal eastward, 4,000-9,000 ft. Khasi hills, Manipur. FI.
H.S., R. S. 7. Z. tomentellum, Hook. fil., Sikkim and Bhutan to 5,000 ft., a small
tree with horizontal branches, sparingly prickly, branchlets, petioles, under side of
leaflets and inflorescence velvety, leaflets alternate, entire, 6-8 pair. 8. Z. Khasianum,
Hook. fil., Khasi hills, a scandent shrub, very fragrant, sparingly prickly, leaflets 8-10
pair, alternate, rarely opposite, lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, 1-2 in., panicles axillary,
pubescent.

C. Common petiole not winged, sepals 4, petals as many. Panicles terminal,
ramifications opposite, pith large, septate.

9. Z. Rhetsa, DC. Vern. Rhetsa Maun, Tel. (the Assembly tiree, Roxb. -
Fl. Ind. i. 417); Tirphal, Mar.; Jummina, Kan.; Mulillam, Katta
Murakku, Mal. :

A large tree, prickles numerous on trunk, branches and petioles, those on
the old wood with a solid conical base. The prickly stem resembles that of
Bombax. Leaflets opposite, 8-20 pair, glabrous, very oblique, entire, the
terminal often wanting. Fl. yellow, in large terminal panicles.

Western Ghats and coast, from the Konkan southwards, chiefly in moist evergreen
forests, also on the seashore. Northern Cirears. Fl.July—November. 10. Z, Budrunga,
Wall. (Maya-nin, Burm.). Assam, Khasi hills, Dacca, Chittagong, Lower Burma (Kurz).
An evergreen aromatic tree, trunk spinous, prickles on branches few, incurved, leaflets
5-10 pairs, shallowly crenate, sinus glandular, base oblique. Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch.
t. 290, unites this with Z. Rhetsa.

9. LIMONIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 507.

Shrubs or small trees, often spiny. Leaves 3-foliolate or imparipinnate,
common petiole winged. Fl. 4-5-merous, petals imbricate in bud. Stamens
8-10, filaments subulate. Ovary 4—5- celled, style deciduous, ovules 1-2 in
each cell. Berry globose, 1-4 seeded. Species 2-3, tropical Asia.

1. L. acidissima, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl. 47.—S\ . crenulata, Roxb.
Cor. Pl. t. 86. Vern. Beli, Hind.; Bhenta, Uriya; Nay? bel, Kan. ; Thanatka,
Burm.

A glabrous shrub, sometimes a small tree, branches rigid, flexuose, thorns
straight, 3-1 in. long. L. imparipinnate, leaflets opposite, wings between in-
sertion of leaflets oblong or obovate, wings and leaflets crenate. Fl. tetra-
merous, white, fragrant, in short axillary racemes, often with 1 or 2 leaves.
Petals pellucid- -punctate. Ovary 4-celled, 1 ovule in each cell. Berry black
when ripe, 4-} in. diam. ;

Outer Himalaya, Sutlej] to Garhwal, ascending to 4,000 ft. Assam, Yunan, Western
Peninsula. Fl. H.S. A pubescent form, found by J. W. Oliver in the Pakokku district
of Upper Burma, may possibly be L. pubescens, Wall. 2. L. alternans, Wall., Pegu,

Limonia| XXV. RUTACEA 119

Tenasserim. Unarmed, common petiole narrowly winged, leaflets alternate, fl. 5-merous.
3.L. alata, W. et A.; Wight Ill t.41. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Manual t. 7, p. 4. Western
Peninsula (Munukudu, Nellore). A small glabrous spinescent tree. i. trifoliolate,
leaflets obovate, quite entire, the lateral smaller. Fl. 4-5-merous, in short hoary
panicles. Ovules 2 in each cell. Berry globose, 1 in. diam.

10. FERONIA, Gaertn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 516.

F. Elephantum, Correa (the only species) ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 141; Wight
Ic. t. 15. Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 121.—Elephant- or Wood-Apple. Vern. Bilin,
Kaitha, Kat bel, Hind.; Kawith, Mar.; Velaga, Tel.; Byala, Kan.; Vilva,
Tam.; Thibin, Burma.

A middle-sized glabrous, deciduous tree, armed with strong straight axillary
thorns. lL. alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets opposite, 1-4 pair, cuneate or
obovate, crenate at the tip, common petiole often narrow-winged. Fl. dull red,
generally unisexual, in lax panicles, male and bisexual flowers frequently on
the same inflorescence. Stamens 10-12, filaments short, subulate, from a broad
villous base. Fr. globose, grey, rough, 2—3 in. diam., rind hard, woody, seeds
numerous, oblong, embedded in fleshy edible pulp.

Generally cultivated in both Peninsulas; indigenous in South India and Ceylon,
Fl. Feb—April.

11. AEGLE, Correa; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 516.

Species: 2 in the Indo-Malayan region, 1 in Japan, and | in tropical West
Africa.

A. Marmelos, Correa; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 143; Wight Ic. t. 16; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 161. Zhe Bael tree. Vern. Bel, Bili, Hind.; Lohagasi, Kol;
Mahika, Gond; Bila patri, Kan.; Maredu, Tel.; Vilva, Tam.; Kovalam,
Mal.: Okshit, Burma.

A small or middle-sized tree, armed with axillary, straight, sharp spines,
wood yellowish-white, close-grained, strongly aromatic when fresh cut, no
heartwood. LL. alternate, trifoliolate, leaflets sometimes 5, ovate-lanceolate,
crenate. Fl. bisexual, 4-5-merous, greenish-white, in short lateral panicles
with a fine honey scent. Calyx flat, teeth small, petals imbricate, stamens
numerous, filaments short, anthers linear. Fr. 4-6 in. diam., rind smooth,
grey or yellow. Seeds numerous, oblong, flat, testa densely clothed with
thick fibrous hairs, in a thick orange-coloured sweet aromatic pulp.

Wild in the subhimalayan tract and outer hills, from the Jhelum eastward, also in
South India and Burma. Cultivated throughout India on account of its fruit. Fl.

H.S

12. TODDALIA, Juss. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 497.

Shrubs or trees, with strong pungent smell. L. alternate, 3-foliolate.
Fl. unisexual, 2-3- or 5-merous, stamens alternating with petals. Ovary
entire, 2-5-celled, 2 ovules in each cell. Seeds reniform, testa coriaceous,
albumen fleshy, embryo curved.

1. T. aculeata, Pers.; Wight Ill. t. 66.—Syn. Xanthorylum floribundum,
Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 232. Vern. Adinj, Hind.; Tunda para, Uriya; Merapu
gandra, Tel.; Kyanza, Tsuhtin, Burm.

A large scandent shrub, prickles on branchlets sharp, recuryed, stems and
branches armed with numerous large woody conical tubercles, terminated by
short curved spines, young shoots rusty-tomentose, leatlets crenulate,
greatly varying in length, in the semi-evergreen scrub near Madras 14-2 in,,
elsewhere often 4 in. long (called 7. floribunda). FI. small, yellowish-green,

120 XXV, RUTACEA | Loddalia

in axillary panicles
longer than petiole. Fr.
globose, } in. diam.,

orange-coloured, 3-5-
celled.

Outer Himalaya, from
Kumaoneastward, ascend-
ing to 5,000 ft. Khasi
hills. Burma. Western
Peninsula. Fl. October—
January.—Ceylon, China.
2.7. bilocularis, W. et A.;
Bedd. Ic. Ind. Or. t. 167.
Western Ghats, Anama-
lais, Tinnevelli hills, Tra-
vancore, a tree, with dense
dark green foliage,
unarmed, leaflets (always
8, not 6-10, Fl. Brit. Ind.)
quite entire, shining, 6-10
in. long. Fl]. 2-3-merous.

Triphasia trifoliata, DC.,
isa small glabrous spiny
shrub, the original home
uncertain, frequently
grown in gardens, often
runs wild. L. trifoliolate,
leaflets crenulate, the
lateral smaller, oblique.
Fl. white, fragrant, 4 in.
long, axillary, solitary,
or in few-fld. cymes.
Calyx 3-lobed, petals 3
imbricate, stamens 6.
Berry ovoid, 4 in. long,
seeds 1-3.

“a _ Fie. 57,—Toddalia aculeata, Pers 3.

13. LUVUNGA, Hamilton; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 508,

Glabrous, climbing shrubs, usually armed with strong axillary spines.
L. 3-foliolate, leaflets coriaceous, quite entire. Calyx cup-shaped, entire or
irregularly 4-6-lobed. Petals 4-5, thick, imbricate. Stamens 8 or 10, inserted
around a cupular fleshy disk, filaments subulate. Ovary 2—4-celled, style stout,
deciduous, ovules 2, superposed in each cell. Berry large, rind thick, very
resinous, seeds 2-3, cotyledons fleshy, albumen 0. Species 4, tropical Asia.

1. L. eleutherandra, Dalz.; Trimen Handb. Ceylon i. 224.

Branches long flexuose, set with stout, sharp, woody, often deflexed thorns
lin. long, bark yellowish-white. Leaflets 3-8 in., elliptic or elliptic-oblong.
Fl. white, fragrant, in glabrous axillary fasciculate racemes, fl. just before
opening 4-1 in., filaments free. Berry globose, # in. diam.

Western Ghats, evergreen forest, from the Konkan southwards. Fl. H. S.
Ceylon, Malay Peninsula. Closely allied, and perhaps not specifically distinct: 2. L.
scandens, Ham. Assam, Silhet, Burma, Cochinchina, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago,
leaflets 5-12 in., elliptic-lanceolate, filaments more or less connate.

14. ATALANTIA, Correa; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 511.
Evergreen shrubs or trees, mostly spinescent. L. 1-foliolate, coriaceous.

Fl. in-racemes or corymbs, calyx 3-5-lobed, petals imbricate, free or adnate to
stamens. Stamens 6-10, rarely more, filaments free or connate, anthers

Atalantia] XXV. RUTACER 121

oblong. Ovary 2-5-celled, style deciduous. Berry large, 1-5-seeded, rind
thick, cotyledons fleshy, plane- convex, albumen 0. Species 13, Indo-Malayan
region.

A. Filaments connate into a tube.

1. A. monophylla, Correa; Bedd. FJ. Sylv. Manual t. vii. f.5.—Syn. A.
floribunda, Wight Ic. t. 1611; Limonia monophylla, Linn.: Roxb. Cor.
Pl. t. 83. Vern. Ran Limbu,
Makur Limbu, Mar.; Kata
Narunga, Uriya; Katta nar-
agam, Tam.; Adivi ninuna,
Yerra monu kudu, Tel.

A glabrous shrub or small
tree, wood yellow, hard, and
close-grained, branches nu-
merous, rigid, the older armed
with short spines. L. 1-3 in.,
obtuse, generally notched at
the tip. Fl. white, }-} in.
long, in pes, eats
pedicels slender, }—} in. long.
Calyx rupturing irregular ly,
petals 4, anthers 8, elliptic,
inserted on the triangular
teeth of the staminal tube,
style long, cylindrical. Ovary
on a short annulardisk. Fr.
1 in. diam., 1-seeded.

Kanara. Western districts

of Mysore, Nilgiris. Hills of
the northern Circars, the Ceded Fic. 58.—Atalantia monophylla, Correa. 4.
districts and the Karnatik.
Sriharikota. Khasi hills, Andamans, Burma. FI. Oct.—Dec. Ceylon, Malay Penin-
sula. <A. macrophylla, Kurz, is a variety with larger leaves and fruits. 2. A. racemosa,
W. et A. (Sclerostylis atalantioides, Wight Ic. t. 71). Tam., evergreen forests of the
Western Ghats, from Khandala southwards, differs by short pedicels, fl. in racemes
up to 8 in. long, calyx regularly 3—t-lobed, anther-cells divergent at base, disk incon-
spicuous. Possibly not specifically distinct.

B. Filaments free.

3. A. missionis, Oliver.—Syn. Limonia missionis, Wight Ic. t. 175.

A small thorny glabrous tree. L. ovate, apex obtuse or rounded. Fl.
numerous, } in. long, 4—5-merous, in erect panicles 1-3 in. long, stamens 8 or
10, filaments slender, quite distinct, anthers linear-oblong, ov ary 4-5-celled,
narrowed into a short stalk, 2 collateral ovules in each cell. Fr. globose, 1 in.
diam., seeds numerous, globose, embedded in glutinous mucilage.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, from North Kanara southwards. Hills of
the Karnatik. Fl. Dec.—April—Ceylon. 4. A. ceylanica, Oliver; Nilgiris, Anamalais,
Ceylon. Fl. in short racemes, calyx 4-lobed, ovary 2-celled. 5. A. caudata, Hook. fil.,
Khasi hills, a ‘glabrous, unarmed shrub, branches slender. L. elliptic-lanceolate,
caudate acuminate, tip broad, 2-lobed. Fl. 4-4 in. diam., white, fragrant, in short
slender racemes.

15. PARAMIGNYA, Wight; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 509,

Erect or climbing evergreen shrubs, often with axillary spines. L.
1-foliolate, quite entire. Fl. axillary, solitary or fascicled. Petals 4-5,
Stamens 8-10, inserted at the base of a columnar disk (gynophore), filaments

122 XXV. RUTACE [Paramignya

free, anthers linear. Berry ovoid, often contracted at base, rind thick, seeds
1-5. Species 6, tropical and subtropical Asia.

1. P. monophylla, Wight Ill. t- 42. Vern. Kurwa wagutti, Mar.

A large climbing thorny shrub, spines sharp, recurved. I. coriaceous,
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, 4-6 in. long. Petals ? in. long, calyx
and outside of petals woolly pubescent, calyx lobes 5, short, rounded, fila-
ments slightly hairy. Berry pyriform, 1 in. long or more.

Sikkim, Bhutan, Khasi hills, Tenasserim. Western Ghats, in evergreen forest.
Fl. Sept.-_March. Ceylon, Philippines. 2. P. grandiflora, Oliver; Tenasserim; erect,
spines } in., calyx campanulate, lobes rounded, petals # in., ovary pilose. 3. P.
armata, Oliver; Bedd. Ic. t. 275. Western Ghats, Andamans, Ceylon, scandent, leaves

ei\ \\\

Pa (Ws \

Fic. 59.—Paramignya monophylla, Wight. 4.

caudate-acuminate, calyx-segments broadly triangular, petals } in., lower ? of filaments .
thick, woolly. The following species have smaller flowers: 4. P. longispina, Hook.
fil. (P. angulata, Kurz), erect, spines in pairs below petioles, 1-14 in. long, petals
3 in., berries 3-5-lobed, angular. 5. P. Griffithii, Hook. fil.; Assam, Burma, Malay
Peninsula; scandent, spines $ in., calyx small, cup-shaped, with 5 sharp teeth,
ovary tomentose. 6. P. citrifolia, Hook. fil.; Chittagong, Andamans; scandent, petals
4 in.

16. CITRUS, Linn.: Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 514.

Evergreen shrubs or trees, generally armed with axillary thorns, wood close-
and even-grained. .. coriaceous, simple, petiole often winged. Fl. white,
or tinged with red, scented, sometimes unisexual. Calyx cup-shaped, 4*5-cleft.
Petals 4-5, rarely more, thick, gland-dotted, imbricate in bud. Stamens 20-60,

Citrus| XXV. RUTACHA 123

filaments more or less connate in bundles. Ovary on a large annular or cup-
shaped disk, cells numerous, ovules axile, biseriate, 4-8 in each cell. Fr.
globose or oblong, rind full of glands filled with aromatic essential oil, pulp
divided by thin membranous dissepiments into 9-15 cells, which are filled with
numerous transverse vesicles containing sweet or acid juice. Seeds few in each
cell, testa leathery, albumen none, embryo straight with a short radicle and
thick oily cotyledons, which in the germinating seed remain enclosed in the
testa. Often 2 or 3 embryos in one seed.

1. C. medica, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl. 51. The Citron, Lemon, Sweet and
acid Lime. Vern. Nimbu.

Young shoots glabrous, purple. L. glabrous, 3-6 in., elliptic-oblong,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, petioles naked or winged. Fl. white, often pink
outside, unisexual, stamens 25-55. Generally bears flowers and fruit at all
or at most seasons of the year.

Found by myself apparently wild (1) in the outer valleys of Kumaon (1875, 81),
(1. broadly elliptic); (2) on the Pachmarhi hills, Centr. Proy. (1869, 77), (1. obtuse,
elliptic or oboyate-oblong) ; (3) in the outer valleys of Sikkim (1879), (1. like 2); (4) Damra
hat, Garo hills (1879), a tree 6 ft. girth, 40 ft. high (1. elliptic); (6) Upper Yunzalin

- valley above Lomatee in swamps and near streams (1880) (1. elliptic-oblong, acute).

Reported as wild in the eastern Din, on the Satpura hills and the Western Ghats
in the Bombay Presidency (Talbot) in Chittagong, and on the Khasi hills (Hooker &
Thomson).

Of the more important cultivated forms may be mentioned: a. The Citron. Fr. large,
oblong, obovoid or irregularly shaped, and often lobed or fingered, rind thick, very
aromatic. 6. The Lemon (Zitrone, German). Fr. oyoid, pale yellow, knobbed, rind
thin, pulp abundant, very acid. ec. The acid Lime of India. d. The sweet Lime of
India; fl. often pure white; fr. globose, smooth, skin thin, adhering to the pulp, juice
sweet, not aromatic. ,

2. C. Aurantium, Linn.; The bitter and sweet Orange. Vern. Narengi.

Young shoots glabrous, greenish-white. L. glabrous, 3-6 in., elliptic
or ovate, acuminate, petioles naked or winged, wings often obovate, as large as
the blade or nearly so. Fl. pure white, bisexual, stamens 15-30. Fr.
globose, often depressed. Bears flowers and fruit generally at one season
of the year only.

Found wild or apparently wild in Garhwal (Thomson), Kumaon (Strachey), Sikkim
and the Khasi hills (Hooker), Manipur (Watt), mountain forests in the Peninsula
(Beddome).

Of the more commonly cultivated forms may be mentioned: a. The /oose-skinned
Orange, grown at many places in India and Burma, on a large scale in the valley above
Chela, below Cherra Punji, and at other places on the south face of the Khasi hills,
where they ripen in autumn. Also at Nagpore, where they yield two crops in the
year, the first crop from November to January, and the second in March and April.
b. The common sweet Orange, the skin tightly adhering to the pulp. The bitter or
Seville Ovange is rarely cultivated in India.

The excellent account of the Oranges and Lemons cultivated on the island of Madeira
in Lowe, Manual Flora of Madeira, 1868, p. 71, restricts C. medica to 1 (a) and calls 1(4, ¢, d)
C. Limonium, while he regards 2 (a) as a separate species, C. nobilis, Lour. Engler, in
Engler u. Prantl iii. 4. 200, maintains C. nobilis and classes 1 (c) as a separate species,
C. hystria, 1LOF

3. C. decumana, Linn., the Shaddock or Pumelo, young shoots pubescent, rind thick,
vesicles of pulp distinet, is also cultivated in gardens.

124 XXVI. SIMARUBACEA [Samadera

Orper XXVI. SIMARUBACEA. Gen. Pl. i. 306.

(In Engler u. Prantl iii. 4. 355 Balanites is placed under Zygophyllacee).

Shrubs or trees with bitter bark, 1. alternate, simple or compound, not
gland-dotted, stipules none, sometimes stipular prickles, hairs almost always
l-celled. Fl. regular, often unisexual, sepals 3-5, usually connate, petals
3-5, mostly imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as petals, or double the
‘number, inserted outside the disk, which is annular, cupular, sometimes
elongate into a gynophore, filaments free. Ovary of 1-5 usually more or
less distinct carpels, generally 1 ovule in each. Fr. carpels 1-seeded.

A. L. simple, entire.
L. 7-10 in. long, elliptic-oblong coriaceous, shining 1. Samapera.

L. 1 in. long, linear spathulate, silky velvety . : Surrana (p. 124).
B. L. 2-foliate, fl. 2-sexual, 5-merous, stamens 10 5 . 2. BaanitEs.
C. L. imparipinnate or 3-foliolate.
Fl. bisexual, 4-6-merous, stamens 8-12 . : : . 8. Harrisonta.
Fl. polygamous, fr. winged . : . 4. ATLANTHUS.
Fl. polygamous or unisexual, fr. not w inged.
Leaflets 15-20 pair, coriaceous, fl. 5- merous, stamens 5 Evrycoma (p. 127).

Leaflets 1-6 pair, fl. 4-5-merous, stamens 4-5, drupes 2-4.
Drupes supported by persistent calyx and petals . 5. Prcrasma.
Calyx and petals deciduous. : : 3 . 6. Brucea.

1. SAMADERA, Gaertn.:; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 518.

Species 7, from Madagascar to Polynesia.

S. indica, Gaertn.; Wight Ill. t.68. Vern. Karinghota, Mal.; Kathe, Burm.

A small glabrous tree, wood soft, bark transversely cracked. L. simple,
coriaceous, shining, elliptic- oblong, quite entire, 7-10 in. long. FI. bisexual,
4-merous, pinkish- yellow, in pedunculate umbels, petals oblong g, #1 in. long,
stamens 8, filaments with a small hairy scale at base, ovary on a gynophore,
deeply 4-lobed. Fruit of one carpel, thickly coriaceous, shining, compressed,
keeled, 2 by 1} in.

South Konkan and Malabar on banks of streams, Mergui. Fl. March.—Ceylon, Indian
Archipelago. Bark (niepa) used as a febrifuge. Oil made of the seeds. S. lucida,
Wall. PJ. As. Rar. t. 168; Tenasserim, Andaman islands, umbels on short peduncles,
fr. smaller strongly reticulate, probably is only a variety.

Suriana maritima, Linn., is a small shrub common on the sea coast throughout the
tropics. On the Andamans, may be found on the coast of Burma, rare in Ceylon.

Leaves simple entire, linear-spathulate, 1 in. long, silky velvety. Fl. yellow on short
axillary racemes, petals 4 in. long.

2. BALANITES, Delile ; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 522.

Shrubs or small trees, usually armed with axillary or supra-axillary spines,
leaves 2-foliate, leaflets entire. FI. bisexual, 5-merous, stamens 10, in-
serted at the base of the fleshy cup-shaped 10-furrowed disk. Ovary pilose,
5-celled, 1 ovule in each cell. Fr. a drupe, endocarp bony or crustaceous, seed 1.
Cotyledons thick, plane-convex, albumen 0. Species 2 or 3, in the dry regions
of North Africa, Abyssinia, Arabia and Syria.

B. Roxburghii, Planchon; Brandis, F. Fl. 59.—Syn. B. egyptiaca,
Wight, Ic. t. 274. Vern. Hingu, Hingan, Hingota, Hind.; Thit-palwe, Burm.
A scraggy shrub, in favourable situations a small tree 30 ft. high, wood

Balanites | XXVI. SIMARUBACEA 125

yellowish white, moderately
hard; medullary rays short,
white, conspicuous in the
darker tissue; bark yellow
or cinereous; the roots
spread far and throw up
rootsuckers at a consider-
able distance from the
trunk, thorns sharp, often
leaf and fl. bearing. Branch-
lets, young leaves and in-
florescence pubescent, in
dry localities hoary-tomen-
tose. Fl. white or green,
fragrant, in lateral racemes
or fascicles. Drupe ovoid,
13-2 in. long, 5-grooved,
pulp bitter with an offensive
greasy smell, stone hard,
tubercled.

Chiefly in the drier parts of
India and Burma, as far north
as Delhi, common in the open
country, particularly on stiff
clay soil. New leaves in
March, fl. H.S. This species is
united with B. egyptiaca,
Delile, in Engler u. Prantl iii

3. HARRISONIA, R.
Brown; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 519

Spiny shrubs, leaves im-
paripinnate or 3-foliolate. Fig. 60.—Samadera indica, Gaertn. 4.
Fl. 4-6-merous, bisexual,
in corymbose racemes. Stamens 8-12, hairy scales at the base of filaments.
Ovary globose 4-5-celled. Species 4, tropical Africa, Asia and Australia.

1. H. Bennetii, Hook. fil.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 203. Vern. Tabu, Burm.

A small deciduous tree, armed with short straight stipular prickles, young
shoots puberulous. Leaves imparipinnate, the common petiole narrowly
winged, leaflets opposite, obliquely ovate, 1 in. long, fl. white, pentamerous,
corymbs at the ends of branches. Fruit globose, 2-5-celled, } in. diam.

Dry forests of Upper and Lower Burma, fl. April. Malay Archipelago, South China.
A variety, possibly a distinct species, in Upper Burma, branchlets and leaves grey-
pubescent, fl. 5-7-merous, scales half the length of filaments. 2. H. Brownii, A. Juss.,
Andamans, Philippines, North Australia, has 3-foliolate leaves, leaflets coarsely serrate,
the terminal largest, fl. 4-merous.

4. AILANTHUS, Desf.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 518.

Large trees, wood soft, white, leaves pinnate, approximate at {the ends
of branches. Fl. polygamous, in large axillary panicles, calyx small,
5-cleft, petals 5, spreading, valvate, the edges bent inwards. ¢@ : Stamens 10.
~3: Stamens 2-3. 9: Stamens 0. Carpels 1-5 more or less distinct. Fruit
of 1-5 flat membranous linear-oblong carpels, the seed in the middle. Species
7, India, Malaya, China, Australia.

1. A. excelsa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 23; Wight, Ill. t. 67; Brandis, F. Fl. 58.

126 XXVI. SIMARUBACEA [Atlanthus

Vern. Arua, Rajputana; Maharukh, Hind., Mar.; Maha nim, Uriya; Pedda
manu, Tel.; Matti Pongilyam, Mal. ;
Deciduous, bark grey, leaves tomentose, up to 3 ft. long, leaflets 8-14 pair,

Fie. 61—Ailanthus malabarica, DC. 3}.

nearly opposite, from an unequal-sided base broadly falcate-lanceolate, deeply

serrate, often lobed. Panicles ample, shorter than leaves, fl. yellowish, petals .

glabrous, filaments glabrous, shorter than anthers, ripe carpels 2 in.
Indigenous in the Peninsula, commonly planted throughout India, as far north as

Ailanthus] XXVI. SIMARUBACEA 127

Saharanpur. Leafless in the early part of C.S. New leaves in March, April. FI. April,
May. 2. A, glandulosa, Desf. Japan, China, cultivated in Northern India, leaves
pubescent or nearly glabrous, leaflets with a few glandular teeth near the base, other-
wise entire, petals woolly-tomentose inside, filaments larger than anthers, hispid at
base, ripe carpels 1-2 in.

*3. A. malabarica, DC.; Wight, Ic. t. 1604; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 122.
Vern. Dhup, Guggul dhup, Kan.; Peru, Tam.

A lofty tree, bark thick, rough, often with bright reddish grains of resin,
leaflets 5-10 pair, glabrous, entire, lanceolate, filaments glabrous, much longer
than anthers, ripe carpels oblong rounded at both ends 3-5 by # in

Evergreen forests along the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards, from the
coast to 3,000 ft. Pegu Yoma, eastern slopes, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 201. Fl. February, March.
nae resin (matti pal) used in medicine and as incense. Ceylon, Malay Peninsula,

ina.

Eurycoma longifolia, Jack, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, is an
evergreen shrub or small tree, leaves imparipinnate, leaflets 15-20 pair, coriaceous,
oblong-lanceolate, entire, shining above, pale beneath, panicles axillary, rusty-glandu-
Jar, at the ends of branches, shorter than leaves, fl. brownish-red, polygamous, penta-
merous, stamens 5, alternating with petals, 5 two-lobed scales (staminodia) opposite to
petals. Drupes 3-5, stipitate, hard, ovoid 4-3 in. long.

5. PICRASMA, BI.; FI. Brit. Ind. i, 520.

All parts very bitter, leaves imparipinnate, fl. unisexual, 4—5-merous, in
corymbose panicles. Stamens 4-5, carpels 3-5, distinct on a thick disk, styles
free at base and top, connate in the middle. Fr. of 1-3 fleshy or coriaceous
drupes, supported by the persistent calyx and petals. A straight embryo in
fleshy albumen. Species 6, tropical and subtropical countries of both hemi-
spheres.

1. P. quassioides, Bennett; Brandis, F. Fl. 39. Vern. Vutai, Tithai,
Trita, Pb., N.W.

A tall, scrambling shrub. L. and inflorescence pubescent. Leaflets op-
posite, nearly sessile, 4-6 pair, serrate. Fl. small, greenish, generally penta-
merous. Drupes black, } in. diam.

Outer Himalaya, Kashmir to Nereis ascending occasionally to'$,000 ft. Bhutan, Fl.
April-June. China.

2. P. javanica, Blume; King in Journ. As. Soe. Beng. vol. 62. ii. (1893)
228 (includes P. nepalensis, Benn., and P. andamanica, Kurz).

An evergreen glabrous tree, leaflets 1-3 pair, entire, acuminate. FI. tetra-
merous, greenish-white, drupes 2-4, white, } in. diam.

Nepal, Sikkim, Khasi hills, Andamans, Lower Burma. FI. March. China, Cochin-
china, Java.

6. BRUCEA, Miller; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 520,

All parts very bitter, leaves imparipinnate, fl. polygamous, minute, tetramer-
ous, in axillary panicles. Stamens 4, inserted beneath the 4-lobed disk. Ovary
deeply 4-lobed. Drupes 4, ovoid, somewhat fleshy. Albumen 0. Species 6,
tropical, from Africa to Australia.

1. B. sumatrana, Roxb.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 202.

A large evergreen shrub, branchlets, leaves and inflorescence tawny pubes-
cent, leaflets opposite, 4-6 pair, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate. Fl. purple,
‘n small distant racemiform panicles, often as long asleaves. Drupes black,
ovoid, 4 in, long.

Assam, Tenasserim. Fl. March. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, South China.
2. B, mollis, Wall. Sikkim, Khasi hills, Bhutan, Manipur, Burma (Thoungyeen, D.B.,
Mare h 1862) leaflets nearly glabrous, lanceolate, entire, drupes 4 in. long.

128 XXVIT. OCHNACEA [Ochna

Orpen XXVIII. OCHNACEA. Gen. Pl. i. 316.

Shrubs or trees. IL. alternate, simple, glabrous, stipulate. FI. yellow or
orange, on jointed pedicels. Sepals 5, free, imbricate, petals 5 or more.
Stamens 10 or indefinite, anthers linear. Ovary deeply 3-10 -lobed and -celled,
cells 1 ovulate, style 1_slender. Fr. of 3-10 drupes, sessile upon the enlarged
torus or disk. Albumen none. :

Stamens o i 3 % 5 t » 1. Ocuna:
Stamens 10 : 4 : ‘ j 5 . 2. Gompxta,

1. OCHNA, Schreber ; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 523.

Deciduous. Li. serrate, stipules distinct, almost intrapetiolar. Fl. yellow,
sepals coloured, persistent, petals 5-12, stamens o, shorter than petals, anthers
generally opening by terminal pores, filaments often persistent. Species 25-30,
tropical Asia and Africa. :

A. Filaments shorter than anthers.

1. O. squarrosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 89; Wight, Ill. t. 69. Vern. Koniar?,
Uriya.

A shrub or small tree. L. elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, narrowed
into a short petiole, 3-5 in. long, finely serrulate, sec. nu. numerous,
slender, parallel. Fl. while in leaf, fragrant, in corymbose racemes, mostly at
the ends of short leafless woody branchlets, pedicels 1-14 in., petals 5-12, as
long as sepals, anthers many times longer than the short filaments. Drupes
Fin. long, fruiting sepals generally erect.

~ Assam, Burma, Western Peninsula: Fl. Febr., March. Ceylon. To this possibly
belongs O. brevipes, Planchon, Pegu. 2. 0, fruticulosa, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 206, hills east of
Toungoo, ascending to 5,000 ft. (Gallatly, 1877) also in the Eng forest of Upper Burma
(Smales, Indaing-seni, Burm.), a low shrub 2-8 ft., stems perennial slender, grey, fl.
1-14 in. across, appearing before the leaves in few. -fid. umbels, at the end of short
branchlets, petals 5. 3. 0. pumila, Ham.; Brandis, F. Fl. 60. Subhimalayan tract,
chiefly in Sal forests, from the Dehra Dan to Sikkim, Eastern Satpura hills, a low
undershrub with a perennial rootstock, throwing up ¢ annually (after the jungle fires
of the hot season) a number of short subherbaceous stems, bearing leaves and flowers,
leaves oblanceolate, serrate with cuspidate teeth. Fl. appear with the leaves, 14-2 in.
across, in 2-4-fld. bracteate umbels on peduncles 2-3 in. long, petals 5.

4. O. Gamblei, King mss. ; Kuwkka movi, Tel.

A large shrub or small tree, branches stiff erect. lL. coriaceous, elaucous,
often whitish, broadly elliptic, obtuse, sometimes obovate, sessile, often with
cordate base, 3-5 x 2-3 in. Fl. 3-1 in. across, on slender pedicels, 13-2 in.
long, in dense many-fid. agree at the ends of short woody leafless branch-
lets, sepals 4-5, petals 6-8, filaments j—} leneth of anthers.

Western Peninsula, from Chanda to Travancore, common on the dry rocky hills of
Anantapur, Cuddapah, and on the Veligondas. Kambakum hill (D.B. 1881). Fl. H.S.

B. Filaments as long as anthers or longer.

5. O. Wallichii, Planchon; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 205.—Syn. O. andamanica,
Kurz. Vern. Yodaya, Lower, Indaing sent, Upper Burma.

A tree, attaining 50 ft. L. 4-8 in. long, inflorescence similar to A. squar-
rosa, fl. appearing “with or before the leaves, petals 5, much longer than sepals,

a ke

Se

al

72 ee eee ae ae

Ochna) XXVIII. OCHNACE 129

anthers shorter than filaments, drupes }-} in. long ona large hemispherical
disk.

Silhet, Andamans, Nicobars, Lower and Upper Burma. Fl. Febr—April. Malay
Peninsula.

6. O. Wightiana, Wall.; Wight, Ic. t. 223; Trimen Handb. Ceylon i. 233.

A shrub or small tree, alabrous. L.1$-2 in. Fl. after the leaves, solitary
or 2-3 together, } in. across, anthers as long as stamens.

Southern part of Western Peninsula, fl. May, June. Ceylon.

2. GOMPHIA, Schreber; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 525 (Ouratea, Anbl. ;
Engl. u. Prantl iii. 6. 140).

Species 80-100, tropical, more than half in America, a number in Africa
and a few in Asia.

1. G. angustifolia, Vahl; Trimen Hanbd. Ceylon i. 235.

A small, much-branched tree, glabrous. I. 3-7 in., coriaceous, lanceolate,
secondary nerves 0, parallel, joined by distinct intramarginal veins. Fl. } in.
across, in pyramidal, terminal and axillary panicles, petals twice as long as
sepals, obovate, narrowed into a linear claw, stamens 10, anthers nearly sessile,
opening by terminal pores. Ripe carpels quite distinct, on the sides of a large
convex disk.

West side of the Peninsula, chiefly in evergreen forests, from the South Konkan
southwards. FJ]. R.S. 2. G sumatrana, Jack, closely allied, differs by larger petals and

amore diffuse panicles, and is given by Kurz, F. Fl. i. 206, for Tenasserim on the sea coast

Orpver XXVIII. BURSERACEZ. Gen. PI. i. 321.

Resinous trees or shrubs. L. generally alternate, imparipinnate, 3-folio-
late, in some cases 1-foliolate, stipules generally 0. FI. mostly small, bisexual
or polygamous. Calyx 3-5-cleft, petals 3-5. Stamens as many as petals
or twice their number, inserted on the edge or outside at the base of disk,
anthers 2-celled, dehiscent longitudinally. Ovary free, 2-5-celled, ovules
generally two in each cell, hanging side by side from the top of the central
angle. Fruit drupaceous, either indehiscent with a 3-6-celled hard stone, or
valvately dehiscent with several separate stones. Albumen 0, cotyledons often
lobed, generally twisted or crumpled.

Resin canals in the bast (phlo#m), in some species also in the pith.

Fr. dehiscent, 3-valved .. 2 : = ; : . 1. Boswe.tra.
Fr. an indehiscent drupe.
Calyx 3-fid, valvate, drupe usually trigonous . 2. Canarium.

Calyx 4-6-toothed or lobed.
Calyx campanulate 10-ribbed, 5-cleft, lined by a thin

erenate disk. : : : ; . 8. GaruGa.
Calyx 4—6-lobed, disk annular . : 3 : . 4. Borsera.
Calyx 4-6-toothed, small, fl. paniculate . ; . 5. Prorium.
Calyx 4-toothed, fl. few, fasciculate . 5 é . 6. BALSAMODENDRON.

Filicium, Thwaites, is classed under Sapindacee.

1. BOSWELLIA, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 527
Species 10. North-Eastern tropical Africa, excepting B. serrata.

B. serrata, Roxb.—Syn. B. glabra, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 207; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 124; B. thurifera, Colebrooke ; Brandis, F. Fl. 61. Vern. Salaz, Saler,
Hind.; Salga, Sonth.; Andaka, Tel.; Maddi, Kan.; Kundrikam, Tam.

K

130 XXVIII. BURSERACEA [Boswellia

A deciduous, middle-sized tree with a spreading flat crown. Bark nearly
} in. thick, greenish ash-coloured, peeling off in thin smooth flakes. Young
shoots and leaves pubescent, with simple hairs. L. imparipinnate, crowded
at the ends of branches, leaflets 8-15 pair, opposite or nearly opposite,
sessile, lanceolate, more or less deeply crenate, apex generally obtuse. FI. bi-
sexual, calyx small 5—7-cleft, petals 5-7. Stamens 10-12, inserted at the base
of the red annular, fleshy disk. Ovary 3-celled, half immersed in the disk, 2
collateral ovules in each cell. Fr. 3-valved, the valves separating from -the
dissepiments, which remain attached to the axis. Seeds 3, enclosed in heart-
shaped stones attached to the inner angle. Cotyledons trifid, lobes laciniate,
radicle superior.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Sutlej eastwards and throughout the drier parts of the
Western Peninsula to within 10-20 miles of the Western Ghats. Always in deciduous
forests, and often gregarious, forming open forests, associated with Sterculia wrens.
The leaves fall about March and April, the fresh foliage comes out in June. Fl.
when the tree is leafless, sometimes before the old leaves fall or after the fresh leaves
haye appeared. Coppices well and grows readily from cuttings.

2, CANARIUM, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 531.

Evergreen, balsamiferous trees. Li. imparipinnate, sometimes stipulate,
leaflets coriaceous. Fl. polygamous, the male in long, the female (with rudi-
mentary stamens) in short panicles, usually trimerous, calyx cup-shaped or
campanulate. Stamens 6, filaments connate into a tube, or free and inserted
on the edge of or outside an annular disk, ovary 2-3-celled, ovules 2 in each
cell. Drupe more or less distinctly trigonous, stone 1-3-celled, cotyledons con-
tortuplicate. Species 30-50, tropics of the Old World.

A. Filaments connate into a tube.

1. C. strictum, Roxb.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 128; King in Journ. As. Soe.
Beng. vol. 62 (1893), t. 11. Black dammer tree. Vern. Manda dhup, Ral
dhup, Kan.; Kundri Kam, Tam.; Thelli, Mal.

A very large tree, the young foliage brilliant crimson, branchlets, petiole,
midrib and nerves beneath densely clothed with soft reddish-brown tomentum,
leaflets 3-4 pair, serrate or crenulate while young, 3-6 in. long, sec.
n. prominent beneath. jg: Fl. } in. long, in a narrow racemiform panicle
6-9 in. long, calyx tubular with 3 shallow broad teeth, petals coriaceous,
oblong, rudimentary ovary depressed, lobed, hispid. 9: Fl. 4 in. long, in short
few-fld. racemes. Drupe 1} in. long.

Evergreen forests along the Western Ghats to 4,500 ft., from the Konkan southwards.
Fl. H. 8. Fr. C.S8. A black dammar exudes from incisions in the trunk, and is
an article of local trade. 2. C. bengalense, Roxb.; King l.c. +. 10. Assam and
Silhet, (Vern. Nerebi, Sibsagar). <A tall glabrous tree, leaflets 510 pair, entire, 3-7 in.
long, calyx campanulate, 3 broad shallow teeth, drupe 14 in. A clear amber-like
resin exudes from wounds in the bark. 3. ©. euphyllum, Kurz. North Arakan and
South Andaman, branchlets very stout, youngest shoots puberulous. L. glabrous
when full grown, 2-3 ft. long, leaflets with an unequal-sided base, rounded or sub-
cordate, calyx cut half-way down into 3 broad teeth, drupe ovoid, not trigonous,

4% IM. long.

4. C. sikkimense, King, lc. t. 12. Vern. Gogul dhwp, Nepal.

A very tall tree, wood white, open grained, soft, light, branchlets, petioles and
under side of leaves rusty-tomentose. Leaflets 5 pair, broadly ovate or elliptic,
minutely crenate-serrate, upper surface glabrous, shining. Calyx campanulate,
cut to ¢ its length into 3 broad obtuse teeth. Drupe narrowly cylindric or
obovoid, 1} in. long.

Sikkim, outer valleys to 3,000 ft. Resin used as incense. 5. C. resiniterum, Brace,
Assam and Khasi hills, King le. t. 18 (Dhuna or Dhua, Assam), leaflets almost

glabrous, resin used to make torches.

Canarium| XXVIII. BURSERACEX 131

B. Filaments free, flat, inserted on the edge of or outside the disk.

5. C. coccineo-bracteatum, Kurz, South Andaman, shoots minutely pubescent, leaves
10-18 in. long, stipules large, pectinately lobed, bracts longer than buds, tomentose out-
side, scarlet. 7. C.- Manii, King, South Andaman, branchlets slender, scurfy-
puberulous, leaflets 2-3 pair, entire, quite glabrous, thinly coriaceous, bracts oblong
obtuse, tomentose, longer than buds. Drupes ovoid-ellipsoid, not trigonous, 1-1} in.
long, calyx persistent.

3. GARUGA, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 528.
Species 3, Indo-Malayan.

G. pinnata, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 208; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 118; Brandis, F. FI.
$. 13. Vern. Kharpat, Kaikar, Hind.; Dabdabi, Nep.; Armu, Kol; Karur,

Fic. 62.—Bursera serrata, Colebr, 4.

Sonth.; Gharri, Gond; Kudak, Mar. Godda, Kan.; Garuga, gargu, Tel. ;
Ohinyok, Burm.

A large deciduous tree, young shoots and inflorescence grey-pubescent.
L. imparipinnate, crowded near the ends of branches, leaflets 6-9 pair,
opposite or nearly so, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, crenate. Fl. yellow, in

132 XXVUI. -BURSHERACEA [Garuga

axillary panicles, several at the ends of branches. Calyx campanulate, 10-
ribbed, 5-cleft, lined by a thin disk with a crenate margin, on the edge of
which the 5 petals and 10 stamens are inserted. Ovary 4~5-celled, 2 collateral
ovules in each cell. Fr. a globose fleshy drupe, enclosing 2, rarely more,
bony, 1-seeded, tuberculated stones.

Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys, ascending to 3,500 ft. from the Jumna east-
wards, often in Sal forest. Deciduous forests in the greater part of the Western Penin-
sula and Burma. Leafless during the greater part of the dry season. Fresh foliage,
April or May, with the fl. or after them. Grows readily from cuttings. Fr. eaten
raw and pickled.

4. BURSERA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 530.
As here accepted, 40 species, mostly of tropical America.

B. serrata, Colebr.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 208.—Syn. Protiwm serratum, Engler.
Vern. Najor, Assam; Kandior, Kol; Surw potri mot, Uriya; Thadi, Lower,
Yit padi, Upper Burma.

A large evergreen tree. lL. imparipinnate, pubescent or nearly glabrous,
leaflets cpposite, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, serrate or nearly entire, blade 3-4,
petals 4 in., tertiary nerves conspicuously reticulate. Panicles axillary, lax,
shorter than leaves. Fl. green, pentamerous, calyx small, lobes rounded, petals
valvate in bud, stamens 10, nearly equal, ovary hairy, surrounded by a broad
crenate disk. Drupes on thick peduncles, globose, often 2-3-furrowed, red,
? in. diam., containing 1-3 one-seeded nuts.

Assam, Cachar, Chittagong, Chota Nagpur, Orissa, Northern Circars. Burma, Upper
and Lower. FJ. March, April.

5. PROTIUM, W. et A.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 530.

Aromatic trees. lL. 3-foliolate or imparipinnate. Fl. polygamous, small,
in much-branched panicles, 4-6-merous, disk lining the bottom of the calyx”
tube, stamens 8-12, unequal, on the free edge of the disk. Ovary 2-4-celled,
ovules 3 in each cell. The only real difference between this and Balsamoden-
dron is in the inflorescence. Engler unites the 2 genera under Commiphora
and Trimen includes P. cauwdatum under Balsamodendron. As here defined,
Protium includes 3-4 species.

1. P. caudatum, W. et A.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 125. Vern. Kanda ragi,
Konda mamidi, Tel. ; Kilwvat, Tam.; Konda mavu, Kan.

A middle-sized deciduous tree, bark smooth, flakes off in large pieces.
L. imparipinnate, leaflets opposite, 1-5 pair, 2 in. long, broad ovate-lanceolate,
as a rule long-acuminate. Panicles dichotomous, lax; linear bracts at the base
of ramifications. Ovary 2-celled. Fr. a fleshy drupe, } in. diam., stone
1-seeded.

Western Peninsula, the young leaves appear with the flowers in March. Ceylon.

2. P. pubescens, W. et A., Anamalai hills, closely allied, leaflets pubescent, obtusely
acuminate, panicle dense, ramifications not dichotomous.

6. BALSAMODENDRON, Kunth; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 529.

Small trees or shrubs, yielding aromatic resin; branches often thorny.
L. crowded at the ends of short branchlets, imparipinnate or 1-3-foliolate.
Fl. polygamous, fasciculate on arrested branchlets, calyx campanulate or
urceolate 3-4-cleft, petals 3-4, stamens 6-8, on the edge of an erect cupular
disk. Ovary 4-celled, surrounded by the disk, 2 collateral ovules in each cell.
Fr. a drupe, the rind splitting more or less irregularly into 2-4 valves, leay-

Balsamodendron| XXVIII. BURSERACEA 133

ing the pulp exposed, which encloses the nuts, which are bony, 1-seeded and

partially connate. Embryo straight, the radicle pointing upwards, cotyledons

eh crumpled and plaited. Species 10, India, Arabia, tropical and southern
rica.

1. B. Berryi, Arn.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 126; Brandis, F. Fl. 65.
A small fragrant, very thorny tree, branchlets spinescent, at right angles to

Fic. 63.—Balsamodendron Berryi, Arn. 3.

branches. lL. 3-foliolate, petioles slender, leaflets sessile, obovate, glabrous,
generally entire, the terminal larger than the lateral ones. FI. subsessile,
fascicled, disk small, bearing 6-8 stamens, alternately smaller, the longer ones
opposite to petals, in the male flower stamens longer than calyx. Drupe
oblong, apiculate.

Dry forests in the southern Deccan, cultivated as a hedge plant all over South India.
Fl. February, March. Dry parts of Ceylon. 2. B. pubescens, Stocks, Hook. Journ. Bot.
i. (1849) t. 9 (Commiphora Stocksiana, Engler) (Baya, Bai, Baluch.) Baluchistan and
hills of South-Western Sind, as far south as Karachi, an unarmed pubescent shrub or
small tree,leayes trifoliolate, generally crowded on short arrested branchlets, distant on
vigorous shoots and then often imparipinnate. Fl. 4-merous, stamens 8, equal. Drupe
red, pulp orange-coloured.

3. B. Mukul, Hook.; Stocks in Hook. Journ. Bot. i. (1849) t. 8. Brandis,
FP. Fl. 64. Vern. Gagal, Sind, Rajputana.

A stunted shrub or dwarfed tree, branches thick, spreading, branchlets often
spinescent. Trunk knotty, the outer bark coming oft in rough flakes, leaving
exposed an inner layer, which is bright, shining, and peels off in rolls like
thin paper. L. generally approximate at the ends of thick short arrested
branchlets, obovate, almost sessile, the tapering base entire, the upper part
toothed. On luxuriant shoots the leaves are distant, trifoliolate, the lateral
leaflets small. Fl. unisexual, subsessile, 2 or 3 together, petals 4-5, strap-
shaped, stamens 8-10, alternately longer. Drupe red when ripe.

4. B. Roxburghii, Arn. (Commiphora Agallocha, Engler), Assam, Silhet,
East Bengal, spinescent. L. on slender petioles, at the ends of which are
often 2 minute leaflets, fl. red.

Sind, Baluchistan, Kattiawar, Rajputana, Khandeish, Bellary. Fl. Aug.—October.

134 XXIX. MELIACEA [Heynea

Orpen XXIX. MELIACEA. Gen. PI. i. 327.

Trees or shrubs. L. alternate, generally pinnate, leaflets in most genera
quite entire, stipules 0. Fl. reeular, mostly bisexual, cymose, cymes generally
panicled. Calyx small, mostly 4—5-cleft. Petals free, rarely connate. Stamens
as a rule double the number of petals, filaments generally united into a tube,
anthers 2-celled. Disk, when present, between stamens and ovary, often
forming a tube, enclosing the ovary partly or entirely. Ovary 3-5-celled,
style 1 or stigma sessile; ovules, either 1-2 in each cell or numerous. Fr.
a capsule or indehiscent, mostly with coriaceous pericarp, seeds with or with-
out albumen.

Engler in Engler u. Prantl iii. 4. 171 places Chloroxylon under Rutacee chiefly on

account of the translucent glands in the leayes, which form one of the distinguishing
characters of that order.

A. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, seeds not winged.

I. Staminal tube half the length of stamens or less, or stamens free.

always entire.

L. Sra or leaflets 9. Panicles axillary, corym-
bose, long pedunculate, tube half the length of sta-

Leaflets

mens, capsule 2 2-valved ; 3 . 1. Heynra.
L. imparipinnate, 3-foliolate or Lfoliolate. Panicles

terminal or axillary, stamens free or connate, fr.

tomentose 2. WaLSURA.

Leaflets often serrate, stamens connate only at ‘base,
fr. scarlet

Crrapessa (p. 187).

II. Staminal tube complete, pulons or Sifince
L. simple : E , 3. TuRRmA.
L. trifoliolate . : 4. Sanporicum.
L, pinnate, leaflets entire.
Fl. bisexual, oblong, anthers short, ovules 2. 5. DysoxyLum.
Fl. polygamous, linear, anthers linear, ovule 1 6, CHisocHEToN.

L. pinnate, leaflets mostly serrate.
Petals cohering half way, disk tubular, fl. 1-14 in.

Munronta (p. 189).

Petals free, disk inconspicuous, fl. 3 in. 7. AZADIRACHTA
L. bi- or tri-pinnate 8. Metra.
III. Staminal tube complete, elonaee fl Teme
Littoral trees, leaflets 3-7, anthers8 . 9. Carara.

IV.

B.

C.

United with Walswra by Kurz and others.

H.
Sylv. t. 184; Walsura trijuga and pubescens, Kurz, F. FI. i. 22
Gundira, Mav. ;

A tree, sometimes shrubby.

>

Shrubs or small trees on the Ghats, leaflets 1 or B},

anthers 5 or 6 :
Staminal tube complete, aT, fl. seleeemcine,
Petals 3 or 4, ovary 3- celled, anthers 3- 10, capsule

Beppomea (p. 141).

dehiscent 10. Amoora.
Fl. 5-merous, a anthers 5 fr. dry, indehiscent 11. Aquat.
Fl. 5-merous, anthers 10, fac’ fleshy . 12, Lansrum.

Ovules numerous, seeds winged. staminal tube complete.
Seeds winged at both ends
Seeds w inged at one end
Petals’ 4} in., capsule 3-6 in, .
Petals 4 ine capsule 14 in.

Ovules 8-12 in each cell, seeds winged, Siomens distinct.
Stamens 4-6, ovary 5-celled : > ls)
Stamens 10, oy: ary 3- celled, translucent elands i in leave es 16.

8. HEYNEA, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i.

trijuga, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 260.—Syn. H. affinis,

Kora, Kan.; Kora hadi, Mal.
L. imparipinnate, leaflets

. 14.

13. Soymrpa.

Swierenta (p. 144)
CHURRASIA.

15. CepRELA.

CHLOROXYLON.

565.

Species 3, Indo-Malayan region.

Bedd. FI.
5. Vern.

A. Juss. ;

opposite 4 pair, 2-6

Heynea} XXIX. MELIACEX 135

in., pale and often softly pubescent beneath. Fl. white, in axillary corymbose
panicles, peduncle nearly as long as leaf. Calyx campanulate, 4-5 cleft, petals
valvate in bud, staminal tube 8-10-fid., sezments 2-dentate, anthers betweeu
the subulate teeth of sesments. Capsule }—} in. diam., valves 2, broad, obtuse.

Seed enclosed in a thin white arillus, testa orange, brown afterwards.

Fic, 64.—Heynea trijuga, Roxb. Fr fi.

Subhimalayan tract, from Kumaun eastward, ascending?tin’ Sikkim to 4,000 ft.,
Khasi hills, Manipur, Singbhum, Rumpa hills, Godavery district. Western Ghats
from Poona southward, Nilgiris. In Burma on the hills between Sitang and Salween.
Pl. February-June. L, renewed H. S., never quite leafless. ,Yunan, Tonkin, Cambodia.

2. WALSURA, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 563.

Trees with imparipinnate, 3-foliolate or unifoliolate leaves, leaflets opposite,
quite entire, often pale and glaucous beneath. Fl. small, bisexual, in axillary

136 XXIX. MELIACEA { Walsura

or terminal panicles. Calyx 5-fid, petals 5, ovate-oblong, spreading, slightly
imbricated or nearly valvate. Filaments 8 or 10, free or partly connate.
Disk annular, fleshy. Ovary 2-3-celled, embedded in the disk, ovules 2
collateral in each cell. Fr. a shortly tomentose berry, 1- rarely 2-seeded,
seed without albumen, enclosed in a fleshy arillus. Species 12, Indo-Malayan.

1. W. piscidia, Roxb.; Wight, Ill. t. 55. Vern. Yerra Valudw, Tel. ;
Valsura, Tam.

A glabrous, generally middle-sized, at times a large tree, with ash-coloured
bark and hard reddish-brown wood, tough, made into combs. _L. trifoliolate,
leaflets 2-3 in. long. Filaments broad, flat, hairy inside, slightly connate

Fie. 65.—Walsura piscidia, Roxb. Fr. fl. }.

at base. Fr. ovoid, bright-yellow. Seed 1, completely enveloped in a white
juicy arillus.

Western Peninsula, on both sides, south of the Godayery river. Fl. November,
December. Ceylon. W.ternata, Roxb. Northern Circars and Godayery forests. A
small tree, leaves trifoliolate, leaflets coriaceous, shining, whitish beneath, lanceolate,
fl. milk-white, in axillary panicles shorter than leaves.

3. W. villosa, Wall.; Kurz, FP. Fl. i. 223. Vern. Gyobo, Burm

A moderate-sized tree, leafless in the hot season, branchlets, petioles ane
inflorescence densely pubescent. Leaflets 2 pair, 2-4 in, long, slightly pube-
scent beneath. Filaments flat, connate 4 of their length, hairy.

Common in Lower and Upper Burma, often stunted in Eng forest on poor soil. Fl.,
March, April. Cochinchina. 4. W. hypoleuca, Kurz (probably identical with W. oay-
carpa, Kurz). Lower Burma and Andamans, leaflets 6-8 in., quite glabrous, filaments
only connate at. base, is united with (3) by Pierre, Fl. For. Cochin. t. 354. 5. W.
Candollei, King. Andamans, leaflets 5, glabrous, pale beneath, 24 in., filaments connate
4 of their length. 6. W. multijuga, King. Upper Burma (King), METER Peninsula and
Archipelago. Leaflets 3-4 pair, coriaceous, glabrous, dull beneath, 2-5 in., sec. n.

Walsura| XXIX. MELIACEs 137

prominent beneath. 7. W. tubulata, Hiern, Sikkim, Khasi hills, leaflets 3, quite
glabrous, shining aboye, glaucous beneath, fl. } in. diam., staminal tube 10-lobed at
apex, lobes bifid, “anthers between the segments.

8. W. robusta, Roxb.; Vern. Gyobo, Burm.

_ An evergreen tree, attains 60 ft. Leaflets 1-2 pair, glabrous, shining
sey dull beneath, sec. n. 6-7, more or less prominent. Filaments quite free,
subulate, pubescent. Fr. $ in. ‘diam. , 2-celled, seed 1.

Assam, Khasi hills, Lower Burma, Andamans. FI. May.

Cipadessa fruticosa, Blume (Mallea Rothii, A. Juss.; Bedd. Fl. Syly. Man. t.8). Vern.
Ranabili, Uriya; Chitundi, Kan.; Pulipan, Tam. Chota Nagpore, Orissa, Western
Peninsula, Upper Burma, Ceylon, Java, Philippines. A shrub or small tree. L.
imparipinnate, leaflets 3-5 pair, entire or coarsely serrate. Fl. white, in axillary pedun-
culate panicles, petals 5,4 in. Jong, valvate in ‘bud, filaments broad, connate at base
into a short tube, bifid at ‘the apex, anthers inserted between the teeth, ovar 'y 5-celled.
Fr. scarlet, 5-furrowed, +} diam.

3. TURRAZA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 541.

L. simple. Calyx campanulate, 4-5-fid, petals 4-5 elongate, linear or
spathulate, imbricate in bud. Staminal tube long, anthers 8-10 inserted
within the mouth, alternating with the teeth of tube. Ovary 5- or more-
celled, 2 superposed ovules in each cell, stigma capitate. Capsule loculicidal,
valves woody or coriaceous, separating from the w inged axis. Albumen
fleshy, embryo foliaceous. Species 40, tropical, chiefly in Africa and Mada-
gascar, a smaller number in Asia and Australia.

T. villosa, Benn.; Wight Ic. t. 1593.

A large shrub or small tree, deciduous, more or less pubescent with short
hairs. Fi. appearing before the leaves, white, sweet-scented, 1-1} in. long, in
axillary clusters, anthers longer than the short teeth of staminal tube. Cap-
sule globose, } in. diam.

Western Ghats, from Mahabaleshwar southwards, also reported from Guzerat. Fl.
April, May. 2. T. virens, Linn.; a glabrous shrub with shining coriaceous leaves,
slightly emarginate at the tip, anthers shorter than the subulate teeth of staminal
tube, capsule 4 in. long, hairy ; doubtful whether a native of the Peninsula.

4. SANDORICUM, Cay.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 553.

Evergreen trees with trifoliolate coriaceous leaves, the lateral shortly, the
terminal long-petiolulate. Fl. 5-merous, in axillary panicles. Disk enclosing
ovary and base of style. Ovary 5-celled, on the enlarged torus, 2 collateral
ovules in each cell. Fr. globose, fleshy, 3-5-celled, 1 seed in each cell,
cotyledons thick, fleshy, no albumen. Species 6, all Indo-Malayan.

S. indicum, Cay.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 261; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 319. Vern.
Thitto, Burm.

Attains 60 ft., wood close-grained, moderately hard, med. rays conspicuous
on radial section. Branchlets, inflorescence and leaves velve sty. Fl. yellow,
in narrow axillary panicles. Staminal tube 10- -dentate, style articulate at base,
clavate above, ending in a thickened ring, bearing 5 obtuse stigmatic lobes.
Fr. globose, 3 in. diam., yellow and velvety when ripe, exocarp a fleshy
and edible pulp, endocarp lining the cells, horny, Soe with a densely
felted mass of long pluricellular hairs, over hin. long. Cotyledons filled with
starch and oil.

Evergreen forests of Pegu and Tenasserim, largely cultivated in Burma. Fl. C.;
Vos Vig iS

138 XXIX. MELIACEA [Dysoaylum

5. DYSOXYLUM, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 546.

Hvergreen trees, leaves pari-, rarely impari-pinnate, leaflets entire, base
oblique. Fl. bisexual, 4-5-merous, calyx deciduous, petals slightly imbricate
or valyate, anthers short, inserted inside the staminal tube below its edge.
Disk tubular, as long as or longer than ovary. Ovary usually hairy, 3- a
celled, ovules 2 in each cell, Capsule coriaceous, 4-5-valved, loculicidal.
Seeds without albumen, cotyledons thick, fleshy, plumule often hairy. Species
100, Indo-Malayan.

A. Fl. in ample pyramidal panicles.

1. D. procerum, Hiern; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 214. Vern. Lasunt, Nep.

Wood bright red, moderately hard, medull. rays the colour of the intervening
tissue, young shoots slightly pubescent. Leaflets 7-12, opposite or alternate,
6-14 in. long, fl. white on short bracteolate pedicels, in ample panicles about
as long as eee. Disk woolly inside, twice the length of the hairy 3-4-celled
ovary. Fr. 2 in. diam.

Sikkim, Khasi hills, Assam, Manipur, Pegu and Tenasserim. FI.C.S. Malacca.
2. D, Hamiltonii, Hiern, Sikkim, Assam, Silhet, leaflets 10-18, opposite or nearly so,
hairy beneath, very oblique, fl. ‘smell strong of garlic. 3. D. thyrsoideum, Griff., South
Andaman, Malay Peninsula, leaflets 6-8, glabrous, shining, 4-10 in., disk densely
hairy at mouth. 4. D. grande, Hiern, Silhet, leaflets 12, alternate, 5-9 in. long, disk
glabrous outside. 5. D. arborescens, Miq., South Andaman, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago, small tree, leaflets opposite, 2-3 pair, panicles lax, 2-4 in.

B. Panicles contracted, racemiform, sparingly branched.

6. D. binectariferum, Hook. fil.—Syn. D. macrocarpum, Thwaites (not of
Blume); Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 150. Vern. Retin gadda, Kan.

A large tree, wood close-grained, young shoots and inflorescence minutely
puberulous. Leaflets alternate, 6-8, obliquely ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 in. long,
tertiary nerves indistinct. Fl. w hite, tetramerous, + in. long, calyx cup-
shaped truncate obscurely tcothed, disk glabrous inside, 8-dentate, closely sur-
rounding the hairy ovary. Fr. 24 in. long, red, 4-celled, 4-seeded, seeds
polished, dark purple.

Sikkim, Khasi hills, Fake ee Western Ghats from Khandala southwards. FI.
R.S. Ceylon, Cochinchina. D. reticulatum, King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 65, ii.

(1897) 114. Sikkim, Cachar, “eles mostly alternate, tertiary nerves ‘prominently
reticulate, fl. 4 in., disk fleshy, glandular-pubescent. Capsule pyriform, 3 in. long.

8. D. malabaricum, Bedd.—Syn. D. glanduloswm, Talbot List 39. Vern.
Vellet agil, Mal.

A large tree. L. 12 in. long, young shoots grey-pubescent with minute
hairs, petiole sharply angled, leaflets 6-10, nearly opposite, 4-9 in. long, sec. n.
conspicuous beneath. Panicles contracted, with few branches, shorter than
leaves. Fl. 4-merous, } in. long, calyx deeply 4-lobed, disk truncate, hairy
inside. Er. 2 in. long, nearly globose, bright yellow and yerrucose when
ripe. Seeds 3-4, angular, dark brown

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats North Kanara, Coorg, Anamalais,
Travancore. Fl. February. Yields the white cedar wood of Travancore. Nearly
allied: 9. D, Beddomei, Hiern (Adanthei, Tam.). South Travancore, evergreen forest. A
very large tree, wood pale yellow and scented, petioles terete, leaflets alternate. Fr.
purple, smooth, globose, 2-8 in. diam. 10. D. pallens, Hiern, Sikkim, Khasi hills, Upper
Assam, leaflets 6- 10, alternate, 4-10 in. long, sec. n. prominent, calyx deeply "4 cleft,
disk glabrous on both sides. Fr. 14 by 1 in.

The only species with glabrous ovary is 11. D, Oliveri, n. spec., a large tree in the
evergreen forest above Katha 6,000 ft., Ruby Mines district (J. W. Oliver, May, 1890),
nearly allied to the Malayan D. costulatum, Miq. (D. brevipes, Hiern), leaves glabrous,
paripinnate, common petiole angular, leaflets opposite, 6-24 in. long, sec. n. 14-16 pair,
prominent beneath, panicles ample, as long as leaves; fl. } in., sweet scented, calyx

4

Dysoxylunr| XXIX. MELIACEA 139

glabrous, shallow-cupular indistinctly 5-dentate; petals linear, glabrous, staminal tube
glabrous, entire at mouth, anthers 10 glabrous, included, disk tubular, longer than
ovary, ciliate at mouth, fruit green when ripe, 3 in. diam., smooth, seeds glossy, scarlet.

6. CHISOCHETON, B1.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 550 (Schizochiton, Kurz,
IDE TAL ay Wily)

Evergreen trees or shrubs. L. mostly paripinnate, petiole produced be-
yond the last pair, bearing abortive leaflets. Leaflets entire, opposite or nearly
Opposite, more or less oblique. Fl. polygamous, as a rule in divaricately
branched, generally supra-axillary, panicles. Anthers linear. Disk generally
short and fleshy. Ovary 2—4-celled, ovules 1 in each cell, style long, filiform.
Species 22, Indo-Malayan. :

1. C. paniculatus, Hiern.—Syn. Guarea paniculata, Roxb.; Wight, Ic.
t. 146. Bauri phal, Nep.; Dingari, Mechi.

A large tree, younger leaves and inflorescence hairy. L. up to 3 ft. long,
leaflets 5-12 pair, 4-10 in. long, pale beneath. Panicles usually longer than
leaves. Fl. linear, $-} in. Capsule globose, 1-2 in. diam., orange-red.
Seeds 3-4, aril white, fleshy, with crenate margin.

Sikkim, Assam, Khasi hills. Tavoy, Fr. C.S.

2. C. grandiflorus, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 216.

Attains 50 ft. Common petiole and underside of leaves densely and softly
pubescent, leaflets 6-8 in. long, 4-6 pair, sometimes with an odd one. FI. } in.
long, nearly sessile, silky-tomentose, panicles slender, on long peduncles.

? a ? y ? Pp + Sh =
Capsule yellow, pear-shaped, 3-valved and 3-lobed, 1} in. long, pericarp thick
coriaceous, seeds enclosed in an orange-coloured arillus.

Martabanand Tenasserim, Andamans. Fr. March, April. 3. C. dysoxylifolius, Kurz ;
Thoungyeen forests, entirely glabrous except the pubescent panicles, leaflets 5-7 paix,
4-10 in. long, sec. n. prominent beneath. Fl. 4 in. long, hexamerous, staminal tube
densely hairy outside, 6-cleft at the summit, anthers alternating with the lobes. 4.
C. divergens, Blume (C. frayrans, Hiern); Malay Peninsula, reported by Wallich from
Burma, is nearly glabrous, leaflets 4-12 pair, membranous, 2-6 in., fl. } in., polygamous,
fr. pear-shaped, minutely tomentose, 14 in. diam., 2-celled. 5. C. costatus, Hiern ;
Cachar, fl. unknown, hence the genus uncertain, leaflets 10-11, alternate, pale olive and
velvety beneath, sec. n. prominent, fr. 2-3-lobed and celled, orange, 1-14 in. long.

Munronia Wallichii, Wight (M. neilyherrica, Wight Il. t. 54; Turrea pinnata, Wall.
Pl. As. Rar. t. 119); Sikkim to 3,000 ft., Khasi hills, Nilgiris, a shrub with impari-

. . . pers 5S . ‘}
pinnate leaves, leaflets opposite, 3-4 pair, lanceolate, 1-5 in., fl. 1-14 in. long, white or
pink, hairy outside, crowded at the ends of branches, staminal tube with 10 anthers
alternating with subulate teeth. Disk membranous, tubular, sheathing ovary and
base of style. Ovary 5-celled, ovules 2 in each cell, superposed, Capsule 5-lobed,
hairy.

7. AZADIRACHTA, Adr. Juss.; Trimen Handb. Ceylon i. 244.

A. indica, A. Juss. (the only species).-—Syn. Melia Azadirachta, Linn. ;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 14; If indica, Brandis F, Fl. 67. The Neem or Margoza
tree. Vern. Nim, Hind.; Tama, Tamaka, Burm.; Vepa, Tel. ; Olle-bevu, Kan.

A large glabrous evergreen tree, heartwood red, hard. Leaflets 7-9 pair,
often alternate, obliquely falcate-lanceolate, serrate, the odd one often
wanting. Fl. white, strongly honey-scented, pentamerons, in axillary panicles
shorter than leaf. Staminal tube 10-dentate, anthers inserted within the tube
opposite its teeth. Drupe the size of an olive, yellow, afterwards purple,
kernel cartilaginous, l-celled 1-seeded, cotyledons plane-conyex, fleshy, notched
at base, albumen 0.

Wild in the dry region of the Irawadi valley from Prome upwards. Cultivated and

naturalized throughout India, in the Punjab to the Jhelum, rare west of the Sutlej.
Pl. H. 8.

140 XXIX. MELIACEA [Melia

8. MELIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 543.

Trees with bipinnate or tripinnate leaves, calyx segments 5-6, short. Petals
5-6, linear-spathulate. Stamens 10-12, monadelphous; anthers inserted on
the edge of the tube between the teeth. Ovary 3-6-celled, 2 superposed ovules
in each cell. Fr. a dry or fleshy drupe, the stone 5-celled, each cell with one
pendulous seed, cotyledons foliaceous, albumen thin. Species 12, Indo-
Malayan.

1. M. Azedarach, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 160; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 138.
Persian Lilac. Vern. Drek. Pb.; Bakain, Hind.; Dek, Dan; Yerri vepa,
Turaka vepa, Tel.; Hutchw bevu, Kan.; Vembu, Tam., Mal. :

A middle-sized deciduous tree, young shoots and inflorescence sparsely clothed
with deciduous stellate hairs, heartwood light red, annual ringsmarked by a belt
of large vessels. Pinnee Soil pair, more or less opposite. Leaflets 3- 12, ovate-
lanceolate, more or less deeply serrate, sometimes lobed. FF. lilac, ‘with a
strong honey-scent. Staminal tube purple, 1 in. long, teeth 20-30, linear,
anthers glabrous, shorter than or as long as teeth. Stigma clavate 5- toothed.
Drupe yellow when ripe, 3-4 in. long.

Cultivated and naturalized throughout Indiaand Burma. Stands more cold than the
Neem, grows at 9,000 feet in Bashahr -(Chini). ae to be indigenous in Baluchistan
and the Jhelum valley in Kashmir. Fl. H.$

2. M. composita, Willd.; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 12; King in Journ. As.
Soc. Bengal, vol. 64 (1895) 18. Syn. MW. robusta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 397;
M. dubia, Fl. Brit. Ind. 1. 545 (not Cay.). Vern. Labshi, Nep.; Waha limbu,
Uriya; Heb-bevu, Kan.; Malet Vembu, Tam., Mal.

A tall tree of rapid ay owth, hear twood reddish. Young shoots and inflores-
cence clothed with mealy stellate hairs. L. bipinnate, leaflets opposite,
ovate-lanceolate, sometimes serrulate. Fl. white, staminal tube + in. long,
hairy, mouth woolly, divided into 10 more or less laciniate teeth, anthers
longer than teeth and inserted between them. Stigma 5-toothed. Drupe
ovoid 1-14 in.

Sikkim, ascending to 6,000 ft. (Gamble List 16), Nambar Forest, Assam (D.B. March,
1879) Gumsur hills, Northern Cirears. Western Ghats from Bombay southwards. FI.
Jan.—March. Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Cochinchina, Java, China, Australia. Specimens
from the Khasi hills and Manipur, the staminal tube 4 in. long, drupe nearly globose,
? in. long, have been referred to M. Toosendan, Sieb. et Zucc. of Japan. Hardly different
is M. birmanica, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 218 (Taw thamaka, Burm.), Pegu, Bhamo, supposed by
King to be identical with MW. superba, Roxb.

9. CARAPA, Aublet; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 566.

Evergreen glabrous trees. lL. paripinnate, leaflets opposite, quite entire.
Fl. bisexual, in axillary panicles. Calyx short, in the Indian species dentate,
petals 4, edges slightly overlapping, contorted in bud. Staminal tube urceo-
late or globose, mouth 8-dentate, anthers inserted between the teeth, nearly
included. Ovary glabrous, 4-celled, the base immersed in the thick fleshy disk,
cells with 2-8 ovules, style short, stigma broad discoid. Fr. globose, large,
pericarp fleshy, dehiscing by 4 valves. Seeds large angular without albumen,
cotyledons contain starch and oil. Species 6, tropical, mostly littoral.

1. C. obovata, Blume; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 226.—Syn. C. moluccensis, Bedd.
FL Syly. t. 136 (not of Lamk.); Xylocarpus obovatus, A. Juss.; Harms in
Engler u. Prantl iii. 4. 278. Vern. Pinlé 6n, Burm.; Karambola, Dhundol,
Sund.

A small tree, heartwood redavene brown, hard, leaves 3-6 in. long, leaflets
1-2 pair, coriaceous, obovate, apex broad, obtuse, base narrowed. Panicles
13-2! in. long, stout, few-flowered. Fruit 7-10 in. diam.

Carapa\ XXIX. MELIACEE 141

Seashore and Mangrove swamps along the western coast from the Konkan south-
wards, Sundriban, Chittagong, Burma, Andamans, Ceylon. Fl.R.S. Malay Archi-
pelago, Fiji islands, >
Africa, Australia. The
leaves of young plants are
elliptic-lanceolate, acute.
2. C. moluccensis, Lamk.
(Xylocarpus Granatum,
Willd., Pussur, Sund.).
Sundriban, Andamans, Ma-
Jay Peninsula and Archi-
pelago. Tropical Africa,
Australia. A middle-sized
tree, ]. 4-10 in. long, leaf-
lets usually 2 sometimes
3 pair, thinly coriaceous,
ovate from a broad base,
acute. Panicles 3-5 in.
long, slender with lax few-
flowered branches, fl. pink-
ish yellow. Fr. 3-5 in.
diam., 4-grooved, brown,
valves woody. Kurz de-
scribes the flower as
pentamerous. -

Beddomea differs from
Carapa by petals 46
strongly imbricate in bud,
anthers 5-6, cells narrow,
on a thick connective,
ovary hairy, 3-5-celled,
cells with 2 ovules.

1. B. indica, Hook. f.
Western Ghats from Coorg
to Cape Comorin. A large
shrub, young shoots lepi-
dote, leaflets 3, 3-7 in.
long, fruit 1-14 in. long,
rough with close set rusty
scales. 2. B. simplicifolia,
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 135,
Western Ghats common,
from South Kanara to
Travancore. A small tree,-leaflets solitary, 3-6 in. long, fruit oblong, size of a
pigeon’s egg, acute at both ends, densely rusty-tomentose. j

Fic. 66.—Carapa obovata, Blume. 4.

10. AMOORA, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 559.

Evergreen trees, leaves imparipinnate, leaflets oblique. Fl. polygamous,
male fl. usually paniculate, fertile fl. often racemose or spicate. Calyx 3-5-
partite. Petals 3 (4 in 2 species) thick, concave, strongly imbricated. Stami-
nal tube nearly globose, anthers 3-10, included, in one row. Disk incon-
spicuous. Ovary 3-celled, cells 1-2-ovuled, stigma sessile. Capsule 3-valved
or indehiscent, seeds 1-3, enclosed in a fleshy arillus.—Species 25, one Austra-
lian, the rest Indian and Malayan.

A. Leaflets opposite.

1. A. Rohituka, W. & A.; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 132. Vern. Sohaga, Oudh;
Bandriphal, Nep.; Sikaroro, Kol; Thitni, Burm.

A middle-sized tree, with a heavy crown, in Burma attains 60 ft., wood pale
red, youngest shoots pubescent. Leaflets 5-7 pair, 3-9 in. long, secondary
nerves prominent beneath, 10-15 pair. Fl. sessile, ¢ in panicled spikes,
9 in solitary spikes much shorter than leaves. Anthers 6, attached to the

142 XXIX. MELIACE [Amoora

tube at its base. Fruit globose, yellow when ripe, 1-1} in. diam., pericarp
coriaceous 3-valved. Seed one, oblong with a scarlet arillus. 2

Subhimalayan tract, from the Rapti river eastwards, in Sikkim to 6,000 ft., Assam,
Burma, Chota Nagpore, Western Ghats and adjoining hill ranges, from the Satara
district southwards. Fl. R. 8. Ceylon, Malay Peninsula.

9. A. cucullata, Roxb. Corom. Pl. t. 258. Vern. Amz, Latmi, Sun-
drib.; Thitni?, Burm.

A glabrous, middle-sized, at times a large tree, heartwood red. Leaflets
2-4 pair, falcate, very oblique at the base, 3-5 in. long; secondary nerves
indistinct. FI. pedicellate, g in panicles, g in short few fid. supra-axillary
racemes. Anthers 6. Fruit globose, 2} in. diam., pericarp leathery, 3-valved.
Seeds 3 with an orange-coloured arillus.

Khasi hills, Sundriban, Burma. FI. R.S. C.S. 3. A. Wallichii, King.—Syn. 4-
spectabilis, Fl. B. Ind. i. 561; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 221, Assam, Burma and Andamans, has
male and female flowers on the same panicles, 10 anthers, leaflets 5-6 pair, pale beneath.
4. A. canarana, Benth. et Hook., Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards. Leaflets
2-8 pair, sometimes alternate, calyx cup-shaped, 4-5-toothed, petals 3, sometimes 4,
anthers 6, at times 7.

B. Leaflets alternate.

5. A. Lawii, Bedd. FI. Syly. t.133 (Buramb, Mayr.), evergreen forests on the west side of
the Peninsula from the Konkan southwards. Leaflets 3-5, fl. generally tetramerous,
ovary 8-celled. 6. A. chittagonga, Hiern, Bhutan, Upper Assam, Chittagong, Pegu.
Leaflets 3-7, calyx cup-shaped, 3-toothed, anthers 6, ovary 2-celled. King in As. Soc.
Beng. vol. 64 (1895) 51 states, that this is an Aglaia. 6. A. Manii, King MSS., South
Andaman. Leaflets 11-15, fertile fl. in long axillary panicles.

11. AGLATA, Lour.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 554.

Eyergreen trees, leaves imparipinnate. Fl. polygamous, small, globose,
paniculate, as a rule pentamerous, petals imbricate, staminal tube more or less
globose, anthers usually 5, rarely more, included or half exserted. Disk in-
conspicuous, stigma sessile or nearly so. Fr. indehiscent, 1—2-celled, seeds 1
or 2, testa often with a fleshy outer layer, resembling an arillus. Species 7,
Indo-Malayan region, China, Polynesia.

A. Shoots and inflorescence scaly, adult leaves glabrous, leaflets 1-4 pair.

1. A. odoratissima, Blume; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 64 (1895) 67.
Syn. A. Roxburghiana, Miq.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 130; Milnea Roxburghit,
Wight, Ic. t. 166. Vern. Yewa Aduga, Kan., Tel.; Chokala, Tam.

A large tree (near the coast in Kanara a shrub), wood bright red, hard, very
tough, youngest shoots and inflorescence clothed with round peltate scales.
Leaflets glabrous, opposite, 1-3 pair, 2-5 in. long, pale beneath, naked part
of common petiole as long as the upper portion. Fr. buff-coloured, velvety, # in.
diam. Seeds ovoid, surrounded with a white thick slightly acid edible pulp,
embryo green.

Western Peninsula, the northern limit Mount Aboo on the west and Midnapore on the
east side. Fl. R.S.,C.S. Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Jaya. 2. A. oligophylla,
Miq. ‘Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra. Leaflets 1-2 pair. Fr. globose, sup-
ported by the remains of persistent calyx. 3. A fusca, King. South Andaman.
Leaflets 2-3 pair. Fl. tetramerous. 4. A glaucescens, King. South Andaman. Leaflets
2-4 pair. Panicles as long as leaves. Fl]. 4- or 5-merous. 5. A. Khasiana, Hiern. Khasi
hills. Leaflets 1-2 pair, panicles much shorter than leaves, ferrugineous. FI.
itin. 6. A Wallichii, Hiern. Silhet. Leaflets opposite 3-4 pair, elliptic-lanceolate,
2-4 in. long. Fl.small in short panicles. 7. A. paniculata, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 219, Pegu
Yoma. Leaflets alternate, 2 pair, 4-9 in. long. Fl. minute in ample rusty scaly tomen-
tose panicles.

1

Aglaia| XXIX. MELIACEE 143

B. Shoots and inflorescence scaly, leaves clabroas, leaflets 4 pair or more.

8. A. crassinervia, Kurz. Tenasserim. Leaflets. 6-10 in. long, secondary nerves
prominent beneath. 9. A Ganggo, Miq. South Andaman, Nicobars, Sumatra.
Leaflets 5-7 pair, 4-5 in. long, fl. crowded in ample panicles as long as leaves, the lower
branchesdistant. 10. A, andamanica, Hiern. (Amoora dysoxyloides, Kurz). Tenasserim,
Andamans, Great Cocos island. Leaflets alternate, 4-6 in. long, fl. crowded in short
panicles, 2-3 in. long. 11. A. perviridis, Hiern. Sikkim, Khasi hills, Assam. A
small tree, leaves and buds deep green, leaflets opposite, 5-6 pair, 2-5 in. long, fl. minute
in ample panicles, nearly as long as leayes. 12. A. argentea, Blume. Pegu Yoma

Fic. 67.—Aglaia odoratissima, Bl. 4.

Nicobars, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. A small slender tree, young shoots, in-
florescence and underside of leaves densely covered with round silvery or pale brown
scales, intermixed with stellate hairs, leaflets 3-5 pair, 5-12 in. long, the terminal
longest, secondary nerves prominent. ;

C. Shoots and inflorescence with scales and stellate hairs, underside of
leaves pubescent or tomentose.

18. A. edulis, A. Gray (identified by King with A. trichostemon C.DC.). Sikkim
(Gamble list 16), Assam, Silhet, Malay Peninsula. Leaflets 4-6 pair, 4-8 in. long, upper
surface glabrous, the lower sparsely pubescent. Fr. subglobose, densely rusty-tomen-
tose. 14. A. Griffithii, Kurz, F. Fl. i.129. Mergui, Malay Peninsula. Leaflets 6-9 pair,
oblong-lanceolate, 8-5 in. long, upper surface glabrous, except tomentose midrib nerves

144 XXIX. MELIACEX [Aglaia

on lower surface rusty-tomentose, fl. very minute, depressed-globose, broader than long,
calyx half the length of petals. Fr. pyriform 1? in. long. 15. A minutifiora, Bedd.
Ie. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 198, Anamalai, Tinnevelli and Travancore Ghats, above 2,000 ft.
Leaflets 4-6 pair, lower surface densely rusty-tomentose, fl. globose, 74 in. diam., calyx,
4 the length of petals.

Some of these 15 species will probably be united, when they are studied in the forests
and not from herbarium specimens only.

12. LANSIUM, Rumphius; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 557.

Differs from Aglaia by having 10 anthers in 2 rows, the shorter ones
included, the longer partly exserted.

1. L. anamalayanum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv.t. 131. Vern. Santhana viri, Tam.
Leaflets alternate, 3-5, 3-44 in. long, obtusely acuminate. Fr. oblong, # in.
diam., 2-seeded, seeds covered with a fleshy integument.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats from Kanara southwards. Fl. April, May.
2. L. decandrum, King |. ce. 51 (Amoora decandra, Hiern; Fl. B. Ind. i. 562), outer
Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, ascending in Sikkim to 6,000 ft., has opposite leaflets,
3-6 pair, fl. red, 4- or 5-merous, g in ample panicles, 2? in axillary spikes, fr. globose-
obovoid, 4-5-celled, 14 in. diam., with 4-5 seeds. 3. L. domesticum, Jack. Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago. Cultivated on account of its fruit in tropical India.
Leaflets 5-9, alternate, coriaceous, broadly elliptic, spikes of bisexual fl. from the trunk
and larger branches, fr. 1-2 in. diam., seeds 2, embedded in much transparent pulp.

13. SOYMIDA, Adr. Juss.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 567.
One Indian species, and one or two from Hast Africa.

S. febrifuga, Adr. Juss., the only species; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 8; Brandis
F. Fl. 71.—Syn. Swietenia febrifuga, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 17. Vern. Rohan,
Hind.; Sumi, Tel.; Sohan, Uriya; Soymida, Palkonda hills; Some-mara,
Sumbi, Kan.

A large tree, trunk tall, straight, symmetrical, bark bitter, heartwood
distinct, bright red when fresh cut, dark reddish-brown when dry, very hard
and very durable. Leaves paripinnate. petiole with a thickened base,
leaflets opposite, 3-6 pair, 2-4 in. long. Secondary nerves 10-14 pair, alter-
nating with shorter intermediate ones, tertiary nerves prominently reticulate.
Fl. bisexual, pentamerous, greenish-white, in large terminal panicles, with
triangular bracts. Petals obovate, narrowed into a claw, contorted in bud.
Staminal tube cup-shaped, 10-cleft, each segment with 2 short fleshy teeth,
the anthers between them on a short filament. Capsule 1-2 in. long, 5-celled,
the 5 valves separating from the dissepiments, which remain attached to the
thick spongy axis. Seeds numerous in each cell, flat, imbricated, winged at
both ends.

Western Peninsula and Central India, extending to the hills south of Mirzapur in
the east, and to Merwara in the west. Doubtful in Burma. The young foliage issues
in April and May, while part of the old leaves are still on the tree. Fl. April, May.

Swietenia Mahagoni, Linn., the Mahogany tree of Central America and the West
Indies, differs by an urceolate 10-dentate staminal tube and seeds winged at the upper
end only. S$. macrophylla, King, is a remarkable variety or species, raised at the
Caleutta Bot. Gardens from Honduras seed in 1872. Leaves, capsules (6x3 in.) and
seeds much larger, growth more rapid. Seeds more freely at Calcutta.

14. CHUKRASIA, Adr. Jussieu, Mém. Mus. Hist. Natur. xix. (1830) p. 251.
Wight and Arnott altered the original name into Chickrassia ;
i Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 567.
C. tabularis, A. Juss., the only species; Wight. Ill. t. 56; Bedd. Fl. Syly.
t. 9.—Chittagong wood. Vern. Chikrast, Beng.; Pabba, Mar.; Kul hathwri,
Kan.; Dal mara, Coorg; Yinuna, Burm. :

Chukrasia| XXIX. MELIACE® 145

A tall tree, usually deciduous, heartwood brown with a satin lustre.
Leaves pinnate, leaflets 10-24, as a rule alternate, unequal-sided, 2-5 in. long,
upper surface elabrous, lower pubescent. Fl. white, 1 in. long. Petals oblong,
erect, imbricate in bud. Staminal tube cylindric, with 10 short teeth, anthers
on the edge of the tube. Ovary cylindric, usually 3-celled, with ea
biseriate ovules in each cell. Capsule ovoid, 13 in. long, valves usually 3
woody, separating entirely from the broad axis. Seeds numerous, flat, closely
packed, broadly winged.

Sikkim, Chittagong, Andamans, Burma. Western Peninsula, along the Western
Ghats, also on the Sandi hills of the Deccan. Fl. H.S.and R.S. “Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula, Cochinchina, Borneo, 2.C. velutina, Roemer; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 227.
Burma, Cochinchina. ‘Branchlets, leaves and inflorescence velvety, capsules black,
shining, apiculate, is a distinct species or very marked variety.

15. CEDRELA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 568.

Trees with pinnate leaves and paniculate bisexual fl. Wood light, soft, red,
no heartwood, vessels large, conspicuous on a vertical section. Petals 3) erect.
Disk thick, fleshy, 5-lobed or cylindrical. Filaments 4-6, inserted on the
edge of the disk, subulate, anthers oblong, versatile. Ovary 5-celled,
narrowed into a style, stigma broad, often 5-lobed, ovules pendulous,
biseriate, 8-12 in spel cell. Capsule opening by 5 valves, the valves sepa-
rating from the dissepiments, which remain attached to the axis, forming a
pentagonal column of soft white pith. Seeds numerous, imbricate, flat, winged.
Albumen scanty, embryo straight with foliaceous cotyledons, the radicle point-
ing upwards. Species 16, tropical Asia, America and Australia.

Cedrela odorata, L., and other species furnish the West Indian Cedar wood. The
American species haye a cylindrical disk and wings at base of seed only. The Asiatic
and Australian species with short disk and seeds winged at the top or at both ends
have been placed in a separate genus, Toona, by Pierre Fl. For. Coch. t. 358; Harms,
Engler u. Prantl iii. 4. 269 and others.

1. €. Toona, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 238; Wight Ic. t. 161; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t.
10; Brandis F. Fl. t. 14. The Toon tree. Vern. Tin, Tint, Tunni, Maha
nim, Hind.; NKatangai, Kol; VYodu, Mar.; Tundu, Devdari, Kan.; Noga,
Coorg ; Thévatharam, Tam.; Mathagiri vembu, Mal.; Thitkado, Lower,
Tawtama, Upper Burma.

A large, rapidly growing tree, nearly eyergreen. Wood red, not hard,
shining, ‘does not split or warp, annual rings marked by wider vessels. L.
glabrous, paripinnate, leaflets opposite or nearly so, 5-10 pair, lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, often unequal-sided and faleate, entire or undulate,
blade 3-5, petiolule j—} in. Panicles terminal, eymose, eenerally shor ter than
leaves, the last ramifications pubescent. Fl. w hite, honey-se ented, 3-1 in. long.
Sepals 5, ciliate, obtuse, petals ciliate on the edges, otherwise Hiatt on
the inside thickened. Stamens 5, inserted on 5 fleshy orange-coloured hairy
lobes of the disk. Filaments glabrous, ovary hairy, capsule smooth, }#-1 in.
long. Seeds with membranous wings at both ends.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Indus eastwards, ascending to 5,000 ft. Evergreen
forests of the Western Ghats and other hills of the Western Peninsula (not in Ceylon),
Khasi hills, Manipur, Upper and Lower Burma. Cultivated extensively ; while young
‘requires shelter against frost in the plains of the Punjab, but grows freely after wards,
The old leaves are shed gradually during the cold season, the young foliage comes out
February—A pril with the fl., seed ripens . May-July, the empty capsules remaining on
the tree for months.

2. C. serrata, Royle Ill. t. 25; Brandis F. Fl. 73. Collett, Simla Fl.
fig. 26. Vern. Draw, Dal, Dalra, Dauri, Krishing, N. W. Himalaya.
Differs from Toona by leaves generally imparipinnate, leaflets mostly serrate,

green above, glaucous beneath. Panicles longer than leaves, drooping. Fl.
L

146 XXIX. MELIACEAE [Cedrela

occasionally hexamerous. Sepals and petals often not ciliate, petals at the
base on the inside prominently keeled, 5 filiform staminodes alternating with
stamens. Ovary glabrous, seeds winged at the top only.

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to the Nepal, ascending to 8,000 ft. Manipur, Upper
Burma (C. longifolia, Wall.). Fl.May, June. 3. . microcarpa, C.DC. Outer Himalayan
ranges, Kumaon to Sikkim, ascending to 6,000 ft., Assam, Upper Burma (Taw tama),
leaflets mostly alternate, shining above, unequal sided, almost falcate, one side rounded
at base, blade 8-6, petiolule +-% in. Fl. 4-4 in., sometimes 4-merous, filaments hairy,
ovary hirsute, capsule 1-14-in. long, warty, upper wing of seed smaller than lower.
4. C. multijuga, Kurz, Pegu Yoma, eastern slopes, Salween 2,500-3,000 ft. Young
shoots and common petiole tawny pubescent, leaflets nearly opposite, requires further
study. (C. hirsuta, King MSS., Sikkim, may possibly be the same. 5. C. febrifuga,
C.DC. (Toona febrifuga, Pierre, Fl. For. Cochin. t. 358), common in Cochinchina,
leaflets alternate, petals hairy inside, ovary and filaments hairy, seeds winged at both
ends, will probably be found in Upper Burma. I am disposed to refer to it specimens
collected by J. W. Oliver along streams in Upper Burma (Petsut Ye tama), as well as
specimens coll. by Troup in the hill forests east of the Meiktila district ( Yedama,
Shinshit).

16. CHLOROXYLON, DC.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 569.

C. Swietenia, DC., the only species. Wight Ill. t. 56 bis ; Bedd. Fl. Sylyv.
t. 11. Syn. Sewietenia Chloroxylon, Roxb. Cor. pl. t. 64. Satiniwood. Vern.
Bhera, Hind.; Bhira, Gond; Sengel-sali, Kol; Billa, Tel.; Hurgalu, Kan.

A middle-sized tree, wood yellow, hard, heavy, with a beautiful satin lustre,
inner wood darker, but no distinct heartwood. Young parts, petioles and
inflorescence clothed with short grey pubescence. 1. paripinnate, leaflets
10-20 pair, eland-dotted, unequal-sided, obtuse, 1 in. long. Fl. bisexual, cream-
coloured, in small terminal and axillary panicles. Petals 5-clawed, spreading,
imbricate in bud. Disk fleshy, 10-lobed. Stamens 10, inserted outside the
disk at its base, anthers cordate, apiculate, versatile. Ovary immersed in the
disk, 3-celled, ovules 8 in eaclt cell. Capsule oblong, coriaceous, 3-celled,
loculicidally 3-valved, the dissepiments remaining attached to the valves.
Seeds imbricate, oblong, winged..
“Common in the deciduous forests of the Western Peninsula, its limit being the

northern edge of the Satpura range. Fl. March—April, the leaves are renewed in May.
Dry region of Ceylon.

Orper XXX. CHAILLETIACEA. Gen. Pl. i. 340.
(Dichapetalacee, Engler u. Prantl iii. 4. 345.)

Trees or shrubs. L. alternate, quite entire, stipules deciduous. FI. small,
mostly polygamous, sepals 5, more or less united, petals 5, free, notched or
bifid, stamens 5, alternate with and sometimes adnate to base of petals. Disk
of 5 glands, alternating with stamens, ovary pubescent or villous, 2-3-celled,
ovules in pairs, pendulous from the top of each cell. Drupe pubescent or

hispid, often didymous, embryo large, radicle small superior, cotyledons thick,
albumen 0.

CHAILLETIA, DC.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 570.
(Dichapetalum, Du Petit Thouars; Engler u. Prantl iii. 4. 348.)

1. C. gelonioides, Hook. fil.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Manual t. 9.—Syn. C.
sumatrana, Mig.; Trimen Handb. i. 254; Moacurra gelonioides, Roxb.

A small tree or shrub, twigs slender, young shoots pubescent. L. ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, reticulate veins distinct, blade 8-5, petiole 4 in. long,

6

Chailletia| XXX. CHAILLETIACEA 147

stipules small, setaceous, pubescent, unequal. FI. pale-green, in axillary or
extra-axillary compact cymes, sepals concave, pubescent, petals bifid, connec-
tive dilated, styles 2 very short. Fr. 3-3 in. diam., compressed, orbicular
didymous, dehiscent, mesocarp bright red.

Western Ghats fon the onic southwards, Anamalais, Khasi hills, Silhet,
Cachar, Chittagong. FI. March-June. Ceylon, Malay Peninsula. 2. C. andamanica,
King, South Andaman island. L. elliptic-obovate or oblanceolate; fl. in pedunculate
cymes. 3. C, Helferiana, Kurz, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. Scandent. L. elliptic-
oblong, midrib strigose beneath, reticulate veins faint, drupe broader than long.
4. C. longipetala, Turez. (macropetala, Kurz), Tenasserim, a shrub or tree, leaves silky
beneath; cymes densely tomentose, sepals greyish pubescent, petals longer than
sepals.

Orper XXXI. OLACACEA:. Engler in Engler, u.
Prantl iu. 1. 231.

(Olacinee, tribes i. Olacee, ii. Opilicw. Gen. Pl. i. 343.)

Trees or shrubs, often climbing. L. almost always alternate, stipulesO. Fl.
small, as a rule bisexual, calyx small or wanting, petals (or segments of
perianth) free or connate, stamens as many as petals and opposite to them, or
more numerous. Ovary at base often 2-5-celled, ovules 1 or few, pendulous
from a free axile placenta. Drupe 1-seeded, embryo minute, in the apex of
the fleshy albumen.

A. Stamens or stamens and staminodes more numerous than petals.
Petals 3 not bearded, stamens 3, staminodes 5, calyx

enlarged in fruit . = c : » 1. Ovax:
Petals bearded, stamens 8-10 : ‘ ; : : Ximenra (p. 148).

B. Stamens as many as petals, calyx and corolla present. Fl. usually pentamerous.
Calyx tube adnate to ovary, enlarged in fr. ©. : Eryruroratem (p. 148
Calyx cup-shaped, petals free, hairy within : . 2. Srromposta.

Calyx truncate, supported by an inyoluere, corolla
funnel-shaped —. : é < Scnoerria (p. 149).
F]. 5—7-merous, petals free, thick concave at base . 3. ANACcOLosA.

C. Stamens as many as petals or segments of perianth, no calyx.
F]. 4-5-merous, bracts small, perianth campanulate,

hairy . a . 4. Canssera.
Fl. 4-merous, bracts lar ee, perianth urceolate é Lerionunrus (p. 150).
Fl. 5-merous, in bud covered by large imbricating

bracts, segments of perianth free . ( c 3 Opitta (p. 150).

1. OLAX, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 574.

Shrubs, small trees, or climbers. L. entire, petioles short. Calyx eup-
shaped, enlarged after flowering, petals 5-6, fertile stamens 3-5, and 5 bifid
linear staminodes, ovary free 1-celled or with 3 imperfect cells. Drupe more
or less enclosed by the accrescent calyx. Embryo small, near the apex of the
fleshy albumen. Species 25-30, tropics of the Old World.

1. ©. scandens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 102; Brandis F. Fl. 75. Vern.
Rimilbivi, Kol; Ehir, Sonth.; Boderia, Uriya; Harduli, Mar.

A powertul climber, structure of wood normal, vessels large. A few stout
thorns on the older branches. Branchlets, petioles and midrib pubescent. L.
distichous, ovate-oblong, 2-3 in. long. Fl. white, in short axillary racemes,
pedicels erect, less than half the length of fl., petals more or less cohering ;
anthers 3. Dr upe yellow, three- fourths anbloaed 4 in the enlarged calyx.

Subhimalayan tract of Kumaon. Oudh forests. Behar, Western Peninsula. Burma.

148 XXXI. OLACACEA _ [Olax

Fl. ©. S. Ceylon, China. 2. 0. Wightiana, Wall. Erect or climbing, evergreen
forests on the west side of the Peninsula, from North Kanara southwards. IL. glabrous,
shining, 84 in., base often
rounded. Fl. cream-coloured
in axillary often compound
corymbs, pedicels spreading,
longer than half the flower,
drupe nearly covered by the
calyx. Closely allied is 3. 0.
imbricata, Roxb. Chittagong,
Tenasserim, Andamans, Indian
Archipelago; an unarmed
climber, branchlets terete. L.
3-6 in. racemes distichous,
the rather large bracts imbri-
cating in bud. O. merguensis,
Planchon, Tenasserim, Malaya,
is not specifically different.
4. 0, acuminata, Wall., Assam,
Bhutan, Khasi hills, Silhet,
Dacca, branchlets angled. L.
Janceolate or ovate-lanceolate.
racemes few fid., shorter than
or as long as petioles, drupe
red, fleshy. 5. 0, nana, Wall.,
is a smal] undershrub in grass
lands of the Subhimalayan
tract and Bengal, with a large
i = woody rootstock, which sends
Fie. 68.—Olax scandens, Roxb. 4. up shoots annually after the
jungle fires, with subsessile
lanceolate leaves and solitary axillary flowers on slender peduncles.

Ximenia americana, Linn. (Pinlé Kayin, Pinlé Zi, Burma). 2A -glabrous straggling
shrub armed with short straight spines, on the coast of Tenasserim and the Andamans.
Inland on dry stony ground in the Deccan; littoral in the tropics of both hemispheres.
L. blunt, entire, 14-2 in. long, turning black indrying. Fl. whitish, generally bisexual,
4 in. long, calyx cup-shaped, 4-5-toothed, petals revolute, on the upper surface
densely bearded, stamens 8-10. Drupe ovoid, 1 in. long, orange red when ripe, pulp
edible, stone hard, 1-seeded.

Erythropalum scandens, Blume, Sikkim, Khasi hills, Manipur, Chittagong, Burma,
Cochinchina, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, is a powerful woody climber, with
axillary tendrils. L. membranous, ovate, with three basal nerves, blade 4-6, petiole
3-2 in. Fl. minute, pentamerous, bisexual, in slender, long peduncled, dichotomous
cymes, calyx tube adnate to ovary and much enlarged in fruit. Petals short, broad,
slightly coherent at base, inserted outside the large cupular, fleshy, 5-lobed disk, stamens
5, opposite to petals. Fr. oblong, #-1 in., yellowish, crowned by the scars of the calyx
lobes, embryo minute, near the apex of the large fleshy albumen. Two other species
closely allied and probably not distinct: 2. E. populifolium, Masters; Western Ghats
from North Kanara southwards. L. subcoriaceous, triangular-cordate. 3. E. vagum,
Masters; Sikkim, Assam, Khasi hills, Cachar. L. ‘subcoriaceous, ovate-oblong, blade
4-9 in., basal nerves 3-5.

2. STROMBOSIA, B1.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 579.

Evergreen trees. Fl. bisexual, pentamerous, in short axillary cymose
fascicles. Calyx cup-shaped, free or adnate to base of ovary, petals free,
hairy within, stamens 5, opposite to petals. Drupe crowned by the remains of
calyx, embryo minute, in a fleshy albumen. Species 6, Indo-Malayan region.

1. S. ceylanica, Gardner; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 137.

Trunk erect, branches drooping, wood soft, shining, pale yellowish-brown.
L. coriaceous, glabrous, shining, elliptic-oblong, blade 4-6, petiole } in. Fl.
pale greenish-white. Fr. }-1 in.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards. Fl. Cc. 8,

Strombosia] XXXII. OLACACEH 149

Ceylon. 2. §. javanica, Blume. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. A middle-sized tree.
L, oblong-lanceolate, blade 4-7, petiole 3-1 in.

Schoepfia fragrans, Wall., Nepal, Assam, Khasi hills, is a middle-sized tree, bark
corky, whitish. L. lanceolate, blade 2-4, petiole } in. FI. golden-yellow, very fragrant,
% in. long, in axillary racemes, pedicels slender, nearly as long as flower. Inyolucre
immediately below the calyx, of 3 bracts, connate into a cup. Calyx truncate,
adherent to ovary. Corolla twice the length of calyx, funnel-shaped, lobes 5, lanceo-
late, stamens 5, adnate to the corolla, and opposite to its lobes, a tuft of hair above
their insertion. Drupe supported by the persistent involucre, stone thin, striated,
embryo minute in the apex of the fleshy albumen. Closely allied and perhaps not
specifically distinct is: 2. S. acuminata, Wall. Khasi hills. L:. broader. Fl. 4 in,
peel much shorter than flower. 3. S, Griffithiana, Valeton, Bhutan, is imperfectly

nown.

3. ANACOLOSA, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 580.

Evergreen trees or shrubs. Fl. 5-7-merous, in axillary cymose fascicles.
Calyx generally glabrous, cup-shaped, indistinctly toothed, not accrescent.
Petals free, thick and concave at base, stamens opposite to petals and con-
cealed in the cavity, filaments short, flat. Drupe surrounded by the accrescent
disk, stone crustaceous, embryo minute at the apex of the fleshy albumen.
Species 5 or 6, Indo-Malayan region.

1. A. densiflora, Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 138. Vern. Katta vekkali, Kalmani-
kam, Mal.

A lofty tree, wood brittle. L. oblong-lanceolate, base rounded, 4-5 in.,
petioles short.. Fl. in dense axillary clusters, pale-yellowish, very fragrant.
Petals densely hairy on the upper surface.

Evergreen forests of the Anamalai hills and Travancore, ascending to 2,000 ft. Fl,
Sept.—Dec. “The boughs a perfect mass of very fragrant flower,” Bedd. 2. A. ilicoides.
Mast.; Khasi hills. A small spreading tree. L. oblong-lanceolate, base acute. Fl.
few, in lax cymes. 38. A. Griffithii, Mast. Tenasserim and Andamans. L. ovate-
lanceolate, blade 2-4, petiole 4-4 in., cymes few fld., petals hairy at the apex of the
concave portion, otherwise glabrous, anthers hairy. 4. A. puberula, Kurz. Anda-
mans and Nicobars. LL. ovate-lanceolate, blade 3-6, petiole }-4 in. long. Pedicels and
outside of calyx rusty-pubescent, petals glabrous, excepting a tuft of long hairs at the
apex of the cavity, anthers hairy.

4. CANSJERA, Juss.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 582.

Climbing shrubs. — FI.
small, bisexual, 4—5-merous,
in short axillary spikes,
bracts small. Calyx 0, co-
rolla campanulate, hairy.
Stamens 4-5, adnate to
corolla and opposite to lobes,
hypogynous scales alternat-
ing with stamens, filaments
filiform. Ovary fleshy,
1-celled, ovule 1, pendulous.
Drupe supported by the
marcescent corolla, embryo
straight in the axis of the
fleshy albumen, cotyledons
sometimes 3, long, plane-
convex. Species 3-4, tropi-
cal Asia, China, Australia.

1. C, Rheedii, Gmelin ; Ss
Wight Ic. t. 1861; Bedd. Fia. 69.—Cansjera Rheedii.Gmelin, 4.

150 XXXII. OLACACHA, - [Cansjera

Fl. Syly. Manual t. 26; Brandis F. Fl. 75. Syn. C. scandens, Roxb. Cor.
Pl. t. 103.

A large evergreen climber, armed with scattered stout spines, branchlets,
petioles and inflorescence pubescent. IL. oyate-lanceolate, glabrous or slightly
pubescent, 1-4 in. long. Fl. yellow, perianth hairy outside. Fr. orange-red,
4 in. long.

Oudh forests. Behar. Western eouuisule generally in evergreen moist forest.
Tenasserim, Andamans. Fl. Sept—Mar. . H.S. . Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago. Nearly allied and SS ae abe specifically distinct: 2. ¢. parvifolia,
Kurz. Tenasserim. L. small, pubescent. 3. C. zizyphifolia, Griff., and 4. C. Helferiana,
Valeton. Tenasserim.

Lepionurus sylvestris, Blume; King in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. 64 (1896) 105
(L. oblongifolius, Mast.). Sikkim, Assam, Khasi and Naga hills, Tenasserim, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago. A glabrous shrub or small tree, branches pale when dry.
L.47 in. Fl. tetramerous, bisexual, in axillary spikes 4-1} in. long, at first enveloped
by the large ovate acute membranous deciduous bracts. Calyx 0, perianth urceolate,
lined by the disk. Stamens exserted, filaments broad. Fr. 4-3 in. long.

- Opilia amentacea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 158; Wight Ill. t. 40; Bedd. Fl. Sylvy. Manual
t. 9. Western Peninsula, Burma, Upper and Lower, Ceylon dry country, Malay Penin-
sula and Archipelago, New Guinea, Australia, tropical Africa. A weak, scrambling
shrub, branchlets finely pubescent. L. glabrous 2-3 in. Fl. minute, yellow, bisexual.
Clusters of 2-4 flowers, in short erect axillary spikes, covered before expansion by
round acute ciliate bracts, overlapping the buds. Calyx 0, petals 5 free. Stamens 5,
opposite to petals, alternating with short fleshy staminodes, style short, truncate.

Orpen XXXII, ICACINACEA. Engler in Eneler u.
Prantl mi. 5. 233.
(Olacinee, tribes uu. Icacinee, iv. Phytocreneae. Gen. Pl. i. 344.)
Shrubs, trees or large climbers. L. generally alternate, stipules 0. FI.
small, mostly polygamous or dicecious, calyx small or wanting, petals or
segments of perianth free or connate, stamens alternating with petals or

perianth segments. Ovary mostly 1- celled, ovules pendulous from the apex
of the cavity. Drupe 1-seeded.

A. L. alternate: fl. bisexual, rarely polygamous ; shrubs or trees.

Corolla campanulate, midrib of lobes prominent . . 1. GompHanpra.
Petals free, hairy above, style terminal . : : . 2. Mappra.
Petals free, glabrous, style lateral. é . 2 . 3. ApopyTrs.

B. L. alternate; £1. polygamous ; shrubs or trees.
Calyx 5-lobed, petals 5, fleshy, more or less cohering,
apex inflexed . : 0 . Puresocatymna (p. 152).
Sepals 5, corolla tubular, teeth 5 5, spreading é : é Gonocaryum (p. 152).

C. L. alternate, fl. dicecious, climbers.
Calyx 0, perianth 4-5-lobed.
L. broad, ¢ » in long pee 2 in solitary globose

heads. ° . 4. PHyrocrEene.
L. glabrous, lanceolate or ovate, fl. in ong peduneu-
late heads. - 5. Miquerta.

L. harsh, lanceolate, Ww ith ehallow: aiisterat froettTh. 8 in
lax filiform axillary spikes, @ in small heads on

filiform peduncles : : : ; PyrENACANTHA (p.158).
Calyx 4-5-lobed, petals free, albumen @ 6, SaRcostTiema.
Sepals 5, petals 5, cotyledons orbicular, in a fleshy albu- :
men 2 P : : F : : 5 5 6 Nartsratum (p. 154).
D. L. opposite; fl. dicecious: calyx cup- eet 5-toothed,
corolla 3-5-lobed, hairy outside . 7. IopEs.

Gomphandra) XXXII. ICACINACE# 151

1. GOMPHANDRA, Wall.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 585 (Stemonurus,
Blume; Engl. u. Prantl iii. 5. 247).

Trees or shrubs, FI. bisexual or polygamous, 4-5- sometimes 6-merous.
Calyx cup-shaped, teeth short. Corolla campanulate, lobes acuminate, inflexed,
midrib prominent on the inside. Stamens 5, hypogynous, alternating with
corolla lobes, filaments flat, as long as or longer than corolla, often papillose or
hairy, anther cells distinct, pendulous from the filiform apex of the filament.
Drupe surmounted by the remains of the disk, endocarp crustaceous. Embryo
minute, albumen fleshy bipartite. Species 8-10, tropical Asia.

1. G. polymorpha, Wight Ic. t. 953.—Syn. G. coriacea, Wight; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. Manual t. 9.

A shrub, glabrous except inflorescence, which is more or less papillose or
puberulous. L. thinly coriaceous, most variable in shape, cymes terminal or
leaf-opposed, pedunculate, much longer than petiole. Fl. sometimes 6-merous,
polygamous.

Western Ghats from North Kanara southwards, often forming the underwood in
evergreen forests. Fl. March-Sept. Ceylon. 2. Closely allied is G. axillaris, Wall.
Khasi hills (not in the Western Peninsula). L. membranous, cymes axillary, as long as
or shorter than petiole. 3. G. comosa, King, South Andaman. FI. 4-merous, connective
and upper part of filaments densely covered with long white glandular-pointed hairs.
4. G. penangiana, Wall. (Stemonurus penangianus, Miers: Kurz F. Fl. i. 238.) Tenas-
serim, Malay Peninsula. Fl. 4-merous, filaments with a few white hairs at the back.
5. G. andamanica, King (Apodytes andamanica, Kurz). Andainan and Nicobar Islands.
An evergreen tree, branchlets tawny-puberulous. L. 5-8 in., filaments quite glabrous.
Fr. 1 in. long.

2. MAPPIA, Jacq.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 388.
Species 4, tropical Asia and America.

1. M. foetida, Miers, in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ii. vol. 9 (1852) p. 395, and
Contributions to Botany, vol. i. p. 64 (simultaneous publications). Bedd. Fl.
Syly. t. 141. Vern., Kala gaura, Kalgur, Ganera, Mav.; Arali, Tam.

A small tree or large
shrub, with — strong
smell, particularly the
flowers. Medull. rays
broad, prominent on a
radial section. Young
shoots and underside of
leaves thinly pubescent.
L. ovate, acuminate,
base often unequal-
sided, blade 2-8 in.,
petiole 1-2 in. Fl. yel-
low in terminal corym-
bose panicles, generally
bisexual. Calyx hairy,
5-lobed. Petals free,
hairy above. Stamens
5, hypogynous, alter-
nating with petals, in-
serted outside the cup-
shaped disk. Ovary
hairy, style terminal.
Drupe oblong, obtuse,
red, } in. long.

Western Ghats from

152 ‘ XXXIT. ICACINACEA | Mappia

the Konkan*southwards, generally in evergreen forests. Nilgiris, Anamalais, Palnis.
Fl. March-Aug. No difference between thisand M. ovata, Miers, and oblonga, Miers.
M. tomentosa, Miers (Stemonurus (?) fatidus, Wight Ic. t. 955) Nilgiris, inflorescence
and under side of leaves tomentose, is a remarkable form of this most variable species.

3. APODYTES, E. Meyer; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 587.
(Species 7, tropical Asia and Africa.)

1. A. Benthamiana, Wight Ic. t. 1153; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 140.

A middle-sized tree. 4. coriaceous, turning black in drying, obtuse elliptic-
ovate. Fl. bisexual, pentamerous, white, } in. long, in short rigid terminal
panicles, calyx minute, cup-shaped, petals free, valvate. Stamens 5, alternating
with petals, anthers oblong, sagittate, longer than filaments. Ovary hairy,
obliquely gibbous, style lateral. Drupe reniform, scar of style lateral, embryo
small, in the apex of fleshy albumen.

Nilgiris, Anamalais, Travancore and Tinnevelli hills, 5-7,000 ft. Fl. Feb. Ceylon.
2. A. Beddomei, Masters. North Kanara 2,000 ft., South Kanara, Nilgiris. Tinnevelli
hills at 3,000 ft. A handsome tree. L. ovate acuminate, membranous, panicles ample.
Fl.4in.. Ovary glabrous.

Phlebocalymna Griffithiana, Mast. (Gonocaryum Griffithianum, Kurz F. Fl. i. 241) is a
middle-sized glabrous evergreen tree, frequent in swamp forests of Tenasserim and
Southern Pegu. L. coriaceous, shining above, 3-6 in. long. Fl. minute, polygamous,
pentamerous, the male in small globose heads, the bisexual flowers in short axillary
spikes, sepals: broad-ovate, acute, thick, petals more or less cohering. Stamens alter-
nating with petals. Fr. 2 in. long, pericarp woody, oblong. P. Lobbiana, Mast., is
probably the same.

Gonocaryum gracile, Miquel; Kurz F. Fl. i. 240, Tenasserim, Sumatra. An evergreen
shrub or tree, has a 2-celled ovary, the fruit is dry, spongy, 4-gonous, 1-seeded, the
second cell small and empty.

4. PHYTOCRENE, Wall.; Fl. B. Ind. i. 591.
(Species 7, Indo-Malayan region.)

1. P. gigantea, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 216.

A gigantic woody climber, the trunk often 12 in. thick, irregularly tubercled,
branchlets often prickly. Branchlets, petioles, nerves and underside of leaves
tawny- or rusty-hirsute. lL. from a deeply cordate base broadly ovate, some-
times 3-lobed, blade 6-10, petiole 2-3 in. long, basal nerves 3. FI. dicecious,
o: Innumerable in small globose clusters on long compact racemiform panicles,
from the old wood, often near the ground. @ : In large solitary globose peduncu-
late heads. Perianth of 4 segments, free or united below, in the ¢ supported
by an invyoluere of 3-5 bracts. Stamens 4, alternating with segments of perianth.
Ovary villous, stigma sessile, often lobed. Drupes numerous, packed in large
heads.

Pegu Yoma, along streams, more frequent in Tenasserim. Fl. Feb—March. The
structure of Phytocrene is most remarkable. Outside a continuous but narrow
cylinder of wood, which surrounds the pith, are seen on a transverse section 5-17
radial masses of wood with very wide vessels, alternating with narrower radial masses
of bast. Outside this original cylinder of wood and bast, older stems show numerous
detached masses of wood and bast, arranged more or less in concentric zones. Large
quantities of water flow from fresh cut stems.

2. P, bracteata, Wall. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, supposed to grow in South
Tenasserim. d panicles cylindric, 4-8 in. long, with subulate, curved hispid bracts, 4 in.
long. Drupes densely covered with yellowish bristles, crowded in dense pendulous
clusters, as large as a man’s head.

5. MIQUELIA, Meissner: Fl. Brit Ind. i. 593.
(Species 5, Indo-Malayan region.)

1. M. Kleinii, Meissn.—Syn Jenkinsia assamica, Griff., Calc. Journ. Nat.
Hist. vol. iv. p. 321 t. 12.

Miquelia) XXXII. ICACINACEA 153

A climbing shrub. L. lanceolate, entire, blade 4-6, petiole 1 in. long. FI.
dicecious, capitate, male heads on long slender peduncles. Perianth 4—5-lobed
supported by an involucre of 4-5 bracts, which in the male is separated by a
long pedicel from the perianth. Stamens alternating with the segments of
perianth, filaments short. Stigma nearly sessile, 4- lobed. Drupe } 3 in. long,
yellowish, obliquely ovoid, endocarp crustaceous, rugose outside.

Upper Assam, Khasi hills. Fl. H. 8S. 2. M. dentata, Bedd., Anamalais. L. ovate,
remotely and coarsely toothed, base truncate or cordate.

Pyrenacantha volubilis, Hook. Tinnevelli, foot of Ghats. Ceylon, dry country. A
slender climber with milky j Juice, young shoots pubescent. L. lanceolate, base narrow
truncate, with shallow distant teeth, harsh beneath from short stiff hairs. Sec. n.
joined by intramarginal veins, conspicuous beneath. Fl. minute, dicecious. Calyx 0,
perianth deeply 4-5-fid, ¢ in lax filiform axillary spikes 2 in. long, 2 in small heads
on filiform axillary peduncles. Drupe red, stone thin

Fic. 71.—Sarcostigma Kleinii, W.et A. 4.

SARCOSTIGMA, W. et A.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 594.
(Species 3 or 4, tropical Asia.)

1. S. Kleinii, W. et A.; Wight Ic. t. 1854.
A climbing shrub. L. elliptic- sahlenle, coriaceous, glabrous, venation promi-

>)
nently reticulate, blade 4-10, petiole 1-} in. long. Fl. minute, dimwcious, in

154 XXXIT. ICACINACEA [Sarcostigma

sessile clusters along a long slender rachis. Calyx small 4-5-lobed, petals
5, nearly free. Stamens 5, alternating with petals, filaments flat, glabrous.
Ovary hairy, stigma sessile, conical. Fr. 1-1¥ i in., bright orange- -red, ‘albumen
0, cotyledons fleshy, wrapping round the short superior radicle.

Western Ghats, in evergreen forests, from the Konkan southwards. Fl. Noy. Closely
allied is: 2. §. Wallichii, Baillon. (S. edule, Kurz.) L. downy beneath, spikes rusty
tomentose. Drupe clothed with orange-coloured down, pulp edible.

Natsiatum herpeticum, Ham. Sikkim Terai and outer valleys. Assam, Khasi hills,
Chittagong, Pegu Yoma. A large climber, with thin wiry branches; branchlets,
petioles, leaves and inflorescence rough with short stiff hairs. lL. cordate, basal nerves
5-7, blade 4-6 in., petiole 2-5 in. long. FI. dicecious, pentamerous, in long slender
bracteate spiciform hirsute racemes. Sepals and petals hairy, linear-lanceolate, fertile
stamens alternating with staminodes, which are opposite to petals, filaments very
short, anthers sagittate. Drupe } in., black, cotyledons fleshy, orbicular, in a fleshy
albumen.

7. IODES, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. 1. 505.

Shrubs climbing by means of woody axillary or extra-axillary tendrils
L. opposite. Fl. dicecious, small, in short cymes on thick pedicels or in ample
cymose axillary or extra-axillary panicles. Calyx small, cup-shaped, 5-toothed,
corolla 8—5 lobed, outside densely clothed with long hairs. Stamens alternating
-with segments of corolla. Stigma sessile, 5- lobed. Dr upe supported by the
persistent calyx, cotyledons flat leafy, radicle superior, in fleshy albumen.
Species about 8. Tropical Africa and Indo-Malayan region.

1. I. Hookeriana, Baillon; Kurz F. Fl. i. 244.

Branchlets and underside of leaves caw nye “Sinigos, L. elliptic-oblong, base
acute or slightly cordate, 4-8 in., petioles }-} in. lone, venation conspicuously
reticulate beneath. Cymes short ‘few fid. “‘Drupe 1-1} in., yellowish-red.

Assam, Khasi hills, Chittagong. F1.C.S. Closely allied and perhaps not specifically
distinct is 2: I. Thomsoniana, Baillon, Chittagong, an immense climber, 1. obovate
acuminate, narrowed into a cordate base. 3. I. ovalis, Blume (J. tomentella, Kurz F,
Fl. i. 243). Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. L. ovate acuminate, panicles ample, drooping.
much longer than leaves. J. Brandisii, Kurz, Thoungyeen, is probably not distinct.

Orper XXXITI. ILICINEA. Gen. Pl. i. 355.
(Aquifoliacew, Engler u. Prantl 11. 5. 183.)
ILEX, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 598.

Shrubs or trees, wood white, close-grained. L. alternate, simple, usually
coriaceous and (in Indian species, with few exceptions) evergreen, stipules
minute. At the base of the current year’s internode are frequently imperfect
bract-like leaves which had enveloped theleafbuds. Fl. usually dicecious, some-
times bisexual, in axillary cymes. Calyx 4-5 lobed, corolla rotate, petals free
or connate at the base, deciduous, imbricate. Stamens 4-5, alternating with
petals, adhering to the base of corolla, the imperfect stamens in the ? some-
times hypogynous. Ovary 2-12-celled. Stigmas 2-12 sessile or nearly sessile,
free or confluent. Drupe clobose, supported by the persistent calyx, stones
2-16, 1-seeded, embryo minute in a fleshy albumen. Species over 200, cosmo-
politan, the majority tropical.

A. Fl. 4-merous, in dense short axillary, frequently branched cymes.
(a.) L. generally spinescent.

1. I. dipyrena, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 292; Brandis, F. Fl. 76 t. 15.

Llex) XXXII. ITLICINEA 155

Collett, Simla Fl. Fig. 27. Himalayan Holly. Vern. Kanderu, Kalucho,
North-West Himalaya.

A middle-sized tree, nearly glabrous. L. shining, elliptic-lanceolate, gener-
ally with large strong spinescent teeth, some quite entire. Fl. bisexual, white,
4-merous, } in. diam., in axillary subglobose clusters, pedicels very short, stout,
bracts small. Ovary 2- rarely 3-4-celled. Drupe } in. diam., stones usually 2.

Himalaya, from the Indus eastward 5,000-9,500 ft. Fl. April-June. 2. I. Pernyi,
Franch. (China) var. manipurensis, Loes., Manipur (Watt), Loesener, Monographia
Aquifoliacearum, i. 279. 3. L insignis, Hook. f. (Lisu, Nep.). Sikkim 6-8,000 ft. A small
tree, branchlets stout. L. spinous-toothed or obscurely serrate, second. n., intramarginal
veins and tertiary nerves prominent beneath, blade 6-9, petiole 3-1 in. Drupes bright
red, subsessile, stone 1-3-seeded.

(b.) L. serrate or entire, not spinescent.

4. I. odorata, Ham.; Brandis, F. Fl. 77.

A small tree. L. elliptic-oblong, minutely serrate, blade 5—9, petiole 4-3 in.
Fl. white, } in. diam., unisexual, ¢ in short panicled cymes, 2 in globose
sessile clusters. Drupes black, } in. diam. on slender pedicels as long as
drupes.

Outer ranges of North-West Himalaya, Simla to Nepal, ascending to 6,000 ft. Fl.
April. 5. L sikkimensis, King, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 55 (1887), p. 265, t. 13. Sikkim,
6-10,000 ft.. Manipur at 8,000 ft., attains 50 ft., leaf buds covered by numerous large
imbricated broadly-ovate, blunt puberulous bracts (the lowest bract Jeaf-like). L.
minutely serrate, blade 5-7, petiole #-1 in. long. FI. diccious, in short rounded
corymbs at the ends of short woody branchlets. Drupes yellow, 4 in. diam. on pedicels
longer than drupe. 6. 1 Hookeri, King 1.c. 266. t. 14, Tongloo, Chumbi valley,
Sikkim, 9-10,000 ft. A small deciduous tree. lL. lanceolate, serrate, blade 3-5, petiole
4-1 in. Fl. polygamous, in dense sessile clusters, covered when in bud by imbricate
ovate orbicular bracts. Fr. 4 in. diam. on short pedicels, in small clusters of 20r 3. Two
species found by Watt in Manipur with coriaceous almost entire leaves and 1-seeded
fruit are: 7. L Clarkei, Loesener Monographia Aqnifoliacearum i. 274, and 8. I mono-
pyrena, Watt: Loes. ib. 275.

B. Fl. g in panicled cymes, sometimes solitary or fasciculate, 9 solitary
or fascicled.

(a.) L. quite entire, or nearly so.

9. I. malabarica, Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 143.

A small tree, quite glabrous. L. lanceolate, blade 3-4, petiole 4—} in.
Fl. ,\, in. diam., g in shortly panicled umbels, pedicels slender, ? solitary or
fascicled. Calyx-lobes usually 6, broad, ciliate, petals 4-6, ciliolate, style
stout, cylindric. Drupe } in., crowned by persistent style, pedicel longer than
drupe.

Western Ghats, from the Konkan southwards, in evergreen forests and on the banks
of streams, Nilgiris, Anamalais. Fl, Feb—March. 10. I Walkeri, Wight & Gard.,
Palni hills, Ceylon. :A small much branched tree. L. {-14 in. Loesener calls the Palni
plant J. Thwaitesii.

(b.) L. toothed or serrate.

11. I. denticulata, Wall.; Wight Ill. t. 149; Bedd. Sylv. t. 142.

A very large tree. L. rigidly coriaceous, serrate, narrowed into a broad
marginate petiole, blade 2-3, petiole J—} in. Fl. 4-merous, g in short, sub-
sessile cymes, 2 fascicled. Drupe } in. diam., stones 4, trigonous, woody,
pedicels stout, as long as drupe.

Nilgiris and Anamalais, 6-8,000 ft. Fl. Jan.—Feb. Ceylon, upper mountain zone.
Closely allied is 12. L thesfolia, Wall. (J. gaultheriafolia, Kurz), Khasi, Mishmi hills.
Tenasserim (Kurz). L. caudate-acuminate. Fl, 5-merous. Drupe } in. diam.

13. I. Griffithii, Hook. f. (referred by Loesener to J. triflora, Blume, from Java), Assam,
Khasi hills, Malay Peninsula. A shrub or small tree, branchlets more or less pub-
escent. LL. obtusely serrulate, blade 2-3, petiole } in. Drupe } in. diam., generally
solitary, pedicel longer than drupe. 14. I. embelioides, Hook. f., Khasi hills. A small

156 XXXII. ILICINEA [Ilex

tree, glabrous. L. elliptic-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, with small scattered spinulose
teeth along the margin, blade 14-2, petiole } in. Fl. 4-merous in axillary clusters.
Drupe } in, stones 4, pedicel aslongas drupe. 15. I. Thomsoni, Hook. f. (I. crenata, Thunb.
var. Thomsonii, Loesener, Monographia Aquifoliacearum, i. 202), Bhutan, Khasi hills. A
small bright green shrub, branchlets puberulous. L. 4-1 in., oblanceolate or obovate. FI.
4-merous, g in few fld. cymes or solitary. Drupe }in.diam.,stones4. 16. L intricata,
Hook. f., Sikkim and East Nepal, 10-11,000 ft. A rigid shrub, forming matted masses
with interlaced woody branches. L. 3-4 in., obovate. Sec. n. 4-5 pair, conspicuous
beneath. Fl. solitary, 2 sessile. Drupes red, } in.diam.,stones4. 17. I. fragilis, Hook.
f., Sikkim and Bhutan, 7-10,000 ft. A small deciduous, wholly glabrous tree, with
brittle branches. L. membranous, elliptic or ovate, acuminate. Fl. 5-merous, $ in.diam.,
both g and 2 fasciculate. Drupes red, 4 in. diam., pedicels short, stout.

C. Fl. umbellate, umbels often paniculate. L. entire.

18. I. Wightiana, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1216; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 142.

A very large tree, often attaining a great girth. _L. elliptic, blade 14-3 in.,
petiole j~2 in. Fl. 5-6-merous, ¢ and ? in peduncled puberulous umbels.
Drupe red, } in. diam.

Nilgiris 6-8,000 ft. Fl. March, April. 19. L Gardneriana, Wight Ic. t. 1217, Nilgiris
(west side). A shrub or small tree. L. ovate-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, blade 3-4,
petiole 3-2 in. FI. 5-merous.

20. I. Godajam, Colebr.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 604.

A large deciduous tree, young shoots and inflorescence pubescent. 1. mem-
branous, elliptic, pale
beneath, blade 2-4,
petiole 4-} in. Fl.
fragrant, often appear-
ing before the leaves,
4—5-merous, polygam-
ous, ¢ in long pedun-
culate umbels, these
often in lateral pani-
cles, pedicels as long
as flower. Fr. ovoid,
4-4 in., sulcate, stones
4-6.

Sikkim Terai, West
Duars, Assam, Silhet.
Fl. Feb—April. Closely
allied 21. I, suleata, Wall.
(I. wmbellulata, Loesen-
er), Silhet, Chittagong,
Pegu, Tenasserim.
tree or shrub, 1. larger,
umbels not in panicles,
but on the low naked
part of leaf-bearing
branchlets. Drupes
: ovoid, + in. long, deeply
Fie. 72.—Ilex Godajam, Colebr. 4. 8-furrowed, stones nu-

merous, generally 8.
This probably is the tree described as I. Godajam, by Kurz, F. Fl. i. 245. 22.1. venu-
losa, Hook. f., Khasi and Naga hills. L. coriaceous shining, elliptic-oblong caudate-
acuminate, blade 5-7, petiole 1 in. long. Sec. n. 12-18 pair conspicuous, as well as
the intramarginal veins and the shorter intermediate nerves. Fl. polygamous, 4-6-
merous, arranged in dense round axillary panicles. Drupes red, $ in. diam.

23. I. excelsa, Wall. (1. exsulca, Brandis F. Fl. 76.) Vern. Kanial,
Gadugad. Be ;

A large evergreen, glabrous tree. L. chartaceous, elliptic, acuminate, blade
2-4, petiole $-1 in. FI. 4-5-merous, 8-12, in shortly pedunculate umbels,

" Tex] XXXIU. ILICINED . 157

axillary or below the leaves, peduncles pubescent, stout, compressed, 4-}
Drupe globose, }in. diam., stones 5.

Tehri-Garhw au Kumaon, Nepal, Khasi hills. Fl. May. A variety with the leaves
pubescent beneath, is called I. hypotricha, Loesener. Two Malayan species reported
from Mergui: 24. I macrophylla, Wall. L. elliptic-oblong , blade 4-6, petiole} in. Fl.in
dense pedunculate umbels, peduncles often dichotomous. 25. IL cymosa, Blume. L. 3-5
petiole $-4 in. Fl. in lax umbels, arranged in ample dichotomous panicles.

Orper XXXIV. CELASTRACEZ. Gen. PI. i. 357.
(Celastrince.)

Loesener (Engler u. Prantl iii. 5. p. 189, 222) adopts two orders,
Celastracee, stamens 4-5, rarely 10, albumen as a rule fleshy, and Hippocra-
teacew (Hippoc ratea, Salacia), stamens as a rule 3, albumen wanting.

Trees or shrubs. L. in the majority of species opposite, stipules minute,
early deciduous, or none. Inflorescence generally cymose. Calyx small, 4-5.
cleft, imbricate. Petals 4~5, spreading, not clawed, imbricate. Stamens 3, 4
or 5, rarely 10, inserted on the disk and, if isomerous, alternating with petals.
Disk large, sur "rounding the base of the 35. celled ovary or partially enclosing
it. Embryo straight, radicle inferior, in a few cases lateral.

In Celastracew, as far as known, the wood, even of climbing species, has a normal
structure, the medullary rays are generally broad, and the vessels large. In Hippo-
cratea and Salacia matters are different, and the wood of all Indian species of these two
genera, climbing as well as erect, merits careful study. The repeated concentric bands
of bast (phlo#m) are frequently interrupted and are often joined by radial bands, so
that on a transverse section numerous masses of xylem appear separated by tangential
and radial bands of bast, similar to the structure mentioned under Securidaca. Several
American species of these two genera have been well described and figured in Schenck,
Anatomie der Lianen, 1893, p. 131, tab. vii.

A. Fr. follicular or a dehiscent capsule.

L, opposite, seeds not winged.
Petals free, disk fleshy, capsule 3—-5-celled.

Cymes axillary, ovules 2 in each cell. : . 1. Evonyavus.
Cymes mostly supra-axillary, ovules solitary . 2. GryproperaLumM.
Petals connate at base, capsule 1-celled, 1-seeded 3. Microrrorts.

L. generally opposite, seeds winged.
Seeds winged at the lower end, carpels distinct in fruit 4. Hirrocrarea.
Seeds w inged at the upper end, capsule 3-valved . Koxoona (p. 161).
Seeds winged nearly all round, capsule 3-valved =. 5. Lornoreranum.
L. alternate.
L. serrate, Fl. in panicled cymes, stamens on edge of
disk . : : “ . 6. CeLasrrus.
L. serrate. Fl. in dichotomous ¢ ymes, stamens under
the disk
L. entire

B. Fr. indehiscent.
Stamens 5, inserted under the edge of disk.

. GYMNOSPORTA,
. Kurriia.

o~1

A tree. Fl. in pendunculate dichotomous cymes . 9. Ex.xopenpron.
A shrub, Fl. in small subsessile cymes . : : PrevrostyLia (p. 165).
A tree. Ovary half adnate to calyx tube. : : Sienonopon (p. 165).
Stamens 3, inserted on the disk or apparently on the
ovary. é ¢ . . . : : “ . 10. Savacta.

EUONYMUS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 607.

Trees or shrubs, the Indian species mostly evergreen, wood white, even-
grained, vessels very small, medull. rays extremely fine. L. generally coriaceous,
opposite, stipules deciduous. Fl. bisexual, in axillary cymes. Calyx flat,
4-6-cleft. Stamens alternating with pet tals, both inserted on a ce fleshy

158 XXXIV. CHLASTRACEA [Euonynus

4-6-lobed disk. Ovary 3-5-celled, immersed in disk. Ovules 2 superposed
in each cell, style short. Capsule 3-5-lobed, angled or winged, dehiscence
loculicidal, cells 1-2-seeded, seeds with a fleshy arillus, embryo straight im oily
albumen. Species 60-80, most in the Indo-Malayan region, some in Hurope,
North and Central America and Australia.

A. Species of the Western Peninsula.

1. E. indicus, Heyne.—Syn. E. Goughii, Wight Ic. t. 215.

A middle-sized tree. LL. elliptic, generally entire, blade 3-4, petiole } im.
Peduncles axillary 1-3-fld., solitary. Fl. 5-merous, petals reddish, ciliate, or-

_bicular. Fr. 5-lobed, longer than broad, angles acute.

Western Ghats in evergreen forests. Nilgiris. Fl. Dec—May. 2. E. crenulatus, Wall. ;
Wight Ic. t. 973; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 144. Palnis and Nilgiris. A small tree, peduncles
solitary, 1-7-fld. Fr. as long as broad, 4 in. long, angles obtuse. 3. E. dichotomus,
Heyne, southern part of Western Ghats. A small tree, 1. lanceolate, entire. Fr.
5-lobed at top. 4. E. paniculatus, Wight. Syn. E. crenulatus, Wight Ic. t. 214. Shiva-
gherry hills. L. crenate, peduncles fascicled, bearing compound dichotomous cymes.
5. E. serratifolius, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Or. t. 171. Nilgiris, Carcoor Ghat, 3,000 ft. A shrub,
1. prominently serrate. Fr. nearly globose, with 5 rounded lobes. 6. E. angulatus,
Wight Ic. t. 1053. Nilgiris, Coorg. A small tree, branchlets sharply quadrangular,
l. shining above, sec. n. indistinct. Fl. + in. across, 5-6-merous, dull red. Fr. turbi-
nate, obtusely angled.

B. Himalayan and Eastern species.
(a) Fr. echinate,

7 E.echinatus, Wall.; Royle Ill. t. 31. Vern. Laduli, Garhw.

A large shrub, often epiphytic, branchlets with 4 raised lines. I. crenate
or serrate, blade 13-24, petiole }-} in. Sec. n. spreading, 7-8 pair, Fl.
4-merous, + in. across. Fr. nearly globose, 1-3 in. diam.

Himalaya, Kashmir to Sikkim, 7,000-12,000 ft. Fl. March, April. 8. E. cinereus,
Lawson, Mishmi, Assam. Scandent. L. obovate, blade 3, petiole}-4in. Sec. n. 3-5 pairs.
Fr. depressed-globose, echinate, 4 in. diam.

(b) Fr. not echinate. Fl. usually pentamerous.

9. E. tingens, Wall.; Brandis F. Fl. 79. Collett, Simla Fl. fig. 28.
Vern. Skiosh, Bussahir; Bhambeli, Jauns.

A small tree. IL. crenate or serrate, blade 14-24, petiole } in. Cymes
fascicled. Fl. 4 in. across. Fr. } in. long, angles acute.

Himalaya, Sutlej to Nepal, 6,500-10,000 ft. FI. April-June. 10. E. javanicus, Blume,
Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. A small tree. lL. entire or slightly serrate, blade 4-6.
petiole 4-4 in. Peduncles 1-fld., fascicled, petals oblong, fimbriate. Fr. 2 in. long,
angles sharp. 11. E. glaber, Roxb., Bhutan, Manipur, Upper and Lower Burma. L.
chartaceous, blade 4-7, petiole } in. Cymes solitary, axillary, 2-3 in. long. Fl. 4-4 in.
across. i. timorensis, Zipp. Pegu and Tenasserim, is probably not distinct. 12.
E. attenuatus, Wall. Khasi hills, Cachar. LL. entire, blade 3-6, petiole } in. Cymes
solitary or 2 in one axil,1-2in. Fr. 5-lobed, a little broader than long. 13. E. macro-
carpus, Gamble. Khumpung, Bhutan 7,500 ft. A large climber, |. crenate-serrate,
cymes fasciculate on arrested woody branchlets. Fl.}-4in diam. Fr. 14 in. long 5-
angular, valves acuminate.

(c.) Fr. not echinate. Fl. mostly tetramerous.

14. E. lacerus, Ham.; Brandis, F. Fl. 78.—Syn. E. fimbriatus, Wall.
Lichhoi, Angao, Jauns.

A small deciduous tree. L. membranous, red in autumn before falling, blade
1-35 by 1-2, petiole 1~} in. Cymes fasciculate at the base of the new shoot,
fl. } in. across. Fr. 1-3 in. long, with 4 spreading tapering wings, nearly
i in. long. ;

Kuram valley, Trans-Indus 8-10,000 ft., Himalaya 6-11,000 ft., Indus to Sikkim.
Fl. March-June. 15. E. grandiflorus, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 254. Kumaon, Nepal, Khasi

Euonymus| XXXIV. CELASTRACEA 159

hills. Shan hills, Upper Burma, 4,000 ft. L. serrulate, cymes solitary, 3-5-fld., peduncles
as long as leaves. Fl. 4 in. across. Fr. nearly globose, 4-angled, calyx persistent,
prominent. 16. E. bullatus, Wall. Sikkim, Assam, Khasia, Manipur fo 4,000 ft. A
small tree. 1. ovate-lanceolate nearly entire, blade 4-10, petiole 4 in. sec. n. 7-10 pair
very prominent beneath. Fr. 4-3 in. diam., as long as broad.

17. E. pendulus, Wall.: Brandis, F. Fl. 79. Tulli, Hazara; Bhambela,
Jauns.

A middle-sized tree, young shoots reddish-brown, shining. L. sharply
serrate, blade 2-5, petiole 3-1 in. sec. n. slender. Cy mes frequently from the
axils of bracts below the leaves, peduncle long, branches short. Fl. } in.
Fr. broader than long, 3—t-lobed, angles often winged.

Locally (nowhere common) in the Himalaya, from Hazara to Assam, not known from
Sikkim. Fl. April, May. 18. E frigidus, Wall. Sikkim 7-12,000 ft. A straggling
shrub. LL. exceedingly variable, from narrow-linear to elliptic-lanceolate, serrate,
blade 3-7, petiole }-} in. Fr. as broad as long, winged or not. A remarkable variety
(Bhutan, Griffith; Khasi hills, C. B. Clarke) with 4 wings } in. long is E. Lawsonit,
C.B.Clarke. 19. E. Griffithii, Kurz, Martaban hills, not unfrequent. A shrub(scandent,
Griff.). Branches 4-angular, almost winged. L. sessile, slightly toothed, cymes short,
branches filiform, divaricating. 20, E. theefolius, Wall. Nepal, Assam, Khasi hills,
Manipur. A shrub, branches with raised lines, 1. sinuate-toothed, blade 2-33, petiole
Zin. Fr. nearly globose, obtusely 4-angled, 4 in. diam.

21. E. Hamiltonianus, Wall.; Brandis, F. Fl. t. 16. Vern. Tiitw,Chamba ;
Papar, Pansi; Batal, Punjab; Dadil, Jauns.

A small deciduous tree, bark often corky. L. membranous, serrulate, blade
3-6, petiole $-} in. Cymes axillary, or below the leaves, often on arrested
branchlets, peduncles short. Fl. 4-2 in. across, numerous. Fr. deeply 4-lobed,
angles obtuse.

Outer Himalaya, 3,800-8,500 ft.,common in places. Khasi hills, Manipur. Fl. March-
June. China (wood used for carving and engraving). 22. E. vagans, Wall. Nepal,
Sikkim. A climbing shrub, 1. serrate, blade 2-3, petiole 4 4 in., cymes 1-2 in. long.
Fr. nearly globose, } ‘in, diam.

2. GLYPTOPETALUM, Thwaites ; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 612.

Differs from Huonymus by cymes generally supra-axillary, ovules solitary
and pendulous from the top of the cell. Species 7, Indo-Malayan region.

1. G. zeylanicum, Thwaites; Trimen Handb. Ceylon i. 268.

A small tree. L. elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, serrate or nearly entire, blade
3-6, petiole }in. Cymes supra-axillary, shorter than leaves. Fl. } in. across,
ovary conical, conspicuous, petals spreading or reflexed, with 2 oval shallow
pits on the upper surface. Fr. green, depressed globose, 1-4-lobed.

Anamalais. Tinnevelli Ghats. ieaeancre Fl. Feb. Ceylon. 2. G. grandifiorum, Bedd.
Ie. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 102. Wainad, 2-3,000 ft. A large shrub. L. 4-7 in. Cymes supra-
axillary, peduncles slender, 4-6 in. long, 3-flowered. FJ. bright yellow, }-1 in., petals
without pits. 3. G. calocarpum, Prain (Muonymus calocarpus, Kurz), Tenasserim, North
Andaman, Nicobars, Cocos Islands. A shrub or small tree, similar to G. zeylanicum,
differs by entire leaves, cymes axillary or not, and smaller flowers. 4. G. Griffithii,
Prain. Mishmi. Very similar, supposed to differ by very short cymes, peduncle
shorter than petiole and pedicels. 5. G sclerocarpum, Kurz (Huonymus sclerocarpus,
Kurz, F. Fl. i. 250), Kambalu hill, Pegu Yoma. A tree. L. 6-12 in., entire or faintly
serrate. Fr. nearly globose, 4 in. diam., rough.

3. MICROTROPIS, Wall.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 613.

Glabrous evergreen trees or shrubs. LL. opposite, ee stipules 0. FI.
sometimes unisexual, usually pentamerous. Calyx more or less campanulate,
disk lining the calyx tube or none, petals mostly connate at the base. Stamens
often inserted on the base of petals. Ovary free, 2-3-celled, 2 collateral
ovules in each cell. Capsule coriaceous, 2-valved, 1 -celled, 1-seeded, supported
by the persistent calyx.

160 XXXIV. CELASTRACEA [Microtropis

1. M. discolor, Wall.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 251.

A shrub or small tree. lL. thinly coriaceous, caudate-acuminate, blade
3-7 in., narrowed into a short petiole. Cymes bracteolate, dense, axillary or
supra-axillary. Fl. } in. across, whitish. Fr. ovoid, 2-valved, }—? in. long,
seed 1, shining scarlet.

Kumaon, Sikkim, from the foot of the hills ascending to 7,000 ft., Khasi hills
Manipur, Martabanand Tenasserim. Fl. Nov._March. 2. M. latifolia, Wight. Western
Ghats from the Konkan southwards, Nilgiris. .A small tree. L. very coriaceous,
margin thickened, blade 4-5 in., narrowed into a short petiole, cymes dense, sessile.
Fr. $ in., oblong. 3. M. ramifiora, Wight Ic. t. 977. Nilgiris, Anamalais, Palnis at high
elevations. A middle-sized tree. L. very coriaceous, obtuse, broadly elliptic or obovate,
margin thickened, blade 254 in., petiole + in., cymes dense, sessile, mostly on the previous
year’s wood below the leaves. Fr.4in. 4. M. densiflora, Wight Ic. t. 1052. Higher ranges
of the Nilgiris and Palnis. L. resembling 3, cymes axillary, peduncle 4 in. Fr.
cylindric, in. 5. M. microcarpa, Wight Ic. t. 975. Western Ghats from the Konkan
southwards. A shrub, 1. elliptic, obtuse, blade 1-3, petiole 4 in., cymes axillary, lax,
often clustered towards the ends of branches, peduncle 4-1 in., petals obovate-cuneate.
Fr. $ in., seed brown. 6. M. ovalifolia, Wight Ic. 976. Higherranges of Nilgiris and
Palnis. A shrub or small tree. L. similar to 5, cymes axillary and below the-leayes,
peduncle #-1 in. Fl. numerous, petals orbicular. Fr. cylindric, } in., apiculate, seed
crimson. 5 and 6 are possibly not specifically distinct. 7. M. bivalvis, Wall., Tenas-
serim, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. A small tree. L. elliptic acuminate, 34 in.,
narrowed into a petiole +-4 in. Cymes extra-axillary, very lax, peduncles slender,
1-2 in. long. Fr. ovoid, apiculate $in. long. Beddome (Fl. Sylv. Manual, 65) states that
M. Wallichiana, Wight, a Ceylon tree, is found in the western forests of the Peninsula.

4. HIPPOCRATEA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 623.

Climbing shrubs or small trees. L. coriaceous, opposite, entire or serrate.
Fl. bisexual. Calyx small, 5-parted, petals 5, spreading. Stamens 3, fila-
ments flat, recurved. Ovary 3-celled, style short, ovules in each cell 2-10,
2-seriate on the inner angle. Fr. separating into 3 distinct flat coriaceous
usually dehiscent 2- or more-seeded carpels, seeds compressed, winged, at-
tached to the base of carpel. Cotyledons greenish-yellow, fleshy. Species
70-90, tropics of both hemispheres.

A. FI. minute, +; in. across or less.

1. H. indica, Willd.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 130.

A glabrous climbing shrub. lL. ovate, more or less serrate, blade 2-3},
petiole }in. Fl. rusty
yellow, in axillary ped-
unculate cymes. Fr.
carpels oblong, striated
1-1} in. long, 3 in.
broad.

Western Peninsula, on
the west side, from the
Konkan southwards.
Burma. Thankyeghat for-
est. Malay Peninsula.
Fl. Jan.-April. 2. HE. ar-
borea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.
205 (Metehkar, Oudh).
Oudh, Bhutan, Khasi hills.
A large climber, ascend-
ing the largest forest trees,
often enveloping them
with its thick heavy
foliage. L.serrulate,
5-6 in. long. Carpel
3 by 13 in. Probably
only a large form of H.
Fre. 73.—Hippocratea indica, Willd. Fr., fl. 3. indica.

Hippocratea) XXXIV. CELASTRACHA 161

B. Fl. small, $ in. and more across. Western species.

3. H. Grahami, Wicht Ic. t. 380.

L. coriaceous, shining, entire or nearly so, blade 3-8, petiole } in. Cymes
generally much longer than leaf. FI. }-}in. across. Fr. 3} by 1 in., obtuse
or emarginate, striated.

Ghats of the Konkan and North Kanara. FI. H.S.

4 H. obtusifolia, Roxb.; Wight Ic. 963.

L. variable in size and shape, 2-6 in. long, more or less crenate, veins finely
reticulate. Cymes shorter than leaves, often forming terminal panicles.
Fl. 4-}in. Fr. 2 in. long, seeds 4.

Western Peninsula on both sides, from the Konkan southwards. Fl. C. and H. 8.
5. H. Arnottiana, Wight. West coast of Western Peninsula, from South Kanara south-
wards, Ceylon. L. coriaceous, shining, in the upper part faintly serrate, veins dis-
tinetly reticulate. Fl. 4in. across. Fr. 24 in. long.

C. Fl. small, } in. and more. Eastern species.

6. H. macrantha, Korthals. Chittagong, Dufila hills, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.
L. coriaceous, shining, more or less crenate, blade 4~7, petiole} in. Fl. 4 inch across,
pale yellow or white, cymes short, 1-14 in. long. Ripe carpels 2, 3-4 in. long.
7. &. Lobbii, Lawson. Maulmein. L. broadly elliptic, blade 3-4, petiole 1-1} in. Cymes
shorter than leaf. Fl, 4 in. diam. 8. H andamanica, King. Andamans. L. entire.
Cymes often in ample terminal panicles. Fl. 4 in. across. 9. H. nicobarica, Kurz.
Nicobars. L. more or less serrate.

Kokoona littoralis, Lawson (Lophopetalum littorale, Kurz, Méndaing, Burm.) Pegu
and Tenasserim, on low lands inundated during the rains. A large evergreen tree,
wood grey, med. rays extremely fine and numerous. L. coriaceous, entire, opposite,
3-5 in. long. Fl. whitish, in axillary and terminal panicles. Capsules 24-3 in. long,
prsereous, 3-angled, seeds winged at the apex, with the wing 14-2 in. long, seeds oily,
albumen 0.

5. LOPHOPETALUM, Wicht; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 614.

Glabrous trees and shrubs, wood light-coloured, med. rays extremely fine
and numerous. L. opposite or alternate, entire, usually coriaceous. Stipules
0. Fl. bisexual, in cymose panicles. Calyx obtusely 5-lobed, disk large, flat,
petals either confluent with it at the base, or inserted under its margin, some-
times crested or papillose on their upper surface. Stamens 5, inserted on the
surface of the disk. Ovary triquetrous, 3-celled, ovules 7-12 in each cell.
Capsule coriaceous, 3-valved, seeds imbricate, winged nearly all round, radicle
lateral, cotyledons flat, albumen probably none. Species about 10, Indo-Mala-
yan region.

1. L. Wightianum, Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 162; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 145.
Vern. Balpale, Kan.; Venkotta, Mal.

A large tree, wood close-grained. L. usually opposite, blade 3-6, petiole
4-hin. Fl. } in. across, dull reddish, in ample axillary and terminal panicled
cymes, petals with a corrugated crest. Capsule sharply triangular, 3-4 in.
long.

West coast of the Peninsula, ascending on the Ghats to 3,000 ft., from the Konkan
southwards. Fl. March-April. 2. L. fimbriatum, Wight. Sukna, Sikkim Terai (Gamble).
Silhet, Chittagong, Martaban, Tenasserim. A tree, petiole 4-1 in. fl. \-} in. across,
yellow to red, petals with a fimbriate crest. 8. L. floribundum, Wight, Mergui. A
tree, inflorescence sometimes rusty-pubescent. Fl. 4-} in. across, petals not crested.

4. L. Wallichii, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 255; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. t.
306. Vern. Katho, Upper; Méndaing, Upper and Lower Burma.
A large glabrous deciduous tree, bark smooth, wood grey, moderately hard,

concentric bands of wood-parenchyma. L. opposite or nearly so, elliptic or
M

162 XXXIV. CELASTRACEA [| Lophopetalun.

ovate, blade 3-6, petiole 1-14 in. Fl. creamy white, 4 in. across, in ample
terminal or axillary panicles, petals more or less papillose or crested on the
upper surface, disk papillose, not confluent with petals, ovary purple. Capsule ,
31 in. long, nearly woody, seeds flat, cotyledons 1 x 4 in. :

Upper and Lower Burma in Eng or dry deciduous forest, on sandstone or alluvium.
FI. C.S., leafless H.S. Cambodia, Laos. 5. L. celastroides, Lawson. Rangoon, Maul-
mein. Supposed to differ by smaller leaves. 6. L. filiforme, Lawson. Mergui. Branches
slender, 1. elliptic-oblong, long-acuminate, blade 8 x 14, petiole 4 in. Branches of
cymes filiform, petals not crested. :

6. CELASTRUS, Linn. ; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 617.

Scandent shrubs. L. alternate, serrate. Fl. polygamous in panicled cymes..
Calyx 5-cleft, petals 5, disk broad concave. Stamens 5 on the edge of disk.
Ovary 2-4-celled, ovules 2 in each cell, stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 1-3-valved,
seeds enclosed in a fleshy, coloured arillus, albumen copious.

A. Branches lenticelled.

1. C. paniculata, Willd.; Wight Ill. t. 72; Ic. t. 158. Vern. Malkagni,
Hind. ; Kakundan, Oudh ; Kujri, Kol, Sonth.; Kangondi, Kan. ; Myinkauk-
hnayaung, Burm.; Wina, Chindwin.

A large climbing shrub, deciduous (Smales), wood yellowish, med. rays

Fie. 74.—Celastrus paniculata, Wilid. Fl. fr. 4.

broad. L. serrate, acuminate, blade 24-5, petiole J-} in. Fl. din. diam.,
green, in large terminal drooping panicles. Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 3-
valved, seeds 3-6, completely enclosed in a red arillus.

Subhimalayan tract from the Jhelam eastward, ascending to 6,000 ft., Central
India, Western Peninsula, Pegu, Upper Burma. Fl. Mar—July. Fr.C.S. 2. C. stylosa,
Wall. Nepal, Sikkim 6-8,000 ft., Khasi hills. A large climbing shrub, cymes short,
axillary, or forming short terminal racemes. FI]. 1-4 in.

Celastrus| XXXIV. CELASTRACHEA 163

B. Branches not lenticelled.

3. C. monosperma, Roxb. Sikkim 3-6,000, Assam, Khasi hills, Cachar. A climbing
shrub. L. elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-6, petiole }-} in. Cymes arranged in elongated
axillary and terminal panicles. Capsule 4-4 in. long, 3-valved, seed 1. 4. C. venulosa,
Wall. Sikkim Terai, Silhet, Duphla hills. A climber. Cymes in racemiform
panicles 3-5 in. long.

7. GYMNOSPORIA, W. et A.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 618.

Shrubs or small trees, differing from Celastrws by fl. in dichotomous cymes
and stamens inserted under the disk.

A. Armed, spines often bearing leaves and flowers.

1. G. montana, Lawson; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 621.—Syn. Celastrus montana,
’ Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 382; C. senegalensis, Lamarck; Brandis F. Fl. p. 81.
Vern. Vingar, Baluch.; Baikal,
Hind.; Kakra, Ajm.; Bharati,
Mar.; Danti, Tel.; Vandrasi,
Kan.

A tall shrub, under favourable
circumstances a small tree, trunk
short, crooked. lL. grey, coriace-
ous, exceedingly variable in shape
and size, obovate, oblanceolate to
linear-spathulate, narrowed into
the petiole. The specimens from
Sind and Rajputana, including
the drier parts of the Punjab,
have narrow, those from the
Peninsula have broad leaves. FI.
small, pale greenish white, cymes
axillary or fasciculate on short
branchlets, often forming ter-
minal elongate panicles. Capsule + in., usually 2-valved, seeds 1, 2, rarely 3,
with or without an arillus.

Common in the Punjab, Sind, Rajputana, the Central Provinces, Behar and the drier
districts of the Peninsula. FJ. at various times throughout the year. Afghanistan,
Western Asia, tropical Africa, 2. G. Wallichiana, Sprengel. Western Peninsula. Sec. n.
not much more prominent than the reticulate tertiary nerves. Fr. 4 in. diam.

8. G. emarginata, Roth (Chinta, Tel.). Western Peninsula, Ceylon. Fl. on long slender
pedicels, 4in. Fr. 4 in. diam.

Fic. 75.—Gymnosporia montana, Lawson.

fr. 4

B. Armed, spines usually naked.

4. G. Royleana, Wall.—Syn. Celastrus spinosa, Royle; Brandis F. FI.
p- 80; Dzaral, Trans. Ind.; Pataki, Kander, Pb.

A stiff dense shrub 8-12 ft. high. L. obovate, acute, greyish, spines
axillary, slender. Cymes mostly axillary, petals reddish with white edges.
Fr, } in. diam.

Punjab. Subhimalayan tract, east to R. Kumaon, Fl. and Fr. almost throughout the
year.. 5. G rufa, Wall. Subhimalayan tract, Kumaon to Bhutan ascending to 6,000 ft.,
Khasi hills. A tree, 1. lanceolate, blade 2-5, petiole }-\ in. Cymes axillary or below
the leaves, fascicled, peduncles and pedicels filiform. Fl. white. Capsule } in. diam.
6. G. Falconeri, Lawson. North-West India. L. pubescent beneath. Capsules } in.
diam. 7. G rugulosa, Lawson. Mishmi. L. slightly serrate, nearly entire, blade 4-6,
petiole 4 in. Capsules slightly rugose, 4 in. diam. 8. G. pallida, Collett et Hemsley.
Southern Shan hills 8-4,000 ft. A shrub, spines few, 1. 8-5 in. Cymes 1-14 in. long.
Fr. 4 in. diam. 9. G Heyneana, W. et A. Palni hills. L. broadly elliptic, blade 8-5,
petiole 4 in. Cymes axillary near the ends of branches, when in fruit 2-8 in. long.
Fl. f-} in. Fr. $ in. diam.

164 XXXIV. CELASTRACHA * [Gymnosporia

C. Unarmed. Western species.

10. @. ovata, Wall. Nilgiris, Malabar, Palni hills. L. 2-3 in., cymes much branched,
axillary and terminal, 1 in. long. Fl. 4 in. across. Capsules 4 in. diam. Specimens
collected by Sir Henry Collett on the southern Shan hills have been referred to this
species. 11. G. Rothiana, W. et A., Konkan and North Kanara. A small tree. L.
obovate, narrowed into petiole 3 in. long. Cymes dense, nearly sessile, mostly below the
leaves. Fr. oboyoid, 4} in. long. According to Dr. Ritchie this species is sometimes
armed. 12. G@ puberula, Lawson, Konkan. Inflorescence and underside of leaves slightly
pubescent. L. membranous, obovate, acute, 2-3 in. long, narrowed into short petiole.
Cymes lax, few-fld., peduncles and pedicels filiform.

D. Unarmed. Eastern species.

13. G. acuminata, Hook. f.

A large shrub or small tree. LL. lanceolate, crenate-serrate, 3-7 in., narrowed
into the short petiole. Cymes solitary or fascicled, axillary-or on short lateral
tubercles, peduncles and pedicels filiform. Capsule }in. long, mostly 2-valved,
2-seeded, the lower half of seed enclosed in a laciniate arillus.

Sikkim 4-7,000, Assam, Bhutan, Khasi hills, Upper Burma. Fl. April-June.
14. G. neglecta, Lawson. Khasi hills. A shrub. L. elliptic, serrate, blade 4-6, petiole
3-4 in. Fr. globose, 4 in. long, 3-valved, seeds 1-3. 15. G. oblanceolata, Lawson.
Trawadi above Bhamo. L. oblanceolate, serrate in the upper half, 34x } in., tapering

into the short petiole. Sec. n. 5-6 pair very oblique. 16. G. salicifolia, Lawson. Assam.
L. narrowly lanceolate, serrate, 3-4x4in. Sec. n. faint.

8. KURRIMIA, Wall.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 621.

Glabrous trees. L. alternate, coriaceous, entire, congregated towards the
ends of branches. Calyx 5-fid, petals 5, spreading or recurved, stamens in-
serted with petals under the margin of the disk. Ovary 2-celled, ovules 2
from the base of each cell. Capsule dehiscing by 2 valves, 1-2-seeded.
Seeds more or less covered by a fleshy arillus, embryo oblong, albumen
fleshy. Species 7-8, Indo-Malayan region.

1. K. pulcherrima, Wall.—Syn. K. robusta, Kurz. Vern. Gwedauk,
Burm.

A large evergreen tree, quite glabrous. L. oblong-lanceolate, blade 4-6,
petiole #1 in. Sec. n. prominent beneath, about 12 pair. FI. in slender
axillary, often fascicled racemes, shorter than leaves. Capsules ovoid-oblong,
1-1} in. long, seeds generally 2, shining, arillus bright yellow, afterwards
orange.

Western Duars, Assam, Silhet, Chittagong, Burma, Siam, Cochinchina, Tonkin. FI.
April-Aug. 2. K. bipartita, Lawson. Shevagherry hills. A handsome tree, |. thickly
coriaceous, shining, elliptic, sec. n. very conspicuous beneath. Capsule deeply
2-lobed, lobes oblong, 1-1} in. long, 1-seeded, at length dehiscing. To this species
should be referred Trochisandra indica, Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 120. Anamalai hills, 3-6,000
ft., quoted by Lawson under K. paniculata, Wall., a Malayan species.

9. ELAXODENDRON, Jacq. fil.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 623.
(Included in Cassine, Linn., by Loesener in Engler u. Prantl iii. 5. 214.)
Species about 30, tropical Asia, America and Australia. South Africa.

1. E. glaucum, Pers.—Syn. EH. Roxburghii, Wight Ill. t. 71; Bedd. FI.
Syly. t. 148; Brandis F. Fl. 82. Vern. Morindu, Pb.; Jamrassi, Hind. ;
Dhebri, paniala, Dan; Chauri, Metkar, Oudh; Miri, Kol; Neow7i, Sonth. ;
Tamruj, Aran, Mar.; Neradi, Tel.; Makarti, Kan.; Karuvali, Tam.

A deciduous tree, middle-sized in dry localities, very large in moist
evergreen forests, wood whitish, close-grained. L. glabrous, generally
opposite, coriaceous, elliptic, crenate, stipules small, deciduous. Cymes

Elwodendron| XXXIV. CELASTRACE 165

axillary, dichotomous, lax, as long as or shorter than leaf, peduncle longer than
petiole, branches divaricating. Bl. 4-5- -merous, disk fleshy, angled. Stamens
inserted under the edge of “the disk, filaments recurved, anther cells attached
to a broad connective, diverging at base. Drupe ovoid } in. long, yellowish-
green when ripe, endocarp crustaceous, 1—-2-celled, 1-2-seeded.

Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys, ascending to 6,000 ft., Ravi to Sikkim.
Bandelkhand, Behar, Central provinces. Peninsula. Fl. Febr.-June. 2.E. subrotundum,

King. Andamans, Malay Peninsula. A small tree. L. entire, almost orbicular. FI.
always tetramerous, disk not lobed.

Pleurostylia Wightii, W. et A.: Wight Ic. t. 155 (Pairt, Tel.). Western Ghats from
the Konkan southwards. A shrub or small tree, med. rays extremely fine, combs made
of the wood. L. opposite, oblanceolate, entire, 1-2 in. long, narrowed into short
petiole. Fl. small, in small subsessile cymes, axillary and below the leaves, calyx
4-lobed, petals 5. Fr. coriaceous, indehiscent, ++} in., seeds 1, rarely 2.

Siphonodon celastrineus, Griff.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 254 (Myauk-okshit, Burm.). Martaban,
eastern slopes of Pegu Yoma. An evergreen glabrous tree, med. rays of two classes,
fine and very broad. L. alternate, elliptic- -oblong, cerenate-serrate, blade 4-7, petiole
t in. long. ‘Fi. pentamerous, yellowish, }-} in. across, axillary, solitary, or 2-4 on a
short thick peduncle, pedicels thick, 3+ in. Ovary half adnate to the calyx tube,
cells numerous, irregularly placed in -different planes, 1 ovule in each. Fr. a hard
fleshy berry, 1-14 in. diam., with numerous woody 1-seeded pyrenes.

10. SALACIA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 625.

Serambling or climbing shrubs, glabrous, branches sometimes circinately
twisted at the base. L. opposite, stipules O. Fl. fascicled or cymose. Calyx
5-parted, petals 5. Stamens 3, sometimes 4, inserted on the disk, often be-
tween its upper margin and the ovary, disk sometimes with a free lower
margin, upper margin free or appressed to the ovary, filaments flat, ultimately
recurved, anther cells oblique or transverse, rarely parallel. Ovary conical,
more or less immersed in and confluent with the disk, mostly 3-gonous,
3-celled, ovules 3-8 on the inner angle of each cell, style undivided or
none.

A. FI. fasciculate on tubercles, ovary free, or not enveloped by the disk
more than half-way up.

1. S. flavescens, Kuz. F. Fl. i. 260.

A large climber. L. entire or serrate, acuminate, blade 3-8, petiole }-} in.
Fi. } in., pedicels slender, 1-3 in., disk with a prominent ae upper margin,
stamens inserted within it. Fr. 14-2 in.

Tenasserim. FI. R.S.

2. S. Smaliana, spec. n. Vern. Nwe-ngan, Burm.

An evergreen climber. lL. entire, elliptic or obovate, obtuse, blade 5-9,
petiole fin. Fil. few, yellow, }-} in., incdorous, pedicels thick, }-3 in., upper
margin of disk conspicuous, lower margin undulating, stamens inserted be-
tween the trigonous ovary and the upper margin, anther cells distinct, style
long.

On low ground and edges of swamps with Eugenia; Gaungbyu forest, Upper Burma.
Fl. April. 3. 8. multiflora, Wight, Tenasserim, differs from 2 by acute leaves. Fl.

numerous, 4 in. across, on filiform pedicels 4-9 in., disk annular, surrounding the ovary,
anther cells terminal, transverse.

B. Fl. fasciculate on tubercles, ovary enveloped by the disk more than half-
way up, stamens appearing as if inserted on the ovary.
(a) Fl. large.

4. S. latifolia, Wall. ; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 65 (1897), p. 366.
A scandent shrub. L. entire or nearly so, blade 3-6, petiole 4-} in. Fi.

166 XXXIV. CHLASTRACEA [Salacia

374 in., pedicels obovate, disk large, fleshy, stamens inserted on its upper edge,
filaments long. Fr. 1 in. diam.

Andamans, Nicobars, Malay Peninsula. 5. §. grandiflora, Kurz. Tenasserim. L.
entire, blade 8-12 in., petiole 4? in. Fl. 4-3 in., pedicels $-} in., filaments very short.
To this King (I. c. 366) refers S. longifolia, Hook. fil.

(6) Fl. small.

6. S. Roxburghii, Wall.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 259.

A lofty climber. L. entire, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, blade 3-4, petiole
tin. Fl. din, on short stiff pedicels, ~,-$ in. Disk with a ring at base,
filaments very short, anther cells terminal, transverse.

Assam, Khasi hills (Chittagong, Lower Burma, Kurz). Fl. March. 7. S. verrucosa,
Wight. Martaban and Tenasserim, Java. lL. entire or slightly serrate, blade 4—7 in.,
narrowed into petiole 4-3 in. Fl. numerous, 4 in. across, pedicels slender, 4-4 in.
8. 8. macrosperma, Wight Ic. t. 962, West side of the Peninsula, from the Konkan
southwards. A scandent shrub. I. entire, elliptic-oblong, blade 24-5, petiole $-4 in.
Fl. 4 in., very numerous in dense fascicles, pedicels 4-4 in. Lower margin of disk
thick like a ring, anthers nearly sessile. Fr. orange, irregularly oboyoid, 1-2 in.
long.

9. S. prinoides, DC.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 260. Vern. Dimal, Modhuphul,
Sundrib.

A straggling shrub cr small tree, sometimes climbing. LL. elliptic-lanceolate,
slightly crenate, blade
2-3), petiole 4 in. El.
J in. across, 3-6 on minute
bracteate axillary tuber-
cles, pedicels J-+ in,, fila-
ments long. Fr. red,
globose, $ in. diam.

Sundriban, both sides of
the Western Peninsula,
Khasi hills, Silhet, Cachar,
Andamans. Burma, in the
tidal forests, also inland. FI.
C. S., also at other times.
Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago. 10.8.reticulata,
Wight. Quilon. <A large
woody climber, 1. entire or
faintly crenate, blade 2-43,
Snips ; bo hie i petiole +4 in. Fl. } in,
Fre. 76.—Salacia prinoides, DC. Fl. fr. 4. pedicels }-4 in. Fr. pinkish

orange, #-14 in. 11. S. mem-

branacea, Lawson. Sikkim, Khasi hills. Scandent, branchlets frequently circinnate and
thickened. L. thinly chartaceous, entire, narrow-elliptic, blade 84-5, petiole 4-4 in.
Fl. few on short, stiff, erect pedicels, anthers subsessile. Fr.1} in.diam. 12. S. viminea,
Wall. Mergui. A spreading shrub, 1. chartaceous, entire or slightly serrate, blade 3-6,
petiole 4 in. Fl. few, pedicels 4 in. Ovary almost entirely enclosed by the disk,
anthers subsessile on the top, anther cells terminal, transverse. The Tenasserim
specimens have all opposite leaves, while what is supposed to be S. viminea from the
Malay Peninsula has alternate leaves.

C. Fl. in axillary heads or pedunculate cymes.

13. S.oblonga, Wall.; Wight Ill. t. 47 B, Ic. t. 97; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
Manual t. 10. f. 4.

A climbing shrub. L. elliptic-oblong, more or less crenate-serrate, blade
2-5, petiole §-4 in. Fil. yellow, 4 in. ACTOSS, sessile, 8-6, in very shortly
peduncled axillary heads. Ovary enveloped beyond the middle by the disk,
anther cells parallel. Fr. 3-1} in., bright orange-red.

Western. Ghats from the iaalkorn southwards. Fl. C.S.,H.S. 14. S. fruticosa,

Salacia] XXXIV. CELASTRACEA 167

Heyne. Western Ghats from South Kanara southwards. Climbing. L. entire, long-
acuminate, blade 3-4, petiole 34 in. Fl. jin. Ovary half enclosed in the disk, anther
cells oblique. 15. §.. floribunda, Wight (S. /ongifolia, Kurz F. Fl. i. 258). Assam,
Khasi hills, Mergui. Branchlets frequently circinate at the base. L. elliptic-oblong,
acuminate, serrate, blade 3-6, petiole 4-3 in. Fl. 4 in. across, cymes as long as or
longer than petiole, peduncles J -} in., disk with a free lower mar gin, slightly raised,
stigma sessile. Fr. 1 in. diam. 16. §. Griffithii, Lawson, habitat unknown. Cymes
dichotomous, lax, 2 in. across, on long peduncles. FI. } in., anthers sessile on the disk
which nearly envelopes the ovary, style long.

Orpen XXXV. RHAMNACEA. Gen. PI. i. 371.

(Rhamnew.)

Trees or shrubs, not rarely climbing, often armed with spinescent branches
or stipular spines. IL. simple, alternate or opposite. Fl. small, green or
yellow, often unisexual. Inflorescence generally cymose. Calyx 4-5 cleft,
lobes triangular, valvate in bud. Petals inserted at the mouth of calyx-
tube, or on the edge of the disk. Stamens opposite the petals and often
enclosed by them. Disk lining or filling the calyx-tube. Ovary free, or more
or less adhering to calyx-tube, 2- or 3-, rarely 4-celled, 1 erect ovule in each
cell. Seeds 1-3

Structure of wood, even in the climbing species, normal as far as known.

A. Fr. dry, winged, 1-seeded, indehiscent 1. VENTILAGO.
B. Fr. a berry, sec. nerves numerous, parallel 2. Bercuemta.
C. Fr. a drupe, with a 1-3-celled stone, 3-5 basal nerves . 3. Zizyruus.
D. Fr. a drupe with 2-4, mostly 3, distinct kernels

(pyrenes), supported by the persistent but not

enlarged calyx tube.

L. mostly alternate, disk thin, lining calyx tube 1. Ruamnus.

L. mostly opposite, disk fleshy, filling calyx tube 5, SAGERETIA.

E. Fr. indehiscent, nearly dry, 2-4-celled, 2-4-seeded.

ue

Armed. L. coriaceous, often Sees ; : . G6. Scourra.
Unarmed. L. membranous, alternate, ramifications
of inflorescence fleshy in fruit . 0 7 5 . Hoyenta (p. 174).

F. Fr. dehiscent, pericarp generally coriaceous.
Fr. superior, base pupported! by the persistent calyx
tube e . : . ©. Corupnina.
Fr. flat, lower part enclosed in pe sistent calyx tube. Smyrnea (p. 175).
Fr. inferi ior, crowned by the persistent calyx limb.

Pr. 3-winged or 3-angled. Fl. racemose . §. Govanta.
Fr. oboyoid-globose, not winged. Fl. umbellate Hetinvs (p. 175).

1. VENTILAGO, Gaertn.: Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 630.

Shrubs or trees, unarmed, generally climbing. lL. alternate. Fl. small,
pentamerous, bisexual, fascic ulate, fascicles axillary or in terminal panicles,
calyx cup-shaped, lobes dec iduous, keeled inside, pet ele enveloping the stamens,
hooded or spathulate. Ovary 2-celled, § styles 2. Fr. a subglobose indehiscent
nut, seated on or partly enclosed by the persistent calyx tube, and prolonged
into a linear coriaceous w ing. Seed 1, cotyledons thick, fleshy, radicle inferior

short, albumen 0.

1. V. madraspatana, Gaertn.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 76; Wight Ic. t. 163 ;
Brandis F. F1.96. Vern. Kali bel, Din; Bonga-sarjom, Kol; Papri, Surabi,
Tel. ; Popli, Kan.

A powerful climber, tendrils woody, branchlets, petioles and younger leaves

168 XXXV. RHAMNACEA | Ventilago

pubescent. LL. ovate or elliptic from a slightly oblique base, acuminate, entire
or irregularly dentate, sec. n. 6-10 pair, arching, blade 3-4, petiole 4—} in.
Fl. numerous, greenish, with a strong offensive smell, crowded on the branches
of large terminal leafless panicles. Nut 4 in. diam., pubescent.

Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastward. Oudh forests, Nepal, Behar, Central
India and the Peninsula. Silhet, Assam, Burma. Fl. Nov.-March. I follow King,
Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. 65 (1897), 379,in uniting with this V. calyculata, Tulasne ;
Brandis F. Fl. 96, supposed to be recognized by broader leaves rounded at the base, a
pubescent disk, and half the fruit enclosed in the cup-shaped calyx. 2. V. bom-

al

Fic. 77.—Ventilago madraspatana, Gaertn. var. calyculata. 4.

baiensis, Dalz. Ghats of Belgaum and North Kanara. Branchlets, petioles and in-
florescence rusty-tomentose. L.shining above, hairy glands in the axils of nerves, sec.
n. 24 pair, veins freely reticulate, blade 3-4, petiole 4 in. FI. in dense axillary
fascicles, not paniculate. Beddome (Index Ic. Pl. Or p. III.) quotes as synonym
Zizyphus wynadensis, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Or. t. 114, a lofty tree, in dense forests of the
Wainad. Two Malayan species with glabrous fruit are reported from Mergui. 3. V.
Maingayi, Lawson, |. oblong-lanceolate, sec. n. 8-11 pair, wing 3-34 in. long. 4. V.
leiocarpa, Benth., also in China. L. ovate, edges more or less minutely serrate, sec.
n. 6 or 7 pair, wing 2-24 in. long.

Apteron lanceolatum, Kurz F. Fl. i. 263. Yainway forest on the eastern slopes of the
Pegu Yoma, probably is a diseased state of Ventilago madraspatana,

Berchemia) XXXV. RHAMNACEA 169

2. BERCHEMIA, Necker; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 637.

Unarmed shrubs or woody climbers, stipules foliaceous, often intra-axillary.
L. alternate, sec. n. numerous, parallel, oblique. Fl. small, Dees calyx
lobes linear or triangular, deciduous. Style simple, often short, stigma eee
lobed. Fr. a 2-celled berry on the persistent calyx. Species: "Bastern Asia, 8
tropical Africa and North America 1 each.

A. FI. in terminal or axillary panicles, calyx tube only persistent.

1. B. floribunda, Wall.; Brandis F. Fl. 91. Vern. Kauwlai, Jauns.
Amili, Garhw. ; Chiaduk, Nep.

A large shrub or small tree, erect or climbing. LL. ovate, acute or acuminate,
blade 2-3, petiole }-} in. Fl. clustered ie lar ge terminal panicles, pedicels
shorter than calyx. Berry cylindrical, }-} in. long.

Himalaya, Jhelum to Sikkim, ascending to "6,000 feet, Khasi hills. Fl. June, July
(North-West), December (Sikkim). 2. B. flavescens, Wall. Sikkim, Upper Burma.
Very similar. Fl. in short terminal axillary panicles, pedicels longer than flower.

B. Fl. in small clusters. Fr. supported by entire calyx.

3. B. lineata, DC.; Brandis F. Fl. 91. Vern. Torbutei, Pusht.; Angari,
Jauns.

A small shrub, stipules small. L. }-15in. long. Fl. 2-4 together, either
axillary or at the ends of branches. Ape “blue, 4 in. long.

Trans-Indus and in the Himalaya to Bhutan, ascending to 10,000 ft. Fl. May-July.
4. B, Edgeworthii, Lawson. Deoban, Western Nepal. Very similar, supposed to differ

by longer stipules and less conspicuous secondary nerves, but probably not really
different.

3. ZIZYPHUS, Juss. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 632.

Shrubs or trees. Medullary rays numerous, very fine. Generally armed with
stipular spines, which as a rule are unequal, one straight, the other curved.
L. alternate, more or less distichous, with 3, rarely 4 or 5, basal nerves. FI.
small, pentamerous, mostly bisexual, generally in axillary cymes. Calyx cup-
shaped or broad-obconical, lobes keeled inside, petals sometimes wanting, disk
lining the calyx tube, edge free, pentagonous or 5-10-lobed. Ovary immersed
in disk, and more or less confluent with it, 2-celled, rarely 3- or 4- celled, styles
2-3, free or partly connate. Drupe as a rule fleshy, stone rugose or tuberculate,
1- 3. celled, 1 seed in each cell, embryo in thin albumen, cotyledons thick, flat
or convex, radicle short, inferior. Species 40, mostly Indo- Malayan, a few in
Africa, America and Australia.

A. Cymes axillary, sessile or shortly pedunculate.

1. Z. Jujuba, Lam.; Wight Ic. t. 22; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 149; Brandis F.
Fl. t. 17. Vern. Ber, Hind.; Bor, Mar.; Janumjan, Kol; Yelandai, Tam. ;
Ringa, Gond; Regu, Tel.; Jelachi, Kan.; Ziben, Burm.

A middle-sized tree. Branches drooping, armed with stipular spines, equal,
or one straight, the other bent, rarely entirely unarmed. SBranchlets, petioles,
underside of leaves and inflorescence densely clothed with bright tawny or
nearly white tomentum. lL. variable, from ovate-oblong to nearly orbicular,
obtuse or acute, entire or serrulate, blade }$-2), petiole 4-2 in. long. Fl.
greenish-yellow in short axillary nearly sessile cymes, petals unguiculate,
lamina oblong, concave or hooded, disk fleshy, 10-lobed, sty 15 2, thick, connate
to middle. Drupes varying in size and shape, generally 4-3 in. long, orange
or red when ripe, stalk half the length of drupe, stone tuberculate, bony,
irregularly furrowed, mostly 2-celled.

Indigenous and naturalized throughout India and Burma, ascending in the outer

170 XXXV. RHAMNACHE [Zizyphus
Himalaya to 4,500 ft. Grown in gardens
for its fruit. The young foliage appears
in March, April, while the old leaves are
shedding, sometimes a second flush in July
and August. Fl. usually April-Sept. Fr.
Dec.-March. A remarkable form is Edge-
worth’s var. hysudrica, commonly culti-
vated in the Punjab. L. obtuse, often
orbicular, glabrous or slightly pubescent
beneath, the branches not drooping, but
erect or spreading.

A shrubby form of this species, not gre-
garious, 1. 1-2 by 3-14 in., fr. globose, yellow
or reddish 4 in diam., is found in Singhboom
(Haines).

2. Z.nummularia, W. et A., Prodr.
i. 162 (1834); * Brandis F. Fl. 88.

Vern. Jangra, Sind: Karkan, Trans.
Indus; Bal, Malla, Kokan ber, Pb. ;
Bhor, Jhal Bhor, Ajmere; Paragi, Kan.

A thorny shrub. Branches flexuose, divaricate at right angles, young shoots,
underside of leaves and inflorescence grey-pubescent, spines slender, pilose
when young, unequal, one slender 4—? in, the other much shorter, hooked, bent
downwards. L. elliptic or orbicular, 1-1 in. long. Cymes sessile. Drupes
globose, edible, 2 in. diam., stone rugose, shell hard, bony.

Sind and Baluchistan. Dry region of North-Western India and the Deccan, south
to the dry country near Cape Comorin. Gregarious, often covering extensive tracts
with irregular rounded thorny masses of shrub. The old leaves shed early in the hot

weather, and the fresh leaves appear immediately afterwards. Fl. March—-June. Fr.
Noy.—Jan.

Fie. 78.—Zizyphus nummu-
laria, W, & A. 4.

3. Z. Oenoplia, Mill.; Brandis F. Fl. 86.—Syn. Z. Napeca, Roxb. Vern.
Makoh, Sahar.; Makai, Oudh; Makor, Mar.; Yerwni, Chanda; Kontat
Koli, Uriya; Paraki, Tel.

A scrambling often climbing shrub, prickles short, sharp, often solitary.
Branchlets, underside of leaves and inflorescence clothed with dense ferrugineous
tomentum. IL. oblique, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, minutely denticulate or al-
most entire, in the larger half of leaf
often two basal nerves, making 4
altogether. Transverse nerves numer-
ous, parallel, ascending. Fl. in short
axillary sessile cymes. Drupe } in.
long, black, edible, stone tuberculate.

Subhimalayan tract from the Sutlej
eastward, plains of Northern India, Chota
Nagpore. Both Peninsulas. Fl. H.S. Fr.
R. 8., eaten. A common hedge plant in
the Peninsula. A remarkable variety, pos-
sibly a species, is Z. Brunoniana, C. B.
Clarke MSS., Silhet, Comilla, Chittagong,
Pegu. Basal nerves always 3. Transverse
nerves at right angles to midrib.

4. Z. incurva, Roxb. Flora Indica
i. 614.
A very large shrub, generally un- Fic. 79.—Zizyphus Oenoplia, Mill. 4.

* It is possible, though by no means certain, that Z. rotundifolia, Lamarck Eneycl.
Méth. Bot. iii. 319 (1813), may be intended for this plant. The name adopted: by
Wight et Arn. has been applied to the shrub for over sixty-five years and should be
maintained.

«* ey

Zizyphus) — XXXV. RHAMNACEE 171

armed, stipules sometimes spinescent. Young shoots, petioles and main
neryes strigose. L. turning black when dry, coriaceous, ovate, acuminate,
erenate, blade 2-4, petiole }-l in. Basal nerves 3, sec. n. faint, veins reticulate.
Cymes dichotomous, as well as outside of sepals rusty-tomentose, bracts ovate,
buds obtuse not conical. Fl. 4 in. diam., anther cells diverging. Drupe
ellipsoid, blunt, 4 in. long, putamen thick, hard, 2- celled.

Upper Burma and Shan States to 5,000 ft.. common; Bhutan, Manipur, Nepal.
ae mee Nilgiris(?) Roxburgh describes Z. incurva from Nepal as a well-armed
Sorub,

5. Z. trinervia, Roxb. (1813).—Syn. Z. glabrata, Heyne (1821); Wight
Te. t. 282. Kurka tura, Tam.

A small unarmed tree, youngest shoots and inflorescence pubescent. L.
glabrous, obtuse, minutely serrate. Basal nerves prominent, continued to the
apex, sec. n. faint, veins minutely reticulate, blade 1-3, petiole 4 in. long.
Cymes nearly sessile. Fl. 4 in. diam., greenish-yellow, anther cells parallel,
not diverging at base. Drupe }-} in. long, often apiculate.

Nilgiris. A western species, while Z incurva probably is limited to the eastern
region. Western Ghats. Fl. April-Aug. 6. Z glabra, Roxb.; Kurz F. Fl. 267;
King Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. 65 (1897), 375. Chittagong, Tenasserim, Andamans.
A glabrous, lofty scandent shrub, armed with short, curved, sharp, usually solitary
prickles. L. acuminate, tertiary (transverse) nerves x, parallel, joined by finely
reticulate veins. Inflorescencehairy. Fl.4in.diam. Fr.3 in. 7. Z. Horsfieldii, Miq. ;
King 1. ¢. 376, Nicobars, Malay Peninsula, with a few distinct secondary nerves on
the outside of the outer basal nerves, is probably not distinct. S. Z. vulgaris, Lam.;
Anab, Pushtu; Sinjli, Pb., cultivated in the Punjab, wild and cultivated in the North-
West Himalaya, ascending to 6,500 ft. A hedge plant in Hazara. Indigenous and culti-
yated in Japan and China, Western Asia, North Africa and South Europe. A small
thorny glabrous tree, heartwood brown, branches flexuose, branchlets frequently
fasciculate, thorns unequal, one straight to 14 in. long, the other straight when young,
afterwards hooked and bent down. L. obliquely ovate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, bluntly
serrate. Drupes dark red or black, ovoid or oblong, obtuse at both ends, 4—} in. long,
stones tuberculate, strung up as beads. 9. Z. oxyphylla, Edgew.; Collett Fl. Simla, fig.
29; Ghargurei, Pushtu. Eastern flank of the Sulaiman range. Outer North-West Hima-
laya, 2,000-6,000 ft., east to the Ganges. A small tree. A few scattered hairs on young
parts, otherwise glabrous, spines slender, purple, slightly unequal. L. from an oblique
base ovate-lanceolate, blade 14-3, petiole 4 in., cymes sessile. Drupe bright orange,
ovoid, § in. long. Combs made of the wood.

10. Z. Xylopyrus, Willd.; Brandis F. Fl. 90. Vern. Nathber, Bhander,
N. W.; Goti, Hind. Mar. Tel.; Chitena, Oudh; Ghattol, Ghat bor, C. P.;
Karkata, Sonth.; Kottai, Tam.

A large straggling shrub or small tree. Branchlets, inflorescence and under-
side of leaves pubescent or tomentose, on good soil often unarmed. LL. broad-
ovate or orbicular, finely serrulate, base often cordate. Basal nerves 3, sometimes
4 or 5, the midrib with 1-2 pair of sec. n., the lateral basal nerves with 3-5
sec. n. on the outside, blade 14-3, petiole }-} in. Drupe globose, grey-tomen-
tose, almost dry, 3-1 in. diam., stone furrowed, 3-celled, 3-seeded.

Foot of the North-West Himalaya, Central India and the Western Peninsula. Fl.
April, May. Conspicuous during the greater part of the year for its hard globose fruit.
11. Z. horrida, Roth. Bellary. Spines numerous from a stout conical base, shining,
very sharp. lL. 4-1 in. long, cymes dense, peduncle }-4 in. Drupe globose, 4 in. diam.,
8-celled, 8-seeded. A remarkable species found by Dr. Watt (in leaf only) at Mao,
Manipur, 6,000 ft. (No. 7429), spines numerous, on leaf-bearing branches straight, stout,
} in. long; on trunk and larger branches in pairs on an irregularly conical base, 1 in.
diam. 12.2 apetala, Hook. f. Sikkim 2-5,000 ft. Branchlets and inflorescence silky
with ferrugineous hairs. LL. obliquely ovate, acuminate, 84 in., cymes pedunculate,
petals 0,

B. Cymes pedunculate, arranged in terminal or lateral panicles.

13. Z. rugosa, Lamk.; Wight Ic. t. 339; Brandis F. Fl. 89. Vern.
Suran, Churna, Hind.; Dhaura, Oudh; Sekra, Sonth.: Taran. Churna, Mar.;
Todali, Mal.; Myauksi, Lower, Tabu, Mintha tabu, Upper Burma.

172 XXXV. RHAMNACEA [Zizyphus

A straggling deciduous shrub, often climbing, occasionally a small tree,
trunk often 2-3 ft. girth, armed with short recurved, often solitary spines,
bark dark brown or black, exfoliating with rectangular scales. Branchlets,
_ inflorescence, young spines and underside of leaves densely clothed with ferru-
gineous or grey tomentum. L. ovate or elliptic, from an oblique often cordate
base, blade 2-5, petiole } in., basal nerves 3, rarely 4 or 5, prominent, as well
as the sec. n. along midrib, and on the outside of the lateral nerves.
Cymes large, pedunculate, axillary and terminal, forming a long compound
generally drooping panicle. Petalsnone. Drupe 3 in. long, stone crustaceous,
1-celled, 1-seeded.

Subhimalayan tract from the Ganges eastward, ascending to 2,000 ft. Behar, Central
India, Western Peninsula. Burma, (Shan Hills to 4,000 ft.). Fl. Nov—March. Ceylon.
14. 2, funiculosa, Ham. Assam, Cachar, Khasi hills, Upper Burma (Griffith). Glabrous.
L. shining elliptic, acuminate, blade 8, petiole $ in. long, transverse (tertiary) nerves
parallel, very numerous; a few faint sec. n. on the outside of the outer basal nerves.
Fl. ¢ in. across.

4. RHAMNUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit Ind. i. 638.

Shrubs or trees. L. serrate, alternate, in some species subopposite, stipules
small, mostly deciduous. FI. often unisexual, calyx seements inside keeled, or
with a prominent line, petals sometimes wanting, disk thin, clothing the calyx
tube, petals and stamens inserted on its edge. Ovary free, 3-4-celled, narrowed
into a 3-4-cleft style, stigma papillose, obtuse. Drupe on the persistent but
not enlarged base of calyx, pyrenes 2-4, 1-seeded. Cotyledons flat, or with
recurved margins, often green, radicle short. Species 60-70, mostly in the
northern temperate zone, some on hills within the tropics.

A. Spinescent. Fl. 4-merous, petals minute.

1. R. virgatus,* Roxb.; Brandis F. Fl. 92.—Syn. R. dahuricus, Fl. Brit.
Ind. i. 639; R. hirsutus, W. et A.; Wight Ic. t. 978; Chakra, Sita pajja,
Pb.; Chaulda, Thanthar, Jauns.

A large shrub or small tree, heartwood brown, hard, pores in wavy radial
belts, branchlets often spinescent, young shoots pubescent. L. membranous,
almost opposite, glabrous, frequently fascicled on arrested branchlets, lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, blade 1-4, petiole J-} in. long. Fl. greenish, on slender
pedicels, in axillary clusters, petals minute, linear or spathulate. Seed grooved,
* groove narrow, nearly closed.

Trans-Indus, Himalaya, 2,400-7,000
ft., from the Indus eastward. Mani-
pur. Shan hills, Upper Burma, 4,000
ft. Fl. April-June, also at other
times. 2.R. persicus, Boissier. Trans-
Indus, Salt range, North-West Hima-
laya 2-5,000 ft. (Mikki Kander, Pb.;
Chirla, Dan). A tall shrub with stiff
divaricate branches. L. 4-14 in.,
minutely tomentose beneath. Seeds
with a wide open groove, the edges
thickened.

B. Unarmed. Fl. 5-merous,
petals 5.

3. R. Wightii, W. et A.;
Wicht Ie. t. 159.

A large shrub. IL. subcoriace-
ous, turning black in drying,

Fig. 80.—Rhamnus Wightii, W.et A. 3. mostly alternate, closely and re-

*\| Rhamnus is masc. ace. to Linneus, Bentham and FI. Brit. Ind.

Rhamnus| XXXV. RHAMNACEA . 173

gularly serrate, the serratures tipped with incuryed hard points, secondary
and tertiary nerves conspicuous beneath, blade 3-4, petiole 4-5 in. FI.
yellowish-green, ¢ clustered on axillary racemes, 2 in axillary fascicles or
on short racemes.

Western Ghats, from Mahabaleshwar southwards, Nilgiris, Palni hills. Fl. R. 8.
Ceylon.

4. R. triqueter, Wall.; Brandis F. Fl. 92.

. A small tree, branchlets and leaves with dense short tomentum. LL. ovate-
or elliptic- oblong, sec. n. 6-10 pair, prominent, blade 2-5, petiole }—{ in. long.
Fl. clustered on axillar y racemesattaining 3 in., style 3—4-cleft, the branches
cohering nearly to the apex. Seed with a broad open groove.

Salt range and North-West Himalaya, Jhelum to Sarda, 3-6,000 ft. Fl. May—Aug.
5. R. nepalensis, Wall. Nepal, Sikkim, to 3,000 ft. chal, Nep. Bengal, Assam, Khasi
hills, Upper Burma. A largeshrub. L elabrous, sec. n. 5-7 pair, blade 3-6, petiole }—-4 in.
Fl. often unisexual in long often branching and leafy racemes, style 3—4-cleft at the
apex, berries red.

C. Unarmed. FI. 5-merous, petals none.

6. R. purpureus, Edgew.; Brandis F. Fl. 91,t.18. Vern. Rangiek, Pb. ;
Luhish, Jauns.

A middle-sized tree, young shoots minutely pubescent, the previous year’s
branchlets purple. I. alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sec. n. 6-10 pair,
prominent, blade 3-4, petiole }in. Fl. mostly bisexual, in axillary clusters or
cymes, style short, 5-cleft nearly to the base. Drupe } in. long, pear-shaped,
bitter.

Outer North-West Himalaya, Indus to Sarda river, 4,500-10,000 ft. Fl. May, June.
7. R. procumbens, Edgew. Simla, Jaunsar, Kumaon, 7-8,000 ft. A small prostrate shrub.
L. 1-14 in., stipules persistent, subulate, as long as petiole. Fl. solitary, axillary, on
long slender pedicels.

5. SAGERETIA, Brongn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 641.

Unarmed or spinescent shrubs. Branches angular. lL. generally opposite,
the upper sometimes alternate, stipules small, deciduous. Fl. bisexual, penta-
merous, sessile, in small clusters, supported by bracts, arranged in terminal or
lateral panicles. Calyx a shallow cup, segments keeled ‘inside, persistent.
Disk thick, fleshy, filling the calyx tube, upper part free. Oyary 3-celled,
narrowed into 3 short coherent styles. Drupe with 3 coriaceous indehiscent
pyrenes. Cotyledons foliaceous, in thin fleshy albumen. Species 10, Central
and Eastern Asia, Mexico and Florida.

1. S. oppositifolia, Brongn.; Brandis F. Fl. 95. Vern. Gonta, Din;
Manchi, Surabi, Cuddapah.

A large shrub or small tree. Branchlets oc underside of young leaves
woolly-tomentose, branchlets often spinescent. L. shining above, acuminate,
serrate, sec. n. 3-6 pair, arching, blade 2-4, petiole in. Spikes axillary and
in terminal racemes. Drupe sweetish, edible, 4 in. long.

Himalaya, Indus to Bhutan, 2-6,000 ft, Khasi hills. Konkan Ghats. Hills of the
Ceded Districts and Northern Cirears. Fl. spring to autumn. S. hamosa, Brongn.
Nepal, Nilgiris, Palni hills, China. Unarmed, or with stout Hoek deflexed spines. L.
glabrous, sec. n. arching, 6-10 pair, blade 4-5, petiole 4-4 in.

3. S. Brandrethiana, Aitchison; Brandis F. Fl. 95. Vern. Mangr/, Bal. ;
Mumandi, Pushtu ; Gangéer, Pb.

A shrub, at most 10-12 ft. high. Branches stiff, divergent, the younger
decussate and frequently spinescent. Often only one of the two opposite buds
develops, and at times the branchlets are whorled. Branchlets, inflorescence
and underside of leaves clothed with white tomentum. lL. entire or slightly

174 XXXV. RHAMNACEA [Sageretia

dentate, }-1 in. lone, sec. n- 2-4 pair. FI. panicles terminal and axillary.
Fr. black when ripe, sweet, sold in bazaars.

Sind, Sulaiman range. Saltrange. North-West Himalaya, Indus to Jhelum, ascending
to 5,000 ft. Fl. and Fr. January—May. Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Persia, Arabia.
Closely allied is 4. S. theezans, Brongn.; Collett Fl. Simla, fig. 30. North-West
Himalaya, Upper Burma, China, Tonkin (Hankalu, Pangi; Zartum, Buasshir). L.
larger, #-14 in. long, perfectly glabrous, both surfaces shining, lower pal. Specimens
of S. Brandrethiana, with small but perfectly glabrous leaves, are known from
Sind, Baluchistan, Muscat and Arabia. Possibly this species should be united with
S. theezans. - ay

6. SCUTIA, Comm.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 640.
Species about 8, tropics of both hemispheres.

S. indica, Bronen.: Wight Ill. t. 73.—Syn. S. Rheediana, Wight Ie. t.
1071. Vern. Chimat, Mar.

A straggling, glabrous shrub, armed with small sharp, curved spines. L.
coriaceous, shining, pale beneath, opposite or alternate, elliptic, ovate or
obovate, entire or faintly crenate. Fl. yellowish-green, in axillary few-fd.
umbels on short peduncles. Drupe nearly dry, } in. long, supported by the
persistent concave calyx tube.

Western Peninsula, both on dry hills in the Deccan, and along the Ghats of the
Konkan, in Coorg and on the Nilgiris. Fl. Oct—April. Ceylon, dry country.

=
Hovenia dulcis, Thunb. (Chamun, Chamba); Brandis F. Fl. 94. A tree, unarmed, indi-
genous in China, cultivated in Kumaon, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and Japan. L. alter-
nate, deciduous, ovate, from an unequal-sided base, serrate, acuminate, 3 prominent
basal nerves. The ramifications of the inflorescence swell into an irregularly and un-
evenly oblong fleshy mass, variously bent, which is sweet and aromatic, the fruit
3-celled, 3-seeded, coriaceous, supported by the obconical calyx tube. -

7. COLUBRINA, Rich.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 642.

Scandent or erect shrubs. IL. alternate, penninerved, the lowest pair of
nerves basal. Calyx tube hemispherical, filled with the thick annular lobed
disk. Ovary immersed in the disk and confluent with it, 3-celled, style
3-cleft. Fr. dry, 3-celled, tardily dehiscent, globose, base supported by the
persistent calyx tube. Species 15, the majority in tropical and subtropical
America.

1. C. asiatica, Brongn.; Wight Ill. t. 74. Vern. Guti, Mar.

A large unarmed spreading often
scandent shrub or small tree, entirely
glabrous. L. ovate from a rounded
base, acuminate, crenate, blade 13-24
in., petiole 4-1 in. Cymes axillary,
few-fld., on short peduncles. Drupes
pale brown, # in. long.

Western Ghats from the Konkan south-
ward, also on the coast. Sea-coast of
Lower Burma, Andamans, Nicobars. FI.
February. Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago, China, New Guinea, Austra-
lia. 2. C. travancorica, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind.
Or. t. 188. Travancore, Cochin. A large
shrub, branchlets, petioles and young
leaves with rust-coloured pubescence. L.
ovate-oblong, 4-6 in. long. 3.C. pubescens,
Kurz, Pegu, Martaban and Tenasserim.
Branchlets and leaves tawny-pubescent.
L. membranous, oyate-lanceolate, blade
Fre. 81.—Colubrina asiatica, Brongn. 4. 13-24, petiole 4-4 in.

Smythe] XXXV. RHAMNACEE 175

Smythea calpicarpa, Kurz, Tenasserim and Andamans. A scandent shrub, branchlets,
petioles and inflorescence tawny-pubescent. lL. lanceolate, remotely crenate-serrate,
fine hairs on nerves, blade 2-4 in., petiole } in. Fl. bisexual, pentamerous, in clusters
along narrow spiciform terminal racemes, petals cucullate, filaments incuryed, anthers
didymous. Ovary half inferior, 2-celled, styles 2 recurved. Fr. 3-celled, cor jaceous,

flat, dehiscent vertically into two valves, the lower part enclosed in the persistent calyx
tube.

8. GOUANIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 643.

Unarmed shrubs, mostly climbing by means of terminal tendrils. L. alter-
nate. Fl. polygamous in sessile clusters on axillary or terminal spikes.
Ovary inferior, sunk in the disk, which fills the calyx tube. Fr. a dehiscent
coriaceous capsule crowned by the persistent calyx-limb, 3-angled or 3-winged.
Species 30-40 in all tropical countries.

1. G. leptostachya, DC.—Syn. G. tiliaefolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 98.; G.
nepalensis, Wall. Vern. Batwasi, Nep.

A large scandent shrub, wood normal, med. rays long and broad. LL. broad-
ovate, acuminate, base rounded or slightly cordate, base entire, upper part
serrate or crenate, blade 3-4, petiole #-1 in. long. Spikes slender, 6-12 in.
long. Fr. } in. diam.

Subhimalayan tract and outer hills, from the Jumna eastward, ascending to 6,000
ft. in. Sikkim. Khasi hills, Lower Burma, Andamans. Fl. Aug., Sept. Tonkin,
Cochinchina, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. 2. G. microcarpa, DC. Western
Ghats from the Konkan southwards, often in evergreen forest, Nilgiris, Ceylon, Malay
Archipelago, differs by smaller quite entire leaves, spikes, calyx and young leaves
densely pubescent. Fr. 4 in. diam. 3. G. Brandisii, Hassk. Martaban and Tenasserim.
Branchlets, inflorescence and young leaves densely tawny- or rusty-tomentose. L.
cordate-ovate, quite entire. Wings of fruit rounded. 4. G. andamanica, King; Journ.
As. Soe. Bengal, vol. 65 (1897), 382. Common on middle Andaman island. Branchlets
rusty-pubescent. Fr. rusty-tomentose, triquetrous, not winged.

Helinus lanceolatus, Brandis F. FJ. 574. Subhimalayan tract, ascending to 4,000 ft.
Plains of Northern India, Behar, Pachmarhis, Godavery. A slender climbing
shrub. L. entire, lanceolate, 1-3 in. long. Branchlets ending in simple tendrils. Fl.
umbellate. Fr. coriaceous, obovoid-globose, not winged, 3-celled, tardily dehiscent.

Orpen XXXVI. AMPELIDEA. Gen. PI. i. 386.
(Vitacew, Engler u. Prantl iii. 5. 427.)

Herbs or shrubs, erect or climbing. L. alternate. Fl. regular, inflorescence
cymcese, cererally leaf-oppesed. C aly x small, 4-5-dentate or entire, petals 4-5,
valvate in bud. Stamens as many as ard opposite to yetals, inserted outside
and often between the lobes of a hypogynous disk. Ovary 2-6-celled, ovules
2 (rarely 1) in each cell, style simple, stigma often sessile. Fr. a berry, seeds
with a stony or crustaceous testa, embryo small, ina copious generally hard
albumen.

W oody or herbaceous climbers, rarely erect, filaments free,

ovary 2-celled

Erect shrubs or large herbs, filaments united into a ‘tube,

ovary 3-6-celled

1. Viris.

2. Lea.

1. VITIS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 645,

Climbing, rarely erect shrubs or herbs. Tendrils generally leaf-opposed,
often bearing the inflorescence. Stipules membranous, deciduous. Petals
often cohering at the apex, when the entire corolla, lifted up by the stamens,

176 XXXVI. AMPELIDEE [Vitis

separates from the base and falls away. Ovary 2-celled, its base surrounded
by the fleshy often 4-5-lobed disk. Fr. 1-4-seeded. Species about 400,
cosmopolitan.

Planchon in DC. Monogr. Phan., vol. 5, divides Vitis into a number of genera; the
species here noticed belong to the following: 1. Vitis, petals 5, united at apex. - 2.
Ampelocissus, petals 4, mostly 5, free. 3. Cissus, petals 4, style long. 4. Tetrastigma,
petals 4, stigma nearly sessile, 4-lobed, inflorescence axillary. FI. unisexual. ~ >

The wood, as a rule, is not interrupted by concentric rings of bast (phloém). The
rays are high and very broad, widening towards the circumference, the vessels are ex-
tremely wide (sometimes over 0°5 mm. diam.) mixed with smaller vessels. The flat-
stemmed species have a peculiar structure. On two opposite sides of a central cylinder
numerous alternating zones are formed, each consisting of wood inside and bast
(phloém) outside.

A. L. simple. FI. bisexual, as a rule tetramerous. Cymes arranged in
corymbs, often umbellate.

1. V. adnata, Wall.; Brandis F. Fl. 100.—Syn. Cissws adnata, Roxb. ;
Wight Ic. t. 144.

Trailing, young shoots more or less rusty-tomentose. lL. cordate, rarely
lobed, often longer than broad, bristle-serrate, more or less tomentose beneath,
blade 3-44, petiole 1-2} in., stipules more or less adnate, consisting of a
round shining centre, surrounded by a free scarious margin. Cymes short,
compact, opposite to fully developed leaves, fl. greenish yellow. Fr. black,
obovoid, 4 in. long, seed one.. Fruiting pedicels recurved.

Oudh forests, Sikkim Terai, ascending to 3,000 ft., Assam, Khasi hills, Lower Bengal,
Burma. West side of the Peninsula. Fl. February,while the plant is in full leaf. Ceylon,
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Madagascar, New Guinea. 2. V. repanda, W. et A.,
Pani lara, Nep. Subhimalayan tract from Dehra Dun eastward, Assam, Bengal,
Upper Burma, in Engdain and dry deciduous forest (Hléza, Burm.), Western Penin-
sula. A very large deciduous climber with corky bark, branches woolly when young
L. as broad as long, stipules oblong, free, cymes lax, appearing in May with the young
leaves or before the leaves, fruiting pedicels rarely reflexed. V. rosea, Royle Ill. t. 26,
fig. 1, with large leaves and pink flowers, is quoted as a synonym of C. repanda
in Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 648. Species 1 and 2 are closely allied. 3. V. tomentosa, Heyne ;
Wight Ill. t. 57. Western Deccan from Dharwar southwards, the whole plant
coyered with a thick woolly persistent tomentum, |. more or less deeply lobed, lobes
sometimes petiolate. Cymes compact on stout peduncles. Fl. pentamerous, scarlet,
conspicuous in the white woolly tomentum. 4. V. pallida, W. et A., Kondagu mara,
Kan. Western Peninsula, chiefly in the Deccan. An erect shrub, bark corky, stem
thick, fleshy, hollow. lL. cordate, repand serrate, blade 3-6, petiole 2-8 in., tendrils
short or wanting, peduncle 1-2 in. thick, fleshy. Cyme compact, bracts and bracteoles
large glabrous. Nearly allied is 5. V. Woodrowii, Stapf, common in the Deccan (Girnal,
Mar.) Stems woody, attaining 3 in. diam., structure peculiar. L. larger, up to 9 in.,
petiole 6-10 in. long. 6. V. glauca, W. et A. Western Peninsula, distinguished by
slender peduncles 2-3 in. long, bracts and bracteoles small, deciduous.

7. V. Linnaei, Wall.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 649, not of Kurz.—Syn. Cissus
vitigenea, Linn.; King Journ. As. Soc. vol. 65 (1896) p. 110. :

A climbing shrub in hedges, and ascending to the top of large trees, the whole
plant softly and densely pubescent. LL. variable in shape, from round,
pentagonal to deeply 5-lobed, blade 2, petiole $-1 in. Cymes_ biturcate,
as long as leaves. Fr. obovoid, 4-1 in. long, fruiting pedicels recurved, seed
one.

Central Provinces. Western Peninsula. Fl. June-Sept. Ceylon.

8. V. discolor, Dalz. Vern. Sanw pureni, Nep.; Telit sayel, Mar.

L. green above, variegated with white and purple beneath, glabrous, ovate-
lanceolate, base cordate, bristly serrate, blade 3-8, petiole -3 in. Cymes
short, peduncle {-} in. Calyx purple, corolla yellow, seed one, rugose.

Sikkim 14,000 ft., Khasi hills, Manipur, Chittagong, Upper and Lower Burma,
Andamans. West side of the Peninsula from the Konkan southwards. Fl. Aug., Sept.
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Vitis] XXXVI. AMPELIDEA 177

9. V. repens, W. et A.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 275.

A large climber. Branches often white, mealy. L. glabrous, ovate from a
cordate base, acuminate, not lobed, with distant hairy teeth, blade 2-4, petiole
1-2} in. Cymes large, half the length of leaf, peduncle 1-2$ in., seed usually
one.

Sikkim, Khasi hills, Assam, Chittagong, Burma. West side cf the Peninsula. FI.
June-Sept. (Khasi) March (Kanara). Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

10. V. quadrangularis, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 51; Brandis F. Fl. 100.
Vern. Harsankar, Bomb.; Nalleru, Tel.

A perennial climber. Branches dichotomous, succulent, quadrangular, con-
stricted at the nodes, angles winged. L. fleshy, entire, broad-ovate to 3-5-lobed,
blade $-2, petiole J-} in. Berry red, 1-seeded.

North-West India, Western Peninsula. Fl. R.S. Eastern tropical Africa, Arabia,
Malay Archipelago.

B. L. simple. Fl. pentamerous. Cymes arranged in panicles (spikes in
we at 1] i A t g if
TV. indica), inflorescence usually on the tendril.

11. V. vinifera, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl. 98. The Grape Vine. Dakh,
Hind.

A large woody climber, tendrils long, bifid. L. glabrous above, clothed be-
neath with grey floccose deciduous tomentum, from a cordate base nearly
orbicular, more or less deeply 5-lobed, edge cut into large unequal acute teeth ;
basal nerves 5, the midrib with 4-5 pair of prominent sec. n., petiole generally
shorter than leaf, but longer than half its length. Fl. green, fragrant, petals
cohering at the top. Fr. 3—5-seeded.

Indigenous in Armenia, the Caucasus and other parts of Western Asia, probably
also in Greece. Apparently wild in the North-West Himalaya. Cultivated in
Kashmir, Kunawar (the vineyards mostly destroyed by vine-disease between 1855 and
1560), the plains of North-West India and the Deccan.

12. V. lanata, Roxb. (King Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 65 (1897),
p. 111); Jacquem. Voy. Bot. t. 36. Chakcha, Bussahir; Jarila lava, Nep.;
Goele-lota, Sundrib.

A powerful woody climber. Branches, petioles and inflorescence more or
less woolly. L. from a flat or cordate base, ovate, acuminate, dentate, angled
or indistinctly lobed, more or less clothed beneath with soft rusty tomentum.
Cymes arranged in large compound panicles, one of the lower branches often
terminating in a tendril or developed into a second panicle, giving the appear-
ance of a bifureate inflorescence, petals cohering at the apex. Seed 1.

Subhimalayan tract, ascending to 5,000 ft., from Hazara eastward. Assam, Khasi
hills, Manipur, East Bengal, Chittagong, Burma. FI. April, May. This species
varies considerably in regard to the tomentum. A form, which is almost glabrous, is
known from Kumaon, the Khasi hills, and Burma. These glabrous specimens are very
similar to 13. V. parvifolia, Roxb., a species of Kashmir, Kumaon and Nepal, with
acuminate 1, 2-8 in. long, 1-2 in. broad. FI. in short racemiform panicles 1-2 in.
long. 14. V. rugosa, Wall. Kumaon, Burma, with edible grapes, has larger leaves 6-12
in. long, with dense reddish-brown tomentum beneath. Fl. deep red, the petals not
cohering. In these (11-14) and other species with paniculate inflorescence, it
often happens that the lowest branch of the panicle bears a second panicle, giving
the appearance of a bifurcate inflorescence.

15. V. latifolia, Roxb.; Brandis F. Fl. 99. Panibel, Hind.; Musal Murie, Ajm.
Plains of North India. Rajputana, Behar, Bengal, Assam. Peninsula. L. densely
pubescent. beneath, nearly orbicular from a cordate base, angled or 5-lobed, lobes
dentate, tendrils long, bifid. Cymeson the tendrils in pyramidal often bifurcate
panicles. 16. V. barbata, Wall. Assam, Khasi hills, plains of Bengal, Burma.
Branches, petioles and inflorescence clothed with soft woolly hair and long thin
brown bristles. L. clothed beneath with floceose pubescence, cordate, with large
rounded basal lobes, 4-10 in. long. Cymes in large pyramidal panicles, hairs 4 in,
long. 17. V. indica, Lawson. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 658 (Narde/, Mar.) West side of the
Peninsula, from the Konkan southwards. Branches, inflorescence, petioles and

N

178 XXXVI. AMPELIDE [ Vitis

underside of leaves densely clothed with soft rusty tomentum. L. hard, firm, cordate,
83-6 in. long, not lobed, the neryes terminating in hard glandular teeth. Cymes
sessile along the rachis of a short compact cylindrical raceme. As pointed out by
King (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 65 (1897), p. 112), V. indica, Linn., is a Ceylon species
(V. erioclada, W. et A.). The correct name of the Indian species with cylindric
racemes has still to be determined.

C. L. trifoliolate. Cymes umbellate, or arranged in corymbs.

18. V. semicordata, Wall.; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 65
(1897), pp. 113, 397.—Syn. V. himalayana, Brandis F. Fl. 100. Collett, Pl.
Simla fig. 31; V. neilgherrensis, Wight Ic. t. 965. Vern. Mundeéri, Theog,
near Simla; Sever dakhan, Bussahir; Kandar, Jauns.; Chacheri, Nep.

A large, soft-wooded climber, stem 5-6 in. diam., glabrous, or youngest
shoots slightly pubescent, tendrils distichous, at times wanting. LL. trifolio-
late, the terminal leaflet ovate or obovate, the two lateral unequal-sided,
falcate or semicordate, all sharp-serrate with cuspidate teeth, stipules oblong,
early deciduous. FI. yellowish-green, pentamerous, rarely tetramerous, in
compound trichotomous cymes, peduncle as long as or shorter than petiole of
the opposite leaf, petals ending in a conical hood, which encloses the anther
before opening, reflexed after the flower has opened. Ovary slightly 5-lobed,
narrowed into a short obtuse style.

Himalaya from Kashmir eastwards 3-9,000 ft., in Sikkim to 11,000 ft., Khasi hills,
Palni hills. Burma. Fl. April-June. In autumn the leaves turn red. Varies with
leaves from glabrous to hispid on the neryes beneath. 19. V. carnosa, Wall.: Brandis
F. Fl. 101. Karik, gidar dakh, Pb.; Katamba, Ajm. Common in most parts of India
and Burma. A large climber with herbaceous flattened stems, young parts softly
pubescent. L. rough, trifoliolate, leaflets ovate or elliptic, the two lateral nearly
sessile. Fl. tetramerous, greenish-white, in trichotomous compound cymes, peduncle
longer than petiole of opposite leaf, petals separate, berries black, 2-4-seeded. This
species King identifies with V. trifolia, Linn. Linnaeus’ genus Vitis however was
pentamerous.

D. L. digitately 5-foliolate, stems more or less flat.

20. V. planicaulis, Hook. f. Sikkim outer hills, to 4,000 ft., Assam, Khasi and Cachar
hills. A vast climber, ascending to the top of tHe tallest trees, sending down from its
branches long thin leafless bands, stems flat, to 18 in. wide and 1 in. thick, leaflets
thinly coriaceous, with a rounded base, petiolule 3-14 in. long. Fl.4-merous. Fr.
round, $-$ in. diam., 1-2-seeded. 21. V. elongata, Wall. Sikkim Terai and valleys, to
4,000 ft., Silhet, Dacca, Konkan, North Kanara (on the coast). A large, glabrous
climber, stems rather flattened. Fl. 4-merous. Fr. ellipsoid, 1-seeded, 4} in. long.

KE. L. pedately 5-11-foliolate. Cymes mostly axillary. Fl. unisexual (bi-
sexual in V. pedata).

22. V. lanceolaria, Wall.; Brandis F. Fl. 101: Wight Ic. t. 177 ¢ and
t. 28 9 .—Syn. V. muricata, W.et A.: Wight Ic. t. 740. Vern. Kajolit sayel,
Mar. ; Ayi-ni-nwé, Burm.

A large woody evergreen glabrous climber, stems, branches and petioles
often corky-tubercled, tendrils simple, glabrous. lL. pedately 5-foliolate, those
of coppice shoots often 3-foliolate, leaflets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
distantly serrate, 3-5 in. long. FI. unisexual, pale yellow, tetramerous,
stigma 4-lobed. Cymes axillary, dichotomously compound, peduncles short, the
female cymes smaller, petals distinct. Fr. $ in. diam.

Kumaon, Nepal. Oudh forests. Sikkim (to 4,000 ft.), Silhet, Manipur. Western Ghats,
from North Kanara southwards. Andamans, Lower Burma. Fl. Febr—April. Ceylon.
Closely allied is 23. V. Hookeri, Lawson. Sikkim, Assam, Bhutan, Khasia, Chitta-
gong. Leaflets larger and fr.1in.diam. 24. V. capreolata, D. Don ; pani lahra, Nep.
Himalaya from Simla eastward, 3-7,000 ft., Khasi hills. Stems slender, leaflets
13-3 in. 25. V. rumicisperma, Lawson ; chacheri, Nep. Sikkim, 5-7,000 ft., Khasi hills,
Manipur. A large glabrous climber. Branches covered with corky tubercles, cymes
compound-trichotomous, ample, longer than common petiole. Fr. edible, seed broadly
triangular-obcordate, keeled.

Vitis] XXXVI. AMPELIDEA 179

26. V. pedata, Vahl; Kurz-F. Fl. i. 273.

A woody climber, more or less softly pubescent. lL. 7-11-foliolate, leaflets
membranous, 4-8 in. long. Cymes sometimes axillary, compound-dichotomons.
Fl. white or greenish-yellow, bisexual. Fr. } in. diam., 3-4-seeded.

Assam, Khasi and Naga hills. Burma. West side of the Peninsula from the Konkan

southwards. FI. H. S. R. S. A remarkable species with pinnate leaves is 27.
V. rubifolia, Wall. Assam and Khasi hills.

2. LEEA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 664.

Large herbs or erect shrubs, stems and branches generally furrowed. L.
imparipinnate, or tripinnate, rarely simple, leaflets opposite, petioles with
broad sheathing base. Fl. pentamerous, in compound corymbose cymes,
peduncles leaf-opposed, no tendrils, petals more or less cohering at the base
and adhering to the staminal tube. Stamens 5, filaments short, inserted on
the entire or 5-cleft staminal tube. Ovary 3-6-celled, one ovule in each cell,
style short. Fr. a berry, seeds 3-6. Species 45, tropical Asia, a few in
Africa and Australia.

A. Petals red.

1. L. alata, Edgew.: Brandis F. Fl. 102. Vern. Lal galeni, Nep.

A shrub 2-5 ft. Branches stiff, not succulent. L. pinnate, glabrous,
leaflets 2-4 pair, sessile, oblong, sharply serrate, 6-10 in., rachis often
narrowly winged. Fl. in dense rusty corymbs. Fr. red, 1-4 in. diam.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Jumna eastward. Maimensingh. Fl. July, Aug.

‘2, L. acuminata, Wall.; Clarke in Trimen’s Journal of Botany, vol. 10
(1881), p. 102. Vern. Lal galeni, Nep.

A large herbaceous shrub. LL. bipinnate, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, crenate-serrate, blade 3-6, petiole 4-} in. Corymbs coral-red. Fr.
orange-yellow.

Sikkim, ascending to 5,000 ft., Assam, Manipur, Andamans, Fl. May-July. 3. L.
Wightii, C.B.Clarke (L. Staphylea, Wight Il. t. 58, not of Roxb.) Malabar Courtallum.
L. bipinnate, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, sec. n. 8-12 pair, arching, conspicuous beneath.

B. Petals greenish-white.

4. L. sambucina, Willd.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 279.—Syn. L. Staphylea, Roxb.
Wight Ic. t. 78. Vern. Dino, Mar.

A large shrub, glabrous. LL. 2-3-pinnate, leaflets elliptic-oblong, coarsely
serrate, blade 3-8, petiolule {—} in. Corymbs spreading, 3-6 in, diam. Fr.
black or dark blue.

Sikkim, ascending to 4,000 ft., Lower Bengal. West side of the Peninsula, from the
Konkan southwards, Andamans, Burma. Fl. May-Aug. Malay Peninsula, Ceylon.
Tn moist districts numerous short. atrial roots descend from the branches. Closely
allied and perhaps not specifically distinct are: 5. L. gigantea, Griff. Tenasserim,
Malay Peninsula. A small tree with a single stem. 6. L. umbraculifera, C. B. Clarke.
Sikkim, chiefly in valleys, ascending to 3,000 ft. A tree, attaining 50 ft., trunk as
thick as a man’s body.

7. L. aequata, Linn.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 281.—Syn. L. hirta, Roxb.; Fl. Brit.
Tnd. i. 668.

A large shrub, branchlets, petioles and underside of leaves hirsute. L.
2-3-pinnate, leaflets serrate oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 in. long, on the underside
with numerous flat glandular disks, petioles short. Fr, black, 4 in. diam.

Sikkim, ascending to 2,000 ft., Assam, Khasi hills, Sundriban, Chittagong, Lower
Burma, Andamans. Evergreen forests near Karwar, Talbot, List 57. Fl R. S. 8.
L. robusta, Roxb. Sikkim, to 4,000 ft., Singhboom, Chanda distriet C.P., Mira hill,
Kolaba district. Andamans. Lower Burma. Differs from 7 by the absence of the disks

180 XXXVI. AMPELIDE [| Leca

on the underside of leaflets. Fr. blue. 9.°L. bracteata, C. B. Clarke. Oudh forests.
Sikkim, to 3,000 ft., Khasi and Naga hills. A large shrub, sometimes a small tree.
Branchlets, petioles and underside of leaves along neryes pubescent. L. pinnate and
bipinnate, leaflets oblong-lanceolate, shallow-serrate, sec. n. prominent beneath,
arching, terminating in intramarginal veins, tertiary nerves numerous, fine, parallel,
inflorescence with numerous long linear bracts. Fr. orange-yellow. :

10. L. aspera, Edgew.; Brandis F. Fl. 102. Vern. Kawd okhdv, Jaunsar.

A stout, spreading shrub, pubescent. lL. pinnate, rarely bipinnate, leaflets
ovate-oblong, acuminate, upper surface often scabrous, the bifurcations of sec.
n. running into the teeth, blade 4-8, petiole 4-1 in. long. Fr. 4 in., black
when ripe.

Foot of North-West Himalaya, ascending to 6,000 ft., Bias to Nepal. Chota Nagpore,
Western Peninsula. Fl. R. S. Closely allied is 11. L. herbacea, Ham. (L. aspera,
Kurz F. Fl. i. 280). Vern. Phekri galeni, Nep.; Ban chalita, W. Duars; Maham,
Kol. A shrub, stems numerous, bending over in all directions. L. mostly bipinnate.
12. L. crispa, Linn. ; Kurz F. Fl. 280. Sikkim Terai, Assam, Khasi hills, Dacca, Chitta-
gong, Lower Burma, Konkan, North Kanara (Talbot, List 57). A stiff shrub. L.
pinnate, stems, branches and petioles generally with 6-8 narrow crisped wings, nearly
glabrous, leaflets usually 5, oblong, 4-12 in. long, deeply and regularly serrate, sec. n.
numerous, prominent beneath, straight, parallel, one to each serrature, tertiary nerves
©, parallel. 13. L. macrophylla, Hornemann; Brandis F. Fl. 102 (Hat Kul, Sonth. ;
Dinda, Mar.). Subhimalayan tract from the Ganges eastward, Assam, Behar, Lower
Burma. Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards. A large herbaceous shrub. — L.
simple, cordate, mealy-white beneath, blade 8-24 in., petiole 2-5 in.

Orpen XXXVII. STAPHYLEACEA. Pax in Engl. u.

Prantl ii. 5. 258.

Shrubs or trees. LL. opposite, stipulate, trifoliolate or imparipinnate, leaflets
stipellate. Fl. regular, bisexual, pentamerous, stamens 5, inserted outside the
disk. Ovary 3-celled, ovules 2 or more in each cell. Embryo straight, in
fleshy albumen.

Fr. indehiscent, fleshy. Fl. small : : : : . 1. Turprnta.
Fr. a membranous inflated capsule. Fl. $in. long . : Sraruycea (p. 181).

1. TURPINIA, Vent.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 698.
Species 10, Indo-Malayan region, China, North and Central America.

T. pomifera, DC.—Syn. 7. nepalensis, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 159. Vern.
Thali, Nep.; Nila, Nilgiris; Tauwkshama, Daukyama, Lower; Sat-tamane,
taw-petsut, Upper Burma.

A middle-sized, at times a large, evergreen tree, quite glabrous. L. impari-
pinnate, leaflets coriaceous, opposite, 1-4 pair, elliptic-oblong, acuminate,
serrate, 3-7 in. long, stipules interpetiolar, triangular, caducous, as well as the
lanceolate stipels. Fl. regular, bisexual, pentamerous in terminal and axillary
panicles. Stamens 5, inserted outside the crenulate raised disk, ovary 3-celled,
3-lobed, styles 3, more or less connate, ovules 2-3 in each cell. Fr. green,
yellow or purplish, 1-2 in. diam. Seeds angular, shining, albumen fleshy.

Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Khasi hills, Chittagong, Burma, Upper and Lower. Western
Ghats from the Konkan southwards, chiefly in evergreen forests. Nilgiris, Palnis.
Fl. Jan.June. Malay Peninsula, Ceylon, Yunan, Hongkong. Kurz F. Fl. i. 292 and
Gamble, list 23, distinguish 2 species. JT. pomifera, DC., in Sikkim from the Terai to
3,000 ft., in the tropical forests of Pegu and Martaban. L. 5-7 in. Fl. 4 in. across.
Fr. 1-2 in. diam. T. nepalensis, Wall. The high level form, in Sikkim at 4~7,000 ft.,
hill forests of Martaban, chiefly in the dry woods 3-7,200 ft., isa smaller tree. L.3—4 in.,
caudate acuminate. Fl. 4 in. across. Fr. under 1 in. diam.

Staphylea| XXXVII. STAPHYLEACEA 181

Staphylea Emodi, Wall. Vern. Marchob (snake stick), Nagdaun, Chitra, Pb. “Trans
Indus. North-West Himalaya, Indus to the Sarda river, descends to 2,500 and ascends
to 9,000 ft. Usually scattered singly in mixed and coniferous forests. A shrub or
small nearly glabrous tree, bark marked with conspicuous raised white longitudinal
stripes. L. trifoliolate, common petiole as long as or longer than leaflets. Leaflets
serrate, pale beneath, 3-6 in. long, the terminal petiolulate, the lateral sessile. Stipules
linear, stipels setaceous, both early deciduous. FI. bisexual, regular, pentamerous, in
terminal short compact erect or drooping panicles, with numerous deciduous mem-
branous bracts. Petals as long as calyx segments, both white, stamens 5, inserted
outside the disk below its edge, anthers versatile. Fr.a membranous inflated capsule,
3-celled, dehiscent at the apex. Seeds few, compressed, bright brownish-grey, embryo
straight, in the axis of a fleshy albumen, cotyledons thin, flat. Closely allied to, and
may be regarded as a local form of, the North American S. trifolia, Linn.

Orpen XXXVIII. ACERACEA, Pax in Engl. u.
Prantl in. 5. 263.

Shrubs or trees. L. opposite, stipules 0. Fl. regular, polygamous, disk
generally annular. Stamens inserted outside or upon, rarely inside, the disk,
filaments free, as a rule glabrous. Ovary of 2 carpels, 2-celled, 2-lobed.
Fruiting carpels winged, albumen 0.

ACER, Tournef.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 692.

Trees, mostly deciduous, buds covered with scales, the outer short, coriaceous,
the inner developing when the buds open, oblong, membranous. Fl. male and
bisexual, usually on different trees. Calyx generally 5-, sometimes 4—12-parted,
deciduous. Disk thick, annular or cup-shaped Stamens 4-1 2, generally 8,
inserted on the disk, inside it or outside, filaments shorter in the bisexual,
longer in the male flower. Petals none, or as many as calyx lobes, similar to
them in colour and substance. Ovary of 2 carpels (2 ovules in each) which
develop into 2 one-seeded samaras, the ‘back produced into a large membranous
reticulate wing, the lower edge of which is thickened. Albumen 0. Cotyledons
irregularly folded, radicle generally long. Species 100, Europe, Asia and North
America.

A. L. undivided.

1. A. oblongum, Wall.; Brandis F. Fl. 110. Vern. Pangot, Paranga,
Jauns.; Kirmoli, N. W.

A middle-sized tree. LL. lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, entire, pale beneath,
blade 3-5, petiole 1-2 in. Fl. pentamerous, in terminal corymbs, ramifications,
pedicels and calyx hairy. Nuts unevenly gibbous, wings 1-1} in. long.

Sivalik tract and outer Himalaya, Jhelum to Bhutan, ascending to 6,000 ft. Assam,
Manipur. Never leafless, the young shoots of a beautiful brown colour. Fl. Feb—April.
2 A.levigatum, Wall. Pl. As. Rav. t. 104. Outer Himalaya, Garhwal to Sikkim, 5-9,000 ft.,
Khasi hills. Putli, Nep. A large tree, differs from 1 by short petioles 3 in. long.
L. not glaucous beneath, reticulate veins conspicuous. Fl. in lax terminal glabrous
panicles, pedicels and calyx glabrous, nuts smooth. 3. A. niveum, Blume, Assam, hills
of Martaban and Tenasserim. A very large tree, glabrous. L. ovate-lanceolate, entire,
white beneath. Fl. in racemose glabrous” corymbs. Wings of fruit 1-2 in. long. 4.
A. Hookeri, Miq.; La! Kabashi,Nep. Sikkim, Bhutan, 7-10,000 ft. A middle-sized tree,
often grows from seed deposited in the fork of other trees. L. glabrous, ovate, caudate-
acuminate, base frequently cordate, sometimes slightly lobed, closely serrate, basal nerves
5, blade 4-6, petiole 14-384 in. FI. in lax pendulous racemes, pedicels filiform }in. Ripe
carpels fin. 5, A sikkimense, Miq. Sikkim, Bhutan, 7-9,000 ft. A middle-sized tree.
L. glabrous, shining, bright green on both sides, ovate, acuminate, entire or faintly
serrate, base frequently cordate, basal nerves 5, blade 4—5, petiole {-1 in. Fl. nearly
sessile in pendulous spikes. Ripe carpels § in. 6. A stachyophyllum, Hiern. Sikkim.
L. velvety beneath, ovate, caudate-acuminate, serrate. Ripe carpels 1{-2 in, long.

182 XXXVIII. ACERACEA [Acer
B.° L. 3-7-lobed. id

7. A. pentapomicum, J. L. Stewart: Brandis F. Fl. 111. Vern. Yeon,
Buss.

A middle-sized or small tree. L. broader than long, generally 3- sometimes
5-lobed, lobes spreading, obtusely dentate, basal nerves 3, blade 3, petiole 3 in. ~
long.. Carpels 1 in., wings erect or diverging.

Fie. 82.—Acer villosum, Wall. 4.

Kashmir to Kunawur, 2,300-7,000 ft., common locally and at times almost gregarious.
EF]. Feb—March. 8. A.isolobum, Kurz F. Fl. i. 289. Hill forests of Martaban, 57,000 ft.
L. palmately 3-lobed, rounded at the 3-nerved base.

9. A. villosum, Wall.; Brandis F. Fl. 111. Vern. Rangteon, Kun ;
Kainju, Jauns.

A large tree, young shoots and inflorescence clothed with long silky hairs.
L.. glabrous above when full grown, green and often pubescent beneath, cordate,
5-lobed, the two outer lobes very small, irregularly and remotely dentate, blade
5-7, petiole 4-6 in., basal nerves 5, the three inner penniveined. Fl. before the
leaves, in pendulous racemiform panicles, at the ends of short lateral branchlets.
Stamens 8 in the ¢ flower, much longer than calyx. Ripe carpels 13-24 in. long,

mie

Acer] XXXVITI. ACHERACEA 183

wings erect or divergent. Nuts large, more or less pubescent, the 2 together
forming a semicircle }—? in across.

North-West Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft., from Kashmir to Kumaon. Fl. Feb—March.
10. A. Thomsoni, Miq. Sikkim. Bhutan, Manipur, Burma. Closely allied, differs by
1, 3-lobed, lateral lobes generally small. Fruit carpels red, 23-35 in. long, wing
narrowed at the base.

11. A. cesium, Wall.; Brandis F. Fl. tab. 31. Vern. Mandar, Trekhan,
Bodal, Punj.; Kainju, N. W.

A large deciduous tree, trunk tall, straight, buds glabrous, the inner longer
bud scales densely silky outside, petioles red. LL. pale beneath, cordate, 5-lobed,
lobes broadly triangular, the two outer lobes smaller, serratures large obtuse,
basal nerves 5, numerous secondary nerves on the 3 inner nerves, blade 4-8,
petiole 3-4 in. Fl. appearing soon after the leaves, in terminal corymbose
panicles. Nuts unevenly gibbous, wings slightly divergent.

North-West Himalaya, Indus to Nepal 4- 10,000 ft. FI. April, May.

Pic. 88.—Acer pictum, Thunb. 4.

12. A. caudatum, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 132; Collett Simla Fl. fig. 32.
Vern. Jartma, Mahasu: Wainjli, Jauns.: Kabashi, Nep.

A large deciduous tree. 1. 5-lobed, lobes long-acuminate, the two outer small,
blade 3-4, petiole 2-4 in. long. Fl. in lateral and terminal short glabrous
corymbs or racemes. Fruiting racemes long, pendulous, carpels 1-1} in., bright
red, wings divergent or divaricate.

North-West Himalaya, Kashmir to Nepal, 8-11,000 ft. Fl. Mareh, April. Sikkim,
and the Chumbi valley adjoining it, 8$-11,000 ft. The Sikkim tree often has divari-
eate wings. This is <A. pectinatum, Wall. Pax in Engl. Jahrb. vii. 249. 18.
A. Papilio, King, Journ. As. Soc. vol. 65 (1897), 115; Annals Bot. Garden Cale. IX. tab.
24. Sikkim, 11-12,500 ft. A small tree. L. similar to A. caudatum, inflorescence a
long erect racemiform panicle. Carpels 1-1} in. long, wing obliquely and broadly
rhomboid-triangular.

14. A. pictum, Thunb. ; Brandis F. Fl. 112.—Syn. A. cultratum, Wall. :
Collett Simla Fl. 99. Win, Kashm.: Aanzal, Buss : Wainehli, Kaldsi, N. W.
A large, glabrous, deciduous tree, inner bud-scales oblong, bright brown-silky

XXXVIII. ACEKRACEA [Acer

184

outside. L. broader than long, 5—7-lobed, base truncate or subcordate, lobes
long-acuminate, separated by rounded sinus, margin entire, basal nerves 5—7,
petiole longer than blade. Fl. appearing before or with the leaves, in sessile
or shortly pedunculate corymbs, pedicels filiform, male and bisexual flowers on
the same branch. Carpels 14 in. long, wings red, divaricate, almost in a line.

North-West Himalaya, Indus to Sarda, 4-9,000 ft., common in mixed forests above
7,000 ft. Bhutan nee iffitth). Fl. April, May. L. turn yellow and red in autumn before
they are shed. Pax (Engl. Jahrb. vii. 236) limits A. pictum to the tree of Japan and
Mandshuria; the Himalayan and West Asiatic tree he refers to A. Lobelii, Ten. (A.
letum, C. A. Meyer). 15. A Campbellii, Hook. fil. et Thoms. Sikkim, very common,
7-10, 000 ft. A ‘tall tree, wood eyen grained, works well, foliage bright light-green.
L. deeply 5-7-lobed, serrulate, lobes caudate- -acuminate, basal nerves conspicuously
penninerved, petioles red. Fl]. in elongate narrow panicles, carpels divaricate, 1 in. long,
wings broad and rounded at apex.

Orper XXXIX. SAPINDACEA. Gen. Pl. i. 388 (partly)
Hippocastaneacee, Pax,and Sapindacee, Radlkofer in Hngl.
wi, IPraael tl, 5 B73, B77.

Trees or shrubs, often climbing, rarely herbs. L. alternate, simple or pinnate,
with the exception of sculus. Fl. regular or zy gomorphic, generally poly-
gamous. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud, or calyx small, cup-shaped (campanulate or
tubular in Aisculus). Petals usually 4, generally with scales or tufts of hairs.
Stamens inserted between disk and ovary, filaments as a rule hairy. Disk
frequently unilateral, in Dodonewa inconspicuous. Ovary usually of 3 carpels,
3-celled, often 3-lobed. Albumen 0, embryo as a rule curved.

A. L. opposite, digitate 1. AiscuLus.

B. L. alternate, pinnate, trifoliolate or unifoliolate, leaflets serrate.

L. pinnate, the basal pair small, stipuliform . .- Pomerta (p. 185).
L. tri- or uni-foliolate 2. ALLOPHYLUS.

C. L. alternate, pinnate or unifoliolate, leaflets entire.
I. Fr. a dehiscent winged capsule.
L. pinnate . ‘ : 3 : : q : > Gt
L.simple . : : : . 4,
II. Fr. a dehiscent aeypas not ee
L. simple, capsule inflated, membranous .
L. pinnate, capsule inflated, 2-lobed . 4 , 2D:
L. pinnate, capsule muricate, 3-valved
L. pinnate, capsule coriaceous, not muricate.
F1. 4-merous, sepals lanceolate, longer than petals
Calyx minute, cup-shaped
Reticulate veins conspicuous, capsule pyriform 6.
Reticulate veins obscure, capsule 2-3 lobed
Ill. Fr. indehiscent, entire, winged

Guroa.
Dopvon#®a.

Srocksra (p. 187).
HARPULLIA.
PARANEPHELIUM(p.187).

LepipopetaLvm (p. 187).
MiscHocarrts.

ARryTERA (p. 188).
ZOLLINGERIA (p. 188).

IY. Fr. indehiscent, entire, not winged.
Common petiole broadly winged 7, Frurcrum.
Common petiole not winged.
Petals 4-5, filaments hairy . : ‘ : . 8. LepisanrHEs.

oO

Petals none. . SCHLEICHERA.

VY. Fr. indehiscent, lobed enmity peel Ppeicatel

Fr. muricate. Fl. tetramerous. XeErosrpermMum (p. 190).

Fr. not muricate, ripe carpels quite distinct 10, Sapinpus.
Fr. not muricate, ripe carpels united at base.
Fl. regular, disk complete.
Petals not unguiculate, pericarp succulent 11. ApHanta.
Petals unguiculate, pericarp crustaceous . THRAULOCOCCUS (p. 192).
Fl. zygomorphic, disk unilateral . . 12. Erroerossum.
VI. Fr. indehiscent, lobed, generally echinate or
tubercled, calyx cup-shaped, segments valvate . 13. Nepwenium.

Esculus) XXXIX. SAPINDACEE 185

1. A SCULUS, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 675.

Deciduous trees, with large scaly buds and opposite digitate leaves, stipules
0, Fl. showy, zygomorphic, in an ample upright terminal panicle, polygamous,
the fertile flower generally near the base of the branches of the panicle, pedicels
articulate, bracts deciduous. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes more or
less unequal. Petals 5, often only 4, from the abortion of the 5th. Stamens 5-8,
free, inserted inside of a lobed disk. Ovary 3-celled, 2 ovules in each cell.
Fr. a large leathery capsule, loculicidally 2-3 valved, seeds 1-3, large, testa
coriaceous, shining. Cotyledons thick, fleshy, incumbent on the short conical
radicle, albumen 0. Species 14. Asia and North America.

1. A. indica, Colebr.; Brandis F. Fl. t. 19.—Syn. Pavia indica, Wall. ;
Jacquemont Voy. Bot. t. 35, The Indian Horse Chestnut. Vern. Torjaga,
Trans Indus; Kakra, Kashm.; Bankhor, Khanor, Pb.: Pu, Kun.;
Pangar, Kandar, Jauns.

A large deciduous tree, trunk short, attaining a large girth, wood white,
soft, close-crained, med. rays very fine, very numerous. Outer scales of buds
coriaceous, resinous, shining, inner membranous, slightly puberulous, oblong,
2 in. long, the leaves immediately above them witha broad membranous petiole.
Leaflets 5-9, sharply serrate,.blade 6-9, petiolules }-1 in. long. Panicle 12-15
in. long, bearing numerous short-pedunculate scorpioid cymes. Calyx }in. long,
irregularly lobed, often splitting so as to appear 2-lipped. Petals 4, white, red
and yellow, 2 narrower than the rest. Stamens 7 or 8, filaments longer than
petals. Disk unilateral. Capsule brown when ripe, rough, not echinate, irregu-
larly ovoid. Seeds 1-2 in. diam.

Trans Indus in Kafiristan, 7-8,000 ft. North-West Himalaya, 4,000-9,000 ft. Indus
to Nepal,chiefly in moist and shady valleys. Fl. April, May. Closely allied is 2. A
punduana, Wall. (Cherimugri, Dingri, Nep.) Sikkim (Hooker) Western Duars, Khasi
hills, Upper Burma, Tenasserim, Siam, Tonkin. L. thinly coriaceous, leaflets nearly
sessile, up to 15 in. long, obtusely serrulate. Panicle of scorpioid cymes on long
peduneles, branches of panicle (peduncle and cyme) up to 4 in. long. Calyx } in.,
4 small and 1 broad obcordate segment. Seeds 1 in. diam. ;

Pometia pinnata, Forst.; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 65, 441.—Syn. P. tomentosa,
Kurz F. Fl. i. 295; P. eximia, Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 157. Andamans, very common.
Ceylon, Malay Peninsula. A middle-sized tree. LL. paripinnate, leaflets 4-9 pair,
serrate, the upper 4-12 in. long, the lowest pair small, round, resembling stipules,
deciduous. Fl. minute, polygamous, in long cylindrical paniculate racemes. Calyx
cup-shaped, pubescent, teeth 4-5, triangular, petals 4 or 5, small, without scales.
Disk complete, glabrous. Stamens 5 or 6, anthers small, filaments hairy, long exserted.
One, rarely two, oblong drupes, 4-1} in. long.

2, ALLOPHYLUS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 673.

Shrubs or small trees. L. simple or trifoliolate, stipules 0. Fl. minute,
polygamous, slightly zygomorphic, in spiciform racemes. Sepals 4, in pairs,
the outer smaller. Petals 4, with a large hairy scale at the base. Disk one-
sided, consisting of 4 rounded glands. Stamens 8, inserted inside the disk.
Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled, 1 ovule in each cell. Fr. indehiscent, of 2 distinct
earpels. Cotyledons plicate, no endosperm. Species 80-90, in the tropics of all
countries,

1. A. Cobbe, Blume; Kurz F. Fl. i. 299 (including A. serratus, DC. and
A, aporeticus, Kz.).—Syn. Schmidelia Cobbe, DC.: Wight Ic. t. 964 (2); 8.
villosa, Wight Ie. t. 401; 8. Rheedii, Wight Ie. t. 964; Ornitrophe serrata,
Roxb, Cor, Pl. t. G1. Vern. Tipani, Mar.; Guaguti, Tel.

A tall, much branched scrambling shrub, or small tree, young shoots densely
tomentose. LL. trifoliolate, petiole 3-4 in., leaflets more or less serrate, softly
pubescent on both sides, paler beneath. Fl. short, white or pale-yellow, on

186 XXXIX. SAPINDACEA [ Allophylus

short pedicels in small fascicles on narrow spiciform axillary racemes,
often paniculate, generally strigose. Sepals and petals nearly glabrous out-
side. Ripe carpels usually
solitary, + in. diam., ovoid,
red.

Common throughout the
Western Peninsula. Assam,
Khasi hills, Chittagong, Bur-
ma. Fl. May—July. An exceed-
ingly variable plant. 2. A.
concanicus, Radlkofer. Konkan,
Mira hill near Bombay. Scan-
dent. Leaflets 3, entirely
glabrous, shining, entire,
broadly elliptic, tertiary nerves
reticulate, conspicuous. Fl.in
ample terminal panicles. 3. A.
zeylanicus Linn. Sikkim Terai
and outer hills, ascending to
3,000 ft. Assam, Cachar, Malay
Peninsula and Ceylon. L. uni-
foliolate sinuate serrate, sec. n.
excurrent into the serratures,
blade 10-15, petiole 1-4 in.
Fr. red. 4 in. diam.

3. GUIOA, Cay.; King
in Journ. As. Soc. vol.
65 (1897), 443.

Erect shrubs or trees.
L. alternate, pinnate, stip-
ules O, leaflets lanceolate,

Fie. 84.—Allophylus cobbe, Blume. 2. eatire, coriaceous. Fl. pen-

tamerous, nearly globose in

bud, in simple or branched racemes. Sepals round, thick, concave, pubescent

at the edges, imbricate. Petals with 2 pectimate scales. Disk generally

incomplete. Stamens 8. Ovary 3-celled, 3-angled, oyule one in each cell. Fr.

a dehiscent 3-winged capsule. Cotyledons fleshy and oily, folded. Species
33, IndoMalayan region, Australia, Oceania.

1. G. fuscidula, Radlk. Cupania fuscidula, Kurz; Fl. Brit Ind. i. 677. Tenasserim, a
small evergreen tree. Branchlets, leaves and inflorescence pubescent. Leaflets 3-4
pair, 2-8 in. long. Fr. }in.diam. 2.G. squamosa, Radlk. (Cupania glabrata, Hiern,
not of Kurz). Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. A slender tree. Branchlets slightly
rusty puberulous, leaflets glabrous, 2-4 in. long, 4-8 pair. Fr. 1 in. diam.

4. DODONAFA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. 1, 697.
Species 46, mostly Australian.

D. viscosa, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl. 113.—Syn. D. Burmanniana, DC.
Wight Ill. t.52 Vern. Ghisanni, Baluch; Sanatta, Mendru, Pb.; Kharata,
C.P.; Bandari, Bundurgi, Kan.

A gregarious shrub or small tree, attaining at times 20 ft., heartwood
dark brown, extremely hard, med. rays fine. Branchlets angular, young
shoots more or less viscid with bright yellow resin. L. varying from lanceo-
late to linear-cuneate, coriaceous, glabrous, shining, tapering into a short
marginate petiole, midrib prominent, sec. n. numerous. Fl. regular, poly-
gamous, in short terminal panicles. Sepals 5, petals 0. Stamens usually 8,
as long as sepals in @, shorter than sepals in ¢ fl., filaments much shorter
than anthers. Disk inconspicuous. Ovary 3- or 4-celled, 2 ovules in each

Dodonea) XXXIX. SAPINDACHA 187

cell, style cylindric, 2-lobed at top. Fr. a membranous capsule with 2—4 broad
wings from base to style, } in. long and } in. across including the wings,
separating septicidally into as many valves as cells, each valye winged on its
back. Seeds opaque, dark brown or black, with a thickened funicle.

Trans Indus, Afghanistan and Baluchistan. Common locally, often covering exten-
sive tracts in the drier regions of North-West and Central India as well as in the
Decean. Also on the seacoast. FI. R. S. Fr. C. S. Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago. Tropics of most countries. A most interesting genus, which may possibly
not belong to Sapindacee.

Stocksia brahuica, Benth., Baluchistan 6,000 ft., Afghanistan, Hastern Persia. A stiff
thorny shrub 6-12 ft. high. L. linear, grey, generally fasciculate. Fl. yellow, in
axillary fascicles. Sepals 5, ciliate, petals 4, oblong on a hairy claw. Disk oblique.
Stamens 8, filaments hairy below, capsule membranous, inflated, obtusely trigonous,
loculicidal, of a brilliant yellowish-red colour.

5. HARPULLIA, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 691.
Species 6, Madagascar, Northern Australia, tropical Asia.

H. cupanioides, Roxb.—Syn. H. imbricata, Thw.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 158.
Vern. Harpulli, Chitt.

A tall tree, 1. pari-pinnate. Leaflets opposite or alternate, 3-6 pair, glab-
rous, 3-8 in. long. Fl. regular, 5-merous, polygamous, } in. long, in cymose
panicles. Sepals erect, equal, imbricate, minutely pubescent outside, petals
clawed, longer than sepals. Stamens 5, glabrous, inserted inside the small
puberulous disk. Ovary 2-celled, ovules 2 in each cell, style filiform, stigma
more or less twisted. Fr. an inflated 2-lobed capsule, brilliant orange, each
lobe opening by 2 valves. Seeds black, usually one in each lobe.

Common in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards.
Chittagong, Andamans. FI.C.S. Fr. H.S. “A beautiful sight when covered with
its brilliant orange fruit ” (Bedd.). Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Yunan.
Trimen, Handbook Ceylon i. 312, regards the plant of Ceylon and the Western Peninsula
UL. imbricata, Thw.) as ditferent from the eastern tree.

Paranephelium xestophyllum, Miq.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 286 (Scyphopetalum vramiflorum,
Hiern). Hookhoom Valley, Upper Burma. Tenasserim (Kurz). Sumatra. A small ever-
green tree. L. coriaceous, shining, imparipinnate, leaflets opposite, 2-4 pair, entire,
sec. n. 10-14 pair, blade 4-8, petiole }-} in. Fl. minute, pink, in rusty-tomentose
panicles, generally on the old wood. Petals 5, each forming a turbinate cup, glabrous
outside, villous inside. Fr. a dehiscent 3-valved capsule, muricate.

Lepidopetalum Jackianum, Radlk.; Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. ix. t. 23. (Cupania Jackiana,
Hiern). Nicobar Islands. A small tree. L. pinnate, leaflets chartaceous, shining on
both faces, 2-5 pair, alternate or nearly opposite. Sec. n.8-10 pair, arching, prominent
beneath, veins finely reticulate. Fl. tetramerous in short axillary racemes. Sepals
lanceolate, petals much shorter than sepals, each with a large scale adnate to its edge.
Stamens 8, short, filaments glabrous, anthers hirsute. Capsule coriaceous, compressed,
obovate, 14 in. long, reddish-brown when ripe, dehiscent, 2-valved. Seed 1, black,
avillus pale pink or white.

6. MISCHOCARPUS, Blume; King Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. 65
(1897), p. 447.

Trees. LL. alternate, paripinnate, stipules 0, leaflets entire, reticulate veins
conspicuous. Fl. pentamerous, in axillary simple or branched racemes. Calyx
minute, cup-shaped. Petals in some species wanting. Disk entire, annular.
Stamens 8 or fewer. Capsule pyriform, blunt, 3-celled, seed enveloped in a
thin arillus. Species 12. Indo-Malayan and Australasian.

1. M. fuscescens, Blume.—Syn. Cupania Helferi, Hiern; Kurz FP. Fl.
i, 28D.
A large glabrous tree, only inflorescence puberulous. Leaflets 4-6, shining

188 XXXIX. SAPINDACEA [Mischocarpus

and finely reticulate on both surfaces, 6-15 in. long. Stamens 8, long ex-
serted. Disk hairy. Ovary hairy, style 2-3-fid. Fr. obovoid, with the stalk
3 in. long.

Manipur, among the oaks at 4,000 ft., Chittagong hill tract, Pegu, Tenasserim,
Cochinchina, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Fl. Jan—May. 2. M. sundaicus,
Blume (Cupania Lessertiana, Camb.). South Andaman, Mergui, Malaya. Closely”
allied. Fr. truncately pyriform, $ in. diam., while young sharply 3-angled. 3.
M. pentapetalus, Radlk. (Cupania sumatrana, Miq.). Silhet, Khasi hills. Closely
allied. Petals 5. Disk and stamens hairy.

Arytera littoralis, Blume (Cupania adenophylla, Planch. ; Kurz F. Fl. i. 285). Tenas-
serim, from Maulmein to Mergui, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. A small ever-
green tree. Branchlets thinly
rusty-puberulous. L. paripin-
nate, leaflets 2-3 pair, coriace-
ous, glabrous, sec. n. conspicu-
ous beneath, reticulate veins
obscure. Fl. pentamerous.
Calyx minute, cup-shaped,
petals broadly cuneate, emar-
ginate or bifid, pubescent aboye,
filaments long-exserted, hairy.
Capsule coriaceous, 2-lobed, the
lobes oblong, blunt.

Zollingeria macrocarpa, Kurz
F.F].i 288. Dry forests of the
Prome district (Wetkyut,
Burm.). <A large deciduous
tree, young shoots tawny-
pubescent. L. imparipinnate,
leaflets alternate, entire, 5-8
in. long. Fl. bisexual, small,
white, in short mostly axillary
panicles, petals twice the length
of sepals, glabrous except the
villous base, filaments hairy.
Ovary slightly pubescent at
the base, 3-edged, 3-celled. Fr.
indehiscent, coriaceous, with
2 or 3 broad striated wings,
2in. long. Cotyledons folded.

7. FILICIUM, Thwaites;
Fl. Brit. Ind. 539.

(Species 3, Asia and Africa.)

F. decipiens, Thw.;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 129.—
Rhus decipiens, Wight LIl.
t. 75. Vern. Ningal, Tam. ;
Niroli, Mal.

A middle-sized tree, leaf
scars large and prominent.
L. pinnate, leaflets 6-8 pair,
glabrous, shining, opposite
or some alternate, sessile,
linear oblong, 4-6 in. long,
midrib prominent, sec. n.
numerous, parallel. Rachis
with a leafy wing on either

> side between the leaflets,
Fig. 85.—Filicium decipiens, Thw. 4. broad at top, narrowing

ie

Filicium) XXXIX. SAPINDACEA 189

downwards. FI. small, numerous, wnisexual, pentamerous, in erect narrow
axillary panicles, 6-8 in. long. Sepals narrowly imbricate, glabrous, per-
sistent, petals in g as long as calyx, in 2 small. Disk very hairy. Ovary
globose, 2-celled, 1 ovule in each cell, style short, curved. Drupe ovoid, } in.
diam., apiculate, purple, shining, seed 1, cotyledons much crumpled.

Western Ghats from Malabar southwards. Fl. January, February. Ceylon,

eastern tropical Africa. This genus has been transferred by Radlkofer from
Burseracee to Sapindacee.

8. LEPISANTHES, BI.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 679, including
Hemigyrosa, ib. 670.

Trees or shrubs. L. alternate, pinnate, stipules 0, leaflets entire, nearly
opposite, reticulate venation prominent. Fl. polygamous, 4~5-merous, in
racemes or cylindric racemiform panicles, the branches of which are bracteate,
short, and of nearly equal length, bearing one or numerous flowers, sepals large,
concave, widely imbricate. Petals usually equal, each with 1 or 2 hairy scales
at the base. Ovary entire, 3-celled, ovules solitary in each cell. Fr. 3-celled.
Cotyledons thick, fleshy, obliquely superposed, albumen 0. Species 16, Indo-
Malayan region.

A. Western species.

1. L tetraphylla, Radlk.—Syn. Molinaca canescens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 60;
Hemigyrosa canescens, Thwaites; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 151. Vern. Korivi,
Tel.

A middle-sized evergreen tree, bark grey. Branchlets, petioles and inflores-
cence pubescent or tomentose. Leaflets nearly opposite, 2 pair, entire, blade
4-8, petiolule thick, } in. long. Fl. white, in racemes 3-5 in. long, either
fascicled, often on the old wood, or arranged in terminal or axillary panicles, 3
petals 4, 9 pet. generally 5, obovate, claw hairy, basal scales woolly, Eee
disk crenulate, one-sided. Stamens 8, unilateral, filaments hairy. Fr. } in.,
3-gonous, greyish-velvety.

Deccan and east side of the Peninsula, also in the Konkan. Tenasserim. FI.
Febr—May. Ceylon. 2. L. deficiens, Radlk. (Hemigyrosa deficiens, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t
231); Anamalais, Cochin, Tinevelli Ghats. A middle-sized or small tree, dicecious.

Leaflets 4-7 pair. Fl. in narrow racemiform panicles, up to 24 in. long, with numerous
short bracteate branches.

B. Eastern species.

3. L. andamanica, King; Andamans. Leaflets 1-2 pair. Fl. } in. diam., in compound
panicles, the ultimate branchlets 4 in. long with 1-3 flowers. 4. L. burmanica, Kurz;
Pegu Yoma, southern and eastern slopes. Thaukyeghat near Toungoo. Hills between
Sitang and Beeling rivers (D.B. February, 1862). An eve rgreen tree, the trunk simple
and palmlike with few branches. Leaflets 4-6 pair, coriaceous, 8-12 in., petiolule thick
and short, sec. n. and reticulate veins prominent beneath. Fl. in compound panicles,
the ultimate branchlets 4-} in. long, many-fld. Fr. Lin. long, obtusely 3-cornered,
velvety.

9. SCHLEICHERA, Willd.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 681.

S. trijuga, Willd. (the only species); Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 119; Brandis F.
Fl. t. 20. Vern. Gausam, Kosam, Kusam, Hind.; Baru, Kol; Sagadi,
Kan.

A large deciduous tree, heartwood red or reddish-brown, very heavy, close-
grained, hard, tough and strong, youngest shoots silky. L. paripinnate,
leaflets opposite, sessile, those of the lowest pair 1-3, of the terminal pair
6-9 in. long. Fl. yellow, male and bisexual generally on different trees,
fascicled on interrupted often slender racemes. Calyx small, 4—6-cleft, petals 0.

190 XXXIX. SAPINDACEA [Schleichera

Stamens 6-8, longer than calyx, filaments more or less hairy, disk flat undu-
late. Ovary 3-4-celled, style rigid, stigma sometimes capitate, 3-4-cleft, one
erect ovulein each cell. Fr. 1 in. long, usualiy echinate, seeds 1 or 2, testa
brown, enclosed in a succulent arillus of pleasantly acid taste, cotyledons full
of oil.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Sutlej} eastward, ascending to 3,000 ft., Central
Provinces, Western Peninsula. Burma, on the Shan plateau to 5,000 ft. (Collett). Not
gregarious, singly or a few together, mixed with the other trees of the deciduous
forest. The old leaves are shed January, February, the young foliage comes out
towards the end of March or early in April, while the other trees of the dry forest are
still leafless, the young shoots deep red. FI. with the young leaves. Malay Archi-
pelago.

Xerospermum muricatum, Radlk. (X. noronhianum, Kurz; F. Fl. i. 295, not of BI.)
Tenasserim. A small evergreen tree. Leaflets 1 or 2 pair, reticulate veins conspicuous.
Fl. small, in slender axillary often fasciculate racemes, sepals 4, imbricate, the outer
smaller, petals 4, scales0. Ovary 2-celled, style 1, short, fruiting carpels densely
muricate.

Fic. 86.—Sapindus laurifolius, Vahl. 4.

10. SAPINDUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 682., excluding Aphania, but
including Dittelasma, l.c. 671.

Trees. L. alternate, paripinnate, occasionally unifoliolate, stipules 0. FI.

dand g. Sepals 5, unequal, petals 4 or 5, nearly equal, disk fleshy, circular

or one-sided. Stamens usually 8, filaments hairy, anthers versatile. Ovary
8-lobed, 1 ovule in each cell, style 1. Fr. coriaceous or fleshy, consisting

Sapindus| XXXIX. SAPINDACEA 191

of 1-3 distinct indehiscent carpels, pericarp contains saponine, which makes
lather with water. Seeds globose, testa black, osseous, embryo curved, cells
filled with oil. Species 11, tropics of Asia and America.

A. Leaflets 2-3 pair, pubescent beneath. Ovary hairy.

1. S. laurifolius, Vahl; Trimen Handb. Ceylon i. 306.-—Syn. S. tiifoliatus,
Linn. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 682. 8. emarginatus, Vahl; Wight Ill. t. 51; Bedd.
Fl. Syly. t. 154. The Soapnut. Vern. Ritha, Hind.; Aratala, Antawala,
Kan. ; Aunkudu, Tel.

A large tree. Leaflets elliptic, generally obtuse and somewhat emarginate,
at times acute, those of the terminal pair longest, 3-7 in., inflorescence and
calyx rusty- -pubescent, petals 4 or 5, oblong or lanceolate, without scales or
with two tufts of white hair, disk concave, edge fleshy, hirsute, anthers
oblong, apiculate. Ovary densely rusty- tomentose. Drupes 2 or 3, fleshy,
slightly united.

Common on the Aravalli hills, and in the Western Peninsula, on the coast
(Sriharikota) and inland, cultivated in Bengal and in North India. Fl. Oct.—Dec.

B. Leaflets numerous, glabrous. Ovary glabrous.

2. S. Mukorossi, Gaertn.—Syn. 8. detergens, Roxb. Brandis F. Fl. 107.
Vern. Ritha, Thali, North-West Himalaya.

A handsome tree, attaining 60 ft. Leaflets generally alternate, lanceolate,
4-6 in. long, the terminal pair smaller, sec. n. numerous, close together, with
shorter intermediate nerves. Fl. > in. diam., mostly bisexual, in numerous
small generally 3-fld. cymes arranged in a terminal compound pyramidal
thyrsus, ramifications pubescent. Sepals 5, petals mostly 4, purple, nearly
glabrous outside, with ciliate edges, with two scales at the top of claw,
bearded with long white woolly hairs. Stamens 8, long exserted, anthers
short, elliptic, not apiculate. Disk complete, glabrous. Drupes fleshy, } in.
long, solitary or in pairs.

North-West Himalaya from the Sutlej eastward, 24,000 ft. Assam, Silhet. Culti-
vated in North-West India and Bengal. Pl. May, June. China, cultivated in Japan,
The saponaceous pulp of the fruit is an article of trade. Similar in appearance
but different in the structure of flower is 3. §. Rarak, Blume, Rumphia, vol. iii. t.
167 (Dittelasma Rarak, Hook. f.) in alluyial evergreen forests on the Mu river, 700 ft.,
Upper Burma (Sinpadi, Burm.), Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, attains 50 ft. FL.
4 in. diam. Sepals (5) as well as petals (4) densely silky at back, petals with a densely
villous basal scale parallel to and nearly as long as blade. Disk semicircular, glabrous,
suleate. Stamens 8, as long as petals, anthers short, elliptic, not apiculate. Ripe
carpels usually solitary, {-1 in. diam., with 2 small undeveloped carpels at the base.

11. APHANIA, Blume; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 65 (1897), 425.

Trees or shrubs. LL. alternate, paripinnate, sometimes unifoliolate, leaflets
entire, nearly opposite. Fl. 4-5-merous, racemose or paniculate. Sepals
large, petaloid, widely imbricate, petals 4-6, small. Disk complete, slightly
lobed, Fr. fleshy, deeply divided into divergent lobes, united only at the base.
Species 12, one African, the others in the Indo-Malayan region.

1. A. Danura, Radlk.—Syn. Sapindus Danura, Voigt; Kuz FP. Fl.
298. Nuncha, Beng.

Evergreen, a shrub or small tree. LL. unifoliolate, often crowded so as to
appear verticillate, glabrous, shining on both surfaces, entire, 6-12 in. long,
petiole thick, very short. Fl. numerous, white and pink, pentamerous, in
terminal pedunculate puberulous panicles. Sepals unequal, petals with a
hairy seale at their base, disk annular. Stamens 6-8. Ovary 2-celled, style
bifid. Ripe carpels fleshy, }-} in. long, generally 1 only.

Assam, Khasi hills, Silhet, Barisal, Chittagong, Andamans. Lower Burma, on the

192 XXXIX. SAPINDACEA [Aphania

coast but also inland, Thaungyeen valley, evergreen forest. El. Febr—April.
2. A bifoliolata, Radlk. (Sapindus bifoliatus, Hiern ; Ne ephelium bifoliolatum, Bedd. Ie.
t. 289). Kolay malai hills, Trichinopoli district, Ceylon, dry region. A middle-sized
tree. Leaflets 2 at the end of a common petiole. Fl. 5-merous, petals slightly
exceeding sepals, with a short ciliate scale at base, large masses of white blossom.
3. A montana, Blume. Andamans and Nicobars. A shrub, leaflets 1-2 pair. FI.
tetramerous, in axillary panicles, petals fimbriate all round, with a short fimbriate
scale at base.

4. A. rubra, Radlk.—Syn. Sapindus attenuatus, Wall.: Nepheliwm
rubrum, G. Don; Wight Ic. t. 24, 25.

A shrub or small “tree. 1. sometimes unifoliolate, usually paripinnate,
leaflets chartaceous, usually 4-5 pair, mostly opposite, glabrous, 4-18 in. long.
Fl. dark red, 4-5-merous, nearly glabrous, in large terminal or axillary
panicles, petals about as long as sepals. Fr. red, 1-lobed, ellipsoid, 1 in. long.

Sikkim, Terai and outer hills to 3,000 ft. Assam, Silhet, Cachar. FI. Febr., March.

Thraulococcus erectus, Radlk. (Sapindus erectus, Hiern; Nephelium erectum, Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. Manual 74). <A large erect shrub, common on the western Ghats from the
Wainad southwards. Leaflets chartaceous, pale, 3-5 pair, glabrous. Fl. pentamerous,
in terminal panicles, petals distinctly clawed with a bifid or entire shaggy scale,
fruiting carpels glabrous, yellow, 1 in. long, arillus fleshy.

12. ERIOGLOSSUM, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 672.
(Species 2, one in New Guinea.)

E. rubiginosum, Bl.; Brandis F. Fl. 108.—Syn. EZ. edule, Blume;
Sapindus rubiginosa, Roxb., Cor. Pl. t. 62. Vern. Awkchinsa, Upper
Burma.

A large shrub or middle-sized tree. Branchlets, young leaves and inflor-
escence clothed with dense rusty-golden tomentum. I. paripinnate, leaflets
opposite or alternate, 4-5 pair, 3-7 in. long, often tomentose beneath. FI.
ereenish-white, in a pyramidal thyrsus composed of long racemes, bearing
numerous small 3-5-fld. cymes with linear densely silky. bracts, which are
much longer than the buds. Sepals 5, petals 4, unilateral, longer than sepals,
each with a bifid woolly scale at the base. Disk one-sided. Stamens 8.
Carpels glabrous, purplish-black, 3 in. long, sweet, edible.

Oudh forests. Sikkim Terai, ia Dacca. Chittagong hills. Northern Cirears,

North Kanara (indigenous ?), Andamans, Nicobars. Upper and Lower Burma. FI.
Febr—April. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Australia.

13. NEPHELIUM, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 686.

Trees or shrubs. L. paripinnate. Fl. recular, ¢ and ¢ in large terminal
and axillary panicles. Calyx cup-shaped, almost truncate or deeply 4-8-cleft,
petals small, without scales, often 0. Disk fleshy, complete. Stamens 5-10,
filaments usually pubescent. Ovary pubescent, usually verrucose, lobes
1-celled, 1-ovuled, style erect, 2-3-lobed. Fr. indehiscent, consisting of 1-3
globose or oblong carpels, generally echinate or tubercled. Seeds globose,
included in a pulpy aril, cotyledons thick, fleshy, usually obliquely superposed.
Species 30, Indo-Malayan regions and South China.

1. N. Longana, Camb.—Syn. Euphoria Longana, Bedd.; Fl. Sylv. t.
156. Vern. Wumb, Mar.; Kanakindali, Kan.; Kyetmauk lower, Tawthayet
upper Burma.

A middle-sized tree, attaining 50 ft. Leaflets coriaceous, 2-5 pair, shining
above, glaucous and often slightly pubescent beneath, panicles ample, rusty
pubescent. Fl. monoecious, $ in. across. Calyx tomentose, segments 5-6,
narrowly imbricate, petals pubescent, spathulate, as long as calyx. Stamens
6-10, in ¢ long exserted, in g as long as calyx, filaments hairy near base,

Nepheliwm] XXXIX, SAPINDACEEX 193

anthers glabrous. Ovary 2-3-lobed, hairy. Carpel usually one, ovoid or
globose, nearly smooth, yellowish-red, } in. diam. Seed entirely enclosed by
the succulent sweet edible arillus.

West side of the Peninsula, in evergreen forest, from the Konkan southwards,
Khasi hil]s, Burma. Cultivated in Northern India. Fl.H.S. Ceylon, Malay Penin-
sula, South China. A variety with leaves tomentose beneath and panicles 15 in. long,
has been sent by Smales from Upper Burma, under the name Kyobo, usually the name
of Walsura piscidia. N. hypoleucwm, Kurz, Eastern slopes of the Pegu Yoma and
Martaban hills, with ovoid carpels, probably is only a variety. 2. N.stipulaceum, Bedd.
Fl. Syly. t. 155. (Otonephelium stipulaceum, Radlk.) Moist forests in Malabar and
on the Anamalais. A middle-sized tree. Leaflets 3-4 pair, the lowest pair small,
obliquely curved or reniform, close to the base of petiole, resembling stipules. Calyx
segments 4-6, large, valvate, petals 0, fruit carpels ovoid, densely covered with weak
prickles, } in. long, seed half covered with the succulent arillus. 3. N. lappaceum,
Linn.; Pierre Fl. For. Cochinch. t. 319. Indigenous in the Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago. Cultivated for its fruit (Zt@amboutan). Fl. ~, in. diam. Sepals 4-6, sub-
valyate, petals 0, fruiting carpels ellipsoid, densely covered with long recurved soft
puberulous broad-based bristles, 1 in. long without the bristles, orange to dark-purple
when ripe, aril completely enveloping the seed, pale, edible. 4. N. Litchi, Camb. ;
Wight Ic. t. 43 (Litchi chinensis, Sonn.: Kyetmauk, Burm.). Indigenous in China
(Licht). Cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries on account of its delicious
fruit, entirely glabrous. Leaflets 2-6 pair, glossy, pale beneath, reticulate veins in-
distinct. Fl. minute. Calyx cup-shaped, indistinctly toothed, petals 0, fruiting
carpels red, sharply tuberculate, 1 in. diam., seed completely covered with the white
succulent arillus.

The above species are classed under 4 Genera by Radlkofer.

1. Litchi. Calyx nearly truncate.

2. Nephelium. Calyx segments valvate, radicle superior.

3. Euphoria. Calyx segments imbricate, radicle inferior.

4. Otonephelium. Calyx segments imbricate, arillus covering half the seed.

Orper XL. SABIACEA. Gen. Pl. i. 413.

Trees or shrubs, often climbing. L. alternate, stipules 0. Fl. small,
sepals 4-5, petals as many as sepals. Stamens hypogynous, opposite to petals,
anther-cells distinct, usually adnate to a large connective. Ovary 2-3-celled,
styles distinct or connate, ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Fr. drupaceous. Seed
without albumen or with very thin albumen.

Climbing shrubs, petals equal, all stamens fertile . eee SAB TAL
Erect shrubs or trees, petals unequal, 2 stamens fertile, 3
sterile. 2 ci zi c é e . 2. Meviosma.

1. SABIA, Colebrooke: Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 1.

Climbing or sarmentose shrubs, wood normal as far as known, medullary rays
broad. L. simple, quite entire, the bud-scales frequently persistent at the
base of branchlets. Fl. bisexual, sepals 4-5, equal, petals opposite to sepals,
imbricate. Stamens all fertile, inserted on the annular 5-lobed disk, filaments
thick. Ovary of two more or less distinct carpels, 2 ovules in each. Fruiting
carpels 1 or 2, endocarp hard, rugose, exocarp dry or fleshy. Embryo curved.
Species 17, Indo-Malayan region to China and Japan.

A. Peduncles axillary, 1- or few-fld.

1. 8S. campanulata, Wall. Himalaya, Kashmir to Sikkim 5-10,000 ft. Manipur.
L. membranous, oblong-lanceolate, pale beneath, blade 24 in., glabrous, narrowed
into petiole }-4 in. long, which is often minutely hairy. Peduncles 1-fld., 1-2 in. long;
fl. green, brown, or pale purplish-yellow ; petals 4-} in., obtuse, parallel-veined ; fila-
ments shorter than petals. Fruiting carpels usually 2, flat, rngose, blue, } in. diam.
2. 8. leptandra, Hook. f. & Th. Sikkim 4-7,000 ft. Peduncles 1-fld., petals 4 in. Sta-
mens much exceeding petals. 3. 8. purpurea, Hook. f. & Th. Khasi and Naga hills.
Peduncles 1-fid.; fl. purple, petals } in., 5-nerved. Fruiting carpels usually 2.

Oo

194 XL. SABIACEA [Sabia

4. §. malabarica, Bedd. Annamalai hills, 34,000 ft. Peduncles 2-6-fid.; fl. minute.
Fruiting carpels solitary, reniform, reticulate.

B. FIL. in axillary or terminal panicles.

5. S. parviflora, Wall. Nepal. Sikkim,3-6,000ft. Silhet. Fl. minute, in 7- many-fid.
corymbs, peduncles long, filiform. Fruiting carpel solitary, generally oboyoid, $—4 in.
long. 6. S. lanceolata, Colebrooke. Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur. LL. lanceolate, blade
6-8, petiole }-} in., sec. n. almost at right angles to midrib. Panicles axillary, many-
fid., petals ovate-lanceolate 4 in. long. Stamens shorter than petals. Fruiting carpels
1 or 2, dark blue, 3 in. long, exocarp pulpy. 7. S. limoniacea, Wall. Sikkim, Assam,
Khasi hills, Chittagong, hills east of Toungoo 3,000 ft. (D. B. February, 1880), Malay
Peninsula. Leaves thickly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, blade 4-7, petiole 4-} in.,
veins prominently reticulate. Panicles narrow racemiform, glabrous, as long as leaves
or longer. Petals obovate #; in. Stamens short, included. 8. S. paniculata, Edgew.
Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys, from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 3,000 ft.
Upper Burma (Kywe-hin-byin, Smales, Febr. 1902). Leaves coriaceous, oblong-lanceo-
late, blade 5-9, petiole 1 in. long, sec. n. and reticulate veins prominent beneath.
Panicles axillary and terminal, pubescent, fl. greenish-yellow, petals oblong, 4 in.
long,stamens included. 9. §. tomentosa, Hook.f. Upper Assam or Upper Burma (Griff.),
branchlets and petioles clothed with soft spreading hairs. Fruiting carpels in pairs,
obovate, 4 in long.

2. MELIOSMA, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 3.

Trees or shrubs. L. simple or pinnate. FI. in large terminal panicles,
usually bisexual, supported by bracteoles, which are similar to sepals. Sepals
generally 5, somewhat unequal, imbricate, usually ciliate. Petals 5, unequal,
the 3 outer concave, orbicular, the 2 inner small, bifid. Stamens: two fertile,
adnate to the smaller petals, three sterile, opposite to the larger petals, anther-
cells of the fertile stamens globose, attached to a large flat connective. Ovary
2-celled, base surrounded by the cup-shaped membranous toothed disk,.ovules
2 in each cell, style one subulate. Fr.a drupe, generally oblique, endocarp
hard, as a rule 1-celled, 1-seeded, cotyledons folded, radicle long, twisted.
Species over 40, Indo-Malayan region, China, Japan, a smaller number in
America.

A. Leaves simple.

1. M. simplicifolia, Roxb., Cor. Pl. t. 254 (Millingtonia). Vern. Churri,
Nep.; Yoloa, Ass.; HKokoh, Mechi; Pet-taung-gyaing, Burm. (Upper B.);
Lalay, Karen.

A middle-sized tree, wood reddish-brown, medullary rays broad, branchlets,
petioles and panicles more or less tawny pubescent. L. entire, rarely
obtusely toothed while young, oblanceolate, blade 6-16, narrowed into petiole
1-2 in. long, sec. n. arching, prominent, tertiary parallel. Fl. yellowish-
white, minute, nearly sessile, bracteoles similar to sepals, teeth of inner petals
long, subulate, almost filiform.

Subhimalayan tract, from Nepal eastwards, in Sikkim to 4,000 ft. Khasi hills,
Chittagong, Tenasserim, Upper Burma. Western Peninsula on the Ghats from Coorg
to Courtallum. Fl. December—April. Ceylon.

2. M. Wightii, Planchon.—Syn. MW. pungens, Bedd. Man. 77; Millingtonia
pungens, Wight Ic. t. 964.

A small tree, branchlets, petioles and panicle rusty tomentose. L.
coriaceous, entire, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-5, petiole $-lin. FI. larger, sessile,
=j5 in. across, bracteoles numerous, imbricate, teeth of inner petals short.

Western Ghats, from the Konkan southwards, Nilgiris. Fl. May—September. Ceylon,
upper montane zone, common. 3. M. pungens, Walpers Rep. i. 423 (1842)—Syn. M.
rigida, Sieb. and Zuce. (1843). North-West Himalaya (2,500-8,000 ft.). Vern. Kapper,
Bekesh, Bushkua. Nepal. China, Japan. A small tree, similar to 2, but leaves caudate-
acuminate, with large distant mucronate serratures, tapering gradually into petiole
4-4 in long. FI. in the axilsof lanceolate deciduous bracts longer than buds. Calyx
supported by 1-2 bracteoles, similar to sepals.

Meliosma| XL. SABIACEA 195

4. M. dillenizfolia, Blume; Brandis F. Fl. 115; Collett Simla FI. fig. 33.
Vern. Kann, Kanna, Karkon, Goi, N. W. Him.; Shapra, Bakarshang, Bash.

A small deciduous tree, branchlets, petioles and inflorescence clothed with
ferruginous pubescence. L. membranous, pale beneath, obovate, sharply
serrate, with minute hairs on both sides and rusty pubescence on midrib and
nerves, blade 6-12, petiole }-1 in. long, sec. n. 15-20 pair, straight, parallel.
Fl. white, pedicels nearly as long as flower, in the axils of caducous bracts, no
bracteoles.

Himalaya, from the Bias eastwards, 4-11,000 ft. Fl. May—July. IM. myriantha, Sieb.
& Zuce. China, Japan, is similar if not identical, the bracts are more persistent.
5. M. Thomsoni, King MSS. in Hb. Kew. Sikkim(Gamble no. 9704), a large tree, branchlets,
petioles and underside of leaves densely and softly rusty-tomentose, upperside glabrous,
except the tomentose nerves and midrib. L- coriaceous, teeth short, distant, blade
7-12, petiole 3-14 in. long, panicle longer than leaves, softly tomentose. This doubtless
is M. ferruginea, Kurz MSS., described by King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 65 (1897), 116.
M. ferruginea, Sieb. et. Zuce., is Chinese, and M. ferruginea, Blume, a Javan and Bornean
species.

B. Leaves imparipinnate.

6. M. Arnottiana, Wight Ill. t. 53 (Millingtonia) ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 160.
Vern. Huli makay, Tam.; Kallavi, Mal.

A large tree with a spreading head, branchlets, common petiole, underside of
leaflets and panicle rusty-pubescent. Leaflets 4-7 pair, blade 2-5, petiolule
4-} in. long. Fl. crowded, cream-coloured, on very short pedicels, sepals
unequal, bracteoles 0.

Western Ghats from Coorg southwards. Nilgiris. FJ. April-June. Ceylon, montane
zone. 7. M. pinnata, Roxb. (Millingtonia), Sikkim to 3,000 ft., Assam, Khasi hills,
Cachar. Nearly glabrous, leaflets 5-10 pair, more or less serrate. Fl. white, minute,
in large puberulous panicles. 8. M. Wallichii, Planch. Nepal, Sikkim, 5-8,000 ft., Khasi
hills. Branchlets, common petiole, underside of leaflets and panicle rusty-hairy, leaf-
lets 3-6 pair, spinulose-toothed. Fl. minute, greenish-white, on short stout pedicels.
9. M. Colletiana, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 65 (1897), 116. Maymyo hill, Upper
Burma. A middle-sized tree, leaflets 3 pair, remotely and sharply serrate, upperside
glabrous except the hairy midrib, underside with scattered hairs. Fl. minute, whitish.

Oxper XLI. ANACARDIACEA. Gen. PI. i. 415.

Trees or shrubs. L. alternate (opposite in Bouea, Dobinea, and occa-
sionally in Nothopegia), simple, trifoliolate or imparipinnate, stipules 0. Fl.
regular, unisexual or bisexual, sometimes polygamous. Calyx 3-5-cleft
(spathaceous in Guta), petals 3-5, free, alternate with sepals, rarely 0.
Stamens usually as many as petals and alternating with them, inserted under,
rarely on the disk. Ovary superior (inferior in Holigarna and Drimycarpus),
1- or 2-6-celled, ovules solitary. Fr. a drupe, seed without albumen.

Resin canals in the bark, as a rule in the bast (phlotm),.
A. Leaves pinnate, trifoliolate, in Rhus Cotinus simple.
Petals 4-6, stamens 4-10. é y : : . 1. Ravs.
Petals 0, stamens 3-5 . i : , : ‘ . 2. Pisracta.
B. Leaves imparipinnate.
I. Ovary 1-celled.

Climbers. Fl. polygamous, stamens 10. : Tarrera (p. 200).
Trees, leaflets crenulate, fl. bisexual . - 3 SoLenocareus (p. 200).
Trees, leaflets entire, fl. unisexual.
Deciduous, stamens 8-10 . é : ; . 8. Oprna.
Evergreen, stamens 4... : . : . 4. Partsnra.
Il. Ovary 4-5-celled.
Fl. polygamous, styles 4 or 5, free above. . 5. Sponpras.

Fl. bisexual, styles connate. é : : . 6. Draconrometum.

196 XLI. ANACARDIACH A [Rhus

C. Leaves simple.
I. Petals enlarged in fruit.

Fruit stalked : : 5 : ; : . 7. MELANORRH@A.
Fruit sessile . 6 ° j ‘ ‘ : . 8. Swryronta.
II. Petals not enlarged in fruit, OuaEy, inferior.
Spurs on petioles é : : 5 . 9. Horigarna.
Leaves undulate . : $ : : : . 10. Drivycarrts.
III. Petals not enlarged in fruit, ouaey superior.
Leaves opposite, entire : m : . 11. Boura.
Leaves opposite, serrate : 3 5 : Dosing (p. 205).

Leaves alternate (see Nothopegia).
Stamens twice the number of petals.
Drupe on a fleshy hypocarp . Awacarpium (p. 205).
Drupe on the persistent, not enlar. ged calyx 12. BucHanantra.
Stamens as many as petals, one only. fertile . 13. Manairera.
Stamens as many as petals, all fertile.
Fl. bisexual, stamens 4-6. 6 . 14. Grura.
Fl. polygamous, stamens 4, leaves some-
times opposite . : . 15. Noropreta.
Fl. polygamous or dicecious, stamens 5-6,
drupe ona fleshy hypocarp . . 16. SEMECARPUS.

1. RHUS, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. i. 9.

Trees or shrubs, resin ducts filled with a viscous milky, often caustic juice.
L. simple, trifoliolate or imparipinnate. FI. small, generally dicecious,
white or greenish, in axillary or terminal panicles. Calyx small, 4-6-cleft,
persistent, segments imbricate, petals deciduous, equal, imbricate. Disk fleshy,
adhering to base of calyx, often 5- lobed, the lobes alternating with stamens
and opposite the petals. Ovary 1- celled, styles 3, ovules suspended from a
long filiform basal funicle. Fr. a small dry compressed drupe, endocarp
coriaceous, crustaceous or bony, the mesocarp often full of resin. Testa thin,
membranous, radicle superior, incurved along the edges of the cotyledons
(accumbent). Species 120, a few tropical, most in the warmer temperate
regions of both hemispheres.

A. Leaves simple.

1. R. Cotinus, Linn. ; Brandis F. Fl. 118; Collett Simla FI. fig. 34.—Syn.
R. velutina, Wall. ; Cotinus Cog oggygria, Scop. ; ; Engler u. Prantl ii. 5, 164.
Vern. Tung, Tunga, Tungla, North-W. est Himalaya.

A deciduous shrub or small tree, heartwood dark yellow, mottled. Branchlets,
petioles and underside of leaves with short soft pubescence. L. strongly
aromatic, entire, obtuse, elliptic or obovate, petiole often longer than leaf. Fl.
on slender pedicelsin a large hairy panicle, fertile flowers few, the pedicels of the
numerous sterile flowers elongate after flowering, they are densely covered with
long silky hairs and form a spreading panicle of slender feathery branches.
Drupe 1-seeded, obliquely obovate, } in. long, with prominent veins when ripe.

Eastern slopes of Suleiman range. North-West Himalaya to the Sarda river,
ce eee ne Fl. April-June, the red young leayes in April. South Europe, Western
As1a, ina. i

‘

B. Leaves trifoliolate.

2. R. parviflora, Roxb.; Brandis F. Fl. 119. Vern. Twmra, Dungla, Ninas,
Jauns ; Tunga, Kumaon.

An unarmed often gregarious shrub, sometimes a small tree. Branchlets,
petioles, underside of leaves. and inflorescence clothed with dense brown
tomentum. Leaflets obovate, the lower portion entire, the upper irregularly
crenate. Terminal leaflet 2-3 in. long, narrowed into a short marginate petiole,
the lateral sessile, smaller. Panicle large, terminal, the lower branches from

Rhus| XLI. ANACARDIACEAL 197

the axils of leaves, bracts linear, minute, pedicels shorter than flower. Sepals
ovate, two narrower than the others, petals oblong, more than twice the
length of sepals, disk distinctly 5-lobed. Drupe glabrous, brown, shining,
4 in. diam.

North-West Himalaya, Sutlej to Nepal, 2-5,000 ft. Pachmarhi hills, Centr. Prov.
2,500-4,000 ft. Rampa hills, Godaveri district. Fl. May-June. 3. R. paniculata, Wall.,
Bhutan. Upper Burma, on the Shan hills and in the dry region of the Irawadi valley,
often in Eng forests. A small tree, unarmed, glabrous, leaflets entire or slightly sinu-
ate-lobed, the terminal 3-5 in. long, the lateral smaller, sec. n. prominent beneath.

4. R. mysorensis, Heyne. Vern. Dasni, Danonia, Rajputana; Amboni,
Poona.

A small, aromatic, often gregarious shrub (a
small tree or large shrub, Talbot List 61).
Branches stiff, spinescent, leaflets deeply den-
tate or lobed, the terminal 1-1} in. long, the
lateral smaller, all sessile or nearly so. Disk
indistinetly 5-lobed.

Sind, eastern flank of the Suleiman range. Raj-
putana. Dry districts of the Punjab and the Deccan.
Fl. February—June. Bark used for tanning.

C. Leaves imparipinnate, panicles terminal.

5. R. semialata, Murray; Brandis F. FI.
119.—Syn. R. Bucki-amelw, Roxb.; Wight
Ie. t. 561; R. javanica, Kurz F. FI. i. 319.
Vern. Tekri, Titri, Titrai, Arkhol, N.W. Him.

A middle-sized or small deciduous tree, resin-
canals in the bark filled with white milk,
which is sticky, but does not turn black. .
Branchlets, petioles, underside of leaves and Fic. 87.—Rhus mysorensis,
inflorescence clothed with short, soft, brown- Heyne. 4.
ish-grey pubescence. LL. not aromatic, leaflets
4-6 pair, opposite, dentate, teeth large, triangular, often sharp, lateral leaflets
sessile, the terminal on a marginate petiolule, upper part of common petiole
generally marginate or winged. Panicle large, nearly as long as the upper
leaves, branches spreading. Fl. white or pale yellow-green, drupe tomentose,
edible.

Outer Himalayan ranges, 3-6,000 ft. Assam, Khasi and Naga hills. Shan hills,
Upper Burma. Martaban. Fl. April-September. The leaves turn red before they fall.
Galls of various shapes frequent on the branches. China, Japan.

6. R. punjabensis, J. L. Stewart; Brandis F. Fl. 120. Vern. Titri,
Titrai, N.W. Him.; Rashta, Bash.

A small or middle-sized tree, deciduous, heartwood greenish-yellow, the annual
rings marked by a narrow belt of vessels, old bark brownish, with rectangu-
lar plates, milk watery, not sticky, does not turn black. Branchlets, petioles
and inflorescence clothed with minute soft pubescence. Leaflets 5-6 pair, op-
posite or nearly opposite, entire or with a few teeth near the apex, common
petiole not marginate. Panicles compact, broad, shorter than leaves, in fruit
generally bent down, ramifications rusty tomentose, drupe } in. diam., clothed
with dark red velvet, pulp acid, made into sherbet.

North-West Himalaya, Kashmir to Kumaon 3-8,500 ft., more freyuent towards the
interior. Fl. May-July. A species very similar and possibly identical with 6 is not
uncommon in China.

A species with terminal panicles, possibly new, has been found by E. M. Buchanan
at 5-5,500 ft. in the Ruby Mines district, Upper Burma. Leaflets 8-4 pair, ovate-
lanceolate, pubescent beneath, blade 8-6, petiolule } in., fl. pedicellate, in general
appearance similar to #. Griffithii, Hook. f. Fr. unknown, hence not named.

198 XLI. ANACARDIACEA [Rhus
D. Leaves imparipinnate, panicles axillary.

7. R. Wallichii, Hook. f—Syn. R. vernicifera, Brandis F. Fl. 120. Vern.
Arkhar, Arkol, Arkhot, North-West Himalaya ; Hurku, Bash.

A deciduous tree, attaining 50 ft., bark smooth, grey, resin-canals in bark
filled*with white milk which turns black and raises blistersonskin. Branch-

Fie. 88.—Rhus Wallichii, Hook. f. 4.

lets, petioles, underside of leaflets and panicles densely clothed with yellowish-
brown tomentum. I. approximate near the ends of branches, not aroma-
tic, leaflets 3-5 pair, quite entire, 4-7 in. long, the lateral nearly sessile, sec. n.
18-24 pair. Panicles axillary, much shorter than leaves. Fl. nearly sessile,
petals much larger than sepals, obovate, greenish-white with dark veins.
Drupes } in. diam., in compact pyramidal panicles, pilose when young, nearly

Rhus) XLI. ANACARDIACEA : 199

glabrous when ripe, exocarp dry, chartaceous, splitting irregularly, endocarp
hard, smooth, in a mass of vegetable wax.

North-West Himalaya, Kashmir to Nepal 2-7,000 ft, Fl.May—June. 2. vernicifera,
DC., the Varnish tree of China and Japan, differs by petiolulate nearly glabrous leaf-
lets, fl. pedicellate and panicles more lax. 8. R. insignis, Hook. f. Sikkim, 6-8,000
ft., Khasi hills. Deciduous, attains 50 ft., differs by glabrous petioles, panicles larger,
more Jax and nearly glabrous, leaflets on thick petiolules, drupes smaller.

9. R. succedanea, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 560; Brandis F. Fl. 121. Vern.
Shash, Kunawar; Arkhol, N.W. Him.

A middle-sized or small deciduous tree, entirely glabrous, except pedicels
and ramifications of panicle, which at times are minutely hairy. Leaflets op-
posite, 3-6 pair, entire, ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, blade 3-6, petiolule
slender, } in., sec. n. 8-15 pair, alternating with shorter intermediate nerves.
Panicles lax, drooping, ramifications slender. Fl. pedicelled. Drupes } in.

) pig, Pp }
diam., on pedicels + in. long, glabrous, yellow or light brown, endocarp hard,
enclosed in a fibrous mesocarp, vegetable wax mixed with the fibres.

Himalaya, from the Jhelam eastwards, 2-8,000 ft. Not mentioned in Kanjilal’s ex-
cellent F. Flora of the School Circle, but found by me in the Rupin valley in October
1874. Khasi hills. Fl. June-September. China, Japan. The milky juice of this
species, like that of 7. Wallichii, causes blisters on the skin, and makes black stains on
paper. In Japan, wax is obtained from the fruit of this species and of I. vernicife
A remarkable variety, possibly a distinct species, with almost coriaceous leaflets,
sec. n. more conspicuous and nearly at right angles to midrib, fruiting panicles more
dense, in Sikkim and on the Khasi hills, is R. acuminata, DC.; Gamble List 24.
10. R. Griffithii, Hook. f. Sikkim, Mongo 2,000 ft. (C. B. Clarke, October 1884). Upper
Assam, Khasi hills, common at Shillong. A middle-sized or small tree, glabrous,
panicles only pubescent. Leaves large, common petiole 24 in. long and longer, leaflets
ovate-oblong from an wnequal-sided base, caudate-acuminate, sec. n. conspicuous
beneath, 16-24 pair, panicles pedunculate, 8-30 in. long.

2. PISTACIA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 13.

Trees or shrubs. L. pinnate or trifoliolate, leaflets entire, stipules none.
Fl. small dicecious, in axillary racemes or panicles, supported by bracteoles,
petals 0. ¢@ sepals 1-2, stamens 3-5 on a small disk. 2 sepals 2-5, disk 0,
ovary 1-celled. Drupe oblique, endocarp bony, cotyledons filled with fat oil.
Species 9, Mediterranean region, China, one in Mexico.

1. P. integerrima, Stewart; Brandis F. Fl. t. 22. Vern. Kakra, Kakkar,
Kakring, Kakroi, Kanrai, N.W. Him.

A middle-sized deciduous tree, young shoots red, heartwood very hard,
durable, close- and even-grained, brown, mottled with yellow and dark streaks.
L. aromatic, impari- or pari-pinnate, finely pubescent while young,
leaflets 4-5 pair, usually opposite, lanceolate from an oblique base, blade 3-6
in. long, petiolule very short. Drupe broader than long, } in. diam.

Hills of Trans-Indus territory. Salt range, Punjab. Outer ranges of North-West
Himalaya, 1,500 to 8,000 ft. Fl. March-May. Irregularly shaped galls (Kakri-singi),
often 6-7 in. long, form on the leaves. 2. P. coccinea, Coll. et Hemsl. Shan hills,
Upper Burma, 4,000 ft. A small tree. Leaves paripinnate, leaflets 5-6 pair, coriaceous,
1-14 in. long, usually alternate.

3. P. mutica, Fisch. et Mey.; Engler in DC. Monogr. Phan. iv. 287;
Lace in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 308.—Syn. P. cabulica, Stocks. Vern.
Gwan, Baluch. ; Khanjak, Peshin; Badwar, Hurnai district.

A small tree, often gregarious, attains 20-25 ft. and 6-10 ft. in girth, bark
dark brown with longitudinal fissures, heartwood small, dark brown, very
hard. . imparipinnate, common petiole minutely hairy, marginate or
narrowly winged, leaflets 2-3 pair, ovate-oblong, obtuse.

Baluchistan, 4—9,000 ft., at lower elevations associated with Acacia modesta, higher up
oceasionally with the Juniper. Afghanistan, Kuram valley, Gilgit. Fl. Mareh-Apvril.

200 XLI. ANACARDIACEA [Pistacia

Also in Persia, Asia Minor and Trans-caucasia. This and 4 yield a resin similar to
Mastix, the produce of P. Lentiscus, Linn. 4. P. Khinjak, Stocks; Lace in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xxviii. 308. (Ushgai, Buzgai, Baluch.) Baluchistan. A shrub, often in
clefts of rocks, or a small tree, bark light grey, smooth and exfoliating. Suleiman
range, Kuram valley. Afghanistan, Gilgit, Chitral. Persia. Petiole not winged,
leaflets 1-2 pair, elliptic or almost orbicular, acuminate, 1-8 in. long.

Tapiria hirsuta, Hook. f. (Phlebochiton extensum, Wall., Engler in DC. Monogr. Phan.
iv. 263; Pegia nitida, Colebr., Engler in Engler u. Prantl iii. 5. 152) isa large climbing
shrub in Nepal, Sikkim (to 3,000 ft.). Assam, Bhutan. Khasi hills, Manipur. China.
Branchlets, leaves and inflorescence softly tomentose. Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets
5-7 pair, nearly opposite, entire or more or less serrate. Fl. small, polygamous, scented,
in axillary panicles. Drupes black, pericarp fleshy, resinous.

Solenocarpus indica, W. et A.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 233, is a small or middle-sized tree in
the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats from North Kanara southwards, in the
Anamalai hills at 2,600 ft. Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets opposite, glabrous, crenulate.
Fl. small, bisexual, pure white, panicles numerous, fascicled at the ends of branchlets
(the tree when in blossom a perfect mass of white). Calyx small, 5-toothed, deciduous,
petals 5, ovate, valvate. Stamens 10, ovary 1-celled. Drupe obliquely-oblong, } in.
long, pericarp full of oil, stone hard.

3. ODINA, Roxb. ; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 29..
(Species 13, mostly African.)

O. Wodier, Roxb. ; Wight Ic. t. 60; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 123; Royle Il. t.
31.—Syn. Lannea grandis, Engler in Engl. u. Prantl. Nachtr. 213. Vern,
Kanlai, Kaimal, Punjab; Ihingan, Ginjan, Hind.; Mohi, Mowai, H. M.;
Gunj, Bundelkhand; Gol, Ajmere; Gwmpan, Tel.; Godda, Kan.; Udi, Uthi.
Tam. ; Nabe, Burm.

A large deciduous tree, sapwood white, heartwood scanty. lL. impari-
pinnate, leaflets 3-4 pair, opposite, entire. FI. appearing when the tree is
leafless, small, greenish, unisexual, 4-5-merous, on short pedicels in compact
fascicles, the female fl. in simple, the male in compound racemes. Racemes
numerous from leafscars at the ends of branches, male and female usually
on different branches, often on different trees. Calyx 4-5-cleft, persistent,
lobes obtuse, ciliate, imbricate in bud. Petals oblong, longer than sepals,
pink and greenish-yellow. : Stamens 8-10, inserted beneath and out-
side the annular 8-lobed disk, rudimentary ovary 4—5-cleft; 9: stamens
small, sterile, ovary sessile, 1-celled, styles 3-4, short, stout. Drupe reniform-
oblong, 4 in. long, stone hard.

Common in deciduous forests throughout India and Burma, in the subhimalayan
tract extending to the Indus, and ascending to 4,000 ft. in the outer hills. Leafless as
a rule from January to June, but on the east side of the Peninsula (Sriharikot, Madras,
Jayadies) in leaf almost throughout the year. Ugly when leafless, but a handsome

tree when in full foliage. Fl. February—April. Fr. from June onwards, often remains
long on the tree. Easily grown from cuttings.

4, PARISHIA, Hook. f.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 29.
(Species 5, Indo-Malayan.)

P. insignis, Hook. f., Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. t. 26; Kurz F. Fl. i. 318.

A tall evergreen tree full of white milk. IL. imparipinnate, leaflets
6-8 pair, quite entire, opposite, oblique, 6-8 in. long. Fl. + in. diam., yellow,
dicecious, tetramerous, in long hairy panicles. ¢@: Calyx 4-lobed, lobes val-
vate, petals 4, stamens 4, inserted below the edge of the disk, rudimentary
ovary columnar. ¢@: Calyx-lobes greatly enlarged in fruit, ovary sessile,
1-celled, style unequally 3-fid. Drupe globose, pointed, } in. diam., supported
by the pubescent enlarged calyx-lobes, 3-4 in. long.

Mergui, Andamans. Fl. February-May.—Penang.

Spondias] XLI. ANACARDIACEA 201
5. SPONDIAS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 42.

L. imparipinnate, leaflets nearly opposite. Fl. small, polygamous, in
terminal panicles. Calyx small, deciduous, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, spreading.
Stamens 8-10, inserted outside beneath the broad crenate disk. Ovary sessile,
4-5-celled. Drupe fleshy, stone 1-5-celled, hard, thick, with a tuberculate,
fibrous surface. Species 8, tropics of the old and new world.

1. S. mangifera, Willd.; Wight Ill. t. 76; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 169; Kurz
F. Fl. i. 322; Kanjilal Forest Flora 102. The Hog-plum. Vern. Amra,
Ambara, Amarat, H.; Ambada, M.; Ambota, Uriya; Ambe, Amate, Kan. ;
Ambalam, Tam.; Gwe, Burm.

A glabrous, deciduous tree, large in tropical, small in Northern India, wood
grey, soft, light. Bark smooth, whitish or brownish-grey, aromatic. Leaflets
3-5 pair, quite entire, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, 3-6 in. long, sec. n. nearly
straight, 10-20 pair, joined at the ends by a prominent nerve running along
and close to the edge of leaf. Fl. pentamerous, white, nearly sessile, clustered
on stout ramifications of a sparingly branched panicle, petals ; in. long.
Drupe yellow when ripe, 1} in. long, is eaten, but has an astringent acid and
turpentine taste.

Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys to 3,000 ft., fromthe Chenabeastwards. Salt-
range in the Punjab. Deciduous forests of Burma and the Western Peninsula. FI.
February-May. One of the first trees to shed its leaves and one of the last to renew
them, often not until the rains have set in. In Ceylon, where it is common in the
moist low country it is bare of leaves for a short time at the end of the dry weather,
young foliage in April beautiful orange-pink, Trimen Handb. Ceylon i., 327. Deer
eat the fruit greedily and heaps of the stones are frequently found in the forests
where this tree grows. Indian Archipelago, Hongkong. 2. S. acuminata, Roxb.
Konkan Hills, North Kanara, Malabar. A middle-sized fast-growing tree, leaflets 5-8
pair, remotely crenulate, long-acuminate, stone believed to be smooth.

3. S. axillaris, Roxb.; Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. ix. t.25. Vern. Labshi, Nep.

A tall evergreen tree. Bark brown or reddish, peeling off in long flakes,
wood dark pink, red on exposure, soft but durable. Leaflets 6-8 pair, opposite
or nearly so, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, in old trees entire, in young trees
serrate, 3-5 in., petiolule } in. long. Fl. polygamous, pentamerous, the male
in axillary panicles, stamens 10, disk annular 10-lobed, the fertile (bi-
sexual) solitary or 2 (sometimes 3) on axillary peduncles, } in. across, ovary
5-celled, styles 5, short, erect. Drupes ovoid, 1-1} in. long, yellow when ripe,
edible, stone 5-celled.

Sikkim, Bhutan 1-4,500 ft. Kachin hills. This is Cedrela sp. Gamble List 17, and
is probably identical with Poupartia Fordii, Hemsley, Hook. Ie. Pl. t. 2,557, a tree in
the Happy Valley of Hongkong.

6. DRACONTOMELUM, Blume; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 43.
(Species 5, tropical Asia, extending to the Pacific.)

D. mangiferum, Blume; Kurz F. FI. 322.

A large evergreen tree, the youngest shoots tawny-pubescent. L. impari-
pinnate, common petiole minutely puberulous, leaflets 6-9 pair, opposite or
alternate, 5-7 in. long, glabrous above, slightly hairy beneath. Fl. bisexual,
pentamerops, campanulate, 4—-} in. across, greenish-white, in large mostly
axillary pubescent panicles. Stamens 10, inserted at the base of the cup-
shaped crenulate disk. Ovary 5-celled. Drupe 1 in. diam., depressed, stone
flat, rugulose, 2-5-celled.

Andamans and Nicobars Fl. R.S. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

7. MELANORRHGA, Wall.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 26.

L. coriaceous, simple, quite entire. Fl. large, bisexual, in axillary panicles.
Sepals 5, cohering in the species here described into a pointed deciduous

202 XLI. ANACARDIACEAE [Melanorrhaa

cap. Petals 5-8, im-
bricate, linear-
oblong, persistent
and, as a rule, much
enlarged in fruit.
Stamens 5 or numer-
ous, inserted on a
thick hemispheric or
columnar disk.
Ovary stalked, ob-
lique, 1-celled. Fr.
a dry drupe, more
or less stalked.
Species 6, Indo-
Malayan.

1. M. usitata,
Wall. Pl. As. Rar.
t. 11, 12; Brandis
in Ind. Forester, 1.
(1876), 362. Vern.
Thitsi, Burm.

A large deciduous
tree, yields the black
Burmese lacquer or
varnish from inei-
sions made into the
bark, while the tree

Fie. 89.—Melanorrhea usitata, Wall. 4. is in leaf. Branch-

lets, petioles, under-

side of leaves and panicles softly tomentose. L. obovate or oblanceolate,

blade 9-12, narrowed into a thick almost winged petiole }-1 in. long. Fl.

white, petals pubescent, stamens many. Drupes red, 4~} in. diam., stalk thick,

4 in. long, supported by the oblong stellately spreading, enlarged petals, 2—4 in.
long.

Burma, Upper and Lower, chiefly in Eng forests. Fl. January-March. Siam to
the Mekong river. WM. laccifera, Pierre Fl. For. Cochinch. t. 867, Cambodia, Cochin-
china, yields a most valuable varnish, grows very rapidly, and can be tapped when two
years old. Might be cultivated in Burma. 2. M. glabra, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 283,
Tavoy, Mergui. L. glabrous. Drupes on slender stalks 1-1} in. long. Fruiting petals
linear or spathulate, 2-24 in. long. ;

8. SWINTONIA, Griff.; FI Brit. Ind. ii. 26.

Evergreen trees. Leaves simple, quite entire, petioles long. Fl. bisexual
or unisexual,in large terminal and axillary panicles. Calyx small, deeply 5-6-
cleft, lobes rounded. Petals 5-6, persistent and much enlarged in fruit.
Stamens 4-5, inserted on the thick fleshy disk. Drupe ovoid, coriaceous, not
stalked, subtended by the enlarged petals. Species 7, Indo-Malayan.

1. S. floribunda, Griff. Proc. Linn. Soc. i. (1846), 283.—Syn. S. Griffithii,
Kurz (1870), comprises probably S. Schwenckti, Kurz F. Fl. i. 316. Vern.
Thayet san, Burm.

A lofty tree, entirely glabrous. lL. lanceolate, blade 4-6, petiole very
slender, 1-14 in. long, sec. n. 16-20 pair. FI. pale-yellow, in dense masses.
Drupe sessile, supported by the enlarged reflexed linear-lanceolate purple
petals, which are 2 in. long.

Chittagong hills. Pegu Yoma, rare. Martaban and Tenasserim, common near the

Swintonia| XLI. ANACARDIACE 203

coast, but also inland, common
on the hill east of Toungoo at
2,000 ft. Fl. December—March.
2. §. Helferi, on rocky islands
of the Mergui Archipelago. L.
narrow-lanceolate, blade 6-10,
petiole 1-2 in. long, sec. n. 24-30
pair.

9. HOLIGARNA, Ham:
Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 36.

Lofty trees. L. more or
less coriaceous, petiolate, sim-
ple, quite entire, crowded at
the ends of branches, petioles
mostly with 2 or 4 spur-like \—
deciduous appendages. FI.
small, usually sessile, diceci-
ous, pentamerous, in axillary
or terminal racemes or pani-
cles. Calyx superior, tube
cup-shaped, petals densely
villous. Stamens 5, inserted
on the edge of the disk, which
in the ¢ flower lines the
calyx-tube, filam. glabrous,
subulate, anthers small,
nearly globose. Ovary in-
ferior 1-celled, styles 3-5,
terminal. Drupe oblong or
ovoid, on stalks elongating
after flowering, resinous,
acrid, endocarp coriaceous.

A. Western species.

1. H. Arnottiana, Hook. Fic. 90.—Swintonia floribunda, Griff. 4.
f. (1876).—Syn. //. longifolia,
W. et A.; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 167. Vern. Holigar, IHulgeri, Katugervi, Kan.;
Kattu cheru, Tam.; Cheru, Mal.

A large evergreen tree, with black acrid resinous juice, young shoots rusty-
tomentose. IL. cuneate, obtuse or acute, blade 6-10, narrowed into petiole }—1 in.
long, sec. n. 10-20 pair. Fl. + in. long, rusty tomentose within and without,
fasciculate, in axillary sparingly branched racemiform panicles, anthers red.
Drupe glabrous, obliquely oblong, stalk 1 in. long.

Evergreen forests of the western coasts and the Western Ghats, from the Konkan
southwards. Coorg, Nilgiris. Common in the low country of Travancore. F). January—
March. J/. ferruginea, Marchand (1869), is supposed to differ by racemes shorter, more
robust and less branched, clothed with red tomentum, and larger flowers. Mr. Bourdillon
reports a new species from the evergreen forests of Travancore, at 2,000 ft. and higher,
with smaller leaves, not exceeding 6 in., sec. n. 6-9 pair, panicles slender, up to 12 in.
long. Fl. smaller, black, hairy outside, while inside they are quite white, clothed with
white hairs, anthers black.

2. H. Grahamii, Hook. f. (Semecarpus Grahamii, Wight Ic. t. 285). Evergreen forests
of the Western Ghats, from the Konkan southwards. Howlagerri, Kaans of Sorub,
Mysore (D.B. April 1868). A middle-sized or large tree. L. softly pubescent beneath,
oblanceolate, long-acuminate, often abruptly narrowed from the middle, blade 12-16 in.,
petiole thick, 4 in. long. Panicles terminal, much branched. Drupe 4 in. long, three-
fourths enclosed in the calyx. 8. H. Beddomei, Hook. f. Anamalai hills. A very large
tree. Young shoots and underside of leaves densely tomentose with long rufous hairs,
blade 10-22 inches, narrowed into petiole 4-1 in., spurs tomentose, soft, not rigid.

204 XLI. ANACARDIACEE [Holigarna

B. Eastern species.

4. H. longifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 282.

A tall tree, bark smooth, ash-coloured. lL. glabrous and glaucous beneath,
thinly coriaceous, narrowly oblanceolate, blade 12-24, petiole 4-1 in. Panicle
large and spreading. FI. dull white, rusty-tomentose. Drupe entirely enclosed
by calyx-tube.

Chittagong hill tract. Lower Burma, in Eng and other Forests. Fl. C. 8.

The following two species may possibly only be forms of H. longifolia, cf. King in
Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 65 (1897), 512. 5. H. Helferi, Hook. f.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 315, an
evergreen tree, Lower Burma, young shoots and underside of young leaves pubescent.
L. coriaceous, oblanceolate, shortly acuminate, blade 12-30, petiole 4-1 in. long.
Panicles axillary, densely rusty-tomentose. Drupe almost entirely covered by the
calyx-tube. 6. H. albicans, Hook. f. Lower Burma. L. coriaceous, oblanceolate, white
and almost glabrous beneath, blade 6-8, petiole 4? in., without spurs.

7. H. Kurzii, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 65 (1897), 512 (Semecarpus albescens, Kurz;
Engler in DC., Mon. Phan. iv. 488). Pegu, Tenasserim, Andamans. lL. coriaceous,
white and nearly glabrous beneath, oblanceolate, blade 10-15, petiole 4—-$ in. long, sec. n.
distant, 12-18 pair, panicle large, compound, terminal.

10. DRIMYCARPUS, Hook. f.; Fl. Brit. Ind. 11. 36.

D. racemosus, Hook. f. (the only species). Vern. Brong-Kiing, Lepoha.

An evergreen tree, entirely glabrous except the inflorescence, wood close-
grained, takes a beautiful polish. L. shining coriaceous, lanceolate, entire,
margin thickened and usually strongly waved, blade 4-12, petiole stout, deeply
grooved, } in. long. Fl. small, greenish-white, pentamerous, in fascicled short
racemiform panicles, axillary or below the leaf on the old wood, stamens 5.
Ovary inferior, 1-celled, style 1, very short. Drupe red, 1 in. diam.

Sikkim, common in the outer hills, 3-6,000 ft. Bhutan, Assam, Khasi hills. Cachar
Chittagong. Fl, January—April.—China.

11. BOUEA. Meissn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. 11. 20.
(Species 3-4, Indo-Malay region.)

B. burmanica, Griff. (1841); Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. t. 366.—Syn. B.
opposttifolia, Meissn. (1842), Kurz. F. Fl. i. 306. Vern. Miriam, Uridm, Sund. ;
Mayan, Burm.

An evergreen middle-sized tree. L. lanceolate, quite entire, blade 4-10,
petiole in. long. Fl. small, polygamous, in axillary and terminal panicles.
Sepals 3-5, deciduous, petals 3-5, imbricate. Stamens 3-5, inserted within
the small disk, all fertile. Drupe fleshy, yellow, 1-2 in. long, edible, taste
pleasant, sweet and acid, endocarp thin woody, 1-seeded.

Sundriban. Andamans, Tenasserim. Cultivated throughout Burma. FI]. January—
March. Fr. April-May. Cochinchina, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Dobinea vulgaris, Hamilton, Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 696, under Sapindacee, is a shrub in
Nepal, Sikkim (4-6,000 ft.), Mishmi hills. L. opposite, membranous, serrate, ovate-
lanceolate. Fl. small, unisexual,in terminal panicles. ¢: Calyx cup-shaped, 4-dentate,
petals 4, exceeding calyx, disk 0, stamens 8, alternately shorter. 92: A 1-celled lenti-
cular ovary on an annular disk, adnate to a lanceolate bract, calyx 0, petals 0, style
filiform, spirally-involute. Fr. indehiscent, adnate te a round or obovate emarginate
pennineryed thinly membranous bract, 4 in. diam.

Anacardium occidentale, Linn.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 163. The Cashew-nut. Vern. Kaju,
Mar.; Godambe, Kan.; Kolla-mavu, Tam.; Paringi mavu, Mal.; Thi hon Thayet, Burm.
A small or middle-sized evergreen tree, indigenous in South America, but cultivated and
naturalized in many tropical countries, often found near the coast. L. glabrous, thickly
coriaceous, obovate, entire, blade 5-7, petiole +-4 in., sec. n. 8-12 pair, conspicuous. FI.
polygamous, in large terminal bracteate panicles, pentamerous, petals linear, 4-4 in.
long, pale yellow streaked with pink, stamens 10, one longer always fertile, the rest
often sterile. Drupe kidney-shaped, 1 in. long, seated on a fleshy thick hypocarp, which
is 2-8 in. long, orange or crimson, edible, formed of the enlarged torus and calyx-base.

Bouca| XLI. ANACARDIACEA 205

In pericarp are sacs filled with acrid oil, which raises blisters on the skin. Seed
kidney-shaped, oily, roasted and eaten.

12. BUCHANANIA, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 22

Trees or shrubs. L. simple, quite entire. Fl. small, bisexual, panicles
numerous, terminal and in the axils of the uppermost leaves at the ends of
branches. Calyx 3-5-cleft, persistent, petals 4-5, oblong, imbricate in bud.
Stamens 8-10, free, inserted outside and under the annular disk, which sur-
rounds the 5-6 free carpels, 1 fertile, the others imperfect. Drupe small, flesh
scanty, splitting into 2 valves at the time of germination. Species 20, Indo-
Malayan region, extending to Australia and the Pacific.

A. Panicles tomentose or pubescent.

1. B. latifolia, Roxb.; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 165; Brandis F. Fl. 127. Syn.
B. Lanzan, Spreng.; Cooke, Bombay Flora i. 275. Vern. Chiroli, Pb. ;
Piyal, Pial, Paira, Char, Achar, Hind.; Char, Chirauli, Chironji, Mar. ;
Morli, Sara, Tel.; Nurkal, Murkala, Kan.; Morala, Sarai, Tam.; Munga,
perlu, Mal.

A middle-sized tree, attaining 50 ft., bark dark grey, rough, with small
quadrangular plates, divided by deep narrow cracks. LL. coriaceous, hard,
orn, obtuse, as a rule softly hairy fereatis blade 6-10, petiole 1-1 in. See.

15-20 pair, prominent. Panicles tomentose, bracts small, caducous. FI.
soxsile, greenish-white. Drupe black, } in. diam., edible, stone hard, bony.

Common in the deciduous forests of India and Burma, except the arid region of
North-West India. In the subhimalayan tract the Sutle] is its north-western limit.
Fl. January-March. Nearly leafless for a short time during the dry season. Bark
used for tannin 2. B. lanceolata, Wight Ic. t. 237, Quilon. L. glabrous and shining
on both sides, aiiaties lanceolate, blade “4-5, petiole 4—} in., sec. n, 16-20 pair, distinct
reticulate veins between them. Panicles shorter than leaves, their branches short,
stout. Fr. unknown.

3. B. platyneura, Kurz; King in Journ. As, Soc. Bengal, 65 (1897) 462. Andamans
and Nicobars, very commen. A middle-sized or large tree, youngest shoots minutely
pubescent. L. coriaceous, glabrous and shining on both surfaces, elliptic-lanceolate,
blade 4-9, petiole 3-1 in. Panicles puberulous, pedicels longer than flower, anthers
narrow, not sagittate. 4. B. glabra, Wall. Maulmein. LL. thickly coriaceous, broadly
elliptic, panicles shorter than leaves, rusty-puberulous. Fl nearly sessile. 5. B. acu-
minata, Turez. (2. sessilifolia, Schauer; King in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 65 [1897] 463, the
older name but misleading.) Maulmein. A shrubor smalltree. L. thinly coriaceous,
oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate, gradually narrowed into petiole }-1 in. long,
panicles pedunculate, longer than the leaves, minutely pubescent, pedicels shorter than
flower. Petals oblong, the apex narrower and recuryed, anthers sagittate. 6. B. lanci-
folia, Roxb.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 309. Chittagong hill tracts, Arakan, Andamans. A large
evergreen tree, youngest shoots rusty- tomentose. L. elliptic- or oblong-lanceolate,
thinly coriaceous, blade 7-9, petiole 1-14 in. long, sec. n. 15-20 pair, prominent beneath.
Panicles slightly pubescent with se sattered hairs, nearly sessile, shorter than leaves,
pedicels shorter than flower. Petals oblong, anthers slightly sagittate.

B. Panicles perfectly glabrous.

6. B. angustifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 262; Wight Ic. t. 101. Vern.
Morli, Sara, Tel.; Mudamah, Kolamdvu, Tam. ; Malamdvu, Mal.

A middle-sized tree, youngest shoots slightly pubescent. L. elliptic- or
linear-oblong, obtuse, glabrous on both sides, blade 4-7, petiole }#-1} in.
Panicles glabrous, as long as or longer than leaves, peduncles and branches
slender. Fl. nearly sessile. Fr. oblique, } in. diam.

On Sandstone in the Chanda district and in Sirpur (Nizam’s territory). Westerm
Peninsula, chiefly in the drier districts on hilly ground. FI. R.S. 7. B. florida, Schauer;
King in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 65 (1897), 468. (B. lucida, Bl.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 28;
B. arborescens, Bl.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 808), Andamans, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago, Philippines. A small evergreen tree, entirely glabrous. L. thinly
coriaceous, obovate, obtuse, narrowed into petiole 4—$ in. long. Panicles lax, longer

206 XLI. ANACARDIACHA [ Buchanania

than leaves, pedicels longer than flower. Calyx minute, petals 4 or 5, elliptic, obtuse,
anthers sagittate, ovary pilose. To this is referred B. intermedia, Wight Ic. t. 81,
“ Naggari hills near Madras,” of which I have not seen specimens.

B. laxiflora, Kurz F. Fl. i. 307 (Gehoilay, Karen), Martaban, Beeling river on lime-
stone (D.B., February 1862), is not a Buchanania, possibly anew genus. L. broadly
ovate, pubescent, blade 6, petiole thick, 4 in. long, Panicle tomentose, terminal, ample,
12 in. long. Fl. unisexual, ¢ only known, minute. Sepals 5, triangular, petals 5,
valvate. Stamens 10, filaments broad, glabrous, disk 10-lobed.

13. MANGIFERA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 13.

Hvergreen trees. I. petiolate, simple, entire, coriaceous. Fl. small, poly-
gamous, in terminal panicles. Calyx 4-5-parted, deciduous, petals equal in
number, with thick prominent longitudinal nerves. Stamens 4—5, usually in-
serted on the fleshy- lobes of the disk, one stamen only perfect, much larger
than the others. Ovary sessile, 1-celled, oblique, ovule 1 attached to the side
of the cavity above its base, style lateral simple. Fr. a large fleshy drupe,
endocarp fibrous, cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex, often unequal and lobed.
Species about 30, Indo-Malayan region.

A. Panicle pubescent or tomentose.

1. M. indica, Linn.; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 162; Brandis F. Fl. 125. The
Mango tree. Vern. Am, amba, amri, Hind.; Uli, Kol; Ul, Sonth.; Ambi,
Mar.; Mavu, Kan. ; Mamidi, Tel.; Mad, Tam.

A large tree. L. dark green, coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, blade 5-12,
petiole #-14 in., sec. n. slightly arching, numerous, alternating with shorter
intermediate nerves. Panicles large, erect, pubescent. FI. nearly sessile,
petals twice the length of calyx lobes, anther 1, oval, purple, sterile stamens
minute, 2-4. Drupe 2-6 in. long, yellow when ripe.

Indigenous in Burma, Sikkim, the Nambar forest Assam, the Khasi hills, in rayines
on the higher hills of the Satpura range in Khandeish and along the Western Ghats.
Cultivated all over India and Burma, excepting the northern part of the Punjab. Fl.
February—April. Fr. May—July. In North and Central India the fruit of ungrafted
trees is stringy with a strong turpentine flavour, while the fruit of good grafts is ex-
cellent. In Burma the tree is not generally grafted, the seeds of a good kind as a rule
producing good fruit of the same description. This is believed to be the case in some
other parts of tropical India. 2. M. caloneura, Kurz F. Fl. i. 305; Taw thayet, Sinnin
thayet, Burm. Eastern and southern slopes of the Peeu Yoma. L. oblong, acuminate,
blade 4-6, petiole 1 in. long, sec. n. slender, 16-20 pair, venation between them con-
spicuously reticulate, intermediate nerves very slender or none. Fl. nearly sessile on a
tomentose panicle, calyx pubescent. Fr. not compressed, 2 in. long, endocarp large,
thin-walled.

B. Panicle glabrous.

3. M. sylvatica, Roxb.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 304. Vern. Sinnin thayet, Burm.

A large tree. LL. lanceolate, chartaceous, blade 5-12, petiole 1-3 in. long,
sec. n. 16-24 pair, strongly curved. Panicle glabrous, with slender branches,
pedicels 4-5 in. long, petals linear, 3-4 times the length of calyx-lobes.
Drupe nearly as large as the Mango, yellow when ripe, much compressed, stone
fibrous, large. .

Nepal, Sikkim (to 3,000 ft.), Khasi hills. Andamans. Pegu Yoma. Hills east of
Toungoo, 2,000 ft., near streams, common. Fl. February—May. 4. M. andamanica,
King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 65 (1897), 470. Andamans. LL. coriaceous, obovate,
obtuse, blade 3-5 in., narrowed into petiole 4? in. long, sec. n. 10-12 pair, reticulation
prominent. Fl. tetramerous, pedicels as long as flower, petals twice the length of
calyx-segments. Drupe 1-14 in. long, pulp thin.

14. GLUTA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 21.

Evergreen trees, with acrid resinous juice. L. coriaceous, simple, quite
entire, crowded at the ends of branchlets. Fl. small, bisexual, in axillary or

Gluta| XLI. ANACARDIACEA 207

terminal panicles. Calyx gamosepalous, opening irregularly, deciduous.
Petals 4—6, on the elongated torus, contorted in bud. Stamens 4, filaments
capillary. Ovary 1-celled, style lateral, filiform. Species 6-8, Indo-Malayan,
1 in Madagascar.

1. G. travancorica, Bedd. Fl. Sylvy. t. 60. Vern. Shen Kurani,
Tinnevelli.

A yery large tree. L. elliptic or oblanceolate, 4-6 in. long, narrowed into a
very short petiole, panicle hoary-pubescent, drupe broader than long, with a
rough brownish rind, 14-1} in. diam.

Evergreen forests, Tinnevelli and Travancore Ghats. 2. G. tavoyana, Hook. f.
(Thayetthitsi, Burm.) Tavoy, Mergui, on the coast. A small tree, young shoots
minutely pubescent, petioles thick, }-? in. long. Fl. 4 in. long, in short axillary
panicles, calyx pubescent. 3. G elegans, Kurz, var. Helferi, Hook. f. Sea coast in
South Tenasserim. A small tree, entirely glabrous, petioles slender, 1-2 in. long. FI.
4-3 in. long, perfectly glabrous.

15. NOTHOPEGIA, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 39.

Small trees. . alternate or opposite, petioled, entire. Fl. small, white,
polygamous, in short axillary racemes. Calyx small, persistent, 4-lobed, petals
4, spreading, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the margin of the
annular 4-lobed disk, filaments free, hairy. Ovary 1-celled, style very short.
Species 3.

1. N. Colebrookiana, Blume; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 164.—Syn. Pegia (?)
Colebrookiana, Wight Ic. t. 236.

A small tree with milky acrid juice, glabrous excepting inflorescence. LL.
coriaceous, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 2-8, petiole $—} in., see.
n. 15-20 pair. Drupe red, pyriform, j—-} in. diam., edible, a sweet purple juice
between skin and stone.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, from the Konkan southwards. FI.
Jan.—March. Ceylon moist region to 3,000 ft. 2. N, travancorica, Bedd. Travan-
core. A shrub. Branchlets, petioles and midrib clothed beneath with short spreading
hairs. L. chartaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, sec. n. 30-35 pair. 3. N. aureo-fulva,

Bedd. Tinnevelli. A shrub. Branchlets, petiole and midrib densely rufous-villous
beneath.

16. SEMECARPUS, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 30.

Trees. L. petiolate, simple, quite entire. Fl. polygamous or dicecious
? ple, g polys au)
usually pentamerous, sometimes 6-, rarely 3-merous, in lateral or terminal
: ’ : ’ Sepang ae
panicles. Calyx segments deciduous, petals imbricate. Stamens 5-6, inserted
at the base and outside of a broad annular disk, imperfect in the 9 flower.
Ovary 1-celled, styles 3. Drupe oblique, fleshy, seated on a fleshy hypocarp,
formed of the thickened pedicel and calyx-base, pericarp filled with an acrid
G ae = pean J beads f Sra
resinous juice. Embryo thick, cotyledons plano-convex. Species 40, Indo-
Malayan region (a large number in Ceylon), extending to Australia.

A. Western species, and species common to both regions.

1. S. Anacardium, Linn. f.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 12; Wight Ic. t.558; Bedd.
Bl. Sylv. t. 166. The Marking Nut tree. Vern. Bhilawa, Bhilun, Hind. ;
Bela, Beng.; Biba, Bibha, Mar.; Ger, Kan.; Shenkotta, Tam.

A middle-sized tree, wood soft, no distinct heartwood. Branchlets, petioles,
underside of leaves and inflorescence clothed with short, somewhat harsh
tomentum. LL. coriaceous, clustered near the ends of branches, oblong-oboyate,
tip rounded, blade 9-24 in., petiole thick, half round, }-1 in. long. Fl. 4-}
in. diam., nearly sessile, fascicled in erect compressed terminaLpanicles, bracts
lanceolate, the lower branches of the panicle in the axils of leaves. Petals

208 XLIL ANACARDIACEA [Semecarpus

oblong, greenish-yellow, ovary hairy. Drupe 1 in. long, shining, purplish-
black, pericarp full of acrid resinous juice, hypocarp orange, edible.
Subhimalayan tract from the Bias eastwards, ascending in the outer hills te 3,500
ft. Assam, Khasi hills, Chittagong. ‘Central India and the Western Peninsula. Not in
Ceylon and not yet reported from Burma. Leafless February to April. Fl. May—August.
2. S"pandurata, Kurz F. Fl. i.312, Che, Chi, Burm. Common in Pegu and Martaban.
L. almost membranous, suddenly narrowed below the middle, nut very oblique, is

aL

Fic. 91.—Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn. f. 4.

possibly only a local form of S. Anacardium. 3. S. auriculata, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t.
187. A large dioecious tree, with black resinous juice, in the evergreen forests of the
Tinnevelli and Travancore Ghats. L. glabrous, nearly sessile, oblanceolate, auriculate
at base, 5-10 in. long. Male flower, small, 34-merous, very numerous, in long com-
pound panicles (the tree a perfect mass of yellowish-white blossoms), the female 4-5-
merous, more than twice the size of the 4, greenish, on short few-fld. panicles. Drupe
obliquely obovoid, $ in. long, on a short broad cup-like hypocarp. 4. S. travancorica,
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 232. A large dicecious tree, common on the Tinneyelli and Travan-

Semecarpus] XLI. ANACARDIACE 209

core Ghats, 1-3,000 ft., with black resinous juice. L. thickly coriaceous, shining aboye,
pale beneath, glabrous, oblong-oboyate, blade 10-24, petiole 2 in. long, panicles as long
as leaves or longer. Fl. 5-6-merous. Drupe 1 in. long, obliquely-oblong, hypocarp
broad and short.

B. Eastern species.

5. S. subpanduriformis, Wall.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 313.—Syn. S. acuminata,
Kurz; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 35.

A deciduous tree, entirely glabrous, except the minutely hairy inflorescence
and youngest shoots. L. oblanceolate, acuminate, blade 5-12 in., gradually
narrowed from the middle into a petiole }-} in. long, sec. n. 18-22 pair.
Panicle terminal, pedicel longer than flower and articulate below it. Fl. 4-5:
merous, disk hispid, oyary glabrous, styles 3, elongate. Drupe shining, broader
than long, ¢ in. diam., on a small cup-shaped hypocarp.

Chittagong hill tracts, Arakan. Engler, Mon. Phan. iy. 488, unites this with S.
Cassuvium, Sprengel, Malay Archipelago, which has elliptic-oblong leaves, nearly sessile
flowers and a hairy ovary. 6. S. Kerell Engler; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 65 (1897),
510, (S. heterophyllus, Kurz F. FI. 312). Andamans, Nicobars, Bati Maly island,
Moung forests, Martaban (D.B., Toi 'y 1859), (Chayben, Burm.). A small tree.
Branchlets stout, clothed with deciduous rusty tomentum. L. coriaceous, oblanceolate-
oblong, upper surface glabrous, lower pale-brown with short stiff deciduous hairs,
blade 12-24 in., gradually narrowed into a stout broad-channelled petiole, $-1 in. long,
sec. n. 20-26 pair. Panicle cera longer than leaves. Fl. sessile. Drupe 1 in. long,
hypoecarp 4 in. long, 1 in. diam. 7. §S. Prainii, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 65 (1897),
511 (S. heterophyllus, Hook. fil. ; FL ‘Brit. Ind. ii. 35). Andamans, Coco islands, Perak.
A middle-sized tree. L. oblong-oblane eolate, glabrous on both sides, underside pale-
brown, blade 5-10, petiole 4-3 in. Panicle pedunculate, terminal, longer than leaves.
Fl. nearly sessile. Drupe 4 in. long, broader than long, hypocarp obconie, 4 in. long.

Orper XLII.—Coriariacerw. Coriaria nepalensis, Wall.; Pl. As. Rar. t. 289; Collett
Simla Fl. fig. 35. Vern. Masiri, Mussoorie; Mesroi, Jauns.; Gangeru, Tons valley ;
Makola, Kumaon. Himalaya, 3-7,000 ft., Manipur. Shan hills, Upper Burma, at 4,000
ft. A large shrub with long spreading branches, bark reddish-brown. Branchlets
quadrangu ar. LL. opposite, ovate, basal nerves 3-5. FI. pentamerous, greenish-yellow,
4 in. diam., in clustered lateral racemes. Stamens 10, free, anthers red, conspicuous.
Fruiting carpels 5, distinct, 1-seeded, enclosed by the much enlarged purple succulent
petals, w which are keeled between the c sarpels on the inner face.

A remarkable herbaceous shrub is C. terminalis, Hemsl. Ic. Pl. t. 2220. Fl, in long
terminal racemes, anthers linear. Inner Sikkim, 9-12,000 ft., Tibet, China.

Orper XLII. MORINGACEE ; Gen. PI. i. 429 (Moringe).

Soft-wooded deciduous trees. LL. alternate, impari- bi- or tripinnate, pinne
and leaflets opposite, leaflets entire, caducous, glands at the base of petioles
and pinne. Fl. large, bisexual, irregular, in axillary panicles. Calyx cup-
shaped, segments petaloid, deciduous, somewhat unequal. Petals 5, upper
smaller. Disk lining the calyx-tube. Stamens inserted on the free edge of
disk, 5 perfect, opposite to petals, alternating with 5, sometimes 7, filaments
without anthers, anthers dorsitixed, oblong, l-celled. Ovary stipitate, 1-celled,
oyules numerous, biseriate, on 3 parietal placentas, Capsule long, 3-6-angled,
beaked. Seeds numerous, albumen 0, embryo straight, cotyledons plano-
convex.

MORINGA, Lam. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii
Species 3, one in Arabia and the North African desert.

1, M. pterygosperma, Gaertn. ; Wight. Ill. t. 77; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.80.—
Syn. MM. oleifera, Lam.; Engler u. Prantl iii, 2, 243, fig. 146. The Horse-
P

210 XLII. MORINGACEA [Moringa

radish tree. Vern. Sainjna, Saonjna, Mungna, Hind.; Shevaga, Mar. ;
Nugge, Kan.; Moringa, Monaga, Tam.; Danthalun, Burm.

A small tree. Trunk straight, attaining a girth of 4-5 ft., bark thick,
corky. L, 12-80 in. long, usually tripinnate, " leaflets on short slender petiolules,
ovate or obovate, pale beneath, sec. n. indistinct. Fl. strongly honey-scented,
1 in. across, bracts linear, shorter than pedicels. Petals linear-spathulate,
with yellow dots at base. Ovary and base of filaments hairy. Pod 9-18 in.
long, pendulous, 9-ribbed. Seeds rounded-trigonous with broad wings at the
angles.

Indigenous in the Subhimalayan tract from the Chenab to the Sarda, also in the
Oudh Forests. Cultivated throughout India and Burma. Fl. January—April, with or
before the fresh leaves. Easily propagated by cuttings. Leaves, flowers and fruit eaten
asa vegetable. The root has a strong-pungent taste, is s used asa vesicant. The seeds yield
oil (Ben oil). 2. M. concanensis, Nimmo; Brandis F. Fl. 180; Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 2596, hills
of Sind (haa), Rajputana (Sainjna, Segora, Hegu). On dry hills in the Konkan and in
Berar (Gavilgarh Fort, D. B. ee) A small tree. L. generally bipinnate, leaflets

broadly-ovate or obovate, petiolules 4-4 in. long, sec. n. 4-6 pair, more prominent than

ini. Fl. reddish-yellow, smaller than in 1, Pod shar ply 3-angled, long pointed, seeds
with thin membranous wings at both ends.

Orper XLIV. CONNARACEA; Gen. Pl. i. 430.

Trees or shrubs, erect or climbing. L. alternate, imparipinnate or 1-3-
foliolate, leaflets quite entire, stipules 0. Fl. usually bisexual and regular,
pentamerous, in racemes or panicles, calyx usually persistent. Stamens 10,
free, or lower portion of filaments connate into a short tube, the epipetalous
stamens generally shorter and often sterile. Carpels 5, each usually with 2
collateral ovules. Fruiting carpel in most genera one only, 2 -valved. Seed one,
radicle superior.

A. L. imparipinnate.
Capsule solitary, s
Capsule solitary, stipitate, sepals imbr icate
Capsules 1-3 from each flower, sessile, calyx valv ate.

ssile, sepals orbicular, imbricate 1. Rourra.
2. CONNARUS.

no}

Fl. polygamous, capsule hairy within . : : Cyestis (p. 213).
Fl. bisexual, capsule glabrous within . : ; T £NIOCHLENA (p. 218).
B. L. unifoliolate . : ; : ‘ : : .,. . 8 ELLIPANTHUS.

1. ROUREA, Aubl.; FI. Brit. Ind. 1. 47.

L. imparipinnate. Fl. small, in axillary panicles. Sepals 5, orbicular,
imbricate in bud, much enlarged i in fruit, filaments connate at base. Capsule
sessile, curved, seed more or less enclosed in a spht ar illus, albumen 0. Species
40-50, tropics ‘of both hemispheres.

A. Leaflets few, 1-5 pair, petiolulate.

1. R. santaloides, W. et A. (1834); Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Man. t. xi.

A large scrambling glabrous evergreen shrub, Leaflets often alternate, 1-3
pair, coriaceous, shining, elliptic- or oyate-lanceolate, acuminate, blade 2-5,
petiole 1—1 in. lone sec. n. arching, conspicuous, as well as the reticulate veins
between them. Fi. white, pedicels jointed, with a minute bracieole at the
joint. Sepals strongly imbricate, margin more or less ciliate, petals much
longer than sepals. Ovary glabrous. Capsule 3-1 in. long, base surrounded
by a leathery cup formed of the enlarged sat dehiscing along the imner
suture and bending outwards, exposing the seed enveloped in the orange-
coloured arillus.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards. Fl. May—
October. In Ceylon the stems are twisted into strong ropes. Nearly allied are:
2. R.commutata, Planch.; Kurz F. F).i.324, Assam, Khasi hills, Chittagong, Lower Burma,

Rourea| XLIV. CONNARACEA 211

Malay Peninsula. A large
scandent evergreen shrub,
leaflets often sub-opposite,
3-8 in. long, 2-4 pair. Instead
of the terminal leaflet, rachis
often prolonged. The lowest
bracts of axillary buds
often rigid, subulate, simu-
lating stipules. Sepals cili-
ate, ovary hairy on the inner
side. 3. R. pulchella, Planch.,
Tenasserim. 4. R. humilis,
Blume, Nicobars. Dd. R.
caudata, Planch. Assam,
Khasi hills. Leaflets 3-5
pair, lanceolate, caudate-
acuminate, 2-3 in. long,
petals not much exceeding
sepals, capsule slightly
curved, broader upwards.

B. Leaflets numerous,
sessile, small, 1-2 in. long.

6. R. Wallichiana, Planch.,
Tenasserim, from Maulmein
southwards. Petioles and
panicles pubescent. Leaflets
glabrous, 15-80 pair, linear-
oblong, #-1 in.long. Panicles
narrow, racemiform, capsule
curved, 4-} in. long. 7. R.
stenopetala, Hook. f. Mergui.
Branchlets and petiole pu-
bescent, midrib of leaflets
pubescent beneath. Leaflets
6-10 pair, oblique, emarginate
at tip. Racemes short, sepals
spreading, petals linear, more
than twice the length of
sepals. 8. R, villosa, Planch.
Mergui. Sumatra. Branches,
petioles and inflorescence
softly pubescent. Leaflets
hairy beneath, 12-20 pair, Fig. 92.—Rourea santaloides, W. et A. 4.

# in. long, panicles narrow, 7
racemiform, shorter than the leaves. Petals more than twice the length of sepals.
Capsule 4 in., curved.

2. CONNARUS, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 50.

L. imparipinnate, leaflets mostly 5. Fl. small, in axillary and terminal
panicles. Sepals 5, imbricate, deciduous or persistent, not accrescent, petals
linear or ligulate and slightly dilated upwards. Ovaries densely pubescent,
usually one only fertile. Ripe carpels stipitate, inflated, albumen 0. Species
50-55, tropics of both hemispheres.

A. Western species. Leaflets quite glabrous beneath, valves of the capsule
quite glabrous within.

1. C. monocarpus, Linn.—Syn. C. pinnatus, Lamk.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
Man. t. xi. Vern. Sundar, Mar.

An erect shrub. Leaflets 3-4 in. long, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous
on both sides, shining, sec. n. 3-5 pair. Panicles rusty-pubescent, sepals ovate-
oblong, tomentose, petals } in. long, slightly pubescent outside. Capsule
1}-2 in., contracted into the stalk, not shining, not ribbed.

212 XLIV. CONNARACEA [Connarus

Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards. Fl. February—June. Ceylon, dry
region. 2. C, Ritchiei, Hook.f. Ghats of the Konkan and North Kanara, probably
‘also further south. A shrub, possibly also climbing. Fl. crowded, petals 4-4 in., cap-
sule oblong, rounded at the top, base cordate. 3. €. Wightii, Hook. f. A lofty climber,
common in the evergreen Ghat forests of North Kanara and Belgaum. Leaflets 4-5 in.,
sec. n. 5-7 pair, petals 4 in., capsules compressed, almost semicircular, shining, strongly
striate.

Fic. 938.—Connarus monocarpus, Linn. 4.

B. Eastern species. Leaflets quite glabrous beneath, valves of the capsule
pubescent or sericeous within.

4, C. paniculatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 189. Vern. Nwén?, Upper Burma.

An evergreen climbing shrub (in Chittagong a large tree, Roxb.), glabrous
except inflorescence. Leaflets 3-7, coriaceous, glossy above, 3-5 in. long.
Panicle pubescent, spreading. Sepals pubescent, petals 4—-} in. long, linear,
slightly narrowed towards the base, filaments hairy, ovary tomentose.
Capsule at first softly tomentose, when mature glabrous and shining, 14-14 in.
long.

Assam, Khasi hills, Chittagong. Large rapids (Hatgyi) on the Salween (D.B., May,
1859), Amherst (D.B., April, 1880). Fl. March—June. Evergreen forests, Upper Burma,
Hmangin at 2,500 ft. (Smales, Dec., 1901) To this I refer specimens collected by
Dr. Henry in Yunnan. 5. C. gibbosus, Wall.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 327. Pegu, Tenasserim
and Andamans. Leaflets 4-6 in. long, petals oblanceolate, glabrous, capsule compressed,
rusty tomentose when young, glabrous when mature, obliquely striate, compressed,
oboyate, 1} in. long. 4 and 5 may possibly turn out to be the same species. 6. C. nico-
baricus, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 66 (1898), 6. Nicobar islands. Scandent.
Leaflets broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, 24-44 in. long, petals linear, pubescent on
both surfaces. Capsule sessile, broad, obtuse, 14 in. long. 7. C. latifolius, Wall.
Tenasserim. Capsule cylindrical, obtuse, # in. long, suddenly narrowed into a stalk
4 in. long. 8. ©. grandis, Jack; King l.c.7. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. Leaflets
elliptic-oblong, 4-12 in. long. Capsule obliquely ovoid, 14-12 in. long, woody.

Connarus| XLIV. CONNARACEA 213

C. Eastern species. L. pubescent beneath.

9. C. semidecandrus, Jack; King l.c. 4. Mergui, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra. A
climbing or scrambling shrub. Branchlets deciduously puberulous. Leaflets 5-7,
common petiole, petiolules and underside of leaflets puberulous. Capsule falcate,
obovoid, at first rusty pubescent, afterwards glabrous, narrowed into a short stalk,
valyes sparsely sericeous inside. 10. C. Griffithii, Hook. f. Mergui. Imperfectly
known. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 in. long, rusty pubescent beneath.

Cnestis ramifiora, Griff., including C. platantha, Griff.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 328 (Con-
narus igneus, Wall.), Lower Burma and Andamans, Kyetmaukni, Burm., is a shrub or
small tree, often scandent. Branchlets, common petiole, underside of leaflets and in-
florescence more or less softly tomentose. L. imparipinnate, leaflets usually opposite,
9-15 pair, nearly sessile, narrowly oblong, base rounded or cordate, 1-8 in. long. FI.
polygamous or dicecious, in short fascicled (often branched) racemes, axillary or from
the old wood. Sepals valvate, slightly overlapping at the tip, spreading in fruit.
Ripe carpels 1-3 from one flower, sessile, bright red, compressed, faleate, curved,
widest in the middle, rusty pubescent, pericarp densely lined inside with long stiff hairs.

Teniochlena birmanica, Prain in Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. ix. t.26. Kachin hills, Upper
Burma. A shrub. L. imparipinnate, leaflets 2-3 pair, 34 in. long. Fl. bisexual, in

short axillary panicles, sepals } in. long, valvate, reflexed in fruit. Ripe carpels 1-3

from each flower, sessile, ovoid, 14 in. long, glabrous inside and outside.

3. ELLIPANTHUS, Hook. f.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 55.

Trees or shrubs. LL. unifoliolate, quite entire. Fl. pentamerous, bisexual or
polygamous, in short axillary racemes. Sepals valvate, not enlarged in fruit,
petals longer than sepals, oblong-lanceolate, densely pubescent. Stamens 10,
the five shorter without anthers, filaments short, connate at base. Ovary 1,
pubescent, style short. Capsule stalked, oblique, velvety (glabrous in Z. ster-
culiefolius), valves glabrous within. Seed arillate, albumen 0. Species 12,
Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

A. L. pubescent beneath.

1. E. Thwaitesii, Hook. f—Syn. LZ. unifoliolatus, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 170;
E. monophyllus, var. neglectus, O. Kuntze. Vern. Padappan, Mal.

A small tree. Branchlets, petioles and underside of leaves slightly
pubescent. LL. elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, blade
4-5, petiole } in. long, sec. n. 4-5 pair, joined by
conspicuous reticulate veins and strong intramarginal
nerves at a distance from margin. FI. pale-green,
in short axillary panicles, sometimes tetramerous,
petals } in. long. Capsule 1-1} in. long, pointed,
base tapering intoa stalk supported by the persistent
calyx, densely covered with rusty hairs.

Evergreen forests, Travancore and Tinnevelli. Fl.
Febr.March. Ceylon, moist region.

2. E. tomentosus, Kurz F. Fl. i. 330.

A small evergreen tree. Branchlets, petioles and
infloresence tawny-tomentose. L. elliptic or elliptic-
oblong, glabrous above, more or less pubescent
beneath, blade 4—5, petiole } in. long, articulate at
the insertion of blade. Fl. in small compact axillary
panicles. Capsule 1} in. long, densely velvety.

Southern slopes of the Pegu Yoma, Tenasserim. Fl.
C.8.

B. L. glabrous on both sidés.

8. E. calophyllus, Kurz. Andamans. L. elliptic-lanceo-
late, blade 4—7, petioles 1-14 in. long,glabrous. Petals } in. Fie. 94.—Ellipanthus
long. Capsule obovoid, 1 in. long. 4. E. Helferi, Hook. tomentosus, Kurz. 4.

214 XLIV. CONNARACEA [Ellipanthus

f. Tenasserim. Imperfectly known. Branchlets and petioles slightly puberulous,
petioles in. long. 5. E. sterculiefolius, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 59 (1890) tab. 8.
A small tree on Diamond island. L. membranous, pale beneath, ovate, acuminate,
blade 3-4, petiole slender, 2-3 in. long, capsule glabrous, ribbed, long-acuminate, 1 in.,
stalk 4 in. long.

Orprer XLV. LEGUMINOSAE. Gen. PI. i. 434.

Leaves generally alternate, compound and stipulate. Flowers as a rule
bisexual, in panicles, racemes, spikes or heads. Calyx more or less deeply
divided into 5 segments. Petals 5, rarely less, in the majority of genera
unequal and zygomorphic. Stamens 10, rarely less by abortion, or numerous ;
anthers 2-celled, cells parallel. Pistil generally consisting of 1 carpel, ovules
numerous, rarely few, attached to the inner suture. Pod generally dry, inde-
hiscent, or separating into two valves along one or both sutures.

As far as is known, the wood fibres of Leguminose always have simple, not
bordered pits. Bands of wood parenchyma, more or less concentric, often interrupted,
are a common feature in this order.

Calyx gamosepalous; petals free, unequal, imbricate, the

posterior outside; stamens generally diadelphous . . 1. Papimtonacex.
Calyx divided nearly to the base; petals free, mostly unequal,
imbricate, the posterior inside; stamens free . . 2. CHSALPINIER.
Calyx gamosepalous; petals more or less connate, equal,
valvate; stamens free or monadelphous . 3 3 . 38. Mnrosex.

First SuB-oRDER, PAPILIONACEA.

Calyx gamosepalous, often 2-lipped, the upper (posterior) lip consisting of 2,
the lower (anterior) of 3 segments. Petals 5, clawed, unequal, imbricate in
bud, the posterior and outside petal (standard, vexillum) broad, often reflexed,
the 2 anterior and inside petals (keel, carina) often firmly cohering, the 2
lateral and intermediate petals (wings) enclosing the keel. (The standard
is sometimes called the upper petal; as regards its insertion, however, it is
the lowest of the 5 petals.) Stamens 10 as a rule, inserted with the petals on
the edge of a disk, which lines the lower part of the calyx-tube, filaments
seldom free, generally connate into a tube or sheath, open at the top, some-
times also open below, so as to form two half-sheaths of 5 stamens each,
the tenth stamen opposite the standard being often free from the rest.
Seeds with a coriaceous testa, without albumen, cotyledons thick, plano-
convex, the radicle accumbent upon the cotyledons, reserve substances
starch or fat oil.

Papilionaceous trees show great variety in the structure of their wood. Distinct
heartwood, generally hard and dark coloured, occurs among others in Millettia pendula,
Ougeinia, Pterocarpus, and mest Dalbergias, such as D. Sissoo, latifolia, cultrata, Kurzii,
Oliveri. There is no heartwood in Sesbania, Erythrina, Butea frondosa, Dalbergia
lanceolaria and Pongamia glabra. Extremely soft and light is the pith-like wood of
Aischynomene, which mainly consists of thin-walled wood parenchyma.

Of climbers Millettia auriculata, Derris scandens, Spatholobus Roxburghii, and some
species of Mucuna have the usual anomalous structure, concentric strata of bast
(phloém) alternating with broader strata of wood, which is light, soft and porous,
because it mainly consists of very wide vessels. The stems of “these climbers being
often flat, fluted or otherwise sbaegulln the alternating strata of bast and wood
frequently do not form complete rings Dalbergia paniculata, though a tree, has
structure resembling that of climbing stems viz., bands of bast (phloém) alternating
with broader strata of wood. On the other hand, some climbing Papilionacee, among
them the climbing Dalbergias, haye stems of normal structure.

Papilionacee| XLY. LEGUMINOSA

bo
pent
yt

Tribe I. Podalyriee.—Leaves digitate ; stamens free ; pod dehiscent.

Shrub with connate stipules. “ c . i. Prerayraus.

Tribe II. Genistee.—L. simple or digitately 3- foliolate ; stamens monadelphous; pod
dehiscent, not jointed.
Keel beaked; pod turgid . : : é : . 2. Croravartia,
Keel beaked ; pod flat c c : é 5 . Preorroris (p. 216).

Tribe III. Galegee.—L. impari—rarely pari—pinnate; stamens usually diadelphous
pod dehiscent, not jointed.
Shrubs, common petiole spinescent 5
Shrubs, unarmed or branchlets spinescent.
Fl. yellow, anthers obtuse, pods inflated .
Fl. pink, purple or white, anthers Bplani ote
pods not inflated
Soft-wooded trees, leaflets numerous, fl. large
Trees or climbers.
Alternate filaments dilated 2 a c . 7. Munpvrea.
All filaments filiform ; - é P . 8. Mrcrerria.

oo

. CARAGANA.

i

. CoLurea.

. INDIGOFERA.
. SESBANIA.

o> Or

.

Tribe IV. Hedysarew.—L. imparipinnate, rarely simple, pod jointed or 1-seeded.
Leaflets stipellate.
Shrubs or herbs, fl. on this year’s branchlets . 9. Desmopium.
A tree, fl. fasciculate on the old wood. . 10. OuGErINrA.
Leaves without stipels.
A tall water plant, leaflets numerous, pod of

4-8 joints 5 5 2 - : : JBscuYNOMENE (p. 224)
Spinescent shrubs, leaves simple, pod of seve-
ral joints . ALHAGI (p. 225).

Unarmed handsome undershrubs, leaves 3- fo-
liolate, pod 1-seeded : : Q é Lesrepeza (p. 225).

Tribe V. Viciew.—Leaves paripinnate, petiole ending in a tendril or bristle.
Climbers, with polished bright coloured seeds . 1. Anrvs.
Tribe VI. Phaseolee.—Climbers, rarely erect shrubs or herbs, with trifoliolate or
simple, rarely imparipinnate leaves.
Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, not gland-dotted beneath, leaflets stipellate.
Keel and wings larger than standard, anthers

dimorphic 12. Mucena.
Standard larger than keel and wings, anthers
uniform . : 2 : F . 13. Eryrneia,

Petals equal, or nearly so.
Pod oblong, turgid, 1-2-seeded . : 5 Drocrea (p. 228).
Pod linear, flat, many seeded . ; . 14. Puerarra.
Seed one, at the end of pod.
Fl. small, in ample terminal panicles. 15. Srarnotonvs.
Fl. large yellow or orange, racemose . 16. Burra.

Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets 5 . : : ‘ Cruppasia (p. 231).
Leaves digitately 3-foliolate or simple, gland dotted
beneath, no stipels : : - - : . 17. Fremiyeta.

Tribe VII. Dalbergiew.—Trees or shrubs, leaves imparipinnate, pod not jointed, inde-
hiscent.
Leaflets alternate.
Fl. white, lilac or purple; pod longer than
broad : . 18. Daupereia.

Fl. yellow; pod short, nearly cireular . 19. Prerocarrus.
Leaflets opposite.

Pod flat, thin, winged : . 20. Derris.

Pod thick, almost woody ‘ not w inged : . 21. PonGanra,

Tribe VIII. Sophorew.—Trees or shrubs; leaves imparipinnate, rarely simple; stamens
free.
Leaflets opposite, mostly coriaceous; pod fleshy or
woody . , F : i ( ‘ . 22. Ormosta,
Leaflets often pal becanta pod moniliform : . 23. Soertora,
Leaflets nearly opposite: pod flat, membranous . Cavrurntra (p. 244).

216 XLV. LEGUMINOSA [Piptanthus |

1. PIPTANTHUS, D. Don; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 62.

P. nepalensis, D. Don; Brand. F. Fl. 132. Vern. Chamba, Jaunsar.

A shrub, attaining 10 ft., with alternate, digitately trifoliolate leaves,
often crowded at the ends of branchlets; leaflets lanceolate, entire, sessile,
common petiole less than half the length of leaflets. Stipules connate, so as
to appear opposite to the petiole, deciduous. Flowers large, bright yellow,
in short hairy racemes, with broad-ovate, tomentose deciduous bracts. Pod
linear-lanceolate, 2-5 in. long, } in. broad, 3-10-seeded, dehiscent.

Himalaya, Sutle}] to Bhutan. Khasi hills, Manipur. Chin hills Upper Burma.

Mostly in shady woods, 7,000 to 10,000 ft. Fl. May, June. Also in Tibet and South-
Western China. A second species, P. tomentosus, Franchet in Yunan.

2. CROTALARIA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 65.

Herbs, rarely shrubs, with simple or digitately 3-foliolate, in a few species
5-T-foliolate leaves. Flowers mostly yellow, sometimes blue or purple, in
terminal or leaf-opposed racemes, keel beaked. Stamens monadelphous in an
open sheath; anthers alternately long and basifixed, short and versatile.
Style bearded, stigma minute. Pod turgid. Species about 250; tropical and
sub-tropical regions of both hemispheres. 77 species in India.

1. C. Burhia, Ham.; Brand. F. Fl. 144.

An erect or procumbent shrub; branches numerous, slender, flexible and
rush-like when young, stiff and rigid when old. Leaves simple, small and
scanty, linear or oblong. Fl. yellow, far apart on long racemes, forming ter-
minal divaricate rigid panicles. Calyx clothed with long silky hairs, teeth
lanceolate, as long-as corolla.

Common in the plains of Sind, the Punjab, Western Rajputana, and Gujarat. F1.C.S.
Also in Afghanistan. This genus comprises numerous tall herbs or soft-wooded shrubs,
with large yellow fl., in forests and on waste land. Crotalaria juncea Linn.; Roxb.
Cor. Pl. t. 198. Sunn or Indian hemp is cultivated in most parts of India.

Priotropis cytisoides, W. et A.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 363, is an erect much-branched shrub,
4-6 ft. high, in the Eastern Himalaya, the Khasi and Naga hills, and the hills of
Burma, 3,000-6,000 ft. Leaves trifoliolate; flowers yellow racemose; pods flat, 1-14 in.
long, 4-3 in. broad, narrowed to both ends, on a slender stalk 4 in.

3. CARAGANA, Lam.; Fl. Brit. Ind. 11. 115.

Spinescent shrubs with paripinnate leaves. Common petiole produced
beyond the end pair and often spinescent. Stipules also frequently spinescent.
Claws of petals as long, or nearly as long as calyx. Standard broad, with
reflexed edges, keel obtuse, as long as wings and standard. Stamens diadel-
phous, anthers uniform. Style glabrous, stigma terminal minute. Pod linear,
valves convex. 20 species; 7 Indian, the rest in Central Asia and China.

1. C. brevispina, Royle: Brand. F. Fl.133. Vern. Ari, Jauns.

Leaves generally fasciculate, on short tuberculate branchlets in the axils of
rigid spinescent petioles, 1-3 in. long, with or without leaflets. Stipules
scarious, the outer frequently spinescent. Leaflets 5-7 ‘pair, with soft
adpressed’ hairs. Common petiole often not spinescent. Flowers 3-5, in
pedunculate umbels, peduncles 1-3 in. long. Calyx campanulate, teeth
shorter than tube. Pod turgid, woolly inside.

North-West Himalaya 5,000-9,000 ft. Indus to Ganges, also Kuram valley. Fl.
April-June. Nearly allied are: 2. C. decorticans, Hemsley, Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1725.
Kuram valley, Hazara, Chitral. A tall shrub or small tree, with very short calyx
teeth, rings of the bark placed on the leather sheath of the long Afghan knives. 3.
C. arborescens, Lam.; Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 66, 372. Kuram valley.

4. ©. Gerardiana, Royle Ill. t. 34, fig. 1, dry valleys of the inner N.W. Himalaya,
also in Baluchistan, near Quetta, in the Juniper forests, has all petioles spinescent and

Caragana) XLV. LEGUMINOS# 217

persistent at the base of the short leaf- and flower-bearing branchlets. Flowers single,
on short peduncles. calyx cylindric. Besides these there is a number of low thorny
shrubs.

4. COLUTEA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 103.

Shrubs with imparipinnate leaves. Fl. large, yellow or reddish, in few-
flowered axillary racemes. Standard broad, biplicate or bicallose at the base,
elaw short. Keel broad, much incurved, not beaked. Stamens diadelphous ;
anthers uniform. Ovary stipitate, ovules a, style much incurved, bearded
along the inside. Pod large, membranous inflated, indehiscent or incompletely
dehiscent. Species 4-5, South Europe, Western Asia, N.W. Himalaya.

1. C. arborescens, Linn., var. nepalensis—Syn. C. nepalensis, Sims ;
Brand. F. Fl. 136; Collett Simla Flora, 123.

Unarmed, leaflets 4-8 pair, glabrous, oval or obovate. Corolla bright yellow.
Pod 2 in. long, hairy when young, splitting at the tip when ripe.

Arid valleys of the inner Himalaya 8,000-11, ue ft., Ladak to Kumaun, Kuram
valley. Southern Europe and Western Asia. Colutea armata, Hemsley and Lace
Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. tab. 39, is a smal] spiny paae of the Baluchistan hills (7,500-
we ft.), with grey, fibrous bark, spinescent branchlets, small flowers and pods 1 in.
ong.

5. INDIGOFERA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 92.

Herbs or shrubs, hairs adpressed, generally attached by the middle. Leaves
simple, trifoliolate or imparipinnate, leaflets mostly opposite. Fl. in axillary
racemes, calyx oblique. Stamens diadelphous, anthers uniform, apiculate.
Ovary sessile, style short, stigma capitate. Pod linear, seeds numerous.
Species 250, tropical and sub-tropical regions.

A. Leaflets mostly opposite, 1-15 pair. Fl. large, over 4 in. long.

1. I. pulchella, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 367—Syn. z arborea, Roxb. ;
Wight Ic. t. 368. Vern. Sakena, Kumaon ; Baroli, Mar.; Taw-me-yaing (wild
forest Indigo, Burm.)

A large handsome shrub, sometimes with a short thick trunk, branches and
leaves thinly pubescent, leaflets 8-12 pair, elliptic to obovate, obtuse, often
mucronate, 1} in. long. Fl. pink; bracts canescent, longer than buds, early
deciduous. Calyx canescent, teeth triangular, acuminate. Pod straight,
turgid, sutures thick.

Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys, ascending to 3,000 ft., from Kalka eastward.
Common in Sal forests. Both Peninsulas, in Burma chiefly in Eng forest. Fl. Dee.
to March. Fl. eaten. ;

Kurz, F. Fl. I. 861, distinguishes I. elliptica, Roxb., Pegu and Martaban, as a
separate species, leaflets 4-8 pair, pod terete, with pale prominent sutures, seeds 6-10,
black, cylindric.

2. I. atropurpurea, Ham.; Wight Ic. t. 369. Vern. Ahent/, Kaghan ;
Kathi, Kashmir; Wala Sakena, Kumaon.

A large shrub, nearly glabrous, leaflets 5-6 pair, ovate-oblong, 1} in. long.
Fl. dark purple, in pedunculate racemes, as long as leaves or longer, compact
while in bud, the long acuminate bracts longer than the buds. Calyx teeth
short, triangular. Pod straight, slightly compressed, marginate, reflexed when
ripe.

Outer Himalaya, from Hazara to Nepal, generally between 2,000 and 9,000 ft. Salt
range. Khasi and Naga hills. Upper Burma, Yunan. FI. RS. 3. L Hamiltonii, Grah.
an undershrub, burnt down by the annual fires, like Mrythrina resupinata, leatlets
usually 1 pair, fl. purple 4 in. long, distant in long slender racemes.

4. I, hebepetala, Benth. Himalaya 6,000-10,000 ft., from Kashmir to Sikkim; a tall

218 XLY. LEGUMINOS# [Indigofera

shrub, bracts broad concave, long-acuminate, exceeding the buds, pods straight with
a long slender point,

5. I. Gerardiana, Wall.; Collett Simla Flora, fig. 36.—Syn. I. heterantha,
Wall.; Brand. F. Fl. 135. Vern. Kathi, Jauns.

Strigose with grey hairs. Leaflets less than } in. long, elliptic-oblong,
obtuse, stipels setaceous, persistent. Calyx teeth lanceolate, as long as tube.
Pods reflexed when ripe, straight, cylindric, marginate, with a few “scattered
hairs.

Outer North-West Himalaya, ascending to 8,000 ft.; eastern outskirts of the
Suleiman range. Fl. May, June.

6. I. Dosua, Ham.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 102.

A large shrub, attaining 15 ft., at times only an undershrub. Densely
pubescent or tomentose, leaflets 10-20 pair, elliptic- or linear-oblong, mucro-
nate, J-1in.long. FI. bright red, calyx densely silky, teeth very unequal.

Himalaya 6,000-8,000 ft., from Simla eastwards. Shan hills, Upper Burma. FI. R.S.
A remarkable variety is I. stachyodes, Lindl. Kumaon, Sikkim, Khasi hills and
Shan hills in upper Burma, shoots rusty tomentose, leaflets linear.

In this section, or near it: 7.1. galegoides, DC., Khasi hills, Dacca, Travancore, Ceylon,
Burma, Malay peninsula and Archipelago, Borneo, the Philippine islands, a tall shrub;
leaflets large, pods erect, long-acuminate, 2-3 in. lone 8. I. bella, Prain, Ann. Bot.

Gard. Cal. Es t: 28. Upper Burma, leaflets 83-4 pair, 3 in. long, glaucous beneath. Fl.
white, over 4 in.

B. Leaflets mostly opposite, 4-10 pair. Fl. small, under 4 in. long.

9. I. tinctoria, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 365. The Indigo plant. Vern. Nil,
Hind.; J/é, Burm.

Branches twiggy, silvery, leaflets 4-6 pair. FI. reddish yellow, in lax
racemes, calyx teeth lanceolate, as long as tube. Pods deflexed, straight or
shghtly curved.

Cultivated as an annual, the plant being cut when the fl. appear, or as a biennial or
triennial, a second or even a third year’s crop being obtained from the same plant.
Original home of this species doubtful. 10. I Anil, Linn. (1. suffruticosa, Mill. ;
Prain and E. Baker in Journal of Botany, 1902, 138), possibly only a variety with
faleate reflexed pods, the tip being curved upwards, is also cultivated for Indigo,
and has run wild in Burma. 11.1. argentea, Linn., pods reflexed, torulose, 3-4
seeded, is indigenous in Sind, Western Rajputana, and the dry districts of the Deccan,
also in Abyssinia and the Sudan, cultivated for Indigo in Arabia and Egypt.

To the same group belong: 12. I. Wightii, Grah., western peninsula from Bombay
southwards, also Tenasserim, pods straight, erect, terete, 1-14 in. long. 13. I. con-
stricta, Trim. Handb. Ceylon, ii. 27; Talbot List 67, moist forests of North Kanara.
Ceylon. Leaflets 4-5 pair, pods recurved, 38-7 seeded, constricted between seeds, 1} in.
long. 14. I. nigrescens, Kurz; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. lxvii. 286. Khasi,
Kachin and Shan hills. Yunnan, leaflets 5-10, fl. 4 in. long.

C. Leaflets not opposite, few, 1, 3 or 5.

15. I. paucifolia, Delile; Wight Ic. t. 331.

A small shrub, with numerous stout woody, ascending branches, the whole
plant grey with ine silvery hairs, Healaletis 3-5 linear- lanceolate, ne terminal
largest. “FI. small, brick-red, pods 4 t—? in. long, torulose.

Sind, Gujarat, North-W est italia as far as Benares, ary districts of Central and South
India. Fl. Sept. to Jan. Ceylon, dry region. Arabia, Egypt.

Two Burma shrubs, with simple, sometimes 3-foliolate leaves: 16. I. Brunoniana,
Kurz F. Fl. i. 359, grey with short hairs, leaves 2-5 in. Jong, chiefly in Eng forest.
17. I. caloneura, Kurz, l.c., 360, rusty tomentose, leaves 2-3 in. long.

SESBANIA, Pers.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 114.

Herbs or short-lived trees. Wood white, soft. Leaves paripinnate, with
numerous opposite deciduous leaflets. Stipules setaceous, caducous, stipels

Sesbania] XLV. LEGUMINOSA 219

minute or wanting. Calyx broad-campanulate, with short nearly equal teeth.
Pod ‘long, linear, ‘dehiscent, seeds numerous, separated by distinct transverse
bars. Species 20, in the tropical and sub- tropical regions of both hemispheres.

1. S. egyptiaca, Pers.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 114; Wight Ic. t. 32. Vern.
Jaint, Hind. ; Jayanti, Beng. ; Shewri, Mar.; Ye-tha-gyi, Burm.

A small soft-wooded tree, 8-12 ft. high. Common petiole 4-6 in. long,
leaflets 10-20 pair, linear- oblong. Fl. } in. long, in lax 6-12 flowered racemes,
nearly as long as leaves. Petals yellow or orange and purple. Pod 6-8 in.
long, valves convex, torulose.

Commonly planted and naturalized. In the Panjab as far as Peshawar, ascending to
4,000 ft. in the N.-W. Himalaya. Cultivated throughout the tropics, wild in tropical
Africa. The wood makes good charcoal for gunpowder.

2. S. grandiflora, Pers.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 115. Vern. Basna, Hind. ;
Baka, Beng.; Agashi, Mar.; Agati, Tam.

Attains 20-30 ft. Common petiole 6-9 in. long, leaflets 10-30 pair, oblong,
glaucous, 1-1} in. long. Racemes short, fl. 2-4, 3 in. long, red or white.
Pod 10-12 in. long, } in. broad, compressed, tetragonous.

Cultivated in tropical India as a support for the Betel vine, for firewood and house-
posts; in the Ganges Doab chiefly for ornament.

7. MUNDULEA, DC.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 110.
(12 species, of which 11 in Madagascar.)

M. suberosa, Benth.—Syn. Tephrosia suberosa, DC.; Wight Il. t. 82 (79).
A small tree, with pale corky bark, branchlets and underside of leaves
clothed with short silky hairs. Leayes imparipinnate, leaflets nearly oppo-
ae without stipels, lanceolate, 6-11 pair. Fl. large, 1 in. long, pink or white,
1 short terminal racemes, on pedicels 2-3 times ‘the broadly campanulate
fates: teeth unequal. Stamens monadelphous, the 10th free at the base,
alternate filaments dilated above. Pod linear 3-4 in. long, straight, rostrate,
thickened at the sutures, densely velyety, 2-8 seeded, irregularly contracted
between seeds.
Hills of Western Peninsula, covered with blossoms May-Aug. Ceylon, Madagascar,
tropical Africa.

8. MILLETTIA, Wight et Arn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 104.

Trees or climbers, leaves imparipinnate, single or fasciculate, on nodes, which
are sometimes produced, leaflets opposite, often stipellate. Fl. white, pink,
purple, rarely blue, in racemes or panicles. Calyx truncate or shortly toothed.
Standard in most species glabrous outside. Vexillary stamen wholly free, or
the middle of filament connate with the sheath, anthers uniform. Pod cori-
aceous or woody, dehiscent, not winged asa rule. The root of several species
and the fruit of IM. pachycarpa used to intoxicate fish. 50-GO species in the
tropical and subtropical regions of the old world, of which more than one half
in the Eastern Peninsula. None in Ceylon. The boundaries between Millettia
and Derris are uncertain.

In the case of this genus, as well as in the case of Dalbergia and Derris, I classify
the species as trees (or shrubs) and climbers, because these biological features are con-
venient for practical purposes. This distinction, however, is not in all cases absolute.
In the deep shade of the forest Millettia auriculata, Derris scandens and other climbers
remain stunted shrubs, but when light is given overhead, the internodes lengthen out ;
the shoots seek the light, and begin to climb, attaching themselves to other shrubs
and trees. Again, in the open, exposed to the sun, climbing species may remain
shrubby for want of supports to lean upon. Hence the same species is sometimes de-
scribed by botanists as an erect shrub or as a climber. Foresters in India will even-
tually be able to clear up this interesting subject by experiment and by systematic
observations.

220 XLV. LEGUMINOSA [Millettia

A. Trees (all in the eastern region).

1. M. pendula, Benth.—Syn. MW. lewcantha, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 356. Vern.
Thinwin, Burm.

A deciduous tree, heartwood dark purple. Youngest shoots silky, leaflets 3
pair, 3-4 in. long, pale beneath, glabrous when full grown, stipels subulate,
persistent. Fl. pure white, on long pedicels, fasciculate, in compact terminal
racemes, 4-6 in. long. Pod woody, flat, poimted at the ends, 2-5 in. long, 1—2 in.
wide, 1-3 seeded. é

Deciduous forests, Upper and Lower Burma, mostly near streams. Fl. H. 8.

2, M. glaucescens, Kurz F. Fl. i. 357 (Derris microptera, Gamble List
30). Vern. Taungka, Burm.

A large deciduous tree, nearly glabrous, leaflets 2-5 pair, without stipels,
3-5 in. long, pale beneath, scattered hairs on the underside while young, with
a very minute regular but not raised network of reticulate veins between the
tertiary nerves. Fl. 1-1 in. long, blue, red or purple, on capillary pedicels in
axillary racemes, shorter than leaves. Standard glabrous, ovary hairy. Pod
flat woody, 4-5 in. long, 1 in. wide, both sutures thickened and expanded into
narrow wings.

Sikkim, common up to 8,000 ft. (“young leaves golden brown with long racemes of
lilac f1.,” Gamble). Lower Burma, common near streams. Fl. H. 8. Also Mala y
Peninsula. 3. M. Wrightiana, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 66 (1898), p. 359. Shan
hills, Upper Burma, nearly allied, but with thin pods, not winged along sutures.

4. M. atropurpurea, Benth.—Syn. Pongamia atropurpurea, Wall. Pl.
As. Rar. t. 78. Vern. Awé tanyin, Burm.

A large evergreen tree, glabrous except inflorescence. Leaflets more or less
oblique at base, rigidly coriaceous, glossy, 3-4 pair, 3-6 in. long, no stipels.
Fl. dark bluish purple, on the stout branches of large pubescent erect terminal
panicles, pedicels short hairy, 2 bracteoles at base of calyx. Pod turgid, thickly
coriaceous, 2-3 in. long, 2 in. broad.

Evergreen forest, south-eastern part of the Pegu Yoma, hills between the Thaungyin
and Hlaingbwe rivers, and elsewhere in Martaban and Tenasserim. “ Thickly covered
with dense panicles of deep purple fl.” Wall.

The other trees of this genus may be classified as follows :—

a, Leaflets 1-5 pair.

5. M. multiflora, Coll. and Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 41. Meiktila, Upper
Burma, leaflets coriaceous, elliptic, 4-5 pair, 1 in. long. FI. # in., standard silky out-
side. 6. M, tetraptera, Kurz F. Fl. i. 358. Dry region of Irawaddi valley, Prome to
Mandalay, leaflets elliptic or obovate, 1-8 pair, 1-8 in. long, silky-pubescent. Pod
woody, 1-2 seeded, 3-4 in. long, ? in. wide, each suture with two narrow wings.
7. M. pubinervis, Kurz, l.c., 357. Upper Burma, deciduous forest on the edge of streams.
Hills east of Toungoo. Deciduous, leaflets 3-4 pair, thinly chartaceous, long-acuminate,
pubescent along midrib, no stipels, fl. 4 in. long, pinkish or yellowish white. 8. M.
ovalifolia, Kurz, l.c., 356, Prome district, leaflets elliptic, 3 pair, 1 in. long, petiolules
slender. 9. M. macrostachya, Coll. and Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 41, southern
Shan hills, 2,000-4,000 ft., leaflets 4-5 pair, 2-6 in. long, softly tomentose beneath.

Fl. pink 1 in. long, standard silky outside.

b. Leaflets 6-10 pair, stipellate.

10. M. Brandisiana, Kurz, l.c., 355. Vern. Thitpagan, Burm. Pegu, Yamethin, de-
ciduous, entirely glabrous, attains 60 ft., leaflets 7-10 pair, thinly coriaceous, lanceo-
late, 1-2 in. long. Fl. blue, standard silky. 11. M. pulchra, Benth.; Fl. Brit. Ind.
ii. 104. Vern. Thitpagan, Burm. Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur, Upper Burma, leaflets
membranous, young shoots tawny pubescent, sometimesdensely tomentose (IZ. tomentosa,
Watt MSS., Manipur), fl. purple, standard glabrous.

B. Woody climbers.

12. M. auriculata, Baker.—Syn. I. macrophylla, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 351.
Vern. Gauj, Hind.; Maudh, Oudh; Gurar, Gond; Wunw, Burm.
Young shoots soft silky-tomentose, leaflets 3-4 pair, 3-6 in. long, obovate-

Millettia) XLV. LEGUMINOSA 221

oblong, shortly acuminate,
stipels minute, secondary
neryes 8-10 pair, pro-
minent beneath. Racemes
4-9 in. long, rusty tomen-
tose, axillary, several at
the ends of short stout
branchlets, fl. whitish.
Pod flat, woody, rusty- —&
tomentose, 4-6 in. long,

+X
2 in. broad, sutures thick- iene
ened. acorn

Subhimalayan tract, from ‘ I
the Sutlej eastward, Behar, oN ‘
Central India south to the WaT “ip,
Godavery. Common in Sal Gea oa je
forests. Fl. April-June. A a ‘
remarkable local variety, aq,
formerly regarded as a
species, is M. extensa, Benth., ts
Kurz, F. Fl. i. 352. Vern. 2
Damangé, Burm., common in ay 7
the deciduous forests of
Upper and Lower Burma.’
Tonkin, fl. reddish-lilac, in
shorter racemes, pods gla-
brous when ripe.

13. M. cinerea, Benth.;
Kurz, F. Fl. 353.

Glabrous except inflor-
escence, leaflets 1-3 pair,
thin, membranous, 3-9 in.
long, elliptic or elliptic-
_ obovate, acuminate, per-
fectly glabrous beneath,
secondary nerves 6-8 pair, Fie. 95.—Millettia auriculata, Baker. 4.
prominent on the under- §
side, with a conspicuous network of raised reticulate veins. FI. white (tip
of keel and wings purple), in terminal panicles, mostly single, not fasciculate,
calyx tomentose, supported by 2 setaceous bracteoles, three teeth triangular, the
two upper minute connate, corolla densely silky outside. Pod thick, turgid,
flat between seeds, tawny-velvety, 2-4 by 1 in., seeds 1—5.

Sikkim, ascending to 4,000 ft. Dwars. Assam to Chittagong and Burma, Fl. Feb
April. Nearly allied; 14. M. Dorwardi, Coll. and Hemsl. in Linn. Soe. Journ. xxviii.
40, described as a tree in one, as a climber in another place, Shan hills, Upper Burma,
leaflets 2 pair, 2-3 in. long, fl. in dense terminal panicles.

15. M. pachycarpa, Benth.; Kurz, F, Fl. i. 353. Vern. Iharina,
Khasi hills.

A large spreading and scandent shrub, young parts and inflorescence rusty-
brown tomentose, leaflets 5-6 pair, 3-7 in. long, pubescent beneath, secondary
nerves 8-12 pair. Fl. pale pink, 1 in. long, on axillary racemes 9-10 in, long,
standard glabrous. Pod thickly coriaceous, rugose, indented between seeds,
2-6 in. long, 1} in. broad, seeds 1-3.

Sikkim to 4,000 ft. Dwars. Assam, Khasi hills; pod used to poison fish, Manipur
Upper Burma.

16. M. racemosa, Benth.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii, 105,.—Syn. J/. leiogyna,
iarz, i. Wi. 3b1.
A large woody climber, deciduous, youngest parts and inflorescence rusty-

222 XLV. LEGUMINOSA [Millettia

tomentose. Leaflets 5-7 pair, 2 in. long, stipules subulate, ? in. long, stipels
setaceous. Fl. whitish, in compact racemes, which are paniculate at the ends
of branches, often appearing before the leaves, bracts much longer than buds.
Standard and ovary glabrous. Pod dark brown, glossy, linear, 4-6 in. long,
3-5 seeded.

Deciduous forests of the Western Peninsula, and Burma. Fl. April, May.

The other climbing species of this genus may be classified as follows :—

a. Underside of full-grown leaves densely clothed with silky, lustrous tomentum
(Western species).

17. M. rubiginosa, Wight and Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 207. Hills near Courtallum; leaflets
2-3 pair, elliptic, 4-6 in. long; secondary nerves 8-10 pair, petiolules 4-4 in., stipels
small, fl. $ in. long, standard densely silky on the back: Pod woody, velvety, 3-4 in.
long, 1 in. broad. 18. M. splendens, W. & A. Nilgiris, Anamallays. Leaflets 3-4 pair,
oblanceolate, 4-6 in. long, secondary nerves 12-15 pair, stipules conspicuous, standard
densely silky on back. Pod woody, velvety, 3 in. long, 3 in. wide.

b. Underside of full-grown leaves pubescent (Eastern species).

19. M. puerarioides, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 66 (1898), p. 358. Tenasserim,
Sitang valley, Upper Burma ; leaflets 2-3 pair, 4-10 in. long, long-caudate, acuminate,
finely but densely silky beneath, lower free portion of common petiole as long as, or
longer than leaflet, secondary nerves 6-9 pair, prominent beneath. Racemes slender, 12
in. long, fl. } in. long, standard densely ay on back; pod ultimately glabrous.
This is the species described by Kurz, F. FJ. i. 353, as Millettia ser icea, W ight and
Arn., a large woody climber of the Malay seninetly and Java, leaflets lustrous silky
beneath; fl. $ in. long. Pod velvety, turgid. 20. M. fruticosa, Benth. Nepal in Sal
forest, Assam, Silhet, Pegu; a low scrambling shrub, leaflets 4-5 pair, oblong or
oblanceolate, 2-6 in. long, underside brown, finely pubescent, secondary nerves 6-8
pair, prominent beneath. Fl. in erect racemes. Pod flat, linear velvety, 3-4 in. long.
Wunu, Burm., collected by Smales, Daungyu forest, Upper Burma, is similar, leaflets
obovate obtuse, densely silky beneath. 21. M. cana, Benth. Yenangyaung, on the
Irawaddi, Wallich, leaflets 3 pair, coriaceous, broadly elliptic, 2-3 in. long, 2 in.
broad, secondary nerves 6-8 pair, prominent. Pod woody, flat, lanceolate.

c. Underside of full-grown leaves glabrous or nearly so.

22. M, Piscidia, Wight Ic. t. 86, Khasi Hills, Assam, Upper Burma (Thinwin, Burm.),
Tonkin, glabrous, leaflets 2-3 pair, thinly coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, 3-4 in. long,
no stipels. Secondary nerves indistinct. Fl. #-1 in. long, white, on capillary pedicels.
Calyx membranous glabrous, standard alleles, Pod thin, hard, glabrous, 3 in. long.

23. M. monticola, Kurz F. Fl. i. 354, Sikkim 6 ,000-7,000 ft., Assam, Nattaung, Burma
(6,500-7,200 ft., in stunted hill and pine forests) ; leaflets 44 5 pair, membranous, pale
beneath, from cuneate base oblong, shortly acuminate, 3-4 in. long, secondary nerves
6-8 pair not prominent, a minute network of reticulate veins between. Racemes
compact, erect or spreading, unilateral before fl. open, generally several at the ends of
branches. FI. (blue, Nattaung, Kurz), pale lilac or purple in Sikkim. Prain, l.c., 361,
4638, states the pods are indehiscent and winged along both sutures, hence the species
would be Derris monticola. It is not D. secunda, Baker, Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 247.

24. M. caudata, Baker, Khasi hills, Silhet, glabrous, leaflets lanceolate, caudate-
acuminate» 3-4 pair, 4-5 in. long. Pod linear, rigidly coriaceous, 38-4 in. long, 4 in.
broad. 25. M. cerulea, Baker, FI. leyemies Woavel, st, 107, found by Wallich at HPhomae "
on the Salween is doubtful.

9. DESMODIUM, Desv.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 161.

Shrubs or herbs, leaves unifoliolate or pinnately trifoliolate, leaflets
penninerved, stipellate. Fl. red or white, stamens diadelphous, or the 10th free
at base, adhering to the sheath higher up. Pods flat, consisting of several
1-seeded, usually indehiscent joints. 150 species in the tropical and sub-
tropical countries of both hemispheres.

A. Leaves 3-foliolate, fl. in umbels or heads.

1. D. Cephalotes, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 373.—Syn. D. congestwm, Wall.:
Wight Ic. t. 209:

A large shrub, in Burma at times a small tree; branches angular, young
shoots. grey silky. Leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, 2-4 in. long; secondary nerves

Desmodium XLV. LEGUMINOS 223

prominent, 6-10 pair. Pods in large shortly pedunculate axillary umbels,
$-% in. long, brown, reticulately veined, pubescent, slightly curved, joints
3-6, pedicels slender, calyx persistent.

Subhimalayan tract, from Dehra Dun eastward. Common in both peninsulas,
frequently as underwood in forests, Fl. R.S. 2. D. olivaceum, Prain in Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. yol. 66 (1898), p. 389, Upper Burma; leaflets to 8 in. long, densely velvety
beneath, fl. in dense globose axillary heads. Pods of 2 joints, } in. long.

3. D. umbellatum, DC.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 885.

A large shrub, sometimes a small tree, young shoots grey-pubescent.
Leaflets thinly coriaceous, broadly elliptic, glabrous above, pale grey or
brownish-pubescent beneath. FI. white, 6-12 in a pedunculate axillary
umbel. Pod of 1-4 pubescent joints, 14-2 in. long. Calyx deciduous.

Littoral, sea-coast of the Eastern Peninsula. From the Western Peninsula reported
from near Surat and Belgaum. FI.R.S. Ceylon, Malay Archipelago. Widely dis-
tributed from the Mascarene islands to Polynesia.

4. D. Wallichii. Prain, l.c., 388, Upper Burma, has leaflets densely fulvous-tomentose
beneath. Pods 1-1} in., strigose.

B. Leaves 3-foliolate, fl. in long racemes, bracts subulate, linear or lance-
olate.

5. D. tilizfolium, G. Don; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 168.—Syn. D. argenteum,
Wall.

A large diffuse shrub, attains 2 in. diam. Wood hard with light brown
heartwood, inner bark (bast) tough. Leaflets from a rounded or cuneate base,
ovate or obovate, generally cuspidate, slightly sinuate, secondary nerves 4-6
pair. Fl. red, on slender pedicels, 4-5 in. long, in ample panicles, branches
slender, often drooping. Pod nearly straight, 2-3 in. long, joints 6-10.

Kuram valley, trans Indus. Outer N.W. Himalaya, Indus to Nepal, 3,000-9,000 ft. ;
rare in Sikkim. FIRS. D. nutans, Wall. Bashahr 6000-8000 ft., with broad, obtuse,
distinetly sinuate leaflets, and long slender drooping paniculate racemes, probably is
a distinct species.

6. D. sambuense, DC.; Prain, l.c., 394.—Syn. D. floribundum, G. Don ;
Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 167; Collett, Simla Flora, 132.

A large shrub, with angular, densely pubescent branches. Leaflets with
adpressed silky hairs, veins prominently reticulate on the underside. FI. in
erect paniculate racemes, buds shorter than the lanceolate, ribbed, deciduous
bracts. Pods hairy, #-1 in. long.

Outer Himalaya from Dalhousie eastward, ascending to 7,000 feet. Hills of Upper
and Lower Burma, 4,000-6,000 ft. Fl. R.S. To this group belong the following shrubs :
7. D. confertum, DC. Subhimalayan tract, often in Sal forests. Pod 1-14 in., joints
2-5, longer than broad, clothed with long silky hairs. 8. D. oxyphyllum, DC.; Prain,
Le., 892, Outer Himalaya, ascending to 7,300 ft., Khasi hills. 9. D. laxifloram, DC.—
Syn. D. recurvatum, Grah.; Wight Ic. t. 874. A widely spread species. Sub-
himalayan tract from the Ganges eastwards, Assam, Khasi hills, Western Penins.
from Bombay southwards, Java, Borneo, Philippines. 10. D, concinnum, DC.—Syn.
D. pendulum, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 94, Himalaya, Punjab to Assam, to 7,000 ft.
Hills east of Toungoo in pine woods, 4,000-6,000 ft. 11. D. polycarpum, DC.: Wight Ie.
t. 406.—Syn. D. patens, Wight Ie. t. 407; D. heterocarpum, DC.; Kurz F. FI. i. 889.
Widely spread over India and Burma, and from East Africa to Polynesia.

C. Leaves 3-foliolate, fl. in small fascicles, concealed by a pair of persistent
orbicular bracts.

12. D. pulchellum, Benth.—Syn. Dicerma pulchellum, DC.; Wight
Ic. t. 418. Vern Vaung tamin, Burm.

Attains 4—5 ft., terminal leaflet larger than the lateral ones. Fl. in long
terminal or lateral bracteate racemes, yellow, several in the axil of a 2-foliolate
bract, the common petiole terminating in a shorter or longer bristle. Fl. com-
pletely concealed by the bracts. Pods small, minutely veined, joints usually 2,
often emerging from between the bracts.

224 XLV. LEGUMINOSA [Desmodium

Common in both peninsulas, often as
underwood in deciduous forests. Its
northern limit in the Sal forests of Oudh
and Gorakhpur. Fl. R.S. Also Sumatra,
Jaya, Borneo, Philippines.

D. Leaves 1-foliolate.

13. D. latifolium, DC.; Wight
Ic. t. 270.—Syn. D. lasiocarpwn,
DC. Vern. Kyopan, Burm.

A large shrub, often with a short
woody stem, branchlets, petioles and
underside of leaves softly tomentose.
Leaves scabrous above, ovate, 3-5
in. long, slightly repand, secondary
nerves 5-8 pair, stipules from a broad
base cuspidate. Fl. bright purple, in
dense, villous, axillary racemes. Pods
t—? in. long, clothed with hooked
hairs, joints 3-6.

Sal forests of the subhimalayan tract,
from Dehra Dun eastward. Both penin-
sulas. Eng forest of Upper Burma. FI.
July—-Sept. Ceylon. From tropical Africa
to New Guinea.

14. D. gangeticum, DC.; Wight Ic. t. 271, Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna
eastward, both peninsulas, Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines. A slender
under-shruh, leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous above, more or less pubescent
beneath, secondary neryes 8-10 pair, fl. white in long, slender, terminal and axillary
racemes. Pod falcate, $-? in. long.

15. D, triquetrum, DC. Vern. Mokso lanma Burm.,a small shrub. Dehra Dun, Oudh,
Sikkim, Assam, Khasi hills, both Peninsulas and Ceylon, also Indian Archipelago ;
has 3- or 4-cornered branches, leaves oblong-lanceolate on a broadly-winged obovate
or oblanceolate petiole. Pods sessile, straight, 1-2 in. long, joints square, } in., more
or less strigose with adpressed hairs.

Closely allied are the following species established by De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 326:
D. auriculatum, DC. Silhet and coasts of Tenasserim and Andamans, attaining 10 ft.
and more. Pods glabrous, firmly cartilaginous. D. alatum, DC. Assam, Khasi hills,
Cachar, Chittagong, erect. Pods glabrous, thin. D. pseudotriquetrum, DC. Sub-
himalayan tract, Assam, Khasi and Naga hills, Bengal,a low trailing plant, branches
terete. Pod ciliate along the edges, glabrous on the face. Prain in Journ. As. Soc.

5
Beng. vol. 66 (1898), 390, classes these forms as sub-species of D. triquetrum.

Fic. 96.—Desmodium pulchellum, Benth. 4.

10. OUGEINIA, Benth.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 160.

O. dalbergioides, Benth. The onlyspecies. Bedd. Fl. Syly. t.36; Brand.
F. Fl. t. 23.—Syn. Dalbergia ougeinensis, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 391. Vern.
Sannan, Sandan, Tinnus, Hind.; Panan, Oudh; Ruta, Kol; Tivas, Mar.

A middle-sized deciduous tree, with a short and often irregularly-shaped
trunk. Heartwood hard, tough, light brown to reddish brown. Leaves
pinnately trifoliolate, stipellate. Leaflets coriaceous, unequal, the terminal
largest, broad-oval, the two lateral opposite, oblique, edges undulate or slightly
crenate. Fl. white or pale pink, on long slender pedicels, in dense fascicles, or
on short racemes, forming loose heads on the old wood, 1-2 in. across. Stamens
diadelphous, anthers uniform. Pod linear-oblong, flat, veined, slightly con-
tracted between the seeds, scarcely dehiscent. Seeds 2-5, flat.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Sutle} to Sikkim, ascending in the valleys to 4,000 ft.
Central India, south to the Godavery on the east, and North Kanara on the west side
of the peninsula. Often gregarious. Fl. from Feb. to May, generally before the old
leaves have fallen or the young foliage has come fully out.

To this tribe also belong: #schynomene aspera, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 299, Bengal.
Rare in the Western Peninsula. Ceylon. A tall, erect water-plant, attaining 12 ft.

Ougeinia| XLV. LEGUMINOS 225

and 3 in. diam., the well-known Sola, the soft white wood, generally called pith, is made
into toys, floats, and Sola hats, invaluable as a protection against the sun.

Alhagi Camelorum, Fischer; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 66 (1898), 377. The
camel thorn, a thorny shrub, sending its roots deep into the ground, with small oblong
obtuse leaves arid numerous axillary stout spinescent branchlets, often bearing leaves
and flowers, glabrous ovaries, and turgid pods. Widely spread from Greece and Egypt,
through Western Asia, Afghanistan and Baluchistan, extending over the arid and dry
regions of India, in moister districts found on dry barren ground. Often gregarious.
A. Maurorum, Tournef.; Prain, l.c., 378, has silky ovaries.

Lespedeza, Michaux; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 142, with trifoliolate ]. and short 1-seeded pods,
comprises numerous undershrubs and afew shrubs. L. Prainii, Coll. et Hemsl. in Linn.
Soc. Journ. xxviii. 46, isa shrub 10 ft. high, common on the Shan table-land, 4,000-
5,000 ft., leaflets obovate, 4-1 in., fl. purple in dense axillary racemes, longer than
leaves, pod glabrous.

11. ABRUS, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 175.
(6 species, in the tropics of both hemispheres.)

1. A. precatorius, Linn.—Vern. Ginchi, Kinch, Hind. Mar.; Chintli,
Din; Ywe-gne, Burm.

A climber, with woody stem and slender branches, twining round supports.
Leaves paripinnate, the common petiole terminating in a slender short
bristle. Leaflets opposite, nearly sessile, 10-15 pair, oblong, obtuse, often
mucronate. Fl. white or pink, in axillary pedunculate racemes. Pod oblong,
turgid, the fruiting peduncles persistent and irregularly thickened. Seeds 3-5,
ellipsoid or nearly globose, polished, generally red, with a black eye on the
hilum, sometimes black with a white eye, more rarely quite white, stonyhard,
used as weights by jewellers. An acrid poison in the seed.

Common in forest tracts of India and Burma, ascending in the outer Himalaya to
3,500 ft. Found in Merwara, but not known from the arid region of Sind and the
southern Punjab. Fl. Sept., Oct. A sea-shore species in the Indian Archipelago
(Schimper). Cosmopolitan within the tropics.

2. A. pulchellus, Wall.; also widely distributed, is similar, but has flat slightly
curved pods with 8-12 seeds.

12. MUCUNA, Adans.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 185.

Woody or herbaceous twiners, leaves pinnately trifoliolate. Fl. large, dark
purple or greenish white, in pendulous racemes or corymbs, often from the old
wood. Calyx campanulate, 2 upper teeth connate, the lowermost longest.
Keel and wings longer than standard. Stamens diadelphous, anthers alter-
nately longer basifixed and shorter versatile. Pod usually covered with
brittle irritating bristles. Species 30, in the tropics of both hemispheres.

The structure of the woody species merits further study. Some South American
Mucunas have soft spongy wood, irregular, more or less concentric masses of xylem,
alternating with bands of phlo#m. The xylem consists of thin-walled parenchyma,
traversed by longitudinal strands of vessels, sieve tubes and wood fibres.

A. Face of pod covered with oblique plaits or lamelle.

1. M. imbricata, DC.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 185. Leaves nearly glabrous.
Fl. dull purple, or white with purple spots, in short racemes, while in bud
covered by large concave imbricating bracts. Pod 4-6 in. long, 2-3 in. broad,
winged along both sutures; seeds 2-3.

Subhimalayan tract, Kumaon to Assam, Upper and Lower Burma, Andamans. FI.
Aug.—Dec.

2. M. monosperma, DC.; Wight Ic. t. 35.—Syn. MW. anguina, Wall. Pl.
As. Rar. t. 236. t
Young shoots clothed with rusty tomentum. Fl. dark purple in a short
nodding pubescent corymb. Pod thick, broadly elliptic, 2 in. long, with a
Q

226 XLY. LEGUMINOSA® [Mucuna

narrow double wing all round, and with numerous oblique lamella on its face,
the whole covered with orange-red deciduous wool mixed with red irritant
bristles. Seed one, nearly circular.

Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards, Assam, Khasi hills, Chittagong, Burma,
Andamans. FI. C.S. Also Malay Archipelago.

3. M. atropurpurea, DC. Western Peninsula and Ceylon. Branchlets glabrous. Fi.
on pedunculate, often branching racemes. Pods elliptic-oblong, 2-3 in. long, #-1 in.
broad, winged and plaited, 2-seeded.

B. Face of pod not plaited.

4. M. gigantea, DC.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 186.

A glabrous climber, stems thin, but sometimes 250 ft. long. Fl. yellow
or white, in corymbs, pendulous on slender peduncles. Calyx with yellow
deciduous bristles. Pod 4-6 in. long, 1-2 in. broad, winged along both sutures;
seeds 2-4.

A littoral species, common in the Sundriban and on the Andamans. A striking
feature of the Indian mangrove-swamps. Here and there on the coast of the Western
Peninsula. Malay Peninsula and Malay Archipelago to Polynesia.

5. M. macrocarpa, Wall.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 379. Vern. Baldengra, Nys.

A powerful woody climber, the stems to 15 in. diam. Wood soft spongy.
FI. large, 2-3 in. long, greenish purple or greenish white, in long pendulous
racemes, axillary or from the old wood. Pods 1-3 ft. long, torulose, up to 14 in.
thick, narrowed between the 8-12 seeds, velvety when young, glabrous after-
wards.

Nepal, Sikkim (ascending to 7,000 ft.). Hills east of Toungoo, often in pine woods
(4,000-6,000 ft.). Shan plateau, Upper Burma, 4,000 ft. Fl H.S. Also in Tonkin and
Yunnan. E

6. Mucuna pruriens, DC.—Syn. M. utilis, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 280, Kawanch, Goncha,
Hind.; Awele, Burm., is short-lived (biennial ?), but climbs over big trees and is
common among the tall grasses of the Savannahs. The dark purple fl. appear during
the rains or in autumn, the pods ripen in the cold season, are 2-3 in. long, 5-6-seeded,
and densely clothed with brown irritating hairs. Subhimalayan tract from the
Punjab eastwards, Assam, Khasi hills, Western Peninsula, Burma, Siam, Tonkin,
Yunnan. Also Malay Peninsula, Java, and Borneo.

13. ERYTHRINA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 188.

Trees or shrubs (a few herbaceous undershrubs), the Indian species nearly
all leafless during the hot season, and in flower at that time, branches often
prickly. Wood white, soft and light, medullary rays broad, pores (vessels)
large, broad concentric bands of thin-walled wood parenchyma. Leaves pin-
nately trifoliolate, the lateral leaflets opposite, stipules small, stipels gland-
like. Fl. large, generally red, fasciculate in peduncled racemes, standard,
much larger than wings or keel. Stamens connate to the middle, the 10th
free or connate with the rest at the base, anthers equal. Pod stipitate,
dehiscent. 30 species in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of both
hemispheres.

A. Calyx spathaceous, split to the base.

1. E. indica, Lam.; Wight Ic. t. 58. Uhe Indian Coral tree. Vern.
Pangra, Pangdra, Hind. Mar.; Pdalte Madar, Beng.; Halivara, Kan. ;
Modugu, Tel.; Kathit, Burm.

A moderate-sized tree, of rapid growth. Bark yellowish or greenish grey.
Young shoots and inflorescence clothed with stellate pubescence, black
prickles on branches, which fall when a few years old, petioles unarmed. Leaf-
lets entire, glabrous, the terminal 4-5 in. long, generally broader than long.
Fl. bright scarlet in dense racemes, with peduncle to 15 in. long. Calyx 1 in.,
at the apex contracted, with 5 minute teeth. Wings and keel equal, one-
fourth the length of standard. Pod torulose, 6-12 in. long, seeds 1-8.

Erythrina] XLV. LEGUMINOS® 227

Common on the coast, from the Sundriban to the Malay Peninsula. Andamans,
Nicobars. Fl. Feb., March. A littoral species, widely spread from the Mascarenes to
Polynesia. Reported to be indigenous inland in deciduous forests of Thana, the Kon-
kan, and North Kanara. Cultivated and self-sown all over India, in hedge-rows in
Bengal. Im the Peninsula grown to support the betel- and pepper-vine.

2. E stricta, Roxb.; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 175. Vern. Taung Kathit, Burm.

Trunk and branches armed with sharp conical prickles. Leaflets entire,
nearly glabrous. Fl. scarlet, in dense unilateral racemes, 4-5 in. with
eduncle, several racemes at the ends of stout branchlets. Calyx 4-} in., keel
half the length of standard, wings much smaller. Pod lanceolate, glabrous,
1-3-seeded, 2—+ in. long.

Assam, Manipur, Chittagong. Burma (common). West side of the Peninsula. FI.
Feb.-May.

B. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, limb truncate or split into 2 or more
divisions.

3. E. suberosa, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 189.—Syn. E. sublobata, Roxb.;
Bedd. Manual 87. Vern. Pangra, Hind. Mar.; Dhaul-dhak, Hind.

A middle-sized tree, with a corky, deeply cracked bark. Branchlets sparingly
armed with sharp stout conical whitish or light brown prickles, sometimes a
few scattered prickles on petioles. Branchlets, underside of leaves and in-
florescence clothed with long soft bi- or tri-furcate hairs. Leaflets rhomboid,
entire or sinuate-lobed. Racemes 4-6 in. long. Calyx turbinate, 2-lipped,
keel half the length of standard, wings minute. Pod narrow, 3-4 in. long,
2-4-seeded.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Ravi to the Sarda, ascending to 3,000 ft. Oudh
forests, Merwara, Burma. Fl. March, April. A variety with full-grown leaves
glabrous, in Kumaun, Sikkim, Upper and Lower Burma.

4. E. ovalifolia, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 247. Vern. An Kathit, Burm.

Trunk and branches armed with dark brown prickles, arising from pyra-
midal corky tubercles. Leaflets elliptic or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, glabrous,
whitish beneath. Racemes lax, 5-10 in. long, several at the ends of branchlets.
Calyx campanulate, splitting irregularly into 2 or more unequal divisions.
Corolla deep blood-red, standard obovate, emarginate, 1} in. Keel 1 in., wings
#in. long. Pod torulose, 6-8 in. long, finely downy, constricted between the
6-8 seeds.

Silhet, Lower Bengal. Plains of Lower Burma. Fl. Feb., March. Ceylon, Malay
Archipelago, Polynesia.

5. E. arborescens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 219; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 190.

Few prickles on branches and petioles. Leaflets, when full grown, nearly
glabrous, 5-7 in. long and equally broad. Fl. vivid scarlet, racemes (with
peduncle) up to 15 in. long. Calyx turbinate, silky pubescent, limb truncate
or unequally lobed. Standard ovate, acuminate, concave, more than twice the

eth of keel, wings shorter than keel. d lanceolate curvec rown-
ength of keel, es shorter tl keel. Pod 1 late sta a)
pubescent ; seeds 2-10.

Outer Himalaya, from Kumaun eastward, 4,000-7,000 ft., Khasi hills. Melghat,
Berar (March 1877, D.B.). Fl. Aug.-Oct.

A remarkable undershrub is 6. E. resupinata, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 220, in the Savannahs
of the subhimalayan tract from Oudh eastward, also on Parasnath. From a perennial
rootstock, after the fires of the hot season, spring short racemes of large bright scarlet
fl., calyx 2-lipped, standard bent downwards. After the fl. comes up a short her-
baceous leafy stem.

7. E. lithosperma, Miq.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 367. Vern. Ye-Kathit, Burm.
A large tree, leafless in H.S., bark white, trunk and branches armed
with straight sharp prickles, foliage dark green, young shoots mealy-puber-

228 XLV. LEGUMINOSA [Erythrina

ulous. Leaflets ovate, acuminate, glabrous, 4-5 in. long, stipellary glands
large, oblong. Fl. appear while the tree is in leaf,
in dense short racemes on stout peduncles. Calyx
2-lipped, wings and keel equal, one-third the length
of standard, which is 1} in. long. Lower portion of
pod 8 in. long, flat, seedless, indehiscent, upper
portion shorter and narrower, dehiscent, with 1-4
large dark purple seeds. :

Burma, in moist valleys near streams to 3,000 ft. Often
grown to support the betel-vine. Fl. Jan—Feb. Malay
Archipelago.

E. holosericea, Kurz, is, as pointed out by Prain, in
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 66, 72, a mistake, based upon the
leavesof EL. lithosperma and the fi. of E. ovalifolia.

Dioclea reflexa, H.f.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 379; Ann. Bot. Gard.
Cale. ix. t. 40. Assam, Silhet, Tenasserim, Andamans,
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, tropical Africa and
America, is a strong woody climber with rusty tomentose
branches, and pinnately trifoliolate stipellate leaves. Fl.
pale pink, in dense racemes on rusty tomentose peduncles
8-12 in. long, bracts linear, much longer than buds,
subpersistent. Petals about equal in length, standard
orbicular, emarginate. Vexillary stamen free below, con-

Fie. 97. nate with the others in the middle, with a perfect anther,
Erythrina lithosperma, the stamens in the sheath alternately with perfect and
Bly: empty anthers. Pod turgid, 1-2-seeded, 3-4 in. long.

14. PUERARIA, DC.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 197.

Twining shrubs or herbs with large pinnately trifoliolate stipellate leaves,
which in some species are lobed. FI. in long, mostly paniculate racemes, blue
or purple. Calyx campanulate, teeth unequal. Wings and keel nearly equal
to standard. Vexillary stamen entirely free or cohering with the rest. Ovary
sessile or nearly so. Pod linear, flat, many-seeded. 12 species, India, Malay
Archipelago, Japan, and New Guinea.

1. P. tuberosa, DC.; Wight Ic. t. 412. Vern. Sural, Surtr, Hind.;
Ghora bel, Merwara.

A large deciduous pubescent climber, with woody tubercled stem. Leaflets
broadly ovate, acuminate, pubescent, 4-6 in. long, 3-5 in. broad, the two
lateral unequal-sided. Bracts shorter than buds, fl. pale blue, fasciculate, in
long panicled racemes, appearing when the plant is leafless. Pod flat, clothed
with long rusty hairs, 2-3 in. long, 2-6-seeded, much contracted between
seeds.

Subhimalayan tract from the Indus to Sikkim, ascending to 4,000 ft. Western
Peninsula. Fl. March, April. The large tuberous roots are eaten.

2. P. Wallichii, DC.; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 66 (1898), 419.

A large glabrous climber, leaflets obovate. Bracts longer than buds, hairy,
fl. appearing while the plant is in leaf, white, yellow or reddish, in racemes
3-12 in. long, fascicled and paniculate. Pod glabrous, coriaceous, 4-5 in. long.

Subhimalayan tract, Nepal and Sikkim, chiefly in the Sal forests, Khasia, Silhet,
Upper Burma. FI. Oct., Nov.

Other shrubs and climbers: 3. P, Thunbergiana, Benth.—Syn. P. Thomsoni, Benth. ;
Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 198, Sikkim, Khasia, China and Japan. A vigorous climber, leaflets
often lobed. FI. large, blue or violet, #-1 in., calyx teeth much longer than tube. Pod
4-5 in., densely clothed with long silky hairs. 4. P. Candollei, Grah., Chittagong,
Burma, Andamans. Calyx glabrous, edges scarious and ciliate. 5. P. Collettii, Prain in
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 66 (1898), 420, Upper Burma. A shrub, sometimes climbing,
branches and leaves clothed with soft grey velvet. Racemes axillary, longer than
leaf. Pod thin, 2 in. long, 4 in. wide.

Spatholobus| XLY. LEGUMINOSA 229

15. SPATHOLOBUS, Hassk.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 193.

Woody climbers, with pinnately trifoliolate leaves, leaflets stipellate, the
two lateral opposite. Fl. small, in ample terminal panicles. Stamens dia-
delphous, anthers uniform, obtuse. Pod coriaceous, one seed at the end, lower
portion indehiscent. 16 species; 9 Indian, 1 in tropical Africa, the rest in the
Malayan region.

Fig. 98.—Spatholobus Roxburghii, Benth. Pod, leaf. 4.

1. S. Roxburghii, Benth.—Syn. Butea parviflora, Roxb.; Wight Ie. t.
210; Kurz F. Fl. i. 365. Vern. Maula, Mula, Hind.; Phalsan, Mar. ;
Athambu, Mal.; Pauk-niwee, Burm.

A huge climber, the stem fluted, often attaining 12-16 in. diam. The layers
of bast, which separate the masses of xylem, exude a red gum when cut.
Young shoots, inflorescence and underside of leaflets grey velvety. Leaflets
6-8 in. long, longer than broad, secondary nerves prominent beneath, 6-8 pair,
arcuate, anastomosing by intra-marginal veins. Fl. fascicled in cylindrical

panicled racemes, white, }—) in. long, calyx teeth triangular acute, nearly as

230 XLY. LEGUMINOSA [Spatholobus

long as tube, standard twice the length of calyx, emarginate. Pod ferrugineous-
tomentose, stalked, 3-5 in. long.
Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastward, Central and South India. Burma.

Common in deciduous forests, where it does much damage. F1.C.8S. A distinct variety,
canescent, not velvety, is S. denudatus.

2. S. acuminatus, Benth.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 194.—Syn. Butea acwminata,
Wall.; Kurz, F. FI. i. 365.

A woody climber, stem as thick as a man’s arm, leaflets elliptic-oblong,
acuminate, 2-4 in. long, shining above, nearly elabrous beneath. Fl. 4 in.
long, in ample panicles ‘with slender ramifications, calyx teeth obtuse, half the
lenoth of tube. Pod sessile, silky pubescent, lustrous, 2-3 in. long.

Lower Burma, Andamans. Fl. H.S. Also Malay Be ncaiee

Other Indian species. 3. §. purpureus, Benth.; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. yol. 66

(1898), 414. Evergreen forests of North Kanara. Leaflets coriaceous, glabrous, shining

on both surfaces, elliptic-oblong. FI. dark purple. Pod 4 in. long, glabrous, seedless
portion curved, shining. 4. §. crassifolius, Benth., Khasi hills, Silhet, and Penang.
Youngest shoots and inflorescence ferrugineous-pubescent, leaves thickly coriaceous,
numerous shorter intermediate nerves between the secondary nerves, which are not
very prominent. The following species are described by Dr. Prain in Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. vol. 66 (1898), 414-416. 5. S. squamiger, Prain, Pegu. 6. §. roseus, Prain,
Martaban and Upper Burma. 7. S. Listeri, Prain, Chittagong. 8. S. merguensis, Prain,
Mergui Archipelago. 9. §. riparius, Prain, Thaukyegat, near Toungoo, Tenasserim.
10. §. Pottingeri, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 67, 286. Kachin hills.

16. BUTEA, Roxb.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 194.

Trees, shrubs, or large climbers, with trifoliolate leaves. Leaflets stipellate
the 2 lateral opposite. Secondary and tertiary nerves very prominent. FI.
large, bright orange, scarlet or red, fascicled, in axillary or terminal racemes
Standard acute, recurved. Upper stamen free, the others connate beyond the
middle, anthers uniform, obtuse. Pod coriaceous, oblong, lower portion flat
indehiscent, upper 1-seeded, dehiscent. 3 Indian species.

1. B. frondosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 21; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 176.—Syn. B.
monosperma (Lam.) Taubert, in Engler und Prantl, iii. 3, 366. Vern. Dhak,
Hind.; Palds, Hind. Mar.; . ‘Khakda, Guj. ; Muttuga, Kan. ; Moduga, Tel. :
Pauk, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree, trunk crooked and irregular; a red astrin-
gent gum issues from incisions in the bark. Young shoots tawny-tomentose.
Leaflets coriaceous, hard, the terminal from a cuneate base obovate obtuse,
often emarginate, generally as long as broad, 4-6 in. long. the lateral smaller,
oblique-ovate. Flowers appear before the leaves, 2 in. long, pedicels 1 in.
long, twice the length of calyx. Petals clothed outside with grey silky
pubescence, keel much curved, acute, 5-6 times the length of calyx.

Common throughout India and Burma, often gregarious. In the N.W. Himalaya
ascends to 3,000 ft. In Travancore not common, and confined to the drier districts.

The old leaves are shed in February, the tree is covered with bright orange red fl.
in March and April, before the fresh leaves appear.

2. B. superba, Koxb. Cor. Pl. t. 22. Vern. Paldsvél, Mar.; Pauknwe,
Burm.

A gigantic climber, stems as thick as a man’s leg. Leaflets acuminate,
chartaceous. Flowers larger than those of B. frondosa, of a gorgeous orange
colour, on pedicels three times the length of calyx.

Central and South India, Burma. FI. March, April.

3. B. minor, Ham.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 195.
A large shrub, at times climbing, leaflets 6-15 in. long, scabrous above,
silky-tomentose beneath, the terminal largest. Fl. 1 in. long, dull red, petals

Butea) XLV. LEGUMINOSA 231

and calyx densely silky outside, keel obtuse, little curved, three times the

length of calyx.
Kumaun, Nepal. Sikkim (rare). Assam, Khasi hills. Fl. B.S,

Cruddasia insignis, Prain in Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. ix. t. 34, Kachin hills, Upper
Burma. A slender climber, tawny pubescent ; leaflets 5, stipellate, 3-6 in. long; fl.
purplish, fasciculate on long axillary racemes; stamens monadelphous, anthers uni-
form, pod flat, lincar 3 in. long.

17. FLEMINGIA, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 226. (Moghania, St. Hil.;
Taubert in Engler und Prantl, iii. 3, 375).

Ercet shrubs, leaves digitately
3-foliolate or simple, gland dotted
below. Lowest pair of secondary
nerves basal. Stipules lanceolate,
prominently ribbed, deciduous.
Calyx tube short, teeth narrow
acuminate, the lowest often the
longest. Corolla barely exserted,
petals equal in length. Stamens
diadelphous, anthers uniform. Pod
oblong turgid, small, 1- or 2-seeded.
species 25; 3 in tropical Africa,
the rest Asiatic. The more common
Species only are mentioned here.

A. Leaves simple, bracts large,
membranous, broadly ovate, folded,
each enclosing a short raceme, fre-
quently with sterile flowers.

ibe Strobilifera, R.Br. 5
Wight Ic. t. 267; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii.
227. Vern. Kasraut, Oudh; Se
luppya, Upper Burma.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 2-4 in.
long, secondary nerves 4-10 pair, petiole } in. to 1 in.

This widely-spread and variable species, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 66 (1898),
486, divides into 4, with the following characters.

Erect shrubs 5-10 ft. high, bracts 3-1 in. long.

(a) F. strobilifera, R. Br. Secondary nerves 8-10 pairs, nearly equal, bracts 1 in.,
finely puberulous. Subhimalayan tract from Kumaun eastwards, Assam, Khasi, and
Naga hills, Chittagong, Western Peninsula and Burma, Malay Peninsula and Malay
Archipelago. Fl. C.S.

(b) F. bracteata, Wight Ic. t. 268; Kurz F. Fl. ii. 872. Second. nerves 4-6 pair, the
basal pair longest, bracts } in., softly hirsute with long hairs. Subhimalayan tract
from Garhwal eastward, Behar, Western Peninsula, and Burma, Fl. C.S.

Low shrubs 1-8 ft. high.

(c) F. fruticulosa, Wall.; Collett, Simla Flora, fig. 41. Leaves ovate, with subcordate
base, bracts § in. long, sparsely hirsute on nerves. N.W. Himalaya from Simla to
Kumaun, 5,000-7,000 ft. Fl. Aug.—Oct.

(d) F. fluminalis, C. B. Clarke. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, base cuneate. Chitta-
gong hills, rocky river beds. Burma.

The last-named appears to be a distinct species, and J. fruticulosa is a well-marked
local form; stunted in the climate of the N.W. Himalaya.

Fic. 99.—Flemingia Chappar, Ham. 4.

2. F. Chappar, Ham.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 227. Vern. Salpan, Hind. Beng. ;
Kasraut, Oudh.

Leaves broad-cordate, acuminate, 2-4 in. long and as broad as long, petiole
1} in. long.

232 XLY. LEGUMINOSA [Flemingia

Underwood in forests of Shorea robusta, Oudh, Behar, and Ganjam, in those of
Dipterocarpus tuberculatus in Burma. F1. C. S.

B. Leaves trifoliolate, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, bracts lanceolate, not folded.

3. F. stricta, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.248; Wight Ic. t. 329. Vern. Bebar, Garhw.

Attains 6-10 ft. Stems and branches triquetrous, petiole 3-6 in: long,
angular, deeply sulcate, sometimes narrowly winged (var. pteropus). Leaflets
6-12 in., secondary nerves 12-20 pair. Racemes cylindrical, 2-4 in. long,
often fascicled, supported at their base by numerous large silky hairy bracts,
1-3 in. long, which are densely imbricate, enclosing the racemes while in bud,
and are more or less persistent. At the ends of racemes are numerous imbricating
lanceolate bracts, much exceeding the buds, which fall after the fl. have opened.

Dehra-Din, Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Coromandel coast. FI. C.S.

4. F. congesta, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 390; Vern. Banch hii, Din.

Branches angular, sulcate. Petiole 2-4 in. long, angular, sometimes nar-
rowly winged, leaflets 3-12 in. long, secondary nerves 4-6 pair, the lowest
pair very pr rominent, with conspicuous tertiary ner ves On the outside. Racemes
dense, oblong, often fasciculate, bracts lanceolate, 4-1 in. long. Pod 4 in. long,
brown, pubescent ; seeds 2, black.

Subhimalayan tract ro the Jumna eastward, Khasi hills, Chittagong, Behar,
Central India, both Peninsulas, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, China.

This most variable species Prain, l.c., 489, divides into several, some of which had
been recognized by Kurz.

Racemes condensed, shorter than petioles: (a) # congesta, Roxb. (b) &. prostrata,
Roxb.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 374. (¢) &. ferruginea, Graham ; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 373.

Racemes elongate, exceeding petioles: (d) #. Wightiana, Grahain. (e) F. latifolia,
Benth.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 3875. (f) # semialata, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 249; Kurz, l.c., 374;
Wight Ie. t. 326.

5. F. nana, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 889. Ganges near Hardwar, Kheri Forests Oudh,
Behar, Sangor, C.P. North Kanara. Pubescent, calyx and pod covered with red
resinous glands, pedicel longer than calyx, and 6. F. sericans, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 373.
Eng forests of Pesu and Martaban, Shan hills. Inflorescence densely clothed with long
hairs, pedicels shorter than calyx. Two undershrubs, analogous to Grewia sapida,
Ochna pumila, Olax nana, Erythrna resupinata, and others, ‘which, from an under-
ground stem, bring forth flowers and leaves after the fires of the hot season.

7. F. involucrata, Benth.; FL Brit. Ind. ii. 229.—Syn. F. capitata, Zoll.;
Kurz, F. Fl. 1. 376.

Attains 3-5 ft., branches nearly terete. Petiole 4 in. long, rarely longer,
leaflets 2-4 in., secondary nerves 8-12 pair, basal pair not prominent. FI.
blue, in dense softly hairy round axillary heads (short racemes) supported by
persistent lanceolate bracts clothed with long silky hairs, the outer ovate-
lanceolate, up to 1 in. long. Pods enclosed in the calyx, usually 1-seeded.

Subhimalayan tract from Kumaun to Assam, Central and South India, Burma.
Often gregarious on open grassy glades ene in moist places. Fl. C. 5S.

8. F. paniculata, Wall.; Kurz, “F. Fi. 372; Subhimalayan tract, from Kumaun
eastward, Behar, Central Prov. Bengal, Tone and Lower Burma. Fl. in lax panicles,
leaves unifoliolate, 3-7in. long. 9. F. lineata, Roxb.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 372; Subhimalayan
tract from Kumaun eastward, Silhet, Bengal, Centr. Proy., Western and Hastern
Peninsula, Ceylon. Leaves trifoliolate, leaflets 1-3 in. long, plicate along nerves while
young, basal nerves extending far beyond the middle, with numerous prominent ter-
tiary nerves on the outside. Fl. in the axils of minute ’bracts, in lax axillary panicles.

18. DALBERGIA, Linn. fil.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 230.

Trees, shrubs or climbers, with alternate imparipinnate leaves, leaflets
alternate, without stipels. Flowers small, paniculate, white lilac or purple,
bracts and bracteoles usually small. Calyx 5-dentate, the anterior tooth
generally longest. Wings oblong, as long as standard, keel obtuse, shorter
than standard. Stamens either diadelphous, the 10th stamen free, or mona-
delphous, with 9 or 10 stamens, or equally diadelphous, with two bundles of 5

Dalbergia} XLV. LEGUMINOS#® 233

stamens each. Ovary stipitate with few ovules, style short incurved, stigma
small terminal. Pod flat, indehiscent, with one or few seeds. 80 species,
tropical and sub-tropical regions of Old and New World.

A. Trees orerect shrubs. Stamens 9 or 10, united ina sheath split above.

1. D. Sissoo, Roxb.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 25; Brand. F. Fl. t.24. The
Sissoo tree. Vern. Tali, Pb.; Sissu, Shisham, Hind.

A large deciduous tree, bark grey, heartwood brown with darker veins.
Leaflets 3-5, broadly-elliptic or ovate, acuminate, pubescent when young,
glabrous when full grown, 1-3 in. long. Fl. yellowish white, nearly sessile,
in short axillary panicles. Stamens 9, ovary pubescent, style much shorter
than ovary. Pod linear-lanceolate, 1-3-seeded.

Subhimalayan tract and in the outer valleys, from the Indus to Assam, ascending
generally to 3,000, and in places to 5,000 ft. Extending far into the plains along river
banks. Baluchistan, Suleiman range. Planted and often self-sown throughout India.
Fl. March-May.

2. D. latifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 113; Wight Ic. t. 1156; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 24. Blackwood, Rosewood. Vern. Sitsal, Bengal; Kiri, Kol; Shishamn,
Mar.; Biti, Kan.; Jitengi, Tel.; Ttti, Tam.

A large deciduous tree, bark grey, heartwood dark purple with black streaks.
Leaflets 3-7, broadly elliptic, orbicular or elliptic-obovate, obtuse, sometimes
emarginate, 4-3 i in. long. Fl. whitish, } in. long, on pedicels nearly as long as
calyx tube, in short axillary much-branched panicles. Stamens 9, ovary ela-
brous, style slender, nearly as long as ovary. Pod oblong-lanceolate, ’1-4-seeded.

Subhimalayan tract, from Oudh to Sikkim. Central and South India, extending
north to Bandelkhand and to Todgarh in Merwara. Generally in deciduous forests,
often associated with Teak. On the west side of the peninsula, also in evergreen
forests. F]. at Calcutta, in Sikkim and North Kanara in August, in Singbhum Sept.—
Oct., elsewhere with the fresh foliage in April. Coppices well, and throws up root
suckers. JD. sissoides, Grah.; Bedd. FI. Sylv. under tab. 24 (Jruputu), Wainad,
Palghat, Anamallays, Madura, and Tinnevelli, is a remarkable tree, smaller in size,
with smaller and more numerous leaflets, fl. 4 in. long, which requires further study.
It generally flowers in July, but has also been found to flower in March. D. emar-
ginata, Roxb., Fl. Ind. iii. 224, a large tree on the Andamans (probably on North Island)
resembling Sissoo in habit, with obovate emarginate leaflets, fl. } in. long, pure white,
fragrant, in axillary panicles generally congregated at the ends of branches, identified
with D. latifolia in F\. Brit. Ind. will probably prove a distinet species. Prain, Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. 70, 41 unites D. sissoides with D. emarginata. To this I cannot agree.

3), De, ferro ls
Roxb.; Wight Ic. t.
262.

A small bright green
tree or large, straggling
sometimes climbing,
shrub. Leaflets 5-9,
2-3 in. long, elliptic,
acute at both ends,
glabrous above, slightly
pubescent beneath,
secondary nerves
numerous (15-20 pair),
with shorter parallel
intermediate ones. Fl.
white, small, in short
corymbose panicles,
ramifications slender.
gauche 10. Pod 2-3

. long, 1-2-seeded. Fie. 100.—Dalbergia rimosa, Roxb. 4.

234 XLY. LEGUMINOSA | Dalbergia

Subhimalayan tract in Sikkim (D. foliacea, Gamble list 29), the Dwars, Assam,
Khasi hills and Silhet. Fl. March, April. Also Tonkin, Celebes.

4. D, foliacea, Wall., is a large straggling or climbing shrub of Burma, similar to
D. rimosa, but leaflets 9-13, oblong, obtuse or emarginate, quite glabrous. Fl. in
ample terminal panicles.

5. D. ovata, Grah. Vern. Madama, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree, quite glabrous, except inflorescence, which
is rusty-tomentose when quite young. Leaflets 5—9, elliptic, acuminate, com-
mon petiole 3-5 in. long. Fl. white, 4-} in. long, calyx supported by an
obtuse bracteole. Stamens 9. Panicles large, terminal, common peduncle
flexuose, branches black divaricating. Pods oblong-lanceolate, 1-3-seeded

Lower and Upper Burma. FI. C.S. Cochinchina. Kurz F. Fl. i. 348 separates

from this D glauca, by obtuse mucronate leaflets. This is D. obtusifolia, Prain in
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 70, 42.

6. D. cultrata, Grah.; Kurz., F. Fl. i. 342; Vern. Yindaik, Burm.

A deciduous tree, attaining 70 ft., with purplish black heartwood, often with
lighter and darker streaks. Young shoots adpressed silky-pubescent. Leaflets
7-13, obovate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous. Fl. appearing with the fresh leaves,
+ in. long, white or pale pink (white, scented, Upper Burma), on pedicels as
long as calyx, in unilateral paniculate racemes. Stamens 9. Pod oblong,
1-4 in. long, with 1-3 seeds.

Common in deciduous and evergreen forest of the plains and hills, Lower and
Upper Burma. Dry country of the Irawaddi valley. Fl. H.S. Fr. C.S.

7. D. Collettii, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., vol. 66 (1898) 445. Shan hills, Upper
Burma, has the branches grey-downy, leaflets 9-15, 1-2 in. long, grey-puberulous
above, pubescent beneath. Fl. minute (} in. long) in ample terminal panicles, pod 1-2-
seeded, lanceolat2 on a long stalk, tapering to both ends. In Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
vol. 70, 56, Prain states this is a large climber. ;

8. D. burmanica, Prain, l.c., 448. Ruby Mines district, Upper Burma, is a middle-
sized tree, youngest shoots finely puberulous, leaflets 7-9, glabrous, 14-2 in. long. FI.
purple, in short sessile brown-pubescent panicles.

B. Climbers.- Stamens 9 or 10, united into a sheath split above.

9. D. rubiginosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 115.

A woody climber, running over the largest trees, branches stiff, divaricating,
often bent and twisted, branchlets finely pubescent or softly tomentose. Com-
mon petiole rigid, 1-2} in. long, leaflets 5-11, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, sometimes
mucronate or emarginate, 1-2 in. long, upper side glabrous or finely pubescent,
uunder side densely tomentose or silky, rarely quite glabrous. Secondary nerves
not conspicuous, numerous, parallel. Fl. white, 4 in. long, crowded in short
axillary panicles, calyx brown, silky or tomentose. Pod thin, glabrous, 13-2
in. long.

Western Ghats from Kanara to Malabar. Fl. February to May. In this I include D.
congesta, Graham, which is pubescent, and D. Gardneriana, Benth., which is densely
tomentose. The last form is common on the Nilgiris. Prain, ].c. 444, regards all three
as separate species.

Nearly allied are 2 eastern species: 10. D. confertiflora, Benth. Silhet, Chittagong,
Pegu, Andamans. Leaflets 11-15, 1-14 in. long, obtuse, glabrous, fl. crowded at the
ends of ramifications of ample terminal panicles. 11. D. velutina, Benth. Khasi hills,
Burma, Malay Peninsula. Densely rusty-pubescent, leaflets glabrous at last, 13-17,
oblong, 14-2 in. long.

12. D. rostrata, Grah.; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 70, 45 (D. pseudo-Sissoo,
Miq. D. Championii, Thw.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 231). Tinnevelli, foot of Ghats, Ceylon,
Malay Peninsula. Leaflets 1-5, 2-4 in. long; fl. creamy-white, pod 8-4 in., seed 1.

13. D, Kingiana, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 67, 289, Kachin hills. Leaflets 5-7,
coriaceous, shortly acuminate, 3 in. long.

14. D. tamarindifolia, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t- 242.
Deciduous, branches often twisted, branchlets and inflorescence pubescent.
Leaflets 25-41, obliquely oblong }—} in. long. Fl. white, in sessile compact

if
;

Dalbergia) XLV. LEGUMINOS 235

axillary panicles with corymbose branches. Pod thin, shining, strap-shaped,
14-3 in. long, 1-3-seeded.

Subhimalayan tract, from Nepal eastward, ascending in Sikkim to 3,000 ft., Assam,
Khasi hills, Andamans, Burma. Western Ghats from Kanara southwards. FI. March--
June. Also in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo. Prain in Journ. As. Soc.
vol, 70, 48, restricts D. tamarindifolia to the Eastern region. In the Western Peninsula
he recognizes two species, D. acaciwfolia, Dalz., leaflets subcoriaceous, very oblique,
glabrous above, glaucous beneath ; and D. malabarica, Prain, leaflets densely tomentose
beneath, pod 14 in., on a slender stalk § in. long.

15. D. mimosoides, Franchet ; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., vol. 70,56. (D. Milletti

Fic. 101.—Dalbergia lanceolaria, Linn., leaf, pod, standard. 4.

Prain l.c. vol. 66, pt. ii 446). Khasi hills. Yunnan, Szechuen. Leaflets not oblique,
pods 1-2-seeded, thick and rugose opposite the seed. The pod figured in Wight Ie. t.
242 is supposed to belong to this species. 16. D, multiflora, Heyne; Prain in Journ.
As. Soe. Beng., vol. 70, 59. (D. sympathetica Nimmo; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 234.) Deciduous
forests of the Western Coast, from the Konkan southwards. Stem armed with large
curved spines, branches often twisted. Leaflets 11-15 ovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse
or emarginate, thinly grey silky. Pod thin, 2-3 in. long, 1-2-seeded, on a short stalk.
17. D. coromandeliana, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., vol. 70, 60, Shevagerry hills. A
shrub; branchlets spinous, often curved; leaflets 7-9, glabrous, }-4 in. long. Pod
elliptic-oblong, thin 1}x 4 in.

18. D. Melanoxylon, Guill. and Perr. (D. Stocksii, Benth.) of Senegambia, a small tree

236 XLV. LEGUMINOSA [Dalbergia

with black heartwood, similar to Rosewood. Planted and run wild in Kanara.
Leaflets 11-15, thin, obovate, obtuse or emarginate, 4-1 in. long. Pod thin, glabrous,
mostly 1-seeded on a long slender stalk.

C. Trees. Stamens 10, in 2 bundles of 5 each.

19. D. lanceolaria, Linn.—Syn. D. frondosa, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 266.
Vern Yantost, Guj.; Dandoshi, Mar.

A large deciduous tree, wood white or yellowish white, without heartwood.
Leaflets 11-17, 1-2 in. long, glabrous, not black when dry, ovate or obovate,
obtuse, secondary nerves more distinct than the reticulate veins joining them.
The 2 upper calyx teeth obtuse, the 3 lower acute. Fl. in short unilateral
slightly silky racemes, these arranged in large terminal and axillary panicles,
with spreading branches. Calyx brownish purple, corolla pale-pink, standard
broadly-obovate. Pod 1-3-seeded.

Western Peninsula, north as far as Ajymere on the west, and Behar on the east side.
Also in the Sikkim Terai. Ceylon, dry region. Fl. H.S. (August in Ceylon and

the southern portion of the peninsula). A beautiful tree, when covered with fl. and
young leaves.

20. D. assamica, Benth.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 235. Vern. Medeloa, Assam. Fl. Noy.
A tree (S.E. Peal, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., vol. 66, ii. 449). Differs from the last by
finely silky pubescent leaves-and short axillary flower panicles. This species (Prain)
represents D. lanceolaria in Assam.

+ 21. D. paniculata, Roxb.
/ Cor. Pl. t.114; Fl. Brit. Ind.
ll. 236.—Syn. D. nigrescens,
Kurz. Vern. Dobin, C.P.;
Padri, Pasi, Hind. ; Thit-
sanwin, Burm. A large de-
ciduous tree, trunk irregu-
larly fluted, bark light grey.
Wood greyish white, no
heartwood, its structure
most remarkable, entirely
different from that of other
arborescent Dalbergias. Nar-
row, more or less concentric
bands of bast (phloém) darker
coloured, alternate with
broad strata of wood ; planks
cut from trees fall to pieces.
These bands of bast are
irregularly concentric, some-
times exhibiting a spiral on
a transverse section. When
the stem is not circular, they are developed well on the longer and wanting on
the shorter radius. Leaflets 9-13, turn black in drying, 1 in. long,
pubescent along midrib, from a rounded base oblong, obtuse, often emarginate,
secondary nerves not prominent, venation reticulate. Fl. blueish white, nearly
sessile, crowded in short densely brown silky racemes, these arranged in
compact terminal panicles. All calyx teeth acute. Disk liming the calyx
tube extending to the middle of it, where petals and stamens are inserted.
Standard from a narrow cordate base oblong, broader above. Pod narrowed at
both ends, 1—2-seeded.

Oudh forests. Centra] India. Western Peninsula and Burma. Fl. April, May,
with the fresh leaves.

Fra. 102.—Dalbergia paniculata, Roxb., leaf, pod,
standard. 4.

22. D. Kurzii, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., vol. 66, il. 450.—Syn.
D. purpurea, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 344 (not of Wallich). Vern. Thitpék, Burm.

Dalbergia| XLV. LEGUMINOS# 237

A large deciduous tree, with stout branchlets,
perfectly glabrous, heartwood black. Leaflets 13-15,
coriaceous, shortly acuminate, often nearly opposite,
2-6 in. long, common petiole to 12 in. long. Fl. ap-
pearing before the leaves, in pedunculate corymbose
panicles, which are crowded at the ends of branchlets.
Calyx purple, corolla white. Pod brown, distinctly
veined, 1- rarely 2-seeded, 4-5 in. long, 1 in. broad.

Lower and Upper Burma, ascending to 4,000 ft. Often
in Eng forest. FJ. Feb.—April.

23. D. cana, Grah.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 344. Lower Burma,
chiefly near streams in the hills, is distinguished by smaller
more numerous, oblong-lanceolate leaflets and thin, narrow,
tawny-velvety pods.

24. D. glomerifiora, Kurz; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 236. Hills of
the Pezu Yoma. Young shoots tawny tomentose, leaflets
5-9, elliptic or obovate, 2-3 in. long. Fl. crowded in com-
pact, shortly pedunculate head-like panicles, appearing before
the leaves.

95. D. sericea, G. Don.; Prain in Journ. As. Soc.
Beng., vol. 70, 51.—Syn. D. hircina, Benth. ; Fl. Brit.
Ind. 11. 236,

A small tree, with soft wood. Branchlets, petioles
and inflorescence clothed with silky, grey or ferrugi-
neous tomentum. Leaflets 13-19, elliptic, obtuse,
adpressed hairs on both sides. Fl. pale lilac, nearly
white, in compact short axillary panicles. Pods numer-
ous, in short panicles, small, glabrous, linear, 1-2 in. DK Hie: we i
long, } in. broad, 1-4-seeded. eae ecole On

Subhimalayan tract, from the Jumna to Sikkim. Fl. April, May.

26. D. Oliveri, Gamble, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., vol. 66 (1898), 451.
—Syn. D. paniculata, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 345 (not of Roxb.). Prain l.c. vol. 70,53.
Vern. Tamalan, Tabauk, Burm.

A large tree, heartwood very tough, hard and heavy, dark red. Leaflets
10-20, glabrous, 1-1} in. long. Fl. white, appearing with the young
leaves, 4 in. long, in large spreading terminal panicles. Calyx pubescent,
edges ciliate, 4 teeth short, obtuse, that opposite the keel long linear. Pod
1-2-seeded, 5-4 by $-1 in.

Pegu, mixed dry forest. Eng forests of Upper Burma. Fl. March, April. Smales
has sent specimens from the banks of the Mu river, Upper Burma, intermediate
between this and D. assamica. Leaflets silky pubescent, fl. white, large, in small
lateral panicles. Species 20 and 26 are closely allied.

Two trees of this section in Upper Burma are: 27. D, Hemsleyi, Prain, and 28. D,
Prazeri, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., vol. 66 (1898), 450, 452.

In Manipur a remarkable species of this section has been found: 29. D. Wattii,
Clarke; Prain, |. c.,451. Leaflets nearly opposite, 4-5 pair, narrow-lanceolate, very
acute, slightly pilose beneath,

D. Climbers. Stamens 10, in 2 bundles of 5 each. Pod thin.

30. D. volubilis, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 191; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii, 235. Vern.
Dauk talaung, Burm.

A large scrambling or climbing shrub with tough wood, the branches often
bent and twisted into spiral hooks. Glabrous, except inflorescence. Leaflets
9-13, elliptic or obovate, often minutely mucronate at apex, 1-2 in. long. Fl.
small, crowded, pale blue, in compact, pubescent panicles. Pod 2-3 in, long,
% in. broad, 1- rarely 2-seeded.

Subhimalayan tract, from Kumaon eastward. Oudh forests. Central and South
India. Andamans. Burma. Fl. Jan.—March.

238 XLV. LEGUMINOSE [Dalbergia

31. D. stipulacea, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 243; Gamble list 29. Vern.
Dauktalaung,
Lower, Thit-
magyt, Upper
Burma.

A large climb-
ing tree (Gam-
ble), in open
land or along
streams a shrub
or small bushy
tree, in the in-
terior of forests
a fairly strong
climber (Prain,
l.c., 451), wood
hard, close-
grained. Leaf-
lets 17-21, ob-
long, obtuse, 1-2
in. long. FI.
dull purple (pale
blue, Kurz) 4-}
in. | lone ion!
slender pedicels,
longer than
calyx, in more
or less unilateral
panicled ra-
cemes, bracts
and __ bracteoles.
large, oblanceolate, persistent. Pod oblong, obtuse, 2-4 in. long, 14 in. broad,
1-seeded, thickened and more or less prominently veined opposite the seed.

Sikkim, ascending to 3,000 ft., Assam. Manipur. Chittagong. Burma. Fl. Jan—
April (August in Sikkim, Gamble). To this section belongs: 82. D. Thomsoni, Benth.
Assam. Khasi hills. Leaflets 9-11, fl. very small.

Fic. 104.—Dalbergia stipulacea, Roxb. 4.

E. Trees, shrubs or climbers. Pods broadly faleate or reniform, thick,
coriaceous or almost fleshy.

33. D. spinosa, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 238.—Syn. Drepanocarpus
spinosus, Kurz. Vern. Ye-chin-ya, Burm.

A rigid wiry scrambling shrub, with soft, silvery white wood, armed with
stout divaricating branchlets, ending in pungent spines. Entirely glabrous,
leaflets 7-11, often nearly opposite, obovate-oblong, $ to 4 in. long.
yellowish white. Stamens 10, in a single sheath, sometimes in 2 separate
sheaths of 5 each. Pod 1 in. long, reniform, coriaceous, 1-seeded.

Tidal forests along the coasts from Chittagong to Tenasserim, also on the coast of
the Western Peninsula. Fl. May—June.

34. D. monosperma, Dalz.—Syn. D. torta, Graham; Cooke, Bombay
Flora i. 397; Drepanocarpus monospermus, Kurz, F. Fl. 1. 337.

A climbing shrub, branchlets often hooked and twisted, leaflets 5—7, obovate,
obtuse, often emarginate, 1-14 in. long. Fl. white in axillary, mostly uni-
lateral racemes, which are often arranged in short panicles. Stamens mona-
delphous, pod falcate, 1-seeded.

Near the sea coast of both peninsulas; on hills as well as in mangrove-swamps and
other salt marshes. Fl. June. Widely distributed over the Indian Archipelago,
China and Australia. Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., vol. 66 (1898), 452, prefers the older

eel”

ee ee

ee eS a

a oe «

“ee a

pe a le, kA ee

a>

Datber gia) XLV. LEGUMINOS 239

name, D. torta, which, however, is not based upon any description, but merely upon a
number and specimens in Wallich’s catalogue. In Journ. As. Soc. Beng., vol. 70, 49, it
is called D. candenatensis, Prain. :

35. D. parviflora, Roxb.; Prain, l.c., 452.—Syn. Drepanocarpus Cumingii, Kurz, F.
Fl. i. 336, is a large glabrous, often spiny climber. Tenasserim, the Andamans, the
Malay Peninsula and Malay Archipelago. Leaflets 5-9, 2-3 in. long, stamens mona-
delphous. This and allied species furnish a fragrant wood, the Kayu-lakka of commerce.

36. D. reniformis, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 261.—Syn. Drepanocarpus
reniformis, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 336. Vern. Taukma, Burm.

A deciduous tree, branchlets rusty tomentose. Leaflets 7-11, coriaceous,
ovate, acute, 1-2 in. long. Fl. white in rusty tomentose, mostly axillary
panicles. Stamens generally in 2 separate sheaths. Pod consisting of 1 or 2
reniform joints, thick, torulose, fleshy when ripe.

Assam. Silhet. Cachar. Burma. FI. Feb. March.

19. PTEROCARPUS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 238.

Large trees, with dark-coloured heartwood. Leaflets alternate, more or less
coriaceous, without stipels. Fl. yellow, in paniculate racemes, bracts and
bracteoles minute, caducous. Calyx turbinate, often curved, teeth somewhat
unequal. Petals exserted, with long claws, standard and wings curled. Sta-
mens united in a single or in 2 distinct sheaths, the 10th stamen frequently
free. Ovary with 2-6 ovules. Pod flat, indehiscent, more or less oblique,
orbicular, ovate or faleate. Seeds 1, rarely 20r3. 15 species, tropics of the
Old and New World.

1. P. indicus, Willd.; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. 66 (1898),
pp. 125, 453. Vern. Padauk, Burm.

A large tree, generally evergreen, with reddish brown heartwood. Leaflets
5-9, glabrous, elliptic, abruptly acuminate, with a broad obtuse point, 2-3 in.
long. Secondary nerves not much more prominent than the reticulate veins
between them. Flowers numerous, golden-yellow, fragrant, on slender pedicels
longer than calyx, in panicles at the end of branchlets, a striking contrast
with the dark green shining foliage. Pod orbicular, 1-2 in. diam., silky-
pubescent while young.

Often planted in Burma, believed to be indigenous in the Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago. Fl. May-Aug.

2. P. dalbergioides, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 246;
Prain, l.c., p. 124.—Syn. P. indicus, Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 23. The Andaman redwood.

A large evergreen tree, with ascending branches
spreading at the ends. Differs from P. indicus by
more numerous leaflets, which are ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, principal secondary nerves 5-8 pair,
conspicuous. Pod nearly glabrous, 2 in. diam., often
2-seeded.

Common on the Andamans, where it attains a very
large size. FI. R.S. Roxburgh (FI. Ind. iii. 236) and Prain
regard these 2 species as distinct; Baker (FI. Brit. Ind.
ii. 288) and Kurz (F. FI. i. 849) unite them. The colour
of the heartwood varies from light grey to deep reddish-
brown-and bright red ; these differences in colour, how-
ever, are not accompanied by any visible characters in
leaves or flowers. ff j i:

Fig. 105.—Pterocarpus dal-

‘ Cay 2s Ty iY ~ieg Tay
3. P. macrocarpus, Kurz; F. Fl. i. 349. Vern. berpioides, Roxb. 4,

Padauk, Burm. :
A deciduous tree, young shoots tawny-pubescent ; leaflets 7-9, ovate-oblong,

240 XLV, LEGUMINOSA [| Pterocarpus

mucronate, silky-pubescent beneath, as well as petiolule. Fl. yellow, in simple
tawny-pubescent axillary racemes. Pod 2$-3 in. diam., velvety-pubescent.

Deciduous, evergreen and Eng forests of Upper Burma, Pegu and Tenasserim. Hast
of the Sitang river, frequently associated with Teak (Brandis, Report on the Attaran
Forests, 1860, par. 11). Fl. April, May. _ Species 1-3 are closely allied, and are probably
only local forms.

4. P. santalinus, Linn. fil.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 22. The red Sanders
tree. Vern. Lal
Chandan.

A small tree, at-
taining 25 ft., with
extremely hard,
dark-purple _ heart-
wood. Leaflets 3,
rarely 4 or 5, broad-
elliptic, obtuse, 13-
3 in. long, under side
pale and clothed with
fine adpressed hairs.
Fl. few, in short
axillary or terminal
racemes. Pod 1} in.
diam., oblique, grad-
ually narrowed into
a short stalk.

Dry hills of the
Eastern Deccan, from
the Godayery to the
Palar river. Fl. July.

5. P. Marsu-
pium, Roxb. Cor.
Pl. t. 116; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 21. Vern. Bija Sal, Hind.: Hid, Kol; Bio,
Gujer.; Bibla, Mar.; Honne, Kan.; Pedegu, Tel.; Vengai, Tam.

A large deciduous tree, heartwood brown, with darker streaks. Leayes with
soft adpressed hairs while young, dark green, shining. Leaflets 5-7, cori-
aceous, elliptic, obtuse, emarginate, sometimes shortly acuminate, glabrous when
full grown. Secondary nerves 15-20 pair, with intermediate ones joined by
prominent reticulate veins. Fl. yellow or white, pedicels much shorter than
calyx, in terminal panicles. Calyx, peduncles, and pedicels clothed with dark
brown hairs. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath deeply 2-fid. Pod nearly
orbicular, 14-2 in. across, often 2-seeded.

Extreme south-east corner of Kumaon. Oudh forests. Gorakhpur. Central and
South India, Mount Aboo the northernmost point on the west side. FI. July—Oct.,
sometimes earlier or later. Ceylon. In the bark of this and other species of this genus
are sacs, filled with a red astringent oily gum, which is obtained by incisions in the
bark and sold as East Indian Kino. Varies in the shape of leaflets. Prain, in Appen-
dix to Ind. For. xxvi. 14, distinguishes two varieties: a, with elliptic obtuse slightly
notched leaflets in the W. Peninsula and Ceylon; 8, with acuminate |. in Central and
Northern India, sometimes on the west coast of the Peninsula.

Fie. 106.—Pterocarpus santalinus, Linn. f. 4.

20. DERRIS, Lour.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 240. (Degwelia, Taubert
in Engler und Prantl, iii. 3, 345.)

Mostly climbers, leaves imparipinnate, leaflets opposite, without, rarely with
minute stipels. Fl. white or purple, fasciculate on tumid nodes, which often
are lengthened so as to form small racemes or corymbs arranged in racemi-
form panicles. Calyx truncate, or teeth minute. Standard generally glab-
rous, vexillary stamen in some instances free, filament as a rule adnate to
the sheath in the middle. Pod indehiscent, narrowly winged on the upper

iy
4)

Oe! —— ee OF ee ef en

«

;
¢
7
a

Derris| XLY. LEGUMINOSE 241

or on both sides. Species 40, in the tropical and subtropical regions of both
hemispheres, one half in the Transgangetic peninsula. Differs from Millettia
by the indehiscent winged pods and, in the case of some species, by the
inflorescence.

A. Trees.

1. D. robusta, Benth.—Syn. Dalbergia robusta, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 244.
Vern. Korat, Assam; Thitpagan, Burm.

A middle-sized deciduous tree, leaflets 6-13 pair, chartaceous, elliptic-oblong,
1-1 in. long, underside pale with minute adpressed hairs. Fl. white, in
slender axillary, slightly pubescent racemes, pedicels filiform, three times the
length of calyx. Pod linear, minutely pubescent, 14-3 by 4-1 in., upper
suture winged, seeds 1-5.

Assam, Chittagong hills. Burma. Fl. H.S. A profusion of white blossoms before
the leaves appear.

2. D. dalbergioides, Baker. Tenasserim. Upper Burma (Mu forests, Vern. Ngayamin,
Burm., Smales). In April-May covered with brilliant purple fl. Malay Penins.
Leaflets 10-15 pair, 1 in. long, pale beneath, with fine adpressed hairs on both sides.
Pod lanceolate, glabrous, 2-4 in. long, 14-seeded, a broad sharp wing on the upper
suture.

B. Climbing shrubs.

3. D. scandens. Benth.—Syn. Dalbergia scandens, Roxb. Cor. Pl, t. 192 :
Wight Ic. t. 275. Vern. Gonj, Hind.; Migyaung-niwe, Burm.

A very large evergreen climber, often 100 ft. long; stems 3 in. diam.:
leaflets coriaceous, 3-6 pair, elliptic-lanceolate, 1-2 in. long. FI. pale rose-
coloured (white in Ceylon) on slender pedicels, fasciculate on thickened nodes
in slender axillary slightly pubescent racemes, much longer than leaves. Pods
linear-lanceolate, 1—3 in. long, 4—} in. wide, with fine silky scattered hairs, upper
suture winged, seeds 1-4.

Subhimalayan tract
from Oudh eastward. As-
sam, Chittagong, Burma,
Andamans. Western Pen-
insula. Fl. RS. Also in

Ceylon, Malay Peninsula,
China.

4. D. uliginosa,
Benth.; Kurz, F. Fl. i.
339. -

A large glabrous ever-
green climber, stem 2-3
in. diam. Leaflets 1-2
pair, thinly coriaceous,
broadly ovate, acumi-
nate, 3-5 in, long, quite
glabrous, polished above,
no stipels. Fl. pink,
2 in. long, on short 3-5
fld. racemes arranged in
long, slender, glabrous,
raceme - like — panicles,
Pod glabrous, obliquely
oval or almost orbicular,
1-1} in, long, narrowly
winged on the semini-
ferous suture, 1-seeded.

Sea-coast and tidal river Fie. 107.—Derris scandens, Benth, 4,

R

242 XLV. LEGUMINOSA [Derris

banks of both peninsulas and the Andamans. FI1.C.S. Also on the coasts of Ceylon,
and from Eastern Africa to Western Polynesia. The twisted stems used for cattle
ropes. Nearly allied: 5. D. elegans, Benth. Andamans, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula,
and Sumatra. Branchlets, underside of leaves and inflorescence clothed with long
thin ferrugineous hairs, leaflets 2 pair, coriaceous, 3-8 in. long, stipels small, subulate,
hairy. Fl. nearly 4 in. long, petals white with pink tips. Pod broad, generally 1-seeded.

The other climbers of this genus may be classified as follows :—
A. Pod winged on the upper suture only.

6. D. sinuata, Thwaites; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 340. Vern. Myauk-gon-nyin, Burm. Sea-
coast of Bengal, Burma, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Leaflets 2-3 pair,
glabrous, rigidly coriaceous, broad-ovate, 4-5 in. long, 2-8 in. wide. FI. 2 in., in ample
thyrsoid panicles. Pod coriaceous, turgid, 2-8 in. long, 1-5-seeded, contracted between
seeds. 7. D. elliptica, Benth.—Syn. Pongamia elliptica, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 237; Wight
Ic. t. 420, Chittagong to Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java. Young shoots,
petioles, and inflorescence rusty-tomentose, leaflets 4-6 pair, 3-6 in. long. FI. # in. on
- few fid. pedunculate corymbs in axillary racemes, standard densely silky on back.
Pod flat, thin, 2-3 in. long, sutures raised, the upper with a narrow wing. Similar in
appearance to Milletia pachycarpa, Benth., differs by the pod and the silky standard.
8. D. oblonga, Benth. ; Trimen Handb. p. 93, tab. 29. West coast, from the Konkan south-
wards, Ceylon. Glabrous, leaflets 4-6 pair, chartaceous, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceo-
late, 2-3 in. long, “a very ornamental climber, the white or pink fl. on short racemose
panicles appearing with the young leaves, which are of the same coppery pink colour
as the calyx” Trimen. 9. D. cuneifolia, Benth.—Syn. D. discolor, Benth. Outer Hima-
laya from Nepal eastward, ascending to 6,000 ft., Madhupur jungle, Maimansingh.
Chittagong, Burma. Nearly glabrous, leaflets 3-5 pair, 3-5 in. long, pale beneath
while young, with minute silky hairs chiefly beneath, chartaceous, elliptic lanceolate
or oblanceolate, acute. Fl. bright red 4 in. long, in 2-6 fld. pedunculate umbels, on
short corymbiform or racemiform axillary panicles. Pods coriaceous, 1-2-seeded, 1-2
in. long, 1 in. broad, often a narrow wing on the lower suture. From this Prain, l.c.,
459 separates D. malaccensis, Prain, Moulmein, Malay Peninsula, with fewer but
larger subcoriaceous leaflets, which are abruptly long acuminate. 10. D, microptera,
Benth., is nearly allied to No. 9, but leaflets 2-4 pair, perfectly glabrous from the
beginning, caudate-acuminate, a network of minute, very-regular but not raised
reticulate veins between tertiary nerves. Fl.4 in. long, fasciculate on tumid not much
produced nodes in lax drooping slender racemes 12 in. long. Pod thin, with a narrow
wing on the seminal suture. (Prain, l.c. 460, describes the pod as dehiscent, con-
sequently it should be placed under Millettia.)

B. Pod winged on both sutures, leaves glabrous, Western species.

11. D. eualata, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 186, common in the plains of South Kanara and
Malabar. Coorg, Nilgiris, Anamalais. Leaflets 3-4 pair, 2-3 in. long, fl. white, 4 in.
long, in ample rusty tomentose panicles. Pod glabrous, 4-5 in. long. 12. D. brevipes,
Baker, Western Ghats from the Konkan to the Nilgiris. Leaflets coriaceous, 3 pair,
2-3 in., fl. 4 in. long, in ample rusty-tomentose panicles, which generally are fascicu-
late at the ends of branches. Pod brown-silky, 1-2-seeded, 1-2 in. long. D. Wightii,
Baker, and D. ovalifolia, Benth., probably belong to this species. 13. D, Heyneana,
Benth. Western Ghats from North Kanara southwards. Leaflets coriaceous broadly
elliptic, 2 pair, 2-3 in. long. FI. on capillary pedicels in ample drooping panicles,
with slender branches. Pod glossy, veined, 1-3-seeded, 2-4 in. long, wings broad. 14.
D. platyptera, Baker. Plains and Ghats on the west coast, from North Kanara south-
wards. Leaflets 2-8 pair, rigidly coriaceous, brown when dry, shining aboye, pale
beneath. Fl. on short racemes, in long, drooping, rusty-tomentose, racemiform panicles.
Pod flat, glossy, veined, 3-5 in. long, wings broad. Stamens diadelphous (Cooke) and
otherwise similar to 16, with which it may have to be united.

C. Pod winged on both sutures, Eastern species.

15. D. ferruginea, Benth. Dwars, Assam, Silhet,Cachar. Burma. Branchlets, inflor-
escence and under side of leaves rusty-tomentose, fl. white, fasciculate on slender pedicels,
longer than calyx, in long drooping panicled racemes. Pod velvety while young, 2-3
in. long. 16. D. thyrsiflora, Benth. Assam, Khasi hills, Cachar, Andamans, Tenasserim.
Also Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo. Leaflets 2-4 pair, coriaceous, glabrous,
as in all the following species. Fl. white on short pedicels, single, not fascicled, in ample
erect thyrsoid rusty pubescent panicles; vexillary stamen free. Pod thin, glabrous,
veined, 24 in. long, wings broad. Prain, in Journ. As. Soe. Beng., vol. 66 (1898), 99,
462, restricts this to the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, while he includes the
northern specimens from Assam to the Andamans under a new species, D. Wallichii, fi.

ae ee ee ee eee

ro ee. oS

fll

|

Dervis) XLV. LEGUMINOSA 243

distinetly pedicelled, bracts shorter than buds. With this view I am unable to agree.
This widely spread species as a rule isa big climber, but from some places it is de-
seribed as a tree with spreading branches. In Journ. As. Soc. Beng., vol. 67, 288,
Prain deseribes D. latifolia, Prain, a tall tree of the Kachin hills, closely allied to D.
Wallichii, but with larger leaflets and flowers. 17. D. marginata, Benth—Syn. Dalbergia
marginata, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t.87. Nepal, Sikkim, Khasi hills, Pegu. Leaflets 2-3 pair,
pale, thinly coriaceous, 3-6 in. long, secondary nerves 6-8 pair, not prominent, joined by
distinct intra-marginal veins. Network of minute but prominent raised veins between
tertiary nerves. FI. 4 in. on long capillary bracteolate pedicels, in lax drooping
panicles, with slender, almost filiform ramifications. Pod straw-coloured, shining,
thin, 1- rarely 2-seeded. 18. D. polystachya, Benth. ; Prain, l.c., p. 463. Sikkim to 3,000
ft., Khasi hills. Leaflets 3 pair, elliptic, acuminate, 2-4 in. long. FI. } in. long on 1-
10 fid. short racemes, in lorg racemiform nodding panicles arranged in large compound
terminal panicles, standard glabrous, pod thin glabrous, veined, 2-seeded. D. secunda,
Baker, is nearly allied to this, and perhaps the same. 19. D. andamanica, Prain, l.c.,
p. 104. Andamans, Nicobars. Branchlets pale brown silky, leaflets coriaceous, 3-4 pair,
5-6 in. long. Fl. crowded on short corymbs, panicles rusty-tomentose, racemiform,
several at the ends of branchlets. Pod silky. 20. D. amena, Benth.—Syn. D. Main-
gayana, Baker. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. Glabrous, leaflets coriaceous, 3 pair,
2-4 in. long. FI. pink or purple, } in. long, fasciculate on filiform pedicels longer than
calyx, in long drooping racemes, forming terminal panicles.

21. PONGAMIA, Vent.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 239. (Gadelupa, Lam. ; 1
Taubert in Engler und Prantl, iii. 3, 344.)

P. glabra, Vent. The only species. Wight Ic. t. 59; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
177. Vern. Papar, Kanji, Oudh; Karanj, Mar.; Honge, Kan.; Kanuga,
Tel.; Ponga, Tam.; Thinwin, Burm.

A moderate-sized tree, bark soft, wood yellowish white, no heartwood.
Leaves imparipinnate, glabrous, bright green, leaflets opposite, without stipels,
2-3 pair, ovate, shortly acuminate, 2-5 in. long. Fl. on slender pubescent pedi-
cels, white and purple in axillary racemes, shorter than leaf. Stamens 10,
the 10th filament free at the base, in the middle connate with the rest. Pod
indehiscent, turgid, almost woody, more or less faleate, 1-seeded, 14-2 in. long.
Seed oily. ;

Common near banks of streams and watercourses in both Peninsulas. In Travancore
ascends to 3,000 ft. Oudh forests. Here and there in the Sub-himalayan tract ascend-
ing to 2,000 ft. An oil seed of commerce. Common also in tidal and beach forests of
India, Ceylon, the Malay Archipelago, extending to the coasts of South China, the Fiji
islands, and tropical Australia. Prain, As. Soc. Journ. Bengal, vol. 66 (1898), 456
states that inland it only occurs planted. This does not agree with my experience.

22. ORMOSIA, Jackson; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 252.

Trees rarely climbers, leaves imparipinnate, leaflets opposite, mostly coria-
ceous. Calyx campanulate, deeply 5-cleft. Stamens free. Ovary subsessile,
style filiform, incurved or circinate at the end, stigma oblique. Pod fleshy or
woody, 2-valyed. Species 25-30, in the tropics of both hemispheres.

1. O. robusta, Wight Ic. t. 245.—Syn. Arillaria robusta, Kurz, F. Fl. i.
334. Vern. Kywe-tanyin, Burm. —

An evergreen tree attaining 90-100 ft., bark dark, rough, branchlets ribbed,
shortly tawny-tomentose. Leaflets 4-5 pair, elliptic-oblong, acute, 3-7 in.
long. Fl. dull white, in terminal rusty- or tawny-tomentose panicles. Pod
nearly glabrous, bright yellow, somewhat fleshy, seeds 1, rarely 2. Seed en-
veloped in a red fleshy arillus.

Assam, Silhet, Chittagong. Burma. FI. C. 5. 2. 0, glauca, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t.
125. Nepal. Sikkim, ascending to 2,500 feet. Fl. white, in peduncled racemes shorter
than the leaves. 3. 0, travancorica. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 45, Western Ghats, Kanara,
Tinnevelli, and Travancore. A lofty tree, leaflets 2-8 in. long, on petiolules }-4 in. long.
Pod thick, woody, 8 in. long, 2 in. broad. 4. 0. inopinata, Prain in Journ. As. Soc.
Beng., vol. 69, 181; and 5, 0. laxa, Prain, |.c. 152, are trees on the Kachin hills.

1 Eleven years later Lamarck called the tree Pungamia.

244 XLV. LEGUMINOSE [Sophora

23. SOPHORA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 248.

Trees or shrubs with imparipinnate leaves, leaflets often alternate. Calyx
oblique, stamens free or filaments connate at base, anthers versatile. Ovary
shortly stipitate, ovules o, stigma terminal, minute. Pod moniliform, inde-
hiscent or tardily dehiscent. Species 25, tropical and sub-tropical regions.

A. Pod without wings or ridges.

1. S. tomentosa, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 249. Vern. Thinbaw-magyi,
Burm.

An evergreen shrub or small tree, branches, leaves and inflorescence shortly
grey-tomentose. Leaflets 11-17, thick, obliquely elliptic, obtuse. FI. sulphur-
yellow, in terminal racemes, calyx nearly truncate, teeth minute. Pod 4-6 in.
long, hoary, 6-10-seeded, the seed-bearing joints often separated by long seed-
less stalks.

Sea coast of Burma, the Andamans, Ceylon. Fl. R.S. A littoral species, cosmopolitan
within the tropics.

2. S. glauca, Leschen.; Wight Ic. t. 979; Spicil. Neilgh. t. 51.

A handsome shrub, branches, leaves and inflorescence clothed with per-
sistent grey or brown tomentum. Leaflets 21-25, acute, 1-2 in. long. FI.
purple, in dense terminal racemes, calyx longer than pedicels, teeth triangular.
Pod velvety, 5-6-seeded, 3-4 in. long.

Common on the Nilgiris above 6,000 ft.,and on other hills of the Peninsula. FI.
throughout the year. S. madr aspatana, described by Beddome (Manual, p. 89), from
the north Arcot and Cuddapah hills, is doubtful, “leaflets 25, 4-2 in. long, obtuse,
mucronate or retuse,” would agiee w ith S. interrupta, while the “villous pod ” would
point to S. glauca. W ight Ic. t. 1054, quoted by Beddome, represents the fl. of S. glauca
and the pod of S. interrupta.

Other shrubs of this section are: 3. §. Wightii, Baker.—Syn. S. heptaph ylla, Wight
Ic. t.1155. Belgaum, Mysore. Leaflets alternate, 11-15, lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, racemes
longer than leaf, pedicels longer than calyx, corolla white or yellow, seeds red. A
Ceylon species, Ss. zeylanica, Trimen Handb. Ceyl. ii. 96, t. 30 (S. heptaphylla, Fl. Brit.
Ind. ii. 250), has smaller fl., but may prove to be the same.

4. S, acuminata, Benth. Nepal, Assam, Khasi hills, Burma. Leaflets nearly opposite
15-19, lanceolate, 3-4 in. long, racemes shorter than leaf, pedicels shorter than calyx.
5. S. Bakeri, Clarke; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., vol. 66 (1898), 466, Parasnath, Man-
bhum, pubescent, leaflets 11-15, tomentose beneath, corolla dark red, pod silky. 6.
S. Moorcroftiana, Benth., a low much-branched thorny shrub of the inner arid North-
West Himalaya. Branchlets and stipules spinescent, leaflets pale green, finely grey
silky, +4 in. long. Two shrubs from Upper Burma: 7. §. Dunii, Prain; and 8
S. Prazeri, Prain, l.c., p. 466.

1

B. Pod with 4 wings or with 4 distinct raised lines or ridges.

9. S. mollis, Graham.—Syn. Edwardsia mollis, Royle Ill. t. 32.

Leaflets 20-30, alternate or opposite, elliptic, $-1 in. long. FI. bright
yellow in axillary racemes, generally appearing before or with the leaves.
Pod glabrous, 3-4 in. long, 5-6-seeded, the joints with 4 crustaceous undu-
lated wings.

Trans- mae Salt range. N.-W. Himalaya as far as Kumaun, ascending to 6,000
ft. Fl. March, April.

Other shrubs of this section are: 10. §, interrupta, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 165.
Pachmarhi, Central Proy., hills of the Deccan. Leafiets 18-28, #-14 in. long, obtuse or
emarginate. Pod nearly glabrous, with 4 membranous wings. 11. S. Griffithii, Stocks.
Reluchistan, Quetta valley, and Juniper tracts of Ziarat, 7,000-10, 000 ft. Afghanistan,
Persia. Often gregarious, the large bright yellow flowers appearing shortly before or
with the leaves; branches, leaves, and inflorescence clothed with soft silvery grey
velvet. Leaflets 20-24, 1-3} in. long. Pods silky, the joints with 4 narrow crenated
ridges.

Calpurnia aurea, Baker.—Syn. Virgilia aurea, Lam.; Wight Ill. t. 81 (78), is a large
shrub. Nilgiris, hills of Salem and Tinneyelli. Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets mem-
branous, nearly opposite, 6-10 pair. Fl. large, yellow. Pod flat, membranous, indehiscent,
3-4 in. long, 5-6-seeded.

tA

Cesalpiniew] XLY. LEGUMINOSZ

Seconp Sus-OrbER, CHSALPINIEZ.

Trees, shrubs, climbers, rarely herbs.
unifoliolate. Fl. bisexual, often zygomorphic.

stamens.

Stamens 10 or fewer, rarely numerous, free or more or less connate.

with or without albumen, radicle straight.

Most trees of this Sub-Order have
exception being the arborescent Bauhinias.
Trachylobium and Hymenea) have
lined by a stratum of thin walled secreting cells.
anomalous structure.

A. L. bipinnate.
I. Calyx 5-cleft to base or nearly so,
Pod not winged
Pod winged on both sutures
Pod w inged on one suture only : : A
Pod with a large terminal wing, 1-seeded,
indehiscent . : : ¢ : ¢ :

II. Calyx 5-cleft to base, segments narrow,
Common petiole long; petals orbicular, nearly
equal; pod flat ° : :
Common petiole long; petals very unequal ;
pod turgid
Common petiole short,
turgid

leaflets sinuate; pod

Il. Calyx campanulate. Fl. in dense spikes.
A prickly climber. Stamens 10.
A large tree. Stamens 5

B. L. pinnate, usually paripinnate.
I. Petals none.
Perfect stamens 10
Perfect stamens 2-8,
opposite . cj
Perfect stamens 2.

II. Petal 1.
Stamens 3-8. L.
hiscent
Stamens 7.
woody é ‘ :
Stamens 10. L. coriaceous. Pod dehiscent,
valves thick coriaceous, echinate.

long exserted. Leaflets

Leaflets alternate

papery: Pod flat, subinde-

L. papery. Pod dehiscent, valves

III. Petals 3 or 5, nearly equal. Perfect stamens 5
TV. Petals 3, unequal.
Stamens LO
Stamens 3
V. Petals 5.
Stamens unequal and partly imperfect
Stamens perfect, equal, usually 10

C. Leaflets 2, as a rule connate

L. pinnate, pari-bipinuate, rarely
Calyx of 5 more or less connate
sepals, often lined in their lower portion by a disk, which bears petals and

Petals 5 or less, imbricate in bud, the posterior (upper) petal eae
eeds

a distinet dark-coloured heart wood, the chief
Some genera (Hardawickia, Copaifera,
cavities in the wood ‘filled with gum-resin, the walls
The climbing Bauhinias have

segments imbricate, stamens 10.

1. CaSALPInia.
2. Perropnorum.
3. MezoneuruM.

4, PreroLopium.

valvate or slightly overlapping.

5, Porncrana.

CotviLura (p. 249).

Parkinsonta (p. 249).

. WAGATEA.
AGROCARPUS.

1c

va)

Harpwickra.

9. SARACA.
Dratium (p. 251).

. 10. Arvzevia.

. 11. Pancpta.

Sinpora (p. 252

. 12. Hemnorpria.

; AMHERSTIA (p, 252),
. 18. Tamarinpus.

. 14. Cassia,

15. Cynomerra.

16, Bauninta,

CAESALPINIA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 254,

Trees, shrubs or woody prickly climbers. Fl. white, yellow or red. Calyx
lobes 5, imbricate, the lowest outside and often larger. Petals 5, nearly equal,
Stamens 10, free ; anthers uniform, dehiscing longitudinally. Pod compressed.
coriaceous.

246 XLV. LEGUMINOS [Cesalpinia
A. Face of pods armed with sharp prickles.

1. C. Bonducella, Fleming; Prain in Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. 66, 226.—Syn. C. Bonduca, Kurz F. FI. i.
406. The Fever nut. Vern. Kanja, Karanju, Kath
Karanj, Hind. ; Nata, Sundrib.; Bagni, Sonth.; Sagar-
gota, Mar.; Gatsakai, Tel.; Gazzaja, Kan.; Gajji,
Tam.; Aalein, Burm.

A large prickly scandent or straggling shrub. L.
pubescent, pinnee 6-8 pair, leaflets opposite, mucronate,
6-10 pair. Stipules cut into large segments. FI. yel-
low, in axillary many-fid. racemes, bracts linear-lanceo-
¢ om late, spreading, longer than buds: filaments rusty-
aes ria Bonde fants Pod coriaceous obliquely elliptic, 2-3 be

ming. Fr. 4. rs » os 2
13-2 in. Seeds 2-3, lead-coloured, shining.

Naturalized throughout India, to 2,500 ft.in Kumaon. Indigenous in the Sundriban,
in Burma and on the Andamans. Fl. R.S. A good hedge plant—Ceylon. On the
sea coast in the Malay Archipelago and other tropical countries. 2. Closely allied,
united with it by Wight & Arn. C. Bonduc, Roxb., naturalized in the Western Peninsula.

_L. nearly glabrous, no stipules, bracts erect. 3. C. Minax, Hance, var. burmanica, Prain,
Fort Stedman and Saga, South Shan States, Upper Burma. (C. Minax is a Chinese
species.) A diffuse shrub. Branches at first downy, afterwards glabrous; pinne 10-
12. Leaflets 6-10 pair. Stipules subulate, rigid, 2-3-fid. Fl. white, in long peduncled
racemes, which are sparingly branched near base; bracts very large, enveloping the
young fl. Pod 4 by 2 in., with pubescent bristles.

Fie. 108.

B. Pods unarmed, dry, finally dehiscent.

4, C. Sappan, Linn.: Bedd. Manual t.13. Vern. Bakam, Hind.; Bakapu,
Tel.; Pattanga, Kan.: Patunga, Sappangu, Tam.;
Teinnyet, Burm.

A small or middle-sized thorny tree, heart-wood red,
yields a valuable dye. L. nearly glabrous; pinnee 10-13
pair. Leaflets obtuse, very oblique, 10-20 pair. FI.
yellow, filaments woolly at base. Pods thick, polished,
obovate, obliquely truncate, cuspidate. Seeds 3-4.

Chittagong. Pegu, Tenasserim. Shan Plateau. Hills east
of Bhamo. Planted in the Western Peninsula, common in

hedges andrun wild. Fl. R.S—Malay Peninsulaand Archi-
pelago.

5. C. Nuga, Ait..—Syn. C. paniculata, Roxb. Vern.
Sugauk, Burm. ; Netu, Shingri-lota, Sundrib.

A large scandent prickly shrub, glabrous, filaments
densely woolly in the lower half. Pinnze 2-5 pair.
Leaflets 2-3 pair, 1-2 in. long, coriaceous, glossy above,
pale beneath. Pod coriaceous, elliptic, pointed at both
ends, 2 in. long, 1-seeded. ;

44

Fie. 109.—Cexsalpinia

Sappan, Linn. Fr. 4.
Silhet, Sundriban, Chittagong, Lower Burma, Andamans,

Western Peninsula, chiefly along the coast, but also inland. Fl. May—October.—

Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Queensland.

6. Cs sepiaria, Roxb. The Mysore thorn. Vern. Relan, Karur, Pb.;
Aila, Hind.; Gilo, Uriya; Chillari, Mar.; Kurutu-gajjika, Kan.; Sukyanbo,
Burm.

A scrambling pubescent shrub, forming dense hedges. Pinne 6-10,
leaflets 6-9 pair, oblong, obtuse. Stipules semi-sagittate, deciduous. FI.
bright yellow, on long pedicels. Stamens slightly longer than petals, fila-
ments densely woolly in the lower half. Pod glabrous, obliquely oblong,
cuspidate, 2-3 in. long. Seeds 4-8.

ag ST

ae.

iid — eee Bm

Cesalpinia) XLV. LEGUMINOS 247

Indigenous and naturalized throughout India and Burma,
ascending to 5,000 ft. in Jaunsar. Fl. February—June. An
excellent hedge plant. Ceylon, Malay Archipelago. 7. ¢.
mimosoides, Lam. Western Peninsula, Burma. Densely
clothed with prickles, bristles and glandular hairs, pinnwe
10-30, leaflets 10-20 pair. Pod falcate, turgid, 1-2 in. long.

8. C. pulcherrima, Sw.—Syn. Potneiana pulcher-
vima, Linn.

A large, glabrous shrub, armed with a few scattered
prickles. FI. large, orange or bright yellow, pedicels
more than twice the length of fl. Filaments nearly
glabrous, twice the length of petals. Pods nearly
straight, linear oblong, flat.

Commonly planted in gardens and villages throughout India
and Burma. Fl. nearly at all seasons. Home unknown, has
been found, apparently wild, by T. H. Aplin, in December 1887,
in the Tapel Choung valley, Shan States, 1,700-5,000 ft.

Fig. 110.—Cvsalpinia

C. Pods unarmed, rather fleshy, indehiscent, the sepiaria, Roxb. Fr. 3.

sutures much thickened.

9. C. digyna, Rottler; Kurz F. Fl. i. 407. Vern. Su-let-thi, Burm.

A large scandent, sparingly prickly shrub. Branches ¢labrous or slightly
downy, pinne 5-9 pair. Leaflets obtuse, pale beneath, 8-10 pair, —} in. long.
Fl. in simple axillary racemes, 8-12 in. long : pedicels slender, 1 in. long; petals
orbicular yellow, the upper streaked with red; filaments densely woolly in the
lower half. Pod oblong, turgid, 14-2 in. long. Seeds 2-4.

Assam, Bengal, Chittagong, Burma, Upper and Lower. Sambalpur, C. P. (Griftith),
Western Peninsula. Fl. July—October.—Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
The pods are supposed to be as valuable for tanning as those of C. coriaria, Willdenow,
an unarmed tree of the West Indies and Central America, the Divi-divi of commerce.
10. C. microphylla, Ham.; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., yol. 66 (1898), 471. (C. cinclido-
carpa, F). Brit. Ind. ii. 471.) Sikkim, Western Bhutan, Assam, Silhet. Pinne 10-12
pair. Leaflets 14-18 pair, rigid, glossy above, obliquely linear, 4—-} in. long. Fl. in large
compound panicles. Calyx glabrous. Pod 2-3 by Lin. 11. C. tortuosa, Roxb. Tenas-
serim, Malay Peninsula. Differs chiefly by smaller leaflets and flowers in simple
racemes.

2. PELTOPHORUM, Vogel; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 257.
Species 7, tropics of both hemispheres.

P. ferrugineum, Benth.; Trimen Handb. Ceylon, t. 32.

A large unarmed evergreen tree, branchlets rachis and midrib beneath ferru-
ginous-pubescent. Leaflets opposite, obliquely-oblong, obtuse, }-} in. long.
Fl. large, yellow, on erect rusty-tomentose panicles. Petals with long ferru-
ginous hairs on back, filaments with tufts of silky hair at base, stigma peltate.
Pod flat indehiscent, 2—4 in. long, a firm broad wing along each suture.

Andamans. FI. May. Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, North Australia.

3. MEZONEURDUYM, Desf.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 257.

Large prickly climbers. Fl. yellow, zygomorphic. Calyx oblique, segments
strongly imbricate, the lowest much larger than the others and hocded in bud.
Stamens 10, free, anthers uniform. Pod quite flat, with a broad papery wing
along the dorsal suture. Seeds few. Species 11, tropics of the old world.

A. Pods 1-seeded. Leaflets and calyx glabrous.

1. M. cucullatum, W. et A. Vern. Biskoprah, Oudh.
A large straggling climber, stem covered with strong hooked prickles on

248 XLV. LEGUMINOSA [Mezonewrum

corky tubercles. Pinne 2-4 pair. Leaflets thinly coriaceous, shining, 2—5 in.
long, nearly opposite, 3-4 pair. Racemes glabrous, simple or branched, olen
arranged in a terminal panicle. Pods 2-5 in. long.

Oudh forests. Nepal. Sikkim, ascending to 5,000 ft. Khasi hills, Chittagong. Anda-

mans. Burma. Plains of Bengal. Behar. Moist evergreen forests of the Konkan and
North Kanara. Fl. Sept —Febr. Yunnan. Malay Archipelago.

B. Pods several-seeded. Leaflets and calyx glabrous.

2. M. enneaphyllum, W. et A.; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 66
(1898), 472.

Fie, 111.—Mezoneurum enneaphyllum, W. et A. Fr. 3.

A large climbing shrub, prickles sharp curved. Pinnz 6-11 pair. Leaflets
opposite, 9-11 pair, membranous oblong, }in. long. Pods red while young,
4-8 by 14-2 in.

Cachar, Chittagong, Andamans, Pegu. Fl. R.S.—Java. This probably is W. glabrum,
Kurz F. F1.i.409. 3. M. furfuraceum, Prain l.c.471, Pegu. Attaran forests (Tenasserim),
is supposed to differ by less numerous alternate leaflets. 4. M. andamanicum, Prain l.c.
234. Andamans, common. Pinne 2-5 pair. Leaflets alternate, 4-14 in. long, some-
times obovate and narrowed into a short petiole, 4-5 pair. Panicle large terminal,
composed of long unbranched racemes, the lower in the leaf axils. Calyx leathery.
Petals yellow with red blotches and veins. Pod 5 by 1-14 in.

C. Pods several-seeded. Leaflets and calyx pubescent.

5, M. hymenocarpum, W. et A.; Prain l.c. 233 (VW. pubescens, Baker in Fl. Brit. Ind. ii.
259). Upper Burma as far south as Prome. Andamans, very common. Ceylon.
Leaflets alternate or nearly opposite, 5-7 pair, obovate, 4-1 in. long. Calyx leathery,
pubescent. Pods thin, 4 by 1 in.

4. PTEROLOBIUM, R. Brown; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 259.

Large woody prickly climbers. Calyx deeply cleft, lobes imbricated, the
lowest. longer and more hooded than the others. Stamens 10, free, anthers
uniform. Pod indehiscent with a terminal wing and one seed at the base.
Species 7, of which 3 in the Indo-Malayan region, 2 in China and one each in
Africa and Australia.

1. P. indicum, A. Rich.—Syn. P. lacerans, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 196.
Vern. Korinda, Tel.; Karindu, iam

Branchlets, common petioles of leaves and pinne
finely pubescent, prickles numerous, sharp, curved.
Pinne 4-8 pair. Leaflets thinly membranous, sensitive,
6-8 pair, }-}in. long. Fl. white or yellow, 4 in. across,

Fig. 112. in lax axillary racemes, collected near the ends of
Pterolobium indicum, },anches, pedicels slender, longer than (but less than
A. Rich. Fr.’ 4. : ey? 2 oY,
3 twice as long as) calyx. Pod 1} in. long.

Western Peninsula, extending north to the Godavery river. Reported from Dehra
Dun (Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 66 [1898], 473), but not given in Kanjilal’s Forest.
Flora. Fl. R.S. The following, which are closely allied to 1, are regarded by Prain
as separate species: 2. P. macropterum, Kurz F. Fl. i. 410. Burma, Andamans. A

Pterolobiuni| XLY. LEGUMINOSA 249

large climber with few prickles. Pinne 7-10 pair. Leaflets papery, 7-10 pair.
Fl]. white in lax racemes, pedicels filiform, more than twice the length of calyx.
Pod 2-24 in. long. 3. P. densiflorum, Prain. Tenasserim (?), Malay Peninsula. Very
strongly armed. Leaflets thinly coriaceous, $ in. long. FI. yellow, in compact racemes. -
Pedicels as long as or shorter than calyx. Pod 2 in. long.

5. POINCIANA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 260.

Unarmed trees. Fl. large, in corymbose racemes. Calyx segments nearly
equal, oblanceolate, valvate. Petals clawed, spreading. Stamens 10, free,
long exserted. Pod flat, thin. Seeds numerous.

1. P. elata, Linn.; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 178. Vern. Nirangi, Kan.; Sun-
keswar, Tel.; Padenarayan, Tam. :

Attains 20-30 ft. Pinnz 2-8 pair. Leaflets linear, } in. long, 10-20 pair.
Corymbs few-fld. Petals four white, one greenish-yellow, all turning orange
when fading. Stamens and style more than twice the length of petals. Pod
6-8 in. long, supported by persistent calyx.

Doubtfully indigenous in the Western Peninsula, cultivated throughout India. FI.
Aug.—March. Arabia, Abyssinia. 2. P. regia, Bojer, a native of Madagascar, is
commonly grown in gardens (north-west as far as the Jumna) on account of its splendid
scarlet fl. in large erect panicles.

Colvillea racemosa, Bojer, also a native of Madagascar, isa great ornament of Indian
gardens, with its bright scarlet flowers in long compact cylindrical racemes.

Parkinsonia aculeata, Linn.; Bedd. Manual t. xiii. (Vilayati Kikar, Pb.) A large
shrub or small tree, indigenous in tropical America, cultivated in most tropical
countries, naturalized in India, where it is grown chiefly as a hedge plant in the drier
districts. L. bipinnate, common petiole short, thick, ending in a stout sharp spine, often
with a pair of stipulary thorns at its base. Pinne 2-4 pair, flat, coriaceous, 6-12 in.
long. Leaflets pinnate, sometimes none. Fl. yellow, in lax axillary racemes. Calyx
segments nearly equal, distinct almost to the base. Petals equal. Stamens free, fila-
ments pilose at base. Pod linear, 3-6 in. long, contracted between the albuminous
seeds.

6. WAGATEA, Dalz.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 260,

W. spicata, Dalz. (the only species). Wight Ic. t. 1895. Vern. Wagati,
Mar.

A woody climber, with long trailing, prickly branches. Pinnee 8-12 pair.
Leaflets glabrous, elliptic-oblong, 1-2 in. long. Fl. nearly sessile, in long
dense spikes, bright scarlet on a thick, furrowed brown-velvety rachis. Calyx
scarlet, campanulate, segments 5, the lowest much longer than the others.
Petals 5, equal, oblanceolate, inserted with the stamens on the edge of the
disk lining the calyx-tube. Pod indehiscent, 4—5-seeded, more or less con-
stricted between seeds.

West side of the Peninsula, common in dry and moist forests. FI.C.S. Fr. H.S.

7. ACROCARPUS, W. et A.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 292.
Species 2, one in the Malay Archipelago.

A. fraxinifolius, Wight Ic. t. 254; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 44. Vern. Mandania,
Nep.; Zandige, Havalige, Kan.; Malaikonnai, Tam.; Waringodi, Mal. ;
Yetama, Burm.

A lofty deciduous tree, stem tall, often with large buttresses, heart-wood
dark red, moderately hard, not heavy. Young shoots bright yellow tomentose.
Pinne 3-4 pair. Leaflets 5-6 pair, elliptic-lanceolate, 3-4 in. long. FI. dull

red or orange, nodding, on short pedicels, in dense erect racemes. Calyx
6) 5) v

250 XLV. LEGUMINOSA [Acrocarpus

campanulate, teeth 5, equal. Petals equal, slightly imbricate in bud. Stamens
5, long exserted, anthers uniform versatile. Pod stalked, thin, flat, with
numerous seeds. (On account of the petals being only slightly imbricate,
nearly valvate, sometimes placed under Mimosce.)

Sikkim, ascending to 4,000 ft., Western Dwars, Assam, Chittagong. Pegu Yoma,
Upper Burma. Western Ghats from South Kanara southwards, ascending to 4,000 ft.
Nilgiri, Anamalai and Palni hills. Fl. Dec.—Febr., with or before the young foliage,
which is red. A supposed second species of the Ind. Archip. possibly is a Mezoneuruwm.

8. HARDWICKIA, Roxb. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 270.

Erect unarmed trees. Leaflets few, coriaceous. FI. small, bisexual, in
panicled racemes.. Sepals petaloid, usually 5 rarely 4. Petals none. Stamens
twice the number of sepals, anthers short, versatile. Ovary with 1 or 2 ovules.
Pod dry. Seed 1, exalbuminous. Species 3, one in Africa.

1. H. binata, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 209; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 26. Vern. Anjan,
Hind. Mar.; Yepi, Naryepi, Tel.; Acha, Tam.; Ka-
mara, Karachi, Kan.

A large gregarious tree. Branchlets slender, droop-
ing, heart-wood dark red, extremely hard. Leaflets 2,
obtuse, obliquely ovate to trapezoid with 4-5 arcuate
longitudinal nerves. Fl. greenish-yellow. Racemes
lax, in ample axillary and terminal panicles. Pod
flat, coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, with parallel long-
itudinal veins, the seed near the end.

Gregarious but localin patches, in the drier districts of the
Western Peninsula, south of the Soane river.. Fl. R. 8.
Fr.C.S. Seedlings make a tap root up to 8 ft. long, and
probably longer, to reach a moist underground stratum.

2. H. pinnata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 423; Bedd. FI.
Sylv. t. 255. Vern. Madayan Sampirani, Tam. ;
Koda pala, Mal.

A large tree, heart-wood brown. Leaflets 4-6,
alternate, coriaceous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-4
in. long. Sec. n. numerous. Fl. minute, in dense

Fie. 113-—Hardwickia Cylindric, panicled racemes. Pod turgid, indehiscent,

binata, Roxb. L. Fr. 3. almost woody, 1-1} in. long, the seed in the upper
| opaxt:

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats from South Kanara to Travancore. Fl. C.8.
A balsam exudes when the heart-wood is tapped. Several species of Copaifera,an allied
genus of South America, yield the Copaiva Balsam in a similar manner. <A wedge is
-cut out of the trunk near the base nearly to the heart, when the balsam flows in
abundance. Copal also collects in the ground near the roots of several allied trees;
among others of Hymencea Courbaril in Guiana, which yields the Locust Gum, and
Trachylobium Hornemannianum, one of the species which yield the African Copal.

9. SARACA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 271.

Erect unarmed trees. Stipules intrapetiolar, more or less united. Fl. in
panicles with coloured bracts and bracteoles. Calyx-tube long, funnel-shaped,
limb 4-cleft, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens 2-8, exserted, oblong, versatile,
anthers on long slender filaments. Pod flat, dehiscent, coriaceous. Seeds
exalbuminous. Species 16, India and Malay Archipelago.

A. Bracteoles persistent.

1. S. indica, Linn.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.57.—Syn. Jonesia Asoca, Roxb.;

:
i.
;

Saraca] XLV. LEGUMINOSA 251

Wight Ic. t. 206. Vern. Ashok, Hind.; Jasunda, Mar.; Asoka,Tam.; Thawka,
Burm.

Eyergreen. Young shoots drooping and coloured. Leaflets 3-6 pair. Fl.
in dense corymbs, 3-4 in. diam., orange on expanding, gradually changing to
scarlet. Peduncles and pedicels glabrous, coloured, bracteoles persistent, } in.
Calyx-tube 4 in. long, twice the length of lobes. Perfect stamens 7-8. Pod
6-10 by 2 in., valves hard, reticulate.

Khasi hills, Arakan, Tenasserim. Western Peninsula, Northern Cirears and in
evergreen forests of the Konkanand Kanara. Frequently planted, chiefly near temples,
in India and Burma. FI. H. S.—Ceylon. 2. §. zollingeriana, Mig. Martaban, Java.
Leaflets 3 pair, less rigid than in 1, corymbs dense 2-3 in. broad, pedicels glabrous, very
slender. Calyx-lobes less than } length of tube. Perfect stamens 7. 3. S. Griffithiana,
Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., 66 (1898), 491. Upper Burma. Leaflets 4-6 pair, corymbs
dense 8-4 in. broad, peduncles and pedicels pubescent. Sepals half the length of
calyx-tube. Perfect stamens usually 4. Species 2 and 3 not seen, closely allied to 1.
4. §. triandra, Baker. Mergui, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra. A small tree, with long
slender, often scandent branches. Leaflets 5-12 in. long, 2-3 pair. Fl. rich orange-
yellow, in lax fascicled pubescent corymbs 5-8 in. long, axillary or above the scars of
fallen leaves. Bracteoles } in. long, spreading. Calyx-tube slender, about as long as

lobes.

B. Bracteoles caducous. .

5. $8. Lobbiana, Baker. Tenasserim, attains 40 ft. Leaflets membranous, 6-12 in,
long, 5-6 pair. Fl. yellow, changing to red, in glabrous panicles on the old wood,
bracteoles oblong-spathulate, 4 in. long, falling before the fl. expand. Calyx-lobes half
the length of tube. Pod 12 by 2} in.

Dialium, sp. nova, is a splendid tree of the evergreen forests of South Travancore
1,000 2,000 ft., timber very hard (Bourdillon, July 1899, in fl.). L. imparipinnate,
leaflets 11 alternate, thinly coriaceous, glabrous, ovate, caudate-acuminate. Fl. in
axillary fulyous-pubescent panicles. Sepals 5, widely imbricate, fulvous-pubescent
outside. Petals 0. Stamens 2, anthers large, extrorse, on short filaments. Ovary
oblique, densely hairy, ovules 2. Fr. unknown, hence cannot be named. Nearly allied
to D, ovoideum, Thw., Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 181, of Ceylon (cf. Prain in Journ, As. Soc.
Beng , 66 [1898], 483).

10. AFZELIA, Smith: Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 274 (Jntsia, Thouars; Taubert in
Engler u. Prantl iii. 3. 140).

Erect unarmed trees. L. glabrous, paripinnate. FJ. numerous, in terminal
corymbose panicles. Calyx-tube cylindrical, lobes 4, much imbricated, slightly
unequal. Petal one, orbicular, with a distinet claw, the others rudimentary or
wanting. Perfect stamens 3, filaments nearly free, long, pilose, anthers small,
oblong. Pod hard, thick, compressed. Seeds separated by transyerse spongy
dissepiments, generally with a cup-shaped arillus. Albumen0. Species 10-12,
tropical Asia and Africa.

1. A bijuga, A. Gray. Andamans, common near the coast. Littoral from the
Mascarene Islands to Polynesia. Attains 50 ft. Heart-wood reddish-brown, close
grained. Leaflets 2 pair. Panicles and calyx pubescent. Petals 4 in. long, white or
pink, filaments pink. Pod 6-8 by 2-8 in., thickly coriaceous. Seeds orbicular. A,
retusa, Kurz. Sundriban (Lhiala, Shundal), Andamans, Malay Peninsula. Fl. in
glabrous racemes, probably is not specifically distinet.

2. A. palembanica, Baker (A. bijuga, Kurz PF. Fl. i.412). Andamans, Malay Peninsula,
Siam. Mirbow, Malay, timber much prized. A tall tree. Leaflets bright green, very
glossy, 4 pair. Paniclesand calyx pubescent. Fl. green. Stamens dark claret-coloured.
Pod almost woody, 10-12 by 2-8 in. Seeds broadly oblong, 14 by 1 in.

11. PAHUDIA, Mig.; Prain in Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. ix. 34.

Unarmed trees. LL. paripinnate. Fl. racemose, racemes frequently panicled.
Calyx-lobes 4, coriaceous. Petal one, the others rudimentary. Stamens 7,
filaments declinate, free in the upper part, united below ina sheath split above.

252 XLV. LEGUMINOSA [Pahudia

Pod 2-valved, valves woody, septate between the seeds, which are partially
enclosed by a large basal arillus, albumen 0. Species 3, one in the Malay
Archipelago.

1. P. xylocarpa, Kurz F. Fl. i. 413; Prain lc. t. 45a. Shan hills, Upper Burma, Siam.
A tall tree. Branchlets pruinose. Leaflets 2-4 pair. Pod 4-5 by 2-24 in. Seeds 2-3,
much compressed laterally, 14 by 1 in.

2. P. martabanica Prain in Ind. Forester, xxvi. 312. Tenasserim, Pyin Padauk, Burm.
A tall tree, in habit like Pterocarpus. Branchletsglabrous. Leaflets4 pair. Pod 8 by
34 in. Seeds nearly cylindric, 14 by 3 in.

Sindora siamensis, Teysm.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 418. Siam. An evergreen tree. L. pari-
pinnate, leaflets opposite, 8 or 4 pair, obovate, 8-4 in. long. Pod broadly elliptic,
strongly echinate, resembling a hedgehog, the tips of the spines glandular, exuding a
sticky, rather fragrant resin.

12. HUMBOLDTIA, Vahl; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 273 (Batschia, Vahl,
Taubert in Enel. u. Prantl in. 3. 143.

Erect unarmed trees. L. paripinnate. Stipules persistent, usually peltate,
consisting of 2 separate unequal parts. FI. in axillary racemes, each fl. sub-
tended by a pair of persistent coloured bracteoles. Calyx-tube turbinate, lobes
4 or 5, equal, petaloid. Petals 3 or 5, nearly equal. Stamens 5, exserted,
alternating with 5 minute staminodes, anthers versatile. Pod flat, coriaceous,
dehiscent. Albumen 0. Species 1 in tropical Africa, 5 in the Western
Peninsula and Ceylon.

A. Leaflets 4 pair or more.

1. H. laurifolia, Vahl; Wight Ic. t. 1605.

A shrub or small tree, the internodes of the younger branchlets frequently
swollen, hollow, the cavities inhabited by small black ants. Leaflets 4-5 pair,
rigid, acuminate, 2—4 in. long, upper portion of stipule erect, 1} in. long, ovate-
lanceolate, lower portion narrow, acute, much smaller, spr eading horizontally.
Racemes erect, 3-5 in. long: FI. scented. Calyx pink. Petals white.

Malabar. Fl. June.—Ceylon. 2.H. Vahliana, Wight Ic.t. 1607-8. Malabar, Nilgivis,
Tinneyelli. Travancore, common at low elevations near rivers. (Atta Vanti, Tam. ;
Koratthi, Mal.). Leaflets rigidly coriaceous, lanceolate, 4-6 in. long. Racemes short,
softly tomentose. 38. H. decurrens, Bedd.; Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 2368. Tinnevelli and
Travancore Ghats in evergreen forests (Kunthani, Mal.). A middle-sized or large tree.
Leaflets 4-6 pair, 6-12 in. long, tomentose while young, rachis broadly winged. Racemes
short, softly pubescent.

B. Leaflets 1-2 pair.

4. H. Brunonis, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 288; Wight Ic. t. 1606. Western Ghats, from
Coorg and South Kanara southwards. Leaflets 2 pair, elliptic-oblong, 4-6 in. long.
Racemes peduncled, equalling or exceeding the leaves. Petals 3 orange. 5. H. unijuga,
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 188. Travancore Ghats. Leaflets 1 pair, 5-7 in. long, rigidly
coriaceous. Racemes short, on the old wood or clustered at the ends of short woody
branchlets. Fl. crimson.

Amherstia nobilis, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t.1.2.; Thawka, Burm. Planted near Pungyi-
kyaungs in Burma, believed to be wild near the Yunzalin river below Papoon. Young
shoots drooping, glaucous purple. L. paripinnate; leaflets 6-8 pair. FI. crimson, in
long pendulous racemes, each fl. supported by 2 large lanceolate coloured bracteoles.
Calyx segments 4, petaloid. Petals 3 large but unequal, 2minute. Stamens 10, dia-
delphous, alternately shorter. Pod flat dehiscent, 5-7 in. long, broader at top.

13. TAMARINDUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. 1. 273.

T. indica, Linn. (the only species). Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 184. Vern. Aili,
Imli, Hind. ; Chinch, Chitz, Mar. ; ; Koya, Tentuli, Uriya; Chita, Hitta, Gond. ;
Chinta, Tel. ; Puli, Tam. ; Magyi, Burm.

Tamarindus| XLV, LEGUMINOS 253

A large unarmed tree. Leaflets 10-15 pair. Racemes lax, with 10-15
fl. Calyx-tube turbinate, sezments 4. Petals 3, unequal, variegated with
red and yellow, the 2 lower reduced to scales. Perfect stamens 3, filaments
united to the middle, anthers oblong, versatile. Ovary stipitate, the stalk
adnate to calyx-tube. Pod thick, filled with dark brown acid pulp, traversed
by fibres. Seeds brown, shining, without albumen.

Culivated throughout India and Burma. ‘Trees are found as far as the Jhelam, but
the fruit does not ripen west of Amballa. Self-sown in waste and forest lands, but not
originally indigenous in India or Burma. Great Coco Island, introduced by the sea,
not planted (Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 66 [1898], 201). Cultivated and run wild
in the tropics of both the New and Old World, believed to be indigenous in tropical

Africa, Never leafless, foliage changes in March and April. Fl. May, June. Fr.
Febr.—March, :

14, CASSIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 261,

Herbs, erect shrubs or trees. L. paripinnate. Calyx-tube very short or 0.
Sepals imbricate. Petals usually broad, nearly equal. Pods flat or terete, as
a rule with transverse partition walls. Seeds numerous, albuminous. Species
380, in both hemispheres, mostly tropical, a few extra-tropical.

A. The three lower stamens have long curved filaments and anthers, which
open by longitudinal slits, four stamens have short filaments and anthers
opening by basal pores; the rest have minute anthers without pollen. Pod
cylindric, indehiscent, hard.

1. C. Fistula, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl. 164. The Indian Laburnum. Vern.
Kaniar, Karangal, Pb.; Amaltds, Hind.; Bahawa, Mar.; Sonaru, Assam. :
Hari, Kol; Sonavi, Uriya; Kakke, Kakkai, Kan.; Rela, Tel. ; Konnai,Tam. ;
Ngu, Burm.

A middle-sized, at times a large tree, bark greenish-grey, smooth up to
middle age, sapwood large, heart-wood brick-red when fresh cut, darkening on
exposure, very hard, youngest shoots silky. Leaflets glabrous when full
grown, 4-8 pair, ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, blade 2-5, pet. 1} in,
long, sec. n. numerous, stipules minute. Fl. large, bright yellow, in lax lone
pendulous racemes, bracts minute, caducous, pedicels slender, 14-2 in. long,
the longer filaments not thickened in the middle. Pods cylindric, 2-3 ft. long,
black, seeds in black sweet pulp.

Common in deciduous forests in most parts of India and Burma. Trans-Indus on
the hills near Peshawar. Ascends to 4,000 ft. in the Outer Himalaya. Scarcely ever
wholly leafless; the young leaves and fl. appear in April and May. The pulp of the
ripe fr. is a strong purgative.

2. C. nodosa, Hamilton; Kurz F. Fl. i. 392; Wight Ic. t. 410. Vern,
Gnuthein, Burm.

A middle-sized or large evergreen tree, the youngest shoots silky. Leaflets
6-12 pair, thinly coriaceous, glabrous and glossy above, opaque beneath,
elliptic-oblong, acuminate, blade 3-4, pet. 4 in. long, stipules narrow faleate,
early deciduous. Fl. showy, pink, in erect pedunenlate racemes from the scars
of fallen leaves, bracts narrow-lanceolate, pubescent, persistent. Petals 3-1
in. long, the three longer filaments with a globose thickening in the middle.
Pod cylindrical, 12-18 in, long.

Silhet, Chittagong hill tract, Andamans, evergreen forests of Martaban and Upper
Tenasserim. Il. H.S. Malay Peninsula, Cochinchina, Borneo,

3. C. marginata, Roxb.—Syn. C. Roxburghii, DC.; Wight Ill. t. 83;
Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 180.

A small or middle-sized tree. Branchlets and young leaves silky. Leaflets
10-15 pair, membranous, glabrous above, oblong, emarginate and apiculate at

254 XLV. LEGUMINOSA [Cassia

apex, stipules hastate or falcate, early deciduous. Racemes axillary or from
the old wood, bracts large, ovate or obovate, caducous, pedicels }-1 in. Petals
3 in. long, longer filaments not thickened in the middle. Pod cylindric, 8-12
in. long.

Hills of the Karnatik, Courtallum, Tinnevelli. Deciduous forest, low country of
Travancore.

4. C. renigera, Wall.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 392. Vern. Ngwshwe, Lower,
Pwabet, Upper Burma.

A small or middle-sized deciduous tree, softly tomentose. Leaflets 8-20
pair, oblong, obtuse, 1-2 in. long, membranous, softly pubescent on both sides,
stipules large, reniform, early deciduous, tips shortly cuspidate. Racemes
short, erect, from the old wood, often leaf-bearing at the base, bracts large,
persistent, ovate, long acuminate, pedicels 1}-2 in. Fl. scented, pink or
yellow. Sepals and petals silky, with long hairs on both sides. Petals
elliptic-oblong, 3-1 in. long, the three longer filaments with a more or less
cylindric thickening in the middle, the larger anthers more or less hairy on the
back. Pod cylindric, 15-18 in. long.

Trawaddi valley from Prome upwards. Shan hills at 3,000 ft. Fl. April, May.

B. Seven stamens perfect, anthers nearly equal. Pod flat.

5. C. siamea, Lam.—Syn. C. florida, Vahl; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 179.
Vern. Mézali, Burm.

A middle-sized, sometimes a large tree, bark grey, nearly smooth. Leaflets
6-10 pair, chartaceous, elliptic-oblong, tipped with a minute sharp mucro,
glabrous on both sides, 1$—-2} in. long, stipules caducous. Racemes often
corymbose, arranged in a large pyramidal terminal panicle, often 2 ft. long,
pedicels 3-1 in. long, bracts stiff, linear, much shorter than pedicels. Fl.
yellow, petals $ in. long. Pod flat, thickened at sutures, minutely velvety,
4-10 in. long.

Probably indigenous in Burma and in the southernmost part of the Western Penin-
sula.. Cultivated throughout India and Burma. Fl. H. 8.—Ceylon low country,
chiefly in the moist region, Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

6. C. montana, Heyne. A large shrub. Western Peninsula from Belgaum south-
wards. Leaflets 10-15 pair, glabrous, glaucous, elliptic-oblong, mucronate, stipules
minute, caducous. Fl. yellow, in corymbose racemes, forming a large terminal panicle,
pod thin, sutures not thickened, 3-5 in. long. 7. €. timoriensis, DC. (Taung mézali,
Burm.). Burma, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago. A large shrub or small tree. Branch-
lets pubescent. Leaflets 10-15 pair, pubescent on both sides. Stipules foliaceous, often
dentate, more or less persistent. Fl. yellow, in large terminal panicles, pod 4-6 by
1 in., sutures not thickened. According to Beddome, Talbot and Prain (Journ. As.
Soc. Beng., 66. 477) also in the Western Peninsula. I have not seen specimens, and
Trimen Handb. Ceylon ii. 109, says: “ Not in Peninsular India.”

8. ¢. tomentosa, Linn., is a tropical American shrub, naturalized in the Western
Peninsula and Ceylon. Branchlets, petioles and inflorescence grey-velvety. Leaflets
6-8 pair, grey tomentose beneath. Stipules small, deciduous. Fl. bright yellow, in
peduncled corymbose racemes. 9. €. goensis, Dalz.; Hook. Kew Journ. iy. 112.
Described as a small tree at the foot of the Goa Ghats, fulvous tomentose, pod flat, 2-3
by 3 in.; may possibly be C. timoriensis.

10. C. auriculata, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl. 165. Vern. Taroda, Tarwad,
Mar. ; Tangéra, Tangedu, Tel.; Tangadi, Kan.; Avaram, Tam. ; Peikthingat,
Burm.

A gregarious pubescent shrub. Leaflets 8-12 pair, elliptic-oblong, obtuse,
mucronate, $-1 in. long, with a filiform gland at the base of each pair, stipules
large, foliaceous, persistent. Fl. yellow, in terminal corymbose bracteate
panicles, the lowest branches in the axils of leaves, the upper supported by
pairs of stipules. Sepals concave, unequal. Petals clawed, crisped on margin,
3-1 in. long. Pod 3-4 by # in., thin, hairy.

Western Peninsula, extending north to Ajmere and the Jumna river, covering large

Cassia] XLY. LEGUMINOS 255

areas in the Deccan. Dry region of the Irawaddi valley. Fl. Oct—May. The
bark is extensively used for tanning and dyeing. 11. ¢. alata, Linn.; Wight Ic. t.
253. Naturalized in India, possibly indigenous on the Andamans, found in the tropics
of both hemispheres. A large shrub. Branches thick, finely downy. Leaflets 8-12
pair, oblong from an oblique base, obtuse, 2-6 in. long, sec. n. 15 pair, prominent
beneath, stipules rigid, persistent, auriculate, | in. long. Fl. on short pedicels in
spiciform pedunculate racemes, the buds enveloped in large yellow caducous bracts.
Petals bright yellow with darker veins, broad-ovate, 1} in. long. Pods dehiscent,
rigid, 6 by 3 in., a crenulated longitudinal wing on each valve.

C. All stamens perfect, anthers nearly equal. Pod flat.

12. C. glauca, Lam.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 394.

A large shrub or small tree, nearly glabrous. Branchlets ribbed. Leaflets
4-10 pair, 1-3 in. long, erect, clavate glands at the base of the 2-3 lowest
pairs. Fl. yellow, in axillary corymbose racemes. Pod thin, dehiscent,
glabrous, 4-8 in. long.

Western Peninsula, extending north to Merwara, Burma. Often planted. Fl.
throughout the year. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

15. CYNOMETRA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 267.

Erect unarmed trees or shrubs. Leaflets opposite, few, more or less
coriaceous. Fl. small, numerous, fasciculate or in bracteate racemes, inflor-
escence in bud enclosed by imbricate deciduous scales. Calyx-tube very short,
segments 4 or 5, oblong. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 10, rarely indefinite,
anthers versatile. Ovary with 2 ovules. Pod turgid, indehiscent, with thick
valves. Seed generally 1, exalbuminous, filling the cavity of the pod.

A. Stamens 10.

1. C. ramiflora, Linn.; Bedd. FI. Syly. t. 315. Vern. Shingra, Shingar,
Sundrib. ; Wyin-ka-ben, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Leaflets 1 or 2 pair, 1-3 in. long. FI. white, on slender
finely puberulous pedicels, in small sessile corymbs, or short racemes, axillary
or above the axils of fallen leaves. Ovary hairy. Pod fleshy, wrinkled, } in.
long.

Tidal and coast forests from the Sundriban to Chittagong and Tenasserim. Anda-
mans, Coast of Konkan and Kanara. Fl. C.S., H. S.—Ceylon, Malay Archipelago.

2. ©. Beddomei, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., 66 (1898) 478. Western Ghats, South
Kanara and Wainad. Leaflets chartaceous, 2-3 pair. Fl. in axillary fascicles, pedicels
pubescent. Ovary pubescent, excepting a narrow strip below the insertion of the
style. 3. C. travancorica, Bedd. FJ. Sylv. t. 316. Tinnevelli and Travancore ghats.
A tall tree, young shoots creamy pink. Leaflets 1 pair, unequal-sided, almost falcate.
Fl. in compact short axillary racemes, bud-seales straw-coloured, scarious, pedicels and
ovary glabrous. 4. C. cauliflora, Linn.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 815 (in corner). Cultivated
in gardens. Leaflets 1 pair. Fl. pink, numerous, on short racemes which are crowded
on the old wood. Fr. thick, fleshy, edible, 1-2 in. long.

B. Stamens 40-60.

5. C. polyandra, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 286. Vern. Ping, Cachar.

A large tree. Leaf-buds enveloped in large imbricating scarious and mem-
branous bracts. Leaflets 3 pair, 3 in. long. Fl. white, tinged with pink, } in.
across. Petals reflexed, in axillary sessile corymbose racemes, enveloped in
bud by hard striate scales, pedicels pubescent, }-1 in. long. Pod woody, 2-3
in. long.

Khasi hills, Cachar. Fl. H. S—Malay Peninsula.

16. BAUHINIA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind, ii. 275,

Trees or woody climbers. Leaflets 2, united into one entire or 2-lobed
palmately nerved blade, rarely distinct. Il. more or less zygomorphic. Calyx

ORG XLV. LEGUMINOSE [Bauhinia

entirely closed in bud, tube cylindric or turbinate, lined by the disk, limb of 5
valvate segments or spathaceous, splitting on the upper side, or irrecularly
cleft. Petals 5, spreading, slightly unequal. Stamens 10, all or some only
perfect, anthers versatile. Ovary stipitate, stalk free or adnate to the calyx-
tube. Seeds numerous, compressed, with usually thin albumen. Species 150,
tropics of both hemispheres.

The stem of the arborescent species has a normal structure, as far as known. That
of the climbing species is irregular, but demands further study. The yith of all
Bauhinias is believed to be cross-shaped.

A. Fertile stamens 10. Calyx spathaceous. Erect trees or shrubs.

1. B. tomentosa, Linn. Vern. Vana Sampage, Kan. ; Tirwvatti, Tam.

A large shrub. L. 1-3 in. long, pubescent beneath, divided one-third down
into two-rounded lobes. Fl. in pairs, on short, usually leaf-opposed peduncles,
bracteoles linear. Calyx 1 in. long, shortly bifid at top, pubescent. Petals
sulphur-yellow, the uppermost with a dark purple blotch at base, 1} in. long,
not spreading, but forming a bell-shaped corolla. Pod dehiscent, finely pubes-
cent. Seeds 8-12, small.

Western Peninsula, more common on the east side. Often cultivated near Hindu
temples. Fl. Aug—April. Ceylon dry region. Tropical Africa.

9. B. acuminata, Linn.—Syn. B. candida, Aiton. Vern. Kachnar, Hind. ;
“Mahahlega byu, Burm.

An erect shrub. I. 3-6 in. long, longer than broad, divided one-third down
into two ovate, obtuse, or triangular acute lobes, tertiary nerves conspicuous
beneath. Fl. large, white, in short generally leaf-opposed racemes. Calyx
spathaceous, 1-2 in. long, acuminate with 5 setaceous teeth. Petals elliptic,
1-13 in. long. Pod glabrous, at length dehiscent, 4-5 in. long, } in. broad.

Chittagong hill tracts. Andamans, Burma, Upper and Lower, common in Eng
forest. (Probably not indigenous in Western India.) Often grown in gardens. Fl.
Sept.-May. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, China. 3. B. polyearpa, Wall.;
Kurz F. Fl. i. 396. Burma, Upper and Lower. A small shrub. LL. glabrous, blade 3-5,
petiole slender, 1-1} in. Fl. small, in slender leaf-opposed racemes. Petals white,
4 in. long. Specimens from the Pegu Yoma in high Teak forest, with larger leaves,
6 by 8 in., Prain (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 66 [1898] 495) is disposed to regard as belong-
ing to a distinct species.

4. B. racemosa, Lam.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 182. Vern. Papri, Shinjeri,
Jhanjhora, Hind.; Makuna, Oudh; Jinja, Rajputana; Apta, Shiara, Mar. ;
Ari, Tel.; Atthi, Tam. ; Hpalan, Burm.

A small deciduous tree. L. 1-3 in. long, broader than long, lobes rounded.
Fl. white, small, in long loose pubescent racemes. Petals 4—} in. long, linear-
lanceolate, unequal, filaments and anthers with long hairs. Pods thick,
generally curved, 4-12 in. long, 1 in. broad.

Dry forests of both Peninsulas, in the subhimalayan tract as far north as the Ravi,
ascending to 5,000 ft. in Kumaon. Old leaves shed C.S. New 1. and fl. H.S. Ceylon
dry region.

B. Fertile stamens 10. Calyx 5-dentate or limb of 5 segments.

5. B. malabarica, Roxb.; Brandis F. Fl. 159. Vern. Aml?, Iml, Hind. ;
Laba, Kol; Vatta Atthi, Tam.; Aram Puli, Mal.; Bwegyin, Burm.

A middle-sized, in moist districts a large tree, evergreen, with dark-green
foliage. L. emarginate, hardly lobed, at times quite entire, 2-3 in. long, broader:
than long, glaucous beneath. Fl. white, small, often unisexual, ¢ and ? fl.
on different trees in North Kanara (Talbot), pedicels long, slender, panicles.
corymbose. Calyx with 5 equal triangular teeth. Petals spathulate, equal.
Pod 12-15 in. long, # in. broad, marked with raised wavy lines, descending
from the middle to the edges of the valves.

Bauhinia) XLY. LEGUMINOS# 257

Fic. 113.—Bauhinia malabarica, Roxb. 3.

Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 2,000 ft. Central
India, Behar, Western Peninsula, Lower Burma. Fl. Sept—Jan. IL. acid, eaten.

6. B. tortuosa, Coll. et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. xxviii. (1891) t. 8. Southern Shan
hills at 5,000 ft. A small tree, more or less climbing. Branchlets, petioles and under-
side of 1. tawny-tomentose. IL. shortly 2-lobed, broader than long, 1-2 in. across.
Fl. in small dense racemes, on pedicels 4 in. long. Calyx-segments 5, spreading, obtuse.
Petals spathulate, white. Stamens 10, all perfect. Ovary densely villous. Pod de-
hiscent, 2 by 4 in., obliquely acute, gradually tapering to the base. 7. B. enigmatica,
Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., 66 (1898) 496. Maymyo and Fort Stedman, Shan hills.
Similar, but leaves 4 in. across. FI. larger on slender pedicels, } in. long.

8. B. foveolata, Dalzell ; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., 66 (1898) 496.—
Syn. B. Lawii, Benth.

A tall diccious tree. LL. orbicular, shortly 2-lobed or entire, base deeply
cordate, blade 5-9 in. diam., pet. 2 in. long, basal nerves 13-19, very pro-
minent, minute pits between the closely reticulate veins on the underside. FI.
white, scented, almost sessile, in broad panicles with divaricating branches,
Calyx clothed outside with a dense rust-brown felt of very minute hairs.
Petals obovate. d@: stamens 10, all fertile, the shorter filaments epipetalous,
9 : 10 minute staminodes. Ovary cylindric, densely clothed with long hairs,
stigma broad, fleshy. Pod twisted, red-tomentose, 12 in. long.

Common in moist forests of the Konkan and North Kanara. Fl. Sept.—Oct.

9, B. diphylla, Ham.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 399.

A large glabrous climber. Stems 2-300 ft. long, tendrils axillary, circinnate,
often forked. Leaflets quite free, 3 by 2 in. FI. large, in loose terminal
racemes, 8-12 in. long. Calyx-tube 3-1 in. long, segments 5, coriaceous, linear-
lanceolate, 14 in. Petals white, lanceolate, erect, as long as calyx-lobes.
Stamens 10, fertile, equal. Pod flat, thin, 10-16 by 3 in., on stalk 2 in. long.

Dry region of the Irawaddi valley from Prome upwards. FI. R.S. Specimens at
Kew, collected by Stocks in the Konkan.

C. Fertile stamens 3, sometimes 4 or 5. Erect trees.

10. B. retusa, Ham.; Brandis F. Fl. 161. Vern. Semla, Kandla, Kan-
ddlu, Hind. ; Laba, Kol; Thaw, Gond. ; Gondi, Tel.

A small tree, bark grey. Branchlets long, slender, pendulous. LL. entire or
slightly emarginate, coriaceous, broader than long, 3-8 in. across. Fl.
numerous, in pedunculate corymbose racemes, forming large terminal panicles,
pedicels long, slender. Calyx-limb splitting into 2 or 3 segments. Petals
clawed, hairy outside, blade orbicular, pale-yellow, marked with dark-purple
veins, perfect stamens 3. Pod late dehiscing, 4—6 by 1 in., generally broader
at top, seeds 6-8.

Ss

258 XLV. LEGUMINOSA (Bauhinia

Subhimalayan tract from the Bias to Nepal, ascending to 4,500 ft., chiefly near
water. Chota Nagpore, common. Central India, south to the Godayery. FI. Sept.
Oct. A gum exudes from the bark.

11. B. purpurea, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl.160. Vern. Kolar, Pb. ; Khairwal,
Gairal, Kwillar, Koinar, Hind.; Kanchan, Tel.; Sarul, Kanchivala, Kan.

A middle-sized tree, heart-wood brown, hard, durable. LL. coriaceous, cleft
about half-way down, lobes often overlapping along the inner margins.
Racemes short, in terminal panicles. Fl. deep pink, sometimes white (B.
triandra, Roxb.); pedicels bracteolate, 4-2 in. Calyx-tube obconical, 4 in.
long, limb twice the length of tube, cleft to the base into two reflexed segments,
one emarginate, the other 3-toothed. Petals oblanceolate. Fertile stamens 3,
occasionally 4. Pod 6-12 in. long.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Indus eastwards, ascending to 5,000 ft. Assam,

Khasi hills, Chittagong, Western Peninsula, in deciduous forests. Not indigenous in
- Burma or in Ceylon. Cultivated largely. FI. Sept.—Nov.

12. B. variegata, Linn.; Kanjilal F. Fl. 139. Vern. Kachndr, Hind.;
Kanchan, Mar.; Bodantham, Mandavr?, Tel.

A deciduous middle-sized tree, with irregular masses of dark-coloured wood
near the centre. L. as long as broad, 11-15-nerved, leaflets connate
beyond the middle. Fl. large, almost sessile, in short few-fld. racemes, 2
varieties, one with purple flowers (4 petals light purple, the 5th and larger deep
purple), the other with white flowers (B. candida, Roxb.), the 5th petal varie-
gated with yellowish-green or dark purple. Calyx-tube cylindric, as long as
the ovate spathaceous 5-toothed limb. Petals obovate or oblanceolate, 2 in.
long. Pod 6-10 in. long. Perfect stamens 5, rarely less.

Subhimalayan tract from the Indus eastwards. Assam, Burma, Western Peninsula.
Cultivated largely. Fl. Febr—May, generally while the tree is leafless. 13. B.
velutina, Wall. Imperfectly known, Tavoy and Mergui. Branchlets, petioles, under-
side of 1. and inflorescence clothed with minute, generally grey pubescence.

Racemes axillary, few-fid., corymbose. Calyx-tube cylindric, 1 in. long, segments 5

linear, as long as or a little longer than tube. Petals as long as sepals, blade obovate
on a long narrow claw. B. monandra, Kurz, is not a native of British India (Prain in -
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 66 [1898] 505).

D. Fertile stamens 3, sometimes 4 or 5. Climbers.

(a) Fl. in dense corymbs or corymbose panicles.

14. B. Vahlii, Wight et Arn.; Kanjilal F. Fl. 138. Vern. Tauwr, Pb.;
Malo, Maljhan, Maurain, Maulein, Mahul, Hind.; Rung, Kol; Maljan,
Chambal, Mar.; Shiali, Uriya; Thaur,-Gond.; Madapu, Tel.; Ani padu,
Hepparige, Kan.

A gigantic climber, stem irregularly ridged and furrowed, often 100 ft. long
and 2 ft. diam. A cross section shows numerous irregularly shaped masses of
xylem, consisting mainly of large vessels, arranged in more or less concentric
bands and separated by red juicy bark-like tissue, the structure of which is
not yet sufficiently known. Branchlets, tendrils, petioles, underside of leaves
and inflorescence clothed with dense ferruginous, rarely grey tomentum. L.
deeply cordate, variable in size, often up to 18 in. diam., cleft to about one-
third of their length, lobes obtuse, basal nerves 11-15, petiole stout. Tendrils
axillary, often fl.-bearing, forked, bifurcations circinnate. Fl. creamy-
white on long slender pedicels, in terminal corymbose racemes. Calyx-tube
shorter than the 2-lobed limb. Petals densely hairy, 1-1} in. long. Stamens
83. Ovary hairy. Pod flat, woody, clothed with dense brown felt, 9-18 by
2-3 in., bursting open with a loud report. ;

Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys ascending to 3,000 ft., from the Chenab east-
wards, chiefly in Sal forests. Assam, Behar, Western Peninsula, chiefly on the west
side. Fl. April-June. The most destructive climber to Sal and other trees, hence
effectually exterminated in many forest tracts. Growth of climbing shoots extremely

Bauhinia} XLV. LEGUMINOSA 259

rapid. Gleadow (Ind. For. xxvi. 170) records a growth of 31 ft. in one season. Rope
is made of the stem; the leaves are used as plates and made into umbrellas; the seeds
are roasted and eaten. 15. B. rufa, Grah. (B. Vahlii, Kurz F. Fl. i. 401). Khasi hills,
hills east of Toungoo, 2,000 ft. Tenasserim, similar to B. Vahlis, but calyx- tube
cylindric, as long as segments of the limb.

16. B. ornata, “Kurz (Myaukhlega, Burm.) A gigantic creeper. Pegu Yoma and
Tenasserim. Youngest shoots rusty-tomentose, mature leaves glabrous. FI. in dense
terminal, almost globose corymbs. Calyx thinly silky, tube turbinate, segments 5,
longer than tube. Stamens 3. Ovary densely rusty silky. 17. B. glabrifolia, Baker.
Pegu, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. A climber, 60-80 ft. long. L. glossy,
bright green, those near the ends of branches entire, lower down cleft to one-fourth
their length. Fl. small, silvery-grey, in dense corymbose bracteate panicles; bracts at
the base of main branches in pairs (stipules), at the base of pedicels solitary, linear-
lanceolate. Calyx grey with appressed hairs, tube shorter than the 3 segments of
limb. Petals hairy, 4 in long, anthers 3. Ovary hairy. 18. B. piperifolia, Roxb.
Assam, Silhet, similar, but no bracts on panicles. Fl. larger. Petals } in. long.
19. B. Khasiana, Baker. Assam, Khasi hills. Youngest shoots bright rusty-pubescent.
L. thin, glabrous. FI. ochreous, turning red, in large terminal corymbose panicles, and
like the calyx densely clothed with bright rusty pubescence. Calyx-tube equal to the
segments of limb. Petals silky, $ in. long, claw as long as blade, anthers 3. Ovary
densely silky.

(b) Fl. ia more or less corymbose racemes.

20. B. phoenicea, Heyne.—Syn. B. Benthami, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t.
107.

A gigantic climber. Li. glabrous above, minutely hairy beneath. FI. bright
crimson. Calyx-tube as long as the 5 linear-lanceolate segments. Petals 14
in. long, claw linear, as long as the ovate-lanceolate blade. Stamens 5. Pod
downy, 6 by 1 in.

Common on tbe’ chat of South Kanara and Wainad. Coorg. Travancore in ever-
green forests. Oct.Dec. 21. B. glauca, Wall. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula
and Reciinslazo, ‘China. Branchlets glabrous, tendrils numerous. Fl. in dense
leaf-opposed and terminal corymbs. Calyx glabrous, tube nearly twice the length of
the 5 lobes. Petals cream-coloured, } in. long, sparsely pubescent outside, anthers 3.
Ovary glabrous. Pod thin, 6-9 by 2 in. 22. B. tenuiflora, Watt; C. B. Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xxy. t.6. Khasi and Naga hills, Manipur. Similar to 21, but calyx-
tube linear, 3-4 times the length of segments. Petals 4-3 in. long. 23. B. nervosa,
Wall. Assam, Khasi hills. Youngest shoots and inflorescence thinly rusty-pubescent,
tendrils numerous. Fl. in large corymbose racemes, bracts lanceolate. Calyx-tube
cylindric, ? in. long, segments of limb 5 5, as long as tube. Petals 14 in. long, densely
hairy, claw as long as blade. Pod 6 by 2 in., valves thick, strongly veined. 24. B. albo-
lutea, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., 66 (1898) 181. Pegu, Tenasserim, Nicobars.
Similar to 23, but petals nearly glabrous. Prain identifies this with B. ferruginea,
Kurz F. Fl. i. 402 (not Roxb.) ; but Kurz states: petals rusty appressed-villous out-
side. I have not seen specimens.

25. B. mollissima, Wall. (B. elongata, Korth. Nat. Verh. Bot. t. 24). Tenasserim,
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Branchlets, petioles and underside of leaves rusty-
pubescent. Fl. in short leaf-opposed racemes. Calyx-tube 1-1} in. long, lobes 5 of
equal length. Petals 2-2} in. long. Pod pubescent, 4 by 1 in. 26. B. Kurzii, Prain
(B. rosea, “Kurz F. FI. 402). Kaymapy u choung, Salween in Eng forest (D.B., May,
1859), Taépo at 5,000 ft. ., Gallatly (Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., 66 [1898] 499). Fl.
rose-coloured, on long slender pedicels in terminal corymbose tawny Sate ulous racemes,
bracts linear-lanceolate, § in. long. Calyx-tube short, segments of limb 5 reflexed, } in.
long. Petals } in. long, slightly pubescent on both sides. Ov ary villous. Style thick,
short. 27. B. Pottingeri, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., vol. 67, 289. Kachin hills, A
strong climber nearly allied to B. nervosa, Wall.

(c) FI. in elongate racemes.

28. B. anguina, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 285. Vern. Naiwilli-lara, Nep.

A large evergreen climber, the branches flat, 4-6 in. broad, } in. thick,
twisted in alternate directions, stems more cylindrical, with a raised spiral
ridge. Branchlets and leaves entirely glabrous, youngest shoots rusty-
tomentose, tendrils slender, bifid, branches circinnate. L. thin, on the older

branches entire or nearly so, on young plants and on luxuriant shoots more or

260 XLV. LEGUMINOSA [Bauhinia

less bifid, the lobes narrow and tapering. FJ. small, white, in long slender
racemes, arranged in terminal panicles. Calyx-tube campanulate, very short,
lobes 5, ovate, spreading. Petals }in. long. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous.
Pod thin, obliquely elliptic, 2 by 1 in., 1-2-seeded.

Sikkim Terai, ascending to 2,000 ft., Khasi hills, Chittagong, Martaban. The
Burma plant (var. Horsfieldii) has smaller pods. Fl. R.S. B. macrostachya, Kurz
F. Fl. 401, may possibly be this species. See Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng., 66 (1898)
500.

29. B. Championii, Benth. Tista valley, Sikkim,common. Assam. China. Similar to
27, but 1. minutely pubescent beneath. Ovary pubescent. 30. B. macrostachya,
Wall. Assam, Silhet. Branchlets and 1. glabrous. Fl. in forked or simple narrow
racemes, 4-6 in. long, pedicels 4-1 in., in the axils of small triangular bracts. Calyx-
tube as long as the 5-cleft limb. Petals densely silky, }in. long. Pod tomentose, 4-6 by
2in. Seeds 2-4.

THIRD SuB-OrpER, MIMOSEZ.

Trees, shrubs, climbers, rarely herbs, with ‘abruptly bipinnate, rarely pinnate
leaves and small flowers in heads, spikes, racemes, or small umbels. FI.
regular, occasionally polygamous. Sepals valvate, generally connate, rarely
free, usually 5. Petals valvate, as many as sepals, hypogynous, usually con-
nate. Stamens hypogynous, definite or indefinite. Seeds without albumen,
embryo straight, radicle short.

Most trees of this Sub-order havea distinct dark-coloured heart-wood. Of the climb-
ing species, Entada scandens hasan anomalous structure, while the climbing Acacias have
a hard normally built wood.

A. Stamens 10, anthers with deciduous apical glands.
Thorny trees or shrubs; fl. in cylindrical spikes.
Pinne 2 pair; leaflets small, 7-10 pair . 1. Prosoris.
Pinnee 2 pair; leaflets 2-4 in. long, 1 pair . 2. PrerapENnta.
Pinne 6-10 pair; leaflets small, 12-15 pair . . 38. DicHrosracuys.
Unarmed climbers; fl. in cylindrical spikes 4. Envapa.
Unarmed trees.
Leaflets evenly alternate, 1 in. long; fl. racemose. 5. ADENANTHERA.
Leaflets opposite, 3-9 in. long; fl. in globose heads 6. Xyria.

B. Stamens 8 or 10, anthers without glands.

Stamens 10, monadelphous . ; ; : : . @, Pargia.

Stamens 8 or 10, free.
Pod continuous , . 0 3 3 5 F Lrucuna (p. 262).
Pod jointed : 8. Minosa.

Stamens indefinite, free. Thorny trees or climbers 9. Acacta.
Stamens indefinite, monadelphous.

Pod thin, straight, sutures not thickened . . 10. Avpizzia.
Pod faleate, sutures much thickened. 6 . 11. Carrranpra.
Pod circinate or twisted . . 3 . 5 . 12. PirHEcoLopium.

1. PROSOPIS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 287.

(Species 25, two in Western Asia and India, two in tropical Africa, the rest
in the drier regions of America, from Colorado and Utah to Patagonia.)

1. P. spicigera, Linn. ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.63; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 56; Brandis
F. Fl. t. 25. Vern. Jand, Punjab; Kandi,Sind; Khejra, Rajputana; Semra,
Sumri, Guzerat ; Sawnder, Mar.; Banni, Kan.; Jambi, Tel.; Jambu, Tam.

A middle-sized glabrous thorny tree with a very long tap-root. Bark grey,
rough, with deep fissures and cracks. Sap-wood large, irregular masses of
dark-brown heart-wood in the centre of old trees. Branches and branchlets
armed with scattered broad-based conical prickles. lL. bipinnate, pinne and
leaflets opposite, pinne 2, leaflets 7-10 pair. Spikes slender, in short axillary

Prosopis] XLV. LEGUMINOSZE 261
¢

panicles. Stamens 10, free, exserted, anthers gland-tipped. Pod coriaceous,
indehiscent, pendulous, linear, 5-10 in. long, filled with a dry sweetish pulp,
contracted between seeds.

Sind, the Punjab, Rajputana, the Deccan, as far south as Tuticorin. Baluchistan
and Persia. Leafless for a short time. Fl. after the leaves have come out, from
Febr. to April. Gregarious, coppices well, the base of the stem often surrounded by a mass
of stiff thorny branches and suckers. 2. P. Stephaniana, Kunth. Peshawar, Afghan-
istan, Western Asia, a thorny shrub; pinne 2-5 pair; pods short, thick, 1-14 in. long.

2. PIPTADENIA, Benth. ; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 289.
(Species 40, tropics of both hemispheres, chiefly America.)

P. oudhensis, Brandis; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix. t. 43. Vern. Genti,
Gainti, Oudh.

A middle-sized tree, glabrous, except inflorescence, branches armed with
large conical prickles. lL. bipinnate, pinne opposite, 2 pair, flat glands at the
base of each. Leaflets 1 pair, reniform, subcoriaceous, 2-4 in. long. Fl.
greenish-yellow, in dense cylindrical spikes, arranged in short panicles. Calyx
cup-shaped, nearly truncate; petals 5, lanceolate, three times the length of
calyx. Stamens longer than petals, terminal glands of anthers globose. Pod
stalked, linear, flat, 9-12 in. long, $ in. broad. Seeds 15-20.

Hills of the Gonda district and adjacent hills of Nepal. Oudh, discovered by R.
Thompson 1871. Hills aboye Barmdeo, eastern Kumaon. (D. B. 1875.) Fl. April.

3. DICHROSTACHYS, DC.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 288.
(Species 7, most in tropical Africa, one in tropical Australia.)

D. cinerea, W. et A.; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 185.—Syn. Mimosa cinerea, Roxb.
Cor. Pl. t. 174. Vern. Awnlat, Merwara; Sigamkati, Mar.; Wadu, Kan.;
Velturu, Tel. ; Vadataram, Tam. ; Sitbyu, Burm.

A rigid thorny pubescent shrub or small tree, with light grey bark, heart-
wood dark purple, spines axillary, straight, strong and sharp, often prolonged
into leaf-bearing branches. L. bipinnate ; pinnze 6-10 pair, opposite, small stipi-
tate glands at the base of each pair; leaflets 12-15 pair, ,5 in. long, ciliate.
Fl. in dense cylindrical spikes, the upper flowers of each spike bisexual, yellow,
the lower sterile, purple, sometimes white, with long filiform staminodes. Pods
linear, 2-3 in. long, irregularly twisted, indehiscent or opening irregularly.

Dry stony hills in Central India, Rajputana and the Deccan. Meiktila and Pakokku
district in the dry region of the middle Irawaddi valley. Fl. according to the locality,
at different times, in Rajputana, the northern Deccan and Burma in the H.S., Coimbatore
in June, Veligondas, Nellore district in November.

4. ENTADA, Adans.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 286.

(Pusetha, Linn.; Engler u. Prantl iii. 3. 122.)
(Species 11, tropics of both hemispheres.)

E. scandens, Benth.; Brandis F. Fl. 167. Vern. Pangra, Beng. ; Gila,
Sundrib.; Garambi, Mar.; Gon-nyin, Burm.

A very large woody climber, stems angled and much twisted. The wood to
a great extent consists of thin-walled parenchyma, in which are embedded
longitudinal strands of vessels, sieve-tubes and wood-fibres. L. bipinnate,
common petioles ending in long woody bifid tendrils; pinnie opposite, 2 pair ;
leaflets 3-4 pair, 1-3 in. long, glabrous, shining. Fl. pale yellow, crowded in
long slender spikes, from the axils of the upper leaves, or arranged in a terminal
panicle. Calyx shortly 5-toothed; petals 5. Stamens 10, tree, exserted,

262 XLV. LEGUMINOSA

anthers tipped with globose deciduous glands. Pod woody, of immense size,
2-4 ft. long, 3-4 in. broad, consisting of 10-30 one-seeded, flat, square or nearly
orbicular joints, the valves thick, separating from the thick rim. Seeds flat,
nearly orbicular, brown, shining, testa very hard.

Subhimalayan tract frotn Nepal eastwards, ascending to 2,000 ft. Silhet, Manipur,
Burma, Andamans, Nicobars, Western Ghats. Fl. March-May.—Ceylon, Malay Penin-
sula,and Archipelago. China. Sea coast of the tropics in both hemispheres.

5. ADENANTHERA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 287.
(Species 4, one in Queensland, the others in tropical Asia.)

A. pavonina, Linn.; Wight Ill: t. 84; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 46. Vern.
Manjadi, Kan.; Ani Kundamani, Tam.; Ywetgyi, Burm.

A deciduous, unarmed tree; heart-wood red, hard. L. bipinnate, pinne opposite,
4-6 pair ; leaflets evenly alternate, 12-20, elliptic-oblong obtuse, 1 in. long.
Fl. yellow, fragrant, on slender pedicels, in long panicled racemes. Calyx small,
campanulate, teeth | short; petals 5, connate at the base. Stamens 10, free,
anthers tipped with a deciduous gland. Pods linear, curved and twisted ‘when
opening, 4-9 in. long. Seeds bright scarlet, shining, lenticular, compressed.

Subhimalayan tract from Gorakhpur acts Silhet, Andamans, Burma. Western

Ghats from Khandeish southwards, not common. Fl. H. §8.—Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago, China.

6. XYLIA, Benth.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 286.

X. dolabriformis, Benth. The only species.—Syn. Mimosa xylocarpa,
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 100; Xylia xylocarpa, Taub. in Engler u. Prantl iii. 3. 122
The Ironwood of Burma. Vern. Suria, Chanda; Jamba, Mar.; Tangedu, Tel.;
Trul, Tam. ; Pyin, Pyinkado, Burm.

A lofty tree, leafless during part of the hot season. Bark grey ; heart-wood
dark red, very hard. One pair of pinnee at the end of a common petiole 1-5 in.
long; leaflets 2-6 pair, oblong acuminate, 3-9 in. long. FI. pale yellow, in
globose long-pedunculate heads. Calyx-tubular, wider at mouth, teeth short ;
petals linear, cohering at the base; anthers with small stipitate deciduous
glands. Pod flat, thick, woody, 4-6 in. long, 2-21 in. wide at the broadest
part, 2-valved, opening suddenly. Seeds 6-10, compressed, testa brown, shining.

Common in the moister districts of the Western Peninsula, on the east side in Orissa
and the forests north of the Godavery; the Moharli forests in the Chanda district being its
northern limit in Central India. Often gregarious. Burma, in the deciduous forests,
ascending to 3,000 ft. Fl. while leafless in March and April; fr. in the ensuing cold
season.

7. PARKIA, R. Brown; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 289.

Unarmed trees. LL. bipinnate; leaflets very numerous. Fl. in globose or
clavate heads, each head supported by a coriaceous bract, the upper fl. bi-
sexual, the lower male or sterile. Stamens 10, filaments connate at base and
adnate to calyx-tube. Pod flat, coriaceous, tardily dehiscent. Species 19,
tropics of both hemispheres.

1. P. Roxburghii, G. Don. Vern. Supota, Beng.

Attains 60 ft., and 2 ft. diam. Pinne 20-30 pair; leaflets 40-80 pairs,
4 in. long; pod 15—20 in. long, 14 in. broad, smooth, dark brown.

Assam, Silhet, Cachar, Chittagong. Fl. Dec. 2. P. insignis, Kurz. Vern. Myank
tanyet, Burma, forests east of Toungoo. Pinne 4 pair; leaflets 20-25 pair, 1 in. long.
3. P. leiophylla, Kurz, Pegu Yoma. Pinne 10 pair; leaflets 15-20 pair, 4 in. long; pod
12-18 in. long, black, torulose.

Leucena glauca, Benth.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 290, naturalized, common in hedges,

Parkia| XLY. LEGUMINOS# 263

originally American, is a large unarmed shrub or low tree; pinne 4-8 pair; leaflets
10-15 pair, 3 in. long. Fl. white, in dense globose heads, bisexual, mixed with slender
bracteoles, broader at the top. Peduncle thick, woody in fruit, bearing numerous pods,
which are flat, stipitate, early dehiscent, linear, 5-7 in. long; seeds numerous, shining,
lenticular, made into ornaments.

8. MIMOSA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 291.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees; 1. in many species sensitive. Pinne stipellate.
Fl. in dense globose heads. Petals 4 or 5, rarely 3 or 6. Stamens generally
twice the number of petals and more than twice their length. Pod linear or
oblong, the valves separating (entire or in transyerse joints) from the persis-
tent sutures. Species 300, mostly American, a few in Asia and Africa.

1. M. rubicaulis, Lam.—Syn. M. octandra, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 200. Vern.
Hajero, Sind; Agla, Eil, Aila, Al Ral, Hind.; Vundra, Tel.
A straggling prickly shrub,

pubescent, branches, petioles and AE

peduncles armed with short & 4g
curved sharp prickles; stem at- Z —

taining 5in.diam. Pinne 3-12 g al

pair, the lowest often not exactly © od

opposite; leaflets 6-15 pair, &.

obliquely oblong, the midrib ws o

lateral. FJ. tetramerous, pink, rs)
in fasciculate pedunculate heads. oe
Pod stipitate, glabrous, curved, Nl
3~4 in. long, separating in square
joints from the sutural frame, RQ
sutures generally without

prickles. Seeds 6-10. c

Common in most parts of India, |
except thearid region ; in the outer .

c i BS: iS , Sy By \
Himalaya ascending to 4,000 ft. “MiMi Q ql = \\
FI.R.S. Wood used for gunpowder Si : —"

a

<S s ~ 4 \
charcoal. 2. M. hamata, Willd.; NS : a G \
Surat, Deccan and east side of the —, FS g A es ‘
Western Peninsula; pinnee 3-4 pair; 4 ES 8 ae 44.
leaflets 6-10 pair, midrib near the aS F G
middle of leaflet. Sutures armed <r
with numerous hooked prickles.
Specimens of this, from Bombay, Fic. 114.—Mimosa rubicaulis, Lam. 3.

have been identified with M. poly-

ancistra, Benth., an American species. 3. M. pudica, Linn., the Sensitive Plant,
naturalized, introduced from America, clothed with long bristly hairs; pinnew 8-4,
digitate ; pod 4 in. long, with abundant straw-coloured prickles. Seeds 3-4.

9. ACACIA, Willd.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 292.
(The following characters relate only to the Indian species.)

Trees, shrubs and climbers, armed with stipular, infra-stipular or scattered
spines. lL. bipinnate, pinne and leaflets opposite. FI. yellow or white, in
globose heads or cylindrical spikes; numerous scaly bracteoles between the
flowers. Calyx and corolla 4-5-merous. Stamens free, generally very numerous.
Pod dehiscent or indehiscent. Species 450, tropical and subtropical regions of
both hemispheres, chiefly Australia.

A. Trees or shrubs; stipules spinescent ; fl. in globose heads.

1. A. Farnesiana, Willd.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 52. -Syn.. Vachellia Far-
nesiana, W. et A.; Wight Ic. t. 300. Vern. Waldyti Kikar, Hind.

264 XLY. LEGUMINOS [Acacia

A thorny shrub; spines straight, stipular. Common petiole 14-2 in.;
pinne 4-8 pair; cup-shaped glands below the lowest and often at the base of
the uppermost pair; leaflets ~10-20 pair. Fl. bright yellow, sweet-scented,
in globose fasciculate heads. Pod nearly cylindric, pointed at the ends , scarcely
dehiscent, glabrous, valves with raised parallel lines; seeds embedded i in dry
spongy tissue.

veered in America, but naturalized throughout India and Burma. Fl. Jan—
are

2. A. planifrons, W. et A.; Trimen Handbook Ceylon t. 35, The Umbrella
Thorn. Vern. Godugu Thumima, Tel. ; Kodaivelam, Jali Salei, Tam.

A middle-sized tree, crown flat, spreading, umbrella-like. Spines of two
kinds on the same branch : (a) long (1-2 in.), cylindric, ivory white, (b) short,
slightly curved, brown. L. small, fasciculate, with the fl. on arrested
branchlets ; pinne } in. long, 3-5 pair; leaflets 6-10 pair, nD obtuse. Fl.
heads yellow i in bud, white when open; peduncles slender, $—? in. long. Pod
2-3 in. long, glabrous, nearly cylindrical, curved nearly into a ring.

Southern Deccan : Salem, Madura, Tinnevelli, often gregarious. Fl. March. Prain

in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 66, (1898), 506, mentions a species from Southern India
different from 2, possibly A. Roxbur ghit, W. et A. This is not known to me.

3. A. arabica, Willd.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 47.—Syn. Mimosa arabica, Lam. ;
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 149. Vern. Babul, Hind.; Kikar, Pb.; Bamura, Jabalp. ;
Babar, Sind; Jali, Kan. ; Nellatuma, Tel. ; - Kar uU Vélam, Tam.

A large tree; bark rough with deep: narrow longitudinal fissures ; heart-wood
pale red, when fresh cut nearly colourless, on exposure turning reddish-brown.
Stipular spines straight, $-2 in. long. Pinnze 3-6 pair, cup-shaped glands
at the base of the lowest, “and generally also of the uppermost pair ; leaflets
small, linear, 10-20 pair. Fl. golden-yellow, in globose heads, } in. diam. ;
peduncles slender, fasciculate; a pair of scaly bracts in the middle. Pod
solitary, moniliform, much contracted between seeds at both sutures, whitish-
tomentose, stalk 4-3 in. long.

Indigenous in Sind and the Northern Deccan, including Berar and Khandeish. Culti-
vated and naturalized throughout India, except in the most humid regions on the western
coast and in the extreme North-West beyond the Jhelam, where the frost is too severe in
winter. Tropical Africa, Arabia. Gregarious. Babul forests are extensive in lower Sind
along the Indus, and in the Deccan along the Purua, Bhima and Kistna rivers and their
tributaries. Fl. R. 8S. and C. S; never leafless, the young foliage comes out in
Febr. and April. The pods are an excellent cattle-fodder. Gum exudes largely from
wounds in the bark.

A remarkable variety is the Kaulia or Kowri Babul in Berar and Khandeish, called
Vedi Babul in Poona, Sholapur and Satara. The spines are white, very stout, up
to 24 in. long, the pod is flat, on short stalks, # in. broad and very little constricted
between the seeds. In these districts the ordinary form with moniliform pods is
called Telia or Godi Babul, its wood is prized, while that of the Kaulia is considered
only fit for firewood. The bark of the Kaulia is more deeply cracked and exfoliating
and the crown is formed of twisted interlacing branches. In Africa and Arabia also
arabica varies greatly.

4. A. eburnea, Willd.; Trimen Handbook Ceylon li. 124.—Syn. Mimosa
eburnea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 199. Vern. Marmat, Mar.; Odai, Tam.

A lar ge shrub or small tree. Branches armed with. straight stipular spines,
mostly stout, ivory-white and 1-2 in. long. L. small, clothed with long hairs ;
pinne 4-8; leaflets 8-12 pair, acute. Fl. yellow, with an unpleasant
smell; heads under } in. diam., fasciculate, reddish-brown while in bud; mem-
branous bracts below the middle of the peduncle. Pods linear, slender, flat,
veined, generally 2-4 from one fl. head, 2-5 in. long, edges undulate.

Trans-Indus, Baluchistan. Salt range, Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys,

ascending to 3,000 ft., east as far as Oudh. Sind. The Deccan. Fl. Noy.-March. Dry
region of Ceylon.

Acacia) XLV. LEGUMINOS® 265

5. A. Jacquemonti, Benth.; Brandis F. Fl. 183. Vern. Ratabauli, Guz.

A bushy shrub; perfectly glabrous; branches flexuose, brown, shining.
Stipular spines straight, white, 1-2 in. long. Pinne 2-4 pair; leaflets
obtuse, fleshy, 5-10 pair. FI. heads yellow, sweet-scented ; peduncles 5-10,
fasciculate ; a pair of small scaly bracts about the middle. Pod stalked, thin,
flat, glabrous, 2-3 by } in.
' Trans-Indus. Punjab plains and Outer Himalaya ascending to 3,000 ft. Sind,
Rajputana, Guzerat (the dwarf Babul of Rajputana and Guzerat). Fl. Febr—May.
6. A tomentosa, Willd.; Trimen Handbook Ceylon ii. 124. Lower Bengal. Western
Peninsula, doubtful. Ceylon, dry region; a small bushy tree; branches and 1. tomen-
tose; thorns from a stout base, up to 34 in. long; pinnz 6-10, leaflets 8-16 pair. Pod
faleate, pubescent while young, somewhat torulose, 4-5 by 4 in.

7. A leucophleea, Willd.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 48; Brandis F. Fl. t. 27.—
Syn. Mimosa leucophlaa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 150. Vern. Rinj, arinj, Hind. ;
Raeru, Pb.; Hewar, Mar.; Tella tuma, Tel.; Velvaylam, Tam.; Tanaung,
Burm.

A deciduous, thorny tree; trunk often crooked and gnarled. Bark grey or
light brown, when old almost black and very rough. Heart-wood reddish-brown,
extremely hard. Spines straight, strong. Pinnee 5-10 pair; leaflets 12-25
pair, grey, linear, }—-} in. long, glabrous or pubescent. Fl. heads pale yellow,
nearly white, in large terminal, leafless densely tomentose panicles; peduncles
short. Pods linear, 4-6 by } in., clothed with dense brown velvet.

Siwalik hills, Jumna to Ravi. Plains of the Punjab. Rajputana, Bundelkhand, the
Satpura range, Northern Circars and the Deccan. Dry region of the Irawaddi valley
from Prome to Mandalay. Fl. Aug.—Nov.

Most, but not all, Burma specimens have large leaflets, }-) in. long, rachis and
leaflets glabrous, pods glabrous, 4 in. wide. These Prain (le. 507) prefers to con-
sider as a distinct species, A. microcephala, Graham.

8. A. Kingii, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal (1898), 66, 506. “Shan hills, Upper Burma.
A tree 30-40 ft.; stipular spines weak, minute; common petiole pubescent, 2-3 in. long;
pinne 9-10 pair, 1 in. long. Leaflets minute, 11-14 pair. Peduncles } in. long, hairy,
a ring of bracteoles above the middle; filaments united at the base. 9. A. (?) inopinata,
Prain lc. 507. Shan hills. Unarmed; com-
mon petiole glabrous, 8-10 in. long; pinne
6-7 pair, 2-3 in. long; leaflets 4 in. long,
10-11 pair. Fl. heads in terminal panicles;
stamens monadelphous, filaments united in a
tube beyond the middle. 8 and 9 possibly not
Acacia.

B. Trees or shrubs; stipules spines-
cent ; fl. in spikes.

10. A. Latronum, Willd.; Wight
Ic. t. 1157. Vern. Jala, Tel.; Odai,
Tam.

A gregarious shrub, sometimes a small
tree; thorns of two kinds, thin solid
short and stout, hollow, ivory-white,
2 in. long and }—} in. diam. at base.
L. fasciculate on arrested branchlets ;
pinnee 3-5 pair, #-1 in. long, leaflets
12-18 pair, minute. Fl. fragrant, white
at first, turning yellow afterwards, in
lax spikes 1}-2 in. long. Pods thin,
dehiscent, broadly faleate, obtuse at the
ends, dark brown, shining, 1}-2 in. by
4—} in. ;

Dry hills of the Deccan, covering large
tracts with a formidable thorny serub. Fl.
R.S., C.S. Fig. 115. Acacia Latronum, Willd. 4.

LIK
ee

SL
Ni

N
N
<

&
it
4

266 XLV. LEGUMINOSA [| Acacia

C. Trees or shrubs; stipules not spinescent; spines infra-stipular: fl. in
spikes.

11. A. Senegal, Willd.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 295.—Syn. A. rupestr is; Stocks;
Brandis F. Fl. 184. Vern. Khor, Sind. ; Awmta, Rajputana.

A small thorny
tree; bark smooth,
: shining; infra-stipu-
IS lar spines three,

Ms / stout, conical, very
SHAS Y sharp, dark brown,
2 i eucat shining, the two
DN st lateral straight, the
c= third recurved.

Pinne 3-5 pair;
common petiole often
armed with minute
prickles; leaflets
8-12 pair, grey, cili-
ate. Fl. fragrant,
white, in lax pedun-
culate spikes; an-
thers lemon-yellow.
Pod thin, straight,
pubescent when
young, tardily de-

Fic. 116.—Acacia Senegal, Willd. 4. Lptsteseas, 3 in: long,
: # in. broad.

Dry hills in Sind, Aravalli range. Fl. Aug.—Dec.—Tropical Africa.

12. A. modesta, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 130.—Syn. Mimosa dwmosa, Roxb.
Vern. Paloz, Baluch.; Phulai, Pb.

A middle-sized gregarious tree, thorny, rarely unarmed. Bark rough, with
a multitude of irregular narrow cracks. Heart-wood dark brown with black
streaks. Prickles twin, infra-stipular, dark brown, shining, conical. I. pale
grey; common petiole 1-2 in. long; pinne 3 pair; leaflets 3-5 pair, broad
ovate, or obovate, oblique. Stipules minute, deciduous. FI. white or pale yellow,
sweet-scented, in lax cylindrical drooping spikes. _ Pod stalked, flat, indehiscent,
2-3 in. by $ in

Baluchistan. Trans-Indus, east flank of the Suleiman range up to 4,000 ft. Sub-
himalayan tract and outer hills, between Indus and Sutlej. Salt range and northern
part of the Punjab plains, as far as Saharanpur and Delhi. Fl. March-May. The

white-fl. spikes contrast with the delicate green of the young foliage, but the fl. fade
and the leaves soon turn an ash-grey colour.

13. A. lenticularis, Ham.; Brandis F. Fl. 186. Vern. Khowr, Nep.

A small tree, perfectly glabrous. Prickles twin, infra-stipular, recurved,
sometimes wanting. Common petiole 3-6 in. long. Pinne 2-6 pair, leaflets
6-12 pair, oblong, obtuse, glaucous, 1 in. long: Spikes 3-5 in. long. Pod flat,
6-9 by 1-1} in., “sutures thickened.

Subhimalayan tract and outer hills, Kumaon to Sikkim. Rajmahel hills in Bengal.
Khamapur, Centr. Proy. This is A. ferruginea in Gamble List, 2nd ed. 32.

14. A. ferruginea, DC.; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t.51. Vern. Khatger, Guzerat ;
Khogra, Mandevi; Pandhra Khair, Mar.

A large tree, with rough, dark-coloured bark, nearly glabrous. Prickles
twin, infra-stipular, slightly curved. Common petiole 3-6 in. long; pinne
4-6 pair; leaflets 15-30 pair, grey, linear, {-} in. long. FI. pale yellow in

Acacia) XLV. LEGUMINOSA

bo
fon)
ea]

\
>

Fic. 117.—Acacia lenticularis, Ham. 4.

numerous lax axillary spikes, which are often panicled at the ends of branches.
Pod glabrous, 3-7 in. by } in., finally dehiscent.

Western Peninsula. Northern limit: Gujarat, on the west and Ganjam on the east
side. Fl. R. S.—Ceylon.

15. A. Catechu, Willd.—Syn.A. Sandra Bedd.-Fl. Syly. t. 50; Mimosa
Catechu, Linn.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 175; M. Sundra, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 225. Vern.
Khair, Hind., Mar.; Kugli, Kan.; Tella Tumma, Sundra, Tel. ; Karangalli,
Tam.; Sha, Burm.

A middle-sized tree; trunk with dark-coloured bark peeling off in long strips,
which remain hanging; branchlets slender, thorny, glabrous, brown or purple,
shining. Prickles twin, infra-stipular, compressed, brown, shining. Common

268 XLV. LEGUMINOSA [Acacia

petiole 3-4 in. long, often armed with scattered prickles. Pinnez 10-20 pair,
leaflets 30-50 pair, linear, imbricate, glabrous or pubescent, under 4 in. long,
turning brown in drying. Fl. pale yellow, in cylindrical spikes; petals three
times the length of calyx. Pods thin, brown, shining, dehiscent.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Indus eastwards, ascending in the valleys to 3,000 ft.,
generally gregarious on islands and on the banks of rivers at their entrance into the
plains. Common on the Aravallihills and in the Western Peninsula, as well as in Burma.
#1. May—-Oct. With this I unite A. Sundra, DC. FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 295, kept separate by
Talbot List 85, and Trimen Handbook Ceylon ii. 125. The species varies exceedingly,
chiefly in regard to the pubescence of calyx, petals and spike-rachis. Prain in Journ.
As. Soc. Bengal, 66 (1898), 508, recognizes 3 varieties :

(@) Catechu proper. Calyx, petals and rachis covered with spreading hairs. Chiefly
in the Punjab, Garhwal and Kumaon, Behar, Ganjam and in the Irawaddi valley of
Pegu and Upper Burma. 6

(6) Catechuoides. Calyx and petals glabrous, rachis puberulous. Chiefly in the
Sikkim Terai and Assam, also in Upper Burma, in Mysore and on the Nilgiris.

- (ec) Sundra. Calyx, petalsand rachis all glabrous. Chiefly in the Western Peninsula
and Upper Burma.

To some extent the pubescence varies, and it is for further inquiry, whether these
three forms differ in their mode of growth or in other respects.

16. A. Suma, Buchanan; Brandis F. Fl. 187; Kurz F. Fl. i. 421.—Syn.
A. Catechu, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 49; Mimosa Swma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 563.
Vern. Satkanta, Beng.; Dhaula Khejra, Bauswara.

A large or middle-sized tree; bark white; branches stiff, flexuose ;
branchlets and petioles downy, with soft grey pubescence. Prickles in pairs,
infra-stipular, conical, downy while young, brown shining afterwards. Common
petiole 4-10 in. long, unarmed, with a large cup-shaped gland above the base.
Pinne 10-20 pair, leaflets 20-50 pair, linear, approximate, imbricate,
generally ciliate. Fl. white or pale yellow; spikes lax. Petals not much
longer than calyx. Pod 3-5 by # in., pubescent when young. é

Western Peninsula, both on the west as well as on the east side, extending north to the
Pertabgarh State in Southern Rajputana. Lower Bengal, Sundriban (Kurz gives it
from Ava). Bentham in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 519, doubts whether the proportion of
calyx and corolla is constant. But A. Swma hasa different habit and Foresters will find
no difficulty in distinguishing it.

D. Woody climbers ; stipules not spinescent ; spines not infra-stipular but
scattered ; fl. in globose heads ; pods thin, flat, dehiscent.

17. A. czsia, Willd.; Brandis F. Fl. 189.—Syn. A. Intsia, Willd.; Fl.
Brit. Ind. ii. 297. Vern. Aila, Hind.; Chilar, Mar.; Korindam, Tel.

A large climber ; stem with prominent ridges twisting like a screw; bark
smooth, grey; branchlets and petioles angular, with numerous short conical
sharp prickles. Pinne 6-16.*pair, leaflets 10-30 pair, coriaceous, more or
less pubescent, pale or rust-coloured beneath, } in. long, obliquely linear or
oblong, obtuse or acute, nerves distinct, midrib nearer the middle than the
upper edge. Fl. heads pale yellow, in terminal tomentose panicles ; bracts
minute, caducous. Pods thin, 4-6 in. long, 1 in. broad, tomentose when young,
glabrous afterwards.

Subhimalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards, ascending to 3,000 ft. in Sikkim,
Assam, Cachar, Chittagong. Not known from Burma, Behar, Rajputana, Western
Peninsula. Fl. April-August. Ceylon, Malay Archipelago.

Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 66 (1898) 510 maintains A. cesia and A. Intsiaas distinet

collected by me on the Pachmarhi hills in April, 1869, with branchlets, petioles,
underside of 1. and inflorescence densely tawny-tomentose is remarkable, but the

Acacia) XLV. LEGUMINOSA 269

specimens from the Kumaon Bhabar, Behar and the Konkan, which are more than
usually pubescent, cannot in my opinion be regarded as a separate species.

Nearly allied are: 18. A. pruinescens, Kurz F. Fl. i. 424, Assam, Manipur, Upper
Burma. Pegu Yoma, branchlets pruinose; leaflets narrow linear, }—4 in. long, the midrib
close to the upper edge, gland on petiole 3-1 in. above base. 19. A. pseudo-Intsia, Miq. ;
Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 66 (1898) 249, 511. Andamans, Malay Peninsula and
Archip.. branchlets blackish; leaflets linear-oblong, 4-4 in. long, midrib close to the
upper edge, gland oblong, near base of petiole, 2 in. long. Fl. heads in bud concealed
by large ovate acuminate bracts.

20. A. pennata, Willd.; Kurz F. Fl. i, 424. Vern. Aila, Hind. ; Shembi,
Mar.

A large climber, climbing over the tallest trees, bark reddish-brown ; prickles
on branchlets petioles and inflorescence ; branchlets and petioles pubescent.
Pinnz 20-40 pair; leaflets 1-1 in. long, 30-60 pair, narrow-linear, mucronate,
midrib near the upper edge, closely packed, overlapping, making each pinna
like the feather of a bird. Fl. heads white or pale yellow, 4-8 together in the
axils of leaves or bracts, forming long racemiform panicles, bracts linear,
minute. Pod shining, very thin. i

Subhimalayan tract, from Kumaon eastwards, ascending in Sikkim to 3,000 ft.
Behar. Khasi hills, Manipur, Cachar, Chittagong. Burma, Upper and Lower in
deciduous forests. Andamans. Western Peninsula. Fl. April-August. Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago.

E. Woody climbers; spines scattered; fl. in globose heads; pods thick,
fleshy, indehiscent.

21. A. concinna, DC.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 296. Vern. Ban-ritha, Beng. ;
Shekakai, Mar.; Chikayi, Tel.; Subék, Burm.

Branchlets, petioles and peduncles tomentose or pubescent, armed with
numerous sharp recurved prickles. Pinne 4-6 pair, leaflets 12-20 pair,
}—} in. long, linear from an unequal-sided base. Stipules large, semicordate.
Flower-buds purple; fl. yellow, heads in dense panicles at the ends of
branches.

Subhimalayan tract, from Oudh eastwards. Assam, Behar. Western Peninsula and
Burma, chiefly in evergreen forests. Fl. March-July. Malay Peninsula, Java.

Several Australian Acacias are cultivated on the Nilgiris and elsewhere. The most
important are: A. dealbata, Link, the Silver Wattle. A tree spreading rapidly by root-
suckers, with bipinnate grey hoary leaves, small linear leaflets and small yellow fl.
heads in axillary and terminal panicles. A. Melanoxylon, R. Brown, the Australian
Blackwood. A large tree with coriaceous, oblanceolate phyllodia (vertically dilated
leaf-stalks) instead of leaves, except on young trees, which have bipinnate leaves at
the end of phyllodia.

10. ALBIZZIA, Durazzini; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 298.

Unarmed trees, with bipinnate leaves and large (in the Indian species)
globose fl. heads. Fl. white, yellow or pink. Calyx and corolla usually
pentamerous. Stamens indefinite, long exserted, filaments united high up or
at the base only. Pod flat, straight, usually thin, indehiscent or 2-valved.

A. Pinne 1 or 2 pair; leaflets distinctly penni-nerved, 1-6 pair, 2-5 in.
long.

1. A. lucida, Benth. Vern. Thanthat, Burm.

A large glabrous tree, bark grey, heartwood hard, brown with dark streaks.
Pinne 1, rarely 2 pair; leaflets 2 rarely 3 pair, a gland on petiole and at the
base of the terminal pair of leaflets, none at the base of pinne. Leaflets
elliptic, acuminate, shining. Heads of 6-10 sessile pubescent flowers, in ter-
minal panicles. Corolla four times the length of calyx; ovary sessile,
glabrous. Pod straight, shining, dehiscent, 4-8 by 1} in.

270 XLV. LEGUMINOSE [Albizeia

Subhimalayan tract, from Nepal eastwards, ascending in Sikkim to 2,000 ft. Assam,
Khasi hills, Chittagong, Burma, Upper and Lower, chiefly by the banks of rivers or

it

Fre. 118.—Albizzia lucida, Benth. 4. yo
SS

on moist ground. Fl. March-May. Leafless a short time during the hot season or
nearly so.

B. Pinne 2-8 pair; leaflets 3-2 in. long; fl. sessile or nearly so.

2. A. Gamblei, Prain in Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix. 31, tab. 41.

A deciduous tree, attaining 50 ft.; pinne 2-3 pair. A large gland above
the base of the common petiole, and glands at the base of the last pair of
leaflets; leaflets 5-7 pair on the upper, 3-4 on the lowest pinna, in all
cases decreasing slightly downwards, pale green above, glaucescent beneath,

sparsely appressed puberulous on both surfaces. Heads many-fid., panicled ;
calyx campanulate, puberulous outside, half the length of corolla; corolla ¢
in. long ; pedicels much shorter than calyx. Pod 6-8 in. long.

Kangra (Prain). Sikkim. Naga hills. Fl. R.S. Yunnan.

A similar tree wasfound by Smales(April1901) in Upper Burmaon the edge of streams:
pinne 2 pair; leaflets oblique, glabrous, upperside bright green, underside pale, in the
upper pinne 6, in the lower 3 pair, those of the terminal pair the largest, in the upper
pinne 5-6 in. long; the leaflets of the lower pair only 3-1 in. long, sec. n. prominent;
glands several in a line onthe common petiole below the lowest pair of pinnz, and one at
the base of each pair of leaflets, except the lowest. FI. heads yellow, in large terminal

Albizzia| XLV. LEGUMINOSA 271

panicles, pedicels as long as calyx; calyx campanulate, minutely silky, corolla 5-fid
to the middle. Ovary stalked, cylindric, pilose. Pod unknown, hence cannot be
named, it might turn out to be a Pithecolobium.

3. A. procera, Benth.: Brandis F. Fl. t. 26.—Syn. Mimosa elata, Roxb.
Cor. Pl. t. 121. Vern. Karhar, Gurar, Safed Siris, Hind.; Sirst, Uriya;
Kinni Gurar, Mar.; Chigara, Tel.; Vagai, Tam.; Sit, Burm.

A large tree, bark light brownish-grey, heartwood hard, brown, shining,
with streaks of darker colour. Young shoots white-silky-pubescent. Pinne
3-5 pair, leaflets 6-10 pair, with scattered appressed hairs, obliquely oblong-
ovate, }-2 in. long, midrib nearer the lower edge, pale beneath. FI. heads in
large terminal and axillary panicles; fl. sessile, }—-bin. long to extremity of
stamens; calyx tubular, glabrous, more than half the length of corolla ;
corolla funnel-shaped, lobes bearded at the end with long white hairs. Ovary
glabrous, nearly sessile.

Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards. Western Peninsula. Andamans
and Burma. Chiefly on river banks and in moist places. Fl. May—August. Rarely
quite leafless, the foliage renewed H.S. China, Malay Archipelago. A remarkable
variety sent by E. M. Buchanan from the Tharawadi forests has pinnze 5-6 pair,
leaflets 10 pair #-1 in. long, panicles mostly axillary, pod not known.

4, A. odoratissima, Benth.; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 54.—Syn. Mimosa odora-
tissima, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 120. Vern. Karmaru, Pb.; Kalia Stris, Hind. ;
Bansa, Jabalp.; Siris, Chichunda, Mar.; Chichola, Gondi ; Chichwa, Chanda ;
Chinduga, Tel.; Bilwara, Kan. ; Karu Vagei, Tam.; Thitmagy?, Lower,
Thitpyu, Upper Burma.

A large tree, with dark green foliage. Bark light or dark grey, marked
with numerous narrow horizontal wrinkles, nearly encircling the trunk. Heart-
wood dark brown. Branchlets, petioles and inflorescence pubescent. Pinn
3-8 pair. Leaflets 10-25 pair, $-1 in. long, oblong, obtuse, unequal-sided,
somewhat faleate, pale, glabrous or pubescent beneath. Fl. heads pale
yellow, fragrant, in compact corymbs arranged in large terminal panicles.
Corolla and calyx densely strigose with short hairs, the former campanulate,
5 times longer than calyx. Anthers yellow. Pods 6-8 in. long, 1 in. broad,
dehiscent, tomentose when young, nearly glabrous when ripe.

Subhimalayan tract ascending to 3,000 ft. Western Peninsula and Burma. Never
quite leafless, foliage renewed in spring. FI. April-June. 5. A. lebbekoides, Benth. ;
Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 66 (1898) 513, Upper Burma, common. A tall tree,
attaining 120 ft., differs from 4 by smaller linear, more numerous leaflets (25-30 pair)
and a tubular corolla.

C. Pinnz 3-12 pair; leaflets }-2 in. long; fl. pedicellate.

6. A. Thompsoni, Brandis, Ind. For. xxv. (1899) 284. Vern. Sitlari,
Chanda.

A large deciduous tree, attaining 7 ft. in girth ; branches spreading. Branch-
lets, young leaves and inflorescence tawny-tomentose. Pinna 8-12, leaflets
15-20 pair, pale beneath, very unequal-sided, nearly faleate, acute or mucron-
ate, }-3 in. long. Fl. pale yellow, not scented; anthers pink; pedicels as long
as or longer than calyx; corolla twice the length of calyx, both pubescent.
Ovary glabrous, stipitate. Heads in dense corymbs; peduncles 1}—2 in. long.
Pod glabrous from the beginning, shining, of a rich brown colour, dehiscent,
6-8 by 1-1} in.

Mohurli and other forests in the Chanda district, often associated with Chichwa
(A, odoratissima) Ganjam. Leafless January and February. Fl. with the young leaves
by the end of February or beginning of March.

7. A, Lebbek, Benth.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 538. Stris. Vern. Siris, Sirsa,
Hind. ; Chichola, Mar. ; Bage, Kan.; Dirasanam, Tel.; Vagai, Tam.; Kokoh,
Burm.

272 XLV. LEGUMINOSA [ Albizzia

A large deciduous tree, with dark grey or brownish bark, sapwood large,
white, heartwood dark brown, shining, mottled. Nearly glabrous ; ; pinnee 2-3,
leaflets 6-8 pair, 1-14 in. long, obliquely oblong, obtuse. Midrib prominent,
reticulate veins nearly as prominent as sec. n. FI. heads large, white,
fragrant, on peduncles 2-4 in. long, in fascicles of 2-4 from the upper axils,
forming short corymbose racemes. Fl. 14 in. long to the extremity of stamens;
pedicels nearly as long as calyx ; calyx half the length of corolla. Pod thin,
straw-coloured, dehiscent, 8-12 by 1-2 in.

Sinieealeyarn tract, evans to 5,000 ft. Both Peninsulas. Fl. April-May ; pods
ripen in September and remain on the tree for a considerable time. Planted largely in
Egypt and throughout the tropics.

Nearly allied are: 8. A. littoralis, Teysm. et Binnend; Prain in Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. 66 (1898) 257, Nicobars. Malay Penins. and Archipelago. A middle-sized tree ;
pinne 2-4, leaflets obovate-oblong, 3-6 pair ; fl. heads white with pink stamens, under
4in. diam. 9. A. Kalkora, Prain l.c. 511, Khasi and Naga hills. South China. Differs
from A. Lebbek chiefly by the dark brown pod on a stalk $ in. long. 10.4. elegans, Kurz
F. Fl. i. 427; Prain 1c. 512, eastern slopes of the Pegu Yoma. A tall evergreen tree;
pinne 7-14, leaflets small, 20-25 pair, linear-oblong 8 in. long, midrib almost in the
middle. Fl. heads in fascicles of 24, not panicled ; ‘pedicels a little longer than calyx ;
corolla twice the calyx, pubescent outside.

D. Pinnze 6-20 pair; leaflets linear, } in. long or less, midrib near middle of
leaflet.

11. A. amara, Boivin; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 61.—Syn. Mimosa amara, Roxb.

Cor. Pl. t. 122. Vern. Tugli, Kan.; Chikreni, Tel.; Womjat, Thuringi,
Tam.
A middle-sized tree, bark smooth, heartwood purplish-brown, mottled, ex-
tremely hard. Branchlets, petioles and inflorescence soft yellow-tomentose.
Pinne 6-15, leaflets linear, 15-24 pair. FI. yellow, fragrant, 4 in. long to
the end of stamens; peduncles fasciculate in the axils of the uppermost leaves.
Pod 5-8 by 1 in., edges undulate.

Western Peninsula on dry hills, north as far as Khandeish and Vizagapatam. FI.
April-June. 12. A. myriophylla, Benth. Sikkim, Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur.
Tenasserim. Malay Peninsula. An evergreen shrub or strong climber; base of
common petiole prolonged at the back into a recurved woody hook. Pinnz 10-20,
leaflets small, 30-50 pair. Heads small, white or pale yellow, in large terminal leafy

panicles.
EK. Pinne 6-15 pair; leaflets linear, falcate, midrib close to upper edge.

13. A. stipulata, Boivin; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 55. Vern. Ohi, Kangra;

Siran, Sirsha, Hind.; Kal Vaghi, Kan.; Konda chigara, Tel. ; - Bonmézd,
Burm.
A large fast-growing tree, crown broad, flat, bark dark grey, sapwood large,
white, heartwood soft, brown. Young shoots and inflorescence tomentose.
Stipules large, semicordate, membranons, more or less pubescent, deciduous.
Pinne 6— 18, leaflets 20-40 pair, j-+ in. long. FI. yellowish, inodorous, to
the end of stamens 3-1 in. long. SUaRANS, “slightly tinged with red. FI.
heads fasciculate, panicled. Pod 6 in. long, # in. broad.

Subhimalayan tract ascending to 4,000 ft. Western Peninsula, Burma, Nicobars.

Fl. April-June. Ceylon, Malay Peninsula. A distinct var iety with small stipules is
mentioned by Prain l.c. 256 and Kanjilal Forest Flora of School Circle 150.

14. A. Julibrissin, Durazzini; Brandis F. Fl. 177; Benth. Mimosez in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 568.—Syn. A. mollis, Boivin; Kanjilal Forest Flora
School pune 149; Collett Fl. Simla fig. 43; Acacia’ mollis, Wallich Pl. As.
Rar. t. 177 Vern. Sirsang, Shirin, Bashahr ; Kurmura, Karmaru, Hind. ;
Baran, NWP. ; Lakkey, Nep. The specific name is a corruption of Gulab-

resham, the silken rose.
A large shrub or middle-sized tree, deciduous. Young shoots, inflorescence

Albizzia| XLY. LEGUMINOSA 273

and common petiole tomentose or pubescent. Pinnze 6-12, leaflets 10-30
pair, from linear to obliquely oblong, } in. long. FI. rose-coloured, 1—1# in. to
extremity of stamens: calyx less than half the length of corolla, both hairy
outside. Pod softly pubescent while young, glabrous when mature, 3-5 by
}—# in.

Outer Himalaya, Hazara to Sikkim, ascending to 5,000 and at times to 6,000 ft., in
the Sutlej valley as faras Wangtu. Assam, Manipur. Fl. April-June. Mountains
of Abyssinia at 6,000 ft. Forests around the southern part of the Caspian Sea. North
Persia. China (Yunnan, Hupeh, Ichang, Peking). Japan. Cultivated in gardens
of the Mediterranean region and in warm countries of both hemispheres. This widely
spread species yaries considerably, chiefly in regard to the degree of hairiness. Prain
in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 66 (1898) 514 regards A. mollis (Himalaya, Assam, Manipur) as
a distinet species, but does not state its distinguishing characters. The specimens
from this area have as a rule inflorescence and underside of leaflets softly tomentose,
the leaflets are broader, and the base of the pod is rounded. The specimens from
Abyssinia, Western Asia, China and Japan are slightly pubescent, they agree in all
respects and cannot be separated. There are moreover intermediate forms; some
Himalayan specimens have leaflets and inflorescence very slightly pubescent, and a
specimen collected by Henry in Yunnan has the pods rounded at base, exactly like
the Himalayan form. The specimens cultivated in India, in North and South
America agree with the West Asiatic and Chino-Japanese form.

11. CALLIANDRA, Benth.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 302.

Trees or shrubs; 1. bipinnate; leaflets few, large, glabrous (in the Indian
species). Stipules usually persistent, often spinescent. FJ. often unisexual,
in globose heads. Stamens o, filaments connate high up or at base only. Pod
flat, rigidly coriaceous, the valves bordered by much thickened sutures, and
dehiscing elastically, being rolled backwards from top to bottom.

1. C. umbrosa, Benth.—Syn. Jnga wmbiosa, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 124.
Vern. Kyagyi, Burm.

A small tree ; stipules generally spinescent. Pinne 1 pair, rachis of pinne
1-2 in. long bearing at the end a pair of more or less oblique leaflets 3-8 in.
long and a single much smaller leaflet on the outside, sec. n. prominent. Fl.
white, scented, sessile in dense globose heads supported by a.ring of minute
bracteoles; peduncles slender, }—1 in. long, generally clustered on the old wood,
rarely axillary. Pod 6- in. long, seeds 4-8.

Khasi hills, Silhet, Chittagong. Upper Burma. Fl. R.S. 2. C. Griffithii, Benth.
Khasi hills. Spinescent stipules minute. Leaflets arranged as in 1 but much smaller,
the terminal 2-24 in. long. Fl. supported by linear-lanceolate bracts. 3. C. cynome-
troides, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 317, Tinnevelli and Travancore Ghats. A middle-sized tree ;
1. pinnate ; leaflets 1 pair, 3-4 in. long; stipular spines short, straight. Fl. sessile, 6-12
in one head ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-14 in. long. Pod 4—5 in. long.

12. PITHECOLOBIUM, Martius; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 302.

Trees or shrubs; 1. bipinnate. Fl. in globose heads, rarely in small loose
spikes or corymbs, usually bisexual. Petals connate half way up, or further;
stamens monadelphous, much exserted. Pod coriaceous, curved or twisted,
usually dehiscent along the lower suture. Species 110, tropics of both hemi-
spheres, chiefly America. .

A. Armed, stipules or branchlets spinescent.

1. P. dulce, Benth.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 188.—Syn. Mimosa dulcis, Roxb.
Cor. Pl. t. 99; Jnga dulcis, Willd.; Wight Ic. t. 198.

A middle-sized, glabrous, evergreen tree, armed with straight stipulary
thorns. Pinne 2, each with 1 pair of pale green, coriaceous, unequal-sided
usually obtuse leaflets, 1-2 in. long, common and partial rachis slender, termi-

7

274 XLV, LEGUMINOSA [ Pithecolobium

nating in short bristles. FJ. white in small globose sessile or short-peduncu-
late heads, arranged in long panicled racemes. Pod linear, turgid, twisted,
4—5 in. long.

Indigenous in America, naturalized in the Western Peninsula as an excellent
hedge plant Coppices readily. Fl. January-March. 2. P. geminatum, Benth. A
small bushy tree of Ceylon, stated by Beddome, Manual 96, to occur in the southern
part of the Peninsula. Stipules spinescent; pinne 1, leaflets 1-5 pair, the upper-
most largest, the lowest wanting on the inside. Fl. to extremity of stamens #-1 in.
long. Pods 24 by 2 in. much constricted between seeds. 3. P. umbellatum, Benth.
East side of the Western Peninsula, common. Ceylon, dry country, rare. A small
tree; branchlets and stipules often spinescent; pinne 2, leaflets oblong, 5-8 pair.
Fl. creamy white, # in. to extremity of stamens, on pedicels longer than stamens, in
lax heads or umbels; peduncles 1 in. long. Pod thick, curyed, much constricted
between seeds, ultimately breaking up into 7-10 1-seeded indehiscent joints.

A prickly species, probably of this genus, P. semicordatum, ©. B. Clarke MSS. Khasi
hills, 1,000 ft., has 1 pair of pinne, leaflets 1 pair and a solitary one below outside the
terminal, leaflets v ery unequal-sided, semicordate, 3-5 in. long, the lateral ones smaller.
Fl. white; peduncles. slender, fasciculate, from the old wood.

B. Unarmed ; pinne 1-3, leaflets 2-4 pair; branchlets and rachis of panicle
not prominently angled or furrowed.

4. P. glomerifiorum, Kurz F, Fl. i. 430.

A shrub or small tree; pinne 1, leaflets 3 pair, elliptic-lanceolate, 1-2 in.
long. FI. sessile, j-} in. to extremity of stamens, in lax axillary and terminal
rusty-pubescent panicles.

Shillong by the Bishop’s falls (fl. larger, perhaps distinct). Dry forests on the hills
east of Toungoo 4-7,000 ft. Fl. March—A pril.

5. P. lobatum, Benth. ; Kurz F. Fl. i. 429. Vern. Tanyin, Burm.

An evergreen tree, heartwood brown, close-grained. Pinne 1, leaflets
2-3 pair, shining on both sides, elliptic-lanceolate, 3-8 in. long, glands usually
at the base of leaflets. FI. white, 4 in. long to extremity of “stamens, sessile,
or on short pedicels ; panicles axillary or on the old wood. Pod horseshoe-
shaped or loosely spirally twisted, deeply lobed along the lower suture, the
lobes thick, distinct, dehiscent, 1-2 in. diam., some seedless. Seeds 3-10, dark
brown, orbicular, } in. diam.

Pegu Yoma, Martaban, Tenasserim, chiefly near streams. Often cultivated. Fl.
C. S. Seeds eaten and sold. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Closely allied is 6.
P. nicobaricum, Prain, Nicobars; pinne 1, leaflets 2 pair, no glands at the base of
leaflets. Pod purplish-red, ? in. wide, sinuate between seeds. 7. P. affine, Baker, Malay
Peninsula. Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 66. 515,states: collected by D. B. in Burma
(specimens probably at Calcutta). A small tree; branchlets rusty-puberulous or
pubescent ; pinne 1-2, leaflets 4 pair, glands at the base of leaflets; fl. white, in dense
heads. 8. P. ellipticum, Hassk. (P. fascieulatum, Benth.) Nicobars, Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago. A small tree; pinne 2 leaflets 3-4 pair, glands only at the base of
the terminal pair; fl. yellow, in very small 2-5-fid. heads.

9. P. bigeminum, Martius; Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 575.

A middle-sized tree; branchlets, common petioles and inflorescence rusty-
puberulous. Pinnez 2-3 pair, leaflets of the lowest pinnze 1-3, of the ter-
minal 3 sometimes 4 pair, elliptic, acuminate, glabrous, dark green. FI.
cream-coloured, + in. lone to extremity of stamens, sessile or shortly pedicelled
in 2-5-fid. heads. Heads in slender, terminal or supra-axillary panicles. Pod
flat, not indented between seeds, 35 by ¢ in., bright red within, curved into a
ring or spiral.

Subhimalayan tract, from Nepal eastwards, ascending in Sikkim to 4,000ft. Assam,
Cachar. Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats to 4,000 ft. Fl. February—May.
Ceylon, moist region. A slender shrub (Wainad), leaflets thin, caudate-acuminate,
reticulate venation prominent on the underside is P. gracile, Bedd. MSS. in hb. Kew.

C. Unarmed ; pinne and leaflets numerous; branchlets and rachis of panicle
furrowed and angular.

i)
=I
rer)

Pithecolobium| XLY. LEGUMINOS&

10. P. angulatum, Benth.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 430.
. Ashrub or small evergreen tree; branchlets sharply angular, young shoots
rusty-pubescent. Pinnz 2-5 pair, leaflets of the lowest pinne 2-3, of the
upper pinne 4-8 pair, rhomboid-ovate, acuminate, the terminal leatlets 3-5,
the lowest $-1 in. long. FI. white (purple, Ruby Mines district), on slender

HY

Fie. 119.—Pithecolobium angulatum, Benth. 4.

pubescent pedicels as long as, or longer than calyx, on large rusty-pubescent
panicles. Pod spirally twisted, 7-8 in. long, distinctly sinuate between seeds,
velvety while young.

276 XLV. LEGUMINOS# [eunecotoonien

Sikkim, Assam, Cachar, Chittagong. Hills of Upper and Lower Burma, 3-6,000 ft.
Very common on the Andamans. Fl. March-April. Malay Peninsula.

11. P, montanum, Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 580.

An evergreen tree;
branchlets brown-
pubescent, sharply
angular. Pinne 6-
10, leaflets 6-12
pair, very oblique,
trapeziform, all near-
ly of the same size,
4-1 in. long, pubes-
cent beneath ;
glands orbicular or
linear at the base of
each pair of pinne,
except the lowest.
F]. heads white, in
terminal andaxillary
panicles ; pedicels as
long as calyx. . Pod
glabrous, spirally
twisted, 4-5 im. long,
seed-bearing lobes
thick, distinct.

Upper Assam, Khasi
hills. Hills east of
Toungoo at 2,000 ft.
(D.B., February, 1880),
Mooleyit, 4,500 ft.
(Beddome), Mergui
(Griffith, 1843). Fl.
February — March.
China.

12. P. subcori-
aceum, Thwaites.
—Syn. P. anamal-
layanwm, Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 189.

A large tree with
spreading branches;
branchlets clothed
with fine brown
pubescence. Pinnee
4-12 pair, leaflets _
10-12 pair, rigidly
coriaceous, oblique,
j-1 in. long, glossy
above, densely pube-
scent beneath.
Several (1-3) glands
on the petiole below the lowest pair of pinnze and one gland between each
pair of pinne. Fl. heads many-fid., forming a terminal leafy panicle, fl.
nearly sessile, 4 in. long to extremity of stamens; calyx one-third the
length of corolla. Pod 3-4 in. long, coriaceous, twisted.

Anamalai hills (5-8,000 ft.), Travancore Ghats (very abundant) above 4,500 ft. FI.

\

C.S. Ceylon. The Ceylon specimens have a smaller number of pinnee (8-5) and the
leaflets are mostly glabrous beneath.

Fie. 120.—Pithecolobium montanum, Benth.

XLVI. ROSACEA

bo
-l
=I

Orper XLVI. ROSACEA. Gen. PI. i. 600.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, 1. stipulate, alternate, rarely opposite, simple or com-
pound. "Fl. as a rule regular and bisexual : calyx gamosepalous, free or adnate
to ovary, lobes 5, imbr icate in bud. Disk annular or lining the calyx-tube ;
petals 5, perizynous, rarely wanting, often orbicular and concave, deciduous,
claws short or none, imbricate, rarely contorted in bud. Stamens as a rule
numerous, inserted with the petals or on the disk, incurved in bud. Carpels
usually distinct, one or more, often adnate to calyx-tube, styles free or connate,
ovules in each carpel 1 or 2 rarely more. Fruit often fleshy. Albumen none or
scanty, cotyledons plano-convex, cells filled with oil, radicle short.

Apart from medullary rays, parenchyma does not form an important part in the
wood of Rosacew. Chrysobalanee (Parinarium, Parastemon) are exceptional, they have
narrow tangential bands of parenchyma in the wood. In this respect, as well as in the
more or less zygomorphic fl., this tribe approaches Leguminose. Wood fibres in
Rosacew as a rule have not bordered pits. As far as known, the wood of the climbing
species has a normal structure.

A. Ripe carpels not enclosed within the calyx-tube.
(See Netllia and Spirca canescens.)

I. Leaves simple, quite entire. Carpel one. Fl. usually zygomorphie (tribe
Chrysobalanee).
Calyx-tube elongate, stamens 6-30, usually
unilateral . 5 : : : ; . 1. Parrnarrum.
Calyx-tube short, stamens 2 : : : 3 ParastEeMon (p. 278).

If. Leaves simple, serrate. Carpel 1, rarely 2.
Calyx 5-lobed, petals large.
Style terminal, stone hard, bony
Style basal, endocarp coriaceous
Calyx 5-10-toothed, petals minute or 0.
Carpels 1 or 2, stone hard, bony : é Mappenta (p. 281).
Carpels 1, endocarp coriaceous. : 4 . 4. PyGeum.

Prunus.
PRINSEPIA.

29 69

IIf. Leaves simple or compound. Calyx without bracts.
Carpels 1-8, ovules 2 or more, fr. dry.
Seeds linear, testa membranous, albumen 0 or

scanty . é : 5 : : : . 5. Sprraa.
Seeds globose, testa crustaceous, albumen
copious . ‘ . é NEILLIA (p. 283).
Carpels # , ovules 2, fr. ‘usually fleshy : . 6. Rusus.
IV. Leaves Saati compound, calyx bracteolate, fr. dry Porentitva (p. 287).

B. Ripe carpels enclosed within the calyx-tube.
I. Carpels © free, when ripe enclosed in the fleshy
calyx-tube . : c : : . ; a fe JROSA.
II. Carpels connate, forming a 1-5-celled ovary, more or less adnate to calyx-
tube, which in fruit is fleshy, enclosing them.
Ovary 5-celled, 3 or more ovules in each cell.

8 ovules in each cell. : : 3 : . 8. Doeynta.
Many ovules in each cell . 5 - . 9. Cyponra.
Ovary 2-5-celled, 2 ovules in each cell
Ovary 5-celled, fl. panicled , z . LO. Ertonorrya.
Ovary 2-5-celled, fl. corymbose or fascic led.
Fy. 2-5-celled. n ‘ : . 11. Pyrus.
Drnpe with 5 dehiscent stones : c . 12. Srranvasta.
Ovary 2-8-celled, endocarp thin.
Testa coriaceous or membranous . Fj . 18. Puotinia.
Teste thick, reticulately lacunose F Id. Pourtuiea.
Ovary 2-5-celled, drupe with 1-5 bony stones (pyrenes).
Leaves cut, toothed or serrate ‘3 : . 1b. Craraeus.
Leaves quite entire ‘ ; ’ . . 16, CoronrASTER.

Leaves imparipinnate . : a : : OsrroMELES (p. 295.)

bo
=]
o6)

XLVI. ROSACEA [Parinariwm

1. PARINARIUM, Juss.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 308.

Evergreen trees; |. simple, entire, alternate. Fl. white or pink, bisexual,
slightly zygomorphic, in panicles or corymbose racemes, 2 or 3 bracts at the
base of each fl. Calyx deciduous, tube tomentose, generally hairy inside, seg-
ments 5, thick, often unequal. Stamens 6-30, mostly unilateral, filaments as
as a rule connate at base. Carpel one, 2-celled, hairy, more or less adnate to
one side of calyx-tube, one erect ovule in each cell. Species 50, tropics of both
hemispheres.

A. Western species.

1. P. indicum, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 109; Fl. Syly. t. 191.

A middle-sized tree ; 1. glabrous 5-9 x 2-3 in., petiole 1-3} in., racemes com-
pound, tomentose, axillary and terminal. Fl. white, pedicels very short, calyx-
tube 4 in. long, a ring of minute teeth inside at the mouth, fertile stamens
12-15, style basal, longer than stamens.

Carcoor ghat, Malabar 2,000-3,000 ft. 2. P. travancoricum, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 189.
Evergreen forests in the Travancore hills. Shoots and racemes silky, |. lanceolate, long
silky hairs along midrib beneath, 4-5 x 1-13 in.

B. Hastern species.

3. P. Griffithianum, Benth., Tenasserim or Andamans, Malay Peninsula. A large tree, |.
coriaceous, glabrous, shining, glands at the base of midrib on the upper surface. FI. in
large corymbose or pyramidal panicles. Fr. narrowly ellipsoid, not speckled, lined inside
with rufous hairs. 4. P. costatum, Blume, Malay Peninsula, possibly in Tenasserim,
1. thinly coriaceous shortly and obtusely acuminate, without glands, thin tawny
pubescence beneath. FI. in large, lax, tawny tomentose, terminal and axillary panicles,
calyx-tube tubular-campanulate, a ring of long deflexed hairs inside in the mouth.
Fr. oblong with scaly patches, lined inside with rufous wool. 5. P. Helferi, Hook. f., on
banks of Tenasserim river, a tall tree, young shoots clothed with soft bright brown
tomentum, 1. membranous white and downy beneath, fl. minute, in small softly
tomentose panicles.

Parastemon urophyllum, A. DC. Nicobars, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, a
tall tree, branches slender pendulous, 1. glabrous, acuminate, 2-4 in., underside with
numerous minute scales. FI. minute, polygamous, in slender axillary racemes, stamens
2, unilateral, on a raised ring at the mouth of calyx. Fr. oblong-ellipsoid, 4 in. long.
seed one, erect.

2. PRUNUS, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. 11. 312.

Shrubs or trees with alternate simple glandular-serrate 1., petioles with 2
glands. Calyx free, deciduous, petals 5, stamens 15-40, inserted in the mouth
of calyx-tube, filaments free. Carpel 1, ovules 2 collateral, pendulous. Fr.
fleshy, endocarp an indehiscent or 2 valved, 1 seeded, smooth or rugged stone.

A. Fl. solitary, fasciculate or umbellate, appearing before or with the leaves,
with or after the 1. in 2.

1. P. Amygdalus, Baillon; Brandis F. Fl. 190.—Syn. Amygdalus com-
nunis, Linn. The Almond-tree. Vern. Bada.

A middle-sized tree, 1. greyish when full grown, oblong-lanceolate, serrulate,
petiole equal to or longer than the greatest width of leaf, stipules fimbriate.
Fl. white, tinged with red, appearing before the leaves from scaly buds on last
year’s wood, peduncles much shorter than the campanulate calyx. Drupe velvety,
pericarp dry, when ripe separating into 2 valves, stone compressed with shallow
wrinkles and minute holes.

Indigenous in Western Asia, also in the Kuram valley where Aitchison found it as
a small tree in gregarious patches (Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 50). Cultivated in the
Mediterranean region, also in Persia and Afghanistan, in Kashmir and the Punjab.
Fl. Feb—March. 2. (Amygdalus) Stocksiana, Boiss. F]. Or. ii.644, frequent in Baluchistan,

> ae

Prunus) XLVI. ROSACEA 279

well described by Lace (Journ. Linn. Soc. Xxviii. 297), petioles slender, half the length
of leaf or longer, fl. red, 14 in. across, appearing with or after the leaves, drupe velvety,
pericarp dry. Lopped by the shepherds for feeding their herds, when long pollard
shoots spring up with a few narrow linear leaves.

3. P. brahuica, Aitch. et Hemsl. (Amygdalus brahuica, Boiss.) Zarg, Zargah, Baluch.
Hills of Baluchistan and Afghanistan, 4-9,000 ft., a stiff seragey thorny gregarious
shrub; branchlets spinescent, young branches and leaves silvery-white, 1. 4-4 in. long,
pubescent while young. Covered with a profusion of pink fl. before the leayes appear,
calyx-tube cylindric glabrous, fr. velvety, yellow when ripe, the pericarp bursting
open longitudinally. The kernel is eaten. P. eburnea, Aitch. et Hems]., which has
been stated to grow in Baluchistan and Afghanistan, 1. glabrous, calyx hairy, is, I
believe, limited to Persia and Western Afghanistan, but probably is not specifically
distinct from 3.

4. P. persica, Benth. et Hook. f.: Brandis F. Fl. 191.—Syn. Amygdalus
persica, Linn. The Peach with velvety and Nectarine with smooth fruit.
Vern. Shaftdlu, Baluch.; Rek, Beim, Sutle}; Arw, Hind.

A middle-sized tree, foliage dark green. I. lanceolate, sharply serrate,
petiole shorter than greatest width of leaf, stipules subulate, fimbriate. Fl.
sessile, pink, generally appearing before the leaves, mostly solitary, from scaly
buds on last year’s wood. Calyx campanulate, segments woolly. Drupe downy
or glabrous, pericarp tender succulent, stone deeply and irregularly furrowed.

Indigenous probably in China, commonly cultivated in Western Asia, Europe and
China. Also in Baluchistan, in the Himalaya, Kunawar to 10,000 ft., in the plains of
Northern India, in Manipur and Upper Burma. Fl. according to elevation, between
January and May, the fr. ripening between May and October.

5. P. armeniaca, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl. 191. The Apricot. Vern.
Hari, Hazara; Chilu, Chuli, Shari, N.-W. Himalaya; Jalddru, Zarddlu,
Hind.

A middle-sized tree, 1. broadly ovate, nearly as broad as long, acuminate,
crenate, petiole half the length of leaf, stipules lanceolate. Fl. pinkish-white,
solitary or fasciculate, from scaly buds on the previous year’s wood, appearing
before or with the leaves, peduncles short. Drupe downy or glabrous, pericarp
tender succulent, stone smooth with a thickened suleate margin.

Believed to be indigenous in the Caucasian region, commonly cultivated in Western
and Centrial Asia and Europe, in Baluchistan to 8,000 ft., in the N. W. Himalaya, in
Western Tibet to 12,000 ft. and in the plains of the Punjab. FI. Jan.—May, the fr.
ripens between June and Sept.

6. P. communis, Hudson; Brandis F. Fl. 192. The Plum, Prune, Sloe,
Damson. Vern. Aliicha, N.W. Himal.

A shrub or middle-sized tree, unarmed or spinescent, young shoots pubescent.
L, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, serrate, more or less pubescent beneath along the
nerves, petioles shorter than greatest breadth of leaf, stipules linear fimbriate.
Pedicels slender, 3 or 4 times the length of calyx, solitary or fasciculate from
lateral often leaf-bearing buds, calyx-tube campanulate. Drupe globose or
oblong, pericarp fleshy.

Indigenous in Europe and Western Asia, where the different kinds have been culti-
vated from time immemorial. The plum is cultivated in Kashmir and in the Punjab
plains. The plum cultivated in Baluchistan, Afghanistan and the N. W. Himalaya,
called Alu Bokhara, has been referred to P. divaricata, Ledebour, which may be regarded
as a distinet species, or as a sub-species of P. communis,

7. P. Puddum, Roxb.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 434.—Cerasus Puddum, Wall. Pl.
As. Rar. t. 148. Vern. Phdja, Pajia, Padam, Hind. Panni, Burm.

A middle-sized or large tree, bark peeling off in horizontal strips, wood pale
red. Nearly glabrous, |. glossy, ovate, long-acuminate, sharply serrate, blade
3-5, petiole } in. long, 1 or more conspicuous glands on petiole, stipules
pinnately or palmately divided, the divisions linear, glandular-fimbriate. Fl,
white, pink or crimson, appearing before the leaves, in umbellate fascicles,
approximate near the ends of branchlets, pedicels slender, as long as or longer

280 XLVI. ROSACEA [Prunus

than calyx. Calyx turbinate,

lobes ovate, acute. Fr. yellow

and red, ovoid or globose,

4-2 in. long, acid, somewhat

astringent, stone ovoid, ru-

gose and furrowed, supported

by the calyx-base, from which

the tube separates after
flowering.

Outer Himalaya from the
Sutle] to Sikkim, mostly be-
tween 2,500 and 7,000 ft. Khasi
hills, Manipur. Upper Burma
4-6,000 ft. Often cultivated.
Fl. early in winter (Noy. Dec.)
and in Spring (April-May).
Gamble (List 34) mentions two
varieties, a. a very big tree, fl.
crimson, March, f. smaller, fl.
pink or white, Noy.

A tree 3 ft. girth, found by
Montagu Hill, Feb., 1902, on the

Fig. 121.—Prunus Puddum, Roxb. $. hills east of Bhamo, fl. red,

a pedicels glabrous, shorter than

calyx, calyx glabrous, campanulate, lobes obtuse, shorter than half the tube, ovary and

style glabrous, is similar to P. hirtipes, Hemsl., of China, which however has calyx
and pedicels hairy. Not named because |. unknown.

B. FI. solitary or umbellate, appearing after the leaves.

8. P. Cerasus, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl. 193.— The Cherry.

A middle-sized tree, the bark of this and of several allied species peeling off
in horizontal strips. LL. elliptic or obovate, abruptly acuminate, irregularly
crenate-serrate, petiole less than breadth of leaf, 2 glands on petiole or on the
base of blade, stipules fimbriate. Fl. white on long slender pedicels, in
fascicles of 2-5, from lateral generally leaf-bearing buds. Calyx turbinate,
lobes obtuse. Drupe glabrous, with a polished round stone.

This includes P. Aviwm, Linn., the sweet Cherry, indigenous in Europe, and P. Cerasus,
Linn., the acid Cherry, believed to be indigenous in Western Asia. Cultivated in N. W.
Himalaya. These two may be regarded as distinct species. P. Cerasus produces abun-
dant root suckers, while P. Aviwm has none. FI. April, May.

9. P. microcarpa, C. A. Meyer, Baluchistan, Western Asia. A shrub with elongate
branches, 1. glabrous, sharply serrate, 1 in. long, petiole shorter than blade, fl. 4 in.
across, calyx-tube cylindric, slightly wider at the base, drupe fleshy, ovoid } in. long.
10. P. Jacquemontii, Hook. f., Baluchistan, Kuram valley, dry regions of inner N.W.
Himalaya, a small shrub, |. deeply and sharply serrate, blade 1-2, petiole }-4in. Fl.
solitary, pink, pedicels yery short, calyx-tube funnel-shaped. Fr. bright red. 11.
P. prostrata, Labill.; Brandis F. Fl. 193. Vern. Talhi, Pangi, Lahaul. Afghanistan,
arid regions of the inner N.W. Himalaya 5-12,000 ft., western Asia, Greece, Crete,
Sardinia, Spain, Algeria, a small scraggy shrub, branchlets hoary, LL. ovate or elliptic,
sharp-serrate, glabrous above, usually densely clothed beneath with white woolly
tomentum, blade 3-1 in., petiole short, without glands. Fl. red on short peduncles,
on lateral buds, solitary, or in pairs. Calyx-tube glabrous or slightly hairy, cylindrical,
teeth short, obtuse, hairy inside. Fr. 4 in. long, reddish-purple, pulp scanty. The
European and West Asiatic shrub has smaller fl. 12. P. tomentosa, Thunb., Kashmir,
5-6000 ft., North China and Japan, a shrub, 1. ovate, acuminate, softly tomentose
beneath, fl. on short pedicels, calyx-tube cylindric, fr. hairy, nearly sessile, scarlet.
13. P. rufa, Wall., Nepal, Sikkim, 9-12,000 ft. Tibet. A small tree, young shoots hairy,
1. elliptic-lanceolate sharply serrate, glabrous except petiole and nerves beneath, blade
2-4, petiole }-} in. FI. pink, solitary or fascicled, pedicels 4-14 in., calyx glabrous.
Fr. red, fleshy.

C. FL in axillary or terminal many-flowered racemes, |. deciduous.

14. P. Padus, Linn.—Syn. Cerasws cornuta, Wall. ; Royle Ill. t. 38, f. 2.

Prunus) XLVI. ROSACEA 281

Bird Cherry. Vern. Kalakat, Hazara; Jamun, Jamoi, Jamu, N.-West
Himal.

A tree, attaining 50-60 ft., wood handsome, polishes well, young shoots,
inflorescence and under side of leaves along nerves pubescent. L. froma slightly
cordate base, obovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate, stipules thin, linear-lanceolate,
early caducous. FI. white, appearing after the leaves, racemes 3-8 in. long, at
the ends of short lateral (often leaf- bearing) branchlets, bracts thin, caducous,
longer than buds. Drupe globose, } in. diam., first red, then dark purple or
nearly black, stone rugose.

Kuram valley, Trans Indus. Himalaya, Hazara to Sikkim, 4-10,000 ft. L.turn red
before they fall. Fl. April-June. Widely spread, from North and Central Europe
through Western Asia and Siberia to Amur land and Kamtchatka. The ovary of this
and of P. Puddum is often punctured by an insect and then becomes elongate curved
and fusiform, 2 in. longand more, hence the name “cornuta.” 15. P. nepalensis, Hook. f.,
Kumaon, Nepal. Sikkim 6-10,000 ft., Bhutan, Tibet. Khasi hills. Upper Burma, ever-
green forest Ruby Mines district, 6,000 ft. Yunnan. A large tree, similar to 14, but
I. with an acute or rounded, not cordate base, glaucous beneath, bracts small shorter
than, or equal to pedicel, fr. Rin. long, stone smooth: 16. P. undulata, Ham. Kumaon
6-8, 000 ft., Nepal. Sikkim 8-12,000 ft., Bhutan, Khasi hills, a small tree with slender
lax racemes, small fl. and drupes.

17. P. acuminata, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 181. Vern. Lali, Pah.

A small tree, entirely glabrous, 1. quite entire or remotely serrate, pale
beneath, racemes axillary, lax. Fl. yellowish-white, on slender pedicels, longer
than calyx, Calyx open, cup-shaped, segments linear, petals oblong, stamens
15. Drupe ovoid, } in. long, stone thin, quite smooth.

Nepal, Sikkim, 45-7000 ft., Assam, Khasi hills. Fl. Oct. to March.

D, FI. in axillary or terminal many-flowered racemes, 1. persistent.

18. P. martabanica, Kurz F. FI. i. 434, Tenasserim, Andamans, Malay Peninsula. A
large evergreen tree, |. glabrous entire, blade 4-6, pet. 4-3 in., racemes solitary, or in
pairs, pubescent 2-6 in. long, calyx broad-campanulate, tomentose outside, petals
caducous, orbicular 1 in. diam., stamens 60-80. Fr. cylindric, pointed, 1 in. long, peri-
carp thin, quite dry. 19. P. punctata, Hook. f. & Th., Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur,
China. A shrub or small tree, |. long ecaudate-acuminate, dotted beneath with minute
dark-coloured glands, racemes axillary, compound pedicels very slender Stamens 30.
20. P. Jenkinsii, Hook. f. & Th., Assam (Tarraju), Khasi and Naga hills, a small tree
with shining undulate and more or less serrate 1., racemes 14-24 in, straight erect,
usually densely furnished with fl. to the base, whic h bears numerous concave orbicular
scales, stamens about 50. Drupe # in. long, broadly ovoid, stone rugose, with a thick
ridge on one side, walls thick and hard.

3. PRINSEPIA, Royle; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 322
(Species 3, two in eas and North China.)

P. utilis, Royle Ill. t. 38 fig. 1; Brandis F. F]. 196. Vern. Philwari,
Haz.; Bekhar, Bhekal, NW. Henal

A spinescent deciduous shrub, glabrous, youngest shoots only pubescent,
pith large, separating when dry into horizontal layers; stout, green axillary
often leaf-bearing spines, 1. ae serrate. Fl. white, in short racemes,
generally at the ‘base of spines. C Calyx- -tube cup-shaped, lobes 5 unequal, im-
bricate in bud, petals rounded, claw short. Stamens. numerous, inserted below
the petals in several rows, anther-cells separated by a broad connective. Carpel
1, sessile, ovules 2, collateral. Fr. an oblique, oblong-cylindrical, fleshy
purple drupe, scar of style basal, endocarp coriaceous, seed one only.

Outer Himalaya from Hazara to Bhutan, 2-9,000 ft., common on dry slopes. Khasi
hills. Fl. in autumn and winter up to February, fr. in spring. In Jaunsar fl. in
spring, fr. R. S. (Kanjilal FP. Fl. p. 154..\—Yunnan. A common hedge plant in parts of
Hazara. Oil expressed from the seeds.

Maddenia himalaica, Hook. f.& Thoms. Sikkim, Bhutan, Mishmi, Tibet, Szechuen, a

282 XLVI. ROSACEA [Prinsepia

deciduous middle-sized tree, young shoots and underside of 1. clothed with dense soft
brown tomentum, 1. oyate- or oboyvate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, the
serratures in young leaves often terminating in glandular hairs, especially near the
base of leaf, stipules linear-faleate, longer than petiole, deciduous. Fl. white, in ter-
minal dense racemes 1-2 in. long. Calyx-tube turbinate, lobes 5, petals minute.
Carpels solitary or in pairs, one-celled, terminating into long or short styles, two
collateral ovules in each carpel. Fr. a drupe, dark purple, pericarp nearly dry, endo-
carp thickly crustaceous, quite smooth. 2. M. pedicellata, Hook f., Mishmi hills, fl. on
long pedicels in lateral corymbs.

4. PYGEUM, Gertn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 318.

Evergreen trees or shrubs, leaves usually coriaceous and quite entire, in
most species large glands on blade near the base, stipules minute, fugacious.
Fl. small, mostly racemose, sometimes unisexual. Calyx free, deciduous, limb
5—6-toothed, petals small, tomentose, often similar to calyx-segments. Stamens
10-50, inserted on the rim of the calyx-tube, filaments slender, incurved.
Carpel 1 at the base of the calyx-tube, often oblique, ovules 2, collateral, pen-
dulous. Fruit as a rule 2-seeded, transversely oblong, slightly didymous,
pericarp thin, dry or juicy. Fr. and 1, if crushed, emit a strong smell of bitter
almonds. Species about 30, one African, the others of tropical Asia.

A. Western species.

1. P. Wightianum, Blume; Bedd. Manual 97.—Syn. P. ceylanicum, Beda.
Fl. Syly. t. 59; Polyodontia zcylanica, Wight Ic. t. 256. Vern. Mutta Kongu,
Netkambagam, Mal.

A large tree, 1. glabrous, brown beneath, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, blade
4-7, petiole tin. long, 2 or more large glands on the underside. Racemes
axillary, finely pubescent, 2-4 in. long, pedicels longer than calyx. Calyx
pubescent outside, turbinate, teeth 5, rarely 4-6, petals villous, stamens 30,
ovary glabrous, with a ring of hairs at the base.

Anamalai, Palni, Shevaroy and Tinnevelli hills (Bedd.). Fl. Nov.June.—Ceylon.
FP. zeylanicum, Gertner, with villous ovary, is endemic in Ceylon. 2. P. Andersoni,
Hook. f., summit of Parasnath, a rigid shrub, quite glabrous except edge of petals, J.
lanceolate shallow-serrate, racemes axillary, dense, 1 in. long, petals much longer than
calyx-segments, ovary glabrous. 3. P. Gardneri, Hook. f. (Pygeum acuminatum, Wight
Ic. t. 993), Western Ghats from Mahableshwar southwards, a small or middle-sized
tree, 1. glabrous, very coriaceous, racemes compact, 2-3 in. long, pubescent, calyx-teeth
obtuse, tomentose, petals exactly like calyx-teeth. Fr. broader than long, 1-14 in.
across, 2-lobed.

B. Eastern species, 1. quite glabrous.

4. P. glaberrimum, Hook. f., Sikkim, Khasi hills, Chittagong, racemes perfectly
glabrous, petals acute triangular, ovary oblique, hairy. 5. P. acuminatum, Colebr., a
large tree, 1. coriaceous, midrib and sec. n. prominent beneath, racemes slender, tawny-
pubescent, calyx-teeth 6, narrowly lanceolate, petals oblanceolate, stamens 30, Jong
exserted, style as long as stamens, ovary glabrous, a ring of hairs around its base.

C. Eastern species, 1. pubescent beneath, ovary hirsute or villous.

6. P. montanum, Hook. f., Sikkim, Khasi hills, a small tree, 1. oblong-lanceolate, mid-
rib and sec. n. impressed above, racemes 1-2 in. long in fl., much longer in fr., drupe
obliquely ovoid, one-seeded. 7. P. capitellatum, Hook. f., Tenasserim and Andamans, 1.
broadly elliptic, fl. in globose densely tomentose axillary heads. Besides these Kuzz,
F. Fl. i. 485, 486, mentions: 8. P. arboreum, Endl., Martaban and Tenasserim hills, and
9. P. persimile, from Tenasserim, which according to King, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol.
66 (1898), 291, is P. Lampongum, Mig. P. persimile, Kurz is a Malayan species.

5. SPIRAZA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 323.

Shrubs or perennial herbs, 1. alternate, simple or compound. FI. white or
red, in axillary or terminal cymes. Calyx free, persistent in fruit, segments

Spire) XLVI. ROSACEE 283

as well as petals 4-5. Stamens 20-60, on a fleshy often hairy disk, which is
generally adnate to calyx-tube. Carpels usually 5, free or connate below,
ovules 2 or more. Seeds thin, minute. Species 40, in the northern temperate
zone. Of the Indian shrubs the following may be mentioned :

A. Leaves simple, toothed.

1. S. canescens, Don ; Collett Simla Flora, fig. 44. North West Himalaya 6-9,000 ft.
(Chakis, N. West Himal.) Sikkim, 10-12,000 ft. Softly tomentose, stem attains 2 in.
diam. and more, ]. nearly sessile, }-} in., entire or 3-5-toothed at the tip. Fl. white,
bisexual. Ripe carpels villous, half immersed in calyx-tube. 2. §. bella, Sims, Hima-
laya, from Hazara eastwards, 7-12,000 ft. Kurkan, Haz. Nearly glabrous, |. 4-2 in.
long serrate, fl. pink, unisexual. Ripe carpels glabrous. 3. S. vaccinifolia, Don, N. W.
Himalaya 5-7,000 ft., near Simla on limestone (Naldera, Shali.) A small gregarious
shrub, 1. glabrous, glaucous beneath, blade 3-14, petiole }-} in. Fl. white, bisexual.

B. Leaves pinnate.

4. 8. sorbifolia, Linn. N. W. Himalaya 5-10.000 ft. (Karkan, Haz.; Kukis, Kunawar.)
Leaflets 6-10 pair, narrowly lanceolate, sharply toothed, 24 in. long, fl. white in large
terminal panicles. Small boxes made of the wood.

Neillia thyrsifiora, Don, and N. rubiflora, Don, are common shrubs in Sikkim and
the Khasi hills, 1. more or less lobed, fl. white in panicled racemes, calyx campanulate
hairy persistent, ripe carpels solitary, oblique, dehiscent, half enclosed in the hairy
calyx-tube, seeds 4-6, globose.

6. RUBUS, Linn. ; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 326.

Trailing shrubs, a few low undershrubs, as a rule prickly. Leaves alter-
nate, simple or compound, stipules more or less adnate io petiole. Fl. white
or red, in terminal or axillary corymbose panicles. Calyx free, broadly cup-
shaped, deeply cleft into 5 lobes, persistent in fruit, petals 5, stamens ©.
Ripe carpels numerous, usually fleshy, one-seeded, on a conical dry or spongy
receptacle. Species 180-200, cosmopolitan.

A. Leayes entire, not deeply lobed, usually longer than broad.

1. R. acuminatus, Sm.; Gamble List 35.

Branches long arching cylindric, glabrous, prickles very few, leaves glabrous,
green on both sides, ovate caudate-acuminate, petiole $—lin., stipules slender,
setaceous. Petals white, carpels 8. Drupes large, globose, scarlet, enclosed
by the calyx.

Himalaya from Kumaon to Sikkim 4—7,000 ft. Khasi hills. Fl. July. 2. R. hexagy-
nus, Roxb. (2. pyrifolius, Kurz F. FI. ii. 486.) Assam, Khasi hills, Silhet. Kakhyen
hills, Upper Burma. Yunnan. A large. scrambling or climbing shrub. prickles short
recurved, leaves ovate-oblong, petiole } in., carpels 6. 8. R. assamensis, Focke, Mishmi
and Khasi hills. Manipur. Erect, branchlets, underside of |. and inflorescence whitish-
villous with soft spreading hairs, prickles very few, short, 1. ovate-oblong, stipules and
bracts pectinate. Panicles terminal and in the axils of the upper leaves, petals white,
carpels 10-12, glabrous.

4. R paniculatus, Smith; Brandis F. Fl. 196. Vern. Kala Anchu, Jauns.

A straggling shrub, branches, petioles, underside of leaves and inflorescence
densely clothed with white or grey cottony tomentum, prickles few, minute,
hooked. Leaves from a cordate base broad-ovate, serrate and sinuate, basal
nerves 3-5, prominent, stipules and bracts cleft into linear segments. Fl. in
lax spreading terminal panicles. Petals white, shorter than the long acumi-
nate calyx-segments. Fr. black.

Himalaya, outer ranges 3-8,000 ft., from Hazara to Sikkim, Khasi hills. Fl. April
July. Yunnan. 5. R. insignis, Hook. f., Bhutan, Khasi hills. All parts except upper
side of leaves densely clothed with buff tomentum, numerous prickles on petiole and
midrib, leaves hastate, petals white, almost orbicular, equalling the silky calyx-lobes,

284 XLVI. ROSACEA [Rubus

stamens purple. 6. R. ferox, Wall. Nepal, Khasi hills. Upper Burma. Roughly
tomentose, not white or buff coloured, prickles stout, numerous on branchlets, petioles
and nerves, ]. more or less lobed. Panicles lax, ramifications slender, -calyx-lobes pec-
tinately toothed, teeth linear.

B. Leaves deeply lobed, as broad as long, or broader than long.

7. R. moluccanus, Linn. ; Kurz F. FI. i. 4837.—Syn. R. rugosus, Smith;
Wight Ic. t. 225. R. Hamiltonianus, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 234. (R.
rugosus in text.)

A large strageling shrub, branches, petioles and underside of leaves densely
clothed with soft woolly rust-coloured tomentum, branches and petioles armed
with numerous small prickles, leaves deeply cordate, 3—-5-lobed, upperside more
or less wrinkled, stipules laciniate or pinnatifid. Fl. white, in dense axillary

Fre. 122.—Rubus moluccanus, Linn. 3.

racemes or clusters, the upper ones usually forming a terminal silky-tomentose
panicle, calyx entire or pectinate-dentate. Fr. bright red, glabrous, shghtly
acid.

Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, ascending to 7,000 ft., Khasi hills. Hills of Burma
above 3,000 ft. Western Ghats from Mahableshwar southwards. Fl. Feb—Aug.—
Ceylon, moist country, above 1,000 ft. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. 8. R.
reticulatus, Wall., Himalaya, Kumaon to Sikkim, 7-10,000 ft., closely allied to 7 and
perhaps not specifically distinct, branchlets and 1. grey tomentose beneath, fr. very
large. 9. R. lanatus, Wall. Kumaon, Nepal, 5-8,000 ft., inflorescence with glandular
hairs, branches and underside of leaves white-cottony. 10. R. birmanicus, Hook. f.,
Patkai range. Manipur. Branchlets, petioles and underside of |. densely clothed with
long soft hairs and numerous stout recurved prickles, 1. greyish-brown beneath, stipules
and bracts 4} in. long, deeply pinnatifid, segments long, filiform. 11. R. Treutleri,
Hook. f., Sikkim 7—-10,000 ft., branchlets, petioles and 1. on both sides densely clothed
with long soft hairs, mixed here and there with glandular bristles, prickles slender,
passing into bristles, fl. ?-1 in. across, calyx-lobes large, laciniate or pinnatifid. Carpels
numerous, dry.

C. Leaves digitately 3—5-foliolate.

Rubus) XLVI. ROSACEA 285

12. R. lineatus, Reinw.; Vern. Gempdé Aselu, Nep.

A large nearly unarmed shrub, bark peeling off in flakes, leaflets 3 or 5,
elliptic-lanceolate, usually clothed beneath with dense silky silvery tomentum,
sec. n. numerous, straight, parallel, terminating in sharp serratures. Stipules
ovate or lanceolate, entire, semipersistent. Fl]. white, in short axillary clusters.
Drupes red, edible.

Sikkim 6-8,000 ft., coming up gregariously in clearances. Fl]. Aug—Sept. 13. R.
Andersoni, Hook. f., Sikkim, 7—L10,000 ft., similar, but leaflets broader. Numerous
spreading gland-tipped hairs on branchlets, petioles and underside of leaflets. Fl. in
axillary short spreading panicles. 14. R. alpestris, Blume, Himalaya, Garhwal to
Sikkim 7-10,000 ft. Prickles straight, scattered, leaflets 3-5, deeply serrate, slightly
pubescent while young, sec. n. 7-10 pair. stipules linear. Fl]. terminal, 1-3 together,
on slender pedicels.

Fig. 128.—Rubus lineatus, Reinw. 3.

D. Leaves impari-pinnate, leaflets usually one pair only.

15. R. niveus, Wall.; Brandis F. Fl. 199. (R. gracilis, Roxb. is the
older name, but Hooker, in Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 336, has justly retained the well
understood and more expressive name of PR. niveus.) Vern. Bhera, Jauns.

A large straggling exceedingly variable, often gregarious shrub, branches
dull brown or greyish-brown, often trailing over rocks; silky mostly grey
pubescence on branchlets, leaves and inflorescence, numerous small conical
prickles on branches and petioles, no bristles or gland-tipped hairs. Leaflets,
one or two pair, membranous, deeply incised-serrate, often slightly lobed, vari-
able in size and shape, but generally ovate, acuminate, silky pale green or white
beneath, stipules linear-subulate, often 1 in. long. Corymbs lax, few-flowered,
petals pink, shorter than calyx-lobes, connivent over ovaries.

Kuram valley, trans Indus. Outer Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhutan, 6-10,000 ft.
in the west, ascending to 12,000 ft. in the east. Manipur. Fl. May-July in the N. W..
Oct. in Sikkim (Gamble.) 16. R. purpureus, Bunge, Kuram valley 9-10,000 ft. Kash-
mir. Lahaul, Kunawar. West Tibet, branches yellowish-red, eglandular bristles
numerous on branchlets and calyx, fl. few on long slender pedicels, in lax axillary
cymes. 17. R, Hookeri, Focke, Sikkim 7-10,000 ft., softly pubescent, prickles few,
straight, glandular bristles numerous, leaflets 8, rhomboid-oyate, stipules broad pecti-

,

286 XLVI. ROSACEA [Rubus

nate. Fl, large, calyx densely hispid, lobes 1 in. long with filiform points, fr. often
over one in. diam. :

18. R. macilentus, Camb.; Brandis F, Fl. 199.

A spreading shrub, nearly glabrous, prickles numerous on branches and
petioles, flat, stout, sharp, often yellow and shining, no glandular hairs and
bristles. Leaflets pale-green, not shining, ovate-lanceolate, 3, sometimes 1
only. Petals white, orbicular or obovate, longer than calyx-segments, fruit
red or yellow, edible.

Himalaya, Kashmir to Bhutan 6-9,000 ft. Fl. Apr._May.

19. R. ellipticus, Smith.—Syn. R. Gowree phul, Roxb. ; Wight Ic. t. 230;
R. flavus, Ham.; Brandis F. Fl. 197. Vern. Gurdcha, Haz. ; Akhe, Punjab ;
Hishala, Lal Anchu, Hind. ; Swbwe, Swmwe, Upper Burma.

A large shrub with long trailing angular branches, which as well as petioles
are clothed with a dense soft down and long soft brown bristles without
glands; stout hooked prickles on branches, petioles and midrib. Leaflets 3,
sometimes only one, almost coriaceous, broadly-elliptic or obovate, obtuse or
shortly acuminate, densely clothed beneath with soft grey pubescence, stipules
subulate. Panicles axillary and terminal, petals white, larger than calyx-
segments, fr. yellow, edible.

Outer Himalaya, Hazara to Bhutan 2-7,000 ft. Khasi hills, Manipur. Hills of
Lower Burma above 3,000 ft. Upper Burma down to 700 ft. Western Ghats above
4,000 ft., from Mahableshwar southwards. Shevaroy hills. Fl. March-May.—Hills of
Ceylon, common. 20. R. fasciculatus, Duthie in Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix. t. 48. Damp
shady ravines, Tons valley, Tehri-Garhwal, Chakrata, Mussoorie, nearly allied to 19;
leaflets\3, thin papery, glabrous except bristles on midrib and nerves beneath, fl. in
dense terminal and axillary clusters.

21. R. fruticosus, Linn., the European Blackberry, Afghanistan, Hazara (Kuranchi),
Kashmir. Salt range. Europe, Northern and Western Asia. Leaves on sterile
branches often 5-foliolate, stipules linear, no bristles. Fl. pink, in compact cylindrical
panicles. Fr. black edible. This is &. discolor, Weihe et Nees. 22. R. lucens, Focke,
Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur. Climbing over tall trees, almost entirely glabrous,
branches angled and grooved, white with glaucous bloom. Leaflets shining, acuminate.
Fl. small, in narrow racemiform panicles, calyx divided nearly to the base, segments
oblong, densely hoary outside, erect in fr.

23. R. biflorus, Buch.; Brandis F. Fl. 198; Collett Simla Flora fig. 45.
Vern. Bassandur, Hissar, Theog and Narkanda.

Stems and branches covered with a thick white pruinose coating, branches,
petioles and peduncles armed with sharp shining prickles, subulate from a
broad base, no glandular hairs or bristles. Leaflets often 2 pair, softly white-
tomentose beneath, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, acute, deeply incised-serrate, the
terminal often lobed, stipules lanceolate. Fl. white, }—? in. diam. on slender
pedicels more than twice the length of calyx, solitary or 2-6 together. Fr.
yellow, globose in. diam.

N. W. Himalaya 4-10,000 ft. Sikkim. Bhutan. Fl. Apr.—May.

EK. Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets usually 2 pair or more.

24. R. lasiocarpus, Smith; Wight Ic. 232; Brand. F. Fl. 198. Vern.
Bhokaran, Haz.; Kala Anchu, Simla; Kala Hinsalu, Jauns.; Gariphal, Mar.

A spreading shrubwith long glabrous purple stems often overhanging and root-
ing at the extremities. Branches and petioles armed with stout conical
prickles, no bristles or glandular hairs, branches often pruinose. Leaflets
white-tomentose beneath, 2-5 pair, ovate-lanceolate, with large serratures, the
terminal leaflet often lobed. FJ. in lax short, grey-tomentose panicles. Petals
pink, shorter than calyx-lobes. Unripe fr. white tomentose, when ripe black,
eaten.

Kuram valley. Himalaya, 2-8,000, in Sikkim to 10,000 ft. Khasi hills. Mountains

¥

Rubus) XLVI. ROSACEA 287

of Burma. Western Ghats from Mahableshwar southwards, Bababudan hills, Mysore.
Lower Palnis, 4,000 ft. Javadi hills, 3,000 ft. Fl. March-May in the North, Jan—
Feb. in the South.—Ceylon 3-6,000 ft., Java. &. foliosus, Don, Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 340, is
a prostrate form of 24, with smaller leaflets.

25. R. racemosus, Roxb. Nilgiris, Palnis. Closely allied to 24, with copious glandular
hairs and short bristles, leaflets broadly ovate, calyx prickly, petals red, large. 26.
R. opulifolius, Bertol. Khasi hills. Branchlets, petioles and inflorescence densely
woolly-tomentose, ]. coriaceous, densely clothed beneath with white wool, fl. in short
compact woolly and glandular hairy racemes, petals small, red. 27. R. pungens, Camb.
Kashmir. Branchlets trailing, with numerous straight prickles, leaflets bright green
on both sides. Fl. nearly 1 in.across, on long slender pedicels, solitary or 2-3 together,
ealyx densely prickly.

28, R. roszfolius, Smith; Brandis F. Fl. 198. Vern. Yeshul, Kumaon.

A spreading shrub, glabrous or glandular-hairy, prickles on branches and
petioles. Leaflets 1-3 pair, green on both surfaces, lanceolate, deeply serrate or
lobed, stipules subulate. FI. #-1 in. across, in lax panicles, petals white,
exceeding the calyx, fr. cylindric, of innumerable minute orange-red drupes,
edible.

Himalaya, Kumaon to Sikkim, 4-7,000 ft. Khasi hills, Manipur. Burma hills above
3,000 ft. FI. April—Javyva. Often cultivated with double flowers.

Potentilla fruticosa, Linn. Himalaya, Kashmir to Sikkim, from 8,000 ft. to the Snow
limit, Caucasus, Armenia, Northern Asia. Mountains of Europe and polar regions of
North America. A small stiff branched shrub, |. pinnate, leaflets 3-7, }—-} in. long, silky,
stipules large, membranous, adnate to petiole. Fl. yellow, solitary, nearly 1 in. across,
bracteoles entire or bifid, alternating with calyx-segments. A low spreading shrub in
Hayara 8,009 ft. with white fl. is perhaps P. fruticosa var. ochreata.

7. ROSA, Linn.; FI). Brit. Ind. ii. 363.

Erect or climbing shrubs, as a rule prickly. Leaves imparipinnate, stipules
more or less adnate to petiole. Fl. in terminal corymbs or panicles, rarely
solitary. Calyx-tube persistent in fruit, mouth contracted, limb divided into
5 rarely 4 leafy segments. Ovaries «, rarely few, free, enclosed in the calyx-
tube, the styles protruding and in some species united. Fr. a pulpy or dry
red or black berry, enclosing numerous dry 1-seeded very hairy carpels. Species
100, temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, a few species within the
tropics.

A. Styles distinct, calyx-segments deciduous.
R. damascena, Mill. (Golab) is the rose chiefly cultivated for Attar and Rose water,

1. R. involucrata, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 234; Kurz F. Fl. i. 440.—Syn.
R. Lyellii, Lindl.; Brandis F. Fl. 199. k

A large shrub, branches arching, branchlets and inflorescence densely grey-
tomentose, prickles straight, frequently in pairs at the nodes. Leaflets 3-4
pair, elliptic-oblong, finely serrate, 1-1} in. long, upper surface shining, stipules
small, laciniate. Fl. white, fragrant, 2-3 in. across, bracts broad, serrate.
Fr. } in. long, densely tomentose.

Nepal, Gorakhpur, Gangetic plain in swamps and on banks of rivers and lakes. Silhet.
Assam. Manipur, banks of rivers. Mount Abi. Upper Burma. Fl. Feb—March. 2.
R. anserinefolia, Boiss., Afghanistan, Baluchistan (Surai), Waziristan, Kuram valley,
prickles curved, leaflets elliptic, sharply serrate, 4-} in. long, pubescent on both sides,
fl.1 in. across. In Journ. Linn. Soc. xix. 161 and xxviii. 315 this is called R. Beggeriana,
Schrenk.

3. R. gigantea, Collett; Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. t. 9. Manipur 6,000 ft. Shan hills,
4-5,000ft. Yunnan. <A powerful climber, stems thick, branches with stout flat prickles,
made into walking sticks, Il. mostly solitary, white 8-5 in. across, fr. globose. 4. R.
Collettii, Crépin ; Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. t. 10. Shan hills 84,000 ft., on banks of
streams, leaflets 8 pair, fl. corymbose, 1 in. across.

288 XLVI. ROSACEA [Rosa

B. Styles distinct, calyx-segments persistent in fr. ©

5. R. macrophylla, Lind].; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t.117; Brandis F. Fl. 203.
Vern. Ban gilab, Ban Kuja, Ban Kor, Simla.

A large erect shrub, occasionally unarmed, but generally with straight
prickles j—} in. long, often in pairs below the nodes, no bristles, glandular
hairs on stipules, bracts, pedicels and calyx. Leaves 2-8 in. long, glabrous or
slightly pubescent, leaflets 3-6 pair. Fl. red, 15-3 in. across, in large corymbs,
bracts large entire. Calyx-lobes often longer than petals, apex dilated, lanceo-
late, toothed. Fr. elongate ovoid, soft, 1-1} in., calyx-segments often 1 in.
long.

Kuram valley. Himalaya, extending into the inner dry region, Kagan to Sikkim
6-10,000 ft. Fl. April-June, fr. Oct.—Yunnan. 6. R. Webbiana, Wall. Baluchistan,
Kuram valley. Inner and N. W. Himalaya, ascending to 13,500 ft. Kantai, Pangi;
Rangyal, Bash. Leaves }-3 in. long, leaflets 2-4 pair, obovate or rotundate, entire near
base, with deep sharp teeth in the upper half. Fl. pink, solitary, calyx-lobes caudate-
acuminate. Fr. sub-globose $in.long. 7. R. Eglanteria, Linn. (/?. /utea, Mill., Brandis
F. Fl. 201). Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Kuram valley. Inner arid N. W. Himalaya,
1. 13-8 in., leaflets 24 pair, stipules broad, leafy, toothed. Fl. yellow 2-23 in. across,
solitary or few together, calyx-lobes caudate-acuminate, glandular. 8. R. xanthina,
Lindl. (&. Eee, Aitchison in Journ. Linn. Soc. xix. t.8.) Kuram valley, forming with
Prunus brahuica the scrub on stony ridges of the Harial district. Chitral, Turke-
stan, Mongolia. North China. Prickles straight from a very broad base, fl. yellow,
barely 1 in. across.

9. R. sericea, Lindl.; Royle Ill. t.42.f1. Vern. Bhibri, Chamba.

A large shrub, in Sikkim’ at times a small tree with hard close grained
woed, paces on sterile branches of 2 kinds, short slender, and broad flat,
shining, up to } in. long and 1 in. broad; on flowering branches the broad flat
kind only. Leaves 1-3 in., leaflets 3-4 pair cuneate oblong, entire in the lower
part, with deep sharp teeth in the upper, more or less silky beneath. FI.
white or pink, 2-24 in. across, usually tetramerous, solitary on nodding
peduncles without bracts, calyx- ‘obes silky-pubescent, fr. fleshy, scarlet.

Himalaya from the Sutle} to Bhutan, 7,500-14,000 ft., often gregarious. Fl. May,
June. Tibet, China. This and R. macrophylla, when growing in shade are often
without prickles, while on open dry hillsides prickles are numerous and the leaves
smaller (Collett, Simla Fl. 168).

C. Styles united into a column exserted beyond the calyx-tube, calyx-seg-
ments deciduous.

10. R. moschata, Mill.; Brandis F. Fl. 201. Vern. Jhal, Haz. MKuja,
Kanjei, kiu, Kunjo, Karer, N. W. Himal.

A thorny shrub, climbing to the top of lofty trees, the fowering branches
hanging down in rich festoons, prickles few, stout, recurved. Med. rays of two
kinds, narrow and very broad, vessels large. Leaflets pubescent, membranous,
3 pair, 1-3 in. long, evenly serrate. Fl. white, 1-1} in. across, in large com-
pound terminal corymbs, ramifications and calyx hoary pubescent, but without
bristles or prickles. Calyx-lobes twice or three times the length of tube,
glandular serrate and (as well as bracts) often pinnatifid. Styles united into a
hairy clavate column. Fr. dark brown, globose or ovoid, t—} in. diam., crowned
by the base of the deciduous calyx- lobes.

Kuram valley, N. W. Himalaya, east as far as Nepal 2-11,000 ft. Fl. May, June.
Afghanistan. China. 11. R. Leschenaultiana, Wight & Arn.; W: ight Ic.t.38. Nilgiri
and Palni hills, similar to 10, differs by evergreen leaves, petioles, inflorescence and
calyx densely clothed with glandular bristles, and petals slightly pubescent outside.
12. R. longicuspis, Bertol., Khasi and Mishmi hills. Ruby Mines district, Upper
Burma. lL. thinly coriaceous, shining, petals outside velvety-tomentose, fr. globose
4-4 in. diam., nearly allied to 11 and to R. sempervirens, Linn., of the Mediterranean
region.

ae a eo YE <<

=
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eee, tae

Docynia| XLVI. ROSACEA 289

8. DOCYNIA, Decaisne; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 369.

Small or middle-sized deciduous trees, |. simple, stipules small. Fl. white
solitary, or in few-fld. umbels. Calyx-tube clavate, petals 5, with long woolly
claws. Ovary 5 celled, styles 5, connate and woolly below the middle, ovules
3 in each cell. Species 2.

1. D. indica, Dne.—Syn. Pyrus indica, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 173; Kurz
F. Fl. i. 441. | .

Young shoots and un-
derside of leaves densely
white-woolly, leaves ovate-
lanceolate, indistinctly
toothed, blade 2-3, petiole
4} in. long; on young
shoots glabrous, larger and
lobed, often pinnatifid.
Fl. white, calyx densely
white-woolly. Fr. yellow,
ovoid, 1}-2 in. — long,
crowned by the persistent
calyx-limb, edible.

Sikkim 3-6,000 ft., Bhutan,
Khasi hills, Manipur. Hills
of Upper Burma. Fl. Feb.—
March.—China. 2. D. Hook-
eriana, Dne., Khasi hills, |.
glabrous, 4-5 in. long, ob-
long-lanceolate, fr. between
fusiform and ellipsoid. Fic. 124.—Docynia indica, Dne. 4.

9. CYDONIA, Tourn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 368.

Deciduous shrubs or trees, 1. simple, stipules large, oblique. FI. solitary or
in few-fld. umbels. Ovary 5-celled, styles 5, in the lower part connate and
woolly, ovules numerous in each cell. Species 4, Mediterranean region and
China.

1. C. vulgaris, Pers.—Syn. Pyrus Cydonia, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl. 205.
Quince. Vern. Bihi, Hind.

A large shrub, branchlets, underside of leaves, peduncles and calyx white-
tomentose. Leaves ovate from an obtuse base, entire, petioles short, stipules
oblong, obtuse, glandular-serrate. Fl. white, 2 in. across. Calyx-lobes leafy,
glandular-serrate, longer than tube. Fr. large, clothed with grey woolly
tomentum, 5-celled, endocarp cartilaginous. Seeds many, testa mucilaginous.

Probably wild in Western Asia, cultivated in N. W. India. Fl. March-April.

2. C. Cathayensis, Hemsl. in Hook. Ic. Plant. tt. 2657, 2658. Kyinzanga, Burm., hills
east of Bhamo, cultivated in Kachin villages on account of its fruit. China, A large
squat tree, armed with stout woody spines } in. long. Leaves glabrous when mature,
lanceolate, serrate, blade 2-4, narrowed into petiole }—-4 in. long, stipules leafy, semi-
cordate, serrate, serration of |. and stipules cuspidate. Calyx-tube glabrous outside,
continued beyond ovary into a campanulate cup, lobes short, obtuse, hairy within. Fr.
cylindric ovoid or nearly cylindric, 2 in. long, edible, seeds numerous.

10. ERIOBOTRYA, Lindl. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 370.

Small or large trees, leaves simple very coriaceous, usually serrate. Fl. white,
pentamerous, in terminal mostly densely tomentose panicles, calyx-lobes small,
persistent. Ovary 2—5-celled, adnate to calyx-tube, ovules 2 in each cell, styles
woolly below. Fr. a dry or succulent berry, generally one-seeded, endocarp

U

290 XLVI. ROSACEA | Eriobotrya

membranous. Seed large, angular, cotyledons thick, fleshy. Species 10,
South-Eastern Asia.

A. Styles 2 or 3.

1. E. bengalensis, Hook. f.—Syn. EL. dubia, Kurz F. Fl. i. 443. Vern.
Petsut, Burm.

A large evergreen tree, 1. elliptic-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, quite glabrous,
shining above, sec. n. 8-12 pair, blade 4-8, petiole #-13 in. Panicle softly
tomentose, fl. smelling of hawthorn, + in. diam., petals oblique, emarginate,
styles 2, crown of ovary as well as lower part of styles very woolly. Fr.
ellipsoid 1—2-seeded, ? in. long.

Khasi hills, Manipur. Chittagong. Mergui. Upper Burma (Smales). FI. Feb.
Malay Peninsula. 2. E dubia, Dene., Nepal. Sikkim, 5-7,000 ft. Taunggyi, Shan
hills 6,000 ft. Leaves glabrous, shining above, sharply serrate, blade 3-5, pet. 4 in. long.
3. E. petiolata, Hook. f., Sikkim, 5-9,000 ft., Bhutan. Leaves glabrous, firmly coriaceous,
entire or coarsely serrate towards the apex, sec.n. arching. 4. E. Hookeriana, Dene.,
Sikkim, Bhutan, 4-8,000 ft. A middle-sized tree, leaves nearly sessile, rusty tomentose
when young, glabrous when full grown, oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, sec. n. 25-35
pair, stipules large coriaceous, semilunate. Panicles pyramidal, 4-6 in. broad, styles 2.
Fr. ellipsoid, yellow, #in. long. 5. E. angustissima, Hook. f., Khasi hills, a small gregarious
rigid shrub on river banks, 1. perfectly glabrous, linear-lanceolate, fl. few, 4 in. across,
on a small almost glabrous panicle, styles 3.

B. Styles 5.

6. E. japonica, Lindl.; Wight Ic. t. 226. The Loquat.

A middle-sized tree, leaves nearly sessile, oblanceolate, acuminate, remotely
serrate, as well as petiole, densely woolly beneath, nerves 10-15 pair, prominent
beneath. Panicles softly woolly, with stout branches. FI. } in. across, crowded,
white, fragrant, petals broadly ovate. Fr. ovoid, intruded at the top, 1-1} long,
yellow, seeds 2-5. ,

Indigenous in China and Japan, largely cultivated in northern India. FI. Aug—
Noy. 7. E. elliptica, Lindl. Nepal, Manipur. L. perfectly glabrous when full grown,
entire or coarsely serrate, blade 5-11, petiole 1-3 in. long, sec. n. 15-20 pair very promi-
nent beneath, tertiary nerves parallel.

11. PYRUS, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 372.

Deciduous trees or shrubs. LL. simple or pinnate, stipules deciduous. FI.
white, red or pink, in terminal corymbs, bracts subulate or linear. Ovary 2—5-
celled, enclosed within and adnate to calyx-tube, ovules 2 in each cell. Fr.
fleshy 2—5-celled, cells lined with a cartilaginous or bony endocarp, often 2-
valved, 1—-2-seeded. Species 50—-GO, temperate and cold regions of the northern
hemisphere.

A. Leaves simple, sometimes lobed. Ovary 3-5-celled, styles 3-5, free or
united. Calyx-lobes persistent or deciduous.

1. P. Malus, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl. 205. The Apple tree. Vern. Chur,
Paugi; Pdlu, Kunawar; Seo, seb, Hind.

Young shoots, underside of leaves and inflorescence clothed with thin white
silky tomentum. LL. ovate, acuminate, obtusely serrate, petiole usually half the
length of leaf or shorter. FI. white, tinged with red. Styles 5, connate,
ovary 3—5-celled. Fr. on a short pedicel, large, globose, intruded at both ends,
crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes.

Indigenous in Europe and western Asia, supposed also to be wild in the N. W.
Himalaya. Largely cultivated. Fl. March—May, fr. July—Sept.

2. P. baccata, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl. 205. Vern. Patol, Buirdl, Guedlam,
N. W. Himal. ; Katsbal, Bash.
Trunk short, bearing a rounded crown of dark green foliage. L. elliptic,

Pyrus| XLVI. ROSACE® 291

acuminate, serrulate, petiole usually longer than half the length of leaf. Fl.
white, on long slender pedicels, in sessile umbelliform corymbs. Calyx-tube
urceolate, glabrous or slightly pubescent, limb spreading, lobes lanceolate,
deciduous, equal to or longer than tube, white cottony inside. Petals with
dark yeins. Styles 3-5 nearly free, woolly at base. Fr. small, red or scarlet,
globose, sometimes pyriform, }—1 in. diam., on pedicels 2 in. long.

N. W. Himalaya, Kashmir to Nepal 6-11,000 ft. Bhutan and Khasi hills. Bernard-
myo, Upper Burma. Fl. spring, Fr. autumn.—Northern Asia. 3. P. sikkimensis, Hook. f.,
Sikkim 7-10,000 ft., Bhutan, is believed to differ by a woolly calyx, 1. tomentose beneath
and pyriform speckled fruit, but is probably not specifically distinct.

4. P. communis, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl. 203. The Pear tree. Vern.
Nashpati, Hind.

Usually glabrous, branchlets on young trees often spinescent. L. broadly
ovate, entire or obtusely serrate, petiole slender, nearly as long as leaf. FI.
white, styles 5, free. Fr. more or less turbinate, not intruded at base, crowned
with the persistent calyx.

Indigenous in Eastern and Central Europe and in Western Asia. Largely cultivated
in the N.W. Himalaya. FJ. March-April (at times in autumn). Fr. Aug.—Oct.

5. P. Pashia, Ham.; Collett Simla Flora t. 47.—Syn. P. variolosa, Wall. :
Brandis F. Fl. 204. Vern Patangi, Hazara; Keint, Mehal, Mol, N. W. Hima-
laya.

A middle-sized tree, young shoots, peduncles and calyx clothed with whitish
floccose tomentum. Barren branchlets often spinescent. Leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, from a rounded or slightly cordate base, acuminate, crenate, on coppice shoots
and suckers often lobed or pinnatifid, petioles slender, half the length of leaf or
longer. Petals obovate, with dark radiating veins. Fr. nearly globose when
ripe, $-1} in. diam., crowned with the base of calyx, rough and seurfy with
numerous elevated white round spots.

Afghanistan. Trans Indus. Himalaya, Hazara to Bhutan, 2,500-8,000 ft. Khasi
hills, Manipur. Upper Burma. F). Feb—April, occasionally in autumn. Fr. eaten,
like a medlar when it is half rotten. Closely allied, if specifically distinct, are: 6.
P. Kumaoni, Dene., Himalaya, Kashmir to Kumaon, leaves corymbs outside of calyx-tube
glabrous, calyx-lobes broad, rounded, woolly on the margin. 7. P. Jacquemontiana,
Dene., Punjab Himalaya, |. glabrous, corymbs lax tomentose, young fr. smooth.

8. P. lanata, Don.—Syn. P. Aric, Brandis F. Fl. 206. Vern. Amlok,
Kuram valley; Doda, Hazara; Mohl, Banshara, Banphalta, Marphal, Pali,
N. W. Himal.

A middle-sized or large tree, young shoots, inflorescence and outside of
calyx-tube clothed with white woolly tomentum. Leaves ovate or obovate,
sec. n. prominent beneath, 8-14 pair, each terminating as a rule in a small
acute lobe, lobes serrate, blade 3-6, petiole }-1 in. long; full grown leaves
glabrous above, generally greyish white floccose, rarely glabrous, beneath. Fl.
white, scented, } in. across, in compound terminal corymbs, petals unguiculate,
nearly glabrous, often with a few scattered hairs, veined, styles 2-5, free,
the lower half densely woolly. Fr. narrowed to the base, red, }—1} in., edible,
crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes.

Kuram valley. Himalaya, Hazara to Kumaon. Sikkim, Rhododendron Forest,
$-10,000 ft. Fl. March-May. Fr. Aug—Oct. 9. P. vestita, Wall., Himalaya, Jumna
to Sikkim 6-8,000 ft. Khasi hills, Yunnan, a large tree, |. very woolly white-tomentose
beneath, not lobed, calyx tomentose, petals woolly within, styles 3-5, woolly at base, fr.
nearly globose. United with 8 under P. Aria in Brandis PF. Fl. N. W. & C. India.

B. Leaves simple, ovary 2—3-celled, styles 2-3, free or united, calyx-lobes
deciduous, leaving a raised ring at the top of the fruit.

10. P. Griffithii, Dene., Sikkim 6-9,000 ft., Bhutan, Naga hills, a tree, sometimes epi-
phytic, somewhat resembles P. vestita, 1. densely grey-tomentose beneath when young,
glabrous and shining when full grown, petals glabrous, styles 2, distinct, glabrous,

292 XLVI. ROSACEA [Pyrus

stigma large, fr. { in. diam. 11. P. kohimensis, Watt MSS., Kohinia, Naga hills at
6,000 ft., is similar, but the petals have a tuft of hairs inside, the fr. is ovoid, ridged,
tin. long. 12. P. rhamnoides, Dene., Sikkim 6-9,000 ft., often epiphytic. Nearly allied
to P. Gr “iffithii, but 1. acuminate, with a few hairs beneath while young, entirely eae
rous afterwards, sec. n. prominent beneath, very oblique, 10-16 pair.

13. P. granulosa, Bertol.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 442.

A middle-sized at times a large tree, 1. entirely glabrous, elliptic, from a
cuneate, often unequal-sided base, acuminate, sharp-serrate in the upper part,
the base being entire, sec. n. 8-12 pair, oblique, blade 3-5, petiole 1 in. Fr.
# in. diam., spotted, on short stout pedicels in small terminal corymbs.

Khasi and Naga hills, near streams. Higher hills of upper and lower Burma
(reported as epiphytic from the Ruby Mines hills). Fl. C.S. Fr. H.S. Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra. Closely allied and probably not specifically distinct: 14. P. Khasiana, Dene.,
Khasi hills, sec. n. more numerous, nearly straight.

15. P. polycarpa, Hook. f., Khasi hills, perfectly glabrous, also inflorescence, 1. serrate

to the base, otherwise similar to those of P. granulosa, petals glabrous, stamens 20,
alternately longer, styles 3, fr. +-4 in. diam., rim of calyx large, the top of fr. depressed
with a conical centre. 16. P. Thomsoni, King, Sikkim 8-10,000 ft., a large tree, entirely
glabrous, also inflorescence, only claw of petals woolly, ile elliptic- -lanceolate or oblanceo-
late, serrate above the middle, blade 2-8, petiole 4-4 in. FI. $in. across. Fr. # in.
diam., with a few white spots. 17. P. cuspidata, “Bertol., Khasi hills. Tenasserim,
Muleyit 6,400 ft. (Bedd.), a Jarge tree, branches with numerous oblong lenticels,
young shoots and leaves clothed with floceulent cotton, that falls away in white flakes.
L. thinly membranous, pale green, not shining, ovate, long- acuminate, blade 2-4, petiole
lin. Corymb dense, rounded, tomentose while young, fl. 4 in. across, petals obovate,
claw pubescent. Fr. pyriform, 4in.diam. The Muleyit ‘specimens haye the petals
hairy on the upper side. 18. P. ferruginea, Hook. f., Bhutan, shoots, underside of |. and
inflorescence clothed with ferrugineous tomentum, |. ovate, suddenly acuminate, blade
2-3, petiole }-4$ in. long. Corymbs few-fld:, petals woolly above, styles 3, glabrous.

C. Leaves impari-pinnate. Corymbs more or less pedunculate. Ovary
2-5-celled, styles 2-5, free. Calyx-lobes persistent.

19. P. foliolosa, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 189.—Syn. P. ursina, Wall. ;
Brandis F. Fl. 206. Vern. Rangiek, Kunawar.

A large shrub or small tree, in Sikkim often epiphytic on other trees, bark
peeling off in horizontal papery strips. Buds, petioles, underside of leaves
along nerves and inflorescence with long soft generally rusty hairs. Leaflets
9-15 pair, 1-2 in. linear-oblong, apiculate, sharply serrate, when dry pale
brown beneath. FI. white or greenish-white, smell unpleasant, in dense,
many-fld. corymbs, bracts linear, rusty-pilose, deciduous. Fr. small red or
bluish red. E

Himalaya, from Kashmir to Sikkim, extending into the inner arid region, 6-12,000
ft. Fl. May-July. 20. P. microphylla, Wall., Kashmir to Sikkim 10-14,000 ft. East
Tibet. Nearly glabrous, slender, scandent or epiphytic, leaflets 12-18 pair, 4-} in.

long, deeply serrate. Fl. deep red, corymbs lax and few-fld., on slender peduncles
1-2 in. long, fr. large bluish-white.

21. P. Aucuparia, Gertn., the Mountain Ash of Europe, western and northern Asia.
Afghanistan, Kuram valley. N. W. Himalaya, 9-13,000 ft., often associated with
Juniper at the limit of tree vegetation. Leaflets 6-12 pair, oblong-lanceolate, green
beneath when dry, fr. scarlet, in Lahaul white, 4-} in. diam. 22. P. Wallichii, Hook.
f., Sikkim 6,500-9,000 ft., Naga hills. Young shoots densely woolly, leaflets 5-8 pair,
glabrous, glaucous beneath, ‘oblong, entire or obscurely serrulate towards the tip, fi.
white. 23. P. insignis, Hook. fas Sikkim 8-1 ,000 ft., Manipur, a small tree, branchlets
thick, bud-scales large, brown, shining. Young shoots densely brown silky-tomentose,
leaflets 4-6 pair, coriaceous, glabrous when full grown, linear-oblong, entire or obscurely
serrulate, 4 by $ in. Corymbs dense, glabrous in fruit, ramifications lenticelled.

12. STRANVAESSIA, Lindl.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 382.
Species 5, China, Tibet and Himalaya.

1. S. glaucescens, Lindl.; Brandis F. Fl. 210.
A small evergreen tree, leaves coriaceous, lanceolate, serrulate, elabrous above,

Stranvisia| XLVI. ROSACEE 293

pale and pubescent beneath along the midrib. Fl. white, pentamerous, } in.
across, in silky corymbs. Calyx white-tomentose, segments short, erect, per-
sistent. Ovary villous, adnate to base of oly tube 5-celled, cells 2-ovuled,
styles 5, glabrous, connate half-way up. fleshy, including a 5-celled
capsule, dehiscing loculicidally, the a aa remaining attached to the
inner face of the valves.

Onter ranges of the Himalaya in Garhwal and Kumaon, 3-8,000 ft. Nepal. Khasi
hills. Ruby Mines district and Shan hills, upper Burma. Fi. Apr—June. Yunnan.
A species not yet described, leaves, corymbsand calyx perfectly glabrous is known from
Mogok, Ruby Mines district. and from Yunnan.

13. PHOTINIA, Lindl.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 380.

Eyergreen shrubs or small trees, leaves coriaceous, entire or serrulate, stipules
subulate, deciduous. Fl. corymbose, white. Calyx -lobes short, persistent.
Ovary more or less adnate to calyx-tube, 2- (rarely 3-) celled, ovules 2 collateral
in each cell, apex of ovary free, pubescent or ‘woolly, styles short, free or

united in the lower part. Fr. 1—2-seeded, endocarp crustaceous or mem-
branous.

1. P. Lindleyana, Wight & Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 228. Vern. Kodai Bikki,
Kan.

A small tree, as a rule quite glabrous. Leaves elliptic, acute at both ends,
serrulate, rarely entire, blade 3-6, petiole 1-2 in. long. Fl. } in. diam., calyx-
tube hemispherical, fr. turbinate.

Nilgiris, common in Sholas on the plateau. Fl. March—May.

2. P. Notoniana, Wight & Arn.: Wight Ic. t. 991; Ill. t. 86. Bedd. Fl.

Sylv. t. 192.—Syn. Ev iobotr ya integrifolia, Kurz F. Fl. i. 442. Vern. Bikki,
Kan.

A large tree, inflorescence finely pubescent, otherwise glabrous. Leaves
elliptic-oblong, acuminate, quite entire, blade 6—9, petiole $1} in. long. Fl. } in.
diam., fr. globose.

Nilgiri, Palni and Anamalai hills. Travancore. Khasi and. Naga hills.
hills east of Toungoo at 7,000 ft. Fl. May-Oct. Hills of Ceylon.

on Ps integrifolia, Lindl. Nepal, Sikkim, 5-7,000 ft. Bhutan. Khasi hills. Ruby
Mines district, Upper Burma. Quite elabrous, ]. oblanceolate, quite entire, blade 2-4,
narrowed into petiole {-3 in. long. Fl. white, 4 in. across, fr. globose. Closely allied
to2. 4. P. mollis, Hook.f. Sikkim Terai. Branchlets, pet tioles and young 1. silky, leaves
chartaceous, ovate, acuminate, midrib silky beneath, sec. n. 8-10 pair, arching, slender
but conspicuous, blade 3-4, petiole 4-} in. FI. in white-woolly corymbs, bracts linear,
almost filiform, deciduous. Calyx- tube campanulate, teeth tr iangular, petals J 4 in. long.
Styles 2 or 3, free or sere low. 5. P. Griffithii, Dene., Bhutan, branchlets, petiole and
underside of midrib tawny tomentose, |. oblong, ac uninate, serrulate near the tip only,
blade 5-7, pet. 14 in. long.

Burma,

14. POURTHIAEZA, Dene.; FI). Brit. Ind. ii

L. serrate, stipules minute. Ovary 2-3-celled, nearly free, base adnate to
calyx-tube, often on one side only. Fr. small, globose, 1—2-seeded, endocarp
crustaceons, testa thickly coriaceous with irregular often reticulate grooves.
Species 5, eastern Asia.

1. P. arguta, Dene. Khasi hills (abundant). Hookhoom valley, Upper Burma. An
evergreen shrub, youngest shoots woolly. LL. elliptic-lanceolate shaxply serrate, glabrous
when full grown, sec. n. impressed above, prominent beneath, blade 2-5 in., petiole }-4 in.
Fl. white in few-fld. coryvmbs. A variable sp., one of the 6 forms described by Hooker
in Fl. Brit, Ind., is distinct; 2. P. salicifolia, Dene. Khasihills. Upper Burma, on river
banks (Ye petsut, Smales, Feb. 1902). A deciduous shrub, branchlets white woolly, |:
lanceolate, tomentose beneath, blade 4-5, petiole } in. long. Fl.creamy white in many-fld.
corymbs, petals 4 in. long, claw hairy. Styles 2-3, free, glabrous. The specimens from
Burma haye larger petals.

294. XLVI. ROSACEA [Crategus

15. CRATAZGUS, Linn. ; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 383.

Shrubs or small trees, often spiny, leaves entire, lobed or pinnatifid, stipules
deciduous. Fl. pentamerous, white or red, in terminal corymbose cymes, bracts
caducous. Stamens. Ovary either enclosed within and adnate to calyx-
tube, cells 1-5, 2 ovules in each, styles free; or carpels distinct, the back adnate
to calyx-tube, styles central or basal. Fr. dry or fleshy, enclosing one bony
1—5-celled stone, or 5 bony 1- rarely 2-seeded stones, the apex of the stones
being free.

A. Leaves entire.

1. C. crenulata, Roxb.—Syn. C. Pyracantha, Brandis F. Fl. 208. Vern.
Gingaru, N. W.Himal. ~

A large stiff-branched shrub or small tree, evergreen, branchlets spinescent,
scattered hairs on youngest shoots and peduncles, otherwise glabrous. L.
shining, coriaceous, crowded on short lateral branchlets, linear-oblong, 1—2
long, obtuse, narrowed into a short marginate petiole, crenate. FJ. white,
carpels 5 free, back adnate to calyx-tube, fr. less than + in. diam., orange or
vermilion.

Himalaya, Sutlej] to Nepal, 5-8,000 ft., Bhutan. Fl. Apr—May, fr. Aug—Sept. C.
Pyracantha, Persoon, of Western Asia and South Europe is supposed to differ by acute
leaves, larger flowers and fruit.

B. Leaves lobed or pinnatifid.

2. C. Oxyacantha, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl. 207. Hawthorn. Vern.
Ghunza, Baluchistan; Ban sinjli, Haz.; Pingyat, phindak, Punjab
Himalaya.

A small tree, branchlets spinescent, young shoots with long soft scattered
hairs. _ Leaves from a cuneate base pinnatifid, segments 2-3 pair, oblong, lobed
or dentate, stipules large, leafly, falcate or semicordate. Fl. white or pink,
carpels 2-3, or 1 (C. monogyna, Jacq.), entirely adnate to calyx-tube. Fr. red
(sometimes yellow), enclosing 1 or 2 (sometimes 3) hard 1-seeded nuts.

Baluchistan. Kuram valley. N.W. Himalaya, Indus to Ravi, 5-9,000 ft. Fl. Apr.—
July. Fr. Sept-Oct. Afghanistan, Western Asia, Siberia and Europe. 3. €. Clarkei,
Hook. f. Kashmir, 7-8,000 ft. A small tree, branchlets leaves and inflorescence softly
tomentose, 1. ovate, deeply pinnatifid. Fr. 5-seeded, with 5obtuseridges. 4. C. Wattiana,
Hemsley & Lace, Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. xxviii. (1891) 323, tab. 40, Zarghan range near
Quetta, 7,000 ft., a small unarmed glabrous tree, 1. ovate with 7-9 acute dentate lobes,
blade 2-8, the slender petiole $1 in. long, stipules broad, oblique, 4 in. long, deciduous.
RY. white, ovary 5-celled, fr. with 5 obtuse ribs.

16. COTONEASTER, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 384.

Shrubs or small trees, unarmed, 1. coriaceous, generally entire, often hairy,
stipules deciduous. Fl. small, white or pink, solitary or in corymbose cymes.
Calyx-segments 5, short, persistent, petals 5, ovaries 2-5, adnate by their
backs to calyx-tube, 2 ovules in each. Fr. small, with 2-5 bony 1-seeded
stones. Species 15-20, of the northern hemisphere.

A. Leaves deciduous, cymes with numerous flowers.

1. C. bacillaris, Wall.; Brandis F. Fl. 208; Collett Simla Flora fig. 48.
Vern. Lint, Haz.; Rés, Réosh, Retis, Punjab Himal.; Benang, Kunawar ;
Ritish, Ruwinsh, Jaunsar.

A large shrub or small tree attaining 9 ft. girth, wood white, strong, elastic,
used for spear-shafts and walking-sticks. L. ovate- or obovate-oblong,
obtuse, 1-3 in. long, soft- -pubescent or tomentose beneath, stipules subulate,
caducous. Fl. white, 2 in. across, in pedunculate spreading compound many-

Cotoncaster| XLVI. ROSACEA 295

fid. eymes, at the ends of short leaf-bearing branchlets. Fr. numerous, dark
purplish-brown, on slender pedicels, in large spreading bunches.

Kuram valley. N.W. Himalaya, Indus to Sarda 5-10,000 ft., extending into the
inner dry valleys. Salt range 1,500-2,500 ft. Fl. May-June. 2. ¢ rosea, Edgew.,
Tehri Garhwal 8-9,000 ft. Bajamara, Jaunsar. Paternalla. @henaboevalley
Branches slender, drooping, leaves less hairy, fl. pink, smaller than 1, calyx nearly
glabrous, except woolly margin, said to fl. later than 1. 3. G frigida, Wall., Kumaon
to et 7-9,000 ft., 1. oblanceolate-oblong, 3-5 in. long, cyme and calyx woolly, fr.
scarlet. : ;

B. Leayes generally deciduous, cymes with few flowers.

4. C, acuminata, Lindley; Brandis F. Fl. 209, Vern. Dev reash, Bagi ;
Zam ritish, Kidarkanta.

A shrub, shoots and young 1. pubes-
cent with soft silky hairs, stipules
subulate, ciliate, 1. ovate-lanceolate,
1-2 in. long. FI. white or pink,
4 in. across, in small 2-6-fld. cymes
at the ends of short leaf-bearing
branchlets. Fr. red, turbinate or
oblong, } in. long.

Himalaya, Bias to Sikkim, 4,500-12,000
ft., often as underwood in Oak forests.
Fl. May—July. 5.C. vulgaris, Lindl. Kash-
mir. Head of Rupin valley, Garhwal
(D. B. 1874). Western Tibet and Wazi-
ristan. Europe, Western Asia, Siberia, 1.
#-14, rarely 2 in., broadly oblong or ovate,
softly grey -tomentose beneath, cymes
2-4-fld., bent down, nearly glabrous, as
well as calyx. 6. ©. nummularia, Fisch.
et Mey. Baluchistan (Sheru, Sherugi).
Kashmir and Western Tibet. Afghanis-
tan, Western Asia. L. 4-8 in. orbicular or
obovate, white-woolly beneath, cymes
erect, white-woolly as well as calyx, 2-5-
fild. 7. ©. Simondsii, Hort., Khasi hills,
erect, lL. { in. long, shortly acuminate, sec.
n. 2-8 pair, distinct beneath, fl. solitary or Pic. 125.—Cotoneaster acuminata,
twin, fr. turbinate, scarlet. 8. C. ro- Lindley. 3.
tundifolia, Wall., Garhwal, Kumaon, Sik-
kim, a low rigid distichously branching shrub, |. 4-4 in., orbicular-oboyate, fl. solitary,
fr. turbinate, scarlet.

C. Leaves generally evergreen, fl. solitary or in pairs.

9. C. microphylla, Wall.; Brandis F. Fl. 209.

A rigid, intricately branched, usually prostrate shrub, leaves }—} in. long,
obovate or ovate-lanceolate, glossy above, pubescent beneath, margins recurved,
fl. white, generally solitary, or two or three together, } in. diam., fr. globose,
scarlet.

Himalaya, 4-11,000 ft., Kashmir to Bhutan. FI. May-June. Closely allied and
probably not specifically distinct is 10. C, thymifolia, Hort., 1. smaller than 9, obovate,
tip rounded or retuse, glossy above, pubescent or tomentose beneath, fl. solitary, 4 in.
across. 11. C. buxifolia, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 992, Nilgiri, Palni hills, an exceedingly
rigid shrub or small tree, forming large dense masses of stiff branches, |. 4-4 in., elliptic,
acute at both ends, densely tomentose beneath, margins recurved, cymes (as well as
calyx) tomentose, 2-6-fld., fr. globose scarlet.

Osteomeles anthyllifolia, Lind].; Shan hills upper Burma, 4,000 ft. China (common
in Yunnan). Pacifie islands. A shrub, branchlets, petioles and inflorescence silky,
conspicuous in spring from the profusion of small white fl, 1. imparipinnate, leaflets
10-15 pair, oblanceolate, quite entire, mucronate, grey-silky beneath, 4-4 in. long,
ovary inferior 5-celled, one ovule in each cell. Fr. $ in. diam. crowned with the trian-
gular lanceolate persistent calyx-lobes, enclosing 5 distinet bony pyrenes.

296 XLVII. SAXIFRAGACHKA | Deutzia -

Orpver XLVII. SAXIFRAGACEA. Gen. Pl. i. 629.

Trees, shrubs or herbs, fl. regular, generally bisexual. Calyx free or adnate
to ovary. Stamens free, as many as petals or double their number, rarely more.
Carpels 2 or more, usually connate into a 1- or 2-celled ovary, ovules numerous,
placentze on the edge of carpels, parietal or on the dissepiment. Seeds small,
embryo minute, in copious fleshy or horny albumen.

A. Leaves opposite.

Filaments winged, stamens 10 . : . : . 1. Devrzra.
Filaments linear or subulate.
Stamens 2-40 . : : : : : : PuHILADELPUUS (p. 296).
Stamens 8-12.
Petals falling off as a cap, style one, short 6 PireosteGi1a (p. 296).

Petals sometimes falling off asa cap, styles 2-4,

calyx-segments of sterile fl. enlarged in fr. 2. HypranGEa.
Petals free, berry inferior, blue. 3. Dicnroa
Stamens 4, fr. fleshy 1-seeded 4. Potyosma
B. Leaves alternate.
Ovary nearly free, of 2 carpels, capsule 2-valved . 5. Ivrea.
Ovary nearly free, of 3 carpels, capsule 3-valved . Porrincerta (p. 299).
Ovary inferior, fr. a berry ¢ : : : . 6. Rises.

1. DEUTZIA, Thunb.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 406.

Shrubs, 1. and branches opposite, hairs stellate. Leaves serrate, stipules 0.
Fl. white, corymbose, pentamerous, stamens 10, filaments broadly winged. Ovary
inferior, 3-5-celled, ovules « on 3—5 axile placentas in the inner angle of the
cells, styles 3-5, filiform. Capsule septicidally dehiscent, separating into 3-5
distinct cocci. Species 10. Himalaya, China, Japan, North- and hills of
Central-America.

1. D. corymbosa, Rob. Brown; Royle Ill. t. 46 (Bhujlu, Philru, Bash.). Himalaya
6-10,000 ft., Kashmir to Bhutan. Tibet. <A shrub attaining 8 ft., bark peeling off in
long thin shining rolls, leaves green beneath. Calyx-teeth ovate, shorter, when in f.,
than tube, petals broad, obovate, nearly glabrous, imbricate, + in. long. 2. D. staminea,
Rob. Brown in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 191; Collett Simla Flora, fig. 52 (Deosu, Bash.).
Himalaya 4-9,000 ft., Hazara to Bhutan. Naga hills and Manipur (D. intermedia,
Watt MSS.). Usually smaller than 1, bark dark grey, peeling off in thin longitudinal
strips, branchlets,inflorescence and leaves rough with harsh stellate hairs. Calyx-teeth
triangular, oblong or linear, when in fl. as long as tube, petals oblong, induplicate-
valvate, 4in. long. 3. D. macrantha, Hook. f. & Thoms. Below Binsar in Kumaon,
5,500 ft., 1. distantly serrate, calyx-teeth linear, longer than tube while in fl., petals
lanceolate, # in. long, induplicate-valvate in bud.

Philadelphus coronarius, Linn. Himalaya, Kashmir to Bhutan, 5—9,000 ft.(Daspa, Bash.).
A shrub, bark light grey, fl. white, fragrant, usually tetramerous, axillary or in small
cymes at the ends of branchlets. Petals convolute in bud, 4 in. long, stamens 20-40,
filaments subulate, ovary 4-celled, ovules © on 4 placentas protruding into the cell from
the inner angle. Capsule dehiscing loculicidally.

Pileostegia viburnoides, Hook. f. & Thoms.; Khasi hills. China. <A glabrous shrub,
branches decussate, 1. coriaceous evergreen, entire. Fl. small, white, in large terminal
panicles, petals 4 or-5, falling off as a cap, ovary inferior, 4-6-celled, ovulesm. Styles
short, surmounted by a thicker pyramid, the 4-6 angles of which are stigmatic.
Capsule 4-5-celled.

2. HYDRANGEA, Linn. ; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 403.

Shrubs or trees, often climbing, 1. opposite, stipules 0. Fl. in terminal
corymbs, bracts deciduous, the outer fl. often sterile and larger than the fertile
inner fl. Calyx-tube adnate to ovary, limb 4-5-dentate, petals valvate, stamens

Hydrangea\ — XLVII. SAXIFRAGACE 297

8or10. Two T shaped parietal placentas, ovary incompletely 4-celled. Sterile
fl. with large petaloid calyx-lobes. Capsule crowned by calyx-limb and the
persistent styles, seeds #, testa membranous or hyaline, projecting beyond the
ends of the seed. Species 30-40. Himalaya, mountains of Burma and Java.
China, Japan, America.

A. Capsule truncate, base of styles not thickened.

1. H. altissima, Wall.: Logora, Jauns.: Kathmora,Garhwal. Himalaya from the Ravi
eastward 4-8,000 feet. Often climbing or epiphytic, outer bark brown, shining, peeling
off in thin papery rolls which are used as paper. Leaves ovate, acuminate, dentate,
blade 3-7, petiole 1-3 in. long. Fl. cream-coloured, petals falling off inacap. The
four calyx-segments of sterile fl. entire, }-} in. long. 2. H. robusta, Hook. f. Sikkim.
Bhutan, 5-8,000 ft., common as undergrowth in forests. Hills east of Bhamo, 5,500 ft.
(Montague Hill, Feb. 1902). A middle-sized or large tree, branchlets quadrangular,
hairy. L. ovate or elliptic, sometimes with a cordate base, serrate, serratures long
cuspidate, fine appressed hairs scattered on both sides, blade 8-11, petiole (often winged)
25 in. Bracts enclosing the buds, large, tomentose, caducous. Fertile fl. bright blue,
calyx-segments of sterile fl. in fruit 1-14 in. long, on slender pedicels 1-2 in. long, cream-
coloured, conspicuously veined, sharply serrate. 3. H. aspera, Don. Kumaon to Sikkim
47,000 ft. L. lanceolate, softly tomentose beneath, blade 6-10, petiole 3-2 in. Calyx-
segments of sterile fl. entire or serrulate.

B. Capsule crowned by the thickened base of styles.

4. HL vestita, Wall. Kumaon to Bhutan, 8-11,000 ft. Khasi hills. Tibet. A small
tree, 1. elliptic-lanceo-
late cuspidate-serrate,
densely and _ softly
tomentose beneath,
blade 6-10, petiole 2-4
in. Sepals of sterile
fl. entire, 1 in. long.
5. H. stylosa, Hook. f.
& Thoms. Sikkim,
8,000 ft. Styles subu-
late, as Jong as cap-
sule, sepals of sterile
fl. coarsely crenate-
dentate. 6, H. Pottin-
geri, Prain in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. vol. 67.
290. Kachin hills.
Capsule with enlarged
base of styles globose,
only half enclosed by
calyx.

3. DICHROA,
Lour. ; Fl. Brit.
Ind. ii. 406.

D. febrifuga,
Lour. (the only spe-
cies).—Syn. Adaimia
cyanea, Wall. Pl.
As. Rar. t. 213.

A shrub, often
forming under-
growth in forests,
young shoots and in-
florescence pubescent
with short hairs.
L. opposite, lanceo-
late, bladed 8, taper- Pig. 126.—Dichroa febrifuga, Lour. 4.

298 XLVII. SAXIFRAGACEA | Dichroa

ing into petiole $-1 in. Fl. pale blue, sometimes violet, in terminal cymose
icl ls 5 or 6, thick, valvate. Ovary }? inferior, ovul 3-5
panicles, petals 5 or 6, thick, v e vary #} inferior, ovules « on
parietal placentas. Berries bright dark blue. y
Himalaya, Nepal to Bhutan 4-8,000 ft. Khasi hills. Shan hills, Upper Burma.
China. Mountains of the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Fl. R.S.

4, POLYOSMA, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 408.

Species 8, from the Khasi hills through the Indo-Malayan region to
Australia.

P. integrifolia, Blume.—Syn. P. Wallichi, Benn. ; Kurz F. Fl. i. 444.
A middle-sized evergreen tree, the youngest shoots tawny-pubescent, |. nearly
opposite, oblanceolate, en-
tire or distantly toothed,
blade 4-8, petiole 4-1 in.
Fl. greenish-white, tetra-
merous, in terminal pubes-
cent racemes, buds
pubescent, cylindrical, 4—-}
in. long, petals valvate often
cohering, stamens 4, anthers
linear, basifixed, filaments
thick, hairy. Ovary inferior
1-celled, ovules «, in two
rows attached to two parie-
tal placentas, which pro-
trude into the cell. Fr. an
ovoid 1-seeded berry 4 in.
long, crowned by the per-
sistent calyx-tube, embryo
small, at the apex of a
fleshy albumen.

Assam, Khasi hills. Anda-

mans. Malay Peninsula. Fl.
R.S.

5. ITEA, Linn. ; FI. Brit.
Ind. i. 407.

Shrubs or trees, |. alter-
nate, glabrous, dentate,
stipules 0. Fl. pentamerous,
small, white, in many-fid.
terminal and axillary rac-
emes. Calyx-tube short, ad-
nate to base of ovary,
petals valvate. Ovary

Fre. 127.—Polyosma integrifolia, Blume. }. nearly free, 2-celled, ovules

® in 2 rows along the middle

of the dissepiment (on the edges of the inflexed carpels). Capsule nearly

free, base only adnate to the persistent calyx, septicidally 2-valved, each
valve bearing one-half of the styles, the stigmas often cohering.

1. I macrophylla, Wall. Valleys of Sikkim, ascending to 4,000 ft. Bhutan, Khasi
hills. A middle-sized tree, 1. coriaceous broadly elliptic, acuminate, blade 4-8, petiole
3-1 in., petals reflexed on the pedicel between the calyx-teeth. Capsule with style } in-
long, calyx-tube turbinate in fr. 2. I. chinensis, Hook. & Arn. Khasi and Naga hills.
China. Formosa. A shrub or small tree, 1. elliptic-oblong, acuminate, blade 3-5,
petiole +4 in. long. Petals erect, persistent. Capsule § in. long, almost entirely free.

Itea) XLVII. SAXIFRAGACHA 299
3. L riparia, Collett et Hemsley in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii.57. Common on river banks
in the Southern Shan States, 2-4,000 ft. Branchlets channelled, 1. lanceolate denticu-
late, 3-4 in. long. Racemes terminal erect, petals lanceolate, erect, 4 in. long. 4.
I. nutans, Royle; Kanjilal F. F1.168, Duns and valleys of the N. W. Himalaya, Hazara
to Kumaon, ascending to 6,000 ft. A small tree, ]. ovate, acuminate, serrate, blade 4-7,
petiole 1 in. Racemes long, drooping, petals erect, capsule with styles } in. long.

Pottingeria acuminata, Prain; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix. t.49. Kachin hills, Upper
Burma, 3,700 ft., 1. glabrous, rigidly coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, 5 longitudinal nerves
from the base, 3 prominent, the 2 marginal ones very slender, fl. in lateral cymes,
capsule septicidally 3-valved, the 3 placentas remaining attached to the style when the

capsule opens.

6. RIBES, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 409.

Shrubs, prickly or nnarmed, |. alternate, palmately lobed, frequently clustered
on arrested branchlets. Calyx superior, tube often produced beyond the ovary,
petals 4-5, stamens as many. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, ovules on 2 slender
parietal placentas. Berry ovoid or globose, crowned by the persistent calyx.

A. Armed, peduncles 1—2-fld.

1. R. Grossularia, Linn. (Gooseberry. Vern. Yara, Amlu, Pangi ;
Yanghai, Kun.

Pubescent, stout spines generally in threes under the petiole, and often
numerous smaller scattered prickles in addition. L. as broad as long, 3-5-
lobed, 4-14 in. diam., petiole as long as leaf. Berry oblong hairy.

Kuram valley. Inner drier districts of the N. W. Himalaya, Kashmir to Kumaon
5-12,000 ft. Armenia, Caucasus, Mountains of Greece. Northern Europe.

B. Unarmed, fl. unisexual, calyx limb beyond the ovary short, flat.

2. R. orientale, Poir. Baluchistan, inthe Juniper tracts. Kuram valley. Afghanistan.
Kashmir. Inner arid Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft., Lahaul, Kunawar, Kumaon. West Tibet.
Mountains of Greece and Western Asia. Sticky-glandular and minutely hairy. L.as
broad as or broader than long, #1} in. across, more or less lobed, lobes rounded. Berries
glandular-pubescent, 4 in. diam., reddish-yellow. 3. R. glaciale, Wall. Himalaya,
Kashmir to Bhutan, chiefly in the inner ranges, 7-12,000 ft. In the N. W. Himalaya
often at the limit of tree vegetation, associated with Rhododendron campanulatum, the
alpine Birch and Abies Webbiana, Often epiphytic or climbing. Glabrous, a few
scattered hairs occasionally on the leaves. L. longer than broad, 3—5-lobed, 1—t in. long.
FJ. reddish-brown (greenish, Kanjilal). Fl. in pubescent racemes 1-8 in. long, which
are erect in fl. but drooping in fr. Berries globose, nearly glabrous, } in. diam. 4.
R. desmocarpum, Hook. fil.& Thoms. Sikkim, Bhutan 8-10,000 ft. Tibet. Closely allied
to 3, but berries glandular-pubescent. 5. R. lucidum, Hook.f. & Thoms. Leaves glab-
rous, as broad as or broader than long, berries small, glabrous.

C, Unarmed, fl. bisexual, calyx tubular or campanulate beyond ovary.

6. R. rubrum, Linn.; Kanjilal F. Fl. 169.—Syn. R. Himalense, Dene. Red
Currant. Vern. Ban Tilla, Bagi.

Attains 10 ft., outer bark peeling off in long thin strips. Leaves as broad as
or broader than long, 3—5-lobed, blade 1-1, petiole red, 2-3 in. long, with a few
scattered grey hairs along the edge near the base. Racemes pubescent, many-
fld., drooping, no 1. at base, fl. greenish-yellow, pedicels equal, bracts ovate,
shorter than pedicels, free part of calyx-tube and the obtuse segments promi-

nently veined.

Kuram valley, N. W. Himalaya, Kashmir to Kumaon, 7-12,000 ft., also in the
inner dry districts. Fl. Apr-May. Northern Europe and mountains of Central Europe.
Caucasus. Altai. A remarkable variety with black fr., but not aromatic, no resinous
glands on calyx and leaves, in Kashmir, Lahaul, at the head of the Rupin valley,
Tehri Garhwal, and elsewhere. (Brandis F. Fl. 215.)

7. R. nigrum, Linn. Black Currant. Scarce in Kunawar and the inner dry valleys
of Kashmir. Aromatic, round yellow glands on calyx and underside of leaves.
Racemes few-fld., pubescent, a tuft of l. at the base, bracts minute, much shorter than

300 XLVIT. SAXIFRAGACHA | [| Leibes

pedicel, lower pedicels longer than upper. Berries black, 4 in. diam., very aromatic.
8. R. Griffithii, Hook. f. & Thoms. Sikkim 10-13,000 ft. Bhutan. L. sharply serrrate,
pubescent on the nerves beneath, racemes lax, 3-6 in. long, pendent, bracts }-4 in., linear,
longer than pedicels, berries red.

Orper XLVI. HAMAMELIDACEA. Gen. Pl. i. 664.
(Hamamelidec.)

Trees or shrubs, |. alternate, stipules usually deciduous, hairs mostly fascieu-
late or stellate. Fl. in compact heads or spikes, usually bracteate. Calyx-
tube more or less adnate to ovary, petals 4-a, occasionally none. Ovary
2-celled, styles 2, usually persistent, ultimately divaricate. Capsule woody,
loculicidally dehiscent, often also imperfectly dehiscing septicidally. Seeds 1
in each cell, or numerous, in which case the lowest only is fertile. Testa
shining, embryo straight, cotyledons flat, albumen usually thin. (No species
in the Western Peninsula.)

In 1836 Griffith discovered that the Indian Geneva of this Order are distinguished
by bordered pits on the walls of wood-fibres, resembling the bordered pits of Conifers
(Asiatic Researches xix. 95, 99, 102), and this is now recognized as an important character
of Hamamelidacee. These wood-fibres have thick walls and a small lumen. The
medullary rays are narrow (1 or 2 cells wide) the vessels small, and the wood paren-
chyma is of no importance.

A. Ovyules solitary in each cell.

Petals 0
Leaves deciduous, crenate, fl. Neon in involu-
crate heads . 3 . 1. Parrorra.

Leaves persistent, entire, fl. polygamous « or unisexual. :
Ovary superior 3 : : 5 : c : Disryiiem (p. 301).
Ovary half-inferior A B ; : : 5 Sycorsts (p. 301).

Petals 4 or 5.
Leaves deciduous, serrate . : : é ‘ . 2. Corytorsis.
Leaves persistent, entire . : : : : 6 Lororetaitro (p. 301).

B. Oyules several in each cell.
Leaves entire, sometimes 3-cuspidate at the apex,
stipules large, coriaceous : . 3. BUCKLANDIA.
Leaves serrate, stipules usually deciduous. . 4. ALTINGIA.

1. PARROTIA, C. A. Meyer; Fl. Brit.
Ind. ii. 426.

(Species 2, one on the south coast
of the Caspian Sea.)

P, Jacquemontiana, Dene.; Brandis
BF. FL t.28. Vern. Avllar, Chamba; Shtar-,
Kan.

A large gregarious deciduous shrub or
small tree, stellate hairs on branchlets,
petioles, stipules, calyx and the underside
of leaves. L. orbicular or obovate, obtuse,
crenate, the lowest pair of sec. n. direct
from the base, stipules deciduous, oblong,
as long as petioles or longer. Fl. bisexual,
greenish-yellow, sessile, about 20 in an
ovoid head, which is supported by 4 large
round membranous bracts, white or pale
yellow. Calyx campanulate, adhering’ to
base of ovary, limb thick, woolly, trun-
cate, or with a few linear lobes, petals 0,

Parrotia) XLVIII. HAMAMELIDACEA® 301

stamens usually 15, free. Capsule } in. long, woolly, with stellate tomentun,
girt by the adhering calyx-tube, 2-celled, the cells separating when ripe,
each cell with one seed in a hard horny endocarp, which opens at the top by
two rostrate valyes. Embryo oblique in copious albumen.

Kuram valley (abundant, used for the wicker work, of which the walls of houses
consist). Kashmir and Chamba, 3,800-8,500 ft. Fl. March—May, the leaves turn yellow
before falling. The twigs are used for binding and basket work, they are the best
material for making the twig bridges to cross the rivers of the Punjab Himalaya.

Distylium indicum, Benth. Khasi hills. A small tree, l. coriaceous, 3-5 in., acumi-
nate, stipules lanceolate, deciduous. Fl. polygamous, in short upright axillary racemes.
Fruit (unripe) lanceolate, # in. long, densely stellate-tomentose.

Sycopsis Griffithiana, Oliv. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. t 8. Khasi hills. Leaves
coriaceous, 2—4 in., acuminate, stipules minute, caducous. Fl. unisexual, in small
axillary heads, ¢ and @ in the same head, ovary, lower half adnate to, upper half
closely surrounded by calyx-tube. Capsule nearly globose, 4 in. diam., stellately
tomentose.

2. CORYLOPSIS, Sieb. & Zuce. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 427.
(Species 4-6, all except the following in China and Japan.) *

C. himalayana, Griff. in Journ. As. Soc. xxiii. 641.; Ic. Pl. As. t. 633.

A large shrub or small tree, branchlets, petioles and underside of leaves softly
stellate - tomentose, 1. broad-
ovate, often nearly orbicular,
serrate, base more or less cor-
date, sec. n. oblique, nearly
straight, parallel, the outer
branching on the outside, sti-
pules lanceolate, almost glab-
rous, deciduous. Fl. bisexual,
pentamerous, yellow, scented, in
drooping densely silky catkin-
like spikes, each fl. in the axil
of a large concave bract. Calyx-
tube adnate to ovary, petals
spathulate, stamens 5, with a
number of scales (sterile sta-
mens). Ovary half inferior,
capsule woody, } in. diam.

Bhutan, 5-8,000 ft. Khasi hills.
Manipur. FI. Dee.—March.

Loropetalum chinense, Oliver, As-
sam, Khasi hills, China. An ever.
green shrub, |. entire, branchlets,
young leaves and _ inflorescence
stellately pubescent, leaves 1-8 in.
long. Fl. greenish-white, bisexual,
tetramerous, 6-8 in small heads at P16. 129,—Corylopsis himalayana, Griff. 4.
the ends of leafy branchlets.

Petals linear, § in. long. Ovary half-inferior, capsule ovoid, woody, } in. long.

3. BUCKLANDIA, Rob. Brown; FI. Brit. Ind. ii, 429.

B. populnea, R. Br. (the only species); Kurz. F. Fl. i. 445. Vern. Pipl,
Darjeeling.

A tall tree, leaves thickly coriaceous, glabrous, rarely pubescent beneath
along nerves, broadly ovate, nearly orbicular, apex acuminate, sometimes with
3 cuspidate lobes, basal nerves 5-7, blade 3-9, petiole 1-3 in. long. Stipules

302 XLVITI. HAMAMELIDACEA [Bucklandia
large, enveloping the buds, oblong, coriaceous, deciduous. Fl. polygamous, in
peduncled heads of 8-20, more or less connate by their calyces. Calyx-tube
adnate to ovary, limb 5-lobed. Petals in the bisexual fl. variable in number,
linear-spathulate, in the female fl. rudimentary. Stamens 10-14, filaments
long. Ovary half-inferior, ovules 6 in each cell, in 2 rows. Capsule sub-
globose, the lowest seed winged and fertile, the upper seeds sterile.

Sikkim (3-8,000ft.). Bhutan. Assam, Khasihills, Manipir. Hillsof Martaban. FI.
at all seasons (Gamble List 38) Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java. i

4. ALTINGIA, Noronha; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 429.
(Species 2, one in China.)

A. excelsa, Noronha; Kurz F. Fl. i. 445. Vern. Jutili, Ass.

A very tall aromatic deciduous tree, trunk often 100 ft. to the first branch,
wood hard, brown, aromatic. Almost entirely glabrous, the terminal buds
ovoid acuminate, silky with minute simple hairs. Leaves lanceolate, serrate,
penninerved, blade 3-5, petiole slender 1 in. long. FJ. unisexual, in dense heads,
¢ heads cylindrical, supported by large silky bracts arranged in short spikes
or racemes, each head consisting of a fleshy axis having numerous closely
packed almost sessile anthers, 2 heads pedunculate, solitary, axillary, calyces
confluent, petals 0. Fruit heads rough, globose, woody, 4 in. diam., capsules
velvety with simple hairs, almost immersed in the confluent calyces. Seeds
numerous, all but one sterile. Fertile seedat the bottom of capsule surrounded
by a membranous wing. :

Assam, Bhutan. Kachin hills, Upper Burma. Tenasserim, gregarious along the
banks of rivers in Mergui. Fl. R.S. Fr. Feb—May. Yunnan. Java. This like the
closely allied Liquidambar orientalis, Mill., of Asia Minor, yields a resin (Storax) con-
tained in canals, which accompany the vascular bundles to the last ramifications of the
leaf-nerves, and which in the stem run along the circumference of the pith in close
proximity to the oldest wood (protoxylem).

Orper XLIX. RHIZOPHORACEA. Gen. Pl. i. 677
(Rhizophoree.)

(Schimper in Engler u. Prantl iii. 7. 42.)

Trees and shrubs, generally glabrous, leaves opposite, usually coriaceous and
entire, scars of petioles in most genera prominent on branchlets. Stipules
interpetiolar deciduous. Fl. regular, generally bisexual. Calyx more or less
adnate to ovary, rarely free, limb 4-14-lobed,. lobes valvate, as a rule coriaceous
and persistent, petals as many as sepals often 2-fid or laciniate, stamens usually
twice the number of petals. Ovary 2-5- (rarely 1-) celled, ovules mostly 2 in
each cell, pendulous from the apex. Styleone. Fr. coriaceous, usually 1-celled

1-seeded.

The litoral species of this, together with trees and shrubs of other orders, form
the Mangrove forests, which have a strikingly peculiar character. In the soft mud
in which they grow, these species are firmly anchored by means of widely spreading
and much branching roots, and in many cases by aérial roots descending from the
branches. Thus they are protected against being uprooted by storms and by the
waves during high water. The leayes have a very thick cuticle and other arrange-
ments for diminishing transpiration, and they are full of water-storing tissue. Their
structure resembles that of plants growing in deserts and in very dry localities, and
the probable explanation is, that transpiration is checked, in order to prevent an
injurious excess of the sea-water salts in the sap which fills their tissue. Mangrove
trees and shrubs have other peculiar features, such as knees and other excrescences
projecting upwards from the roots, believed to facilitate the access of air to the roots,
which are immersed in mud and water; as wellas the fact that their seeds often germi-
nate on the tree, making considerable growth before they fall into the mud of the tidal

swamp,

XLIX. RHIZOPHORACEX

A. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, 1. coriaceous.
Litoral species, albumen 0, the seed germinates on the tree, sending down a long

radicle.

Petals 4, entire, ovary 2-celled, half-inferior . 1.

Petals 5 or 6, emarginate, ovary 3-celled, half-

inferior

2

Petals 5 or 6, bifid, lobes Jaciniate, ovary 1 1-celled,

half-inferior

Petals 8-14, bifid or emar, inate, ovary 2 -4-celled,

inferior

Inland species, seeds albumninous, do not germinate

on the tree .

or

B. Ovary free, inland species.
L. coriaceous, strongly net-veined, seeds albuminous.
L. almost membranous, perfectly glabrous, fl. in long

L. membranous, young shoots and inflorescence pub-
escent, fl. } in. long : : : : :

1. RHIZOPHORA,
Linn. ; Fl. Brit.
Ind. ii. 435.

Evergreen glabrous
shrubs or middle-sized
trees sending down
numerous aérial roots
into the mud of the
Mangroveswamp. The
lower part of the trunk
dies early and the tree
is then supported by a
number of branching
aérial roots, standing as
it were on stilts.
Leaves thick, stipules
large, deciduous, enclos-
ing the buds. Fl. on
few-fld. cymes, calyx
divided into4seements,
persistent and enlarged
in fr., anthers 8-12,
nearly sessile, with
numerous cells, Ovary
half-inferior, 2-celled,
2 ovules in each cell.
Fr. leathery, conical, in-
dehiscent, 1-celled, 1-
seeded, the seed germin-
ating on the tree, the
large cylindrical radicle
perforating the apex of
the fr. Species 3, one
(R. Mangle Linn.)
American.

1. R. mucronata,
Lamarck; Wight Ie.
t. 238; Bedd. Manual t.
13. Vern. Kamo, Sind ;
Kandal, Mar.; Uppu
Poma, Tel.; Bhara,
Sundr.; Pyuw, Burm.

Fic. 180.—Rhizophora mucronata, Lam.

303

RuizopHorRa.

. Certors.
. KANDELIA.
. BruGurera.

. CARALLIA.

Gynorrocues (p. 306).
We1uHea (p. 306).

BLerHartSTEMMA
(p. 306).

304 XLIX. RHIZOPHORACEA [Rhizophora

Leaves elliptic, mucronate by the excurrent midrib, blade 4-7, petiole 1-1} in.
Cymes 3-5-fld., from the axils of this year’s leaves, peduncles 1-1} in. long,
pedicels short thick, calyx-sezments 4 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, keeled within,
petals hairy within, anthers 8. Fr. 1}-2 in. long, dark brown, embryo often
attaining 30 in. before falling from the tree. :

Tidal marshes in Sind, the Western Peninsula, the Sundriban and Burma. FI. H.S.,
R.S. Bark used in tanning. Sea coast in the tropics of the Old World and Australia.
2. R. conjugata, Linn. (R. Candelaria, DC. Trimen Handb. Ceylon ii. 151.) Generally
associated with 1. Leaves lanceolate, cymes nearly sessile, usually 2-fld., above the
scars of fallen 1., fl. sessile.

2. CERIOPS, Arnott.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 436.

Simple stemmed shrubs or small trees, sending down aérial roots from the
branches. Fl. in compact many-fld. cymes, calyx deeply divided into 5 seg-
ments, petals 5, emarginate, stam. 10, inserted between the lobes of an annular
disk, ovary half-inferior, 3-celled, 2 ovules in each cell. Fr. as in Rhizophora,
but the radicle of the germinating embryo ribbed. Species 2.

_1. C. Candolleana, Arn. ; Wight Ic. t.240; Bedd. Manual t..13. (Chauri, Sind; Goran,
Guttia, Sundr.) Tidal Forests of Sind, the Western Peninsula, Bengal and the Anda-
mans. Sea coast of tropical Asia, Africa and Australia. L. obovate, obtuse, cymes
peduncled, branching, pedicels short, petals with 3 short clavate appendages at the apex,
filaments much longer than anthers. Bark and fruit used in tanning. 2. C. Rox-
burghiana, Arn. (Goran, Sundr.; Kabaing, Burm.) Sundriban. Coastof Burma. Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago. Cymes densely capitate on short peduncles, petals concave,
apex ciliate, filaments much shorter than anthers.

3. KANDELIA, Wight & Arn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 437.

K. Rheedei, W. & A. (the only
species); Wight Ill t. 89; Bedd.
Manual t. 13. Vern. Goria, Sundr.

A simple stemmed shrub, 1. elliptic-
oblong, blade3-—5, narrowed into petiole
4-1 in. long. FI. white, in dichotom-
ously branched cymes, peduncle 1—2
in. Calyx surrounded at the base by
bracteoles connate into a cup, lobes
5 or 6, linear, 3-3 in. long. Petals
bifid, the lobes divided into numerous
capillary segments. Stamens oo, an-
thers small, filaments slender. Ovary
half-inferior, prolonged beyond the
calyx into a fleshy cone, one-celled,
ovules 6, style slender, stigma 3-lobed.
Fr. ovoid, girt at the base by the re-
flexed calyx-lobes.

Tidal swamps of the Western Peninsula,
Bengal, Andamans and Burma. Fl. May—
Sept. Bark used in dyeing. China,
Fic. 181.—Kandelia Rheedii, W. & A. 4. Borneo, Formosa.

4. BRUGUIERA, Lam.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 437.

Trees, base of trunk supported by short aérial roots, knees from the lower
roots abundant. Calyx-tube produced considerably beyond the inferior ovary,
lobes 8-14, petals 2-fid or emarginate, stamens 16-28. Ovary 2-4-celled, 2
ovules in each cell. Fr. fleshy, seed one, germination as in Rhizophora.
Species 4 or 5, from East Africa to Australia.

A. FIL. large, solitary.

Bruguiera| XLIX. RHIZOPHORACEA 305

_ 1. B. gymnorhiza, Lam.—Syn. B. Rheedii, Wight Ic. t. 239; Bedd. Man.
t. xiv. Vern. Kankra, Sundrib.

A tree, attaining 80 ft., 1. thickly coriaceous, shining, elliptic-lanceolate, not
mucronate, pale beneath, blade 4-7, petiole 1-14 in. long. FI. solitary, axillary,
deflexed, pedicel 1 in. long. Calyx-lobes 10-14, linear, very acute, erect, }—} in.
long, petals deeply bifid, glabrous except at the hairy base, ovary 3-celled,
style long. Fr. crowned by the slightly enlarged calyx-serments, which are
as long as fruit.

Tidal marshes of the Western Peninsula, Bengal, the Andamans and Burma. FI.
Apr.—Oct.—Bark used in tanning. . Africa to Australia and the islands of the Pacific.
2. B. eriopetala, Wight & Arn.; Wight Ic. t.239 B. Malabar and Travancore, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago. Cochinchina. Calyx-lobes 10, 1 in. long, exceeding the
zipbed fr. Petals densely hirsute along the edges, from base to apex with silvery

airs.

B. Fl. small, peduncles 3- or more-fld.

3. B. caryophylloides, Blume (including B. malabarica, Arnott) Quilon. Ceylon.
Tenasserim. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Leaves thinly coriaceous. Cymes
axillary, pedunculate, 2—3-fld., calyx-lobes $ in. long, reflexed in fr. and about half its
length, petals with scanty hairs outside. 4. B. parviflora, W.& A. Tidal forests of the
Andamans and Tenasserim. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Cymesaxillary, erect,
peduneulate, 2-5-fld., calyx-tube cylindric, 4, teeth ;, in. long. Ovary 3-celled, fruit
cylindric, ribbed, 1 in., radicle 4-5 in. long before falling.

5. CARALLIA, Roxb.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 439.

Trees and shrubs, ndt litoral. Fl. small, sessile, in short trichotomous
axillarycymes. Calyx produced intoa short tube beyond the ovary, teeth 5-8,
petals inserted with the stamens on the edge of a crenulated disk lining the
calyx-tube, unguiculate, blade deeply serrate and lobed. Ovary inferior,
usually 4-celled, ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit small, globose, coriaceous, seed 1,
testa fibrous, embryo curved in copious albumen. Species 7, from Madagascar
to Australia.

iC amluiercdar
Tnvopdo}, (Ofoyms 12M ir
211; Kurz F. FI.
i, 451; King in
Journ. As. Soe.
Beng. 66. 318.—
Syn. C. integer-
rund, WC. Bi:
Brit. Ind. ii. 439;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 193.; C. cey-
lanica, Wight
Til. t. 90. Vern.
Shengali, Panas?,
Mar.; Andamu-
ria, Kan.; Karal-
li, Tel.; Varanga,
Mal. ; Maniawga,
Lower, Awga,
Upper Burma.

A large tree,
trunk erect, wood
reddish - brown,
medull. rays very
broad. Leaves
Pia. 182.—Carallia lucida, Roxb. 4. thickly eoriace-

x

306 XLIX. RHIZOPHORACEA [Carallia

ous, glossy, elliptic, sometimes obovate, entire (serrulate in Cor. Pl.), blade
3-6, petiole + in. long, sec. n. numerous arching. FI. creamy-white, sessile,
in axillary short peduncled cymes.

Subhimal. tract, Nepal, Sikkim, ascending to 4,000 ft. Assam, Khasi hills, Chittagong.
Singhbhum. Burma, Upper and Lower. Western Peninsula, Northern Circars. On
the west side from the Konkan southwards. Fl. Oct—April. Aerial roots (Gamble,
Ind. Timb. Ed. II. 335).—Ceylon. China. Malay Penins. and Archip. to Australia.
2. C. lanceefolia, Roxb ; Wight Ic. t. 604. Kurz F. FI. i. 451. Upper Tenasserim.
L. thinly coriaceous, serrate, blade of petals broad, crenulate, embracing the stamens.
Fr. 2-3-seeded.

Gynotroches axillaris, Blume. Tenasserim (Kurz). A small evergreen glabrous tree,
1. coriaceous, glossy, strongly net-veined. Fl. polygamous, small, yellowish-green, in
axillary fascicles. Calyx free, 4-5-lobed nearly to the base, petals clawed, fimbriate,
stamens 8 or 10. Ovary free, base only adnate to calyx, 3-6-celled, ovules 4 in each cell.
Fr. a small globose, many-seeded berry.

Weihea zeylanica, Baill.; Bedd. FJ. Sylv. t. 194. Ghats of South Tinneyelli and South
Travancore. Ceylon. A small tree, 1. thin, almost membranous, elliptic-lanceolate,
2-3 in. long, stipules oblong, ciliate. Fl. white, axillary, solitary, or 2-3 together, buds
enclosed in 2 thick rounded ciliate bracts. Calyx free, cut nearly to the base into 5
lanceolate densely silky segments, } in. long. Petals cuneate, apex deeply laciniate,
stamens 30, hypogynous, ovary free, 3-celled,2 ovules in each cell. Capsule fleshy, septi-
cidally dehiscent, seeds 4-6, embryo straight in the axis of endosperm.

Blepharistemma corymbosum, Wall.; Bedd. Manual t. xiv. Western Peninsula, from
South Kanara southwards. A tree attaining 100 ft. in Travancore, young shoots,
petioles and inflorescence pubescent. L. membranous, crenate, blade 3-6, petiole 4 in.
long. Fl. polygamous, } in. long, calyx hairy, free, campanulate, lobes 4, triangular,
petals twice the length of calyx, hairy, tips laciniate, staméns 8. Ovary free, 3-celled.

Orver L. COMBRETACEA. Gen. Pl. i. 683.

(Brandis in Engler u. Prantl. iii. 7. 106.)

Trees or shrubs, leaves simple, entire, without stipules. Fl. bracteate,
usually sessile, bisexual, rarely polygamous, regular with a zygomorphic ten-
dency. Calyx-tube adnate to ovary and produced beyond it, free portion 4—5-
cleft, segments valvate. Petals wanting, or small, inserted on the edge of
calyx-tube between its segments. Stamens as many as calyx-segments or
twice their number, inserted inside the calyx, anthers dehiscing longitudinally.
Ovary inferior, 1-celled, ovules 2-5, rarely more, on large funicles, pendulous
from the apex of the cell. Fr. generally angled or winged, seed 1, without
albumen. Embryo straight, radicle superior, cotyledons oily, generally con-
volute.

In this, as well as in the allied Orders, Rhizophoracew, Myrtacee and Rosacee, I follow
the practice of most English text-books in describing the calyx as adnate to the ovary.
In reality, however, what is here called calyx should be regarded as the continuation of
the axis (pedicel), which is hollow, enclosing the ovary, bearing sepals at the apex, here
called calyx-segments. What in these orders usually is described as the calyx,
bears bracteoles in some cases, and consequently ought to be regarded as an axial organ.
(Lumnitzera and other genera.) This was the view taken by me, when describing
Combretacee for Engler u. Prantl’s work.

Combretacez have phloém on the inner side of the wood-cylinder, at the circumference
of the pith, either forming a continuous ring (Terminalia, several species of Combretum)
or in distinct masses. This interior phloém either consistsof thin-walled elements only
(Terminalia, Anogeissus), or is accompanied by thick-walled bast-fibres (species of
Combretum). The medullary rays as a rule are narrow, Combretum decandrum, how-
ever, has two classes of rays, broad rays, consisting of many layers of cells, and narrow
rays, consisting of one layer only. Apart from vessels and rays the wood mainly -
consists of wood fibres; but a few species (Terminalia bialata and belerica) have broad

L. COMBRETACEA 307

tangential bands of wood parenchyma. Several species, climbers as well as trees,
haye strands of phlo#m in the wood. As far as known, the structure of the climbing
species is normal, but they demand further study.

A. Fl. in spikes, calyx-limb deciduous.
Petals 0. Large trees, |. alternate or subopposite . 1. TerMrNarta.
Petals 4 or 5, except in Combretum apetalum.

Climbing shrubs or undershrubs, 1. opposite,

sometimes whorled 2. ComBretTUM.

Climbers, 1. opposite, calyx-tube slender, long . 3. QUISQUALIS.
B. Fl. in spikes, calyx-limb persistent.
A rambling shrub, rusty pubescent, 1. opposite . 4, Carycoprerts.
Trees or shrubs, wholly glabrous, |. alternate, thick,
fleshy . : c e é 3 c ; . 5, Lumnirzera.
C. Fl. in globose heads, fr. small, flat, imbricated . . 6. ANOGEISSUS.

Two genera, I/ligera and Gyrocarpus, in Gen. Pl). i. 689 included under Combretacee
(Sub-order Gyrocarpec) with winged fruit, but entirely different in other respects, will
be included under Hernandiacee.

1. TERMINALIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 443.

Large trees, |. alternate or nearly opposite. Fl. sessile, small, greenish or
white, generally in long spikes. Calyx-tube campanulate, constricted above
the ovary, as a rule densely woolly within, deciduous, limb 5-toothed, petals 0.
Stamens 10, in two rows. Seed included in a coriaceous or osseous endocarp,
cotyledons conyolute. Species 105, tropics of both hemispheres.

A. Fr. more or less fleshy, often angled, not winged.
(a) Spikes simple (see also 7. pallida).

1. T. Catappa, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 172; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 18; King in
Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 66 (1898), 331.—Syn. T. procera, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 224;
Kurz F. Fl. i. 454. The Indian Almond tree.

A tall tree, branches whorled, stem often buttressed. lL. clustered at the
ends of branchlets, glabrous, petiole and midrib more or less hairy, obovate,
from a narrow cordate base, 6-10 in. long, petiole short, stout and channelled.
Fl. white, in slender axillary spikes, shorter than l., ¢ at the top, ¢ below.
Drupe glabrous, ellipsoid, somewhat compressed, keeled all round, 2 in. long,
pericarp fibrous and fleshy, endocarp hard, oil expressed from the seeds.

Beach forests of the Andamans and the Malay Peninsula. Fl. Feb—May. A widely

spread litoral species within the tropics. Cultivated throughout tropical India. The
1. turn deep red in autumn before falling. The seeds are eaten.

2. T. belerica,* Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 198; Wight Ill. t. 91; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t.19; Brandis F. Fl. 222. Vern. Bahera, Bhaira, Hind. ; Balra, Beheda, May. ;
Tare, Kan.; Tandi, Thandra, Tel.; Vani, Thani, Tam. ; Thitsein, Burm.

A large deciduous tree, bark bluish-grey, wood hard, yellowish-grey, no
heartwood. Branchlets, ovary and outside of calyx with soft rust-coloured
pubescence. LL. clustered at the ends of branchlets, minutely puberulous when

oung, glabrous when full grown, elliptic or obovate-elliptic from an acute
se, blade 4-9, petiole 14-3 im. long. FI. greenish-yellow, with strong
offensive smell, ¢ and 3 mixed. Spikes simple, on the current year’s shoots,
in the axils of 1. or of fallen 1., bracts linear, early caducous. Inside of calyx
poo with long brown hairs. Fruit ovoid, grey, velvety, 1 in. long, pericarp
ry.

Subhimalayan tract from near the Induseastwards. Common throughout India and

* In Cor. Plants Roxburgh writes bellerica, in Fl. Ind. ii. 481, belerica. Roxb.
deseribes and figures two glands on top of petiole, which do not exist on the speci-
mens examined by me, nor have they been found by others.

308 L. COMBRETACEA - [Terminalia

Burma excepting the arid region of Sind, western Rajputana and the southern Punjab.
L. shed Feb._March, fresh foliage copper or tan-coloured, in Apr il. Fl. March—May.
Fr. used for dyeing and tanning. 3 T. foetidissima, Griff. ; Mer gui, Malacca. L. shining,
coriaceous, obovate, blade 5-7, tapering into petiole 2 2 in. long, drupe compressed obovate-
ellipsoid.

(6) ‘Spikes panicled excepting T. pallida, panicles often terminal.

4. T. Chebula, Retz.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 197; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 27;
Brandis F.Fl. t. 29. Vern. Har, Harra, Hind.; Hirda, Habra, Mar. ;
Nella (black) Karaka, Tel.; Kadukat,
Tam. ; Pangd, Burm.

A large deciduous tree, leaf-buds,
branchlets and youngest |. with soft
shining, generally rust-coloured hairs.
Leaves distant, often subopposite,
elliptic or ovate, sec. n. 6-8 pair,
arching, prominent, blade 3-8, petiole
4-1 in. long. Two glands or swellings
on petiole near the top. Fl. bisexual
1 in. across, sessile, dull white or
yellow, with an offensive smell.
Spikes sometimes simple, usually in
short panicles, terminal and in the
axils of the uppermost leaves. Bracts
subulate or lanceolate, longer than
buds, deciduous. Limb of calyx cup-
shaped, cleft half-way into 5 acute

Fie. 183.—Terminalia Chebula, Retz. triangular segments, woolly inside.
Fr. and transverse section enlarged. Fruit more or less distinctly 5-angled,

obovoid from a cuneate base, sometimes
ovoid or nearly globose, 1-14 in. long. Shape and size of fr. varies exceedingly.

Subhimalayan tract from the Sutlej eastwards, ascending to 5,000 ft, Common in
the deciduous forests of both peninsulas. Sheds its 1. Feb—March, new foliage in April,
fl. April-Aug. fr. ripens Oct—January. In the Centr. Proy. two distinct flowering
periods: April-May and July-August. The fl. often attacked by a gall insect. This
species varies considerably. Apart from two very marked forms, known only from
restricted areas, which are here accepted as species, I recognize two principal varieties.
(a) The ordinary widely spread form, young shoots silky- tomentose, |. glabrous when
full grown, ovary and calyx outside glabrous or hairy, described by Kurz F. Fl. i. 456,
as IT. Chebula and T. tomentella, Kurz. (b) The tomentose form, branchlets, leaves,
panicle, ovary and calyx densely’ and softly clothed with long silky hairs. Pachmarhi,
Mahableshwar, Western Deccan and Mysore. Nilgiris. This may possibly be
T. gangetica, Roxb. The dry fruit of 7. Chebula, the Chebulic Myrobalans of commerce,
is one of the best tanning materials known, export considerable, chiefly from Bombay.

The two local forms which may be recarded as species are: 5. T. travancorensis,, W. &
Arn. Prodr. 314 (7. angustifolia, Roxb. ; Bourdillon in Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol.

12, 351, t. 4.) A lofty tree of the evergreen forests, Travancore at 500 ft., bark smooth,
pale brown, sapwood yellowish w hite, heartwood small, brown, 1. glabrous, elliptic-
lanceolate. Fl. small. Fr. # in. long, stone 5-angled. YT. Chebula is also found in
Travancore, but in deciduous grass forests (Bourd.). TL. angustifolia, Jacq., isa Malayan
species. 6. T. pallida, n. sp. (Thella (white) Karaka, Tel.) Kambakum hill (Chingleput),
Veligondas. Sechachellam hills (Cuddapah). Occurs with 7. Chebula, but is nearly
evergreen, and is readily distinguished by smaller coriaceous leaves, obtuse or emar gi-
nate, petiole orange-coloured, spikes usually simple, ovary and calyx outside perfectly
glabrous, shining; fr. obovoid from a narrow base. (D. B. Madras Forest Report, 1883,
par. 357.)

7. T. citrina, Fleming; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 66. 328, Assam, Maimansingh,
Dacca, Tenasserim, Nicobars, Malay Peninsula. L. thickly coriaceous, elliptic- -lanceo-
late, blade 3-7, petiole 4 in., veins minutely reticulate, the areoles between the veins on
the underside very minutely velvety, fr. narrow, lanceolate, 2in. Jong. 8. T. Manii,
King in Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. ix. t. 51, Andamans and Nicobars. L. ovate, acuminate,
blade 4-5, petiole 1 in., fr. ovoid 3-? in. long. 9. T. argyrophylla, King & Prain in
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 67. 291, Kachin hills, Upper Burma. Branchlets slender, as well

Terminatia| L. COMBRETACEA 309

as leaves on both sides densely and
oblong, blade 4-5, petiole # in. long,
inside.

softly grey-, almost silvery-tomentose. L. ovate-
Fl. small, yellowish, calyx densely silyery-woolly

Fic. 184.—Terminalia bialata, Steudel, 4. FP), fr.

310 L. COMBRETACEA [| Terminalia

B. Fr. dry, winged, fl. reeular, wings two equal.

10. T. bialata, Steudel; Kurz F. Fl. i. 456. Vern. Lein, Burm.

A large tree, l. alternate, crowded at the ends of branchlets, perfectly glabrous,
oblanceolate, blade 6-9, petiole 3-4 in. long. Spikes simple, axillary, pubes-
cent, as long as leaves, bracts caducous, not longer than the buds, apex often
inflexed, the upper fl. ¢, the lower 9, ovary and calyx densely pubescent
Wings broad, striate and softly pubescent, fruit with the wings 3-4 in. broad.

Tenasserim. Andamans. Fl. R. S. 11. T. pyrifolia, Kurz. Lein, Burm. Pegu and .
Tenasserim. Often stunted, differs from 10 by shorter petioles, very slender spikes and
smaller fruit, which, with
the wings, is 1-2 in. broad,
the seed portion being keeled
on one side. Merits careful
study in the Forest, as to
whether it really isa distinct
species.

C. Fr. dry, winged, 4.
regular, wings 5, equal.

12. T. tomentosa, W.
et Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 195;
Bedd. BIS Sylva aaa:
Brandis F. Fl. 225.—Syn.
T. crenulata, Roth ; Kurz
F. Fl. 1. 458; 7. coriacea,
W. et Arn. Vern. Sain,
Asaina, Saj, Hind.; Sadri,
Hadri, Guzerat; Ain,
Mar.; Maru, Gond; Matti,
Kari matti, Kan. ; Maddt,
Nalla maddi, Tel.: Karra
marda, Tam. ; Taukkyan,
Burm. :

A large tree, trunk tall,
regularly shaped, bark
rough, black, deeply
cracked, heartwood hard,
dark purplish-brown, mot-
tled with darker streaks,
often nearly black.
Branchlets, inflorescence
and young |. clothed with
short, rust-coloured pubes-
cence. Leaves hard, cor-
iaceous, elliptic- or ovate-,
sometimes obovate-oblong,

Fie. 135.—Terminalia tomentosa, Wight & Arn. 2. blade 5-9, petiole 4-3 in.

long, nearly opposite, the
uppermost often alternate, 1-2 glands near base of midrib, underside when full
grown as a rule soft tomentose, rarely glabrous, sec. n. 10-20 pair. FI.
bisexual, dull yellow, in erect terminal panicles, the lower branches in the
axils of leaves. Calyx-limb a shallow cup, hairy within, segments 5, broad,
ovate, acute. Fr. 14-2 in. long with 5 coriaceous brown wings #-1 in. broad
and marked with numerous horizontal lines running from the axis to the
edges, which are thin and irregularly crenulate.

Subhimalayan tract from the Ravi eastwards, in places ascending to 4,000 ft.
Common throughout India (except in the arid region) and Burma, thrives best in
heavy clay-soil. Fl. H.S., R.8., fruit ripens Feb.—April of the ensuing year. Sheds

Lerminalia| L. COMBRETACE® 311

its 1. Feb.April and is one of the latest trees to come out in fresh Jeaf. T. macrocarpa,
is a variety in the Eng forests of Burma with large fr., up to 24 in. across.

13. T. Arjuna, Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 28; Brandis F. Fl.
224.—Syn. T. glabra, W. et
Arn., Trimen Handb. Ceylon
ii. 160; Pentaptera Arjuna,
Roxb. Vern. Arjina, Kawa,
Koha, Hind. ; Dhaula Sadr,
Guzerat: Jolematti, Kan.
Thella maddi, Tel.

A large tree, with huge
often buttressed trunk, bark
smooth grey, flaking off in
large thin layers, branches
drooping, heartwood dark
brown, very hard. Glabrous,
only inflorescence — slightly
pubescent. Leaves generally
sub-opposite, hard, coriaceous,
oblong, sometimes spathulate-
oblong, often crenulate, blade
3-6, petiole 4 in. long. Fl.
like 12, fr. Lin. long with 5-7
thick narrow wings, 4 in.
broad, irregularly marked F
with ascending lines.

Common on the banks of rivers, streams and dry watercourses in Central India and
South Behar, in the Peninsula and Ceylon. Here and there in the Subhimalayan tract
(Kangra, D.B. 1868). Not in east and central Bengal norin Burma. Foresters readily
distinguish these two species by their bark, their mode of growth and by their habitat.
ae (Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 448, Trimen Handb. Ceylon ii. 161) are doubtful regarding
them.

1G. 136.—Terminalia Arjuna, Bedd. 4.

14. T. Oliveri, Brandis in Hook. Ic. t. 2202. Vern. Than, Burm.

A moderate-sized glabrous tree, 1. sub-opposite broadly-ovate, blade 14-3,
petiole 4 in., sec. n. 5-6 pair. Fl. small, nearly glabrous, in slender terminal
panicles. Wings narrow, membranous, } in. long, } in. broad.

Dry region of the Irawaddi valley between 19 and 22 N. lat., chiefly in the Pakokku
district, associated with Acacia Catechu. Bark thick, filled with starch, an extract of
the bark used to adulterate Cutch.

C. Fr. dry, winged, fl. zygomorphic, wings unequal.
J? 5 b] vo ? 5 1

15. T. paniculata, Roth; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 20;
Brandis F. Fl. 226. Vern. Ainjal, Kindal, Mar.; Tonal,
THuluve, Kan.; Puli maddi, Tel.; Puluvat, Tam.

A large tree, l. glabrous, oblong, from a rounded,
often unequal base; pale-brown beneath, blade 4-7,
petiole 4—} in. long, the upper 1. always alternate, the
lower often opposite, sec. n. 10-15 pair. Fl. in ample
rusty-pubescent panicles, bracts pubescent, acuminate,
free portion of calyx glabrous reddish-brown, cup-
shaped, the inside clothed with long brown hairs, ovary
with 5 rounded ridges. Fr. 4—} in. long, rusty- pubes-
Fie. 187.—Terminalia C&Ut, sessile, close set in large spreading panicles, the
paniculata, Roth. 3. front ridge of ovary growing out into a wing, which is
Fr. and transverse 3-1 in. broad.

section. Forests on the west coast and the Ghats, on the Nilgiris,

312 L. COMBRETACE [| Lerminalia

Anamalais, Javadis and other hill ranges in the southern portion of the Peninsula.
Fl. Aug.—Dec., fr. H. 8. Hardly ever quite leafless.

16. T. myriocarpa, Heurck & Muell. Arg.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 457.

A very large evergreen tree, heartwood brown, mottled with dark streaks,
takes a beautiful polish, young shoots and inflorescence rusty-pubescent. L.
from a rounded base elliptic-oblong, blade 4-12, petiole thick, 4-} in. long, |
with one or two prominent cylindric glands at the top, sec. n. numerous, parallel.
Fl. small, in long slender spikes, arranged in ample terminal panicles, bracts
very short, calyx nearly glabrous within, fr. } in. long, 3-cornered, the two
lateral angles expanded into wings. A very handsome tree when in fl. or fr.,
its pendent boughs loaded with pink panicles or yellow seeds (Gamble List 39).

Sikkim, ascending to 5,000 ft. Fl. Oct—Nov. Bhutan, Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur.
Upper Burma, Kurz.

2. COMBRETUM, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 452.

Shrubs, sometimes trees, generally climbing, 1. petiolate, opposite in some
species, whorled, rarely alternate. Fl. bisexual or polygamous. Calyx-tube
more or less constricted above the ovary, limb campanulate or funnel-shaped,
4-5-cleft, deciduous. Petals small, inserted between the calyx-lobes. Stamens
8 or 10, generally biseriate, those of the lower series episepalous, filaments
slender, usually long exserted, anthers didymous. Ovary 1-celled, style subu-
late, ovules 2-6, pendulous. Fr. coriaceous, 4-6-ridged or winged, seed one.
Embryo straight, radicle small, superior. Species 260, in the tropical and sub-
tropical regions of the old and new world, the majority in Africa. Not im
Australia, nor in Polynesia.

A. Fl. pentamerous, fr. with 5 membranous wings or prominent ridges.

1. ©. decandrum, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 59.; Brandis-F. Fl. 221. Vern.
Boddu, Tel.; Thamaka-nwé Burm.

A large climbing shrub, stem cylindric, bark greyish-white, corky, branchlets,
young |. and inflorescence clothed with soft silky hairs. lL. opposite, nearly
glabrous when full grown, elliptic-oblong, blade 3-6, petiole + in. Fl. in large
terminal leafy panicles, the floral leaves (bracts) large and conspicuous, turning
creamy white. Fr. 1 in. long, 5 broad equal wings.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Jumna eastwards, Sikkim to 2,000 ft. Assam, Chitta-
gong. Burma. Behar, Central Provinces, Northern Circars and the northern Deccan.
Fl. Dec.-March. 2. €. pyrifolium, Kurz, Pegu. Imperfectly known.

3. C. pilosum, Roxb. (probably including C. ovale, Kurz F. FI. 462.) Kyet tet nwe,
Burm. Silhet, Chittagong. “Burma, Upper and Lower. A large climber, branchlets,
petioles and inflorescence densely rusty-villous, the persistent base of petioles often
more or less spinescent, |. hairy beneath, fl. in short racemes, massed together in dense
cylindrical panicles, calyx rusty-villous outside, 4-4 in. long, slightly constricted above
the ovary, free portion infundibuliform, more than twice the length of ovary. Fr. 1-1}
in. long, winged. 4. C. kachinense, King & Prain. Kachin hills near Sima. A large
scandent shrub, not spinescent, branchlets, petioles, underside of leaves and inflor-
escence rusty-pubescent, fl. in axillary, simple or sparingly branched lax racemes,
pedicels very short, calyx 4 in. long, not constricted above ovary.

5. C. apetalum, Wall. Dry country of the Ivawaddi valley, from Prome upwards. A
straggling deciduous shrub or small tree, scrambling on to other trees. FI. in long
slender spikes, arranged in axillary panicles, bracts lanceolate, as long as ovary, rachis
of spikes as well as bracts, ovary and calyx densely clothed with white-silvery hairs.
Free part of calyx-tube campanulate, segments triangular, acuminate, reflexed. Fr.
winged # in. long.

6. C. trifoliatum, Vent. Burma, Upper and Lower, common on moist ground, ]. often
in whorls of three, coriaceous, glabrous, elliptic-oblong. Spikes axillary, compact,
cylindric, densely pubescent, free part of calyx campanulate. Fr. 1-1} in. long, not
winged, with 5 very acute ridges.

B. Fl. tetramerous, fr. with 4 prominent ridges.

7. C. acuminatum, Roxb.—Syn. C. costatwm, Roxb.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 465.

Combretum L. COMBRETACEA B13

A large climber, |. elliptic- or ovate-lanceolate, underside often slightly hairy,
blade 4-8, petiole }in., sec. n. 10-15 pair. FI. yellow, in slender axillary
spikes, often forming leafy panicles at the ends of br anches, free bee of calyx
campanulate, petals “small, narrow, stamens long exserted. Fr. 1-2 in. long,
narrowly ellipsoid, with four thick rounded ridges.

Assam, Khasi hills. Pegu, Tenasserim. FI. R.S. Ceylon low country, rare. 8. C.
tetragonocarpum, Kurz, Peru, imperfectly known.

C. Fl. tetramerous, fr. with 4 papery wings.

9. C. flagrocarpum, Herb. Cale.—Syn. C. Wallichii, Kurz F. FI. i. 465.

A large scandent shrub, young shoots and inflorescence densely clothed with
rusty peltate scales, 1. broad-elliptic with numerous minute resinous dots on
both sides, chiefly beneath, pubescent along the neryes, blade 5—9, petiole
stout 4} in. long. Spikes axillary and in terminal panicles, bracts linear,
persistent. Petals white, spathulate, exceeding the triangular calyx-segments.
Fr. 1-1} in. long and equally broad, red or red-brown, surface of seed portion
densely cover’ ed between the wings with lanceolate- linear scales.

Sikkim, ascending to 5,000 ft., Assam, Khasi and Naga hills, Manipur, Chittagong.
Upper Burma. Fl. May, June. Closely allied: 10. C. Wallichii, DC. Nepal, Sikkim,
common, ascending to 5,000 ft. A straggling shrub, differs from 9 by smaller and
thinner leaves w ith tufts of yellow hair in the axils of the sec. n. on the underside,
minute fugacious bracts, and small petals.

11. C. dasystachyum, Kurz F. Fl. i. 464. Vern. Semakan nwe, Burm.

A woody climber (deciduous, Smales), branchlets, petioles, underside of
younger leaves (chiefly along nerves), and inflorescence pubescent. 1. mem-
branous, lanceolate from a narrowly cordate base, sec. n. 8-10 pair, arching,
blade 3-9, petiole }—-} in. FI. in axillary (sometimes compound) spikes, free
portion of calyx funnel-shaped, claw of petals nearly as long as the obovate
blade. Fr. shining, 1} by 1 in.

Assam. Khasi hills. Cachar. Chittagong. Burma, Lower and Upper. FI. H. S.
Fr. C. 8S. Closely allied are: 12. C. chinense, Roxb. Assam. Khasi hills. Chitta-
gong. Andamans. Lastern slopes of the Pegu Yoma. Hills east of UNE CDT
2,000 ft. Mergui. Malay Peninsula. A large woody climber (evergreen, Kurz), |
glabrous, thinly coriaceous, frequently in whorls of three, elliptie or obovate- -elliptie,
young shoots and inflorescence sparsely covered with minute scales and resinous dots,
fr. 1-14 in. long, nearly as broad as long, wings retuse at both ends. 13. C. squamosum,
Roxb. Sikkim Terai on the banks of streams. Bhutan, Assam, Khasi hills, Cachar.
Pegu, Tenasserim. Andamans. Malay Peninsula. A large climber, branchlets,
leaves and inflorescence covered with round peltate scales with pale edges, |. thinly
coriaceous, from a rounded base, broadly elliptic, abruptly acuminate, blade 3-5 ), petiole
4-4 in.long, fr. 1-14 in. long and equally broad. 14.¢. quadrangulare, Kurz, Tenasserim,
clothed with circular se ales, branchlets sharply quadrangular, |. oblane eolate or lanceo-
late, gradually narrowed into the short petiole, fl. small.

15. C. ovalifolium, Roxb.; Trimen Handb. Ceylon ii, 163. Vern.
Dimarbola, Jabalpur.

A large straggling or climbing almost entirely glabrous shrub, branchlets
stiff, divaricate, “nearly at right angles to stem or branches, 1. opposite, from
an acute base elliptic, acuminate, blade 3-5, petiole } in. long. Fl. white, in
axillary and terminal panicled spikes, with a few broadly- -ovate, coloured floral
leaves (bracts) at the base of ramifications, fl. outside with minute hairs and
thin peltate scales, bracts minute. Fr. } in. long, nearly glabrous.

Deciduous forests in the Central Provinces, Berar, and the Western Peninsula. Fl.
Jan.—Mar., |. turn dark red before falling, climbs over tall trees and often carpets
the ground on the banks of streams, like ivy.—Ceylon, dry country. 16. C. nanum,
Ham. ; . Brandis F. FI. 221, is a small undershrub, with a thick woody prostrate or
underground stem, common in grass lands of the Subhimalayan tract, from the Jumna
to Sikkim, in the Oudh forests, Behar and the Central Provinces. Also on the Shan
hills of Upper Burma. ‘The leaf- and fl.-bearing stems are burnt down to the ground
annually by the fires of the hot season. L. obovate, fr. 14 in. long, in dense clusters.

314 L. COMBRETACEAl [Combretum

17. C. extensum, Roxb.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 463.—Syn. C. Wightianwm,
Wall. ; Wight Ic. t. 227. Vern. Maung-maka-nwe, Burm.

A large woody climber, |. glabrous, broadly-elliptic or ovate, 4-10, petiole
$-1 in. long. FI. in axillary cylindrical, often compound spikes, bracts
minute, rhachis, as well as ovary and calyx, generally clothed with minute:
glandular hairs. Free part of calyx infundibuliform, 4 in. long, limb 4-fid,
segments triangular, reflexed. Fr. 1} in. long.

Both Peninsulas and Ceylon. FI. C.S.

3. QUISQUALIS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 459.

Rambling, almost climbing. Fl. in short spikes, pentamerous, free part of
calyx a long slender tube, to the side of which the style is more or less adnate,
stamens 10, short. Fr. dry, coriaceous, 5-angled, cotyledons fleshy, plano-
convex. Species 4, Asia and Africa.

1. Q. indica, Linn. Vern. Daweh maing, Burm.

A large evergreen woody climber, young shoots pubescent or villous. L.
elliptic or ovate-oblong, acuminate, those on leafy rambling shoots alternate,
those on flowering branches opposite, petioles articulate, the portion below the
articulation persistent, becoming hard and woody, hooking the branches on to
supports. Fl. showy, first white, then red or orange, bracts leafy, ovate-
lanceolate, free part of calyx filiform, 2-3 in. long, hairy within and on the
outside. Fr. 1 in. long, glossy, with 5 deep furrows between the angles.

Wild in Burma and Yunnan, cultivated throughout India. Fl. March-April. 2.
Q. densiflora, Wall. Maulmein, Malay Archip. Fl. in dense rusty-pubescent spikes,
calyx-tube above the ovary 4-4 in. long, mouth funnel-shaped, teeth lanceolate-subulate,
petals 4 in. long, scarlet. 3. Q malabarica, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t.155. Wainad, Travan-

core. Fl. in Jax slightly pubescent spikes, calyx-tube above the ovary 4 in., petals
pink, 4 in. long.

4. CALYCOPTERIS, Lamk.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 449.

1. C. floribunda, Lamk. (the only species).—Syn. C. nutans, Kurz F. FI.
1.468. Getonia floribunda, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 87. Vern. Ukshi, Mar. ; Kyut-ne-
nay, Burm.

A large scandent shrub, branches drooping, young shoots rusty villous, 1.
opposite, ovate, shortly acuminate, entire. FI. bisexual, in tomentose terminal
and axillary panicles. Free portion of calyx infundibuliform, petals 0, stamens
10, inserted in two lines on the inside of the calyx-tube, the 5 upper alterna-
ting with the calyx-teeth. Fr. 5-ribbed, villous, 4 in. long, surmounted by the
enlarged calyx, the segments of which are }—1 in. long.

Western Peninsula, in deciduous forests. Assam. Chittagong. Upper and Lower

Burma. Fl. Jan—May. A remarkable form in Upper Burma (Smales, March 1899,
Nabu nwé) with obtuse 1. and very short bracts.

5. LUMNITZERA, Willd.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 451.

Glabrous evergreen shrubs or small trees, |. alternate, clustered towards the
ends of branches; fleshy, spathulate or narrowly obovate, sec. n. not visible. Fl.
bisexual, pentamerous, shortly pedicellate, 2 bracteoles on the calyx-tube. Fr.
crowned by the persistent calyx-limb, }-1 in. long. Two litoral species, both
in the tropics of the old world and of Australia. (Engler u. Prantl iii. 7. 129
fig. 65.)

1. L. racemosa, Willd. ; Bedd. Manual t. xxi. fig. 2; Brandis F. Fl. 221.
Vern. Kirpa, Sundriban ; Yinyé, Burm. :
A shrub or tree, attaining 40 ft., 1.2 in. long, cuneate, slightly emarginate

Lumnitzera) L. COMBRETACE 315

and crenate, fl. white, sessile, in axillary spikes, stamens 10, as long as petals.
Endocarp hard, exocarp spongy.

Coasts of India and Burma, in Mangrove swamps and other tidal forests. Fl. March,
April. 2. L. coccinea, W. et A. (L. littorea, Voigt; Kurz F. F].i.469) Mergui, Nicobars,
has fl. in terminal corymbose racemes, petals and stamens scarlet, stamens twice the
length of petals. Pericarp spongy.

6. ANOGEISSUS, Wall.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 450.

L. alternate, fl. small, bisexual, in globose heads. Calyx-tube compressed
at the base, prolonged beyond the ovary into a slender tube, which expands
at the top into a campanulate deciduous 5-cleft limb. Petals 0. Stamens 10,
biseriate, filaments filiform, exserted. Fr. small, coriaceous, broadly 2-winged,
terminating in a beak, formed by the persistent calyx-tube. Species 5, one
in tropical Africa, the others in India.

A. Persistent calyx-tube shorter than fruit.

1. A. pendula, Edgew.; Brandis F. Fl. 229. Vern. Dhao, Dhaukra,
Meywar.

A small gregarious tree, branches drooping, leaves turning red before falling.
Branchlets and 1. densely clothed with short soft appressed hairs. L. broadly
lanceolate or oblanceolate, blade }-1, petiole $—} in. long, sec. n. not prominent,
5-7 pair. Fl. heads under + in. diam., on slender axillary peduncles }—1 in.
long. Ripe fr. (here and in the other species including the wings) nearly
orbieular, upper portion and short beak hairy, lower portion glabrous.

Rajputana and Bundelkhand, extending south to the Panch Mahals (Gujarat) and
to Nimar on the Nerbudda river. The principal forest tree of Merwara and Meywar.
Fi. R.S. Leaves shed in January.

B. Persistent calyx-tube as long as or longer than fruit.

2. A. latifolia, Wall.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.15; Brandis F. Fl. 227.—Syn.
Conocarpus latifolia, DC. ; Royle Ill. t. 45; Wight Ic. t.694. Vern. Dhaura,
Dhawa, Bakli, Hind.; Arma, Gond; Dindaga, Dindal, Kan. : Chirimanu
Yellam ma, Tel.: Vellay naga, Tam.

A large tree, |. broadly elliptic, pubescent when young, glabrous when full
grown, blade 14-3}, petiole 1—} in. long, sec. n. 8-14 pair, tertiary n. prominent
beneath. Fl. heads 4—} in. diam., on short peduncles, often in axillary
racemes, ripe fr. almost glabrous, nearly orbicular.

Subhimalayan tract from the Ravi to Nepal, ascending to 3,000 ft. Central India.
Western Peninsula, ascending to 4,000 ft.on the Nilgiris. Not in Assam, eastern Bengal
nor Burma. Bare during the greater part of the dry season. In Nov. the foliage begins
to have a fine copper tint, is shed in Feb. and the young |. come out in May. FI. May-
Aug., sometimes Noy.-Feb.—Ceylon, dry country.

3. A. sericea, Brandis, Ind. Forester. vol. xxv. 287. Vern. Kardahi,
Jabalpur.

A middle-sized, on good soil a large tree, young shoots silvery, branchlets
and underside of |. clothed with long silky hair. L. elliptic, shortly acuminate,
blade 1-2, petiole } in., sec. n. 4-6 pair. Fl. heads } in. diam., on long ped-
uncles, frequently bearing leafy bracts, and sometimes two or more flower-
heads. Ir. tomentose, broader than long, wings jagged. Calyx-limb sometimes
persistent at the end of the long tube.

Common on the Pachmarhi hills. Jabalpur district near the Nerbudda river.
Garhakota, Saugor district. Panch Mahals (Gujarat). Fl. Feb. to April. A variety
with smaller greyish-pubescent |. and smaller fl. heads, 4 in. across, in Merwara.

4. A. acuminata, Wall.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.16; Brandis F. Fl. 228. Vern.
Pasi, Tel. ; Yon, Burm.

316 L. COMBRETACEA | Anogeissus

A large tree with hanging branches, branchlets and underside of full grown
1. softly “pubescent. L. lanceolate, acuminate, blade 1-3, petiole } in., sec. n.
6-8 pair. FI. heads 1—2 in. diam., on peduncles, which as a rule are as long
as or shorter than the diameter of the Hower-head. Fr. generally broader than
long.

Chanda district C.P. Northern Circars. Chittagong hill tracts. Burma, Upper and
Lower. Fl. Feb—March. A. phillyreefolia, Heurck & Muell., Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 451, is
a variety with narrower more glabrous 1. and smaller fi. -heads, in the dry region of the

Trawaddi valley between Prome and Mandalay, analogous to the var iety of A. sericea
on the dry hills of Merwara.

Orper LI. MYRTACEZ. Gen. Pl. i. 690.

Trees or shrubs, |. simple, generally quite entire, either opposite (rarely
alternate) with translucent glands (Myrtacew proper) or alternate without
glands (Lecythidacee). Stipules 0. Fl. regular, generally bisexual. Ovary
2- or more celled, enclosed in and generally entirely adnate to the calyx-tube.
Petals 4 or 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens numerous inserted with the petals
in the mouth of the calyx-tube or on the disk lining it. Fruit usually fleshy,
in some genera a capsule.

Myrtacee comprise two distinct groups, correctly treated in Engler u. Prantl iii. 7.
26, 57, as separate orders. Myrtacee proper have cavities, containing ethereal oil, lined
with small thin-walled cells, in leaves, branchlets and generally in all green parts, as
a rule immediately under the epidermis. In leaves these oil cavities may often be seen
as translucent points. Further there are strands of phloém in the circumference of
the pith, usually without thick-walled bast fibres. Apart from the med. rays, which
are always narrow, parenchyma does not form an important element in the wood.
Lecythidacee have no oil cavities and there is no phloém in the pith, transverse bars of
wood parenchyma between the rays are not uncommon. The chief character, however,
of the last-named order is that the leaf traces (vascular bundles) which enter the petiole
separate from the central cylinder some distance below the insertion of the leaf. Hence
the transverse section of a branchlet shows, as is the case in Dipterocarps, a number of
vascular bundles in the bark. Inthe petiole and midrib these vascular bundles do not
coalesce, but remain distinct.

A. Myrtacee proper. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, gland-dotted.

I. Leaves as a rule opposite, penninerved.
Calyx 4-lobed, ovary 2-celled, seeds one or few . 1. EvGernta.
Calyx 4-5-lobed, ovary 4- or 5-celled, seeds several

Peduncles 1-flowered . 5 : : : ° Myrtus (p. 326).
Fl. paniculate : DECASPERMUM (p. 326).
Calyx closed in bud, splitting irregularly, ‘seeds
numerous . ° ° ; c : 6 Psrp1um (p. 326).

II. Leaves opposite, 3 ipaeitcinal nerves.
Ovary 1-celled, ovules numerous on parietal
placentas . : 0 Ruopamnia (p. 326).
Ovary 3-6-celled, 1. ‘tomentose beneath . 5 3 Ruopomyries (p. 326).

III. Leaves (of older plants) alternate.
Calyx truncate, the orifice closed in bud by a cap

(operculum) formed of the concrete petals . 2. Eucanyprus.
Calyx 5-lobed.
Stamens free 3 . LeprosPerMUM (p. 328).
Stamens in 5 bundles, ‘opposite the petals.
Leaves penninerved 4 5 . : . 3. TRISTANIA.
3-7 longitudinal nerves . : : 4 3 Metarecca (p. 329).

B. Lecythidacee. Leaves alternate, not gland-dotted.

All stamens fertile, 1. in spikes or racemes. 4. BarrinGTontra.
The stamens of the exterior and interior circle with-
out anthers. 5. CAREFYA.

The stamens of the inner circle only without anthers. PrLancHonia (p. 332).

Eugenia) LI. MYRTACE® 317

1. EUGENIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 470.

Trees or shrubs, nearly always evergreen; leaves gland-dotted, with rare
exceptions opposite. Fl. usually tetramerous ; inflorescence terminal or lateral,
usually cymose but in some species centripetal, racemose. Calyx-tube fre-
quently with resin cavities below the surface, articulate with pedicel, two
bracteoles frequently at its base, enclosing the two-celled ovary and in most
species produced beyond it as a more or lesscampanulate cup. Calyx segments
persistent or deciduous. Petals gland-dotted, either free, expanding, or united
intoa cap (calyptra). Stamens numerous in several series, inserted on a more
or less conspicuous disk at the mouth of calyx-tube, anthers small versatile.
Ovules several or many in each cell, placenta in the middle of the dissepiment.
Fr. a berry, 1- or few-seeded, embryo thick and fleshy with a very short
radicle, the cotyledons fleshy, either separate or united in a homogeneous mass.
Species 650 tropical and subtropical, in Asia and tropical America, a few in
tropical Africa and Australia.

The species here enumerated are frequently classed under 3 genera : Jambosa, Bugenia
and Syzygium. Engler u. Prantl. iii. 7. 78.

Sect. I. Jambosa, I. Syzygium. Calyx-tube produced beyond ovary, free
portion cup-shaped or campanulate.

A. Fl. large, calyx-tube (from articulation to rim) 4 in. orlonger. (Species
1-27).

(a.) Flowers pedicelled.
a. Base of leaves rounded or cordate.

1. E. aquea, Burm.; Wight Ic. t. 216, 550; Kurz F. Fl. i. 494.

A middle-sized tree, glabrous, bark smooth grey, 1. coriaceous, shining,
elliptic-oblone, obtuse, narrowed to the rounded or slightly cordate base, blade
4-12 in., petiole stout, generally very short. Fl. white or purplish-pink, in
3-9-fld. pedunculate cymes, at the ends of branchlets or from the upper axils,
pedicels shorter than the 1 in. long calyx-tube with 2 bracteoles at its base.
Fr. turbinate, ?-1 in. diam. crowned by the persistent calyx-limb and seg-
ments.

Sikkim 1,000 ft., Khasi hills (to 4,000 ft.). Cultivated in Burma. Fl. H. S.—Ceylon.
2. E. macrocarpa, Roxb. Cachar, Chittagong. Burma, Upper and Lower, to 3,000 ft.
A middle-sized tree, 1. coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate from a rounded or cordate base,
blade 8-15, petiole stout + in. long, sec. n. distant, joined by marginal veins at a
distance from the edge. Fl. scented, white, calyx pink, in a terminal 5-9-fld. inflor-
escence, calyx-tube clavate, free portion a very shallow cup, 1-1} in. long, ribbed when
dry, pedicels short, stout. Fr. globose, the size of an orange, crowned by the spreading
calyx-lobes, seeds up to 5.

3. E. formosa, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 108; Kurz F. Fl. i. 492. Vern.
Thabye pinbwa, Wabaw, Burm. (Upper Burma).

A middle-sized or large tree, entirely glabrous, branchlets almost terete,
bark pale grey. L. chartaceous, oblong-lanceolate tapering towards the acute
apex, rounded or cordate at the base (the upper ones usually in threes), blade
8-18, petiole stout, } in. or shorter. Sec. n. distant, 10-12 pair, a few shorter
intermediate nerves between. Fl. on the old wood, large, sometimes solitary,
generally in sessile or shortly pedunculate few-fld. cymes, the terminal fl.
generally opening first, pedicels bracteolate below flower, }—} in., calyx and
petals purple, calyx-tube broadly turbinate, } in. long. Fr. white, globose 2 in.
diam., contracted towards the base, crowned by the spreading calyx-lobes.
Seeds 2.

Sikkim, Terai and outer valleys. Assam. Chittagong. Burma, Upper and Lower,
in evergreen forests along streams. Fl. March-May. 4. E. amplexicaulis, Roxb.;
Wight Ic. t. 608. Chittagong, a large tree, |. nearly sessile, obtuse, 6-8 by 8-4in. Fl.

318 LI. MYRTAC EA [Eugenia

large, white, 3-9 in a shortly peduncled inflorescence. Fr. 2 in. diam., greenish-yellow
when ripe, crowned with the inflexed calyx-lobes. Closely allied to this is a large tree
(Dacca, C. B. Clarke, April, 1872) with 9-27-fld. lax panicles from the axils of fallen 1.,
petals yellow, anthers yellow, stigma yellow-green. :

5. E. Munronii, Wicht, Ic. t. 546; Bedd. Manual 109.

A middle-sized very beautiful tree, glabrous, 1. coriaceous, from a cordate
base lanceolate, blade 6-9, petiole stout channelled, 4 in., sec. n. 18-24 pair,
slender but prominent beneath, joined by conspicuous intramarginal veins.
Fl. white, 1-1} in. across in terminal many-fld. trichotomous compound cymes,
calyx-tube obconic, ? in. long, tapering into the pedicel which is as long as
the calyx-tube.

Western Ghats from South Kanara to Cape Comorin, Nilgiris. Fl. Dec—Feb. A
variety with broader leaves found by Bourdillon on the lower hills of Travancore. 6.
E. diospyrifolia, Wall. Ihasi and Garo hills. Upper Burma, near streams. A small or
middle-sized tree, branchlets sharply quadrangular, |. from a narrow cordate base
oblong-lanceolate, fl. solitary or in terminal 3-5-fld. cymes, calyx-tube turbinate, $$ in.
long, free portion above the ovary shallow-cupshaped, fr. globose 1-2 in. diam., red.

7. E. Rama Varma, Bourdillon MSS.

A middle-sized or large tree, 1. from a cordate base gradually narrowed into
a long acumen, blade 5-7 in. long, petiole stout, very short, midrib impressed on -
the upper surface, very prominent beneath, as well as the 15—20 pair of sec. n.
which are joined by straight intramarginal veins. Fl. white, on the old wood,
solitary or in few-fld. racemes, pedicels longer than calyx. Calyx-tube 4 in.
long and as wide at the mouth, segments semicircular, petals orbicular 4 in.
diam. Fr. greenish-pink, globose, 14 in. diam.

Travancore, evergreen forests at high elevations 44,500 ft. FI. March. Called
after His Highness the Maharajah of Travancore, who wisely insists on a good manage-
ment of his forests in the interest of future generations.

B. Leaves more or less elliptic, narrowed towards both ends.

8. E. Jambos, Linn.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 495.—Syn. Jambosa vulgaris DC;
Wight Ic. t. 485. The Rose Apple. Vern. Gulab Jaman, Hind.; Thabye,
Burm. er

A middle-sized tree, 1. thinly coriaceous, oblong- or elliptic-lanceolate, taper-
ing to both ends, blade 4-7, petiole 4 in., sec. n. and intramarginal veins slender
but distinct. Fl. greenish-white, 2-3 in. across, in short terminal corymbs,
composed of 2-4 pair of opposite fl., those of the uppermost pair often opening
first. Calyx-tube obconical, } in. long, stamens 1? in. long, pedicel often as
long as calyx-tube. Fr. globose or pear-shaped, 1}—2 in. long, yellow or pink,
edible.

Indigenous in the Malay Archipelago and Upper Burma (Shwebo district, 1,000 ft.
on stream banks). Cultivated throughout India and Burma, run wild in places. Fl.
Feb—April, but also at other times. 9. E. leta, Ham. (H. pauciflora, Wight Ic. t. 526.)
Western Ghats from Bombay southwards. L. chartaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, blade 4-5, petiole 4-3 in., sec. n. slender, distant. Fl. large, crimson, sometimes
white, solitary or in 8-5-Hd. cymes, calyx-tube ? in. almost cylindrical, slightly widen-
ing upwards, free portion shallow-campanulate, pedicel often longer than tube, ovary-
cells inthe middle of tube, petals} in. diam., stamens 1 in. long. Fr. ovoid1in. long,
crowned by the calyx-segments. 10. E. javanica, Lamk. (ff. alba, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t.
548.) Andamans and Nicobars, Sundriban (C. B. Clarke). A middle-sized tree, 1. thinly
coriaceous, fl. large white pedicellate, in many-fld. terminal and lateral compound
cymes, some fl. occasionally sessile, calyx-tube turbinate, $ in. long, cylindrical below.
Fr. white, shining, depressed-turbinate, almost flat, 2 in. diameter, crowned by the
fleshy incuryed calyx-lobes.

11. E. hemispheerica, Wight Ic. t. 525.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 203. Vern.
Ven nyara, Mal. ;

A large tree, 1. elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-6, narrowed into petiole 3 in. long,
sec. n. faint, distant, 8-10 pair. Fl. white, in ample compound terminal and

Eugenia] LI. MYRTACEA 319

¢

axillary, usually three-fld. cymes at the ends of ramifications, the central fl.
nearly sessile, the 2 lateral pedicelled. Calyx-tube } in. long, almost hemi-
spherical on a short cylindrical base, free portion a very shallow cup. Petals
free, orbicular, glandular-dotted. Stamens 4—} in. long. Fr. globose, 1 in.
diam., crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes.

Western Ghats in evergreen forests from the Konkan southwards. Fl. March, April.
12. E. Kurzii, Duthie; Kurz F. Fl). i. 491. Sikkim 3-6,000 ft., common, chiefly in moist
places. Assam, Cachar. Andamans. HIlls east of Toungoo. A large tree, |. charta-
ceous, blade 4-8, petiole 4-4 in., sec. n. distinct, 8-10 pair. Fl. in compound trichoto-
mous, terminal and axillary cymes, pedicels slender, as long as calyx-tube. Calyx-
tube 4in. long, cylindrical below, widening in the upper part, free portion shallow-
campanulate, segments broad, continuous with tube. Petals white, free. Fr.
globose, 4 in. diam. 13. E. bifaria, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 161 (£7. laurifolia, Roxb.; Wight
Ie. t. 609). Khasi hills. lL. chartaceous, bifarious, elliptic, blade 3-5, petiole 4 in.
Fl. white, in trichotomous few-fld. pedunculate cymes, peduncles and pedicels slender,
Calyx-tube punctate with raised dots, funnel-shaped, the free portion above the ovary
campanulate, segments obtuse, continuous with tube, with a smooth membranous edge,
petals orbicular. Fr. yellow, oblong, 1 in. long, crowned with the incurved calyx-lobes.
14. E. ramosissima, Wall. Sikkim Terai, ascending to 3,000 ft. Khasi hills. Probably
Tenasserim. A middle-sized tree, 1. elliptic lanceolate, acuminate, blade 4-5, narrowed
into petiole 4 in. long. FI. in compound, pedunculate, usually terminal cymes, pedicels
generally as long as calyx-tube. Calyx-tube obconical, 4 in., petals free, orbicular,
glandulose-punctate, stam. { in. 15. E. Helferi, Duthie. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula,
very similar, fl. often sessile or shortly pedicellate. Calyx-tube } in., lobes very short,
much shorter than petals. Stam. 4 in. long.

y. Leaves linear-lanceolate or obovate.

16. E. polypetala, Wight Ic. t. 610. Vern. Yesaga, Burm.

A large shrub or small tree, 1. usually ternate, linear-lanceolate, blade 4-6,
petiole stout, } in., sec. n. distinct. Fl. white, scented, 1-2 in. across, solitary
or in few-fld. cymes, axillary or from above the scars of fallen leaves, calyx-
tube at its base supported by small deciduous bracteoles, obconical, } in. long,
free portion campanulate, lobes 4 or 6, petals 4-16, pedicel as long as calyx-
tube,

Khasi hills, Chittagong. Upper Burma, on edges of rivers. Fl. March-A pril.
Yunnan. 17. £. occidentalis, Bourdillon MSS. A small tree in the evergreen forests of
Travancore, |. opposite, thinly coriaceous, linear-lanceolate, fl. 2-24 in. across, in terminal
opposite-fld. racemes, pedicels as long as or longer than calyx, calyx-tube from a cylin-
drical base funnel-shaped, 1 in. long, lobes 4, ovate-oblong, petals 4, on a broad claw,
stamens 14-2 in. long.

(b.) Flowers sessile.

18. E. claviflora, Roxb.; Wight Ie. t. 606.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 480.—Syn.
E. leptantha, Wight Ic. t. 528.

A large shrub or small tree, |. thinly coriaceous elliptic-lanceolate, shortly
acuminate, blade 4-6, petiole } in. long, sec. n. slender, numerous, with retieu-
late intermediate nerves between. Fl. sessile, in compact axillary sessile or
shortly pedunculate clusters. Calyx-tube }—} in. long, cylindrical below,
eradually widening upwards. Petals 4 or 5, white, free, stamens } in. long.
Fr. ovoid-oblong } in. long, crowned by the short inflexed calyx-segments.

Sikkim, to 4,000 ft. Khasi hills. Chittagong. Andamans. Lower Burma. FI.
Feb.-April. Malay Peninsula. 19. E. Wightiana, Wight Ic. t. 529 (2. lanceolata, Lam. :
Wight Ic. t. 580). Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards. Ceylon. Similar,
petals more numerous, up to 12. 20. E. andamanica, King, Andamans. <A small tree,
1. coriaceous, broadly elliptic, blade 2-3, petiole 4 in. Fl. in fasciculate compound
cymes, terminal and from the axils of the uppermost leaves, calyx-tube 4-3 in. long,
petals calyptrate.

21. BE. malaccensis, Linn. The Malay Apple. Indigenous in the Malay Archip.,
cultivated in India. A beautiful tree with deep green glossy foliage. L. thinly coria-
ceous, elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, blade 6-11, petiole thick, 4-4 in., sec. n. 10-12
pair, arching. Fl sessile, crimson, 1-14 in. across, in fasciculate, sessile or shortly
pedunculate usually 8-fld. cymes from the old wood. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, 2,

320 LI. MYRTACEA [EHugenia

segments tin. long. Petals free, with a broad claw in. long. Fr. turbinate or ovoid»
2 in. long, “crowned by the inflexed calyx-lobes, elossy, from white to rose-coloured and
dark pur rple.

22. E. grandis, Wight Ic. t. 614; Kurz F. Fl. i. 489.

A middle-sized or large tree, branchlets terete. lL. thickly coriaceous,
shining on both surfaces, broadly elliptic, blade 4-7, narrowed into petiole
$—1 in., sec. n. numerous, parallel, joined by distinct intramarginal veins.
Inflorescence of several (up to 8) stout panicles, terminal or in the ‘axils of the
uppermost pair of leaves. Fl. sessile, calyx-tube }-} in. long, lower solid
portion cylindric, upper free portion hemispherical, sezments unequal, petals
large. Fruit oblong-ovoid, 1} in. long, crowned by the cup-shaped calyx-limb.
Seed 1.

Assam, Silhet, Chittagong, Lower Burma. Fl. Feb—April. Malay Peninsula. A
tree similar to this, perhaps the same species, in Queensland (Benth. Fl. Austr. iii. 285).
Thabu thabye Shwebo district, Upper Burma (Smales), is probably this sp., sec.
and intramarginal nerves less distinct. 23. E. Beddomei, Duthie. South Tinnevelli,
4,500 ft. <A large tree, 1. thickly coriaceous, shining, broadly elliptic, blade 4-5, petiole
thick, 4 in. long, sec. n. numerous prominent, ramifications of inflorescence stout, calyx-
tube broadly turbinate 4 in. long, sessile or shortly pedicellate. 24. E. lepidocarpa,
Wall. (B. grandis var. lepidocarpa, Kurz F. Fl. i. 490.) Tenasserim. Malay Peninsula,
similar to 22, but |. smaller, petiole shorter, and sec. n. less numerous, ovary raised
above the bottom of calyx-tube so as to be almost half superior. Calyx-tube 3 in. long.
Fr. globose $ in. diam.

25. E. mangifolia, Wall. (2. reticulata, Wight Ic. t. 541.) Khasi hills. lL. coriaceous,
shining, blade 4-5, petiole 4 in. Sec. n. numerous, alternating with reticulate inter-
mediate nerves. Fl. usually sessile, some very shortly pedunculate, in compound
trichotomous cymes, calyx-tube broadly obconical, free portion campanulate, as long
as or longer than the lower solid portion, segments very short, filaments 4 in. long.
To this I refer a tree found by me on the hills east of Toungoo, Feb. 1880. 26. E. pachy-
phylla, Kurz, Bithoko range Martaban 3,000 ft. Malay Peninsula, branchlets white, 1.
thickly coriaceous, obovate, blade 3-5 in., narrowed into petiole 4 in. long. Panicles
erect, terminal or axillary, common peduncle 1-14 in. long, often several at the ends of
branches, fl. sessile, calyx-tube } in. long, broadly funnel- shaped, cylindrical below.
97. E. tristis, Kurz, Eng forests of Pegu, 1. coriaceous, elliptic, blade 4-6, narrowed into
petiole 4-3 in. long.

B. Fl. middle-sized, calyx-tube 4-} in. long, broad, width at mouth half its
length or more, fl. sessile, except H. albifiora. (Species 28-37.)

(a) Sec. n. 10-25 pair, more prominent than the shorter intermediate nerves.

28. E. preecox, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t.619; Kurz F. Fl. i. 483.—Syn. #.
Wallichti, Wight Ic. t. 536 ; Fl, Brit. Ind. ii. 475; E. Pe it, Roxb. ;
Wight Ic. t. 621.

A middle-sized or large tree, branchlets quadrangular, |. oblong-lanceolate,
thinly coriaceous, shining above, blade 2-6, petiole }-? in. Fl. white, sessile,
in fasciculate, lax, many-fld. often drooping panicles, axillary and from the
axils of fallen leaves, the terminal fl. often opening last, calyx-tube turbinate,
a1 a long, the lower half cylindric, pedicel-like, petals usually free. Fr.
ovoid, 4 in. ‘ong, crowned with the cup-shaped calyx- limb.

Sais taco an tract and outer valleys, Sikkim, Western Dwars, and Bhutan.
Assam, Khasi hills, Chittagong, Mergui. FI. Noy._January.

29. E. Smaliana, nova sp. Vern. Tawgyi-gangaw, Burm

A middle-sized tree, branchlets terete, 1. coriaceous, shining, elliptic-
lanceolate, blade 4-6, pet. 4 in., sec. n. 18-22 pair, as well as intramarginal
veins prominent beneath, with intermediate reticulate veins between. FI.
ereenish, sessile, in short erect, 3-11-fld. cymes, terminal and in the axils of
the uppermost 1. Calyx-tube }-} in., stamens { in. long.

Evergreen forests, Hmangin, Shwebo district, 2,500-ft. Fl. Deec—Jan. 30. E. albiflora,
Duthie. Pegu. Upper Burma (Thabye-ka). A tree, branchlets grey, |. elliptic,
acuminate, blade 4-5, narrowed into petiole 4 in. long. Fl. white, scented, in fasci-

Eugenia) — LI. MYRTACEA 321

culate compound trichotomous cymes, terminal and in the axils of the uppermost
leaves, buds white, globose, pedicels slender, equal to or longer than calyx. Calyx-
tube funnel-shaped, 4 in. long, free portion shallow-campanulate, petals free, orbicular.

31. E. Thumra, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 617; Kurz F. Fl. i. 488.

A middle-sized or large tree, branchlets light grey, |. firmly coriaceous,
when dry dark above, copper coloured beneath, elliptic-oblong, blade 4-8,
petiole stout, 1—} in. long, sec. n. 15-20 pair. Panicles many-fld., terminal
and from the uppermost axils, fl. sessile, small, white, in umbelliform heads of
3 or more fl. Calyx-tube } in. long, funnel-shaped, free portion campanulate,
about as long as the lower solid portion, sezments finally deciduous. Ovary
near the apex of the solid portion, petals small, free. Fr. nearly globose, } in.
long, crowned by the calyx-rim.

Pegu and Tenasserim. Fl. H.S. Malay Peninsula. JZ. ferruginea, Wight Ic. t. 554.
Mergui, petals 8, is referred to thisin FJ. Brit. Ind. ii. 482. The figure shows the ovary-
cells not near the apex, but in the middle of calyx-tube. 32. E.rubens, Roxb. Chittagong.
Tenasserim, is similar, but fl. larger, greenish-white, calyx-tube + in., filaments 4 in.
long. Specimens of two different species with the ovary almost free in the calyx-tube,
one from Malacca, the other grown in the Bot. Garden Calcutta are preserved under
this name in Herb. Kew.

(b.) Sec. n. very numerous, slender, closely parallel.

33. E. cymosa, Lamk.; Wight Ic. t. 555; Kurz F. FI. i. 486.

A shrub or small tree, 1. thinly coriaceous, ovate- or elliptic - lanceolate,
caudate-acuminate, sec. n. numerous, close, very slender, blade 3-4, petiole
din. long. Fl. white, sessile, supported by small bracts, in 3-5-fld. heads,
these arranged in terminal and axillary trichotomous panicles with slender
ramifications. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped } in. long, free portion campanulate,
as long as the inferior solid part. Petals free, stamens } in. long. Fr. nearly
globose, } in. diam. crowned by the persistent calyx-rim.

Khasi hills, Cachar. Andamans and Nicobars. Tenasserim. Fl. Autumn. Malay
Peninsula. Java. FE. rubricaulis, Duthie. Tenasserim, ]. broader, sec. n. very numerous,
closely parallel, is a doubtful species. 34. E. Gardneri, Thw. (2. kanarensis, Talbot,
Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xi. 236. t.4.) Gairsoppa ghat, Kanara. Anamalais. Ever-
green forests of Travancore, to 4,000 ft. (Shen nydra, Mal.) A very large tree, 1. thinly
coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 2-4, petiole 4 in. long, fl. sessile, in terminal and
axillary compound trichotomous cymes. Calyx-tube } in. broadly funnel-shaped from
a cylindrical base, petals orbicular, free or slightly cohering, stamens }-4 in. long. Fr.
purple, nearly globose 4 in. diam. without a trace of calyx-segments on the small calyx-
rim. 35. E. lineata, Duthie. Banks of Tenasserim river (Helfer). Similar. Fl. often
shortly pedicellate, larger, without bracts, calyx-tube }-}, stamens 4 in. long. 36.
E. toddaloides, Wight Ic. t. 542. Assam, Khasi hills, ]. caudate acuminate, blade 3-5,
petiole 4 in., sec. n. very close, slender, numerous. Fl. sessile in few-fld. axillary com-
pound cymes, calyx-tube funnel-shaped } in. long, } in. wide at mouth, segments small,
petals free, stamens } in. :

37. E. Arnottiana, Wight Ic. t. 999. Vern. Naval, Tam.

A very large tree, usually with a short bole and widely spreading branches,
1. rigidly coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 2-3, petiole }—} in. long, sec. n.
very numerous, closely parallel. Fl. showy, cream-coloured, sessile, crowded
in dense clusters, forming a compact terminal compound trichotomous cyme,
buds crimson. Calyx-tube broadly funnel-shaped, } in. long, } in, wide at
mouth, free portion shallow cup-shaped. Petals free or calyptrate, stamens
} in. long. Berries oblong, dark purple, succulent, eaten, but astringent.

Nilgiris, Palnis, Anamalais, Travancore. Fl. Jan—April. Fr. May-June.

C, Fl. middle-sized and small, calyx-tube }—} in. long, narrow, width at
mouth less than half its length. (Species 38-t1.)

38. E. zeylanica, Wight; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 202.—Syn. E. spicata, Lam. ;
Trimen Handb. Ceyl. ii. 171. Syzygium zeylanicum, DC.; Wight Ie. t. 73.
Vern. Nydra, Mal.

-

322 LI. MYRTACEA | Hugenia

A small or middle-sized tree, 1. coriaceous, minutely glandular-punctate,
both surfaces shining, lanceolate- or ovate-lanceolate, blade 1}—3, petiole 4 in.
long. Fl. numerous, white, sessile or shortly pedicellate, in pedunculate
clusters, these arranged in large terminal and axillary panicles, bracteoles 0.
Calyx-tube tubercled, very resinous, } in. long, from a cylindrical base narrow
funnel-shaped, segments en sistent, petals 4 or 5, usually free, early deciduous.
Fr. nearly globose, white, + in. diam.

Western Ghats, from the Teenie southwards. Nepal and Silhet (Wallich), Anda-
mans, Tenasserim. Fl. April-June. Ceylon, very common in the dry and inter-
mediate region. Malay Peninsula. Java. Borneo. Varies greatly in regard to size
and shape of leaves. Forms with narrowly linear 1. are known from the Western
Peninsula (L. linearis, Wall.) and from Tenasserim ; a remarkable form with broadly
ovate |. from Coorg. 39. E. grata, Wight. Tenasserim, Andamans, Malay Peninsula.
Similar but fr. black, ovoid } in. long. 40. E. microphylla, Bedd., abundant on the
banks of a river in the Asambu hills, Travancore, 4,500 ft., a small tree with dense
foliage, branchlets angled and narrowly winged, 1. elliptic-oblong, obtuse, 4-4 in. long.
Fl. in clusters of 5-10 at the ends of branches, calyx-tube + in., “more or less covered
with resinous scales, free portion as long as solid portion, petals small, free, stamens
4 in. long. Erroneously placed under Hueugenia in F 1. Brit. Ind. ii. 505. ALE, pellucida,
Duthie (£. contracta, Wall.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 481). Martaban and Tenasserim, frequent
in stony or rocky stream beds. A small shrub, 1. linear-lanceolate, 3-5 in. long, sec. n.
distant, calyx-tube 4 in. slender.

D. Fl. small, calyx-tube less than } in. long, inflorescence lateral, petals
free. (Species 42- 44.)

42. E. polyantha, Wight Ic. t. 543. Mergui. Malay Peninsula and Archip. A tall
slender tree, 1. chartaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-5, petiole 4 in., sec. n. slender,
8-10 pair, with shorter intermediate nerves between. Fl. small, sessile, in many-fid.
short compound cymes on the old wood, rarely axillary, calyx-tube broadly turbinate,
7s in. long, wider at mouth, segments broadly triangular, acute, petals free, white,
stamens shorter than petals. Fr. irregularly globose, crowned by the rim and the more
or less persistent segments of the calyx, when 2-seeded much broader than long, up to
4 in. broad. 43. E. Manii, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 70,104. Andamans. A
middle-sized tree, very similar to 42, sec. n. 6-8 pair, arching, prominent beneath, fl.
larger, very numerous, crowded in compound cymes 3-4 in. long, calyx-tube tin. Fr.
depressed globose, 4 in. diam., crowned by the small circular remains of calyx. 44.
E. malabarica, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 199. Wainad 24,500 ft., common in swampy places,
a middle-sized tree, 1. spathulate, obovate or obcordate, blade 2-5, petiole 4-4 in. FI.
sessile, minute, in short compound cymes from last year’s branchlets, small lanceolate
bracts at the base of ramifications and flowers. Petals free, fr. globose } in. diam.

E. Fl. middle sized and small, calyx-tube + in. long and under, inflorescence
lateral, petals calyptrate. (Species 45-53.)

(a.) Sec. n. 8-18 pair, distant.

45, E. alternifolia, Wight Ic. t. 537; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 198. Manchi
Movi, Mogi, Movi, Tel.

A large tree, l. ore thickly coriaceous, from broad-ovate to nearly
orbicular, blade 5- —9, petiole 1-14 in. long, sec. n. 12-18 pair, branching, with
shorter intermediate nerves between. Fl. sessile, yellowish-white, sweet-
scented, supported by lanceolate bracteoles, in compound trichotomous cymes
on the old wood. Calyx-tube } in., funnel-shaped, Iga calyptrate, stamens
twice the length of calyx-tube. Fr. nearly globose 4 in. diam., edible.

Nallamalai hills, Karnul district. Palkondas and Veligondas. Hills of Cuddapah
and North Arcot. Kambakum hill, Chengalpat district.

46. E. tetragona, Wight ; Kurz F. Fl. i.484. Sikkim ascending to 6,000 ft. Khasi hills.
Upper Burma, Kurz. A large tree, branchlets quadrangular, angles often winged, |.
opposite, lanceolate to elliptic- -oblong , blade 4-11, narrowed into petiole 4 4-1 in., sec. n.
12-18 pair, prominent beneath as w rell as intramarginal veins. FI. seccilla, small, in
short compound cymes from the previous year’s wood, rarely from the leaf-axils, ¢ calyx-
tube tin. Fr. red and black, nearly globose, } in. long, edible.

47. E. operculata, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 552; Brandis F. Fl. 234.—Syn.

Eugenia| LI. MYRTACEA 323

E. cerasoides, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 615. Vern. Pidiman, Rai Jaman, Hind.
Ké6n thabye, Upper Burma.

A small or middle-sized, sometimes a large tree, |. thinly coriaceous, turning
red before falling, broadly-ovate or elliptic, sometimes obovate, blade 3-8,
petiole 4-1 in. long, sec. n. 8-12 pair. Fl. sessile, greenish, in broad com-
pound trichotomous cymes, ramifications divaricate, from the previous year’s
wood. Calyx-tube turbinate 4, stamens } in. long. “Berry dark purple, juicy,
edible, 4—} in. diam. crowned by the broad and large calyx-rim. Seed 1.

Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards. Common in Sayannahs in Sal
forests. Behar. Orissa. Assam, Silhet, Cachar, Chittagong. Burma, Upper and Lower.
Fl. April,May. 48. E. balsamea, Wight. Sikkim Terai, in swampy places and along
rivers. Assam. Khasi hills. Chittagong. Upper Burma on stream banks ( Ye thabye
thein). A shrub attaining 15 ft., 1. membranous, lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, blade
3-5, narrowed into petiole 4-4 in. long, sec. n. 8-12 pair, prominent beneath, as well as
intramarginal veins. Fl. very small, in short fasciculate compound trichotomous cymes
with slender ramifications, calyx-tube from a short cylindrical base turbinate, 74 in.
long, mouth truncate, fr. nearly globose, } in. long, crowned by the broad calyx-rim.
49. E. Stocksii, Duthie, Konkan and Wainad. Similar to 48, but branchlets acutely
quadrangular, inflorescence and fl. larger, calyx-tube 4 in. long. fr. not known. 50. E.
nicobarica, King in Journ. As. Soe. Beng. 70, 130 (2. occlusa, Kurz not Miq.; FI. Brit.
Ind. ii. 498) 1. thinly coriaceous lanceolate or elliptic, blade 24-44, petiole 3 in. long, fl.
sessile or on short 4-angled pedicels, calyx +5 in. long.

(b.) Sec. n. numerous, slender, closely parallel.

51. E. Jambolana, Lam.; Wight Ic. t. 535; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 197,
Brandis F. Fl. t. 30. Vern. Jaman, Jamun, Hind. Phalinda, Garhwal ;
Kala jam, Nep.; Kuda, Kol; Jambul, Mar.; Neredu, Tel. ; Nerale, Kan. ;
Naval, Tam.; Naga, Mal. ; Thabye, Burm.

A large tree, bark light grey. lL. coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate,
blade 3-6, petiole }—1 in. long, sec. n. numerous, very fine, closely parallel.
Fl. whitish, scented, sessile, in compound trichotomous cymes on the previous
year’s wood, rarely axillary, calyx-tube turbinate, 1-1 in. long, base short
cylindrical, limb almost truncate, segments very short. Petals united in a
calyptra, stamens as long as calyx-tube. Fr. }-1} in. long, pink while ripen-
ing, black when fully ripe, juicy, edible.

Subhimalayan tract from Hazara eastwards, ascending to 38,000 ft. Common
throughout India and Burma, excepting the arid region of Sind and the southern
Punjab. Fl. March-May. Fr. June-July. The |. are renewed in April, the old 1],
turning red before being shed. This species varies in the shape of its leaves and the
size of fl. and fr. A very striking form has large fl., calyx-tube 4—} in. long, it is the most
common form in the Western Peninsula, but has also been found in N.-Western India,
Bengal, Assam and the Andamans. It occurs both with elliptic and elliptic-lanceolate 1.
In Kumaon and Gurhwal I have found the large fruited form with both elliptic and
lanceolate 1. Inthe evergreen forests of Travancore occurs a middle-sized tree, perhaps
a distinet species (Bourdillon, No. 105) with small fl. and inflorescence often axillary,
A similar form I found in the Yoonzaleen in Mareh 1880. 2. caryophyllifolia, Lam.
Wight Ic. t. 553 is supposed to be distinguished by lanceolate 1. 52. E. fruticosa, Roxb.
Maimansingh, Dacca, Chittagong. Sundriban (Ban-jam). Burma, Upper and Lower,
often in Eng forest (Thabye-gale, Yethabye). A shrub similar to 51, but inflorescence
larger, its ramifications sharply quadrangular, fl. white, calyx y,-4 in., turbinate
without a cylindrical basis, petals often free, fr. globose, } in, diam.

58. E. Heyneana, Wall. (2. salicifolia, Wight Ic. t. 539.) Jamnera, Hind.; Par Jambul,
Mar. Gregarious in the beds of watercourses in Behar and the Central provinces.
Also in the Konkan, North Kanara, Travancore and elsewhere on the west side of the
Peninsula. A shrub, |. coriaceous, lanceolate, blade 4, petiole 4-4 in. long, see. n.
numerous, slender, with reticulate intermediate n. between. Fl. sessile, white, in com-
pound trichotomous cymes from the old wood, calyx-tube turbinate }-4 in. long. Fr.
oblong, 4-4 in. long, not edible.

F. Fl. middle sized and small, calyx - tube 4} in. and under, rarely
larger, petals calyptrate, inflorescence terminal and axillary. (Species 54-67.)

(a) Leaves large, blade over 3 in.

324 LI. MYRTACEA : [Eugenia

54, E. oblata, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 622; Kurz F. FI. i. 488.

A middle-sized tree, 1. coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, shortly acumi-
nate, blade 3-5, petiole J—} in. long, sec. n. numerous, anastomosing close to the
margin. I'l. white, sessile, or very shortly pedicellate, in many-fld. compound
trichotomous terminal and axillary cymes. Calyx-tube } in. long and as wide
at mouth, lower portion cylindrical, shorter than the upper free hemispherical
portion. ~Petals united in a large calyptra, stamens } in. long. Fr. globose,
4 in. diam. Seed one.

Khasi hills, Chittagong. Forests east of Toungoo. Tenasserim. Fl. Feb—May.
Nearly allied, probably a distinct species, is a tree of the evergreen forests of North
Travancore (Bourdillon 899). L. elliptic, shortly acuminate, blade 3-6, petiole 4} in.
long. Fl. sessile in axillary and terminal compound cymes, shorter than |. Calyx-
tube turbinate, truncate, 1-4 in. long and as wide in the mouth, petals calyptrate,
stamens longer than tube.

55. E, montana, Wight Ic. t. 1060. Nilgiris. A large tree, branchlets stout, acutely
quadrangular, often narrowly winged. L. occasionally alternate, thickly coriaceous,
broadly elliptic or obovate, 3-6 in. long, narrowed into a short thick channelled petiole,
sec. n. 12-18 pair, alternating with shorter intermediate nerves, joined by intra-
marginal veins at a distance from margin. FI. sessile in 8-fld. cymes terminating the
ramifications of broad compound trichotomous cymes, calyx-tube funnel-shaped 4 in.
long, petals calyptrate, stamens shorter than tube. Fr. nearly globose, 4 in. diam. A
remarkable tree, common in swampy places in the low country, Travancore (Bour-
dillon, 450), has branchlets 4-angled but more slender and differs further from Ei. mon-
tana by thinner leayes, intramarginal veins indistinct, petioles 4 in. long, compound
cymes, axillary on peduncles 24 in. Jong. Possibly a new sp.

56. E. rubicunda Wight Ic. t. 588 (Z. lissophylla, Thwaites) Western Ghats from the
Konkan southwards. A middle-sized tree, branchlets obtusely quadrangular, 1. elliptic
or elliptic-lanceolate, 2-4 in. long, narrowed into a short petiole, sec. n. fine, numerous,
closely parallel. Calyx-tube 4 in., stamens longer than calyx-tube. Fr.nearly globose
4 in. diam. 57. E. frondosa, Wall. Nepal, probably also Kumaon. LL. coriaceous,
elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-5, petiole 4 in., sec. n. numerous, joined by intramarginal
veins at some distance from the leaf edge. Fl. usually sessile, sometimes shortly pedi-
cellate, in compound trichotomous cymes, terminal and from the axils of the upper-
most]. Calyx-tube nearly truncate, broadly turbinate, + in. long and broader at the
mouth than long, petals united, stamens }in. long. JL. areolata, DC. Nepal, probably
is the same species. 58. E. Khasiana, Duthie. Maimensingh, Assam, Khasi hills.
Tenasserim. A middle-sized spreading tree, 1. lanceolate, blade 3-4, petiole } in. long,
sec. n. numerous slender, more distinct above than beneath, ramifications of panicle
angular, calyx-tube 4 in., stamens longer than tube. Fr.cylindric, } in. long, crowned
by the cup-shaped calyx-limb.

59. E. corymbosa, Lam.; Trimen Handb. Ceylon ii. 174. (£. caryophyllea, Wight
Te. t. 540). Western Peninsula on the west side, from the Konkan southwards, near
river banks, also near the coast. Ceylon. A large shrub or small tree, 1. obovate or
elliptic, 2-4 in., narrowed into a short petiole, sec. n. numerous, joined by reticulate
veins. Fl. sessile, in terminal compound trichotomous cymes, calyx-tube broadly tur-
binate, 4 in. long, limb nearly truncate, petals calyptrate, fr. depressed globose, % in.
diam., nearly black, shining, edible. 60. E. utilis, Talbot in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist.
Soc. xi. 235, t. 3. Hennerl, Kan. A large tree, with a straight cylindrical trunk and
grey scaly bark, evergreen forest in the southern parts of N. Kanara. IL. coriaceous,
elliptic, acuminate, blade 2-8, petiole $ in. long, sec. n. slender, very numerous and
close. Fl. sessile, small, supported by small bracteoles, in compound cymes, terminal
and axillary, calyx-tube ~, in. long, almost truncate. Fr. small, black, succulent.

61. E. bracteolata, Wight Ic. t. 531. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. A middle-sized
tree, 1. from a cuneate base elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-6, petiole 4-3 in. long.
Fl. in 3-fld. cymes at the ends of the ramifications of terminal trichotomous broadly
corymbiform compound cymes, ovate bracts at the base of ramifications, and similar
bracteoles supporting the flowers. Calyx-tube ;', in., almost truncate, teeth obscure,
pedicels nearly as long, stamens longer than tube. 62. E. pseudosubtilis, King (2.
cinerea, Kurz F. Fl. i. 483; DB. brachiata, Duthie, Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 496 in part). Southern
portion of Pegu Yoma. Martaban, Tenasserim. A middle-sized tree, branches pale,
almost white, 1. thinly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, blade 4-6, narrowed into petiole 4 in.
long, sec. n. slender, 5-7 pair. Fl. very small, sessile in compound trichotomous ter-
minal and axillary cymes, ramifications slender, at right angles to rachis, calyx-tube
zs in. Fr. $ in. diam.

63. E. calophyllifolia, Wight Ic. t. 1000. Nilgiris. A large tree with spreading
branches, |. thickly coriaceous, obovate or broadly-eltiptic 4-14 in., petiole very short,
prominent reticulate veins between the numerous sec. n. Fl. sessile in dense clusters

Bugenia) LI. MYRTACEA 325

of 3-fld. cymes in a terminal corymbiform inflorescence, calyx-tube 2 in., segments
broadly triangular, petals calyptrate, sometimes free. Fr. oyoid-oblong, 4 in. long,
dark purple. 64. E. revoluta, Wight, l. thickly coriaceous, 14-3 in., obovate, obtuse, often
emarginate, petals small, usually distinct, fr. globose 4 in. diam., isa Ceylon tree. I
have seen no specimens from the Nilgiris. 65. E. Myhendre, Bedd. MSS. A large tree
on the Tinnevelli and Travancore ghats, branchlets and ramifications of inflorescence
sharply quadrangular, 1. oblanceolate, 1-1} in. long, sec. n. slender, very numerous,
closely parallel, fl. sessile in terminal compound trichotomous cymes, calyx-tube } in.
long, segments broad, rounded, fr. unknown. 66. E, cuneata, Wall. Assam. Khasi
hills. Upper Burma in stream beds ( Ye-thabye, Burm. Smales). A shrub, branchlets
and ramifications of inflorescence quadrangular, |. lanceolate, blade 14-24 in., petiole
4 in. long. FI. sessile, in small terminal compound cymes, calyx-tube } in., petals
calyptrate, stamens } in., fr. red, nearly globose, } in. diam. 67. E. myrtifolia, Roxb.
Tenasserim (Kurz). Malay Peninsula, branchlets quadrangular, 1. elliptic-lanceolate
2-3 in. long, petiole very short. FI. sessile or shortly pedicellate, in trichotomous
compound cymes. Calyx-tube broadly funnel-shaped, 4 in. long and at mouth } in.
wide, the free portion a shallow cup. Petals 4 calyptrate, stamens } in. long.

Sect. III. Hu-ewgenia. Calyx-tube not produced beyond ovary, petals dis-
tinct, fl. solitary or fasciculate ; 2 bracteoles at the base of calyx-tube. Nearly
all Western species. (Species 68-79.)

A. Young shoots and inflorescence pubescent, pedicels longer than calyx-
tube.

68. E. bracteata, Roxb.—Syn. £. Willdenowii, Wight Ic. t. 545.

A shrub or small tree, young shoots and inflorescence rusty-pubescent, 1.
coriaceous, elliptic, blade 1-3, petiole 4 in. FI. white, showy, on slender
axillary, usually 1-fld. peduncles, these frequently in pairs. Calyx-tube hairy,
hemispherical, segments large, obtuse, reflexed after flowering. Petals hairy
at back, ciliate at margin, twice the length of calyx-segments. Berry orange
or red, globose, $ in. diam., 1-2-seeded, crowned by the persistent calyx-
segments.

Western Peninsula, on the east side in semi-evergreen scrub as far north as Orissa. On
the west side in evergreen forests, ascending to 5,000 ft. Assamandthe Khasi hills. Fl.
Noy.—May. Ceylon dry region. 69. E. Rottleriana, W.et A.; Wight Ic. t. 100. Tinnevelli
and Travancore zhats. A small or middle-sized tree, 1. narrowly lanceolate, 2 x } in., fl.
fasciculate on short peduncles, top of ovary and base of style hairy. 70. E. argentea,
Bedd. Wainad, a small tree, branchlets and underside of |. with dense silky silvery
hairs, 1. lanceolate from a rounded base, blade 3-d, petiole } in., sec. n. slender, nearly
at right angles from midrib, bracteoles linear persistent, fr. globose # in. diam. 71, E.
Jossinia, Duthie (Jossinia indica, Wight Il. t. 97* Ie. t. 523). Tinnevelli hills. A
shrub or small tree, 1. coriaceous oblanceolate, blade 1-2, narrowed into petiole § in.
long, fr. velvety. 72. E. calcadensis, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 162. Calead hills, Tinne-
velli. A small tree, peduncles axillary, solitary, mostly 2-fld., petals white, } in. long.

73. E. (?) Wynadensis, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 161. Wainsd (2-3,000 ft.). A large
shrub or small tree, young shoots and inflorescence densely fulvo-tomentose, peduncles
fasciculate, axillary or supra-axillary, each fl. supported by a pair of lanceolate brac-
teoles larger than calyx, calyx lobes lanceolate, as long as petals, disk on top of ovary
glabrous, ovules pendulous from the top of the two cells, 4ineach. Probably a new
genus,

B Young shoots and inflorescence pubescent, fl. sessile or nearly so.

74. BE. floccosa, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 200, Tinnevelli ghats above Calead. A beautiful
large tree, 1. thickly coriaceous, blade elliptic, 3-5 by 2-3 in., petiole 4in. long. Fi.
rusty tomentose on short pedicels in terminal compact cymes, disk on the top of the
ovary densely woolly, petals white. 75. E. macrosepala, Duthie, ghats of North Kanara
on the edge of evergreen forests, locally common, a bushy spreading shrub, branchlets
pubescent, |. elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-4, petiole } in,, fl. clustered, sessile,
clusters axillary or above the scars of fallen 1., calyx-tube shorter than bracteoles, lobes
lanceolate, longer than petals. 76. E. codyensis,Munro, Coorg and Nilgiris. A shrub, |.
elliptic, blade 2-8, petiole 4 in., fl. sessile, clustered, axillary and above the scars of
fallen 1., calyx-lobes broad, half the length of petals.

C. Young shoots glabrous.
77. E. Mooniana, Wight Ic. t. 551. Evergreen forests of the Western ghats, from the

326 LI. MYRTACEA [Eugenia

Konkan southwards. A shrub or small tree, wholly glabrous, 1. elliptic or elliptic-
lanceolate, acuminate, blade 2-3, petiole 4 in. long. Fl. white fasciculate, pedicels
slender, $-1 in. long, calyx-segments lanceolate, fr. ovoid, pendulous, scarlet or crimson,
3-{in. long. 78. E. memecylifolia, Talb. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xi. 236 t.5. Gre-
garious in the Sholas of the higher ghats of North Kanara, 3,400 ft. Fl. sessile, large, calyx
tomentose, segments ovate, obtuse. Fr. white, pulpy, irregularly globose, #-1 in,
diam., seeds 1 or 2. Perhaps a form of 76. 79. E. singampattiana, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind.
Or. t. 273. Tinnevelli ghats in evergreen forest. A small tree, 1. ovate froma broad
base, 3 in. long. FI. white, shortly pedicelled, in terminal clusters, bracteoles and
calyx slightly pubescent.

Myrtus communis, Linn. Myrtle, Marad, Hind. A glabrous evergreen shrub, indi-
genous in the Mediterranean region, in Persia and some parts of Afghanistan, planted
in North West India. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 1-l4in. long, fl. white, usually solitary,
on long slender peduncles, free part of calyx-tube short, 4—5-cleft, berries black.

Decaspermum paniculatum, Kurz (Nelitris paniculata, Lindl.; Wight Ill. t. 97%, fig.
10. Ic. t. 521). Khasi hills. Hills between Sitang and Salween, 3-4,000 ft., common
on deserted toungyas. Tenasserim. Anevergreen shrub or tree, youngest shoots silky,
l. opposite, lanceolate, petiole and midrib silky, blade 1-8, petiole 4-4. in. long. FI. in
axillary and terminal panicles, tin. diam., often polygamous. Calyx-tube silky outside,
enclosing and adnate to the 4- or 5-celled ovary, with 2 or few ovules in each cell.
Berry globose, 74 in. diam.

Psidium Guayava, Linn. The Guavatree. Indigenous in tropical America, cultivated
in most tropical countries, naturalized in India. A small tree or large shrub, |. elliptic-
oblong, nearly glabrous above, pubescent beneath, blade 4-6, petiole 4-4 in. long, sec. n.
15-20 pair, prominent beneath. Fl. white, 13 in. across, peduncles axillary, 1-14 in.
long, 1-8-fld. Fr. edible, seeds numerous.

Rhodamnia trinervia, Blume. Tenasserim, Maulmein to Mergui. Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago to Australia. A shrub, young shoots and inflorescence silky, 1. elliptic
or elliptic-lanceolate, often silky beneath, with 3 longitudinal nerves, blade 2-4, petiole
4-$ in. long. Fl. small, supported by a pair of small bracteoles axillary, generally
fasciculate, pedicels much shorter than leaves. Berries globose, red, 4-4 diam.

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Wight Ill. t. 97,* fig. 3. Ic. t. 522. Nilgiris, Palnis, Ceylon,
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. China (The Hill Gooseberry. Koratta, Mal.). A
shrub, branchlets and inflorescence tomentose. L. opposite, the lower often ternate,
glabrous above, softly tomentose beneath, with 3 strong longitudinal nerves. Peduncles
axillary, 1-3-fld. Fl. 3-} in., supported by a pair of linear bracteoles, calyx densely
tomentose, adnate to ovary, not produced beyond it, petals tomentose on back. Fr.
purple, nearly globose, crowned by the persistent calyx-segments, pulpy, edible, 3-celled,
a double row of seeds in each cell.

2. EUCALYPTUS, L’Héritier; Brandis F. Fl. 230.

Evergreen, glabrous trees, many attaining a gigantic size, often flowering
when quite young, usually secreting aromatic resinous gum. Leaves of saplings
generally opposite, sessile, cordate and horizontal, those of the adult tree
(here described) as a rule alternate, petiolate and vertical. Fl. in umbels or
heads, usually pedunculate. Calyx-tube enclosing the ovary, adnate to it and
as a rule produced beyond it, not articulate at the base, but continued without
a break into the pedicel, truncate, the orifice closed in bud by the petals being
united into a cap (operculum), which falls off entire, when the stamens expand.
Stamens ©. Ovary inferior, the summit glabrous, flat, convex or conical, 3—6-
celled, ovules numerous, on an axile placenta. Fruit consisting of the more or
less enlarged calyx-tube, usually hard and woody, full of resin-sacs. Seeds
numerous but a large proportion abortive, these usually larger than the fertile
seeds. Species about 140, all Australian, excepting a few in New Guinea and
the Indian Archipelago. Many species cultivated in India, chiefly on account
of their wonderfully rapid growth, producing an extraordinary quantity of hard
heavy wood per acre per annum. Of these I mention the following, which, as
far as known at present, are likely to be of some importance in India.

Eucalyptus| LI. MYRTACEA 327
A. Anthers globose or broader than long, opening by pores or slits.

1. E. Leucoxylon, F. Muell. Iron Bark (White Gum, South Australia) ;
Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 209.

L. faleate-lanceolate, rarely ovate-lanceolate. Umbels mostly 3-fld., pedicels
longer than calyx, tube at mouth 4 in. wide. Filaments yellow, rarely pink,
outer stamens long, sterile, anthers minute, truncate, opening by terminal pores
or short slits, stigma broad, operculum conical equal to calyx. Fr. nearly hemi-
spherical, } in. diam. ~

South Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia. Cult. Abbottabad,
Changa Manga, Lucknow. 2. E. obliqua, L’Her.: Brandis F. Fl. 231. Stringy Bark
(Messmate tree, Victoria). Constitutes vast forests in Victoria, South Australia and
Tasmania, ascending to 4,000 ft. Cult. Nilgiris. A lofty tree, attaining 300 ft., 1. very
oblique, faleate, sec. n. slender but distinct, oblique. Umbels 5-9-fld., calyx turbinate,
narrowed into short pedicel, + in. wide at mouth, operculum hemispherical, at times
pointed. Anthers reniform, opening by terminal confluent slits. 3. E. pilularis, Sm.
Black butt. South Queensland to Victoria. Cult. Nilgivis. Attains 300 ft., branchlets
angular, |. lanceolate, sec. n. very slender. Umbels 6-20-fld., peduncles angular or com-
pressed, calyx narrowed into a short pedicel, 4 in. wide at mouth, anthers reniform.
Fr. almost hemispherical, } in. diam. EE. acmenoides, Schauer, Queensland and New
South Wales, very similar, possibly not distinct.

4. E. marginata, Smith. Jarrah. West Australia. A large tree, attaining 150 ft.,
timber very durable, 1. lanceolate, usually faleate, sec. n. slender, but distinct, umbels
4-12-fld., calyx turbinate, narrowed into pedicel, mouth } in. wide, operculum elongate
conical, twice the length of calyx, anthers reniform. Fr. ovoid, } in. diam., contracted
at the mouth.

5. E.amygdalina, Labill. Giant Eucalypt. (Wangara, Gippsland). Benth.
Fl. Austral. iii. 202.

A gigantic tree, attaining 420 ft., 1. now and then opposite, lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, sec. n. generally inconspicuous. Umbels 4-8-fld. Calyx
4_1 in. wide at mouth, operculum hemispherical, shorter than calyx, anthers
small, round. Fr. nearly hemispherical, 4} in. diam.

New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. Cult. Nilgiris, with narrow linear alter-
nate and (under the name of Red Gum) with lanceolate opposite 1.

B. Anthers oblong or ovate, longer than broad, opening by longitudinal slits.

(a) Calyx-tube not produced beyond ovary, upper portion of ovary conical,
free.

6. E. rostrata. Schlecht.; Benth. Fl. Austr. iii. 240. Red Gum.

A large tree, heartwood dark red, exceedingly hard and durable. Leaves
lanceolate, falcate, sec. n. faint. Umbels 4-14-fld. Calyx at mouth }—} in.
wide, operculum hemispherical with a shorter or longer point. Stamens not
inflected, upper part of ovary with large resin cavities. Fr. nearly globose,
} in. diam., valves 4 rarely 5, long exserted.

Along river banks and in alluvial valleys in many parts of the Australian continent,
notin Tasmania. Cult. Poona, Caleutta,Oudh. 7. E. tereticornis, Sm. Queensland, New
South Wales, Victoria. Cult. Abbottabad, Lucknow, Khasi hills. A tree, not generally
exceeding 100 ft. L. falcate, lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, sec. n. and intramarginal
veins slender but distinct, calyx at mouth }-} in.diam. Operculum much longer than
calyx, elongate-conical. Ovary and fr. like 6.

(b) Calyx-tube produced beyond ovary.
a. Fl. large or middle-sized, } in. or more across mouth of calyx.

8. E. globulus, Labill.; Brandis F. Fl. 231. Blue Gum.

A lofty tree, attaining 300 ft., highly aromatic, young shoots and foliage
glaucous-grey, 1. on older trees linear-lanceolate, faleate, blade 6-9, petiole 1-2
in. long. Fl. large, calyx covered with a bluish-white bloom, broadly tur-
binate, warty and ribbed, mouth }-1in. diam. Operculum shorter than calyx-

328 LI. MYRTACEA [EZucalyptus

tube. Capsule angular, #-1 in. diam., the sterile seeds much narrower than the
fertile seeds.

Victoria, Tasmania. Planted extensively in the countries round the Mediterranean
and on the Nilgiris. Annual timber production per acre to the age of 20 years on the
Nilgiris 470 cub. ft. solid wood per acre per annum, while Spruce in Europe up to that
age under the most favourable circumstances only produces 70 cub. ft. per acre annually.
Also grown at Abbottabad and in Kulu.

9. E. calophylla, R. Br. South West Australia, often associated with Jarrah. Cult.
Nilgiris, Lahore. L. rigid, equilateral, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, blade 4-6, petiole
1-14 long, sec. n. w, closely parallel. Umbels 4-6-fld., in ample terminal corymbs, rachis
and peduncles angular. Free portion cf calyx longer and wider than the solid portion,
mouth nearly 4 in. across, stamens pale-yellow, rarely pink. Fr. urn-shaped, 2 by 1 in.,
capsule deeply sunk. Seeds large. 10. E. corymbosa, Sm. Bloodwood. Queensland.
mew South Wales. Cult. Nilgiris. Leaves and inflorescence similar, fl. smaller, capsule
£ by % in.

11. E. longifolia, Link and Otto. Woolly Butt. New South Wales. Cult. Nilgiris.
L. faleate, lanceolate, sec. n. slender but distinct. Umbels axillary 2-4-fld., peduncles
often curved. Calyx 7 in. at mouth. Operculum conical as long as or longer than
calyx-tube. Fr. campanulate, narowed into stalk, 3 in. wide at mouth. 12. E. robusta, Sm.
Swamp Mahogany, New South Wales. Cult. Nilgiris. L. oblong-lanceolate, slightly
unequal-sided, blade 5-7, petiole 1 in. long, sec. n. numerous, slender but distinct.
Umbels axillary 4-12-fld., peduncles stout, angular and compressed, calyx at mouth
% in. wide, operculum as long as calyx, at base conical and wider than calyx-tube,
suddenly narrowed towards the tip. Fr. ovoid-oblong 4 in. long.

!

B. Fl. small, } in. or less at mouth of calyx.

13. E. resinifera, Sm. Queensland and New South Wales, but not far inland. Bark
rough, branchlets angular, sec. n. slender but distinct. Umbels 6-12-fld., calyx-mouth
i in. across, operculum conical, equal to or longer than calyx, upper portion of ovary
free, conical. A form cultivated at Lucknow with the sec. n. more prominent and
the intramarginal veins at a distance from the edge has been called LH. Kirtoniana.
14. E. saligna, Sm. New South Wales, cult. Kulu, differs from 13 chiefly by the smooth
barkofthestem. 15. E.botryoides,Sm. Bastard Mahogany, New South Wales, Victoria.
Cult. Nilgiris. A tall tree with a dense shady crown, branchlets angular, |. horizontal,
dark green and shining on the upper, pale on the lower surface, broad-lanceolate, more
or less faleate, sec. n. slender, distinct, numerous. Fl. sessile, 4-10 in one umbel,
peduncle short, thick, angular. Operculum hemispherical, shorter than calyx. Fr.
campanulate-oblong 4-4 in. long.

16. E. Stuartiana, F. Muell. But-But or Apple-scented Eucalypt. New South Wales,
Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania. Cult. Abbottabad. lL. lanceolate, more or less
faleate. Umbels 3-8-fld., axillary or on the old wood below the leaves. Calyx 4-4 in.
at mouth. Operculum hemispherical, slightly pointed. Capsule turbinate, } in. long,
valves broad-triangular, usually three. 17. E. pulverulenta, Sims. New South Wales.
Cult. Nilgiris. A middle-sized tree, branchlets, leaves and calyx glaucous or nearly
white. Leaves all sessile and opposite, orbicular or broadly ovate from a cordate base.
Umbels axillary, 3-fld., peduncles very short, fl. sessile, calyx-mouth } in. across. Capsule
nearly hemispherical, 4 in. diam.

Leptospermum flavescens, Sm. Var. javanica (L. javanicum, Blume; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii.
464). Tenasserim, 5,000 ft., a small shrub, branchlets quadrangular, 1. alternate,
coriaceous, oblanceolate, obtuse, nearly sessile, Lin. long. FJ. pentamerous, axillary,
nearly sessile, solitary or clustered, } in. across, stamens numerous, free, shorter than
petals, ovary semi-inferior, enclosed in the calyx-tube, 5-celled. Capsule loculicidally 5-
valved, seeds numerous.

3. TRISTANIA, R. Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 465.

Evergreen trees or shrubs, |. coriaceous, glabrous, generally alternate. FI.
pentamerous, small, yellow or white, in pedunculate axillary cymes. Calyx-
tube campanulate, lobes persistent, petals imbricate. Stamens numerous,
united in 5 bundles, which stand opposite to the petals. Ovary hairy, enclosed
within the calyx-tube but only adnate to its base, 3-celled, ovules numerous.
Capsule loculicidally 3-valved, seeds few, embryo straight, cotyledons broad,
longer than radicle. Species 22, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, New
Caledonia and Australia.

pe? a. wk

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aT Tae

wy

Tristania| LI. MYRTACEA 329

1. T. burmanica, Griff. ; Kurz F. Fl. i. 474. Vern. Vaungyo-pyizin, Lower,
Taung-thabye Upper Burma.

A middle-sized tree, young shoots silky pubescent, ]. 2-3 in. long, oblanceo-
late, petiole short, hairy. Calyx } in. across, capsule } in. diam., protruding
far beyond the calyx-tube.

Pegu, Martaban. Tenasserim, ascending to 3,500 ft. Upper Burma. Fl. March,
April. 2. T. merguensis, Griff. Tenasserim. Malay Peninsula, Borneo. L. glabrous,
rigidly coriaceous, oblanceolate, obtuse or obtusely acuminate, blade 3-5 in., narrowed
into a very short petiole. Cymes pubescent, calyx } in. across, pubescent on both
surfaces, capsule } in. diam.

CoE

ae

eee

Lk

Ss

Z

4
4 i f
vy Nn A

Pic, 188.—Tristania burmanica, Griff. 4.

Melaleuca Leucadendron, Linn. Mergui, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Australia.
A middle-sized tree, bark pale, peeling off in papery layers, branches slender, pendulous.
L. alternate, coriaceous, lanceolate, more or less oblique, 2-5 in. long, tapering into a
short petiole,with 3-7 distinct longitudinal nerves. Fl. yellowish-white sessile in erect
axillary spikes 2-6 in. long, the rachis generally prolonged and leaf-bearing. Stamens
numerous, the filaments united at their base into 5 bundles inserted opposite to the
petals. Ovary half-inferior enclosed in the calyx-tube. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved,
Yields the Cajuput oil of commerce.

4. BARRINGTONIA, Forst.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 506.

Trees as a rule evergreen, |. alternate, not gland-dotted. Fl. in spikes or
racemes, bracts usually deciduous. Calyx-tube enclosing the 2- or 4-celled

ovary, not produced beyond it. Petals 4, rarely 5, more or less adnate at the

330 LI. MYRTACEA [Barringtonia

base to the staminal tube. Stamens o, connate at the base into a short tube,
all fertile. Ovules pendulous, 2-8 in each cell. Fr. fibrous-succulent, more
or less angular and crowned by the persistent calyx-segments, pericarp fibrous,
endocarp sometimes bony. Seed one, embryo large fleshy, consisting of two
concentric homogeneous masses of cellular tissue, separated by a thin layer of
delicate vessels and fibres. Albumen 0. Species 30, tropics of Africa, Asia,
Australia and Polynesia.

A. Calyx quite closed in bud, splitting irregularly into 2 or 3 segments.

1. B. racemosa, Blume; Wight Ic. t. 152; Kurz F. Fl. i. 496. Vern.
Kumia, Beng.; Nivar, Mar.; Samudra, Tam. ;

A middle-sized tree, branches with numerous large leaf-scars. L. obovate
or oblanceolate, blade 6-12 in. long, narrowed into a very short petiole. Fl.
25 in. across, in slender pendulous racemes, cream-coloured, filaments often
crimson. Fr, 2-2} in. long, ovoid.

West coast, from the Konkan southwards near rivers and backwaters, but also inland.
Sundriban (Heinig). Andamans, Nicobars. Fl. H. S. Ceylon, moist low country.
Coasts of the Malay Peninsula and Polynesia. 2. B. speciosa, Forst.; Wight Ic. t. 547.
Andamans. Seashore of the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Australia and Poly-
nesia. A middle-sized tree, |. sessile, obovate, 6-14 in. long, reticulate veins prominent.
Fl. 5-7 in. across, in erect terminal racemes, pedicels 3-4, petals 24, filaments 3-4 in.
long. Fr. 3-4 in. diam., depressed turbinate, 4-5-angled and more or less lobed. 3.
B. conoidea, Griff. Mergui, Malay Peninsula. A shrub or small tree, 1. slightly crenu-
late, from a rounded or cordate base oblanceolate, blade 5-10 in. long, petiole short
stout. FI. 1 in. across, in short erect few-fld. racemes, pedicels slender 4 in. long, petals
fleshy, ovate-lanceolate. Fr. conical, at the base produced into 8 wing-like fleshy
processes.

B. Calyx not closed in bud, segments 4, shehtly imbricate.
(a) Petiole short, less than 1 in.

4. B. acutangula, Gaertn. ; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 204; Brandis F. Fl. 235.
Vern. Neora, Jujar, Hind.; Kuwnia, Beng.; Tivar, Jugli, Mar.; Kanapa, Tel. ;
Kyi, Burm.

A middle-sized tree, 1. obovate or oblanceolate, minutely denticulate, blade
2-5, narrowed into petiole 1-1 in. long. Fl. red, 4 in. across, in long slender
pendulous racemes 6-15 in. long. Calyx-segments rounded, ciliate, ovary

2-celled. Fr. oblong, glabrous, bluntly quadrangular 1 in. long.

Subhimalayan tract from the Ganges eastwards. Bengal, Central India, the Peninsula
and Burma, chiefly on banks of streams and in moist places. L. shed and renewed in
March, April. Fl. Dec.-May.—Ceylon, dry region. Malay Archipelago and Northern
Australia. 5. B. augusta, Kurz, Tenasserim (Kyaigyee Burm.). A middle-sized tree,
not flowering every year, leaves large, crowded at the ends of branches, obovate or
oblanceolate, blade 6-18 in., narrowed into a very short petiole, sec. n. 8-12 pair,
prominent, arching. Fl. conspicuous, sessile, in pairs, one above the other, in terminal
pendulous spikes, rachis stout, calyx-segments 4 in. long, petals greenish, filaments
white. Fr. oblong, crowned by the persistent calyx-segments, 4-winged. 6. B. pterocarpa,
Kurz, Pegu and Martaban, petiole in. Fl. white or rose-coloured, sessile in very long
pendulous spikes, calyx velvety, segments more than } in. long. Fr. 2 in. long with 4
thick narrow wings. 7. B. Helferi, C. B. Clarke, Tenasserim, l. narrowly oblanceolate,
12-20 in. long, sec. n. 20-380 pair, prominent, fl. in pendulous racemes, rachis slender,
pedicels 4 in.

(b) Petiole long.

8. B. macrostachya, Kurz. South Tenasserim. Malay Peninsula. Borneo. A shrub
or small tree, 1. elliptic-oblong, blade 6-12, petiole 1-3 in. long, sec. n. prominent, 15-20
pair. Fl. sessile, purple, in pendulous spikes, calyx-tube 4-angled, } in. long, lobes
broad, obtuse, petals 1, filaments 2 in. long. Fr. ovoid, obtusely angled, 13-2 in. long,
ona thick rachis. 9. B. pendula, Kurz. South Tenasserim. Kyaithe, Burm.,1. narrowly
lanceolate, blade 10-15, petiole 14 in. long, reticulate veins nearly as prominent as the
sec. n. Fl. sessile, in spikes up to 24 ft. long, calyx-tube clavate, 4-angled, 4 in. long,
segments acute, filaments 1 in. long. Fr. boldly 4-angled, more than 2 in. long.

Careya| LI. MYRTACE# 331

Fig. 189.— Barringtonia acutangula, Gaertn. 4.

5. CAREYA, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 510.

Leaves alternate, not gland-dotted. Fl. large, showy, tetramerous. Calyx-
tube adnate to ovary and not produced beyond it. Stamens #, in several
circles, united at the base into a thick fleshy ring, the stamens of the exterior
and interior circle generally without anthers. Ovary 4-celled, ovules numer-
ous, attached to axile placentas. Fr. globose, rind thick, seeds numerous,
embedded in a fleshy pulp. Embryo large, structure similar to that of Bar-
ringtonia, albumen 0. Species 3, one in North Australia and Queensland,

332 LI. MYRTACER [Careya

1. C. arborea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.218; Wight Ill. tt. 99,100; Bedd. Fl. Syly.
t. 205. Kumb, Kumbi, Kumhi, Hind. Beng. ; Kwmbia, Mar.; Gadava, Tel. ;
Kaval, Kaulu, Kan.; Ayama, Ayima, Tam.; Pera, Pela, Mal.; Bambwe,
Burm.

A large deciduous tree, 1. membranous, obovate, narrowed into a short mar-
ginate petiole, crenate, sec. n. prominent, 10-12 pair. Fl. 2-4 in. across,
sessile, with an unpleasant smell, each supported by 3 unequal bracts, a few
fl. clustered at the ends of branchlets, petals white or greenish-white,
1—2 in. long, filaments purple, ovules in 2 rows in each cell. Fr. green, fleshy,
2-3 in. diam.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Jumna eastwards. Throughout Bengal, the Central
Provinces, the Peninsula and Burma. Common in Savannahs. Fl. with young |. in
Marchand April. Ceylon, verycommon. C. spherica, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t.147, Chitta-
gong, supposed to differ by acute petals and 6 rows of ovules in each cell, is doubtful.
2. C. herbacea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 217 (Lapkan, Oudh), grasslands in the Subhimalayan
tract from the Jumna eastwards. Bengal and Burma. A small undershrub, with a
thick woody rootstock, which produces annually (after the fires of the hot season)
herbaceous shoots with cuneate dentate leaves and large beautiful purple fl., each

supported by 2 oblong bracts, on a short bracteate raceme, pedicels 1-2 in. long, fr.
1-13 in. diam.

Planchonia andamanica, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 70. 142. Andamans. An
evergreen tree, wood heavy, 1. broadly elliptic, blade 3-4, petiole ? in. long, fl.2 in. long,
in short racemes, pedicels 1-2 in. long, stamens ©, those of the inner series without
anthers. This probably is P. valida, Kurz F. F]. I. 500 and P. littoralis of Fl. Brit. Ind.
ii. 511.

Orver LIT. MELASTOMACEA. Gen. PI. i. 725.

Mostly herbaceous, some shrubs, rarely trees, 1. opposite, entire or nearly so,
the majority of genera with 3-7 basal nerves, stip. 0. No translucent glands
inthel. Fl. regular, bisexual, calyx-tube entirely or partially adnate to the
ovary, more or less prolonged beyond it, segments 4 or 5, deciduous. Stamens
twice the number of calyx-segments, inserted with the petals on the edge of
calyx-tube, filaments inflexed in bud, connective generally prolonged and often
much enlarged. Ovary 4-celled, placentas axile, ovules numerous. In Memecylon
ovary 1-celled, placenta free central, ovules few.

Except Memecylon, the genera here described have vascular bundles, sometimes con-
sisting of phloém only, in the pith, and several (Melastoma, Osbeckia) have such bundles
(leaf-traces) in the bark also. Memecylon and Pternandra have strands of Phloém in
the wood.

A. Seeds numerous. Basal nerves prominent, 3-7.

Stamens twice the number of petals, unequal.
Apex of ovary bristly, fr. pulpy
Apex of ovary glabrous.
Fl. in long terminal panicles. Capsule S-ribbed. 2. Oxyspora.
Fl. in axillary compound cymes. Fr. pulpy . PrerNanpra (p. 388).
Stamens twice the number of petals, equal.
Calyx-tube clothed with stellate hairs or pectinate
scales . . : : : : 3 0 . 38. OsBECKIA.
Calyx-tube glabrous. Usually epiphytic.
Capsule 4-6-valved . é : : 4

ta

MELAsSToMA.

Kenprickra (p. 334).

Fruit a berry . ° : : : ; : . 4. Meprnizza.
Stamens as many as petals, fl. small . : 9 Buastus (p. 335).
B. Seed one, rarely two, 1. pennineryed ‘ 0 B . 5. Memecyton.

1. MELASTOMA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 523.

Shrubs, leaves petioled, 3-7-nerved. Fl. terminal, solitary or in compact
cymes, rose or purple, usually pentamerous, calyx-tube clothed with simple

by

Melastoma) LI. MELASTOMACHA 333

hairs or scales, lobes deciduous. Stamens usually 10, inserted with petals on
the calyx-rim, very unequal, 5 longer, with purple anthers, connective long,
produced at the base, and terminating in two lobes, alternating with 5 shorter
stamens, with yellow anthers, connective not produced. Ovary adnate to the
base of calyx-tube, usually 5-celled, apex clothed with bristles, ovules on large
axile placentas, which become pulpy in fruit. Seeds minute. Species 40,
tropical Asia and Australia. Polynesia.

1. M. malabathricum, Linn.; Wight Ill. t. 95, includes I. normale, Don ;
Kurz F. Fl. 1.504. Vern. Futki, Ass.; Myetpye, Lower, Shamé, Upper Burma.

An eyergreen shrub or small tree, branchlets, petioles and peduncles densely
clothed with acute or acuminate, often serrulate scales. L. 3-5-nerved, strigose
and often tomentose on the underside, blade 2-6, petiole J—} in. long. FI.
purple, 2-3 in. across, calyx densely clothed with pale linear acuminate entire
or serrate scales. Fr. } in. diam.

Subhimalayan tract and outer hills from Nepal eastwards, ascending in Sikkim to
6,000 ft. Assam, Khasi hills. Chittagong, Andamans, Burma. Western Peninsula.
Fl. throughout the year, chiefly March-July. Ceylon moist country- to 3,000 ft.
Seychelles. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. China, Australia, New Caledonia.
Nearly allied are: 2. M. decemfidum, Roxb. (M. sanguineum, Sims). Tenasserim, Malay
Peninsula, Tonkin, China. Branchlets, petioles and peduncles clothed with long spread-
ing bristles, 1. scattered, appressed hairs above, glabrous beneath. Fl. bright purple,
2-3 in. diam., calyx-tube clothed with long shining bristly hairs. 3. M. imbricatum,
Wall. Assam, Khasi hills, Andamans. Burma. Branchlets, petioles, peduncles and
calyx clothed with closely appressed serrulate scales. L. strigose on both sides, appressed
scales on nerves beneath, blade 4-9, petiole 3-14in. FJ.1} in. across, petals oblong. 4. M.
Clarkeanum, Cogniaux in DC. Monogr. Phan. vii. 346 (MW. Houtteanum, Kurz, not Naudin),
Pegu Yoma. Tenasserim, calyx-tube clothed with ciliate pale coloured scales about
4 in. long.

2. OXYSPORA, DC.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 525.

Large shrubs with spreading and drooping branches. L. long-petioled, ovate,
acuminate, 5—7-nerved, sec. n. numerous, at right angles to main nerves. Fl.
in long terminal panicles. Calyx-tube cylindric-turbinate, teeth 4, short, tri-
angular. Stamens 8, the anthers of 4 on long filaments, purple, the others
yellow. Ovary inferior, 4-celled. Capsule fusiform, dry, 8-ribbed. Seeds o,
faleate. Species 7. India, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

1. O. paniculata, DC.; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 88.

Branchlets, petioles and nerves beneath with scanty fugacious stellate tomen-
tum and long soft bristles. Panicle ample, calyx, petals and pedicels purple or
lilac, base of larger anthers deeply 2-lobed.

Outer Himalaya, from Nepal eastwards, 4-6000 ft.in Sikkim. Assam. Khasi hills.
Fl. Aug.-March.—Yunnan. 2. 0. vagans, Wall. Assamn, Khasi hills. Manipur.
Branchlets, petioles and nerves beneath with long, thin soft hairs, base of larger anthers
shortly 2-lobed, connective spurred at bass. 3. 0. cernua, Triana. Upper Assam.
Chittagong. Scandent, glabrous, leaves pale or brown beneath, blade 4-12, petiole
4-14 in. long. Fl. rose-coloured, in long narrow drooping panicles, rachis sharply
quadrangular at the base. Anther-cells of longer stamens slightly diverging at base,
connective not spurred.

Pternandra caerulescens, Jack, including P. capifellata, Jack. 'Tenasserim, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago. An evergreen large shrub or small tree; 1. elliptic, shortly
acuminate, 8 prominent basal nerves. Fl. blue in axillary compound cymes, calyx
adnate to ovary and prolonged beyond it, truncate, tesselate outside, petals 4 thick,
ovate, reflexed, stamens 8, filaments short, perfect anthers 4 or 5, ovate, blunt, the others
narrow. Fr. pulpy, turbinate, truncate, 4—} in. diam.

3. OSBECKIA, Linn.: FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 513.

Hairy herbs or shrubs. Fl. large, 4- or 5-merous, in small, mostly bracteate
terminal cymes. Calyx-tube campanulate, adnate to lower half of ovary and

334 LIT. MELASTOMACE [ Osbeckia

prolonged beyond it, outside usually clothed with hairs or scales, segments
deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10, equal, anthers large, connective not produced at
base. Ovary half-inferior, 4- or 5-celled, bristly at the apex, ovules © on
placentas radiating from the axis. Capsule enclosed in calyx-tube and partially
adnate to it, the free apex 4—5 valved, seeds numerous, kidney-shaped. Species
30-40, nearly all Indian. Only a few of the larger and more common kinds
are mentioned here.

1. 0. rostrata, Don. Subhimalayan tract, from Nepal eastwards. Assam, Khasi hills,
East Bengal. Burma. Tonkin. A tall shrub, stem erect, undivided, quadrangular,
1. often in whorls of 8, blade 8-8, pet. 4-4 in. Cymes compound, spreading, calyx
densely stellate-hairy, petals 14 in. long, free portion of fruiting calyx as long as ,
and narrower than fruit. 2. 0. crinita, Benth. Sikkim, 4-8,000 ft. Khasi hills.
Muleyit, Tenasserim 7,000 ft. A much branched shrub, clothed with long spreading
hairs, fl. purple or pure white, calyx densely clothed with stellate hairs, petals # in.
long, free portion of fruiting calyx as long as and narrower than fr. 3. 0. stellata,
Wall.; Collett Simla Fl. 190, fig.56. Outer Himalaya, from the Sutlej eastwards, in
Sikkim to 6,000 ft. Naga hills at 5,000 ft. Clothed with appressed rigid hairs, fl.
purple in compact terminal clusters, calyx densely covered with stellate hairs, petals
1 in. long, free portion of fruiting calyx much shorter than fr. 4. 0. nepalensis, Hook.
Subhimalayan tract and outer hills, ascending to 5,000 ft., from Nepal eastwards.
Assam, Khasi hills. Hills east of Bhamo at 4,000 ft. Yunnan. Branches sharply
quadrangular, often narrowly winged, young shoots with stiff appressed hairs, |. nearly
sessile, oblong lanceolate, softly hairy on both surfaces, fl. purple or white, in ample
corymbiform compound cymes, supported by large concave bracts, hairy on back, calyx-
tube with broad flat persistent scales, fringed with bristles, 5 of them on the limb,
alternating with the deciduous segments. Fr. ovoid, free portion of calyx-tube very
short.

Kendrickia Walkeri, Hook f.; Bedd. Ic. t.271. Anamalai hills, Ceylon. An epiphytic
climbing glabrous shrub, 1. fleshy, ovate, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, three basal nerves
and higher up on the midrib two sec. n., petioles short, stems and branches creeping
up trees, the leaves on these small, distichous, those on the fl. shoots larger, 2-3 in.
long, all round the branch. FI. large, in few-fld. terminal umbels, calyx red, produced
slightly beyond ovary, petals 4, fleshy, 1-1} in. long, bright rose cold., stamens 8, nearly
equal, anthers opening by pores, connec-
tive produced at base into a short horn-like
process.

4, MEDINILLA, Gaud.; Fl. Brit.
Ind. ii. 546.

Shrubs, often epiphytic, 1. mostly
glabrous. Fl. 4- or 5-merous, white or
rose, in terminal or axillary cymes.
Calyx-limb truncate or obscurely
toothed. Stamens 8 or 10, equal or
nearly so, anthers opening by pores,
connective with 2 tubercles and a short
spur at the base of anthers. Ovary
usually adnate to the calyx by 8 or 10
plates, between which in bud the
anthers are included, the filaments be-
ing bent down, ovules on an axile
placenta. Berry crowned by the calyx-
limb, Species 100, Eastern Peninsula,
Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, Mascarene
and Fiji Islands.

A. Fl. in axillary cymes.

1. Mz rubicunda, Blume. Sikkim 38-6,000
ft. Khasi hills. Assam (Maktim Forest
D. B. Apr. 1879). A shrub, frequently epi-
phytic, branches thick, almost fleshy. L.

Medinilla| LIT. MELASTOMACE# 33)

elliptic, 3-nerved, often a second pair higher up, blade 3-6 in., petiole short. Fl. pink,
anthers dark blue, fr. ovoid, red or black when ripe, edible. 2. M. Beddomei, C. B. Clarke
(M. radicans, Bedd. Ic. t. 184). Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats from Coorg
southwards. A fieshy epiphyte, |. thick-fleshy, obtuse, nearly orbicular, 14 in. Fl.
1} in. long, solitary, on axillary peduncles, petals 4, pure white, spathulate. 3. M.
malabarica, Bedd. Ic. t. 157. Nilgiris, western slopes. Anamalais. Epiphytic, l. very
fleshy, elliptic, prominently 3- occasionally 5-nerved. Peduncles axillary, sometimes
several together, 3-5-fld. Fl., peduncles and pedicels of a brilliant crimson.

B. Fl. in terminal cymes.

4. M. himalayana, Hook f. Sikkim 2,500-6,000 ft. Khasi hills. L. nearly sessile,
broadly elliptic, ramifications of cymes slender, pedicels divaricate in fruit. Fl. 3 in.
across, rose coloured. 5. M. paucifiora, Hook. f. Darjiling. Branchlets obtusely quad-
rangular, |. sessile, cymes few-fid.

Blastus cochinchinensis, Lour. Assam (Nambar Forest, March 1879 D.B.). China,
Tonkin, Cochin China, Formosa. A shrub, young shoots and young |. clothed with
round resinous scales, 1. elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-6, petiole }-1in. long, 3 basal nerves
joined by distant sec.n. Fl. small, tetramerous, white, on minutely tubercled pedicels
in sessile umbels sometimes axillary, more often from the axils of fallen leaves, stamens
4, equal. Capsule tightly enclosed by the calyx, loculicidally 4-valved. Seeds minute,
" numerous, on a central 4-winged placentiferous axis, at both ends long acuminate,
faleate.

5. MEMECYLON, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 553.

Evergreen glabrous shrubs or trees. L. coriaceous, penninerved, sec. n.
often obscure, rarely apparently 3-nerved. Fl. blue or white, tetramerous, in
lateral compound, often umbelliform cymes, or sessile in compact fascicles
Free portion of calyx produced far beyond and generally much wider than the
ovary. Stamens 8, equal, anthers small opening by slits, connective generally
large, fleshy, prolonged consider-
ably below the anthers. Ovary
inferior 1-celled, apex glabrous,
surmounted by a disk, frequently
with 8 radiating grooves, style
long, filiform. Fr. more or less
fleshy, surmounted by the calyx-
limb, 1-, rarely 2-seeded, cotyle-
dons conyolute. Species about
130, most in India, the Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, sev-
eral in tropical Africa, a few in
Polynesia and Australia.

A. Leaves petiolate, acute at
both ends, elliptic or elliptic-
lanceolate, fl. pedicelled, in pé-
dunculate cymes.

1. M. edule, Roxb. Cor. PI.
t. 82 (1795).—Syn. M. wmbella-
twm, Burm. f. Fl. Ind. 87 (1768)
(which may have to take preced-
enee of the well-known name JM,
edule); M. tinctoriwm, Koenig:
Wight Ill. t. 93; M. vami-
florum, Lam. Vern. Nirasu,
Uriya; Anjun, Anjani, Kurpa,
Mar.; Udatalli, Kan.; Alli,
Tel.; Kassan, Kayan, Tam.

336 LIT. MELASTOMACE® [Memecylon

A shrub or small tree, 1. 2-4 in. long, sec. n. more or less obscure. Cymes
pedunculate, rarely axillary, generally above the scars of fallen 1. FI.
brilliant blue, calyx sometimes pink. Fr. fleshy, edible, black when ripe,
4 in. diam.

Western Peninsula, mostly on the coast. Inland mostly in evergreen and semi-
evergreen scrub. Orissa, Assam, Silhet, Tenasserim. FI. 0.8. Fr.H.S. Combs made
of the wood. Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Includes MW. ovatum, punctatum
and scutellatum, Kurz F. Fl. i. 512,513. 2. M. angustifolium, Wight Ic. t. 276. Banks
of streams, Tinnevelli ghats. Ceylon, low country to 2,000 ft. A small shrub, branchlets
obtusely quadrangular, |. linear-lanceolate, blade 2-3,in., narrowed into petiole 4-} in.
long, sec. n. invisible. Umbels many-fid., on short peduncles, fl. bright purplish-blue,
pedicels slender, fr. 4 in. diam. black-purple. 3. M. Helferi, Cogn. (IZ. angustifolium, vax.
Helferi, C. B. Clarke). Tenasserim and Andamans, similar but branchlets sharply
quadrangular. :

4. M. andamanicum, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 69. 85, Andamans, Nicobars. A
shrub, 1. pale beneath, ovate-lanceolate, long acuminate, blade 2-3, petiole 4 in.
Peduncles slender, +-$ in. long, in pairs from the axils of ]. or of fallen 1., bearing
bracteate corymbiform compound cymes. Fr.4in. diam. 5. M. plebejum, Kurz, Khasi
hills. Pegu, Tenasserim. A small tree, 1. long acuminate, blade 3-4, petiole } in. long,
sec. n. slender but usually distinct. 6. M. grande, Retz. Khasi hills, Mergui, sec. n. _
distinct, blade 3-7, narrowed into petiole, + in. long, probably the same as M. celastrinum,
Kurz.

7. M. elegans, Kurz. Andamans, very common. A shrub, bark pale, branchlets
sharply 4-angled, sometimes winged, sec. n. almost invisible. Cymes lax, often in pairs,
peduncle longer than petiole, free portion of calyx much wider than ovary, petals blue. _
Fr. globose, $ in. diam. 8. M. pauciflorum, Blume, Chittagong, Andamans, Tenasserim,
Malay Peninsula. A small tree, branchlets quadrangular, 1. elliptic-rhomboid 1-1} in.
long, petiole very short, sec. n. barely visible. Cymes often in pairs, 7-10-fld., pedicels
slender, free part of calyx shallow-cup-shaped, more than twice the width of ovary,
segments triangular, acute. Fr.}in. diam. 9. M. gracile, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 164,
Travancore and Tinnevelli ghats. A large shrub or small tree, 1. ovate-lanceolate,
Jong acuminate, 1-2 in. long. Peduncles slender, drooping, 2-8-fld., bracts at the base
of and bracteoles on pedicels, calyx white, petals pale blue.

B. Leaves petiolate, acute at both ends, fl. sessile or nearly so, in compact,
usually sessile heads. Western species.

10. M. Heyneanum, Benth. (IZ. yambosioides, Wight Ic. t.277). Common on the Tinne-
velli and Travancore ghats to 2,000 ft. A shrub, branchlets terete, ]. coriaceous,
lanceolate, pale beneath, blade 5-8, pet.4-} in. Fl. in compact rounded axillary clusters,
on bracteate tubercles, pedicels barely as long as calyx, petals blue. Fr. 4 in. diam.
M. discolor, Cogniaux (M. Heyneanum, var. angustifolia, Clarke in FJ. Brit. Ind. ii. 560).
Bolampatti valley, doubtless is the same species.

11. M. Talbotianum, sp. nova, Mahabaleshwar (D.B. Oct. 1881) Konkan (Stocks)
Kanara (Ritchie, May 1853) North Kanara (Talbot, 3568, 3658, March 1896) Nilgiri
and Coorg (T. Thomson). A large shrub or small tree, branchlets terete, slightly
quadrangular below the nodes, |. thickly coriaceous, ovate or elliptic, shortly and
obtusely acuminate, blade 3-4, narrowed into petiole } in. long, sec. n. invisible. Fl.
small, sessile in compact clusters on bracteate nearly sessile tubercles, connective shorter
than anthers, fr. yellow, } in. diam., pericarp thickly coriaceous. Somewhat resembles
M. urceolatum, but fl. entirely different.

12. M. capitellatum, Linn. Trimen Handb. Ceylon t. 41; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 206 A.
Tinnevelli and Travancore ghats to 2,000 ft. Ceylon, low country to 1,000 ft., in both
moist and dry regions, common. A shrub or small tree, branchlets terete, 1. 2-5 in.,
narrowed into very short petiole, sec. n. slender but distinct, intramarginal veins
having the appearance of basal nerves. FJ. violet-blue, sessile, in small heads at the
ends of stiff peduncles +14 in. long, from the axils of present or fallen]. Free part of
calyx shallow, mouth 4 in. wide, segments conspicuous, disk rays winged. Fr. black-
purple, 4-4 in. diam. crowned with the persistent calyx-segments.

C. Leaves acute at both ends, sometimes rounded at base, fl. in compound
cymes, sessile or nearly so. Eastern species.

13. M. Griffithianum, Naud., Mergui, branchlets winged, 1. lanceolate, base acute or
rounded, pale beneath, 5-7 in. long, petiole very short, sec. n. indistinct. 14. M. cerasi-
forme, Kurz, Chittagong, 1. coriaceous, acuminate, blade 24, narrowed into pet. + in.
long. Fr. $-3 in. diam. bluish-black.

;

Memecylon| LIT. MELASTOMACEA 337

D. Leaves sessile or nearly so, base cordate or rounded.

15. M. malabaricum, Cogniaux.—Syn. M. amplericaule, Roxb. yar.
malabarica, Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 559; M. amplexicaule, Wight Ic. t. 279; M.
umbellatum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 206.

A shrub or small tree, branchlets round, |. coriaceous, sessile or nearly so,
oblong-lanceolate from a cordate, often amplexicaul base, 2-6 in. long, sec. n.
generally obscure. Fl. on slender pedicels, in 10- to many-fld. umbels, peduncles
very short, thickened at the end, numerous small bracts at the base of pedicels.
Free part of calyx wide-campanulate }—,1; in. at mouth, anthers much shorter
than connective. Fr. black ;}; in. diam.

Western ghats down to the coast, from North Kanara to Travancore, mostly in ever-
green forests. Fl. Feb—June. M.amplexicaule, Roxb. isan eastern species from Penang,
sec. n. and intramarginal veins prominent beneath, calyx 2 in. wide at mouth, anther
cells nearly as long as connective. 16. M. deccanense, C. B. Clarke, Western Peninsula,
imperfectly known, possibly only a form of 15, 1. membranous, narrower than 15. 17.
M. Wightii, Thwaites, Kanara, Ceylon, differs from 15 by branchlets acutely quadrangular
and winged.

18. M. amabile, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 163. South Kanara ghats, to 2,000 ft. A
large shrub or small tree, branchlets acutely quadrangular, |. 2-3 in. long, sec. n. obscure,
fl. small, deep blue, pedicels slender, in many-fld. often compound axillary umbels,
peduncle { in. long. 19. M. terminale, Dalz., evergreen forests of North Kanara, a
large shrub, very similar to 18 and possibly not specifically distinet. _Peduncles often
in the axils of the uppermost |., hence appearing terminal. Fr. globose 4 in. diam.

20. M. caeruleum, Jack. Andamans, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
A shrub, branches terete, often quadrangular below the nodes. L. sessile, coriaceous,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-6 in. long. Fl. deep steel-blue, in shortly pedunculate
axillary bracteate compound cymes. Fr. elongate-ellipsoid, crowned by the deep-cup-
shaped calyx-limb, ? in. long. 21. M. Kurzii, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 69. 77.
Nicobar islands. A shrub, |. nearly sessile, thinly coriaceous, 8-10 in. long, sec. n.
straight, 15-20 pair, joined by an intramarginal vein at a distance from edge. Cymes
3--fld., from the axils of fallen leaves, calyx mouth 4 in. wide, wavy, with 4 broad
teeth. Fr. ellipsoid, } in. long.

Orpen LIMIT. LYTHRACEA. Gen. Pl. i. 773 (Lythrariew).

Herbs, shrubs or trees, 1. simple, entire, generally opposite, stipules 0, or
minute. Calyx cup-shaped, persistent, segments often with intermediate teeth,
valvate, petals imbricate and crumpled in bud, sometimes wanting, filaments
inflexed in the bud. Ovary superior, sometimes adnate to the bottom of calyx,
inferior in Puntea. Ovyules numerous. Seeds many, without albumen.

In Engler u. Prantl iii. 7. p. 1, 16, 22, the genera here described are classed under
three separate Orders, Lythracew, Sonneratiacee: (Sonneratia, Duabanga, Crypteronia)
and (with inferior ovary) Punicacee (Punica).

A. Ovary superior, fl. bisexual, symmetric.
Inland trees or shrubs, fr. a dry capsule,

Calyx-segments 6, capsule 3-6-valved —. : . 1. Lagrrsrramira.

’ Calyx-segments 6, capsule circumseciss. . : - Pemruts (p. 839).
Calyx-segments usually 7, capsule 4-8-valved. . 2. DUABANGA.
Calyx-segments 4, capsule bursting irregularly — . Lawsonta (p. 840).

Litoral trees, fr. fleshy, indehiscent — . : : . 8. SonneRATIA.
B. Ovary superior, fl. bisexual, zygomorphic . ; F Wooprorpta (p. 341).
©. Ovary superior, fl. male and bisexual, patals 0 : . 4. Crypreronta.
D. Ovary inferior . d : P ; : ; 3 : Punteca (p. 841),

1. LAGERSTRGEMIA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 575.

Trees or shrubs; 1. nearly opposite, or the uppermost alternate, entire. Fl.
in axillary or terminal panicles, calyx-tube broadly turbinate or hemispherical,
Zz

338 LIU. LYTHRACE [Lagerstreemia

cleft into 6 ovate lobes, petals unguiculate, edge undulate. Stamens numerous,
inserted at or above the bottom of calyx-tube, 6 often stouter and longer
than the others, anthers versatile. Ovary free, 3—6-celled, style filiform, ovules
numerous, attached to axile placentas. Capsule coriaceous, 3—6-celled, girt at
base by the persistent calyx, dehiscing loculicidally into 3-6 valves. Seeds
winged.

A. Calyx-tube smooth, neither ribbed nor grooved.

1. L. parviflora, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 66; Wight Ic. t. 69; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
31. Vern. Dhaura, Asidh, Lendia, Seja, Hind.; Bonda, Bhondara, Mar. ;
Chennangt, Tel.; Channangi, Kan.; Ventek, Tam.; Zawng bale, Upper
Burma. -

A large tree, youngest shoots and leaves, as well as inflorescence, pubescent
with very short simple hairs. IL. opposite, sessile or very shortly petiolate,
2-4 in. long. Fl. white, fragrant, } in. across, in axillary and terminal panicles,
pedicels slender. Calyx not ribbed, hoary, from the base to the end of segments
1-1 in. long. A raised line inside at the base of segments. Segments erect,
ultimately appressed to the capsule, which is #-1 in. long.

Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 3,000 ft. Assam, Lower
Bengal, Central India and the Western Peninsula in deciduous forests. Upper Burma.
The 1]. are shed March—April, young foliage in May. Fl. H. 8. Fr. R. S., remains
long on the tree. A form with larger greenish-white fl. on few-fld. axillary peduncles,
in Bamboo forest, Shwebo district, Upper Burma, Tawkyetsa, Burm. (Smales, May 1901).

2. L. lanceolata, Wall.—Syn. L. microcarpa, Wight Ic. t. 109; Bedd.
Fl. Syly. t.30. Vern.
age Nana, Mar.; Nandi,
Kan. ; Ventek, Tam.
A large tree, 1.
sometimes alternate,
glabrous, bluish-
white beneath, blade
2-4, petiole 4—} in.,
sec. n. prominent,
arching, 6-10 pair.
Fl. in large terminal
panicles. Calyx
hoary ; segments re-
flexed in fl., not ap-
pressed to capsule,
no raised line at the
base of segments.
Capsule 4—$ in.
long.

West side of the
Peninsula, extending
east as far as Bellary.
Fl. H. 8S. 3. L. Thom-
soni, Koehne MSS.,
Mysore and Karnatik,
similar but 1. larger
and softly tomentose
beneath. 4. L. indica,
Linn.; Wight Ic. t.
86, indigenous in
China and possibly on
the Shan hills in Up-
per Burma ; cultivated
in gardens throughout
Fie. 142.— Lagerstreemia lanceolata, Wall. Fr. fl. 3. India on account of

r

Lagerstraemia) LUT. LYTHRACEA 339

its fl., 14-2 in. across, rose-coloured, white or lilac, 1. generally alternate, petals long
clawed, much curled.

The following imperfectly known species have the calyx densely clothed with ferru-
gineous or fulvous stellate tomentum: 5. L. Rottleri, C. B. Clarke, Deccan, 1. stellately
tomentose beneath. 6.L. calyculata; Kurz (Pyinmabyu, Burm.). Forestseast of Taungoo,
evergreen, ]. puberulous and strongly net-vyeined beneath.

B. Calyx-tube with as many ribs as segments.

7. L. villosa, Wall.; Karz F. Fl. i. 524. Vern. Zaung gale, Lower, Zaung
bale, Zinbye, Upper Burma.

A small or middle-sized tree, branchlets, petioles and underside of 1. softly
pubescent, hairs simple, 1. broadly lanceolate, blade 2-3, petiole }— in., stipules
small but distinct. Fl. white, slightly scented, in compact head-like softly
pubescent panicles at the ends of branches, pedicels shorter than calyx-tube.
Calyx turbinate with 6 winged ribs, petals minute. Capsule ovoid-oblong,
} in. long, base supported by the 6-ribbed calyx. Seed angular, with the
broad triangular wing } in. long.

Pegu and Upper Burma, arte in Eng forest. FI. H.S.

Specimens, in bud only, collected by the late Sir Henry Collett in Upper Burma,
1. glabrous, broadly lanceolate, blade 5, petiole tin. ridges on calyx 5-6, almost winged,
allied to the Philippine species L. pirifolia, Koehne.

C. Ribs or grooves on calyx-tube twice the number of segments.

8. L. Flos Regine, Retz.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 65 (L. Regine) ; Wight Ie.
t. 413; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 29.—Syn. L. speciosa, Pers.; Koehne in Engler
Jahrb. iv. 28. Vern. Jarul, Beng.; Ajhar, Ass. ; Taman, Mar. ; Challa, Kan. ;
Pumarathu, Tam. ; Manimarathu, Mal.; Pytnrma, Lower, Eikmue, Upper
Burma.

A large tree, 1. glabrous, blade 6-10, petiole stout, {—} in. long, fl. purplish-
lilac, 2-3 in. across, in ample terminal panicles, calyx strongly 12- ribbed, ribs
rounded, broader than the furrows between, segments long-triangular, stamens
of equal length. Capsule broadly ovoid, ae in. long, the lower third enclosed
in the persistent calyx, seed with wing 4—} in. long, pale brown.

Assam, Chittagong. Lower Burma, chiefly near river banks. Foot of the Western
ghats ascending to 2,000 ft. Leafless during the hot season, fl. May—June. Ceylon,
moist low country, Malay Peninsula. 9. L. macrocarpa, Kurz (Kénpyinma). Upper
Burma, Pegu, Maulmein, Thaungyin (D. B. March 1862). Chiefly in Eng forests. A
small tree, nearly allied to 8, but 1. larger, petiole 4—} in., fl. in short terminal panicles,
calyx furrowed but not ribbed.

10. L.hypoleuca, Kurz, Andamans,common. A large tree, E giabrone: whitish-glaucous
beneath, elliptic-oblong, blade 6-8, petiole }-4 in. ‘long. . lilac, 1-14 in. across, in
elongate terminal panicles, calyx- tube turbinate, with “12 ae ribs. Fr. ovoid,
§-1 in. long, base supported by calyx, the segments of which are reflexed. 11. L. flori-
bunda, Jack (Pyimma byu). Country between Sitang and Salween rivers. Attaran,
Thaungyin. Mergui. Malay Peninsula, Siam, China. <A large tree, |. almost sessile,
elliptic-oblong 5-7 in. long, when young atellate-tomentose beneath, sec. n. prominent,
terminating in arching, intramarginal veins. FI. rose-coloured, turning white, in
ample terminal panicles, clothed (as well as calyx) with dense stellate ferrugineous
tomentum. Calyx turbinate with 12 prominent ridges, segments short. Capsule
ovoid, # in. long, the lower fourth enclosed in the calyx.

12. L. tomentosa, Presl. Vern. Léezah, Burm.

A large tree, branchlets, petioles, underside of 1., inflorescence and calyx
densely clothed with stellate tomentum, |. lanceolate, blade 3-6, petiole din.
long, sec. and tertiary nerves prominent. Fl]. white, 1 in. across, in terminal
pyramidal panicles, calyx campanulate-turbinate, ribs 10- -12, segments short,
triangular. Capsule ovoid, % in. long, lower third enclosed in the persistent
calyx,

Pegu, Tenasserim, Upper Burma. Fl. H. 8.

Pemphis acidula, Forst.; Bedd. Man. t. 14 f. 5.—Syn. Maclelandia Griffithiana, Wight

340 LIV. LYTHRACEA [Lagerstremia

Tc. t. 1996. Sea coast and tidal backwaters on the West Coast, from Malabar south-
wards, also in Tinnevelli. Coast of Tenasserim and the Andamans.—Ceylon. Tropical
coasts of East Africa to Australia and Polynesia. A grey silky-hairy shrub or small
tree, 1. thick, fleshy, numerous, 4-14 in. long, readily disarticulating, fl. pink, solitary,
axillary, hexamerous, calyx campanulate, 12-ribbed, segments short, with minute teeth
between, stamens 12, ovary free, imperfectly 3-celled. Capsule enclosed for # of its
length in the persistent calyx-tube, opening by the top coming off like a cap, seeds
numerous.

2. DUABANGA, Ham.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 578.
Species 2, one in the Indian Archipelago.

D. sonneratioides, Ham.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 525. Vern. Lampatia, Nep. ;
Myaukngo, Lower, Mau, Upper Burma.

A tall handsome tree, wood greyish-brown, branchlets drooping with the
weight of the flowers. lL. opposite, distichous, from a cordate base oblong,
tapering to the end, blade 7-15, petiole stout, }-} in., sec., tertiary and intra-
marginal nerves prominent. Fl. 2-3 in. across, in terminal corymbs, buds large
globose. Calyx cup-shaped, segments 6-8, usually 7, thick triangular. Petals
white, crumpled, falling off early with the stamens. Stamens ™, in a single
row, filaments as well as style inflexed in bud. Ovary adnate to the calyx at
its base, 4-8-celled, ovules 2, stigma 4-8-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, opening
loculicidally into 4-8 valves, supported by the thick spreading calyx. Seeds
®, minute, testa produced at both ends into long pointed tails.

Subhimalayan tract from Nepal eastwards, ascending to 3,000 ft. Assam, Khasi
hills, Manipur, Chittagong. Andamans and Nicobars. Burma, common near streams.
Fl. Jan—April.—Perak. Tonkin. Yunnan.

Lawsonia alba, Lam.; Wight Ill. t. 87; Bedd. Manual t. 14 fig. 6. The Henna Plant.
Vern. Mendi, Mehudi, Hind.; Manidi, Sind; Goranti, Kan.; Gorinta, Tel.; Dan, Burm.
Indigenous in Arabia and Persia, probably also indigenous in the drier parts of the
Peninsula and Ceylon (sand dunes near Tuticorin. D. B. Feb. 1882). Cultivated and
naturalized throughout India. A glabrous shrub, branchlets often spinescent, 1.
opposite 1-14 in. long. FI. greenish-yellow, very fragrant, tetramerous, 4 in. across,
on short slender pedicels, in large terminal panicled cymes. Stamens usually 8, in
pairs between the petals. Ovary free, 24-celled. Capsule globose, base supported by
the persistent calyx, pericarp brittle, bursting irregularly. Seeds numerous, angular,
truncate, testa thick, cotyledons flat,orbicular. Leaves powdered and made intoa paste,
used to stain finger-nails, teeth and beard.

3. SONNERATIA, Linn. f.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 579.

Litoral evergreen trees, entirely glabrous. L. opposite, entire. Calyx
thickly coriaceous, usually 4- or 6- (rarely 7- or 8-) lobed. Petals none or as
many as calyx-segments.’ Stamens o, inserted at the mouth of calyx-tube,
inflexed in bud. Ovary nearly free, many-celled, placentas thick, axile, ovules o.
Fr. fleshy, indehiscent, supported by the persistent calyx, base adnate to calyx.
Seeds numerous, angular. Species 4-6, tropics of the old world.

A. Petals as many as calyx-seements.

1. S. acida, Linn. f.; Wight Ic. t. 340; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Manual t. 15, fig. 1,
Vern. Ora, Orcha, Sundr.; Ziwar, Mar. ; Blatti, Thirala, Mal.; Tabu, Tan.
Burm.

A small tree, attaining 30 ft., 1. obovate, gradually tapering into a broad
short petiole, 2-4 in. long. Fl. 2 in. across, solitary at the ends of branchlets,
calyx-tube shallow, not ribbed, segments 6-8, usually 6, acute, longer than
tube, petals dark purple, linear, acuminate, 1}in. long. Fr. depressed-globular,
2-21 in. diam., edible.

Sundriban. Coast from Chittagong to Tenasserim, ascending the rivers as far as
the tides. Delta of the Indus. Coast and tidal waters of the Peninsula. FI. R. 8.

Sonneratia) LI. LYTHRACEA 341

Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. This and other species of Sonneratia, as
well as a few other Mangrove trees, send up from their widely spreading horizontal
roots vertical branches with soft pith-like wood, which serve to facilitate the inter-
change of gas between the atmosphere and the roots buried in the mud of the tidal
swamp.

B. Petals none.

2. S. apetala, Ham. Vern. Keora,Sundr.; Tivar, Mar.; Kanbala, Burma.

A gregarious tree, attaining 50 ft., wood reddish-brown, hard, branches
pendulous, foliage light glaucous-green. L. lanceolate, blade 3—5, petiole 4—} in.
long. Fl. whitish, 1 in. across, in 3-5-fld. terminal corymbs, calyx not ribbed,
segments 4, longer than tube, stigma large peltate, top convex. Capsule
depressed-globose, ¢ in. diam.

Sundriban, banks of tidal rivers. Pegu and Tenasserim, tidal forests. Coasts of the
Konkan. Fl. April-June. Ceylon. 3. S. alba, Smith, Andamans, Mergui, Konkan,
Ceylon (rare). Coasts of tropical Africa, Asia and Australia. A shrub or small tree,
1. broadly ovate, fl. 14-2 in. across, usually 2 or 3 at the ends of branchlets, calyx-seg-
ments 6, rarely 7 or 8, fruiting calyx ribbed, ribs as many as segments. 4. S. Griffithii,
Kurz. Coasts of Pegu and Tenasserim, ascending the rivers as far as the tide. Similar
to 8. acida but without petals. Regarded by King in Journ. As. Soc. Bente. vol. 67, 11,
as an apetalous form of S. acida.

Woodfordia floribunda, Salish. ; Collett Simla F). 193, fig. 57.—Syn. W. tomentosa, Bedd.
Man. t. 14,f.4; W. fruticosa, Kurz F. Fl. i. 518; Grislea tomentosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 31.
Vern. Dha, Dhawi, Dhewtie, Dhau, Dhawla, Hind.; Icha, Kol; Dhaiti, Mar.; Jaji,
Velakkai, Tel.; Yet kyi, Pattagyi, Upper Burma. Widely spread, from tropical Africa,
Arabia to India, ascending to 5,000 ft. in the Himalaya, and to both Peninsulas. China
and the Indian Archipelago. A large ornamental shrub, more or less pubescent, 1. oppo-
site, sometimes in whorls of 3, Sessile, from a broad base lanceolate, 2-4 in. long, under-
side white with black dots. Fl. numerous, hexamerous, slightly zygomorphic, bright
brick-red, in round lateral clusters, generally from the axils of fallen leaves, pedicels
dilated aboye. Calyx tubular curved, coloured, mouth oblique, segments short, alter-
nating with minute teeth, petals 6, short, linear-lanceolate. Stamens 12, inserted near the
bottom of calyx, filaments long-exserted, ovary 2-celled. Capsule 4-3 in. long, enclosed
by calyx-tube, splitting irregularly. Fl. used for dyeing silk, .

4. CRYPTERONIA, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 573.

Evergreen trees, 1. opposite. Fl. polygamous, male and bisexual on different
branches, possibly on different trees. Fl. minute, in elongate panicled racemes.
Calyx cup-shaped, adnate to base of ovary, segments 5, rarely 4, petals 0. @:
Stamens long exserted, alternating with calyx-segments, surrounding a rudi-
mentary ovary, anther cells on the edges of a broad connective. @ : Stamens
short, ovary 2-celled, style cylindric. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, crowned by
the two halves of the persistent style. Seeds numerous, testa produced at
each end. Species 5, India and Indian Archipelago.

C. paniculata, Blume; Kurz F. Fl. i. 519; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
vol. 67. 5.—Syn. C. pubescens, Blume.—Henslavia pubescens, Wall. Pl. As.
Rar. t. 221; C. glabra, Blume. Vern. Ananbo, Burm.

A large tree, bark silvery grey. L. elliptic, acute at both ends, glabrous or
thinly pubescent beneath, blade 3-6, pet. } in. long. Fl. numerous, greenish-
white, calyx-teeth triangular.

P oe Mlle, Chittagong. Pegu, Martaban and Tenasserim. Fl. Noy._Feb. Malay
eninsula.

Punica Granatum, Linn.; Wight Ill. t. 97. The Pomegranate. Vern. Nargosah,
Bal. ; Darina, Dharu, Punj.; Anar, Hind.; Dalimbe, Kan.: Danima, Tel. Indigenous
in Persia and Afghanistan. Common in Hazara, 4-6,000 ft., apparently wild.
Cultivated and naturalized from remote antiquity in India, Syria, Palestine, North
Africa, Greece and Italy. A deciduous shrub or small tree, branchlets often spin-

349 LI. LYTHRACHA [Crypteronia

escent, 1. opposite,
often fascicled on
arrested branchlets,
oblong-lanceolate or
oblanceolate, obtuse,
1-3 in. long, nar-
rowed into a slender
petiole. Ovary in-
ferior, free part of
calyx campanulate,
cleft into 5-7 valvate
lobes. Petals inserted.
in the mouth of
calyx-tube, crumpled
in bud. Stamens oo,
inserted at different
levels below the pe-
tals, anther-cells at-
tached to the edges
of a broad connective.
Carpels in seyeral
tiers on the inside of
the hollow receptacle,
here called calyx-
tube (see remarks on
p- 806 under Combre-
tacee, and Brandis
F. Flora 240), ovules
numerous in each.
Carpels coalesce early
and form a_ large
globose indehiscent
fruit, crowned by the
persistent calyx and
containing under a
coriaceous rind two
Fic. 148.—Crypteronia paniculata, Blume. 4. tiers of cells, 3 in
the lower, 5-9 in the
upper tier. Numerous seeds in each cell, embedded in a sweet pellucid pulp. Cotyle-
dons foliaceous, spirally convolute.

Orper LIV. SAMYDACEA. Gen PI. i. 794.

Trees or shrubs, 1. alternate, distichous, stipules small. FJ. inconspicuous,
recular, generally bisexual. Calyx persistent, tube short, segments 3-7, imbri-
cate or valvate in bud. Petals none, or alternate with calyx-segments and
similar to them in substance. Ovary free or lower portion adnate to calyx-
tube, ovules numerous, attached to 2-4 parietal placentas. Capsule 2-4-
valved, seeds numerous, attached to the middle of the valves. Embryo in a
copious fleshy albumen. °

The 2 genera here described are included under Miacourtiacew by Warburg in Engler
u. Prantl iii. 6a, p. 34, 50.

Petals 0, fl. in axillary fascicles . : : p ; . 1. Casrarta.

Petals present, fl. in racemes or spikes . “ . 5 . 2. Homarrium.

1. CASEARIA, Jacq. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 591.

Trees or shrubs, 1. alternate, distichous, stipules small, caducous. FI. small,
greenish-yellow, regular, usually bisexual. Calyx coriaceous, deeply 4—5-lobed,
lobes imbricate, more or less persistent. Petals0.. Stamens double the number
of calyx-lobes, often 8 only with a pentamerous calyx, united into a short tube

Cascaria) LIV. SAMYDACEA 343

with alternating staminodes. Ovary free, 1-celled, ovules numerous, attached
to 3-4 parietal placentas. Capsule succulent, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, with
a fleshy usually coloured aril, embryo straight, cotyledons flat. Species 120 ;
tropical regions of both hemispheres.

Resin cavities, lined by thin-walled cells, in the leaves of most Indian species, visible
as transparent dots or lines.

A. Full grown leaves glabrous.

1. C. esculenta, Roxb.—Syn. C. varians, Thw.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 208.
Vern. Mori, Mar.; Vella Kunnan,
Mal.

A tree, 1. thick, often coriaceous,
quite entire, blade 4-6, pet. j—} in.
long. Fl. glabrous, ;4 in. long, pedicel
glabrous, longer than calyx. Fr. 2-
or 3-valved, ellipsoid, }—? in. long.

Western Ghats, from the Konkan
southwards, mostly in evergreen forests.
Northern Circars, Sriharikot. Tenasserim.
Fl. R.S. Malay Peninsula. Ceylon, moist
and dry regions, ascending to 5,000 ft.
2.C, rubescens, Dalz. Western Ghats, North
Kanara to Coorg. A shrub, |. coriaceous,
petioles and midrib of young |. red, pedicels
pubescent.

3. C. glomerata, Roxb.—Syn. (.
graveolens. Dalz.; Brandis F. Fl. 243 ;
Kanjilal F. Fl. 185. Vern. Chilla,
Hind.; Giridi, Uriya; Gilchi, Gond;
Bokhada, Mar.

A deciduous shrub or middle-sized

Fic. 144.—Casearia esculenta, Roxb. 4 tree, branches long, spreading, 1. more
or less serrate, blade 4-8, petiole j—}

in. long, translucent glands (resin cavities) elongate and round. Fl. 4- or
5-merous, ;',-} in. long, with an offensive sinell, clustered on scaly tubercles,
in the axils of leaves or of fallen 1., calyx pubescent, pedicel generally longer
than calyx, glabrous or pubescent. Stamens 8 or 10, alternating with hairy
linear scales, half the length of stamens or more. Fr. } in. long, 3-valved,
glabrous. Avril orange.

Subhimalayan tract and outer ranges from the Chenab eastwards, ascending in
Kumaon to 5,000, in Sikkim to 7,000 ft. Khasi hills. Burma, Upper and Lower.
Singbhum, Orissa, Northern Cirears, Western Ghats and country between the ghats
and the coast from Surat to South Kanara. Fl. Dee.—June.—China. C. graveolens is
supposed to differ by the pedicel being glabrous above the articulation. Specimens
with hairy pedicels are known from the western, and with glabrous pedicels from the
eastern region. 4. C,andamanica, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol.67.16. Andamans.
A middle-sized tree, |. rigidly coriaceous, blade 6-10, petiole } in. long, sec. n. very
prominent beneath, fl. 4 in. long., glabrous, as well as pedicel.

56165

B. Midrib and petiole of full grown 1. hairy.

5. C. tomentosa, Roxb. ; Brandis F. Fl. t. 31; Collett Simla Flora p. 197
fig. 59.—Syn C. elliptica, Willd.; Wight Ic. t. 1849. Vern. Bheri, Chilla,
Hind.; Tundri, Gond; Giridi, Uriya; Chilaka duddi, Tel.

A small deciduous tree, branches spreading, all parts bitter. Branchlets
and underside of leaves tomentose. L. serrate, elliptic-oblong, narrowed
towards the apex, base oblique, blade 3-7, petiole 4—} in. long, translucent
glands round or broad-elliptic. Fl. tomentose, } in. long, densely clustered on

scaly axillary tubercles, calyx-segments usually 5,stamens usually 8, alternating

344 ; LIV. SAMYDACHZ [Casearia

with short ciliate staminodes. Fr. 6-ribbed, 3-valved, seeds embedded ina red
pulp, consisting of the agglomerate arils.

Subhimalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, ascending to 3,000 ft., common in
deciduous forests. Salt Range, Rajputana. Central Provinces. Behar. Western
Peninsula. From Burma I have not seen specimens. C. Canziala, Kurz F. Fl. i. 529,
is doubtful. Fl. Jan—May. The pounded fruit of this and other species is used to
poison fish. Wood made into combs. C. Lobbiana, Turcz, very similar to 4, with more
acuminate 1. has been reported from Tenasserim.

6. C. Vareca, Roxb. Sikkim, foot of the hills. Assam (Ban Kasserw). Khasi hills,
Cachar. A small tree, 1. oblong, closely serrate, underside clothed with soft long hairs,
pedicels glabrous above the articulation. Fr. 4 in. long, yellow, aromatic, seeds in a
bright red pulp. From Burma no specimens seen.

7. C. wynadensis, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 160. Common on the slopes of the Wainad.
A small tree, young shoots densely aureo-villous, branches, petioles and underside of 1.
softly pubescent, 1. membranous, elliptic-lanceolate, base entire, upper part serrate. Fl.
on slender pedicels in fascicles of 6-8 in the leaf-axils. Calyx-segments hairy within,
ovary and style densely hairy. 8. ©. Kurzii, C. B. Clarke, Chittagong, Upper Burma.
L. elliptic-lanceolate, more or less crenate, with long soft hairs on the underside. Fl.
on slender pedicels +-3 in. long, in axillary 3-6 fid. fascicles.

2. HOMALIUM, Jacq.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 595.

Leaves more or less crenate. Fl. small, hairy, in slender simple or panicled
racemes or spikes, calyx-tube adnate to ovary, segments 4-7, narrow persistent,
as well as the linear petals; round hairy glands (staminodes) opposite the sepals

Fie. 145.—Homalium tomentosum, Benth. 4.

Stamens epipetalous, solitary or in fascicles of 2-7. Ovary half-superior, 1-
celled, styles 2-6, filiform, placentas parietal, as many as styles, in the upper
free portion of the.ovary. Capsule 2-6-valved.. Species about 70, tropics of
both hemispheres.

A. Stamens solitary, opposite to petals.

Homalium| LIV. SAMYDACEA 345

1. H. tomentosum, Benth.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 531. Vern. Myaukcha,
Burm.

A large deciduous tree, bark thin, white, very smooth, branchlets, young
leaves and inflorescence softly pubescent, l. obovate 4-6 in. ‘long , petiole stout,
very short, sec. n. 10-14 pair, straight, prominent beneath. Fl. nearly sessile,
4 in. across, greenish, in small clusters on simple axillary spikes, longer than
leaves. Calyx tomentose, segments 5 or 6, linear-oblong, petals similar to
calyx-segments.

Common in deciduous forests from Chittagong to Martaban. Ganjam(Gamble). Fl.
Noy.Jan. 2. H. minutifiorum, Kurz, Pegu. FI. pedicellate, minute, ~, in. across, tetra-
merous, calyx-tube glabrous, turbinate, segments and petals pilose, pedicel glabrous,
longer than calyx-~ tube. 3. longifolium, Benth. Upper Burma, Smales, April 1899
(Pyaukseik) Malay Peninsula. A tree, |. elliptic slightly hairy, blade 5, petiole 4 in.
long, sec. n. arching, . 7 pair. Fl. pedicellate, tetramerous, calyx and petals hairy,
tube narrowly turbinate, as long as pedicel, segments much smaller than petals.
Ovules on long funicles attached to the parietal placenta at the top of the ovary. The
Malayan specimens are slightly different, the above description relates to those from
Upper Burma.

4. H. zeylanicum, Benth. Western Ghats from North Kanara southwards, in ever-
green forests. A lofty, at times a small tree, 1]. glabrous elliptic, acuminate, base
acute, blade 4-5, petiole 4 in. long, sec. n. arching, 6-8 pair. FJ. pedicellate, hairy,
4 in. across, petals longer than sepals, pedicels articulate. The Travancore specimens
have larger fl. and the sec. n. very prominent.

5. H. nepalense, Benth. (Blackwellia nepalensis, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 179). Nepal.
Singhbhum-Mahendragiri and Rumpa hills. A large tree, 1. glabrous, ovate, blade 4-5
narrowed into pet. }-} in. long. Fl. fetid, nearly sessile, grey-tomentose, } in. across,
in axillary panicles, petals nearly equal to calyx- “segments.

B. Stamens in fascicles opposite to petals.

6. EL Griffithianum, Kurz, Mergui, Malay Peninsula. A small tree, branchlets, petioles,
midrib and inflorescence clothed with Jong spreading hairs. Fl. almost sessile, } in.
across, petals twice the length of calyx- segments, stamens in pairs before the petals.
7. EL Schlichii, Kurz. Chittagong,. An eyer green tree, 1. elabrous, elliptic- -lanceolate,
blade 5, petiole 4 in. long. Fl. slizhtly g erey pubesc ent, pedicellate, + in. across, stamens
in threes opposite the petals, racemes in terminal hoary panicles. 8. H. propinquum,
C. B. Clarke, is reported from Peru.

9. H. travancoricum, Bedd. F]. Sylv. t. 211. Travancore and Tinnevelli Ghats. <A
middle-sized tree, 1. glabrous, 3-4 in. he! racemes shorter than 1., fl. } in. across, densely
hairy, nearly sessile, petals three times the size of calyx-segments, 3 or 4 stamens
opposite each petal. 10, HK. grandiflorum, Benth., a middle-sized tree of the Malay
Peninsula and Cochinchina, fl. } in. across, calyx-segments enlarged after flowering,
stamens 7-12 opposite each petal, has been reported from Tenasserim.

Orper LY.—Passifioracesw. 1. Carica Papaya, Linn.: Wight Il. t. 106,107. Classed in
a separate order Caricacew, in Engler u. Prantl iii. 6 (a) Oo. Vern. Papaya, Northern
India; Poppaya, Tel.: Thinbaw, Burm. Indigenous in tropical America. Cultivated
in India and in all tropical countries. A small soft-wooded fast growing tree, usually
unbranched, with milky juice, |. glabrous, palmatifid, 12-24 in. across, on long hollow
petioles, forming a round tuft at the top of the stem, stipules 0. FI. pale yellow,
fragrant, in axillary panicles, generally dicwcious, but occasionally a few female fl. on
a male plant. d fl. in long drooping panicles, 2 in short clusters. Calyx small, 5
lobed. Corolla: g tubular, 5-lobed, @ of 5 linear deciduous petals. Stamens 10,
inserted in two rows in the mouth of the corolla. Ovary free, ovules numerous, attached
to5 parietal placentas. Fr. indehiscent, fleshy, suleate, seeds black, numerous, embedded
in sweet pulp, the testa consisting of an inner hard and an outer soft layer. Embryo
straight, cotyledons flat, in oily albumen. 2 Passiflora, Linn., is a large, chiefly
American genus of shrubs, climbing with tendrils, numerous species of whic hare grown
in gardens. Fl. bisexual, pentamerous, a corona, usually of numerous fine threads on
the calyx tube inside the petals, stamens 5, filaments flat, enclosing and partly
adnate to the gynophore, which bears a 1-celled ovary with «© ovules on 8 parietal
placentas. Two species in India: 1. P. Leschenaultii, DC. Khasi hills, Manipur,
Nilgiri and Palni hills, |. semicircular, truncate, 3-dentate, fl. 2 in. across, petals white,
fr. ovoid 1gin. long. 2. P. nepalensis, Wall, Nepal, Sikkim, Khasi hills, 1. entire, ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, fl. 4-4 in. across, fr. nearly globose } in. ‘diam.

346 LVI. _DATISCACEA | Tetrameles

Orper LVI. DATISCACEA. Gen. Pl. i. 884. (Datiscez.)

TETRAMELES, R. Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 657.

T. nudiflora, R. Br. (the only species); Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 212.—Syn. 7.
Grahamiana, Wight Ic. t. 1956. Vern. Yermal, Kan.; Chini, Tam.; Chini
Vella Pasa, Mal.; Thitpék, Lower, Baing, Upper Burma.

A very tall, fast growing
deciduous tree, wood soft,
trunk straight, often much
buttressed at the base, bark
smooth, grey, leaf-scars pro-
minent on branchlets; petioles
and young |. hairy. L. broadly
ovate, base cordate, 5 basal
nerves, blade 5-7, petiole 2-1
in. long, stipulesO. FI. diceci-
ous, tetramerous, apetalous,
6 in panicles fasciculate at
the ends of branchlets, calyx
deeply cut into 5 segments,
stamens 4, round a depressed
disk, opposite to calyx-seg-
ments. @ im numerous ter-
minal pendulous racemes,
pedicels very short, ovary in-
ferior, 8-ribbed, 1-celled, ovules
a on 4 parietal placentas.
Capsule crowned by the per-
sistent calyx-segments, opening
at the summit, the valves
terminating in the persistent
styles. Seeds minute, embryo
cylindrical, in scanty albumen.

Terai and outer hills, Darjeeling -
district ascending to 38,000 ft.
Andamans. Burma, Upper and
Lower. Western Ghats and Nil-
giris, in Sholas and evergreen
forest. L. shed early in January.
Fl. Feb.—Apr. while leafless.—Cey-
lon. Ind. Archip.

Orver LVII.—Cactacex. Opuntia
Dillenii, Haw.; Wight Ill. t. 114.
Prickly Pear. Vern. Nagphana,
Hind.; Nagajemmadu, Vel.; Mul-
lugalli, Papaskalli, Kan. Indigen-

rS ous in South America, naturalized
Nu in India, extending North as far
as the Jhelum, and ascending to -
Fic. 146.—Tetrameles nudiflora, R. Br. 3. 2,000 ft. in the N.-West Himalaya.

Branches flat, succulent, jointed,
the joints more or less obovate, bearing dense woolly hairs with tufts of numerous
bristles and long sharp spines. Fl. bisexual, regular, yellow, tinged with red, open
during the day only, arising from the tufts on the upper edge of the joints. Calyx-
tube adnate to the ovary, not prolonged beyond it, lobes numerous, on the upper edge
and on the surface of the calyx-tube (more correctly called a hollow receptacle, see p.

Tetrameles| LVI. DATISCACEHX 347

306, under Combretacee). Petals numerous, spreading, stamens », about half the
length of petals. Fruit fleshy, pear-shaped, umbilicate at the top, with spine-bearing
tubercles near the apex. The joints strike root, but it is chiefly spread by birds, which
eat the fruit and drop the seed.

Orpver LVIII. ARALIACEA. Gen. Pl. i. 931.

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, erect or climbing, sometimes epiphytic, 1].
alternate, simple or compound. FI. regular, usually pentamerous, umbellate,
rarely racemose or capitate. Calyx adnate to ovary, limb short, usually entire,
rarely toothed or lobed, petals mostly triangular, caducous. Stamens as many
as petals, rarely numerous, filaments inflexed in bud, anthers didymous, versa-
tile, disk epigynous. Ovary 2- or more celled, 1 ovule in each cell. Fr. a
drupe or berry, seeds pendulous, embryo minute in dense fleshy albumen.

All Araliacew have canals in the bark and pith, filled with resin or gum. In many
species vascular bundles are found in the pith. The wood is generally light and soft.
and many species have a large pith, among others, Fatsia papyrifera, Benth., the rice-
paper plant of Japan and Formosa.

A. Cells of ovary 5, rarely 4 or 6.

L. digitate, petals 5 or 6, valyate i F : . 1. Herrarteurem.

L. pinnate, petals imbricate é ° 3 . 2. PENTAPANAX.

L. pinnate, petals valvate, thick : : P : Poryseras (p. 349).
L. simple, umbels numerous, panicled : : . 3. Hepera.

L. simple, umbels solitary or few 5 : : . 4. Denpropanax.

B. Cells of ovary 2-5.
Albumen ruminated, petals valvyate, edge of leaves
bristly-ciliate. ¢ - 5. GAMBLEA.
Albumen uniform, petals slightly imbricate . 6. ARALIA.

C. Cells of ovary 2, petals valvate.
Fecal continuous, styles distinct.
L. digitate . : 5 : : ; : : ; ACANTHOPANAX (p. 391).

L. tripinnate : : . 7. Hereropanax.
Pedicels continuous, sty les united a : . & Brassatopsis.

Pedicels articulate, styles united, 1. digitate ). Macroranax.

D. Ovary one-celled, 1. simple, pinnate and bi- or tri-

pinnate . : : ; : : z 7 é é ARTHROPHYLLUM

BE. Cells of ovary 6-12. (p. 858),
L. digitate, fl. in heads. é . ¢ : : : Brassata (p. 353).
L. palmate, fl. umbellate ; 5 - P 4 . 10. Trevesia.

F, Cells of ovary very numerous, stamens 2 é e : Turipantruus (p. 354).

Helwingia belongs more properly to Cornacee, in which order it has been entered.

1. HEPTAPLEURUM, Gaertn; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii
(Included in Schefflera by Harms in Engler u. Prantl ii. 8. 35.)

Unarmed trees or large shrubs, often epiphytic. Leaves digitate, leaflets of
old trees entire or remotely toothed, of coppice shoots and young trees often
lobed. Umbels generally in panicled racemes, bracts woolly, pedicels not
articulate. Fl. often polygamous, male and bisexual, petals yalvate, generally
5 or 6, often cohering in a cap which is raised by the stamens. Ovary with
as many cells as there are petals. Fr. often fleshy, generally ridged when
dry, enclosing 3-6 pergamentaceous or membranous pyrenes in which ‘the seeds
lie loose. Albumen often more or less ruminate. Species 55, tropics of the old
world.

A. Fr. crowned by the long connate styles, seeds convex, albumen often
ruminate.

348 LVI. ARALIACEA [Heptapleurum

1. H. impressum, C. B. Clarke. Vern. Balw chinia, Nep. é

A large tree, leaflets 8, lanceolate, entire, those on young trees often distantly
serrate, upperside shining, the nerves impressed, underside softly stellate-
tomentose, blade 6-10, pet. 1 in., common petiole 5-15 in. long. Umbels many-
fid., in large pyramidal panicles. Fr. obtusely. and indistinctly 5-ridged when
dry.

Garhwal, 10,000 ft. Nepal. Sikkim, 6—-10,000 ft. Bhutan. Fl. May-Aug. 2.
H. Lawranceanum, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 67. 293. Kachin hills, Upper
ae Leaflets thickly coriaceous, broadly elliptic, glabrous on both sides. Fr. 7-
ridged,

3. H. hypoleucum, Kurz F. Fl. 1. 539.

A small tree, branchlets, inflorescence and underside of 1. clothed with floccose
deciduous wool. Leaflets 6 or 7, on old trees entire or sharply serrulate, on:
young trees deeply lobed, nerves not impressed above, sec. n. prominent beneath,
blade 6-12, pet. 1-5 in. long. Umbels solitary or a few on long peduncles,
these arranged in racemes or corymbs on a stout rachis 10-15 in. long, thick
triangular bracts at the base of peduncles, petals clothed with dense stellate
wool. Fr. globose, } in. diam., 5-celled, 5-seeded, obtusely 5 ribbed, crowned
by the lobed disk and the short column of connate styles. Albumen ruminate.

Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur. Fl. Nov._January. 4. H. elatum, C. B. Clarke.—Syn.
H. glaucum, Kurz. Nepal. Sikkim 5-7,000 ft. Bhutan. Hills of Martaban and
Tenasserim, Muleyit, Nattoung (Parish). An evergreen tree or large shrub. Leaflets
glabrous, elliptic-lanceolate, almost entire, pale beneath, blade 4-7, pet. 1-2in. Fl.
polygamous, umbels bracteate, in racemes, these panicled, bracts and bracteoles,
peduncles, pedicels and petals on the outside clothed with deciduous rust-coloured
wool, often of stellate hairs. Petals 4-5, thick at apex and keeled inside. Fr. obtusely
S-ridged. 5. H. glaucum, C. B. Clarke, Assam, Khasi hills. A small tree similar to 4,
differs by oblanceolate leaflets, broader in the upper portion. H. birmanicum, Watt MSS.,
Manipur 8,000 ft., probably belongs to this.

6. H. racemosum, Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 214—Syn. Hedera racemosa, Wight Ic. t. 1015.
Common on the Nilgiri and Anamalaihills. Ceylon 3-6,000ft. A large tree, branchlets
stout, marked with the scars of fallen]. Leaflets acuminate, glabrous, entire, margin
undulate, blade 38-5, pet. 1-2in. long. Fl. asa rule not umbellate, except those at the
ends of the panicle ramifications, but in elongate racemes, united in large lateral
panicles. 7. H. rostratum, Bedd.—Syn. Hedera rostrata, Wight Ic.t.1013. Nilgiri and
Anamailai hills, 5-6,000 ft., Travancore 4,000 ft. Similar to 6 except the umbellate
inflorescence, the branches of the panicle bear one or a few umbels near the end.

B. Fr. crowned by the conical disk, bearing 5—9 round stigmas. Seeds flat,
albumen not ruminate.

8. H. venulosum, Seem.—Syn. Paratropia venulosa, W. & A. Vern.
Kath Semal, Hind.; Myauk letwa, Taukteé letwa, Balu letwa, Burm.

A soft-wooded scandent shrub, attaching itself to supports by rootlets from
branches. Leaflets 5-7, glabrous, entire, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, blade
4-8, pet. 1-2 in. long, stipules connate between branch and petiole. Common
petiole 6-9 in. long. Fl. yellowish-green or cream-coloured, polygamous,
generally glabrous, 5-6-merous, umbels in racemes, these on a short rachis,
forming an ample panicle, umbels in early bud enveloped by large woolly
caducous bracts. 4: petals sometimes cohering in a cap, which is uplifted by
the stamens. @: styles short, connate at the base into a fleshy conical mass.
Fruit 5-ridged.

Subhimalayan tract and outer ranges, from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 5,000
ft. Assam. Khasihills. Chittagong. Andamans. Burma, Upper and Lower. Central
Proy., Behar and throughout the Peninsula. Fl. Jan—June.—Yunnan. Malay Penins.
and Archip. Australia. H. eugenifolium, Watt MSS., Manipur, 5,000 ft., probably be-
longs to this. 9.H. stellatum, Gaertn.—Syn. Hedera obovata, Wight Ic. t. 1011. Southern
portion of the Western Peninsula, in the Deccan as well as on the West side. Ceylon
common in the moist low country. A-largescandent epiphytic shrub, branchlets stout,
marked with leaf-scars. Leaflets 4-7, elliptic, obtuse or acute, not acuminate, at
times orbicular, blade 2-3, pet. 4-3 in., common petiole 3-7 in. sheathing at base. Petals
glabrous. 10, H. Wallichianum, C. B. Clarke. Coorg. Nilgiris. Leaflets thickly coria-

Heptapleurum| LVI. ARALIACEX 349

ceous, glabrous, umbels numerous on elongate racemes, arranged in a panicle on a
short stout rachis. Fl. } in. across, pedicels, calyx and petals glabrous. Fr. 6-ribbed.
11. H. khasianum, C. B. Clarke. Assam. Khasi hills. A small tree, branched from
near the base. Leaflets thickly coriaceous, glabrous. Racemes of umbels elongate,
often compound below, forming ample panicles on a rachis 6-Sin. long. _ Pedicels, calyx
and petals generally with white stellate tomentum. Fr. 8-ridged. 12. H ellipticum,
Seem. gndamans and Nicobars. Scandent. Panicles shorter than l., often composed
of compound umbels. Peduncles slender, pedicels filiform. Fr. 5-ridged.

2. PENTAPANAX, Seem.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 723.

Trees or shrubs, often scandent. LL. pinnate, leaflets 3-9. Fl. bisexual or
polygamous, pentamerous, in umbels or compound racemes, pedicels articulate
close under the f. Petals imbricate in bud, ovary 4- or 5-celled. Fr. angled,
albumen uniform. Species 5-6.

A. Fl. in panicled or compound umbels.

1. P. Leschenaultii, Seem. : Bedd. Manual t. 15, fig. 3.—Syn. Hedera
trifoliata, W. & A.; Wight Ic. t. 307.

An unarmed, frequently epiphytic and climbing shrub or small tree, often
trailing on rocks. Leaflets 3 or 5, ovate, bristly-serrate, blade 4-7, pet. (of
lateral leaflets) 41-$ in. long. Umbels many-fld., arranged in panicles or in
compound umbels (var. wmbellatum), styles united nearly to the apex. Fr.
more or less distinctly ribbed.

Kumaon 8,500-10,000 ft. Nepal. Sikkim 5-10,000 ft. Tibet. Bhutan. Mishmee.
Khasi hills. Upper Burma. Nilgiris and other mountains on the West side of the
Peninsula. Fl. May—June, sometimes August. Yunnan. 2. P. parasiticum, Seem. :
Kanjilal F. Fl. 187. Mussoorie hills, scarce. Kumaon, Nepal. Khasi hills. Yunnan.
A climbing soft-wooded shrub, attaching itself to supports by rootlets on branches,
leaflets 5, entire, glaucous beneath: lanceolate, 2-24 in. long. Panicles consisting of
2-8 umbels, styles “united nearly to the apex. 3. P. stellatum, King in Journ. As. Soe.
Beng. vol. 67. 298. Shan hillsnear Fort Stedman. Scandent, leaflets 5, entire, glabrous
above, densely clothed with stellate tomentum beneath. Umbels numerous in long
erect terminal panicles. Styles united half way up.

B. Fl. in panicled racemes.

4. P. racemosum, Seem. Sikkim 6-8,000 ft. Khasi hills. A large climber, leaflets
5-7, ovate or elliptic, acuminate, remotely denticulate, blade 44 9, pet. }-4 in. long.
Panicles unisexual, 8-10 clustered at the “ends of brane hes, rac inne 10-14 in., racemes
2-3 in. long, at right angles to rachis. Styles in @ fl. 3-5, free, recurved. 5. P. sub-
cordatum, Seem. Khasi hills. A small tree, leaflets 3-5, acuminate, sinuate-crenate,
blade 3-5, pet. of the lateral }-1 in. long. Racemes 6-12 in., ascending, longer than
rachis. Styles connate to near the apex, short, cylindric.

Polyscias acuminata, Seem.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t 213.—Syn. Hedera acuminata, Wight
Te. t. 1062. Nilgiri and Anamalai hills, Tinnevelli ghats. Ceylon rare. A middle-
sized or small unarmed tree, quite glabrous, l. pinnate, rachis 8-9 in. long, stout, with a
broad almost sheathing base, leaflets acuminate, 3-6 in. long. Umbels 1L0-15-fld. in
elongate racemes, sometimes in corymbs, these arranged in panicles or compound
umbels. Pedicels articulate under the fl. Calyx distinctly 5-dentate, petals thick
valyate, ovary 4- or 5-celled, styles 4 or 5, distinet,

3. HEDERA, Linn.: Fl. Brit. Ind. ii, 739.
(Species 2, one in Australia.)

H. Helix, Linn. Ivy. Vern. Arbambal, Haz.; Kaner?, Sutlej]; Mithiaré
Jauns.

A large woody climber, adhering to trees, rocks or walls by numerous fine
rootlets. L. coriaceous, glabrous, shining, simple, exceedingly variable in
shape and size, those of flowering branches ‘ovate or lanceolate with a taper-
ing base, the others more or less triangular in outline, lobed, with a rounded
or cordate base, blade 2-5, petiole $3 in. long. Fl. yellowish-green, polygamous,

350 LVIII. ARALIACEA [Hedera *

pentamerous, in globose umbels. Petals valvate, ovary 5-celled, styles connate.
Berry bright yellow, seeds 3-4, albumen ruminate.

Afghanistan. Punjab Salt range. Himalaya, Hazara to Bhutan 2-9,000 ft. Khasi
hills. Manipur. Fl. Oct.April. Europe, North Africa, Western Asia. China. Japan.
The berries of the European Ivy are usually black.

4. DENDROPANAX, Dene. & Planch.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 733.
Gilibertia, Ruiz et Pavon; Harms in Engler u. Prantl iii. 8. 40.

Unarmed, glabrous trees or shrubs. L. simple entire, on coppice shoots and
young plants palmately 3—-5-lobed. Fl. umbellate, pedicels not articulate.

Fic. 147.—Gamblea ciliata, C. B. Clarke. 4.

Petals 5, thick, valvate in bud. Ovary 5-celled, styles united at the base into a
column, their summits spreading. Fr. ribbed, seeds compressed, albumen uni-
form. Species 12, mostly American.

1. D. japonicum, Seem. Khasi hills. China, Japan. A tree with strong smell of Asafce-
tida. L. on young plants and coppice shoots deeply palmatifid with long petioles, on older
plants elliptic-lanceolate, penninerved, blade 3-6, petiole 1-3 in. long. Umbels many-
fld., solitary or few in a short terminal ‘panicle. Fr. ellipsoid nearly 4 in, long. 2.

Dendropanaa:| LVI. ARALIACEA BD1

D. Listeri, King in Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. ix. t. 55. Daphla hills, Assam. A small
tree, ]. with 3 basal nerves, the lateral half as long as the blade of leaf. Fr. globose,
} in. diam.

5. GAMBLEA, C. B, Clarke; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 739.

G. ciliata, C. B. Clarke, the only species.

A handsome unarmed tree, 1. digitate, leaflets 3-5, sometimes 1 only, edge
bristly-ciliate, on the upper side with short harsh hairs on nerves and veins,
blade 3-7, pet. 4, common petiole 3-8 in. long. Fl. polygamous, pentamerous,
umbels in short panicles. Petals valvate, ovary 3-5-celled, styles connate
nearly half their length. Seeds not compressed, albumen ruminated.

Sikkim, 9-12,000 ft., on the ridge dividing Nepal from Sikkim in the region of
Rhododendrum Falconeri. Jakpho, Naga hills, 9,900 ft. Fl. July.

6, ARALIA, Linn, ; FI. Brit. Ind, ii. 721.

Leaflets digitate, pinnate or bipinnate, a pair of leaflets often at the base of
pinne, leaflets membranous, serrulate. Fl. umbellate, petals 5, ovate, not un-
eniculate, slightly imbricate in bud. Ovary 2-5-celled. Drupe more or less
ribbed, with 2-5 crustaceous or hard pyrenes. Albumen not ruminated.
Species 25-30, India, Malay, Japan to North America.

1, A, cachemirica, Dene.; Collett Simla Fl. 217, fig. 66. Vern. Akhola,
Jauns.

A large herbaceous, roughly pubescent unarmed shrub, 1. large, bipinnate,
leaflets serrate, ovate-lanceolate, base generally unequal sided, blade 5-6, pet.
4-} in. long. FI. white, umbels many-fld. in large terminal panicles. Fr.
black with 5 pyrenes.

Kuram valley, in Birch forests 9-10,000 ft. Himalaya, Kashmir to Sikkim, 5-9,000
in the North West, 4-14,000 ft. in Sikkim, extending into the inner arid valleys.
Fl. June-Oct. 2. A. malabarica, Bedd. Manual, t. 15 fig. 2. Western Ghats from
Malabar southwards. A large prickly shrub or small tree, nearly glabrous, with
scattered weak prickles and bristles. L. bipinnate, leaflets caudate acuminate, sharply
serrate, panicles bracteate,

3. A. armata, Seem.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 536,

A small evergreen tree, youngest shoots puberulous. L. large triangular,
bipinnate, at the base four pinnz from one point, and a leaflet at the base of
each pinna, main and secondary rachis with sharp prickles. Leaflets numerous,
3-5 in. long, with short stiff hairs, chiefly along nerves, the lateral shortly
petiolulate. Umbels many-fld. in large panicles, pedicels slender, } in. long, as
well as the last ramifications roughly hispid. Fr. with 5 broad ridges.

Sikkim 2-5,000 ft. Khasi hills. Tenasserim. Fl. June-Sept. Malay Peninsula.
4. A. foliolosa, Seem. Sikkim 3-5,000 ft. A small graceful, evergreen tree, stem
covered with prickles. Leaves bi- or tripinnate, rachis with sharp prickles, up to } in.
long, frequently at the base of pinnee. Leaflets 2-3 in. long, slightly or deeply serrate,
bristles or slender prickles along neryes, panicles and umbels bracteate, petals slender
}-} in., slightly hispid.

5, A. Thomsoni, Seem.; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 67. 44.

A large prickly, softly tomentose shrub. Leaves large 2—-3-pinnate, leaflets
entire or minutely serrulate, the lateral nearly sessile. Umbels bracteate,
many-fld., panicles with lanceolate bracts at the ramifications.

Assam, Khasi hills, Fl. R.S. Malay Peninsula. 6, A. cissifolia, Griff. Upper Ganges
valley, Tihri Garhwal, 9-10,000, Kumaon 9,000, Sikkim 9-18,000 ft. A large bush or
small straggling tree. Leaves tufted at the ends of arrested branchlets, digitate,
petiole 8-6 in. long, leaflets 8-5. Peduncles axillary, solitary, each bearing a many-fid.
umbel. The western specimens are unarmed (A. scandens, Edgew.), those from Sikkim
and Bhutan are prickly.

Acanthopanax aculeatum, Seem, Assam, Khasi, Jaintia and Naga hills.—China,

352 : LVIIT. ARALIACHA - [Aralia

Japan. A prickly shrub or small tree, 1. digitate, leaflets 8-5, sinuate-dentate, blade
1-8, pet. 4-3 in. long. Umbels many-fid or in short racemose panicles, pedicels numerous,
#-1 in. long, not articulate. Petals 4-5, valvate, ovary 2-celled, styles 2. Albumen
uniform.

7. HETEROPANAX, Seem. ; FI. Brit. Ind. 1. 734.

H. fragrans, Seem. (the only species), Vern. Tarla, Dinha, N.-W. Prov. ;
Tachanza, Burm.

A small glabrous soft-wooded deciduous tree, attaining 60 ft. in Burma. L.
tripinnate, 2—4 ft. long, leaflets ovate, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 3-7 in.
long. FI. yellow, fragrant, polygamous, tomentose, in elongate panicled racemes,
the ¢ fl. sessile or nearly so, in globose heads, the bisexual fl. in umbels usually
at the ends of racemes. Pedicels not articulate, petals 5, valvate, ovary 2-celled,
styles 2, distinct, filiform. Fr. laterally compressed, 4 in. diam., endocarp
crustaceous, albumen ruminate.

Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards. Assam, Khasi hills, Chittagong.
Andamans, Burma. Fl. Dec—Feb. China, Tonkin, Java. The 1. resemble those of
Oroxylum indicum,

8. BRASSAIOPSIS, Dene. & Planch. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 735.

Trees or large shrubs, usually prickly, 1. simple, palmate or digitate.
Inflorescence and calyx stellately hairy while young, pedicels not articulate.
bracteate at base. Bracts on ramifications of inflorescence persistent. FI.
pentamerous, often polygamous, pedicels not articulate, petals valvate. Ovary
2-celled, styles united. Fr. often 1-seeded, albumen in some species ruminated.
Species 11. India, Malay Archipelago.

A. Leaves undivided.

1. B. simplicifolia, C. B. Clarke. Mishmi hills. Branchlets prickly, leaves ovate-
lanceolate, serrate, glabrous, penninerved, the lowest pair basal, blade 8, pet. 14 in. long.
2. B. Hainla,Seem. Sikkim 1—5,000ft. Bhutan. Naga hills, Manipur. Yunnan. A small
_ evergreen much branched and sometimes scandent tree, branches prickly, young shoots
stellate-tomentose. L. divided less than half-way down into triangular cuspidate seg-
ments, blade 5-8, pet. 5-10 in. long, basal nerves 5-7. Fr. generally 2-seeded, 4 in. diam.
3. B. alpina, C. B. Clarke. Sikkim, 10-11,000 ft. Branchlets, leaves and inflorescence
densely villous with tawny tomentum. L. cordate, serrate, often slightly tricuspidate,
blade 3-5, pet. 5-9 in. long, basal nerves 3-5. OC. B. Clarke thinks that this may possibly
be a high level form of 2.

B. Leaves palmatifid, divided half-way down or more.

4. B. palmata, Kurz F. Fl. i.537. Sikkim 2-4,000 ft. Chittagong. Andamans, Malay
Penins. A small sparingly branched tree, young shoots with rusty scurfy tomentum,
1. cordate, deeply 5-7-fid, blade 5-10, petiole 5-11 in. long. Closely allied to 2, and
possibly not specifically distinct. In Brassaiopsis as well as in other Araliacee the
leaves vary considerably, and the 3 sections here accepted may on further study prove
to be untenable. 5. B. mitis, C. B. Clarke, Mogchini, Nep. Sikkim 6-8,000 ft., common about
Darjeeling. A small upright deciduous tree, branches once or twice forked, leaves only
near the tops of branches. L. deeply 9-18-fid, blade 6-18, pet. 6-24 in. long, basal n. 9-13.
L. slightly hairy beneath, petiole with soft bristles near the end. Umbels many-fid. in
long panicles below the tuft of leaves. 6. B. hispida, Seem. Sikkim 5-7,000 ft. Mishmi
hills. Yunnan. A small prickly tree, 1. deeply 7-9-fid, segments oblong, spinulose-
serrate, blade 6-18 in. long, pet. sheathing at base, as long as blade. Calyx-tube and
pedicels densely stellate-tomentose. 7. B. Griffithii, C. B. Clarke. Assam. Imperfectly
known, apparently unarmed, |. very large, almost glabrous, thickly membranous. Calyx
distinctly toothed, petals reflexed after flowering, disk conical.

C. Leaves digitate.

8. B. speciosa, Dene. & Planch. Ver. Baw, Burm.
A small simple-stemmed tree, prickles on the stem and often also on the

Brassaiopsis| LVIII. ARALIACEA 353

panicle. Leaflets almost entire, elliptic-oblong, when young often with scattered
stellate hairs, sec. n. arching, prominent beneath, blade 4-8, pet. 1-3, common
petiole 12-24 in. long. Umbels many-fld., peduncles 1-4 in. long, in drooping
panicled racemes. Fr. more or less globose, hardly ribbed, } in. diam. crowned
by the flat circular disk and the connate styles. Seeds usually 1, sometimes 2,
surface irrecularly grooved. Albumen not or very slightly ruminate.

Sikkim, to 5,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills. Cachar. Chittagong. Hills east of Bhamo,
Upper Burma, at 5,500 ft. FI. R.S. Yunnan. 9. B. Hookeri, C. B. Clarke. Sikkim
2-7,000 ft. Khasi hills. A prickly tree, young shoots, inflorescence, petioles and leaves
beneath with stellate woolly tomentum, leaflets coarsely serrate, blade 4-18, pet. $-3 in.
long. 10. B. aculeata, Seem. Kumaon 2,000 ft. Nepal. Khasi hills. A small tree,
armed with stout conical prickles, young shoots densely rusty tomentose, leaflets serrate,
thinly membranous, blade 6-9, pet. }-} in. long, sometimes one leaflet only, full grown
leaflets with minute scattered stellate hairs on both surfaces.

9. MACROPANAX, Miq.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 738.

Small unarmed trees. L. digitate, leaflets 3-5, glabrous. Panicles large,
bracts small deciduous, fl. umbelled, polygamous, pentamerous, pedicels articu-
late under the fl. Petals valvate, ovary 2-celled, styles united. Fr. ribbed,
seed dorsally compressed. Species 2.

1. M. oreophilum, Miq.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 541.

A middle-sized evergreen tree. Leaflets glabrous, lanceolate, denticulate,
serrate or crenulate, blade 4-6, pet. 1-3, common petiole 4-10 in. long. Umbels
in long compound panicles, the ramifications of which, as well as pedicels, are
clothed with rusty stellate pubescence. Fr. elongate-ovoid, 4-} in., disk
conical, style tin. long.

Kumaon, outer hills, ascending to 5,000 ft., Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan. Assam. Khasi
hills. Chittagong. Hills east of Toungoo. Yunzalin. Upper Burma (Kurz), Fl.
July-Sept. Yunnan. 2. M. undulatum, Seem. Sikkim, outer hills to 5,000 ft. (Chinia,
Nep.) Assam. Khasi hills. Silhet. Yunnan. <A small tree, leaflets entire, panicle
glabrous.

Arthrophyllum diversifolium, Blume.—Syn. A. javanicum, Blume; Kurz F. Fl. i. 540.
Andamans, Malay Peninsula. A shrub or small tree. Leaves glabrous or nearly so,
the lower bi- or tripinnate, the intermediate pinnate, the uppermost opposite, simple or
trifoliolate. Inflorescence a compound umbel, peduncles and pedicels clothed with rusty-
brown deciduous stellate tomentum, pedicels not articulate. Calyx-teeth 5, small, petals
valvate, ovary 1-celled, 1-oyuled, style simple. Seed nearly globose, not ridged, albumen
ruminate.

Brassaia capitata, C. B. Clarke. Nilgiris. L. digitate, leaflets entire, rigidly coriaceous
elliptic, blade 4-7, pet. 2 in. long. Fl. in compact globose pedunculate heads, each fl.
surrounded by 4 bracteoles, as long as ovary and united below into a tube. Peduncles
1-14 in. long, in the axils of ovate persistent membranous bracts, in racemes 12-16 in.
long, on a stout rachis. Petals 6-10, thick, valvate, stamens and oyary cells as many as
petals. Fr. obeonic, ribbed below.

10. TREVESIA, Visiani; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 731.
(Species 4, Malay Archip.)

T. palmata, Vis.; Kurz F. Fl. i. 539. Vern. Baw, Burm.

A small evergreen generally unbranched tree, armed with short very sharp
prickles, young shoots rusty pubescent and very prickly. Leaves orbicular in
general outline, 12-24 in. diam., deeply palmatifid, lobes acuminate, serrate,
sometimes lobed, often cut away in one or several places, so as to leave the
midrib of the lobe free, petiole often prickly. Fl. large, umbels panicled,
pedicels not articulate. Young panicles clothed with rusty tomentum, bracts
1 in. long. Calyx-limb free, undulate or repand-toothed, petals 8-12, valvate,

AA

354 LVIII. ARALIACEA [| Trevesia

often cohering and coming off asacap. Stamens and ovary-cells as many as
petals. Fr. fleshy, ovoid, } in. diam., crowned by the stout style.

Nepal. Sikkim Terai, banks of streams, ascending to 3,000 ft. Khasi hills. Chitta-
gong. Burma, Upper and Lower. Fl. Feb—April, Yunnan. Malay Peninsula.

Tupidanthus calyptratus, Hook. fil. & Thoms. Khasi hills. Burma, eastern slopes of
the Arakan Yoma, Terai of Shan hills. A large glabrous shrub, often developing into
a huge climber, wood hard. LL. digitate, leaflets 7-9, coriaceous, entire, blade 4-7, pet.
1-2 in., common petiole 8-12 in. long, stipules connate within the petiole. Umbels 3-7-
fid., in 3 short panicle with stout branches, pedicels thick, not articulate. Fl. large,
resembling mallets, calyx-tube thickly coriaceous, petals connate, falling off in a cap,
stamens 50-70, crowded, ovary-cells numerous, narrow, up to 90, arranged on both sides
of a line which usually bifurecates at the ends. Stigmas linear, sessile, as many as
ovary cells. Fr. succulent, depressed, 1-1} in. diam.

Orper LIX. CORNACEA. Gen. PI. 1. 947.

Shrubs or trees, 1. petiolate, entire, stipules 0. Fl. regular, calyx-tube
adnate to ovary, limb persistent, the segments small, open or valvate in
bud. Petals 4 or 5 inserted round an epigynous disk, stamens usually as
many as petals, ovary inferior 1—4-celled, one, rarely two pendulous ovules in
each cell. Fruit generally drupaceous with a 1—4-celled putamen or with 2
distinct stones. Embryo in a copious fleshy albumen, cotyledons generally
thin, foliaceous.

A. Flowers bisexual, petals long, linear.

Stamens more numerous than petals . 0 6 . 1, Avanerum.
Stamens as many as petals . a : é 0 . 2, Marea.
B. Flowers bisexual, petals short.
Ovary 2-celled _ ¢ ¢ 3 ‘ ‘ 6 . 3. Cornus.
Ovary 1-celled ; a é ° : 5 0 . 4 Masrrxta.
C. Flowers unisexual, ]. opposite . 0 0 : : 0 Aucusa (p. 356).
D. Flowers unisexual, |. alternate.
Fl. in dense heads, ovary 1-celled. : 5 . 5. Nyssa.
Fl. in large pendulous panicles, ov. 3-5- -celled F TorricELLia (p. 357).
Fl. on the mid-rib of leaf, oy. 2-8-celled —. i 0 Hetwineta (p. 357).

1. ALANGIUM, Lam.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 741.

Shrubs or small trees, 1. alternate, entire, penninerved, the lowest pair of
nerves from the base. Fl. white, bisexual, in axillary fascicles or cymes.
Calyx-tube turbinate, free portion short, truncate or 5-10-dentate. Petals
5-10, strap-shaped, valvate, afterwards reflexed. Stamens over 20, filaments
short, hairy, anthers linear, cells adnate to the connective and dehiscing laterally.
Ovary 1-celled, style filiform. Fr. crowned with the persistent calyx-limb.
Species 16, Tropical and Subtropical Asia and Africa. Australia. Polynesia.

1. A. Lamarckii, Thwaites ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 215.—Syn. A. hexapetalwm,
Roxb.; Wight Ill. t. 96.; A. decapetalwm, Lamk.; Wight Ic. t. 194. Vern.
Akola, Akhaul, Kweli, Hind. ; Ankol, Mar. ; Ankola, Kan.; Uru, Udaga, Tel. ;
Alangi, Tam.

A shrub or small tree, bark grey, wood fine- grained, tough and strong
branchlets generally spinescent. L. membranous, varying ‘exceedingly in
shape, from oblong to elliptic and obovate, from obtuse to acuminate, blade 3-6,
pet. 4-4 in. long , pubescent while young, glabrous or pubescent on the under-
side when full ¢ crown. Fl. fragrant, solitary or fasciculate, ipsshigals and calyx
hairy, petals 1 in. long, 5-10, “usually 6, hairy outside. Fr. 3 in. long, black
when ripe, seed enclosed in red pulp. ‘Cotyledons large flat, with 3 basal

Alangium | LIX. CORNACEA 355

nerves, in copious albumen, which is not ruminated. (If collected unripe, the
seeds, when dry, have a central cavity and the cotyledons in drying become
crumpled.)

Subhimalayan tract, from the Saharunpore Sewaliks to Oudh. Gangetic Plain,
Rajputana, Central Provinces and the Western Peninsula. Never quite leafless,
foliage renewed April, May. Fl. Feb—April. A variety with broadly elliptic, acumi-
nate |. tertiary nerves prominent, in the Peninsula. Coppices- well. Fr. eaten, oil
extracted from the seeds. Ceylon, Malay Archip. South China. 2. A Kingianum,
Prain in Journ. As. Soc, Beng. vol. 67. 294. Kachin hills, Upper Burma. <A scandent
poe shrub. Fl. }-4 in. long, in Jax pedunculate axillary eymes, much shorter
than 1.

2. MARLEA, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 742.
(Ineluded under Alangium by Harms in Engler u. Prantl iii. 8. 261.)

Trees or shrubs, 1. alternate. Fl. bisexual in axillary cymes. Petals 6-10,
linear,-valyate in bud. Stamens as many as petals, filaments short, adhering
to base of petals, anthers linear. Ovary 1- or 2-celled, one oyule in each cell.
Style filiform, stigma 4-lobed. Drupe with thin pericarp, putamen grooved.
Species 10, India to Australia and Polynesia.

1. M. begonizfolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 283. Vern. Kakshu, Khagshi, Ban
kimu, Garh kimu, Hind.; Timil, Nep.; Tawposa, Upper Burma.

A small tree, bark smooth, grey, branches horizontal, young shoots pubescent.
Leaves pubescent or glabrous, varying from broad ovate, acuminate, to cordate,
often with an oblique base and angularly lobed, blade 4-10, pet. $1} in. long,
basal nerves 3-5. Fl. white, in axillary dichotomous cymes, petals 6-8, 3 in.
long, slightly hairy on back, ovary 2-celled. Fr. ovoid, }in. long, pulp scanty,
putamen bony, 2-celled.

Subhimalayan tract and outer ranges, ascending to 6,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills.
Chittagong. Burma. Fl. March-June.—China. Japan. M. tomentosa, Endl.; Kurz
P. FI). i. 545, petals nearly an inch long, probably belongs to this species. 2. M. alpina,
Gamble MSS. Sikkim 6-9,000 ft., 1. usually not angled or lobed, fr. { in. long, putamen
crustaceous, one-seeded, one cell abortive. 3. M. barbata, R. Br. Assam, Bhutan,
Cachar, Tenasserim. Shaggy with much soft spreading hair, l. ovate-oblong, acumi-
nate, cymes many-fld., ovary 1-celled.

3. CORNUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 744.

Shrubs and trees, 1. opposite, rarely alternate. Fl. bisexual, tetramerous,
white or yellow, in heads or dichotomous cymes Calyx-teeth minute, petals
valyate in bud, stamens alternating with petals, anthers oblong. Ovary 2-
celled, one ovule in each cell. Fruit drupaceous, putamen hard, crustaceous
or esseous, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Cotyledons foliaceous in a fleshy albumen.

A. Fl. in compound cymes.

1. C. macrophylla, Wall.; Brandis F. Fl. t. 82. Vern. Kandar, Haz.
Shka, Kanchhinu, Bash. ; Nagshi, Jauns.

A middle-sized tree, 1. broad-ovate acuminate, pale glaucous beneath, blade
4-6, pet. 4-1 in. long, sec. n. 5-8 pair. FI. white, in ample terminal dichotomous
eymes, on short peduncles, buds 1—} in. long, calyx urceolate. Pedicels, calyx
and outside of petals clothed with white appressed hairs. Drupe globose, 4 in.
diara.

Himalaya, Hazara.—Nepal, 4-8,000 ft., frequent in shady valleys, Fl. April-June.
The wood of this and other species of Cornus is close- and even-grained, similar to that
of C. florida, L., largely used in turnery in North America. A species with alternate
1. and campanulate calyx, Sikkim 8-6,000 ft. Bhutan, Manipur (C. macrophylla,
Gamble List 45) is nearly allied to C. alternifolia, Linn. f., of Western North America,
2. C. oblonga, Wall.; Korhoi, Jauns.; Baunri, Kum. Himalaya, outer hills, 3-7,000 ft.
Kashmir-Bhutan. Khasi hills, Yunnan. A small tree, 1. narrowly oblong, petiole

356 LIX. CORNACEA [Cornus

4-3 in. long, sec. n. 3-5
pair, impressed above.
Calyx and petals very
slightly hairy. Drupe
ovoid, 4 in. long. 3. C.
sanguinea, Linn. On a
high mountain range
south of the Kashmir
valley at 7,000 ft., found
once only by Dr. J. L.
Stewart. Europe and Si-
beria. L. elliptic. Sec.
n. 38-4 pair, the lowest
pair basal, peduncles
longer than cymes.

\ B. Fl. in globose
Tie bracteate heads.
Go: 4. C. capitata,

Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t.
214; Collett Simla Fl.
219, fig. 67. Vern.
Thama, Tharmal, Pb.,
Bamora, Bamaur,
Fie. 148.—Cornus oblonga, Wall. 3. N.-W. P.; TLumbuk ;

Lepcha.

A small deciduous tree, branchlets and 1. rough with short stiff appressed
hairs. L. coriaceous, pale beneath, approximate at the ends of branchlets,
blade 24, narrowed into petiole } in. long. FI. closely packed in terminal
heads with a conspicuous involucre of 4 large yellow petaloid bracts. Drupes
uniting into a fleshy strawberry-like head, 1 in. diam., each drupe with a hard
1-seeded stone.

Outer Himalaya from Kulu to Bhutan. Khasi and Naga hills. Fl. April-Oct.

4. MASTIXIA, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 745.

_Trees, resin-canals in the pith. LL. alternate or opposite, entire. Fl. small,
bisexual, 4-5-merous, 2-bracteolate, in terminal many-fld. panicles. Calyx-
tube as well as the valvate petals pubescent; disk large, fleshy. Ovary
inferior, 1-celled, ovule 1, pendulous. Drupe with a hard fleshy pericarp and a
bony endocarp, which is deeply intruded down one side, dividing the seed into
2 lobes, embryo in copious fleshy albumen, radicle long. Species 18, India and
Malaya.

i. M. arborea, C. B. Clarke; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 216.—Syn. Byrsinopetalum arboreum,
Wight Ic. t. 956. Cachar. Evergreen forests of the Western ehats and adjoining hill
ranges 2-7,000 ft., from the Konkan southwards. Ceylon. A very large evergreen tree,
1. coriaceous, blade 2-9, petiole 1-2in. long. FI. green, disk yellow, the lowest branches
of panicle often in the axils of small 1. or large bracts, fr. ellipsoid 14 in. long, purplish-
green. Possibly identical with M. pentandra, Blume, of Java. If proved, this name
will take precedence. No specific difference between M. arborea and pentandra of FI.
Brit. India. 2. M. euonymoides, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. 67. 295. Kachin
hills. L. opposite, blade 4, pet. $ in. long, fr. almost cylindrical, 3 in. long. Perhaps
the same as a very large tree 200 ft. high, bole 100 ft. to first branch found by Watt at
Kupra, Manipur, 6,000 ft. ;

Aucuba himalaica, Hook f. Sikkim 5-9,000 ft. Bhutan. Manipur 8,000 ft. A large
shrub or small tree, evergreen, young shoots clothed with long silky hairs. L. opposite,
lanceolate, denticulate or serrate, blade 3-8, pet. 1 in. long. FI. dicecious, tetramerous,
lurid-purple, in small axillary and terminal, often fasciculate hairy panicles. Calyx-
tube hairy, petals lanceolate, valvate, ¢: stamens 4, around a quadrangular fleshy disk.
2: ovary 1-celled. Berry scarlet or orange, $ in. long. This may possibly be only a
form of the Japanese A. japonica, Thunb., cultivated in all temperate countries, often
with variegated leaves.

Nyssa} LIX. CORNACE 357

5. NYSSA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 747.
Species 5, one in China, 3 in eastern North America.

N. sessiliflora, Hook. fil.—Syn. Daphniphyllopsis capitata, Kurz F, FI.
i. 240. Vern. Pani kadam, Ass.

A large evergreen tree, 1. membranous,
glaucous beneath, numberless raised dots on
both surfaces, blade 5-8, pet. 1-1} in. long.
Fl. sessile, usually pentamerous, sometimes
6-7-merous, green, many ¢ and one or a
few @? fl., with numerous bracts, in a dense
globose pedunculate head, these in short
axillary pubescent panicles, often solitary
near the ends of branches. 4 : calyx short
cup-shaped, petals imbricate, hairy, stamens
usually 10, inserted round a large circular
disk. Fr. ovoid, endocarp long, exceedingly
hard.

Sikkim 5-7,000 ft. Assam (Maktiim Forest
D. B. April 1879). Khasi hills. Cachar, hills
east of Toungoo, 46,000 ft. Fl. April, May.
Perak, Sumatra, Java.

Torricellia tiliefolia, DC. Nepal. Sikkim
6-10,000 ft. A small deciduous tree, branchlets
thick, with Jarge pith. L. alternate, when full
grown glabrous or slightly pubescent beneath,
cordate, sharply serrate, blade 5-7, petiole 3-4 in.
long, sheathing. FI. small, white, dicecious,
usually pentamerous, numerous in pendulous
panicles. g:calyx-tube short, petals acuminate,
induplicate-valvate, stamens usuilly 5, inserted
around a flat disk. 9: petals 0, ovary inferior
3-5-celled, stigmas 3-5, sessile, cylindric. Drupe
small purple, seed linear, curved, embryo minute
in a fleshy albumen. i

Fic. 149.—Nyssa sessiliflora,
Helwingia himalaica, Hook.f. & Thoms. Sikkim Hook. fil. 4.
7-9,000 ft. Khasi hills. Manipur China. A
small shrub, |. alternate, lanceolate, sharply serrate, blade 3-5, pet. 1 in. long. Fl.

unisexual, in small few-fld. umbels, sessile on the midrib of leaf or of large bracts.
Calyx truncate, petals and stamens 3-5, ovary 3—1-celled, styles short combined at base.
Fruit sessile, 1-3 on the leaf, ellipsoid, 4 in. long, 2-3-celled, with furrows between
the carpels. Embryo minute, in copious albumen.

Orper LX. CAPRIFOLIACEA. Gen. PI. ii. 1.

Shrubs or small trees, rarely herbs. lL. opposite, usually without stipules.
Calyx-tube adnate to ovary, limb 3-5-toothed. Corolla gamopetalous, often
zygomorphic, lobes 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens usually as many as corolla
lobes, inserted in the corolla tube, often unequal, anthers versatile. Ovary
1-8-celled. Fr. a berry or drupe, rarely capsular, 1- or many-seeded. Embryo
minute, in copious fleshy albumen.

In most genera the wood fibres have bordered pits. As far as known the wood of the
climbing species (Lonicera) has a normal structure with numerous and in some species
large vessels.

A. Corolla tubular or campanulate. Ovary cells 1- or many-ovuled, style filiform.

Stamens 5, calyx 5-dentate, ovary 2-8-celled . : . 1. Lonicera.
Stamens 5, calyx lobes 5, linear, ovary 5-S-celled . . 2. Leycesterta.
Stamens 4, calyx lobes 5, linear, ovary 3-celled : . 8. ABELIA.

358 LX. CAPRIFOLIACEA [Lonicera

B. Corolla rotate or broadly campanulate. One oyule in each cell, style short or
stigma sessile. ‘ Q :
Leaves simple . . ° : : ° : : . 4. Visurnum.
Leaves pinnate . 6 6 9 . 6 3 5 . 5, Sampucus.

1. LONICERA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 9. -

Erect, prostrate or climbing shrubs, 1. entire, bark as a rule peeling off in
long thin shreds or in papery flakes. Fl. pentamerous, sessile, in pairs, these
on axillary peduncles, or forming terminal corymbs or panicles. Hach
pair of fl. subtended by pairs of bracts and bracteoles, ovaries often con-
fluent. Corolla tubular, funnel- or bell-shaped, often gibbous at base, oblique,
or two-lipped. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled, style filiform, stigma capitate,
ovules many in the inner angle of each cell. Berry fleshy, few-seeded. Species
over 100, temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

A. Climbers, corolla bilabiate, and (excepting L. ovata) more than 1 in. long,
ovaries free.

(a) Corolla glabrous outside.

1. L. Hildebrandiana, Coll. et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 64,t.11. Shan hills,

Upper Burma 3-5,000 ft. Yunnan. Entirely glabrous, 1. elliptic or ovate, blade 4,
pet. $-} in., sec. n. arching, 3-5 pair. Fl. up to 7 in., lower lip 1-2 in. long, pale yellow
on opening, changing into reddish-orange. Fr.1in. long. 2. L. Braceana, Hemsl. |. c.
C4. Khasi hills. Similar to 1, 1. almost fleshy, elliptic-lanceolate, sec. n. obscure,
blade 4-6, petiole }-1 in. long, fl. up to 4 in., lobes of upper lip short, lower lip 1-1} in.
long.
3. L. glabrata, Wall. Himalaya from Nepal eastwards 4-8,000 ft., branchlets and
petioles thinly pubescent, 1. ovate from a rounded or cordate base, glabrous and shining
above, hairy along nerves beneath, blade 2-4, petiole + in. long, sec. n. prominent
beneath, 3-5 pair. Fl.often arranged in short panicles, corolla # in. long, nearly white,
glabrous without, with deflexed hairs within, lower lip 4-4 in. 4. L. obscura, Coll. &
Ifemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 63. Shan hills at 8-4,000 ft. Hills between Sitang
and Salween rivers at 3,000 feet. Foliage like 3. Corolla white, glabrous, very slender,
1-2 in., lower lip } in. long.

(6) Corolla hairy outside.

5. L. Leschenaultii, Wall. Baba Budan hills, Mysore. Coorg. Nilgiris. Palnis.

Branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and inflorescence softly grey-tomentose. LL. ovate,
base rounded or cordate, blade 2-8, pet. }-} in. long. Fl. generally in compact coryimbs
at the ends of branches; corolla white, slender, 1-14 in., lower lip # in. long.
. 6. L. macrantha, DC. Nepal. Sikkim 4-10,000 ft. Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur.
Shan hills Upper Burma, 4-5,000 ft. China. Branchlets, 1. and inflorescence densely
clothed with long soft hairs. L. froma broad often cordate base, gradually narrowed
to a sharp point, upperside more or less rugose, underside and edges with long soft hairs,
blade 2-5, pet.4-tin. long. Fl. often massed in short compact terminal panicles, calyx-
teeth with long hairs, corolla 1-2 in. lower lip 4 in. long. L. japonica, L., closely
allied to 6, has been reported from Myitkyina, Upper Burma. 7. L. acuminata, Wall.
Nepal. Sikkim 7-10,000 ft. Branchlets and petioles clothed with long soft hairs, 1. ovate-
lanceolate, more or less hairy on both sides, blade 2-4, pet. 4-4 in. long. Fl. sometimes
in compact terminal heads, as a rule in long pedunculate pairs, supported by long
linear bracts, corolla funnel-shaped, } in., lower lip } in. long. Fl. globose, 4 in. diam.
8. L. ovata, Ham. Assam, Upper Burma. China. A slender climber, branchlets
and 1. slightly hairy. L. ovate, thinly membranous, blade 2-8, pet. 3-# in. long. Fl.
yellowish-white, slightly scented, in pairs on slender pubescent peduncles. Corolla
4 in. long, the upper lip cut barely to the half into 4 lobes, the lower linear 4 in. long.

B. Erect, mostly large shrubs, corolla bilabiate half in. long or less, bracteoles
small or 0.

9. L. alpigena, Linn. Kuram valley 10-11,000 ft. N. W. Himalaya 812,000 ft.
Mountains of Europe. A large shrub, glandular-pubescent, bark peels off in papery

flakes, 1. ovate-lanceolate, blade 3-4, pet. {-} in. long. Peduncles single, 1-2 in. long,
bracts linear, bracteoles small. Calyx pubescent, corolla hairy, very gibbous at the

Lonicera\ — LX. CAPRIFOLIACE 359

base, berries separate in the Indian, connate in the European specimens, hence the
Indian form often regarded as distinct and called L. Webbiana, Wall. 10. L. hetero-
phylla, Dene. Inner arid N.W. Himalaya. Similar to 9, glabrous, ]. often irregularly
sinuate.

11. L. orientalis, Lam. Kuram valley, 12,000 ft. N.W. Himalaya above 6,000 ft.,
east as far as Garhwal. Mester Asia, China. A large shrub, nearly elabrous, bark
peeling off in thin shreds. L. elliptic, blade 1-3, pet. es in.long. Fl. pink, on peduncles
4-} in., corolla 4 in. long, nearly glabrous outside, deeply 2 -lipped, ovaries connate,
bracteoles minute, rounded, sometimes wanting, bracts subulate. Berries black when
ripe. 12. L. cerulea, Linn. Baltistan 11,000 “Tt. (Duthie July 1892). Europe and
Northern Asia. Similar to 11, but hairy, 1. oblong or elliptic-oblong, peduncles } in.,
corolla hairy outside, lobes nearly equal, bracteoles 0, berries confluent, blueish-black
when ripe. 13. L. microphylla, Willd. Kuram yalley. Inner arid N.W. Himalaya
9-14,000 ft. Western Tibet and Western Siberia. Nearly glabrous, 1. grey 4-} in.
long. Fl. whitish-yellow, corolla bilabiate, bracteoles 0, berries partially confiuent,
bright red.

C. Erect, mostly large shrubs, corolla bilabiate, } in. long or less, bracte sles
connate.

14. L. hypoleuca, Dene. Baluchistan, Juniper tracts. Arid tracts of the inner N.W.
Himalaya 8-10,000 ft. Branchlets hairy, ]. nearly sessile, broad-oyate, or nearly
orbieular, obtuse, white- or grey-tomentose beneath, {1} in. long. Fl. orange- -red,
4 in. long, in pairs, on peduncles 4-} in. long. G landular hairs on calyx and fruit.
15. L. decipiens, Hook. f. & Thoms. Sikkim 10-12,000 ft. A shrub 8-12 ft., branchlets
minutely hairy, 1. membranous, ovate-lanceolate, blade 2-4, pet. 4 in. Fl. red-purple,
} in., on axillary peduncles, }-4 in. long.

16. L. quinquelocularis, Hardw.; Collett, Simla Flora 225 fig. 69. Vern. Gurazah,
Bal.; Bakhru, Chenab; Shang, Kunawar; Taknoi, Jauns. Baluchistan. Kuram
valley. N.W. Himalaya’ 3-9,000 ft, Bhutan. China. A large deciduous shrub
or small tree, softly pubescent, bark grey, peeling off in long fibrous strips, l. ovate,
blade 1-3, pet. 4-4 in. long. Fl. w hite, ‘yellow afterwards, in axillary nearly sessile
clusters of 2-4, bracts linear, hairy, bracteoles ovate, obtuse, connate at base, corolla
4—{ in. long. . hairy outside. Berries free } in. diam.

D. Erect shrubs, corolla 5-lobed 1 in. long or less, bracts large, ovate,
bracteoles small or O.

17. L. hispida,, Pall. (Z. bracteata, Royle Il. t. 53.) Inner dry Himalayan districts
10-13,000 ft. from Baltistan to Sikkim and East Tibet. Siberia, China. L. thinly
membranous, hairy or glabrous, ovate-oblong, base rounded or cordate, blade 1-3 in.
long, pet. very short. Fl. in pairs, buds and fruit enveloped in large bracts, peduncles
4 in., corolla broadly funnel-shaped 4 in. long, fr. red } in. long, confluent or entirely
separate. 18. L. asperifolia, Hook. f. & Thoms. Inner arid N.W. Himalaya and
adjoining districts of Tibet, Baltistan to Kumaon 11-14,000 ft. A low much branched
shrub, branchlets more or less hispid. L. ovate, blade 4-14, petiole }-4 in. long. Fl.
4-1 in. long, in pairs on short peduncles. Fr. separate, crowned by the persistent

calyx- limb. 19. L. glauca, Hook. f. & Thoms. Kuram valley above 12,000 ft. Lahaul.
Inner arid Himalaya 12-16,000 ft. Lahaul-—Kumaon. A small shrub growing in
fissures of rocks. LL. elliptic-oblong, 4—} in. long, fl. lemon-yellow, 4 in. long.

Erect, mostly large shrubs, 1. {-2 in. long, corolla 5-lobed, bracts linear,
bracteoles usually connate.

20. L. ligustrina, Wall., Wight Ic. t. 1025; Bedd. Manual t. xv. f.5. Nepal, Khasi
hills, Nilgiris. A shrub or small bushy tree, stem twisted, branchlets and petioles
pubescent, 1. firm, shining, lanceolate, blade 1-24 in., pet. 4 in. long, midrib beneath
more or less hairy. Fl. nearly sessile, corolla hairy in- anit out-side, } in. long, gibbous
Mt base. Berries usually confluent, bracteoles enlarged in fruit, forming an involucre,
enclosing the 2 (or 8) ovaries.

21. L. angustifolia, Wall. Vern. Geang, Chilu, Pirlu, Jaunsay. N.W. Himalaya
6-10,000 ft. Sikkim 10-12,000 ft. A shrub, attaining 12 ft., bark exfoliates in long
papery flakes, |. lanceolate, pale and nearly glabrous | bene ath, blade 1-2, pet. slender
4 in, or less. Peduneles single, axillary, slender, 4-1 in. long, calyx- feat lanceolate.
Corolla scented, white or pale rose-coloured, ovaries connate enclosed in the campanu-
late tube, formed of the connate bracteoles. Berry ved, edible. 22. L. purpurascens,
Hook. f. & Thoms. Kuram valley. Himalaya 9-18,000 ft. Kashmir to Sikkim.

360 LX. CAPRIFOLIACEA [Lonicera

Branchlets hairy, 1. oblong or obovate-oblong, more or less hairy on both sides, blade
82, petiole slender 4-} in. Peduneles single, axillary, 4-1 in. Corolla hairy, purple,
funnel-shaped. Berries more or less confluent, black. 23. L. tomentella, Hook. f. &
Thoms. Sikkim 8-12,000 ft. Attains 10 ft., pubescent, 1. gradually narrowed from a
broad base #-14 in. long, pet. short. Peduncles under fin. FI. white, bracts foliaceous,
lanceolate. Berries black, more or less confluent.

F. Rigid, prostrate or straggling shrubs, |. as a rule less than } in. long.
Corolla 5-lobed.

24. L. parvifolia, Edgew. Kuramvalley, Himalaya8—14,000 ft., Kashmir to Sikkim,
A prostrate shrub, 1. elliptic-oblong, pale beneath, 4-3 in., petiole short. Fl. white,
peduncles shorter than fl., bracts lanceolate longer than calyx, coro)la-tube cylindric,
style included. Berries orange-red, not confluent. L. Myrtillus, Hook. f. & Thoms.
is supposed to differ by narrower bracts. 25. L. obovata, Royle. Kuram valley.
Himalaya 8-14,000 ft. Kashmir to Sikkim, extending into the inner arid districts.
A glabrous straggling or prostrate shrub, up to 6 ft. high, 1. 4-4 in. obovate. FI.
pale-yellow, peduncle shorter than fl., bracts linear, ciliate, longer than calyx, corolla-
tube wider upwards, style exserted. Berries confluent, dark blueish-purple. 26.
L. rupicola, Hook. f. & Thoms. Districts of Tibet adjoining Kumaon and Sikkim
12-14,000 ft., branchlets pubescent, rigid, nearly spinescent, 1. linear or oblong 4—# in.
tomentose beneath. FI]. nearly sessile, bracts linear-obovate + in. long, tomentose
beneath, berries not confluent, crowned by the long linear calyx-teeth. 27. L. spinosa,
Jacquemont. Inner arid N.W. Himalaya and adjoining tracts of Tibet 11-15,000 ft.
A small glabrous, rigid shrub, branchlets often leafless and spinescent. L. small
narrow-oblong, peduncles short, style exserted, berries not confluent.

2. LEYCESTERIA, Wall.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 16.
Includes Pentapyxis, Hook. f.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 17.

Shrubs, branches herbaceeous. IL. distichous, sometimes stipulate. FI.
pentamerous, more or less zygomorphic, in axillary spikes. Calyx-lobes per-
sistent, often unequal, corolla funnel-shaped, stamens 5, inserted on the throat
of the corolla. Ovary 5-8-celled, style slender, stigma capitate, ovules oo,
biseriate in each cell. Berry many-seeded, seeds minute, testa crustaceous,
shining. Species 3.

A. Leaves glabrous, as a rule no stipules, but petioles connate at the base.

1. L. formosa, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t.120; Wight, Ill t.121.D. Himalaya in shady
forests 5-10,000 ft. from the Sutle) eastwards. Stem and branches hollow, young
shoots pubescent. L. ovate-lanceolate, margin undulate, blade 3-5, pet. 4-} in. long.
Spikes axillary, consisting of bracteate whorls, corolla 4-1 in. long, red or white with
a purple tinge, bracts sessile, large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, greenish purple. Berry
dark-purple, glandular-hairy. 2. L. glaucophylla, C. B. Clarke. Sikkim 5-6,000 ft.,
not common. Bhutan. Yunnan. Branches slender, -hollow, 1. lanceolate, sinuate-
dentate. FJ. in pairs on lax axillary spikes, bracts shorter than ovary.

B. Leaves densely tomentose beneath with broad interpetiolar stipules.

3. L. stipulata, Fritsch (Pentapyxis stipulata, Hook. f.). Sikkim 6-10,000 ft., common
round Darjeeling. A large straggling shrub, densely grey tomentose, L. sinuate-
toothed 4-8 in. long, pet. short, stipules reund, 4-2 in. diam. FI: in short axillary
bracteate spikes, corolla white, hairy outside, 3 in. long. Berry hairy ? in. long.

3. ABELIA, Rob. Brown; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 9. °
Included under Linnea, Gronoy. in Engler u. Prantl. iv. 4, 166.
(Species 11, 3 in Mexico, the others in Asia.)

A. triflora, R. Brown; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 15. A large shrub, 1. ovate-
lanceolate, pale beneath, hairy all over or along the edge and midrib, blade
1-3, pet. $-} in. FI. white, tinged with pink, scented, in 3-fld. shortly
pedunculate cymes, supported by linear-lanceolate bracts, massed in ter-
minal bracteate heads. Calyx hairy, 5-ribbed, lobes linear long-ciliate,

Abelia| LX. CAPRIFOLIACE 361

persistent, }-1 in. long at the time
the seed ripens. Ovary 3-celled,
fruit coriaceous indehiscent 1-seeded.
N.-W. Himalaya, Kashmir to Kumaon
4-10,000ft., chiefly on. limestone; also
Trans-Indus. Fl]. May—Aug.

4. VIBURNUM, Lion. ;
Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 3.

Shrubs or trees, wood close-grained,
leaves simple, when bruised smell
often disagreeable. FI. white or pink,
pentamerous, regular, in a compound
umbel, thyrsus or corymb, the outer
fl. sometimes sterile, larger and
zygomorphie (V. Opulus, L., The
Guelder Rose of Europe, Siberia and
North America). Stamens 5, ovary
1-3-celled, one pendulous ovule in
each cell. Drupe dry or fleshy, endocarp crustaceous, 1-seeded, seed flat, or
concave by the endocarp projecting into the cavity. Species about 100, a
few in Europe and the Mediterranean region, the majority in the temperate
and subtropical regions of Eastern Asia and North America. Of the 15
species here described, 4 are found both in the Western and Eastern region.
Two of these, V7. coriacewm and erubescens, extend from Ceylon to China,

V. odoratissimum is found in China, while V. punctatum is limited to
India.

Fig. 150.—Abelia triflora. 3.

A. Seed flat, often with shallow grooves. Fl. in compound umbels.

a Corolla short, rotate funnel-sha ped or cam yanulate, Ib deciduous
) ped, } : ,
generally membranous.

1. V. cotinifolium, Don; Wight Ill. t. 121; Collett Simla Fl. 221. fig. 68.
Vern. Banguch, Haz.; Bhutnot, Jauns.; Battonda, Gwia, Garhwal, Kumaon.

A large deciduous shrub, young shoots and underside of 1. woolly, with grey
stellate tomentum. LL. rugose, ovate, elliptic or orbicular, obtuse, cooowae or
nearly entire, base rounded or nearly cordate, blade 2-5, pet. stout, 1-} in. long.
Corolla white, tinged with pink, tube } in. long, turbinate, fr. red, ae long,
edible.

Baluchistan, in the Juniper tracts. Kuram valley, common, 7-9,000 ft. N. W.
Himalaya above 4,090 ft., chiefly on sunny slopes. Bhutan 8,500-10,000 ft. Fl. April-
June. 2. V. corylifolium, Hook. f. & Thoms. Khasi hills. A thin and straggling
shrub, branchlets, petioles and underside of 1. densely clothed with long soft hairs.
Corolla white, almost rotate. Drupe bright red, } in. long.

3. V. stellulatum, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 169.—Syn. V. ‘nvolucratum, Wall.
Vern. Richi, Richhoi, Ensi, N. W. Him.

A shrub, branches long, bark dark Brey. Branchlets, petioles and inflor-
escence with brown stellate pubescence. L. glabrous above, sparingly stellate-
pubescent beneath, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, with large distant
teeth, blade 3-5, pet. slender, }—1 in. long. Fl. small, very numerous, compound
unbels large, sessile or shortly pedunculate, calyx hirsute, corolla white,
pubescent, rotate. Drupe bright red, } in. long.

_ Himalaya, Kashmir to Sikkim, “above 6,000 ft. Fl. April-July. 4. V. Griffithianum,

. B. Clarke. Upper Burma (Griffith). Branchlets, petioles and inflorescence densely
ainttied with soft stellate hairs, leaves on both sides stellate-hairy, elliptic to obovate,
sharply serrate, compound umbels pedunculate, peduncles 1-2 in. long, calyx glabrous.
5. V. cordifolium, Wall. Himalaya, Kumaon to Bhutan 8-12,000 ft. A deciduous tree,

362 LX. CAPRIFOLIACEA [ Viburnwm

young shoots, inflorescence and 1. beneath stellately pubescent, 1. membranous, ovate,
acuminate, base rounded or cordate, sharply serrate, blade 3-5, pet. 4-2 in. long, sec. n.
6-8 pair, oblique, 3-4 pair basal, prominent beneath, as well as the obliquely transverse
veins. FI. white, appearing w ith or before the leaves, crowded in terminal sessile com-

pound umbels, corolla rotate. Drupes }.in. long, in lax spreading umbels, peduncles

and pedicels having lengthened out. Seed flat with incurved edges. Album. ruminate,
the intruded testa full of red resinous glands. 6. V. Colebrookianum, Wall. Sikkim
Terai and outer hills, ascending to 4,000 ft. Assam (Mala). Khasi hills. Manipur.
Amber mines, Upper Burma. L. elliptic-oblong, crenate-serrate, nearly glabrous,
blade 6-8, pet. 4-1 in. long. Compound umbels pedunculate, axillary, fl. white, calyx
glabrous, drupe 4 in. red.

(b) Corolla short, 1. coriaceous.

7. V. punctatum, Ham.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 217._Syn. V. acwminatwm,
Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1021.

An evergreen shrub, wholly glabrous, branches stout. L. shining, elliptic,
almost entire, acuminate, narrowed into petiole in. long, on the underside
clothed with minute orbicular multicellular , peltate scales. Compound umbels
terminal. Drupe 4 in. long, seed erooved, 2 grooves on the dorsal, 3 on the
ventral face.

Outer Himalaya from Kumaon to Sikkim, ascending to 5,000 ft. Western Ghats
from Kanara southwards. Nilgiris, Anamalai, Palni and Sheyaroy hills. Fl. Aug—
Oct. 8. V. fetidum, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 61.; Kurz F. Fl. ii.2. Khasi hills. Assam.
Manipur. Hills of Upper Burma. Yunnan. Branchlets, petioles and inflorescence
clothed with stellate hairs, ]. rhomboid-lanceolate, glabrous above, pubescent on nerves
beneath, repand-toothed, blade 1-4, petiole 4-3 in. long, sec. n. 3-4 pair, prominent, the
lowest pair basal. FI. small, white, in compound pedunculate umbels, bracts numerous,
hairy, calyx-tube glabrous.

(c) Corolla tubular, lobes short, erect.

9. V. coriaceum, Blume.—Syn. V. capitellatwm, W. & A. ; Wight Ic. t.
1022.

A shrub or small tree, wood white, hard, close-grained, youngest shoots and
nodes slightly hairy. LL. coriaceous, glabrous, usually quite entire, blade 5-9,
petiole 1 in. long. Inflorescence pedunculate, calyx glabrous, corolla white,
tubular, glabrous or pubescent, anthers red. Fr. + in. long, black, succulent.

Himalaya 4-8,000-ft., from the Sutlej eastwards. Khasi hills. Lower Burma: hills
between Sitang and Salween 3-4,000 ft. Upper: hills east of Bhamo 6-7,000 ft.
Nilgiris, Palnis. Fl.March-Aug. Oil extracted from the seeds in Nepal and Sikkim.
—Ceylon, China. V. hebanthum, Wight & Arn.; Gamble Ind. Timb. ed. ii. 395,
Nilgiris and other hills on the west side of the Peninsula, differs by the densely
tomentose corolla, while in the Himalayan and eastern specimens the corolla is
glabrous. All specimens from the Western Peninsula have larger fruit, up to % in.
long. Until further characters are discovered to separate the Western from the
Eastern species, it will be convenient to class both under V. coriaceum. Beddome,
Manual 124, says the corolla of V. hebanthum is pubescent or glabrous.

B. Seed concave, endocarp deeply intruded, transverse section half moon-shaped.

(a) Fl. appearing with or after the l., generally in 3-fld. cymes, arranged in
a terminal thyrsus.

10. V. odoratissimum, Ker in Botanical Register, t. 456.

A shrub or small tree, 1. coriaceous, glabrous, entire or distantly and slightly
dentate, obtuse or shortly acuminate, blade 3-7, narrowed into petiole } in.
long, sec. n. distant, 6-8 pair. Fl. white, scented, yellow when fading, nearly
sessile in 3-fld cymes, arranged in a pedunculate pyramidal glabrous ‘thyr Sus.
Calyx not constricted beyond ovary, free part short with 5 ; triangular ‘teeth,
corolla glabrous, campanulate. Fr. 4-1 in. long, seed concave, section half
moon-shaped, albumen uniform.

Assam, Khasi hills. Upper Burma, near Serpentine Mines. Mahabaleshwar (D.B.
Oct. 1881). F1., North-East in April and May, at Mahabl. in Oct. China, Japan.

Viburnum) LX. CAPRIFOLIACEA 363

11. V. atrocyaneum, ©. B. Clarke. Mishmi hills. Manipur 6-8,000 ft. An evergreen
shrub, J. shining, almost entire, blade 3-4, pet. $-1 in. long. Fl. in small terminal
compound umbels, drupe dry, hard, blue, seed concave, albumen ruminate, red resinous
glands asin V.cordifolium. Nearly alliedto V. Tinus, L., of the Mediterranean region.

12. V. erubescens, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 134.—Syn. V. Wightianum,
Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1024.

A ‘small deciduous tree.
Youngest shoots, inflores-
cence and |. on the nerves
beneath slightly pubescent.
L. ovate or elliptic, upper
part serrate, blade 2-4, pet.
S-1 in. long. Fl. white
or pale rose-coloured, in a
pedunculate drooping thyrsus
at the ends of short branch-
lets, the last ramifications
having usually 3-fld. cymes,
bracts linear. Calyx-teeth
ovate, corolla tubular {-} in.
long. Drupe red, } in. long.
Seed deeply grooved.

Himalaya from Kumaon east-
wards, in Sikkim common in
second growth at 6-10,000 ft. 5
Nilgiris. Fl. March—-May. Cey- Fie. 151.—Viburnum erubescens, Wall. FL, Fr. 4.
lon. China 13. V. Simonsii, Hook.
f. & Th. Khasi hil’s. A shrub or small tree, 1. coriaceous, elliptic, glabrous, blade

ipaeee 3-43, pet. 4-— in. long, sec. n.
anor etlae oblique, 6-8 pair. Fl. white
\f 4 in an erect terminal thyrsus,

corolla short, campanulate.
Drupe } in. long, dull red.

(b) Fl. appearing before
the 1. in compact terminal
corymbs, seed deeply con-
cave, endocarp T-shaped.

14. V. nervosum, Don.
Vern. Giich, Haz.; Kalin,
Bash.; Tilni, Tirnoi, Jaun-
sar.

A shrub or small tree,
young shoots and inflores-
cence softly tomentose, 1.
membranous, elliptic, serrate,
hairy on nerves beneath,
blade 3-4, pet. }-1 in. long,
sec. n. S-1O pair, closely
parallel. Fl. white or rose-
coloured, fragrant, in termi-
nal short dense _ sessile
corymmbs, corolla } in. long,
funnel-shaped with a spread-
ing limb. Drape 4-} in.
long, edible.

Himalaya, Kulu to Sikkim,
Fie. 152.— Viburnum nervosum, Don, 4, 7-12,000 ft. Fl. May-July.

6

A

SS

364 LX. CAPRIFOLIACEA [Sambucus

Closely allied, 15. V. feetens, Dene. Himalaya 5-11,000 ft. Kashmir—Garhwal.
Glabrous, 1. elliptic, serrate, blade 4-6, pet. #-1 in. long, sec. n. distant 6-8 pair. Fl.
scented, branches fetid when bruised. Drupe 4-2? in., edible.

5. SAMBUCUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 2

Tall herbs, shrubs or trees, pith large. L. large, imparipinnate, .often
stipulate, leaflets serrate. Fl. small, regular, in compound bracteate corymbs.
Calyx-limb 8-5-toothed, corolla rotate or broadly campanulate, 3-5-cleft,
stamens 5. Ovary 3-5-celled, one pendulous ovule in each cell. Drupe
crowned by the calyx-teeth, 3—5-celled, endocarp cartilaginous. Species
15-20, Northern Hemisphere, 2 in Australia and 1 in South America.

1. S Ebulus, Linn. Dwarf Elder. Vern. Gandal, Gandala, Chenab. Kashmir
6-10,000 ft. Europe. North Africa. Western Asia. Gregarious, large herbaceous
stems, from a perennial rootstock, 1. fetid when bruised, leaflets 3-5 pair, oblong
lanceolate, stipules foliaceous often pinnatilobed. Inflorescence glabrous, fl. white,
pink or dark lilac. Drupe purple. 2. §.adnata, Wall. Nepal. Sikkim 5-10,000 ft.
China. A shrub, 1. often bipinnate, stipules small or 0, leaflets smeanly sessile, often.
decurrent and adnate to rachis, inflorescence hairy. Drupe red. 3. S. javanica, Blume.
Sikkim 4-8,000 ft., common in second growth. Assam. Khasi hills. Maimansingh
(S. Thunbergiana, Blume, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 3. Kachin hills, Upper Burma, is this species).
China, Japan. A shrub or small tree, leaflets oblong or oblong-lanceolate, blade 4-8,

pet. at in., stipules small or 0. Inflorescence puberulous oralmost villous. Fl. white,
drupe black.

Orper LXI. RUBIACEZ. Gen. Pl. ii. 7.

Trees, shrubs or herbs, rarely climbers, 1. opposite or whorled, stipules inter-
petiolar, sometimes intrapetiolar. Corolla gamopetalous inserted round the
epigyxous disk, lobes usually 4-5. Stamens inserted im the corolla-tube,
alternating with its lobes, anthers dorsifixed, cells 2 parallel, dehiscing longi-
tudinally. Ovary wholly inferior, usually 2-celled, ovules 1 or more in each
cell. Embryo in a copious, rarely thin, fleshy or horny albumen.

In most genera the wood fibres have bordered pits; exceptions are: Gwettarda,
Hamiltonia, ‘Leptodermis, Pederia, Morinda, Damnacanthus, Psychotria, Chasalia,

I. Nauclee.—Fl. collected into dense globose heads. Corolla funnel-shaped, stigma
simple. Fruit 2-celled, pericarp thin, more or less fleshy, endocarp cartilaginous.
Erect trees or shrubs.
Ovaries confluent ; fruits forming a globose fleshy
mass . : : 5 ; : 3 : . 1. SarcocerHaLus.

Ovaries free, common receptacle often fleshy in fruit.
Ovary 2-celled, ovules solitary in each cell . 2. CEPHALANTHUS.
Ovary 4-celled in the upper part, ovules

numerous ‘ 3, ANTHOCEPHALUS.
Ovaries free, common receptacle usually dry» in fruit.
Stigma clavate, fl. mixed with numerous filiform

~ br acteoles 5 4, ApIna.
Stigma globose or ovoid, corolla lobes imbricate 5. Naucipa.
Stig ma mitreeform, corolla= lobes valyate . . 6. STEPHEGYNE.
Climbers with hooked peduncles, bracteoles 0 7. UNcCARIA.

IL. Cinchonew.—Ovules numerous, capsule 2-celled, seeds winged.
Corolla-lobes valvate, large foliaceous reticulate persistent bracts.

Style entire, trees or large shrubs . 0 : . 8. HymeEnoprctyon.

Style bifid, small epiphytic shrubs 3 : 2 Hymernoroeon (p. 372).
Corolla-lobes valvate, lobes fringed . : . . 9, CincHoNna.
Corolla-lobes imbricate, style 2-fd . : j . 10. Lucutta.

Ill. Rondeletiew.—Ovules numerous, capsule 2-celled, seeds angular, not winged, corolla-
lobes imbricate or twisted.
Fl. in trichotomous panicles ; : : g . 11. Wenpranpia.
Fl. in scorpoid cymes . 4 s , a) 6 . 12. GreEeNEA.

LXI. RUBIACEA 365

IV. Hedyotidew.—Ovules numerous, capsule 2- or 4-celled, or cocci 2-4, corolla-lobes
yalvyate.

Leaves entire, stamens4 . : 5 ‘ 4 . 18. Hepyoris.
Leaves dentate, stamens2 . é i di : 4 Stnvranrucs (p. 375).

V. Mussendee.—Ovules numerous, fr. a berry or drupe, seeds minute, corolla valvate.
Inflorescence terminal, one of the calyx-lobes usually

enlarged c : : c . 14. Mussanpa.
Inflorescence axillary, 1. coriaceous.
Calyx-limb tr uncate é A AvLacopiscuts (p. 376),
Calyx-teeth lanceolate, tertiary y ner ves prominent Myrroneuron (p. 376).

Inflorescence axillary, 1. membranous.
Calyx-limb cup-shaped, anaes tertiary nerves
conspicuous . a : : A 7 c Uropuytivo (p. 376).
Calyx-teeth as long as ovary . ; : 5 b ADENOSACME (p. 377).

VI. Gardeniew.—Ovules few or numerous in each cell, one in species of Webera. Fr. a
berry, seeds large, corolla-lobes twisted.
Inflorescence terminal.
Fl. 5-mnerous, in terminal corymbiform compound:

cymes, anthers exserted . 15. WeEBERA.
Fl. 4-merous, fertile fl. solitary, male in few-fld.
corymbs, anthers included : Byrsopuyiium (p. 378).

Inflorescence axillary, supra-axillary or leaf-opposed.
Stigma fusiform, buds resinous, corolla-lobes 5 or

more, ovary fe celled . : ; . 16. Garpenta.
Stigma fusiform, corolla- lobes 5 5, ovary + Q-celled . 17. Ranta.
Stigma 2-lobed or style bifid, ovules numerous
Fl. in axillary or leaf-opposed cymes . é Bracuytome (p. 383).
Fl. g in supra-axillar = pedunculate heads, g
often solitary . ‘ n : Morinpoprsis (p. 384).
Style bifid, ovules 2-10 in 1 each cell. %
Fl. sessile, in opposite axillary fascicles. . Hyerranruera (p. 384).
Fl. nearly sessile, in axillary bracteate spikes . PetunGa (p. 384).
Style bifid, ovules 2 or 3 in each cell.
Inland trees or shrubs, berry 2- or 3-celled . 18. Dirrosrora.

Litoral, drupe cylindric, ribbed . 0 ; 4 Scypnienora (p. 384).

VIL. Vangueriew, Guettardiee, Albertew.—Ovules solitary in each cell, radicle superior.
Corolla-lobes valvate.
Ovary 2-celled, stigma large, usually ribbed . . 19. Canraium.

Ovary 5-celled, stigma 4-5-lobed , A : 5 VANGUERTA (p. 386).
Ovary 8-12-celled, style 4-12-branched . é < Trmonius (p. 386).
Corolla-lobes imbricate, ovary 4-9-celled . : : GUETTARDA (p. 386).

Corolla-lobes twisted, ovary 1- or 2-celled . a - 20, Ocrorrorts.

VIII. Izoreew.—Ovules solitary, radicle inferior, corolla-lobes twisted.
Inflorescence terminal, corolla-tube long, slender.
L. membranous, bracts at the lower eyme branches

membranous, more or less sheathing, we twice

the length of corolla-tube . . 21. Paverra.
L. and bracts coriaceous, style less than twice the
length of corolla-tube . . 22. Ixora.
Inflorescence axillary, corolla- tube cy ‘lindrical . . 28. Correa.

IX. Pederiew.—Ovules solitary, radicle inferior, corolla-lobes valvate.
Fruit capsular, 1. fetid when bruised.

Capsule 5-valved at the top. : é A ; Hamivronta (p. 390).
Capsule 5-valved to the base . : . 24. Leproperis.
Fruit of 2 cocci or pyrenes, separating w her nr ipe
Pyrenes flat, orbicular or elliptic . 4 . 25. Paperra,
Two cylindrical cocci. Ss c ; c Arentsonra (p. 891),

X. Morindew.—Ovules solitary, radicle inferior, corolla-lobes valvate, fr. a drupe or
berry.
Fl. in dense heads, the calyx-tubes cohering.
Heads many-fid., fl. white, calyx-limb truneate . 26. Mortnpa.
Heads few-fld., fl. violet, calyx-limb 4-toothed h RENNELLIA (p. 392).
Flowers free, ovary 2- or 4-celled.
Fl. axillary, solitary or in pairs on short eo
calyx-limb 4- or 5-fid . : Damnacantuus (p. 898).
FI. in axillary compact cymes or heads, caly X- “limb
annular . P : ‘ ‘ : : : ” GynocutTnopes |

366 LXI. RUBIACEA

Fl. in axillary and terminal fascicles or umbels

calyx-limb truncate 0 0 0 : : PrisMaToMERts (p. 393).
Fl. in a terminal thyrsus, calyx-limb truncate . Ca@LosrerMuUM (p. 393).

XI. Psychotriew.—Ovules solitary, radicle inferior, corolla-lobes valvate, ovules basal
erect, fr. a drupe or berry.
Ovary 2-celled, fl. in terminal trichotomous cymes.

Corolla-tube short, straight, seeds plano-convex . 27. PsycHorrta.
Corolla-tube slender, curved, seeds concave, cup-

shaped . b : 6 6 : ' : : Cuasatra (p. 395).
Corolla-tube short. A small epiphytic shrub , Hypnoruyrum (p. 395).
Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped, cymes often few-fid.,

ramifications and peduncles slender . 5 . 28. Saprosma.
Ovary 4-9-celled, fl. in axillary clusters or short
cymes, |. distichous, tertiary n. parallel. . 29. Lasianruus.

1. SARCOCEPHALUS, Aizel.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 22.

Shrubs or trees. Fl. heads single, on bracteate, mostly terminal peduncles,
bracteoles 0. Ovaries confluent. FI. 4- or 5-merous without bracteoles,
corolla narrow-tubular, lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted in the
mouth of the corolla-tube, style long-exserted, stigma fusiform, ovary 2-celled,
ovules numerous. Fr. a globose, fleshy syncarpium, seeds not winged. Species
13, from tropical Africa to New Guinea.

1. S. Missionis, Haviland, in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxiii. 32.—Syn.
Nauclea Missionis, Wall.; Fl. Brit. Ind. in. 27.
A small tree, 1. glabrous, shining, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-6, narrowed

Fie. 1538.—Sarcocephalus cordatus, Mig. 3.

Sarcocephalus] LXI. RUBIACE 367

into petiole 4 in. long, stipules large concave almost persistent. Peduncle
}-? in., with numerous bracts near base, calyx-lobes densely hairy, oblong,
obtuse, less than half the length of corolla-tube, corolla-lobes hairy on both
sides.

West side of the Peninsula, from the Konkan southwards, common along rivers and
watercourses. Fl. H.S.

2. S. cordatus, Miq.; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 318. Vern. Ma-w lélan, Upper ;
Ma-u lettanshe, Lower Burma.

A large or middle-sized deciduous tree, branchlets grey, 1. broadly ovate,
from a broad, often cordate base, often hairy beneath, blade 3-7, petiole 1 in.,
stipules obtuse, }-} in. long. Peduncle 1-1} in., heads yellow or orange,
calyx-lobes lav ate, minutely hairy, corolla } in. long, quite glabrous, lobes
obtuse.

Burma, Upper and Lower. Fl. H. 8. Ceylon. Malay Archip. Cochin China.
Queensland. -A specimen sent by Duthie from Harnapur, Gonda district, Oudh, has
the leaves similar, but differs by linear calyx-lobes, more than half the length of
corolla-tube, corolla 3 in. long, and apiculate anthers.

2. CEPHALANTHUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 23.

Species 8, 1 in India, China and North America, 1 in South Africa, the rest
mostly in South America.

C. occidentalis, Linn.—Syn. C. naucleoides, DC.; Kurz F. FI. ii. 68.
Vern. Momaka gale, Sein ban, Burm.

A shrub or small tree, ilgbrons pubescent or tomentose. L. opposite or
in whorls of 3 or 4, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, blade 3-6, petiole }—} in. long.
Fl. heads white, scented, in terminal trichotomous leafy panicles. On a
large globose hairy, more or less fleshy receptacle, numerous tetramerous fl.,
closely packed, free portion of calyx-tube more or less cleft into obtuse seg-
ments, corolla 4—} in. long, tube 2—5 times the length of calyx, lobes usually
woolly inside and with small black glands near the sinus of the lobes.
Oyaries glabrous or hairy, not confluent, one oyule in each cell. Seeds 2,
upper portion enyeloped in a snow-white spongy arillus.

Subhimalayan tract, Oudh (in swamps) and Sikkim. Assam (in swamps, gregarious),
Khasi hills, Cachar, Upper Burma. FJ. March-May. China. North America, ex-
tending across the whole continent, along the banks of slow streams, in extensive
thickets, rising from stout contorted roots and from large, prostrate, root-like trunks,
sometimes forming stems 40-50 ft. high. I follow Hemsley (Journ. Linn. Soc. xxiii.
869) and Haviland (Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxiii. 38) in regarding the American and
Asiatic tree as one species. The American specimens have a short calyx and a long
slender corolla, but so have specimens from Assam.

3. ANTHOCEPHALUS, A. Rich.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 23.
Species 3, India and Malay Archipelago.

A. Cadamba, Miq.—Syn. A. indicus, A. Rich.; Haviland in Journ, Linn.
Soc. xxxiii. 22. t. iv. fig. 38-43 ; Nauclea Cadamba, Roxb.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
35. Sarcocephalus Cadamba, Kurz. Vern. Kadam, Hind.; Roghu, Ass. ;
Kadambe, Tel. ; Ma-u, Burm.

A large deciduous tree of rapid growth, wood soft, branches horizontal, 1.
coriaceous, shining and glabrous above, pubescent beneath, ovate, acuminate,
stipules linear, early caducous. Fl. heads single, terminal, yellow, 14-2 in.
diam., peduncles 1-1} in. long, corolla glabrous, ‘lobes erect, calyx- lobes ‘oblong
per sistent.. Ovaries not confluent, 4-celled in the upper, 2-celled in the lower
portion, bracteoles 0. Fr. a fleshy receptacle, on which are inserted numerous
closely packed few-seeded capsules. Seeds not winged.

368 LXI. RUBIACEA [Adina

Terai and outer hills of Sikkim to 3,000 ft. Evergreen forests of North Kanara.
Northern Circars. Cuddapah and Karnal. lHastern slopes of the Pegu Yoma.
Commonly planted. Fl. Dec.July. The fr. is eaten.—Malay Archip. New Guinea.

4, ADINA, Salish. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 24.

Fl. pentamerous, mixed with numerous filiform bracteoles. Corolla-lobes
valvate or slightly imbricate, stigma clavate. Species 9, from tropical Africa
to Japan and the Malay Archipelago.

1. A. cordifolia, Hook. f.; Bedd. Manual t. xxix.; Brand. F. FIL. t. 33.—
Syn. Nauclea cordifolia, Willd.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 53; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
33. Vern, Haldw, Hind.; Heddi, Mar.; Rudrakadapa, Tel.; Hettiga,
Yuethagada, Kan. ; Hnaw, Burm.

A tall deciduous tree, bark rough, wood yellow when fresh cut, afterwards
reddish-brown, even-grained, no heartwood. IL. cordate-orbicular, abruptly
acuminate, pubescent Igeineaiely, blade 4-9 in. diam., pet. pubescent, 3-4 in.,
stipules pubescent, 3—2 in. long, concealing the uppermost pair of leafbuds.
Peduncles 2-4 in. long, single or 2—3 from one leaf-axil, fl. heads yellow, 2-1 in.
diam., receptacle and bereteolest hairy, calyx and corolla densely pubescent,
calyx-tube 5-angled, lobes linear deciduous.

Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 3,000 ft. Behar,
Centr. Prov. Common in deciduous forests of both Peninsulas. Combs made of the
wood. Fl. June-Sept., leafless for a short time in the H. S.—Ceylon, Cambodia.
2. A. polycephala, Benth.; Haviland in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxiii. t. iv. fig. 25-31. Khasi
hills, Chittagong. Tenasserim. Cambodia. Sumatra, Java. A small evergreen tree,
1. glabrous, glossy, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 4-8, pet. 4-lin. long. FI.
heads 4-} in. diam. to end of style. in trichotomous terminal panicles, ramifications
slender. Calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse. 3. A. oligocephala, Haviland 1. c. 46, Khasi hills,
similar, but differs by the calyx limb being entire.

5. NAUCLEA, Linn. ; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 26.

Peduncles undivided, terminal, single or 3 together. Fl. pentamerous,
calyx-lobes narrow, deciduous, corolla-lobes imbricate in bud, ovaries not
confluent. Stigma ‘elobose or broadly conical, seeds winged, the wing bifid at
one end. Species about 30, from India to the Islands of the Pacific.

A. Bracteoles mixed with the fl.

1. N. purpurea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 54.—Syn. N. elliptica, Dalz. & Gibs.
Bombay Fl. 118; Bedd. Manual t. xxix.; Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 19. Vern. Phuga,
Mar.

A middle-sized or small tree, 1. glabrous, elliptic, blade 4-7, pet. 4 in. long,
stipules deciduous. Peduncles single, 1-25 in. long, in the middle with 2
caducous bracts. Fl. mixed with numerous hairy bracteoles, calyx-lobes
purple, subulate, hairy, stigma globose. Fr. crowned with the persistent base
of calyx-lobes.

Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards. Rumpa hills, Northern Circars. Fl.
Feb.March. 2. N, Griffithii, Haviland (Adina Grifithii, Hook. f.). Khasi hills, similar
to 1. 3. N. Gageana, King MSS., Andamans. . broadly elliptic, glabrous, petiole
flattened and winged in its wpper part. Corolla-lobes densely hirsute with long hairs,
bracteoles villous, stigma ovoid.

4. N. sessilifolia, Roxb.; Kurz F. Fl. ii. 65.—Syn. Adina sessilifolia,
Hook. f. Vern. Teinkala, Burm.

A large ceeteknos tree, 1, glabrous, coriaceous, nearly sessile, from a cordate
base elliptic, 5 —9 in. long, sec. n. distant, 6-8 pair. Peduncles stout, mostly
single, corolla-lobes appressed grey- pubescent.

Cachar, Chittagong. Burma. Fl. R. S.—Cochinchina. Formosa.

Nauclea) LXTI. RUBIACE 369

5. N. excelsa, Blume. Myodwin, Pegu (D. B. Oct. 1862). Thitpayaung, Burm. A
large tree, ]. glabrous, shining on both sides, elliptic-oblong, blade 6-10, narrowed into
petiole #in. long, sec. n. 8-12 pair. Fl. heads 14 in. diam. to extremity of stigma.
peduncles in threes, 2-3 in. long, bracts immediately below the heads, caducous,
Receptacle densely hairy, calyx-lobes nearly as long as corolla, narrow linear with a
thick clavate end, corolla glabrous. Stigma broadly ovoid. May possibly not be
N. excelsa.of Jaya. 6. N. nicobarica, Haviland. Nicobars, 1. glabrous, from a slightly
unequal-sided base oyate or obovate-elliptic, blade 4-6, petiole } in, long. Peduncles
solitary or in threes, 1-3 in. long, bracts close under the heads, caducous.

6. STEPHEGYNE, Korth.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 25.
Mitragyna, Korth.; Haviland in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxiii. 68.

Fl. heads solitary or panicled. FI. pentamerous, intermixed with linear
bracteoles, corolla-lcbes valvate, ovaries free, stigma concave at base. Seeds

winged.

Fig. 154.—Stephegyne diversifolia, Hook. f. 4.

Species 8, from tropical Africa to New Guinea.

1. S. parvifolia, Korth.—Syn. Nauclea parvifolia, Willd.; Roxb. Cor.
BB

BO LXI. RUBIACER [Stephegyne

Pl. t. 52; Wight Ill. t. 123; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 34. Vern. Kaim, Kalamb,
Karma, Hind.; Kalamb, Mar.; Mundi, Gond; Rattaganapa, Tel.; Kadaba,
Kan. ; Tein, Teinthe, Burm.

A large deciduous tree, trunk short, often irregularly shaped and buttressed,
bark smooth, dark patches of old exfoliating scales leaving exposed the inner
light-coloured bark. Leaves glabrous or pubescent, very variable in shape and
size, ovate or oboyate, often nearly orbicular or oblong, blade 2-7, pet. $-13 in.
long, stipules obovate, early deciduous. Fl. heads white or pale yellow, 1 in.
diam. to the end of stigma, single or in cymes of three heads, the terminal
head sessile or on a short peduncle, the 2 lateral on peduncles 1-2 in. long,
supported by foliaceous bracts narrowed into a slender pet. 4 in. long.
Bracteoles numerous, linear, hairy at apex. Free part of calyx-tube short,
truncate or indistinctly 5-toothed, concave portion of stigma often 2-fid.
Seeds with a thin hyaline wing at both ends, generally bifid at the lower end. ~

Foot and outer hills of the North-West Himalaya, from the Bias eastwards, ascend-
ing to 4,000 ft. Behar, Centr. Prov. Common in both Peninsulas, often gregarious,
particularly in moist places, combs made of the wood. Fl. Jan—Aug., leafless for a
short time in spring.—Ceylon dry region. A remarkable variety with small oblong
obtuse 1. in Upper Burma. 2. 8. tubulosa, Hook. f.; Bedd. Manual t. xxix.; Ic. Pl.
Ind. t. 18. Cochin, Kambakum Hill D. B. Noy. 1881. Ceylon. A small tree, 1. mem-
branous, pubescent beneath, elliptic-obovate, shortly acuminate, base rounded, blade
4-6, pet. #-1 in., stipules 7-11-nerved, }-? in. long. FJ. heads pink or purple, bracteoles
shorter than capsules, free part of calyx tubular, persistent, half the length of the
ribbed capsule.

3. S. diversifolia, Hook. f.—Syn. Nauclea rotundifolia, Roxh.; Kurz F.
Fl. ii. 67. Vern. Bingah, Lower, Hnawthein, Upper Burma.

A deciduous middle-sized or large tree, 1. generally pubescent beneath, broad-
ovate, often from a cordate base, blade 3-10, petiole often stout, pubescent,
3-14 in. long. Fl. heads greenish-white, #-1 in. diam., in ample terminal
trichotomous cymes, with or without leafy bracts, bracteoles glabrous, apex
thick and blunt, free portion of calyx short, deciduous, capsules ribbed, seeds
winged at both ends.

Chittagong. Andamans. Upper and Lower Burma. FI. Sept._Jan. Java. Philip-
pine islands.

7. UNCARIA, Schreb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 28.
Ourouparia, Aubl.; Schumann in Engler u. Prantl iy. 4. 57.

Climbing shrubs with axillary tendrils (sterile peduncles), stipules usually
bifid, peduncles not enlarged into a receptacle, axillary, often hard and woody
after flowering. FPedicels usually lengthen out in fruit. Fr. a capsule,
dehiscent septicidally, seeds with two long narrow wings at the ends, one
bifid. Species 36, 2 in tropical America, 1 in tropical Africa, the rest ‘from
India to Japan and Queensland.

A. Fl. and capsules pedicelled, bracteoles 0, petiole 4-1 in. long.

1. U.sclerophylla, Roxb.—Syn. U. ferruginea, DC.; Kurz F. Fl. 1. 69.
A large evergreen climber, branchlets stout, quadrangular as well as petioles,
underside of 1., peduncles, bracts, pedicels, calyx and capsules rusty-pubescent.
L. coriaceous, shining aboye, elliptic or ovate, blade 4-6, pet. 3-1 in. long.
Peduncles axillary, single, 2 ae in. long, with a whorl of 6 acute “bracts 4 in.
long, in the upper part. Fl. pedicelled, free part of calyx }in., constricted
above ovary, lobes lanceolate. Corolla 1 in. long, densely grey silky outside.
Capsule 1 in., crowned by the persistent calyx, pedicel 1}in. long. Seed with
wings + in. long.

Eastern slopes of the Pegu Yoma. Tenasserim. FI. R.S. Malay Penins. and Archip.

2. U. pedicellata, Roxb. Tenasserim. Andamans. Malay Peninsula and Archip, to
New Guinea. Differs by smaller fl., free portion of calyx 4, corolla #-1, capsule 4-3 in.,

Oncaria| LXI. RUBIACEA : 371

seeds with wings4in.long. Haviland in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxiii. 78 transposes 1 and 2,
calling the large-fid. sp. U. pedicellata, 3. U. ovalifolia, Roxb.—Syn. U. acida, Roxb.
Mergni. Malay Penins. and Archip. Branchlets and 1. nearly glabrous, |. ovate or
elliptic, blade 2-3, pet. 4 in. long. Peduncle gradually narrowed from a broad often
woody base, upper part or the whole slender. Pedicels generally shorter than calyx,
calyx-lobes broad, nearly orbicular, corolla pubescent. Capsule slender.

B. FI. sessile or subsessile, bracteoles 0, petiole short, under } in.

4. U. macrophylla, Wall.—Syn. U. sessilifolia, Roxb.; Kurz F. Fl. ii. 69. Bhutan,
Assam, Khasi hills, Maniptir, Cachar. Lower Burma, Kurz. <A large climber,
branchlets, ‘petioles, underside of 1. and peduncles rusty pubescent, 1. 4-6 in. long,
sec.n.6-8 pair. Peduncles slender, 1-1}in. long, calyx lobes linear, as long as tube, corolla
hirsute outside. Capsule ? in. long, pedicel as long as or longer than capsule. 5. U.
ferrea, DC. Mergui. Malay Peninsula. L.3—4in.,sec. n. 6-9 pair, calyx-lobes filiform,
densely hairy, corolla glabrous. 6. U. Gambir, Roxb. Malay Penins. Cultivated in
India. Branchlets and]. glabrous, |. coriaceous, shining, stipules entire. Fl. pubescent,
corolla-lobes white, silky. Capsule glabrous, fusiform, 3 in. long, pedicels shorter than
capsule. Yields the Gambier of commerce, used in tanning and dyeing.

C. Fl. and capsules sessile or nearly so, bracteoles usually present, filiform.

7. U. pilosa, Roxb.; Kurz F. Fl. ii. 70. Vern. Baisi kara, Nep.

A large evergreen strageling and climbing shrub, branchlets, petioles, under-
side of 1. and peduncles tawny hairy, |. ovate, acuminate, blade 4-5 in. long,
petiole very short. Peduncles gradually narrowed from a stout base. Calyx
hirsute, lobes linear, longer than tube, corolla yellow, ? in. long, slightly
hairy. Capsule 4-1 in. long, nearly sessile, slightly hairy, ribbed, crowned
by the linear calyx-lobes.

Outer hills and valleys from Kumaon eastwards, ascending in Sikkim to 5,000 ft.
Assam, Garo and Khasi hills. Chittagong. Burma, Upper and Lower. Fl. April-
June. 8. U. sessilifructus, Roxb. Nepal, Sikkim, to 5,000ft. Bhutan. Assam. Khasi
and Naga hills. Cachar, Chittagong. Lower Burma. A large climber, 1. glabrous,
shining above, pale beneath, blade 3-5, petiole 1-4 in. long. Peduneles slender, 1-14 in.
long, often forming terminal panicles, calyx-lobes short, obtuse, corolla pale yellow.
Similar and closely allied is 9. U. levigata, Wall. IKhasi and Naga hills. Tenasserim.

8. HYMENODICTYON, Wall.: Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 35,

Trees or shrubs, bark bitter, wood soft. Stipules glandular-serrate, deciduous.
Fl. pentamerous, in spikes or panicles with a few large foliaceous reticulate
persistent bracts, corolla-lobes short, valvate, anthers linear or oblong, fila-
ments short, attached to the back of a broad connective. Ovary 2-celled, style
filiform, long exserted, stigma spindle-shaped. Capsule 2-valved, dehiscing
loculicidally, seeds numerous, imbricate, winged at both ends, the lower wing
bifid. Species 4-5, tropical Asia and Africa.

1. H. excelsum, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 79.—Syn. H. thyrsiflorum, Wall. ;
Kurz F. Fl. ii. 72; HZ. utile, Wight; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 219 fig. a.; Cinchona
excelsa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 106. Vern. Barthua, Kangra; Bhaulan, Bhurkul,

Cukurkat, Hind.; Dondro, Guz.: Bhorsal, Mar.; Pottaka, Tel.; Kusan,
Burm.

A large deciduous tree, 1. elliptic, blade 4-10, narrowed into petiole 2-4 in.
long. Fl. pedicellate, white, fragrant, in dense cylindrical compound racemes
in terminal drooping panicles, with linear or lanceolate bracts as long as or
longer than fl., corolla tube slender, more than three times the length of calyx-
lobes. Capsules }-1 in., on recurved pedicels 4-} in. long.

Subhimalayan tract, frequent in the Sal forest, also in Savannahs, from the Ravi
eastwards. Behar, Central Provinces. Deciduous forestsof the Peninsulaand Burma,
Upper and Lower. FI. June-Aug.—Cochinchina, Tonkin. Java. 2. EL flaccidum,
Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 188. Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys, ascemling to 5,000
ft., from Garhwal eastwards. Khasi hills. Yunnan. FI. nearly sessile, fasciculate
in simple drooping axillary spikes, bracteoles minute, shorter than calyx, each spike
with one long-pedunculate floral leaf on the peduncle. Corolla glabrous, tube short,

372 LXI. RUBIACEA _ [Hymenodictyon

less than twice the length of calyx-lobes. Capsules 4 in., reflexed, on pedicels 4 in.
long. 3. H. obovatum, Wall.; Wight Ic. t.1159; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.t.219. Karwai, Mar.;
Yella Mala Kai, Tam. Western Ghats, from Bombay southwards. L. elliptic or
obovate, fl. nearly sessile in slender spikes which are arranged in terminal erect panicles.
Calyx hirsute, teeth nearly as long as the short corolla-tube. Capsules erect.

Fie. 155.—Hymenodictyon excelsum, Wall. Fr. Fl. 4.

Hymenopogon parasiticus, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 227. Outer Himalaya from Garhwal
eastwards 5-8,000 ft. Khasi hills. Pegu Yoma at 3,000 ft. (Kurz). Yunnan. A
small epiphytic shrub, 1. oblanceolate, blade narrowed into pet. }-1 in. long, sec. n.
15-18 pair. Fl. corymbose with large leafy reticulated white bracts, corolla white,
13-2 in. long, capsule crowned with the linear calyx-lobes. 2. H, assamicus, Hook. f.
Assam, sec. n. 30-40 pair, corolla # in.

9. CINCHONA, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl. 264.

Evergreen shrubs or trees, bark bitter, coppicing freely, stipules deciduous.
Fl. pentamerous, scented, in terminal panicles, calyx pubescent, limb 5-dentate,
persistent. Corolla tubular, pubescent outside, lobes valvate in bud, edge
fringed with soft hairs. Ovary 2-celled, style slender with 2 short obtuse
branches, papillose inside. Capsule 2-celled 2-valved, dehiscing septicidally
from the base, seeds numerous peltate, the broad wings with irregularly
lacerated edge, albumen fleshy. Species 30-40; Andes of South America
from Venezuela (10° N.L.) to Bolivia (19° 8.L.). Of the numerous species and
varieties cultivated in India it must suffice to mention the following :—

1. C. officinalis, Linn. (C. Condaminea, Humb. et Bonpl.). Ecuador on the east side
of the Andes 6-9,000 ft. Cultivated chiefly on the Nilgiris, does not thrive in Sikkim
L. glabrous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or shortly acuminate, blade 3-6, pet.
1-14 in. long, sec. n. 8-10 pair, hairy pits in their axils. Fl. red, in short corymbiform
compound cymes, terminal and axillary, corolla-tube densely silky with white appressed
hairs, slightly pentagonal, 1-3 in. long, capsules ovoid-oblong in. long. The bark
of stems contains from 1-75 to 10°6 % of Quinine. (M. N. Reimers, Les Quinquinas de

Cinchona) LXI, RUBIACEA 373

Culture, Paris, 1900.) 2. C, Calisaya, Weddell. Peru and Bolivia (13°-16930 S. L.)
4,800-6,000 ft. L. glabrous, shining above, obtuse, oblong-lanceolate or -obovate, blade
3-6, pet. 3-% in. long, axillary pits indistinct. FI. pale flesh-coloured, cymes few-fld.,
arranged in a terminal pyramidal panicle, the lower branches in the axils of leaves.
Corolla 4-3 in. long, lobes lanceolate, rose-coloured, fringe of hairs pure white. Capsule
ovoid-oblong 4-3 in. long. The bark of stems contains up to 4 % of Quinine. 3. ¢.
Ledgeriana, Moens, De Kina cultuur in Azie, 1882, 73, tab. 12,138,238. North Bolivia.
L. glabrous, lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, acute, blade 3-6, pet. }-} in. long, those of
coppice shoots much larger. Fl. strongly scented, yellowish-white on pedicels } in. long,
inflorescence like 2. Corolla 4-4 in. long, tube pentagonous, lobes same colour as tube,
fringed with very long white hairs. Capsule ovoid-lanceolate 4-4 in. long on pedicels
4-4 in. long. The bark of stems contains from 4 to 13 % of Quinine. 4. C. micrantha,
Ruizet Pavon. Peruand Bolivia. L. glabrous, broadly elliptic or obovate, acute, blade
3-7 in., narrowed into a marginate petiole 3-1 in. long, those of coppice shoots much
larger. FI. sweetly scented, ; yellow ish-white, corolla a in. long, tube enlarged at base,
not pentagonous. Capsule oyoid-lanceolate 4-} in. long. Bark only contains traces
of Quinine. 5. C. succirubra, Payon. Ecuador: a large tree, attaining 80 ft., 1. soft
pubescent or.tomentose, and often red beneath, elliptic, acute at both ends, blade
6-12, pet. 1-14 in. long, no pits in the axils of sec. n. FI. rose-coloured, cymes com-
pact ina large pyramidal thyrsus, corolla 3—-} in. Capsule oblong, narrowed towards
the apex, 1-1} in. long. The bark of stems contains from 0°82 to 1°37 g of Quinine and
from 3:20 to 5:13 % ¢ of Cinchonidine.

10. LUCULIA, Sweet; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 36.
Species 2.

1. L. gratissima, Sweet. Dowari, Nep. Himalaya 4-6,000 ft., from Nepal eastwards.
Shan hills and hills east of Bhamo 4-6,000ft. Yunnan. A tall shrub, branches lenti-
cellate. L. lanceolate, blade 5-7, narrowed into pet. $-} in. long, sec. n. 9-12 pair. Fl.
pink, scented, #-1 in. across, in many-fld. generally pubescent corymbs, calyx-lobes
deciduous, corolla tube 1-1}in. long, style slender, included, stigmas 2, linear.
Capsule septicidally 2-valved. Seeds , imbricate upwards, with a long wing at
each end. 2. L. Pinceana, Hook. Khasi and Mishmi hills. Yunnan. Very similar,
sec. n. more numerous, inflorescence perfectly glabrous, fl. larger, 14-2 in. across, with
a pair of raised tubercles in the sinus between the lobes.

11. WENDLANDIA, Bartl.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 37.

Shrubs or small trees, 1. entire, opposite or in whorls of 3. Fl. 4- or 5-
merous, small, white or pink, in the axils cf linear bracts, in large terminal
compound trichotomous cymes. Calyx-lobes}ersistent, nearly equal. Corolla
funnel-shaped or tubular, lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens alternating with
the corolla-lobes, anthers exserted. Ovary 2-celled, style filiform, stigma
entire or 2-fid. Ovules © on small globose placentas adnate to the dissepiment.
Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, testa obscurely winged.

A. L. opposite, corolla-tube short, less than twice the length of lobes.

1. W. exserta, DC. Vern. Chaulai, Chila, Chilkiya, Tilki, Hind. ;
Tila, Mar.

A small tree, grey tomentose. lL. lanceolate or ovate lanceolate, entire,
pubescent above, clothed ier short soft grey tomentum beneath, blade 1-9,
petiole 4-1 in. long, sec. n. 12-16 pair, stipules recurved. Fl. sessile, white,
fragrant, in large acl terminal panicles, calyx grey-hairy, corolla-lobes
equal to tube, anthers exserted.

Subhimalayan tract and Sinalik hills from the Chenab to Sikkim. Gregarious in
places. Central Provinces, Orissa, Northern Konkan and Deccan. Fl. March-April.
Usually deciduous. Will probably be found useful in afforesting waste lands. 2. W.
puberula, DC. Dehra Din. Jaunsar, Garhwal. Kumaon. Nepal. L. glabrous
above except along midrib and nerves, brown-pubescent beneath with long hairs,
stipules erect, persistent. Fl. small, blueish Ww ee corolla-lobes shorter than tube,
anthers linear exserted. 8. W. Wallichii, W. A. Sikkim Terai and lower hill
forests. Khasi and Naga hills. Manipur. ns anal tree, stipules caducous, calyx
glabrous, corolla-lobes a little shorter than tube, anthers linear exserted.

374 LXI. RUBIACE# | Wendlandia

B. L. usually opposite, corolla-tube twice the length of lobes or longer,
usually slender.

4. W. paniculata, DC. Vern. Tagyin, Sagyin, Upper Burma.

A small tree, 1. usually rough above through the raised roots of fallen hair S,
softly pubescent beneath with long hairs, stipules broad-orbicular or reniform
or oblong-obtuse, the upper part usually reflexed. Fl, sessile, white or greenish-
white, scentless, in large hairy terminal panicles, calyx supported by one or
two linear hairy bracts as long as itself. Calyx hairy, lobes as long as or
shorter than tube, corolla funnel-shaped, lobes half the length of tube or less.
Anthers exserted.

Assam, Khasi hills. Manipur. ‘Tenasserim. Upper Burma (often on low ground).
Yunnan. Perak. Fl. March—April.

5. W. tinctoria, DC.; Brandis F. Fl. 269. Vern. Padhera, Kum.; Tula-
lodh, Oudh ; Taung Sagyin, Upper Burma.

A small tree, 1. smooth and glabrous above, more or less minutely pubescent
beneath, stipules erect, stiff, terminating in a subulate point or laterally com-
pressed appendage. Fl. yellowish-white, sessile, often supported by numerous
short bracts in dense fascicles, forming compact terminal panicles, ramifications
and calyx more or less hairy, calyx and corolla like 4, calyx often hirsute with
long hairs. Varies in regard to hairiness, shape and size of leaves.

Subhimalayan tract and outer hills from Kumaon and Oudh eastwards, ascending
in Sikkim to 5,000 ft. Assam, Khasi hills. Chittagong. Behar. Burma, Upper and
Lower (on hilly ground and in Eng forest). Fl. Jan—March. Yunnan. 6. W. nitens,
Wall. Tenasserim, 1. coriaceous, nearly glabrous, elongate-elliptic, obtuse, stipules
short erect, apiculate, calyx hairy, corolla slender, lobes short.

7. W. glabrata, DC.; Kurz F. Fl. ii. 74. Vern. Thitpyu, Burm.

A small evergreen tree, entirely glabrous, 1. opposite, Saunas in whorls
of 3, elliptic- lanceolate, blade 4-6, narrowed into pet. j-1 in. long, stipules
small, erect, triangular. Fl. w hite, calyx glabrous, teeth minute, triangular.

onal 4,000 ft. (Pater Hieronymus). Mahendragiri, Ganjam 4,500 ft. Rumpa hills,
Godavari 2,000 ft. (Gamble). Naga hills and Manipur 3-6,000 ft. Chittagong hills.
Shan hills, Upper Burma. Hills east of Toungoo 2-4,000 ft., often in evergreen forests.
Tenasserim. Fl]. Feb.—April.—Yunnan, Java, Tonkin, Formosa. 8. W. coriacea, DC.
Nepal, Sikkim Terai and lower hills. Evergreen, quite glabrous, |. coriaceous, sec. n.
very slender, stipules erect, triangular, calyx glabrous, teeth nearly as long as tube.
9. W. ligustrina, Wall. Upper Burma. lL. glabrous or puberulous on the neryes
beneath, stipules appressed, broadly triangular, cuspidate, calyx glabrous, teeth fili-
form, longer than tube. 10. W.glomerulata, Kurz. Mergui. L.membranous, glabrous,
narrow-lanceolate, narrowed into a very short petiole, stipules large, orbicular, re-
curved. Fl. large, $ in. long, calyx hirsute, teeth much longer than tube.

C. L. usually in whorls of 3.

11. W. Notoniana, Wall.; Wight Ic. 1033; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 224.

Vern. Thovara, Mal.

A small tree, branchlets, petioles, underside of |. and fatllneseones hairy,
1. usually in whorls of 3, elliptic- -lanceolate, blade 3-6, narrowed into petiole
4-3 in. long, stipules usually recurved, often 2-fid. Calyx hirsute, teeth as
long as tube, corolla-tube hairy within.

West side of the Peninsula, from the Konkan southwards. Fl. Feb—June. Ceylon,
moist region. 12. W. Lawii, Hook.f. Ramandrug, Bellary. Bababudan hills. Branch-
lets slender, minutely pubescent, 1. glabrous above, minutely pubescent beneath,
stipules erect. Fl. generally pedicelled, in lax, softly hairy large pyramidal panicles.
Calyx hairy, lobes filiform, longer than tube. 13. W. angustifolia, Wight. Courtallum.
Entirely glabrous, 1. linear-lanceolate, midrib prominent, sec. n. slender, calyx-teeth
short, subulate. 14. W. pendula, DC. Nepal, Manipur, Yunnan. Branchlets glabrous,
]. often opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, slightly pubescent on the
nerves beneath. Calyx glabrous, teeth lanceolate, as long as tube. Corolla 4 in. long.

Greenca| LXI. RUBIACE& 375
12. GREENEA, Wight et Arn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 41.

Evergreen shrubs, |. opposite or whorled in threes. Fl. 4—5-merous, small,
white, sessile in terminal panicles consisting of scorpioid cymes. Calyx-tube
globose, lobes persistent slightly unequal, ovary 2-celled, style filiform, stigmas
2, linear, involute. Capsule septicidally 2-valved, seeds 8, narrowly winged.
Species 5-6, Eastern Penins. and Malay Archip.

1. G@ Wightiana, W. et A. Wight Ic. 1161—Syn. Wendlandia secunda, Griff.
Tenasserim. An evergreen shrub, 1]. membranous, oblanceolate, glabrous above,
sometimes slightly hairy on midrib beneath, blade 6-10, pet. 1 in. long, stipules con-
tracted into a long point. Fl. numerous, close set, hairy, corolla 4 in. long, tube 3
times the length of lobes. 2. G. Jackii, Wight et Arn—Syn. Wendlandia corymbosa,
DC. Mergui. Malay Peninsula. Branchlets, petioles, underside of |. and inflorescences
softly tomentose, corolla-tube twice the length of lobes.

13. HEDYOTIS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 49.

Herbs or small shrubs, sometimes climbing. L. usually opposite, Fl.
tetramerous, small, white or lilac, in compound cymes, mostly terminal,
corolla campanulate or funnel-shaped, lobes valyate in bud. Ovary 2-celled,
style filiform, stigma 2-fid. Species 80, chiefly in tropical Asia. A few only
of the more striking species can be mentioned here.

A. Scandent, stipules connate into a short truncate 2-cuspidate cup.

1. H scandens, Roxb. Nepal. Sikkim Terai to 6,000 ft. Assam, Khasi hills,
Manipur. Chittagong. A soft-wooded glabrous climber, branches terete, 1. lanceo-
late 3-5 in. long, fl. ereenish-white, capsule splitting septicidally into 2 many-seeded
cocci, the top raised and protruding between the calyx-teeth.

B. Erect, stipules connate, pectinate.

2. H. stylosa, Rob. Brown; Wight Ic. 1027. Nilgiris, Palni and Travancore hills.
A large shrub, stem deeply grooved, the furrows often nearly reaching the centre,
1. glabrous lanceolate, blade 1-2, pet. 4 in., stipules hairy. Corolla white, lobes
lanceolate, hairy within. 3. H. articularis, Rob. Brown; Wight Ic. t. © 1028.
Nilgiris. A small rigid shrub, |. glabrous, sessile, rigid, stipules glabrous, calyx-tube
produced beyond the ovary, lobes short.

Silvianthus bracteatus, Hook. f. Silhet, Cachar. Khasi and Naga hills, Manipur.
A glabrous unarmed shrub, |. membranous, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, irregularly
toothed, blade 5-8, pet. 1-2 in. long. Fl. large, in dens», nearly sessile axillary
bracteate cymes, calyx purplish-green, lobes 5, oblong, foliaceous, persistent and
enlarged after flowering. Corolla white, funnel-shaped, tube 4 in. long, hairy within,
lobes 5, short, orbicular. Stamens 2, inserted half way down the corolla-tube, ovary
2-celled, ovules numerous. Fr. red, a fleshy 5-valved capsule. Seeds large imbricate,
testa spongy.

14. MUSS4ENDA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 86.

Shrubs or undershrubs, fl. pentamerous, in terminal compound cymes,
rarely solitary. Some of the outer fl. of each cyme usually with one calyx-
lobe enlarged, forming a large petioled white or coloured leaf. Corolla tubular,
widening upwards, usually silky outside, throat villous, lobes valvate in bud.
Ovary 2-celled, stigmas 2 linear, ovules o. Berry many-seeded. Species
30-40, tropics of the Old World and Polynesia.

A. Calyx-teeth deciduous.

1. M. frondosa, Linn.; Wight Ill. t. 124; Bedd. Manual t. xvi. f. 3.
Vern. Yieethia, Burm.

376 LXI. RUBIACEA [Mussenda

_A large shrub, tomentose or nearly glabrous, 1. acuminate, cymes softly
silky-tomentose, calyx-lobes lanceolate twice the length of ovary or longer,

corolla orange, pubescent or hirsute, lobes acute or acuminate. Berries obo-
void, glabrous.

Subhimalayan tract and outer hills from Nepal eastwards, in Sikkim to 4,000 ft.
West side of the Peninsula, Nilgiris. Upper Burma. Fl. May-Aug.—China. Malay
Archip. 2. M. macrophylla, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 180. Nepal. Sikkim 4-6,000 ft.
Khasi and Naga hills. Yunnan. A large shrub or small tree, branchlets, petioles
underside of 1. and inflorescence hirsute or villous, 1. elliptic acute, blade 4-5, pet. +2
in. long. Bracts and calyx-lobes foliaceous, oblanceolate obtuse, corolla orange, tube
hirsute, lobes orbicular, apiculate. Berry hairy. To this in Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 89, is
referred I. calycina, Wall., Kurz F. Fl. ii. 58 of Burma. 3. M. glabra, Vahl. Sikkim
from the Terai to 5,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills, Cachar, Chittagong; Martaban and
Tenasserim hills. Malay Peninsula. China. A rambling, almost climbing shrub,
glabrous, excepting the appressed hairy inflorescence, calyx-teeth varying in length,
less than twice the length of ovary. Corolla-tube slender, usually with appressed hairs,
lobes short, acute, berry globose glabrous. Species 1-8 vary exceedingly and are often
difficult to distinguish. 4. M. variolosa, Wall. Arakan. Pegu Yoma, southern slopes.
Tenasserim, common at Amherst. Hispid, with spreading rufous hairs, 1. hairy beneath
and often above, lanceolate, usually sessile, the lower sonietimes petiolate.

B. Calyx-teeth persistent.

5. M. Roxburghii, Hook.f. Sikkim Terai to 4,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills, Manipur,
Cachar, Chittagong. Perak. A shrub, l. membranous, glabrous above, lanceolate,
or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 6-12, pet. 4-1 in. long. Cymes very dense, many-fid.,
calyx-teeth long filiform hairy, petioles of the enlarged lobes long and slender, corolla
slender, silky, lobes orange, small with filiform tips, berries glabrous, crowded in large
rounded heads. On the Khasi hills a variety, the branches hirsute with long hairs.
6. M. tomentosa, Wight. Gingee hills, Karnatik, branchlets, leaves and inflorescence
densely clothed with soft grey velvety tomentum, |. ovate, blade 3-4, pet. $-} in. long.
Cymes without leafy coloured calyx-lobes. 7. M. Wallichii, G. Don (united by Kurz
with M. glabra, Vahl). Lower Burma. L. ovate-lanceolate, appressed hairs on nerves
beneath, blade 4-6, petiole ?, stipules ? in. long, subulate, entire or 2-fid. Inflor-
escence and corolla-tube entirely glabrous, bracts and calyx-teeth long, subulate.
8. M. incana, Wall. An undershrub, chiefly in grass lands of the Sikkim Terai and
the Khasi hills. Chutia Nagpur. Shan hills. Yunnan. Softly grey tomentose, fl.
and enlarged calyx-lobes lemon-yellow. The stems above ground probably burnt down
by the annual fires of the hot season. Analogous is perhaps 9. M. uniflora, Wall.
Tenasserim. Cochinchina, stems 6 in. high, from a stout rootstock, fl. solitary, terminal,
all calyx-segments linear, tube hirsute, berry ellipsoid, hairy with a few teeth
remaining. -

Aulacodiscus premnoides, Hook. f. Tenasserim. Malay Peninsula. A small tree,
branchlets stout, obtusely 4-angled. L. coriaceous, glabrous, shining, elliptic-oblong,
blade 6-9, pet. 4-4 in. long, sec. n. 12-15 pair, arching, stipules from a triangular base
long-acuminate. Fl. polygamous, 8-16-merous, in axillary trichotomous pubescent
cymes, bracts foliaceous at the lowest pair of ramifications, none higher up. Calyx
truncate, corolla broadly campanulate, disk large prominently lobed, lobes opposite
the corolla-lobes. Ovary 6-16-celled, stigma large peltate. Berry } in. diam., seeds
numerous, minute, albumen oily.

Myrioneuron nutans, Wall. Bhutan, Assam, Khasi and Naga hills. Chittagong.
Upper Burma. Tonkin. A small shrub sometimes climbing, branches stout, bark
thick, pale, spongy. IL. coriaceous, obovate-elliptic, minutely pubescent beneath along
the nerves, blade 6-9, narrowed into petiole 4—-} in. long, sec. n. 18-20 pair, prominent
beneath, as well as the parallel tertiary nerves, stipules }—} in. long. FJ. yellow, in
dense shortly pedunculate bracteate heads, in the axils of the uppermost 1., bracts
rigid, lanceolate. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, persistent, much exceeding corolla. Corolla
tubular, lobes short erect, pubescent on the back. Berries fleshy, white, crowned by
the long scarious calyx-lobes, seeds numerous, angular, black.

Urophyllum longifolium, Wight Ic. t. 1165 (Axanthes). (U. strigosum, Kurz F. Fl. ii.
53). Mergui. Malay Penins. A large evergreen shrub, young shoots, stipules, petioles
and underside of |. pubescent. L. membranous, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 5-11, pet. $ in.
long, sec. n. 12-15 pair, tert. n. slender, but conspicuous, stipules linear 4 in. long.
Fl. small 5-7-merous, white, glabrous, in small axillary pubescent cymes, bracts

Urophyllum | LXI. RUBIACES. 377

villous. Free portion of calyx cup-shaped, truncate, corolla villous in the throat, lobes
yalvate. Ovules numerous. 2. U. glabrum, Wall. South Tenasserim. Malay Penins.
and Archip., glabrous; only leafbuds and cymes pubescent, fl. dioicous.

Adenosacme longifolia, Wall. Outer Himalaya, ascending to 6,000 ft. from Kumaon
eastwards. Assam, Khasi and Naga hills. Cachar, Chittagong. Lower Burma. China.
A small shrub, |. membranous, lanceolate or oblanceolate, more or less pubescent, chiefly
on the underside, blade 4-11, pet. 3-2in. long, stipules membranous, lanceolate-oblong.
Fl. in compound trichotomous cymes, dimorphic, (@) with short style, anthers inserted
at the base of the short corolla-tube, (b) with long style and anthers inserted at the
mouth of the campanulate corolla-tube. Calyx-tube not produced beyond the 2-celled
ovary, lobes 4-6, as long as ovary, persistent. Corolla fleshy, lobes 4-6, valvate in bud.
Berries snow-white, } in. diam. 2. A. stipulata, Hook.f. East Nepal, Sikkim 2-5,000
ft., stipules orbicular {-1 in. diam., berries glassy white. 3. A. Lawii, Hook.f. Nilgiris
and Western Ghats, similar to 1 but ovary 5-6-celled.

15. WEBERA, Schreb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iti, 101. (Zarenna, Gertn. ;

Hiern in Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. 88; Chomelia, Linn. ; Schumann in Engler
u. Prantl iv. 4. 74.)

Unarmed shrubs or trees, usually drying black. Calyx-limb produced beyond
ovary. Fl. usually pentamerous, in terminal corymbiform compound cymes.
Corolla-lobes twisted in bud, anthers exserted. Ovary 2-celled, style short,
usually pubescent, stigma spindle-shaped, ovules 1-2, rarely numerous in each
cell. Drupe 1- or 2-celled, seeds few or one only, plano-convex with a deep
groove or concave. Species 30-40, tropical Asia and Africa.

Fie. 156. Webera corymbosa, Willd. 4.

| A. Stylocoryna, Cay. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. These species should
probably form a distinet genus.
(a) Corolla glabrous outside.

1. W. corymbosa, Willd.—Syn. IW. asiatica, Bedd. Manual t. xvi. 2; W.
glomerifiora, Kurz; Tarenna zeylanica, Gertn.; Stylocoryna Webera, A.
Rich.; Wight Ic. t. 309, 584. Vern. Kare, Mar.; Kommi, Tel.; Tereni,
Papatan, Tam.

A large evergreen shrub or small tree, usually quite glabrous, bark dark-
coloured, smooth. L. coriaceous, hard, shining above, blade 3-6, pet. 4—} in.
long, stipules coriaceous. Fl. white, fragrant, in terminal trichotomous com-

378 LXI. RUBIACEA | Webera

pound cymes which frequently are pubescent. Corolla-lobes as long as tube,
puberulous within. Berry glabrous, dull green, finally-black, calyx-teeth

ae or deciduous, seeds 4-10, albumen ‘horny, cells of embryo filled with
oi

Chanda district, Centr. Proy. Peninsula both on the West and East side, common.
Pegu Yoma, rare. Fl. March—July.—Ceylon, very common from the coast to 7,000 ft.
Jaya. 2. W. pallida, Franchet MSS. Mandaw byu, Burm. Upper Burma in eyer-
green forest 2-8,000 ft. (Smales). Yunnan 2,500-5,000 ft. (Henry, Abbé Delavay). An
evergreen tree, attaining 60 ft., 1. coriaceous glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, blade 6-9,
pet. #-14 in. long, sec. n. 10-14 prominent, arching. Fl. 4- or 5-merous, yellow, cymes
compressed terminal and from the axils of the uppermost 1., pubescent, trichotomous,.
but ramifications frequently alternate. Free portion of calyx-tube campanulate, teeth
short. Fr. a yellow drupe, seeds 4-6, albumen horny. 3. W. monosperma, Wight et
Arn.; Wight Ic. t. elt (Stylocor yne). Courtallum. Cymes glabrous, corolla-tube
glabrous outside, lobes 4 in. Berry white, 1-seeded.

(>) Corolla hairy outside.

4. W. odorata, Roxb. Assam, Khasi hills. Manipur. lL. membranous, cymes large,
corymbiform, bracts linear, corolla-tube }-} in. long, shorter than the linear lobes.
5. W. disperma, Hook. f. Khasi hills. Berry 2-seeded. 6. W. pumila, Hook. f.
Khasi hills. A dwarf shrub, branches ‘crooked, 1. rigid, lanceolate 1-14 in. long, fl
white, in small compact hirsute cymes.

B. Webera proper. One oyule in each cell.

7. W. Kurzii, Hook. f.—Syn. Ixora weberifolia, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 18. Andamans.
Nicobars, common. A small evergreen glabrous tree, |. elliptic-lanceolate, blade 5-7,
pet. 4 in. long, cymes sessile, or nearly so, terminal, trichotomous, fl. ebracteolate, pedi-
celled, white, corolla glabrous outside, throat woolly, seeds deeply excavate centrally,
testa coriaceous. 8. W. lucens, Hook. f.—Syn. Coffea alpestris, Wight Ic. t. 1040 and
C. grumelioides, Wight Ic. t. 1041. West side of the Peninsula from Mangalore south-
wards. Quite glabrous, |. lanceolate or oblanceolate 2-4 in. long, narrowed into a very
short petiole, corolla-tube 4+ in. long, shorter than the linear lobes, glabrous outside,
pubescent inside. Berry 2-seeded. 9. W. canarica, Hook. f. Ghats of South Kanara,
Nilgiris, Cochin, Travancore, evergreen forests 2,000 ft., 1. lanceolate or oblanceolate,
blade 5-7, pet. Sin. long, cyme terminal, with stout minutely puberulous branches,
1-2 pair of minute bracteoles on calyx below fl., calyx-lobes triangular acute, corolla
1-14 in. long glabrous outside, tube inside hairy, anthers 4 in. long linear, style hairy.
10. W. nilagirica, Hook. f. Similar to 8, but 1. membranous pubescent beneath, corolla
2-2 in. long, style glabrous. 11. W. campanifiora, Hook.f. Chittagong, |. elliptic-
lanceolate, glabrous above, rough beneath with minute stiff hairs, blade 4-12, pet.
4-} in. long. Cymes nearly sessile, hirsute, bracts lanceolate, persistent, calyx hirsute,
teeth longer than ovary, corolla 3 in. long, from a short tubular base widened into a
large campanulate limb. 12. W. Helferi, Hook. f. Tenasserim. Cymes pedunculate,
branches slender, calyx-teeth subulate shorter than ovary. Corolla-tube slender 3 in.
Jong, lobes broad, much shorter than tube.

13. W. compactifiora, Brandis (Ixora compactiflora, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 17). Donat pass
2,000 ft. on the Thaungyin side (D.B. April 1859), 1. glabrous, elliptic acuminate, blade
4-5, tapering into a strong pet. 4-4 in. long, cymes forming a dense head 1 in. diam.
at the end of branchlets, calyx-teeth broad oblong obtuse with a wide membranous
edge, corolla-tube tin., the lobes as long as tube, style glabrous. This, like 10, is.
anomalous, on account of the glabrous style.

Byrsophyllum tetrandrum, Hook.f. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.326. Gardenia tetrandra, Bedd.
Pl. Ind. Or. t. 20. Travancore Ghats. A small glabrous tree, 1. very coriaceous,
elliptic, obtuse, blade 2-5, narrowed into pet. 4-1 in. long, stipules large, deciduous.
Fl. polygamous, tetramerous, terminal, white, tinged with rose, corolla-tube 1 in.,
lobes 4 in. long, twisted in bud, anthers included. Berry # in. diam., seeds numerous,.
flat, imbricate, immersed in pulp.

16. GARDENIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 115.

Shrubs or trees, generally resinous, wood whitish, close-grained. Stipules
more or less connate round the stem within the petioles, often early decid-
uous. Calyx-limb produced beyond the ovary. Corolla-tube cylindrical or

re

Gardenia| LXI. RUBIACEA 379

slightly wider upwards, lobes 5 or more, contorted in bud. Ovary 1-celled,
incompletely divided by 2, 3 or more projecting parietal placentas. Fr. fleshy,
indehiscent, usually crowned with the persistent calyx-limb, endocarp hard.
Seeds numerous, embedded in the fleshy or pulpy placenta. Species 60, Old
World, tropical and subtropical.

A. Unarmed. Fl. large, bisexual, usually solitary, corolla-tube more than
1 in. long.

1. G. lucida, Roxb. ; Wight Ic. e ne, Bedd. Manual t. xv. fig. 6.—Syn.
G. resinifera, Roth; Kurz “EF. Fl. ii. 42. Vern. Dikamatli, Mar. ; Yerra
bikki, Tel.

A small tree, 1. elliptic-oblong, 4-10 in. long, narrowed into the short mar-
ginate petiole, sec. n. 20-25 pair, stipules sheathing. EGaly -lobes 5, linear-
subulate. Corolla large, pure white, fragrant, tube 1-2 in., lobes 5, obovate-
oblong. Fr.’ ovoid, crow med with the persistent calyx- Shay endocarp thick,
woody, nearly 2-celled with the prominent placentas.

Chanda district. Western Peninsula in the drier as well as in the moist districts.
Chittagong. Not known from Burma. Fl. March—June, November in Nellore (D.B.
1881). Wood mS into combs. The Dikamali resin exudes from wounds made in the
bark of 1 and 2. G. gummifera, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 576. Centr. Proy. Purulia,
Ch. Nagpore. Westar Peninsula. Dikamali, Hind. ; Kurmuri, Satpura; Manchi
bikki, Tel. A large shrub, J. cuneate or obovate, sessile, often with a narrow cordate
base. Calyx-limb short, lobes 5-6, ovate or triangular. Fr. 1-14 in. oblong, endocarp
thin crustaceous, nearly 4- or 5-celled.

3. G. latifolia, Aiton; Wight Ic. t. 759. Vern. Papra, Hind.; Ban-
pindalu, Oudh; Ghogar, Mar.; Pedda bikki, Tel.

A small tree, bark grey, peeling off in flakes, young shoots pubescent,
mature |. dark green and glossy. L. opposite or in threes, broadly-elliptic or
obovate, 6-8 in. long, narrowed into a short broad petiole, sec. n. prominent,
15-20 pair, small hairy glands in their axils on the underside. Free portion
of calyx campanulate, deeply cleft into 5-9 lanceolate unequal segments.
Corolla white or pale lemon-yellow, orange when fading, tube 2-3 in. long,
hirsute on the outside, lobes 5-9, obliquely obovate. Fr. Ly-2hi in. long, hairy
when young, grey or speckled creenish- yellow when ripe, endocarp thin hard,
brittle, with 4—5 parietal placentas.

Subhimalayan tract, Ganges to Sarda, not common. Behar. Western Peninsula.
Fl. April-May. Combs made of the wood.—Ceylon, moist low country. It isdoubtful
whether the tree figured under this name in Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 184, and described as G.
enneandra, Koenig, in Wight et Arn. Prodr, 394 is this species or not. *

4. G. obtusifolia, Roxb. Yingat-gale, Burm. Pegu, Tenasserim, common in Ei ng
forest. Upper Burma. Cambodia. A small dee iduous tree, buds resinous, stic ky,
obovate-oblong, nearly sessile, 3-7 in. long. Calyx-limb shortly 5-toothed, aati
white, turning yellow, tube slender 14-2 in. ‘long, lobes 5, rarely 4. 5. G. florida, Linn.
China, Japan, cultivated on account of its very fragrant fl., ]. coriaceous 2-4 in., calyx-
lobes linear, { in. long.

6. G. coronaria, Ham. Vern. Yingat-gyi, Burm.

A small deciduous tree, buds very resinous, |. shining, obovate, 4—10 in. long
narrowed into a short petiole, stipules connate into a somewhat persistent
sheath, branchlets marked by the scars of 1. and stipules. Calyx-tube }-1 in.
long, often split on one side, corolla white fragrant, tube 2-3 in. long, lobes 5.
Fr. elongate-ellipsoid, 1 in. long.

Chittagong. Burma, Upper and Lower, often in Engdaing. FI. March, April,

B. Usually armed. Fl. small, usually of two kinds, fertile and sterile, the
former usually sessile, solitary, the latter shortly pedicellate, fasciculate. The
sterile fl. with anthers, style and stigma, but ovary imperfect. In some cases

380 LXI. RUBIACEA [Gardenia

(G. erythroclada, Kurz), one kind of fl. bears smaller fr. than the others. Ct.
Kurz F. Fl. ii. 40, 41 and C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 161, 310.

7. G. turgida,
Roxb.; Wight Ic.
5 $. 579.—Syn. G.
montana, Roxb. ;
Wight Ic. t. 577.
Vern. Thanela, Kar-
amba, Ghurgia,
Hind. ; Phetra, Pen
dra, Mar. ; Yerra
bikki, Tel.; Thamin-
zant, Burm.

A small deciduous
tree, armed with
strong axillary often
leaf-bearing spines,
bark smooth, blue-
ish-grey, mealy on
branches. L. oftea
crowded at the ends
of branchlets, 1-4
in. long, obovate,
narrowed into a
short marginate
petiole, tomentose or
pubescent beneath,
glabrous or pubes-
cent above when
mature. Fl. white,
fragrant, corolla-
tube 4-4} in. long.
Fertile solitary ses-
sile, calyx-lobes ob-
long. Sterile clus-
tered on short pedi-
cels, calyx - teeth

Fie. 157. Gardenia coronaria, Ham. }. minute, sometimes
unequal. Fr. grey,
obovoid or globose, 2-3 in. long, endocarp woody, placentas 2-6.

Submontane tract of the North West Himalaya, Jumna to Sarda, ascending to 4,000 ft.
Rajputana. Central Prov. Behar. Western Peninsula. Pegu, chiefly in Eng forest.
Shan hills at 4,000 ft. Fl. H.S. 8. G. campanulata, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 578. Sikkim,
foot of hills. Assam. Lower Bengal. Chittagong. Pegu (Kurz). A large shrub or
small tree, deciduous, armed with long straight sharp spines, often leaf-bearing. LL.
membranous, glabrous, lanceolate, blade 24, narrowed into a slender petiole 4-4 in. lone.
Fl. greenish-white, corolla-tube 4 in. long, upper portion campanulate. Fertile solitary
sessile, calyx-teeth oblong or spathulate, foliaceous. Sterile fasciculate, shortly pedi-
cellate. Fr. $-14in. long, endocarp woody, placentas 5. 9. G. sessiliflora, Wall.. Thamin-
zabyu, Burm. Pegu, in deciduous and Hng forests. A deciduous shrub or small tree,
branchlets short stout, nearly at right angles to the main branch, terminating in sharp
woody spines, bearing fl. and tufts of |. below thespine. L. pubescent, obovate, blade 3-4
in., narrowed into a slender petiole $-}in. long. Sterile fl. fasciculate on short pedicels,
calyx-tube villous, with 5 obtuse foliaceous teeth. Corolla pubescent, tube 4 in. long,
lobes almost orbicular. 10. G. erythroclada, Kurz. Hmanni, Burm. Pegu, Martaban,
Shan hills at 3,000 ft. Cambodia. A small deciduous tree, stem and branches brick-red.
branchlets usually spinescent. L. broadly elliptic or obovate, blade 4-10, pet. 1-2 in.
long. Fl. greenish, sterile and fertile fl. on different trees. G'. cuneata, Kurz, Ava, is
imperfectly known.

Randia| LIX. RUBIACE® 381
17. RANDIA, Linn. ; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 109.

Shrubs or trees, stipules short, often connate. Fl. pentamerous, axillary,
in cymes, fascicles or solitary. Calyx-tube produced beyond ovary, corolla-
lobes twisted in bud, anthers subsessile, narrow. Ovary 2-celled, ovules
numerous on thick placentas attached to the septum. Berries 2-celled, seeds
4 or more in each cell. Seeds angled, testa thin, albumen horny, cotyledons

orbicular. Species about 100, tropical and subtropical regions of both hemi-
spheres.

A. Armed, 1. glabrous.

1. R. tetrasperma, Roxb. (Gardenia). Kikra, Haz.; Bhadra,Jaunsar. Baluchistan.
Mt. Tilla, Salt range. Himalaya ascending to 6,000 ft. Assam. A small shrub,
_ branches rigid, grey, decussate, branchlets short, often spinescent. L. glabrous,
approximate near ends of branchlets, obovate or oblanceolate, 4-2 in. long, narrowed
into short petiole. Fl. pentamerous, greenish-white, scented, sessile. Corolla-tube
glabrous, 4 in. long, lobes oblong, apex subulate. Fr. a globose berry, } in. diam.
crowned with the persistent calyx.

2. R. uliginosa, DC. ; Wight Ic. t.397.—Syn. Gardenia uliginosa, Retz. ;
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 185. Vern. Pindara, Panar, Pirar, Hind. ; Pindra, Pen-
droy, Mar.; Konda manga, Tel.; Kare, Kan.; Hmanbyu, Burm.

A small rigid tree, bark reddish-brown. Branches quadrangular, usually

382 LXI. RUBIACEA [|Randia

bearing short, terete, decussate branchlets, with several pairs of approximate
leaves, and above them 2-4 strong sharp decussate thorns. L. glabrous and
shining above, often pubescent beneath, obovate from a cuneate base, blade
3-6, pet. fin. long. FI. solitary, axillary, white, scented, dimorphic, either
large and sessile or small and pedicelled. The former have 2 separate stigmas,
the corolla is 2 in. across, while its tube is longer than the free portion of calyx.
The pedicellate fl. have a short corolla-tube and a clavate stigma marked with
spiral lines. Calyx-lobes very short, corolla-tube glabrous outside. Hr. yellow,
edible, with a hard pulp, those produced by the large fl. are 2 in. long, while those
of the others only attain half that size.

Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, chiefly in Savannahs and on low
ground, ascending to 2,500 ft. Bundelkhand, Central Provinces, Behar. Burma,
Upper and Lower. Western Peninsula. Gregarious in places. Fl. April-June.
L. renewed March, April. 8. R. longifiora, Lamk.—Syn. Webera longiflora, bispinosa,
and siamensis, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 48, 49. Assam. Khasi hills. Chittagong. Pegu.
Martaban and Tenasserim. Malay Peninsula. Tonkin. A large evergreen rambling
shrub, entirely glabrous, usually armed with stout recuryed spines. IL. coriaceous,
shining, elliptic-oblong, blade 4-6, pet. $ in. long. Fl. white, turning yellow, in com-
pound, sessile or shortly pedunculate cymes. Corolla-tube 3-14 in. much longer than
the oblong lobes. Berry ovoid or globose, 4-4 in. long.

4. R. malabarica, Lamk.—Syn. Griffithia fragrans, W. et A.; Wight Ic. t. 310.
Pedda Malli, Tel.; Todi Matti, Tam. Deccan. Mysore, Karnatik. Also on the
West side of the Peninsula. Often planted in hedges. Ceylon. A rigid glabrous
shrub, thorns short, sharp, sometimes absent, when grown in rich soil. L. coriaceous,
oboyate to oblanceolate, 2-3 in. long, narrowed into short petiole. Fl. white fragrant,
in nearly sessile leaf-opposed cymes, bracts ovate, cuspidate, connate in pairs. Calyx
glabrous or hairy, teeth short, triangular, corolla ¢ in. across, tube shorter than lobes.
Berry 4 in. diam., first orange, finally black. 5. R. Griffithii, Hook. f. Khasi and
Naga hills. Bernardmyo 7,000 ft. Upper Burma. Spines short, straight, sometimes
wanting. L. membranous, lanceolate, blade 2-5, pet. 4+ in. long. Berries soft black,
4 in. diam., seeds 4 in each cell.

B. Armed, 1. pubescent or tomentose.

6. R. dumetorum,
Lamk.; Wight Ic. t. 580.—
Syn. Rk. nutans, longispina
and floribunda, Wight Ic.
t. 581, 582, 583. Vern.
Maindal, Mainphal, Hind. ;
Ghela, Mindhal, Mar. ; Man-
gu, Tel.; Mangari, Kan.;
Madu Karray, Tam.

A large deciduous shrub
or small tree, armed with
stout axillary spines, 1-1} in.
long, bark grey. L. obovate,

Fie. 159.—Randia dumetorum, Lamk. 4. 1-2 in. long, glabrous or
hairy. Fl. greenish-yellow
or nearly white, turning yellow when fading, fragrant, on short pedi-

cels, solitary or a few together at the ends of short leaf-bearing branch- -

lets, sometimes on the axillary spines. Calyx strigose with stiff hairs,
lobes large, broad-ovate, often with minute intermediate lobes. Corolla 4-3 in.
across, tube hairy outside. Fr. yellow, 1-14 in. long, frequently crowned by
the semi-persistent calyx-teeth, fleshy under a leathery pericarp, seeds em-
bedded in a gelatinous pulp.

Subhimalayan tract and outer hills from the Bias eastwards, ascending to 4,000 ft.,
chiefly in Sal and mixed forests. Rajputana. Central Provinces. Both Peninsulas.
Fl. March-June. Fruit eaten when ripe, unripe used to poison fish. Ceylon, Malay
Archipelago. South China. Eastern tropical Africa. A remarkable form, possibly
a distinct species, with 1. densely velvety beneath, hairy above, sec. n. prominent,
10-12 pair, fr. ribbed and crowned with the semipersistent calyx-lobes. Sattara Ghats

Randia| LXI. RUBIACE® 383

and Mahabaleshwar (May 1870 and Oct. 1881, D.B.; Ghera, Ghela, Mar.) Sigixr Ghats,
(Nilgiris, Gamble), is similar to 7. R. tomentosa, Blume (Gardenia dasycarpa, Kurz F.
Fl. ii. 42), Pegu, Tenasserim and Shan hills, U. Burma, a small deciduous tree,
spines straight 1-2 in. long, |. coriaceous, fr. velvety. 8. R. fasciculata, DC.—Syn.
R. rigida, DC.; Webera fasciculata, Kurz. Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys
from Nepal eastwards. Assam. Khasi hills, Tenasserim. A large straggling shrub
armed with straight axillary spines, }-} in. long, branchlets, petioles and underside of
leaves slightly pubescent, J. glabrous aboye, oyate or ovate-lanceolate, blade 1-4, pet.
4-4 in. long. FI. white, fragrant, nearly sessile, in few-fld. axillary fascicles, calyx-
lobes deciduous, corolla-tube #1} in. long, lobes oblong. Berry purple, + in. diam.

C. Unarmed, calyx-teeth minute. Corolla-tube less than 1 inch long.

9. R. densiflora, Benth.—Syn. Webera oppositifolia, Roxb.; Kurz F.
Bl. ui. 47.

A middle-sized or large evergreen tree, unarmed, wood heayy, very hard.
L. lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, glabrous, coriaceous, blade 4-8, pet. } in. long.
Fl. white, fragrant, cymes leaf-opposed, or from leafless nodes, sessile or
shortly pedunculate, glabrous or pubescent, bracts persistent, small. Calyx
usually minutely hairy, teeth minute or 0. Corolla }—? in. diam., lobes oblong,
as long as or longer than tube, edges generally ciliate, throat villous. Berry
ovoid or globose, + in. long, seeds numerous.

Assam, Manipur, Cachar. Andamans. Pegu Yoma, eastern slopes. Martaban.
Tenasserim. Cochin and Travancore in evergreen forest.—Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago. North Australia. Hongkong. Lt. Gardneri, Hook. f., moist region of
Ceylon, with lanceolate 1. and leaf-opposed cymes agrees with the Travancore speci-
mens of I. densiflora. 10. R. Wallichii, Hook. f. Sikkim to 4,000 ft. Khasi hills.
Chittagong. Andamans. Pegu, Tenasserim and Upper Burma. A small tree or
large rambling shrub, similar to 9 but cymes axillary sessile, bracts caducous, fl. yellow
(Gamble) + in. diam. Berry 4 in. diam., seeds peltate, smooth.

11. R. Candolleana, W. et A.—Syn. #. deccanensis, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 237.
Karu Maram, Tam. Deccan, Karnul, Anantapur. Mysore. Karnatik. Javadi hills
(D. B. Jan, 1882). A small tree, young shoots pubescent, |. broadly elliptic, obovate or
orbicular, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, blade 2-6, pet. #-14 in. long. Cymes
sessile, bracts deciduous, calyx glabrous, free portion much wider than ovary, teeth
short, triangular, corolla 4 in. across, tube silky outside. 12. R. rugulosa, Hook. fil—
Syn. &. speciosa, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 37. Western Ghats, mostly in evergreen
forest, from Matheran southwards. Ceylon, moist low country. A large evergreen
climbing shrub, with long drooping branches, entirely unarmed. LL. glabrous, elongate-
elliptic, blade 6-10, pet. 4-1 in. long. Fl. white, fragrant, in leaf-opposed cymes with
ovate cuspidate bracts. Calyx appressed-pilose, teeth minute, corolla glabrous, 3—-% in.
across, tube shorter than lobes. Seeds rugose.

D. Unarmed. Corolla-tube 1 in. or longer.

18. R. exaltata, Griff.; Kurz F. Fl. ii. 46.—Syn. Gardenia pulcherrima, Kurz FP. FI.
ii. 48. Mergui, Andamans, in Mangrove swamps but also inland. Penang. A
middle-sized evergreen tree, 1. glabrous, coriaceous, elliptic, acuminate, blade 5-7,
petiole 4 in. long. Cymes subsessile, few-fld. Calyx tomentose, teeth triangular.
Corolla white, scented, 3 in. long. Berry 1-14 in. diam., pericarp woody, seeds em-
bedded in pulp. 14. R. sikkimensis, Hook. f. Sikkim, outer hills, to 4,000 ft. A shrub,
]. in unequal pairs, upperside rough, underside pubescent, calyx-teeth subulate. Corolla
1 in. long, silky outside. 15. R. hygrophila, Kurz FP. Fl. 44 (Gardenia). Pegu, Swamp
forests and low ground in Savannahs. A smallevergreen glabrous shrub, |. membranous,
very shining aboye. Fl. solitary, white, turning black in drying, calyx-lobes linear-
lanceolate, more than half the length of tube, corolla-tube 1 in. long, 4 in. wide at
mouth,

Brachytome Wallichii, Hook.f. Khasi hills. Upper Burma. A glabrous shrub or
small tree, nearly allied to some species in Sect. D of Randia, 1. membranous, lanceolate
or oblanceolate, blade 6-9, narrowed into petiole } in. long, stipules persistent. Fl.
white, polygamous, pentamerous, in axillary, or by abortion of one of the pairs of 1,
leaf-opposed cymes, calyx-limb 5-toothed persistent, corolla funnel-shaped, tube 4 in,
long, as well as the short lobes glabrous within, stigma of 2 short oblong lobes. Berry
ellipsoid, 4 in. long, seeds crowded, cuneate, compressed, testa reticulate.

384 LXI. RUBIACEA [ Morindopsis

Morindopsis capillaris, Kurz. Upper Burma. Pegu. Tenasserim, on river banks
and in damp places. Cambodia. An evergreen shrub or small tree, |. glossy, rigidly
but thinly coriaceous, lanceolate or elliptic, almost sessile, stipules ovate, persistent.
Fl. small, white, sessile, dicecious, tetramerous. ¢ in small, usually few-fld. heads,
supported by stiff linear subulate bracts on supra-axillary, often opposite, slender or
capillary peduncles, usually 1-2 in. long. solitary or in subsessile few-fid. heads.
Ovary 2-celled, ovules numerous on peltate placentas. Berry cylindric, 1 in. long,
crowned by the persistent calyx-teeth.

Hyptianthera stricta, W. et A. Subhimalayan tract from Kumaon eastwards.
Nindhaur Valley (D. B. 1880). Oudh forests. Sikkim to 3,000 ft. Khasi hills.
Chittagong. Yunnan. An aromatic evergreen shrub or small tree, wholly glabrous,
]. shining, lanceolate, blade 3-6, pet. $in. long. Fl. small, white, 4-5-merous, bracteo-
late, sessile in opposite axillary fascicles, corolla-tube short, hairy within, style short,
bifid, branches erect hispid, ovules pendulous, 6-10 in each cell. Seeds imbricate,
angular, testa thick fibrous and plaited, embryo small.

Petunga Roxburghii, DC. (Hypobathrum racemosum, Kurz). Chittagong. Lower
Burma near streams and in swamp forests. An evergreen shrub, |. lanceolate, blade
2-5, pet. + in. long, stipules broad, caducous. FJ. 4-merous, white, almost sessile, in 4
rows, on axillary sessile or shortly pedunculate spikes, corolla fuunel-shaped, throat
villous, berry stalked, orange-yellow.

18. DIPLOSPORA, DC.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 122.
(Included under Tricalysia, A. Rich., in Engler und Prantl iv. 4. 81.)

Evergreen shrubs or trees, petioles short, stipules triangular, acuminate or
with a long setaceous point. Fl. small, polygamous, bracteolate, in axillary
fascicles or short cymes. Corolla-tube short, lobes 4 or 5, twisted in bud.
Ovary 2-, rarely 3-celled, style bifid, ovules 2-3 in each cell. Berry 2-celled,
seeds flat, imbricate. Species 10. India and the Malay Archip.

A. Stipules acuminate.

1. D.singularis, Korth. Khasi hills. Cachar. Pegu Yoma, eastern slopes. Tenasserim.
Indian Archip. A middle-sized tree, resinous and entirely glabrous, the stem fluted,
L. coriaceous, shining, elliptic, blade 3-7, petiole 1-4 in. long. Fl. 4-merous, greenish-
white, in dense axillary clusters, pedicels with several pairs of bracts, connate at base
and sheathing. Calyx deeply lobed, corolla-tube % in., lobes linear. Fr. } in. diamt.
crowned by the persistent calyx-limb. Seeds 8-10. 2. D. apiocarpa, Hook. f.; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 223.—_Syn. Discospermum apiocarpum, Dalz.; Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 40. Western
Ghats from the Konkan southwards, above 2,500 ft. A middle-sized or large resinous
tree, petioles 4} in., fl. 4-merous, cream coloured, scented, male and bisexual on different
trees, bracts not sheathing, calyx-teeth minute, fr. ellipsoid, sessile. 3. D, sphzro-
carpa, Hook.f. WesternGhats. Similar to 2, but calyx-teeth longer, obtuse, ciliolate,
fr. globose, 3 in. diam., on bracteolate pedicels 4 in. long.

B. Stipules with long setaceous points.

4. D. confusa, Hook. f. Tenasserim. Glabrous, fl. minute, in small axillary heads,
calyx truncate. 5. D. pubescens, Hook. f., Mergui. Similar, but pubescent. 6. D.
Griffithii, Hook f., Upper Burma, a small shrub, J. oblanceolate, cymes spiciform 4-3 in.
long. 7. D. Kurzii, Hook. f. Urophyllum biloculare, Kurz. Hills east of Toungoo at
2,000 ft. A small evergreen tree, 1. membranous, elliptic-lanceolate, sec. n. arching
4-6 pair, tertiary nerves numerous, slender, horizontal. FJ. minute, sessile, in axillary
clusters, fr. orange, } in. diam., 3-4 black seeds in each cell.

Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Geertn.; Bedd. Manual 134-3 t. xxix. fig. 5. Mangrove
swamps of the Andamans, of the Karnatik coast (rare), Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula
and New Caledonia. A small evergreen glabrous tree or shrub, much like Lumnitzera.
L. coriaceous, obovate, blade 2-8, narrowed into petiole 4-1 in. long. Fl. white, 4- or 5-
merous, corolla-tube cylindric 4 in. long, throat hairy, anthers exserted, ovary 2-celled,
2 superposed ovules in each cell, style bifid, branches linear, obtuse. Drupe nearly
cylindric, with 8-10 prominent ribs, pyrenes crustaceous 4-5-ribbed. Lumnitzera has
alternate 1. and a 1-celled ovary.

Canthium| LXI. RUBIACE 385

19. CANTHIUM, Lam.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 131.
(Plectronia, Sec. II. Canthiwm, Schumann in Engler u. Prantl iy. 4. 92.)

Shrubs, erect or climbing, stipules connate. Fl. small, in axillary fascicles
or peduncled compound cymes, calyx-tube shortly produced beyond ovary,
corolla-tube shorter than, as long as, or rarely longer than lobes, throat villous,
lobes valvate in bud, at length reflexed. Ovary 2-celled, stigma large, usually
ribbed, oyule one, attached to the upper part of the cell. Drupe with thin
pericarp, endocarp 2-celled more or less woody. Seeds oblong, testa mem-
branous, albumen fleshy, embryo nearly as long as seed. Species about 70,
tropics of the Old World.

A. Unarmed, fl. 5-merous.

1. C. didymum, Roxb.; Bedd. F. Syly. t. 221.—Syn. C. wmbellatum,
Wight Ic. t. 1034. Vern. Nalla halsu, Naikinna, Nakkareni, Tel.; Myauk-
laung, Upper Burma.

A small or middle-sized evergreen tree with deep-green foliage, branchlets
often angular, wood hard, even grained. lL. coriaceous, glabrous, glossy,
elliptic, blade 4-6, narrowed into a stout petiole } in. long. Fl. white, fra-
grant, in compact axillary many-fld. often umbelliform cymes, sessile on a short
stout peduncle. Corolla-tube cylindric, }—} in. long, a little longer than the
reflexed lobes, anthers slightly, style usually long exserted. Drupes more or
less didymous, on long slender pedicels, purple, —} in. long.

Western Ghats from Kandala southwards, chiefly in evergreen forests. Nilgiris.
Common on the hills of the Salem and adjoining districts. Northern Cirears, Orissa.
Upper Burma, in Engdaing (fl. umbellate, stigma very little exserted), Mergui. Fl.
Nov.-May.—Ceylon, low country to 4,000 ft.,common; large beaked leaf galls frequent
on the young branches. Malay Peninsula and Archip. China. Very variable, the
structure of endocarp not uniform, should be studied. 2. C, Kingii, Hook. f. (var.),
Sikkim 1,500 ft. LL. elliptic-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, fl. in pedunculate umbels,
corolla-tube 4+ in. long much widened upwards, lobes barely half the length of tube.
3. C. pergracile, Bourdillon in Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xii. 352, t. 5, a tall graceful
tree, inevergreen forest Travancore at low elevations, |. very glossy, lanceolate caudate-
acuminate, fl. yellowish-green, in shortly peduncled umbelliform cymes, corolla-tube
4 in. long, as long as lobes, fr. {-1 in. diam., endocarp thick, woody, ribbed. 4. ¢.
neilgherrense, Wight Ic. f. 1064 bis. Nilgiri and Palni hills. LL. elliptic, or ovate,
often hairy beneath, fl. few in small axillary nearly sessile umbels. Fr. cream-coloured,
obovate, succulent. 5. C. ficiforme, Hook. f. Shevagherry hills, l. thickly coriaceous,
drying black, fr. 1-1} in. long, compressed, narrowed into pedicel § in. long, enclosing
2 hard bony irregularly furrowed nuts. j

6. C. glabrum, Blume (Plectronia glabra, Kurz F. FI. ii. 35). Southern spurs of the
Pegu Yoma. ‘Tenasserim. Malay Peninsula. Java. A small evergreen tree, 1.
glabrous, ovate-oblong, blade 5-7, pet. 4 in. long. Fl. in shortly peduncled, often lax
axillary cymes, corolla-tube equal to lobes, 4 in. long, fr. §-1 in. long, enclosing two
smooth trigonous stones,

B. Unarmed, fl. 4-merous.

7. ©. travancoricum, Bedd. Ic. P]. Ind. Or. t.289( Plectronia). Tinnevelli and Travan-
core Ghats, a middle-sized tree, 1. membranous, glabrous, ovate, acuminate, blade 2,
pet. 4 in. long, stipules from a broad base narrowed into a long subulate point. Fl.
very small, in lax pedunculate cymes with slender ramifications, corolla yy in., lobes as
longas tube. 8. C. gracilipes, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 86 (Plectronia). Andamans, frequent. A
shrub, branchiets thinly pubescent, 1. membranous, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate,
stipules, petioles and nerves finely hairy. Fl. very small, on long slender fascicled
pedicels, fr. 4 in. across,

©. Armed, fl. mostly 5-merous.

9. C. parviflorum, Lamk.; Roxb, Cor. Pl. t. 51. Vern. AKirna, Kadbar,
Mar.; Balasu, Tel. :

cc

386 LXI. RUBIACEE [Canthium

A rigid shrub, branches stiff spreading, spines numerous, axillary or supra-
axillary, straight, stout and sharp, wood hard, close-grained. LL. glabrous,
elliptic, obovate or orbicular 4-2 in. long, stipules small with long cuspidate
points. Fl]. 4-merous, yellowish, in many-fld. peduncled cymes, calyx-teeth
minute, corolla-tube broad-campanulate, 4, in. long, a little longer than lobes,
stigma globose, tuberculate. Fr. yellow, edible, enclosing two hard stones.

Wardha valley, Nizam’s territory and southwards throughout the drier districts of
the Western Peninsula. Common in the semi-evergreen scrub near the Coromandel
coast. Fl. chiefly R.S8. but also at other times. Ceylon, dry region. 10. C. angusti-
folium, Roxb.—Syn. C. Leschenaultii, Wight et Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 826. Silhet,
Sundriban, Chittagong. Peninsula, chiefly on the west side. A scandent shrub with
slender spinescent stems. L. chartaceous, shining, ovate; acuminate or ovate-lance-
olate, blade 1-3, pet. 4+ in. long, spines axillary, straight or curved.
Calyx-teeth minute, corolla-tube short, lobes lanceolate, acuminate, forming a long
point in bud. Style hairy. 11. C. Rheedii, DC. Peninsula, Ceylon, may possibly only
be a pubescent variety. 12. C. parvifolium, Roxb. Khasi hills, Chittagong, Pegu. A
rigid spreading shrub, spines straight, sharp, branchlets and leaves softly hairy,
fr. 4 in.diam. 13. C. horridum, Blume, differs from 12 by short compressed hooked
spines and much larger fr.

Vangueria spinosa, Roxb., including V. pubescens, Kurz. Sikkim Terai, along road-
sides (Gamble). Jowai, Khasi hills (D. B. May, 1879). Lower Bengal. Burma, Upper
and Lower. Deciduous forests of the Peninsula. Java. A small thorny tree, 1.
membranous ovate or ovyate-lanceolate, glabrous or tomentose, blade 2-4, pet. 4-1 in.
long, stipules early deciduous. FI. pentamerous, greenish, calyx-segments from a
triangular base linear, nearly as long as the 5-celled ovary, corolla-lobes acuminate.
Drupe yellow, 4-1 in. diam., fleshy, edible, with 4-5 smooth hard 1-seeded stones.
2. V. edulis, Vahl, a native of Madagascar, cultivated in India on account of its fruit,
unarmed, 1. elliptic 4-8 in. long.

Timonius Jambosella, Thw.; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 190.—Syn. Polyphragmon flavescens,
Kurz. Andamans, Nicobars. Ceylon. Malay Penins.and Archip. A small evergreen
tree, 1. thinly coriaceous, pale and silky beneath, blade 3-5, pet. $ in. Jong. FI.
supported by 2 small bractlets, polygamous, sterile in pedunculate cymes, fertile
solitary or 3 together on long slender peduncles, tetramerous, corolla tubular, pubescent
outside, longer (4 in.) in the sterile fl., lobes valvate, ovary 8-12-celled, one pendulous
ovule in each cell, style with 4 or more branches. Drupe globose, 4-4 in. diam., lobed
or ribbed, enclosing 8-12 compressed pyrenes, seed with scanty albumen, embryo long.

Guettarda speciosa, Linn.; Bedd. Manual t. xvii. Litoral and tidal forests of the
Andamans. Scarce on the coast of the Western Peninsula, often cultiv. in gardens.
Ceylon (rare on the coast). Sea coast within the tropics. A small tree, branchlets
stout, pubescent, marked with leaf-scars. L. crowded at the ends of branchlets, obo-
vate, pubescent, chiefly beneath, blade 6-10, pet. 2-14 in. long, stipules ovate deciduous.
Fl. polygamous, 5-9-merous, white, sweet scented, nearly sessile, crowded on the short
arms of a pubescent cyme, peduncles 13-8 in., from the scars of fallen 1. Calyx velvety,
limb tubular, indistinctly toothed, corolla velvety outside, glabrous within, tube
1-1} in. long, anthers included. Ovary 4~-9-celled, one pendulous ovule in each cell.
Drupe depressed globose, ? in. diam., stone woody with 5-9 angles and as many cells.

20. OCTOTROPIS, Bedd.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 131.

Shrubs, fl. 4- or 5-merous, in pedunculate cymes. Corolla-tube cylindric,
widened upwards, lobes longer than half the tube. Anthers and style exserted,
style ribbed, stigma bifid at top. Ovary 2-celled, dissepiment very thin dis-
appearing early, ovules 2 pendulous from the top of the cell. Species 2.

1. 0. travancorica, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 8327; Manual 134/12. Wainad (4,500-5,500 ft.).
Shevagherri hills. Tinnevelli and Travancore Ghats, evergreen forest, 1—5,000 ft.
A large shrub or small tree, 1. chartaceous, glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, blade 4-6,
pet. fin. long. Fl. white, each supported by 2 appressed bracteoles, cymes bracteate
on long filiform peduncles, corolla-tube 4in., anthers apiculate. Fr. ellipsoid, 3 in.
long, seeds 1 or 2,albumen horny. 2. 0. terminalis, C. B. Clarke, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxv.
33, t. 17. Nambar forest, Assam. Cymes fasciculate in the axils of the uppermost l1.,
corolla-tube # in. long, anthers included (doubtfully referred to this genus).

oe

Pavetta| LXI. RUBIACEA 387
21. PAVETTA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 149. -

Differs from Fora by membranous leaves, the bracts at the lower cyme
branches membranous, more or less sheathing, and the style as a rule twice
the length of the corolla-tube, with a slender, entire, rarely notched stigma.
Species about 70, tropics of the Old World.

1. P. indica, Linn.—Syn. P. Brunonis, Wight Ic. t. 1065; Irora tomen-
tosa, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 186. Vern. Angari, Puldu, N. W. India; Tapra,
Papidi, Tel.: Pdvate, Kan.; Pavettai, Tam.; Hmit naban, Hmitgyin,
Sebaung-gyan, Burm.

A large shrub, glabrous or tomentose, branchlets obtusely quadrangular,
1. elliptic-lanceolate, sometimes lanceolate or obovate, blade 4-9 narrowed into
petiole 4-1 in. long. FI. white, scented, pedicelled in ample trichotomous,
sessile, usually pubescent cymes, often globose, up to 6 in. diam., terminal, or
at the ends of short branchlets. Calyx as a rule pubescent, truncate or with
short triangular teeth, corolla-tube 4—} in. long, hairy inside, outside usually
glabrous.

F). March-July. Three well marked varieties, two of which were described in my
old Forest Flora as distinct species: (a) indica proper, branchlets, 1., cymes and calyx
glabrous or nearly so. Sikkim, to 2,000 ft. Bhutan. Lower Bengal. Andamans.
Burma, Upper and Lower. Western Peninsula. Ceylon. Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago. China. New Guinea. (b) minor, glabrous, |. small, lanceolate, calyx-
teeth acute, Tinnevelli and Travancore. (c) tomentosa, branchlets, leaves and cymes
tomentose, sec. n. distinct. Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards. Behar.
Lower Bengal. Khasi hills, Manipur. Burma, Upper and Lower. Malay Peninsula.
Tonkin,

The following 5 species are nearly allied to P. indica. A. Western species: 2.
P. hispidula, W. et A. (P. siphonantha, Dalz.). Western Ghats of the Peninsula,
generally in evergreen forest. A slender shrub, |. lanceolate or oblanceolate, glabrous
or pubescent beneath, turn black when dry, calyx-teeth triangular, acute, fl. yellow,
corolla-tube 1-14 in. 3. P. Wightii, Hook. f. Nilgiris. Almost wholly glabrous, 1.
shining oblanceolate, cymes at the end of slender axillary branches, naked below, but
with a few]. at the base of cyme, calyx-teeth lanceolate, longer than ovary, corolla-
tube slender, § in. long. 4. P. Brunonis, Wall. Nilgiris. L. softly hirsute with long
hairs, obovate or oblanceolate, cymes densely tomentose at the end of short naked
branches, with a few l. supporting the cyme, bracts large, calyx-teeth lanceolate, often
recurved, corolla-tube 4 in. long. B. Eastern: 5. P. subcapitata, Hook. f. Assam,
Khasi hills. L. caudate-acuminate, pubescent beneath, cymes sessile, compact, capi-
tate, calyx-teeth distant, very short, corolla-tube 4 in. long. 6. FP. naucleiflora, Wall.
(Ixora naucleiflora, Kurz). Bhutan, Assam, Khasi hills. Tenasserim. Malay Penin-
sula. Branchlets, l., cymes and calyx densely pubescent, cymes at the ends of long
axillary naked branches with a pair of ]. at the base of cyme, calyx-teeth subulate.

7. P. breviflora, DC.; Wight Ic. t. 1035. Travancore at 4,000 ft. in evergreen forest.
Nilgiris, on the higher ranges, common. A large glabrous shrubor small tree, |. black
when dry, lanceolate, oblanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 8-4, gradually narrowed
into petiole 4-} in. long. Fl. white, cymes small, sessile or nearly so, at the ends of
short branchlets, naked below, often with afew |. at the base of the cyme, corolla-tube
4-} in. long, style glabrous, less than twice the length of corolla-tube. Somewhat
resembles Webera lucens, which has 5-merous fl. and a pubescent style.

22. IXORA, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 137.

Shrubs or small trees, as a rule evergreen, wood hard, branchlets usually
round, not angled, 1. mostly coriaceous. FJ. tetramerous, bi-bracteolate, in
terminal trichotomous compound cymes, the 1. at the base of cyme often
sessile, corolla-tube long, very slender, as a rule glabrous outside, lobes
twisted in bud. Ovary 2-celled, style filiform, exserted less than twice the
length of corolla-tube, stigma slender, branches 2, rarely persistently connate.
Drupe more or less didymous, pericarp coriaceous or fleshy, endocarp coriaceous,
2-celled. Seeds two, peltate or concave, sometimes by abortion one only.

388 LXI. RUBIACEA [Txora

Testa membranous, radicle inferior, albumen usually fleshy. Species about
100, tropics of Asia and Africa, a few in America. F

A. Cal.-teeth longer than ovary. Cymes compact, corymbiform, usually
sessile,

1. I. acuminata, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 706. Sikkim, outer hills and valleys, Assam,
Bhutan.. Khasi hills. Cachar. A large shrub, 1. large, almost membranous, blade
5-13, pet. }-? in. long. FI. crowded, occasionally 5-merous, white, fragrant, bracts and
calyx red, corolla-tube 1-1} in., very slender, mouth 3 in. across. Drupe $-} in. long,
crowned with the slender calyx-teeth. 2. I. subsessilis, Wall. Assam. Khasi and
Naga hills. Maniptr. Yunnan. A shrub, |. thinly coriaceous, lanceolate, blade 5-8,
pet. Jin. long. FI. pink or white, corolla-tube very slender, $-14 in. long, mouth $-4
in. across. 3. I. Brunonis, Wall. Khabaung forests, Pegu Yoma. Tavoy. Malay
Peninsula. A small shrub, branchlets, 1. and cymes pubescent. L. sessile or nearly
so, oblanceolate, 6-10 in. long. Fl. pale rose-coloured, corolla-tube 4 in. long, hairy.
4. I merguensis, Hook. ‘f. Mergui. Glabrous, |. oblanceolate, blade 7-12; narrowed
into a stout pet. }-# in. long. FI. flesh coloured, corolla-tube $-? in. long. 5. L
polyantha, Wight Ic. t. 1066. West side of the Peninsula, from the Konkan south-
wards. A large, very ornamental shrub. L. elongate-elliptic, glabrous, blade 8-16
in. long, pet. short. Cymes woolly, with dense spreading hairs, bracts, bracteoles and
calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, calyx hairy. Corolla glabrous, tube 4-14 in. long, mouth
2 in. across. Fr. ovoid, 4 in. long, sparsely hairy, crowned with the calyx-lobes.
6. I Johnsoni, Hook. f. Cochin. Similar, but entirely glabrous, 1. coriaceous,
ealyx-teeth linear,

B. Cal.-teeth longer than ovary, cymes pedunculate, lower branches
spreading.

7. I. lanceolaria, Colebr.; Wight Ic. t. 827. West side of the Peninsula, in ever-
green forests, from North Kanara southwards. A small shrub, |. glabrous, lanceolate,
blade 4-7, pet. f in. long. FI. white, corolla-tube 3—} in. long, mouth # in. across, lobes
linear. 8. Inotoniana, Wall. Nilgiriand Palnihills. L. thickly coriaceous, glabrous,
elongate-elliptic, blade 6-8, pet. stout, 3? in. long, stipules with long cuspidate points.
Cymes ample, up to 10 in. across, peduncle up to 5 in. long, fl. red, corolla-tube glabrous,
4 in. Jong, lobes oblong.

C. Cal.-teeth as long as or shorter than ovary, cymes long-pedunculate.

9. I. spectabilis, Wall. Burma. Arakan to Tenasserim. A small evergreen tree, 1.
pale beneath, elongate-elliptic, blade 5-8, pet. up to # in. long, the uppermost pairs
often sessile, with rounded or cordate base. Cymes pubescent, with long spreading
branches, peduncles 6-10 in. long with one or two pairs of large sessile foliaceous
bracts in the lower half. FJ]. white, sessile, corolla 4-3 in. long, lobes linear. 10. 1.
diversifolia, Wall. Martaban and Tenasserim, similar but 1. not pale beneath, cymes
glabrous and fl. pedicelled. 11. I. Brandisiana, Kurz. Tenasserim. L. oblong-lanceolate,
finely acuminate, peduncles 4-5 in. long, deflexed, cymes pubescent, compact, 2 in. diam.,
branches short. 12. I. elongata, Heyne. Western Ghats from the Konkan to Coorg,
similar to 9, but corolla-tube shorter, $ in. long, lobes short, oblong. 13. I. villosa,
Roxb.; Wight Ic. t.150. Sikkim, foot of hills. Assam. Garo and Khasi hills. Cachar.
Khabaung forests (Kurz). A shrub, branchlets, petioles, underside of 1., stipules and
cymes pubescent, |. thinly coriaceous, variable in shape, blade 6-10, petiole 4-4 in.,
stipules $-1in. long, with long filiform points. Fl. white, fragrant, in peduncled cymes
with long brachiate branches, corolla-tube 1 in. long.

D. Cal.-teeth as long as or shorter than ovary, cymes on short peduncles,
less than 2 in. long, branches spreading.

14. I. parviflora, Vahl; Wight Ic. t. 711; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 222. Vern.
ees Undi, Lokandi, Mar.; Kort, Gorivi, Tel.; Goravi, Kan.; Korivi,

am.

A small glabrous tree, cymes sometimes slightly pubescent. LL. coriaceous,
hard, shining, sessile or shortly petiolate, oblong or obovate-oblong, with a
rounded or slightly cordate base, 4-5 in. long, the reticulate veins nearly as
prominent as the second. nerves. Fl. white or pink, scented, in ample, nearly
sessile, compound trichotomous cymes. Corolla glabrous, tube 4~J in., lobes
oblong, style pubescent, tip of corolla ellipsoid in bud.

Ixora) LXI. RUBIACEZ 389

Western Peninsula, extending north to the Satpura range, common in deciduous
forest. Behar. Chutia Nagpur, Orissa. Rare furthereast. Sundriban. Chittagong.
Nicobars. Prome district. Thaungyin at 5,000 ft. (Lobb). Fl. Feb—April.—Ceylon
dry region. Branches of the green wood make excellent torches. 15. I. brachiata,
Roxb. Peninsula in evergreen forest, on the West side and in Ganjam. Similar to
14, but |. narrowed into petiole 3-4 in. long, lower cyme branches long, tip of corolla
globose i in bud, tube 4-3 in.

16. L grandifolia, Zoll. and Morr. (I. rosel/a, Kurz and I. macrosiphon, Kurz). Anda-
mans and Nicobars. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. A shrub or small tree, 1. elon-
gate-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 6-12, petiole 4-1 in. long, stipules large with
a long, often bifid cusp, fl. white or pale rose, pedicels usually longer than calyx,
corolla glabrous, tube 4-14 in. long. 17. I brunnescens, Kurz. Andamans and Nicobars.
A small tree, nearly allied to 16, ‘]. obovate, 5-7 in. long, sessile or on a very short stout
petiole, base rounded or cordate. 18. L cuneifolia, Roxb. Wight Ice. t. 709. Silhet.
Pegu, Martaban, Tenasserim. A shrub, young shoots, petioles and underside of 1.
minutely puberulous, sometimes almost glabrous. L. elongate-elliptie or elliptic-
lanceolate, blade 6-9, pet. $ in. long, sec. n. 10-12 pair, arching, terminating in distinct
intramarginal veins, numerous shorter intermediate nerves, stipules with short filiform

2

cusps. FI]. white, sessile or shortly pedicelled, corolla-tube 3-3 in. long, fr. red.

19. I. nigricans, Br. ; Wight Ic.t. 318. Vern. Sawkan, Burm.

A small tree, entirely glabrous, turning black in drying. L. ie cae
lanceolate, oblanceolate or elliptic- lanceolate, blade 5-7, pet. j-} in. Cymes
shortly pedunculate or nearly sessile, rounded, broader than long, bracts
subulate. Fl. white, pedicels usually as long as or longer than calye: with 2
lanceolate bracteoles. Corolla-tube glabrous within and - without, }—2 in. long,
lobes linear }—} in. long, forming a narrow bud, not much broader than tube,
filaments nearly as long as anthers. Fr. black’ 1-1 in. diam.

Assam, Maniptir, Cachar. Burma, Upper and Lower, in evergreen and deciduous
forest. Western Peninsula, chiefly on the west side, common in evergreen forest.
Fl. Jan.May. Malay Peninsula. Java. 20. L erubescens, Wall. (J. memecylifolia,
Kurz). Pegu, Tenasserim. Similar, |. thinly coriaceous, nearly sessile, base rounded
or cordate.

21. L undulata, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 708. Sikkim Terai and lower hills. Bhutan,
Assam, Khasi hills. Upper “Burma (Daukyat po). A large shrub or small tree, }.
chartaceous, glabrous, lanceolate, edges undulate, blade 5-9, pet. } in. long. Cymes
often pubese ent, shortly pedunculate, spreading, pyramidal or top rounded. ramifications
slender. Fl. peace wite’ supported by several linear bracteoles, calyx-teeth lanceo-
late, usually equal toovary inlength. 22. I barbata, Roxb. Andamans and Nicobars.
Cultivated at Caleutta and elsewhere. A large shrub, 1. elliptic, blade 6-8, pet. }-4
in. long, the uppermost pair at the base of peduncle smaller, sessile cordate. Cymes
sometimes compact, 4-12 in. broad, broader than high, calyx-teeth short, triangular,
acute, corolla white, tube 1-14 in., mouth woolly. 23. L oblonga, Br. Tenasserim,
similar, but corolla-tube shorter.

E. Cal.-teeth as long as or shorter than ovary. Cymes compact, corymbiform,
usually sessile.

24. I. coccinea, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 153.—Syn. I. Bandhuca, Roxb. ;
Wight Ic. t. 149. Vern. Rangan, Beng. ; Bakora, Pendkul, Mar.

A large shrub, entirely glabrous. L. coriaceous, sessile or nearly so, elliptic-,
sometimes obovate-oblone, cymes sessile, dense-fld. FI]. brilliant scarlet, some-
times yellow, corolla-tube 1-1} in. long, lobes ovate, acute, mouth naked,
anthers short, yellow, exserted.

Western Peninsula, common near the Western coast, also along the Ghats on river
banks. Chittagong (indigenous ?). In Burma only cultivated. An ornament of
Indian gardens. Fl. throughout the year.—Ceylon low country to 2,000 ft. common.

25. I. stricta, Roxb. ‘Tenasserim (Kurz), similar to 24, fl. from scarlet to pale rose
and white, corolla-tube $1 in., lobessmall, rounded. 26. L amena, Wall. Tenasserim.
Malay Penins. and Archipel., |. petioled, lanceolate. 27. L fulgens, Roxb.; Wight
Ie. t. 151. (Pavetta Lobbii, Teysm. and Binnend.). ‘Tenasserim, Malay Penins. and
Archip.,]. shining, petioled, lanceolate, sec. n. 20-80 pair, fl. orange, then scarlet. 28.
I. congesta, Roxb. Attaran, Mergui, Malay Penins., }. rigidly coriaceous, lanceolate,
blade 8-12, pet. }-4 in. long, fl. orange and scarlet, calyx-teeth broad, very short. 29.

890 LXI.. RUBIACE [Txora

29. L rugosula, Wall. (I. sesstliflora, Kurz). Martaban and Tenasserim, fl. white or pale
rose-coloured, corolla-tube 4-3 in. 30. IL opaca, Br. Tenasserim, fl. pink, corolla-tube
1 in. long.

23. COFFEA, Linn. ; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 153.

‘Shrubs, stipules free. FI. usually white, axillary, solitary, in pairs or in
dense axillary fascicles. Free portion of calyx short. Corolla-lobes 4-9,
twisted in bud. Anthers 4-7, linear, attached in the middle of the back to
the short filaments. Ovary surmounted by an annular more or less fleshy
disk. Drupe with two coriaceous or cartilaginous pyrenes. Seed plano-con-
vex, as a rule with a deep inwardly curved groove on the flat vertical face.
Embryo short, near the base of seed, radicle inferior, cotyledons thin, cordate,
albumen horny. Species 25, tropics of the Old World.

A. Fl. in axillary many-fld. fascicles, corolla-tube less than 4 in.

1. C. arabica, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 53; Bedd. Man. t. xvii.; Brandis F.
Fl. 276. “Coffee.

A glabrous evergreen shrub or small tree, |. elliptic-oblong 5-7 in. long,
narrowed into short petiole. Calyx-limb truncate, corolla funnel-shaped, tube
4-1 in. long, lobes oblong, as long as tube, filaments shorter than anthers.
Berry fleshy, purple when ripe.

Indigenous in Abyssinia and the Sudan. Cultivated in Arabia since the 15th, on
the mountains of the Peninsula since the 17th century. Fl. March—June. 2. ¢.
liberica, Hiern. Liberian Coffee, indigenous in tropical Western Africa, thrives at lower
elevations within the tropics, and is less exposed to the ravages of the fungus Hemileia
vastatriz than 1, has larger |., the corolla 6-9-lobed, fr. black 1 in. long. 3. C. Khasiana,
Hook. f. Khasi and Naga hills, Manipur. A large rambling almost climbing shrub,
branchlets pubescent with short hairs, |. elliptic-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, blade
5-8, pet. +-$ in. long. Fl. yellowish-green on very short pedicels bracteate at the
base, which lengthen out as the fr. ripens. Calyx with 4 triangular acute teeth,
corolla-tube 3-2 in., lobes 4, short, hairs in throat white, anthers yellow. =Fr. } in.
diam., calyx-teeth persistent. 4. €. Jenkinsii, Hook. f. Khasi hills. Similar, but
glabrous, |. narrower, corolla-tube 3 in., fr. 4 in. long, seeds plano-convex without a
central furrow,

B. Fl. solitary or 3-4 together, corolla-tube } in. or longer,

5. C. bengalensis, Roxb.; Kanjilal F. F1.207. Vern. Zalat-pyu, Burm.

A deciduous shrub, youngest shoots slightly pubescent. L. membranous,
not shining, 2-5 in., suddenly contracted into the short petiole, stipules subu-
late from a broad basis. Fl. pure white, fragrant, solitary or in pairs, calyx
with 5 broad often indistinct teeth, divided into numerous linear segments,
corolla 1-14 in. across, tube $-1 in. Fr. } in. long, black.

Subhimalayan tract and outer hills from the Jumna eastwards. Sikkim Terai.
Assam, Silhet. Chittagong. Tenasserim. Upper Burma. Fl. Feb—April. 6. ¢.
fragrans, Wall. Silhet, Tenasserim, 1. lanceolate, fl. usually solitary, calyx with
numerous teeth, corolla-tube slender, 3-1 in. long.

7. ©. Wightiana, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1598. Western Peninsula from Coorg to
Travancore. Ceylon, dry region. A small shrub, bark white, branches rigid almost
spinescent, divaricate, 1. 4-14 in., nearly sessile, stipules short rigid with a sharp point.
FJ. solitary, sessile, calyx with 5 broad deeply laciniate teeth, corolla-tube 4 in., lobes
shorter than tube, fr.didymous, much broader than long. 8. C. travancorensis, W. et A. ;
Trimen Handb. Ceylon t. 53. Western Peninsula from Coorg to Travancore.—Ceylon,
moist and intermediate region, ascending to3,000ft. A smallshrub, branchlets slender,
l. lanceolate 2-4 in. long, petiole short, stipules caducous. FI. solitary or in threes,
calyx pubescent, limb truncate, corolla-tube 2 in., glabrous within. Fr. broader than
long, 3 in. broad.

Hamiltonia suaveolens, Roxb. ; Bedd. Man. t. xvii. fig. 3 ; Collett Simla Flora, 231 fig. 71
(ineludes H. mysorensis, W. et A.)—Syn. Spermadictyon suaveolens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 236.

Coffea) LXI. RUBIACEA 391

Vern. Ghetra,Haz. Padéra,Hind. Subhimalayan tract and outer hills, from the Punjab
to Bhutan ascending to 5,000 ft., mostly on dry stony hillsides, often gregarious. Salt
range, Punjab. Merwara and Mt. Aboo. Behar. Western Peninsula, on the Ghats
of the Konkan and North Kanara, on the hills of the Northern Circars, Karnul and
Mysore. A small or large shrub, sometimes a smal] tree, more or less pubescent,
branches divaricate, almost herbaceous. L. rigid, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 6-12, pet.
4-1 in. long, sec. n. 10-16 pair, stipules persistent. Fl. 4~5-merous, blue-lilac or white,
fragrant (but, like the leaves, foetid when crushed), in a large terminal thyrsus, con-
sisting of trichotomous compact cymes, bracts, the lower foliaceous, the upper subulate.
Calyx hairy, teeth linear, persistent, longer than ovary. Corolla pubescent, funnel-
shaped, lobes short, spreading. Ovary 5-celled, style slender, 5-branched at top. Capsule
1-celled, opening at the apex into 5 valyes. Seeds 5 or less, triquetrous, testa reticulate
on the surface.

24. LEPTODERMIS, Wall.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 198.

Shrubs fcetid when bruised, |. opposite, several pairs often approximate on
arrested branchlets, stipules small, persistent. Fl. usually 5-merous, often
unisexual, white or purple, nearly sessile, in compact few-fld. cymes, 2 brac-
teoles under each fl., connate into a scarious, 2-cuspidate tube. Corolla-tube
slender, hairy within, throat glabrous, lobes valvate with inflexed edges.
Ovary 5-celled, style filiform, arms 5, linear, ovules erect, basal. Capsule 5-
valved to the base, seeds 5, each enveloped in a loose fibrous netted covering.
Species 8, Himalaya, China and Japan.

1. L. lanceolata, Wall. Outer Himalaya, 3-9,000 ft. Kashmir-Bhutan. A smali
shrub, J. lanceolate, blade 4-3, pet. }-} in. long. FI. white, corolla 4 in. long,
capsule cylindric}-4in. 2. L.virgata,Edgew. Salt range. N. W. Himalaya, Hazara
to Kulu. North China. A rigid, much branched shrub, 1. linear }-} in. long.
8. L. Griffithii, Khasi hills, Manipur. LL. lanceolate,’4-13 in. long, stipules with long
pungent points. -4. L. crassifolia, Coll. et Hemsl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 67. Shan
hills, Upper Burma 4-5,000 ft. common on grassy slopes. Young shoots more or less
hairy, |. ovate or orbicular, 4 in. long, fl. sessile, white, corolla 4 in. long.

25. PASDERIA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 195.

Slender twining shrubs, foetid when bruised, stipules deciduous. Fl. 4-5-
merous, in axillary and terminal compound trichotomous cymes, calyx-limb
persistent, corolla tubular or funnel-shaped, pubescent, lobes valvate with
inflexed crisped edges. Ovary 2-celled, stigmas 2, capillary, twisted, ovules
basal, erect. Fr. (in the species here mentioned) flat, a thin shining fragile
pericarp, separating from two flat orbicular or elliptic membranous or coriaceous
pyrenes. Species 9 or 10, most in tropical Asia.

1. P. fetida, Linn. Gundali, Hind. Nepal..Sikkim, from Siligori to8,000 ft. Assam,
Khasi hills. Caleutta, Chittagong. Tenasserim. Yunnan. Malay Peninsula and
Archip. Nearly glabrous, |. oyate-acuminate or ovate-lanceolate, blade 2-5, pet. 4-2 in.
long. Cymes pedunculate, 2-6 in. long, branches long, in distant pairs, bracts often
foliaceous, corolla 4-4 in. long. Pyrenes black, with a broad pale wing. 2. P. lanu-
ginosa, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 165. Martaban, Tenasserim, often in deserted Taungyas.
Foot of Shan hills, Upper Burma. Yunnan. A large twining shrub, stem as thick
as a man’s arm, branchlets, petioles, underside of |. and cymes densely tomentose,
upperside of |. rough when young with short stiff hairs; when mature with the raised
roots of fallen hairs, 1. cordate acuminate, blade 3-6, pet. 1-3 in. Fl. dull purple,
crimson within, corolla 4—} in, long.

Aitchisonia rosea, Hemsley, Journ. Linn. Soc. xix. t. 14. Kuram valley, at 6,000 ft,
Baluchistan (var, i/iottii, Stapf.) A gregarious undershrub, growing in dense clumps
1-2 ft. high and 6-8 ft. across, kept as dense cushions by the continuous browsing
of sheep and goats, |. opposite, petiolate, stipules interpetiolar, persistent. Fl. pink,
in congested head-like involucrate cymes. Fr. didymous, separating into 2 cylindrical
1-seeded cocci.

392 LXI. RUBIACEA [Morinda
26. MORINDA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 155.

Erect or climbing shrubs or trees, stipules connate, sheathing. FI. white,
sessile on a globose receptacle, the calyces more or less connate, forming dense
peduncled fl. heads, which are solitary or arranged in panicles or umbels.
Calyx-limb short, truncate. Corolla-lobes 4-7, coriaceous, valvate in bud.
Stamens 4-7. Ovary 2- or by the prolongation of the placentas spuriously 4-
celled, style slender, with 2 stigmatic lobes. Fr. asa rule formed of the succu-
lent coalescing drupes, enclosing many cartilaginous or bony 1-seeded pyrenes,
which sometimes cohere, drupes rarely free. Species 40, tropics of both hemi-
spheres.

A. Corolla 5-7-merous, tube } in. or longer.

1. M. citrifolia, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 155. Vern Al, Ach, Hind.

A lar ge sist or small tree, glabrous, 1. shining, elliptic, blade 6-10, narrowed
into pet. }—# in. long, stipules large, broadly oblong or semilunar, often 2-3-
fid. Peduncles }- iit in., usually solitary, leaf- -opposed, the supporting leaf
not developed, fl 8: merous, corolla-tube 4—-}, fr. of many drupes coalescent
into a fleshy head, pale greenish-white, 1 in. diam.

Indigenous in the Darjeeling, Terai and outer hills (Gamble, List 49) and (var.
bracteata) on the Andamans (Kurz) as well as along the coast of the Konkan, quite
near the sea (Talbot). Cultivated largely in India and Burma on account of the roots,
which yieldadye. Fl. H.S., R.S. China, Formosa. MM. bracteata, Roxb., Wight Il.
t. 126, is a variety, the calyx-limb with a lanceolate or spathulate foliaceous lobe. In
Indian Timbers Ed. II. 423 Gamble restricts M. citrifolia, Linn. to the form growing
on the sea coast. The matter demands further research.

2. M. tinctoria, Roxb.—Syn. M. citrifolia, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 220; JL
exserta, Roxb.; Brandis F. Fl. 277; Jf leiantha, Kurz; Vern. Al, Ach,
Hindi; Maddi, Togaru, Tel.; Nibasée, Burm.

A small or middle-sized tree, usually pubescent or tomentose, bark spongy,
deeply cracked, greyish-yellow. lL. not shining, elliptic-obovate or lanceolate,
blade 4-8, narrowed into petiole $-1 in. long. Peduncles solitary, axillary or
leaf-opposed, frequently in short trichotomous panicles at the ends of branchlets.
Fl. scented, 5-merous, corolla usually tomentose outside, tube }—} in. long,
anthers exserted or included. Syncarpium # in. diam.

Behar, Central Provinces, Peninsula. Burma, Upper and Lower, often in Engdain.
Frequently cultivated (Berar D. B. March 1877). Fl. March—June. MM. tomentosa,
Heyne, is the softly tomentose form. 3. M. angustifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 287. Vern.
Assu, Assam; Nipasé-gyi, Burm. Sikkim Terai and lower hills. Assam. Khasi hills,
Upper Burma. Pegu (wild and cultivated by Karens). Tenasserim. Malay Penins.
A large glabrous shrub, ]. thinly membranous, lanceolate, blade 4-12, narrowed into
petiole 4 1 =f in. long, A. numerous, fragrant, peduncles axillary or leaf- -opposed, corolla
glabrous, drupes nrc 4. M. persicefolia, Ham. Pegu, Tenasserim, Malay Penins. A
low shrub or undershrub, |. oblanceolate or linear, ‘stipules subulate, peduncles short,
leaf-opposed, drupes coalescent.

B. Corolla 4-, rarely 5-merous, tube less than } in. long.

5. M. umbellata, Linn. West side of the Peninsula in evergreen forests from Coorg
southwards. Khasi hills, Tenasserim. Malay Peninsula. Ceylon moist region to
4,000 ft.,common. China. A large shrub, climbing by long slender branches, inter-
nodes long, |. usually glabrous and lanceolate, blade 2-5, pet. slender $ in. long, fl.
heads in terminal sessile umbels, peduncles 5-10, glabrous or tomentose, 4-1 in. long,
corolla almost rotate, throat bearded. Syncarpium } in. diam. irregularly lobed. 6.
M. villosa, Hook.f. Khasi hills. A climbing shrub, branchlets, underside of |. and
peduncles tomentose, 1. obovate-elliptic, acuminate, 4-5 in. long, sec. n. 10-15 pair,
prominent beneath. FI. heads in terminal umbels, drupes confluent.

Rennellia speciosa, Hook. f£.—Morinda speciosa, Kurz. Tenasserim. Malay Penins.
and Archip. An evergreen climbing shrub, quite glabrous. LL. thinly coriaceous,
lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 6-9, pet. 3-1 in. long. FI. violet. sweet-scented,
8-6 in one head, heads shortly pedicelled, arranged in compact terminal pedunculate
panicles, calyx-limb shortly 4-toothed.

>

Damiacanthus) LXI. RUBIACEX 393

Damnacanthus indicus, Gertn. Assam (Mishmi hills). China. Japan. A small
rigid much branched spinous shrub, branchlets pubescent, ]. nearly sessile, ovate, cuspi-
date 4 in. long, spines 4-1 in., straight, slender, interpetiolar (possibly standing in the
axils of the minute stipules). Fl. 4-5-merous, white, axillary, solitary or in pairs on
short bracteolate pedicels, corolla-tube } in. long, funnel-shaped, throat villous, lobes tri-
angular-ovate, valvate in bud. Ovary 2-4-celled, ovules 1 in each cell. Possibly a
second species in Manipur (Watt), 1. lanceolate 14 in. long, spines shorter than 1.

Gynochthodes macrophylla, Kurz. Seacoastof South Andaman. Malacca. An ever-
green climbing shrub, entirely glabrous, 1. coriaceous, elliptic, blade 4-6, narrowed
into pet. } in. long. FI. 4-5-merous, unisexual, in short axillary compact cymes or
heads, bracts deciduous. Corolla-tube short, throat hairy, lobes valvate, ovary 4-celled.
Fr. sea green, fleshy, } in. diam., pyrenes 2-4, papery, 1-seeded.

Prismatomeris albidifilora, Thw.; Bedd Ic. Pl. Or. t. 93; Manual t. 29, fig. 4. Assam,
Khasi hills, Chittagong, Andamans. Tenasserim. Cochinchina.. Malay Penins. and
Archip. Ceylon, moist region. A large evergreen shrub, wholly glabrous, branches
divaricating, branchlets slender 4-gonous, L. coriaceous, shining, ‘elliptic- -lanceolate,
blade 3-5, pet. 4-1 in. long. FI. ‘yellowish-white, scented, unisexual, 4—5-merous,
fasciculate, rarely in pedunculate umbels, pedicels long, filiform. Corolla-tube
cylindric, #-1 in. long, lobes valvate in bud, linear 3 in. long, ovary 2-celled. Drupe
purple, didymous, § in. ‘diam. ., 2-celled, seeds concave.

Cwlospermum scandens, Blume. Andamans. Malay Peninsula and Archip. A
climbing shrub, glabrous, except the puberulous inflorescence and calyx. LL. coriaceous,
dark green, elliptic, acuminate, blade 3-5, pet. #-1 in. long. Fl, strongly scented, indense
umbelliform pedunculate cymes, forming a terminal thyr us. Calyx truncate, corolla
coriaceous, tube white, } in. long, glabrous outside, hairy within, segments yellow,
narrow, valvate, aslongastube. Ovary 4-celled with 1 ovule, or 2-celled with 2 ovules
in each cell.

27. PSYCHOTRIA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 161.

Shrubs or small trees, usually glabrous and evergreen, sometimes climbing,
rarely herbaceous. Fl. in terminal, rarely axillary, corymbose or panicu-
late cymes. Corolla-tube straight, short, lobes 5, rarely 4 or 6, valvate in
bud. ay 2-celled, style bifid, ovules basal, erect, one in each cell. Drupe
with 2 one-seeded plano-convex pyrenes, endocarp thin. Seeds plano-convex,
ventrally flat or grooved, embryo small basal. Species about 500, tropics of
both Hemispheres.

A. Pyrenes plano-convex, no dorsal ridges, no ventral groove, albumen
strongly rumjnated.

a, Western species.

1. P. Thwaitesii, Hook. f. ; Trim. Handb. Ceylon ii. 358.

A large gregarious shrub, |. lanceolate or oblanceolate, blade 4~8, petiole
4-1 in. long, sec. n. 12-16 pair. Fl. greenish, capitate, mixed with rufous
hairs, heads sometimes solitary pedunculate, generally in sessile or peduncu-
late cymes, the lower branches of which are whorled. Fr. 4—} in. long.

West side of the Peninsula, in evergreen forests, from the Konkan southwards. FI.
March-April. Ve aah moist region, very common to 6,000 ft. 2. P. congesta, Wight
et Arn.; Wight Ie. 10387 (Grumilea) ; possibly P. elongata, Bedd. Manual t. xvii.
Nilgiris, Palnis. Beaihae bat 1. smaller, sec. n. 8-10 pair, fl. shortly pedicelled, crowded,
cymes often trichotomous, no hairs among the fl., fr. always crowned by the persistent:
calyx-limb. 3. P. macrocarpa, Hook. f. Tinnevelli Ghats, fr. ellipsoid % in. long.
4. P. subintegra, W.et A. Shevagherry and Dindigal hills. Cymes trichotomous, the
lower pair of branches long spreading, rachis arrested. 5. P. truncata, Wall. West
side of the Peninsula in evergreen forests from the Konkan southwards. L. broadly
obovate, blade 6-8, narrowed into pet. 4-14 in. long, sec. n. 14-16 pair, prominent,
stipules large. Lower branches of cyme whorled, fr. not crowned by calyx. 6. P.
Dalzellii, Hook. f. West side of the Peninsula in evergreen forests from North Kanara
southwards, often gregarious, branchlets stout green, 1. obovate or oblanceolate, 5-10
in. long, petiole short stout, lower cyme branches whorled. Fr. black, succulent,
edible, “t in. diam., crowned with the enlarged calyx, seeds with 1 dorsal ridge. 7. P.
elongata, Wight Ic. t. 1086 (Grumilea). Nilgiris and Shevagerry hills. Ceylon hills to

394 LXI. RUBIACEA [Psychotria

7,000 ft., 1. oblanceolate, blade 4-5, pet. stout} in. long. FI. white in narrow elongate
cymes, branches short opposite. 8. P. nudiflora, W. et A. (P. jflavida, Talbot List (1894)
113). West side of the Peninsula from the Konkan southwards, abundant in ever-
green forests of North Kanara. A small shrub, |. lanceolate or oblanceolate, blade
4-5, narrowed into petiole 4 in. long. Cymes trichotomous pedunculate, sometimes
compact, calyx truncate, corolla 4-} in. long. Fruiting cymes bright yellow (Talbot)

b. Hastern species.

9. P. adenophylla, Wall., including P. connata, Kurz.

An evergreen perfectly glabrous shrub, }. thinly coriaceous, elliptic-lanceo-
late, blade 4-6, narrowed into petiole 4 in. long, sec. n. arching, 16-18 pair,
stipules connate, sheathing, those sheathing the peduncle at the uppermost
pair of leaves truncate. FI. white, in small short-peduncled or almost sessile
cymes, arranged in an elongate narrow thyrsus. Fr. purplish-black, + in.
diam.

Khasi hills, Chittagong, Andamans. Bhamo, in low evergreen forest (M. Hill.). Pegu
Yoma and Tenasserim. FI.H.S. 10. P. tylophora, Kurz. Nicobars. Similar, but fr.
ellipsoid, nearly $ in. long. 11. P. pendula, Hook. f. Andamans. Thyrsus in fr. very
long, pendulous, fr. 4 in. broad, broader than long crowned by the 5-toothed calyx-limb.
12. P. platyneura, Kurz. Andamans. L. elliptic-lanceolate, 6-7 in. long, sec. n. 18-22.
pair, cymes trichotomous, branches spreading, fr. slightly obovoid, 4 in. long.

B. Pyrenes plano-convex, dorsal ridges none-or very slight, frequently a
T-shaped ventral groove, albumen uniform.t Eastern species.

13. P. calocarpa, Kurz\(including P. viridiflora, Kurz F. Fl. ii.12,not Reinw.) Nepal.
Sikkim, to 3,000 ft. Assam, Khasi hills, Cachar, Chittagong. Pegu and Tenasserim.
Perak. A shrub, alinost herbaceous, youngest shoots minutely puberulous. LL. mem- °
branous, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, margins often crenate or undulate, blade 5-7,
pet. 4-2 in. long, stipules 4 in. diam. Cymes small axillary and terminal, calyx-teeth
linear, ciliate. Fr. 4 in. long, succulent, orange or red, pyrenes with 8 or 4 slight dorsal
ridges. 14. P. Thomsoni, Hook.f. Khasi hills, 1. similar, cymes terminal, trichotomous,,
elongate, pedunculate, calyx-teeth short triangular. 15. P. denticulata, Wall. Nepal.
Sikkim 2-6,000 ft. Assam, Bhutan. Khasi hills, Manipur. Tenasserim. LL. elliptic
or obovate, blade 5-8, pet. 4-3 in., stipules # in. long. Cymes terminal and axillary,
peduncles 2-4 in. long, branches whorled or opposite. 16. P. silhetensis, Hook. f.
Assam, Khasi hills, Cachar. lL. elongate-elliptic, underside as well as cymes often
minutely puberulous, blade 8-14, pet. stout, $-1 in. long, sec. n. 15-20 pair, prominent,
stipules 1 in. diam. Cymes terminal and axillary, peduncles 1-2 in. long, bracts
minute caducous. Fr. 4-4 in. diam., pyrenes smooth on back, with a deep T-shaped
ventral groove. Resembles in appearance P. fulva. 17. P. montana, Blume (P. vir2-
dissima, Kurz). Assam, Silhet. Thaukyeghat forests, Tenasserim. Java. A small
glabrous shrub, 1. membranous, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-7, pet. slender, 1-2 in. long,
sec. n. 8-10 pair, slender. Cymes terminal and axillary, branches slender, often whorled,
corolla py in. long. Fr, red } in. long.

C. Pyrenes with sharp ridges on the back, albumen usually uniform.
a. Western species and species of both peninsulas.

18. P. sarmentosa, Blume; Wight Ic. t. 10838; Trimen Handb. Ceylon
li. 359.

A large evergreen glabrous shrub, climbing by adventitious rootlets, stems
garmentose with long internodes, 1. lanceolate, or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 2-3,
pet. 4-} in. long, sec. n. faint, stipules sheathing. Cymes trichotomous lax,
branches divaricate. FI. green, calyx hairy, corolla-tube with a dense belt of
yellow hairs in mouth, fr. pure white, nearly 4 in. diam., pyrenes with 5 obtuse
ribs on the back.

West side of the Peninsula from Coorg southwards. Tenasserim. Fl. Feb.—April.
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Ceylon, common in the low country. 19. P.

1 The albumen ruminated by the intrusion of the testa is nevertheless uniform or
homogeneous. I use the term “uniform” in contradistinction to “ruminated,” because
it is generally understood, though it is not logical.

Psychotria] LXI. RUBIACEA 395

octosulcata, Talbot, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xi/ 237. Falls of Gairsoppa, North
Kanara. An erect shrub with green branches, cymes short sessile, trichotomous,
branches slender. Fr. black and succulent when ripe, pyrenes 4 in. long, 4-ridged on
back. 20. PB. canarensis, Talbot Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xi. 691 t. xii. Falls of
Gairsoppa, North Kanara. A small erect shrub, fr. ovoid, curved, 4 in. long, pyrenes
with 2 furrows down the back. 21. P. pisulcata, W. et A. Nilgiris, fr. 4 in. ovoid,
pyrenes with 2 shallow furrows on the back. 22. P. connata, Wall. (P. levigata, W. et
A.; Wight Ic. t. 828). Courtallum. L. coriaceous, shining above, nearly sessile, 4—7 in.
long, stipules ovate or lanceolate, simple or bifid. Cymes pedunculate, lower branches
whorled, bracts coriaceous, connate, persistent, pyrenes with 2 broad shallow furrows.
23. P. anamallayana, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Or. t. 236. Anamalais, 3-4,500 ft. on banks of rivers.
A large shrub or small tree, 1. chartaceous, oblanceolate, blade 8-10, narrowed into
esas 14-3 in. long. Cyme short, on a stout peduncle, lower branches whorled, bracts
eciduous.

b, Eastern species, pyrenes with 4 dorsal ridges.

24. P. erratica, Hook. f. Nepal. Sikkim, ascending to 6,000 ft. Khasi and Naga
hills. Siam. An evergreen shrub, |. thinly membranous, lanceolate, blade 5-7, pet.
slender 1-} in. long, stipules often with 2 recurved lobes. Cymes trichotomous, 1 in.
diam., bracts lanceolate. Calyx-teeth longer than tube. Fr. succulent, red and yellow.
25. P. suleata, Wall. Pegu and Tenasserim, 1. lanceolate, blade 3-9, narrowed into pet.
4-13 in. long, stipules large, almost persistent. 26. P, andamanica, Kurz. Andamans
and Nicobars, possibly only a form of 25 with broader 1. 27. P. fulva, Ham. (including
P. monticola, Kurz). Assam. Khasi hills. Cachar. Pegu. L. elliptic-lanceolate,
blade 5-12, pet. 4-1 in. long, sec. n. 15-18 pair, stipules 4-1 in., bifid. Cymesaxillary or
terminal, compact, usually pedunculate, fr. 4-4 in. long.

c. Eastern species, pyrenes with 1, rarely 3 dorsal ridges.

28. P. angulata, Korth. Tenasserim. Malay Penins. and Archip., |. coriaceous,
shining, oblanceolate, blade 4-8, pet. 4 in. long. Cymes pedunculate, branches stout,
whorled. 29. P. symplocifolia, Kurz. Khasi and Naga hills. Hills east of Toungoo.
L. oblanceolate, caudate-acuminate, blade 3-5, pet. } in. long. Cymes pedunculate
trichotomous, branchesslender. 380. P, Helferiana, Kurz. Pecu. Tenasserim. Malay
Penins. Yunnan. Branchlets, underside of 1. hirsute, |. elliptic, blade 5-10, pet. 3- 2
in. long. Cymes pubescent axillary or terminal, peduncled, fl. minute, ereenish- white
in dense heads, mixed with hirsute persistent Dracteoles’ fr. often hirsute ‘ovoid, crowned
by the prominent calyx-segments.

Chasalia curviflora, Thw.—Syn. Psychotria ambigua, W. et A.; Wight Ill. t. 127.
Sikkim 2-6,000 ft. Assam, Khasi hills. Tenasserim. W. ss Peninsula on the
west side, from the Konkan soot ards, mostly in evergreen forests: Malay Penins.
Ceylon, moist region to 6,000 ft. A slender shrub, |. membranous, elliptic-lanceolate or
oblanceolate, blade 4-8, pet. 4-3 in. long. Cymes terminal trichotomous, peduncles 1-2
in. long. Fl. 4-5-merous, dimorphic, anthers exserted, stigmas included or the reverse,
calyx- teeth triangular. Corolla 4-4 in. long, waxy white, throat yellow, disk prominent,
conical. Fr. 4 in. diam., inky purple, pyrenes cup-shaped, very concave ventrally.

Hydnophytum formicarium, Jack; Kurz IF. FI. ii. 8. Mangrove swamps of South
Andamans. Malay Penins. and Archip. A small evergreen epiphytic perfectly
glabrous shrub, with a thick tuber-like trunk, often hollow, in which ants make their
nests, branches few, stout. L. coriaceous, elliptic or obovate, obtuse, 2-4 in. long,
sessile or narrowed into a short stout petiole. Fl. white, sessile, solitary or in few-fld.
fascicles, corolla-tube yy in. long, glabrous without, hirsute within, lobes 4, valvate in
bud. Ovary 2-celled, stigma 2- lobed. Drupe oblong 2-3 in. long (Kurz), orange-
erimson,

28. SAPROSMA, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. iii, 192.

Shrubs, fetid when bruised, 1. opposite or whorled, membranous, stipules
deciduous. Fl. usually w hite, 4-5-merous, axillary or terminal, solitary or
eymose, bracts and bracteoles minute. Calyx-tube obconic, limb dilated,
persistent. Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped, throat villous, lobes broad, obtuse,
valvate with inflexed edges. Ovary 2-celled, stigmas 2, ovules basal, erect.
Drupe small with 1 or 2 pyrenes, endocarp ¢ rustaceous, embryo nearly as long
as seed. Species 8 or 9, India. Tonkin and South China. “Malay Archip.

396 LXI. RUBIACEA [Saprosma

1. S. ternatum, Hook. f. Assam. Bhutan. Khasi hills, Manipur. Upper Burma
(Thwebok). Andamans. Yunnan. Tonkin. <A shrub or thin small straggling tree
almost entirely glabrous, 1. ternately whorled, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, blade
6-9, pet. stout, }-4 in. long, tertiary n. parallel, conspicuous, stipules lanceolate with
needle-like points, sometimes pubescent. Fl. in trichotomous, often fasciculate cymes,
branches long, slender. Calyx-teeth 4-6, triangular. Fr. black when ripe, succulent,
ellipsoid, crowned by the conical disk, girt by the toothed calyx-limb. 2. S$. corymbosum,
Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t.17. (Serissa.) Tinnevelli and Travancore Ghats, above 2,500 ft. in
evergreen forest. Similar, but tertiary n. more reticulate, cymes often pedunculate.

3. S. ceylanicum, Bedd. Manual 184/12; Serissa Wightii ; Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 15. Gardn.
Nilgiris and Shevagherry hills, glabrous, branchlets flattened and dilated below the
nodes, |. shining above, lanceolate, blade 2-4, pet. } in. long, tertiary n. inconspicuous.
Fl. pale sulphur yellow, fetid, solitary, on slender peduncles }-? in. long, with 2 small
linear bracts below the middle, corolla 3 in. long. Fr. ?-1 long, bright blue. ;

4. §. fragrans, Bedd.—Syn. Serissa fragrans, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 14. Western
slopes of the Nilgiris. Tinnevelli hills. Fl. very fragrant, but branchlets and 1. very
fetid when crushed. L. elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-4 in. long, pet. very short. Fl. in
sessile cymes or clusters. 5. S,indicum, Dalz.—Syn. Serissa glomerata, Gardn.; Bedd. Ic.
Pl. Ind. Or. t. 16. Western Ghats from Bombay southwards, in evergreen forests.
Ceylon, rare. A large shrub, 1. sessile elliptic-oblong 3-5 in. long. FI. on short
pedicels in few-sld. terminal clusters. Fr. ellipsoid +4 in. long, bright blue, fetid,
seed one. 6.§. consimile, Kurz. Khasi hills. Martaban and Tenasserim, 3-5,000 ft.,
glabrous, |. lanceolate, blade 2-4, pet. ¢-} in. long, stipules stiffly fimbriate. FI.
terminal, solitary or few together, sessile or nearly so.

29. LASIANTHUS, Jack; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 178.

Shrubs, usually evergreen, often hairy, some species fetid, 1. distichous, as a
rule caudate-acuminate, tertiary nerves numerous, parallel. Fl. in axillary
clusters or short cymes. Calyx-limb persistent. Corolla funnel- or salver-

2

shaped, throat villous, lobes 3-7, valvate in bud, anthers included. Ovary
4—9-celled, stigmas 3-9, short, obtuse, ovules erect. Drupe small with 3-9
triquetrous, 1-seeded pyrenes. Species 80, mostly in India and the Indian
Archip., extending to China, Japan and North Australia.

A. FI. sessile or nearly so, in axillary clusters, bracts conspicuous.
a. Outer bracts longer than fl.

1. L, stipularis, Blume. Tenasserim or Andamans. Singapore. Malay Archip.
Cymes embraced by the large coriaceous stipules. 2. L. cyanocarpus, Jack. Naga
hills, Chittagong. Andamans, Nicobars. Malay Peninsula. Hongkong. A small
evergreen shrub, softly hirsute all over, 1. elliptic-lanceolate, blade 6-10, pet. 3 in.,
outer bracts ovate, 3-2 in. long. Drupe dry, bright blue, pyrenes 4-5. 3. L. Jackianus,
Wight; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 12.. Nilgiris. Similar, softly hirsute all over, 1.
nearly sessile 4-6 in. long. 4. L. sikkimensis, Hook. f. Sikkim 2-3,000 ft. Khasi
hills. Branches, petioles and underside of 1. finely tomentose, 1. lanceolate, blade 6-8,
pet. $-4 in. long, bracts subulate. 5.L, Wallichii, Wight. Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur,
Cachar. Andamans. Martaban, Tenasserim (Kurz). Malay Penins. China. For-
mosa. Branches and underside of 1. densely hirsute with long hairs, |. nearly sessile,
from a rounded or cordate, often unequal base, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2-6 in.
long, bracts subulate. Drupe blue-black. 6. L. tentaculatus, Hook. fil. Silhet.
Branches glabrous, 1. oblanceolate from an unequal-sided base, long scattered hairs on
midrib and nerves beneath, bracts subulate or filiform, hispid.

b. Outer bracts shorter than fl.

7. L. tubiferus, Hook.f. Khasi and Jaintia hills. L. lanceolate, rough beneath with
minute hairs, blade 5-7, narrowed into pet. 4-4 in. long, tertiary n. conspicuous. FI.
sessile, clustered, calyx 4 in. long, limb shortly 5-toothed, tubular after flowering,
bracts orbicular, coriaceous. Drupe 4 in. long, crowned by the calyx-limb. 8. L.
oblongifolius, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 11. Tinnevelli Ghats. Branches glabrous,
petioles, stipules and nerves beneath strigose, |. elliptic-oblong, blade 6-7, pet. 3 in.
long, tertiary n. prominent beneath. Calyx hairy, limb cleft to the base. 9. L.
obscurus, Blume; Tenasserim, Andamans. Sumatra, Java. Branches, petioles and
stipules tomentose, |. lanceolate, blade 4-7, pet. } in. long, nerves on the underside
hairy. Bracts strigose, outer ovate, inner subulate or filiform. Drupe snow-white.

—.

Eee

Lasianthus| -LXI. RUBIACEA 397

10, L. Kurzii, Hook. f. (ZL. stercorarius, Kurz). Tenasserim. Andamans. Branches,
petioles and nerves beneath pubescent with minute hairs, 1. lanceolate, blade 5-6,
pet. + in. long. Calyx strigose, limb cleft to the base. 11. L. sessilis, Talbot List
(1894) 114. Evergreen forests Yellapur to Gairsoppah, North Kanara. A stout
gregarious shrub, branchlets appressed hairy, petiole and stipules hairy, |. glabrous
above, hairy on nerves beneath, elliptic, blade 2-5, pet.f in. long. Fl. small, tetra-
merous, white, sessile, bracts hairy, triangular. Calyx-teeth triangular, hairy outside.
Drupe fleshy, black, pyrenes 4, triquetrous, tubercled on back.

B. Fl. sessile or nearly so, in axillary clusters, bracts minute or 0.

a. Calyx toothed, Western species.

12. L. Blumianus, Wight; Bedd. Ic. P]. Ind. Or. t. 22. Tinnevelliand Travancore hills.
A large shrub or small] tree, almost glabrous, |. lanceolate, blade 3-6, pet. stout, 4 in.
long. Calyx-teeth much longer thantube. 13. L. ciliatus, Wight. Nilgiris. Branches,
petioles and underside of 1. densely brown-tomentose, 1. oblong-lanceolate, blade 6-8,
pet. stout, 4-4 in. long, sec. n. 6-8 pair, prominent beneath, as well as tertiary nerves.
Fl. hairy, surrounded by stiff bristly hairs, calyx-teeth oblong, obtuse, hispid. 14. L.
strigillosus, Hook. f. Courtallum. Branchlets, petioles and nerves beneath clothed
with appressed soft hairs, ]. lanceolate, blade 4-6, pet. }-4 in. long. Calyx hispid, teeth
minute, triangular, corolla hirsute. 15. L, acuminatus, Wight. Nilgiris, Palni and
Shevagherry hills. Nearly glabrous, |. lanceolate, blade 4-5, pet. } in. long, sec. n.
4-5, Bauane the 2 lowest pairs reaching beyond the middle of leaf. Calyx hairy, teeth
triangular, corolla glabrous outside. 16. L. parvifolius, Wight. Courtallum. Quite
glabrous, |. coriaceous shining, lanceolate or oblanceolate, almost obtuse at apex, blade
14-2, pet.fin. long. Calyx-teeth small, obtuse, corolla glabrous outside. 17. L. obovatus,
Bedd. Ie. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 10. Travancore Ghats 5,000 ft. A rigid much branched shrub,
l. glabrous, coriaceous, obovate obtuse, margins recurved, blade 1 in: long, narrowed
into a short petiole. Calyx-teeth ovate or triangular, corolla-tube short, glabrous
outside.

b. Calyx toothed, Hastern species.

18. L. lucidus, Blume. Khasi hills. Upper Tenasserim (Kurz). Java. Branchlets
usually minutely hairy, l. lanceolate, blade 3-5, pet. } in. long, petioles and nerves
beneath minutely hairy. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, corolla white, § in. long, hairy out-
side. 19. L. Hookeri, C.B.Clarke. Khasi hills. Minutely strigose, 1. rigid lanceolate,
blade 6-9, pet. 4 in. long. Calyx-teeth lanceolate. 20. L. inconspicuus, Hook. f. Khasi
and Jaintia hills. Almost glabrous, |. lanceolate, blade 3-4, pet. slender puberulous,
$ in. long. Calyx glabrous, limb cup-shaped, broader than tube, teeth 5, triangular,
acute. 21. L lancifolius, Hook.f. Khasi hills. Branchlets, petiole and midrib hoary-
puberulous, |. membranous, narrow-lanceolate, blade 7-9, pet. }-4 in. long. Corolla
4 in. long, slender, puberulous outside. Drupes blue, pyrenes 5. 22. L. constrictus,
Wight. Tenasserim and Andamans, common (Kurz). Branchlets, petioles, stipules
and nerves beneath more or less appressed pubescent. Calyx-limb constricted above
the ovary, dilated above, 4-lobed (sinuate-toothed, almost truncate, Kurz). 23. L.
paucifiorus, Wight, Cale. Journal of Natural History vi. 515, Mergui, branchlets,
petioles, stipules and 1. beneath softly pubescent with long spreading hairs, l. thin,
lanceolate, nearly sessile, 3-4 in. long, calyx with 4 triangular teeth.

e. Calyx-limb tubular, truncate or nearly so.

24. L. truncatus, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 9. Myhendra hill, Ganjam 4,500 ft.
Branches, petioles and nerves beneath appressed pubescent, l. narrow-lanceolate, 4-6
in. long, petiole short, tertiary nerves distinct. Fl. solitary or in few-fld. clusters.
Calyx-limb ovoid, truncate, or nearly so. Corolla 3 in. long, pubescent outside, lobes 5.
25. L. andamanicus, Hook. f. Ambherst. Andamans. Branches, petioles, stipules and
1. beneath strigose with long hairs, |. oblong-lanceolate, blade 6-8, pet. } in. long,
tertiary nerves prominent. Calyx-limb shortly tubular, truncate. 26. L. Helferi,
Tenasserim or Andamans. Branchlets and petioles glabrous, nerves minutely hairy
beneath. L. oblong-lanceolate, blade 4-6, pet. } in. long, sec. nerves 10-12 pair, tertiary
obscure. Calyx-limb shortly tubular, truncate or obscurely lobed.

C. Fl. in peduncled cymes.

a, Western species.

398 LXI. RUBIACEZ [Lastanthus

27. L. venulosus, Wight, Nilgiris 6-8,000 ft., common. Sattarah Ghats, very rare
(Dalzell). A very branching, glabrous shrub, 1. coriaceous, elliptic, blade 24 in.
long, pet. short, tertiary nerves prominent. FI. pale yellow, on short pedicels, in few-
fid. short-peduncled cymes, sometimes solitary. Calyx hirsute, lobes 4-5, subulate, as
long as the corolla-tube, which is glabrous outside, corolla $ in. long. Drupes blue,
crowned by the calyx-teeth. 28. L. capitulatus, Wight. Nilgiris, nearly allied to 27,
almost glabrous or minutely strigose, 1. larger, petioles longer. Fl. nearly sessile, in
few-fld. compact short-peduncled cymes, corolla hairy outside. 29. L, dichotomus,
Wight. Tinnevelli Ghats, Shevagherry hills, nearly glabrous, petiole and cymes
sometimes strigose, LL. elliptic-lanceolate, blade 2-4, pet. {-} in. long. FI. tetramerous,
in narrow dichotomous cymes, with the slender peduncle 1-14 in. long, bracts subulate,
calyx-teeth long lanceolate.

b. Eastern species.

30. L. Biermanni, King. Sikkim 5-9,000 ft. Khasi hills. Manipur. Branches,
petioles, cymes and nerves beneath minutely strigose. L. elliptic-lanceolate, blade
5-7, pet. 4-4 in. long. Fl. pale lilac or blueish, in short few-fid. cymes, calyx-teeth
broad, foliaceous, corolla 4-4 in., tube glabrous outside. Drupe bright blue, crowned
by the conniving calyx-teeth. 31. L. longicauda, Hook. f. Khasi hills. Glabrous, 1.
lanceolate, long caudate-acuminate, the linear tip 1-14 in. long, blade 4-5, pet. 4 in. long,
sec. n. numerous, with shorter intermediate ones between. Cymes few-fid., calyx-teeth
triangular. 382. L micranthus, Hook. f. Mishmi hills. Young shoots, petioles and
nerves beneath minutely strigose, 1. lanceolate from a rounded base, blade 4-6,
petiole 4 in. long, tertiary n. conspicuous, fl. minute.

Orper LXIT. COMPOSITAE. Gen. Pl. ii. 163.

Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees. L. with few exceptions alternate, stipules 0.
Inflorescence a head of many small fl. sessile on the receptacle (dilated top of
the peduncle), enclosed in an inyolucre of whorled or imbricate bracts, the
outer fl. opening first. FI. all tubular (corolla lobes 4-5, valvate in bud) all
ligulate, or the marginal ray fl. ligulate (or filiform) and the inner (disk) fi.
tubular. FI. all bisexual, or some unisexual or sterile. Calyx superior,
usually a pappus of hairs on the top of the ovary. Stamens 4-5, inserted
on the corolla, anthers basifixed, usually connate, connective produced up-
wards. Ovary l-celled, ovule solitary. Fr. indehiscent, seed 1, albumen 0.

A. Inyol. bracts imbricate.
All fl. tubular.
L. usually dentate, anther base obtuse or minutely

sagittate : 0 : 0 e 1. VERNONIA.
L. quite entire, anther-cells tailed . 2. Leucomerts.
Marginal fl. ligulate.
Erect herbs or shrubs, anther-cells tailed . . 8. Inuta.
Straggling or climbing. Anther base obtuse 5 Mrcroeuossa (p. 401).
Marginal fl. filiform.
Pappus of denticulate hairs.
L. penninerved.
Invol. bracts narrow, linear . ; : . 4. Brumea.
Invol. bracts broad rigid . : 0 ; . 5, Prucwea.
L. with 3-9 longitudinal nerves . . : : Hecicurysum (p. 402):
Pappus 0 . 0 ¢ : , : ‘ : : Artemisia (p. 402).
B. Only one row of invol. bracts, sometimes a minute outer
row : : : : : 0 : c 0 . 6, SENECIO.

1. VERNONIA, Schreb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 229.

Herbs, shrubs sometimes climbing, rarely trees, 1. alternate. Heads homo-
gamous, involucre of many imbricate bracts, the inner longest. Corollas all
equal, tubular or funnel-shaped, usually outside with minute stipitate glands,
lobes 5, narrow, one-third or one-half the length of tube, anther base obtuse

Vernonia] LXII. COMPOSITAR 399

or minutely sagittate. Achenes ribbed or angled, pappus of numerous den-
ticulate hairs, often girt with an outer row of short hairs or flat bristles.
Species 450, mostly tropical, more than one half in America.

A. Western species and species of both regions.

a. Trees.

1. V. arborea, Ham.—Syn. Monosis Wightiana, DC.; Wight Ic. t. 1085;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 226.

A middle-sized tree, branchlets and inflorescence pubescent, 1. coriaceous,
elliptic, almost entire, glabrous or pubescent beneath, blade 5-8, pet. $-1 in.
long. Fl. heads 1-6-fld., invol. bracts oblong, obtuse, the. outer much
shorter than the inner. Pappus white, hairs all equal and in one row, } in.
long.

Western Ghats and adjoining mountain ranges, from the Bababudan hills south-
wards. Assam, Khasi hills. Andamans. Burma. Fl. Febr.—May. Ceylon, moist
region to 5,000 ft. Malay Penins. and Archip. 2. V. travancorica, Hook. f—Syn.
V. volkamerifolia, Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 225. Tinnevelli and Travancore Ghats, standards
over the dense masses of Ochlandra. A middle-sized tree, branchlets, inflorescence
and sometimes underside of |. minutely pubescent, |. obovate, obtuse, sinuate-dentate,
blade 2-6, narrowed into pet. }-4 in. long. Inyol. bracts silky, pappus snow-white,
deciduous.

b. Shrubs or undershrubs.

3. V. divergens, Benth.—Syn. V. nilgherryensis, DC.; Wight Ic. t. 1078; Decaneuron
divergens, DC. Wight Ic. t. 1084. Assam, Manipur. Burma, Upper and Lower.
Parasnath. Bundelkhand. Centr. Prov. Western Peninsula. L. elliptic-lanceolate,
serrate, blade 2-5, narrowed into pet. $-} in. long, heads 8-12-fld., outer invol. bracts
short ovate. Pappus dirty white or pale reddish-brown. Var. Lawii, C. B.
Clarke. Khandala, Konkan (Kadechi, Buradi, Mar.), invol. bracts densely white-
woolly, often with an excurrent green point, fl. lilac. 4. V. pectiniformis, DC. ;
Wight Ie. t. 1077, Nilgiris and Palni hills, |. rigid, more or less rough, chiefly beneath,
elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, blade 3-6, pet. 1-} in. long. Heads 10-25-fld., outer invol.
bracts small, ovate, pappus reddish. 5. V. indica, Clarke. West side of the Peninsula
from the Konkan southwards. Branchlets and underside of ]. densely white tomen-
tose, 1. coriaceous, broadly elliptic, pet. very short, invol. scales densely tomentose, the
outer short.

6. V. Roxburghii, Less. Subhimalayan tract, Jumna to Sarda. Behar. Chutia
Nagpore. Konkan (doubtful). Upper Burma. Branchlets and 1. rough with stiff
minute hairs, 1. rigid, cuspidate-serrate, elliptic-lanceolate, nearly sessile, 8-5 in. long,
head 30-fld., large, invol. bracts apiculate or pungent, pappus dirty white.

7. V. cinerascens, Schultz-Bip. Baluchistan, Sind. Peshawar. Ajmere and Mer-
wara (Laha). A low shrub, clothed with greyish-white pubescence, 1. spathulate
4-14 in. long, heads } in. diam. on slender peduncles, pappus white.

B. Eastern species, corolla-tube cylindric.
a. Erect, heads large, fl. numerous, more than 10 in one head.

8. V. volkamerifolia, DC.—Syn. V. acuminata, DC.; Kurz F. F). ii. 79. Sikkim, outer
hills, to 4,000 ft. Bhutan, Assam. Khasi hills, Manipur. Myit Kyina, Upper Burma.
L. oblanceolate, entire or coarsely serrate, glabrous above, more or less pubescent
beneath, 6-12 in. long, narrowed into a very short petiole, fl. lilac, invol. bracts obtuse,
more or less hairy, pappus dirty white. Specimens from the following localities differ
by a white pappus, and densely silky invol. scales, the achenes ribbed and more or less
clothed with long thin hairs. Dry hill forest, east of Bhamo 5,000 ft. (Mont. Hill.);
Schwebo district in deciduous forests with Teak (Segyi, Smales); Katha district
(J. W. Oliver).

9. V. talaumifolia, Hook. f. Sikkim, lower hills. Assam. A middle-sized tree, l. rigidly
coriaceous, glabrous and shining aboye, obovate or oblanceolate, blade 10-20, narrowed
into stout amplexicaul petiole 4 in. long, sec. and reticulate tertiary nerves promi-
nent beneath, invol. bracts almost glabrous, broad-ovate or -elliptic, obtuse, often
toothed at tip, pappus red.

10. V, solanifolia, Benth. Pegu. Hills east of Toungoo. Yunnan. China. Similar
to V. arborea, differs by the 1. hirsute on the upper, softly tomentose on the underside.
L. with a rounded or cordate base, sinuate dentate, fl. heads smaller.

400 LXII, COMPOSITA [Vernonia

_b. Hrect, heads small, fl. less than 10 in one head.

- 11. V. Aplinii, Coll. et Hems]. Shan hills, Upper Burma 1,700-5,000 ft. A midale-
sized tree, underside of ]. and ramifications of inflorescence greyish-white-tomentose.
Heads sessile, numerous, in ample terminal panicles 12 in. broad and 18 in. long, the
inner 6-8 invol. scales linear, acute, }-4 in. long, outer ovate shorter, numerous,
imbricate, all silky on back, fl. 8-9 in each head, achenes glabrous, slightly papillose.
12. V. Parishii, Hook.f. Between Lomatee and Kolodo, headwaters of Yunzalin river
3,000 ft. (D. B. March, 1880). Attaran district (Parish). Branchlets, underside of 1.
and inflorescence velvety, 1. oblanceolate, distantly dentate. Heads purple, sessile or
pedunculate, in ample terminal panicles, inner invol. scales linear, acute, 4-4 in. long,
outer numerous imbricate, ovate, much shorter, all densely silky outside, fl. 6-8.
Pappus white.

c. Climbing.

13. V. scandens, DC. Sikkim, outer hills. Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur. Pegu.
Kachin hills. Branchlets and inflorescence slightly pubescent, 1. elliptic-lanceolate,
blade 2-4, narrowed into slender petiole 4 in. long. Heads 5-10-fld. pedicelled, in long
terminal leafy panicles, pappus red. 14. V. blanda, DC. Lower Burma. Yunnan.
Similar to 13; but |. larger and achenes pubescent. 15. V. eleagnifolia, DC. Pegu,
Tenasserim, Siam. Branchlets, petioles, underside of ]. and inflorescence softly grey-
pubescent, 1. variable, from elliptic to linear-lanceolate, blade 2-8, pet. slender 4 in.
long. Heads 4 in. diam., few at the ends of the rigid divaricate branches of a leafy
terminal panicle.

C. Eastern species, corolla funnel-shaped widened from a slender cylindrical
base.

16. V. cylindriceps, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxy. 35. Naga and Manipur
hills, 4,500-5,800 ft. Yunnan 4,500-5,500 ft. A large shrub or small tree, 1. mem-
branous, rough on both sides with minute stiff hairs, oblanceolate, blade 5-7, narrowed
into pet. +4 in. long. Heads purple, cylindric when in bud, arranged in broad
terminal corymbs, fl. 4-6. Invol. scales obtuse, nearly glabrous, imbricate, the outer
shorter, the 4-6 inner 4 in. long. Achenes obscurely ribbed, pappus red. A small
tree with dirty white pappus found by Montague Hill (148) in dry hill forest east of
Bhamo at 5,000 ft., in other respects is exactly like V. cylindriceps. 17. V. peguensis,
Clarke, Pegu Yoma, similar to 16, but invol. scales sharply cuspidate with an excurrent
nerve, the outermost subulate, heads with 12 fl.

2. LEUCOMERIS, Don; FI. Brit. Ind. ili. 386.

Shrubs or small trees, 1. quite entire. Heads white, 4-8-fld. in terminal
corymbs. Invol. bracts imbricate, coriaceous, peduncles bracteolate.
Fl. all &, fertile, tubular, segments 5, narrow, revolute. Anther-base
sagittate, tails ciliate. Species 2.

1. L. spectabilis, Don; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 111. Outer North-West Himalaya, Jaunsar
to Nepal, 2-6,000 ft. A large shrub or small tree, bark white corky, branches stout,
grooved. L. coriaceous, white-felted beneath, oblong-lanceolate, blade 4-14, narrowed
into marginate petiole $-1 in. long. Heads1in. long, invol. scales glabrous. 2. L. decora,
Kurz. Manipur. Pegu, in the Eng forest of the Prome district. Shan hills, ascend-
ing to 5,000 ft. Yunnan. A small deciduous tree, 1. nearly glabrous when mature,
pet. 1-2 in. long. Heads fragrant, crowded at the ends of the leafless branchlets, invol.
scales woolly at the base.

3. INULA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 291.

Herbs, rarely shrubs. Heterogamous, radiate, invol. bracts o -seriate,
inner rigid and narrow. Ray fl. ligulate 9 fertile, in one or several rows,
ligule 3-toothed, disk fl. % fertile, tubular, yellow, limb elongate with 5 short
teeth. Anther-base sagittate, tails long usually branched. Species 90.
Europe, Asia and Africa.

1. I. Cappa, DC. Outer hills from Simla eastwards 3-6,000 ft., often gregarious on
clearances. Khasi hills, Manipur. Burma. Attains 10 ft., branches, 1. beneath and

:

Inula} LXII. COMPOSITA 401

corymbs densely silky or woolly, |. sessile or nearly so, oblong-lanceolate, toothed,
heads numerous in terminal corymbs 4 in. diam., invol. bracts all linear, rigid, hairy
ligulate fl. very small, few or wanting, achenes silky, pappus dirty white, hairs
thickened at the end. 2. L eupatorioides, DC. Subhimalayan tract, Sikkim, Bhutan,
often in Sal forest Khasi hills. Branches and underside of 1. pubescent, 1. rigid,
lanceolate, blade 4-7, pet. stout } in., ligules narrow. 3. L cuspidata, C. B. Clarke;
Collett, Simla Flora, 258, fig. 78. North-West Himalaya 4~7,000 ft. Nearly glabrous,
1, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-5, pet. 4 in. long. Ligulate fl. numerous, ligule short,
broad.

Microglossa volubilis, DC. Khasi and Naga hills. Burma, Upper and Lower, up
to 3,500 ft. Malay Penins. and Archip. China. A large evergreen, straggling or
climbing shrub, branches grooved, branchlets and 1. slightly pubescent, ]. ovate-lanceo-
late, obscurely toothed, blade 2-3, pet. slender } in. long. Heads yellow, clustered on
the branches of a rounded corymb, invol. bracts lanceolate, imbricate, ligule of
marginal fl. minute, anther-base obtuse, achenes minute, 4-angular, pappus red much
longer than the achenes.

4. BLUMEA, DC.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 260.

Annual or perennial, a few shrubs, glandular-pubescent or woolly. Inyvol.
bracts imbricate, many-seriate, the outer smaller. Marginal fl. 2, numerous,
filiform, minutely dentate at the apex. Disk fl. bisexual, corolla tubular, limb
with 5 short teeth, anther-base sagittate, tails small, slender. Species 60,
Asia, Africa, Australia.

1. B. chinensis, DC. Nepal. Sikkim 24,000 ft. Bhutan. Khasi hills, Manipur.
Upper Burma, dry hill forest 5,000 ft., east of Bhamo. China. A shrub, scrambling
or scandent, glabrous, only inflorescence pubescent. L. coriaceous, shining, lanceolate,
slightly serrate. Heads yellowish, clustered on the distant branches of a long terminal
panicle, receptacle densely clothed with long thin multicellular hairs.

‘2. B. balsamifera, DC.; Kurz F. Fl. ii. 82 (Conyza balsamifera, Linn.). Pén-mathein,
Burm. Sikkim, ascending to 4,000 ft. Assam, Khasi hills. Chittagong. Burma,
Upper and Lower. China, Formosa. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. A large
short-lived very aromatic shrub with herbaceous branches, sometimes a small tree,
coming up gregariously on deserted Taungyas, branches, 1. and inflorescence densely
clothed with silky tomentum, 1. lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 4-10, petiole
4-1 in. long, with several lanceolate lobes resembling pinnew. Heads yellow, }-4 in.
diam., densely clustered on the branches of a large terminal leafy panicle, pappus red.
Yields camphor, which is an article of trade in China. 3. B. aromatica, DC. Subhimal.
tract and outer hills, from Kumaon eastwards. Khasi hills. Tenasserim. China.
Attains 6-10 ft. Glabrous or with thin cottony, sometimes glandular hairs, 1. mem-
branous, narrowed into a short petiole rarely bearing lateral lobes.

5. PLUCHEA, Cass.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 271.

Shrubs, tomentose or glutinous, 1. alternate. Heads campanulate, hetero-
gamous, disciform, outer fl. ? fertile filiform, disc. fl. few, sterile tubular,
limb 5-fid, invol. bracts imbricate, dry, rigid, the outer smaller. Anther-base
sagittate. Achenes 4- or 5-angled, pappus hairs 1-seriate, slender, rigid.
Species 30, warmer regions of both hemispheres.

A. L. broad, obovate or elliptic.

1. P. indica, Lam.; Wight Ill t. 131. Beach and tidal forests on the coast from
Bengal to the Malay Peninsula. Andamans. Also inland in stream beds, Upper
Burma. Malay Archip. China. Nearly glabrous, |. obovate obtuse more or less
dentate, 1-2 in., narrowed into a short slender petiole. 2. P. tomentosa, DC. Sind.
Gangetic plain from Dehra Din to Lower Bengal. Western Peninsula. Attains
10 ft., branchlets and 1. pubescent or tomentose, |. sessile, elliptic or broadly obovate,
obtuse, coarsely toothed, base auricled, pappus reddish.

B. L. narrow, lanceolate or oblanceolate.

8. P. Wallichiana, DC. Sind, Baluchistan, Gujarat, Punjab. Glandular-pubescent
and scabrid, }. rigid, 1-2 in. long, oblanceolate or oblong, sessile, faintly toothed. 4. P.
lanceolata, Oliv. Sind. Punjab. Gangetic plain as far as Cawnpore. Afghanistan,

DD

402 LXII, COMPOSIT. [| Pluchea

North Africa. LL. coriaceous, sessile, linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, cuspidate, sec. n.
oblique, conspicuous, invol. bracts short, rounded, obtuse, fl. pink. 5. P. arguta, Boiss.
Baluchistan, Sind, Punjab. Glandular-pubescent, 1. succulent, when growing on the
coast, thin inland, sessile, 1-2 in. long, varying much in breadth from oblanceolate or
nearly obovate to linear, when broad deeply cut. Heads pedunculate, solitary or few
together, invol. bracts rigid, subulate-lanceolate.

Helichrysum buddleioides, DC. Hills on the West side of the Peninsula from Kanara
southwards. A shrub attaining 6 ft., often gregarious, underside of 1. and corymbs
densely cottony. L. sessile, lanceolate, quite entire, 4-6 in. long, 3-9 longitudinal
nerves. Heads yellow, in globose clusters, forming terminal corymbs, inner invol.
bracts broad, scarious, outer hairy. Marginal fl. 2, filiform, disk f. $ tubular.

Artemisia vulgaris, Linn. Subhimalayan tract and Himalaya ascending to 12,000 ft.,
often gregarious in clearances. Khasi hills. Hills of the Western Peninsula. Siam.
Java. Temperate Europeand Asia. A shrub, very aromatic, pubescent or tomentose,
l. ovate, lobed, or pinnatipartite, white pubescent or tomentose beneath, lobes acute
irregularly serrate, uppermost linear-lanceolate entire. Heads 3-4 in. long, in more
or less one-sided panicled racemes, invol. bracts more or less woolly, the inner scarious,
the outer smaller herbaceous. Ray fl. 2 slender, 2-3-toothed, disk A. tubular, all fertile.
Pappus 0. -

6. SENECIO, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 338.

Mostly herbaceous, a few small trees, shrubs and woody climbers, |. alter-
nate, in the herbaceous species often radical. Heads yellow, rarely white,
invol. bracts one-seriate or with an outer row of small bracts. Ray fl. ?
ligulate, sometimes wanting, disk fl. bisexual, tubular, anther-base obtuse or
minutely tailed. Species 1,000-1,200 chiefly in temperate climates and
mountains of the tropics.

A. Fl. few, 12 or less in one head, all tubular.

1. S. araneosus, DC.—Syn. S. Walkeri, Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 1131. Sikkim 5-8,000 ft.
Assam, Khasi hills. Nilgiris. Ceylon. Jaya. A woody climber, 1. ovate from a
cordate base, dentate or sinuate, sometimes slightly lobed, often grey cottony
beneath, blade 4-7, pet. 1-3 in. long, basa] nerves 5-7. Fl. heads bracteolate, in open
terminal and axillary bracteate corymbs, invol. bracts 8. 2. §. corymbosus, Wall. ;
Wight Ic. t. 1180. Nilgiris, Ceylon. Similar, 1. coriaceous smaller almost orbicular,
tawny tomentose beneath.

B. Fl. few (6-10) in one head, ligulate fl. 2-5.

3. 8. triligulatus, Ham. Nepal. Sikkim, 6-10,000 ft. Mishmi and- Naga hills.
Manipur. Dry hill forest east of Bhamo (Montague Hill). Yunnan (Henry). A
woody climber, glabrous, except corymbs which are often puberulous, |. elliptic- or
oblong-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, blade 4-5, pet. 4 in. long. - Fl. white (Hill),
yellow (Henry), invol. bracts 5-8, 4 in. long. Fl. 2-3 ligulate and 3 tubular in each
involucre, ligules very short 2-nerved, lobes of tubular fl. revolute. Pappusdirty white.
From the same locality, 4,500 ft., Mont. Hill (141) has sent specimens of a small tree, very
similar, but peduncles and ramifications of corymbs capillary, fl. smaller, invol. bracts
3 in. long, pappus pure white. 4.8. vagans, Wall. Nepal, has capillary peduncles but
larger fl. heads, ligulate fl. conspicuous.

5. S. rufinervis, DC. Kunawar. Simla. Garhwaland Kumaon, 6-8,000 ft. L. ovate
to oyate-lanceolate, sharply toothed, lower surface white-tomentose, except the red-
brown nerves. Heads 6-10-fld., invol. bracts 5-8, much shorter than fl.

C. Fl. numerous. Climbers.

6. S. scandens, Don.—Syn. S. Wightianus, DC.; Wight Ic. t. 1186; S. intermedius,
Wight Ic. t.1135. Kumaon. Sikkim, 6-10,000ft. Mishmiand Khasi hills. Manipur
Hills of Upper Burma. Yunnan. Tonkin. Nilgiris. Palnis. Ceylon. Climbing,
branches zig-zag, grooved or ribbed, nearly glabrous, 1. lanceolate or hastate, blade
3-4, pet. 3-1 in. long, often with foliaceous lobes and auricles at base. Heads yellow,
on the divaricate branches of lax terminal corymbs, invol. bracts 10-15. 7. 8. candicans,
DC.; Wight Ic. t. 1184. Nilgiris. Climbing, branches angular. Similar to 6, but
branches and 1. beneath densely white-tomentose, petiole always auricled. 8.
§. Buimalia, Ham. Nepal. Sikkim 5-6,000 ft., branches, underside of 1. and inflor-

Senecio| LXII. COMPOSITA 403

escence cottony, 1. ovate-acuminate from a cordate base, blade 3-5, pet. 1-2 in. long,
heads large few in axillary pedunculate corymbs, invol. bracts 8, white-tomentose, with
thin glabrous edges.

D. Fl. numerous. Erect.

9. S. densiflorus, Wall. Nepal. Sikkim, 5-7,000ft. Bhutan. Khasiand Naga hills.
Tenasserim. Branches stout, as well as underside of 1. and corymbs clothed with
white cottony wool, |. lanceolate, sharply serrate, blade 5-9, pet. -1 in. long, heads
numerous, corymbs usually arranged in a large terminal panicle. 10. S. Nagensium,
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soe. xxv. 39, and 11. §, Rhabdos, C. B. Clarke l.c. 40, t. 19,
both Naga hills and Manipur, similar to 9.

Orper LXIII.—Goodeniacee. Scevola, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind, iii. 421. Shrubs with
large pith, |. alternate, stipules 0. FI. in short axillary cymes, calyx adnate to ovary,
lobes 5. Corolla oblique, split to the base on the back, stamens 5, inserted at the base
of corolla. Ovary 2-celled, ovules basal, 1 in each cell. Style simple, a cup-shaped
indusium, including the stigma. Fr. a drupe, crowned by the enlarged calyx-segments.
1. S. Kenigii, Vahl (S. Taccada, Roxb.; Wight Ill. t. 137); Bhadr -ak, Mar. ; Pinlé- -tan,
Burm. Sand hills near the sea, Sind, both Peninsulas, Andamans, Malay Peninsula,
Tonkin. Ind. Archip. NewGuinea. Australia and Polynesia. L. glabrous or silky,
obovate, obtuse, 3-8 in., narrowed into a short petiole. FJ. white or pale lilac, soon
turning brown, calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate, corolla funnel-shaped, hairy within,
tube curved, # in. long, lobes spreading. Drupe white, 4-4 in. diam., very succulent,
stone rough, bony. 2. Plumieri, Vahl; Trimen Handbook Ceylon iii. 55 (8. Lobelia,
Linn. ; FI. Br it. Ind. 421; S. uvifera, Stocks; Wight Ic. t. 1613). Sea coast of
Sind, the Western Peninisal and Ceylon. Littoral in the tropics of both hemispheres.
L. smaller, calyx-lobes very short, obtuse, drupe purple, resembling a grape berry.

Orper LXIV. ERICACE (including Vaceiniacee, Gen. PI. ii.
564 and Hricacee 577).

Shrubs, small trees or wiry herbs, |. simple, alternate, stipules 0. Fl.
bisexual, 4- or 5-merous, corolla gamopetalous, stamens as a rule twice the
number of corolla-lobes, anthers 2-celled, opening at the top by 2 pores or
short slits. Ovary inferior or superior, 4-, 5- or many-celled, ovules on an
axile placenta, numerous in each cell. Style slender, stigma entire or minutely
lobed. Seeds small, a straight embryo in fleshy albumen.

Tribe I. Vacciniacew.—Ovary inferior.
Corolla long and tubular, or campanulate with long segments, fl. corymbose or

fascicled.
Calyx-limb 5-lobed, tube terete —. ; : . 1. AGareres.
Calyx-limb 5-lobed, tube 5-ribbed . . ; , 2. PenrarreryGium.
Calyx-limb entire. ‘ “ 5 DesmoGyne (p. 406),
Corolla campanulate or oy oid, teeth short.
Fl. in axillary racemes. > ; : . 38. Vacernium.
Fl. in corymbs from the old w ood . 4 : : Corattonorrys (p. 408).

Tribe II. Hricacew.—Ovary free.
Capsule loculicidally 5-valved.
Calyx succulent in fr., enclosing the capsule.

Anthers with 2 horns on back. : . . 4. Gavrrnertia.

Anthers without horns . . 5, Dierycosia,
Calyx not altered in fr., fl. solitary or fascicled.

L. small, sessile, appressed to stem, imbricate Casstorr (p. 408).

L. pet ioled, approximate at the ends of branches Enxkranraus (p. 408).
Calyx not altered in fr., fl. in racemes.

Seeds linear-oblong, not fringed . ‘ . 6. Pieris.

Seeds nearly orbicular, fringed : 5 Levcoruor (p. 409).

Capsule septicidally 5-20-valved, fl. showy . : . 7. Ruopopenpron.

In taking this Order in the wider sense, I follow my Flora of North-west and Central
India 279, and Drude in Engler u. Prantl iv. 1.15. Diplycosia stands intermediate
between the genera with superior and those with inferior ovary.

404 LXIV. HRICACHA | Agapetes
1. AGAPETES, D. Don; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 443.

Evergreen shrubs, usually epiphytic. L. coriaceous, in most species entire.
Fl. in corymbs or fascicles, rarely in racemes or solitary. Calyx-tube globose,
adnate to ovary, limb deeply 5-lobed. Anthers elliptic, produced upwards in
2 long beaks opening by apical pores or slits, often spurred behind. Seeds
very numerous, outer coat usually very lax. Species 30, eastern Himalaya,
hills of the Bastern Peninsula and the Indian Archipelago. Fiji.

A. Corolla long, tubular, lobes short, bracts short, 1. large.
(a) Calyx not supported by an epicalyx.
a. L. sessile or nearly so, not gradually narrowed into petiole.

1. A. setigera, D. Don (Vaccinium verticillatum, Wight Ic. t. 1181; Kurz F. FI. ii.
87. var.1; V. hirsutum, Wight Ic. t. 1182). Nepal, Khasi hills, Cachar. Shan hills
6,000 ft. (Collett). Bithoko range between Yunzalin and Salween 2,000 ft. (D. B.
March 1880). LL. glabrous, generally crowded with short internodes, so as to
appear whorled, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 3-5 in. long, narrowed suddenly
into the very short petiole. Fl. scarlet or crimson, in pedunculate corymbs, axillary
from the whorls of 1., or above the scars of fallen 1., peduncles, pedicels and calyx often
hirsute with long hairs, bracts minute. Corolla 3-1 in., slightly curved, outside
pubescent or hirsute, anther beaks not spurred. Fr. 4 in. diam., calyx-teeth half the
length of fr. 2. A. macrostemon, Clarke (Vaccinium macrostemon, Kurz). Hills east
of Toungoo, 4-6,000 ft. L. 4-6 in. long, almost sessile with a rounded base, fl. scarlet,
in 3 in. long pedunculate glabrous racemes, bracts linear } in. long, corolla glabrous,
distinctly curved, 1} in. long.

3. A. loranthiflora, D. Don (Vaccinium verticillatum B elegans, Kurz). Pegu Yoma,
higher ridges. Headwaters of Yunzalin 4,000 ft. (D. B. March 1880). Tenasserim.
L. often falsely whorled, almost sessile, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 3-5 in. long. FI.
axillary, solitary, fasciculate or in short corymbs, corolla 2-24 in. long, anthers spurred,
pedicels and calyx more or less hispid with long hairs. 4. A. miniata, Hook.f. Khasi
hills. Patkoi range. L. elliptic-lanceolate, remotely serrate, nearly sessile, falsely
whorled, sec. n. prominent. Corymbs with numerous short bracts. 5. A. grandiflora,
Hook. f. Mishmi and Naga hills. Lakhimpur district, Assam. IL. nearly sessile,
oblong-lanceolate. Fl.on the old wood, fasciculate, calyx-teeth triangular 4 in., corolla
2-24 in., lobes lanceolate 4-4 in. long, anthers spurred on beak.

6. A. Hillii,n. sp. Hills east of Bhamo 4,500 ft. (Mont. Hill, Oct. 1901). Epiphytic
on tall trees, stem swollen. LL. sessile oblong-lanceolate 4-6 in. long, fl. in pedunculate
corymbose racemes, pedicels 1-14 in. long, thickened at apex and conspicuously articu-
late with calyx. Calyx divided nearly to the base, lobes linear 4 in. long. Corolla
tubular, widened upwards, 2 in. long, purple with darker V-shaped markings. Fila-
ments flat, hairy, not geniculate, anthers not spurred.

B. L. petiolate, or narrowed towards base. Anthers not spurred.

7. A. saligna, Hook, f. (Vaccinium salignum, Hook. f. Il]. Him. Pl. t. 15a). Sikkim
1-5,000 ft. Thaungyin 5,000 ft., Tenasserim. Stems often greatly thickened at the
base, 1. scattered, lanceolate, acuminate, blade 34, narrowed into petiole } in. long,
sec. n. conspicuous. Fl. dark red, in short glabrous corymbs, calyx-teeth lanceolate,
4-4 in. long, corolla 1 in. widened upwards, lobes long-acuminate, }-4 in. long,
anthers not spurred on back. 8. A. Parishii, Clarke. Tenasserim. Nearly allied, 1.
larger, sec. n. slender, intramarginal vein continuous, calyx-teeth triangular. 9. A.
salicifolia, Clarke. Mishmi hills. L. linear-lanceolate, petiole very short, corolla 2 in.
long, lobes short, triangular.

10. A. macrantha, Hook. f. (Vaccinium variegatum, Kurz, var macranthum) Khasi
and Chittagong hills. Tenasserim. Fl. fascicled. corolla pale purple, with darker
transverse bands, 13-2 by lin. 11. A. macrophylla, Clarke. Khasi hills. L. broad-
lanceolate, blade 9-11, pet. stout, $ in. long, sec. n. prominent. Fl. in pedunculate
corymbs, calyx-teeth narrow-lanceolate, 4 in., corolla 14 in. long.

y. L. petiolate, anthers spurred.

12. A. variegata, D. Don (Vaccinium odontocerum, Wight Ic. t. 1187; V. variegatum,
Kurz). Khasi hills. Cachar. Chittagong and Martaban hills. IL. lanceolate, blade
5-8, narrowed into a thick pet. } in. long. Fl. on the old wood, densely fascicled on
slender glabrous pedicels, much longer than calyx, calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate.

Agapetes] LXIV. ERICACEX 405

Corolla rose-purple, with darker V-shaped transverse bands 3-1 in. Seeds with a firm,
shining minutely foveolate testa. The seeds of the sp. of Ayapetes require further
study. 13. A. angulata, Hook. f. (Vaccinium odontocerum, Kurz). Patkoi hills.
Branches sharply angular. Similar to 12, but calyx-teeth shortly triangular. 14.
A, campanulata, Clarke (Vaccinium campanulatum, Kurz). Nattoung, Martaban 7,000
ft. LL. elliptic, narrowed into a very short petiole. Corolla campanulate, deep scarlet,
lobes broadly triangular.

(b) Calyx supported by an epicalyx (enlarged pedicel or connate bracteoles).

15. A. auriculata, Hook. f.( Vaccinium auriculatum, Kurz). Sikkim, 3-4,000ft. Bhutan.
Khasi hills. L. often falsely whorled, sessile 6-8 in. long, oblong-lanceolate from a
rounded base, intramarginal nerves distinct. Corymbs from the old wood or from the
whorls of 1., peduncles stout, pedicels much dilated and cup-shaped at the apex, corolla
#in., tube narrowing upwards, fr. }in., bright red, calyx-teeth } in. long, broadly lanceo-
late, striate. Very similar, but possibly a new species, is a shrub growing on granite
boulders on the hills east of Bhamo at 6,500 ft. (Mont. Hill). Corolla widening upwards,
calyx supported by a double epicalyx, the outer spreading, the inner adnate to calyx-
tube with a free margin.

16. A. glabra, Clarke. Bhutan, Khasi hills. Similar to 12, but corymbs and corolla-
tube densely pubescent, corolla green and white, often with rose-cold. V-shaped trans-
verse bars. 17. A. Nuttallii, Clarke. Bhutan. L. elliptic, acuminate, blade 5-7, narrowed
into stout pet. } in., corymb lax, corolla 1 in. long.

B. Corolla-lobes short, bracts short, 1. under 2 in. -

18. A. obovata, Hook. f. Khasi hills,;common. A small dense shrub, branches rigid,
1. oboyate, less than 4 in., margins recurved. FI. solitary on long slender pedicels, cal.-
teeth triangular acuminate, corolla } in. long, acutely conical in bud. 19. A. Mannii,
Hemsl. in Gard. Chron. 1892, xii. 364. Khasi hills. Similar, but pedicels shorter,
barely as long as fl., corolla 4 in. long, reddish-brown, fr. fleshy globose, 4 in. diam.
20. A. manipurensis, Watt MSS. Manipur 6,000 ft., ]. similar, fl. in few-fld. corymbs,
corolla 4 in. long.

21. A. buxifolia, Nutt. Duphla hills. L. lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1-1}.in., crenate,
peduncles solitary, hairy, 4 in., corolla bright red, ? in. long. 22. A, mitrarioides,
Hook. f. Mishmi hills. Branches slender, 1. elliptic, serrate 4-} in., peduncles
slender solitary, 1} in. long, bifurcating and bearing 2 f1., corolla 1 in. long.

C. Corolla campanulate, divided to } its length or further down, bracts
small.

23. A, nana, Hook. f. Naga hills. A small epiphyte with thick tuber-like stems, 1.
lanceolate, narrowed into a very short petiole. epicalyx deeply 10-fid, segments linear,
corymbs axillary or from the old wood, corolla }-} in. lobed nearly to the base. 24.
A. discolor, Clarke. Sikkim 3,500 ft. Bhutan. Patkoi range. L. white beneath,
scattered, elliptic-lanceolate, 1-2 in. long, narrowed into short petiole, corolla 4-4 in.
long, divided nearly to the base. 25. A. pilifera, Hook.f. Khasiand Mishmihills. L.
scattered, elliptic, candate-acuminate, base rounded, blade 2-3, petiole 4 in. Fl. fascicled
on slender hairy pedicels, 1 in., corolla } in. long.

26. A. Lobbii, Clarke. Jaintia and Naga hills. Thaungyin, 5,000 ft. L. lanceolate,
caudate-acuminate, 3-4 in., petiole very short. Corymbs peduncled, lax, glabrous,
corolla crimson with a white tip, narrow-tubular, #1, lobes 4 in. long.

D. Bracts longer than half the pedicel, glandular hairs on inflorescence,
anthers spurred.

27. A. bracteata, Hook. f. Tenasserim hills 5,000 ft. A small shrub on rocks, 1.
elliptic, caudate-acuminate, blade 2-24, pet. 4 in. Fl. in axillary bracteate racemes,
bracts nearly as long as pedicel. Corolla campanulate, tube 4 in., lobes narrow,
recurved, nearly as long as tube. 28. A. Pottingeri, Prain, Ann. Gard. Calc. ix. 45, t. 58.
Kachin hills 4,100 ft. An epiphytic shrub, branchlets hairy, |. ovate acuminate,
4-5 in. long, petioleshort. Calyx-limb large, campanulate, reticulate, teeth triangular,
corolla tubular 4-§ in. long, lobes short, blunt.

2. PENTAPTERYGIUM, Klotzsch ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 449.

Epiphytie evergreen shrubs, differing from Agapetes by the 5-angled or
-winged calyx-tube and the 5-winged or distinetly-ribbed berry. Species 5.

406 LXIV. ERICACEA | Pentapterygium

A. I. small, pedicels solitary or in pairs, anthers not spurred.

1. P. serpens, Klotzsch ; Wight Ic. t. 1183; Hook. f. Ill. Him. Pl. t.15 8. Sikkim,
3-8,000 ft. Bhutan. Base of stem large, tuberous, branches pendulous, hispid, densely
leafy, 1. glabrous, bifarious, margins recurved, corolla # in. long, tubular, bright red
with V-shaped marks. >

B. L. large 2-5 in., pedicels fascicled or corymbose, beaks of anthers spurred.

2. P.rugosum, Hook.f. Khasi hills, Bhutan. L. serrate rugose, sec. n. very prominent,
corolla $in. white or rose. 3. P. Listeri, King. Bhutan 7,000 ft. L. nearly entire, not
rugose, corolla $4 in., rose. 4. P. flavum, Hook.f. Bhutan. L. rugose, slightly crenate,
corolla 3 in., yellow. 5. P. Hookeri, Clarke. Sikkim 5-8,000 ft. Bhutan. L. serrate,
corolla 3 in., yellow.

Desmogyne neriifolia, King et Prain; Ann. Gard. Cale. ix. 46, t. 59. China.
Kachin hills, Upper Burma. An epiphytic shrub, |. lanceolate, blade 4—5, pet. 4 in.
long. FI. in axillary corymbs, bracts small, pedicels enlargea below the calyx into a
cup, partially enclosing calyx-tube (connate bracteoles?) Calyx-limb inflated, wide
campanulate, reticulate, margin entire, corolla 13 in. long, lobes short, fr. crowned by
the persistent calyx-limb. The authors of this genus (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal vol. 67.
298) justly observe that Agapetes, Pentapterygium and Desmogyne might be united.
In that case the present species would belong to the section of Ayapetes, represented by
A. auriculata (p. 405).

3. VACCINIUM, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 451.

Shrubs or small trees, a few species epiphytic, 1. coriaceous. Fl. usually
small, generally in racemes, rarely solitary. Racemes in bud often covered
by the imbricating bracts. Corolla campanulate cylindric or ovoid, lobes short,
anthers oblong, often spurred at the top, produced into 2 cylindric tubes
opening by terminal slits. Seeds ellipsoid, testa firm, shining, minutely foveo-
late. Species 100, Northern Hemisphere and mountains in the Tropics.

A. L. large, racemes solitary.
a. L lanceolate, serrate, mostly falsely whorled.

1. V. serratum, Wight Ic. t. 1184; (Gaylussacia serrata, Lindl.; Royle Ill. t. 79,
fig.2.) Sikkim 4-9,000 ft. Khasi hills. A shrub, often epiphytic, stem often thick,
tuberiform, |. often approximate near the ends of branchlets (falsely whorled), lanceo-
late 8-4 in. long, gradually narrowed into a very short petiole. Fl. greenish-white,
racemes several at the ends of branchlets, bracts small, linear. Corolla 4 in. long,
glabrous outside, hairy inside, filaments hairy, anthers not spurred. Berry globose,
white or yellowish,Zin.diam. 2. V.venosum, Wight Ic. t.1185. Sikkim 4—-7000 ft. (the
hispid form). Bhutan, Khasi hills. Branchlets sometimes hispid, 1. sessile with a rounded
base or suddenly narrowed into a very short petiole, sec. n. prominent. Racemes
several near the ends of branches, peduncles with numerous persistent elliptic bracts
at their base. Filaments glabrous, anthers not spurred.

b. L, elliptic, minutely serrulate, scattered.

3. V. gualtheriefolium, Hook. f. Bhutan. Attains 8 ft. Berry blue-black }-4 in.
diam. 4. V.glauco-album, Hook.f. Sikkim 9-10,000 ft. Bhutan. Bracts 4-?in. long,
often persistent until the fr. ripens.

c. L. entire.

5. V. Dunalianum, Wight Ic. t. 1194. Sikkim 5-8,000 ft. Bhutan, Khasi hills,
Manipur. Yunnan. A shrub, oftenepiphytic. L.alternate almost distichous, lanceo-
late, long caudate-acuminate, blade 3-5, pet. 4 in. long. Racemes in bud enclosed by
the broad imbricating, subsequently deciduous bracts at the base of peduncle. Fl.
pink, corolla ovoid-conic, } in. long, anthers spurred. 6. V. ardisioides, Hook. f. Ruby
Mines, Upper Burma. Hills east of Toungoo. Thaungyin, Tenasserim. L. sessile,
falsely whorled at the ends of branchlets, elliptic-lanceolate, racemes umbellate in the
axils of the uppermost l. 7. V. arbutoides, Clarke. Patkoi range. LL. scattered,
ovate, acuminate, blade 4-5, pet. stout, 4 in., sec. n. oblique, several pairs from near the
base, racemes hairy.

8. V. Kachinense, sp. nova. Panka-pun, Kachin. Hills east of Bhamo in evergreen

Vaccinium|] LXIV. ERICACEA 407

forest 7,500 ft. (Montague Hill, Febr. 1902). A large tree, 1. approximate near the
ends of branches, rigid, oblanceolate, blade 34 in. long, suddenly narrowed intoa short
stout petiole, sec.n. prominent. Racemes on the old wood below the 1., glabrous, bracts
red, } in. long, lanceolate, with prominent, very oblique nerves, edge fimbriate, imbri-
cate and covering the buds, bracts at the base of peduncle numerous, similar. Fl. 4-
and 5-merous, red, on slender pedicels, calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate half the length
of corolla. Corolla urceolate, 4 in. long, glabrous outside, minutely hairy inside, lobes
short, recurved, anthers spurred, filaments clothed with@ong soft spreading hairs.

B. L. large, racemes more or less panicled.

a. Western Species.

9. V. Leschenaultii, Wight Ic. t. 1188; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.227.—Syn. V.
rotundifolium, Wight Ill. t. 139. Vern. Atlavu, Tam.; Anduvan, Bad.

A small or middle-sized tree, youngest shoots and inflorescence minutely
pubescent, 1. ovate or nearly orbicular, 14-3 in., pet. short. Bracts caducous,
calyx-teeth triangular, edges ciliate, corolla pink, }—} in. long, filaments hairy,
anthers spurred.

Nilgiris, abundant. Anamalai and Palni hills. Fl. January-June. Fr. edible-—
Ceylon, common about 4,000 ft. 10. V. nilgherrense, Wight Ic. t.1189. Western Ghats
and adjoining hill ranges from Wainad southwards. A shrub or small tree, 1. lanceo-
late, bracts large, less caducous than in 9, fl. white, calyx and corolla pubescent
without.

b. Eastern species.

11. V. Donianum, Wight Ic. t. 1191.—
Syn. V. affine, Wight Ic. t. 1190.

A shrub or small tree, youngest shoots and
inflorescence glabrous, 1. lanceolate, entire or
minutely serrate, blade 2-3, pet. }-} in. Fl.
pink or white, bracts lanceolate, early decidu-
ous, calyx-teeth often irregularly denticulate,
corolla glabrous outside, filaments with long
thin hairs, anthers spurred at apex.

Khasi hills, Manipur. Shan hills, Upper Burma.
Hills between Sitang and Salween, Lower Burma.
Fl. March-May. Similar to some forms of J.
Leschenaultii. 12. V. bancanum, Migq. (V. exaris-
tatum, Kurz). Shan hills. Hills east of Toungoo,
5-6,000 ft. Malay Penins. Bangka. A shrub or
small tree, 1. elliptic, entire, racemes and calyx
usually (corolla often) pubescent, spurs of anthers
very short. 13. V. malaccense, Wight Ic. t. 1186.
Thaungyin 5,8000 ft. Malay Peninsula and
Archip. IL. elliptic-lanceolate, minutely crenate-
serrate, racemes and corolla pubescent, anther

spurs almost 0. It is not impossible that the Fic. 160.—Vaccinium Doni-
Burma specimens of 12 and 18 may eventually anum, Wicht. 3
, Wight. 4.

all be referred to V. Donianum.
C. L. small, 2 in, and under.

14. V. Griffithianum, Wight Ic. 1192. Khasi hills, China. A shrub, attaining 6 ft.
youngest shoots and racemes pubescent, |. elliptic-lanceolate, serrulate, 1-2 in. long,
pet. short. Racemes often panicled, pedicels shorter than fl., bracts large, leaflike, as
well as the linear bracteoles, persistent, calyx minutely hairy, corolla ovoid, white,
} in. long, spurs on the beak of anthers prominent. 15. V. Nummularia, Hook. f. &
Thoms. Sikkim 8-10,000 ft. Bhutan. Epiphytie, branches long, pendent, densely
clothed with long bristles. IL. 4-} in., broadly elliptic, obtuse, margins recurved, fl.
pink.

16. V. retusum, Hook. fil. Sikkim 7-9,000 ft. Bhutan, Naga hills. A large shrub,
often epiphytic, branches pendent, pubescent, 1. obovate 1-1} in. long, obtuse. Racemes
at the ends of branchlets, bracts pure white, membranous, }-§ in. long, enclosing the
buds, persistent until the fl. open, corolla pink with 5 red stripes, filaments with long

408 LXIV. ERICACEA — [Vaceinwm

_hairs, spurs at the ends of anthers large. 17. V. sikkimense, Clarke. Singalelah range,
Sikkim 12-13,000 ft. A small procumbent bush, 1. elliptic or obovate, acute, serrulate,
calyx-teeth very short, obtuse. 18. V. pumilum, Kurz. Hills east of Toungoo 4-6,000

ft. A small epiphyte, branches and racemes hairy, 1. elliptic 3-1 in. Calyx pilose,
teeth lanceolate, as long as tube.

Corallobotrys acuminata, Hook.f. Khasi hills, Bhutan. A small shrub, |. coriaceous,
more or less serrate, blade 6-9, pet. 4 in. long. FI. in corymbs on the old wood below
the leaves, corolla, calyx, pedicels and peduncles coral red, bracts minute. Corolla
globose-campanulate, 4 in. long, anthers oblong, produced into short tubes, opening by
terminal slits. , :

4. GAULTHERIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 456.

Shrubs, mostly small procumbent, a few large, erect, 1. persistent, serrulate.
Fl. pentamerous, supported by 2 bracteoles, sometimes dimorphic, usually in
bracteate racemes. Calyx enlarged, succulent and coloured in fruit, enclosing
the capsule. Corolla ovoid, teeth small, recurved. Filaments pilose, anther-
cells opening by short terminal slits, with 1 or 2 horns at the back. Capsule
5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved from the apex. Species 90-100, mostly moun-
tainous, chiefly American.

1. G. fragrantissima, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1196 (G@. Leschenaultii, DC. ; Wight Ill. t.
141 c¢ and Ic. t. 1195; G. punctata, Bl.). Nepal. Sikkim 6-8,000 ft. Bhutan, Khasi
hills. Hillseast‘of Toungoo 6-7,000 ft. Nilgiris, here gregarious. Palnis, Travancore
hills. Ceylon, upper montane zone. Yunnan. Mtns. of Javaand Sumatra. A large
shrub, bark thin, shining. L. faintly aromatic when bruised, coriaceous. elliptic, or
elliptic-oblong, sometimes lanceolate, blade 13-4, pet. 4-4 in., sec. n. 3-7 pair, the 2nd and
8rd pair from the base reaching beyond half the length of leaf. Racemes axillary,
shorter than 1. Fl. white, pedicels short, (dimorphic fl. with short stamens and sterile
anthers not horned). Fr. 4 in. diam., hairy, enclosed by the bright turquoise blue
enlarged calyx, edible. Closely allied and perhaps only an alpine form is 2. G. Hookeri,
Clarke. Sikkim 8-11,000 ft., branches hispid, 1. smaller, bracts large elliptic 4 in. long,
fl. pink and white. 3. G. Griffithiana, Wight Ic. t.1197. Nepal. Sikkim 6-9,000 ft.
Bhutan, Khasi hills. Manipur. <A stout shrub, |. coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, caudate-
acuminate, blade 3-6, pet. } in. long, sec. n. 3-4 pair, obliquely arching, excurrent into
an intramarginal vein. Fl. green, anthers brick red, pedicels } in. long, corolla cam-
panulate, open, fr. black. From the 1. of a small creeping North American species
(Gaultheria procumbens) a volatile oil known as Oil of Wintergreen is distilled.

5. DIPLYCOSIA, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 458.

Small shrubs, differing from Gauwltheria by anther-cells without horns at
the back and calyx partly adnate to ovary in some species. Species 20, Malay
Penins. and Archip., more than half in Borneo.

1. D. discolor, Clarke. Bhutan. Hills east of Toungoo. Branchlets pilose, 1. coria-
ceous, glabrous, elliptic, 1-2 in. long, sec. n. 2-3 pair, the lowest from near the base,
the upper reaching to the apex, underside glandular-dotted, racemes pubescent, 1 in.
long. 2. D. semi-infera, Clarke. Bhutan 7-9,000 ft. Similar, 1. elliptic-lanceolate, 2-3

in. long, sec. n. 3-4 pair, ovary half-inferior.

Cassiope fastigiata, D. Don (Andromeda fastigiata, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 284; Royle
Tl. t. 68). Higher Himalayan ranges 10-14,000 ft. Kashmir-Bhutan. A small
heather-like shrub covering large areas, |. small, rigid, ciliate, densely and more or
less 4-fariously imbricate. Fl. pentamerous, axillary, sometimes 2-4 together, on
slender woolly pedicels up to 4 in. long, calyx of 5 free sepals thickened at the base,
edge scarious, corolla white, widely campanulate, anthers truncate, each cell 1-horned.
2. ©. selaginoides, Sikkim 10-13,000 ft. Tibet, China, stems more slender and pedicels
longer.

Enkianthus himalaicus, Hook. f. & Thoms. Sikkim and Bhutan 8-11,000 ft. China,
A small tree, ]. membranous, approximate at the ends of branches, elliptic when young
pubescent beneath, blade 1-2, pet. slender, 4 in. FI. red-orange, on slender axillary
often fasciculate pedicels, #-14 in. long. Corolla broad campanulate, at mouth } in.
across, anthers oblong, each cell with a long hairy awn at the back. Capsules} in.
diam. loculicidally 5-valved. Perfect seeds few, angular, testa very lax, membranous.

Pieris | LXIV. ERICACE 409

6. PIERIS, D. Don; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 460.
(Ineluded under Lyonia, Nutt. by Drude in Engler u. Prantl iy. 1. 44.)

Trees or shrubs. FJ. pentamerons, in bracteate racemes, pedicels bracteolate.
Ovary 5-celled, capsule loculicidally 5-valved, seeds « linear-oblong, not
winged or fringed, testa loose. Species 12, from the Himalaya to Japan,
Mexico and N.-E. America.

1. P. ovalifolia, D. Don; Collett Simla FI., 293, Fig. 89.—Syn. Andromeda
ovalifolia, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1199; Brandis F. Fl. 280. Vern. Atlan, Pb.;
Evrau, Yerta, Ladrang, Bash., Ayar, Anyar, Hind.

A small deciduous tree, 1. ovate- or elliptic-oblong, entire, acute or shortly
acuminate, often pubescent when young, base rounded, blade 3-8, pet. 1—} in.
long. Racemes axillary more or less pubescent, 4-10 in. long, fl. white, some-
times pink or blueish, calyx-teeth triangular, corolla j—} in. long, filaments
hairy, with 2 horns near the apex.

Outer Himalaya, in the North West 4-8,000 ft. often associated with Quercus incana
and Rhododendron arboreum, in Sikkim associated with Sal in the Tista valley at 2,000
and with the Rhododendrons of Tonglo at 10,000 ft. (Gamble). Khasi hills. The
Sikkim and Khasi hills specimens have a longer corolla. Burma; Kachin hills,
Bernard myo and headwaters of Yunzalin 5-7,000 ft—China, Japan. FJ. April-June.
2. P. villosa, Hook. f. Himalaya higher ranges 10-13,000 ft. Garhwal to Sikkim
(probably in Jaunsar at 7,500 ft., Gamble Ind. Timb. ii.ed.431). A small tree, similar
to 1, but 1. smaller, villous beneath, calyx-tube linear-lanceolate, corolla broadly cam-
panulate, no horns at the top of filaments. 3. P. formosa, D. Don (Andromeda formosa,
Wall. ; Wight Ic. t.1200). Himalaya 6-10,000 ft. from Nepal eastwards. Khasi hills.
Manipur. A small], evergreen, glabrous tree, 1. coriaceous, lanceolate, serrate, blade
3-5, pet. } in. Racemes in large terminal panicles, corolla white, filaments with 2
horns at the end.

Leucothoe Griffithiana, Clarke. Bhutan, 6,800 ft. Branchlets flexuose, 1. long acumi-
nate, entire or minutely serrulate upwards, blade 4-6, pet. 4 in. long. Racemes axillary,
3-5 in. long. Capsule depressed-globose } in. diam. Seeds flat nearly orbicular, edge
with a dense fringe of short blunt unicellular hairs.

7. RHODODENDRON, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 462.

Small trees or shrubs, often epiphytic (the species here described evergreen,
the deciduous species commonly known as Azalea). LL. entire, usually coria-
ceous and crowded at the ends of branches. Fl. showy, as a rule large, mostly
in terminal clusters or wmbelliform corymbs, bracts at the base of peduncle
numerous, large, coriaceous, deciduous, enclosing the buds. Calyx 5-lobed,
entire or obsolete. Corolla widely funnel-shaped, campanulate or cylindric,
lobes 5-10, anthers oblong, opening by terminal pores. Ovary 5—20-celled,
ovules «. Capsule septicidally 5-20-valved from the apex, the valves breaking
away from the placentas. Seeds o, testa often produced at the ends, one end
frequently ciliate. Species 200, chiefly in Eastern Asia, a smaller number in
temperate North America, a few in Europe and Western Asia, 1 in tropical
Australia.

I. Capsule cylindric, valves woody or coriaceous, the placentas remaining
attached to the central axis.

A. Underside of 1. without glandular scales, calyx-lobes short or obsolete
not enlarged in fr.

(a.) Corolla-lobes 5, stamens 10,
a. Corolla purple, rose or white, underside of 1. hairy.

1. R. arboreum, Sm.; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 123; Wight Ill. t. 140 and
Ie. t. 1201; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 228. Syn. R. nilagiricum, Zenker ; R. Camp-

410 LXIV. ERICACEA [Rhododendron

bellie, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikk. t. 6. Vern. Chahan, Haz.; Chet, Chamba ;
Bras, Sprak, Bash.; Burdns, Brons, N. W. Him.; Billi, Tam.; Zalatni,
Burm. i

A small tree, often attaining a great girth, bark thick, rough. L. elliptic-
oblong, acute at both ends, glabrous above, rusty tomentose or with a dense
silvery film of minute hairs and scales beneath, sec. n. impressed above,
conspicuous beneath, blade 4-6, pet. 1-?in. Corymbs dense many-fid. Fl.
commonly deep crimson, rarely pink or nearly white, pedicels short, corolla-
lobes emarginate. Ovary densely silky. Capsule cylindric, curved, 1 in.
long, longitudinally ribbed.

Outer Himalaya 5-11,000 ft. in the North-West chiefly associated with Quercus incana.
Khasi hills, Manipur. Hills east of Toungoo. Bernard myo, Ruby Mines district.
Nilgivisand Palni hills. Never leafless, the foliage is renewed gradually. Fl. March—
May, if checked by hail or otherwise it often flowers in June or July (Simla 1849, 67,
1902). Ceylon above 5,000 ft., gregarious. A remarkable form, found by Sir George
Watt in Manipur 9,000 ft. is var. Kingianum, Hooker f. in Bot. Mag. t. 7696, 1. dark
almost glossy, calyx with 5 short lobes, divisions of the corolla deeply lobed. 2. R.
niveum, Hook.f. Sikkim 10-12,000ft. Similar to 1, but 1. mealy tomentose beneath and
not impressed above, fl. lilac.

3. R. campanulatum, Don.—Syn. R. wruginoswm, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikk.
t. 22. Vern. Shargar, Kulu; Sim-rang, Bash.; Simris, Garhwal.

A gregarious evergreen shrub, bark thin smooth, peeling off in thin papery
flakes, 1. glabrous above, with a dense cinnamon-coloured tomentum beneath,
concealing the nerves, midrib prominent. F 1. in lax terminal corymbs, purple
or lilac, pedicels as long as corolla-tube. Ovary glabrous.

Inner Himalaya, at the upper limit of tree vegetation (9-14,000 ft.), often forming a
dense belt. Also at high elevations in the outer ranges. Fl. May—July. 4.R. fulgens,
Hook. f. Nepal. Sikkim 10-14,000 ft. Similar to 3, 1. elliptic with a rounded base,
fl. heads dense, corolla scarlet.

8. Corolla red or purple, underside of 1. glabrous.

5. R. Elliotti, Watt MSS. in herb. Kew. Naga hills 8,500-10,000 ft. LL. elliptic-
oblong, acute, on the underside minutely and elegantly reticulate, blade 4-6, pet. 1-14
in. Heads terminal, many-fld., pedicels 4 in. as well as calyx ovary and style with
minute glandular hairs, calyx small, almost flat, indistinctly lobed, corolla 2 in. long

and 13 in. wide at mouth, lobes obtuse. Capsule 3 in. long, finally glabrous. 6. R.
Kendrickii, Nutt. Bhutan. Yunnan. L. lanceolate, on the underside with raised
minutely reticulate veins, blade 5-7, pet. 4 in., corolla bright red, ovary strigose.

7. R. Shepherdi, Nutt. Bhutan. Calyx shortly 5-lobed, ovary glabrous.
y. Corolla yellow.

8. R. Wightii, Hook f. Rhod. Sikk. t.27. East Nepal and Sikkim, 11-14,000 ft. A
small shrubby tree, bark thin, peeling off in papery flakes; 1. mucronate, closely
cinnamomeous tomentose beneath, pedicels hairy, corolla yellow with crimson spots,
ovary ferrugineous-woolly. 9. R. lanatum, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikk. t. 16. Sikkim
12-13,000 ft. Similar to 8, branchlets and 1. beneath densely woolly, fl. 5-7 in a head,
nodding. 10. R. campylocarpum, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim t. 30. East Nepal and Sikkim,
11-14,000 ft. A shrub with a resinous scent, 1. glabrous on both surfaces, fl. scented,
corolla pale sulphur, pedicels and ovary with stalked glands.

(6) Corolla-lobes 6-10, stamens 10-18.

11. R. grande, Wight Ic. t.1202. (R. argenteum, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim t. 9.) Sikkim,
6-9,000 ft. Bhutan. A middle-sized tree, 1. glabrous, silvery beneath, blade 8-15,
pet. #-1$ in. Heads many-fid., dense, fl. pure white. Capsule stout, curved, more or
less tomentose, 1-2 in. long. 12. R. Hodgsoni, Hook.f. Nepal to Bhutan, 10-12,000 ft.,
common. A large shrub, similar to 11,1: cinnamomeous or whitish beneath, fl. pink-lilac,
capsules narrowly-cylindric 2 in. long. 13. R. Falconeri, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim t. 10.
Nepal to Bhutan 9-13,000 ft. Naga and Manipur hills 7-10,000 ft. Yunnan. A
large gregarious shrub or middle-sized tree with a straight bole, 1. rigidly coriaceous,
broad-elliptic, obtuse, rugose above by impressed nerves, densely rusty tomentose
beneath, blade 6-15, petiole 1-2 in. long. FJ. white or cream-coloured, with purple
spots at the base within.

Rhododendron| LXIV. ERICACEA 411

B. Underside of 1. without glandular scales, calyx deeply lobed or enlarged
in fr.

(a) Branches not woolly.

14. R. barbatum, Wall.; Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim t. 3. Himalaya, from Kumaon east-
wards, 8-12,000 ft. Naga hills 9,000 ft. A small or middle-sized tree, 1. glabrous,
green on both sides, acute, petioles, branchlets and midrib beneath with long coarse
bristles. Heads dense, corolla deep red, ovary hairy, capsule 3 in. long, hirsute.
15. R. Thomsoni, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim t. 12 (R. Candelabrum, Hook. f. 1. c.t. 29). East
Nepal and Sikkim 11-13,000 ft. A large shrub attaining 15 ft., 1. broadly elliptic,
obtuse at both ends, base often cordate, glaucous beneath, blade 3-4, pet. 4-1 in.
Calyx cup-shaped unequally lobed, enlarged in fr., partly enclosing the glaucous
purple # in. long capsule. Corolla deep crimson. 16. R. Hookeri, Nutt. Bhutan,
similar and possibly only a variety of 15. L. oblong, underside with minute raised
reticulate veins. Calyx cup-shaped, unequally lobed. 17. R. Griffithianum, Wight Ic.
t. 1203 (2. Aucklandii, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikk. t. 11). Sikkim and Bhutan 7-9,000 ft.
A shrub, at times a middle-sized tree, |. glabrous, oblong, base rounded, blade 4-9, pet.
1-13 in. Fl. large white with a pink tinge, calyx saucer-shaped, margin nearly entire,
in fr. often unequally enlarged. Capsule 10 in. long, very woody.

(b) Branches woolly. Usually epiphytic.

18. R. Edgeworthii, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikk. t.21. Sikkim 7-9,000 ft. Bhutan. Branchlets,
petioles, underside of |., pedicels, calyx and capsule, while young, densely clothed with
rusty wool. L. mostly scattered, upperside glabrous but strongly rugose with the
deeply impressed nerves and veins. FI. white, sweet scented, calyx divided nearly
to the base, lobes obtuse, somewhat unequal, 4 in. long, corolla 2-3 in. across. 19. R.
pendulum, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikk. t. 13, branches pendulous, 2-4 ft. long, 1. mostly approxi-
mate at the ends of branches, rusty-woolly beneath, blade 1-2, pet. } in. long. Calyx-
lobes obtuse, } in. long, rose-coloured, corolla white, | in. across, glandular
outside.

C. Underside of 1. with round appressed glandular scales.
(a) Calyx-lobes short or obsolete, not enlarged in fr.

20, R. cinnabarinum, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim t. 8; Gamble Ind. Timb. ed. ii. 436 (R.
Roylii, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim t.7) Sikkim 10-12,000ft.and higher. Bhutan. A large
shrub, |. glabrous and shining above, densely clothed beneath with glandular scales,
blade 3-4, pet. 4-% in. long, midrib excurrent, sec. n. visible on the upper side. Heads
with 5-5 fl., pedicels 4-4 in. long, calyx-lobes obtuse, usually short, sometimes the
upper longer, corolla orange or brick red, long narrow-campanulate, almost tubular,
lobes ovate, acute, equal (Hooker's figure of R. cinnabarinum possibly represents a
different species with dense fl. heads and the uppermost calyx-tooth linear, almost
subulate. If so, the species described above should be called FR, Roylii). 21. R. triflorum,
Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim t. 19. Sikkim, Manipur 7-10,000 ft. Attains 8 ft., 1. closely
scaly beneath. fl. few, sometimes solitary, corolla yellow, broad-campanulate, 14-2 in.
across at mouth.

22. F. Keysii, Nutt. Bhutan 8-10,000 ft. LL. lanceolate, fl. on short axillary spurs,
corolla-tube cylindric, pale brick-red. 23. R. virgatum, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim t. 26.
Sikkim 7-9,000 ft. Bhutan. A shrub attaining 4 ft. with slender branches and
scattered oblong-lanceolate 1. FI. axillary, solitary or in pairs, pedicels sheathed at
the base by imbricate coriaceous deciduous bracts, corolla purple, 1 in. across at mouth.

24. R. formosum, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 207. Panlaung pun, Kachin.

A shrub, |. lanceolate, usually broadest above the middle, acute, glabrous
above, glandular scales beneath numerous, but epidermis distinctly visible
between them. Corymbs 2-5-fld., corolla white, widely funnel-shaped, 2 in.
across at mouth.

Bhutan, Khasi hills, often near streams. Kachin hills 7,500 ft. and Ruby Mines
district, Upper Burma. Hills east of Toungoo 4-7,000 ft. Moolejit 6-6,500. Yunnan
4-8,000 ft. Very variable, two varieties may be noted: FR. salicifolium, Khasi hills,
with linear-lanceolate 1. 2. Johnstonianum, Watt MSS., Naga and Manipur hills,
6-9,000 ft., with elliptie 1., the glandular scales approximating beneath, corolla with
pink streaks and dots. 25. R. Veitchianum, Hook. ‘Tenasserim hills 4—7,000 ft. Some-
times epiphytic, is supposed to differ by a larger corolla with a crisped crenulate
margin,

412 - LXIV. ERICACEZ [Rhododendron
(b) Calyx deeply lobed.
a. L. large, more than 2 in. long.

26. R. Dalhousie, Hook. f. Sikk. Rhod,tt.1,2. Sikkim 6-9,000 ft. Manipur, 9,000 ft.
Yunnan. An epiphytic shrub, 6-10 ft. high, |].approximate near the ends of branches,
blade 4-5, pet. 4 in. long. Heads of 2-5 large, scented fl., 3} in. long, 3 in. across at
mouth, corolla white, pink when fading. 27. R. Nuttallii, Booth. Bhutan, 4-5,000 ft.
Similar, 1. larger, rugose above, sec. and tertiary n. prominent beneath, calyx-lobes
# in. long. 28. R. Maddeni, Hook. f. Sikk. Rhod. t. 18. Sikkim 6,000 ft. Bhutan.
Naga and Manipur hills 8-10,000 ft. A shrub 6-8 ft. high, 1. densely scaly beneath,
blade 4-6, pet. 3-1 in. long. Corymbs 4-12-fld., calyx- lobes oblong, often unequal,
corolla white, 3-4 in. across.

29. R. Boothii, Nutt. Bhutan. Epiphytic, branchlets and petioles -ailleme with long
hairs, young |. sprinkled with long lax hairs, adult 1. hairy on the margin, blade 4-5,
pet. 4 in. Corymbs dense, many-fld., corolla yellow. 30. R. ciliatum, Hook. f. Sikk.
Rhod. t. 24. Sikkim 9-10,000 ft. A small rigid shrub, branchlets, petioles, edge of |.
and pedicels with long soft bristles, 1. acute, blade 24-3 in., pet. din. Corymbs of 2-6 fl.,
corolla white, rosy on | fading. 31. R. camellizfiorum, Hooks fa Silkk. Rhod. t. 28. Fast
Nepal to Bhutan 9-13,000 ft. Corolla w hite, shortly campanulate, lobes widely spread-
ing, 14 in. across, capsule 4 4 in. long, densely clothed with glandular scales. 32. R.
glaucum, Hook. f. Sikk. Rhod. t. 17. Sikkim and Bhutan 10-12, ,000 ft. A small shrub,
with strong resinous smell, ]. glaucous, almost white beneath, blade 2-3, pet. $ in.
long. Corymbs 4-10-fld., pedicels and calyx densely covered with glandular scales,
corolla pale pinkish-purple, 1 in. across. 33. R. leptocarpum, Nutt. Bhutan, im-
perfectly known.

B. L. small, under 2 in

34. R. lepidotum, Wall.; Royle Ill. t. 64 (R. salignum and eleagnoides, Hook. f. Rhod.
Sikk. t. 23). Higher ranges ‘of the Himalaya from Kashmir eastwards 9-15,000 ft.
A small aromatic shrub, l. #-1 in. long, sessile or nearly so. Fl. yellow or purple,
solitary or 2-3 together, pedicels 4-14 in. long, scabrous, calyx-lobes not ciliate. 35.
R. pumilum, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikk. t.14. Sikkim 12-14,000 ft. Stems slender, creeping
among moss, l. $ in. long, fl. 1-3 together, pedicels 1-23 in. long, corolla campanulate,
rose-coloured. 36. R.setosum, D. Don; Hook. f. Rhod. Sikk. t. 20. Sikkim 13-16,000 ft.
Small, attains 12 in., with strong resinous smell, branchlets, petioles, edge of 1. with
long soft bristles. Fl. 3-8, pedicels short, corolla red, 14 in. across at mouth, lobes
narrow. 37. R. nivale, Hook. f. Sikk. Rhod. t. 26. Sikkim 13-16,000 ft., prostrate, fl.
solitary rose-col’d., nearly sessile.

38. R. Anthopogon, D. Don; Royle Ill. t.64. Talis, Pb.; Talishang, Kun. Himalaya,
from Kashmir eastwards, 11-16,000 ft. Yunnan. Eastern Siberia (. fragrans, Maxim).
A small gregarious shrub, strongly aromatic, 1. 1-14 in. long, upperside shining, under-
side brown tomentose and scaly. Fl. yellow, in dense terminal corymbs, corolla
delicate, translucent.

II. Capsule linear, valves membranous, placentas separating from a slender
central axis as 5 filiform ribs, attached to the apex.

39. R. moulmainense, Hook. Hills of Martaban, Tenasserim and Upper Burma.
Zalat pyu, Burm. A large shrub or small tree, 1. glabrous on both sides, blade 4-5,
pet. tin. Heads terminal 2-10-fld., calyx-lobes minute, corolla white, tube 4 in. long,
shorter than the 5 erect-patent lobes.

40. R. vaccinioides, Hook. f. Sikkim 7—9,000 ft. A small shrub often epiphytic,
branches scabrous, |. scattered, spathulate, 3-1 in. long, glandular scaly beneath, fl.
solitary, corolla white or pinkish.

Orver LXNYV.—Epacridacee. Leucopogon malayanus, Jack (Styphelia malayica, Drude
in Engler u. Prantl iv. i. 78) Tenasserim. Malay Peninsulaand Archipel. A small
rigid evergreen shrub, entirely glabrous, branches densely leafy, 1. rigidly coriaceous,
sessile, linear-lanceolate, mucronate, glaucous beneath, with numerous parallel slender
longitudinal nerves. Fl. 5-merous, white, sessile, in few-fld. axillary spikes, each
supported by a pair of bracteoles. Corolla funnel-shaped, lobes bearded within, valvate
in bud. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single longitudinal slit, ovary 5-celled, one
ovule in each cell, at the base surrounded by a disk of 5 hypogynous scales. Epacridee
belong almost entirely to the southern hemisphere, nearly all species being natives of
Australia.

Aecgialitis] LXVI. PLUMBAGINACE® 413

Orper LXVI. PLUMBAGINACEA. Gen. PI. ii. 623
(Pluinbaginec).

Mostly herbs, a few shrubs, fl. regular bisexual, bracts usually scarious on
the edge, sheathing the fl. Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, mouth frequently scarious.
Petals 5, free or connate at base, stamens 5, epipetalous. Ovary 1-celled,
ovule 1, pendulous from a basal funicle.

The stems of the two genera here described have an entirely anomalous structure.
Vogelia on a transverse section shows concentric bands of bast (phloém), alternating
with broader strata of wood, similar to Dalbergia paniculata, Cocculus laurifolius and
to many climbing shrubs. A transverse section of Aegialitis shows numerousdistinct
vascular bundles “consisting of thick-walled wood fibres and a radial line of vessels
(Gamble, Indian Timbers, ed. ii. 436).

1. Aegialitis rotundifolia, Roxb. (A. annulata, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 96), Mangrove swamps and
tidal forests of Bengal and Burma. Andamans, Malay Peninsula. A simple stemmed,
glabrous evergreen shrub, with a thick conical tr unk, branchlets marked by the scars
of the amplexicaul petiole. L. alternate, thickly coriaceous, nearly orbicular, blade
2-3 in. long, petiole sheathing, longer than blade. Fl. in panicled racemes. Calyx
tubular 5-ribbed, the ribs ending in short teeth, petals white, linear, the upper
portion deciduous, the lower united with the filaments into a persistent tube. Capsule
linear, 3 in. long, pentagonal, dehiscing finally along the angles. A. annulata, R. Br.,
is a widely spread littoral species of tropical Asia and Australia.

2. Vogelia indica, Gibson: Wight Ic. t. 1075. Sind, Rajputana, dry districts of the
Northern Deccan. A shrub with long branches, |. alternate, entire, amplexicaul or
perfoliate. FJ. in spikes arranged in terminal panicles. Calyx deeply 5-fid, broad trans-
versely undulate wings between the ribs, style filiform, with 5 stigmatose branches.
Capsule included in the calyx, cireumsciss at the base.

Orper LXVII. MYRSINACEA. Gen. Pl. i. 639 (Myrsinee).
(Mez, Myrsinacee, in Engler’s Pflanzenreich, 1902.)

Shrubs or small trees. L. alternate, undivided, generally gland-dotted,
stipules 0. Fl. bisexual or polygamous, usually 5-merous, calyx persistent,
often enlarged in fr. Corolla- tube short or none, segments (petals) contorted
or imbricate. . Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes, and frequently adnate to
them, anthers usually dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled, narrowed
into the style, ovules inserted on a free central placenta. Embryo transverse
in copious albumen.

Resin cavities and resin ducts are found in the leaves, pith, wood and bark. The
account given in Gamble’s Indian Timbers ed. ii. 438-40 of Myrsine africana, capi-
tellata and Dmbelia robusta, makes it probable that these species have resin cavities or
special cells filled with resin in the medullary rays, analogous to the wood oil in the
rays of Dipterocarpus alatus (p. 64, 66).

I. Ovary inferior or half superior, berry many-seeded . 1, Mesa.
II. Ovary inferior, fr. one-seeded.
A. Filaments 0 or shorter than anthers.
Fl. in dense axillary clusters, corolla-segments
imbricate or valvyate in bud. : . 2. Myrsine.
Fl. in simple or compound, often panicled,
racemes, corolla-segments imbricate or
contorted in bud : 3. Empevia.
Fl. usually umbellate, corolla- segments tw isted,
the right hand edge overlapping

Anthers free, calyx glabrous. ; ‘ - 4 Arpisra.
Anthers free, calyx hairy . ‘i : : PIMELANDRA (p. 420). .
Anthers connate.

Corolla middle-sized, segments acute . HyYMENANDRA (p. 420).

Corolla minute, segments emarginate Ampiyantuvs (p. 420).

414 LXVII. MYRSINACEA . [| Mesa

F]. in sessile umbels, corolla-sezments twisted,

the left hand edge overlapping ° 5. ANTISTROPHE.
B. Filaments as long as anthers. Fr. a globose
Kray 5 6 : 4 0 AMBLYANTHOPSIS(p.421).
C. Filaments long, exserted. Fr. ‘dry ‘cylindric,
curved. : : : . 6. AEGICERAS.

Reptonia, A. ‘DC., is classed under Sapotacee.

1. MAESA, Forsk.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 507.

Evergreen shrubs or small trees, leaf-blade opaque in a few species, as a
rule with a system of anastomosing resin ducts, transparent when the dry leaf
is wetted, often enlarged near the edge ; in some cases without such a system of
resin ducts, but with minute translucent dots. Fl. white, pentamerous, often
unisexual, in simple or compound racemes, bracts small, two bracteoles under
each fl. Inflorescence often monstrous, the fl. replaced by densely imbricating
bracteoles. Calyx-tube adnate to ovary, corolla rotate or campanulate, stamens
inserted on the corolla, at or above the base, filaments usually short. Ovary
inferior or half superior, ovules numerous. Berry many-seeded, crowned by
the persistent calyx-lobes. Species 35 (Olarke), 102 (Mez), tropics of the Old
World, Australia and Polynesia.

A. Corolla almost rotate, lobes as long as or longer than tube.

(a) Leaves glabrous, distinctly toothed.

6. M. indica, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1206. Vern. Nanapadhera, Kumaon ;
Atki, Mar.; Airithi, Travancore.

A large shrub or small tree, often gregarious, branches fone, straggling.
L. elliptic, elliptic-oblone or elliptic-lanceclate, blade 3-7, pet. $—1 in. “long.
Racemes axillary, shorter than 1. , often compound, generally g elabrous. Calyx-
segments ciliate along the edge (Nor thern India) or naked (Peninsula), more or
less veined, corolla almost rotate, 4 in. across at mouth. Berries small,
pinkish- -white, edible.

Outer Himalaya, ascending to 6,000 ft., from the Jumna eastwards. Assam. Khasi
hills, Manipur. Chittagong, Burma. Upper and Lower. Western Peninsula, chiefly
on the West side, but also in the Northern Circars and on the hills of the Deccan and
the Karnatic. Fl. almost throughout the year, chiefly Dec.-May. Yunnan. Malay
Archip. Mez classes the Indian forms of this variable plant under 7 species, as follows:

Calyx-segments ciliate, veined. ;

Inflorescence short, resin ducts in leaves conspicuous a. JL indica, Wall.

Inflorescence short, resin ducts not visible . b. M. montana, A. DC.
Inflorescence 4 times length of petiole. ce. M. Martiana, Mez.
Calyx-segments ciliate. not veined . d. M. elongata, Mez.
Calyx-segments not ciliate.
Stamens inserted at the base of corolla e. M. coriacea, Mez.
Stamens inserted higher up, calyx-segments vi eined.
Resin ducts in eaves distinct . 4 i . £. M. Perrottetiana, A. DC
Resin ducts not visible . o. M. maxima, Mez.

Besides these Mez describes MW. bengalensis and M. mamipur rensis, which also are nearly
allied to M. indica, Wall. Before these can be accepted as distinct species, they must
be further studied in the forest.

2. M. Chisia, Don. Nepal, Sikkim 2-7,000 ft. Bhutan, Khasi hills. A gregarious
shrub, 1. thinly membranous, lanceolate, veins very slender, closely reticulate, blade
4-5, pet. $ in. long. Racemes glabrous, lax, gener ally branched, about half the length
of 1., pedicels as long as f1., calyx- segments. not ciliate, distinctly veined, as well as
corolla, stamens in ¢ fl. exserted. 3. M. paniculata, A. DC. Khasi hills. Tenasserim.
L. ovate, acuminate, base rounded, blade 4-8, pet. 1-1. long. Racemes panicled, longer

than leaf, often forming a large terminal panicle, calyx- -segments not ciliate.

(b) Leaves glabrous, entire or minutely denticulate.

4. M. ramentacea, A. DC. Bhutan, Khasi hills, Cachar. Chittagong. Andamans.
Manipur. Burma, Upper and Lower, common in the second growth on deserted
Taungyas. Yunnan. Malay Penins. and Archip. A shrub or small tree, gregarious,

Mesa} LXVII. MYRSINACEA 415

branches long, scrambling, 1. thinly coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, quite entire, blade
4-8, pet. 4 in. long, sec. n. distant, 6-8 pair. Racemes glabrous, compound, axillary, as
long as |. sometimes longer or shorter. 5. M. andamanica, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 575. South
Andaman, rare, very similar to 4, but 1. minutely denticulate.

6. M rugosa, Clarke. Sikkim 5-7,000 ft. Bhutan. A stout shrub, 1. coriaceous,
lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, remotely and minutely denticulate, sec. n. 12-18 pair,
prominent beneath, as well as the tertiary and shorter intermediate nerves, blade 6-8,
pet. 3-1 in. Racemes compound, 1-2 in. long, berries yellowish-white. Near this are
possibly M. grandiflora, Mez, Assam, and M. “populifolia. Mez, Kohima, Naga hills.

(c) Leaves hairy.

7. M. dubia, Wall. (WZ. indica, Bedd. Manual t. xviii. fig. 4.) Evergreen forests of
the Western Ghats, Konkan to Malabar. Branchlets and 1. rusty-tomentose, |. ovate-
lanceolate, blade 4-7, pet. 3-1 in. long. Racemes compressed, less than half the length
of l. Near this probably M. velutina, Mez, Bombay. 8. M. argentea, Wall. Garhwal,
Kumaon, Nepal. Sikkim 3-7,000 ft. A large shrub, branchlets softly pubescent, 1. often
whitish beneath, ovate, acuminate, base acute, blade 6-10, pet. 3-1 in. long. Racemes

—2 in. long, fr. 4 in. diam. 9. M. macrophylla, Wall. Nepal. Sikkim, 3-5,000 ft.
Bhutan. A large shrub, branches velvety, |. elliptic or orbicular, evenly serrate, base
more or less cordate, blade 6-8, pet. 1-14 in. long, sec. n. 10-14 pair, prominent beneath,
bifurcating near edge of 1. Racemes compound, pubescent, 5-10 in. long, sometimes
forming a terminal panicle.

10. To this group belongs a shrub or small tree sent by Montague Hill from the hills
east of Bhamo, |. minutely pellucid-punctate, branchlets, nerves on the underside of
]. with long slender hairs, racemes covered with a profusion of white fl., 1-3 in. long,
with long branches above the base, often fasciculate in the axils, and forming a
terminal panicle. Pedicels as long as fl., calyx-segments ciliate, not veined, corolla
with prominent brown veins.

B. Corolla campanulate, lobes shorter than tube.

11. M. permollis, Kurz.—Syn. VW. mollissima, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 100; M. mollis, Clarke
(M. mollis. A. DC. is a Javan species). Hills of Upper and Lower Burma, ascending to
4,000 ft. Yunnan. A slender shrub, branchlets, petioles and underside of |. hairy,
1. elliptic, acuminate, dentate, blade 5-7, pet. 2-1 in. long. Inflorescence compact,
densely hirsute, shorter than petiole, bracts minute.

12. M. Kurzii, Mez.—Syn. MW. muscosa, Kurz F. F). ii. 100 (Mesa muscosa, A. DC, is a
species of the Malay Archip.). Upper Burma. Branchlets and 1. glabrous, except for
a few scattered hairs, |. elliptic or obovate, acuminate, dentate, blade 5-10, pet. 3-1 in.
Racemes usually hirsute, compound, twice the length of petioles or longer, bracts
lanceolate, persistent, as long as fl. or nearly so. Specimens collected by Smales in the
Shwebo district, 1,000 ft. Natcho sein, Burm., have 1. entire glabrous and racemes
slightly hairy.

MYRSINE, Linn.; FI. Brit, Ind. iii. 511,

Evergreen trees or shrubs, |. coriaceous. Fl. polygamous or dioicous, sub-
sessile or on short pedicels, in dense clusters, usually axillary. Calyx small,
persistent, 4—5-fid, corolla white, 4-5-partite, segments in bud imbricate or
valvate, both with resinous dots. Ovary free, globose, stigmas 2-5, erect or
spreading, sessile or on a short style. Fr. red or purple, seed 1. Species 80
(Clarke), 140 (Mez) chiefly tropical. Mez (Myrsinacew 342) includes under
Rapanea the species with sessile stigmas.

1. M. capitellata, Wall.; Wight Ic. 1211; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 234.

A small tree, 1. entire, pellucid-punctate. lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate,
blade 2-7, narrowed into a marginate petiole } in. long. Fl. 5-merous, sessile
or shortly pedicellate, in dense “fascicles on short woody protuberances in the
axils of fallen 1., stigmas sessile, erect, more or less combined. Berry }-} in.
diam., purple. Calyx-segments ciliate, corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed.
Anthers nearly sessile in the 9, on short filaments in the ¢ fl.

Outer Himalaya, ascending to 4,000 ft., from Nepal eastwards. Assam, Khasi hills,
Burma, Upper and Lower. West side of the Peninsula, chiefly in evergreen forests,
from North Kanara southwards. Common in the Nilgiri sholas. Fl. Oct,—June.
Ceylon, moist region. Malay Peninsula and Archip. China, Japan. An exceedingly

416 LXVIL MYRSINACE " [Myrsine

variable tree. Mez restricts his Rapanea capitellata to the forms with sessile or nearly
sessile fl. and classes those with pedicellate fl. (including some new species established
by him) as follows: Western Peninsula: R. Wightiana, striata and daphnoides, Burma:
R. lucida and Griffithiana.

2. M. semiserrata, Wall. Outer Himalaya from the Beas eastwards 3-9,000 ft.
(Bains, Gaunta, Garhw.). Khasi hills, Manipur. Hills east of Toungoo 6~7,200 ft.
Upper Burma. Yunnan. A shrub or small, sometimes a middle-sized tree, quite
glabrous, |. thinly coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, entire or in the upper half with
sharp spinulose serratures, blade 3-5, petiole in. long. Fl. white, with a slight pink
tinge, fr. red, 4-1 in. diam. on pedicels } in. long.

3. M. africana, Linn.; Collett Simla Fl. 304, fig. 94. Afghanistan, Baluchistan.
Trans Indus. Salt range. Outer N. W. Himalaya from Nepal westwards 3-9,000 ft.
Azores, Mountains of East and South Africa. Western Asia. China. Vern. Kukal,
Haz.; Gugil, Kashm.; Chitring, Bash.; Banwan, Jauns. A small shrub, branches
hairy. LL. 3-1 in. long, minutely cuspidate-serrate, fl. dioicous in axillary clusters of
4-6, stigma large capitate, fimbriate. Berries usually solitary, red or black, ~ in.
diam., often densely covered with cylindrical capitate protuberances (JZ. scabra,
Geertner).

3. EMBELIA, Burm.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 512.

Shrubs or small trees, as a rule evergreen, most species climbing, |. usually
entire. Fl. small, polygamous, often dioicous, in simple or compound, often
panicled racemes. Calyx free, persistent, petals free or slightly coherent at
base, filaments more or less adnate to petals, style cylindric, stigma capitellate,
ovules few. Calyx, petals, anthers and ovary usually with glandular dots.
Seed one, albumen more or less ruminate. Species 60-90, tropics of the Old
World.

A. Petals imbricate in bud, fl. 5-merous.

(a) Inflorescence terminal.

1. E. Ribes, Burm.—Syn. EF. glandulifera, Wight Ic. t. 1207. Vern.
Watwarang, Mar.; Silgilla, Ass.

A large climbing shrub, 1. glabrous, coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, acuminate,
blade 3-4 in., narrowed into a more or less marginate or glandular petiole 4 in.
long ; sec. n. slender, numerous, glands sometimes along midrib. Fl. greenish-
yellow, more or less pubescent, on pedicels as long as fl., longer than bracts,
in large terminal more or less pubescent panicles. Berry black, succulent,
wrinkled when dry, 4 in. diam.

Sikkim, foot of hills, ascending to4,000 ft. Assam. Manipur 3-5,000ft. Chittagong.
Burma, Upper and Lower, 3,000 to 6,500 ft. Hills of the Western Peninsula, in eyver-
green forest. Fl. Nov.-Febr. Ceylon, moist region to 4,000 ft. Malay Penins. and
Archip. Tonkin. China. 2. E. sessilifiora, Kurz, Burma, Upper and Lower, rare. An
evergreen scandent shrub, |. ovate, entire, glabrous. FI. sessile, otherwise similar to
E. Ribes.

3. E. adnata, Bedd. Palghat hills. A very large climber, branchlets stout, angular,
warty, young foliage red, I. coriaceous, blade 4-6, pet. stout } in. long, terminal panicle
large, ramification stout. 4. E. microcalyx, Kurz. Nicobars. Scandent, branchlets
and underside of 1. and panicles brown villous, 1. elliptic, obtuse at both ends.

(b) Inflorescence axillary.

5. E. robusta, Roxb.; Bedd. Manual t. xix. fig. 2.—Syn. H. Tsjeriam
Cottam, A. DC; Wight Ic. t. 1209. Vern. Gaia, Din; Nununta, Uriya ;
Hikmwenwe, Burm.; Baibrang, Bebrang, Bhingi, Hind.; Watwarang,
Ambuti, Mar.

A large shrub or small tree with long spreading and scrambling branches,
branchlets, petioles and underside of 1. more or less rusty-pubescent, some-
times glabrous. L. membranous, entire or slightly denticulate, elliptic, blade
2-5, petiole slender, 4-} in. long, sec. n. slender but conspicuous beneath.
Racemes 1-2 in. long, sometimes 2 or 3 from one leaf axil. Fr. red, nearly
dry, longitudimally ribbed, }-1 in. diam. ‘

Embelia\ LXVII. MYRSINACE# 417

Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys from the Jumna eastwards. Assam. Khasi
hills. Bengal, Behar, Central Provinces. Western Peninsula. Lower Burma. FI.
R. S.—Ceylon, Java. A most variable species. Mez, l.c.320, regards as separate species
the forms with pubescent |. viz.: 2. ferruginea, Wall. and reticulata, Wall. Burma,
villosa, Wall. Bengal. Most of the glabrous forms he calls B. Txjeriam Cottam, A. DC.
and restricts 2. robusta, Roxb. to the specimens with short racemes and rounded, not
acuminate anthers. 4

6. E. furfuracea, Coll. et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 82. Shan hills, Upper
Burma 5,000 ft. Branchlets, petioles and underside of 1. softly rusty-tomentose.
Racemes dense, undivided, axillary, 1-14 in. long, fl. almost sessile. 7. E. parviflora,
Wall. Khasiand Nagahills. Branchlets, petioles and midrib beneath rusty-pubescent,
]. 4-14 in. long, nearly sessile. Fl. few in short nearly sessile umbelliform corymbs.
8. E. Clarkei, Bedd.; Mez l.c. 323. Mooleyit, Tenasserim 4,000 ft. A large shrub, |.
ovate, acuminate, the upper portion serrate, blade 2-24, pet. slender } in. long. Fl.
minutely glandular hairy, in short umbelliform corymbs.

B. Petals imbricate in bud, fl. 4-merous.

9. E. viridiflora, Schetii—Syn. Choripetalum aurantiacum, A. DC.; Wight Ic. 1210;
Samara Rheedii, Wight Ic. t. 1591; EB. Basaal, Roem. et Schult; Mez 1. ¢. 328, fig. 54.
Hills of the Peninsula. Nilgiri is, Palnis, javadies, ete. Ceylon. Yunnan. A large
climber, entirely glabrous, 1. coriaceous, elliptic or obovate, blade 3-6, pet. 4-1 in. long.
Racemes simple, compact, 1 in. long, from the previous year’s or from the older wood.
é yellowish-purple, stamens long exserted. Fr. crimson ovoid-globose }-§ in. long.
Mez call this species 2. Basaal, separating it from the Javan R. viridiflora, which he
distinguishes by large resinous dots on the back of anthers. 10. E. Nagushia, Don.
Sikkim 3-6,000 ft. Khasi hills. A large shrub with divaricating often climbing
branches, at times a tree, similar to 9, differs by 1. usually membranous, shorter petioles
and fr. depressed globose, }-} in. diam. Mez calls this 2. undulata, as he identifies
B. Nagushia, Don, with FE. vestita, Roxb. He separates from it 2. subcoriacea with sub-
coriaceous |.

11. E. Gamblei, Kurz. Sikkim 6-8,000 ft. A powerful evergreen climber with
thick spongy bark, youngest shoots rusty-tomentose, 1. coriaceous glabrous, elliptic-
oblong, blade 5-6, pet. #-1 in. long, sec, n. 15-18 pair, joined by finely reticulate veins.
Racemes numerous, 1-2 in. long in the axils of deciduous scales on the current year’s
branchlets, often below a tuft of leaves. The 1. of this and allied species are eaten.

C. Petals twisted in bud, fl. 5-merous.

12. E. floribunda, Wall. Nepal. Sikkim 4-7,000ft. Khasi hills. A climbing shrub,
branchlets flexuose, 1. glabrous coriaceous, shining, lanceolate, long acuminate, blade
5-8, pet. 4-4 in. long. “Racemes in lar. ge axillary panicles, petals slightly overlapping.

13. E. vestita, Roxb. Nepal. Bhutan. Khasihills. Brane hlets glabrous, 1. elliptic-
lanceolate, serrate, glabrous, blade 2-4, pet. } in. long, racemes simple, axillary, rusty-
pubeseent, 1-2 in. ‘long. 1. E. nutans, Wall. Assam, Khasi hills. Similar to 13,
youngest shoots, petioles and midrib rusty pilose, racemes 4-1 in. long. Ovary beaked.
15, E. Gardneriana, Wight Ic. t. 1208. Nilgiris. A large c ‘limber, branchlets flexuose,
rusty-hairy, |. coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, sec. n. and the finely reticu-
late veins prominent on both surfaces, blade 2-9, pet. } in. long. Corymbs axillary,
rusty-hairy, almost umbelliform, petals pale yellow, ovary pink, beaked.

4. ARDISIA, Swartz; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 518.

Shrubs, small trees or undershrubs, |. asa rule entire. Fl. bisexual, usually
pentamerous, in axillary or terminal, simple or compound umbels or corymbs,
the lateral peduncles frequently in the axils of bracts instead of leaves. Fl.
not supported by bracteoles, calyx of 5 sepals connate at base, persistent.
Corolla red, white or spotted, s segments (petals) twisted, the right hand edge
overlapping, stamens 5, filaments shorter than anthers , Style cylindric, stigma
punctiform, ovules in several tiers on the globose placenta. Fr. fleshy, globose,
1-seeded, pedicels lengthening in fr., embryo horizontal in an oily albumen.
Species 230, tropics of both hemispheres.

I. L. entire, excepting A. Jeara.

A Sepals broad, in bud overlapping with the right hand edge. Style in
bud shorter than the petals. Inflorescence lateral, usually simple corymbs or
racemes and in the axils of bracts.

EE

418 LXVII. MYRSINACE# [Ardisia.

(a) Leaves glabrous.

1. A. humilis, Vahl; Wight Ic. t. 1212.—Syn. A. solanacea, Roxb. Cor.
Pl. t. 27; A. polycephala, Wight Ill. t. 145; A. littoralis, Andr.; Kurz F.
Fl. ui. 110; A. arborescens, Wall. Vern. Jalkaima, Kantena, Hind. ;
Kyetmaok, Burm.

A large shrub or small tree, attaining 30 ft. LL. glabrous, entire, obovate-
oblong, 4-8 in. long, narrowed into a short petiole. Fl. light pink in peduncu-
late, mostly axillary corymbs, pedicels 1-} in. long, sepals slightly connate at
base or almost distinct, more or less ciliate, sepals and petals with round black
dots, often confluent into longitudinal lines, anther-cells more or less trans-
versely rugose.

Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 3,000 ft. Assam.
Khasi hills, Manipur. Cachar. Lower Bengal. Chutia Nagpore. Orissa. Northern
Cirears. Deccan and West side of tbe Peninsula, chiefly on the banks of streams.
Burma, Upper and Lower, on the sea coast and inland.—Fl. at all seasons, chiefly
March-June. Ceylon, on the South-Western Coast. Malay Peninsula. China. Mez
Myrsinacee 132 and 128, fig. 20 separates A. solanacea by free, not ciliate sepals and
restricts A. humilis, to the littoral plant. He also recognises A. arborescens
as a separate species. 2. A, Wallichii, A. DC. (A. sanguinolenta, Wall. ; Mez, 1. c. 129)
Rangoon, Prome, Upper Burma, with |. minutely denticulate in the upper part, is
probably not specifically distinct from 1. 3. A. polycephala, Wall. Manipur. Upper
Burma, common (AKyetmaok). L. oblanceolate, blade 6-10, narrowed into petiole #-1 in.
long, midrib prominent beneath, sec. n. numerous, slender but distinct, fl. large, pink,
waxy, in elongate bracteate racemes, peduncles 2-4 in., petals 4 in. long. Closely
allied and possibly not distinct is 4. A.oxyphylla, Wall. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula,
from which Mez separates A. attenuata, Wall., and A. oblonga, A. DC.

Of 5. A. parvifiora, Talbot, List 2nd ed. 204, with distantly crenate and pellucid
punctate 1. and small white fl.,evergreen scrub jungle near the coast of North Kanara.
IT have seen no specimens. A. parviflora, Blume, is a Javan species.

6. A. rhynchophylla, Clarke. IJhasi hills. A small shrub, branchlets and petioles
glabrous, 1. lanceolate, long-acuminate, blade 3-5, pet. 4-4 in. long, sec. n. arching,
slender but distinct beneath, as well as the reticulate veins. Fl: large, white, in few-
fid. axillary racemes, pedicels 1 in., petals $ in. long, 7. A. Khasiana, Clarke, from
which Mez separates A. Thomsonii, Mez, Khasi hills, Manipur, Chittagong, is a small
shrub, branchlets and petioles fulyous hairy, 1. glabrous, linear-lanceolate or oblanceo-
late, 4-6 in. long, narrowed into a very short petiole. Fl. in 2-5-fld. pedunculate
axillary umbels, peduncles 1 in., pedicels equally long, petals t-$ in. long. berry red,
fleshy 4-} in. diam.

8. A. involucrata, Kurz. Mixed plain forests; Terai and banks of streams in the
outer hills, ascending to 5,000 ft. Fl. in lateral involucrate umbels, peduncles stout,
1-3 in., pedicels 2-5, bracts as many as pedicels, persistent, 4 in. long, fl. large,
sepals waxy corolloid, pink, petals 4-} in. long, both with copious black round or

elongate dots, sepals enlarged in fr., connivent over the berry.
(b) Leaves hairy beneath.

9. A. Helferiana, Kurz. Manipur, Tenasserim. Branches, 1. and inflorescence
densely rusty tomentose, |. elliptic-lanceolate, blade 4-6, pet. + in., peduncles axillary,
3-4 in. long, bearing short umbelliform racemes. Other species with]. hairy beneath,
Burma: 10. A. reflexa, Wall., 11. A. grandifolia, A. DC. Cachar and Manipur: 12. A.
Keenani, Clarke—Mez |. c. 129 separates specimens of A. reflexa with nearly glabrous
l. as A. Amherstiana, A. DC.

B. Sepals narrow, open in bud. Style in bud longer than petals, usually
exserted. Inflorescence usually (exc. A. rhomboidea) of compound corymbs or
racemes, axillary or forming terminal panicles.

(a), Sepals and petals not punctate.

13. A. floribunda, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. ii. 272 ;
Brandis F. Fl. 287; Mez Myrsinaceew, p. 107.—Syn. A. nertifolia, Wall. ;
Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 522.

A large shrub or small tree, |. lanceolate, entire, upperside glabrous, under-
side with exceedingly minute thin rounded scales, blade 4-6, pet. 4 in, long.

Ardisia| LXVII. MYRSINACHA 419

Fl. pink in a large terminal panicle, its ramifications (as well as the short
pedicels) minutely lepidote. Calyx open in bud, segments ovate, anthers
shortly mucronate, style filiform } in. long.

Outer Himalaya from Garhwal eastwards, ascending to 5,000 ft., often along streams.
Assam. Khasi hills, Manipur, Chittagong. Fl. April, May. 14. A Icara, Ham. (A.
serrulata, Kurz). Assam, North-East Bengal. Burma. Similar to 13, but 1. slightly
serrulate, calyx-segments linear-lanceolate and anthers with a long terminal awn.

15. A. depressa, Clarke. Sikkim 4—6,000 ft. Khasihills. Singbhum. Upper Burma. L.
lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-4, pet. } in. long. FI. small, in axillary long
pedunculate compound umbels, shorter than 1. 16. A. rhomboidea, Wight Ic. t. 1213.
Anamalai hills. Travancore and Tinevelli Ghats 2-4,000 ft. A small tree, 1. elongate-
rhomboid, acuminate, 2-3 in. long, gradually narrowed into short petiole, peduncles
axillary 1-5-fld., shorter than 1.

(b) Sepals and petals distinctly punctate.

17. A. paucifiora. Heyne; Wight Ic. t. 1214. A large shrub or small tree, common
on the Nilgiris and other hills on the West side of the Peninsula. LL. lanceolate, blade
5-8, pet. 4 in. Racemes short axillary, 1-5-fld., petals acuminate, berries red. 18, A
pedunculosa, Wall. Assam. Khasi hills. L. lanceolate, 4-6 in. long, narrowed into a
short petiole. Fl. rose-red, in many-fld. axillary pedunculate compound corymbs,
often forming a large drooping panicle at the ends of branches, buds very acute,
pedicels slender, 4 in., petals 4-4 in. long.

19. A. quinquangularis, A. DC. Bengal. 4. similar to 13. Fl. in a large terminal
- panicle, petals 4 in. long, drupes obtusely 5-ribbed. 20, A. Griffithii, Clarke. Khasi
hills. Similar to 13, but 1. larger, elliptic-oblanceolate, 8-12 in. long, sec. n. numerous,
parallel, slender but distinct, sepals oblong, drupes vertically striated.

C. Fl. small, in axillary and terminal panicles, petals less than } in. long.

21. A. colorata, Roxb. (A. anceps, Wall.; Kurz F. Fl. ii. 107), Assam, Khasi hills,
Cachar, Chittagong, Martaban and Tenasserim. A small tree, branchlets and under-
side of 1]. covered with minute often shining scales. L. lanceolate-oblong, blade 8-12,
pet. 4 in. long, sec. n. numerous, slender, almost at right angles to midrib. FI. small,
in axillary panicles, usually forming large terminal panicles, peduncles often flattened,
fl. small, petals 4 in.,style much longer than petals. 22. A. andamanica, Kurz. Anda-
mans. Mergui. A small shrub, perfectly glabrous, branches slender. L. thin, lanceo-
late, blade 3-7, pet. 4 in. long. Fl. minute, in axillary lax panicles, pedicels slender,
divaricating, 4-4 in. long, petals 4 in., with copious black, more or less elongate dots,
style a little longer than petals.

23. A. amplexicaulis, Bedd. Ic. P]. Ind. Or. t. 170; Manual t. xviii. Wainad, Travancore.
L. thin, sessile, with an unequal-sided (almost amplexicaul) base, 5-6 in. long, with
a belt of numerous raised dots along the margin. FI. small, inalax terminal panicle,
petals 4 in. long.

D. Fl. in terminal panicles, supported by a false whorl of leaves.

24. A. paniculata, Roxb. Assam. Khasi hills. Dacca, frequent. Chittagong hills.
A large shrub, |. oblanceolate, glabrous, 8-20 in. long, narrowed into a short stout
petiole, midrib and sec. n. prominent beneath. Fl. middle-sized, rose-coloured, in
ample pyramidal terminal panicles 8-12 in. long, supported at base by a false whorl of
large |., rachis and ramifications angular, glabrous, petals 4 in., style longer than
petals, pedicels in fl. 4-4 in. long, sepals and petals not punctate. 25. A, missionis, Wall.
(A. courtallensis, Wight Ic. t. 1215). Hills on the West side of the Peninsula from Coim-
batore southwards. Ceylon, moist region,common. Similar to24. Pedicels in fl. 4-1
in. long, sepals and petals black-punctate, petals +4 in. long, style as long as petals.

26. A. rigida, Kurz. Tenasserim, on the coast. Siam. L. elongate-elliptic, 5-7 in.
long, narrowed into a very short petiole, sec. n. arching, prominent beneath, panicle
contracted, 4-5 in. long, sepals and petals punctate, anthers with a long point. 27. A.
Kurzii, Clarke (A. polycephala, var. acuminata, Kurz F. F1. ii. 110). Pegu Yoma, eastern
slopes. Hills east of Toungoo (D. B. Febr. 1880). A large shrub, |. coriaceous, glabrous,
lanceolate, blade 6-9, narrowed into pet. 4-% in., sec. n. arching running out below the
margin into distinct intra-marginal veins. Fl. in peduneulate umbelliform corymbs,
841 at the ends of branches, supported by a false whorl of large 1.

Il. Leaves crenate or serrate.

A. Branchlets and petioles glabrous.

420 LXVII. MYRSINACEZ [Ardisia

28. A. macrocarpa, Wall. Chumlani, Nep. Nepal. Sikkim 4-8,000 ft. Bhutan. A
small single-stemmed shrub, forming undergrowth in forests. LL. membranous,
lanceolate, crenate, 5-6 in. long, narrowed into a very short petiole, a row of large
raised dots onthe margin. FI. large waxy, pale pink, in axillary pedunculate umbels
near the ends of branches, often forming a terminal panicle, sepals oblong, after
flowering } in., petals }-} in. long. Berries bright red 4-3 in. diam. dotted. 29. A,
crenata, Roxb., including’ A. wndulata, Clarke (A. crispa, A. DC., Mez Myrsin. 144).
Khasi hills. China. Japan, Malay Archip. Similar to 28, but 1. often with large
raised dots all over, without a row of marginal dots, 4. smaller, petals 4 in. long.
berries smaller. 30. A. bhotanica, Clarke (Amblyanthopsis bhotanica, Mez) fl. small,
umbels in short lateral panicles.

31. A. virens, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 575. Assam. Khasi and Naga hills, Manipur. Cachar.
Upper Burma. Yunnan. A single-stemmed shrub with horizontal branches. L.
chartaceous, elliptic-oblong, blade crenate, 6-7 in. narrowed into petiole } in. long,
Umbels arranged in a terminal glabrous corymb, sepals elliptic obtuse, petals 4 in. long,
both prominently black-dotted. Berries }-3 in. diam., yellow, spotted. 32. A. Kachinensis,
Mez. Khasi hills, sepals ovate-triangular, as wellas petals with black oblong dots. 33.
A. Brandisiana, Kurz. Thaungyin and Upper Salween forests. L. coriaceous, slightly
crenate, elliptic, obtuse or acute, blade 6-7, pet. 1-14 in. long, sec. n. slender, arching,
joined by prominent reticulate veins. Fl. ‘lar ge in axillary umbels on peduncles 3-5
in., sepals 4, petals 4 in. long, not dotted. -

B. Branchlets and petioles hairy.

34. A. villosa, Roxb. (A. vestita, Wall.; Mez Myrsin. 141). Martaban and Tenasserim.
A small shrub, branchlets, petioles, young 1. and inflorescence rusty villous, 1. mem-
branous slightly crenate, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 6-7, pet.4 in. long. Fl. in pedunculate
axillary bracteate umbels, sepals linear-lanceolate, + in., petals hardly as long as sepals.
35. A. sonchifolia, Mez (A. villosa, var. obtusa). Sheyagherry hills. Western Peninsula,
1. spathulate, fl. in broad axillary panicles, rusty pubescent, like the elongate-triangular
sepals.

36. A. odontophylla, Wall. Khasi hills, Patkoi range, Cachar. Malay Penins. A
small shrub, branchlets, petiole, midrib and sec. n. beneath rusty pubescent or villous.
L. membranous, finely and sharply serrate, elongate-elliptic, blade 6-8, pet. 1-2 in. long.
Fl. in simple or compound lax few-fld. racemes, pedicels slender, 4-4 in. long with
minute hairs, petals 4 in. long. Berry scarlet; } in. diam.

1. Pimelandra eugeniefolia, Hook. f. (Sadiria eugentifolia, Mez). Khasi hills, common.
A shrub with spreading horizontal branches, 1. nearly glabrous, caudate-acuminate,
crenate, blade 6-10, pet. } in. long, sec. n. very prominent beneath. FI. 4 in. long, in
short axillary branched racemes, calyx and pedicel hairy, corolla campanulate, lobes
shorter than tube, ovules few in one horizontal line on the conical placenta, berries
bright red. Three other species in Assam and on the Khasi hills: 2. P. Griffithii,
Clarke, 3. erecta, Clarke, and 4. Sadiria solanifolia, Mez.

Hymenandra Wallichii, A. DC. (Ardisia Hymenandra, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 175).
Upper Assam. Khasi hills. Cachar. <A low, stout, usually simple-stemmed shrub, ].
glabrous, membranous, crenate, nearly sessile, 8-16 in. long, from a narrow base
gradually widening upwards, sec. n. numerous, parallel, joined by distinct intra-
marginal veins. Fl. pink, in many-fld. umbels, several at the ends of short branchlets,
supported by 2-4 floral 1., umbels 2-3 in., peduncles 1, pedicels $ in. long. Sepals and
petals punctate, sep. short, pet. lanceolate, 4-3 in. long, the right edge overlapping in
bud. Anthers connate into a tube by broad membranous edges, which terminate in
a long thin membranous appendix.

Amblyanthus glandulosus, A. DC. Khasi hills. A small glabrous shrub, 1. glabrous,
membranous, narrow-lanceolate, sightly dentate, teeth often glandular-thickened,
raised dots on the underside, often a belt of such dots along the edge, blade 5-7, narrowed
into slender pet. +-4 in. long. Fl. minute, a cluster ‘of small pedunculate umbels
supported by 2-4 i at the ends of long otherwise naked branchlets, peduncles slender
1-2 in. long, pedicels short. Buds obtuse, calyx and corolla punctate, corolla ,4; in.
long, segments obovate, emarginate, anthers connate by their edges into a tube, ovules
34, in one line on the globose placenta. Mez(Myrsin. 210) adds 2 species: A. preter-
visus, Mez, Khasi hills and A. multiflorus, Mez, Assam.

5. ANTISTROPHE, A. DC.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 531.

Fl. bisexual, in sessile lateral umbels, pedicels slender. Calyx-lobes lanceo-
late, persistent. Corolla-lobes twisted in bud, the left edge overlapping.
Anthers rostrate-acuminate. Ovyules 3-4, in one line around the globose
placenta. Species 2.

Antistrophe] LXVII. MYRSINACEEX 421

1. A. oxyantha, Wall. Khasi hills. Malay Peninsula. A single-stemmed shrub,
with horizontal branches and very dark foliage. L. membranous, glabrous, lanceolate,
blade 5-7, pet. slender }-4, petals 4 in. long. Buds long acuminate, sepals, petals and
ovary glandular-dotted. 2. A serratifolia, Hook. f. (Ardisia serratifolia, Bedd. Ic. Ind.
Or. t. 113). Young shoots and |. beneath along the nerves rusty tomentose, |. sharply
serrate, petals 4 in. long.

Amblyanthopsis membranacea, Mez (Ardisia membranacea, Wall.). Khasi hills.
Cachar. A small almost herbaceous shrub, |. thinly membranous, glabrous, lanceo-
late, crenate, underside with numerous black glandulardots. Fl.small,in pedunculate
axillary umbels, corolla-lobes round, emarginate, anthers free, basifixed, filaments as
long as anthers, ovary obovoid.

6. AEGICERAS, Gertn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 533.

A. majus, Gertn. (probably the only species); Wight Ill. t. 146; Bedd.
Man. t. xix.—Syn. A. corniculata, Blanco. Vern. Kulsi, Khalshi, Koilsha,
Beng. ; Kanjala, Mar. ; Butalet, Burm.

A large evergreen glabrous shrub or small tree, gregarious, coppices well,
bark grey. LL. scattered, coria-
ceous, obovate, blade 2-3, nar-
rowed into pet. 4 in. long.
Umbels many-fld. at the ends
of branches usually naked be-
low, with a few l. below the
umbel, pedicels slender. Fl.
white, fragrant, sepals and cor-
olla-lobes twisted in bud, the
right hand edge overlapping,
corolla 34-$ in. long, lobes
reflexed. Anther-cells _ trans-
versely septate. Ovules num-
erous, in several tiers on the
elobose placenta. Fr. cylindric,
curved, acuminate, 1-2 in. long,
seed one, same shape as fr.,
albumen none. The seed ger-
minates within the pericarp on
the tree, sending down a long
radicle.

Sea coast and banks of tidal
rivers, Sind, Western Peninsula
on both sides, Sundriban, Anda-
mans, Burma. Fl. Dec.-May. Sea
coasts of tropical Asia, Australia
and the South Pacific Islands.
Mez (Myrsin. 57) describes a second Fig. 161.—Aegiceras majus, Gertn. 4.
species (A. floridum, Roem. et
Schult.) from islands in the Pacific.

Orpver LXVIIT. SAPOTACEA. Gen. PI. ii. 650.

- Trees, sometimes shrubs, |. entire, usually alternate and coriaceous, stipules
early caducous or none. Fl. bisexual, as a rule in axillary clusters, bracts and
bracteoles minute or 0. Calyx persistent, segments 4-8, almost distinct,
corolla-tube short, lobes 4-24. Stamens inserted on the tube, as many as
corolla-lobes and opposite them, or 2-3 times as many ; filaments usually shorter
than anthers. Ovary free, 1-12-celled, style filiform or cylindric, stigma
punctiform, ovules solitary in each cell. Fr. a 1-8-seeded berry, seeds with a
erustaceous shining testa, oily, exalbuminous with large fleshy cotyledons or
albuminous with flat cotyledons.

422 LXVIII. SAPOTACEA [Stderoxylon

Young shoots and young 1. of most Sapotacece are clothed with fine, often minute
unicellular hairs, w hich, as a rule, are attached in the middle and hence are two-armed.
Another feature are strings of cells filled with a milky substance, which in some species
yields the Gutta Percha of commerce, accompanying the vascular bundles in the bark
and leaves. The wood is readily recognized by numerous narrow, often very fine, more or
less concentric bands of wood parenchyma, and frequently by radial irregular belts of
parenchyma surrounding the vessels. The pits in the walls of wood fibres are simple,
not bordered. The heartwood is generally red.

A. Ovary 4-12-celled.
I. Calyx-segments, corolla-lobes and stamens isomerous.
Calyx-segments 5, similar.

Staminodes alternating with stamens —. . 1. Srmrroxyron.
No staminodes . : 5 ¢ . 2. CHRYSOPHYLLUM.
Calyx-segments 6, three larger, forming an
outer circle . Acuras (p. 424).

II. Stamens twice, sometimes three times the ‘number of calyx-segments and
corolla-lobes.
Calyx-segments 4 : ; ¢ 5 é . 38. IsonanpRa.
Calyx-segments 6 ; . 4. Paraguium.
III. Corolla-lobes twice or thrice the number of calyx-segments.
Calyx-segments in 2 series, staminodes alter=
nating with stamens . . 5. Mrmusops.
Calyx- -seements imbricate, no staminodes.
Fl. many usually near ‘the ends of br. anches,

albumen 0. . 6. Bassta.
Fl. few, in axillary clusters, seeds albu-
minous . : 0 5 Payena (p. 427).
B. Ovary 1-2-celled, fl. in axillary panicles 5 . 7. SARCOSPERMA.
©. Ovary 1-celled, fl. in axillary clusters, filaments ‘long.
AN spinescent shrub or tree . : 5 c 9 Repronta (p. 427).

1. SIDEROXYLON, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 536.

Evergreen trees, stipules 0. Calyx-segments 5, strongly imbricated.
Staminodes broad-ovate or lanceolate. Ovary villous, as a rule 5-celled.
Berry usually 4-5-seeded. Seeds albuminous, testa hard. Species 60-80,
tropics of the Old World, a few beyond the tropics.

A. FI. large, corolla 4 in. and longer, filaments short.
(a) Branchlets and underside of 1. pubescent.

1. S. tomentosum, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 28.—Syn. Sapota elengoides, Wight
Ic. t. 1218; Achras elengoides, Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 235; Kwmbul, Kanta
Kumla, Mar.: Kwmpoli, Kan.; Pala, Tam.; Holay, Badaga; Thitcho, Burm.

A small, -occasionally a large tree, branchlets often spinescent. Young
shoots, petioles, underside of 1., pedicels and calyx grey- or tawny-tomentose.
L. thinly coriaceous, et a cuneate base, elliptic or obovate, blade 2-3,
pet. j-4 in. Pedicels } -} in., corolla white, $ in. long, style twice the length
of cor olla. Berry tomentose when young, yellow when ripe, 3-1 in. long.

Western Peninsula, on the east and west side. Common in the Sholas of the
Nilgiris and in the evergreen forests of the Bombay Ghats. Upper Burma. Fl.
Jan.-March (on the Nilgiris throughout the year). A variable species, Burma
specimens (Smales, dry deciduous Forest Shwebo distr ict) have the 1. obtusely obovate,
membranous in fl. thickly coriaceous in fr.

2. S, assamicum, C. B. Clarke, Assam, Cachar. Branchlets, petioles and (usually)
underside of 1. rusty-pubescent. L. elongate-elliptic, blade 3-6, pet. 4-4 in. long, sec. n.
conspicuous beneath.

(b) Branchlets and underside of |. glabrous or nearly so.

8. S. Hookeri, C. B. Clarke; Sikkim 5-6,000ft. Bhutan. IL. elliptic-lanceolate, blade
5-7, pet. $in., sometimes with long thin scattered hairs along the midrib, sec. n. promi-
nent, pedicels as long as fl., silky as well as calyx, corolla } in. long, staminodes linear-
lanceolate, densely hairy. To this I refer a small tree, 20 ft. (Thitcho, Burm.), fl. white,
near villages 800 ft. Schwebo district, Upper Burma (Smales, March 1900), 1. smaller,
sec. n. less conspicuous. 4. §, burmanicum, Coll. et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii.

Sideroxylon| LXVIII.. SAPOTACEA 423

82. Thitcho, Burm. Upper Burma (a large, tree, Smales). Shan hills 4,000 ft., Collett.
Similar to 3, but 1. broader, pet. 1 in. long, staminodes slightly hairy. Species 1tare
closely allied.

B. Fl. small, corolla less than } in. long, filaments as long as or longer than
anthers.

5. §. longepetiolatum, King & Prain, Ann. Gard. Cale. ix. 50 t. 63 (Gluta longipetiolata,

Fic. 162. Sideroxylon tomentosum, Roxb. 4.

Kurz F. Fl. i.310). Andamans, Narkondam. Attaran forests. A considerable tree,
blade 6-24, pet. 14-3 in. long, sec. n. prominent beneath. Fl. fascicles on axillary
racemes 1-2 in., pedicels slender, pubescent, 4 in. long.

6. S. ferrugineum, Hook. & Arn.—Syn. 8. attenuatum, A. DC.; Wight Ic. t. 1590.
Mergui, Malay Penins. and Archip. South China. Young shoots, young |. and
pedicels rusty pubescent, 1. coriaceous shining, from a cuneate base elliptic or obovate,
blade 3-6, pet. } in. Pedicels 4, corolla ~; in. long. 7. S. grandifolium, Wall. Khasi
hills. Martaban, hills between Beeling and Sitang rivers. A large tree (Kurz), |.
crowded at the extremities of the thick branchlets, glabrous, chartaceous, from
oblanceolate to obovate, blade 6-10, pet. $ in. Fl. greenish, almost sessile, usually
on the old wood below the 1. in dense clusters on wartlike tubercles above the leaf-
scars, corolla 1 in. long.

8. S. (2?) Gamblei, C. B. Clarke, Sikkim up to 4,000 ft. A large tree, 1. elliptic, blade
5-7, pet. 1 in. long, sec. n. very prominent beneath, fr. ellipsoid, 14 in. long. Fl. un-
known, genus uncertain.

2. CHRYSOPHYLLUM, Linn.; Fl. Brit: Ind. iii. 535.
Species 60, chiefly in tropical America.

C. Roxburghii, G. Don; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t.236. The Stax Apple. Vern.
Tarsi, Dongrima, Mar.; Hali, Kan.; Kat Iluppa, Tam. ; Pala, Mal.
© A middle-sized, at times a large evergreen tree, branchlets and often nerves
beneath clothed with fine rusty hairs. L. coriaceous, shining, elliptic-oblong,
abruptly acuminate, blade 3-7 in. long, narrowed into a short petiole, sec. n. 0,
parallel, resembling Calophyllum. 1. small, greenish-white, in dense axillary
clusters, pedicels slender, + in. long, glabrous or rusty-pubescent, calyx-seg-
ments 5, obtuse, corolla broadly campanulate, lobes short, rounded, ciliate,
ovary 5-6-celled, villous. Berry rusty-tomentose when young, yellow when
ripe, edible, 5-G-ridged, obscurely when fresh, sharply when dry. Seeds 5-6,
compressed, testa coriaceous.

Assam, Khasi hills, Pegu. Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards. Fl.
March-May. Ceylon moist region. Malay Penins. and Archip.

494 LXVIII. SAPOTACE® [Chrysophyllum

Achras Sapota, Linn. ; the Sapodilla Plum. A native of tropical America, cultivated
in India on account of itsexcellent fr. L. crowded near the ends of the thick branchlets,
shining, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-6, pet. slender, 4-1 in. long, fl. 6-merous, whitish,
stamens 6, alternating with lanceolate staminodes resembling the corolla-lobes, ovary
12-celled. Fr. as large as an orange, rind rough, brown, thin, seeds 5 or more.

3. ISONANDRA, Wight; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 538.

L. alternate, coriaceous, glabrous. Fl. small, shortly pedicelled or nearly
sessile, in more or less dense clusters, axillary or over the scars of fallen |.
Sepals 4, nearly equal, corolla-tube short. Stamens 8, all perfect, no staminodes.
Ovary villous, 4-celled, style linear. Fr. ellipsoid, 1-seeded, embryo large,
cotyledons flat, in fleshy albumen. Species 4, one in the Sandwich Islands.

1. I. lanceolata, Wight Ic. t. 359 (1843); Trimen, Handb. Ceylon iii.,
7i.—Syn. I. Wightiana, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 187 (1844) ; L. villosa, Wight Ic.
t. 8360 ; I. Candolliana, Wight Ic. t. 1220; I. Perottetiana, Wight Ic. t. 1219.

A small or middle-sized tree, young shoots rusty-pubescent, 1. very variable,
from lanceolate to broadly and obtusely elliptic, blade 2-6, pet. ¢ in. long
sec. n. 6-10 pair, arching, prominent beneath, tertiary n. slender, numerous,
transverse, finely reticulate. Calyx rusty-silky, corolla } in. long, lobes obtuse,
often emarginate, stamens included, anther-tips often hairy, style exserted.
Fr. 3-1 in. long, scarlet, seed hard, polished.

Western Ghats above 4,000 ft., from Coorg southwards, common on the Nilgiris.
Fl. March-Aug. Ceylon moist region. Five species of Fl. Brit. India are here classed
as one. Gamble, Indian Timbers Ed. ii. 445, describes two species from the Nilgiris,
structure and weight of wood different, which however in the forest he was unable
satisfactorily to recognize. The subject demands further’study. 2. I. Stocksii, C. B.
Clarke. Concan, Stocks, not found by Talbot, List Ed. ii. 206. L. obovate obtuse,
tertiary n. laxly reticulate, not transverse. Fl. sessile on short thick lateral spurs.

3. I. diplostemon, C. B. Clarke (Diospyros obovata, Wight Ic. t. 1226), an entirely
anomalous, imperfectly known species, probably from the Western Ghats, 1. obovate
obtuse, glabrous, sepals 4, petals 5-6, stamens 15-18 1-seriate.

4, PALAQUIUM, Blanco; Trimen Handb. Ceylon iii. 81.
(Dichopsis, Thwaites ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 540.)

Trees, fl. 6-merous, cal.-segments in 2 series, the outer 3 valvate, the inner
imbricate. Corolla-lobes as a rule contorted in bud, stam. 12-18, in one or two
rows on the corolla-tube, anthers extrorse or lateral, connective produced
beyond anthers , sometimes bifid. Ovary villous, 6- celled, Bia simple. Fr.
fleshy, seed 1, cotyledons large, oily, albumen 0.

A. Western species.

1. P. ellipticum, Benth. (Dichopsis).—Syn. Bassia elliptica, Dalz. ;
Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 48. Vern. Panchonta, Kan.; Kat Illupei, Tam.

A very tall tree, wood reddish-brown, durable, young shoots, pedicels and
calyx minutely rusty-pubescent. L. approximate near the ends of branches,
elliptic or obovate-elliptic, blade 3-5, gradually narrowed into petiole 4 in.
long. FI. in axillary fascicles of 2-8, pedicels 1-1} in., calyx 4, corolla 4-} in.
long, filaments hairy. Fr. ellipsoid, pulpy, 14 in. long.

Western Ghats from North Kanara southwards, common in Wainad. Fl. C. S.
Yields an inferior kind of Gutta Percha. 2. P. Bourdilloni,sp. nova. Travancore ever-
green forests up to 4,000 ft. A small tree, I. rigidly coriaceous, pale, glabrous, lanceo-
Tate or oblanceolate, blade 5-7, narrowed into petiole 4 in. long, sec. n. prominent
beneath, joined by intra-marginal veins, tertiary n. finely reticulate. Fl. in axillary
few-fid. fascicles, ‘pedicels 4 in., sepals } in. long , obtuse, the outer tawny-tomentose,
the inner rusty-pubescent. Corolla glabrous outside, tube less than } the length of
the oblong lobes, filaments rusty-hairy, connective obtuse.

B. Eastern species.

Palaquium) LXVIII. SAPOTACEA 425

(a) L. velvety beneath.

3. P. polyanthum, Benth. (Dichopsis) (Isonandra polyantha, Kurz). Silhet, Cachar,
Chittagong. Arakan, Pegu, Tavoy. A middle-sized tree, ]. clothed beneath with very
short brown or silvery velvet, glabrescent when mature, oboyate-oblong, blade 6-12,
petiole stout, lin. long. Fl. fragrant, cream-coloured, in axillary fascicles, pedicels
1} in., sepals $ in., corolla a little longer than sepals. Fr. obovoid 1} in. long.

4. P. Gutta, Burck, in Ann. Jardin Buitenzorg y. 24 t. 4 (Dichopsis Gutta, Benth. ;
Tsonandra Gutta, Hooker.) The Gutta Percha tree. Malay Peninsula, extirpated in
many places. A tall tree, branchlets rusty-pubescent, 1. obovate-oblong, shortly
acuminate, underside clothed with a shining golden-orange velvet, blade 4-5, pet. ? in.,
pedicels 4, corolla twice the length of calyx, 4 in. long. 5. P. oblongifolium, Burck l.c.
t.5. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. Believed to be the chief species yielding
Gutta Percha at present. Similar to 4, |. oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate, blade 8,
pet. # in. long. Species 4 and 5 are here mentioned, as it may not be impossible to grow
them on a large scale in the Mergui district.

(b.) L. entirely glabrous.

6. P. obovatum, C. B. Clarke (Dichopsis). Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. L. crowded
near the ends of the thick branchlets, which are marked by the scars of petioles,
obovate from a cuneate base, blade 6-8, pet. # in., sec. n. 10-12 pair, straight, parallel,
prominent beneath, tertiary n. obscure. Fl. fascicles as a rule from above the scars of
fallen 1., pedicels 43-} in., corolla $ in. long, glabrous outside, more than twice the length
of calyx, lobes lanceolate, stamens exserted, style twice the length of corolla. Fr.
globose }im.diam. Yields an inferior kind of Gutta Percha. 7. P. Helferi, C. B. Clarke
(Dichopsis). Tavoy,Mergui. A middle-sized tree, similar to6. Young shoots minutely
rusty-tomentose, sec. n. distant, 6-9 pair, arching, tert. n. parallel, slender but distinct.
This may possibly be Isonandra obovata, Kurz, F. F). ii. 120,

5. MIMUSOPS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 548.

Evergreen trees, rarely shrubs. Midrib prominent, sec. n. numerous, fine,
parallel. Fl. axillary, mostly fasciculate, calyx-segments 6-10, in two series.
Corolla rotate, lobes 18-24 in 2 or 3 series. Stamens usually 6-8, inserted
opposite the inner corolla-lobes, alternating with staminodes, anthers lanceo-
late, extrorse. Ovary hairy, 6-8-celled. Fr. fleshy, seeds compressed, testa
hard, shining, cotyledons broad, flat, in fleshy albumen. Species 30, tropics of
both hemispheres.

1. M. Elengi, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 14; Wight Ic. t. 1586; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 40. Vern. Mulsari, Maulsavi, Hind.: Bukal, Beng. ; Owli, Wovali, Mar. ;
Pogada, Tel.; Bakul, Pagade, Kan.; Magadam, Tam.; Elenji, Mal.; Khaya,
Burm.

A large tree, youngest shoots, pedicel and outside of calyx with short rusty
pubescence. I, scattered, wholly glabrous when full grown, shining, elliptic,
shortly acuminate, blade 3-4, pet. $ in. long. Fl. white, fragrant, nearly 1 in.
across, pedicels }—} in. long, calyx-segments 8, corolla-lobes in 2 series, stamens
usually 8, staminodes short, densely hairy on the back. Fr. yellow, ovoid, 1
in. long, seed one,

Western Peninsula, southwards from the Kandala Ghat on the west and the Northern
Circars on the east side. Andamans, Martaban and Tenasserim, Commonly planted,
north as far as Lahore. Fl. Jan.-April.—Ceylon. Malay Penins.and Archip. 2. M.
Roxburghiana, Wight Ic. t. 1588. Common at the foot of the Nilgiris and Anamalais
and elsewhere on the West side of the Peninsula. Similar to 1 but Ll. obtuse at both
ends, calyx-segments 6, staminodes glabrous, irregularly jagged, as long as filaments.

3. M. hexandra, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 15.—Syn. M. indica, A. DC.; Wight
Te. t. 1587; Brandis F. Fl. 291. Vern. Ahirni, Hind. ; Ranjana, Raini, Mar. ;
Pata, Tel.; Palla, Tam.

A large tree, sometimes a shrub only, often gregarious, 1. wholly glabrous,
shining, generally crowded at the ends of branchlets, obovate-oblong, obtuse
or emarginate, blade 2-4, pet. 1—} in. Fl. 4 in. across, pale yellow, pedicels
{-} in., calyx-segments 6, stamens 6-8, staminodes glabrous, frequently bifid.
Berry } in. long, 1- (sometimes 2-) seeded.

426 LXVIII. SAPOTACEA [Mimusops

Banda district (Edgew.). Sandstone of Pachmarhi and adjoining hill ranges. Chanda
district. Gujarat. Khandesh. Deccan. Sriharikota (D. B. Noy. 1881), Fl. Noy.-
Feb. Fr. eaten. Ceylon, dry region. 4. M. Kauki, Linn. Ambherst (Wall.). Malay
Penins. and Archip. L. obovate, densely silky-white beneath, blade 3-5, pet. 14-2 in.
long. Berry globose, #-1 in. diam., seeds 3-4.

- Fie. 168.—Mimusops hexandra, Roxb, 4.

5. M. littoralis, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 123. Andaman Bullet wood. Vern.
Katpali, Burm.

A tall tree, quite glabrous, 1. approximate at the ends of thick branchlets,
obovate-oblong, blade 5-8, pet.}-1 in. long. Fl. small, solitary, pedicels }-# in.,
fr. 1-2 in. long, calyx-lobes usually 6, corolla-lobes 18, stamens twice the
number of calyx-lobes, alternating with small scale-like staminodes. Berry
depressed-globose, 1-13 in. diam., seeds 5-6.

Andamans, Cocos and Nicobar islands, forming nearly pure forests. Upper Tenasserim
(Kurz). Fl. June, July. = :

6. BASSIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 543.
(llipe, Koenig, Engler in Engler u. Prantl iy. 1. 133.)

Leaves silky or tomentose beneath when young, stipules caducous. Calyx-
segments 4 or 5, imbricate, corolla-tube ovoid or campanulate, lobes 6-12,
contorted in bud, stamens usually twice the number of corolla-lobes, anthers
lanceolate acute. Ovary villous, 4-12-celled, style long exserted. Fr. a berry,
seeds 1-4. Albumen 0, cotyledons large, fleshy, radicle very small. Species
30, India, Malaya, Polynesia.

1. B. latifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 19; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 41. Includes B.
villosa, Wall.; Kurz F. Fl. ii. 122. Vern. Mohwa, Mahua, Hind.; Madkum,
Kol ; Ippi, Sanna Ippa, Tel.; Kat Illipi, Tam.

A large tree, usually with a short trunk and a rounded crown, young shoots,
young |., stipules and pedicels tawny tomentose. L. firm, clustered near ends
of branches, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, blade 5-8, pet. 1-14 in. long. FI.
in dense clusters at the ends of branches, pedicels 1-2 in. long, calyx coria-

ceous, segments 4 or 5, densely tomentose outside. Corolla 3 in. long, cream-

Bassia| LXVIII SAPOTACHEA 427%

coloured, fleshy, sweet, early caducous, lobes short erect, usually 8 or 9, stamens
24-26, anthers subsessile, hairy at the back. Fr. green, fleshy 1-2, seeds }-1
in. long.

Planted in most parts of India, propagating itself by self-sown seed. Indigenous
in the Subhimalayan tract from the Ravi to the Great Gandak, in the Satpura range,
and the Peninsula. Upper Burma (?). The old |. are shed gradually from Feb. to
April, fl. March-April, the fresh 1. open out after the corolla has fallen.

2. B. longifolia, Linn.; Wight Ill. t. 147; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 42. Vern. Pedda Ippa,
Tel.; Ippe, Kan.; Nat Illupai, Tam.; Mézé, Burm. Commonly cultivated in the
Peninsula, an excellent avenue tree. Indigenous chiefly in the moist forests on the
West side, from the Konkan southwards, but also in the Deccan. Common in Mysore.
Cult.in Upper Burma. Ceylon dry region. A large tree, young shoots silky, 1. elliptic-
lanceolate, glabrous when full grown, ‘blade 4— 6, pet. slender, 1- et in. long. Fl. similar
to 1, pedicels slender 2-24 in., outer calyx- seements nearly elabrous, inner finely
tomentose, anthers apiculate, 3-toothed at apex. Fr. velvety when young, obliquely
ovoid 2, seed 14 in. long. The sweet fleshy fl. of both species, 1 and 2, are dried and
eaten, spirit is distilled from them, oil is expressed from the seeds. 3. B. malabarica,
Bedd. West side of the Peninsula, from North Kanara southwards, ascending to
4,000 ft., chiefly along the banks of rivers. A small or middle-sized tree, branchlets
glabrous, }. se attered, oblong-lanceolate, often obtuse, blade 3-10, petiole 4 in. long.
Anthers long apiculate, fr. glabrous when young.

4. B. butyracea, Roxb.; Brandis F. Fl. t. 35. Vern. Phalwara, Phulel,
Phulwa, Chitra, Hind.

A large deciduous tree, branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and pedicels
with fine silky hairs, 1. clustered near ends of branches, coriaceous, obovate
or oboyate-oblong, blade 6-12, pet. 1-1} in. long, sec. n. 15-20 pair, prominent,
stipules minute, caducous. Calyx-segments 5, “corolla not fleshy, lobes 8-10,
spreading. Stamens 30-40, filaments, glabrous, as long aS anthers. Fr. fleshy,
1, seeds } in. long.

Subhimalayan tract from the Eastern Din eastwards, ascending to 5,000 ft. Fl.
Nov.Jan. The seeds yield a white vegetable butter, of the consistence of fine lard.

Two imperfectly known species: 5. B. caloneura, Kurz, Andaman Report 41.
(Isonandra caloneura, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 119.) South Andaman, common. A large ever-
-green tree, young shoots and young |. densely appressed, rusty- -pubescent, 1. scattered,
chartaceous, elliptic -oblong, blade 6-8, pet. 4 in. long. 6. B. Lobbii, C. B. Clarke,
Attaran forests. L. membranous, elliptic, blade 24, pet. 4 in. long.

Payena paralleloneura, Kurz. Martaban and Tenasserim. A large evergreen tree, |.
scattered, chartaceous, glabrous, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-4, pet. 4—-} in. long, see. n
numerous, slender, parallel. Fl. white, in axillary few-fld. clusters, pedicels 4 in.,
calyx-segments 4, corolla deeply lobed, stamens 12-24. Seed one, rarely two. - P. lucida,
A. DC.; “Gamble Ind. Timb. Ed. II. 449 isa tree of Cachar and the Malay Peninsula.
Yields a kind of Gutta Percha.

SARCOSPERMA, Hook. f.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 535,

Evergreen trees, |. coriaceous, nearly opposite, stipules caducous. FI. small,
5-merous, fascicled on the branches of axillary panicles. Minute staminodes
alternating with stamens, ovary 1—2-celled. Berry ellipsoid, 1- or 2-seeded.
Testa crustaceous, albumen 0, embryo fleshy. Species 5, 2 in China, 1 in
Perak.

1. S. arboreum, Benth. Subhimalayan tract and outer hills, ascending to 4,000 ft.

from Sikkim eastwards, Assam. Khasi hills, Manipur. Hills east of Toungoo 3,000 ft.
(D. B Feb. 1880). Upper Burma 1-5,000 ft. (Tawgyi Kyitya) Yunnan. A tall tree, |.

elliptic-oblong, blade 6-12, pet. 4-1} in., see. n. arching, 8-10 pair, pits in the axils,
tert.n. transverse, parallel. Il. greenish- yellow, scented, panic les pubescent, calyx hairy
outside, stominodes obscure. Tr u ellipsoid, 1 in. long, 1- or 2-seeded, §. Griffithii,

Benth. Assam, Khasi hills. Similar to 1, 1. smaller, tertiary nerves obscure, panicle
and calyx glabrous.

Reptonia buxifolia, A. DC.; Brandis F. Fl. t. 84. Garar, Pushtu; Gurgira, Punjab.
Common in the western part of the Punjab Salt range and on the hills trans-Indus
from Deva Ishmael Khan northwards, ascending to 4,500 ft. Afghanistan, Arabia, A
large evergreen shrub or small tree, bark dark grey, tesselated into small irregularly
quadrangular pieces, branchlets terminating in spines, besides leafless axillary spines,

428 . LXVIII. SAPOTACEE [Reptonia

young shoots and young leavesclothed with delicate pubescence. IL. thickly coriaceous,
1-1} in. long, entire, obovate, narrowed into a short petiole. Fl. small, greenish-yellow
or whitish, almost sessile in compact axillary clusters. Corolla-tube short, lobes round,
spreading, stamens inserted on the edge of the tube, filaments long exserted, anthers
dehiscing outwardly. Ovary clothed with 2-armed hairs, 1-celled, ‘with rudimentary
dissepiments at the base, ovules 5-7, basal. Fr. fleshy, usually one-seeded. This
genus, as shown by Radlkofer, belongs to Sapotacec.

Orpen LXIX. EBENACEZ. Gen. Pl. ii. 662.

Trees or ate: L. alternate, rarely subopposite, entire, stipules 0. Fl.
usually dicecious, calyx gamosepalous, persistent and usually enlarged in fr.
Stamens 2-16 times the number of corolla-lobes, filaments often paired or in
bundles, styles 2-8, cells as many or twice as many as the styles. Seeds
pendulous, a small axile embryo in a horny often ruminated albumen.

Fl. 4-5-merous, ovary 4-5- or 8-10-celled . : : . 1. Drospyros.

Fl. mostly 3-merous, ovary 8- or 6-celled . 5 3 . 2. Mapa.

Like Sapotace, the Ebonies have concentric bands of wood parenchyma, appearing
like transverse bars across the medullary rays, but they are often extremely
fine and difficult to see. The wood-fibres have minute bordered pits. The wood of
many species is dark grey, and in the stems of some species when old, irregular masses
of jet-black wood are formed, sometimes alternating with strata of lighter coloured
wood. In this jet-black wood (Ebony) the vessels and wood fibres are filled with a
black substance, the nature and origin of which is not yet fully understood.

1. DIOSPYROS, Linn. ; Fl: Brit. Ind. iti. 553.

Trees, rarely shrubs. L. alternate, entire, subopposite in a few species.
Fl. in most species white, mostly 4-, in some species 5-, rarely 6-merous,
corolla-lobes usually overlapping to the right. @ and ? usually on separate
trees, often polygamous, the 9° fl. larger, with the calyx usually divided nearly
to the base. Stamens ordinarily 8-32, often in pairs or otherwise connate,
anthers basifixed, in most species linear, staminodes in 2 fl., ovary 4-10-celled.
Fr. generally supported by the enlarged calyx, rind coriaceous, seeds embedded
in soft or viscid pulp. Embryo small in horny albumen, which often is rumi-
nated by the intrusion of the dark coloured testa. Species 180, tropics of the
whole world, a few species beyond the tropics.

I. Female fl. solitary, sometimes in pairs.
A. Calyx of g and @? fi. similar, stamens usually in pairs.
(a) Corolla of ¢ fl. hairy or tomentose, |. glabrous.
6 fl. in short cymes or fascicles.
1. D. nilagirica Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 136.

A middle-sized tree, young shoots and young 1. rusty-tomentose, |. thickly
coriaceous, glabrous when full grown, blade 4—5, narrowed into pet. 4 in. long,
sec. n. oblique, more or less distinct. Fl. densely rusty-tomentose, ¢ in small
compact fascicles, 3 in. long, calyx large, teeth broad as long as tube, edges
reflexed ; 9 solitary, broad, 4—-} in. long, ovary densely rufous-tomentose, style
cylindric, stigmas 4. Fr. globose 1 in. diam., calyx not enlarged nor foliaceous.

Sispara, Nilgiris. Travancore, common in evergreen forests at 3,500 ft. 2. D.
insignis, Thwaites; Bedd. Ic. t. 180. Anamalais, Travancore, Ceylon. A large tree,
youngest shoots appressed-pubescent. L. glabrous, blade 4-12, pet. stout + in. long.
FJ. nearly sessile, 4-merous, ¢ in crowded clusters, 2 solitary or in pairs, ovary 8-celled.
fr. 1, in. diam. supported by the woody calyx, forming a shallow cup.

3. D. oocarpa, Thwaites; Trimen Handb. Ceylon iii. 97.
A middle-sized tree, young shoots minutely puberulous, 1. chartaceous,

Diospyros| LXIX. EBENACE 429

Fic. 164. Diospyros nilagirica, Bedd. 4.

glabrous, shining, ovate, blade 3-6, pet. }in. Fl.: g¢ in smallrusty tomentose
cymes with large long-ciliate bracts, cal. cylindrical, nearly truncate, corolla —
tubular, tomentose outside; 9 solitary, calyx cupshaped, truncate, fr. ovoid-
cylindric, 1 by } in., supported by the cup-shaped slightly enlarged calyx,
albumen uniform.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards. Fl]. Jan.—
March. Ceylon. Heartwood regularly streaked with black bands, somewhat like

Calamander wood, the produce of D. quesita, Thw., a large tree of the moist low
country of Ceylon.

8. @ fl. in pedunculate panicles.

4. D. paniculata, Dalz.; Bedd. Ic. t. 125.

A middle-sized, at times a tall tree, glabrous, except inflorescence. L.
chartaceous ‘or coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, blade 4-7, pet. broad } in. long,
closely reticulate raised yeins between the sec. nerves, conspicuous on both
surfaces. Fl. large, pentamerous, calyx of both sexes large with reflexed
edges, corolla hairy. ¢ in long drooping bracteate pubescent panicled cymes,
bracts large, foliaceous, peduncle 14 in, long, stamens 20, glabrous in pairs.
2 solitary, sometimes in pairs, on bracteate pedicels 3 in. long. Fr. hairy
while young, ovoid 14 in. long, supported by the enlarged foliaceous calyx.

Evergreen forests along the Western Ghats, from the Konkan southwards. Common
in Travancore. Fl. Dec.-March. Wood streaked with black.

(b) Corolla of g@ fl. hairy, 1. hairy.

5. D, pruriens, Dalz.; Bedd. Ic. t. 129. Western Ghats from North Kanara south-
wards, in evergreen forests, very common throughout the Wainad. Ceylon. <A small
or middle-sized tree, branchlets villous with Jong yellowish hairs, |]. chartaceous,
elliptic-oblong, 2-4 in. long when full grown, softly tomentose beneath, chiefly along
midrib and sec. n., pet. short. Fl. 4- or 5-merous, calyx bairy on both sides, corolla

430 LXIX, EBENACEA [| Diospyros

Fie. 165. Diospyros paniculata, Dalz. 4.

4-} in. long, densely silky outside, segments longer than tube. ¢ in the axils of the
upper |., 1 or 2 together, stamens 14, glabrous, filaments on a fleshy torus, which
surrounds the -hairy ovary rudiment, unequal in length, the 5-6 longer ones (often
variously connate) forming an inner circle. solitary, pedicels up to 4 in. long,
ovary hairy. Fr. ovoid, 3-1 in. long, densely clothed with stinging hairs, calyx scarcely
enlarged.

6. D. stricta, Roxb. Silhet. Tipperah. A tall tree, trunk straight to the top,
branchlets and petioles softly tomentose, leaves more or less hairy, membranous,
ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, blade 3-4, pet. in. FJ. 4-merous, white, ¢ sessile,
in axillary hirsute bracteate cymes, calyx and corolla hirsute, stamens 14-16, olabrous,
single, filaments as long as anthers. Fr. glabrous, ovoid, 1} in.,on a stout stalk } in.
long, supported by the small hairy 4-lobed calyx, albumen uniform.

(c) Corolla of @ fl, with lines of hairs along midrib of lobes, otherwise

glabrous.

7. D. Chloroxylon, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.49.—Syn. D. capitulata, Wight Ic. t.
1224 g, 1588 (bis) 9. Vern. Nens?, Ninai, Mar.; Ullingi, Ullinda, Valinda,
Tel.

A shrub or small tree, axillary spines and spinescent branches frequent, branch-
lets densely rusty-tomentose. LL. thinly coriaceous, upperside pubescent, under-
side rusty-tomentose, elliptic or obovate, blade 1-2, pet.2—1 in. long. Fl. very
small, white, 4-merous, sessile or nearly so, calyx cleft nearly to the base,
strigose outside with stiff hairs, g in small axillary clusters of 6-10 fl,
corolla 4-} in. long, glabrous outside, except 4 longitudinal lines of stiff hairs,
segments erect, stamens 16, in 2 rows, slightly connate at the base in pairs,

Diospyros] LXIX. EBENACE® 431

anthers ovate-lanceolate, as long as filaments, 2 solitary, corolla and ovary
glabrous. Fr. } in. diam., edible, albumen uniform.

Western Peninsula, extending north to the Nasik and Chanda districts and to Orissa.
Fl. R. S. 8. D. microphylla, Bedd. Ic. t. 133.
Western Ghats, from North Kanara southwards,
in evergreen forests. Malay Peninsula and Archip.
A large tree, attaining 100 ft., stem straight, but-
tressed at base, branchlets hirsute with long yel-
lowish hairs, 1. membranous, almost sessile, 1-2 in.
long. with long soft hairs along midrib and mar-
gin, hairy all over when young. FI. small, nearly
sessile, ¢ in short 3- or 4-Hd. axillary cymes,
corolla hairy along midrib and edge of segments,
otherwise glabrous, stamens glabrous, 16, in pairs,
filaments longer than the ovate anthers. 2 soli-
tary, upper portion of ovary pubescent. Fr. ovoid,
1-seeded, 4-4 in. long, albumen uniform.

(d) Corolla of ¢g fl. glabrous or slightly
pubescent, stamens in pairs, 1. glabrous or
pubescent.

9. D. montana, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 48.;
Wight Ic. t. 1225. —Syn. D. cordifolia,
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 50; Wight Ill. t. 148.
Vern. Bistendu, Hind.; Tembhurni, Mar. ;
Pudu Maddi, Mulla Tumiki, Tel.; Vak-
kanai, Tam. ; Tawbut, Chok, Burm.

A large shrub or small tree, branches some-

times spinescent. Branchlets and young 1.
softly tomentose. IL. bitter (Kanjilal), thinly Fic. 166. Diospyros Chloroxy-
chartaceous, ovate-oblong, base rounded or cor- lon, Roxb. 4.
date, blade 2-4, pet. slender, 1—} in. long, see. n.
6-8 pair slender, Fl. white, asarule 4-merous, ¢ in velvety, shortly peduncu-
late or nearly sessile, usually 2-8-fld. cymes, with small bracts and bracteoles,
pedicels shorter than calyx, buds conical, calyx deeply 4-fid, segments obtuse,
yelvety on both sides. Corolla } in. long, campanulate, outside glabrous or
pubescent, lobes short, spreading. Anthers 16, slightly hairy, in 8 pairs.
2 solitary, drooping on short pedicels, calyx-segments ovate } in. long, corolla
nearly glabrous outside, ovary glabrous. Fr. bitter, not edible, }-1 in. diam.,
yellow when ripe, supported by the enlarged foliaceous calyx-lobes, albumen
uniform.

Subhimalayan tract from the Ravieastwards. Rajputana and the Southern Punjab.
Not in the arid region of Sind. Fl. Marech-May. Malay Archip. Tropical Australia.
Varies exceedingly in shape and hairiness. A common form with cordate-based, usually
more tomentose |. is by some botanists regarded as a distinet species (D. cordifolia).
Another sp. allied to montana, probably new, was found by Collett at Meiktila, Upper
Burma, |. rigidly chartaceous, sec. n. 8-12 pair, reticulate veins conspicuous on both
surfaces, fl.(¢ only) dull orange, in compact cymes, corolla elongate-campanulate }—} in.
long. A second allied species with orange col’d scented fl. is a large shrub or small tree
(Mon, Burm.) sent by Smales from Upper Burma, the ¢ cymes often producing a pro-
fusion of small hairy |. in the place of fl.

10, D. sylvatica, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 47; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or, t. 121, Vern.
Thella Gada, Tel.; Kaka suroli, Kan.

A middle-sized, at times a large tree, branchlets nearly glabrous. L.
chartaceous or thinly coriaceous, glabrous or slightly puberulous, elliptic,
acuminate, blade 2-4, narrowed into petiole } in. long (in coppice shoots much
larger), sec. n. slender but distinct. @ buds nearly globose, cymes peduncu-
late, many-fld., corolla white, nearly glabrous, ureeolate, ? solitary, calyx
similar to but larger than in ¢. Fr. globose, 4}—} in. diam., supported by the
enlarged spreading foliaceous often striate calyx-lobes, albumen ruminate.

432 LXIX. EBENACEE [Diospyros

Western Peninsula, extending north as far as Bombay and Orissa. F1].C.S. Ceylon,
moist low country. 11. A tree with glabrous branchlets, 1. glabrous, chartaceous,
elongate-elliptic, blade 4-6, pet. 4 in. long, sec. n. slender but prominent beneath,
fr. 1-1} in. diam., supported by the spreading foliaceous calyx-segments, albumen not
ruminate, has been collected in Dehra Dtn (Kanjilal 1070, the species mentioned
under D. montana on p. 221 of his F. Flora) and in (in fr. only) the Ganjam district
(Gamble 13675).

(e) Corolla of g fl. glabrous.
a. Li. membranous.

12. D. Lotus, Linn. ; Brandis F. Fl. t.36. Vern. Amlok, Punj.

A middle-sized deciduous tree, branchlets and underside of young 1. with
scattered hairs. LL. membranous, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, blade 3-6, pet.
slender, } in. long, sec. n. slender, 6—8 pair, tertiary not raised on the underside
of l., closely and elegantly reticulate. FJ. nearly sessile, g in small clusters.
Calyx similar in ¢ and 9, lobed half-way down, slightly pubescent. Corolla
glabrous outside, stamens 16, anthers lanceolate, cuspidate, connective hispid
on both faces. @ solitary, staminodes hairy. Ovary glabrous, only hairy at
apex. Fr. sweet, edible, globose or ovoid, }—? in. diam., dark purple when
ripe, with a blueish bloom, supported by the enlarged flat calyx.

_ Western Asia, extending as far as Hazara and Kashmir in the North West
Himalaya. Fl. April, May. China. Cultivated on account of its fruit in the Punjab
and in the Mediterranean Region. 18. D. Kaki, Linn. f.; Wight Ic. t. 415. Tayok Te,
Burm. Khasi hills. Upper Burma. China and Japan, where numerous varieties are
cultivated. Similar to 12, branchlets and 1. softly pubescent or tomentose, fl. pedicellate,
calyx deeply 4-fid, densely silky, corolla tomentose outside near apex, ¢ in clusters of
1-8, often solitary, stamens 16-24, filaments and connective hairy. Fr. red or yellow,
edible. The (unripe ?) fr. used in China to make hats and umbrellas watertight.

B. 1. chartaceous or coriaceous.

14. D. ehretioides, Wall. Aukchinza Burm. Pegu. Tenasserim. A large tree, wood
grey with darker streaks. Branchlets and |. glabrous, |. thickly chartaceous, brown
beneath when dry, elliptic, base rounded, blade 6-13, petiole stout 4 in. long, sec. n.
10-12 pair, distinctly anastomosing under the edge. Fl. 4-merous, ovary 8-celled, fr.
globose, 1 in. diam. 15. D. orixensis, Wight (D. humilis, Bourdillon in Journ. Bombay
Nat. Hist. Soc. xii. 852 t. 6). Courtallum. Travancore, evergreen forest 2,000 ft.
(Bourdillon 598, 595, 893). A small tree, branchlets softly tomentose, 1. chartaceous,
ovate-lanceolate, blade 2-4, pet. 4 in., glabrous except the hairy petiole and midrib on
the underside. Fl. white, 4- or 5-merous, calyx divided nearly to the base, segments
obtuse, glabrous or sparsely hairy outside, edges ciliate, corolla glabrous. ¢ in few-
fid. hairy cymes, corolla narrowly tubular, +4 in. long, stamens 12-20, glabrous,
anthers small, ovate, shorter than filaments, these connate in pairs, and more or less
connate at base into a short tube. _2 on short bracteolate pedicels, corolla ovoid, 2 in.
long, ovary glabrous, 4-5-celled. Fr. globose, }—} in. diam., calyx-segments appressed,
not enlarged in fr., slightly hairy outside. 416. D. Toposia, Ham.; Bedd. Ic. t. 122.—
Syn. D. racemosa, Roxb.: Wight Ic. t. 416. Khasi hills. Cachar. Chittagong.
Tinnevelli hills (Bedd.). Ceylon moist region. An evergreen middle-sized tree, branch-
lets glabrous, |. coriaceous, glabrous, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 4-8, pet. 4-4 in., closely
reticulate raised veins conspicuous on both surfaces. Fl. white, tetramerous, buds
globose, glabrous, minutely tuberculate, the calyx completely closed in bud and
rupturing irregularly. ¢ in lax pedunculate cymes; corolla glabrous, coriaceous,
ovoid-urceolate, teeth short, stamens 32,in pairs, anthers linear, glabrous. 2 some-
times in pairs, ovary hairy. Fr. 1-1? in. diam., seeds 4, albumen uniform.

B. Calyx of ¢ and 2 dissimilar.
(a) Corolla of ¢ fl. tomentose, stamens single.

17. D. melanoxylon, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 46.—Syn. D. Wightiana, Wall. ;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 67; D. dubia, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1223; D. exsculpta,
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 66 (probably). The Ebony of Northern India. Vern.
Tendu Abnis (the wood), Hind.; Twmirti, Gond.; Timburut, Mar.; Tumiki,
Tel.

A middle-sized deciduous tree attaining 50 ft., and 6 ft. in girth, bark dark

Diospyros| LXIX. EBENACEZ 433

grey or black, exfoliating in rectangular scales, branchlets and inflorescence
clothed with soft grey or ferrugineous tomentum. LL. mostly opposite, thickly
coriaceous, tomentose on both sides while young, hairy or glabrous on the
underside when full grown, elliptic or ovate, blade 3-12, pet. } in., sec. n. 6-10
pair, as well as the reticulate tertiary n. raised on the upper side. Fl. 4-6-
merous, ¢ in short cymes, calyx woolly, campanulate or cup-shaped, corolla
tubular, ferrngineous woolly outside, stamens 12-16. Female fl. solitary,
calyx broad, edges recurved, ovary densely hairy. Fr. globose or ovoid, 1-1}
in. diam., yellow when ripe, supported by the thickly coriaceous calyx, the seg-
ments with more or less recurved edges. Seeds 4-8, compressed, oblong, testa
rugose, shining, albumen ruminate.

Common in deciduous forests of the Central provinces, Chutia Nagpore, Behar and
the Western Peninsula. Fl. April-June.—Ceylon, rare. C. B. Clarke in Fl. Brit.
Ind. iii. 563, separates D. Tupru, Ham. (Peninsula, Tapa vada, Kan.) by smaller L.,
obtuse at both ends, densely fulvous woolly while young. 18. D. tomentosa, Roxb. ;
Wight Ie. tt. 182,183. Kanjilal F.F1.222. Vern. Tendu, Hind. Subhimalayan tract,
Rayi to Nepal. Eastern Rajputana, Central provinces, Chutia Nagpore, Behar. Orissa,
Northern Circars, Poona. Sec. and tertiary n. impressed as deep furrows on the upper
surface of full grown 1. According to Gamble, Indian Timbers Ed. ii. 462, the wood is
less heavy than that of D. Melanoxylon. In my old F. Fl. I united 17 and 18, and I
doubt whether they are really distinct. Both species coppice well and throw up root-
suckers in large numbers, they often occupy patches of considerable extent to the
exclusion of other trees. In the centre of old stems are found (but not always) irregu-
larly shaped masses of jet-black ebony, often with purple streaks.

19. D. burmanica, Kurz. Vern. 7é, Burm.

A small or middle-sized deciduous tree, branches stiff and hard, almost
spinescent, branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and inflorescence densely clothed
with fine tawny tomentum, hairs frequently affixed in the middle. L. char-
taceous, elliptic-oblong, when full grown shining and almost glabrous on the
upper side, blade 3-5, pet. 1 in., sec. n. slender, joined by closely reticulate
veins, both more conspicuous on the upper than on the underside. Fl. greyish-
green, buds conical, calyx and corolla densely tomentose outside. Calyx of ¢
cup-shaped, lobes 4, triangular, of 2 much broader, lobes 4-6, edges reflexed,
ovary woolly. Fr. 1-1} in. diam., globose, 2-4-seeded, albumen ruminate.

Burma, Upper and Lower. Common in the open country with grass or scrub, as
well as in the Eng forest. Fl. March-May. Throws up abundant root-suckers, the
seeds yield oil.

20. D. affinis, Thwaites; Bedd. Ic. t. 127. Tinnevelli Ghats. Ceylon. A middle-sized
tree, youngest shoots slightly pilose, |. thinly coriaceous, glabrous, shining, elongate-
elliptic, blade 2-34, pet. 4 in. long. Fl. hairy, 4-merous, ¢ pedicellate, in small lax
axillary cymes, calyx campanulate, segments short acute, stamens 9, single, glabrous.
2 on pedicels } in. long, calyx 4-fid nearly to the base, segments long acuminate, edges
reflexed. Fr. 1 in. diam., albumen ruminate. 21. D. crumenata, Thwaites; Bedd. Ic.
t. 126; Talbot in Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xi. 692 t. 14. Evergreen forests
of North Kanara. Kan tumri, Kan. A large tree attaining 150 ft., differs from 20
chiefly by more numerous stamens, 12-16, the 2 calyx-segments apiculate, and fr. 2-24
in. diam. It seems not improbable that 20 and 21 may eventually be united.

(b) Corolla of ¢ fl. tomentose, stamens in pairs.

22. D. lancesfolia, Roxb. Upper Assam. Khasi hills. Cachar. Manipur. Upper
Tenasserim (Kurz). A middle-sized tree, youngest shoots pubescent. L. coriaceous,
labrous, lanceolate, blade 4-6, pet. } in., midrib deeply impressed on the upper surface.
1. 4- or 5-merous, sessile, calyx and corolla tomentose, ¢ in few-fld. axillary clusters,
calyx cup-shaped, segments triangular, corolla 4-4 in. long, anthers in pairs, filam.
and connective slightly hairy, 2? solitary, calyx-segments broad, margin reflexed, fr.
ovoid, 1 in. long, rusty-tomentose, supported by the enlarged spreading calyx. 23. D.
undulata, Wall. Tenasserim, Andamans. A large evergreen tree, |. glabrous, coria-
ceous, ovate-oblong, blade 8-14, pet. 4 in. long. Fl. 4-merous, tomentose, ¢ pedicelled
in short bracteate tomentose cymes, calyx cup-shaped, segments triangular, hairy on
both sides. Corolla 4-4 in. long, anthers in pairs, 10-14, rudiment of ovary with long
hairs. solitary, fr, hairy, 1-1} in. long, supported by the thick woody fruiting
calyx.

FF

434 LXIX. EBENACEA { Diospyros

(c) Corolla of g glabrous, stamens in pairs or in bundles.

24. D. Ebenum, Koenig; Wight Ic. t. 188; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 65.
Ebony.

A large tree, bark dark grey, youngest shoots with fine soft hairs. L. thinly
coriaceous, glabrous, elliptic-oblong, blade 2-4, pet. + in., minutely reticulate
raised veins conspicuous on both surfaces. F]. 4-merous, ¢ sessile 5-6 in shortly
stalked clusters, calyx cup-shaped, segments short, obtuse, ciliate, corolla
glabrous, anthers about 16, glabrous, connate in pairs, sometimes in threes, ?
solitary, calyx-segments long, acute, in fr. much enlarged and deflexed. Fr.
3—? in. diam., the enlarged calyx forming a shallow woody cup, from the
back of which project the thick acute segments, albumen uniform.

Hills of the Deccan, extending north to the Cuddapah and Karnul districts, not
common. Ceylon, chiefly in the dry region, common and often gregarious. Heart-
wood jet black without streaks. 25. D. assimilis, Bedd. in Madras For. Rep. 1866-7.
20 t. 1. Kara mara, Kan. Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats from the Konkan
southwards. A moderate sized tree, heartwood jet black, ]. chartaceous, anthers 20-30
connate in 8 bundles. Yields ebony in Kanara and Travancore.

26. D. Embryopteris, Pers.: Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 69.—Syn. Embryopteris
glutinifera, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 70; Wight Ic. t. 843, 844. Vern. Gab, Kala
Tendu, Hind.; Timbiri, Mar.; Niti twmiki, Tel.; Panicha, Mal.

An eyergreen middle-sized tree, buds silky with appressed hairs. I. dis-
tichous, coriaceous, glabrous, shining, oblong, blade 5-8, pet. wrinkled when
dry, 4—4 in. long, closely reticulate veins conspicuous on both sides. Fl. as a
rule 4-merous, white or cream-coloured, scented, calyx hairy, corolla glabrous,
S$ in axillary pedunculate cymes of 3-6 fl., calyx cup-shaped, stamens 52-64,
in pairs, anthers linear hairy, much longer than filaments. @ larger, usually
solitary, sometimes in pairs, sepals cordate, dilated at the base, ovary hairy.
Fr. yellow when ripe, 15-2 in. diam., seeds 5-8, embedded in a viscid pulp,
sweet when ripe.

Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna to the Tista, chiefly in ravines and moist shady
places. Central India. Western Peninsula, common in the Northern Cirears. On
the west side in the evergreen forest of the Ghats and near creeks and backwaters on
the coast. Martaban and Tenasserim. Fl. March-Aug. The pulp of the unripe fr.
is used as gum and in the place of tar for paying the seams of boats.—Ceylon, low
country, common in the dry region. Siam. Malay Archip. Var. atrata, Travancore,
evergreen forest above 4,000 ft. Tenasserim, Ceylon. Inflorescence, chiefly ¢, densely
clothed with black sooty hair. 27. D. foliolosa, Wall.—Syn. D. calycina, Bedd. FI.
Sylv. t. 68 and Ie. t. 128. Hills of Madura and Tinnevelli districts. A middle-sized
tree, branchlets and |. glabrous. L. thinly coriaceous, lanceolate, blade 4, pet. 4-4 in.,
closely reticulate raised veins conspicuous on both surfaces. Fl. g in peduculate lax
3-9-fld. cymes, half as long as leaf, calyx small 4-toothed, corolla bright yellow, anthers
12-16, in pairs, rudiment, ovary 5-lobed} long acuminate. ? solitary, calyx of 4
sometimes 8 large cordate sepals, ovary hairy 4-celled. Fr. 3 in. diam. calyx often
longer than fr.

II. Female fl. in short, 2-10-fld. cymes in the axils of 1. or fallen 1.

28. D. Candolleana, Wight Ic. t. 1221-2.—Syn. D. canarica, Bedd. Ie.
Pl. Ind. Or. t. 134.

A small tree, young shoots and midrib of 1. underneath with fine hairs, as a
rule affixed in the middle. . coriaceous, nearly glabrous, elliptic-oblong,
blade 4-7, pet. 4 in. long, sec. n. faint, numerous, more visible on the upper
than on the underside of 1. Fl. 5-merous, densely tomentose, ¢ } in. long,
numerous, in dense, often globose axillary fascicles, calyx-teeth short, edges
not reflexed, corolla tubular, yellow tomentose without, stamens 10-12, fila-
ments connate in pairs, connective long-cuspidate, 9 in short axillary 2-10-fld.
cymes, fr. globose 1 in. diam., segments of fruiting calyx triangular, hairy
outside, edges reflexed, albumen ruminate.

Scrub and evergreen forests along the Western Coast and foot of Ghats from the
Konkan southwards, ascending to 1,000 ft. FI. March-May. Also on Mahendragiri,

Diospyros] LXIX. EBENACE® 435

Ganjam district (Gamble No. 13916). 29. D. ovalifolia, Wight Ic. t. 1227. Hills of
the Peninsula, chiefly on the West side, common in places. A middle-sized tree,
heartwood streaked with black, branchlets glabrous. 1. coriaceous, glabrous, elongate-
elliptic, blade 4-5, pet. 4 in., sec. n. prominent beneath. Fl. cream-coloured, 4- or 5-
merous, sessile, in ‘clusters of 2-6 in the axils of fallen]. 2 sometimes solitary, calyx
pubescent. edges of segments ciliate, corolla entirely glabrous. ¢ cal. cup-shaped,
segments obtuse, glabrous inside, stamens 14-20, free, elabrous, anthers linear, much
longer than filaments. 2 eal. lobed to the base, densely tomentose w ithin,. ovary
tomentose 4-celled. Fr. glabrous, $ in. diam. , segments of enlarg eed calyx thick, reflexed,
densely tomentose on both sides, seed usually ile albumen uniform.

30. D. Kurzii, Hiern ; Andaman Marble or Zebra wood.

A large evergreen tree, bark grey, smooth, thin, heartwood streaked black
and grey, branchlets, petioles and midrib beneath minutely pubescent. L.
chartaceous, drying black, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, blade 2-3, pet. slender,
4 in. long, sec. n. slender, numerous, close together. Fl. (2 only known) ) 4
merous, in 2—3-fld. short- “EEOC cymes, calyx nearly glabrous, corolla Li in.
long, velvety outside. Fr. } in. diam., albumen uniform.

Andamans, frequent. Nicobars. Coco islands, Fl. May, June. 31. D. Helferi,
C.B.Clarke. Tenasserim (or Andamans). Cambodia. Branchlets pubescent, |. nearly
glabrous, coriaceous, oblong, blade 4-6, pet. 4-4 in. long, fl. (2 only known) sessile, 2
or 3 together, on short pubescent protuberances, calyx divided to the base into 5 ovate-
oblong lobes, velvety at back, cor. hairy outside 3 in. long.

III. Female fl. in many-fld. compound cymes usually on the old wood.

32. D, Brandisiana, Kurz. Evergreen forest on the hills between Yunzalin and
Salwin rivers 3,000 ft., also in the Domdamee district. Upper Burma. A middle-
sized evergreen tree, ]. thinly chartaceous, slightly pubescent beneath. Fl. white,
fragrant, 4- or 5-merous, in pedunculate cymes from irregular woody protuberances
on the trunk or branches, pedicels longer than calyx. Calyx cleft to the base,
segments lanceolate, corolla 4-4 in. long, narrowly tubular, pubescent outside, lobes
oblong nearly as long as tube. 33. D. ramifiora, Roxb. Uri-gab, Gulal. Beng. Wight
Ic. t. 189. Khasi hills, Ti ipperah. A large tree, ].thinly coriaceous, glabrous, shining,
blade 4-8, pet. 4 in., sec. n. arching, slender, but distinct. Fl. eream-coloured, 5- or 6-
merous, in dense compact cymes on the old branches, pedicels bracteolate, not longer
than calyx. 9 calyx campanulate, thickly coriaceous, like pedicels clothed with dark
olive-coloured tomentum, teeth triangular, shorter than tube. Corolla thick fleshy
in the upper part, 4-4 in. long, tomentose outside, ovary densely hairy. Fr. as large
as an orange, on the thick orbicular calyx, seeds 10-12, in a yellow edible pulp.
84. D. Bourdilloni, sp. nova. Travancore evergreen forests below 1,000 ft., common.
A large tree, no black heartwood, youngest shoots stri igose with delicate hairs, mostly
affixed in the middle. L. glabrous, coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, short-acuminate, blade
2-8}, pet. 4 in. long, nerves almost invisible. Fl. 5-merous, ¢ shortly pedicellate in
short rusty-tomentose axillary cymes, calyx divided beyond the middle, segments
acute, tomentose outside, and inside along the edges, corolla ovoid-campanulate, tomen-
tose outside, glabrous inside, tube ovoid- -campanulate, 4-1 in. long, lobes spreading,
} the length of tube, velvety on both surfaces. on pedicels much Tonger than calyx
in compound cymes on the old wood, calyx and corolla similar to 3, but slightly
larger. Fr. upwards of 3 in. diam., supported by the hard woody pentagonal calyx <
14-2 in. across, cells 9-10. This is the species mentioned in Beddome’s Manual 146
from the Anamalais and Tinnevelli Ghats

85. D. Horsfieldii, Hiern. ‘Tenasserim (Kurz) Malay Penins. Java. L. rigidly coria-
ceous, glabrous, shining above, elongate-elliptic, blade 8-10, pet. } in., midrib, sec. and
tertiary n. very prominent beneath, impressed on the upper surface. Fl. both ¢ and ?
in compound cymes, the 9 cymes large, up to 4 in. long. 386. D, densiflora, Wall.
Lower Burma, rare (Kurz), similar, }. smaller, nerves elevated on the upper surface.

IV. Not sufficiently known to be classified.
A. branchlets and 1. glabrous.

87. D. flavicans, Hiern. Mergui. Malay Peninsula. A shrub or small tree, branch-
lets nearly glabrous, 1. chartaceous, glabrous, copper-coloured beneath when dry,
elongate- -elliptic, acuminate, blade 8-4, pet. 4 in. Male fl. white, 4- or 5-merous, calyx
and corolla pubescent outside, bracts large foliaceous, calyx- -lobes ovate, auriculate,
corolla slender, § in. long. 38. D. sapotoides, Kurz. Eastern slopes of Pegu Yoma. A
middle-sized evergreen tree, leaflets hairy, branchlets glabrous, 1. thinly coriaceous,
glabrous, elongate-elliptic, blade 6-10, pet. } in., sec. n. joined by distinct intra-

436 LXIX. EBENACEA | Diospyros

marginal veins. Male fl. 4-merous, nearly sessile, densely clustered, supported by
small ovate bracts, calyx-sezements ovate-lanceolate, edges reflexed, corolla 4-3 in.
long, densely silky on the 4 angles. 39. D, variegata, Kurz. Assam. Pegu and
Martaban. A large tree, shedding ]. in H. S. (Kurz), branchlets glabrous. L. thinly
coriaceous, glabrous, oblong, blade 5-8, pet. stout, 4-4 in. long, sec. n. prominent
beneath. Male fl. yellow, 2-4 together on short bracteolate pedicels, calyx deeply
4-cleft, corolla 4 in. long, lobes as long as tube. 40. D. oleifolia, Wall. (Chok, Burm.)
Martaban and Tenasserim. A large evergreen tree, branchlets glabrous, |. coriaceous
glabrous, polished, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 4-6, pet. 4 in., sec. n. obscure. Male fl.
white, 4-merous, shortly pedicelled in short 3-fld. axillary cymes. Young fr. densely
tomentose. 41. Bourdillon’s No. 615, Travancore 2,000 ft., probably new, a middle-
sized black stemmed tree, 1. glabrous, coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, blade 4-5,
pet. tin. ¢ fl. only known, in compact almost globose hairy cymes, 5-merous, buds
globose, calyx deeply 5-lobed, corolla short, hairy outside, stamens glabrous.

B. Branchlets and underside of young |. hairy, mature |. glabrous, at least
on the upper surface.

(a) Leaves less than 4 inches long.

42. D. Packmanni, C. B. Clarke. ‘Tavoy. Branchlets, young 1., petioles and inflor-
escence clothed with dense ferrugineous wool, which gradually disappears from the
upper side, but remains on midrib and nerves beneath. dg fl. pentamerous in threes
on short peduncles, calyx and corolla densely ferrugineous woolly, stamens 16, in pairs.
43. D. nigricans, Wall. Khasi hills. Branchlets and petiole grey-pubescent. L.
chartaceous, nearly glabrous, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-4, pet. in. ¢ corolla tubular,
nearly glabrous. Fr. nearly sessile, ellipsoid, 3 in. long, calyx-lobes ovate, foliaceous,
nearly glabrous, black when dry. 44. D. pilosula, Wall. (Gunisanthus pilosulus, DC.).
Khasi hills) Andamans. Pegu Yomah (Gjut, Burm.) A small tree, branchlets,
petiole and midrib on the underside hairy, J. chartaceous, lanceolate or oblanceolate,
2-4 in. long, pet. short. FI. g and @ solitary, dull orange or yellow, calyx-segments
lanceolate, } in. long, young fr. densely rufous-hirsute.

(6) Leaves more than 4 in. long.

45. D. martabanica, C. B. Clarke (Gunisanthus mollis, Kurz). Thaukyeghat forests
east of Toungoo. Donat range, Tenasserim. A small tree, branchlets densely villous,
1. oblong-lanceolate, 4-6 in. long, pet. very short. Fl. (3 only known) ochre-yellow,
densely pubescent outside, solitary near the ends of branchlets, having the appearance
(after the 1. have fallen) of racemes, bracts ovate, deciduous, pedicels 3—} in.,
calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, corolla-tube slender, 4-3} in., lobes narrow, as long as
tube. 46. D.dasyphylla, Kurz. Hills east of Toungoo 4,000 ft. Branchlets and petioles
tawny-tomentose, 1. glabrous above, chartaceous, pubescent beneath, from a cordate
base elliptic-oblong, blade 5-6, pet. } in. long. Male fl. sessile, 24 together, calyx
deeply 4-lobed, rusty-tomentose, as well as the corolla, which is # in. long, lobes as
long as tube.

47. <A tree or climber, (Neyarum), evergreen forests on the Periyar river, Travan-
core (Bourdillon 1268, ¢ fl.only). Fl. white, very fragrant, 4-merous, in short axillary
racemes with obtuse imbricating bracts, calyx segments divided to near the base,
obtuse, like the bracts ciliate on the edges and pubescent outside, corolla $ in. long,
hairy, stamens 12-14, filaments unequal, connate in 2 or 3 bundles.

(c) Mature 1. hairy on both surfaces.

48. D. mollis, Griff., Journ. Agri. and Hort. Soc. of India iii. 145. Kurz F. Fl. ii. 130
Martaban hills 24,000 ft. Upper Burma. Siam. A shrub or middle-sized tree, heart-
wood jet black, branchlets and ]. on both sides softly pubescent,. L. membranous,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, blade 2-5, narrowed into pet. $ in. long. FI. small, pale
yellow, ¢ tetramerous, in short densely pubescent 3- or more fld. cymes. - Fr. globose,
# in. diam., supported by the deflexed coriaceous calyx, lobes rounded, concave under-
neath. The fr. yields the black dye of the Shans.

2. MABA, J. R. et G. Forster; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 550.

Differs from Diospyros by the flowers 3- rarely 4-merous, ovary 3- or im-
imperfectly 6-celled, ovules 6. Species 60, tropics of both Hemispheres.

A. Ovary densely hairy.

or ne

Maba) . LXIX. EBENACEA 437

1. M. buxifolia, Persoon; Wight Ic. t. 763; Bedd. Manual t. 19.—Syn. M. neilgherrensis ,
Wight Il. t. 148, bis; MW. Bbenus, Wight Ic. t. 1228-9; Ferreola buxifolia, Roxb. Cor.
Pl. t.45. Uti, Tel.; Irambali, Tam. Western Peninsula, extending to Orissa on the
east side, common in the semi-evergreen scrub of the Coromandel coast. Martaban,
Tenasserim. Ceylon, Malay Penins. and Archip. A much branched shrub or small

_tree, branchlets nearly glabrous, 1. coriaceous, yery variable in size and shape, }-1 in.

long, petiole very short. FI. small, white, pinkish or yellowish, 3-merous, calyx
hairy, segments triangular, acute, corolla twice as long as calyx, campanulate, hairy
outside. Fr. ovoid, red, gin.diam. 2. M. nigrescens, Dalz. Western Ghats from the
Konkan to South Kanara, in evergreen forests. A large shrub or small tree, branch-
lets, petiole and midrib beneath with long fulvous hairs, 1]. lanceolate, blade 2-3, pet.
4 in. long, reticulate veins distinctly visible on both sides. Fl]. ¢ 3—4-merous, corolla
3 in. long, stamens 4-9, ? solitary or in pairs, ovary 3-celled. Fr. ovoid } in. long.
3. M. andamanica, Kurz, Andamans, Nicobars. A small shrub, branchlets, petiole and
midrib beneath softly tomentose, l. chartaceous, elliptic-oblong, blade 4-8, pet. } in.,
sec. n. 6-9 pair, prominent beneath, fr. ellipsoid, more than 1 in. long.

B. Ovary glabrous.

4. M. micrantha, Hiern. Western Ghats of the Konkan. A small tree, branchlets
glabrous, |. coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, except the minutely puberulous
petiole, blade 3-4, pet. 4 in. long. 5. M. merguensis, Hiern. Mergui. Malay Penins.
and Archip. Branchlets nearly glabrous, |. chartaceous, glabrous, oyate-lanceolate,
blade 4-6, pet. } in. Fl. 4- rarely 3-merous, ¢ in dense compound minutely pubescent
cymes, ? in small cymes, fr. 4 in. long, supported by the thick calyx 4-3 in. across,

lobed half-way down into 3 or 4 segments.

Orper LXX. STYRACEZA. Gen. Pl. ii. 666.
Symplocaceee and Styracacew, Giirke in Engler u. Prantl iv.i. pp. 165, 172.

Trees or shrubs, |. alternate, stipules O. Fl- bisexual, rezular, 4—-5-merous,
calyx campanulate, superior or inferior, limb persistent, petals free or connate.
Stamens 10 or numerous, adnate to petals, ovary 2-5-celled, style filiform,
ovules 1 or few on the inner angle. Seeds few, albuminous, radicle as long as
or longer than cotyledons.

Stellate hairs and flat round peltate scales are frequent. The wood fibres have
bordered pits.

Stamens numerous in several series, ovary inferior 3-celled 1. Symptocos.

Stamens 10 in one series, ovary free, dissepiments reaching

only tothe middle. 5 é f - F . . 2 STYRAX.

1. SYMPLOCOS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 572.
(Brand in Engler, Pflanzenreich iy. 242. 13.)

Leaves often drying yellow. Fl. white or pale yellow, rarely pink, supported
by 1-3 bracteoles, and one bract at the base of pedicel. Petals imbricate in
bud, in a few species connate intoa tube. Stamens numerous, adnate to corolla-
tube, often more or less distinctly pentadelphous, anthers short. Ovary inferior,
usually 3-celled, ovules 2, pendulous from the inner angle. Drupe with a
woody 1-3-seeded endocarp, embryo often curved. Species 282, according to
Brand, tropical and subtropical regions of America, Australia and Asia. A
few of the Indian species have a wide distribution, the majority have only
been found within a restricted area. Not less than 17 sp. endemic in
Ceylon.

I. Petals free or nearly so, fl. buds subglobose.
A. Fl. solitary, axillary.

1. S. villosa, Brand |.c. 63. Travancore 34,000 ft., in moist forests, common (Bour-
dillon 21, 901). A small tree, branchlets, young shoots, petioles and midrib beneath
clothed with long soft spreading hairs, |. lanceolate, blade 2-3, pet. 4 in. long. Fl.

438 LXX. STYRACEA [Symplocos

white, sessile or nearly so, each fl. supported by 6 lanceolate villous bracts. Fr. 3 in.
long, narrow-cylindric, crowned by the hairy calyx-lobes. 2. §. monantha, Wight Ic.
t. 1286. Tinnevelli hills. A much branched shrub, branchlets glabrous, |. glabrous,
acuminate, 1-14 in. long. Fl. sessile or nearly so. 3. S. anamallayana, Bedd. Anama-
lais 5-6,000 ft. A small tree, wholly glabrous, J. 1-2 in. long, fl. white, supported by a
pair of bracteoles, on slender pedicels 1 in. long solitary « or 2 in one leaf-axil. Fr.
narrow-cylindric 4-2 in. long.

B. Fl. in axillary fascicles on short spikes or racemes not over } in. long.
(a) L. coriaceous.

4. S. phyllocalyx, Clarke. Lal Chandan, Nep. Sikkim 8-12,000ft. Bhutan. Yunnan.
A small tree, |. glabrous, coriaceous, serrulate, blade 3-4, pet. 4-3 in. FI. in compact
bracteate spikes, bracts ovate, persistent. Stamens 40-50, twice the length of corolla.
Fr. 4 in. long, crowned by the broad obtuse calyx-teeth. 5. S. glomerata, King. Sikkim
from the Terai to 9,000 ft. Bhutan. Khasi and Naga hills. Manipur. Yunnan.
Tonkin. A small tree, 1]. glabrous, lanceolate, glandular-serrate, blade 4-5, pet. in. Fl.
in dense axillary fascicles, corolla 4 in. long, fr. cylindric } in. long, calyx-rim nearly
as wide as fr., seed one.

6. $..microphylla, Wight Ic. t. 1282. Nilgiris. A densely branched shrub, branchlets
glabrous, |. rigidly coriaceous, serrate, elliptic, acute or obtuse, blade 1-2, pet. 4-4 in.,
sec. and tertiary n. prominent beneath. FI. white, in compact axillary clusters (short
spikes), bracts villous or conspicuously ciliate, calyx glabrous, petals 4 4-1 in. long.
Specimens of this or a new closely allied sp. coll. by me at Mahabaleshw a have 1. less
rigidly coriaceous, shortly acuminate, nerves not prominent, fl. in sessile axillary
fascicles, bracts glabrous, disk glabrous, top of ovary and style hairy, fr. } in. long,
endocarp thin chartaceous, embryo slightly curved. 7. §: oligandra, Bedd. Ic. t. 272.
Travancore Ghats. A small or middle-sized tree, 1. 2 in. long, fl. small in very short
axillary racemes, stamens 12-14, as long as corolla. :

(b) Li. membranous or nearly so.

8. S. leucantha, Kurz. Swampy places, Irawadi valley. Thalé, Burm. A small
tree, 1. glabrous, elliptic, acuminate, base slightly unequal, blade 4-5, pet. slender } in.
Fl. white, fragrant, in compact tomentose racemes 4 in. long, bracts ovate, pubescent,
stamens in 5 bundles opposite to petals. 9. S. viridissima, Brand 1. c. 41 (included under
S. lancifolia, in Fl. Brit. Ind. iii.577). Patkoi range. Yunnan. Japan. A small tree,
branchlets glabrous, 1. caudate-acuminate, blade 3-4, pet. 4+ in., sec. n. slender, at a
distance from edge joined by intramarginal veins. Racemes hairy up to 3 in. long,

bracts and calyx hir sute, petals 4 + in. long, stamens 80-100.

C. Racemes or spikes undivided, over 4 in. long.
(a) Fl. white or yellow, 1. coriaceous.

a. Fr. ovoid or cylindric, less than 1 in. long.

() Fr. glabrous, ]. more than 3 in. long.

10. S. racemosa, Roxb.; Vern. Lodh, Hind.; Daukyat, Burm.

A small evergreen tree, bark thick, spongy. lL. glabrous, coriaceous,
elliptic-lanceolate, obscurely crenate, blade 4-6, pet. 4-3 in. FI. yellow,
fragrant in simple hairy axillary more or less lax racemes, pedicels as long as
calyx-tube, stamens about 100. Fr. cylindric, nearly } in. long. -

Subhimalayan tract, Dans and outer valleys, chiefly in Sal forest, from the Ganges
eastwards, ascending to 3,000 ft. and higher. Oudh forests. Chutia Nagpore. Khasi
hills, Manipur. Lower and Upper Burma, chiefly in Eng forest. L. and bark used in
dyeing. Fl. Noy.Feb. China. 11. S. subgilabra, Brand l. c. 59. Nilgiris (?), reported
to differ by fewer stamens (not seen). 12. §. Beddomei, Clarke (7 eticulata, Grah. ;
Brand |. c. 59). Western Ghats from Mahabaleshwar to Coorg. Similar to 10, aE serra
late, perhaps not specifically distinct. 18. §. Stocksii, Brand ]. c. 59, Konkan, said to
differ by hirsute branchlets. 14. §. obtusa, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1233. Nilgiris,
Anamalais 4-8,000 ft. Ceylon, common in the upper montane zone. A middle-sized
tree, glabrous, excepting the ciliate rounded calyx-lobes, 1. coriaceous, obovate, some-
times elliptic, obtuse, almost entire, blade 24, narrowed into pet. 4-4 in. Racemes

1-4 in., petals white, + in. long, fr. ovoid-cylindric, ribbed when dry, }$ in. long.

1 S. reticulata, Grah. does not exist.

Symplocos] LXX. STYRACEE 439

15. S. Huegeliana, Brand 1].¢.57. Nilgiris (probably), reported to differ by 5-7 petals
and smaller fr.

16. S. Sumuntia, Ham. Nepal. Sikkim, 3-7,000 ft. Bhutan. Assam. Khasi hills,
Manipur. Yunnan. A small
tree, branchlets glabrous,
coriaceous, _ elliptic-lanceo-
late, blade 3-5, pet. $-} in.
Racemes 14-4 in. long, more
or less hirsute, bracts densely
villous with long hairs, en-
veloping the buds, caducous,
calyx-teeth much _ shorter
than ovary, both nearly
glabrous, petals veined, 4-4
in. long, stamens 30-40. Fr.
ovoid, § in.long. 17. 8. pyri-
folia, Wall. Nepal, Sikkim,
Bhutan, Khasi hills, similar,
1. rigid, petioles longer, calyx-
teeth nearly as long asovary,
back densely strigose, fr.
more cylindric. 18. S. mac-
rophylla, Wall. Khasi hills.
Branchlets stout, rusty-hir-
sute, 1. thickly coriaceous
Sin. long, rugosesfrom the
deeply impressed nerves, fr.
unknown, possibly belongs
to this subsection.

(*) Fr. glabrous, 1. un-
der 3 in.

19. S. foliosa, Wight Ic. t. Fic. 167. Symplocos racemosa, Roxb. 4.
1234 (S. nervosa, Wight Ic.
t. 1235). Nilgiris, common. <A middle-sized tree, |. serrate, hairy beneath, chiefly
along nerves, blade 14-3, pet. 4 in. long, sec. n. prominent, 8-10 pair. Spikes axillary,
hairy, rigid 1-14 in. long, developing from large globose buds enveloped in hairy
bracts, petals 4 in. Fr. cylindric, 4 in. long, embryo straight.

(°) Fr. cylindric, densely villous.

20. S. Gardneriana, Wight Ic. t. 1231, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 237. Nilgiris, Anamalais.
Travancore hills. A large tree, brane shlets, petioles and ae thick, villous, 1. elliptic,
hairy beneath, blade 4-5, pet. stout, 4-1 in. long, sec. n. prominent beneath. Fl. white
in axillary spikes, 1 -2} in. long, congregating near the ends of branches, growing out
from large globose buds enveloped by ‘villous bracts. Calyx densely hirsute, petals
‘Shee long. “Fr . cylindric, densely villous 4 in. long, crowned by persistent calyx, as

road as fr. 21, §. Hohenackeri, Clarke. Coorg. Similar and perhaps not specifically
distinct, calyx-tube glabrous, teeth densely silky, fr. unknown.

B. Freeylindric, over 1 in. long.

22. S. macrocarpa, Wight. Courtallum. Travancore 2,500 ft., in evergreen forest.
A middle-sized tree, branchlets and racemes rusty-tomentose. L. elliptic-lanceolate,
slightly crenulate, blade 5-8, pet. in., see. n. 8-12 pair. Racemes axillary, stout,
1- 2 in. long, fr. 1f by 4 in., 8-celled, endoc arp eae sae 25. S, kanarana, ‘l'albot
List Ed. ii. 214; Journ. Nat. Hist. Bombay, vol. 11. 288, t. 9. Evergreen forest, North
Kanara. A small tree, branchlets and 1. Dea L. “chartaceous, ovate, cdarsely
dentate, blade 3-6, pet. fin. Fr. ovoid, smooth, yellow, 14 by y% in., in a copious pulp
an exceedingly hard, thick walled 1-8-celled stone with 5 or 6 deep longitudinal furrows
and sharp narrow ridges between.

y- Fr. nearly globose.

24. S. dryophila, Clarke. East Nepal and Sikkim, 8-10,000 ft. <A tree, branchlets
glabrous, youngest shoots slightly hairy, |. glabrous, entire, oblanceolate, shortly
acuminate, blade 4-6, pet. 4- in. Racemes axillary, lax, 3-4 in. long, pedicels as
long as or longer than calyx. Fr, 2-celled, embryo slightly curved. Similar to &.
Sumuntia, both species have globose axillary buds } in. diam., enveloped in hairy scales,
which develop into racemes,

440 LXX. STYRACEZ Synvplocos

(0) Fl. white or yellow, 1. chartaceous.
a. Racemes many-fld., fr. ellipsoid or conical.

25. S. caudata, Wall.—Syn. S. prunifolia, Sieb. & Zucce. Khasi hills. Chittagong.
Upper Tenasserim (Kurz). China, Japan. A shrub or small tree, 1. glabrous,
broadly lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, more or less serrulate, blade 2-8, pet.
4 in. Racemes hairy, shorter than 1. calyx glabrous, petals white, 4 in. long.
Fr. conical. Chinese specimens have coriaceous |. and dense racemes 1-14 in. long.

26. §. ramosissima, Wall. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft.,Garhwa] to Bhutan, Khasi hills.
Lodh. Hind. A small tree, 1. chartaceous, lanceolate, serrulate, blade 4-6, pet. } in.
Racemes lax,4—1 in. long, 4-8-fld., pedicels as long as calyx-tube. Fr. ellipsoid 4-4 in.
long, calyx-rim narrow. 27. §. nicobarica, Clarke. Nicobars(included in 8. levostachya,
Kurz). Young shoots hairy, |. thickly chartaceous, elliptic-oblong, blade 4-6, pet. 4-}
in. Racemes (in fr.) half the length of 1., fr. ovoid-conic, } in. long, calyx-rim wide.

8. Racemes many-fid., fr. cylindric.

28. S. grandiflora, Wall. Assam, Khasi hills. Branchlets glabrous, |. lanceolate nearly
entire, glabrous, blade 5-7, pet. } in. Racemes lax, 3-4 in. long, bracts lanceolate, longer
than buds, deciduous, corolla 4, fr. nearly cylindric, 3 in. long. 29. §. Hookeri, Clarke,
Khasi hills. Yunnan. Branchlets thick, glabrous. L. elongate-elliptic, often broader
in the upper half, glabrous, minutely toothed, blade 8-12, pet. 1-14 in., see. n. 10-12 pair,
prominent beneath, tertiary parallel. Racemes (in fr.) 2-3, pedicels 4, fr. cylindric, } in.
long. 30. S.suleata, Kurz. Hills between Sitang and Salweenrivers. Tenasserim. A
shrub or small tree, young shoots rusty-tomentose. L. lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate,
blade 4-6, pet. 4 in. Racemes lax, 1-14 in. long, fr. cylindric-ovoid, sulcate, $ in. long.
31. S.leiostachya, Kurz. Tenasserim. L. lanceolate, racemes lax, numerous at the ends
of branches, rachis slender, fr. unknown.

y. Spikes many-fld., fr. globose.

32. S. lancifolia, Sieb. & Zuec. Assam. Khasi hills. China, Japan. A shrub or
small tree, branchlets more or less hairy, ]. chartaceous, glabrous, lanceolate, blade
2-4, pet. tin. Spikes axillary, slender, 3-14 in. long, more or less hairy, calyx strigose,
lobes obtuse, petals 2-3 in. long, stamens 18-25. Fr. 4 in. diam., calyx-rim narrow,
embryo curved.

6. Racemes 2-8-fld.

33. 8. pulchra, Wight Ic. t. 1230. Nilgiris, 3-4,000 ft. A shrub, branchlets and
petioles densely clothed with long spreading fulvous hairs, 1. membranous, oblong-
lanceolate, hairy on both surfaces and along the edge, blade 5-7, pet. 4 in., nerves oblique.
Racemes usually axillary, sometimes terminating branchlets, peduncles slender,
1-2 in. long,sometimes branching, hairy at the ends, 2-4 large pure white fl. supported
by linear bracts 4-3, petals }-4 in. long. 34. §. acuminata, Bedd. Ic. t. 117. Syn.
S. tenella, Brand 1. c.54. Wainad, 5000 ft., very common. ‘Tinnevelli ghats. Tray-
ancore evergreen forest 4,000 ft. A shrub, branchlets and |. glabrous. L. mem-
branous, lanceolate, blade 2-3, pet. } in. Racemes axillary, slender, 5-8-fid., bracts
linear, hairy, petals 4 in. long.

(c) Fl. rose coloured.

35. S. rosea, Becdd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 115. Anamalais. Courtallum. Cochin. Travan-
core, common in all evergreen forests up to 2,000 ft. Branchlets hairy, 1. membranous
or chartaceous, oblanceolate, acuminate, a few hairs on midrib and nerves beneath,
blade 5-6, pet. $ in. long. Racemes hairy, 1-13 in. long, pedicels shorter than calyx,
calyx-lobes oblong, acute, as Jong as or longer than tube, fr. cylindric, $-% in. 36.
S ee Brand |. c. Nilgiris (probably), reported to differ by coriaceous elliptic
- (not seen).

D. Racemes or spikes compound.
(a) Fr. globose or nearly so.

37. S. crategoides, Ham.; Brandis F. Fl. 299.; Collett Simla Fl. 305.
fig. 95. Vern. Ludh, Hind.; Lojh, Bash.; Daukyat, Upper Burma.

Deciduous, a large shrub or middle-sized tree, branchlets and 1. hairy. L.
membranous, broad-elliptic or ovate, shortly acuminate, sharply serrate, blade
2-4, pet. $-4 in. Fl. snow-white, fragrant, in terminal panicles, filaments

Symplocos| LXX. STYRACEA 441

connate in 5 bundles, ovary 2-celled. Fr. glabrous, ovoid or nearly globose,
3 in. long, calyx-rim small, much narrower than fr., embryo curved.

Himalaya, Kashmir to Assam 3-8,000 ft. Khasi and Naga hills. Hills between
Sitang and Salween. Upper Burma. FI. March-June. Yellow dye from 1]. and bark.
China. Japan. .

38. S. spicata, Roxb.; Wight Ill. t. 150; Kurz F. Fl. ii. 146; Brandis
F. Fl. 300. Vern. Lodh, Hind.; Dhaka, Mar.

A middle-sized tree, |. coriaceous, glabrous, acuminate, serrulate, blade 4-7,
petiole 4-} in. FI. cream-coloured, sessile, in paniculate axillary pubescent
or glabrous spikes, each fl. supported by 3 ovate bracts, ovary 3-celled, glabrous,
as well as calyx-segments. Drupes sessile, nearly globose, ribbed, } in. diam.

Assam, Khasi hills, Cachar. Chittagong hill tracts. Tenasserim. Western Ghats,
Nilgiris, Shevaroy hills. Fl. Sept—Dec.—Malay Penins. China. Japan. A remark-
able form (Thaungyin, D. B. 1859) with entire, thickly coriaceous 1., sec. n. indistinct,
probably a new species. Brand 1. c. 39 separates S. attenuata, Wall., Assam and
Khasi hills, by smaller ]. and more strictly globose fr., and S. Candolleana, Coorg and
Anamalais, by more pubescent inflorescence, larger bractsand a straightembryo. 39. S.
ferruginea, Roxb. (including S. polystachya, Wall. and javanica, Kurz). Garhwal,
Kumaon, Sikkim (4-6,000 ft.). China. A small tree, branchlets rusty-villous. L.
hairy on the othe. beneath, blade 6-8, pet. 4-3 in., sec. n. 10-12 pair, prominent on

the underside, fl. sessile in large compound axillary rusty-villous panicles, bracts
longer than the short calyx -tube. Fr. globose, ribbed, 4 in. diam., crowned by the
enlarged calyx-segments.

(b) Fr. cylindric, ellipsoid or conical.

40. §.theefolia, Ham. Kumaon. Nepal. Sikkim, 5-10,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills.
A middle-sized tree, |. glabrous, blade 3-6, pet. 4 in., midrib raised, not impressed on
the upper side. Fl. white, sessile, in short dense compound spikes, 1 in. long, stamens
10-20, a little longer than corolla, disk densely clothed with long white hairs. Fr.
ellipsoid- cylindric, hin. long, embryo straight, calyx in fr. inconspicuous. Specimens
with larger 1., blade 8, “pet. # in. Hills east. of Toungoo 2,000 ft. (D. B. Feb. 1880).
41. 8. Kurgensis, C larke. Coorg. Similar, young shoots rusty-tomentose, ]. hairy
beneath, midrib impressed, spikes compound, 2-3 in. long. 42. S, Warburgii, Brand
l. ¢. 66. Nilgiris, stamens 25, twice the corolla otherwise “like 40 (not seen). 43. S.
oxyphylla, Wall. (S. pedicellata, Kurz.) Assam. Khasihills. Forests east of Toungoo.
A large evergreen tree, |. elliptic-lanceolate, blade 4-6, pet. } in., sec. n. slender 5-7
pair, joined by intramarginal veins. Fl. shortly pedicellate, in racemes, simple or
branching from near the base, fr. conical, 4-4 in. long.

Il. Cal.-tube produced beyond ovary, petals connate into a tube, on which
are inserted the stamens. LL. glabrous.

44. §. sessilis, Clarke. Travancore, evergreen forests 4—5,000 ft. A middle-sized tree,
]. spathulate 14-24 in. FI. sessile, solitary, corolla 4 in. long, fr. cylindric % in. long.
45. §. pendula, Wight Ic. t. 1287. Anamalai and Palni hills. Ceylon upper montane
zone common (8. ‘pauciflora, Wight). A shrub or small tree, 1. coriaceous, elliptic,
1j-24 in. long, pale beneath. FI. “pendulous, often from the axils of fallen 1. on 1-5-fld.
peduncles with numerous minute persistent bracts, corolla 4—4 in, long.

STYRAX, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 588.

Hairs often stellate, fl. white. Calyx campanulate, free or slightly adnate
to base of ovary, truncate or 5-toothed. Corolla-tube short. Stamens 10,
inserted in the corolla-tube, filaments short, anthers linear. Ovary incom-
pletely 3-celled, the dissepiments reaching to the middle. Fr. dry, supported
by the persistent calyx-tube, breaking up irregularly. Seed 1, rarely 2,
embryo straight, cotyledons flat. Species GO, America, China, Japan, India.

1. S. serrulatum, Roxb.; Kurz F. Fl. ii. 142. Vern. Shigriti, Assam.

A shrub or small tree, |. serrulate, young shoots and underside of leaves
minutely pubescent, infloreseence, calyx and outside of petals deusely white
stellately tomentose. Fl. mostly in short racemes, corolla } in. long. Calyx
nearly truncate, with minute teeth.

442 LXX. STYRACEA [Styraax

Khasi hills. Manipur. Cachar. Chittagong. Tenasserim. Nepal, Sikkim, Assam,
Upper Burma. Fl. March-May. Leaf- and flow er-buds often grow out into galls, up
to 10 in. long. China, Japan. SS. virgatum, Wall., is a form with long acuminate
leaves, usually widest below the middle, and larger fl. S. Benzoin, Dryander, is a tree
of the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, which yields from incisions in the bark a
balsamic resin, called Benzoin, used medicinally and in the preparation of incense. 2.8.
Hookeri, Clarke. Sikkim, Bhutan, 6—-7,000 ft. closely allied to 1, f. lin. long. 3.8. rugosum,
Kurz. Hillseast of Toungoo. Shan hills. Mogok valley, Ruby Mines district. A shrub
or small tree, branchlets, underside of 1. and inflorescence densely white tomentose, 1.
sharply and often deeply dentate, fl. in terminal bracteate and leafy racemes, bracts
with long linear teeth, calyx-lobes triangular.

4 §. Polysperma, Clarke. Khasi hills, branchlets and 1. glabrous, inflorescence com-
pound dichotomous, fr. 5-6-seeded, possibly does not belong to this genus.

Orper LXXI. QLEACEA. Gen. PI. ii. 672.

Unarmed shrubs or trees, sometimes climbing. Leaves opposite (alternate
in a few species of Jasminum), stipules 0. Inflorescence mostly racemose,
rarely cymose, in trichotomous panicles. Fl. regular, asa rule bisexual, often
dimorphic. Calyx small, truncate or 4-lobed, lobes sometimes 4-9. Corolla-
lobes usually 4, sometimes 4-12, in some cases petals distinct or none.
Stamens 2, filaments usually short, ovary free, 2-celled, ovules 1-2 in each
cell, attached to the inner angle.

The climbing species of Jasminum have, as far as known, wood of a normal structure,
but the stems are often spirally twisted and in some cases wedges of bast intrude into
the wood.

eae trees or shrubs, 1. or leaflets penniveined.

Fr. flat dry, separating when ripe into 2 flat 1-seeded

cells, ].simple . 6 ; : . 1. Nycranrus.
Fr. an indehiscent samara, 1. imparipinnate : . 2. FRAXINUS.
Fr. a capsule, dehiscing loculicidally, the valves septiferous.
L. imparipinnate, capsule woody, albumenO . 3. SCHREBERA.
L. simple or pinaaund, capsule coriaceous, albumen
fleshy . : : . 4. SyRinGa.

Fr. a drupe, endocar p bony or cr ustaceous.

Corolla-lobes imbricate 5. OsMANTHUS.
Corolla-lobes valvate.
Corolla tubular or 0, inflorescence usually
axillary . : 5 0 : . 6. OxeEa.
Corolla funnel-shaped, anes or racemes
terminal . B : : : 5 . 7%. Licgustrum.
Petals distinct or connate in pairs 5 ; 8. Linociera.
Fr. a 2-lobed berry, one lobe sometimes wanting, corolla-
tube cylindrical, albumenO . : : : . 9. Jasminum.
A large climber, 1. prominently 3-neryed . y j ; Myxoryrum (p. 452).

1. NYCTANTHES, Linn.; F). Brit. Ind. in. 603.

1. N. Arbortristis, Linn. (the only species), Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 240.
Vern. Har, Siharu, Saihari, Harsinghar, Kwri, Hind.; Kharasli, Mar.;
Hursing, Parijata, Kan.; Krishti, Tell.; Setkpalu, Burm.

A large deciduous shrub or small tree, branches quadrangular, rough all
over with an uneven epidermis and stiff white hairs. L. ovate, acuminate,
entire or with a few large distant teeth. Fl. sessile, in pedunculate bracteate
fascicles of 3-5, arranged i in short trichotomous cymes. Calyx campanulate,
indistinctly dentate, corolla-lobes 5-8, white, crenate or emarginate, contorted
in bud. Anthers sessile in the or ange- -coloured corolla-tube. Capsule charta-
ceous, flat, splitting into two 1-seeded cells, cotyledons flat, radicle inferior,
albumen 0.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Chenab southwards. Oudh Forests. Singbhum Central

Nyctanthes| LXXI. OLEACEA 443

India, Jumna to the Godavery. Cultivated throughout India on account of its fragrant fl.
which open in the evening and drop at sunrise. Fl]. more or less throughout the year,
generally during the rains. Often gregarious in dry- places, coppices vigorously. One
of the species to be employed when the necessity for utilizing the waste lands in the
plains of Northern India comes to be recognized.

2. FRAXINUS, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 605.

Trees, rarely shrubs, 1. opposite, imparipinnate, leaflets opposite. - Fl. poly-
gamous or dioicous, in racemes or compact rounded panicles. Calyx cup-shaped
or wanting, petals 4 or O, stigma bifid. Fr. indehiscent, winged at the end,
1-seeded. Albumen fleshy or somewhat’ horny, embryo cylindric, radicle
superior. Species 40, northern temperate regions of both hemispheres.

A. Petals 4, fl. appearing after the leaves.

1. F. floribunda, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 277; Brandis F. Fl. t. 37. Vern.
Sum, Angu, Ango, N.W. Himal.

A middle-sized or large deciduous tree, leaflets 2-4 pair, membranous, hairy
beneath while young, ovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate, blade 3-6, pet. 4—} in.,
sec. n. 10-14 pair, prominent beneath. Fl. white, in large compound terminal
panicles. Petals linear-oblong, narrowed at both ends, 2-3 times the length
of calyx. Fr. oblanceolate, 1-1} in. long, supported by the enlarged calyx.

Afghanistan. Trans Indus territory. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft., locally on rich soil
chiefly on or near limestone. Khasi hills. Shan Hills at 4,000 ft. Fl. April, May.
2. F. Griffithii, Clarke. Mishmee hills, leaflets coriaceous, entire.

B. Petals 0, fl. appearing before the leaves.

3. F. excelsior, Linn. N.W. Himalaya, basin of the Jhelam, Chenab and Ravi rivers,

Fig. 168, Fraxinus xanthoxyloides, Wall. 4

4-9,000 ft. Europe and Mountains of Western Asia. A tall tree, leaflets sessile, or
nearly so, 2-4 pair, base entire, upper part slightly serrate. Fl. appearing before the
1. in short often fascicled racemes from above the scars of the previous year’s |., ¢ and §,

444 LXXI, OLEACEH [Praaxinus

often in the same inflorescence, calyx usually 0. Samara 1-14 in. long, without a
trace of calyx. Differs from the Kuropean Ash by fewer slightly serrate leaflets and
by longer more slender racemes. Described as #. Hookeri, Wenzig in Engler Jahrb.
iv. 179. 4. F. oxyphylla, M. Bieb. Baluchistan, Afghanistan. Similar to 8, leaflets
1-4 pair, coarsely serrate, samara narrowed to both ends.

5. F. xanthoxyloides, Wall.—Syn. F. Moorcroftiana, Brandis, F. Fl.
304. Vern. Sanjal, Punj.; Haniz, Haz.; Thiim, Kunawar.

A shrub or small tree. L. approximate at the ends of branchlets, very vari-
able in size, leaflets 3-5 pair, 1-2 in. long, sessile or nearly so, common petiole
marginate. Fl. in compact sessile lateral many-fld. fascicles, supported by
a number of undeveloped woolly 1., calyx cup-shaped, 4-6-dentate. Samara
linear-spathulate, 1-14 in. long, seed part thick, ribbed and furrowed, sup-
ported by the persistent but not enlarged caiyx.

Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Trans Indus territory. N. W. Himalaya, 3-9,000 ft.,
chiefly in the inner dry valleys. Often gregarious. Fl. March, April.

838. SCHREBERA, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 604.
Species 4, of which 3 in Africa.

S. swietenioides, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 101; Wight Ill. t. 162; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 248. Vern. Mokha, ghaut, Hind,; Mokkalapa, Tel.; Kalgante, Kan. ;
Mogalinga, Tam.; Thitswelwe, Burm.

Fig. 169. Schrebera swietenioides, Roxb. 4.

A middle-sized deciduous tree, branches grey. L. imparipinnate, leaflets
opposite 3-4 pair entire, ovate, base often unequal-sided, blade 3-5, pet. 4-4 in.,
branchlets thickened at nodes and common petioles thickened at the insertion

Schrebera] LXXI. OLEACE# 445

of leaflets. Fl. yellowish-brown, fragrant at night, in terminal trichotomous
corymbose compound cymes, calyx campanulate, teeth 5, unequal. Corolla
4—-} in. long, lobes 5-7, on the DEES side with brown glandular raised dots.
Capsule pendulous, pear-shaped, 2-3 in. long, 2-valved, seeds 8, ending in long
wings, albumen 0, radicle short, superior, ‘coty ledons fleshy, longitudinally
plaited.

Subhimalayan tract from Kumaon eastwards. Central India, Rajputania. Western
Peninsula. Burma Upper and Lower. IF). Feb.—April.

4. SYRINGA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 604.

L. entire or pinnatifid, usually deciduous. FI. numerous, in a terminal erect
thyrsus. Calyx campanulate, 4-toothed, more or less persistent. Corolla-lobes
4, valvate in bud. Fr. a coriaceous more or less cylindrical capsule, 2-valved,
the valves septiferous. Seeds pendulous in pairs from the top of each cell,
with a narrow wing all round. Embryo straight in a fleshy albumen, radicle
superior. Species 10, Europe, Western Asia, ‘Himalaya, China and Japan.

1. S. Emodi, Wall.; Royle Ill. t.65. Vern. Shapa, Bash. ; Chara, Pangi;
Shaphrot, Jauns.

A large shrub, youngest shoots and inflorescence pubescent. LL. entire, pale
beneath, blade 3-5, pet. 1 in. long. Fl. white or purplish, strongly scented,
crowded in short compact cymes. Capsule cylindrical, # in. long, often cur ved.

Trans Indus 9,000 ft. N. W. Himalaya, Indus to Sarda, in the outer moister as
well as in the inner more arid tracts. Fl. May-July. 2. 8. persica, Linn., indigenous
in Persia, Afghanistan and Waziristan, cultivated in Kashmir and at Lahore, 1.
lanceolate, entire or pinnatifid, capsule 4 in. long. 3. §, vulgaris, S.-Eastern Europe,
1. broadly ovate or cordate on long petioles.

5. OSMANTHUS, Lour.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 606.

Evergreen shrubs or trees, glabrous, |. coriaceous, fl. tetramerous, usually
polygamous, in axillary fascicles. Corolla-lobes obtuse, imbricated in bud.
Drupe usually one-seeded, albumen fleshy or horny, embryo cylindric, radicle
superior. Species 10-15, Eastern Himalaya. China, Japan, New Caledonia,
the Sandwich Islands, Eastern North America.

1. 0. fragrans, Lour. (0. fragrans, Thunb,; Brandis F. F).309). Himalayafrom Garhwal
eastwards, 4-7,000 ft.,in Garhwal and Kumaon possibly not indigenous, though frequent.
China, Japan. <A shrub or small tree, |. coriaceous, lanceolate, entire or serrate, mid-
rib, sec. n. and the minutely reticulate veins impressed on the upper side, blade 4-6,
narrowed into pet. 4—} in. long. FI. white or light yellow, exquisitely fragrant,
dioicous, on long slender pedicels, in axillary fascicles. Drupe glaucous-blue, # in.
long, endocarp hard, woody. 2. 0. suavis, King. Wastern Nepal, Sikkim 9-10,000 ft.
Manipur. A small tree, |. coriaceous, lanceolate, minutely crenate-serrate, blade 1-8,
pet. 4 in. Calyx membranous, segments obtuse, ciliate. Corolla-tube 4-4 in., lobes
} in. long. Drupe ellipsoid, 4-$ in. long, endocarp crustaceous.

. OLEA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 611.

Trees or shrubs, |. entire or toothed. Fl. small, often unisexual, tetramerous,
in axillary or terminal panicles. Calyx short, truncate or dentate. Corolla-
tube short, lobes spreading, valvate in bud, stamens exserted, style short,
stigma capitate or bifid. Fruita fleshy drape, endocarp usually hard. Seed
usually one, albumen fleshy, oily. Embryo straight, cotyledons foliaceous,
radicle superior, Species 830-35, South Africa, India, Australia and Polynesia.

A. All fl. with corolla.

1. O. cuspidata, Wall.; Brandis F. Fl. t. 38.—Syn. O. ferruginea,
Royle Ill. t. 65. Vern. Zattin, Pushtu; Kaho, Kan, N.W. Him.; W2,
Kunawar.

446 LXXI. OLEACEA [Olea

A middle-sized tree, heartwood olive-brown to nearly black, often beautifully
mottled, extremely hard. I. lanceolate, cuspidate, entire, the upper side deep
glossy green, the under side, as well as branchlets and petioles clothed with a
dense ferrugineous or red, sometimes grey film of minute orbiculay more or less
lobed scales, midrib prominent, sec. n. obscure, blade 2-4, pet. 4-} in. long.
Fl. whitish, ’pisexual, in axillary panicles, about half the length of L Corolla
rotate, lobes ovate, ‘acute. Drupe ovoid, 4-} in. long, black when ripe,
supported by the remains of calyx, pulp scanty, oily, stone thick, hard,
bony.

Baluchistan. Afghanistan. Sulimanrange, Trans Indus. North West Himalaya,
ascending to 6,000 ft.; also in the dry inner valleys. FI. April-June. Combs made
of the wood. Closely allied to Olea europea, Linn., the European Olive, which (the
ungrafted tree) has spinescent branchlets, leaves grey above, white beneath, a more
dense inflorescence and larger fruit.

O. glandulifera, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1238; Bedd. FL Syly. t. 238.
es Gair, Gaild, Jaunsar, Garhwal.
A small or middle-sized wholly glabrous tree, trunk short, with a broad

Fig. 170. Olea glandulifera, Wall.

he

umbrageous crown, wood reddish, close-grained, hard. Li. elliptic or ovate,
long acuminate, sec. n. 6-8 pair, in their axils on the underside small oval
cavities, blade 4-5, petiole 1-1} in. long. Fl. white, bisexual, in terminal
and Jeter compound pyramidal trichotomous panicles, corolla rotate. Fr.
ovoid, 4 in. long, endocarp crustaceous.

Outer Himalayan ranges, Kashmir to Nepal 1,900-6,000 ft., scattered in mixed woods,
often associated with Acer oblongum. Bababudan hills. Coorg. Nilgiris, Anamalais.
Fl. March-May. 3. 0. dentata, Wall. Mishmee and Khasi hills. Hills of Lower and
Upper Burma. Branchlets and panicles more or less pubescent, 1. coriaceous, toothed
or entire, lanceolate, blade 5-7, pet. 4 in. long. Fl. dioicous, in panicles as long as or
longer than 1., calyx hairy, corolla 4 in. long. 4. A large climber (Clarke 42047.
Manipur 6,500 ft., Nov. 1885). L. coriaceous, lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, blade 5-6

Olea) LXXI. OLEACE 447

narrowed into pet. $-} in. long, midrib, sec. and intramarginal n. deeply impressed
on the upper surface. Fl. g in lateral pedunculate glabrous trichotomous panicles,
pedicels nearly as long as fl. Calyx glabrous, segments triangular, acute, corolla cam-
panulate 4 in. long, filaments shorter than anthers.

5. 0. polygama, Wight Ic.-tt. 1239, 1240. Hills on the east side of the Peninsula,
Palkonda hills (Gamble 14055). Veligonda hills (D. B. Dec. 1881). Nilgiris. Ceylon.
Glabrous, 1. rigidly coriaceous, entire, elliptic, blade 2-8, narrowed into pet. } in. long.
Fl. g and § on different trees, in panicles 1-2 in. long, corolla campanulate, 75 in.
Drupe ovoid 2 in. long, endocarp thin, crustaceous.

B. Female or all fl. without petals.

6. O. dioica, Roxb.; Wight Ill. t.151. Vern. Kdvramba, Mar.; Parrjamb,
Mudla, Kan.; Koli, Payar, Tam.

A middle-sized, sometimes a large tree, glabrous. L. elliptic-lanceolate,
entire or toothed, blade 3-6, petiole J-} in. Fl. small, white, dioicous, in
axillany and extra-axillary panicles, ramifications slender. Corolla 4—,; in.
long, wanting or caducous in ? fl. Drupe ellipsoid, -$—} in.

Lower hillsof Sikkim. Western Duars. Assam. Khasi hills,Cachar. Chittagong
hills. Western Ghats in evergreen forests, from the Konkan southwards. Upper
Burma (Griffith). FI. March, April. 7. 0. Gamblei, Clarke. Sikkim, lower and outer
hills, 2-8,000 ft. Jamu, Nep. A small tree, 1. coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, acuminate,
blade 4-5, pet. 4 in. Fl. dioicous, all without corolla, calyx minute, nearly truncate,
ciliate, anthers nearly sessile, ovary glabrous. Drupe $#-1 in. long, endocarp bony.

7. LIGUSTRUM, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 614.

Trees or shrubs, |. entire. Fl. bisexual, tetramerous, in terminal panicles.
Calyx usually truncate, corolla funnel-shaped, lobes induplicate-valvate in bud.
Fr. a berry, 2-celled and 2—4-seeded, endocarp membranous or crustaceous.
Species 30, one in Europe (L. vulgare, Privet), one in Australia, the rest in
Asia, of which 14 in China. The 11 species here mentioned will probably
eventually be reduced to 5.

A. Drupe longer than broad.

(a) Corolla-tube shorter than or as long as calyx, rarely slightly longer.
Eastern and Himalayan species.

1. L. robustum, Blume.—Syn. Olea robusta, Wall. Silhet, Dacca, Chittagong, in the
plains and at the foot of the hills. Pegu Yoma. Upper Burma, 4-6,000 ft. Malay
Archip. China. A large shrub or middle-sized tree, 1. glabrous, elliptic-lanceolate,
blade 8-4, pet.f in. Panicles 6-12 in. long, pyramidal, pubescent or villous, corolla
4 in. Drupe 4 in. long, cylindric, often curved. 2. L. compactum, Hook. f. & Th.;
Kanjilal F. Fl. 230. Outer ranges of the N. W. Himalaya, 4-9,000 ft. A large shrub
or small tree, closely allied to 1, branches less lenticellate, panicle glabrous or pubescent,
fl. nearly sessile, densely clustered, corolla 4 in. long, tube sometimes slightly longer
than calyx, fr. 4 in. long.

(6) Corolla-tube as long as calyx, or slightly longer. Western species.

8. L. Roxburghii, Clarke ( Visiania robusta, Wight Ie. t. 1242). Nilgiris, Shevagherry
hills. A small tree, branches lenticellate, 1. coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, blade 3-4,
pet. 4 in. Panicle stout pubescent, lanceolate bracts often present, corolla 4 in., some-
times longer than calyx. 4. L. Walkeri, Dene. Nilgiris. Travancore, at 3,500 ft.
Ceylon. Fl. scented, corolla 4 in. Drupe } in, long. 5. L. Decaisnei, Clarke. Nilgiris.
Courtallum, Shevagerry hills. Similar to 4, but 1. smaller.

(c) Corolla-tube twice the length of calyx.

6. L. neilgherrense, Wight Ic. t. 1248. Western Ghats from Bombay southwards.
Nilgiris, frequent. Branches lenticellate, 1. thinly coriaceous, elliptic or ovate, blade
2-8, pet. | in., sec. n. 6-8, slender buf distinet: Panicle glabrous, calyx with 4 shallow
teeth, corolla 4 in. long, anthers exserted. 7. L. Perrottetii, A. DC., Wight Tec. t. 1244. Kholi,
Tam. Nilgiris, Palnis. Closely allied to6 with which Beddome unites it. Supposed to

4A8 LXXI. OLEACER [Ligustrum

differ by the branches rarely lenticellate, 1. smaller and panicles minutely pubescent.
Further study in the forest of species 3-7 will probably lead to their being united.

8. L. Massalongianum, Visiani. Khasi hills. A small shrub, branches lenticellate,
densely leafy, 1. lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, 1-3 in., petiole short. Panicles small,
densely hairy, corolla 4 in. long, tube slender.

B. Drupe globose. Eastern and Himalayan species.

9. L. confusum Dene. Sikkim 4-8,000 ft. Bhutan. Khasi hills. Yunnan. A
middle-sized tree, branches lenticellate, 1. Janceolate or ovate-lanceolate, blade 1-5,
pet. 4-3 in. long, Panicles pubescent, bracts 0. Corolla 4 in. long, tube as long as
calyx, Drupe din.diam. 10. L.nepalense, Wall. Garhwal, Kumaon, Nepal. Similar
to 9 and probably not specifically distinct, the lower branches of panicles in the axils
of large leaf-like bracts up to 2 in. long. 11. L. Myrsinites, Dene. Khasi hills. A
small much branched shrub, branchlets densely hairy, 1. 3-3 in. long. Fl. usually
sessile, in terminal 8-12-fld. racemes, corolla $-4 in. long, tube longer than calyx.
Drupe 4 in. diam.

8. LINOCIERA, Swartz; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 607.

Trees or shrubs, rarely climbing, as a rule evergreen, |. entire. Fl. tetra-
merous, 9 and ¢ in lateral fascicles or opposite-branched racemes and
panicles, often from the axils of the uppermost leaves and from the middle of
internodes. Petals free or cohering in pairs, rarely connate to the middle,
in bud induplicate-valvate, anthers dehiscing laterally, sessile or on short fila-
ments, ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous from the apex, Seed usually solitary,
radicle superior. Species 40, tropics of both hemispheres.

A. Petioles more than half inch long.

1. L. intermedia, Wight Ic. t 1245.—Syn. Chionanthus intermedia,
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 239. Taw Petsut, Burm.

A middle-sized tree. 4. chartaceous or thinly coriaceous, elongate-elliptic,
acuminate, blade 4-8, narrowed into petiole }-1} in. long, sec. n. 10-14 pair,
slender but conspicuous. FJ]. 9 and ¢, white, in large glabrous trichotomous
compound often fascicled panicles, 3-5 in. long, axillary, or from the middle of
the internode, bracts lanceolate, often foliaceous. Calyx glabrous, petals oblong,
at base only slightly connate in pairs, }-} in. long, anthers sessile or nearly
so, ovary glabrous. Fr. }—? in. long.

Hills on both sides of the Western Peninsula, on the east side extending to Orissa,
Sambulpur and Chutia Nagpur. Hills east of Toungoo 3,000 ft. (D. B. Feb. 1880).
Upper Burma (Smales). Fl. Feb—May. 2. L. macrophylla, Wall. (Chionanthus macro-
phyllus, Kurz). Duars, Assam, Khasihills. Andamans. Burma, Upperand Lower. Simi-
lar tol butl. larger. FI. yellowish, in dense panicles, less than one-third the length of 1.
petals 4-1 in. long. Fr. ? in. long. 3. L. insignis, Clarke (Chionanthus montanus,
Kurz, not of Blume). Hills eastof Toungoo. Tenasserim. <A small tree, young shoots
minutely grey-pubescent, 1. glabrous, shining, oblanceolate, blade 7-9, pet. 1 in. long,
sec. n. 10-12 pair, conspicuous beneath. FI. in pedunculate pubescent panicles, 3-4in,
long, calyx pubescent, petals $-4 in. long, ovary minutely pilose. Fr. black, 1 in. long

B. Petioles short, less than half inch long.

4. L. malabarica, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1246.—Syn. Chionanthus malabarica, Bedd. Fl].
Sylv. t. 239, fig. in corner. Vern. Punisi, Tel. Evergreen forests of the Western
Ghats from the Konkan southwards. A small tree, ]. glabrous, chartaceous or coria-
ceous, elongate-elliptic, blade 4-5, narrowed into petiole }-4in. long. FI. white, on
1-5-fid. pedunculate hairy cymes, in lateral fascicles, generally on short hairy protu-
berances, axillary or from the middle of the internode, pedicels and calyx grey pilose, ~
petals linear-lanceolate, } in. long, ovary hairy. 5. L. Wightii, Clarke (Olea linocieroides,
Wight Ic. t. 1241). Javadis, 3,000 ft., Gingee hills, South Arcot (D. B. Jan. 1882).
Courtallum. Travancore. lL. coriaceous, elliptic, more or less acuminate, blade 3+,
narrowed into petiole} in. long, fl.sessile or shortly pedicellate, in short axillary panicles,
often from the axils of the ]. near the ends of branchlets, calyx glabrous, edge of seg-
ments ciliate, petals }-4 in. long, linear-lanceolate, often connate to one-third of their
length, ovary glabrous. 6. L. courtallensis, Bedd. (L. leprocarpa, var. courtallensis,
Clarke). Courtallum. South Travancore. IL. coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, blade
4-6, narrowed into pet. 4 in., sec. n. visible on the underside. Fl. in axillary glabrous

="

Linociera| LXXI. OLEACEH 449

short and stiff racemes, sometimes compound, pedicels shorter than calyx. Calyx
glabrous, petals thick, distinct, the edges curved inwards, anthers minutely apiculate,
filaments broad, shorter than anthers, ovary glabrous.

7. L. caudata, Coll. et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 84. Terai of Shan hills
3,000 ft. Shwebo district, 750 ft. associated with Oaks and Chestnuts. A middle-sized
evergreen tree, ]. glabrous, chartaceous, elongate-elliptic, acuminate, blade 4-5,
narrowed into pet. }-4 in. long, midrib and sec. n. impressed on the upperside. Fl. 9,
greenish-yellow, sessile, in pedunculate panicles, about half the length of 1., axillary
or from the middle of internode. Calyx glabrous, edges of segments ciliate. Petals
4 in. long, connate in pairs to one-third or one-half of their length, anthers sessile,
ovary compound, hirsute. 8. L. terniflora, Wall. (Olea terniflora, Kurz). Chittagong.
Lower Burma. A middle-sized evergreen tree, wholly glabrous. Fl. small, sessile, in
3-fld. pedunculate heads, forming short stiff narrow pubescent racemes or panicles,
axillary or from the middle of internodes, calyx-segments ciliate, petals shortly connate
in pairs 7,-} in. long. 9. L. minutifiora, Clarke (Chionanthus minutiflorus, Kurz).
Koonong forests, N. E. of Toungoo (D. B. March 1861). Fl. minute, in ample peduncu-
late panicles 3-4 in. long, petals free, } in. long, ovary glabrous.

9. JASMINUM, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 591.

Shrubs, mostly climbing, 1. opposite or alternate, simple, trifoliolate or impari-
pinnate, petioles frequently articulate in the middle, the persistent lower
portion becoming woody. Calyx-teeth 4-9, corolla salver-shaped, white,
pink or yellow, lobes 4-7, imbricate in bud, patent in fl. Style cylindric
(species frequently dimorphic, some fl. having a long, others a short style),
stigmas 2, linear, ovules 2 in each cell. Berry of two more or less distinct

-1-seeded carpels, one carpel often abortive. Albumen QO, radicle inferior.

Species 140-160, tropical and subtropical regions, one species in America and
one in South Europe.

A. L. opposite, simple, calyx pubescent.
(a) Calyx-teeth (in fl.) twice the length of tube or longer.

1. J. Sambac, Aiton; Wight Ic. t. “O04. Vern. Bel, Mugra, Chamba,
Hind; Mallige, Kan.; Sabe, Burm.

A shrub, often more or less climbing, branchlets and petioles pubescent, 1.
ovate nearly glabrous. Fl. white, fragrant, in terminal cymes, sometimes
solitary, calyx-teeth hairy, } in. long, corolla-lobes as long as tube. Ripe
carpels 1 or 2 nearly globose.

Believed to be indigenous in the Western Peninsula. Cultivated throughout India
and in most tropical countries on account of its delightfully fragrant fl. in numerous
varieties, erect and climbing, with large and small, double and single fl. Fl. H.S.
2. J. undulatum, Ker, Sikkim 2-5,000 ft. Bhutan, Assam, Khasi hills. Upper Burma,
China. Climbing, 1. ovate-lanceolate, calyx-teeth subulate, 4—4 in. long, corolla-lobes
shorter than tube.

3. J. pubescens, Willd.—Syn. J. hirsutum, Willd.; Wight Ic. t. 702.
Brandis F. Fl. 312; J. bracteatwm, Wight Ic. t. 1248. Vern. Munda,
Chameli, Hind.; Sabe, Burm.

A large shrub, more or less scandent, branchlets and as a rule leaves also
grey-tomentose, 1. ovate, from a rounded or cordate base, blade 1-3, petiole
j-l in. Fl. white, fragrant, sessile or on very short pedicels, crowded in softly
tomentose compact terminal nearly sessile corymbiform cymes, bracts small,

‘ovate, calyx-lobes very hairy, reaching nearly to the apex of corolla-tube.

Corolla-lobes oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate, shorter than tube.

Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 3,000 ft. Central
provinces. Western Peninsula. Burma. Fl. Jan.-April, also in the rains. 4. J.
Rottlerianum, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1249. Western Ghats and adjoining mountain
ranges, 25,000 ft., from the Konkan southwards. <A climbing shrub, branchlets,
petioles and inflorescence villous, 1. elliptic, pubescent or nearly glabrous (J. glabrius-
culum, Blume; Trimen Handb. Ceylon iii. 118.), blade 3-4, pet. jointed, }in. Fl. in
compact terminal, often panicled heads, bracts conspicuous, white, up to $ in. long,

GG

450 LXXI. OLEACEA [Jasminum

calyx-teeth 4 in., corolla-tube slender, 2-14 in. long. 5. J. coarctatum, Roxb. Assam.
Khasi hills. Cachar. Lower Burma. Similar to 4 and possibly not distinct. L.
almost glabrous, bracts petaloid, ovate-lanceolate 4-1 in. long.

6. J. malabaricum, Wight Ic. t. 1250. Western Ghatsand adjoining hill ranges from
the Konkan southwards. Scandent, branchlets and |. almost glabrous. L. mem-
branous, ovate from a broad almost flat base, blade 3-5 in. long and often nearly as
broad, petiole #-1 in. long. FI. in large compound terminal cymes, pedicels longer
than calyx-tube, calyx-teeth 4, corolla-tube 4-3 in. long, lobes linear, very acute,
shorter than tube.

(6) Calyx-teeth shorter than twice the length of tube.

7. J.scandens. Vahl (Tawsabé, Thingwé, Burm.). Western Duars. Assam, Khasi hills.
Cachar. Gangesdelta. Chittagong. Lower Burma. A large climber, stems as thick
as a man’s arm, and up to 50 ft. long, branchlets, petioles and nerves beneath minutely
pubescent, |. ovate-lanceolate, blade 8-4, pet. 4-4 in. Fl. white, in dense pedunculate
minutely pubescent cymes, axillary and at the ends of short branchlets, pedicels as long
as calyx-tube or shorter, corolla-tube 4-4 in. long, lobes 5-8. 8. J. syringefolium, Wall.
Assam, Tenasserim. Closely allied to 7. Pet. }in., Cymes lax, trichotomous, corolla-
tube 4-3 in. long, lobes 5-7. 9. J. brevipetiolatum, Duthie Mss. Pilibhit, Kheri, Oudh.
L. glabrous, linear-lanceolate, blade 8-44, pet. } in. long, cymes glabrous terminal,
calyx-teeth minutely hairy, longer than tube, but less than twice its length, corolla-
tube 4 in. long, lobes 5. 10. J. decussatum, Wall. Martabanand Tenasserim. Branchlets,
petioles and inflorescence villous. L. softly pubescent beneath, blade 3-5, pet. 4-4 in.
Fl. in large trichotomous compound cymes, corolla-tube 4-4 in., lobes longer than tube.

11. J. arborescens, Roxb.; Wight. Ic. t.699.—Syn. J. latifoliwm, Wight
Ic. t. 703. Vern. Chameli, Hind. ; Kwsar, Mar.

Erect or climbing, branches smooth, grey, branchlets ‘pubescent, 1. ovate, _
soft tomentose when young, glabrous when full grown, blade 3-5, pet. $-? in.
Fl. white, fragrant, in lax terminal trichotomous compound cymes, calyx-lobes
5 or 6, short, as long as or slightly longer than tube. Corolla-lobes 10 or 12,
linear, as long as tube. Berries one or two, ovoid, often oblique, 4—-} in. long.

Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna to Nepal and Oudh. Throughout the Central
Provinces and the Western Peninsula. Fl. H. S. 12. J. Roxburghianum, Wall.
Eastern Satpuras. Chutia Nagpur. Belgaum, Bellary, Mysore. Upper Burma,
4,000 ft. Softly tomentose, calyx-teeth much shorter than tube, otherwise like 11.

B. L. opposite, simple, calyx glabrous.
(a) Calyx-teeth (in fl.) twice the length of tube or longer.
a. Western species and species of both regions.

13. J. cordifolium, Wall. (J. erectiflorum, DC.; Wight Ic. t. 1251). Nilgiris. A large
glabrous climbing shrub, 1. ovate, long-acuminate, blade 4—5, pet. in. Cymes terminal,
many-fld., crowded, calyx-teeth 4, corolla-tube 3-1 in. long, lobes lanceolate, acute,
shorter than tube. 14. J. rigidum, Zenker; Wight Ic. t. 1247. Nilgiris, Palnis and
hills of the Deccan. Shan Hills 4,000 ft., Upper Burma. Glabrous, 1. thinly coriaceous,
shining, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, blade 1-2, pet. tin. Cymes 1-5-fld., sessile, pedicels
short, calyx-teeth rigid, corolla-tube 3 in. long, lobes shorter than tube. 15. J. sessili-
florum, Vahl. Hills of the Deccan and Mysore. Branchlets minutely pubescent, 1.
glabrous, blade 4—$ in., pet. short, slender. Cymes 1-3-fld., sessile, pedicels shorter
than calyx-tube, corolla-tube 4-4 in. long, lobes as long as tube.

B. Eastern species.

16. J. laurifolium, Roxb. Khasi hills. Martaban and Tenasserim. Yunnan.
Glabrous, scandent, 1. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, thinly coriaceous, blade 3-4, pet.
Zin. long. Cymes pedunculate, trichotomous, 3-5-fld., lax, axillary or at the ends of
short branchlets, pedicels 1 in.long. Calyx-teeth 5 or 6, slender, spreading or recurved,
corolla-tube 3 in., lobes linear, 10-15, as long as tube. 17. J. subtriplinerve, Blume.
Sikkim. Assam. Khasi hills. Manipur. Cachar. China. Glabrous, 1. ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, blade 2-5, pet. 4-3 in.,a pair of nerves from the base or above the
base extending beyond half the length of 1. Cymes sessile, axillary, pedicels short,
calyx-teeth sometimes minutely hairy. Corolla-tube }—} in., lobes 5-8, shorter than
tube. 18. J. anastomosans, Wall. Bhutan, Khasi hills, Cachar. Burma, Lower and
Upper. Glabrous, 1. ovate-lanceolate, blade 3-5, pet. 4 in., a pair of basal nerves
extending to the apex of leaf and anastomosing with thesec.n. Cymes axillary, 1-5-fld.,
corolla-tube ? in., lobes 7-10, linear, as long as or longer than tube. 19. J. nobile, Clarke.

Jasminum| LXXI. OLEACEA 451

Hills between Thaungyin and Haundrow rivers, 4-5,000 ft. An extensive climber.
F). scentless, in 3-5-fld. cymes, pedicel longer than calyx-tube. Corolla-tube 1-1} in.,
lobes 7-9, lanceolate, equal to tube.

20. J. Smalianum, sp. nova. (Taw sabe, Burm.) Gaungbyu, Shwebo district in Eng
forest (Smales April 1900). An undershrub, with a thick woody rhizome, the stems
above ground killed annually by the fires of the hot season, 1. membranous, lanceolate,
blade 1, pet. slender 4 in. long, sec. n. faint, the lowest pair from the base. Fl. white,
scented, solitary, pedicels thick, compressed, longer than calyx-tube. Calyx-teeth 7,
corolla-tube cylindric, 4-3 in. long, lobes 11, linear, longer than tube.

(b) Calyx-teeth as long as or shorter than tube.

a, Western species.

21. J. angustifolium, Vahl; Wight Ic. t. 698. Deccan. Ceylon, common in the dry
region. Branchlets pubescent, 1. glabrous, from broad-oyate, almost orbicular to
lanceolate, 4-2 in. long, pet. very short. Cymes 1-3-fld., pedicels § in. long. Calyx-
segments usually as long as tube. Corolla-tube 4-3 in. long, lobes linear-lanceolate,
as long astube. Carpels obliquely ellipsoid. 22. J. Ritchiei, Clarke. Western Ghats
from the Konkan southwards, in evergreen forests. Scandent, branchlets and 1.
nearly glabrous, |. ovate-lanceolate, blade 2-4, pet. slender, 4 in. Cymes pedunculate,
lax, trichotomous, terminal, pedicels slender, $-} in. long. Calyx-teeth equal to tube.
Corolla-tube 4 in., lobes equal to tube. Carpels spherical. 238. J. Wightii, Clarke.
Bolampatti hills, Coimbatore. Glabrous, |. lanceolate, blade 2-3, pet. slender, 4 in. long.
Calyx-teeth triangular, shorter than tube.

24. J. trichotomum, Heyne. Nilgiris. Branchlets glabrous, ]. minutely puberulous
beneath, ovate-lanceolate, blade 1-3, pet. slender }-} in. Cymes compound trichotomous,
many-fld. Calyx-teeth minute, triangular. Corolla-tube conical, 4-3 in. lobes erect,
longer than tube.

f. Hastern species.

25 J. glandulosum, Wall. Outer Himalaya from Kumaon eastwards, ascending to
6,000 ft. Khasi hills, frequent. A climbing shrub, glabrous. L. ovate-lanceolate,
blade 3-4, pet. }in. Fl. white, sweet-scented, in lax few-fld. cymes, often solitary,
pedicels long, slender. Calyx-teeth shorter than tube, corolla-tube slender 1-1} in.
long, lobes linear nearly as long as tube. 26. J. attenuatum, Roxb. Assam, Khasi
hills, Manipur. Hills between Sitang and Salween river, 4-7,000 ft. An evergreen,
climbing shrub, perfectly glabrous. L. elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, blade 5-7, pet. 4—}
in. Cymes pedunculate, lax, usually several from one leaf-axil, pedicels 4-2 in. long.
Calyx-teeth minute, corolla red or white, tube wider upwards, 4-§ in. long, lobes 5,
shorter than tube. The Manipur specimens, Clarke 41952, Watt 6145, 6842, have
narrower |., shorter petioles and short triangular calyx-teeth. 27. J. subglandulosum,
Kurz, Andamans, Pegu Yoma and Tenasserim, is supposed to differ by nerves more
prominent, and a larger number (8) of corolla-lobes. 28. J, latipetalum, Clarke.
Thaungyin hills, 5,000 ft. Glabrous, 1. coriaceous, lanceolate from a broad base, blade
4-5, pet. 4 in., sec. n. nearly at right angles to midrib, invisible beneath. Fl. scented.
29. J. extensum, Wall. Upper Burma, imperfectly known, glabrous, 1]. membranous,
calyx 5-ribbed, almost truncate.

C. L. opposite, unifoliolate and trifoliolate, lateral leaflets very small.

80. J. auriculatum, Vahl; Wight Ic. t. 700.—Syn. J. affine and ovalifolium, Wight Ie. tt.
1255, 1256. Vern. Malla tiga,Tel. Deccan indry forests. Nilgiris. Ceylon, dry region,
common. Generally scandent, more or less pubescent, 1]. unifoliolate, or trifoliolate,
lateral leaflets small, often minute, terminal 1-2 in. long. Cymes panicled, terminal
pedicels generally very short, calyx-lobes 5, obtuse, short, corolla-tube 4 in. long,
lobes elliptic, shorter than tube. Ripe carpels globose, } in. diam. 31. J. brevilobum,
A, DC. Nilgiris. Palnis, common in sholas. A large climber, similar to 30, but more
pubescent or tomentose, |. cordate, mostly unifoliolate, cymes dense, sessile, corolla-tube
1 in. long. 82. Watt No. 7886, Manipur, is a new sp. allied to the above, softly tomentose,
terminal leaflet 2-8 in., calyx hairy, teeth linear, obtuse, as long as or longer than tube,

D. L. opposite, as a rule trifoliolate.

83. J. flexile, Vahl; Wight Ic. t. 1253. Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, from
North Kanara southwards. Ceylon. A large climber, stems very long, glabrous, |.
8-foliolate, leaflets thinly coriaceous, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, sometimes elliptic,
terminal 8-4, the lateral 2-83 in. long. Fl. white, scented, in lax pedunculate axillary
and terminal cymes, calyx-teeth minute, corolla-tube §-1 in. 84. J. caudatum, Wall.
Khasi hills, Mishmee. Closely allied, leaflets membranous, ovate-lanceolate, caudate-
acuminate, fl. scentless, corolla-tube {-1} in. long. J. flewile, var. Hookeriana is inter-
mediate between 88 and 84. 35. J. lanceolaria, Roxb. Khasi hills, Manipur. China.

452 LXXI. OLEACEA [Jasminum

Glabrous, 1. trifoliolate, leaflets thickly coriaceous, elliptic, shortly acuminate, the
terminal 3844 in. long, the lateral a little shorter, nerves obscure. Fl. white, in
terminal compound trichotomous cymes, calyx-teeth triangular, shorter than tube,
corolla-tube 1 in., lobes 4-2 in. long. Carpels on thickened pedicels, 4-4 in. diam.

E. L. opposite, imparipinnate.

36. J. dispermum, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 274. Duns and outer hills from the Jumna
eastwards, in Sikkim at 6-7,000 ft. Khasi hills. Manipur. A glabrous climber, 1.
imparipinnate, leaflets 1-2 pair, the upper |. often unifoliolate, the terminal leaflet
3-4 in., the lateral smaller, shortly stalked. FJ. white or lilac, fragrant, usually in an
elongated terminal thyrsus, pedicels twice the length of calyx « or less, calyesiveia
minute. Berries dark purple, 4 in. long.

37. J. officinale, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl. 313. Vern. Sonu, Sutlej ; Sunt
Muttiana.

A large twining shrub, youngest shoots slightly pubescent, leaflets 2-3 pair,
the terminal largest, lanceolate, 2-3 in. long. Fl. white, fragrant, in few-fid.
terminal cymes, pedicels longer than calyx. Calyx-teeth 5, subulate, 3 or 4
times longer than tube. Corolla-tube ? in. long, lobes acute.

Afghanistan. Mount Tillah, Salt range at 3,000 ft. N.W. Himalaya, 3-9,000 ft.,
extending into the inner dry valleys. Fl. May-June. Persia, Caucasus. Commonly
cultivated. 38. J. excellens, King & Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 69.169. Kachin
Hills 5,000 ft. Similar, cymes axillary, calyx-teeth as long as tube.

39. J.grandifiorum, Linn.; WightIc. t. 1257; Kanjilal 227. Vern. Chameli. Hind. Joi,
Garhw. Indigenous in Bashahr, Jaunsar, Garhwal, Kumaon, Nepal and on Mt.
Abu in Rajputana. Commonly cultivated in India and Burma (Myatle, Burm.). A
large glabrous shrub, erect while young, usually climbing or scrambling when older,
branches ribbed, leaflets #-1 in. long, 2-4 pair, common petiole marginate. Fl. white
with a purple tinge, delightfully fragrant. Calyx-teeth twice the length of tube,
corolla-tube ¢ in. long.

F. L. alternate, rarely opposite.

40. J. heterophyllum, Roxb.; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 275. Nepal. Mishmi, Khasi and
Naga hills, Manipur. L. glabrous, uni- and trifoliolate, leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late, 3-4 in. long, nearly equal, the lateral shortly stalked. FI. yellow, in large terminal
compound cor ymbiform minutely pilose cymes, calyx-teeth minute, corolla-tube 4-3 in.
long. 41. J. calophyllum, Wall. (J. courtallense, Wight Ic. t. 1252). Nilgiris, Cour-
tallum. Nearly allied, leaflets broadly ovate, 2 ‘in., the lateral on slender stalks 1 in.
long, corolla-tube $ in. long.

42, J. humile, Linn.—Syn. J. revolutum, Sims; Wight Ic. t. 1258;
Brandis F. Fl. 313. Vern. Chamba, Haz.; Suni, Pangi; Kurang, Kun.;
Shanjot, Shunjai, Jauns.

An erect, rigid, entirely glabrous shrub, occasionally a small tree, branches
angled. L. alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets opposite, 1-5 pair, }—-2 in. long.
Fl. yellow, fragrant, in short terminal corymbose panicles, pedicels longer
thancalyx, calyx-teeth 5, shorter than tube, corolla-lobes, 5, broad-ovate, obtuse,
shorter than tube. Fruit didymous, berries globose.

Baluchistan, Afghanistan. Salt range. Himalaya, 2-10,000 ft., extending to the
innerdry valleys. Nilgiris. Travancore on the higher ranges at 7,000 ft. FI. April—
June. Ceylon, rare. 43. J. pubigerum, Don, Baluchistan. Naldera near Simla and
elsewhere in the N. W. Himalaya, similar, but softly tomentose.

BiyCeyaum smilacifolium, Blume (Chondrospermum smilacifolium, Wall.; Wight III.
t. 1514). Sikkim Terai. Assam, Cachar, Chittagong. Pegu, Tenasserim. Anamalai
hills. Travancore. Malay Archip. Admiralty islds. A large twining glabrous
evergreen shrub, branches green, more or Jess quadrangular. lL. coriaceous, elliptic,
entire or serrate, blade 6-9, pet. stout 4 in. long, 3 prominent basal nerves. Fl. small,
yellowish, numerous in axillary and terminal trichotomous panicles, calyx deeply
4-cleft, corolla-tube longer than calyx. Fr. 4 in. diam., dark purple, in large hanging
bunches, pericarp crustaceous.

Salvadora| LXXII. SALVADORACEA 453
Orver LXXII. SALVADORACEA. Gen. PI. ii. 680.

Glabrous shrubs or trees, 1. opposite, entire, stipules minute. Fl. small,
tetramerous, in panicled spikes or racemes. Calyx small, corolla membranous,
deeply 4-cleft or petals distinct, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, filaments short,
inserted at the base of corolla-tube, alternating with its lobes, disk hypogynous,
4-lobed. Ovary free, 1-2-celled, stigma subsessile, 2-lobed, ovules 1 or 2 in each
cell, ascending. Seeds 1-4, cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex, albumen 0.

Islands of phlo#m in the wood of most species.

Unarmed, corolla gamopetalous, ovary l-celled . 1. Satvapora.
Unarmed, petals free, ovary 1-celled 5 < : : Donera (p. 453).
Armed, petals free, ovary 2-celled . : z : . 2, Azima.

1. SALVADORA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 619.

Evergreen, leaves between coriaceous and fleshy. Fl. in the axils of decidu-
ous bracts. Ovary 1-celled, fr. a small 1-seeded berry, supported by the
persistent calyx, endocarp crustaceous. Species 2.

1. S. persica, Linn.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 26; Wight Ic. t. 1621.—Syn. 8.
indica, Wight Ill. t. 181; 8. Wightiana, Planch.; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 247.
Vern. Kabbar, Pilu, Sind; Jhal, Jal, Rajputana; Khakhin, Kickni, Mav. ;
Ghunia, Tel.; Goni, Kan.; Opa, Tam.

A large evergreen shrub or small tree, the trunk often attaining a consider-
able size, wood soft, whitish-yellow. Bark of old stems irregularly rugose,
that of branches shining, often almost white. Branches spreading, extremities
drooping, 1. glaucous-green, obtuse, rarely acute, varying from ovate to lanceo-
late, blade 2-3, pet. }-} in. FI. greenish-white, pedicellate, in lax axillary
and terminal panicles, which often are nodding and longer than leaves,
branches racemose, divaricate. Corolla-lobes twice the length of calyx and
generally reflexed. Berries red when ripe.

Baluchistan, Sind. Trans Indus. Punjab. Aravalli hills. Guzerat, the Konkan
and North Kanara near the coast. Along tidal creeks Thana district with giceras
and Avicennia (Ryan). Babul Koruns and elsewhere in the Deccan. Frequent on
saline soils. Fl. Nov.—May, also at other times.—Ceylon, dry country, chiefly near the
coast. Dry regions of Western Asia. Egypt. Abyssinia.

2. S. oleoides, Dene.; Brandis F. Fl. t. 39. Vern. Kabbar, Diar, Thar,
Sind; Jal, Van, Pilu, Punjab.

A gregarious shrub or small tree, branches stiff, divergent, 1. dull grey,
linear or lanceolate. Fl. greenish-white, sessile, in erect compact axillary
panicled spikes, shorter than]. Corolla as long as or a little longer than calyx.
Fr. yellow when ripe, reddish-brown when dry.

Central and Northern Sind. Common in the driest part of the Punjab on both sides
of the Indus, ascending to 3,000 ft. Trans Indus and to 2,400 ft. in the Salt range.
Merwara, less common than 1. Fl. Feb—April. Aden, Arabia.

Dobera Roxburghii, Planch. Sind. Arabia. Abyssinia. Kordofan. Eastern
tropical Africa. A glabrous tree, 1. coriaceous. elliptic or obovate, blade 2-3, pet. 4}
in. long. Fl. dioicous, sessile, on short axillary panicles. Calyx ovoid, irregularly
8-5-toothed, petals 4, narrowly oblong, imbricate, stamens 4, filaments connate, ovary
1-celled, ovule 1, basal. Fr. globose } in. diam., seed erect.

2, AZIMA, Lam.: FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 620.

Shrubs, spines axillary, single or 2-7. Fl. dioicous, tetramerous, calyx
campanulate, 4-fid or irregularly 24-lobed, petals 4, oblong, imbricate in bud.
Berry globose 1—2-seeded, endocarp membranous. Species 2.

1. A. tetracantha, Lamk.; Wight Ill. t. 152. Common in the drier districts of the
Western Peninsula, often gregarious. Sundriban. Fl). throughout the year. Ceylon,
dry region. Arabia. Madagascar. Tropical Africa. A rigid shrub, branches green

454 LXXII. SALVADORACEZ |Azima

herbaceous, quadrangular, young shoots pubescent, spines -1 in. long. L. stiff, shining,
sharply mucronate, 4-2 in. long, narrowed intoa short petiole. Fl. greenish- white, sessile,
? solitary or in two-fid. clusters, 3 in dense globose fascicles , the supporting 1. of the
upper fascicles reduced to bracts or obsolete, so that the fl. branches end in naked inter-
rupted spikes. Pet. linear-lanceolate, acute, spreading. Berry din.diam., white. 2. A.
sarmentosa, Benth. Dry region of the Irawaddi valley. Malay Archipelago.
Rambling, spines } in. long, fl. in narrow axillary panicles, berries } in. diam. on slender
pedicels up to $ in. long.

Orper LXXITI. APOCYNACEA. Gen. Pl. un. 681.

Trees, shrubs, often twining, rarely perennial herbs, juice frequently milky.
L. entire, opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, stipules O or small gland-like,
intra- or inter-petiolar. Fl. regular, bisexual, usually pentamerous. Calyx
free, divided nearly or quite to the base into 5 segments or sepals, generally
imbricate in bud. Corolla hypogynous, gamopetalous, lobes 5, spreading, in
bud contorted, rarely valvate, throat often hairy or closed with a corona of
scales. Stamens 5, alternating with corolla-lobes inserted in the tube, filaments
usually short. Ovary of 2 carpels, 2-celled with axile, or 1-celled with
parietal placentas. Seeds often with a tuft of hairs, usually with scanty
albumen, embryo straight.

The vascular bundles of both Apocynacew and Asclepiadacee are bicollateral, conse-
quently phloém is found on the outer edge of the pith. Most species of these two
orders have milky Juice, which is contained in nonarticulated laticiferous tubes in
pith and bark, and accompanying the neryes in the leaves. The milk of several species
yields Caoutchouc. In both orders the vessels in the wood are usually arranged in
longer or shorter radial lines. Many of the climbing species have wood of normal
structure with large vessels, some however, are abnormal, the wood having furrows filled
up with phloém, while in other species the stem consists of numerous more or less
radial edges of wood, separated by phloém.

I. Anther-cells rounded at the base. Carpels connate, forming one 1- or 2-celled
ovary. Seeds without wing or hairs.

A. Ovary 2-celled, placentas on the septum.
Armed, erect or climbing . é : 0 . 1. Carissa.
Unarmed, climbing.
L. chartaceous or Temibeaneue, sec. n. 15-20

pair 0 : c . 2. Menopinus.
L. thinly coriaceous, sec. n. 0. F 5 ; ‘Wrncuia (p. 456).
B. Ovary 1-celled, placentas parietal.
Erect shrub, corolla yellow, more than 2 in. long. ALLAMANDA (p. 456)
Woody climber, corolla white 3 in. . : 6 WILLUGHBEIA (p. 456).
Woody climber, corolla Fallon, | $ in.. 0 5 CurLocarrus (p. 456).
II. Anther-cells rounded at tle base. Carpels more or less distinct, united by the
style.
A. Calyx without glands.
L. usually whorled, disk cup- snares : . 3. Rauwo.ria.
L. often whorled, disk @- « 3 6 . 4, Atyxta.
L. opposite . : . : 0 : é Honrerta (p. 457).
L. alternate
Second. and intramarginal n. inconspicuous. 5. CEerBera.
Second. and intramarginal n. prominent : Prumerta (p. 458).
B. Calyx glandular within.
L. alternate, fr. broad, obtriangular, seeds 2-4. THEVETIA (p. 458).
L. alternate, fr. of 2 many-seeded follicles : Ruazya (p. 45).
L. alternate or whorled, bright yellow drupes
usually in pairs 3 5 : A : Ocurosta (p. 458).
L. opposite or whorled é :
Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right : ° Kopsra (p. 458).
Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left.
A twining shrub . : . é : . ELLerTonIA (p. 458).
Trees or erect shrubs.
L. whorled . 0 . 6, AtsTonta.

L. opposite, seeds w ith a tuft of hairs . 7. Hovarruena.
L. opposite, seeds in an orange col’d
arillus 0 : : 6 : . 8. TaBERNH MONTANA.

Carissa) LXXIITI. APOCYNACEA 455

III. Anthers conniving in a cone around the stigma and adhering to it, each cell
produced downwards into a subulate empty spur. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, united
by the style. Fr. of two follicles, seeds hairy at one or both ends.

A. Corolla-lobes valyate in bud.

Corolla 4 in. long, filaments spirally twisted . Parsonsta (p. 460).

Corolla 5 in. long, filaments short . a “ Unceota (p. 460).
B. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left.

Corolla $-g in. long. Treesorerect shrubs . 9. WriGHTra.

Corolla din. long. Climbing . : : ¢ Paramertia (p. 461).
C. Corolla-lobes oy erlapping to the right.

Anthers exserted (see also Tr achelospermum).

Corolla rotate, limb #in.across . : . 10. Vatraris.

Corolla salver-shaped . Porrsra (p. 462).
Anthers included, corolla- throat with 5-10 scales

L. whorled, follicles erect "1 : ‘ < Nerivum (p. 462).

L. opposite, follicles divaricate . . . 11. SrropHanravs.

Anthers included, corolla-throat naked.
Corolla large, 143-4 in. long.

Cor. bell- or funnel ‘shaped . ; Beaumont (p. 463).
Cor, salver-shaped, upper part of tube: cam-
panulate Z : . 12. CHonemMoRPHA.

Corolla middle-sized \- =i in. long.
Cor.-lobes twisted to the left, overlapping to the right.
Cor.-lobes large, longer than tube, seed

long-beaked : c Ruyneunopra (p. 463).
Cor.-lobes “small, shorter than tube.
Cor.-tube tomentose outside . < ; Erigynum (p. 463).
Cor -tube glabrous or nearly so.
Ovary hidden in disk, seeds beaked . ANODENDRON (p. 453)
Ovary exserted from disk, seeds not
beaked “ 5 13. TRACHELOSPERMUM.

Cor.-lobes straight ,overlapping to theright. 14. AGanosma.
Corolla small, } in. and shorter.
Cor.-lobes long, narrow, upper half deflexed in bud.

Sec. n. few, distant . : é c . 15. Iennocarrus.
Sec. n. numerous. : Microcuites (p. 465).
Cor.-lobes short, tip not deflexed in bud : Ecpysantuera (p. 465).

1. CARISSA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 630.

Shrubs or trees, sometimes climbing, armed with opposite axillary spikes.
Corolla-tube cylindric, slightly swollen round the anthers, lobes spreading,
throat without scales, anthers included. Ovary 2-celled, ovules 1-4 in each
cell, style filiform, stigma thickened. Fr.a berry, supported by the persistent
calyx, seeds 1-4, without hairs. Species 18, Africa, Asia, Australia.

A. Spines straight. :

1. C. spinarum, A. DC.—Syn. C. diffusa, Roxb.; Wight. Ic. t. 427:
Brandis F. F1.321. Vern. Garna, Garaunda, Pb.; Karaunda, Hind.; Kar-
wand, Karanda, Mar.; Kavali, Garji, Kan.; Kalivi, Kalli, Tel.

A gregarious evergreen thorny shrub, branches spreading, sometimes climb-
ing over tall trees. Young shoots more or less, inflorescence always pubescent,
spines often forked or trifid. L. coriaceous, ovate or elliptic, glabrous or
pubescent beneath, blade 1-2, pet. }—} in. long. Fl. white, sometimes with a
pink tinge, scented, in few-fld. corymbiform cymes at the ends of branches,
sepals lanceolate, ciliate, corolla-tube cylindric } in. long. Berry dark purple,
edible, \—} in. long, seeds 2.

Trans-Indus. Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys, ascending to 8,000 ft. Plains
of Northern India. Bengal. Central provinces. Western Peninsula. Forms under-
wood under Bamboos, Sal, Teak, and under Pinus longifolia in Kangra. Springs up
abundantly in clearances. Dry region of the Irawadi valley from Prome upwards, Fl.
Jan.-May. L. generally renewed in March. A softly pubese ent form is C. hirsuta,
Roth (€. villosa, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 487). Belgaum district. Pakokku, Upper Burma
and elsewhere. 2. C. Carandas, Linn.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 7; Wight Ic. t. 426; Bedd.
Manual t. 19, f. 6. Cultivated for its fruit in most parts of India. A taller shrub, 1.

456 LXXIII. APOCYNACEA [Carissa

larger, fr. 4-1 in. long, 4- or more-seeded, black when ripe. Probably the cultivated
form of 1.

3. ©. paucinervia, A. DC.; Wight Ic. 1290. Nilgiris. A small shrub, 1. glabrous,
lanceolate, 1-14 in., sepals linear-lanceolate, corolla white, tinged with pink, fr. ovoid
4 in. long.

B. Spines decurved.

4. C. macrophylla, Wall. (C. Dalzellii, Bedd.). Western Ghats from North Kanara
to Tinnevelli, a large shrub, spines 1-13 in. long, flowering branches unarmed, 1.
shining, drying dark brown, 2-4 in. long, ending in a fine, sharp point, corolla-tube 1,
lobes 4 in., berry ellipsoid, lin. long. 5. ©. suavissima, Bedd. Madura Hills. North
Kanara and Konkan Ghats (Talbot). A lofty climber, entirely glabrous, spines small,
corolla-tube 3 in. long, fr. ovoid nearly 2 in. long very milky, most delicious.

2. MELODINUS, Forst.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 628.

Evergreen, erect or climbing shrubs. Corolla salver-shaped, mouth with
thick more or less lobed scales, left hand edge of lobes overlapping. Anthers
included, on very short filaments, cells obtuse at the base. Ovary 2-celled,
ovules © on athick placenta. Fr. globose, pericarp coriaceous, seeds numerous
imbedded in pulp, cotyledons thin flat, in fleshy albumen.

1. M. monogynus, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 394. Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur. China.
Malay Peninsula. <A tall climber, |. glabrous, chartaceous, elliptic-oblong, acuminate,
blade 5-6, pet. 4 in., sec. n. slender, 15-20 pair with numerous shorter intermediate
nerves between. Fl. white large, in terminal compound trichotomous slightly
puberulous cymes, corolla-tube villous within, $—} in. long, lobes as long as tube. Fr.
size and colour of an orange. 2. M. khasianus, Hook f., Khasi hills. Shwebo district,
Upper Burma (Nyansein nwé) in evergreen forest at 3,000 ft. Climbing, 1. membranous,
fl. yellow or white, corolla-tube } in., lobes short, fr. white 1}-in. diam.

Winchia calophylla, A. DC. Martaban. A climbing glabrous evergreen shrub, 1.
often in whorls of 3, thinly coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, obtusely caudate, blade 3-4,
pet. 1 in. long, sec. n. o, close together, at right angles to midrib. Corolla-tube 4-4
in., mouth without scales, lobes short, white, velvety.

Allamanda cathartica, Linn. Indigenous in Central America, the West Indies and
Brazil, largely cultivated and sometimes run wild in India and Burma. A large ever-
green glabrous shrub, |. often whorled, lanceolate to oblanceolate, blade 2-4 in. long,
narrowed into the short petiole, fl. yellow, corolla large, tubé 1 in. long, limb’ cam-
panulate, longer than tube. Capsule compound, echinate, 2-valved, cotyledons leafy,
in scanty albumen. é

Willughbeia edulis, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 280.—Syn. W. martabanica, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t.
272. Vern. Thitchauk nwé, Talaing no, Burm. Assam, Silhet, Cachar, Chittagong,
Lower Burma. Malay Penins. aud Archip. An immense glabrous climber, with long
branched tendrils, 1. thinly coriaceous. elongate-elliptic, blade 4-10, pet. 4 in. long,
sec. n. prominent, nearly straight, 15-20 pair. Fl. white, in small few-fld. shortly
peduncled axillary cymes, calyx-lobes short, rounded, ciliate, corolla-tube 4, lobes $ in.
long, Fr. yellow, edible, 344 in. long, seeds large, numerous, embedded in soft fibrous
pulp, albumen 0, cotyledons plano-convex. Yields an inferior kind of Caoutchouce. ©
W. firma, Blume, of Sumatra and Borneo, yields the Borneo Caoutchouc. H. Jumelle,
Les plantes 4 Caoutchoue et a Gutta. Paris 1908. p. 395.

Chilocarpus atroviridis, Blume (C. malabaricus, Bedd. Ic. t. 175; Winchia atroviridis
Kurz). South Kanara, Malabar and Travancore in evergreen forests. Tavoy and
Mergui. A large woody climber, 1. thinly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, acuminate,
blade 4-5, pet. 4 in., sec. n. numerous, slender, joined by a distinct intra-marginal vein.
FI. yellow in axillary trichotomous cymes, shorter than |., corolla $ in., lobes short obtuse,
the left hand edge overlapping.

3. RAUWOLPIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 632.

Glabrous shrubs, |. usually 3-4-nately whorled. Peduncles in the axils of
the uppermost l. Calyx 5-fid., corolla salver-shaped, tube hairy within, inflated
over the anthers, the cells of which are rounded at the base. Disk large, cup-
shaped or annular, entire or lobed. Carpels 2, distinct or connate, ovules 2
collateral in each carpel. Fr. of 2 connate or distinct 1-seeded drupes, coty-

7
7

Rauwol fia) LXXIII. APOCYNACEA 457

ledons flat in a fleshy albumen. Species 50, tropics of both hemispheres,
extending beyond the tropics in South Africa.
A. Corolla-tube slender, inflated slightly above the middle.

1. R. serpentina, Benth. (Ophiorylon serpentinum, Wight Ic. t. 849). Subhimalayan
tract from Sirhind eastwards, ascending to 2,000 ft. Andamans. Lower Burma,
common. Western Peninsula. Ceylon, moist region, common. <A small shrub, in a
rich soil climbing (Roxburgh). L. lanceolate, blade 4-7, pet. } in. long, sec. n. 8-10
pair. Peduncle 2-5 in., pedicels and calyx bright red, fl. white, 1 in. long, disk lobed.
Drupes in pairs or single, black, } in. diam. 2. R. peguana, Hook.f. Pegu. Tenas-
serim. (Donat pass at 5,000 ft. D. B. April 1859, named by Kurz Tabernemontana
ophiorrhizoides.) Upper Burma (Collett 645). L. often opposite, whorled in the Upper
Burma specimens, from elliptic-lanceolate to obovate, acuminate, blade 3-6, narrowed
into pet. 4 in. long. FJ. 4 in. long, in axillary sessile or shortly pedunculate compound
cymes, disk cup-shaped entire.

B. Corolla-tube wide, inflated below the mouth.

3. R. densiflora, Benth. (Ophioxylon neilgherrense and O. ceylanicum, Wight Ie. t.
1292, 1291; O. densiflorum, Thwaites; Bedd. Manual t. 20). Khasi hills. Western
Ghats and adjoining hill ranges from the Konkan southwards. Ceylon, ascending to
6,000 ft. A Jarge shrub, branches densely lenticellate, 1. oblanceolate, blade 6-9, pet.
4 in., sec. n. arching, 10-15 pair. FI. pink or white, § in. long. Drupes free, in pairs
or single, scarlet, ellipsoid, 4-4 in. long. &. decurva, Hook. f. Poona, Konkan, North
Kanara, with short recurved peduncles is regarded by Talbot as a variety. 4. R.
micrantha, Hook.f. Malabar. Fl. 4 in.,drupes short, connate to the middle, § in. broad.
5. A. Beddomei, Hook. f.(Tabernwmontana verticellata, Bedd. Man. t. 20). Tinnevelli
and Travancore Ghats. Peduncles very slender, dichotomous, bearing racemes of
small white fl.

4. ALYXIA, Rob. Brown; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 634.

Shrubs, often climbing, 1. often 3-4-nately whorled, sec. n. numerous, faint,
straight, nearly at right angles to midrib. Corolla small, salver-shaped, tube
eylindrie, anthers lanceolate, base of cells rounded. Carpels of ovary distinct,
style filiform. Drupes 1-seeded or consisting of 1-4, 1-seeded joints. Species
20, extending to Australia and Polynesia.

1. A. fascicularis, Benth. Khasi hills. Yunzalin, 3,000 ft., Martaban (D. B. March
1880). A large, woody, almost entirely glabrous climber, |. coriaceous, elongate-elliptic,
shortly acuminate, blade 4-5, pet. 4 in. long, upper side shining. Cymes axillary,
shortly peduncled, glabrous or puberulous, corolla-tube § in. long. Drupes ellipsoid-
cylindric # in., on stalks 4-} in. long, supported at the base of the stalk by the persistent
calyx. Gynopogon stellatum, Labill.; Kurz FP. FI). ii. 176, a climber on the rocky shores
of Tenasserim and the Andamans, corolla-tube 4 in. long, is an Alyxia, but imperfectly
known.

2. A. gracilis, Benth. Sikkim Terai. Khasi hills. Twining, panicles spreading,
axillary, 3-4 in. long, peduncles and branches very slender, corolla $4 in. long.

Hunteria corymbosa, Roxb. ; Wight Ic. t. 428 (7. zeylanica, Gard. ; Bedd. PF]. Syly. t. 265’
HH, Roxburghiana, Wight Ic. t. 1294; Gynopogon lanceolatum, Kurz). Courtallam
Tinnevelli Ghats. Tavoy. Malay Penins. Ceylon. A small tree, wood hard, close-
grained, |. opposite, thinly coriaceous, shining, from lanceolate to elongate-elliptic
blade 4-6, pet. 4 in., sec. n. numerous, slender. Fl. yellow, in axillary or terminal
pedunculate umbelliform cymes, corolla-tube 4 in. lobes shorter than tube. Carpels
distinct, 2-4 ovules in each, style filiform, top thickened. Ripe carpels orange-coloured,
globose, stipitate, 2-seeded, 4—} in. diam.

5. CERBERA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 637.

Species 4, sea coast of Madagascar, tropical Asia and the Pacific islands.

C. Odollam, Giertn.; Wight Ic. t. 441. Vern. Dakur, Dabur, Sundr.
Sukanu, Mar.; Othalam, Mal.: Kalwa, Burm.

A shrub or middle-sized evergreen tree, wholly glabrous, wood very soft.
Branchlets stout, marked with leaf scars. L. alternate, crowded at the ends
of branches, lanceolate or oblanceolate, blade 6-12, narrowed into petiole 1-1}

458 : LXXIII APOCYNACEA [Cerbera

e

in. long. Fl. large, white, scented, in ample terminal, pedunculate cymes,
bracts coloured, $—-1 in. long, caducous. Calyx-segments recurved, deciduous,
corolla-tube 4 in., lobes longer than tube, contorted in bud. Ovary of 2 distinct
carpels, united by a single style. Fruit (from the abortion of one carpel) a
drupe 2-4 in. long, flattened on one side, with a fibrous endocarp, seed usually
one, oily, albumen 0.

Tidal Forests: Western Peninsula, Sundriban, Chittagong, the Andamans and
Burma. FI. throughout the year.—Near the coast in Ceylon, the Malay Archipelago,
China, Formosa and New Guinea.

Thevetia neriifolia, Juss. Tropical America, cultivated in gardens. A large glab-
rous poisonous shrub or small tree, |. alternate, linear, sessile, 4-6 in. long, with a
strong mid-rib, fl. yellow, corolla funnel-shaped, 2-3 in. long, fr. obtriangular. 1-14 in.
broad, seeds 24, cotyledons orbicular. oily, albumen 0.

Plumeria acutifolia, Poiret (P. acuminata, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 471). Vern. Guldchin,
Hind.; Goalanchi, Ass.; Khair Champa, Son Champa, Mar.; Ganagala, Kan. A native
of Mexico and Guatemala, cultivated in India from time immemorial. The other species
of this large genus are all indigenous in South America and the West Indies. A small
tree, wholly glabrous, with thick branches, full of tenacious white milk. L. alternate,
lanceolate or oblanceolate, spirally arranged at the ends of branches, sec. n. numerous,
straight, transverse, joined by straight intramarginal veins, blade 6-15, pet. 1-2 in.
long. Fl. usually when the tree is leafless, large, fragrant, white with a pale yellow
centre, in compound pedunculate cymes. Rarely produces seed in India.

Rhazya stricta, Dene. Vern. Gandera, Trans Indus; Vena, Salt range; Sewar,
Sainwar, Sind. Baluchistan to 4,000 ft., in all dry stony water courses, covers
large areas in the Bolan pass. Trans-Indus, Punjab between Indus and Jhelam.
Afghanistan. Arabia. A small gregarious glabrous shrub, l. alternate, lanceolate or
oblanceolate, 2-4 in. Fl. in short axillary cymes, bracts subulate, persistent. Corolla
white, tube } in. long, lobes short. Ovary of two distinct carpels, ovules numerous,
2-seriate in each carpel. Fr. of 2 erect slender follicles, seeds numerous, flat, with
short membranous wings at the two ends. Embryo straight, in a fleshy albumen.

Ochrosia borbonica, Gmel.; Trimen Handb. Ceylon t. 60 (0. salubris, Blume). Tidal
forests of the Andamans. Ceylon. Malay Peninsula and Archip. A small littoral
wholly glabrous tree, branchlets stout, marked with large 1. scars, usually in whorls.
L. whorled or alternate, crowded near the ends of branches, obovate, blade 4-9, tapering
into pet. $-14 in. long, sec. n. numerous, nearly at right angles to midrib. Fl. white,
small, on the short thick branches of small pedunculate dichotomous panicles, corolla-
tube 4-1 in. long, lobes overlapping to the right. Drupes bright yellow, usually in
pairs, free or connate at the base, more or less diverging, 2-24 in. long, pericarp thick
spongy-fibrous.

Kopsia fruticosa, A. DC. (Calpicarpium Roxburghii, G. Don; Wight Ic. t. 481.) Salat,
Burm. Pegu, Martaban and Tenasserim. Malay Penins. and Archip. Often planted.
A large evergreen shrub, entirely glabrous, |. chartaceous, glossy, elliptic 3-7 in. long,
pet. very short. Fl. large, pink or white, in a dense, bracteate, terminal, sessile or
shortly pedunculate corymb. Corolla-tube slender, 1-14 in. long, throat hairy, lobes
overlapping to the right. Ovaries 2, alternating with 2 hypogynous subulate scales.
Follicles 1-seeded, coriaceous, usually solitary by abortion, obliquely truncate. Seeds
oblong, albumen 0.

Ellertonia Rheedii, Wight Ic. t. 1295. Western coast and ghats from the Konkan
southwards. A glabrous, twining shrub, |. thinly coriaceous, of a peculiar dark grey
colour when dry, opposite or in whorls of 3, elliptic, blade 4-5, pet. slender } in. long.
Cymes terminal, fascicled, corolla slender, $ in. long, stamens in the middle of the
tube, filaments ciliate, carpels 2 distinct, ovules many, style filiform, ovoid at top,
stigma linear, 2-fid. Fr. of 2 linear divaricating follicles, seeds numerous, flat, winged
at both ends, with the wings over 1 in. long.

6. ALSTONIA, R. Brown; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 641.

Trees, rarely shrubs, 1. mostly whorled, sec. n. numerous, close, nearly at
right angles to midrib. Corolla-tube cylindrical, lobes spreading, shorter than
tube, overlapping to the left in bud. Stamens included. Ovary of 2 distinct
carpels, united by the style, ovules numerous. Fr. of 2 distinct long linear
follicles. Seed flat, peltate, a dense fringe of hairs all round on the edge.
Cotyledons oblong, flat, inscanty albumen. Species 30, Indo-Malayan region,
extending to Australia and Polynesia.

Alstonia| LXXHI. APOCYNACEA 459

A. L. coriaceous, obtuse or acute. in whorls of 5-10, follicles 12-24 in. long.

1. A.scholaris, R. Brown; Wight Ic. t. 422; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 242. Vern.
Satni, Chatiun, Hind.; Satiana, Ass.; Satuin, Mar.; Mudhol. Kan.; Eda
Kula, Tel.; Palai, Tam. ; Lették, Taungmedk, Burm.

A larze tree with bitter milky juice, Stout tall, base often fluted or buttressed,
branches spreading in tiers of whorls. L. L. elabrous. coriaceous, in whorls of
5-10, shining above, opaque and pale underneath, oblong or oboyate-oblong,
blade 4-8, narrowed into petiole }—} in. long. Fl. greenish-white, in compact
many-fld. pedunculate pubescent cymes, peduncles whorled, 1-2 in. long,
corolla-tube 4-4 in. long. Follicles slender, numerous, pendulous.

Subhimalayan tract, ascending to 3,000 ft., from the Jumna eastwards. Western
Peninsula and Burma, mostly in deciduous forests. F1. Dee.—Ceylon, Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago. China. A. Kurzii, Hook. f. (A. spectabilis, Kurz not R. Br.) Anda-
mans, probably belongs to this species.

B. L. membranous, acuminate, opposite or in whorls of 3-6, follicles 4-7 in.
long.

2. A venenata, Br.; Wight Ic. t. 436. Western Ghats, from North Kanara south-
wards, in evergreen forests. Nilgiris, Palnis. Surada, Ganjam (Gamble 13973). A
shrub, sometimes a small tree, corolla-tube slender, #-1 in. long, follicles narrowed
into a stalk 4-1 in. and into a straight beak equally long. Seeds with a wing-like
margin all round or at both ends, hairs shorter than seed. 3. A. neriifolia, Don.
East Nepal. Sivoke, Sikkim (D. B. Dee. 1879). Bhutan. Corolla-tube cylindric, widened
upwards, 4-4 in. long, follicles sessile, 5-7 in., beak short, seeds not marginate, hairs
as long as seeds. It seems doubtful whether 2 and 3 are distinct suecies, “the 1. vary
from glabrous to pubescent, shape and length of corolla also varies. The subject is
well worth further study.

7. HOLARRHENA, R. Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 644.
Species 7, tropical Africa and Asia.

H. antidysenterica, Wall.;: Brandis F. Fl. t. 40.—Syn. H. Codaga,
G. Don; Wight Ic. t. 1297; Chonemorpha antidysenterica, G@. Don; Wight
Te. t. 439. Vern. Kewar, Ph.; Dudhi, Kura, Koira, Kachri. Seeds: Indar-
jau, Hind. ; Kudla, Mar.; NKodaga, Tel.; Lettékgyi, Burm.

A small or middle-sized deciduous tree, glabrous or pubescent, young shoots
sometimes tomentose, wood white soft. L. nearly sessile, 6-12 in. long, elliptic-
or ovate-oblong, sec. n. 10-16 pair. Fl. white, 1-1} in. across, on slender
pedicels in terminal sessile cymose corymbs, corolla tube slender, 4-3 in.,
follicles distinct, smooth, 8-14 in. long, 1} in. diam. Seeds linear, } in. long,
numerous, pendulous, a tuft of long silky hairs (twice the length of seed) at
the upper end, radicle superior, shorter than the plaited and involute cotyledons,
albumen thin.

Subhimalayan tract, ascending to 3,500 ft., from the Chenab eastwards, common in
Sal forest. ‘Aravali hills south of the Dewair pass. Behar, Central Provinces.
Western Peninsula, common in deciduous forests, often gregarious. Upperand Lower
Burma, often in Eng forest. Fl. April-July. Root suckers abundant. One of the
trees to be employed in reclaiming waste lands. The pubescent form is known to me
from Rajputana, Gauhati, Bellary and the dry country of Upper Burma. Bedd.
(Manual 161) states that it is more comuton on the Western side of the Peninsula.

8. TABERNA MONTANA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 645.

Trees or shrubs, |. opposite, stipules axillary. Fl. usually white in pedun-
culate cymes from the axils of the uppermost leaves, often apparently terminal.
Calyx frequently persistent, usually divided to the base into sezments (sepals)
bearing on the inside above the base 2-5 minute glands. Corolla salver-
shaped, tube inflated over the acuminate anthers, lobes usually overlapping to
the left. Carpels distinct, ovules numerous. Fr. of 2 dry or fleshy follicles,
usually many-seeded.

460 LXXIII. APOCYNACEA [ Taberneemontana

I. Ervatamia, DC. (Stapf in Fl. Trop. Afr. iv. 126, genus). lL. chartaceous
or membranous, sec. n. arching. Style filiform when the fl. opens. No resinous
exudations.

A. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left.
(a) Calyx-segments ovate.

1. T. coronaria, Willd.; Wight Ic. t..477.—Syn. T. divaricata, B1.;
Kurz F. Fl. u. 174; Ervatamia coronaria, Stapf in Fl. Trop. Afr. iy. 127.
Vern. Chandni, Taggar, Hind.; Zalat, Burm.

An eyergreen glabrous shrub, dichotomously branched, bark grey, often
with copious lenticels. LL. membranous, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, blade 4-6,
narrowed into petiole ]-} in. Fl. pure white, fragrant at night, often double,
corolla-tube 4-1 in., follicles ribbed, recurved, red inside, 1-2 in. long, seeds
3-6. x

Subhimalayan tract, from the Jumnaeastwards, ascending to 2,000 ft. Upper Burma.
Common in gardens of India and Burma. Fl. May—Dec. Grown in gardens through-
out the tropics. The specimens from the Peninsula have the anthers in the middle
of the corolla-tube and a long style, while the subhimalayan specimens have a short
style, and the corolla-tube inflated at 4 from the base (Stapf, 1. c. 127). 2. T. gracili-
flora, Wall. Tenasserim. Peduncles 3-4 in. long, corolla-tube very slender, 1 in.;
follicles turgid, 4 in long, 1-2-seeded. 3. T. subcapitata, Wall. Pegu, Tenasserim.
Upper Burma (Zulat thein). Peduncles 1-2 in. Corolla-tube 4-3 in. long, follicles
1-2-seeded. 4. T. crispa, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 470 (T. alternifolia, Roxb. not L., Kurz
F. Fl. ii. 174) Diamond Island. Andamans, frequent on the coast. <A large evergreen
shrub, cymes many-fid., peduncles 1+ in. long, sepals almost foliaceous, ovate, }-4 in.
long, deciduous.

(b) Calyx-segments lanceolate.

5. T. recurva, Roxb. Chittagong, Pegu and Tenasserim. Taw Zalat, Burm. Sepals
unequal, ciliolate, follicles broad, 1 in. long, many-seeded. 6. T. membranifolia, Kurz.
Forests east of Toungoo. 7. T. calycina, Wall. Tenasserim. Sepals one-third of the
corolla-tube, which is 3 in. long, and swollen at the top.

B. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right.

8. T. Heyneana, Wall. Western Ghats in evergreen forests from the Konkan south-
wards. A small glabrous tree, bark grey, rough, with much milky juice. L. elliptic-
oblong, acuminate, blade 6-8, pet. 3-1 in. long. Cymes many-fid., peduncles 1-2 in.
Corolla-tube 1 in. long, swollen at the top, limb lin. across. 9. T. rostrata, Wall. Upper
Burma, banks of the Irawadi. Imperfectly known. Follicles beaked.

II. Rejowa, Gaudichaud (genus). LL. coriaceous, sec. n. prominent, straight,
nearly at right angles tomidrib. Corolla fleshy, style short. Resinous exuda-
tions at the base of 1., in the bifurcations of the cyme and on the fl. buds.

10. T. dichotoma, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 483. Common at the foot of the Western
Ghats, Bedd. Ceylon, moist low country, common. A small dichotomously branched
tree, bark pale grey, smooth, branchlets marked with scars of fallen 1., young parts
covered with a shining resinous coat. L. elliptic-oblong, blade 4-10, pet. 3-1 in. long.
sec. n. 20-24 pair. Cymes lax, peduncle stout 2-6 in. long. Fl. sweet-scented, corolla-
tube yellow, #-1 in., lobes white, longer than tube. Follicles orange, 2 in. long, more
or less fleshy. Called Eve’s Apple or Forbidden Fruit in Ceylon.

Parsonsia spiralis, Walk. (Heligme Rheedii, Wight Ic. t. 1803). Assam. Lower Bengal.
Lower Burma. Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards, in evergreen forest.
~ Ceylon, low country, very common. Malay Penins. and Archip. China. A twining
shrub, 1. glabrous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, blade 3-6, pet. 4-1 in., sec. n. 6-8 arching.
Fl. 5-merous, yellow or purplish-green, in axillary pedunculate minutely pubescent
compound cymes, bracts small ovate. Corolla-tube cylindric, short, barely longer than
sepals, lobes valvate, sometimes slightly overlapping to the right. Filaments spirally
twisted, longer than anthers, slightly hairy. Ovary glabrous, surrounded by 10 fleshy
scales, alternately smaller and more or less adnate tocalyx-tube. Fr. cylindrical, 6 in.
long, at last septicidally 2-valved, seeds o, beaked, 4 in. long, on the beak a dense tuft
of silky hairs more than twice the length of seed.

Urceola esculenta, Benth. (Chavannesia esculenta, A. DC. Strettell, Note on
Caoutchouc. Rangoon, 1874.) Kyetpaung, Burm. Pegu and Tenasserim. A large

Pe EA Oe een ae ee eee eet ee

Tabernemontana) LXXTT. APOCYNACEA 461

woody creeper, youngest shoots and young |. pubescent, mature ]. glabrous, coria-
ceous, elliptic, caudate-acuminate, blade 4-7, pet. 4-3 in. long, sec. n. 9-11 pair, promi-
nent. Fl. small, white, in large pubescent trichotomous terminal panicles, the lower
bracts leaf-like, the upper membranous, lanceolate, l-nerved. Sepals hairy, elliptic-
oblong, glandular. Corolla , in. long, hairy, lobes short, valvate, stamens inserted
at the base of the corolla, disc cupular, ovaries truncate, hirsute. Follicles 3-5 in.,
acuminate, narrowed into a stalk $in.long. Seeds villous, tip bearded with persistent
brown hairs and crowned with a long white deciduous coma. Yields Caoutchone of a
soot quality. The Rangoon specimens, called U. lucida, Benth, probably belong to
this sp.

9. WRIGHTIA, R. Br.: Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 652.

Trees or shrubs, wood moderately hard, close-grained. Fl. in terminal
compound corymbiform cymes, 5-10 scales on the inside of the calyx at its
base. Corolla-tube cylindrical, very short, usually a number of fleshy scales in
the throat, lobes long, in bud overlapping to the left. Stamens in the mouth
of the tube, filaments short broad, prolonged into a broad connective, hairy on
the back, anthers exserted, conniving around and adhering to stigma, cells
with solid spurs at the base. Follicles linear, connate or distinct. Seeds
linear, a deciduous tuft of hairs at the lower end, cotyledons convolute, radicle
short, superior. Species about 10, tropical Asia and Australia, one in Natal.

A. Corolla-tube (when the fl. opens) as long as or longer than sepals.

1. W. tinctoria, R. Br.; Wight Ic. t. 444; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t.241. Vern.
Khirni, Dudhi, Hind.; Kala Kuda, Mar.; Repala, Jedda Pala, Tel.; Vepala,
Hale, Kan.; Nila Palei, Tam.

A small deciduous tree, elabrous or pubescent, 1. membranous, elliptic-oblong,
shortly acuminate, blade 3-4, petiole 4-4 in. long. Fl. }—} in. across, white
or pale yellow, in lax spreading corymbs, ramifications slender. Corona of
numerous linear scales, varying in length, anthers prominent. Follicles
slender, 10-25 in. long, as a rule two, cohering at the tip.

Deciduous forests of Rajputana, Central Provinces and the Western Peninsula. Fl.
March-July. The 1. yield indigo. 2. W. religiosa, Benth. Tenasserim (Kurz), Siam.
A small lee shrub, 1. lanceolate 1-3 in. long, fl. white } in. across, in few-fld.

cymes on long filiform pedicels, corolla-tube 4 in., much longer than sepals, filaments
distinct, no scales in the month of corolla. ,

3. W. tomentosa, Roem. & Schultes; Wight Ic. t. 443, Ill. t. 154.—
Syn. W. mollissima, Wall. Pl. Rar. t. 146.; W. Wallichii, A. DC.; Wight
Te. t. 1296, Vern. Dudhi, Seeds: Indarjau, Hind.; -Thella pala,
Tel.; Pala, Tam.; Lettékthein, Burm.

A small deciduous tree, branchlets and leaves softly tomentose. L. elliptic
or obovate, acuminate, blade 3-5, petiole 4-} in. FI. with an unpleasant
smell, 1 in. across, pale yellow or yellowish-brown, turning into a dull purple,
in shortly pedunculate, stiff, erect, tomentose corymbs, corona orange of 5-10
oblong often laciniate scales. Fr. cylindric, 6-12 in. long, } in. diam., rough,
with numerous white elevated specks, two shallow furrows at the junction of
carpels.

Subhimalayan tract, ascending to 4,000 ft., rare west of the Bias. Rajputana.

Behar. Assam. Chittagong. Burma, Upper and Lower. Western Peninsula. FI.
January-June. Ceylon.

B. Corolla rotate, tube shorter than sepals.

4. W. coccinea, Sims, Sikkim, outer hills to 4,000 ft. W.Duars. Khasi hills. A
small tree, 1. with a few scattered minute hairs, otherwise glabrous. Fl. bright
scarlet, in few-fld. nearly sessile terminal cymes, sepals round, 4 in. diam. Corolla
1} in. across, tube } in. long, scales in the throat 5, round, entire, } in. diam.

Parameria glandulifera, Benth. Borders of tidal forests, Andamans, Tenasserim.
Malay Penins. and Archip. A large glabrous evergreen scandent shrub, |. sometimes
ternate, coriaceous, shining, 2-3 in. long. Fl. small, in pyramidal terminal and axillary

462 LXXIII. APOCYNACEA [Wrightia

panicles. Corolla 4 in. long, }-% in. across, lobes overlapping to the left, stamens
inserted at the base of tube. Follicles 6-12 in. long, torulose, the slender seedless
intervals 1-2 in. long. Caoutchouc, supposed to be the produce of this species, is ex-
ported from Tonkin.

10. VALLARIS, Burm.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 650.
Species 5-6, Indo-Malayan region.

V. Heynei, Sprengel.—Syn. V. dichotoma, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 488
Brandis F. Fl. 327. Vern. Dudhi Bel, Hind.; Kinbot gyi, Burm.

A woody twining shrub, bark ash-coloured, young shoots and inflorescence
pubescent, otherwise glabrous. LL. elliptic-oblong, blade 3-5, petioles 4-1 in.
long, above their insertion a circle of small cylindric glands. Fl. white,
fragrant, on slender pedicels, in lateral 7-15-fld. corymbs, corolla-tube short,
cylindric, limb spreading, } in. across. Anthers exserted, conniving in a cone
adhering to the stigma, cells with long basal spurs, connective with a large
dorsal gland. Fr. 6 by 2 in. straight, tapering from a rounded base, the two
carpels separating when ripe, seeds 4—} in. long, ovate, ending in a short
beak, which bears a tuft of long silky hairs.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 5,000 ft. Assam,
Lower Bengal. Central Provinces. Western Peninsula. Burma, dry region of the
Irawadi valley from Prome upwards. Fl. Dec—May. Often grown in gardens.

Pottsia cantonensis, Hook. & Arn. (P. Hookeriana, Wight Ic. t. 1306 bis; P. ovata,
A. DC.). Assam, Khasi hills, Cachar. Tenasserim. Malay Penins. and Archip.
Tonkin. China. An evergreen climbing shrub, young shoots minutely puberulous.
l. ovate, blade 3-4, pet. slender 1 in. long.. FI. pink, in Jax axillary and terminal
panicles, pedicels slender, } in. long, corolla-tube cylindric, 4 in. long, lobes nearly as
long. Anthers jexserted, cells with basal empty spurs, filaments hairy, carpels
distinct, hairy, enclosed in a deeply 5-fid disk. Fsllicles slender, flexuous, 12 in. long,
seeds linear with a deciduous coma.

Nerium odorum, Solander (Ganéra, Pb.; Kanér, Aind.). A poisonous but beautiful
shrub, common in rocky stream beds or in ravir‘es and river beds which are dry in
winter. Afghanistan. Baluchistan (to 6,000 ft.). Outer N. W. Himalaya, to 5,500 ft.
Central India. China. Grown in gardens with sinzle and double white or pink sweet
scented fl. L. in whorls of 3, linear-lanceolate, 4-6 in. jong. Fr. linear 6-9 in. long.
N. Oleander, Linn., with broader |. and larger scentless fl. is a common shrub in the
Mediterranean region, and Western Asia, as far as Syria and Kurdistan. <A third
species, N. muscatense, A. DC., with scented fl. grows in Muscat and Southern Persia in
dry water courses like the two others. These species are supposed to be distinguished
by the segments of the corona-lobes. These, however, vary exceedingly, in V.odorwm from
8 to 7 and in N. Oleander from 3 short triangular to numerous linear or irregular seg-
ments. They may be regarded as local forms of one species which extends from the
Mediterranean region to China. A number of Indian trees or shrubs of wide distribu-
tion bear different names in different countries, such as: Rhus Cotinus (velutina),
Crategus crenulata (Pyracantha), Albizzia Julibrissin (mollis), Cephalanthus occidentalis.
naucleoides), Cedrus Deodara (Libani, atlantica),

11. STROPHANTHUS, DC.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 655.

Glabrous shrubs, usually climbing, 1. opposite. Fl. in terminal corymbs
Sepals elandular within. Corolla-tube cylindric, often short, widening into a
funnel-shaped or campanulate mouth, lobes acuminate or produced into long
narrow tails, scales 10, paired, free or connate. Stamens inserted at the upper
end of the cylindric tube, anthers lanceolate, acuminate or produced into a long
bristle. Follicles large, hard, divaricate, seeds spindle-shaped. Species about
40, Africa and tropical Asia.

A. Corolla-lobes long, 2 in. and upwards.

1. §. Wallichii, A. DC. (S. dichotomus, Wall. Wight Ic. t. 599; S. caudatus, Kurz)
Assam. Khasi hills. Tenasserim (Kurz). Singhbum. Northern Circars. Corymbs

lax spreading, many-fid., sepals and bracts linear-lanceolate 4 in. long. Corolla yellow
and pink, lobes 1-3 in. long. 2. $. dichotomus, DC. (D. longicaudatus and Grifithiz,

Strophanthus| LXXIII. APOCYNACEA 463

Wight Tc. t. 1299, 1800). Tenasserim (Kurz). Malay Penins. and Archip. L. thinly
coriaceous, sec. n. 8-10 pair, joined by distinct intra-mar ginal veins. Corolla-lobes
4-6 in. long.

B. Corolla-lobes 4 in. and less.

3. 8. Wightianus, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1301. Western Coast from Mangalore south-
wards. IL. thinly coriaceous, elliptic, blade 2-3, pet. 4-}in. long. Corymbs peduncu-
late, bracts small ovate, acuminate, cylindrical portion of corolla-tube 4, lobes 4 in.
long, narrowed into a linear tail. Seeds with a long slender beak and a large feathery
coma. 4. §, brevicaudatus, Wight Ic. t. 1302. Mergui (Kurz), Malay Penins. and
Archip. Edge of 1. undulate, cor.-tube 4, lobes ovate, acuminate, } in. long.

Beaumontia grandiflora, Wall. Nepal. Sikkim, from the Terai to 5,000 ft. Silhet,
Cachar, Chittagong. China. A large evergreen climber, bark thick, corky, shoots
rusty-pubescent. L. opposite, chartaceous, elliptic-obovate, blade 7-12 pet. 4-1 in. long,
sec. n. 8-15 pair, arching. FI. very large, pure white, in terminal corymbiform cymes,
pedicels and calyx velvety. Sepals oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1-2 in., corolla
between funnel-shaped and campanulate, 3-4 in. long, lobes short. Fr. 5-10 by 2 in.,
hard, at length dividing into 2 follicles, seeds # in., coma twice as long. 2. B.
Jerdoniana, Wight Te. t. 1314-15, evergreen forests of the Konkan and Kanara Ghats
is the western representative of ile with smaller fl. and cylindric fr. 3. B. Khasiana,
Hook. f., Khasi hills, corolla broadly campanulate, lobes equalling the tube.

12. CHONEMORPHA, G. Don; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 661.

Climbing shrubs, fl. large, in lax terminal cymes. Corolla-tube narrow
below, upper part wider, lobes broad, oblique, overlapping to the right, fila-
ments short villous. Disk thick, annular or cupular. Follicles long, straight,
hard. Seeds shortly beaked, coma long. Species 2.

1. ©. macrophylla, G. Don; Wight Ic. t. 432. Vern. Phaldu, Hind. Outer Himalaya
from Kumaon eastwards, 2-6,000 ft. Assam, Khasi hills. Andamans. Tenasserim.
Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards.—Ceylon.
Malay Penins. and Archip. Yields caoutchoue. 2. C. Griffithii, Hook. f. Sikkim,
Khasi hills. L. smaller, calyx of 5 distinct sepals, 4-4 in. long. A large evergreen
scandent shrub, branches stout, young shoots, inflorescence and underside of 1. pubescent
or tomentose. L. ovate, obovate or nearly orbicular, base rounded or cordate, blade 6-18,
petiole 4-2 in. long, sec. n. 10-15 pair, prominent beneath. Fl. 2-3 in. across, white,
rarely pale pink, in terminal trichotomous corymbose cymes, bracts large ovate, acute.
Follicles hard, angled, 12-18 in. long.

Rhynchodia Wallichii, Benth. en rhynchosperma, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 49;
Cercocoma Wallichii, Miq.). Sikkim, 2-38,000 ft. Assam. Silhet, Cachar. Pegu
Yoma, eastern slopes. Martaban, enasserim. A large climber, branches tubercled, 1.
membranous, ovate or elliptic, acuminate, blade 5-9, pet. slender lin. long. Fl. showy,
fragrant, white, tube pad throat red, in loose, pedunculate axillary cymes, peduncles
and pedicels slender. Calyx divided nearly to base, segments oblong or lanceolate,
shorter than corolla-tube. Corolla-tube 4 in. long, 5-angled, limb 1 in. diam., lobes
twisted, narrowly obovate. Follicles 12-18 in., seeds 1in., ‘beak slender r, as long as seed.

Epigynum Griffithianum, Wight Ic. t. 1808, South Tenasserim. A shrub, |. glabrous
shining, membranous, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3, pet. 4 in. Fl. in terminal dense
rusty—tomentose cymes, pedicels shorter than caly : ¢ Jarpels enclosed in the calyx-
tube and adhering to it. Calyx segments acute, many times shorter than corolla-tube.
Corolla salyer -shaped, tube swollen at the base, 4-4 in. long, tomentose outside, hairy
within, lobes obovate, shorter than tube.

Anodendron paniculatum, A. DC. (Eehites paniculata, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 896).
Khasi hills. Chittagong. Chutia Nagpur. Lower Burma (Twin net, Burm.) Ever-
green forests of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards. Ceylon, very
common in the moist low country. Malay Penins.and Archip. A very large glabrous
climber with a thick fluted stem. L. elliptic-oblong, blade 4-7, pet. 4 in. long, sec. n.
12-15 pair, prominent. Fl. small, numerous, white or yellow, on slender pedicels in
ales axillary and terminal trichotomous cymes, corolla } in. long. TFollicles straight,
woody, 5-6 in, long, narrowed from a thick base, seeds flat 1} in., beak slender, coma
white, 2 in, long.

13. TRACHELOSPERMUM, Lemaire; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 667.

Climbing shrubs, 1. opposite. FI. in compound usually axillary cymes,
calyx small, corolla salver-shaped, lobes oblique, overlapping to the right,

464 LXXIITI. APOCYNACEA | Trachelospermum

stamens sometimes slightly exserted, filaments broad, disk annular or of
oblong glands. Seeds linear not beaked. coma long, cotyledons linear in
copious albumen. Species 8, Himalaya to Japan.

A. Corolla-tube much wider near mouth, stamens inserted in the upper
portion.

1. T. fragrans, Hook. f. (Ichnocarpus fragrans, Wall.; Brandis F. Fl. 8327. Himalaya,
from Hazara eastwards, 3-7,000 ft. Assam, Cachar. Upper Burma, 4-5,000 ft. Fl.
April-June. A tall climber, young shoots often hairy. L. glabrous, elliptic-lanceo-
late, blade 8-4, narrowed into petiole 4 in. long. Fl. white, scented, in lax compound
trichotomous axillary pedunculate cymes, corolla 4 in. long, lobes slightly pubescent
at base, very unequal sided, disk of 2-5 obtuse, obovate glands, ovary and style glabrous.
Follicles slender, 5-12 in. long, while young cohering with the tips like a horse collar.
2. T. gracilipes, Hook.f. Assam. Khasi hills. Cymes lax, peduncles and pedicels capil-
lary, corolla-tube 4 in. long, lower portion very slender.

B. Corolla-tube cylindric, not much wider near mouth, stamens in the lower
portion.

3. T. axillare, Hook. f. Sikkim 4-6,000 ft. A stout climber, entirely glabrous, 1.
coriaceous, abruptly caudate-acuminate, cymes short, axillary, nearly sessile. Corolla

dull purple, tube 4 in. long, ovary pubescent. Follicles cylindric, tomentose, 6-8 in.
long.

14. AGANOSMA, G.. Don; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 663.

Stout evergreen climbers. Sepals usually lanceolate or linear-lanceolate.
Corolla salver-shaped, lower portion of tube short, cylindric, wider or narrower
than the upper campanulate or cylindrical portion, stamens included, inserted
at the base of the upper portion, a bearded longitudinal band behind each
anther. Lobes linear or lanceolate, as long as or longer than corolla-tube,
overlapping to the right. Disk cup-shaped. Species 6, India and Malaya.

A. Sepals 3 in. long, shorter than corolla-tube.

1. A. marginata, G. Don; Wight Ic. t. 425 (A. acuminata, G. Don ; Wight Ic. t. 424).
Silhet. Chittagong. Burma, Upper and Lower. Khaungnwé, Burm. Malay Penins.
and Archip. Siam, Cochinchina. Stems stout, twisted, young shoots and inflorescence
minutely pubescent. lL. coriaceous, elliptic oblong, blade 3-4, pet. 4 in. long, sec. n.
straight, joined by intramarginal veins. Fl. white, lower portion of tube wider than
the upper, ovary glabrous.

B. Sepals ? in. long and more, longer than corolla-tube.

2. A. caryophyllata, G. Don (A. Blumei, Wight Ic. t. 1805). Oudh. Behar. Deccan,
frequent in the Cuddapah district. Gura pala Tiga, Tel. Frequently grown in
gardens. Young shoots and inflorescence tomentose. L. coriaceous, ovate or elliptic,
blade 4-5, pet. 4 in. long, sec. n. oblique, arching. Sepals red, ? in. long, corolla white,
tube 5-ribbed, 4 in. long. 3. A. gracilis, Hook. f. Sikkim from the foot of hills to
4,000 ft. Khasi hills. L. membranous, fl. on slender pedicels up to 13 in. long, sepals
hoary, linear, 14 in., corolla-tube slender ?, lobes obliquely oblanceolate 14 in. long. 4.
A. calycina, A. DC. Similar to3, branches pubescent, |. coriaceous, inflorescence tomen-
tose, corolla-tube 4 in. long.

5. A. cymosa, G. Don (A. elegans, G. Don; A. Doniana, Wight Ic. t. 1806; Echites
cymosa, Roxb. ; Wight Ic. t. 395). Silhet. Shan hills, Upper Burma 2-4,000 ft. Ever-
green forests of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards. China. Glabrous
or young shoots and |. beneath thinly silky. Fl. in compound rounded, densely
tomentose cymes, sepals linear 4-4 in., corolla-tube 4-4, lobes ovate acuminate, 4-} in.
long, ovary hirsute.

15. ICHNOCARPUS, R. Br.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii. 669.

Evergreen, twining shrubs, fl. small or minute, corolla salver-shaped, lobes
overlapping to the right in bud, longer than tube, narowed toa linear appendix,
which is deflexed in bud. Disk 5-lobed, carpels hairy. Follicles slender,
divaricate. Species 5-6, Indo-Malayan region to China and Queensland.

1. I. frutescens, R. Br.; Wight Ic. t. 430. Vern. Dudhi, Hind; Koram pala, Tel.

Ichnocarpus} LXXITITI. APOCYNACEX 465

Taw-sa-pe, Burm. Subhimalayan tract ascending to 2,000 ft., from the Sutlej east-
wards. Gangetic plain. Chutia Nagpur. Assam. Khasi hills. Sundriban. Chitta-
gong. Burma Upper and Lower. Western Peninsula. The twisted stems made into
cattle ropes. FIJ.Aug.—Dec. China. Branchlets, underside of leaves and inflorescence
with ferrugineous pubescence. L. elliptic-oblong, blade 2-4, pet. 4-4 in. Fl. greenish-
white, more or less scented, in small compact axillary cymes, forming an elongated
thyrsus at the ends of branches, corolla 4 in. long, lobes faleate, acuminate, woolly on
the upper side. Disk of 5 linear lobes. Follicles spreading 2-5 in. long, seeds not
rostrate, with a tuft of hairs at the upper end. 2. L. ovalifolius, A. DC. Khasi hills,
Manipur. China. Tavoy. Malay Penins. and Archip. Often nearly glabrous, 1.
broadly ovate or elliptic, corolla-tube pubescent outside. 3. I. pubiflorus, Hook. f.
Khasi hills. .Branchlets and 1. glabrous, fl. in rusty tomentose dense axillary cymes,
corolla } in., sepals nearly as long.

Microchites elliptica, Hook. f. Sikkim 46,000 ft. A large climber, branches often
rooting, 1. elliptic-lanceolate, blade 4-6, pet. 4 in. long, sec. n. numerous, slender, nearly
straight. Fl. small, in an elongate axillary, sometimes terminal thyrsus, shorter than 1.
Corolla salver-shaped, tube } in. long, lobes narrow overlapping to the right, upper half
deflexed in bud, stamens inserted near the bottom of tube. Seeds oblong compressed
not beaked, coma caducous.

Ecdysanthera micrantha, A. DC. (EZ. brachiata, A. DC.) Sikkim from the Terai to
5,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills. Cachar. Ava hills (Kurz). Hongkong. A tall
glabrous climber, 1. opposite, elliptic-oblong, blade 3-6, pet. $-3 in. long. Fl. minute,
white, in large trichotomous axillary and terminal compound cymes, often leaf-opposed
through the abortion of a leaf. Corolla urceolate #; in. long or less, lobes faleate,
spreading, follicles divaricate 3-6 in. long. Caoutchoue obtained from this species is
exported from Laos. Jumelle, Les plantes 4 caoutchouc et 4 Gutta, Paris, 1903, p. 425.

Orver LXXIV. ASCLEPIADACEA. Gen. Pl. u. 728
(Asclepiadee).

Perennial herbs or shrubs, frequently climbing, 1. entire, with rare excep-
tions opposite, sometimes wanting, stipules 0. Fl. regular, bisexual, penta-
merous, usually middle-sized or small, inflorescence axillary or interpetiolar,
usually cymose. Calyx inferior, as a rule divided to the base, sepals imbricate
in bud. Corolla-lobes valvate or contorted in bud, usually overlapping to the
right. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, anthers cobering or
connate, enclosing the stigma, usually with inflexed membranous tips, filaments
in most genera connate into a staminal-tube, the end of the style being as a rule
a broad pentagonal disk (style-table) with the stigmatic surface underneath.
Pollen-grains rarely free, in most genera united into waxy masses, one or two
in each anther-cell. The pollen-masses of the adjoining cells of two contiguous
anthers are attached in pairs or in fours to solid dark coloured bodies, the pollen-
carriers (corpuscles), which lie on the edge of the style-table. Corona either
corolline, inserted inside the corolla-tube between its lobes, or staménal,
consisting of variously shaped appendages, attached to the back of the anthers.
Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, ovules usually numerous, 2-seriate in each carpel.
Fr. of 2 follicles (or one by abortion), seeds compressed, usually winged and
surmounted by a dense brush of hairs (coma). Embryo large, cotyledons flat,
in copious albumen, radicle short, inferior.

I. Filaments usually free, pollen-masses granular. Climbing shrubs, excepting Utleria.
A. Corolla-lobes contorted, overlapping to the right.
Leaves opposite, fl. large . a : r :
Leaves opposite, fl. middle-sized.
Inland species, |. middle-sized, coriaceous or chartaceous.

Cryrrosreera (p. 466),

Corolla-lobes long, linear . - : : . 1. Cryrrocerts.
Corolla-lobes oblong or elongate elliptic.
Corona-scales connate into a lobed ring . 2, Perreroca.
Corona-seales 0. . : c : : ‘ PenTanura (p. 467).
Inland species, |. large, membranous . ‘ , Myrtopreron (p. 467).
Littoral species, ]. thickly coriaceous . p : Finnaysontra (p. 467).

Leaves opposite, fl. small.
HH

466 LXXIV. ASCLEPIADACEA

STREPTOCAULON (p. 467).
Bracuyvepis (p. 468).
Urterta (p. 468).

Corona-scales long, filiform .
Corona-scales short, broad
Leaves alternate. A small tree
B. Corolla-lobes valvate.
Corolla-lobes glabrous, purple within
Corolla-lobes densely white-bearded

Hemipesmvs (p. 468).
Decaterts (p. 468).

II. Filaments connate into a staminal-tube, pollen-masses waxy, solitary in each cell
(in pairs on the pollen-carriers) or, in a few genera (Secamone, Toxocarpus, Geni-
anthus), in pairs in each cell (in fours on the pollen-carriers).

A. Corolla-lobes contorted, overlapping usually to the right.

(a) Corolla rotate, large, 1 in. across and more.
Base of 1. deeply cordate . 0
Base of 1. rounded or cuneate .
(6) Corolla rotate, middle-sized.
Trailing leafless shrubs .
Climber: s, l. ovate, often with a cordate pase.
Fl. bright green, in umbelliform cymes
Fl. ereenish-yellow and red, in corymbose
racemes : :
Climbers, 1. lanceolate ,
(ec) Corolla camparulate, funnel- or salver- -shaped.
Pollen-masses 2 in each cell (20 in all),
corolla-lobes overlapping to the left
Pollen-masses 1 in each cell (10 in all).
Pollen-masses pendulous.
Fl. greenish-yellow, follicles
clothed with long soft spines
Fl. pure white, follicles smooth
Pollen masses erect.
No staminal corona.

Corona corolline, of double raised
villous ridges on the inside of the
corolla-tube

No corolline corona, follicles solitary,
globose or ellipsoid, seeds without
coma. Littoral climbers

densely

Corona scales adnate to staminal column.

Corolia-tube } in. long . 0
Corolla-tube under t in.
Corona-scales large
Corona scales small or 0
B. Corolla-lobes valvate in bud.
Fl. large, corolla 4 in. across or more.
Erect shrubs, wood soft, or branches almost
herbaceous 3 F 5 5
A climbing shrub, bark corky .
FI. middle-sized or small.

Hotosremma (p. 468).
TREUTLERA (p. 468).

SarcosremMa (p. 468).
DreEGEA (p. 468).

Cormostiema (p. 468).
Secamone (p. 468).

. TOXoCaRPUS.

Denti (p. 469).
RapuistemMa (p. 469).

. GYMNEMA.

Sarcorosts (p. 470).

PerGuLarta (p. 470).

. Marspenta.

GonGRroneMa (p. 471).

. CALOTROPIS.

Dirroceras (p. 472).

Scales in the corolla-mouth between the lobes, and an undulate ring at the

base of staminal-tube.
Calyx half the length of corolla, or shorter
Calyx longer than half the corolla

Anthers without a membranous tip.
7. LEPTADENIA.

OrTHANTHERA (p. 472).

No scales in the corolla-mouth. Anthers with a membranous inflexed tip.

Staminal-corona of 5 horizontally spreading
lobes . 0 .
Staminal-corona of 5 erect lobes

8. HeTEROSTEMMA.

GENIANTHUS (p. 473).

Cryptostegia grandiflora, Br.; Wight Ic. 832 and Ill. t. 182, f.9—Syn. Nerium grandi-
florum, Roxb. Commonly cultivated in gardens, probably a native of Madagascar.
A large climbing shrub, 1. glossy, fl. pale purple, funnel-shaped, limb 14-2 in. across.

Corona-scales corolline, cleft to the base into 2 long filiform segments.
Said to yield a good kind of Caoutchoue.

straight, divaricate, 4-5 in. long.

1. CRYPTOLEPIS, R. Br. ;

Follicles thick,

Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 5.

Twining glabrous shrubs. FI. in lax slender dichotomous terminal or
axillary cymes, corolla-tube short, lobes long linear, twisted. Corona-scales 5,

in or above the middle of the tube, linear or spathulate.

Filaments slightly

Cryptolepis] LXXIV, ASCLEPIADACE 467

connate by their broad base, anthers short, adhering to the broadly conical
stigma. Species about 20, tropical Asia and Africa.

1. C. Buchanani, Roem. & Sch.; Wight Ic. t. 494, Ill. t. 182, f. 8.
Vern. Dudhi, Karanta, Hind.

L. elliptic-oblong, shining above, white neues. sec. nu. numerous, slender,
nearly at-right angles to midrib, blade 3-6, pee tin. Cymes axillary, many-
fid., corolla ereenish- or yellowish- -white, yeti in. long. Follicles 2-4 in. long,
straight, rigid, divaricate, }-} in. diam.

Subhimalayan tract and outer hills, from Kashmir eastwards, ascending to 4,900 ft.
Oudh. Behar. Central Provinces. Singbhum. Western Peninsula, common in hedges.
Prome. Upper Burma. Fl. April-Aug. Ropes and fishing nets made of the fibre.—
Ceylon. China. 2. ©. grandiflora, Wight. Nilgiris, Anamalais, Gingee hills. A very

~ large climber, |. elliptic, blade 3-4, pet. 4 in. long, nerves impressed above, dark and
prominent beneath, corolla 3 in. long. 3. C. elegans, Wall. (C. pauciflora, Wight Ic. t.
493). Sikkim Terai, ascending to 3,000 ft. Assam, Khasi hills. Lower Bengal. Orissa.
Java. China. Corolla #in. long. Follicles 5-8 in., slender, nearly straight.

2. PERIPLOCA, Linn. ; FI. Brit. Ind. iy. 11.

Glabrous shrubs, erect or twining, sometimes leafless. Fl. in lax terminal
or axillary cymes. Corolla rotate, lobes generally hairy above. Corona a 10-
lobed ring, the lobes often produced behind the stamens into filiform or branched
appendages. Filaments free, broad, short, anthers bearded on the back, pollen-
grains cohering in fours. Species 12, South Europe, Asia, Africa.

1. P. aphylla, Decaisne; Brandis F. Fl, 330. Vern. Shabbi, Batah,
Barra, Bal.; Bata, Pb.

An erect shrub, stems green, surface covered with gum, usually leafless, at
times with a few minute thick ovate leaves. Fl. 4-% in. across, scented, dark
purple, in short lateral rounded cymes. Follicles on short thick peduncles,
divaricate, rigid, 3 in. long.

Baluchistan to 3,500 ft. Sind. Trans-Indus. Salt range. Outer Himalaya, east-
wards to the Chenab. Merwara. Fl. March, April.—Afghanistan, Persia, Arabia,
Egypt. Fodder for camels and goats, the flowers are sweet and are eaten. 2. P, hydas-
pidis, Fale. Kuram valley. Punjab Himalaya. <A large more or less twining shrub,
branches often fascicled, leafless or nearly so, fl. } in. across, bright yellow.

8. P. calophylla, Falconer. Parh, Jauns. Outer Himalaya from the Jumna east-
wards, ascending to 7,000 ft. Khasi hills. China. A small shrub, 1. shining, lanceo-
late, 14-4 in. ri. red, } in. across, corolla-segments ciliate, appendages of corona hairy.
Follicles erect, 3-8 in. long.

Pentanura khasiana, Kurz. Khasi hills. Yunnan. L. elongate-elliptic, blade 3-4,
pet. 4-} in., sec. n. arching, prominent beneath, as well as the finely reticulate veins.
FI. in short axillary bracteate cymes, corolla between campanulate and rotate, fleshy,
pink, 4 in. across, lobes papillose or hairy above. Follicles short, elongate-ovoid.

Myriopteron +paniculatum, Griff. (Streplocaulon extensum, Wight Ill. t. 182 f. 8).
Assam. Chittagong. Burma, Upper and Lower. Yunnan. A woody twiner, 1.
membranous, broadly elliptic or ovate, blade 4-8, pet 4-14 in. long. Fl. whitish 4-4 in.
across on slender pedicels in large bracteate panicles with slender ramifications, axil-
lary and at the ends of branches. Follicles elongate-ovyoid 3 in. long with many longi-
tudinal membranous wings.

Finlaysonia obovata, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 162; Wight Ill. t. 182 f.5. Tidal forests of
Bengal and Burma. A large glabrous woody climber, |. thickly coriaceous, blade 3-4,
pet. Lin. long. Fl. pale brownish-yellow, fetid, in trichotomous axillary cymes, corolla
rotate, 4 in. across, corona-lobes filiform. Follicles turgid, 3 by 2 in, ribbed and with
1-8 longitudinal wings.

Streptocaulon tomentosum, Wight & Arn.; Wight Tl. t. 182 f.2. TIrawadi valley,
qften in Eng forest. Tenasserim. Yunnan. <A woody climber, branchlets, underside
of 1. and inflorescence softly tomentose, |. from obovate to broadly elliptic, blade 4-6,
pet. 4-# in. long, sec. n. 15-18 pair. Cymes many-fid., branches divaricate, bracts
persistent, corolla glabrous, rotate, yy in. across, corona-scales long, filiform. 2. Ss,
Griffithii, Hook.f. ‘Tenasserim, densely rusty-tomentose. 8. 8, Kleinii, Wight & Arn.

468 LXXIV. ASCLEPIADACEA [Streptocaulon

Western Peninsula. L. densely white-tomentose beneath, corolla 4 in. across, hairy
outside.

Brachylepis nervosa, Wight & Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 1284. Nilgiris. A twining
shrub, pubescent or tomentose. L. coriaceous, elliptic or ovate, acuminate, blade 2-3,
pet. 4 in. long, sec. n. 8-10 pair, reticulate veins prominent. Cymes villous, bracts
persistent, corolla 4 in. across, green outside, purple within, corona-scales short, broad.

Utleria salicifolia, Bedd. Anamalais 84,000 ft. A small tree, 1. more or less crowded
near the ends of branches, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, margin thickened, wayed or
crenulate, blade 5-7, narrowed into pet. 1-14 in. long. FI. minute, at the ends of long
bracteate branches of axillary dichotomous panicles. Follicles divaricate, 2 in. long,
gradually narrowed from a thick base.

Hemidesmus indicus, R. Br.; Wight Ic. t.594. Indian Sarsaparilla. Oudh. Behar.
Bundelkhand. Central Provinces. Peninsula, common in hedges. Ceylon, low
country very common. A semiherbaceous twiner, 1. glabrous or densely pubescent
beneath, very variable, from broad-elliptic to linear, 24 in. long, petioles short.
Fl. small, in short sessile compact axillary clusters, supported by numerous ovate
acute bracts. Corolla rotate, 4 in. across, green without, purple within, lobes thick,
valvate. Follicles slender, divaricate, 4-8 in. long. :

Decalepis Hamiltonii, Wight & Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 1285, Ill. t. 182 fig. 6. Anamalais
and hills on the east side of the Peninsula. A glabrous twining shrub, 1. thinly coria-
ceous, broad-elliptic, finely reticulate. Cymes axillary, peduncles 4 in. long, branches
fey Spreading: bracts persistent, corolla rotate, lobes valvate, with a dense white beard
within.

Holostemma Rheedei, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 597 (HZ. Brunonianum, Royle Ill. t. 66).
Subhimalayan tract and outer hills from Kumaon eastwards, ascending to 6,000 ft.
Moist forests of the Western Ghats and hills of the Deccan and Mysore. A glabrous
climbing shrub, 1. membranous, ovate, acuminate from a deeply cordate base, blade
3-6, pet. 1-3 in. long. FI. purple, on pedicels 1-2 in. long, corolla rotate, 1-14 in. across,
lobes thick, ovate, overlapping to the right. Corona a fleshy ring, adnate to the
staminal-tube.

Treutlera insignis, Hook. f. Sikkim 3-8,000 ft. A glabrous climbing shrub, l.
coriaceous, elliptic or elongate-elliptic, blade 3-5, pet. 3-14 in. FI. large, in axillary
simple pedunculate umbels, peduncle 1-2, pedicels 1-14in. Corolla rotate, coriaceous,
glabrous, purple, 1-13 in. across.

Sarcostemma brevistigma, W. & A. Deccan, in dry stony places. A trailing jointed
leafless shrub with thick rough barkand green pendulous branches. Fl. pale greenish, in
corymbiform cymes at the nodes or at the ends of branches, pedicels 3 in. long. Corolla
rotate, 4 in. diam., lobes broad, overlapping to the right. Follicles thinly coriaceous,
4-5 in., seeds ovate, 4-4 in. long. 2. S. Brunonianum, W. & A.; Wight Ic. t. 1282.
Deccan, Ceylon, dry region of the Irawadi valley, fl. bright yellow. 3. S,intermedium,
Dene.; Wight Ic. t. 1281. Singbhum. Deccan, fl. white. 4. S. Stocksii, Hook. f. Sind.
Deccan, follicles thickly coriaceous, 23-34 in., seeds linear 4 in. long.

Dregea volubilis, Benth.—Syn. Hoya viridiflora. R. Br.; Wight Ic. t. 586; Kanjilal
F. Fl. 244. Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys, ascending to 5,000 ft. from the Sutlej
eastwards. Gangetic Plain, Lower Bengal. Todgarh, Merwara (Mora Bel, D. B. Dec.
1869). Central Provinces. Western Peninsula, common in hedges. Ceylon, low
country. Java. China. A twining shrub, stem woody, branchlets and |. minutely
pubescent, sometimes almost glabrous, |. thick, ovate, pale beneath, blade 3-6, pet. 1-3
in. long. Fl. bright green in many-fid. usually interpetiolar umbelliform cymes,
peduncle 1-3, pedicels slender, 3-1 in. long. Corolla almost rotate, 4 in. across, lobes
triangular. Corona of 5 fleshy radiating scales, inner angle cuspidate, adnate to the
base of the short staminal column, pollen-masses erect. Follicles turgid, 34 in. long,
seeds shining, broad-elliptic } in., coma fine white silky 1}in. long. D. angustifolia is
a narrow leaved variety, annual stems from a woody perennial rootstock. West side of
the.Peninsula. N. EH. Brown in FI. Trop. Africa iv. 417, unites Dregea with Marsdenia.

Cosmostigma racemosum, Wight Ic. t. 591.—Syn. C. acuminatum, Wight Ic. t. 1270.
Silhet, Chittagong. Western Ghats, often in hedges. Ceylon low country. A stout
climber, nearly glabrous. L. chartaceous, ovate, blade 3-5, pet. 1-14 in. long. Fl.
greenish-yellow, speckled with red dots, in pedunculate corymbose racemes, corolla
fleshy, rotate, 4 in. across, lobes overlapping to the right, corona-lobes short, mem-
branous, truncate or bifid.

Secamone emetica, R. Br.; Wight Ic. t. 1283, hills of the southern Deccan. Ceylon.
A twining shrub with slender branches, the stems with corky excrescences, |. glabrous,
lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 1-2 in. long, fl. light yellow, in small axillary cymes,
corolla 4-4 in. across, lobes oblong, obtuse, bracts and calyx pubescent, follicles tapering,
3 in. long.

Toxocarpus| LXXIV. ASCLEPIADACEA 469

3. TOXOCARPUS, Wight & Arn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 13.
(Included under Secamone in Engler u. Prantl iv. 2. 261.)

Twining shrubs, Fl. small, in axillary dichotomous cymes. Corolla salver-
shaped, tube short, lobes narrow, spreading, overlapping to the left. Stigma
cylindrical or filiform, produced far beyond the staminal column. Species
about 15, tropical Asia and Africa.

A. Corolla-lobes hairy at the base on the inside.

1. T. himalensis, Fale. MSS. Garhwal (doubtful), Assam. Khasihills. L. pubescent
when young, from broad-elliptic, almost orbicular to lanceolate, blade 4-6, pet. 4 in.
long. Inflorescence, bracts and calyx rusty hirsute, corolla glabrous outside, tube 4,
lobes linear, } in. long. 2. T, villosus, Dene. Tenasserim. Java. 3. T. Griffithii,
Tenasserim. Malay Penins.

B. Corolla-lobes entirely glabrous.

4. T. Kleinii, Wight & Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 886. Western Peninsula. Ceylon low
country, chiefly in the dry region. L. thinly coriaceous, elliptic, blade 2-4, pet. 4 in.
Cymes, bracts and calyx hairy. Corolla } in. long, tube extremely short, lobes lanceo-
late. 5. T. Roxburghii, W.& A. Northern Circars. 6. T. concanensis, Hook.f. Baba-
pudan hills, Mysore. 7. T. Kurzii, Hook. f. Andamans. 8. T. acuminatus, Benth.

ilhet.

Demia extensa, R. Br.; Wight Ic. t.596. Kuram valley. Northern India. Bengal.
Western Peninsula. Ceylon. A slender climber, fetid when bruised, branchlets
hispid, 1]. membranous, cordate, pubescent beneath, blade 1-3, pet. 2 in. long. FI.
greenish-yellow on slender pedicels 4-2 in. long, in pedunculate axillary generally
corymbiform cymes. Corolla-tube short, limb spreading, lobes ciliate, overlapping to
the right. Follicles 3-2 in. long, densely clothed with long soft spines.

Raphistemma pulchellum, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 163. Sikkim, hot valleys at 2,000 ft.
Assam. Cachar. Singbhim. Pegu. Tenasserim. Yunnan. A glabrous twining
shrub, |. membranous, ovate from a cordate base, blade 5-7, pet. 2-5 in. Fl. white, on
slender pedicels 14-2 in. long, corolla campanulate, lobes spreading, in bud overlapping
to the right. Corona-scales membranous, produced into long linear ligules.

4. GYMNEMA, R. Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 28.

Twining shrubs and undershrubs. ‘FI. in axillary or interpetiolar umbelli-
form cymes. Corolla usually campanulate, lobes thick, more or less over-
lapping to the right, corona of 5 fleshy villous double ridges on the inside of
tube, alternating with the lobes. Seeds comose. Species about 20, Africa,
Asia and Australia.

A. The ridges of the corona more or less protruding from the mouth of the
corolla.

1. G. sylvestre, R. Br.; Wight Ic. t. 349. Banda district. Western Peninsula,
common in hedges, also in forests covering high trees.—Ceylon. A stout woody climber,
branchlets, petioles and inflorescence softly pubescent, 1. ovate, shortly acuminate,
hairy along the nerves, chiefly beneath, blade 1-24, pet. }-4 in. Fl. pale yellow,
corolla y, in. across, follicles 2-8 in. long. 2. G. hirsutum, Wight et Arn. Wight Ic.
t. 1272.—Syn. G. Decaisneanum, Wight Ic. t. 1271. Behar. Nilgiris. Similar to 1,
but more densely pubescent, cymes sessile, corolla } in. across. 3. G. molle, Wall.
Meiktila, Upper Burma. Similar to 2, corolla 4 in. across, follicles broad, turgid,
woody, seeds ovate, } in. long. 4. G. acuminatum, Wall. Silhet. Eastern Bengal.
Shan hills, 4,000 ft. Tenasserim. Malay Penins. <A large climbing shrub, bark
spongy, deeply cracked. Branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and inflorescence densely
tomentose, |. ovate acuminate, blade 3-6, pet. 4-} in. long, fl. white, in shortly ) eduncled
compact cymes, corolla § in. across, lobes not ciliate, follicles ovoid beaked, woody, seeds
broadly winged % in. long. 5. G. lactiferum, R. Br. Khasi hills. Mergui. Ceylon.
Malay Penins. and Archip. Branchlets slightly pubescent, 1. nearly glabrous, elon-
gate-elliptic, blade 2-4, pet. slender 4—} in.

B. The ridges of the corona in the tube not extending to the mouth of
corolla.

6. G. tingens, Wight et Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 593. Subhimalayan tract from the
Jumna eastwards. Assam. Tenasserim. Anamalai hills and possibly elsewhere in

470 LXIV. ASCLEPIADACEA [Gymnema

the Western Peninsula. China. Philippineislands. Nearly glabrous, ]. membranous,
ovate, acuminate, blade 4-6, pet. th in. long. Fl. yellowish-white, corolla 4 in. long,
follicles mostly single, 4 by 1 in. G. montanum, Hook. f.—Syn. G. tingens, var. ovali-
folia, Wight Ie. t. 592, Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards. Similar to 6,
I thinly coriaceous, ovate-oblong, corolla 4 in. long.

Sarcolobus globosus, Wall. Tidal waters of Bengal (Baoli-lota) and the Burma coast.
Malay Penins. A glabrous twining shrub, 1. membranous, elliptic, blade 3-5, pet.
4-1 in. Fl. in axillary or interpetiolar corymbiform cymes, corolla rotate, 4-4 in.
across, white outside, hairy and pale purple within, staminal-column orange, corona 0.
Follicle globose, one follicle only by abortion, 4 in. diam., seeds » imbricate broadly
ovate, 3-1 in. long, flat with a thick raised border, without a coma. 2. S. carinatus,
Wall. Tidal riversin Bengaland Burma. Coast ofthe Andamans. L. elliptic-lanceo-
late, corolla glabrous inside, follicle one, ellipsoid, 3 in. long, curved, beaked.

Pergularia pallida, Wight et Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 585. Subhimalayan tract and outer
hills, from the Punjab eastwards, ascending to 4,000 ft. Plains of Northern India and
Bengal. Dry region of the Irawadi valley. Deccan, in scrub jungle and on stony
hills. A large twining shrub, bark of old stems corky, branchlets and 1. while young
pubescent with slightly curved hairs. L. membranous, ovate, base often cordate,
blade 2-4, pet. 1-14 in. long. FI. yellowish-white, nearly scentless, corolla salyer-
shaped, 4 in. across, tube } in. long, as long as sepals, lobes linear, as long as or longer
than tube. Corona-scales erect, membranous, connivent over the apex.of the style.
Follicles 83-4 in. long. Two kinds with very fragrant fl. cultivated in gardens under
the name of Cowslip- or West Coast-Creeper. 2. P. odoratissima, Smith, and 3. P.
minor, Andrews; Wight Ic. t. 414, corolla-lobes broad, shorter than the tube, which is
pubescent within, are closely allied to P. pallida, and possibly not specifically distinct.

5. MARSDENIA, R. Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 34.

Twining, rarely erect shrubs. Fl. middle-sized, in some species small.
Corona-scales adnate to the back of. the staminal-tube. Pollen-masses 20;
erect. Species 60-70, tropical and subtropical.

A. Corona-scales longer than, as long as or a little shorter than staminal-
tube.

(a) Corolla 4 in. or more long. |
a. Style-table short, conical, ]. pubescent or tomentose.

1. M. tenacissima, Wight & Arn.: Wight Ic. t. 590.—Syn. Asclepias
tenacissima, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 240, Vern. Siti, Marua Bel, Hind.

A large twining shrub, bark grey, corky, ‘deeply furrowed on old stems,
NON 1, and inflorescence softly tomentose. L. cordate, acuminate, blade
4-6, pet: 2-4 in. long, basal nerves 3-5. Fl. greenish- -yellow, on slender
_ pedicels somaeribnt longer than fl., in dense interpetiolar drooping peduncu-
late compound cymes. Calyx and corolla hairy outside; corolla 4 in. long,
lobes as long as or longer than tube, glabrous within. Corona-scales lanceo-
He as long as stamens. Follicles downy, ovate-lanceolate, 3-6 in. long, seeds
flat } in. long.

North- west Himalaya, foot of hills and outer valleys, ascending to 4,500 ft.
Oudh Forests. Behar, Chittagong. Upper Burma. FI. April, May. Ceylon. The
bast. of vigorous shoots yields : avery strong beautiful fine silky fibre. 2. M. Roylei,
Wight ; Collett Simla Fl: 318, fig. 99. Saltrange. Himalaya from the foot to 7,000 ft.,
Bashahr to Sikkim. Fl. pale orange, in compact shortly peduncled axillary cymes,
corolla-lobes as long as tube, hirsute in and outside, corona-scales subulate, much
longer than staminal- column, follicles turgid, deeply wrinkled, beaked, 3in. long. 3.
M. ‘Hamiltonii, Wight. Foot of North-west Himalaya. A twining undershrub,
bringing forth, after the annual fires, 1- and fi-bearing shoots from a thick w oody
rootstock.

B. Style-table short, conical, 1. glabrous or nearly so.

4. M. Brunoniana, Wight et Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 356. Coromandel coast. L. mem-
pbranous, ovate, base often cordate, blade 4-5, pet. 2 in. long. Corolla glabrous within
and without, $ in. long, tube broadly eylindri ic, lobes equal 1 to tube, corona-lobes obtuse,
as long as staminal- tube. 5. M, Jenkinsii, Hook f. Assam. Branches stout, |. coria-
ceous, ‘broadly elliptic, cuspidate, blade 7-10, pet. 2-8 in., sec. n. 6-8 pair, prominent:

Marsdenia) LXXIV. ASCLEPIADACEA 471

Corolla ? in. diam., tube globose, lobes villous within, corona-lobes acute, much longer
than staminal-column.

y- Style longer than staminal-column, apex bifid.

6. M. lucida, Edgew. Vern. Dudhi, Hind. Kumaon, in shady valleys. Oudh Forests.
A large evergreen climber, branchlets, petioles, ]. beneath and inflorescence finely
pubescent. L. thinly coriaceous, elliptic or ovate, pale beneath, blade 3-5, pet. 3-14 in.
Fl. purple, scented, sepals densely hirsute, less than half the length of corolla. Corolla
4 in. long, lobes hairy within, shorter than tube. Follicles 5 in. long, stout, pericarp
thickly coriaceous. 7. M. Griffithii, Hook.f. Khasi hills. Glabrous, except the slightly
puberulous cymes, fl. greenish-yellow, sepals ciliate, half the 1. of corolla.

(6) Corolla much less than } in. long.

8. M. tinctoria, R. Br.; Wight Ic. t. 589. Sikkim 2-3,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills.
Prome district (Kurz). Tonkin. China. Malay Penins.and Archip. A tall climber,
nearly glabrous. LL. membranous, turning dark blue when dry, ovate from a more or
less cordate base. blade 4-9, pet. 1-3 in. Fl. small, in a dense elongate axillary thyrsus,
sepals one third the length of corolla-tube which is 4 in. long, clothed inside with
deflexed hairs, lobes shorter than tube. Staminal-column minute, corona-lobes subu-
late as long as or a little longer than anthers. Follicles slightly pubescent. The 1.
yield a kind of Indigo. 9. M. eriocarpa, Hook. f. Silhet. Follicles broad at base,
villous with long spreading hairs. 10. M. leiocarpa, King & Prain in Journ. As. Soc.
Bengal 69, 170. Kachin Hills, Upper Burma. A large climber, nearly glabrous, 1.
ovate-lanceolate, blade 3-6, pet. #-1} in. long, follicles, only one of a pair developed,
1-2 in. long, quite glabrous.

B. Corona-scales very short, like spurs or teeth at the base of anthers.

11. M. Calesiana, Wight. Subhimalayan tract of Nepal and Sikkim, ascending to
2,500 ft. Branchlets, petioles, 1. beneath and cymes pubescent, |. membranous, cordate,
blade 3-6, pet. 1-3 in. long. Cymes large, much branched. Sepals small, obtuse, less
than } the length of corolla, hairy on both sides, corolla }-4 in. long, hirsute outside,
glabrous within, lobes shorter than tube. Staminal-tube cylindric, pentagonous, 5
teeth at the base, prolonged upwards as narrow ridges alternating with the anthers
each terminating at the top in a sharp tooth. Follicles stout, woody 6 by 2 in.
12. M. thyrsifiora, Hook. f. Assam, Khasi hills, Jessore, Dacca. A powerful climber,
fl. small, in ¢ymose clusters arranged in slender racemes on a flexuose rachis 4-5 in.
long, the upper clusters in bud, while the fl. in those below are open, corolla 4 in. long,
green and yellow, the lobes erect, follicles coriaceous, 2 in. long, base turgid.

13. M. barbata, Collett & Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. xxviii. 87. Meiktila, Upper
Burma. <A twining shrub, softly pubescent, |. rhomboid-ovate, blade 2-3, pet. 4-1 in.
long. Cymes axillary on short peduncles, 10-12-fld., sepals nearly orbicular, margin
hyaline ciliolate, corolla purple, globose, 4 in. diam., glabrous outside, hairy within,
dense tufts of hair between the lobes. Staminal-column pentagonal.

Gongronema nepalense, Dene. Himalaya 2-4,000 ft., from Kumaon to Sikkim.
Assam. Khasi hills. Chittagong. An extensive twiner, |. glabrous, slightly rough
beneath with numerous minute raised dots, membranous, from ovate to oblong-lanceo-
late, blade 3-7, pet. 1-2 in. long. Peduncles axillary 2-6 in. long, branching into 3
long divaricate arms, each bearing 3 many-fld. pedunculate umbels. Corolla yellow,
campanulate deeply 5-lobed, in. across. Follicles slender 2-3 in. long.

6. CALOTROPIS, R. Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iy. 17,

Large shrubs, wood very soft or branches herbaceous, |. large. Fl. large in
umbelliform pedunculate cymes, sepals glandular within, corolla broad-cam-
panulate, lobes yalvate. Corona of 5 compressed fleshy appendages, adnate to
and radiating from the staminal column, the lower end free and ineurved.
Anthers with a broad membranous tip, inflexed on the stigma, pollen-masses
10, in pairs, stipitate, stigma large, flat, pentagonous. Follicles broad, short,
oblique, seeds flat ovate with a long silky coma.

A. L. sessile or nearly so.

1. C. gigantea, R. Br.; Wight Ill. t. 155, 155-6. Vern. Ak, Madar, Hind.; Muda,
Rui, Mar.; Yekkada gida, Kan.; Nalla Jelledu, Tel.; Yerriku, Mal. Common in the
plains of Northern India and in the Peninsula. Singbhum, often gregarious. Lower
Burma (Kurz). Ceylon. Malay Penins.and Archip. Young shoots, inflorescence and
underside of 1. clothed with soft white appressed woolly tomentum. L, 4-8 in. long,
obovate or oboyate-oblong, gradually narrowed into a cordate often amplexicaul base.

472 LXXIV. ASCLEPIADACEA [Calotropis

Fl. purplish-lilac or white, inodorous, corolla 4-1 in. across, lobes spreading or reflexed,
buds ovoid. Appendages of corona hairy, much longer than broad. Fibre silky,
made into rope, paper and cloth. 2. C. procera, R. Br. Vern. Spalmai, Bal., Ak,
Madar, Hind, Jelledu, Tel. Common in Sind, the Punjab and in the subhimalayan
tract east to the Sarda river. Drier districts of the Deccan. Dry region of the
Irawadi valley. Afghanistan, Persia, Arabia, Syria, Egypt and tropical Africa.
L. slightly larger and somewhat less tomentose than 1, fl. with a strong (not unpleasant)
smell, purplish-red, corolla campanulate, lobes erect, buds hemispherical. Appendages
of corona glabrous, rarely pubescent, nearly as broad as long. :

B. L.- narrowed into petiole.

3. C. Acia, Hamilton, Subhimalayan tract from Dehra Dun eastwards. Maiman-
singh. A small shrub or stout herb, 1. glabrous when mature, blade 6-10, pet. 1 in.

Dittoceras Andersoni, Hook. f. Sikkim outer hills, 24,000 ft. A large climbing
shrub, bark corky, branchlets, 1. beneath, petioles and pedicels rusty-pubescent. L.
ovate, blade 4-5, pet. 13-2 in. long. FI. large in sessile umbelliform few-fid. cymes,
sepals minute, corolla dark purple, rotate 14 in. across, hairy outside, lobes triangular,
corona deeply 5-lobed, lobes oblong, lying flat on the corolla, staminal column minute.
Follicles recuryed, 4-5 by 2 in., seeds black 14 in. long.

7. LEPTADENIA, R. Br.; FJ. Brit. Ind. iy. 63.

Fl. small, in crowded umbelliform cymes, calyx shortly turbinate, lobes
much shorter than corolla. Corolla rotate, lobes pubescent or bearded, margins
recurved. Staminal column short, girt at the base by a raised undulate ring.
Follicles rigid, acuminate, seeds flat, winged, comose. Species about 10,
tropical Asia and Africa.

1. L. Spartium, Wight. Baluchistan. Sind (A%p). Punjab, extending eastwards as
far as Agra. Kattiawar. Arabia. Tropical Africa. A small glabrous erect, almost
leafless shrub, branches green, |. few, 3-4 in. long, Jinear. Corolla }in.across. Follicles
3-5 in. long, beak straight long slender. The fibre used in Sind for ropes to draw
water from wells.

2. L. reticulata, Wight et Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 350, Kanjilal F. FJ. 244. Northern
India near the foot of the hills, from Ambala eastwards. Central India and Western
Peninsula chiefly in the dry districts of the Deccan but also on the coast. Ceylon,
dry country. A twining shrub, bark of old stems corky, branchlets more or less
minutely pubescent. L. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, blade 2-3, pet. 4-? in. long. FI.
dirty- or brownish-white, in many-fld. umbelliform cymes, peduncles }-} in. long,
pedicels shorter, varying in length. Calyx silky outside, corolla pubescent outside.
4-4 in. long, tube very short, widening into a cup divided into 5 narrow lobes, the ~
edges reflexed, the tip hairy often inflexed. Follicles generally solitary, hard, straight
2-3 in. long, with a short incurved beak.

Orthanthera viminea, Wight et Arn.; RoyleIll.t.66. Subhimalayan tract, eastwards
as far as the Gonda district of Oudh, common in dry watercourses on sand and shingle.
Delhi and elsewhere in the plains of North-West India. Merwara. A small erect
glabrous leafless shrub, branches green. FI. dirty-brown, in compact woolly cymes,
peduncles 3-1 in. long, pedicels very short. Sepals linear-lanceolate nearly as long as
corolla, corolla 4 in. long, tube ovoid, lobes erect, as. long as tube. Minute scales
between the corolla-lobes and the staminal-tube girt at the base by an undulate ring.
Follicles solitary, 4-6 in. long, compressed, linear, pericarp thin, brown within, seeds 3,
coma 4 in. long. Ropes made of the fibre.

8. HETEROSTEMMA, Wight et Arn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 47.

Twining shrubs or undershrubs, 1. thin, usually with 3-5 basal nerves.
Cymes umbelliform or racemiform, sessile or shortly peduncled, pedicels slender.
Calyx small, corolla rotate, lobes veined, broad-triangular, valvate in bud.
Corona on the base of the minute depressed staminal column, consisting of 5
large horizontally spreading lobes. Follicles slender, terete, pericarp thin.
Species 10-12, Indian and Malayan.

A. Western species.

1. H. tanjorense, W. et A.; Wight Ic. t. 348. East side of the Peninsula. Ceylon.
Glabrous, 1. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, blade 2-4, pet. 1-14 in. long. Corolla $ in. across,

FHeterostemma| LXXIV, ASCLEPIADACE 473

corona-lobes orbicular-obovate with a large erect fleshy appendix on the surface. 2.
H. Dalzellii, Hook. f. The Konkan. Poona. Similar to 1, corona-lobes spathulate
without appendage.

B. Eastern species.

3. H. alatum, Wight. Outer Himalaya from Jaunsar to Sikkim (2-6,000 ft.). Khasi
hills. Yunnan. A twining shrub, branches with two lines of grey hairs down the
internodes, 1. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, blade 3-6, pet. 1-24 in. long, sec. n. 3-5 pair,
the lowest basal, nerves and midrib on the underside with longitudinal wings. Fl.
yellow in umbelliform or racemiform cymes, peduncles short stout, pedicels }-4 in. long.
Sepals minute. Corolla 3 in. across, lobes veined, longer than tube, glabrous inside.
Corona-lobes spreading, acuminate, with a large concave acute appendage on the
surface. Follicles cylindric, 3-8 in. long, divaricate and reflexed upon the common
peduncle. 4. H. Wallichii, Wight. Nepal, Assam, Khasi hills. Branchlets hairy, chiefly
along two lines, corolla 4-3 in. across, corona-lobes orbicular. 5, H. stellatum, Hook. f.,
hairy lines on branchlets obscure, |. lanceolate, corolla 4 in. across. Corona stellately
5-lobed, lobes triangular, acute.

Genianthus laurifolius, Hook. f—Syn. Toxocarpus laurifolius, Wight Ic. t. 598-
Sikkim up to 5,000 ft. Chittagong. Pegu. Evergreen forests of the Konkan and
N. Kanara Ghats. <A large evergreen climber, 1. coriaceous, glabrous, elliptic, blade
3-5, pet. 1 in., sec. n. 6-8 pair slender, but distinct. Cymes compound trichotomous,
rusty pubescent, corolla rotate 4 in. across, lobes triangular, villous above, valvate in
bud.

Orper LXXV. LOGANIACEA. Gen. PI. ii. 786.

Trees, shrubs, often climbing, or herbs. L. opposite, undivided, generally
connected by interpetiolar stipules or by a raised line. Fl]. regular, usually
bisexual, 4- or 5-merous, inflorescence usually cymose. Corolla hypogynous,
stamens inserted on the corolla-tube, alternating with its lobes. Ovary free,
2-celled, ovules one or more in each cell. Embryo straight, in copious
albumen.

In regard to the anatomical structure two groups may be distinguished. Buddleia
and allied (not Indian) genera have collateral vascular bundles and the structure of
the wood is normal. The other genera have bicollateral bundles and consequently
phlo#m is found on the outside of the pith and (in most species of Strychnos) in the
wood, on a transverse section as islands of softer texture. See Scott and Brebner,
Anatomy and Histogeny of Strychnos, Ann. Botany vol. iii. (1889) 275.

A. Ovules in each cell numerous.

Corolla valvate, fr. indehiscent . 3 Fé : . 1. Srrycnnos.
Corolla imbricate, capsule 2-valved. ;
Style clavate. d : : ; : : . 2. Buppera.
Style 4-fid at apex : é é : ; 3 Gertsemium (p. 476).
Corolla contorted, fr. indehiscent ; ; F . 3. Facrea.
B. Oyule 1, rarely 2 in each cell, corolla-tube short, anthers
large, exserted . : : : ; : : . 4, Garpneria.

1. STRYCHNOS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iy. 86.

Trees or scandent shrubs with short axillary tendrils, evergreen, or leafless
for a short time before the young foliage comes out, 1. usually coriaceous,
entire, with 3-5 basal nerves. Fl. pentamerous, calyx generally hairy, corolla-
lobes valvate in bud, stamens 6, filaments usually short and anthers oblong.
Ovary 2-celled throughout, or 1-celled in the upper portion. Berry usually
with a hard rind, seeds large, compressed, embedded in a fleshy pulp, embryo
small, albumen horny. Species 60-65, tropies of both hemispheres.

A. Erect trees, anthers and ovary glabrous.

1. S. Nux-vomica, Linn.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 4; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 243.
Vern. Kuchla, Kajra, Hind.; Kachila, Orissa; Kar, Mar.; Nanjina, Kasa
Kana, Kan.; Mushti, Tel.; Yetti, Tam.; Kanjiram, Mal.; Kabaung, Burm.

474 DXXV. LOGANIACEA [Strychnos

A middle-sized often a large tree, bark smooth, whitish, |. broadly elliptic,
shining, blade 3-6, petiole J-} in. long. Fl. greenish-white, in terminal
pubescent pedunculate compound cymes. Calyx-lobes acute, corolla-tube
cylindric, 4 in. long, about three times the length of lobes, slightly puberulous
outside, throat glabrous. Style filiform, glabrous, stigma undivided. Berry
as large as an orange and of the same colour. Seeds flat, grey, shining,
nearly circular.

Gorakhpur forests (D. B.). Near Pundua (Wall.). Orissa. Western Peninsula.
Burma, Upper and Lower. Fl. Febr—April. Ceylon. Changes its 1. during the hot
season, occasionally for a short time leafless. The seeds contain strychnine, an extremely
bitter and most poisonous alkaloid, which also is found in bark and root of other species.
A tree found by Kurz on the eastern slopes of the Pegu Yoma, and described by him
(F. Fl. ii. 167) as S. Wallichiana, Steudel, is similar, but has the corolla-throat villous
between the anthers, and a hairy style. It demands further study on the spot.

2. S. potatorum, Linn. f.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 5.; Wight Ill. t. 156. The
clearing nut tree. Vern. Nirmali, Hind.; Kotako, Uriya; Chilla, Tel. ;
Tettan Kottat, Tam.

A middle-sized tree, wholly glabrous, trunk often fluted, bark dark coloured,
deeply furrowed. LL. ovate or elliptic, coriaceous, blade 2-3 in., petiole very
short. Fl. white, fragrant, in short lateral sessile glabrous cymes. Corolla
4} in., tube campanulate, £ 2-4 times the length of lobes, tufts of white hair
at the mouth between the stamens. Style glabrous, cylindric, from a conical ~
base, stigma tnelisiiineb ly 2 -lobed. Berry black when ripe, # in. diam. Seeds
Lor 2.

Central provinces, Behar, Western Peninsula. Fl. H. 8. Ceylon. Seeds used to
clear muddy water.

B. Scandent shrubs with tendrils, which often are stout and woody.
(a) Corolla-tube very short, shorter than calyx.
a, Western species.

3. S. colubrina, Linn. Kanal, Mar.; Naga mushti, Tel. Western Ghats from the
Konkan southwards. Ceylon. A lofty climber, tendrils generally simple, 1. elliptic-
lanceolate, blade 2-4, pet. in. Cymes axillary, compound trichotomous, puberulous,
anthers glabrous, ovary hairy in the upper portion. 4. S. Bourdilloni, sp. nova. South
Kanara. Travancore, common in eyergreen forest at 2,000 ft. Fl. Feb.—Apr., fr. Oct.
(Bourdillon No. 75). A gigantic climber, 1. (young) elongate-elliptic, blade 2, pet. 4 in.,
tendrils simple, thick, w oody. Fl. in ter minal compact trichotomous pubescent cymes
at the ends of branchlets, pedicels very short, calyx-segments pubescent, obtuse,
corolla glabrous, tube almost 0, lobes thickened and cucullate at apex. Anthers
glabrous, oblong apiculate, cells slightly diverging at base, filaments very short, ovary
glabrous. 5. 8. Dalzellii, Clarke. Belgaum and North Kanara Ghats. Bababudan
Hills, Mysore. L..ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, blade 3-5, pet.4 in. Fl. in dense, shortly
pedunculate, axillary cymes. Corolla-tube one-third the length of lobes, long hairs in
throat, anthers bearded at base, ovary glabrous. Fr. 1 in. diam.

6. S. Rheedii, Clarke, Malabar. Travancore, evergreen forest at 2,500-3,700 ft. L. ovate-
lanceolate, blade 3-5, pet. 4 in., tendrils forked. Inflorescence glabrous axillary 5—15-fid.,
the lower fl. often opening first, pedicels longer than fl., calyx glabrous, segments
triangular, edge minutely ciliate. Corolla-tube almost none, segments usually 5, at
times 4 or 6, oblong-lanceolate, edges minutely ciliolate. the lower half with long thin
hairs on the upper surface. Anthers small, ovate, glabrous on long, slender filaments,
ovary glabrous.

8. Eastern species.

7. S acuminata, Wall. Pegu, Tenasserim. Nicobars, Rocky sea shores of South
Andaman. Borneo. A large evergreen scandent shrub, 1. ovate, blade 4-6, pet. } in.,
5 basal nerves, the 2 outer marginal. Fl. small, in axillary minutely hairy compound
cymes, petals shortly connate, slightly hairy at base, anthers glabrous, ovary slightly
hairy, fr. ? in. diam. 8. §S. hypogyna, Clarke. Mergui. Similar to 7, if distinct.
Basal nerves 3. j

(6) Corolla campanulate, tube not much longer than lobes, but longer than
calyx.
9. S. Beddomei, Clarke. Travancore, foot of Ghats, Ceylon. Cymes pubescent,

Strychnos| LXXV. LOGANIACE® 475

axillary, nearly sessile, fl. fragrant, calyx very small, segments short, obtuse, corolla
campanulate } in. across, lobes acute, villous within. 10. §, laurina, Wall. Cachar.
Tenasserim. Malay Penins. and Archip. L. ovate, blade 4-6, pet. } in. long, tendrils
usually forked. Fl. ina large axillary (sometimes terminal) fulvous-pubescent thyrsus

corolla campanulate, villous w ithin, anther-cells slightly hairy, ovary hairy. 11. S.
axillaris, Colebr. Khasi hills. L. ovate-lanceolate, long acuminate, blade 2-3, pet. } in.,

tendrils ‘simple. Fl. white, in small, axillary, almost ses ssile cymes, corolla hairy w ithin,
anther-cells bearded at base. 12. S. malaceensis, Benth. Tenasserim(?). Malay Penins.

L. 5-neryed, anthers densely hairy, ovary glabrous.

(ce) Corolla-tube cylindric, 5-10 times the length of calyx.

13. S. cinnamomifolia, Thwaites: Wight Ic. t. 434. Travancore, low country.
Ceylon. <A very large woody climber, 1. elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-4,
pet. }in. Fl. white, in compact corymbiform cymes at the ends of short branchlets,
corolla 4 in. long, anthers and ovary glabrous, style long filiform, exserted, stigma
capitate. Fr. orange cold. 2-5 in. diam. seeds 7-14. 14. S. Wallichiana, Benth. Khasi
hills. Assam. Mikir hills. L. elliptic-oblong, suddenly caudate-acuminate, blade
4-6, pet. fin. Corolla 4-4 in. long, throat villous, anthers glabrous, style hairy, ovary
glabrous.

2. BUDDLEIA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 81.

Shrubs, usually clothed with stellate or elandular hairs or scales, petioles
united by a stipulary line. Fl. 4-merous in 3-5-fld. cymes arranged in
panicled spikes and racemes, calyx persistent, corolla-lobes imbricate, stamens
4, anthers nearly sessile. Capsule opening septicidally, leaving the dissepi-
ments free in the centre, valves 2 entire or bifid. Seeds small, numerous,
testa loose, often expanded into a wing all round. Species 70, South Afri ica,
tropical and subtropical countries of Asia and America.

A. Fl. small or middle-sized.

- 1. B. asiatica, Lour.; Bedd. Man. t. 21.—Syn. B. discolor, Roth; Wight
Ic. t. 894; B. Neemda, Roxb. Vern. Banna, Pb.; Dhaula, Kumaon;
Kyaung migu, Lower, Kyauk miku, Upper Burma.

A large shrub, branches, underside of leaves inflorescence and calyx clothed
with a dense grey felt of stellate hairs, 1. lanceolate, entire or minutely serru-
late, 3-6 in. long, usually glabrous above, narrowed into a short petiole. Fl.
white, scented, sessile or nearly so, in dense terminal and axillary panicled
spikes, bracts deciduous. Calyx 4-cleft to near the middle, lobes acute, corolla
tubular, hairy outside, tube # in., twice the length of calyx, lobes round obtuse.
Capsule nodding, } in., seeds with a finely reticulate wing all round.

Outer Himalaya, ascending to 5,000 ft. Behar. Singbhum. Central Proy. Assam,
Khasi hills, Manipur, Chittagong. Burma, in Savannas: in the hills chiefly on deserted
Toungyas. Western Peninsula. Fl. Feb.to July. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
Anam. China. Not in Ceylon.

2. B. paniculata, Wall.; Collett Simla Fl. 322 fig. eine B. crispa,
Benth. Vern. Chiti boi, Punj.; Prind, Kun.; Sendroi, Ghuttia, N. West.

A shrub or small tree, stem gnarled and crooked, bark peeling off i in long
shreds, branchlets, leaves, inflorescence, bracts and calyx densely clothed wifh
soft white or tawny tomentum. Leaves extremely variable, those at the ends
of flowering branches oblong-lanceolate, entire, those lower down hastate, deeply
sinuate-dentate, blade 2-6, petiole }-1} in. long, on the interpetiolar line some-
times a round or lobed leafy stipule, petiole sometimes winged. Fl. nearly
sessile, fragrant, pale mauve, pink or white, in short dense spikes arranged
in large terminal leafy panicles, bracts lanceolate, tomentose, calyx and corolla
densely tomentose outside, calyx-lobes short, obtuse, corolla-tube } in. long.

Baluchistan. Common Trans Indus and in the N.-West Himalaya, up to 7.500 ft.
Nepal. Rare in Sikkim and Bhutan. Manipur at 5,000 ft. Fl. Feb—June. Afghanistan.
8. B. macrostachya, Benth. Sikkim. Bhutan, Mishmi. Khasi hills, Manipur. Branches
stout, quadrangular, often narrowly winged, branchlets, leaves and inflorescence
rusty-woolly, 1. serrulate, 5-10 in. long, narrowed intoa very short petiole. Fl. middle-
sized, white, tinged with pink and orange, in dense terminal and axillary elongate

476 LXXV. LOGANIACEA [Buddleia

spikes. Corolla-tube 4 in. long, woolly outside. Capsule villous, 4 in. long, reflexed
wing-like testa of seeds 3-6 times as long as nucleus.

B. Fl. large.

4. B. Colvillei, Hook.f. Sikkim 9-12,000 ft. A large shrub or small tree, 1. elliptic-
lanceolate acuminate serrate, glabrous above, stellate-rusty-tomentose or nearly
glabrous beneath, blade 6-7 in., narrowed into a short petiole. Masses of crimson fl.
in terminal drooping racemes, pedicels } in. long with a few small setaceous bracteoles.
Calyx broad-campanulate, + in. long, lobes hairy, corolla funnel-shaped, 1 in. long,
anthers on short filaments. Capsule lanceolate, tomentose, 4—} in. long.

Gelsemium elegans, Benth. Manipur. Hookhoom valley (Griffith). Hills east of
Bhamo 4,000 ft. Mogok, Ruby Mines district 4,000 ft, Katha district, in Taungya
ponzo, 3,200 ft. Southern Shan States—China. Vern. Palaung se, Burm.; Lashi,
Kachin. A climbing glabrous evergreen shrub, bark corky, wood porous, vessels
numerous, uniformly distributed. L. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, blade 3-4, pet. 4 in.
long. Fl. bright yellow in terminal compound trichotomous cymes. Sepals ovate,
4 in., margin minutely ciliate, corolla funnel-shaped 4 in. long, lobes imbricate in bud.
Ovules numerous in each cell, style filiform, at the apex with 4 short stigmatic
branches. Capsule inflated, $ in. long, seeds numerous, surrounded by a broad lacerate
wing. Roots and leaves very poisonous, a decoction of the root or leaves kills instantly.
G. sempervirens, Hook.f. (G. nitidum, Michaux), of the Southern States of North America
and of Mexico contains two poisonous alkaloids, Gelsemine and Gelseminine, which, in
small doses, are used medicinally.

3. FAGRAZA, Thunb.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 82.

Trees or shrubs, glabrous, evergreen, sometimes scandent, often epiphytic,
branchlets with prominent leaf-scars. L. usually entire, petioles dilated at
base, auriculate or united by a short stipulary sheath. Fl. supported by a
pair of bracteoles, in bracteate cymes, rarely solitary, calyx deeply 5-fid,
lobes thick, broad, much imbricate, persistent in fr. Corolla funnel-shaped,
lobes 5, twisted in bud, the right hand edge overlapping. Stamens 5, fila-
ments filiform. Ovary 2-celled throughout, or 1-celled in the upper portion,
style filiform, stigma capitate, ovules oo. Seeds numerous, immersed in pulp,
testa crustaceous, embryo straight, small, in horny albumen. Species 30,
Indo-Malayan region, China, Japan, Australia, Pacific Islands

A. FI. large, more than 1 in. long.

1. F. obovata, Wall.; Kurz, F. Fl. 11. 205.—Syn. F. malabarica, Blume ;
Wight Ic. t. 1317; £. coromandeliana, Wight Ic. t. 1316, Bedd. Fl. Syly.
t. 244. Vern. Yerrimushti, Tel.; Thagyalet wa, Burm.

A shrub or small tree, often epiphytic on Teak, Terminalia and other trees,
germinating on the branches, and then clasping the stem with its interlacing
aerial roots, 1. obovate, sometimes elongate-elliptic, blade 3-7, narrowed into
petiole j—} in. long, stipules thick, more or less adnate to petiole, sec. n. oblique,
scarcely visible. Fl. white or cream coloured, scented, in terminal cymes,
calyx-lobes blunt, as long as tube, corolla-tube 1-1} in. long, upper half cam-
panulate, lobes obtuse, 1-14 in. long. Berry glossy green, black when ripe,
1-14 in. long.

West side of the Peninsula, from the coast to 6,000 ft. Nilgiris. Western Duars.
Khasi hills, Cachar, Manipur, Chittagong, Upper and Lower Burma. Fl. March-Oct.
—Ceylon. Malay Peninsula. 2. F. carnosa, Jack, Tenasserim. An epiphytic shrub,
1. thickly coriaceous, obovate, mucronate, blade 3-4, narrowed into pet.$ in. long. Fl.
solitary, terminal, yellowish-white, corolla-tube cylindric,4-5 in. long. 3. F, zeylanica,
Thunb. Western Peninsula, Ceylon. _ Similar, corolla white, yellowish-green outside,
tube 2-3 in. long. 4. F. auriculata, Jack (fF. awricularia, Benth.). Tenasserim, Malay
Penins. A large shrub, 1. coriaceous, obovate and oblanceolate, blade 6-11, narrowed
into pet. 4 in., stipules adnate to petiole, broad, reflexed. Fl. white, turning yellow,
terminal, solitary or in few-fld. cymes, calyx 14-2 in., cor. funnel-shaped, tube 2-3 in.
long, 2 in. wide at the mouth, lobes 2-3 in. long, anthers elliptic, }-4$ in. long. 5. F
Khasiana, Benth., Khasi hills, Assam, a middle-sized tree, 1. elongate-elliptic, acuminate,
blade 5-6, pet. 1 in. long, stipules adnate. Fl. in compound terminal cymes, calyx
1-4 in., cleft 4 way down, corolla funnel-shaped, tube $ in. long, width at top }in.,
lobes 4 in. long.

i
ie

~e

Fagraa\ LXXY. LOGANIACEA 47

-~1

Fic. 171. Fagreea obovata, Wall. 4.

B. Fl. 1 in. long or less.

6. F. morindefolia, Blume, Andamans, Malaya. A rambling shrub, |. broadly
elliptic, very shortly acuminate, blade 6-12, petiole 34 in., sec. n. prominent beneath.
Fl. in trichotomous cymes, arranged in a terminal pedunculate thyrsus 6-9 in., pedicels
i in. long. Calyx } in., corolla funnel-shaped, tube 4 in., lobes 4 in. long. Kurz,

. racemosa, F, F). ii. 205, probably is this species. 7. F. fragrans, Roxb. (Anan, Burm.)
Tenasserim, common in Eng forests. Andamans, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
A middle-sized tree, wood light brown, close-grained, moderately hard, 1. elliptic-
lanceolate, blade 4-6 in. decurrent into slender petiole } in. long, sec. n. almost at right
angles to midrib, slender but visible. Fl. white, cymes arranged in terminal and axil-
lary corymbs, peduncles 2-3, pedicels }-4 in., calyx #4 in. long, corolla funnel-shaped,
tube }, lobes } in. long, stamens much exserted.

4. GARDNERIA, Wall.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 93.

Large scandent glabrous shrubs, l. quite entire. Fl. solitary or in peduncu-
late cymes, calyx small, persistent, lobes fringed with a few short hairs, corolla-
tube very short, lobes thick, valvate in bud. Anthers nearly sessile, connivent
into a cone, cells adnate on the inside of a broad coriaceous connective. Ovary
2-celled, glabrous, 1 rarely 2 ovules in each cell, style cylindric, stigma shortly
2-lobed. Berry globose, seeds usually 2, rarely 3, embryo small. Species 3,
India, China Japan.

1. G. ovata, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 231.—Syn. G. Wallichii, Wight Ic. t.
1313; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 281.

L. ovate-lanceolate, blade 2-5, pet. } in. long. Fl. in axillary cymes,
peduncles 4-1 in., pedicels bracteolate 4-} in. Calyx-lobes broad, obtuse,

corolla-lobes } in. long, anthers connate in the lower portion. Berry 4 in. diam.,
scarlet.

Khasi hills. Nilgiris, Shevaroy hills. Fl. Jan—June.—China. 2. G. angustifolia,
Wall. Himalaya 5-7,000 ft., from Kumaon eastwards, Khasi hills. Yunnan. L.
lanceolate, blade 2-4, pet. }-4 in. Fl. solitary in opposite leaf-axils, peduncles 4-} in.,
calyx-lobes triangular, corolla-lobes 4 in. long, upperside usually densely hairy, berry
4-4 in. diam., scarlet.

478 LXXVI. BORAGINACEA _[Cordia

Orper LXXVI. BORAGINACEA. Gen. Pl. ii. 832
(Boraginee).

Asa rule herbs; trees and shrubs ina few genera only. L. alternate, rarely
opposite, usually undivided, stipulés 0. FI. bisexual, as a rule regular, mostly
pentamerous, in unilateral spikes or racemes, the ends rolled back when young,
and often dichotomous. Calyx free, per sistent, lobes valvate in bud. Corolla
hygogynous, gamopetalous, stamens inserted in the tube, alternating with
lobes. Ovary free, of 2 carpels, entire or 4- rarely 2- lobed, style simple or
2-4-fid, terminal or imserted between the lobes. Embryo straight, radicle
short, superior, albumen none or scanty.

Remarkable anatomical characters.—Stiff one-celled hairs, erect or slanting, walls
often thick and granular, base often large and rounded, are common in plants of this
order. Cordia and allied genera have also stellate and br anched, sometimes glandular
hairs. In many cases the Tough surface of the leaves is caused by cells of the epidermis
containing cystoliths, concretions mainly consisting of Calcium Carbonate. Cysto-
liths often are found in the enlarged base of hairs and not rarely (species of Cordia) in
preurs of epidermis cells, which appear as white disks, mostly on the upper surface of

eaves

Style twice forked, drupe with one stone . - 1. Corpta.
Style bifid to the middle or lower down, dr ape with 2-4
pyrenes . . 2, ExReETrIA.
Style filiform, stigma 2- lobed, cymes few-flowered . 5 Ruaspta (p. 482).
Style short, undivided, cymes many-fid. . 5 : . 3. TouRNEFORTIA.

1. CORDIA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 136.

Trees or shrubs, usually deciduous, gum issues from wounds in the bark.
Medullary rays broad, 3-5 cells wide, prominent on a radial section, vessels
large, up to 0-2 mm. diam.; transverse, often broad bands of wood parenchyma
at right angles to med. rays. L.asarule alternate. Fl. polygamous, usually
¢ and & in dichotomous cymose panicles or corymbs. Calyx obconical, cam-
panulate or tubular, enclosing the fl. until they open, teeth short, 4-5, often
irregular. Corolla funnel-shaped, lobes 4-8. Stamens 4-8, filaments often
hairy at the base, anthers shortly exserted. Ovary glabrous, 4-celled, 1 ovule
in each cell, style terminal, twice forked. Fr. a drupe partly enclosed in the
enlarged and hardened calyx, endocarp hard, often perforated at the apex,
seed usually one, albumen 0, cotyledons plaited lengthwise. Species over 200,
tropical countries of both hemispheres, chiefly America. Species 4, 7, 9, 10,
12 deserve attention on account of their beautiful timber.

I. Fl. small or middle-sized, white, corolla-tube as long as or shorter than
calyx.

A. L. alternate, basal nerves 3-5.

(a) Cystolith cells not conspicuous on upper surface of leaves.

1. C. Myxa, Linn.; Wight Ill. t. 169; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 2454.—Syn. C.
obliqua, Willd. Vern. Lessora, Bhatrala, Rasalla, Hind.; Buhal, Beng.;
Shelu, Bhokar, Mar.; Iriki, Nakkeri, Tel.; Challe, Kan.; Vidi, Tam.; Vira-
sham, Mal.; Thanat, Burm.

A middle-sized tree, branchlets glabrous, wood soft, light grey, no heartwood.
L. entire or slightly dentate, glabrous, but more or less rough when full
grown, variable in shape, from elliptic- lanceolate to broad ovate, Giten with
a rounded or cordate base, basal n. 3, rarely 5, blade 3-6, pet. 1-2 in. long.
Fl. small, in large lax terminal ral axillary pedunculate almost glabrous
cymes, peduncles 1-2 in., buds nearly globose. Drupe }—1 in. long, when ripe

Cordia) LXXVI. BORAGINACEX 479

yellowish-brown, pink or nearly black, shining, but minutely rugose, endo-
carp rugose, very hard, in a sweetish viscid, almost transparent pulp.

Subhimalayan tract and outer ranges, ascending to 5,000 ft. Punjab Salt range.
Rajputana. Central India and Centr. Prov. Western Peninsula. Khasi hills.
Burma. Largely cultivated in gardens and ayennes. Fl. March-May. Fr. and
kernel eaten, the unripe fr. as a vegetable and pickled——Ceylon chiefly in the dry
region. Malay Penins.and Archip. China. Formosa. Cultivated and possibly indi-
genous in Western Asia. 2. A species mentioned by Kurz F. Fl. ii. 208 (Hmaikya,
Burm.). Pegu. A small tree, ]. elliptic, acuminate, a few large teeth in the upper
half, blade 5-10, pet. 1-23 in. long, short hairs on the underside, chiefly along nerves,
upperside rough with minute cystolith cells, A. unknown. L. greatly prized as cover-
ing leaf of the Burmese cheroots.

3. C. Wallichii, G. Don; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 245; Brandis F. Fl. 337; Talbot List
ed. ii. 243; probably. C. obliqua of Wight’s Ic. t. 1378.—Syn. C. obliqua, Willd.,
var. Wallichii, C. B. Clarke in. Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 137; Sepistan, Pistan. Guz.
Western Peninsula in deciduous forest. A middle-sized tree, 1. entire or nearly so,
densely and softly tomentose beneath with stellate hairs, otherwise similar to 1, of
which it may possibly be a tomentose variety. 4. C. Lowriana, sp. nova. Merwara
(Gundi) (D. B. Dec. 1878; A. F. Lowrie Oct. 1884; Duthie No. 4754. Jan. 1886). A
shrub or small tree, heartwood brown, beautifully mottled on a radial section, foliage
bright green. Wholly glabrous, excepting the minutely hairy inflorescence, 1. elliptic
or biisatie lanceolate, acute at both ends, base more or less unequal sided, deeply den-
tate in the upper half, blade 2-3, pet. 3 in. long, sec. n. faint, 4-6 pair, the lowest pair
from near the base. Fl. (nearly throughout the year) in small compact pedunculate
cymes from the axils of the uppermost 1., calyx-tube in fl. more cylindrical than of
Myxa. Very similar to C. crenata, Delile, cultivated in Egypt.

(6) Cystolith cells conspicuous as raised, generally white disks on upper
surface of 1.1

a. Calyx not distinctly ribbed.

5. C. monoica, Roxb. Cor: Pl. t. 58.—Syn. C. polygama, Roxb. Western Peninsula,
from the Centr. Proy. southwards. L. ovate or elliptic with a cuneate base, slightly
pubescent beneath, rough above with numerous raised disks, blade 1-3, pet. 3-1 in.
Cymes small, calyx obconical, } in. long, ¢ and fertile fl. on separate branches. 6. C.
grandis, Roxb. Assam. Chittagong. Burma (Kurz). L. ovate, underside generally
peeous with scanty hairs along nerves, upperside rough with numerous white raised

isks, blade 5-8, pet. 1-24 in. Fl. in compact cymes, arranged in large pedunculate
panicles.

7. ©. fragrantissima, Kurz. Kalamet, Taung kalamet, Burm.; Kawoh, Kar. Pegu
and Martaban. Paunglin forests (D. B. Jan. 1862). Hills east of "Taungoo (D. B.
May 1859). Heartwood brown, beautifully mottled, in structure resembling C.
Macleodii, but fragrant. LL. ovate, upperside when young with fugacious hairs, w when
mature rough with innumerable white disks, underside ‘clothed with a soft dense but
fugacious tomentum of stellate hairs, blade 5-10, pet. 1-2 in. dene Fl. almost sessile
in unilateral racemes, arranged in dichotomous panicles. 8. A shrub, Khasi hills
(C. B. Clarke, 8088, 48264.), Chittagong (C. B. Clarke, 19760), Western Penins. (Herb.
Rottler), China (Henry, 414), similar to 7, but 1. broadly elliptic, fl. pedicellate, and
racemes not markedly unilateral.

B. Calyx distinctly ribbed and furrowed.

9. C. Macleodii, Hook. f.& Thoms.; Brandis F. Fl. t.41. Vern. Dhaiman,
Dhagan, Dengan, Hind.; Dhaiwan, Mar.; Godela, Ajmere; Pedda Battava,
Tel.

A middle-sized tree, bands of wood parenchyma narrow, heartwood reddish-
brown, beautifully mottled. Branchlets, underside of |., inflorescence and
calyx clothed with dense grey or tawny tomentum of stellate hairs. L. some-
times subopposite, cordate, firm and hard when full grown, rough with raised
groups of cystolith cells, blade 5-7, pet. 2-3 in. long, the basal as well as
secondary and transverse tertiary nerves prominent on the underside of mature 1].

1 T have adopted this as a distinguishing character of species 5-11 with some hesita-
tion, for it is not impossible that the appearance of the cystolith cells on the upper
surface of leaves may vary. The species of this difficult but important genus require
further study in the forest.

480 LXXVI. BORAGINACEA [Cordia

Fl. middle-sized, nearly sessile, in lateral compact, shortly pedunculate or nearly
sessile cymes, calyx. wale) <3 4 in. long, corolla-lobes spathulate, spreading
or reflexed. Drupe }-? in. long, ovoid, acute, not edible.

Rajputana. Central ebeinees Ch. Nagpur, Orissa. Western Peninsula, in
deciduous forests. Fl. March—May. 10. C. vestita, Hook.f. & Thoms. Vern. Kwmb,
Pb.; Rarola, Bairola, Ajanta, Hind. Subhimalayan tract, Jhelam to Sarda. Oudh
Forests. Similar to 9, but less densely tomentose, sometimes quite glabrous, l. with a
cuneate or rounded not cordate base, fl. pedicelled in unilateral racemes, arranged in
pedunculate panicles, calyx clavate 4 in. Drupe 4-3 in. long, edible. 11. ©. fulvosa,
Wight Ic. t. 1880. Deccan, Karnatik. Similar to 10, but I. smaller, inflorescence
of 9F

B. Leaves often nearly opposite, no distinct basal nerves.

12. C. Rothii, Roem. &. Schult.; Wight Ic. t. 1379. Vern. Liar, Sind ;
Gondi, Gundi, Rajputana.

A small or middle-sized tree, bands of wood parenchyma broad, heartwood
dark brown, not scented. L.
nearly opposite, cuneate-ob-
long, obtuse, entire, stellate
pubescent beneath, rough
above, blade 3-4, narrowed
into petiole 4 in. long, sec. n.
faint, 4-6 pair. Fl. white,
generally tetrandrous. Drupe
ovoid, mucronate, $ in. long,
glabrous, longitudinally stri-
ate, yellow or reddish-brown
when ripe, with gelatinous
pellucid edible pulp.

Sind, Punjab, Rajputana, Guze-
rat and the Deccan. FI. April—
Sept. Coppices well.—Ceylon.
Arabia, Abyssinia. 13. C. Per-
rottetii, Wight Ic. t. 1881, Deccan.
Closely allied to 12 and probably
not specifically distinct, 1. clus-
tered, often alternate, elliptic-
oblong.

Fic. 172. Cordia Rothii, Roem. et Schult. 4. II. Fl. large, white, yellow
or red, corolla-tube longer than
calyx.

14. C. octandra, A. DC. C. serrata, Roxb.; Wight Ic.t.469. Travancore, open forest
at 1,000 ft. A small or middle- sized tree, almost glabrous, 1. ovate, acuminate, more
or less serrate, blade 3-6, pet. 1-2 in. FI. white, calyx cylindric-campanulate, corolla-
tube slightly longer than calyx, lobes 7-9, stamens usually 8. 15. C. subcordata, Lamk.
Sea coast of the Andamans and South Tenasserim. A littoral species. Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago, Australia and islands of the Pacific. Often cultivated in gardens.
A large evergreen shrub or small tree, J. nearly glabrous, ovate, very shortly acumi-
nate, blade 3— -6, pet. 1-14 in. Fl. showy, brick-red or orange, calyx cylindric, corolla-
tube twice the length of calyx, limb 6-lobed, nearly 1 in. across, stamens 6, style 6-cleft,
drupe 1 in. lon e, entirely enclosed in the calyx.

2. EHRETIA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 141.

Shrubs or trees, 1. alternate. FI. small, white, bisexual, pentamerous, in
axillary or terminal corymbs or panicles. Calyx small, in bud not enclosing
the corolla, in fr. persistent, but not as a rule accrescent. Ovary 2-celled,
cells 2-ovuled, style terminal, bifid. Cotyledons ovate, not plaited, in scanty
albumen. Species 40-50, tropics of the Old World, a few in America.

A. Leaves serrate or with a few teeth at the apex, corolla rotate.

|

Ehretia\ . LXXVI. BORAGINACEA .- 481

1. E. acuminata, Rob. Br.—Syn. BL. serrata, Roxb.; Wight Ill. t. 170;
Brandis F. Fl. 339. Vern. Shawahi, Pushtu; Ponravi, Haz.; Pania, Puna,
Hind. ; Bual, As.

A middle-sized evergreen tree, bark grey with longitudinal fissures, wood
brown, even grained, easily worked. Nearly glabrous, young 1. and inflor-
escence with scattered short appressed hairs. L. elliptic-oblong, acuminate,
sharp-serrate, blade 4-8, pet. 3-14 in. long. FI. numerous, white, fragrant,
nearly sessile in large terminal and axillary pyramidal panicles, corolla rotate,
drupe orange, red or nearly black when ripe, pyrenes 2, 1- or 2-seeded.

Subhimalayan tract and outer hills, ascending to 5,000 ft. West Duars, Assam.
Khasi and Chittagong hills. Upper Burma (Petthin,Smales). Fl. Feb.—April.—China,
Formosa, Japan, Australia. 2. E. macrophylla, Wall. Nepal, China, 1. ovate, serra-
tures unequal, upper side rough with short stiff hairs on a conical base, blade 4-6,
pet. §-$in. Fl. in short rounded terminal panicles, corolla-tube more than twice the
length of calyx. Fr. globose, mucronate 4 in. diam.

3. E. buxifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.57. Vern. Pichika bira, Tel. Western Peninsula,
chiefly on the east side, common in the semi-evergreen scrub. FI. Nov.—June.
Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, China, Formosa. A shrub with stiff branches, ]. }-1 in.,
fasciculate on arrested branchlets, oblanceolate, apex with a few obtuse teeth, pale
beneath, upperside rough with short stiff hairs, standing generally on white disks (cysto-
lithcells). FJ. solitary or a few together, on slender hairy peduncles. Calyx hairy, seg-
ments spathulate, longer than tube, corolla 1-4 in. across, style 2-fid to near the base,
or two distinet styles. Drupe globose, }-} in. diam., yellow or scarlet when ripe, stone
one, 4-celled.

B. Leaves quite entire, corolla rotate or broadly campanulate.

4, E. levis, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 56; Wight Ic. t. 1882; Bedd. Fl. Sylyv. t.
246; Brandis F. Fl. t. 42.—Syn. E. floribunda, Benth.; E. aspera, Roxb.
Cor. Pl. t.55. Vern. Chamror, Koda, Hind.; Tambolia, Rajputana; Datrang,
Mar. ; Pogadi, Tel.; Kappura, Kan.; Chavandi, Mal.; Gyaung byu, Upper
Burma.

A middle-sized tree, pubescent or glabrous, branches whitish-grey. L.
elliptic, sometimes obovate, blade 3-8, petiole }-1 in. Fl. in loose terminal or
axillary cymes, composed of unilateral racemes, calyx hairy, lobes ovate,
corolla rotate or broadly campanulate, lobes as long as or twice the length of
tube. Drupe nearly 2-lobed, somewhat broader than long, + in. broad, red,
afterwards black, a sweet pulp enclosing 3—4 one-seeded pyrenes.

Sind. Trans Indus, ascending on the Suliman range to 2,500 ft. Sub-himalayan
tract to 2,500 ft. Gangetic plain. Rajputana. Central Provinces. Singbhum,
Western Peninsula. Burma, Upper and Lower. The old leaves are shed January,
Febr., new foliage Febr—April. Fl. before or with the young 1., sometimes before the
1. are shed—Persia. Ceylon. Ind. Archip. China. Australia, Polynesia. A very
variable species, 2 remarkable varieties in the Western Peninsula are: a. aspera, |.
small, hairy beneath when mature, 8. canarensis, glabrous, |. elongate-elliptic evenly
narrowedat both ends. The following four species are closely allied tod: 5. E. ovalifolia,
Wight Ic. t. 1883. Hills of the Southern Decean. Inflorescence hairy, |. glabrous,
elliptic, nearly obtuse. 6. E. Wightiana, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1884. Mysore, Karnatik,
Courtallam. L. glabrous, lanceolate, corolla campanulate. 7. E. retusa, Wall. 8. E.
parallela, Clarke, both from Upper Burma, imperfectly known.

9, E. obtusifolia, Hochst.; Brandis F. F]. 840. Vern. Manak, Bal.; Tambolia, Merwara,
Afghanistan, Baluchistan. Sind. Salt range, Punjab. Ajpore and Merwara. A small
shrub, branches grey. L. rough and hairy, obovate or spathulate, blade 1-2 in.,
narrowed into pet. } in. long. Fl. white or blue in lax hairy cymes, corolla-tube twice
the length of calyx, lobes as long as tube.

C. L. quite entire, corolla tubular.

10. E. Wallichiana, Hook. f. & Thoms. Vern. Boeri, Dowari, Nep.; Kalet, Lepcha ;
Kyet ma6k, Burm. Sikkim, 2-7,000 ft., often gregarious, forming the second growth
on clearances. Bhutan. Khasi hills, Upper Burma, Shan hills and Irawadi valley.
Fl. March—June. A middle-sized deciduous tree, nearly glabrous, |. elliptic-lanceolate,
acuminate, blade 8-6, sometimes longer, petiole 4-1 in. long. Fl. before the leaves, in
minutely pubescent compact cymes, mostly at the ends of lateral branchlets, corolla-

It

482 LXXV. BORAGINACEA [Ehretia

tube 3 times the length of calyx. Drupe subglobose, 4-$ in. diam., longitudinally
ribbed, pyrenes 4, 1-seeded, compressed.

Rhabdia lycioides, Mart.—Syn. R. viminea, Dalz. ; Bhretia cuneata, Wight Ic. t. 1885.
In rocky and shingly stream beds, submerged during the rains. Outer Himalaya from
Kumaon eastwards, ascending to 6,000 ft. Assam, Khasi hills. Burma. Singbhum.
Central Provinces and Peninsula.—Ceylon. Tropics of both Hemispheres. A
gregarious prostrate creeping or ascending shrub, branches rooting, branchlets and
young 1. silky-pubescent, rarely glabrous. L. often fasciculate on arr ested branchlets,

3-1 in. long, spathulate, entire, narrowed into a short petiole. Fl. 5- rarely 6-merous,
reddish- lilac, in 2-8-fld. shortly pedunculate cymes at the ends of branchlets, calyx
pubescent, lobes lanceolate, corolla glabrous, tube very short, lobes large, obtuse, stigma
minutely 2-lobed. Fr. crimson, olossy, fleshy, with four one-seeded pyrenes.

3. TOURNEFORTIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 145.

Shrubs, rarely small trees, mostly rambling, 1. alternate, entire. Fl. white
or greenish-yellow, numerous, sessile or shor tly pedicelled, "4 or 5- merous, in
terminal dichotomous cymes, consisting of dense unilateral scorpioid spikes or
racemes. Sepals hairy, corolla-tube cylindric, hairy outside, naked in the
throat, lobes short, spreading. Stamens included, inserted near the base of
the tube, ovary 4-celled, style short, 1 ovule in each cell. Fr.a dry drupe,
with 2 two-seeded pyrenes. Species 100-120, tropical and subtropical regions
of both hemispheres.

A. L. sparsely hairy, more so on the underside.

(a) Corolla pentamerous, Western species.

1. T. Heyneana, Wall., Nilgiris. ae lanceolate, blade 4-5, petiole 4-} in. Sepals
lanceolate #4; in., cor. 4 in. long. . T. Wightii, Clarke, Western Penins. LL. ovate-
lanceolate, blade 3, pet. 4 in. eae one-fourth the length of corolla, corolla 3 in. long.
3. T. reticosa, Wight Te. 1886, Coorg, Nilgiris. L. lanceolate, blade 5, pet. $ in. Fi.
pedicellate, sepals 7, in., corolla 4 in. long.

(b) Corolla pentamerous, Hastern species.

4. T. viridifiora, Wall. Assam, Khasi hills. LL. ovate-lanceolate, blade 2-5, pet.4 in.
Sepals half the length of corolla, corolla 4} in. 5. T. Hookeri, Clarke, Sikkim to 5,000 ft.
L. ovate, acuminate, sec. n. arching, prominent beneath, blade 3-5, pet. 4 in. Cymes
long-pedunculate, spreading, sepals lanceolate, $in., corollat-4in.long. 6. T. Candollei,
Clarke, Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur, Chittagong. lL. ovate-lanceolate, blade 2-5, pet.
Zin. Fl.sessile, in large spreading cymes, corolla }-}in. long. 7. T. Roxburghii, Clarke,
Chittagong. Upper Burma (Sin lamaung). LL. ovate-lanceolate, blade 3-4, pet. $-3 in.
Sepals $, corolla 4-4 in. long. 8. T. Khasiana, Clarke. Assam, Khasi hills, 1. ovate-
lanceolate, blade 3-4, pet. Zin. Fl. green, sessile, sepals lanceolate 34; in., corolla 4 in.
long. 9. T. ovata, Wall. Pegu, Andamans, China. * L. elliptic- lanceolate, acuminate,
blade 3-6, pet. }-4 in. FI. short, pedicellate, calyx minute, corolla 4-3 in. long.

(c) Corolla tetramerous.

10. T. Wallichii, DC. Nicobars, Malay Peninsula. L. ovate, acuminate, blade 2+4,
pet. }-3 in. Sepals half the length of corolla, corolla } in. long.

B. Branchlets and leaves densely silky.

11. T. argentea, Linn. f. Sea coast of the Andamans, Nicobars, Madagascar, Ceylon,
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Australia, islands of the Pacific. An erect shrub
or small tree, branchlets stout, leaf-scars conspicuous. L. crowded at the ends of
branchlets, 8-5 in. long, obovate, gradually narrowed into very short petioles.
Panicles large, densely silky, terminal or from the upper axils. Fl. sessile, calyx-
segments ovate, ciliate, corolla-tube very short.

Erycibe) LXXVH. CONVOLVULACE 483
Orper LXXVITI. CONVOLVULACEA. Gen. PI. ii. 865.

Herbs, rarely shrubs, often twining. L. alternate, stipules 0. Fl. bisexual,
regular, pentamerous, generally large and showy. Calyx of 5 distinct sepals,
much imbricate in bud, persistent, often enlarged in fruit. Corolla campanu-
late or funnel-shaped, limb 5-an eled or 5-lobed, usually folded in bud, stamens
5, often of unequal length. Seeds with scanty ‘mucilaginous albumen.

The vascular bundles of Convolvulacee are bicollateral and the wood-fibres have
bordered pits. The stem of the climbing species has a most varied anomalous struc-
ture. Cf. Gamble Ind. Timbers, ed. ii. 505, Schenck, Anatomie der Lianen 206 and
Solereder, Anatomie d. Dicotyl. 645.

A. Fr. indehiscent (in Rivea irregularly breaking ayy
Stigma sessile . . iI. Erycrse.
Style filiform, stigmas 2, linear-oblong . Rivea.
Style filiform, stigmas 2, globose.
L. small, 4-1 in. long, lanceolate’ . - : : Burnkworrtuia (p. 484).
L. large, usually cordate.

ines

Ovary 4-celled 3. ARGYREIA.
Ovary 2-celled 4. Lerrsomra.
B. Fr. indehiscent or 2-valved, sepals rvet ee auth in fe 5. Porana.
C. Capsule 2- or more valved.
Style undivided, stigma usually 2-lobed . 5 6. Iromaza.
Styles 2, distinct from the base, or united half their
length, stamens included 7. Brewerta.
Styles2, distinct, fr. supported by a greatly enlarged
bract ° ( ¢ - : : : Nevrorettis (p. 485).

1. ERYCIBE, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iy. 180.
(Hans Hallier in Bulletin de l’'Herbier Boissier, v. 736.)

Large evergreen climbing shrubs, l. coriaceous, entire. Sepals broad, coria-
ceous, persistent, appressed to the base of fruit, corolla-tube short, coriaceous,
hairy outside, lobes bifid, seements folded in bud. Filaments short, inserted
at the base of tube, anthers ovate-lanceolate. Ovary l-celled, ovules 4, erect,
stigma sessile, lobed. Fr. an indehiscent 1-seeded berry, cotyledons folded.
Species 10-20, from India to Australia and the Pacific.

A. Branchlets densely rusty-tomentose, inflorescence terminal and axillary.

i." E. paniculata, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 159; Wight Ill. t. 180. Vern.
Ankole, Kan.; Unankodi, Tam.

Young shoots and inflorescence densely clothed with rust-coloured tomentum.
L. elliptic- -oblong, abruptly acuminate, blade 3-5, petiole } in. long. Fl.
yellowish-white, in elongate narrow terminal panicles, petals crisped. Berry
4 in. diam., black when ripe.

Subhimalayan tract from Nepal eastwards, ascending to 4,000 ft. Oudh forests.
Singbhum, Western Pensinsula. Fl. May-Novy. —Malay Archipel., Australia. 2.
E. Wightiana, Grah. Western Ghats from Bombay southwards, fl. white, fragrant.
3. BE. peguensis, Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. 63 (1894), p. 83. Chittazong,
Burma, Andamans, Nicobars, 1. cuneately acuminate at both ends, panicles large
pyramidal, fl. white, fr. much larger than 1. 4. B subspicata, Wall. Khasi hills.
Upper Burma. Yunnan, L. elliptic- -lanceolate, gradually acuminate, inflorescence
rusty-tomentose, narrow, spiciform, fl. large. 5. E. expansa, Wall. ‘Tenasserim, Malay
Penins. L, elliptic, shortly acuminate, base rounded or cordate, blade 2-3, pet. }-4 in.,
inflorescence broad, bracts often prominent.

B. Branchlets glabrous or nearly so, inflorescence mostly axillary.
(a) Tertiary nerves distinct, parallel and reticulate.

6. E.levigata, Wall. Sikkim 8-5,000ft. Khasi hills. <A large straggling or c limbing
shrub, branchlets slightly pubescent, |. elongate-elliptic, blade 8-7, pet. 4-1 in. long.
Panic les short, mostly axillary, fl. yellowish-white, fr. globose, }in.diam. 7. E. Wallichii,

484 LXXVIT. CONVOLVULACE® [Erycibe

Prain et Hallier in Bull. Herb. Boiss. v. 882, 738.—Syn. L. glomerata, Wall.; Fl. Brit.
Ind. iv. 183. Maulmein. <A small tree, with strong straggling shoots, |. rigidly coria-
ceous, blade 4-6, pet. stout, channeled, + in. long, sec. n. conspicuous below. Fl. in sessile
axillary clusters, creamy yellow with a strong smell. 8. E. Stapfiana, Prain in Journ. —
As. Soc. Beng. 63.87. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. A slender climber, 1. elliptic-
lanceolate, blade 4-7, pet. 4 in., sec. n. arching, 4-6 pair, the lower 2-3 pair extending
beyond half the length of 1. Fr. ovoid, 3 in. long, densely dark-brown yelyety. 9.
E. Griffithii, Clarke. Mergui. Malay Peninsula. Fr. ellipsoid, 1 in. long.

(6) Tertiary nerves indistinct, underside of |. minutely granular.

10. E. coriacea, Wall.—Syn. B. fragrans, Wall.; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 65.
536. Chittagong. Tenasserim. Branchlets nearly glabrous, 1. thickly coriaceous,
midrib prominent beneath. Panicles short, compact, minutely puberulous. 11. E
glaucescens, Wall. Silhet, Cachar. Tenasserim. Glabrous, except inflorescence. FI.
white, fragrant, petals with a firm rusty-silky back.

2. RIVEA, Choisy ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 183.

Twining shrubs, 1. ovate-cordate, silky or hirsute beneath. Peduncles
axillary 1—-3-fld., bracts 2-3, narrow. Sepals ovate or oblong, nearly equal.
Corolla large, tube long cylindric, limb wide, funnel-shaped, plaited, anthers
included, not twisted. Ovary 4-celled, ovules 4, disk annular, style filiform,
stigmas linear-oblong. Fr. subglobose, shining, nearly dry, indehiscent or
irregularly breaking up. Seeds 1-4, glabrous, in mealy pulp. Species 3.

1. R. ornata, Choisy; Wight Ill. t. 168 b. fig. 1; Ic. t. 1856. Western Penins. in
dry forests. Ceylon. A woody climber, branchlets and underside of 1. white-tomen-
tose. Blade 3-5 in. diameter, petiole 1-2 in. long. Peduncles 3 in., usually 3-fid., fl.
cream-coloured, sweet-scented, opening at night, sepals 4-2 in. long, corolla silky outside.
2. R. Roxburghii, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 63. 89.—Syn. R. ornata, var. Griffithii,
Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 188; Argyreia ornata, Sweet; Brandis F. Fl. 343. Subhimalayan
tract from the Jumna eastwards, common in the Sal forests of Jalpaiguri and the
Western Duars. Singbhum. Southern Shan States. A stout erect shrub, branches
often twining, |. reniform, sparsely grey hirsute beneath, peduncles long, mostly 7-fid.
3. R. hypocrateriformis, Choisy.—Syn. Lettsomia bona-noz, Roxb.; Argyreia uniflora,
Sweet. Zhe Midnapore Creeper. Sind. Plains of Northern India. Rajputana.
Chutia Nagpur. Central Provinces, Western Peninsula. Common in hedges and
dry fores L. silky beneath, fl. fragrant, pure white, opening at sunset, solitary
or in pairs, sepals 4-4 in. long, corolla glabrous outside.

Blinkworthia lycioides, Choisy ; Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 94, tab. 15. Dry region of
Irawadi valley from Prome upwards, often in Eng forest. A shrub, 6-10 ft. high,
branchlets, |., pedicels and bracteoles strigose with long hairs, |. lanceolate 3-1 in. long,
pet.short. Fl. solitary, axillary, supported by an involucre of 4 bracteoles, pedicels } in.
long, corolla white, waxy, }-? in. long, limb entire, disk cylindric, including the
2-celled ovary. Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 63, 91 distinguishes B. convolvuloides,
Prain, Kendat, Myingnan, Upper Burma, by its climbing habit and larger 1.

3. ARGYREIA, Lour.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 184.

Twining, rarely erect shrubs. Fl. showy, as a rule purple or rose, sepals
often unequal, corolla funnel-shaped, limb shortly lobed, stamens included,
anthers oblong, not twisting, base of filaments usually hairy. Ovary 4-
celled, disk annular, usually prominent, style filiform, stigmas 2, globose. Fr.

indehiscent, often fleshy. Species 30-40, one African, the rest in India, Malaya
and South China.

A. Bracts persistent, 1. broad, usually cordate.

1. A. sericea, Dalz. & Gibs. Konkan. Kanara. Coorg. I. hairy above, densely
white-silky beneath, fl. in bracteate heads, peduncles 14 in.,cor. pink. 2. A. bracteata,
Choisy. Deccan. lL. glabrous above, shining silky beneath, fl. pedicellate, in bracteate
heads, peduncles 4-2 in. long. 38. A. involucrata, Clarke. Konkan and North Kanara,
near the coast. Bababudan hills. LL. sparingly hairy, ovate, sometimes longer than
twice their breadth. 4. A. populifolia, Choisy. Travancore. Ceylon. lL. nearly
glabrous, peduncles 3-5 in. long. 5. A. Leschenaultii, Choisy and A. neilygherya, Choisy,
Nilgiris, A. malabarica, Choisy, Malabar, probably one species. L. softly hairy on both
sides. 6. A. cymosa, Sweet; Wight Ic. t. 889. Western Peninsula, frequent. Grey

gi a FP ae ee ae ae

Argyreia) LXXVII. CONVOLVULACE 485

pubescent, ]. cordate, shortly acuminate. F]. heads dense, single or arranged in large
peduneulate panicles or corymbs, bracts orbicular, corolla lilac, hairy outside. 7. A.
hirsuta, Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 891. Nilgiris. Clothed with long soft hairs, peduncles
4-8 in., bracts lanceolate, the outer often petiolate, leaf-like. Corolla hairy outside.

8. A Wallichii, Choisy. Sikkim, Terai to 4,000 ft. Assam. Khasi and Naga hills.
Yunnan. L. densely grey tomentose beneath, fl. sessile or nearly so, in dense heads,
peduncles short, corolla narrow, 14 in. long, white, tinged with pink.

B. Bracts persistent, 1. ovate or oblong, breadth three-fourths of length or
less. ; 2

9. A. pilosa, Arn. Konkan. Belgaum. Kanara. Bababudan hills. Often pro-
cumbent, running along the ground, peduncles stout, varying in length, bracts linear,
very hairy, sepals lanceolate, acute, 4-3 in. long. 10. A. Lawii, Clarke. Konkan.
Bababudan hills. L. acuminate, grey silky beneath, peduncles slender, sepals ovate,
obtuse,t in.long. 11. A. Choisyana, Wight. Karnatik. L. ovate-lanceolate, hairy on
both surfaces, peduncles 1-3-fld., 1-2 in. long, hirsute.

12. A Daltoni, Clarke. Singbhum. L. ovate-lanceolate, nearly glabrous above,
fulvous-strigose beneath, blade 6-9, pet. 1-3 in. long. Fl. in lax corymbs,. peduncles
rigid, silky, 2-4 in. long, bracts narrowly oblong.

C. Bracts deciduous, 1. broad, usually cordate.

13. A. speciosa, Sweet; WightIc. t.851. The Elephant Creeper. Assam, Plains of
Bengal. Sundriban. Western Peninsula, common on the sea coast in the Konkan.
A large woody climber, branches, underside of 1. and inflorescence persistently white-
tomentose. L. glabrous above, blade 3-12 in. diam., pet. 1-9in. long. Corymbs many-fid.,
peduncles 3-12 in. long, bracts large foliaceous deciduous, corolla 2 in. across, white
woolly outside, bright purple within. —

14. A. argentea, Choisy ; Sikkim Terai, Assam, Khasi hills. Plains of Bengal. L.
hairy above, densely white silky beneath, blade 3-6 in. diam., pet. 2-5 in. long. 15.
A. Roxburghii, Choisy. Nepal. Sikkim Terai. Assam. L. softly hairy on both sides,
peduncles 2-3 in. long, bracts semi-persistent, corolla red. 16. A. venusta, Choisy;
Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 63, 89.—Syn. A. argentea, var. venusta, Clarke; A.
argentea, var. hirsuta, Kurz. Burma, Upper and Lower. L. glabrous above, grey-
silky beneath. 14, 15 and 16 are closely allied. ;

17. A. Hookeri, Clarke.—Syn. Leltsomia (?) Kurzii, Clarke; Argyreia zeylanica, Kurz,
var. populifolia. Nepal. Sikkim, Terai and Lower hills, to 4,000 ft. Andamans,
Cocos island. Pegu. Chin hills, Upper Burma. Young shoots silky, ]. cordate, 4-9
in. diam., pet. 3-6 in. long. Corymbs few-fld., dichotomous, peduncles 6-10 in., bracts
eaducous, sepals } in. long.

18. A. tiliefolia, Wight Ic. t.1358. Sundriban. Lower Burma. Western Peninsula.
Ceylon. Philippines. Formosa. A large climber, stems long, twisted and ridged, 1.
cordate, glabrous above, slightly hairy beneath, blade 3-6 in. diam., pet. as long as
diam.of 1]. Peduncles 3-fid. shorter than petiole, fr. globose, 1-14 in. diam., dry, enclosed
in the much enlarged and hardened calyx.

D. Bracts deciduous, 1. ovate, oblong, lanceolate or spathulate, width } of
length or less.

(a) Western species.

19. A. pomacea, Choisy ; Wight IIl. t. 168 (bis), fig. 2; Wight Ic. t.888. Coimbatore,
Nilgiris. Branchlets, underside of |. and inflorescence softly grey silky, upperside of
1. hairy. Corymbs few-fld., peduncles short, fr. pulpy, yellow-brown. 20. A. fulgens,
Choisy ; Wight Ic. t. 1357. Courtallum. Branchlets, underside of 1. and inflorescence
white silky. Corymbs 3-7-fld., peduncles 1 in. Jong. 21. A. cuneata, Ker; Wight Ic.
t. 890. Deccan. Mysore. Nilgiris, Palnis. Javadis (D. B. Jan. 1882). An erect
shrub, often gregarious, sometimes twining, when it meets with supports. L. obovate-
spathulate, densely hairy beneath, blade 2-4, pet. } in. Peduncles usually 8-fld.,
slender.4=1 in., corolla deep crimson, 14-2 in. long.

(b) Eastern species.

22. A. splendens, Sweet. Kasi and Naga hills. Yunnan. UL. coriaceous, elliptie,
acuminate, glabrous above, silky-white beneath, blade 5-7, pet. 2-4 in. long. Corymbs
few- or many-fid., peduncles 1-4 in. long. 23. A. Championi, Benth.; Prain in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. 63, 89.—Syn. A. obtecta, Clarke. Andamans, very common. Burma,
Upper and Lower. Malay Penins. China. L. elongate-elliptic or obovate, densely

y silky below, blade 4-5, pet. 4-14 in., peduncle $-1 in. long. 24. A. lanceolata,
Choisy. Tenasserim. IL. narrowly lanceolate, shining silky beneath, corymbs 8-fld.,
almost sessile, sepals § in. long.

486 LXXVII. CONVOLVULACEA [Lettsomia
4. LETTSOMIA, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iy. 191.

Differs from Argyreia mainly by a 2-celled ovary. Species 32, tropical
Africa and Asia.
A. Stamens exserted, corolla less than 1 in. long, limb lobed.

1. L. aggregata, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 1359. Deccan, common in hedges. Burma,
Upper and Lower. Ceylon dry region, very common. A large woody climber, stems
fluted, structure see Talbot 249. Branches long, as well as underside of 1. and inflor-
escence densely white tomentose, 1. ovate from a cordate base, blade 3-5, pet. 1-2 in.
long. FI. heads bracteate, arranged in long terminal panicles, peduncles grooved,
corolla 4 in. long, very hairy outside. 2. L. mysorensis, Clarke, Mysore. Similar to 1,
fl. in pedunculate axillary corymbs, bracts deciduous. 3. L. laxiflora, Prain in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. 63. 92. Upper Burma. Fl. in lax axillary and terminal corymbs or
panicles. 4. L. bella, Clarke. Nepal. Chutia Nagpur, common. Ganjam. Yunnan.
L. cordate, 4 in. diam., pet.2-3 in. long. FI. in axillary heads, peduncles terete 1-2 in.
long.

B. Stamens included, corolla 1 in. long and longer.

(a) Bracts persistent, broad, 1 in. long or less.

5. L. strigosa, Roxb. Sikkim Terai. Assam, valleys of the Khasi hills. Plains of
Bengal. Chittagong. Andamans. Burma, Upper and Lower. Branchlets, 1. and
inflorescence strigose with long soft hairs, 1. ovate with a cordate or rounded base,
blade 3-4, pet. 2-4 in. long, fl. in dense axillary bracteate heads, peduncles 2-5 in.,
bracts elliptic-oblong 1 in. long. Nearly allied and perhaps not specifically distinct
are: 6. L. peguensis, Clarke, and 7. L. barbigera, Clarke.

(6) Bracts persistent, lanceolate or linear, longer than 1 in.

8. L. atropurpurea, Clarke. Convolvulus atropurpureus, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 48.
Nepal. Sikkim Terai. IL. more or less hairy, ovate-lanceolate, blade 4-6, pet. 1-2 in.
Fl.-in bracteate heads, peduncles $ in., corolla dark purple, sometimes white, 14 in.
long. 9. L. barbata, Clarke. Convolvulus barbatus, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 155.
Pegu. Tenasserim. Branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and inflorescence with long
fulvous hairs, 1. lanceolate, gradually narrowed from a broad base, blade 5-8, pet. 4 in.
Heads few-fld., nearly sessile, bracts linear 1 in. long, forming an involucre converging
over the flowers, corolla pale yellow and rose-coloured. 10. L. Mastersii, Prain in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. 63,98. Garoand Nagahills. Chin hills. LL. hairy beneath, ovate, blade
4-6, pet. 1-6 in. long, bracts linear, hairy, 1-14°in. long. 11. L. longifolia, Coll. et
Hemsley in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 95. Shan hills Terai. Slightly strigose, 1. linear-
lanceolate, blade 6-8, pet. 3—} in., bracts lanceolate.

(c) Bracts deciduous, sepals densely clothed with long stiff hairs.

12. L. setosa, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 1860. Mount Abu.. Central Provinces. Oudh
forests. Chutia Nagpur. Centr. Proy. Western Peninsula. Burma, Upper and
Lower. IL. more or less strigose, cordate, blade 3-5, pet. 1-3in.long. Fl. rose-coloured,
in large corymbs, peduncles strigose, 2-8 in. long, bracts falling when the fl. open.
Corolla 14-2 in. long, densely strigose outside. 13. L. hirsutissima, Clarke. Upper
Burma. L. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, on both sides softly strigose, corymbs axillary,
peduncles 1-2 in. long. 14. L. Thomsoni, Clarke. Siwalik hills and Outer Himalaya,
from Kasauli to Sikkim. L. sparsely strigose, fl. rose-purple in few-fld. heads,
peduncles 1-3 in. long, bracts spathulate, sometimes persistent. 15. L..confusa, Prain
in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 63,96. Burma, Upper and Lower. IL. sparingly hirsute to
nearly glabrous on both surfaces.

(d) Bracts deciduous, sepals glabrous or nearly so.

16. L. elliptica, Wight. Peninsula, chiefly on the West side. Ceylon. L. thin,
elliptic, sparsely strigose, blade 3-5, pet. slender 4-2 in. long, sec. n. oblique, 8-10 pair.
Fl. in loose corymbs, peduncles 2-5 in., corolla 1} in. long, nearly glabrous outside.
17. L. sikkimensis, Clarke. Sikkim 3,000 ft. Assam. Khasi and Naga hills. Cachar.
Upper Burma. Similar to 16 and possibly not specifically distinct. Fl. and fr. larger.
18. L. pallida, Prain, Argyreia pallida, Choisy. Middle Trawadi valley and foot of
Shan hills. LL. thin, nearly glabrous, almost orbicular, blade-3—4 in. diam., pet. 1-3 in.
long. Corymbs lax, slightly grey-hairy, corolla 1 in. long.

5. PORANA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 221.

Twining shrubs or herbs, leaves petiolate, ovate, usually entire. Fl. purple,
white or steel blue, in racemes or large panicles, bracts persistent. Sepals all

a

Forana| LXXVII. CONVOLVULACE® 487

or 3 much enlarged, scarious and prominently nerved in fruit. Ovary 2-celled,

capsule membranous, indehiscent or 2-valved, 1-seeded. Seed glabrous, coty-

poe ad Species 12. Tropical Africa, India, Malay Archipelago, China,
ustralia.

A. Fl. small, J-} in. long.

1. P. paniculata, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 235; Brandis F. Fl]. 342. Bel Kanu,
Safed Pel, Hind.

Branches, underside of 1., panicle and bracts softly grey- or brown-pubescent.
L. cordate, acuminate, blade 2-5, petiole }-1 in. long. Fl. white, numerous,
in large axillary and terminal drooping panicles. Three sepals greatly enlarged
in fruit, $-1 in. long, pubescent, reticulate.

Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 4,500 ft. Assam.
Khasi and Naga hills. Behar. Central Provinces. Upper Burma. FI. Oct.—Feb.,
covering the crowns of tall trees with a mass of white blossoms.—Malay Archipelago.
2. P, volubilis, Burm.; Wight Ill. t. 168 (bis), fig. 8; Ic. t. 347. Lower Burma (doubtful).
Malay Penins. and Archip. Branchlets and 1. glabrous, fl. white, panicles large,
terminal, minutely pubescent, all sepals enlarged in fr., spathulate, 4 in. long.

The following 3 herbaceous climbers, with all sepals enlarged in fr., may be men-
tioned : 3. P. malabarica, Clarke. Higher Ghats of Sattara. Bababudan hills. Fruit-
ing sepals elliptic, #-1 in. long. 4. B. racemosa, Roxb.; Wight Ic.t. 1376. Outer
Himalaya ascending to 4,500 ft., from Kumaon eastwards. Khasi hills. Manipur.
Burma, Upper and Lower. Fr. sepals oblong-spathulate, 4 in. long. 5. P. truncata,
Kurz. Khasi hills. Fr. sepals narrowed to both ends 3 in. long.

B. Fl. large.

6. P. grandiflora, Wall. Nepal. Sikkim 4-7,000 ft. L. when young villous beneath,
cordate, blade 3-5, pet. 2-4 in. long. Racemes 4-12-fld., peduncles 3-6 in. long, corolla
mauve, tube narrow cylindrical, limb funnel-shaped, nearly entire, 1 in. across.
Sepals in fr. oblong 5-nerved, the 3 larger 1, the smaller 1 in. long. 7. P. spectabilis,
Kurz. Naga and Lushai hills. Upper Burma. Evergreen forests east of the Sitang
river. Andamans. China. A large climbing shrub, tawny tomentose, |. ovate from
a cordate base, velvety on both sides, petiole short. F]. white in long axillary racemes,
corolla funnel-shaped, 14 in.long. Three sepals enlarged in fr. tomentose, prominently
veined, 2-3 in. long, the others minute. 8. P. stenoloba, Kurz, Sikkim 5-6,000 ft.
Herbaceous, all sepals enlarged in fr., linear, three 1 in. long, the others smaller.

6. IPOM@QEA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 196.

Herbs, rarely twining shrubs, 1. usually entire. Fl. in some species
opening at night, purple, white or yellow, in axillary racemes, corymbs or
panicles. Corolla campanulate or funnel-shaped, limb plaited, very shortly
lobed. Stamens unequal, filaments as a rule hairy at base, anthers oblong
often twisted. Ovary usually 2-celled 4-ovuled, disk annular, style filiform,
stigma entire or 2-clobose. Capsule 3—-t-valved. Species 300, warmer regions
of both hemispheres. Of the 64 species known from British India, a few only
of the more common kinds can here be mentioned.

I. L. entire or nearly so.

A. Corolla large, salver-shaped, tube slender (Calonyction, Choisy).

1. I. glaberrima, Bojer; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 63. 102.—Syn. I. grandiflora,
Clarke (not Lam. fide Prain), Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 198. Seashores of India and Burma,
A large twining shrub, stems muricate, 1. cordate, blade 3-6 in. diam., pet. 2-5 in. long.
Fl. white, 1-8 on peduncles 1-4 in., sepals elliptic, obtuse, {-1 in. long, corolla-tube
slender, straight, 2-8 in. long, limb 8 in. across, anthers included, seeds villous with
shaggy margins. 2. L bona-nox, Linn. Uhe Moon-flower. Probably American,
cultivated and run wild in India. Similar to 1. Fl. pure white, fragrant, opening
after dark and fading early next morning, sepals long-cuspidate, anthers exserted, seeds
glabrous.

B. Corolla large, campanulate or funnel-shaped, 14 in. and longer.

(a) Pedicels not thickened below the fl.

8. I. campanulata, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 1875. Western Peninsula. Burma, Upper
and Lower. Malay Peninsula and Archip. Ceylon. A large twiner, resembling

488 LXXVITI. CONVOLVULACEA [Zpomea

Argyreia tiliefolia. Young parts hoary, 1. glabrous or nearly so, cordate-ovate, blade
3-5, pet. 2-3 in. long. Corymbs many-fid., peduncles stout, 1-3 in. long, sepals obtuse,
corolla campanulate, purple, 13-4 in. long, seeds with long hairs. Var. illustris, chiefly
on the seashore of Bengal and Burma, corymbs often few-fld, corolla large. 4. L
Turpethum, R. Brown. Throughout India and Burma, in the open country as well as
in deciduous forests and Savannahs. Stems climbing, stout, angular, winged, 1. ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, base rounded or slightly cordate, blade 2-4, pet. 1-5 in. Peduncles
few-fid.,1-8 in. long, bracts 1 in., oblong, often reddish, deciduous, sepals in fr. orbicular,
concave, 1 in. diam., corolla white, tubular-campanulate, 14 in. long, seeds smooth.

(b) Pedicels thickened below the fl.

5. I. Kingii, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 63, 110.—Syn. I. eymosa, var. macra, Clarke.
Sikkim 2,500-5,000 ft., common. Bhutan, Assam. Khasi and Naga hills, Karen
and Shan hills 3,000 ft., Burma. L. pubescent beneath and slightly hairy along mid-
rib above, ovate, base cordate with large rounded lobes, peduncles 1-12-fid., longer
than petioles. Corolla glabrous, white, 2% in. long, mouth 2 in.across. 6. I. petaloidea,
Choisy.—Syn. I. xanthantha, Kurz. Kumaon. Oudh and Gorakhpur forests. Anda-
mans. Burma, Upper and Lower. lL. ovate, the upper generally lanceolate or linear.
Fl. in axillary racemes, peduncles 3-1 in. long, often solitary. Corolla yellow, 1? in.
long, shaggy outside.

C. Corolla middle-sized, 1 to 1} in. long.

7. I. staphylina, Roem. et Schult. Deccan, common in hedges. A twining and
spreading shrub, glabrous, 1. ovate, base usually cordate, blade 2-4, pet. 1-2 in. long.
Panicles axillary, many-fid., sepals obtuse, corolla 1 in. long, funnel-shaped, tube
purplish, limb nearly white. 8. I. cymosa, Room. et Schult. Nepal. Sikkim. Assam,
Silhet. Andamans. Burma, Upper and Lower. Western Peninsula. Ceylon, very
common. Malaya, Australia. Glabrous or softly hairy. L. ovate-oblong, blade 1-4,
pet. slender, 4-14 in. long. Corymbs axillary, sepals usually glabrous, corolla white,
often with a yellow tinge, 1-14 in. long, in bud hairy at the tip.

IT. L. lobed, bifid or emarginate.

9. IL vitifolia, Sweet. Sikkim, foot of hills. Assam. Bengal. Centr. Prov. W.
Peninsula. Burma, Upper and Lower. Ceylon. Malay Penins. and Archip. An
extensive climber, scarcely woody, hairy, 1. cordate, palmately 5-lobed, blade 2-6 in.,
pet. 3-3 in. long. Peduncles 1-7-fld., sepals clothed with long spreading hairs, corolla
yellow, campanulate, 14 in. long, seeds glabrous. 10. I. biloba, Forsk. The Goat's foot
creeper. Sands on the coasts of both Peninsulas, also on sandy river-banks. Sea-
shores within the tropics of both hemispheres. A widely spreading glabrous creeper,
branches herbaceous, often 10 ft. Jong, numerous adventitious roots at the nodes from
the creeping stems, useful in binding the sand. L. orbicular, deeply 2-lobed, or only
emarginate. Peduncles 1-3-fld., corolla purple, 2 in. long, seeds villous.

7. BREWERIA, R. Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 223.

Twiners or small rigid erect shrubs. Sepals not enlarged in fr., corolla
campanulate or funnel-shaped, limb plaited, stamens included, styles 2 distinct
from the base or united half their length, stigmas capitate. Species 25,
warmer regions of both hemispheres.

1. B. cordata, Blume.—Syn. B. Roxburghii, Choisy ; Wight Ic. t. 1370. West side of
the Peninsula. Silhet, Chittagong, Lower Burma. Ceylon. Malaya. A large
twining shrub, rusty tomentose, l. ovate-cordate, blade 2-3, pet. 3-2 in. long. Corolla
pure white, wide funnel-shaped, hairy without, 14 in. long. 2. B. latifolia, Benth.
Sind. Salt range, Punjab. Aden. A small much branched rigid shrub, 1. elliptic,
densely silky, +-% in. long, fl. small, white or pinkish, axillary, sessile, styles distinct.
3. B. évolvuloides, Choisy.—Syn. Seddera evolvuloides, Wight Ic. t. 1869. Tuticorin.
Similar to 2, 1. nearly glabrous, fl. often in twos or threes, on slender bracteolate
pedicels $+ in. Jong.

Neuropeltis racemosa, Wall.; Bedd. Ic. t.291. North Kanara and Malabar, in eyer-
green forest. Eastern slopes of Pegu Yoma. Tenasserim, Malay Penins. Borneo.
A lofty climber, stem tubercled, branchlets and young |. rusty-tomentose. Fl. small
white, in axillary rusty-villous racemes 1-6 in. long, corolla wide-campanulate, rufous-
tomentose without, lobed nearly to the base, stamens exserted, styles 2. Each fl.
supported by a bract, which in fr. is orbicular, scariose, nerved, 1-1? in. diam.

Solanum] LXXVIII. SOLANACEA 489
Orpver LXXVIIJ. SOLANACEAE. Gen. Pl. ii. 882

Mostly herbaceous, some genera comprise shrubs and soft- wooded trees.
Leaves as a rule alternate, stipules 0. Fl. usually bisexual, regular, penta-
merous. Calyx free, usually gamosepalous, corolla-lobes induplicate, imbricate
or peeae. in bud. Stamens alternating with corolla-lobes._ Ovary free,
generally 2-celled, ovules numerous. F ruit an indehiscent berry, rarely a
capsule. Embr yo "curved or spiral, albumen fleshy.

On the circumference of the pith Solanacew have a continuous or interrupted ring
of phlo#m, often with bast fibres.

Corolla limb plaited in bud, anthers opening by pores at

the apex 1. Soranum.
Corolla ine valvate in bud, calyx enlar eed and enclosing

thefr. . . 2, WirHanrA.
Corolla lobes imbricate in bud, calyx not enlarged i in fr. . 3. Lycru.

1. SOLANUM, Linn. ; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 229.

Herbs, shrubs or small trees, spinous or unarmed, hairs usually stellate, 1.
alternate, often in pairs. . Inflorescence often supra-axillary, calyx 5-10- (rarely
4-) lobed or entire, corolla rotate, sometimes broadly campanulate, limb 5-
(rarely 4- or 6-) lobed. Stamens in the throat of the corolla, filaments short,
anthers oblong, narrowed upwards, opening by terminal pores or short slits,
ovary 2-celled. Berry with numerous seeds. Species about 800, cosmopolitan,
the largest number in South America.

A. Unarmed.

1. S. verbascifolium, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 1398. Subhimalayan tract and outer hills,
from the Jumna eastwards. 'Chutia Nagpur. Western Peninsula in deciduous forests.
Hills of Lower and Upper Burma, abundant on deserted Taungyas.—Ceylon, Malay
Archipelago, China, Australia, Tropical America. A large shr ubor small tree, densely
woolly, 1. elliptic or elliptic- lanceolate, acuminate, entire, blade 4-8, petiole 1-2 in.
long. F). white or pale blue, } in. across, in compact dichotomous pedunculate corymbs,
calyx-teeth triangular, corolla woolly without. Berry yellow, hairy at first, 4 in.
diam., calyx enlarged in fruit, lobes shorter than berry.

2. §. pubescens, Willd.; Wight Ic. t. 1402. Southern part of Deccan, common in low
jungle at the foot of the alle “Ceylon. A small tree, |. ovate, sinuate, with thin stellate
pubescence, fl. in Jax lateral and terminal densely woolly racemes, pedicels 4-14 in. long,
calyx-teeth lanceolate, corolla 1 in. across, blue or purple. 3. S. Kurzii, Brace in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. 65,541. Sikkim, 4,000 ft. Khasi hills. A small tree, branchlets, petioles,
1. beneath and inflorescence densely clothed with stellate wool, 1. deeply lobed, fl. in
short lateral racemes, corolla purple.

B. Prickly, 1. entire.

4. 8, giganteum, Jacq.; Wight Ic. t. 893. Mountains of the Western Peninsula from
the Konkan southwards. —Cey lon, South Africa. A large shrub or small tree, branch-
lets, underside of 1. and inflorescence clothed with soft white tomentum. L. elliptic-
lanceolate, blade 5-8, petiole 4-2 in. long. Fl. blue or purple, $ in. diam., in compact
dichotomous cory mbs on short peduncles. Berry 4 in. diam. , glabrous, shining, scarlet,
calyx-lobes acute, less than half the diam. of berry.

C, Prickly, 1. more or less lobed or sinuate.
(a) Fr. 4-} in. diam., calyx-lobes shorter than fr.

a, L. large.

5. S. torvum, Swartz; Wight Ic. t.346. Kayangyin, Burm. Western Duars. Lower
Bengal, common. Manipur. Chittagong. Chutia Nagpur. Burma, Upper and
Lower, common in deserted Taungy ay Ceylon, moist region, very common. China,
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. shrub with herbaceous branches, hirsute,
prickles few on branches and petioles, bi onl, L. tomentose beneath, broad, deeply
lobed, sinuate, rarely almost entire. Fl. in dense dichotomous cymes, corolla w nis
1 in. across, lobes triangular, tomentose outside. 6, 8. indicum, Linn.; Wight Ic.
8346. Begaun, Beng. Subhimalayan tract and outer hills, ascending to 5,000 Pt
Assam. Khasi hills. Lower Bengal. Chutia Nagpur. Burma, Upper and Lower, on
river banks, in Savannahs and on deserted Taungyas. China. Malay Penins. and
Archip. A much-branched shrub, branchlets , petioles and |. above pubescent or tomen-

490 LXXVIII. SOLANACHA [Solanum

tose, underside of 1. always densely woolly, prickles numerous, also on 1., stout, up to
Lin.long. L. from sinuate to pinnatifid, blade 1-5, pet. 4-1 in. long. Racemes lateral,
corolla blue, 2 il in. across.

B. L. small.

7. §. trilobatum, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 854. Common on the sea coast of the Western
Peninsula, in the Suradbellbera and in the tidal forests of Burma and the Malay
Peninsula. Ceylon. A small straggling and climbing evergreen shrub, nearly
glabrous, prickles numerous, short stout recurved also on ‘I. Peduncles short, 2-8-fid.,
pedicels 4-14 in. long, corolla blue, sometimes white, 1-14 in. across. 8. S. eracilipes,
Dene. Sind. Baluchistan. Kuram valley. Punjab. A small shrub, pubescent with
minute stellate hairs, prickles few, none onl. IL. 14 in. diam., sinuate, base usually
cordate, blade 14 in. diam., pet. slender, 4-1 in. long. Peduncles very short, 1-3-fid.,
pedicels slender 4-14 in., corolla 2 2 in. across.

© irs in. ‘diam. over topped by the enlarged sepals.

. S. Wightii, Nees; Wight Ic. t. 841. Nilgiris. Softly velvety, 1. and sepals with-
ee ‘prickles, peduncles short, 1-3-fid., pedicels slender, in fl. 3-14 in. long, corolla blue,
2 in. across. Calyx- segments in fr. ovate-lanceolate 2 in. long. 10. “8. barbisetum,
Nees. Sikkim, 1-6,000 ft. Assam. Tenasserim. Hirsute. Prickles straw-cold., up
to 4 in. long, abundant on petioles and 1. Racemes lateral, many-fid , 2-3 in. long,
pedicels} in. long, corolla blue. Berry enclosed by the enlarged densely prickly calyx.

(c) Fr. large, 1 in. long and more.

11. 8. ferox, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 1399. Vern. Sinkadi, Sinkayan, Burm. Assam,
Khasi hills, Chittagong. Burma. Western Peninsula. Ceylon. Malay Penins.
China. A shrub or small tree, branchlets, petioles and 1. densely clothed with soft
stellate wool, prickles flat, shining, abundant on 1, the longest} in. L. with broad
triangular lobes, blade 6-12, pet. 1-23 in. long. Fl. in short dense lateral woolly
racemes, corolla white, 1-14 in. across, berry globose, 1-14in. diam., densely clothed with
needle-like hairs, 12. §. Khasianum, Clarke. Khasi hills. Maymyo, Upper Burma.
Yunnan. Hirsute with long soft hairs, prickles straw-coloured, the largest 3 in., base
broad flat. Lobes of 1. ovate, corolla white or pink, 3 in. across, berry 1 in. diam.
glabrous. 13. 8, Melongena, Linn. Brinjal. Vern. Banbhata, Centr. Provy.; Kayan,
Burm. Cultivated and run wild throughout India and Burma. Herbaceous, sometimes
unarmed, fl. blue, in few-fld. cymes, corolla 1-14 in. across, lobes broadly triangular,
hairy outside. Fr. white or dark purple, 1-9 in. long.

2. WITHANIA, Pauquy; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 239.

Unarmed shrubs, |. entire. Fl. 5-6-merous, axillary, solitary or fascicled,
calyx enlarged and enclosing the fr., corolla campanulate, lobes short, valvate
in bud, anthers oblong, dehiscing longitudinally. Berry many- -seeded , embryo
curved. Species 5. Canaries. ‘Mediterranean’ region. South Africa. India.

1. W. somnifera, Dunal.—Syn. Physalis somnifera, Link; Wight Ic. t. 853. Sind.
Kuram yalley. Punjab. Merwara (Asind). Gangetic plain, also at the foot of the
Himalaya, to 1,000 ft. Central Provinces. Western Peninsula, Ceylon. Mediterranean
region. Tropical and South Africa. Attains 5 ft., thinly velvety, l. ovate, blade 3-5,
pet. 1-14 in. long, fr. calyx inflated, papery. 2. W. coagulans, Dunal.—Syn. Punceria
coagulans, Stocks: Wight Tc. t. 1616. Sind. Baluchistan (Khamdzar). Trans Indus,
to 3,000 ft. Kuram valley. Salt range. Sutlej valley at 3,000 ft. (Panir). Southern
Punjab. Afghanistan. A small shrub, 1. densely clothed with minute grey stellate
tomentum. L. ovate-lanceolate or oblanceolate, blade 1-2, narrowed into pet. 4 in.
long. Fl. polygamous, fr. calyx leathery closely surrounding the berry.

3. LYCIUM, Linn. ; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 240.

Shrubs, branchlets often spinescent. lL. entire, mostly fasciculate on
arrested branchlets. Fl. solitary or few together, 4- or 5-merous, corolla
funnel-shaped, lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens usually unequal, ovary 2-
celled. Fr. a small berry, seeds compressed, embryo curved, cotyledons linear.
Species 50-60, temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres, most
numerous in South Africa and South America.

1. L. europeum, Linn.—Syn. L. indicum, Wight Ic. t. 1403. Sind. Punjab. Merwara.

Guzerat. Fl. Oct-—March. Western Asia and South Europe (fl. mostly light purple).
Vern. Gangro, Sind; Ganger, Punj.; Chirchitta, Delhi ; Erk Mehndi, Merwara; Gangro,

Lyciun| LXXVII. SOLANACEHA 491

Mar. A thorny shrub, branches grey, |. lanceolate or oblanceolate, 3-1 in. long. FI.
white, 3 in. long, solitary j pedicels shorter than fl., calyx-teeth 5, equal. Corolla-tube
cylindrical, widening upwards, more than twice the length of lobes. Berry globose,
edible, yellow or red. 3 in. diam. 2. L. barbarum, Linn., Baluchistan (Karghanna).
Peshin valley, Sind, Punjab, Rajputana (Moraili, Kishengarh), pedicels as long as fl.,
corolla-lobes nearly as long as tube, stamens exserted. 3. L, ruthenicum, Murray.
North Kashmir, Ladak and Baltistan, 10-13,500 ft., 1. linear, calyx-lobes 3-4, unequal,
corolla funnel-shaped, tube somewhat longer than lobes, but not twice their length,
anthers long exserted, berry globose, } in. diam.

Orper LXXIX. SCROPHULARIACEA. Gen. Pl. 1. 913.
(Scrophularinece.)

Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, 1. usually opposite, stip. 0. Fl. usually bi-
sexual, pentamerous and zygomorphic. Calyx inferior, corolla hypogynous,
stamens usually 4, didynamous, with a rudimentary 5th. Ovary as a rule
2-celled, style simple. Fr. usually.a capsule, seeds as a rule numerous,
albumen as a rule fleshy.

Calyx 3-4 lobed. “Anthers glabrous . ‘ : 0 é WiGHTta.

Calyx 5-toothed. Anthers bearded. . : ; : 3 Branpista.

Wightia gigantea, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 81. Nepal. Sikkim 3-7,000 ft. Manipur.
Shan Hills, 4,000 ft. Bithoko range, Salween river 3,000 ft. (D. B. March 1880). A
huge evergreen epiphytic tree, with horizontal semis roots, clasping the stem of the
tree on which it grows, wood light and soft. L. elabrous coriaceous, elliptic, blade
6-12, pet. stout ie in, Fl. pink, numerous in an erect narrow axillary thyrsus 4-8
in. long. Corolla 1 in. long, mealy, upper lip erect 2-lobed, stamens far exserted.
Capsule 14 by { in., the valves separating from the placentiferous axis.

Brandisia discolor, Hook. f. & Thoms. Hills between Sitang and Salween rivers
8-6,000 ft. (several other species of this genus in Yunnan). An evergreen scrambling
shrub, branchlets, petioles, underside of Te pedicels and calyx with grey stellate pubes-
cence. L. ovate-lanceolate, blade 2-3, pet. 4 in. Fl. dull purplish- brown, axillary,
solitary or in pairs, pedicels } in. long. Corolla curved, tomentose, # in. long.

Orpen LXXX. BIGNONIACEA. Gen. Pl. 1. 1026.

Trees, shrubs or woody climbers. L. usually opposite, compound, leaflets
opposite, rarely simple, stipules 0. Fl. bisexual, generally zygomor phic, calyx
free, gamosepalous, truncate, split or toothed. Corolla tubular or campanulate,
lobes 5, imbricate, rarely valvate in bud. Stamens 2 or 4, rarely 5, often a
short staminode in place of the 5th stamen. Ovary free, supported by an
annular disk, 2-celled, ovules « on two distinet placentas i in each cell, attached
to the dissepiment, sty le filiform, with 2 short stigmatic lobes. Fr. often
elongated, generally dehiscent, the two valves separating from the dissepi-
ment, to which the seeds are attached, seeds winged, albumen 0.

As far as known, the wood of the Indian arborescent Bignoniacee has a normal strue-
ture. Numerous climbers of this family are found in America with a varied and
anomalous structure, ef. Schenck, Anatomie der Lianen, 212.

A. L. simple, linear-oblong, fl. orange : i . 1. Tecoma unpULATA.
L. alternate, pinnate, fr. large, gourd- like . % : Kiger (p. 492).
L. opposite, trifoliolate, a climber . : : Nyerocanos (p. 492).

B. L. opposite, imparipinnate.
PI ’ I
C apsule not winged,

Caylx spathaceous . : : ' F . 2. Doricnanprone.
Calyx irregularly 8-5- cleft . : ‘ i . 8, HereroraracMa,
Capsule w inged : ; . 4. Pasganenia.
C. L. pinnate and bipinnate, disse] iment c ylindric , corky 5. SrerrospermuM.
D. L. bi- or tripinnate.
Fl. white, corolla-tube 3-4 in. long . : : ‘ Minvineronta (p. 496),
Fl. orange, from the old wood . 5 . i : Mayopenpron (p. 496).
FI. ved and white, corolla campanulate . ‘ ‘ Ornoxyium (p. 496).

A spreading shrub, rachis of l. narrowly winged . 1. Tecoma (?) niprnnata.

492 LXXX. BIGNONIACEA | Tecoma
1. TECOMA, Juss.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iy. 378.

Species 80, mostly American.

1. T. undulata, G. Don; Brandis F. Fl. 352.—Syn. Tecomella undulata,
Seemann; Engler u. Prantl iv. 38. 239. Vern. Rori, Bal.; Lohéro, Sind;
Lahira, Punjab; Rotra, Rohera, Merwara.

A shrub or small tree, youngest shoots and inflorescence often minutely
pubescent. L. grey, glabrous but somewhat rough, linear-oblong, entire,
blade 2-4, petiole 1 in. long. Fl. large, from pale yellow to deep orange, in
short 5-10-fld. corymbs at the ends of branchlets, calyx campanulate, teeth 5,
onan) corolla campanulate, limb oblique, 2 in. across. Capsule curved 6-8 in.
ong.

_ . Baluchistan, Sind. Suliman range, Trans-Indus, ascending to 4,000 ft. Punjab,

Salt range and Sivalik tract,extending eastwards tothe Jumna. Guzerat. L. renewed
in Jan. and Feb. Fl. January to April, coppices well, easily raised from seed and
cuttings.— Arabia.

Fic. 178. Dolichandrone falcata, Seem. 4.

2. T. (2) bipinnata, Collett & Hemsl. Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. xxviii. 102. Shan hills
4,000 ft. (Collett) Ruby Mines district (Oliver). A spreading shrub, 1. bipinnate,
rachis narrowly winged, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, 3-14 in., fl. 24 in. long in terminal
pedunculate racemes, corolla tubular, mouth wide, oblique. Capsule unknown, hence
genus doubtful. “

Kigelia pinnata, DC. Tropical Africa, planted largely in India. A large tree, 1.
alternate, imparipinnate, crowded at the ends of branches. Fl. large dark maroon, in
pendulous panicles. Fr. gourd-like, 2-3 ft. long.

Nyctocalos Thomsoni, Hook. f. Assam. A large glabrous climber, 1. trifoliolate,

Nyctocalos| LXXX. BIGNONIACEA 493

leaflets broadly elliptic, caudate-acuminate, blade 5-6, pet.t #in. long. Fl. white, in
terminal few-fld. drooping racemes, calyx-teeth 5 in., cuspidate, corolla-tube 6 in. long,
limb 24 in. across. Capsule 6 by 2 in., valves almost woody.

2. DOLICHANDRONE, Seem. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 378.

Trees, as a rule deciduous, ].imparipinnate. Fl. in terminal few-fid. racemes
or corymbs. Calyx in bud enclosing the corolla, in fl. spathaceous, cleft on
one side to the base. Corolla-tube: lower portion cylindric, upper campanu-
late or funnel-shaped, lobes 5, nearly equal, round, crisped or crenate. Capsule
more or less compressed, seeds with a broad wing at each end. Species 6-10,
Africa, Asia, Australia.

1. D. falcata, Seem.—Syn. Bignonia spathacea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 144;

Spathodea falcata,
Wall.; Bedd. Fi.
Sylv. t. 71; Brandis
Hen 350: Vern.
* Dudga, Centr. Prov. ;
Medshing, Mersinghi,
Bhersing, Mar.;
Chitti woddi, Tel.

A middle-sized tree,
more or less pubes-
cent, wood close- and
even-grained. Leaf-
lets 5-7, broadly ellip-
tic, obovate or almost
orbicular, blade 4-1,
pet. - in. long (too
long in fig.). - Fl.
white, in few-fld.
corymbs, calyx 4}-}
in., corolla-tube slen-
der 1-14 in. long,
capsule flat, much
curved, 10-18 by #? in.

Bundelkhand, Central
Provinces, Berar. Wes-
tern Peninsula, scat-
tered in deciduous for-
ests. Il. May-June. 2.
D. Lawii, Seem. Rajput-
ana. Centr. Prov. Thana
district. Deccan. Prob-
ably a var.of1. Neéarly
glabrous, capsule less
curved. 3. D, arcuata,
Clarke (Spathodea ar-
‘cuata, Wight Ic. t. 1840),
Coimbatore, Palghat.
Karniil hills. Leaflets
9-11, velvety, blade 2-3
in., corolla white, tube
2 in. long, limb 2 in.
across.

4. D, stipulata, Benth.
—Syn. Spathodea stipu-

lata, Wall. Pl. As. s ;
Rar. t. 238. Vern. Fig. 174. Dolichandrone crispa, Seem. 4.

1 Pet. in this and the subsequent genera means the petiolule of the lateral leaflets.

494 LXXX. BIGNONIACH [Dolichandrone

Mahlwa, Petthan, Burm. Pegu and Martaban. Upper Burma, in deciduous
forest. A middle-sized tree, wood close-grained, orange-red, beautifully mottled.
Branchlets and inflorescence clothed with dense but deciduous wool, leaflets 7-11, some-
times serrulate, blade 5-8, pet. 4 in. or less, a pair of small leaflets sometimes at the
pase of the common petiole, simulating stipules. Calyx #-1#in. long, leathery, densely
woolly, tip curved in bud, corolla yellow, foetid but eaten, opening in the morning,
early caducous, lower portion wide, 1 in. long, slightly narrowed above, upper half
campanulate, lobes large, crisped and crenate. Capsule velvety, 18-24 by 1 in.

5. D. crispa, Seem.—Syn. Spathodea crispa, Wall. Vern. Pumbadri, Nirvuddi, Tel.
Common in the deciduous forests of the Deccan and Karnatik. Fl. March—-Dec. A
ymiddle-sized tree, nearly glabrous, leaflets 3-7, acuminate, blade 2-4, pet. }-1 in. long.
Corolla white, tube cylindric, 1-2 in. long, capsule slightly compressed, 12 by 3 in.,
valves coriaceous, speckled.

6. D. Rheedii, Seem.—Syn. Spathodea Rheedii, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1889. Common in
the plains of Malabar (Bedd.). Sundriban. Pegu. Tenasserim. Andamans. Ceylon.
Malay Penins. and Archip. New Guinea. A middle-sized tree, almost glabrous,
leaflets 7-9, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, blade 34, pet. }-$in. long. Corolla white,
narrow portion of tube 3-5 in. long. Capsule 18 by 1 in. nearly straight, seeds rect-
angular, wings corky, not transparent, with the wings # in. long. 7. A species coll.
by me in 1857 near Prome,a large tree (Thakoppo), by J. W. Oliver at Thabet Kyin,
and by Smales in the Shwebo district, Upper Burma (Thakut) has small dentate, very
unequal-sided leaflets (2-3 in. long), narrow part of corolla-tube 2-4 in., gradually
widened into the upper funnel-shaped portion, capsule 32 x 3 in., seeds with the thin
transparent wings 1-13 in. long.

3. HETEROPHRAGMA, DC.; FI. Brit. Ind. iy. 380.

Differs from Dolichandrone chiefly by the calyx which also is closed in bud,
but in fl. irregularly 3-5-lobed. Species 3.

1. H. Roxburghii, DC.—Syn. Bignonia quadvilocularis, Roxb. Cor. Pl.
t. 145; Spathodea Roxburghit, Sprengel; Brandis F. Fl. 350. Vern. Waras,
Warsi, Mar.

A large tree, bark grey, 1. tomentose while young, glabrous afterwards,
generally approximate near the ends of branches, leaflets 3-4 pair, often serru-
late, nearly glabrous when full grown, 3-4) in. long. Fl. in large terminal
erect densely tawny-tomentose panicles. Calyx obtusely bilabiate, corolla
campanulate, 14 in. long, white, tinged with pink. Capsule straight, } in.
thick, 8-12 by 2 in., velvety while young, dissepiment 4-winged, horizontal
section cross-shaped.

Chanda district, C. P., Godavery forests. Western Coast and Western Ghats,
Khandeish and Thana to Kanara. Fl. January—April.

9. H. adenophyllum, Seem.; Kurz F. Fl. ii. 236.—Syn. Spathodea
adenophylla, A. DC.; Wight Ill. t. 160. Vern. Petthan, Burm.

A large deciduous tree, young shoots and inflorescence brown-tomentose,
leaflets 2-3 pair, elliptic, entire, softly pubescent beneath, nearly sessile,
6-12 in. long, often on the petiole at its base a pair of small auricle-like ©
leaflets. FI. large, yellow-brown, in many-fld. terminal erect brown-tomentose
panicles, calyx campanulate, }—1 in. long, irregularly 3—5-lobed, corolla densely
brown-tomentose outside, mouth 2 in.across. Capsule 1-3 ft. long, cylindric,
ribbed.

Assam, Chittagong. Coco island, common. Andamans. Burma, Lower and Upper.
Fl. April-May, also Sept. (Upper Burma, Smales). 3. H. sulfureum, Kurz. Vern.
Thitlinda. Trawadi valley in Engdain. Pegu Yoma. Terai of Shan hills. A
middle-sized deciduous tree, leaflets 3-4 pair, slightly pubescent beneath while young,
fl. pale yellow, in short densely tomentose panicles, calyx cylindrical, 1-14 in. long,
corolla glabrous, or with scattered stellate hairs, mouth 23 in. across, capsule 2ft. long,

t=}
compressed, densely tawny tomentose.

4, PAJANELIA, DC.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 384.
P. Rheedii, DC. (the only species): Wight Ic. t. 1343-44._Syn. P.
multijuga, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 237; Bignonia multijuga, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t.
95,96. Vern. Kyaungdauk, Burm.

—_—-

EE — EO os

Pajanelia\ LXXX. BIGNONIACE 495

A large tree, entirely glabrous, 1. imparipinnate 14-3 ft. long, rachis angular,
leaflets 10-12 pair, from an unequal base ovate to ovate-lanceolate, entire,
3-7 in. long. Fl. in ample robust erect panicles, corolla 25 in. long, dull
purple, lobes round 1 in. long. Capsule straight, compressed, winged, 12-20
by 24-3} in. ; j

Assam. Andamans. Lower Burma. Fl]. Nov—Feb. North Kanara, in moist forest,
fi. C. S.(Talbot 259). Between Coimbatore and Palghat, Malabar common up to 2,000 ft.
Wainad. The Malabar species, which Beddome, Manual 169, calls a small weak tree,
regarding which Wight stated: fl. July, August, and which he considered different
from the Eastern tree, may possibly turn out to be distinct.

5. STEREOSPERMOUM, Cham.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 382.

Differs from Dolichandrone and Heterophragma by the calyx, which is
truncate or shortly and unequally lobed, and the thick corky, nearly cylindric
dissepiment. Fl. in large large Jax terminal panicles. LL. in 2 species bipin-
nate, in the others imparipinnate. Species 12, tropical Africa and Asia.

A. L. imparipinnate.

1. S. chelonoides, DC.; Wight Ic. t. 1341; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 72. Vern.
Pader, Para, Hind.; Padal, Mar.; Kandior, Kol; Kal udi, Malaili, Kan. ;
Pumpadri, Tam.; Karing Kura, Mal.; Thakut po, Burm.

A large tree, leaflets glabrous, 3-5 pair, elliptic, caudate acuminate, blade
4-6, pet. }-3} in. long. Panicle branches slender, glabrous, fl. fragrant, corolla
yellow, tinged and marked pale red, # in. long, thinly hairy within and with-
out. Capsule slender, curved, 12-30 by 4 in., valves coriaceous, midrib raised,

~ seeds wedge-shaped inserted in deep notches of the dissepiment.

Oudh forests. Sikkim, ascending to 2,000 ft. Western Duars. Singbhum, rare.
Silhet, Cachar, Chittagong. Burma, Upper and Lower, ascending to 4,000 ft. in the
Southern Shan States. Western Peninsula, chiefly on the West side, from the Konkan
southwards. L, shed Feb.—March, renewed April, Fl. appear after the 1., April-June.
Specimens from Khasi hills 2,000 ft. (D. B. April 1879) have unifoliolate 1., petiole
articulate at base. 2. S, neuranthum, Kurz (Thandé, Burm.). Lower Burma, young
shoots softly pubescent, leaflets 2-3 pair, shortly acuminate, grey-tomentose while
young, rough when mature, panicle short, corymbose, viscous-hairy, corolla 1} in.,
pale lilac, with dark purple veins, capsule linear, 12-18 in.

3. S. suaveolens, DC.; Wight Ic. t.1342. Vern. Padal, Hind.; Patalo,
Mar.; Hussi, Kol; Padri, Kan.; Kywe magyo lein, Upper Burma.

A middle-sized tree, young shoots covered with viscid pubescence, leaflets
3-5 pair, elliptic, shortly acuminate, often serrulate, blade 3-6 in. long, rough
on the upper, pubescent on the under side, petiolule very short. Fl. exquisitely
fragrant, in large lax trichotomous viscid panicles, corolla dull crimson, 1-1}
in. long, pubescent, funnel-shaped, limb oblique, the 3 inferior lobes longer and
the edges of all much curled. Capsule straight, cylindric, 12-24 by in.,
dark grey or purple, slightly ribbed, rough with elevated specks, valves thick,
hard.

Subhimalayan tract and outer hills, ascending to 4,000 ft., from the Jumna east-
wards, rare between Jumna and Jhelam. Rajputana. Singbhum. Central India.
Western Peninsula. Burma, Upper and Lower. Often in Sal and Eng forest. The
old 1. are shed in April, the young foliage with the fl.appears April—June. 4. §, fimbri-
atum, DC. (Thanthat, Burm.), hills between Sitang and Salween. Tenasserim. Malay
Peninsula. Viscid-pubescent, leaflets elliptic-oblong, caudate-acuminate, blade 5-8,
pet. } in., corolla 2 in. long, pale lilac, the lobes nearly equal, cut into linear sezments
4 in. long. 5. 8. glandulosum, Mig. ‘Tenasserim. Malay Peninsula. Glabrous or
nearly so, leaflets 1-8 pair, elliptic, blade 4-7, pet. 4 in. long. Panicles narrow, racemi-
form, corolla 14 in., capsule narrow, 6-9 in. long.

B. L. bipinnate.

6. S. xylocarpum, Benth. & Hook. f.—Syn. Bignonia xylocarpa, Roxb. ;
Wight Ic. t. 1335-6; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 70; Spathodea xylocarpa, T. And. ;

496 LXXX. BIGNONIACEA [Stereospermum

Brandis F. Fl. tab. 43. Vern. Paral, Centr. Prov.; Khar sing, Mar.; Udi,
Kan.; Pathiri, Tam. ; Edang Korna, Mal.

A middle-sized tree, bark grey, heartwood brown, very hard. L. bi- or tri-
pinnate, 1-4 ft. long, leaflets glabrous, hard and slightly rough when full crown,
2-3 in. long, nearly sessile. Fl. fragrant, white with a tinge of yellow, in
dense compound pubescent panicles. Corolla campanulate from near the base,
14-2 in. long. Capsule 12-30 in. long, a little curved, rough with numerous
large irregular hard tubercles, valves 1-1} in. broad, woody, dissepiment
cylindric, shining, seeds including the wings 1} by } in.

Satpura range. Chanda district. Khandeish Dangs. Western Peninsula. FI.
April, May, when nearly leafless, the fresh foliage about the commencement of the
yains. 7. S. hypostictum, Miq.- (Spathodea amena, A. DC.; Brandis F. Fl. 349:
Bignonia amena, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 183; Radermachera amena, Seem. Tavoy.
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Grown in gardens, glabrous, corolla 2 in. long,
white, orange inside, lobes equal crenulate, capsule rust-coloured, pendulous, slender,
12-18 in. long, valves thin.

Millingtonia hortensis, Linn. f.; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 249—Syn. Bignonia suberosa,
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.214. Believed to be indigenous in Burma(Kurz). Cultivated largely
in most parts of India and in other tropical countries. A large tree, youngest shoots
and inflorescence slightly pubescent. lL. bipinnate, 1-2 ft. long, leaflets ovate, blade
1-2, pet. slender, } in. long. FJ. numerous, white, fragrant, corollatube 3 in. long,
slender, cylindrical, widened into a short funnel-shaped mouth, at the base of which
the 4 stamens are inserted, lobes 5, nearly equal. Capsule linear, 12 in. long, seeds
surrounded on 3 sides by fine transparent wings.

Mayodendron igneum, Kurz, Prelim. Report Pegu 1875, App. D. with fig. Vern.
Egayit, Upper Burma. Hills between Sitang and Salween, 2-3,000 ft. Myit Kyina,
Bhamo, Upper Burma. A middle-sized tree, bark grey, longitudinally wrinkled, young
shoots minutely puberulous, 1. ample, bi-tripinnate, leaflets entire, obliquely ovate-
lanceolate, 8-4 in. long, glabrous, glossy. Fl. orange, in short corymbs, mostly from
the old wood, appearing together with the young leaves, which come soon after the
old 1. fall. Calyx spathaceous, corolla glabrous outside, tubular, widening upwards,
lobes equal, very short. Capsule slender, 18-22 by 4 in., seeds, including the thin
transparent wings 3 by $ in.

Oroxylum indicum, Vent.—Syn. Calosanthes indica, Blume; Wight Ic. t. 1337, Vern.
Pharri, Hind.; Sanna, Oudh; Totilla, Nep.; Taitu, Mar.; Tetu, Kan.; Kyaung ya,
Burm. Subhimalayan tract, from the Jumna eastwards, rare west of the Jumna.
Singbhum. Both Peninsulas—Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. China. A
small soft-wooded, deciduous, glabrous tree, 1. bipinnate, 3-5 ft. long, leaflets ovate,
acuminate, blade 3-8, pet. }-3 in. long. Fl. large, fleshy, purplish, with an unpleasant
smell, in erect, terminal racemes, peduncles long, stout. rough, pedicels lin. long. Calyx
coriaceous, persistent, indistinctly toothed, corolla campanulate, 2-3 in. Jong and nearly
as wide at the mouth, stamens 5, all fertile and nearly equal. Capsule flat, 15-30 by
2-31 in., dehiscing at the edges, the dissepiments parallel to the valves, seeds imbricate
with a broad transparent wing on three sides, 2-3 in. long, including the wing.

Orper LXXXI. ACANTHACEA. Gen. Pl. 11. 1060.

Mostly herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, 1. opposite, rarely lobed, stipules 0. Fl.
usually in the axils of bracts, each fl. supported by 2 bracteoles, calyx usually
5-lobed or of 5 sepals, corolla as a rule 2-lipped or 5-lobed, lobes imbricate or
contorted in bud. Stamens 4 or 2, inserted in the corolla-tube. Ovary free,
9-celled, style filiform, bifid, one branch often obsolete. Capsule loculicidal,
seeds often clothed with white elastic hairs (best seen when wetted), seated
on hard upeuryed acute supports, albumen 0.

The 1. of most genera here mentioned haye in the epidermis of the upper surface
numerous conspicuous cystolith cells, usually single and elongated, readily visible as
raised lines (in Barleria in pairs). Exceptions are Thunbergia and Acanthus. Adhatoda
zasica has cystolith cells in the tissue of the leaf, not in the epidermis.

I. Calyx reduced to an entire or indistinctly crenulated

ring. Capsule beaked . : 6 5 : . 1. THUuNBERGIA.
II. Calyx of 4 sepals, the outer pair larger.
Corolla 1-lipped,stamens4 . 9 6 : . 2. ACANTHTUS.

Corolla 5-lobed, stamens 2 " 5 5 ° . 3. Barrera.

Thunberyia LXXXI, ACANTHACER 497

Ill, Calyx of 5 lobes or sepals, ovules two in each cell.
One anther-cell higher than the other.

Anther-cells spurred, bracts linear, short . ; Jusricra (p. 498).

Anther-cells acute, bracts ovate, large : és Apuaropa (p. 498).
Both anther-cells on the same level.

Stamens 2, corolla-tube long linear. ¢ . 4. Dzxparacantuts.

Stamens 4, corolla-tube ventricose . Peraripium (p. 499).

Stamens usually 4, corolla tubular-ventri icose,
calyx persistent, : c
IV. Calyx of 5 lobes, ovules 3 or more in eal Gal
Bracts small, often caducous, stamens 2.

. STROBILANTHES.

or

Corolla 2- -lipped, lobes spreading . c 5 . 6. PHtoGacanraus.
Corolla-lobes equal, erect. _ Cysracantuus (p. 501).
Bracts as long as or longer than calyx, stamens 4.
Bracts linear, branchlets densely woolly . JEcHMANTHERA (p. 501).
Bracts lanceolate, imbricating, branchlets and
l.rough . : - : 4 ; : - Hemicrapuis (p. 501).

1. THUNBERGIA, Linn. f. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iy. 390.

Herbaceous or shrubby climbers, fl. (of the sp. mentioned) in bracteate
racemes, each fl. enclosed in bud by two large bracteoles, more or less cohering
at the margin. Calyx an entire or indistinctly crenulated ring. Corolla
conspicuous, tube ventricose, curved, limb oblique, lobes rounded. Stamens 4,
disk annular or cushion-shaped, ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule globose,
narrowed suddenly into a flat beak. Species 70-80, Africa to Australia.

_A. Corolla blue.

1. T. grandiflora, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 872, Sikkim Terai and outer valleys. Assam,
Khasi hills, Manipur, Cachar, China. L. ovate, base cordate, often angularly lobed,
basal nerves 5-7, blade 4-7, pet. 1-6 in. Racemes short, bracteoles 1 in., ‘faleate-
elliptic. 2. T. laurifolia, Lindl. Burma, Upper and Lower, Andamans.—Malay Penin-
sula. L. from an acute or rounded base ovate-lanceolate, dentate, basalnerves usually 3.

3. T. Wightiana, T, And. (Schmidia bicolor, Wight Ic. t. 1848), Nilgiris, 1. ovate,
acuminate, toothed, racemes pendulous 6-12 in. long, bracteoles conspicuous, purple
and cream- “coloured, orbicular, 1 in. diam., with 7 longitudinal nerves.

B. Corolla red or yellow.

4. T. coccinea. Wall. Outer Himalaya 2-7,000 ft., from Kumaon eastwards. Khasi
hills, Tenasserim, 1. ovate, acuminate, toothed, racemes lax, pendulous, 6-18 in. long,
bracteoles broadly ovate, purple or dark orange. 5. T. mysorensis, I’. And. (Hexacentris
mysorensis, Wiecht Ic. t. 871). Nilgiris, Mysore. L. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
toothed, ‘strongly veined, racemes elongate pendulous, bracteoles falcate-elliptic, 1 in.
long, corolla y ‘ellow.

2. ACANTHUS, Linn. ; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 480,

Herbs or shrubs, sometimes twining, I. often spinescent. Sepals 4, the
outer pair larger, corolla-tube short, horny, limb expanded into a large entire
or 3-lobed lip, the upper lip wanting. Stamens 4, anthers 1-celled adnate,
bearded and fringed, ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule compressed shining, 4-
seeded. Species 20, warm and hot regions of the Old World and Australia,
some species littoral, others inhabiting dry and arid regions. As usual, the
littoral species have the structure of xerophilous plants. ;

A, Armed erect shrubs.

be As iicifolius, Linn. (Dilivaria ilicifolia, Nees; Wight Ic. t. 459). Vern. Moranna,
Mendli, Mar.; Hargoza, Kentki, Beng. ; Khaya, Burm. ‘Tidal fairest the Peninsula,
Bengal and Burma, often forming the underwood under mangrove trees. Malay
Penins. and Archip. extending to Australia. Aneve rgreen spinescent shrub, according
to Schimper (Indo-Mal. Strandflora 85), often standing on stilts like Rhiz zophor ately:
glossy, rigidly coriaceous, lobed or toothed, the lobes or teeth te rminating in sharp
prickles, blade 4-8 in., petiole short or none. Fl. supported by two pairs of bracteoles
t-4 in. long, in terminal, sometimes axillary, bracteate aes 1-12 in. long, corolla
1} in. long, bright blue, capsule shining, blunt, 4-1 in. long. 2. A. ebracteatus, Vahl.

KK

498 LXXXI. ACANTHACEA [Acanthus

Sundriban. Andamans. Tenasserim. Malay Penins. and Archip. L. oblong, lobes
triangular. Bracts caducous, bracteoles minute, corolla white, ? in. long.

B. Unarmed climber.

3. A. volubilis, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 172. Sundriban. Coasts of Burma and the
Malay Peninsula. LL. elliptic-obovate, narrowed into pet. 4 in. long, spikes terminal,
bracteoles 0, corolla white, 1 in. long.

3. BARLERIA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 482.

Herbs or undershrubs, a few shrubs. FI. large, sessile, mostly in dense
spikes. Sepals 4, in 2 opposite pairs, those of the outer pair large, conspicuous.
One of the large sepals consists of 2, connate nearly to the tip. Corolla-lobes 5,
nearly equal, tube elongate. Stamens 2, ovules 2 in each cell. Species over
100, tropics of the Old World, a few in America. Of the 22 species described
from British India the following only can be mentioned.

A. Armed, capsule 2-seeded with a solid beak.

1. B. Prionitis, Linn. Vern. Kanta-jati, Beng.; Mullugunta, Tel.; Leit-thay-we,
Burm. Throughout India and Burma, perhaps not indigenous in all districts. Ceylon.
Malay Penins. and Archip. Tropical Africa. Useful as a hedge plant. Nearly
glabrous, sharp trifid axillary spines, $-1 in. long Outer sepals ovate-lanceolate,
bracteoles linear. Corolla bright yellow, 14-14 in. long. Very variable.

B. Unarmed, capsule usually 4-seeded.
(a) Bracteoles linear, not conform to outer sepals.

2. B. longiflora, Linn. f. Central Provinces. Coromandel] coast. Deccan. Pubescent
all over, 1. ovate, #-1} in. FI. white, solitary, or in few-fid. spikes, bracteoles linear,
3-1 in. long, patent or recurved, outer sepals ovate, neryose, #-1 in., corolla-tube linear
244 in. long. 3. B. cristata, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 453. Throughout India and Burma,
excepting the arid region. A diffuse, hairy undershrub, outer sepals prominently
veined, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, often spinulous-toothed. Corolla blue, purple or white.

(b) Bracteoles lanceolate or elliptic, more or less similar to outer sepals.

4. B. strigosa, Willd. Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to
4,000 ft. Behar. Chutia Nagpur. Western Peninsula. L. strigose with scattered
hairs, elliptic, acuminate, blade 4-8, decurrent into pet. 1 in. long, spikes dense, many-
fld., outer sepals 1 in., corolla blue, 14-2 in. long. 5. B. polytricha, Wall. Pl. As.
Rar. t.82. Chittagong, Lower Burma. Similar to 4, branches and 1. hirsute, pet. short,
corolla 2 in. long.

Justicia Gendarussa, Linn. f—Syn. Gendarussa vulgaris, Nees; Wight Ic. t. 468.
Vern. Kala-adulsa, Bakas, Tao, Mar.; Aduthoda gida, Kan.; Bawanet, Burm. Sikkim
Terai. Burma, in the rocky bed of hill streams. West side of the Peninsula (indi-
genous ?). Grown in gardens and naturalized throughout India. China, Formosa,
Philippines Nearly glabrous, l. lanceolate, blade 4-5, narrowed into pet. 4-4 in. long,
cystolith cells minute, visible on upper side. Spikes 2-5 in. long, often panicled,
bracts linear, shorter than calyx, cor. } in., white, sparingly stained with purple,
capsule 4 in. long, 4-seeded.

Adhatoda Vasica, Nees. (Justicia Adhatoda, Linn.) Vern. Bhekar, Pb.; Bansa, Rusa,
Bashing, Hind.; Adulsa, Vasuka, Mar.; Addasaram, Tel.; Adhatoday, Tam. Kuram
valley. Punjab Salt range. Subhimalayan tract as far as Kumaon, on dry slopes,
ascending to 5,000 ft., common in Hazara. Plains of Northern India. Assam, Khasi
hills, Manipur. Behar. Western Peninsula. Upper Burma. Mergui. Ceylon.
Malay Penins.and Archip. China. Roots large, going deep. One of the shrubs to be
employed in reclaiming waste lands. A large gregarious shrub, with a strong smell,
not browsed by cattle, nearly glabrous. L. ovate-lanceolate, entire, blade 5-8, pet.
3-1 in. long, cystoliths in the tissue below the epidermis, not in the epidermis cells. Fl.
white, with red spots and streaks, in pedunculate mostly axillary compact spikes,
bracts ovate, 3-3 in. long, bracteoles half as long, lanceolate, corolla 2-lipped. Capsule
# in. long, clavate, pubescent, 4-seeded.

4. DAZEDALACANTHUS, T. And.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 417.
(Eranthemum, L., Lindau in Engler u. Prantl iv. 3. b. 311.)
Perennial herbs or large herbaceous shrubs, 1. narrowed into petiole, entire

or indistinctly dentate. FI. in bracteate spikes, bracts large, imbricating,
bracteoles linear-lanceolate not longer than calyx. Corolla-tube long, linear,

Dedalacanthus| LXXXI. ACANTHACE 499

lobes obovate, twisted in bud. Stamens 2, anthers not spurred. Seeds 4
finely hairy. Species 17, Indo-Malayan region.

A. Lower hatf of corolla-tube cylindric, upper half ventricose.

1. D. splendens, T. And. Sikkim, Sal and lower Hill forests, ascending to 2,000 ft.
Upper Burma. L. entire or nearly so, spikes 3-12 in. long, bracts obovate, nerves
dark green. Corolla 13 in., purple or brick red.

B. Corolla-tube slender, narrowly cylindric.

2. D. nervosus, T. And. Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys from the Sutlej east-
wards, often as underwood under Sal. Assam, Silhet, Barisal. Chutia Nagpur. L.
erenulate, spikes 1-3 in. long, in dense terminal panicles, bracts elliptic, shortly acumi-
nate, not ciliate, pale, almost white, nerves green, corolla bright blue. 3. D. purpurascens,
T. And.—Syn. Justicia pulchella, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 177. Assam. Behar. Singbham
Sambalptir. Chanda. Belgaum. North Kanara. Similar to 2, spikes few, long
pedunculate, bracts ovate-lanceolate, long acuminate, ciliate, corolla lilac or pale blue.
4. D. tetragonus, T. And. Upper and Lower Burma. L. lanceolate, nearly entire,
spikes hairy, dense, oblong, bracts oblanceolate, green, clothed with long hairs, corolla
purplish-blue, tube 1-13 in. long.

Petalidium barlerioides, Nees. Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna to the Great
Gandak. Behar. Singbhim in Sal forests. Centra] Provinces (dense underwood in
the Teak forests of Ahiri). Ganjam and the Northern Deccan. A gregarious shrub,
bark exfoliating in long papery strips (Hole), fl. yellowish-white, solitary or on short
leafy racemes, each fl. supported by a pair of large scarious, elliptic acuminate, strongly
veined bracteoles } in. long.

5. STROBILANTHES, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 429.

Herbs or shrubs, often gregarious. The 1. of the same pair often unequal,
eystolith cells linear, broader at one end, conspicuous on the upper surface.
FI. mostly capitate or in strobiliform spikes. Calyx persistent, more or less
acerescent in fr., one segment often larger than the others. Corolla tubular-
ventricose, lobes nearly equal, contorted in bud. Anthers muticous, ovules 4,
style linear, stigma of one long lanceolate branch, the other minute. Species
180, mostly Asiatic. Many species of this and allied genera are eminently gre-
garious, either covering open hill sides or forming a dense underwood under the
forest, covering the ground socompletely as to impede regeneration by self-sown
seed. Some of these gregarious species flower annually, but the majority flower
periodically at intervals of 5 years or longer. After ripening their seed, the
stems die, giving a chance for the seeds of the forest trees to come up.

A. Stamens 2. Fl. in dense heads, calyx-segments equal.

1. 8. Kunthianus, T. And. (Phlebophyllum Kunthianum, Nees; Wight Ic. t. 448).
Nilgiris, Palnis, Shevaroys. A small gregarious shrub with rigid branches, covering
extensive bare slopes, fl. once in 5 or 6 years. L, rigid, underside white-tomentose
between the prominent sec. n., blade 1-2, pet. } in. Corolla ventricose from near the
base, bright blue, seeds densely hairy when wetted. 2. S. foliosus, T. And. (Endopogon
Jfoliosus and capitatus, Wight Ic. t. 1501, 1499). Nilgiris, common in sholas above 6,000 ft.
A small shrub, |. glabrous, serrulate, bright green, blade 1-3, pet. 4-14 in. long, fl.
annual, blue, corolla-tube: lower half linear, upper campanulate, staminodes 2, some-
times 3, seeds glabrous. 38. 8S. jeyporensis, Bedd. Ic. t. 214. Hills of the Northern
Circars, common in sholas. A large shrub, 1. nearly glabrous, broad-ovate, acumi-
nate, blade 6-7, narrowed into pet. 3 in. long, sec. n. 10-12 pair, arching. Fl. white,
in axillary viscous hairy spikes 2 in., bracts lanceolate, % in. long, recurved, bracteoles
linear, as long as calyx, corolla 4 in.

B. Stamens 4. Fl. in heads or short spikes, calyx-segments nearly equal,

4. 8, heteromallus, ‘I’. And. Nilgiris. A large hairy shrub, attaining 20 ft., gregarious,
forming the underwood in sholas, fl.at long intervals. L. hispid above (hairs stiff ona
tubercular basis) villous beneath, blade 8-5, decurrent into petiole 1-2 in. Bracts narrow,
oblong, corolla 1 in. long, lilac. 5. 8, Perrottetianus, Nees; Wight Ic. t. 1518. Nilgiris,
in the deep shade of sholas. A large, softly rufous-hairy shrub, fl. annually, 1. 2-4,
petiole 1-2 in., fl. heads 1-2 in. long, pedunculate, corolla light blue, lilac or pink. 6.
S. Wightianus, Nees; Wight Ic. t.1514. Nilgiris, on grass lands or in sholas. A small
shrub, fl. annually, clothed with long spreading hairs, ]. ovate, thick rugose, blade 1-2,
pet. § in. Fl. heads ovoid, hairy, in dense cylindrical panicles, corolla }-1 in., blue.

500 LXXXI. ACANTHACE [| Strobilanthes

7. S. barbatus, Nees; Bedd. Ic. t. 212. Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards
in evergreen forest, fl. once in 7 years. A large gregarious shrub, branches winged, 1.
glabrous shining, elliptic, 6-8 in. long, tapering into a winged pet. Fl. heads axillary,
pedunculate, peduncles with 1-8 pair of small 1., bracts long acuminate, 1 in., spreading,
corolla white, #-1 in. long,-cylindrical portion as long as the upper campanulate.

8. S. pectinatus, T. And. Sikkim 6-8,000 ft., common (Kibw). Bhutan. Khasi,
Jaintia and Naga hills. A large gregarious shrub, fl. once in 4 or 5 years. L. thinly
hairy above, more or less villous beneath, elongate elliptic, acuminate, blade 3-6,
pet. 3-13 in. long. Heads pedunculate, peduncles often with 1 or 2 pairs of 1., bracts
ovate, ¢-1 in., corolla pale purple, 14-24 in. long.

C. Stamens 4. FI. in cylindrical or strobiliform spikes, bracts imbricating.

(a) Bracts coriaceous or chartaceous.

9. §. luridus, Wight Ic. t. 1515-6. Nilgiris, Anamalais. A large gregarious shrub,
attaining 18 ft., forming underwood in sholas, fl, annually. L. hairy on both surfaces,
blade 8-8,.petiole 1-2 in. Fl. dark purple, sometimes white, spikes 3-11 in. long,
pendulous from the old wood, often near the ground, bracts large orbicular, entire.
10. S. callosus, Nees.—Syn. S. Grahamianus, Wight Ic. t. 1520. Vern. Karvi, Mav. :
Marua Dana, Pachmarhi.—Mount Abu. Thana district. Melghat. Satpura range.
Hills of the Northern Deccan and Western Ghats, southwards as far as Kanara.
A large shrub, forming underwood in forests and attaining 30 ft., fl. in periods of
7-9 years, branchlets warted and tubercled. L. crenate rough, cystolith cells very
numerous, often stellate at the base of hairs, blade 5-10, pet. 1-3 in. Spikes strobili-
form, 14 in., bracts 3-1 in. long, elliptic or orbicular, sepals equal, corolla large,
purplish-blue or pink. 11. S. gregalis, Collett & Hemsl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 104.
Shan Hills, Upper Burma 4,000 ft. Gregarious, 1. nearly sessile,2 in. long, bracts rigid,
coriaceous, edge white-woolly.

(6) Bracts soft, membranous.

12. S. auriculatus, Nees; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t, 295. Subhimalayan tract and outer
valleys from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 4,000 ft. Behar. Chutia Nagpur
(Hutid, Kol). A common underwood in Sal and other forests 4-6 ft. high. Pachmarhi,
Khasi hills, Manipur. Burma Upper,and Lower, Shan hills to 5,000 ft., Mu valley in
great profusion, (varies with a white and purple style, A.Smythies). Branches quad-
rangular, usually zigzag, |. elliptic-lanceolate, those of the same pair often very unequal,
crenate, sessile, with a narrow, cordate or auriculate base, scattered white soft hairs
on both sides, short cystolith cells numerous on the upper side. Fl. once in 6 years,
blue or pale purple in narrow hairy spikes 3-5 in. long, bracts imbricating, obovate or
obcordate. Lower cylindric portion of corolla-tube very short, upper campanulate
portion 3 in. long. Closely allied, 13. S. Maclellandi, Clarke. Pegu. IL. acuminate to
both ends, often petiolate, spikes linear, bracts spathulate, with long white hairs.

14. S. rufescens, T. And. ; Ind. For. xxi.47. Manipur. Chittagong. Upper Chindwin
(Moyan Shan), Pegu (on dry rocks, D. B.), Tenasserim. A gregarious shrub, with a
pungent disagreeable smell, flowering once in 6 years, branches densely clothed with
soft long ferruginous hairs. Spikes axillary, cylindric, clothed with long soft hairs
1-2 in. long. Calyx divided to the base into two lips, the upper with 2, the lower with
3 teeth, corolla blue, 1 in. long.

D. Spikes lax, often short, bracts linear, not imbricating.

15. S. perfoliatus, T. And—Syn. Leptacanthus alatus, Wight Ic. t. 1527. Vern.
Gurgi, Kan. Western Ghats and near the coast, from Bassein to South Kanara. A
gregarious shrub, fl. once in 7-9 years. |. glabrous, 6-15 in. long, tapering into a
marginate petiole with a cordate base, cystolith cells on both surfaces, very plentiful
on the upper, few on the underside, which is pale or steel grey. Spikes lax viscid
with glandular and eglandular hairs, 2-5 in., bracts, linear, recurved } in., corolla
1} in. long, blue or bluish-purple. 16. S. glutinosus, Nees. Bekar, Haz. Outer
Himalaya, ascending to 6,000 ft., from Hazara to Nepal. A straggling shrub with a
woody stem, often forming underwood in, forests, aromatic, inflorescence and calyx
viscid with glandular hairs, 1. softly hairy on both sides, spikes short, often reduced to
1 or 2 pairs of f. Corolla 2 in., glabrous, pale mauve, the narrow cylindric nearly as
long as the upper campanulate portion.

EK. Stamens 4. FI. paniculate, bracts mostly deciduous, one calyx-segment
longer than the others.

17. S. Wallichii, Nees, Janu, Zanu,Jauns. Himalaya, Jaunsar to Sikkim, 7-12,000 ft.,
a small gregarious shrub, a common underwood in forests of Quercus semecarpifolia.
A perennial stout, low, branching stem, sending up annually herbaceous branches,
which die down in autumn, the perennial stem continuing growing slowly. At
intervals of probably 12 years the herbaceous branches bear fl. and seed, when the

Strobilanthes] LXXXI. ACANTHACEA 501

plants die (Kanjilal F. F). 260). Branches quadrangular, slightly winged, ]. elliptic-
acuminate, blade 2-5 in., narrowed into petiole 1 in. long, upper |. sessile. Fl. opposite,
in pairs, but both turned to one side, forming leafy unilateral interrupted spikes, corolla
bluish-purple, 1} in. long. 18. S. atropurpureus, Nees. Kashmir to Nepal, 6-10,000 ft.
Closely allied to 17 and perhaps not different.

Two annually flowering shrubs of the North West Himalaya are: 19. S$, Dalhousianus,
Clarke; Collett Simla Flora 373 fig. 118.—Syn. (roldfussia Dalhousiana, Nees, corolla-
tube yellow, limb purple. 20. S. alatus, Nees, corolla purple.

21. S, flaccidifolius, Nees (S. flaccidus, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 239). Assam (oom), Manipur
(Khumna), Bhamo(Mégyi, Burm.). A perennial herb, cultivated in North-Eastern India
and China, to make Indigo. L. thin, glabrous, elliptic, blade 4-6, narrowed into pet.
lin.long. Pairs of fl. in lax spikes, bracts petiolate, deciduous, calyx-segments linear-
spathulate, corolla 2 in. long, purple, nearly glabrous.

6. PHLOGACANTHUS, Nees.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iy. 510.

Tall herbs or shrubs, |. entire or nearly so. Fl. orange-red or pink, bracts
small, often caducous, bracteoles 0. Corolla tubular, curved, limb oblique, 2-
lipped. Stamens 2, more or less exserted, anthers 2-celled. Capsule elongate,
more or less tetragonous, many-seeded. Species 11, all Indian.

A. Fl. in a dense cylindric terminal thyrsus.

1. P. thyrsiflorus, Nees. Outer Himalaya, from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to
4,000 ft. Ravines in Chutia Nagpur. Khasi hills. Burma, Upper and Lower. An
evergreen glabrous shrub, attaining 10 ft., wood white, branches 4-sided. LL. oblanceo-
late, blade 6-10, narrowed into pet. 3-14 in. long. FI. brick-red in a cylindrical com-
pact thyrsus, 4-12 in. long, bracts }-} in., conspicuous in bud, calyx-teeth }-} in.,
corolla, velvety, j-1 in. long. 2. P. curviflorus, Nees—Syn. Justicia curviflora, Wall.
Pl. As. Rar. t. 112. Khasi hills, Manipur. Pegu and Tenasserim. L. elongate-
elliptic, petiole 2-4, calyx-teeth, }, corolla 14-2 in. long. 3. P. tubifiorus, Nees. Assam,
Khasi hills, Manipur. Upper Burma, Shwebo district, undergrowth with Strobilanthes
in damp evergreen forests (Mauk salu). Attains 5 ft., 1. broad-elliptic, blade 8-12, pet.
2-3 in. long. Calyx-teeth 4, corolla } in., tubular, curved, crimson (Burma).

B. Fl. in numerous lax axillary and terminal cymes.

4. P. pubinervius, T. And. Sikkim 5-7,000ft. Bhutan, Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur.
Upper Burma, hills east of Bhamo 4,000 ft. (Mauk salon). A shrub or small tree, 1.
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 4-6, pet. }-1 in. long. Inflorescence glandular-
pubescent, bracts 0 or early caducous, pedicels slender as long as calyx, calyx 4-4 in.
long, segments free nearly to the base, 3-nerved, corolla 4-% in. long, stamens long
exserted.

Cystacanthus insignis, Clarke.—Syn. Phlogacanthus insignis, Kurz. Shan hills 2,000 ft.
Pakokku district, Upper Burma. Higher ridges of the Pegu Yoma, 2-3,000 ft. A tall
strict erect glabrous shrub, stem white, terete, with 4 elevated lines, fl. purple in a
terminal narrow panicle, corolla ventricose, 1} in. long, villous in the throat, lobes
equal, nearly erect, capsule 1} in. long.

Aechmanthera tomentosa, Nees.—Syn. /tuellia gossypina, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 42.
Outer Himalaya, 3-5,000 ft., Kashmir to Sikkim. Chittagong. A small gregarious
shrub, which flowers at intervals of 4-5 years. Young shoots and underside of young 1.
densely clothed with white wool, tomentum of young shoots purple. FI. in clusters of
4-8, in terminal panicles, corolla 1 in. long, seeds 6-8, when wetted seem to be clothed
with long slender hairs. Somewhat resembles Strobilanthes glutinosa.

Hemigraphis flava, Kurz.—Syn. Strobilanthes fava, Kurz F. FI. ii. 243. Vern. Myet-
Inapan, Tamasé kyau, Lower; Kyipasit, Upper Burma. Upper and Lower Burma,
frequent, ascending to 2,500 ft.” A large very bushy shrub, attaining 12 ft., fl. annually.
L. harsh and brittle, rough on both sides, elliptic or obovate, crenulate, upper side
wrinkled and rough with numerous large cystoliths, blade 7-9, tapering into pet.
4-1 in. long. Fl. conspicuous, yellow, in short obtuse glandular-hairy spikes, arranged
in short terminal panicles, bracts lanceolate, long acuminate, bracteoles linear, similar
to ealyx-segments, corolla 1-14 in. long. Seeds 6-8.

502 LXXXIJ. VERBENACEA [Lantana

Orper LXXXIT. VERBENACEA. Gen. PI. ii. 1131.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, 1. opposite, whorled, rarely alternate, stipules 0.
Fl. zygomorphic, rarely regular, 4- or 5-merous. Calyx usually gamosepalous,
persistent, often enlarged in fr. Corolla gamopetalous, hypogynous, lobes
imbricate in bud. Stamens usually 4, nearly equal or one pair longer, ovary
2- or 4-celled, 1 ovule in each cell, style terminal, as a rule filiform, shortly
bifid. Embryo straight, cotyledons thick, radicle inferior, albumen, in the
Indian species, 0 or very thin.

As far as known, the Indian climbing species (excepting Congea) have normally built
wood with large vessels. The stem of Avicennia has an entirely abnormal structure.

A. FI. in centripetal spikes.

Fr. a drupe with 2 bony pyrenes . . 1. Lanrana.

Fr. dry, separating into two 1-seeded pyrenes 0 Liprta (p. 502).
B. Inflorescence in compound corymbiform pyramidal or thyrsoid cymes.

Leaves digitate rarely unifoliolate. : 5 7 2. VATEX,

Leaves simple.
Calyx much enlarged in fr.
Calyx enclosing the fr.

A climbing shrub. ¢ : 5 : ‘ Hymenopyramis (p. 505).
irecsiaaa 5 3 : . 38. TECTONA.
Calyx-limb flat, orbicular : Howmsktoxpia (p. 506),
Calyx campanulate or deeply divided 4. CLERODENDRON.
Calyx not or slightly enlarged in fr.
Corolla large, ‘L in. and longer 5. GMELINA.
Corolla under 1 in. long.
Calyx small shortly 2—5-toothed
Fr. a drupe.
Corolla 2-lipped, endocarp 1-4-celled . 6. Premna.
Corolla 4- rarely 5- debe nS 4, 1-
seeded 9 . 7. CALLICARPA.
Fr. a 4-valved capsule : : : Grossocarya (p. 512).
Calyx deeply 4-6-lobed . ; : : . §. Caryepreris.
C. Cymes simple, capitate, fl. few sessile.
Bracts forming an involucre, calyx 4-6-dentate.
Bracts 3-4, corolla 2-lipped . C 5 : . 9. ConcEa.
Bracts 6.
Corolla 5—-6-lobed, 1. entire 0 . 10. SpHENODESME.
Corolla 5—16- lobed, 1. usually dentate . 11. SyspHorema.
No regular involucre, calyx of 5 sepals . 5 . 12. AvicrnnrA.

1. LANTANA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 562.

Rambling shrubs, pubescent or scabrous, branches 4-sided, 1. simple, crenate.
Fl. in peduncled ovoid or cylindric spikes, bracts conspicuous, exceeding the
calyx, bracteoles 0, corolla-tube slender, cylindric, lobes 4-5, spreading. Ovary
2-celled, one ovule in each cell, style short. Drupe with 2 bony 1-seeded
pyrenes. Species 50, tropical or subtropical, mostly American.

L. indica, Roxb.; Wight Ill. t. 173b fig. 3. Ic. t. 1464—Syn. L. dubia, Wall.; Royle
[ll. t. 73 fic. 2: L. alba, Brandis F. Fl. 369. Vern. Ghaneri, Mar. Throughout India
also in Baluchistan, Sind, Kuram valley, ascending in the Himalaya to 3,000 ft.
Upper Burma. FI. ‘April-June. Pubescent, fl. light-purple, yellow or white, almost
acentless, corolla $ in. long, hairy, limb oblique, lobes 4, unequal. Drupe purple,
enclosed by the thin transparent calyx. 2. L. aculeata, Linn.; Trimen Handb. Ceylon
iii. 346 (L. Camara, Linn.; Talbot Ed. ii. 267). A tropical American shrub with
recurved prickles on ‘the branches, fl. sweet-scented, corolla 4 in. long, tube pink, lobes
orange, drupe purple. Birds eat the fr. and spread the seed widely. It is known in
India as The Lantana and has spread with extraordinary vigour in Ceylon and the
Peninsula. In clearances made in evergreen forests it sometimes is useful in giving
shelter to young forest growth, but in deciduous forests it is a most troublesome
weed, though it “might perhaps in many cases be made useful. The Lantana is con-
sidered by some to be the cause of the Spike disease of Sandalwood in Coorg.

Of the allied genus Lippia, Linn., which has a dry fruit, separating into 2 one-seeded

Lantana) LXXXII, VERBENACEA 503

pyrenes, should be mentioned: 1. L. nodifiora, Rich. (Wakem, Sind),common in moist
places throughout India, a spreading annual often rooting from the nodes, ]. spathu-
late, sharply serrate. 2. L. geminata, Humb. Bonpl. Kunth. Indigenous in tropical
America, common in Lower Bengal and elsewhere. Very similar to Lantana indica.

2. VITEX, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 583.

Trees or shrubs, 1. opposite, digitately 3-5-foliolate. Hairs thin pluri-
cellular, not stellate, in some species round thin-walled trichomes (glands) on
the underside of 1. Calyx campanulate, truncate or shortly 5-toothed, corolla
small, tubular, limb 2-lipped, usually hairy outside and the lower lip bearded,
Stamens 4, didynamous, anther-cells at first parallel, afterwards divaricate.
Ovary 24-celled, ovules 4, style filiform, shortly bifid. Drupe supported by

Fic, 175.—Vitex altissima, Linn. f. 3.

the more or less enlarged calyx, endocarp bony, 1-4-celled. Species 60,
tropical and subtropical, in both hemispheres.
A. Inflorescence usually a terminal thyrsus.

1. V. Negundo, Linn.; Wight Ic. t.519. Vern. Marwan, Wana, Pb.;
Shiwali, Ningovi, Nisinda, Hind.; Nirguda, Lingur, Mar.; Vavili, Tel. ;
Lakki, Nukki, Kan.; Nochi, Tam.

A large shrub or small tree, strongly scented, branchlets, underside of 1.
and inflorescence clothed with short grey or white pubescence. Leaflets 3 or 5,
lanceolate, entire, toothed or pinnatifid, the central 3-4 in, long, on pet. 4-1 in.,
the lateral smaller, on petiolules up to $ in. long. Fl. small, bluish-purple,
in opposite cymes, forming an elongated terminal thyrsus, often compound at
the base, calyx-teeth triangular or oblong, half or one-third the length of tube,
corolla 4—} in. long, very hairy in the throat, distinctly 2-lipped.

504 LXXXII. VERBENACEA® [ Vitex

Common, often gregarious, nearly everywhere in the plains and lower hills of India,
ascending to 5,000 ft. in the N. West Himalaya, extending west to Peshawar and Sind.
Common near streams. FI. May—Dec. Ceylon, low country. China.

2. V. trifolia, Linn. f. (Indrani, Mar.; Kyaung ban, Burm.). Western Peninsula.
Burma, Upper and Lower. IL. 8- often 1-foliolate, leaflets sessile, pleasantly aromatic.
3. V. Agnus castus, Linn. Gregarious in dry stony watercourses in Baluchistan to
4,000 ft. (Mehrwan). Afghanistan, Western Asia and the Mediterranean region. Calyx-
teeth very short, corolla 4-3 in. long, pale purple, throat glabrous, tufts of hairs only
at the insertion of stamens, lobes nearly equal.

4. V. altissima, Linn. f.; Wight Ic. t. 1466; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 252.
Vern. Nevali Adugu, Tel.; Mairole, Nauladi, Kan. ; Maila, Tam.; Maiyella,
Mal.

A very large tree, young shoots villous with soft hairs. Leaves 3- rarely
5-foliolate, leaflets lanceolate, nearly sessile, nearly entire, when full grown
upperside glabrous, (excepting midrib), underside pubescent, petiole 1-3 in.
long, often with a narrow wing, widening upwards, inflorescence 3-8 in. diam.,
branches spiciform, interrupted. Fl. white with a tinge of blue, calyx-teeth
short, triangular, corolla woolly and ciliate at edges. Ovary and young fr.
fulvous-villous at apex. Drupe } in. diam.

Western Peninsula, common in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, also in
the Deccan. Fl. R.S. 5. V. alata, Heyne, Western Peninsula, wing of petiole 3 in.
wide, generally wider below, is probably not specifically distinct. 6. V. limonifolia,
Wall. Kyetyo, Burm. Khasi hills (D. B. April, 1879). Chittagong (C. B. Clarke. Feb.
1873). Burma, Upper and Lower. Common petiole more or less winged, leaflets sessile,
usually 3, from lanceolate to broad-elliptic, 3-10 in. long, sometimes serrate, underside
with shining resinous glands, sparsely hairy or softly tomentose. Branches of thyrsus
spiciform.

7. V. pubescens, Vahl.—Syn. V. arborea, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 1465.
Vern. Nemali adugu, Tel.; Myladi, Tam.; Kyetyo, Burm.

A large evergreen tree, wood brown, very hard, branches quadrangular,
branchlets, petioles, underside of ]. and inflorescence densely clothed with soft
minute tawny pubescence, leaflets usually 3, the lateral sessile or nearly so,
elliptic, 4-8 in. long. Inflorescence dense, pyramidal, 3-5 in. across, top
rounded, bracts persistent, 4-1, corolla 3-} in. long.

Western Peninsula, on the east side from Orissa, on the west side from the Nilgiris
southwards. Silhet. Lower Burma. Andamans. Fl. Jan.Mar. Malay Penins.
8. V. diversifolia, Kurz. Andamans. L. simple and 3-foliolate, glabrous, only midrib
pubescent beneath, closely reticulate veins conspicuous on both surfaces, bracts ovate,
conspicuous. 9. V. canescens, Kurz. Harmala, Ass.; Tauksha, Burm. Assam, Khasi
hills. Pegu. Upper Burma. Yunnan. A middle-sized tree, branches quadrangular,
branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and inflorescence softly pubescent or tomentose,
leaflets 3 or 5, blade 3-6, lateral petiolules up to $in. long. Fl. white, with a faint
pink tinge, pedicels as long as calyx, in half whorls, rarely in short cymes, on the
branches of the terminal, rarely axillary thyrsus, bracts caducous, calyx campanulate.
10. V. heterophylla, Roxb.; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 226. Assam. Tipperah. Pegu.
Tenasserim. China. Formosa. Ind. Archip. A large tree, leaflets membranous, as
a rule 5, nearly glabrous, blade 3-7, pet. of the lateral }-1in. long. Branches of thyrsus
elongate, narrow, fr.4 in. diam. 11. V.coriacea, Clarke. Mergui(Kyet-ho hpo). Malay
Penins. Similar to 10, leaflets asa rule 3, coriaceous, shining fr. }-} in. long, supported
by the enlarged cup-shaped calyx.

B. Inflorescence always axillary.

12. V. Leucoxylon, Linn. f—Syn. Wallrothia Leucoxylon, Roxb.; Wight
Ic. t. 1467. Vern. Lokki, Kondavavili, Tel.; Sengeni, Lakki, Kan.

A large deciduous tree, bark white, young shoots slightly puberulous. L.
5- or 5-foliolate, leaflets lanceolate, almost coriaceous, glabrous, only midrib
hairy on underside, blade 4-6, petiolule of the lateral up to ? in. long. Cymes
trichotomous corymbiform, lax, branches divaricate, fl. fragrant, whitish,
corolla hairy outside, 4 lobes equal, the 5th much larger, on the upper side
bearded with purple hairs. Drupe oblong ovoid ? in. long, dark purple, stone
4-celled.

Western Peninsula, chiefly on banks of streams, from the Chanda district, south-
wards. Fl. Feb.—April.—Ceylon, dry country.

Vitex) LXXXII. VERBENACEA 505

13. V. peduncularis, Wall.—Syn. Vitex alata, Roxb.; Kurz F. FI. ii.
272. Vern. Boruna, Beng.; Osai, Ass.; Kyetyo, Pazin-nyo, Burm.

A middle-sized or large deciduous tree, wood hard, close-grained. Youngest
shoots minutely grey pubescent, branchlets, petioles and 1. glabrous. Leaflets
3, membranous, lanceolate, 5-7, in., the lateral on petiolules up to } in. long,
common petiole channelled and narrowly marginate, in young plants and
coppice shoots often broadly winged. Shining resinous glands usually on the
underside of 1., on calyx and corolla. Cymes in a lax pedunculate thyrsus, up
to 10 in. long, ramifications slender, pedicels as long as calyx. Fl. yellowish-
or greenish-white, corolla + in. long, lower lip longer than tube.

Subhimalayan tract from Nepal eastwards. Assam, Khasi hills. Cachar, Chitta-
gong. From the Rajmahal hills through Chutia Nagpur to Orissa and the Circars.
Burma, Upper and Lower, common. FI. March-June.

14. V. glabrata, R. Brown.—Syn. V. Leucorylon, Kurz F. Fl. 273.
Vern. Goda, Beng. ; Tauksha, Burm.

A large deciduous tree, wood grey, handsome. Youngest shoots slightly
pubescent, |. almost glabrous, leaflets 5, blade 5-7 in., petiolules of the lateral
up to 1 in. long, underside without resmous glands. Cymes pedunculate,
dichotomous, lax corymbiform, calyx usually glabrous in the lower, hairy in
the upper part, corolla }—} in. long, white and purple. Fr. succulent } in.
long. .

Assam. Garo hills, Cachar, Eastern Bengal and Chittagong. Andamans. Burma,
Upper and Lower. Fl. April, May. Malay Penins. and Archip. New Guinea. North
Australia. 15. V. vestita, Wall. Assam, Khasi hills. Upper Burma, Yunnan.
Malay Peninsula and Archip. A shrub or small tree, branchlets, petioles, underside
of leaflets and inflorescence pubescent or woolly with long soft hairs. Leaflets 3,
acuminate, 4-6 in., the lateral on petiolules up to } in. long. Cymes shorter than
petioles, peduncles up to # in. long, shining resinous glands on calyx, corolla and under-
side of 1., corolla 4-4 in., tube 2-3 times longer than calyx, fr. } in. diam. Specimens
coll. in bud on the hills between Yunzalin and Salween 3,000 ft. (D. B. March 1880)
have leaflets 8-9 in. long, densely grey tomentose beneath, no resinous glands but
black dots on the underside.

Hymenopyramis, brachiata, Wall. Dry districts of the Irawadi valley, Upper Burma.
An extensively scandent shrub, branches and underside of 1. grey-tomentose. FI.
white in compact cymes arranged in a large pyramidal thyrsus. Capsule small, 4-
ees in the greatly enlarged acutely 4-winged membranous almost entirely closed
calyx.

3. TECTONA, Linn. fil.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 570.

Deciduous trees with angular branchlets, young shoots, inflorescence and
leaves clothed with stellate tomentum. L. large, opposite or ternate, entire. Fl.
small, in large terminal erect trichotomous panicles, bracts small, narrow, calyx
campanulate, shortly 5- or G-lobed, enlarged in fruit, corolla-tube short, limb
spreading, equally 5- or 6-lobed, anthers exserted. Ovary 4-celled, style
shortly 2-4-fid. Fr. 4-celled, endocarp bony, enclosed in the calyx. Embryo
enclosed in a thin layer of endosperm. Species 3, one in the Philippines.

1. T. grandis, Linn. fil.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 6; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 250;
Brandis F. Fl. t. 44. Vhe Teak tree. Sans. Saka; Pers. Sa@j, Sal. Vern.
Sagun, Sagon, Hind.; Saguan, Rajp.; Sag, Sagwan, Mar.; Teka, Gond ;
Téku, Tel.; Tegu, Kan.; Thékku, Tam.; Kyin, Burm.

A large tree, heartwood golden yellow when fresh cut, turning brown, oily to
the touch, with a strong scent, moderately hard, does not warp or split, extremely
durable, weight 45 Ib. per cub. ft., annual rings marked by a narrow belt of
vessels. Branchlets quadrangular and channelled, with large quadrangular pith.
L. elliptic or obovate, upperside rough, underside.clothed with dense stellate,
grey or tawny tomentum, blade 12-24 in., narrowed into petiole 1-1} in., of
seedlings and coppice shoots the |. often 2-3 ft. long. Fl. white, panicles

506 LXXXII. VERBENACEA [Tectona

erect, 1-3 ft.long. Fr. a hard bony nut, enclosed in a thick spongy covering,
consisting of a dense felt of branched hairs, seeds 1-3, rarely 4, a central
cavity having the appearance of a 5th cell. When the seed germinates, the
outer wall of each cell comes off bodily like a round concavecap. The inflated
calyx, which encloses the fr. like a bladder, is generally ovoid, 1-14 in. diam.,
reticulate and more or less corrugated.

The Teak tree is indigenous in both Peninsulas of India, in the north-eastern drier part
of Java and in other islands of the Indian Archipelago. In Western India it attains its
northern limit in the Western Aravallis at 24° 42’ N. Lat. (A. E. Lowrie). In Central
India its northernmost point is the Jhansi district at 25°33’ and from that point the line
of northern limit continues in a south-easterly direction to the Mahanadi river in the
Central Provinces. In Upper Burma it extends to lat. 25° 30’, and ascends to 3,000 ft.
Teak, however, is not uniformly distributed over this large area, for there are many
districts where it is entirely absent. It is cultivated in Bengal and Assam, and in
Northern India as far as Dehra Dun.

Teak grows on a great variety of soils, but requires perfect drainage. It thrives
equally well on the sandstone of the Pegu Yoma, on the granite of the eastern Sitang
and the North Kanara Forests, on limestone in the Thaungyeen forests of Tenasserim,
and on basaltic rocks in the Khandeish Daugs, and the Satpura range. On alluvial
soil the stems generally are fluted and irregularly shaped.

It is not gregarious, though on deep alluvial soil small patches of nearly pure Teak
forest are occasionally found (Beeling, Domdameein Martaban. Banks of the Godavari
{[Gamble]). A large area of pure Teak is in the Katu forest (Katha district) of Upper
Burma. Woods in which Teak, mostly stunted, preponderates, also occur here and
there on dry rocky ground. Its associates are, besides Bamboos, the trees of the deciduous
forest.

In dry and hot situations Teak loses its leaves in November, December or early in
January. Where the ground is moist, the tree often remains green until March.
The new foliage comes out in May. It flowers during the rains in July and August,
and ripens its seed between November and January. In summer it is readily recog-
nized at a considerable distance by the flower panicles, which overtop the green
foliage, and in winter the feathery erect fruit panicles distinguish it from all other
trees.

On good soil and in a suitable climate Teak has an exceedingly rapid growth while
young. It coppices well. It demands much light and in this respect its requirements
are similar to those of Quercus sessiliflora and Pinus sylvestris in Europe. Its strong
point is the vigorous terminal shoot, which enables it, like Fraxinus excelsior, to pierce
through dense brushwood, provided there is sufficient light overhead, to stimulate its
growth. The white mineral deposit found in cavities in the wood, as far as known,
mainly consists of Calcium Phosphates.

2. T. Hamiltoniana, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 294; Kurz F. Fl. ii. 259.
Vern. Dahat, Burm.

A middle-sized tree, branchlets 6-8-angular. Leaves mostly in whorls of
3, sometimes opposite or in whorls of 4, ovate, blade 4-8, petiole 3 in. long.
Fl. greenish-white, corolla very hairy in the throat. Fr. tightly enclosed
in the flask shaped calyx.

Dry country of the Irawadi valley, from Prome upwards. Fl. March-May, with
the young foliage.

Holmskioldia sanguinea, Retz. Subhimalayan tract, ascending to 4,000 ft., from the
Sutle] eastwards, ascending to 4,000 ft. Irawadi valley from Prome upwards. A
large straggling and scandent shrub, 1. ovate, entire or crenate, blade 2-4, petiole 3-1
in. long. Cymes red, scarlet in fr. Calyx widely obconic, limb #-1 in. across, almost
entire, corolla brick-red or orange, tube cylindric, curved, limb oblique, anther-cells
parallel. Drupe obovoid, 4-lobed, supported by the enlarged calyx.

4. CLERODENDRON, Linn. ; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 589.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes herbs. L. simple, opposite or whorled in
threes or fours. Fl. pentamerous, calyx persistent and enlarged in fruit,
often coloured. Corolla-tube slender, usually long, filiform, limb spreading,
oblique, lobes equal, anthers long exserted, cells parallel. Ovary imperfectly
4-celled, ovules 4, style filiform, shortly bifid.. Drupe succulent-or almost dry,
the endocarp or the entire fr. separating into four J-celled or two 2-celled,

Cleradendron| LXXXJI. VERBENACEA 507

pyrenes. Species about 100, in the warmer regions of the Old World, a few
in America.

I. Corolla-tube under 1} in. long.
A. Cymes axillary.

1. C. inerme, Gertn. Vern. Batraj, Beng.

A straggling almost scandent evergreen shrub, young shoots minutely grey-
pubescent. L. dark green, as a rule opposite, entire, elliptic or obovate, nearly
coriaceous, blade 1-2, petiole }-} in. long. FJ. white, in axillary, pedunculate,
3-9-fld. cymes. © Calyx-teeth short, corolla-tube 1 in., lobes oblong. Drupe dry
} in. long, pear-shaped, separating into 4 woody pyrenes.

Tidal jungles and sea coast of Bengal and both Peninsulas. Fl. throughout the
year, chiefly July-Nov.—Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, China, New Guinea, North
Australia, Formosa, Polynesia. Closely allied, classed by Kurz as a variety, 2. C.
neriifolium, Wall. Sea coast of Chittagong, Aracan and Tenasserim, |. frequently
ternate, linear or lanceolate, 2-4 in. long, drupe larger.

3. C. phlomoides, Linn. fil.; Wight, Ic. t. 1473. Vern. Urni, Hind.
Trun, Arni, Guzerat. 4

A tall*pubescent shrub, branches cinereous. L. ovate or rhomboid, more or
less sinuate-crenate, blade 1-2, petiole 1} in. FI. white or pink, fragrant,
in axillary 3—-9-fld. pubescent cymes, forming a terminal rounded leafy thyrsus.
Calyx cleft half-way down, corolla-tube 1 in., lobes elliptic, drupe dry, }—} in.
long, separating into 4 pyrenes.

Baluchistan, Punjab, Upper Gangetic plain, Oudh, Rajputana, Behar, Chutia Nagpur,
Orissa, the Deccan, common in hedges and in Babul Koruns. FI. Nov. Dec., also at
other times.—Ceylon dry region.

B. Inflorescence terminal.

(a) Inflorescence corymbiform or capitate.

a. Corolla-tube under # in. long.

4. C. infortunatum, Gertn.; Wight Ic. t. 1471; Kurz F. Fl. ii. 267.
Vern. Karu, Kari, Bhant, Hind.; Ghentu, Beng.; Bokkudu, Tel.; Ka-aung
gyi, Burm.

A tall gregarious shrub, branches, petioles, underside of |. and inflorescence
softly pubescent. lL. ovate, often from a cordate base, entire or dentate, blade
5-9, petiole 1-G in. long. Fl. white, tinged with pink, in an ample terminal
trichotomous corymbiform thyrsus. Calyx cleft to near the base, segments
lanceolate, corolla-tube longer than calyx-segments. Drupe fleshy, slightly
4-lobed, } in. diam., black, shining, enclosed in the enlarged red leathery calyx.

Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, often as underwood in Sal forest,
attaining 12 ft. Gangetic Plain in Mango groves. Singbhum. Centr. Prov. Both
Peninsulas. Fl. Noy.—April.—Ceylon, moist region. Malay Penins. and Archip, The
roots go deep; a species to be employed when reclaiming waste lands in the plains.
5. C. villosum, Blume. Kohima, Naga hills 4,500 ft. Martaban hills east of the Sitang
river, 24,000 ft., common on deserted Toungyas. Tenasserim. Malay Penins. Densely
and softly tomentose, |. cordate, nearly entire, corolla-tube not longer than the glandular
calyx-segments.

B. Corolla-tube slender 1 in. long.

6. C. Griffithianum, ©. B. Clarke. Assam. Upper Burma. Yunnan. A small tree,
branchlets, petioles and underside of |. along midrib and nerves clothed with long soft
hairs 1. lanceolate, blade 3-7, pet. A-L in. long. Fl. white in lax cymes, teminal and
from the axils of the uppermost l., forming a corymbiform thyrsus, calyx pubescent,
lobes lanceolate, longer than the campanulate tube, corolla glabrous, tube 1 in, long.
7. C. Colebrookianum, Walpers. Sikkim from the foot of the hills to 6,000 ft., common
in second growth forest. Assam, Khasi hills. Burma. <A small evergreen tree, with
a strong disagreeable smell, bark silvery-grey, |. nearly glabrous, broad-ovate often
9 in. diam., pet. 4-S in. Fl. white, on short pedicels, densely clustered in broad
corymbiform compound cymes, calyx-teeth short, corolla-tube slender, 1 in. long.
Drupe bright turquoise-blue. 8. C, lasiocephalum, Clarke. Mishmi and Dyfla hills.
Khasi hills. Shan hills, Upper Burma. Branchlets and |. pubescent or tomentose,

508 LXXXII. VERBENACEA [Clerodendron

L. ovate dentate, base cuneate or rounded, blade 6-10 pet. 2-6 in. long. Cymes com-
pact, corymbiform almost capitate, calyx-segments 4-3 in. long, lanceolate, tip filiform,
corolla-tube slender 1 in. long. 9. C. bracteatum, Wall. Sikkim 24,000 ft., chiefly in
clearings. Assam, Khasi hills. Manipur. Cachar. A shrub or small tree, branchlets
and underside of J. fulvous-villous. L. ovate, entire, blade 5-8, pet. 1-4 in. long. Fl.
in bracteate pedunculate heads, forming a leafy corymbiform thyrsus, bracts 3 in. long,
tomentose, calyx 4 in. long, deeply divided, segments ovate-lanceolate, corolla white,
pubescent, tube 1 in. long. Drupe purple.

(0) Thyrsus erect, elongate, bracts conspicuous, calyx-teeth very short.

10. C. serratum, Sprengel; Wight Ic. t. 1472; Brandis F. Fl. 864; Kurz F. FI. ii. 267.
Vern. Bégyo, Burm. Subhimalayan tract and outer ranges, ascending to 5,000 ft.
Assam, Bengal. Singbhum valleys and shady slopes, not common. Central Prov.
Both Peninsulas, Tall annual stems from a thick woody rootstock, youngest shoots
and inflorescence pubescent. L. glabrous, opposite or in whorls of three, lanceolate or
elliptic-lanceolate, as a rule deeply serrate, 4-8 in. long, narrowed into a very short
petiole. Fl. blue, cymes trichotomous, forming a terminal more or less cylindrical
thyrsus, bracts ovate, often coloured, bracteoles lanceolate. Calyx campanulate, corolla-
tube not more than twice the length of calyx, mouth oblique. Drupe succulent,
lobed, shining black, } in. diam. A specimen from the Winyo Forest, Attaran (D. B.
July 1858), has 1. entire, almost sessile, with a broad base, bracts prominent, calyx
truncate, possibly a new species. 11. C. venosum, Wall. Assam, Khasi hills. Upper
Burma. A tree, glabrous, only thyrsus and calyx with minute grey pubescence. L.
elliptic-lanceolate serrate, blade 6-8, narrowed into pet. 1-2 in. long. Fl. blue with a
greenish-white tinge, thyrsus pyramidal, bracts leaf-like, 1-2 in. long.

(c) Thyrsus erect, lax, pyramidal, calyx divided to near the base, petioles
connected by a ring of hairs, underside of 1. with numerous round raised
glands. :

12. C. paniculatum, Linn. Pegu, Tenasserim. Malay Peninsula. Siam, Cochinchina,
China, Formosa. A shrub with herbaceous branches, 1. nearly glabrous, ovate,
serrate, often lobed, base usually deeply cordate, blade 6-9, pet 1-3 in. long, thyrsus
4-12 in.,calyxin fl. {-} in. long. 13. C. squaamatum, Vahl. Sikkim to 3,000ft. Assam,
Silhet. Singapore. China. Often cultivated. Similar to 12, 1. not lobed, calyx in
fl. 4-4 in. long.

(d) Thyrsus long, lax, drooping.

14. C. nutans, Wall. Sikkim, ascending to 5,000 ft., Assam, Khasi hills. Chittagong.
Upper Burma (Kinmauk kagyi). Malay Peninsula. A glabrous shrub, 1. lanceolate
or oblanceolate, remotely repand-toothed, 4-7 in. long, narrowed into a short petiole.
Fl. white on slender pedicels, in lax cymes, forming an elongated racemiform drooping
terminal glabrous thyrsus, bracts subulate, minute. Calyx ample, deeply cleft, seg-
ments triangular, corolla glabrous, tube longer than calyx-segments, lobes obovate
3, in. long. Drupe succulent, dark purple, 4 in. diam., supported by the stellately
spreading crimson calyx. 15. C. penduliflorum, Wall. Lower Burma. Malay Penins.
L. lanceolate or elongate-elliptic, blade 5-7, pet. 1-2 in. long. FJ. white, on filiform
pedicels in few-fld. cymes, forming an elongated pendulous slender thyrsus, 8-12 in.
long, calyx-segments linear or elongate-triangular, corolla-lobes oblanceolate. 16. C.
macrostachyum, 'urez. On limestone above Chela, Khasi hills. Tenasserim on Jime-
stone rocks. Herbaceous, |. cordate, toothed, almost lobed, blade 4-7, pet. 1-6 in. long.
Fl. pale blue or purple, in several long slender thyrsi im the axils of the uppermost 1.,
forming a large terminal panicle, pedicels filiform, calyx truncate, small.

II. Corolla-tube more than 3 in. long.

17. C. Siphonanthus, R. Br.; Wight Ill. t.173. Vern. Baranyi, Hind.; Chingdri,
Dehra Din. Common in many parts of India and Burma. Savannahs in the Duars.
Sundriban. Often as an escape from cultivation. A tall, straight-stemmed glabrous
shrub, branches herbaceous, hollow, channelled. LL. opposite or whorled, linear-lanceo-
late, almost sessile, pale beneath, 6-9 in. long. Fl. white when opening, changing
gradually into cream-colour, in lax pedunculate axillary cymes, forming a large
terminal thyrsus. Calyx campanulate, cleft more than half-way, segments ovate,
corolla-tube slender, 2-4 in. long, curved. Drupes 1-4, blue, ovoid, joined at the base
and supported by the enlarged red spreading calyx. 18. C. hastatum, Lindley. Silhet,
Khasi hills. Pubescent, ]. hastate, often lobed, cymes dense, forming a broad corymbi-
form terminal inflorescence. Corolla white, tube 4 in. long, drupe succulent, black-
purple, supported by the enlarged dark red calyx.

Gmelina| LXXXII. VERBENACEA 509
5. GMELINA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iy. 581,

Trees or shrubs, leaves usually entire. Fl. large, corolla-tube slender below,
wider upwards, limb oblique, anther-cells oblong, diverging. Ovary 4-celled,
style slender, shortly bifid, rarely 4-fid. Drnpe succulent, stone bony, 1—-4-
celled. Seeds oblong, albumen 0. Species 8, Indo-Malayan region, tropical

Australia.
A. Unarmed trees.

1. G. arborea, Linn.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 246; Wight Ic. t. 1470; Bedd.
FI. Sylv. t. 253. Vern. Gamhar, Gambhar, Khamara, Hind. ; Sewan, Rajpu-
tana; Gomari, Ass.; Kasmar, Kol; Shivan, Mar. ; Gummadi, Tel.; Kuli,
Kan. ; Awmbili, Mal.; Yamane, Yemane, Burm.

A large deciduous tree, bark pale, wood greyish-white, light and strong,

bark smooth, young shoots, petioles, underside of 1. and inflorescence softly
tawny-tomentose. Leaves broad-ovate acuminate, often with a cordate base,
basal nerves 3-5, blade 4-9, petiole 3-5 in., with shining glands at the inser-
tion of leaf. FJ. yellow, tinged with brown, in a narrow terminal racemiform
thyrsus, calyx 5-toothed, as well as corolla softly tomentose, bracts, linear-
lanceolate, corolla 1-1} in. long, ventricose. Drupe yellow when ripe, 1 in.
long.
Subhimalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards, ascending to 3,000 ft. Aravalli
hills. Central India. Singbhum. Western Peninsula. Burma. Leaves are shed
Feb.April, the new foliage appears April-May. Fl. Feb.—April, generally before
the]. are out. Coppices well. 2. G. oblongifolia, Roxb. East Bengal. A tall tree. 1.
ovate or oblong, corolla rosy, drupe bright crimson when ripe.

B. Branchlets frequently spinescent.

3. G. asiatica, Linn.; Wight Ill. t.174; Brandis F, Fl. 365. Vern. Gumudu, Karu
gummadi, Vel.; Adivi Gumadi, Srviharikota and Madras. A common bush on the
Coromandel coast, south as far as Tuticorin, also inland in the Deccan and Karnatik.
An excellent hedge plant.—Ceylon. A large shrub, |. ovate or obovate, frequently
lobed, pubescent when young, blade 4-14 in., petiole } in. FI., yellow, in narrow
racemiform panicles at the ends of branches, calyx 4-toothed, corolla 14 in. long, bracts
small caducous, Drupe # in. long, oveid or obovoid, 1-2-seeded. 4. G. villosa, Roxb.
(G. asiatica, Kurz F. FI. ii. 265). Pegu, Martaban, Nicobars, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago, Young shoots and inflorescence densely tawny villous, |. elliptic, entire,
hairy above, densely villous beneath, blade 2-4, pet. 4-lin., bracts broadly lanceolate,
corolla 14 in., almost tubular, calyx tomentose, minutely 4-toothed, with several large
glabrous glands. 5. G. Hystrix, Kurz. Tenasserim. Siam. Philippines. A large
scandent shrub, |. nearly glabrous, sometimes with a few large teeth, blade 2-4, pet.
4-8 in., fl. protected by the large ovate coloured bracts, 1 in., corolla yellow, 2in. Jong.

6. PREMNA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 571.

Trees or shrubs, frequently climbing or epiphytic, 1. undivided. FI.
greenish— or yellowish-white, in bracteate, trichotomous compound cymes.
Calyx small, corolla short, tubular, throat hairy, limb 2-lipped or subequally
4— or 5-lobed. Stamens 4, ovary 2-or 4-celled, ovules 4. Fr. a fleshy drupe,
stone hard, rugose or tubercled, 2—-4-celled. Seeds oblong, albumen 0, radicle
inferior. Species 40-50, Indo-Malayan region, 17 in Africa.

I. Shrubs, trees or climbers,
A. Inflorescence elongate, narrow, spiciform or thyrsoid,

1. P. interrupta, Wall.; Outer Himalaya 5-8,000 ft. from Kumaon to Sikkim.
Khasi hills. A shrub or small tree, usually climbing, youngest shoots and inflores-
cence pubescent. L. obovate, 4-8 in. long, narrowed into a very short petiole. Fl.
sessile, in compact nearly sessile cymose clusters supported by foliaceous lanceolate
bracts, forming a simple cylindrical terminal spike, often interrupted near the base.
2. P. racemosa, Wall. Assam, Khasi hills, Yunnan. 1. and spikes smaller, blade 2-8
in., petiole }-+4 in., corolla 4 in. long, tube longer than calyx, 3. P. bracteata, Wall,

510 LXXXIT. VERBENACEA [Premna

Sikkim, 2-5,000.ft. Bhutan, Khasi hills. .Ta Oo table land, Tenasserim (D. B.
March 1862). Climbing, 1. glabrous, pet. 4—-} in., fine reticulate veins conspicuous on
the underside, spikes panicled. 4. P, punduana, Wall. Khasi hills. Cymes peduneu-
late, forming a large compound terminal thyrsus, which like the 5-toothed calyx is
stellately tomentose.

B. Inflorescence corymbiform, |. entire or undulate.
(a) Calyx distinctly 2-lipped or truncate. LL. as a rule glabrous or nearly
So.
a. Petiole longer than 1 in.

- 5. P. coriacea, Clarke. Chambari, Rawan, Mar. Evergreen forests of the Western
Ghats; from North Kanara southwards. Siligori. Khasi hills, Silhet (var. oblonga and
cuneata). Shan hills 4,000 ft. A large tree (Collett). A large ornamental shrub,
generally climbing, often epiphytic, I. coriaceous, ovate or elliptic, blade 3-8, pet.
1-13 in. long, tertiary nerves parallel. Corymbs large, red or purple, petals white,
calyx truncate. 6. P. khasiana, Clarke. Khasi hills. Similar to 5, but calyx 2-
lipped. 7. P. villosa, Clarke. Coorg. Wainad. Nilgiris. Similar to 5, but 1. softly
tomentose beneath.

8. P. scandens, Roxb. Subhimalayan tract, Sikkim, West Duars, mixed forest,
chiefly on banks of streams. Assam, Khasi hills. Hills east of Toungoo. A large
climbing shrub, 1. elliptic-oblong, long-acuminate, membranous, giabrous, blade 5-10,
pet. slender, 1- 1h i in. Jong. Fl. small, in large compound trichotomous cymes 4-10 in.
diam., calyx cup-shaped, nearly entire. 9. P. cordifolia, Roxb. Assam. Naga Hills.
Malay Peninsula. L. glabrous, ovate or elongate-elliptic, acuminate, blade 4-6, pet.
1 in., corymbs dense, corolla-tube twice the length of calyx. 10. P. longifolia, Roxb.
Assam. Bengal. A tree, |. ovate, blade 6-8, pet. 1-24 in. long.

B. Petiole 1 in. or less.

11 P.integrifolia, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 1469.—Syn. P. serratifolia, Linn. ; P. sambucina,
Wall. Vern. Arni, Guz. ; Khara- Narvel, Aran, Mar.; Towngtangyi, Burm. Western
Penins., Bengal, Burma, near the sea coast, but also inland. Andamans. Nicobars.
Ceylon, dry region. Malay Penins. and Archip. Sea shore of China and Tropical
Africa. A small evergreen tree, wood scented, trunk and large branches often thorny,
1. ovate or elliptic, sometimes coarsely serrate, blade 2-4, pet. 3-3? in. FI. small,
greenish-yellow, as well as l. with a peculiar scent, corymbs and calyx minutely hairy,
calyx 3-toothed. 12. P. parasitica, Blume. Tenasserim. Malay Penins. A large
climber, 1. elliptic or obovate, inflorescence nearly glabrous, calyx glabrous. 18. P.
divaricata, Wall—Syn. P. lucidula, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 263. Mergui. Andamans. A
climber, 1. ovate, acuminate, calyx nearly truncate with 2 minute teeth. 14. P.
corymbosa, Rottl. & Willd.—Syn. P. cordifolia, Wight Ic. t. 1488. Karnatik. Cuddapah.
L. ovate, blade 2-4, pet. 1 in., tert. nerves strongly reticulate, corymbs small, corolla-
tube longer than calyx.

(b) Calyx equally 4-5-toothed. LL. hairy or tomentose.
a. Hairs stellate. ~

15. P. tomentosa, Willd.; Wight Ic. 1468; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 251.
Vern. Narvu, Narva, Nardva, Tel. ; ; [jé, Iti, Kan.; Podanganari, Tam.

‘A middle-sized deciduous tree, branchlets, "leaves and inflorescence densely
clothed with soft tawny tomentum of stellate hairs, Leaves ovate, acuminate,
entire, base often cordate, blade 5-8, petiole 1-2 in. long. Fl. yellow, calyx-
segments short, corolla more or less bilabiate, very hairy in the throat. Ovary
very hairy, style minutely 2-fid.

Rajmahal Hills. Chutia Nagpur, Orissa. Deccanand Karnatik. Fl. March, April
with the young 1. Ceylon. 16. P. pyramidata, Wall. (P. tomentosa, Kurz F. FI. ii.
260). Vern. Kyun-nalin, Kyunbo, Burma, Lower and Upper. A moderate-sized
deciduous tree, wood hard, close grained. Branchlets, petioles, underside of |. and
inflorescence softly and densely stellate-pubescent. L. ovate, base rounded or slightly
cordate, entire or slightly sinuate, blade 6-12, pet. 1-3 in., sec. n. 6-9 pair, prominent
beneath, as well as tertiary n. Cymes compound, 6 in. across, bracts linear, fi.
yellowish-white. Drupe ovoid, glabrous 4 in. long. 17. P. bengalensis, Clarke. Sub-
himalayan tract from Nepal eastwards, chiefly on river banks. Silhet, Cachar. Assam
(Gohora). Tavoy, on low land (Kyun-nalin). A moderate-sized tree, evergreen, stem
irregularly indented (Gamble). Similar to 16, petiole shorter, 1. stellately-pubescent
beneath, on the upper side often with shining glandular dots and with dense stellate
hairs on midrib. Bracts linear, }—-4+ in. long, fl. white. These two closely allied species

Premna} LXXXII. VERBENACEA 511

require further study on the spot. They may eventually prove not to be specifically
distinct.

B. Hairs as a rule not stellate.

18. P. latifolia, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 869.—Syn. H. viburnoides, Kurz. Vern. Bakar,
Hind.; Pedda Nellakura, Tel. ; Kyetyo, Burm. Subhimalayan tract, from the Chenab
eastwards, ascending to 2,000 ft. Oudh forests. Bengal plain. Western Peninsula,
chiefly on the east side. Burma, Upper and Lower. A small or middle-sized deciduous
tree, branchlets and young |. pubescent or velvety, 1. membranous, with a strong un-
pleasant smell, generally drying black, blade 3-5, pet. 3-}? in. long. Corymbs hairy,
frequently at the ends of short leafy branchlets, fl. greenish-white, calyx hairy on
both sides, densely outside, teeth 5, corolla 4 in. long, very hairy within. A most
variable species, P. mucronata, Roxb. (Brandis F. Fl, 366) with acuminate l. with a
cuneate base, may be a distinct species. 19. P. milleflora, Clarke. Assam. Manipur.
L. hairy along nerves, pet. 2-3 in. long, fl. » in large corymbs, up to 12 in. diam. 20.
P. flavescens, Ham. Sikkim Terai. Dacea. Chutia Nagpur. L. more or less villous
beneath, upper side with scattered stiff hairs, blade 5-7, pet. lin.long. 21. P. micrantha,
Schauer. Silhet. Similar to 20, 1. smaller, fl. minute.

(c) Calyx equally 4~5-toothed, 1. glabrous or nearly so.

22. P. glaberrima, Wight Ic. t. 1484; Bedd. Man. 172.—Syn. P. integerrima, C. B. Clarke.
Tinneyelly hills. A shrub, 1. elongate-elliptic, acuminate, blade 6-8, pet. 4 in. Corymb
broad, minutely pubescent. 23. P. Wightiana, Schauer. Southern portion of Western
Peninsula. L. with few minute hairs, blade 1-3, pet. slender, 3 in. long, inflorescence
narrow, pyramidal.

C. Inflorescence corymbiform or pyramidal, |. usually dentate.

24. P. barbata, Wall. Vern. Ganhila, Pb.; Bakar, Lammar, Hind. Subhimalayan
tract and outer Himalayan ranges, from the Punjab eastwards, ascending to 6,000 ft.
Western Duars in Sal forest (H. H. Haines). Assam, Khasi hills. Singbhum. Centr.
Prov. Upper Burma. A shrub or small tree, 1. serrate, sometimes entire with only a
few teeth towards the tip, ovate, base rounded or cordate, underside minutely pubescent,
blade 3-6, pet. slender, 1-2 in. long, the fine reticulate veins dark, conspicuous.
Cymes trichotomous, compound, dense, clothed with minute simple hairs, calyx-lobes 4,
enlarged and ribbed in fr., corolla 4 in.long. 25. P. esculenta, Roxb. Assam. Chitta-
gong. A short-stemmed shrub, entirely glabrous. L. sharply, usually deeply serrate,
5-7 in. long, pet. very short, corymbs dense, globose on short peduncles. 26. P. thyr-
soidea, Wight Ic. t. 1485. Palni, Tinnevelli and Travancore hills. A large shrub or
small tree, trichotomous cymes arranged ina terminal woolly thyrsus, calyx hairy, 5-
toothed. corolla-tube twice the length of calyx.

Il. Low undershrubs, from a woody rootstock, annual stems with |. and fl.
which are burnt down by the jungle fires of the hot season.

27. P. pinguis, Clarke. Assam, Khasi hills, Upper Burma. Similar to P. barbata,
Wall. 28. P. amplectens, Wall. Pegu, and 29. P. macrophylla, Wall. Manipur, Pegu
and Martaban. Similar to P. esculenta, Roxb. 30. P. herbacea, Roxb. Subhimalayan
tract in grasslands from Kashmir eastwards. Singbhum. Manipur. Southern part of
Western Peninsula (Bedd.). Annual stems very short, with flat rosettes of 2 or 83 pairs
of sessile cuneate pubescent 1., 1-5 in. long, falsely whorled, internodes not developed.
Fl. white, drupe black, globose. 31. P. nana, Collett et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc.
xxviii. 109. Shan hills 3,000 ft. Pegu (D. B. 1858). Internodes developed, annual
stems up to 6 in. high with 3-4 phirs of softly tomentose oblanceolate 1., drupe ovoid.

9. CALLICARPA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 566.

Shrubs, generally clothed with soft stellate tomentum. L. simple. Fl.
purple or red, in axillary dichotomous cymes, branches divaricate, bracts small,
tomentose. Calyx small, campanulate, minutely 4-, rarely 5-dentate, corolla-
tube short, limb spreading, lobes 4, rarely 5, nearly equal, stamens exserted.
Fr. a small succulent drupe, the endocarp of 4 distinct 1-seeded pyrenes.
Species 50-40. Indo-Malayan region, China, Japan, Australia, Islands of the
Pacific, North- and Central-America.

A. Petiole long, |. entire, sinuate or slightly dentate.

1. C. arborea, Roxb. Vern. Ghiwdla, Kumaon; Gochlo, Nep.; Daung
satpya, Lower, Sigye, Upper Burma.

512 LXXXIT. VERBENACEA [Callicarpa

A tree, attaining 40 ft., branches, petioles, underside of 1. and inflorescence
densely grey tomentose, with short soft stellate hairs. L. ovate or elongate-
elliptic, acuminate, glabrous above, blade 6-12, pet. 1-24 in. long, sec. n. 8-12
pair. FF]. lilac or pale purple, with an unpleasant smell, cymes large, spreading,
peduncle 1—2 in. long, calyx stellately pubescent.

KKumaon, Oudh forests. Nepal. Singbhum in valleys, not common. Sikkim, foot
of the hills and ascending to 3,000 ft. (common in clearings). Western Duars. Khasi
hills, Manipur. Burma, ‘Upper and Lower to 4,500 ft., common on deserted Taungyas.
Fl. April-June. 2. ¢. vestita, Wall. Nepal. Sikkim 1- 6,000 ft. Khasi hills. Similar
to 1., underside of 1]. white, densely matted with long silky hairs, peduncles 2 in. long,
calyx in fl. nearly glabrous. 3. C. lanata, Linn.—Syn. C. Wallichiana, Walp. ; Bedd.
Manual t. 21 fig. 6.; Wight Ill. t. 173h, fig. 5, Ie. t. 1480. Vern. Khanphulia, Mar. ;
Yettalai patta,Tam.; Thin perivellum, Mal. West side of the Peninsula from Bombay
southwards, common on grass lands on the Tinnevelli ghats—Ceylon. A large shrub
or middle-sized tree, branches, petioles, underside of 1. and inflorescence densely tomen-
tose. L. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, base often rounded, blade 6-15, pet. 1-8 in., peduncle,
4-1 in. Jong, bracts and corolla pale purple or red, calyx stellate-tomentose.

B. Petiole long, 1. broad, cordate, lobed.
4. C. lobata, Clarke. Sikkim 10-11,000 ft. L. 12-15 in. diam., palmately 5-7-nerved.

C. Petiole short, under 1 in., 1. sharply serrate.

5. ©. macrophylla, Vahl. Daya, Hind. Subhimalayan tract, from Hazara east-
wards, ascending to 6,000ft. Assam. Abundant in the plains of Bengal. Singbhum,
Upper and Lower Burma. A tall shrub, branches, petioles, underside of leaves and
inflorescence clothed with tawny or grey stellate tomentum. L. from an acute base
elliptic-lanceolate, blade 6-10, pet. 4-1 in. long, sec. n. 12-16 pair. Cymes much
branched, globose, 1-3 in. diam. , peduncles 3— 1 in. long , fl. numerous, pink, berry white.
6. C. rubella, Lindley. Sikkim 2+ 3,000 ft., Khasi hills, Manipur. Hills between Sitang
and Salween. L. oblong or oblanceolate 5 by 14 in., base cordate, pet. very short,
peduncle slender. }-4 in,

7. C. longifolia, Lam. Assam (Nambar Forest, D. B. March 1879). Khasi hills.
Chittagong. Nicobars. Tenasserim (Attaran, D. B. Aug. 1858). Malay Penins. and
Archip. North Australia. LL. thinly membranous, lanceolate, blade 5-7, narrowed
into pet. 3-1 in. long, upperside glabrous, underside thinly stellate pubescent, calyx
white stellate-tomentose, fr. white. 8. C. psilocalyx, Clarke. Khasi hills. Manipur.
A small tree, branchlets stellate tomentose, 1. thinly membranous, elliptic-lanceolate,
blade 4-8, pet. 4 in. long, calyx glandular, not hairy, fr. white.

Glossocarya mollis, Wall. Tenasserim. A climbing shrub, branchlets and underside
of 1. softly pubescent, fl. in ample terminal corymbiform compound softly grey villous
cymes, capsule cylindric, 4-valved, 4 in. long, clothed with long patent hairs, nearly
twice the length of the campanulate 5-toothed calyx.

8. CARYOPTERIS, Bunge: Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 597.

Shrubs, |. opposite, more or less toothed, on both surfaces with minute yellow
glistening glands (globose trichomes, consisting of several cells filled with
essential oil). Calyx deeply 5- sometimes 6- or 7-fid, slightly enlarged in
fruit, corolla-tube short, cylindric, limb spreading, lobes 5, imbricate in bud,
4 equal, the 5th interior larger. Stamens exserted, anther-cells divergent at
base. Ovary imperfectly 4-celled, 4-ovuled, style filiform, shortly 2—fid.
Capsule dividing into 4 valves with incuryed margins, holding the 4 one-
seeded slightly winged pyrenes. Species 10, India, Mongolia, China, Japan.

A. Corolla 4 in. long.

1.s¢. Wallichiana, Schauer; Collett Simla Fl. 381, fig. 121. Vern. Chingari, Karui.
Dehra Din. Subhimalayan tract and outer ranges, ascending to 7,000 ft. Punjab
Salt range. Oudh forests. A shrub with 4-sided glabrous branches, young shoots
pubescent. LL. lanceolate, serrate, blade 2-4, pet.} in. long. FI]. sweet-scented, blue
and purple, in compact bracteate cymes, forming cylindrical axillary and terminal
thyrsi, 3-5 in. long. Calyx-segments lanceolate with a distinct midrib, erect in fruit.

B. Corolla } in. long and less.

2. ©. grata, Benth. Outer Himalaya, Jaunsar to Nepal, to 6,000 ft. Branches and
1. pubescent, cymes lax, axillary, segments of fruiting calyx triangular patent. 3. C.

Caryopteris] LXXXII. VERBENACE® 513

paniculata, Clarke. Outer eastern Himalaya to 6,000 ft. Assam, Manipur, Lushai
hills. Shan hills 5,000 ft. Hills east of Bhamo 4,000 ft. Yunnan 5-6,000 ft. Branches
terete, slender, pubescent, 1. glabrous when full grown, fl. violet or lilac, in small
axillary thyrsus, shorter than 1., calyx hardly enlarged in fr., segments 5-7, long-
acuminate.

9. CONGEA, Roxb. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 602.

Seandent shrubs, 1. opposite, quite entire. Fl. sessile in pedunculate invo-
luerate 3-9-fld. heads, involucre of 3 or 4 bracts connate at base, much enlarged
and generally coloured in fr. Calyx funnel-shaped, teeth 5, shorter than tube,
corolla-tube slender, limb 2-lipped, upper lip erect, of 2 linear-oblong lobes,
lower of 3 much shorter obovate lobes. Stamens 4, anthers exserted ovate,
cells parallel. Ovary imperfectly 2-celled, ovules 4, pendulous from the top of
the axile placenta. Species 4.

A. Calyx lobed } the way down, densely clothed with long soft hairs.

1. C. tomentosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.293; Wight Ic.t .1479/2. Vern. Thamaka-nwé, Burm.
Manipur. Chittagong. Burma, Upper and Lower, common. Siam. A large deciduous
scandent shrub, stems fluted, an irregular central cylinder of wood, surrounded by a

‘Jayer of phloém, and outside of these rounded masses of wood tissue enclosed by phloém.
Branchlets, underside of 1. and inflorescence densely clothed with soft tomentum of
simple and fasciculate hairs, ]. ovate, blade 4-6, pet. 4-4 in. long. Involucral bracts
violet or pale lilac, sometimes white, elliptic-oblong, 1 in. long, calyx-teeth elongate
triangular. C.azurea, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1479. A, isa variety commonly cultivated in
gardens. 2. C. vestita,Griff. Tenasserim. Branchlets fulyous hirsute with long hairs,,
]. villous beneath, involucral bracts broad-elliptic densely white-silky, conspicuously
veined.

B. Calyx tomentose, teeth very short.

3. C. velutina, Wight Ic. t. 1479, 3. Tenasserim. L. glabrous when mature, bracts
distinctly nervose. 4. C, villosa, Wight Ic. t. 1479, fig. B. Pegu. Tenasserim. L.
villous beneath.

10. SPHENODESME, Jack; FI. Brit. Ind. iy. 600.

Seandent shrubs, 1. quite entire, hairs simple or stellate. Fl. sessile in
involuerate pedunculate 3- or 7-fld heads usually arranged in terminal panicles,
involuere of 6 bracts, much enlarged in fr. Calyx cup-shaped, campanulate
or tubular, teeth 5, rarely 4 or 6. Corolla-tube short, cylindric, limb more or
less zygomorphic, lobes 5, rarely 6. Stamens 5, as a rule included. Ovary
imperfectly 2-celled, ovules 4, pendulous from the apex of the axile placenta.
Drupe 1- rarely 2-seeded. Species 10, Indo-Malayan.

A. Stigma sessile or nearly so.

1. S. unguiculata, Schauer.—Syn. Symphorema unguiculatum, Kurz. Vern. Nwézat,
Kanwé, Burm. Khasiand Naga hills. Cachar. Chittagong. Lower Burma. A large
deciduous climbing shrub, stems twisted, as thick as a man’s arm, branchlets and
inflorescence pubescent or tomentose, hairs stellate. L. thinly coriaceous, glabrous
above, blade 4-6, pet. } in. long. Involucral bracts in fruit 1-1} in. long, obtuse, lanceo-
late or oblanceolate, pubescent, membranous, prominently reticulate, fl. cream-coloured,
corolla-lobes obovate, ovary glabrous, stigma sessile, bifid. 2. 8. microstylis, Clarke.
Tenasserim, Siam. IL. softly pubescent or villous beneath, corolla 4 in. long, lobes
5-6, linear, involucral bracts pubescent, in fr. 1 in. long.

8. 8. paniculata, Clarke, Western Ghats from Coorg southwards, common in ever-
green forests. L. pubescent beneath, fl. sweet-scented, corolla 4 in. long, lobes 5-6,
obovate, obtuse, involucral bracts rusty tomentose.

B, Style filiform, bifid at the apex.
(a) Involucral bracts longer than calyx, heads in ample terminal panicles,

4. 8. pentandra, Jack; Wight Ic. t. 1475.—Syn. S. acuminata, Wight Ic. t. 1476;
Symphorema Jackianum, Kurz. Assam, Khasi hills. Manipur, Burma, Upper and
Lower. Malay Peninsula. Nearly glabrous, ovary hairy, involucral bracts linear-

LL

514 LXXXIT. VERBENACEAG [Sphenodesme

oblong, in fr. 1 in. long, calyx glabrous, mouth inflated in fruit, with 5 linear accessory
teeth alternating with the others, 5. 8. Griffithiana, Wight Ic. t. 1477 (under the plate
S. Jackiana).—Syu. Symphorema pentandrum, Kurz, Tenasserim. Similar to 4, but
calyx clothed with long hairs, a reflexed tooth in each sinus of the 5 lobes.

(o.) Involucral bracts shorter than calyx, heads sessile or nearly so, in
axillary sometimes branched spikes.

6. S. eryciboides, Kurz.—Syn. Symphorema grossum, Kurz. Vern. Nwézat, Burm.
Lower Burma, common on the banks of streams and in damp places. A large ever-
green shrub, or a small tree, often climbing, 1. pubescent or tomentose beneath, fl.
heads fulvous tomentose.

11. SYMPHOREMA, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 599.

Large woody climbers, hairs stellate. Fl. sessile, in involucrate pedunculate
7-fld. heads, involucre of 6 bracts, much enlarged in fr, The 7-fd. head isa
dichotomous cyme with 3 central and 4 lateral fl., one pair of bracts supports the
primary, while 2 pairs support the two secondary bifurcations. Calyx turbinate,
teeth 4-8, short, corolla small, white, tube cylindric, lobes 6-16, narrowly
oblong, equal. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, anthers exserted, ovate, cells
parallel. Ovary imperfectly 4-celled, ovules one in each cell, suspended from
the top of a central placenta, style filiform, shortly bifid. Fruit nearly dry,
included in the calyx, 1-seeded. Species 3, one in the Philippines.

1. S. involucratum, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 186; Wight Ic. t. 8362. Mwézat, Lower, Sigyi,
Upper Burma. Behar. Western Peninsula. Burma, Upper and Lower. Branchlets,
petioles and underside of 1. pubescent. L. ovate, usually toothed, blade 2-8, pet. $ in.
Corolla } in., bracts of involucre in fr, slightly pubescent, thinly membranous, promi-
nently reticulate. 2.8. polyandrum, Wigh: Ic. t. 363. Ill. t. 173 b. fig. 7. Mohurli
forest, Chanda district. Singbhum. Deccan. Stems twisting from left to right, 1.
ovate, tomentose, blade 4-9, pet. +-4 in. ; corolla $ in. long, bracts of involucre densely
grey-tomentose.

14. AVICENNIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 604.

Species 3 on the sea coast within the tropics of both hemispheres.

A. officinalis, Linn.; Bedd. Man. t. 22. fig. 2.—Syn. A. tomentosa, Wall.
Pl. As. Rar. t. 271 (not Jacq.) ; Wight Ic. t. 1481; Kurz F. Fl.11.276. Vern.
Tiwar, Mar.; Ipati, Kan.; Baen, Bani, Bini, Sundrib.; Thame net and
Thani pyu, Burm. The true A. tomentosa, Jacq., is limited to South America,
and has white fl. (Schimper, Indo-Mal. Strandflora 98).

A large evergreen shrub or tree, in the Sundriban attaining 60 ft.
and a great girth. Branchlets, petioles, underside of leaves and inflor-
escence clothed with a dense white or silvery tomentum of very minute hairs.
Fl. yellow, sessile, in bracteate heads (contracted cymes) which are arranged
in trichotomous corymbs. Calyx divided to the base into 5 imbricate sepals,
corolla-tube short, limb 4-5-lobed. Stamens 4, in the throat of the tube,
anther-cells parallel. Ovary hairy, imperfectly 4-celled, ovules 4, suspended
from a central 4-winged placenta. Capsule compressed, dehiscing into two
thick valves. Seed one, cotyledons large, folded lengthwise, hypocotyl
(radicle) villous.

Often gregarious, in tidal forests or on tidal sandy flats along the coasts of the Penin-
sula, the Sundriban, the Andamans and Burma. FI. R. 8.—Ceylon, East Africa, the
Malay Archipelago, New Guinea, Australia, Polynesia, New Zealand. The long cable-
like roots, which run horizontally through the mud, send up numerous erect blind
suckers, the ends of which stand above the surface of the water. They facilitate the
access of air to the roots, but sometimes they produce leaves and grow up into bushes.
The seed often germinates before it falls. The hairs of the hypocoty] are stiff and
recurved, they aid the seedling to fix itself in the mud.

Avicennia coppices freely. Ona transverse section the wood shows alternating narrow
concentric ringsof xylem and phloém (wood and bast), which often anastomose. A.W.
Lushington reports (Ind. Forester xxiv. 59) that coppice shoots 25 and 35 months old

Avicennia) LXXXTI. VERBENACEX 515

showed an apparent relation between the number of phlo&m rings and the age of the
shoots in months. Prain (Flora of the Sundriban 331) separates A. a/ba, Blume (Dudhi
Baden) by lanceolate acute |. and a narrow conical capsule, In the same place see his
remarks regarding the slanting run of the fibres in Avicennia wood.

Orpexr LXXXITIJ. LABIATA. Gen. PI. ii. 1160.

Herbs, rarely shrubs, usually aromatic. Essential oil is secreted in hairs
with glandular heads or in sessile glands. Branches usually four-sided, 1.
opposite or whorled, stipules 0. Fl. zygomorphic, calyx persistent, 4- or 5-
toothed or cleft or 2-lipped. Corolla hypogynous, gamopetalous, 2-lipped, some-
times regularly 4-5-lobed, lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted in the
corolla-tube, 4, didynamous, or the 2 upper imperfect. Ovary free, usually 4-
lobed, supported by the annular disk, style inserted between the lobes. Ovyules
4, erect, anatropous. Fr. of 4 one-seeded nutlets.

A. Calyx two-lipped, stamens 2 c . Mertanpra (p. 515).
_B. Calyx 10-toothed, mnper lip of corolla densely w ite
woolly . Leveas (p. 515).
C. Calyx 5-cleft snags to nite ce ihe SOS nee
elongated and feathery in fruit . é é CoLesroogra (p. 515).
D. Calyx 4-toothed, enlarged in fr.
Unarmed.
Fruiting calyx with 5 spathulate reticulate teeth Roytea (p. 515).

Fr. cal. enlarged, but not altered in shape.
Corolla 4- or 5-lobed, fl. in narrow cylindrical

spikes . < Exsnoxigzia (p. 516).
Cor. deeply 2- -lipped, lower lip boat- -shaped . 1, Precrrantuus.
Armed, calyx-limb expanding in fr. into a long :
reticulated d-angledcup . : E 5 : OrosTEGta (p. 516).
E. Calyx 5-toothed, not enlarged in fr.
Stamens long exserted #-1 in. long . - 5 . Leucoscerrrem (p. 516).
Stamens not much exserted.
Filaments hairy, corolla fin. long . Pocosremon (p. 516).
Filaments glabrous, corolla 4-1 in. long, nutlets
winged atapex . : ; : “ . 2. CoLguHOUNTA.

Meriandra strobilifera, Benth.; Collett Simla Fl. 393, fig. 125. N. W. Himalaya,
Sutlej to Sarda, 4-7,000 ft. A small aromatic shrub, branchlets and underside of 1.
white-woolly. L. thick, crenulate, gradually narrowed from a broad hastate base,
upperside prominently rugose, blade 2-4, pet.} in. long. Fl.small, white, in tomentose
dense cylindrical spikes, bracts imbricating. hard, almost woody in fr. Fertile
stamens 2, anther-cells separate, pendulous from a long connective.

Leucas lanceefolia, Desf.; Wight Ic. t. 1452. Nilgiris. A large often gregarious
shrub, branches and underside of |. soft-tomentose, ]. lanceolate, entire, blade 3-5,
narrowed into pet. 4 in. long. Fl. white in distant whorls, bracts linear, hairy, nearly
as longas calyx. Calyx } in. long, teeth 10, minute, spinulose. Corolla 2-labiate, upper
lip concave, densely white-woolly outside.

Colebrookia oppositifolia, Smith.—Syn. C. ternifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 245. Vern.
Dashane, Pb.; Binda, Bindu, Hind.; Chota Bhandara, Melghat. Subhimalayan tract
and valleys, ascending to4,500 ft. Punjab Salt range. Singbhum. Central provinces.
Berar. Western Peninsula. Tenasserim. Shan hills, Upper Burma, Hills east of
Bhamo, 4,000 ft. China. A large shrub or small ‘tree, stem deeply channelled,
branches, petioles, underside of leaves and inflorescence densely clothed with soft
whitish tomentum. L. opposite or in threes, elliptic-lanceolate, crenulate, blade
5-12, pet. }-1} in. long, sec. n. 12-18 pair, prominent beneath. Fl. often polygamous,
in sessile 4—6-fld. heads, each head supported by numerous hirsute bracts, the heads
arranged in long paniculate spikes. Calyx divided nearly to the base into 5 linear
teeth, lengthening out in fr. and then capillary and feathery. Corolla white, minute,
tube short, lobes 4, Nut, usually one only, hairy.

Roylea elegans, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 74. Vern. Kaur, Pb.; Karanoi, Jauns.; Titpati,
Garhw. Outer North West Himalaya, Kashmir to Kumaon 2-6,000 ft. A small shrub,
branchlets and underside of |. softly tomentose. L. ovate, deep-crenate, sometimes

516 LXXXIII. LABIATA [Plectranthus

lobed, blade 1-2, pet. } in. long. Whorls 6-10-fid., axillary, calyx 10-ribbed, lobes
much enlarged in fr., spathulate, rigid, reticulate.

Elsholtzia polystachya, Benth.; Collett Simla Fl. 388, fig. 123.—Syn. Aphanochilus
polystachyus, Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 33. Vern. Pathoi, Potha, Jauns.
Himalaya, also in the inner arid valleys. 7-9,500 ft. Khasi hills. China. <A shrub,
attaining 8 ft., bark peels off in long strips, branches, 1. and inflorescence pubescent.
L. sessile or nearly so, elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, 3-6 in. long. FI. shortly pedicelled
or sessile, in long usually fascicled or panicled spikes, bracts minute, corolla white,
pubescent. Fruiting calyx pedicellate, tubular, teeth erect.

1. PLECTRANTHUS, L’Herit.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 616.

Mostly herbs, a few shrubs. Fl. small, cymes arranged in a terminal
usually compound thyrsus. Calyx enlarged in fr., corolla 2-lipped, upper lip
short, broad, recurved, lower much longer, boat-shaped, narrowed at base.
Stamens 4, included in the lower lip. Species 90, tropical and subtropical
Asia and Africa. Australia, Polynesia.

1. P. ternifolius, Don. Subhimalayan tract and outer hills, ascending to 5,000 ft.,
from Kashmir eastwards. Bengal. Khasi hills. Manipur. Upper Burma. Tonkin.
A strict, tomentose shrub, attaining 6 ft. L. in whorls of 3, nearly sessile, lanceolate,
24 in.long. Fl. white, thyrsus long dense spiciform, panicled, fruiting calyx tubular,
equally 5-toothed. 2. P. rugosus, Wall. Vern. Boi, Bui, Haz. Baluchistan, Kuram
valley. Western Himalaya, on dry slopes, 3-9,000 ft., also in the inner arid valleys.
Mt. Abu. A small shrub, stellately pubescent, 1. ovate, rugose above, white-tomentose
beneath, blade 4-1, pet.4 in. FJ. bluish- or purplish-white, in lax pedunculate axillary
cymes, fruiting calyx 5-toothed, somewhat 2-lipped.

Otostegia limbata, Benth. Punjab, Salt range, Hazara (Chiti boi), common in very
dry places. Kashmir, Chamba, ascending to 6,000 ft. A small grey-pubescent spiny
shrub, |. nearly sessile, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 4-1 in. long ; sharp pubescent often
trifid spines between petioles (transformed bracts). Fl. in distant axillary whorls,
calyx with a broad membranous 5-toothed limb, in fr. expanding into a reticulated 5-
angled>cup, % in. diam.

Leucosceptrum canum, Smith. Outer Himalaya, Kumaon to Bhutan 2-8,000 ft.,
common in clearings and on deserted fields. Khasi and Manipur hills. Shan hillsand
hills east of Bhamo, 4-000 ft., Upper Burma. Yunnan. A shrub or small tree, attaining
30 ft., branches, petioles, underside of 1. and inflorescence densely clothed with short
usually white sometimes buff or brown wool, branches stout, nearly terete. L. elliptic-
lanceolate, entire or crenate, glabrous above, blade 6-12, pet. 1 in. FI. in dense
cylindrical erect spikes 4-6 in. long, 1 in. diam. with the stamens, bracts large trans-
versely oblong, early caducous, imbricating and covering the very young buds.
Corolla white, filaments involute in bud, stout, yellow, ? in. long, anthers reniform.
Drops of viscid sweet liquid in each fl.

Pogostemon plectranthoides, Desf. Subhimalayan tract and outer hills, ascending to
5,000 ft., Simla to Nepal. Central provinces. Behar. Chutia Nagpore, Western
Peninsula. Upper Burma. Phangli, Mar. <A large gregarious, very aromatic shrub,
stem dark purple, pithlarge. FJ. in dense bracteate whorls, crowded in cylindric spikes,
forming large terminal panicles, bracts numerous, large, clothed with long soft hairs.
Calyx-teeth 5, equal, corolla $ in. long, white, tinged with pink. Stems used for rab
(wood-ash manure) in paddy nursery beds. A species with small glabrous bracts, near
P. glabrum, Benth., Bhamo 4,000 ft. reported by Montague Hill to be a shrub or small
tree with white fl. P. Patchouli, Pelletier, believed to be a native of the Indian Archip.,
yields the well-known perfume.

2. COLQUHOUNIA, Wall. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 674.
Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 62. 30.
Tall, rambling or climbing shrubs, branches terete. Whorls axillary or
forming lax-fld. spikes, fl. pink, orange, scarlet or brown. Calyx 10-mnerved
equally 5-toothed, throat naked. Corolla 2-labiate, tube narrowed, longer

than calyx, throat inflated. Stamens 4, anther-cells divergent. Nutlets com-
pressed, tip produced into a wing. Species 2.

1. ©. coccinea, Wall. Bhilmora, Kum. Himalaya, 5-9,090 ft., from Kumaon east-

Colquhounia | LXXxXII. LABIATA 517

wards. Khasi hills, Manipur. Upper Burma. Branchlets and 1. clothed with stellate
hairs, in some forms (C. vestita) white tomentose, calyx-teeth triangular, hairs on
corolla often glandular at the tip, wing of nutlets more or Jess laciniate, shorter than
seed. 2. C, elegans, Wall. Manipur. Martaban hills 4-5,000 ft. Upper Burma.
Yunnan. Branchlets and 1. slightly pubescent with simple hairs, calyx-teeth
acuminate, hairs on corolla of 2-3 cells, not glandular at tip, wing of nutlets entire,
as long as seed.

Orper LXXXIV. NYCTAGINACEA. Gen. Pl. in. 1.
(Nyctaginez.)

Mostly herbs, a few genera of shrubs and trees. LL. usually opposite, stip. 0.
Fl. often inyolucrate, perianth gamopetalous, the lower portion persistent,
enclosing the fr. Stamens hypogynons, filaments as a rule connate at base,
usually unequal. Ovary free, more or less oblique, 1-celled, ovule one, basal.
Fr. dry, indehiscent, radicle inferior, albumen soft or mealy.

The woody species of the three Orders: Nyctaginacee, Amarantacee and Chenopodiacee
have an anomalous structure. The vascular bundles remain distinct and are arranged
in more or less interrupted concentric belts, separated by interfascicular prosenchy-
matic (rarely parenchymatic) tissue. A number of vascular bundles are frequently
found in the pith. In some cases, as in Haloxylon, the interfascicular tissue consists
of sclerotic fibres, giving the appearance on a transverse section of concentric hard
horny layers, alternating with interrupted bands of softer tissue with groups of
vessels.

Bougainvillea spectabilis, Willd. Commonly grown in gardens. A large scrambling,
more or less thorny shrub of South America, l. alternate, fl. in threes, perianth cylindric
each fl. adnate to a large purple bract.

PISONIA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv. 710.

Trees or shrubs, |. usually entire and opposite. Fl. in corymbose cymes
with minute bracteoles, usually dioicous. Perianth 5-10-toothed, stamens
6-10, exserted. Fr. more or less 5-angled, cotyledons conyolute, enclosing the
scanty soft albumen. Species 40, tropics of both hemispheres.

A. Armed.

1. P. aculeata, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 1763-4; Bedd. Manual t. 22. Western Peninsula,
often forming impenetrable thickets. Andamans and Tenasserim, near the coast.
Ceylon. Sea coast, tropicsof both hemispheres. A large straggling or climbing shrub,
young shoots and inflorescence pubescent, armed with sharp axillary more or less
curved thorns. L. glabrous, blade 2-3, petiole }-4 in. long. Fl. greenish-white in
compact sometimes paniculate axillary cymes. Fr. on long slender pedicels, oblong,
blunt, pubescent, 4-§ in, long, faintly 5-angled, with 5 double lines of viscid
protuberances.

B. Unarmed.

2. P. alba, Spanoghe.—Syn. J. morindafolia, R. Br.; Wight Ic. t. 1765. Beach
forests of the Andamans. Malay Archip. Often grown in gardens (the Lettuce Tree).
A middle-sized evergreen tree, glabrous except youngest shoots and inflorescence. L.
elliptic, blade 6-10, pet. 4-14 in. Fr. on long slender pedicels, club-shaped, 4—} in.
long, with 5 single lines of protuberances. 38. P. excelsa, Blume.—Syn. P. umbellifera,
Seem. Andamans. Malay Archip. L. alternate, opposite or whorled, blade 12,
pet. 1 in. long, fr. 1-14 in. long on short stout pedicels, angles without glands or
protuberances.

Orper LXXXV. AMARANTACEZ. Gen. PI. iii. 20.

Mostly herbs. L. opposite or alternate, stipules 0. Fl. supported by bracts
and bracteoles, in terminal simple or panicled spikes. Perianth of 5 sepals,

518 LXXXV. AMARANTACEA [Deeringia
usually scarious or rigid, persistent, imbricate in bud. Stamens 1-5, opposite the
sepals, filaments often connate. Ovary 1-celled, ovules basal, 1 or more. Seed
one, erect, compressed, testa crustaceous, embryo horseshoe-shaped or annular,
surrounding a mealy albumen.

Leaves alternate, ovules numerous p 5 5 : . 1. Deerinera.
Leaves alternate, ovule 1 é : ° 3 ‘ : é Bosra (p. 518).
Leaves opposite 0 6 ; : c 0 . 0 3 STILBANTHUS (p. 518).

1. DEERINGIA, Rob. Brown; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 714.
Species 5-6, from Madagascar to Queensland.

D. celosioides, Rob. Brown; Wight Ic. t. 728. Vern. Latman, Hind.
Chindri, Dehra Dun.

A large scrambling shrub, 1. alternate, quite entire, blade 2-4, petiole J-1 in.
Fl. greenish-white, sepals herbaceous, pedicels short, in racemes 4-10 in. long,
forming terminal panicles. Berries scarlet, }-} in. diam., supported by the
spreading sepals.

Subhimalayan tract and outer Himalaya, from the Sutlej eastwards, ascending to
5,000 ft. Assam, Khasi hills. Behar, Chittagong. Upper Burma. Malay Archip.
China. Australia.

Bosia Amherstiana, Hook.f. Bhengoi, Jauns. N. W. Himalaya 4-7,000 ft. A stout
glabrous rambling shrub, |. alternate, ovate, blade 2-4, pet.4-4 in. Fl. small greenish,
in terminal and axillary panicles, supported by numerous closely imbricated rounded
bracts with white margin, perianth herbaceous. Berries bright crimson.

Stilbanthus scandens, Hook.f. Sikkim Himalaya 5-7,000 ft. Naga Hills. A large
climber, trunk as thick as a man’s thigh, covering tall trees with its masses of white
flowers and whitish foliage. Branches obtusely 4-angled, branchlets silky. L. pu-
bescent, opposite, elliptic, blade 4-6, petiole 3-1 in. Fl. in cylindric spikes, 2-3 in. long,
arranged in terminal trichotomously branched panicles. Sepals scarious, striate,
shining, 3} in. long, tip bearded, bracts oval villous. Stamens 5, alternating and at
the base connate with long fimbriate staminodes. Ovule 1, pendulous from a long
basal funicle.

Orper LXXXVI. CHENOPODIACEZA. Gen. PI. iu. 43.

Mostly herbs, 1. simple, usually alternate, stipules 0. Fl. small, usually
regular, perianth of 3-5 sepals, stamens opposite the sepals. Stigmas 24.
Fr. a utricle, enclosed in the often enlarged perianth.

Nearly all plants of this order are Halophytes, living near the sea shore and inland
in saline tracts. As far as known, their roots largely take up salts of Sodium, while
most other trees and shrubs mainly take up Potassium salts, though Sodium salts
are always present in the soil. Their ashes are rich in Sodium Chloride, and many
species were formerly and are still here and there employed to make an impure
Carbonate of Soda (Barilla, Sajji).

L. usually alternate, branchlets not articulate.

Fruiting sepals with a large dorsal wing : F . 1. Sansora.
Fruiting sepals not winged. . : c : 2. Sumpa.
L. usually opposite, branchlets articulate, fruiting sepals

with a large dorsal wing 3. Hatoxynon.

1. SALSOLA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. vy. 17.

Saline herbs or shrubs, branchlets not articulate, 1. mostly alternate, often
small. Fl. small, usually bisexual, solitary or fasciculate, axillary, each fi.
supported by a pair of bracteoles. Sepals 4-5, concave, in fr. enlarged, with
a broad dorsal wing, stamens 5, rarely 4, disk usually inconspicuous, stigmas

Salsola] LXXXVI. CHENOPODIACE 519

2-3, subulate or linear. Embryo spiral, albumen 0. Species 40. Europe,
Temperate Asia, North and South Africa, a few also in America and Australia.

1. S. fetida, Delile. Syn. S. spinescens, Wight Ic. t. 1795. Baluchistan. Sind.
Trans Indus. Punjab plains—Afghanistan, Persia, Arabia, North Africa. A spread-
ing bush, much branched, 1. minute, wings of fruiting perianth y—;4 in. diam.,
silvery white. 2. S. verrucosa, M. Bieb. Baluchistan. Trans Indus. North Western
Punjab.—Persia, Armenia, Caucasus, Turkestan, Arabia. Similar to 1, but wings of
fruiting perianth larger, dark brown, 4-} in. diam. 3. S. Arbuscula, Pallas. Northern
Baluchistan (Aitchison). Afghanistan. Persia, Turkestan, Songaria, Mongolia. A
squarrose shrub, branchlets stiff, almost spinescent, 1. linear subulate, up to 24 in.
long, wings of perianth } in. diam.

2. SUZEDA, Forskal; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 13.

Saline herbs, rarely shrubs, 1. fleshy. FI. minute, axillary, supported by
bracts and bracteoles. Perianth 5-lobed, stamens short. Seed erect, albumen
scanty, embryo plano-spiral. Species40. Sea coasts and saline deserts of both
hemispheres. .

1. S. fruticosa, Forsk. Baluchistan (S. vermiculata, Forsk. Shorag). Plains of Sibi,
covering large areas of land impregnated with salt. Sind. Trans Indus (Zamai).
Punjab plains (Lunak). Merwara.—Mediterranean region. Western Asia. A gre-
garious bush, 1. 4-4 in. long, fl. bisexual, solitary or in clusters of 2-3, forming slender
leafy spikes. 2. S. monoica, Forsk.; Wight Ic. t. 1792. Tidal flats on the coast of
South India and Ceylon. FI. polygamous, clustered, bracts scarious, entire. 3. S, nudi-
flora, Moquin.—Syn. S. indica, Moq.; Wight Ic. t. 1796. Associated with 2, fl. poly-
gamous, in dense globose clusters, bracts hyaline, toothed.

3. HALOXYLON, Bunge; FI. Brit. Ind. y. 15.

Saline perennial herbs, a few shrubs or small trees, branchlets articulate, 1.
opposite, often connate at base. Fl. small, solitary in the axils of opposite 1.
or bracts, bisexual, supported by a pair of bracteoles. Sepals 5, concave,
enlarged in fr. with a large dorsal wing. Stamens 5 or less, inserted on an
annular or cupular often lobed disk, stigma 2-4-lobed. Utricle globose or
depressed, enclosed in the winged perianth, seed horizontal, embryo spiral,
albumen 0. Species 8-10. Mediterranean region. West Africa.

A. Disk shorter than ovary.

1. H. recurvum, Bunge. Baluchistan. Sind. Trans Indus. Punjab plains. Salt
range, to 2,500 ft. Coimbatore. Dry region of Upper Burma. A straggling gre-
garious shrub, branches dark brown, stout, often recurved, branchlets terminating in
strict spikes, 2-6in. L. thick, \-} in, long. Wings of fruiting calyx orbicular, scarious,
4 in. diam. 2. H. Griffithii, Boissier F]. Or. iv. 950. Baluchistan, Afghanistan. A
small shrub with numerous rigid branches, bark whitish, ]. small, 4 in. and less. Style
short, stigma 2-4-lobed. Wings of fruiting calyx obovate, elegantly striate, edge
denticulate.

B. Disk longer than ovary.

8. H. Ammodendron, Boiss.; Engler u. Prantl iii. 1. a, p. 83, fig. 89. Saxvaul. Vern.
Tar-gaz, Bal. Baluchistan (Stocks, Aitchison).—Arid districts of Afghanistan, Persia
and ‘Turkestan, extending north to the Altai. A shrub or gnarled tree, up to 14 ft.
high and 12 ft.in girth, branchlets bright green, 1. minute triquetrous. Spikes }-4 in.
long, wings of fruiting calyx 4 in. diam.

Orpen LXXXVII. POLYGONACEA. Gen. PI. iii. 88.

Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, 1. alternate, simple, stipulate, stipules usually
sheathing. Fl. small, usually bisexual, jointed on the pedicel. Perianth of
3-6 free or connate persistent sepals, imbricate in bud, stamens 5-8, some-
times more. Ovary free, usually 3-gonous, styles 1-3, ovule 1, basal, ortho-

520 LXXXVITI. POLYGONACEA | Polygonum

tropous. Nut hard, usually enclosed in the calyx, seed erect, radicle superior,
albumen mealy or horny.

Perianth of 4 or 5 sepals or segments. : .
Nut trigonous or biconvex, included in the more or less

equally enlarged perianth-segments . 1. Potyeonum.
Nut flat, enclosed by 2 large reticulate wings (the i inner

sepals) ¢ ATRAPHAXIS (p. 520).
Nut oblong, densely covered with long branching bristles

placed in vertical lines A 5 5 9 , . 2. CaLticonum.
Nut with 6 broad wings in2 tiers . : PreRopyRum (p. 521).

Perianth of 6 sepals, nut trigonous, included in the 33 inner
much enlarged membranous sepals. 5 : 6 Rumex (p. 521).

1. POLYGONUM, Linn. ; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 23.

Stipules tubular, membranous. FI. small, clustered, bracts and bracteoles
membranous, ochreate. Segments of a glandular disk often alternating with
stamens. Ovary usually trigonous, styles 2 or 3. Nut included in the more
or less enlarged perianth. Species 150, in both hemispheres.

A. Perianth 7, in. across. Hairy.

1. P. molle, Don. Bashahr (?). Nepal. Sikkim, 4-8,000 ft. Bhutan. Naga hills.
A large gregarious trailing shrub, branches stout, softly tomentose with erect or
spreading hairs. LL. elliptic-lanceolate, softly tomentose beneath. 2. P. rude, Meissner.
Khasi hills and hills of Upper Burma. Similar to 1, strigose, hairs on branches
reflexed.

B. Perianth ~, in. across. Quite glabrous.

3. P. paniculatum, Blume. Garhwal. Nepal. Sikkim, 5-10,000 ft. Naga hills.—
Java. L. elliptic-lanceolate, panicle lax, nut entirely included in the perianth. 4. P.
frondosum, Meissn. Garwhal and Kumaon 7-9,000 ft. L. ovate, acuminate, panicle
compact, nut larger than perianth.

C. Perianth 4 in. across.

5. P. polystachyum, Wall.; Collett Simla Fl. 425 fig. 135. Himalaya from Hazara
eastwards, 5-15,000 ft. alsoin the inner arid region,—Afghanistan. Attains 6ft., stems
angled, 1. hairy beneath, oblong-lanceolate, base cordate or rounded, stipules ample.

Atraphaxis spinosa, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iv. 1020. Baluchistan.—Afghanistan, Persia,
Turkestan, Arabia, Egypt, Songaria. A rigid shrub, branchlets spinescent, 1. thick,
glabrous, from obovate to elliptic and almost orbicular, blade 4-} in. long, penni-
veined, narrowed into a short petiole. Perianth 4-cleft to the base, the outer sepals
smaller, in fr. unchanged and reflexed, the 2 inner enlarged into broad-ovate reticulate
wings, } in. diam., closely appressed to, but much larger than the flat nut enclosed by
them. A. sinaica, is a variety with smaller 1.

2. CALLIGONUM, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 22
Species 20, desert regions of Africa, Western and Central Asia.

C. polygonoides, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl. 8372.—Syn. C. comosum, L’Her.
Vern. Phok, phog, Pb.

A rigid glabrous, almost leafless shrub, sometimes a small tree, trunk 2-3 ft.
girth, heartwood dark brown, very hard, branches grey or reddish-grey,
numerous and twisted, branchlets green, mostly fascicled, slender, with a few
thin linear-subulate leaves. Fl. small, pink, in fascicles of 2-5 from the axils
of the sheathing thin transparent stipules. Perianth deciduous, deeply cleft
into 5 thin obtuse membranous segments, red with broad white edges.
Stamens 10, filaments dilated and pubescent at base. Nuts oblong, 4 in. long,
densely clothed with long filiform branching bristles placed in 8-16 vertical
lines, bases thickened and confluent along these lines, so as to form irregularly
shaped crests.

Calligonum| LXXXVII. POLYGONACEA 521

Baluchistan. Dry and arid districts of
North Western India on both sides of the
Indus, north as far as Lahore, and east to
Bikanir. Abundant and often gregarious.
The young shoots come out Febr. —March, soon
afterwards the shrub is covered with pinkish
fl., filling the air with a strong pleasant odour.
Fr. June. The fi. are swept up and eaten,
cooked. I adhere to the view of my old Forest
Flora, p. 372, that C. comosum is not distinct.
Accordingly this species has a wide distribu-
tion outside India from Algeria to Afghanis-
tan.

Pteropyrum Olivieri, Jaub. et Spach. Sind,
Baluchistan, Persia. A rigid much branched
shrub, }. fascicled, thick, glaucous, from spathu-
late to linear, nerveless, }- in. long. Fl.small,
in many-fid. clusters, sepals 5, in fruit not
much enlarged, the inner erect and appressed
to the nut, alternating with its wings, the 2
outer reflexed. Nut with 6 broad wings in
two tiers, those of the lower tier larger. P.
Aucheri, Jaub. et Spach, Northern Baluchistan
(Aitchison) Western Asia, supposed to be dis-
tinguished by narrow linear 1., probably is not
distinct.

Rumex hastatus, Don; Collett Simla Fl. 428
fig. 136. Vern. Khatimbal, Haz. Outer ranges
of the North West Himalaya, mostly on dry
slopes ascending to 8,000 ft. Afghanistan. An
undershrub w ith a stout woody rootstalk,
sometimes ashrub, branches numerous, slender,
L. triangular or hastately 3-lobed, the lobes
narrow, almost linear, blade 3-14 in. long. pet. Fre. 176
as long as or longer than blade. Fruiting gsepals Ale LUNG
orbicular, pink, ‘prominently net-veined.

Calligonum polygon-
oides, Linn. 4.

Orpver LXXXVIII. ARISTOLOCHIACEA. Gen. PI. iii. 121.

Herbs or shrubs, often climbing, 1. alternate, entire or 3-5-lobed, stipules 0.
Fl. bisexual, often large. Perianth superior, regular or zygomor phic, 3-lobed
or tubular. Stamens 6 or more, free, or anthers sessile in'a ring on the stylar
column, cells parallel, opening by dorsal slits. Ovary inferior, 4-6-celled,
placentas parietal, ovules numerous, style columnar. Fr. capsular or baccate,
seeds numerous, embryo minute in a copious, fleshy albumen.

Oil cells in the parenchyma of leaves and outer bark are common in most species.
The wood is yery porous, the structure is usually normal with broad medullary rays
and large vessels, the wood fibres have bordered pits. The radial wedge-shaped masses
of wood often appear bifurcated by the formation of broad second. med. rays. The
wood of Bragantia is peculiar, cf. Gamble Ind. Timbers, ed. ii. 558; Masters in Journ.
Linn. Soe. xiv. 487.

Perianth campanulate, 8-lobed . : . 1, BraGanria.

Perianth tubular, base inflated, limb zy gomorphic t . 2. ARISTOLOCHIA.

1. BRAGANTIA, Lour.: Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 72 (Apama, Lamk. ; Solereder in
Engler u. Prantl iii. 1. 275) ).

Shrubs or undershrubs, 1. entire, 3 or 5 basal nerves, tertiary nerves and
reticulate veins conspicuous beneath. Perianth shortly campanulate, 3-lobed.
Stamens 6-12, 1-seriate, filaments short, connective thick. Ovary elongate,
4-celled, ovules 2-seriate. Ir. a four-sided, 4-valved pod, valves separating
from a central placentiferous column. Species 4-5, Indo-Malayan. é

522 LXXXVIII. ARISTOLOCHIACEA [Bragantia

1. B. Wallichii, Rob. Br.; Wight Ic. t. 520. Chakrani, Mar. Western Ghats from
the Konkan southwards, in evergreen forest. Ceylon, moist region, common. A large
erect shrub, |. distichous 5-8 in., slightly aromatic, fl. purple or greenish, pods 3-8 in.
long. 2. B. Dalzellii, Hook f. The Konkan (only found once). L. 12 by 3in. Pod
5-8 in., trigonous, rugose and deeply pitted.

2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 74.

Perennial herbs or shrubs, often twining. LL. entire or lobed, base generally
cordate, basal nerves 3-5. The lowest leaf of a more or less developed axil-
lary bud sometimes has the appearance of an intrapetiolar stipule. Perianth
tube inflated at the base, then contracted, hairy within, limb dilated, obliquely
2-lipped. Anthers 6, adnate to the stylar column, the apex of which is 3- or
ue: Capsule septicidally 6-valved. Species 180, cosmopolitan, chiefly
tropical.

A. Stylar column 6-lobed.

1. A. Roxburghiana, Klotzsch._Syn. A. acuminata, Roxb.; Wight Ie.t.771. Sikkim,
14,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills. Maimensingh. Chittagong. Burma. Western
Ghats. Malay Penins. and Archip. A twining shrub, stem attaining 1 in. diam.
L. deeply cordate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, basal n. produced far beyond the middle.
Fl. pale green, in lax pedunculate axillary corymbs, lip of perianth villous, capsule
stipitate, oblong or subglobose, 1-24 in. long. 2. A. indica, Linn.—Syn. A. lanceolata,
Wight Ic. t. 1858. Vern. Isharmal, Sund.; Sapshi, Kadula, Kan. Sundriban. Chitta-
gong. Western Ghats. Sriharikot, Coromandel coast (D. B. Nov. 1881).—Ceylon, low
country to 8,000 ft. Prostrate or climbing, stems slightly woody at base, 1. variable,
linear, ovate or oboyate-oblong, base cuneate or rounded, basal nerves short. Corymbs
short, pedunculate. Perianth greenish-white, lip glabrous, purple and brown.

B. Stylar column 3-lobed.
(a) 1. lobed and pinnatifd.

3. A. platanifolia, Ducharte. East Nepal. Sikkim to 6,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills.
A large climber, 1. up to 12 in. long, and often as broad. Fl. generally fasciculate on
the old wood, perianth yellowish-purple, mouth 1 in. diam. Capsule 4-6 in. long.

(b) L. entire.

4. A. saccata, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 103. Kumaon. Nepal. Sikkim, from the Terai
to 6,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills. Stems up to 1 in. diam. from a thick rootstock. L.
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, base deeply cordate, tomentose, rarely glabrous beneath,
blade 12-16, pet. 1-2 in. long. FI. mostly from the old wood, perianth purple, mouth
nearly. circular, capsule cylindric. 5. A. Cathcartii, Hook.f. Sikkim to 3,000 ft. Khasi
hills. Manipur. Similar to 4, branches, petioles and |. beneath softly silky, inflor-
escence clothed with long spreading hairs, mouth of perianth square, edge broad,
recurved, fringed with long purple hairs. 6. A. Griffithii, Hook. f. Sikkim 7—10,000 ft.
Bhutan. L. broadly ovate or orbicular, densely tomentose beneath. F]. mostly
solitary, axillary, capsule 7 in. long.

Orper LXXXIX. PIPERACEA., Gen. PI. iui. 125.

L. entire, fl. minute, subtended by bracts, which often are peltate, in catkin-
like spikes. Perianth 0, stamens hypogynous, Embryo minute, in a copious
mealy albumen.

The wood is separated by broad medullary rays into wedge-shaped masses. Pith

large, with numerous vascular bundles and a hard undulating belt, mostly consisting
of sclerotic fibres, on the outside.

PIPER, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 78.

Perennial herbs or shrubs, often climbing by adventitious roots at the nodes,
usnally aromatic, nodes swollen, |. alternate, basal n. 3 or more, supra-basal n. one

Piper) LXXXIX. PIPERACEX 523

(rarely several) pair, alternate or opposite, stipules membranous, enclosing the
buds. Spikes commonly leaf-opposed, fl. dioicous or polygamous, rarely 2-
sexual, stamens 1-4, filaments short. Ovary 1-celled, stigmas 2-5. Berry
1-seeded, seed globose. Species 500, tropical or subtropical, a few only can be
mentioned here.

A. Spikes simple.
(a) Fruiting spikes compact, dense.

1. P. Betle, Linn—Syn. Chavica Betle, Miq.; Wight Ic. t. 1926. Vern. Pan,
Hind.; Kun, Burm. The Betel vine, cultivated for its leaf throughout tropical and
subtropical India, in Burma planted near forest trees, in the Peninsula with Hrythina,
Sesbania and other fast growing trees, in Bengal under the shade of matting. Home
uncertain. L. ovate, base usually cordate and unequal-sided, blade 3-8, pet. 4-1 in.,
supra-basaln. alternate. Fruiting spike cylindric, pendulous, 1-5 in.long. Propagated
by cuttings, most plants 2. 2. P. longum, Linn.—Syn. Chavica Roxburghii, Miq.;
Wight Ic. t. 1928. Wild and cultivated in Sikkim, Assam, Lower Bengal, the west
side of the Peninsula, in Malacca and the Malay Archipelago. Cultivated in Ceylon
and elsewhere in the tropics. Rootstock erect, thick, jointed, branched, stems herbaceous,
numerous. L. membranous, deeply cordate, upper sessile, blade 2-5, pet. (of the lower)
1-3 in. long. Fruiting spike (the long pepper of commerce) solid, fleshy, 1-13 in. long,
blackish green, shining. 3. P. brachystachyum, Wall.—Syn. Chavica sphwrostachya,
Miq.; Wight Ic. t. 1931. Subhimalayan tract and outer hills from Simla eastwards,
ascending to 5,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills. Nilgiri, Anamalai and Shevagherri
hills. L. elliptic-lanceolate, blade 2-6, narrowed into pet. }-} in. long. Fruiting
spike nearly globose, shortly stalked.

(b) Fruiting spikes loose, glabrous.
a. Supra-basal n. usually opposite.

4. P. Hamiltonii, Cas. D.C. Sikkim Terai. Khasi hills. Chittagong. A stout climber,
quite glabrous, |. coriaceous, fruiting spikes slender, 4-6 in. long. 5. P. Hookeri, Miq.
Western Ghats from Bombay to Kanara. Bababudan hills in Mysore. A climbing
shrub, branchlets, petioles and 1. beneath hairy, 1. scarcely coriaceous, fruiting spikes
slender, 3-6 in. long.

8. Supra-basal n. usually alternate.

6. P. nigrum, Linn.: Wight Ic. t. 1934.—Syn. P. trioicum, Roxb.; Wight Ie. t. 1935.
The Black Pepper. Vern. Kali mirch, Hind.; Milaku, Tam.; Nga-yok-kaung, Burm.
Cultivated in the Kans of Mysore and other evergreen forests of tropical India and
Burma, doubtfully indigenous on the Western Ghats. A stout climber, perfectly
glabrous, |. more or less coriaceous, base cuneate or rounded, blade 4-6, pet. $-1 in. long,
basal n. 3 or 5. Fruiting spike slightly interrupted, drooping, 4-6 in. long, red when
ripe. 7. P. argyrophyllum, Miq. Western Ghats. Ceylon, moist country 11,000 ft.
Grows up the trunks of trees, rooting like ivy, stems upto2}in.diam. LL. ovate-lanceo-
late, base cuneate, not unequal, blade 3-5, pet. § in. long.

(c) Fruiting spikes loose, hairy.

8. P, trichostachyon, Cas. DC.—Syn. Muldera trichestachya, Miq.; Wight Ie. t. 1944.
Western Ghats from Bombay to Kanara. Nilgiri and Shevagherry hills. A stout

climber, l. coriaceous, tert. n. distinct, fr. spikes 8-4 inches long, interrupted, fr. yellow,
globose, 4 in. diam.

B. Spikes umbellate, fl. 2-sexual.

9. P. subpeitatum, Willd.—Syn. Pothomorphe subpeltata, Mig.; Wight Ic. t. 1925.
Western Ghats from North Kanara southwards. Ceylon, moist region. An erect
shrub, branches thick soft, 1. orbicular, deeply cordate, blade 8-12 in, diam., pet. 4-8
in., spikes 8-5 in. long.

Orper XC. MYRISTICACEA. Gen. Pl. iii. 135 (Myristicer),
(Warburg, Monographie der Myristicaceen, Halle, 1897.)

Evergreen and aromatic trees or large shrubs, I. often distichous, usually
glabrous beneath, entire, pennineryed, often pellucid-punctate. Fl. 1-sexual,

524 XC. MYRISTICACEA [Myristica

with rare exceptions dioicous, perianth as a rule 3-lobed, valvate in bud. ,
anthers usually sessile 6-30, on a sessile or stipitate column ordisk. “9, ovary
one, free, style short or none, ovule 1, erect. Seed enclosed in a thin or fleshy
entire or lacerate mostly red arillus. Embryo basal, surrounded by a large
oily ruminate albumen.

Hairs peculiar, mostly consisting of one row of superposed, generally branching,
and often horizontal cells. The branches or ends of the cells spread out in two or
several directions, often giving the appearance of stellate hairs. Med. rays numerous,
very fine. The bark of most species contains long sacs filled with brown or red juice.

Warburg divides this Order into 15 genera, 6 of which belong to tropical Africa, 5
to tropical America, while 4 are Asiatic. Here these genera are entered as sections of
Myristica.

MYRISTICA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 102.

(George King, the species of Myristica of British India, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc.,
lii. 3. 1891.)

I. Myristica, Linn. (in part); Warburg 374. Fl. urceolate or campanulate,
anthers 12-30, linear, adnate to a column, which is often stipitate and
frequently prolonged beyond the anthers, stigmas sessile. Bracteoles
appressed to the perianth. Arillus laciniate to the base. Species 81, from
India to tropical Australia.

A. ¢ fl. numerous, on a thick woody tubercle.

1. M. magnifica, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 268; King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. iii.t.119. Vern.
Chura panu, Tam.; Kottha panu, Mal. Evergreen forest on the Gairsoppah Ghat
(Talbot) and at the foot of the Travancore Ghats. A very tall tree, when young the
trunk furnished in its lower portion with large aérial roots, which later on support
the tree. Young shoots, underside of 1. and inflorescence densely clothed with reddish
or golden tomentum of stellate hairs. L. coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, blade 12-24, pet.
stout, deeply channelled, 4-1 in. long. ¢ fl. sessile, or nearly so, 8-20 crowded on a
thick woody often forked tubercle, very short or up to 3 in. long. Fr. solitary or in
pairs on thick short pedicels, oblong, 8-4 by 2 in., arillus deeply cleft into a few broad
divisions, these subdivided into numerous linear branches attaining to the apex of
the seed. 2. M. laurifolia, Hook. f. & Thoms.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 267. Wild Nutmeg.
Vern. Jaiphal, Mar.; Jathika, Tam. Western Ghats from the Satara district south-
wards, ascending from the foot to 5,000 ft. Nilgiris, Anamalais. A middle-sized or
large tree, youngest shoots and inflorescence rusty tomentose, branchlets wrinkled.
L. coriaceous, glabrous beneath, blade 6-10, pet. 3-1}. in.long. Sec.n.impressed above.
¢ fl. 6-15 together, each supported by a broad ovate bract,at the base of the cylindrical
perianth. Fr. ellipsoid or globose, 2-8 in. long. Aril deeply cut into 10-14 lobes,
which are divided into filiform segments. Warburg l.c. 504, 507 distinguishes
2 species: M. Beddomei, King, Ann. t. 118 figs. 2-8, fr. globose and M. contorta, Warb.,
fr. ellipsoid. M. lawrifolia, King, Ann. t. 112 he restricts to the Ceylon tree.

B. ¢ fl. in panicled cymes, peduncles slender.

3. M. fragrans, Houttuyn; Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. iii. t. 108—Syn. M. aromatica,
Lamk.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 274. The Nutmeg. Vern. Jaiphal, Hind.; Jathikai, Tam.
Originally indigenous in the southern Moluccas. Cultivated on a large scale in places
in the Malay Peninsula and the Archip., also on Grenada and afew other West Indian
islands. In gardens throughout the tropics. Attains 30-60 ft., 1. glaucous beneath,
blade 3-5, pet. } in. long. fg peduncles 3-20-, sometimes only 1-2-fld., perianth urceo-
late, fin. long. Fruit yellow, solitary, shortly stalked, 14-24 in. long, aril (mace) red,
fleshy, fenestrate from the base, enclosing the seed. 4.M. malabarica, Lam.; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 269; King, Ann. iii.t.109. False Nutmeg. Vern. Kat Jathikai, Tam.; Ponnam
panu, Mal. Evergreen forest at the foot of the Western Ghats, from the Konkan
southwards. A moderate-sized tree, branchlets nearly smooth, slightly ribbed, 1.
chartaceous, glaucous or dull brown beneath, blade 5-7, pet. slender #-1 in. long, tert.
n. very faint. d¢ fl. numerous, in trichotomous panicles, perianth nearly globose, 4in.
diam., peduncles often extra-axillary. Fr. rusty brown-pubescent, hard, oblong,
2x4 in. aril yellow, completely enclosing the seed. 5. M. andamanica, Hook. f. (JZ
elliptica, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 282). King, Ann. iii. t. 115. Andamans, on the hills. A
middle-sized tree, young shoots glabrous, |. rigidly coriaceous when full grown, blade
9-15 by 4-6 in., sec. n. prominent, 12-15 pair. g¢ fl. 8-12 in supra-axillary peduncu-
late cymes, perianth subglobose + in. diam. Fr. ovoid, glabrous, 2-23 in. long.

Myristica] XC. MYRISTICACEX 525

Il. Horsfieldia, Willd.; Warburg l.c. 262. Fl. small, globose, anthers
12-30, stigma minute, sessile, ¢ fl. in large compound panicles, bracteoles 0.
Aril frequently not laciniate. Species 51 from India to New Guinea.

A. Perianth usually 3-yalved, anthers connate, entirely enclosing the
globose column.

(a) Staminal-column sessile.

6. M. amygdalina, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t.90; King, Ann. iii.t.128. Assam. Khasi hills.
Cachar. Andamans. Southern spurs of the Pegu Yoma, Martaban, Tenasserim.—
Malay Penins. A moderate-sized glabrous tree, ]. membranous, blade 4-7, pet. 3-? in.
¢ panicles spreading, 3-4 in. long, perianth 7-7. in. diam. Fr. narrowly ovoid, 14in-
long, aril laciniate at the apex. King, Ann. iii. 310, refers the Andaman and part of
the Burma specimens to MW. glabra, Bl. 7. M. Kingii, Hook. f.; King, Ann. iii. t. 127.
Sikkim 1-2,000 ft. Assam. Cachar. Young shoots seurfy pubescent, l. thinly coria-
ceous, blade 6-10, pet. 3-1 in. long. g panicles3 in. long, branches short, perianth 4 in..
diam. Fr. 14 by 1 in., supported by the persistent perianth. Aril entire.

(b) Staminal-column shortly stipitate.

8. M. Prainii, King, Ann. iii. t. 126. Andamans. A large tree, glabrous, only inflor--
escence rusty-pubescent. L. thinly coriaceous, blade 6-10, pet. stout, 3-?in. ¢ panicles
lax, broader than long, 5-7 in. wide. Fr. ovoid, 14 in., peduncle stout, 4 in. long, aril
deeply laciniate.

B. Perianth 2-valved, anthers free.

9. M. Irya, Geertn.; King, Ann. iii. t.141,141(b). Tenasserim. Andamans. Ceylon.
Malay Penins. and Archip. A middle-sized tree, youngest shoots slightly pubescent,
branchlets glabrous, more or less angular. L. chartaceous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
blade 5-8, pet.4 in. gd panicles axillary, 3-5 in. long, fl. 4 in. diam., fascicled on short
pedicels. Anthers6-18, free,on the edge of a flat topped obovate column. Fr. globose,
# in. diam., aril red, undivided, completely enclosing the seed.

Ill. Gymnacranthera, Warb. l.c. 354. Anthers 6-12, linear, lower portion
adnate to an ovoid column, upper portion free, stigma sessile, more or less 2-
lobed. Arillaciniate nearly tothe base. FF). in axillary panicles, bracteoles 0.

10. M. canarica, Bedd. MSS.; King, Ann. iii. t. 188.—Syn. M. Farquhariana, Hook. f-
& Thoms.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 270. Vern. Undgi pdnu, Mal. Western Ghats in ever-
green forests. Konkan (?). Plains of South Kanara. Coorg. Wainad. Tinneyelli
and Travancore. A moderately-sized tree, immense in Travancore, youngest shoots
minutely pubescent, ]. coriaceous, glaucous beneath, ¢ panicles rufous pubescent,
perianth oboyoid, 4 in. long. Fr. globose, 1 in. diam.

IV. Anema, Loureiro; Warburg l.c. 543. Fl. obconical or subglobose,
anthers 8-20, sessile or nearly so on the edge of a circular stipitate and peltate
disk, style short thick. Bracteoles on the pedicel, in the middle, above or
below it. Pericarp tomentose, aril laciniate at the apex only. Species 38,,
from India to New Guinea.

A. 6 fl. more than } in. diam.

11. M. attenuata, Wall.; King, Ann. iii. t. 152.—Syn. M. corticosa, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
271. Vern. Chora panu, Mal. Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats from the
Konkan southwards ascending to 3,000 ft. A middle-sized or large tree, young branch-
lets and inflorescence densely rusty-tomentose, 1. glaucous beneath, lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, blade 6-8, pet. }-4 in. long. Sec. n. prominent beneath, tert. n.
slender, parallel. ¢ fl. nearly globose, §-} in. diam. Fr. ovoid, 14 in. long, densely
tomentose.

12. M. linifolia, Roxb.; Warb. l.c.558.—Syn. M. longifolia, Wall.; Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 110
(partly); King, Ann. iii. t. 164, 166. Assam. Khasi hills. Chittagong. Arakan.
Upper Burma. Young shoots and inflorescence densely dark-brown tomentose, 1.
coriaceous, blade 12-80, pet. }-} in. long, base usually rounded or cordate, sec. n. con-
spicuous, 25-85 pair, distinetly anastomosing under the margin, tert. n. parallel.
6 fl. obconical, { in. long, bracteole small at or below the middle of pedicel. Fr. on
thick woody tubercles, often solitary, ellipsoid, velvety, 14 in. long. M. Clarkeana,
King, Ann. t. 165, Chittagong, is a form with narrower 1., the fr. more pointed at both
ends. 13. M. angustifolia, Roxb.; Warb. lc. 561.—Syn. M. longifolia, Wall., var.
erratica, F]. Brit. Ind. v. 110; M. erratica, Hook. f. & Thoms. : King, Ann. iii. t. 162.

526 XC. MYRISTICACER [Myristica

Sikkim, Khasi hills. Cachar. Chittagong. Burma, Upper (Nyaungma Kunthwe) and
Lower. A middle-sized tree, ORS shoots slightly hairy, l. coriaceous, pale beneath,
oblong-lanceolate, blade 6-12, pet. 3-2 in. long, base cuneate, sec. n. 18-25 pair. 6 fl.
obovoid or globose, #-} in. diam., pedicel usually longer than fl., bracteole above the
middle. Fr. 2-8 on axillary woody tubercles # in. long , pedicels slender, 4-} in., aril
membranous. Smales describes the Upper Burma tree w ith ar ecular pyramidal crow n,
6 fl. outside greenish, andrcecium crimson. WM. gibbosa, Hook. fil. & Thoms.; . King,
Ann. iii. t. 159 probably is only a variety with the fr. gibbous at base.

B. ¢ fi. less than } in. diam.

14. M. glaucescens, Hook. f.in Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 111, including M. glauca, Blame; King,
Ann. iii. t. 157and M. missionis, Wall.; King, Ann. iii. t. 158. Andamans, Nicobars,
Tenasserim.—Malay Peninsula. L. chartaceous, lanceolate or Jinear-lanceolate, glau-
cous beneath, blade 5-8, pet. 4-3 in.long. ¢ fl. nearly globose, +4-4 in. diam , pedicels
twice the length of fl. Fr. ovoid or (ML. missionis) globose up to 1 in. long. 15. M-
malayana, Warburg (Knema).—Syn. M. glaucescens, King, Ann. iii. t. 161. Malay
Peninsula. Burma (?). Differs by longer pedicels of g fl. and of frre

Orpver XCI. LAURACEA. Gen. Pl. ii. 146 (Lawrinee).

Aromatic trees or erect shrubs with alternate, sometimes whorled, rarely
opposite leaves, asa rule entire and mostly evergreen. No stipules. Flowers
solitary orin involucrate heads, often dioicous. Perianth regular, deeply 6- (some-
times 4-) cleft, sezments in 2 circles, the tube often enlarged in fruit. Stamens
perigynous, normally 12 in 4 circles, the 3 stamens of the innermost circle
generally reduced to more or less fleshy staminodes or wanting, the filament.
of the next circle biglandular at base, the stamens of the two outer circles
opposite to the perianth-segments. Filaments flat, anthers adnate, cells 2 or 4,
opening by valves. Ovary free, 1-celled, usually one pendulous ovule, style
simple. Fruit a berry or drupe, often supported by the persistent perianth.
Seed one, without albumen, cotyledons thick, oily, enclosing the plumule and
short superior radicle.

Laurels, as far as known, have no heart-wood, the timber is not heavy, not hard,
that of many species is handsome and of some very durable. From a forest point of
view the Order deserves more attention in India than it has hitherto received. And
it should be borne in mind that their aromatic essential oil may give to some species
not yet known commercially, considerable importance for perfumery and in other
ways. Medullary rays fine, uniform and equidistant. Vessels small or moderate
sized, uniformly distributed. In the parenchyma of young shoots, of leaves, bracts
and perianth, as well as in the bark and often also in the wood, large cells filled with
essential oil,and frequently also cells filled with mucilage. In the bracts and perianth
the oil cells are readily seen as transparent dots. Hairs always unicellular. As far
as known, Laurels coppice well.

A. Flowers solitary, bisexual, generally paniculate.

a. Anthers 2-celled, perfect stamens 9.
Perianth-tube accrescent, enclosing the fruit . 1. Cryprocarya.
Fruit supported at its base by the 6-cleft

perianth . APOLLONIAS (p. 528).
Perianth deciduous, pedicel thickened, coloured
in fruit 6 Derwaasta (p. 528).

Perianth deciduous, pedicel not thickened in fruit 2. Brrscuepra.
b, Anthers 2- or 1-celled, perfect stamens 3 or 4.
Perianth-segments 6, perfect stamens3 . : Enpianpra (p. 529).
Perianth-segments 4, perfect stamens4 . : Synpiciis (p. 529).
c. Anthers 4-celled, perfect stamens 9 or more,
Perfect stamens 9, sepals 6, persistent, spread-

ing or reflexed in fruit —. 3. Macuitus.
Perfect stamens 9, fruit on the thickened pedicel,

perianth-sezments deciduous . 4, ALSEODAPHNE.
Perfect stamens 10-15, fr. on the flat thick

perianth-tube . . 5. Doprcapenta.

B. Flowers solitary, polygamous o or bisexual, paniculate, anthers 4-celled.
Segments of perianth erect, hard _clasping base of fruit 6. Prose.
Fruit on enlarged perianth- -tube, segments mostly

deciduous : 0 é 6 . 7, Crnnamomum.

XCI. LAVRACE® 527

C€. Flowers in bracteate heads, dioicous.
Anthers 4-celled, bracts imbricating, not whorled . 8, AcTINoDAPHNE.
Anthers 4-celled, heads supported by 4-6 whorled
bracts. c : - : é : ; . 9. Lirsza.
Anthers as a rule 2-celled, bracts mostly whorled . 10. Linpera.

1. CRYPTOCARYA, Rob: Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 117.

Evergreen, 1. mostly penniveined. Fl. paniculate, bisexual. Anthers 2-
celled. Perianth-tube constricted at apex after il., accrescent, enclosing the
fr. Sp. 40, tropical and subtropical.

A. Western species.

1. G. Wightiana, Thwaites; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 299.—Syn. C. floribunda,
Wight Ic. t. 1829. Vern. Gulmr, Kan.

A large tree, branchlets and inflorescence rusty pubescent. LL. coriaceous,
whitish and nearly glabrous beneath, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, shortly acu-
minate, blade 4—10, pet. 4-1 in. long, sec. n. 6-10 pair. Panicles spreading,
fr. purplish-black, obtusely ovoid, }—} in. long.

Evergreen forests along the Western Ghats from Matheran southwards. FI. Nov.—
Jan. Ceylon. 2. C. Stocksii, Meissn. Western Ghats from Kanara southwards.
Branchlets, panicle, and as a rule the underside of |. rusty-pubescent. L. rigidly

coriaceous, more or less rounded at both ends, blade 2-4, pet.stout, }in. long. Panicles
contracted, shorter than 1.

B. Eastern spe-
cies.

(a) Branchlets, in- a

florescence and 1.
beneath — densely
rusty-tomentose.

3. C. Grifithiana,
Wight Ic. t. 1830,
South Tenasserim, Ma-
lay Peninsula. L.
rigidly coriaceous,
shining above, glau-
cous beneath, elliptic-
oblong, caudate-acu-
minate, blade 9-12, pet.
stout 4 in. long, sec.
n. 8-10 pair, arching,
impressed above, very
prominent beneath, as
well as midrib and
tertiary n. Panicles
compact, 1-2 in. long,
bracts conspicuous.
Fr. 1 in. long, globose
or ovoid, narrowed in-
to a thick neck. 4.
Cc, andamanica, Hook. f.
Andamans. L. ellip-
tic-oblong, blade 3-5,
pet. }-in. long, sec. n.
10-14 pair, strong be-
neath, not impresse]
above. Fr. narrow- Fig. 177. Cryptocarya Wightiana, Thwaites. }.
ellipsoid 1 in. long.

(6) Full grown 1. glabrous or thinly pubescent beneath.

5. C, amygdalina, Nees.—Syn. C. foribunda, Wall. in part. Patmero, Nep. Foot of
Eastern Himalaya from Sikkim eastwards. Khasi hills. Andamans. Chittagong.
Attains 40 ft., branchlets and inflorescence minutely dark grey pubescent. LL. glabrous,
coriaceous, shining above, opaque beneath, oblong-lanceolate, blade 8-12, pet. 4-4 in.

528 XCI. LAURACEA [Cryptocarya

long, sec. n. 6-12 pair, oblique, nearly straight. Panicles large, up to 12 in. diam.,
peduncle long. Fr. black, # in. long, ellipsoid, pointed.at theends. 6. C. Ferrarsi, King. |
Andamans. A shrub, 1. thinly coriaceous, minutely rusty-pubescent beneath, oblong,
base cuneate, sec. n. prominent, arching, tert. n. conspicuous. Fr.4in.long. 7. ¢.
cesia, Blume. Andamans. Branchlets, petioles and panicle rusty pubescent. L.
glabrous, glaucous above, white beneath, ovate-lanceolate, blade 5-7, pet. 4-3 in.
long, sec. n. 6-8 pair, arching, strong beneath, reticulate venation very fine and.
regular, prominent on both sides. Fr. globose 3 in. diam.

8. C. Kurzii, Hook. f—Syn. C. ferrea, Kurz F. Fl. ii.295. Mergui. Branchlets black,
glabrous, as well as 1. L. glaucous beneath, blade 4-8, pet. } in., sec. n. 6-8 pair,
conspicuous beneath. '

Apollonias Arnotti, Nees; Wight Ic. t. 1819. Chenthanam, Mal. Western Ghats
from Malabar southwards. An evergreen tree, |. thinly coriaceous, glabrous when full
grown, lanceolate, 3-5 in. long, fl. bisexual, fr. supported by the 6-cleft hardened
perianth. Somewhat resembles Phebe lanceolata, differs by 2-celled anthers. The
only other species, A. canariensis, Nees, is a tree of the Canaries.

1. Dehaasia cuneata, Blume (Alseodaphne grandis, Kurz F. Fl. ii.293). Arakan. Pegu
Yoma, southern and eastern slopes. Thaukyeghat forest. Martaban and Tenasserim.
Andamans. Java. A large evergreen tree, branchlets white. L. congregated at the
ends of branchlets, almost whorled, glabrous, cuneate, obovate, blade 5-9, pet. $-1 in.
long. Fl. bisexual, in axillary lax panicles, peduncles and branches very slender.
Perfect stamens 9, anthers 2-celled. Fr. pruinose, bluish-black, ellipsoid, 1-14 in. long,
seated on the much swollen pedicel which is as long as fr., perianth-segments finally
deciduous. Similar and possibly not specifically distinct: 2. D. Kurzii, King. Chitta-
gong (Prain). Pegu. Martaban. Tenasserim, 3. D. elongata, Blume. Andamans.

No. 550 Haines, Lower hills of British Bhutan, Malagiri, Nep. (fl. unknown), may
possibly bea species of Dehaasia. “ A valuable timber tree, yielding excellent planks.”
Young shoots and underside of ]., chiefly along nerves, clothed with fine hairs. L.
membranous, elliptic, acuminate, blade 4-6, pet. slender 4-1 in. long, sec. n. arching
3-6 pair. Fr. globose-reniform, purple, # in. diam., seated on a much swollen furrowed
pedicel # in. long, bearing the undulating coriaceous perianth.

2. BEILSCHMIEDIA, Nees; FI. Brit. Ind. y. 121.

Trees or shrubs, as a rule evergreen, 1. penninerved, often opposite. FI.
small, bisexual, in racemes or panicles, often fasciculate. Perianth deeply
divided into 6 nearly equal segments. Perfect stamens 9, the 3 inner bi-
glandular with extrose anthers. None or only slight remains of perianth in
fr. Species 20, tropical.

A. L. usually alternate.

1. B. Roxburghiana, Nees; Wight Ic. t. 1828; Brandis F. Fl. 378.—
Syn. B. fagifolia, Nees; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 263. Vern. Kamatti, Kan.

A tree, greatly varying in size. Terminal buds and inflorescence pubescent.
L. coriaceous, glabrous, shining and finely reticulate on both sides, elongate-
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 6-9, pet. $-1 in. long. Racemes short,
often branched at base, peduncles and pedicels hirsute, pedicels often fascicu-
late. Perianth divided to near the base, segments } in. long, hairy on both
sides, oblong, spreading or reflexed, filaments hairy. Ovary glabrous (Dacca),
hairy (Kanara). Fr. $-14 in. long, from short ovoid, almost globose to cylindric-
obovoid (Singbhum).

A widely distributed species. Durga Deo Forest, Kumaon (D. B. 1863). Oudh
Forests (R. Thompson). Assam. Khasihills. Dacca. Tipperah. Manipur. Burma,
Upper and Lower. Singbhum. Western Ghats from Matheran to South Kanara.
Yunnan. Fl. March, April, when the old 1. fall, so that a tree in fl. may occasionally
be leafless. The specimens from Singbhum and the Western Ghats are usually called
B. fagifolia, but, as far as the specimens examined go, there is no real difference,
shape of ]. and fr. vary greatly. Foliage very similar to that of Cryptocarya
amygdalina, the difference is in the inflorescence and fruit. 2. B. Bourdilloni, sp. nova.
Travancore, evergreen forest, 300-1,500 ft. (Bourdillon 87). Shevaroy hills (D. B. 1882).
A large evergreen tree, 1. coriaceous, elliptic, blade 5-7, pet. 4-1 in. long. Inflorescence
compact, grey velvety, axillary and terminal, consisting of short fascicled racemes, at
the base branching and bearing numerous broad round concave bracts, fl. fascicled in
the axils of similar bracts, before opening oyoid-globose 3 in. diam., perianth-segments

Beilschmiedia] XCI. LAURACEA 529

ovate. Filaments and ovary hairy, fr. unknown. 3. B, Brandisii, Hook. f. Nambar
forest, Assam. A moderate-sized tree, 1. glabrous, thinly coriaceous, blade 6-10, pet. 1 in.
lon ) See. n. 6-8 pair. Panicles or racemes axillary 1-2 in. long, pedicels solitary, a
little longer than fl. Perianth-segments obtuse 4 in. long, filaments hairy, ovary
glabrous. Fr. on stout peduncles, 2-24 in. long. 4. B, macrophylla, Meissn. “Mergui.
Terminal buds, branchlets and petioles rusty pubescent. L. thickly coriaceous, blade
9-12, pet. 4 in. long, sec. n. 10-12 pair, prominent beneath, distinctly anastomosing
under the edge. Similar to B. malaccensis, Hook. f. Malay Penins. x

B. L. usually oppo-
site.

(a) Terminal buds
enclosed in large glab-
rous coriaceous scales,
inflorescence glabrous.

5. B, Wightii, Benth.—
Syn. Haasia Wightii,
Nees; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
298. Anamalais, Tinne-
velli and Travancore \
Ghats. Quite glabrous,
]. elliptic, acuminate,
blade 3-4, narrowed into
slender pet. # in. long.
Panicles slender on long
peduncles, fl. minute.

6. B. assamica, Meissn.
Assam, Manipur, Upper
Burma. Yunnan. Buds
lanceolate, fr. elongate-
elliptic, 14 in. long. 7.
B.Gammieana, King. East
Nepal. Sikkim, common
5-7,000 ft. i eee Tar-
sing). Closely allied to
6, buds ovoid, fr. glab-
rous or obovoid, 3-1 in.
long. & B. globularia,
Kurz. Hills east of 5
Toungoo, 38-4,000 ft. Fic. 178. Beilschmiedia Roxburghiana, Nees. 4.
Buds ovoid, fr. globose,
fleshy, 1-14 in. diam.

(b) Terminal buds and inflorescence pubescent.

9, B. sikkimensis, King; Gamble, Ind. Timb. Ed. ii.559. Vern. Tarsing, Nep. Sikkim
and Bhutan, ascending to 6,500 ft. L. elongate-elliptic, obtuse at both ends, blade 3,

f tin. Fr. ellipsoid lin. long. 10. B. Clarkei, Hook. f. Sikkim: Reinak 4,500 ft.
C. B. Clarke), Lopchu 5,200 ft. (Sanu Tarsing) (B. B. Osmaston). A large tree, l. mem-
branous, acuminate, blade 5-7, pet. 4 in. Panicles hairy, 3-4 in. long, fasciculate at
the ends of branchlets from the uppermost leaf-axils, fl. mostly solitary, pedicels as
long as or a little shorter than fl., perianth divided to the base, segments hairy on
both sides, ovary glabrous.

Endiandra firma, Nees. Silhet. Cachar. Terminal buds and inflorescence slightly
puberulous, |. glabrous, concolorous, elongate-elliptic, blade 5-8, pet. 4 in. long, see. n.
6-8 pair, arching, veins minutely and regularly reticulate, prominently raised on both
surfaces. Panicles axillary 1-2 in. long, branches slender, perianth glabrous outside,
tomentose within. Anthers 3, sessile, tomentose, 2-celled, valves oblong. Fr. ovoid
1 in. long.

Syndiclis paradoxa, Hook. f. in Ic. Pl. t. 1515. Bhutan. L. glabrous chartaceous,
elongate-obovate, blade 3-5, pet. 4 in. long. Fl. minute, panicles axillary, branches
filiform. Perianth-segments 4, broad, glandular-punctate, anthers 4, sessile, 1-celled,
Ovary glabrous.

8. MACHILUS, Nees; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 136.

Evergreen trees, leaves alternate, often clustered at the ends of branchlets,
penninerved, Fl. bisexual, in axillary and pseudo-terminal panicles. Perianth
MM

530 XCI. LAURACEA [Machilus

of 6 nearly always (cf. M. edulis) persistent sepals, spreading or reflexed in
fruit. Anthers 4-celled. Berry oblong or globose, as far as known, the
cotyledons remain underground. Species 15-20 from India to Japan.

The beautiful and very durable dark olive brown Nanmu wood, used for coffins in
China, is the produce of Machilus Nanmu, Hemsley (Persea Nanmu, Oliv.), and other
species of this genus.

A. Sepals glabrous, fr. oblong or ellipsoid.

1. M. odoratissima, Nees. Kaula, Kaunla, Kawala, Hind. Outer Himalayan ranges
and valleys from the Sutlej eastwards, 2-7,000 ft. Khasi hills. Ruby Mines district,
Upper Burma. A moderate sized tree, 1. glabrous, dark green and shining above, pale
beneath, blade 4-6, pet. 3-1 in. long, sec. n. slender, minute raised reticulate veins
prominent on both sides. Panicles shortly pedunculate, about 3 in., perianth-seg-
ments 4}, fr. purple, $ in. long, supported by the reflexed sepals. 2. M. parviflora,
Meissn. Assam, Khasi hills. L. glaucous beneath, sepals 3 in. long.

B. Sepals tomentose or silky, fr. globose.

Fig. 179. Machilus bombycina, King. 34.

(a) The young and as a rule the mature |. densely pubescent beneath.

3. M. villosa, Hook. f£—Syn. Phabe villosa, Wight Ic. t. 1822. Subhimalayan tract
and outer hills from Nepal eastwards, ascending to 6,000 ft. Assam. Silhet. Cachar.
Chittagong. Patkoi range. Upper Burma. Hills between Sitang and Salwin 8,000 ft.
(D. B. 1880). A large or middle-sized tree, young shoots panicles and fl. softly tomen-
tose, sec. n. prominent beneath, 6-S pair, panicles large, fasciculate at the ends of
branchlets, in the axils of bracts or of the uppermost 1., sepals 4-4 in. long, fr. 1 in.
diam., seated on the reflexed perianth. 4. M. edulis, King. Vern. Lepcha phal, Nep.,
Sikkim and Bhutan, 4-8,000 ft. A large tree, branchlets stout with prominent leaf-
sears, 1. thickly coriaceous, oblanceolate, blade 5-12, pet. 4 in., sec. n. straight, oblique.
Fr. edible, 14 in. diam. on a stout woody peduncle, perianth almost deciduous.

(b) L. glabrous or finely silky beneath.

a. Filaments villous. Western species.

5. M. macrantha, Nees; Wight Ic. t. 1824: Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 264. Vern. Gulum,
Mar.; Kurma, Kroma, Gulmavu, Kan.; Kollamavu, Tam.; Uravu, Mal. Western
Ghats and adjoining hill ranges, from Matheran southwards. Ceylon. A large tree,
1. glabrous, elliptic-oblong or elongate-elliptic, blade 4-10, pet 2-1 in. long, panicles
much branched, hoary, fl. yellow tomentose, } in. long, fr. black, }-?in. diam. M.
glaucescens, Wight Ic. t. 1825, is supposed to differ by larger fr.

Machilus) XCI. LAURACEA 531

f. Filaments hairy at the base only (cf. Gammieana).
6. M. bombycina, King. The Soom tree (Machilus odoratissima, Nees ;
Brandis, The Muga silk industry, Ind. For. y. 35).

A middle-sized tree, young shoots and inflorescence silky, 1. elliptic-lanceo-
late, clothed beneath with minute silky hairs, blade 4-5, pet. } in. long, sec. n.
arching, slender, 6-8 pair. Perianth silky, segments } in. long, fr. } in. diam.

Forms extensive forests in the Sibsagar district, Assam, this being the principal
species on which the Muga silkworm is raised. Western Duars, Chittagong (Prain).
Yunnan (?). Nearly allied and possibly not specifically distinct are the 2 following:
7. M. Kurzii, King. Sikkim 6-9,000 ft. Upper Burma. Yunzalin, Martaban 2.500 ft.
(D. B. March 1880). Young shoots and |. beneath almost glabrous, sec. n. slender.
8. M. Gamblei, King. Subhimalayan tract and outer hills from the Jumna eastwards,
ascending to 7,000 ft., shoots and young 1. beneath finely silky, adult 1. quite glabrous.
L. from elliptic-lanceolate to obovate, sec. n. 8-12 pair, fr. }-3 in. diam.

9. M. Duthiei, King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. ix. t. 83; Collett Fl. Simla 431, fig. 138.
Vern. Chan, Haz.; Khawala, Bhojo, Jauns.; Bhadrao, Garhw.; Kaula, Kumaon.
N. W. Himalaya, Hazara to Kumaon 4-8,000 ft., on northern slopes and in shady
ravines. A large or moderate-sized, sometimes gregarious tree, l. glabrous, glaucous

‘beneath, lanceolate, blade 6-10, pet. 4-1 in. long, sec. n. arching, 12-18 pair. Panicles
pedunculate, about 6 in. long, perianth silky-tomentose outside, segments } in. long,
filaments glabrous, fr. 4 in. diam.

10. M. Gammieana, King.—Syn. M. Clarkeana, King. Sikkim, common, 5-8,000 ft.
A large tree, leaf-buds covered with large obtuse silky scales, 1. glabrous, lanceo-
late, blade 6-10, pet. 4-4 in. long. Panicles glabrous, shorter than |., in the axils of
broad silky bracts and of the uppermost 1. Perianth-segments }- in. long, 5-nerved,
finely silky on both surfaces, rarely glabrous, filaments hairy at base, with a few long
deciduous hairs in the upper part. Fr. 3-14 in. diam.

11. M. fruticosa, Kurz. Martaban and Tenasserim. A shrub, 1]. glabrous, rigidly
coriaceous, the reticulate veins almost as distinct as the sec. n. Panicles axillary,
hoary, 3-8, perianth-segments silky, y45 in. long—Some of the species here described
will probably disappear when more thoroughly studied in the forests. Imperfectly
known are: M. Listeri, King; M. bootanica, Meissn.; M. Kingii, Hook. f. and others.

4. ALSEODAPHNE, Nees; Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 143.
Section IT. of Persea in Engl. u. Prantl, iii. 2. 115.

Evergreen trees, 1. pennineryed. Fl. bisexual, in axillary panicles, anthers
4-celled. Fr. ellipsoid, seated on the club-shaped end of the thick fleshy
peduncle. Species about 15, tropical Asia.

1. A. semecarpifolia, Nees; Wight Ic. t. 1826, 1827; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 297. Phudgus,
Mar.; Nelthare, Kan. Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards. Ceylon, dry
region. A large tree, 1. coriaceous, glaucous beneath, glabrous or on the underside
minutely tomentose, usually obovate, in var. angustifolia elongate-elliptic, blade 4-7,
pet. 4-# in. Panicles pedunculate, longer than |., perianth in fl. 4 in. long, pedicels
slender, longerthan fl. 2. A. petiolaris, Hook.f. Assam. Cachar. Upper Burma (Griff).
A tall tree, 1. rigidly coriaceous, blade 8-12, pet. stout, 14-2 in., sec. n. very strong
beneath, tert. n. parallel. Fr. 14 in. long. Imperfectly known: 8. A. grandis, Nees.
4. A. costalis, Nees.

5. DODECADENIA, Nees; FI. Brit. Ind. y. 180,

Evergreen trees with perulate buds and scattered coriaceous penninerved
leaves. Flowers bisexual. Perianth-tube short, funnel- or cup-shaped, seg-
ments 6-9, spreading. Perfect stamens 10-18, anthers 4-celled. Fruit seated
on the dilated thick flat perianth-tube.

1. D. grandiflora, Nees. Kumaon 8,000 ft. Nepal, Upper Burma (Kurz). Branchilets,
petioles and midrib on the upperside tomentose, leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate,
the finely reticulate veins prominent. FI. 4 in. across, solitary, on very short pedicels,
marked with the scars of deciduous braets, stamens exserted, villous. Fr. 4 in. long,
seated on the flat perianth-tube, 2. D, Grifithii, Hook. f. Bhutan. Similar, but
branchlets quite glabrous, bracts 7 to each fl., perianth-segments 6. 8. D. paniculata,
Hook. f. Sikkim 8,000 ft. Bhutan. Khasi hills. Manipur. A small tree, glabrous
except inflorescence, ]. coriaceous, shining above, opaque beneath, ovate-lanceolate,
blade 6-8, pet. 4 in., sec. n. arching, 10-12 pair. FI. in axillary panicles, pedicels rusty-

532 XCI. LAURACEA [ Dodecadenia

pubescent, -$ in. long. Peduncles ridged, minutely hairy, as well as outside of
perianth. Fl. 4 in. across, no bracts, stamens 18, anthers and the short filaments
minutely hairy. Fr. obovoid or clavate, 1-14 in. long, pedicel thickened into the
obconie calyx-tube. ;

6. PHGEBE, Nees; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 141.

Evergreen trees or shrubs, leaves alternate, often clustered at ends of
branchlets, penninerved. Fl. bisexual or polygamous, paniculate. Segments
of perianth-tube erect, hard, clasping the base of fruit. Anthers 4-celled.
Species about 50, those of section I. Indian and Malayan, those of section II.
with two exceptions American. Of the Indian species 2 are common to the two
Peninsulas, the rest belong to the Hastern region.

I. Lobes of fruiting perianth appressed, rigid, almost horny.
A. Perianth glabrous.

1. P. lanceolata, Nees; Wight Ic. t. 1821. Vern. Bhadroi, Jaunsar; Tamri, Dehra
Din; Katkaula, Kumaon. Subhimalayan tract and outer ranges, from the Bias east-
wards, ascending to 6,500 ft. Oudh forests. Khasi hills. Chittagong. Upper Burma.
Wainad, Anamalais, Tinnevelliand Travancore. A small or middle-sized tree, 1. glabrous,
chartaceous, lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, blade 5-8, pet. $—? in., sec. n. slender, 6-10
pair. Paniclesaxillary, pedunculate, perianth-segments 4-4 in., fr. narrowly ellipsoid,
4in. long. 2. P. angustifolia, Meissn. Khasi hills. Upper Burma, stream banks and
swamps. Yunnan. A shrub or small tree, 1. very aromatic, linear-lanceolate, blade
6-10, narrowed into pet. }-1 in. long, sec. n. slender, arching. Panicles axillary, on
slender peduncles 3-5 in. long, fl. greenish, umbellate at the ends of panicle branches,
perianth-segments 4 in. long.

B. Perianth silky or pubescent, } in. long and under.

3. P. pallida, Nees. Subhimalayan tract and outer ranges, from Kumaon eastwards,
ascending to 6,000 ft. Assam (Seliny). Khasi hills. Upper Burma. A moderate-
sized tree, similar to 1, shoots, inflorescence and underside of young leaves pubescent,
1. lanceolate or oblanceolate, sec. n. 6-10 pair, prominent beneath. 4. P. paniculata,
Nees ; Wight Ic. t. 1820.—Syn. P. Wightti, Meissn.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 292; P. pubescens,
Nees; Kurz F. FI. II. 290. Nilgiris(Kamara). Anamalais. Nepal. Chittagong. Burma,
Upper and Lower. <A moderate-sized tree, young shoots rusty-tomentose, 1. pubescent
beneath and often also on the midrib above, elliptic or obovate-elliptic, blade 4-8,
narrowed into petiole 4—} in. long, sec. n. 6-12 pair prominent beneath. Panicles and
fl. pubescent, on long slender peduncles, fr. $4 in. long partly enclosed by the persistent
perianth. 5. P. attenuata, Nees. Angaria, Nep. Sikkim and Bhutan outer hills, as-
cending to 3,000 ft. Assam. Mogok, Ruby Mines district 4-5,000 ft. (Hlega or
Thityawa). <A large tree, branchlets stout, shoots, petioles, underside of 1. and inflores-
cence rusty-tomentose with long soft hairs, 1. oblanceolate, blade 5-10, narrowed into
pet. 4 in. long, sec. n. 15-20 pair, tert. n. parallel. Panicles spreading, peduncles
stout, 3-6 in. long, fr. narrowly ellipsoid, 4 in., fruiting calyx } in, long. 6. P. tavoyana,
Hook. f.—Syn. Machilus tavoyana, Meissn. Binedah forest, Pegu (D. B. Feb. 62).
‘Thaungyin (D. B. Apr. 62). Tavoy, Mergui. L. membranous, oblanceolate, finely
acuminate, with scattered often minute hairs beneath, blade 6-10, narrowed into pet.
3-2 in. long, sec. n. arching, 6-8 pair, with shorter intermediate n. Flowering
panicles slender. i

II. Lobes of fruiting perianth coriaceous, not appressed. Perianth in fl.
softly tomentose, + in. long.

7 P. Hainesiana, Brandis in Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 2803. Outer hills, Sikkim, Bhutan,
3-5,500 ft. (H.H. Haines No.303). Angaria, Nep. A large timber tree, attaining 150 ft.
and 20 ft. girth, bark thick,dark grey, wood yellow, makes excellent planking. L.
glabrous, pale beneath, clustered at the ends of branches, oblanceolate to obovate, blade
5-9, pet. 1-14 in. long, sec. n. straight, 12-16 pair, prominent beneath. Peduncles stout,
in fl. 3-4, in fr. 5-9 in. long, perianthin fl. on both sides grey tomentose. Fr. black,
fleshy, 14 in. long, base enclosed by the campanulate 6-lobed perianth, which is 4 in.
long. This remarkable species is nearly allied to Phabe indica, Pax, of the Azores,
Madeira and Teneriffe, which yields a beautiful furniture wood.

7 CINNAMOMUM, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. y. 128.

Evergreen trees or shrubs, 1. opposite or alternate, in most species tripli-
nerved. Fl. in large axillary panicles, often from the axils of the uppermost

Cinnamomum) XCI. LAURACEX 533

]., appearing terminal. Fl. bisexual or polygamous, stamens 9, the 3 inner 2-
glandular at base, anthers 4-celled, staminodes 3, cordate or hastate. Fr.
seated on the more or less enlarged perianth, the lobes of which are wholly or
partly deciduous, rarely persistent. Species about 130, tropical and sub-
tropical Eastern Asia, Australia and the Pacific.

Ecsion I. Malabathrum. Buds with small scales, 1. mostly opposite, tripli-
nerved.

A. L. as a rule opposite. Eastern species.
(a) Buds and young shoots more or less silky. L. glabrous.

1. C. Tamala, Fr. Nees.—Syn. C. albiflorum, Nees, Wight Ic. t. 140, Vern. Dalchini,
Tezpat (the leaves), Hind.; Thitchabo, Burm. Subhimalayan tract and outer ranges,
ascending to 7,000 ft., from the Jumna eastwards, chiefly in damp ravines. Khasi
hills. Silhet. Tipperah. Upper Burma. A moderate-sized tree, very aromatic, 1.
glabrous, opposite or nearly so, often alternate on the same branch, blade 3-6, pet. 4 in.
long, the young foliage pink. Fl. } in. diam., perianth silky, lobes in fr. breaking off
transversely about the middle. Fr. black when ripe, succulent, 4 in. long, supported by
the thickened pedicel and the base of perianth, with short truncate teeth. Kyeik-tapo,
Burm.; Thabihay, Kar., a tree (leaves only),found by me on the headwaters of the Yun-
zalin, March 1880, bark very thick and extremely aromatic, 1. minutely hairy beneath,
may be C. Cassia, Blume, China, which yields the. true Cassia lignea or Cassia bark.
2. C. obtusifolium, Nees; Wight Ic. t. 189. Vern. Nalingyaw, Lulingyaw, Thitkyabo,
Burm. Outer Eastern Himalaya, ascending to 7,000 ft. Khasi hills. Chittagong.
Andamans. Burma, Upper and Lower. Differs from 1 by larger more thickly coria-
ceous 1., blade 9-13, pet. stout 4-3} in. and the perianth-segments persistent in fruit.
3. C. impressinervium, Meissn. Sikkim, 4-6,000 ft. L. glabrous, upper side shining,
lower pale, blade 3-4, pet. 2 in., in mature ]. the nerves deeply impressed on the upper
side. Panicles shorter than |. silkily tomentose, fl. } in. across, perianth-lobes quite
deciduous in fr. 4. ¢. iners, Reinw.; Wight Ic. t. 122. Mergui, Malay Penins. L.
elliptic-lanceolate, panicles lax, slender, long pedunculate, often longer than 1., fl. 4 in.
across, segments of perianth persistent in fr. 5. C. nitidum, Blume (C. Culitlaban,
Wight Ic. t. 137), similar to 4, but fl. larger.

(6) Buds, branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and inflorescence velvety.

6. C. tavoyanum, Meissn. ((. sulphuratum, Kurz. F. Fl. ii. 288). Vern. Hmanthin-po,
Burm. Tenasserim. LL. lanceolate, blade 6-8, pet.3—-?in.long. Peduncles long slender,
fl. § in. across, pedicels as long as or longer than fl. Fr.on s!ender 4-5 in. long peduncles
more than half immersed in the campanulate acutely 6-toothed perianth.

(c) Buds, young shoots and 1. quite glabrous.

7. C. paucifiorum, Nees (C. recurvatum, Wight Ic. t. 133). Assam. Khasi hills, near
streams. Shan States, 3,000 ft. (C. vimineum, Nees), A large shrub or small tree, wood
very aromatic. LL. firmly coriaceous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, blade 38-4, pet. 4 in. long.
Panicles nearly glabrous, few-fld., on slender peduncles, fl. } in. across, segments of
perianth deciduous in fr. 8. C. pedunculatum, Nees, var. angustifolium, Hemsl. Khasi
hills, 4,500 ft. China, Japan. A shrub or small tree, upper 1]. opposite or nearly so,
the lower often alternate, 1. lanceolate, blade 2-6, pet. 4-4 in. Fl. in umbels terminating
the slender panicle branches, pedicels slender, often twice the length of fl., perianth-
segments silky within, }-4 in. long. Fr. oblong 4 in. long, fruiting perianth entire or
with the short truncate base of 6 teeth.

B. L. as a rule opposite, Western species and sp. of both regions.

9. C. zeylanicum, Breyn; Wight Ic. t. 123, 129, 184; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t.
262. The Cinnamon tree. Vern. Dalchini, Kan.; Karuwva, Tam.; Varana,
Lavangu, Mal.; Hmanthin, Burm.

A large tree, all parts very aromatic, |. thick coriaceous, glabrous, upperside
shining, underside dull, 3-5 basal nerves, young foliage pink. Panicles as
long as or not much longer than 1., sometimes terminal, fl. grey-silky, }—-Lin.
diam., fr. dark purple, elongate ellipsoid 4-1 in. long, supported by the much
enlarged perianth.

Western Ghats and adjoining hill ranges, from the Konkan southwards.
Tenasserim. Fl. Nov.-June. An exceedingly variable species, differs from C.
Tamala chiefly by the more thickly coriaceous 1. and the more acute lobes of the
much enlarged fruiting calyx. Grown in Ceylon for its bark in irregular coppice
woods. 10. ©, Wightii, Meissn. Nilgiris. Branchlets and petioles stout, buds globose,
silky, |. rigidly coriaceous, panicles fulvous tomentose. 11. C, macrocarpum, Hook. f.

5384 XCI. LAURACEZ [Cinnamomum

North Kanara, evergreen forest. Peduncles 3-4 in. long, fruiting perianth 3 in. diam.,
a lin. long. 12. C. sulphuratum, Nees. Coorg, Wainad. Nilgiris. Branchlets, young
1. and panicles densely fulvous-tomentose, peduncles 2-8 in., fr. 4-2 in. long, ellipsoid,
fleshy, base included in the 6-lobed perianth, lobes obtuse. 13. C. gracile, Hook. f.
Tinnevelli hills. L. thinly coriaceous, blade 2-3, pet. 4-2 in., tertiary n. and reticulate
veins distinct on both surfaces, panicles few-fid., shorter than. 1., 1. minute, pedicels
long, slender.

C. L. as a rule alternate.

14, C. caudatum, Nees. Subhimalayan tract and outer ranges, from Nepal eastwards,
ascending to 4,000 ft. Upper Burma. L. chartaceous, orbicular or elliptic, obtusely
caudate-acuminate, fl. minute, in short axillary few-fld. contracted pubescent panicles.
Fruiting perianth clavate, fleshy, lobes persistent. 15. C, Perrottetii, Meissn. Nilgiris.
Densely # fulvous tomentose, petiole 1-14 in. Beddome, Manual 184, regards C. Wightii,
sulphuratum, and Perr ottetii as forms of C. zeylanicum.

Section IT. Camphora. Leaf-buds enclosed in large silky orbicular concave
imbricating caducous scales, |. alternate, penninerved.

16. ©. Cecicodaphne, Meissn. Subhimalayan tract and outer hills, from Sikkim east-
wards, ascending to4,000 ft. Khasihills, Manipur. Vern. Malligiri, Nep. L. elliptic,
blade 3-4, Bee a in., sec. n.4-8 pair. Panicles crowded, densely tomentose, fr. oblong,
1} in. long. C. glanduliferum, Meissn. Kumaon(?). Nepal. Assam. Khasi hills.
Similar to 16 Santee long-peduncled, few-fld., nearly glabrous. 18. C. Camphora,
F. Nees._Syn. Camphora oficinarum, Bauh. ; Wight Ie, t. 1818. The Japan Camphor
tree. China, Japan, grown in gardens in India. L. long-acuminate, blade 2-4, pet.
1-1} in., sec. n. 2-3 pair, the lowest pair proceeding from near the base of 1.

19. C. Parthenoxylon, Meissn.—Syn. Sassafras Parthenoxylon, Nees; Wight Ic. t. 1832.
Mergui. Malay Penins. and Archip. China. A large tree, 1. glaucous beneath,
blade 3-8, pet. slender, 1-14 in. long. 20. C. inunctum, Meissn. Vern. Karawe, Burm.
South Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. Fl. dicecious, small, sepals #4, in. long. Fruiting
perianth infundibuliform, narrowed into a stout peduncle.

8. ACTINODAPHNE, Nees; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 147.

Evergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves more or less whorled, rarely opposite or
scattered. Flowers dioicous, in bracteate umbels, clusters or racemes, bracts
imbricating, caducous, not whorled. @ Stamens 9, anthers 4-celled, all introrse,
no staminodes. Staminodes 9,ovary usually glabrous. Fruit seated on the
enlarged flat or concave perianth-tube. Species 50, Hastern Asia and Malaya.

A. Leaves penninerved, more or less whorled. Western species.

(a) Perianth-tube entire in fr.

1. A. Hookeri, Meissn. Vern. Pissa, Pisha, Pichli, Mar.; Thali, Tam.; Malavirimji,
Mal. Western Ghats in evergreen forest, from Matheran southwards. Branchlets
and young leaves usually rusty-tomentose, leaves coriaceous, elliptic- cr ovate-lanceo-
late, finely acuminate, glabrous and shining above, but often tomentose beneath when
full grown, blade 5-7, pet. 4-3 in., sec. n. 6-8 pair, the lowest pair often extending
almost to the middle of the leaf. Clusters of 9 fi. sessile, fr. ellipsoid, seated on the
campanulate entire perianth-tube. 2. A. madaraspatana, Bedd.—Syn. A. Hookeri,
Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 296. Hills on the east side of the Penins., also on the Nilgiris and
in Travancore. A middle-sized tree, branchlets and young |. pubescent, coriaceous,
upperside shining, underside glaucous, quite glabrous when full grown, lanceolate,
blade 6-11, pet. 4 in. long, sec. n. 8-10 pair, prominent beneath. Clusters of ? fl,
pedunculate.

8. A. hirsuta, Hook. f. Quilon. Branchlets, pet. and 1. beneath densely brown-
tomentose, 1. elongate-elliptic, shortly acuminate, blade 4-6, pet. 4 in. long. Fr.
seated on the cup-shaped, entire perianth-tube. 4. A stenophylla, Thwaites, Travancore,
evergreen forest, 4,000 ft. (Bourdillon 543). Ceylon. A small tree, young shoots and
bud-scales minutely pubescent, 1. glabrous, glaucous or white beneath, linear-lanceo-
late, obtuse, blade 2-5, pet. $-4 in. Jong. Fr. in sessile clusters, globose, g in. diam.,
seated on the entire shallowly cup-shaped perianth-tube, pedicels as long as or longer
than fr. 5. A campanulata, Hook. f—Syn. A. salicina, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 295. Tinne-
velli. Closely allied to 4, if distinct.

(6) Perianth-tube 6-lobed in fr.

6. A. lanata, Meissn. Nilgiris. Branchlets and young 1. densely rusty-tomentose, 1].
coriaceous, glaucous beneath, glabrous when mature, lanceolate, blade 3-4, pet. } in.

Actinodaphne}| XCI. LAURACEA 535

long. Clusters of 2 fl. sessile, fr. globose 4 in. diam., seated on the enlarged 6-lobed
perianth-tube. 7. A. salicina, Meissn. Nilgiris. L. linear-lanceolate, probably a
narrow leaved form of 6.

B. L. penninerved, more or less whorled. Eastern species.

8. A. angustifolia, Nees; Wight Ic. t. 1841.—Syn. Litswa angustifolia,
Kurz. Vern. Nalingyo, Burm.

A large or moderate-sized tree, branchlets stout, as well as young 1. softly
tomentose. L. coriaceous, glaucous beneath, shining above, lanceolate, blade
8-12, pet. 4} in. long, sec. n. 6-8 pair, prominent beneath, midrib and under-
side of the sec. n. usually hairy. Clusters of 2 H. very shortly peduncled,
fr. } in. diam., seated on the small cup-shaped entire perianth-tube.

West Duars in partially evergreen forest. Assam, Garo and Khasi hills. Chitta-
gong. Singbhum rare, in valleys. Common in the evergreen forest patches of the Pegu
Yoma. Martaban and Tenasserim. Fl. R.S. 9. A. sesquipedalis, Hook. f. & Thoms.
—Syn. Litsea macrophylla, Kurz. Mergui. Penang. Branchlets very stout, tomen-
tose, ]. rigidly coriaceous, glossy above, lanceolate, blade 12-24, narrowed into a stout
pet. Lin. long. Fl. in large clusters, fr. globose, 3-1 in. diam., seated on the broad flat
entire or crenate perianth. 10. A reticulata, Meissn. Khasi hills. Sikkim, 6,500 ft.
(B. B. Osmaston). Buds silky, branchlets and young |. minutely pubescent, sometimes
glabrous. L. lanceolate, blade 4-6, pet. 4 in., sec. n. faint, very fine raised reticulate
veins conspicuous on both surfaces. Fr. broadly ellipsoid, $ in. long, seated on the
cupular quite entire perianth-tube, pedicels longer than fr. ;

11. A sikkimensis, Meissn. Vern. Phirphiri, Nep. Sikkim, 3-6,000 ft. Bhutan.
Manipur. Branchlets slender, 1. membranous, lanceolate, candate-acuminate, blade
3-5, pet. 4-4 in. long, sec. n. slender. Fr. in sessile clusters, oblong, seated on the very
small quite entire base of perianth. 12. A concolor, Nees. Tenasserim. Imperfectly
known.

C. Leaves, some whorled, others opposite or alternate, almost triplinerved,
the lowest pair of the sec. n. reaching to the middle of the leaf.

18. A obovata, Blume. Vern. Muslindi, Nep.; Pattikuta, Ass. Evergreen forest and
damper portions of Sal forest inthe subhimalayan tract from Sikkim eastwards,ascending
to 2,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills. Manipur. A large very handsome tree, branchlets,
leaf buds and leaves rusty-pubescent or tomentose. L. elliptic, bluish-white beneath,
blade 10-18, pet. 1-2 in. long, sec. n. 4-6 pair, prominent beneath ; tert. n. parallel,
slender. Flowers on short compound, compact lateral racemes, while in bud covered by
rounded coriaceous scales. Fr. 3-1 in. long, seated on the entire cup-shaped perianth-
tube. 14. A. confertifiora, Meissn. Bhutan. Glabrous, |. alternate, broadly ovate or
elliptic, blade 4-7, pet. Lin. long. Fl. numerous in dense axillary compound clusters,
pedicels long, 15. A leiantha, Hook. f—Syn. Litsea leiophylla, Kurz. Tenasserim (or
Andamans). Glabrous, except the rusty pubescent inflorescence. L. scattered, lanceo-
late, blade 5-9, pet. 1 in. Fl. in lateral racemes covered while in bud by imbricate
rounded caducous bracts.

4 9. LITSAZA, Lamk.; Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 155.

Trees, rarely shrubs, l. as a rule alternate, mostly pennineryed. Fl. dioicous
in 4—6-tld. heads, which in bud are enclosed by 4-6 large concave whorled
bracts, fl. sometimes supported by gees: Anthers 4-celled, generally all
introrse. The pedicels of ? fl. lengthén out in fr. hence when several fruits of
one head come to maturity they are umbellate. Species 140, tropical, rare in
Africa and America,

J. Leaves deciduous, penninerved. Perianth-segments 6, tube not enlarged
in fruit.

(a) Leaf-buds naked.

1, L. citrata, Blume.—Syn. Tetranthera polyantha, Wall. Vern. Siltimber,
Nep.; Adakori, Edenkuri, Ass.

A small tree, with a delightful fragrance of oranges, youngest shoots silky,
otherwise entirely glabrous. Branches and leaves black when dry. Leaves
membranous, 4-7 in. long, lanceolate, fresh bright green above, dull glaucous
beneath, blade 4-7, pet. slender 4—} in. long, sec. n. slender. Fl. with the 1.,
heads } in. diam., enclosed by 4 membranous glabrous bracts, ciliate at the

536 XCI. LAURACEA [ Litsea

edges, 4-6 flowers in each head. Heads-on very slender peduncles in sessile
or shortly stalked corymbs. Fr. 4-} in. diam.

Subhimalayan tract and outer ranges from Nepal eastwards, ascending to 9,000 ft.
Common in the West Duars. Assam valley, here chiefly in the Dibrugarh district,
used to feed the silk worm which yields the valued Mezenkuri silk. Khasi hills.
Cachar. Upper Burma (Kurz). Java. FI1.C.S., at high elevations later. 2. L. Kingii.
Hook. f. Sikkim 6-8,000 ft. Khasi hills. An aromatic shrub, 1. elliptic-lanceolate, fl.
before the 1., heads on stout peduncles.

(b) Leaf-buds perulate.

3. L. sericea, Wall. (Tetranthera). Nepal. Sikkim, 9-11,000ft. Manipur. A middle-
sized very aromatic tree, branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and peduncles with lon
silky hairs, fl. before the 1. 4. L. oreophila, Hook. f. Inner Sikkim 10-11,000 ft. L.
ovate-lanceolate, blade 2-3, pet. slender 4 in. long.

II. Leaves persistent, penninerved.
?

A. Perianth-segments incomplete or wanting, tube hardly enlarged in fruit.
Stamens numerous, more than 9. :

5. L. tomentosa, Heyne.—Syn. Tetranthera tomentosa, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 1834.
Vern. Chikna, Mar.; Peru Panjetti, Peram Pandali, Tam. Western Ghats from
Mahabaleshwar to the Nilgiris. Hills of the Cuddapah, South Arcot, Salem and other
districts in the Southern Deccan. Ceylon. Fl. Aug—Jan. A middle-sized tree,
densely and softly tomentose, except the upperside of leaves. Leaves crowded at the
ends- of branches, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 4-6, pet. 3-1 in. long, sec. n. 10-15 pair,
prominent beneath. Flower-heads solitary, § in. diam. before opening, pale yellow, on
peduncles$in.long. ¢: Stamens 18-20, filaments long slender, villous. 2: staminodes
long, strap-shaped, numerous. Fr. 4-4 in. diam.

6. L. sebifera, Pers.—Syn. L. chinensis, Lam. ; Trimen Handb. Ceylon 1.
449; Tetranthera laurifolia, Roxb.; Brandis F. Fl. 379; T. apetala, Roxb.
Cor. Pl. t.147. Vern. Maida, Hind., Mar.; Onddn, Burm.; Singhor, Banboria,
Kumaon.

A middle-sized tree, very variable, inner bark viscid. Branchlets, inflor-
escence and underside of leaves more or less pubescent, sometimes almost
glabrous. LL. ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, pale beneath, blade 5-10, pet. $—2 in.
long, sec. n. 8-12 pair, joined by finely reticulate veins. Flower-heads white
- or yellowish, 4 in. diam. before opening, in pedunculate umbels, filaments
clothed with long soft hairs. Fr. 4 in. diam.

Subhimalayan tract extending into the plains, from the Ravi eastwards, often in Sal
Forests ascending to 4,500 ft. Punjab Salt range. Assam. Khasi hills. Bengal.
Burma. Central and South India. Fl. May—July. 7. L. ligustrina, Nees; Fl. Brit.
Ind. y. 158.—Syn. Tetranthera ligustrina, Nees; Wight Ic. t. 1835. Western Ghats,
from the Nilgiris southwards. Glabrous, |. coriaceous, blade 3-4, pet. 4-} in. long,
obovate, sec. n. 6-8 pair, veins on both sides finely and very prominently reticulate.
Fl.-heads solitary or clustered, } in. diam. before opening. Perianth persistent in fr.
but not enlarged. 8. L. membranifolia, Hook. f. Upper Assam. A middle-sized tree, |.
thin, membranous, pubescent beneath, obovate, blade 8-12, pet. 4-1 in. long, sec. n. 10-14
pair, tert. n. parallel.

B. Perianth-segments 6, tube hardly enlarged in fr.
(a) L. alternate, pubescent or tomentose beneath.

9. L. polyantha, Juss.—Syn. Tetranthera monopetala, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.
148; Brandis F. Fl. t. 45. Vern. Katmarra, Singran, Hind.; Karkauwa,
Dehra Dan; Leja, Gond; Sualu, Ass. ; Ondén, Burma.

A middle-sized tree, branchlets, underside of 1. and inflorescence with soft
brown or rust-coloured pubescence. LL. elliptic-oblong, blade 4-8, pet. {-} in.,
sometimes longer, sec. n. 8-10 pair, joined by the parallel transverse veins.
& fl.-heads 1-1 in. diam. before opening, in sessile or nearly sessile clusters,
fl. 5-6 in each head, sessile or on short hairy pedicels, involucre of 5 rounded
membranous bracts. Fr. } in. long, seated on the persistent base of perianth.

Subhimalayan tract from the Ravi eastwards, ascending to 3,000 ft. Punjab Salt
range. Assam (associated with Soom and also used for rearing the Muga silk-
worm). Khasi and Naga hills. Cachar. Bengal plains. Chittagong. Satpura range.
Northern Cirears. Burma (everywhere in the plains and in the valleys of the principal
rivers). Fl. March-May. 10. L. amara, Bl.—Syn. Tetranthera amara, Nees. Pegu

Litsea) XCI. LAURACE BT
Yoma, eastern slopes (Kurz), Tenasserim. Malay Penins. and Archip. Branchlets,
petioles, underside of ]. and inflorescence minutely brown-tomentose. L. thinly coria-
ceous, elliptic or lanceolate, blade 4-6, pet. 4 in., sec. n. 10-15. ¢ fi.-heads 7; in. diam.
on short slender peduncles in axillary sessile clusters, ? fl.-heads nearly sessile. Fr-
ovoid, }-4 in. long. 11. L. rangoonensis, Meissu. (Tetranthera). Similar to 10, ]. more
acuminate, sec. n. 8-12. @ fl.-heads pedicellate. 12. L. Kurzii, King. Andamans.
Branchlets, petioles, underside of 1]. and inflor. harshly brown-tomentose. L. coriaceous,
elliptic-oblong, blade 6-9, pet. stout, § in., sec. n. 10-15 pair, tertiary parallel, prominent.
¢ heads 3 in. diam. before opening. 13. L. grandis, Wall.(7etranthera). Not unfrequent
in Pegu, Martaban and Upper Tenasserim (Kurz). Malay Peninsula. Branchlets stout,
marked with the sears of fallen]. L. rigidly coriaceous, upperside shining, underside
densely and softly brown-tomentose. broadly elliptic or obovate, blade 9-11, pet. stout,
1 in. long, sec. n. 10-15 pair, very prominent beneath as well as the parallel tertiary n.
3 heads } in. diam. before opening, on stout peduneles, }-} in. long. Specimens from
Burma not seen. Specimens (in leaf only) coll. by me in the Meplay evergreen forest
(March 1862) (Momoh, Karen), a large tree, wood yellow, fl. said in my notes to be
bisexual, marked by Kurz as Tetranthera grandis, Wall., var. ?, are quite different.

(b) L. glabrous beneath or nearly so, sometimes opposite.

14. L. lancifolia, Roxb. Sikkim, foot of hills) Bhutan. Assam. Khasi hills.
Cachar. Chittagong. Tenasserim. A shrub or small tree, branchlets, petioles and
midrib finely tomentose, ]. thinly chartaceous, glaucous beneath, usually opposite or
nearly so, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 4-6, pet. } in. long, sec. n. 6-8 pair. Fl. white, fr.
globose, on the small flat perianth-tube. The Sikkim specimens have lanceolate alter-
nate 1, 15, L. mishmiensis, Hook.f. Mishmi hills, Assam. A large glabrous tree, 1.
thinly coriaceous, blade 4-6, pet. # in., sec. n. faint. 16. L, assamica, Hook.f. Assam.
L. thinly coriaceous, blade 4-6, pet. } in., sec. n. slender. 17. L. Wallichii, Hook. f.—
Syn. Lindera nervosa, Kurz. Bhutan. Tenasserim. A glabrous tree, |]. coriaceous,
elongate-elliptic, blade 6-8, pet. 4-4 in. long, sec. n. 6-8 pair, arching, impressed above,
veins on both surfaces raised, minutely and regularly reticulate. Filaments glabrous,
fr. nearly globose, 4 in. long, seated on the persistent but not enlarged 6-lobed perianth.

18. L. venulosa, Meissn. ‘Tinnevelli hills. An evergreen straggling shrub, quite
glabrous, |. thinly coriaceous, glaucous beneath, elliptic-oblong, obtusely caudate-
acuminate, blade 3-5, pet. } in. long.

C, Perianth-segments usually 6, tube much enlarged in fr.

(a) Fl.-heads solitary or fascicled.

a. 1, more or less pubescent or tomentose beneath.

19. L. Khasyana, Meissn. Subhimalayan tract from Sikkim eastwards, ascending to
8,000 ft. Upper Burma. Ruby Mines district 5,000 ft.(Ondén). Branchlets, 1. beneath
and inflorescence finely pubescent, 1. usually glaucous beneath, varying in shape,
blade 6-12, pet. 4-} in., see. n. 10-15 pair, nearly straight, prominent beneath. Heads
before opening } in. diam., fascicled on stout peduncles. Fr. 1 in. diam., seated on the
enlarged fleshy turbinate perianth-tube. 20. L. martabanica, Kurz (Tetranthera).
Martaban, hills south of Taépo, 4,000 ft. Salween 2,000 ft. (D. B. 1859 and 1880). A
shrub or small tree, branchlets, pet., underside of |. and inflorescence finely tawny-
tomentose. LL. coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-8, pet. }—-1 in. long, sec. n. arching,
6-8 pair, tertiary n. and finely reticulate veins prominent beneath. Fl.-heads } in.
diam. before opening, 2-4 in axillary pedunculate umbels. Involucral bracts 4, fl. 4,
perianth thin. Fr. ellipsoid, 4 in. long, base enclosed in the salver-shaped perianth-
tube. 21. L. semecarpifolia, Wall. (Tetranthera). Patmoro, Nep. Western Duars,
common in Sil and mixed forest. Manipur. Pegu Yoma, eastern slopes. Martaban.
A moderate-sized tree, branchlets, petioles, underside of |. and inflorescence velvety,
]. coriaceous, obovate or elongate-elliptic, blade 6-8, pet. 4—-} in. long. Fl.-heads } in.
diam. before opening, in compact axillary clusters, stamens long exserted. Fr. globose,
}# in. diam, seated on the broad cup-shaped perianth-tube. 22. L. elongata, Wall.
Outer Himalayan ranges from the Jumna eastwards, common in Sikkim 6-9,000 ft.,
rare further west. Assam. Khasi hills. A moderate-sized or small tree, branchlets
stout, densely rusty-tomentose as well as petioles, underside of 1. and inflorescence. L.
elliptic-lanceolate, blade 4-11, pet. 4-4 in. long, tert. n. parallel. ¢@ heads often
solitary, 4 in. diam. before opening, peduncles 4-} in. Fr. elongate-ellipsoid, «4 in.
long, usually 2 or 8 from one head, seated on the spreading more or less lobed soft-
tomentose pedicelled perianth. 23. L. nuculanea, Kurz. Tenasserim. Siam. Branch-
lets, petioles and underside of 1. finely tomentose, |. coriaceous, obovate-elliptic, blade
5-7, pet f in. Fr, } in. long, the lower half included in the thickly coriaceous cup-
shaped perianth.

24. L. coriacea, Heyne. Courtallum. Travancore, common in secondary forest,
ascending to 3,000 ft. A small tree, branchlets, petioles and underside of |. more or
less harshly pubescent, l. coriaceous, blade 5-7, pet. 4 in. loug. d¢ fl.-heads subsessile,

538 XCI. LAURACEA [Litsea

% in. diam. before opening, crowded in compact axillary clusters, lower part of fr.

enclosed in the cup-shaped perianth.
8. L. glabrous beneath or nearly so.

25. L. salicifolia, Roxb.-Syn. Tetranthera lancifolia, Kurz, and T. glauca, Wall.
Subhimalayan tract (often associated with Sal on damp ground) and outer ranges
from Nepal eastwards ascending to 6,000 ft. Oudh forests. Assam. Garo, Khasi and
Naga hills. Bengal plains, Sundriban, Chittagong. Burma, Lower and Upper. A
small tree, branchlets minutely hairy, |. chartaceous, usually glaucous beneath, very
variable in shape, from elliptic- to linear-lanceolate, blade 3-10, pet. 4-1 in. long, sec. n.
10-15 pair prominent beneath. ¢ heads 4-6-fld., on short peduncles, in axillary
clusters. Fr. dark purple, narrowly elliptic, 4 in. long, seated on the funnel- or club-
shaped perianth, which is narrower than the fr. Resembles L. lancifolia, differs by
alternate 1. and the almost cylindrical fr. Closely allied: 26. L. oblonga, Wall. Nepal.
Sikkim. Assam. Khasi hills. Quite glabrous, headsof ¢ fl. in pedunculate corymbs,
fr. 3 in. long.

27. L. leta, Wall. Subhimalayan tract from Sikkim eastwards, ascending to 2,000
ft. Assam. Khasi hills. A shrub or middle-sized tree, youngest shoots, petioles and
midrib sometimes hairy, l. usually entirely glabrous. L. coriaceous, glaucous beneath,
blade 6-14, pet. 4-1 in., sec. n. 6-9 pair, veins finely reticulate beneath. dheads } in.
diam. before opening, fascicled on a short thick peduncle, partiallpeduncles slender, up
tolin.long. Fr. black lin. diam., seated on the large fleshy salver-shaped perianth.
28. L. Thomsonii, Meissn. Silhet. A Jarge tree, 1. firmly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong,
blade 6-8, pet. stout 4-1 in. long, tertiary n. and veins obscure. Unripe fr. globose, in
lateral corymbs, lower half included in the cup-shaped perianth, on thick spreading
pedicels. 29. L. chartacea, Wall. (Tetranthera). Nepal. Sikkim, 5-6,000 ft. L. thinly
coriaceous, blade 3-6, pet. slender, } in. long, sec. n. slender, 6-10 pair, reticulate veins
raised and prominent beneath. Fr. 3 in. long, ellipsoid, obtuse, base immersed in the
cup-shaped perianth. 30. L. Meissneri, Hook. f. Khasi and Naga hills. L. thinly
coriaceous, lanceolate, obtusely caudate-acuminate, blade 4-6, pet. 4-4 in. long, sec. n.
slender, 10-15 pair. 4 heads solitary, subsessile or on short stout peduncles, bracts
fringed with long brown silky hairs.

31. L. myristicefolia, Wall. (Tetranthera).-Syn. Lepidadenia Grifithii, Wight Ie. t.
1846. Pegu, above Rangoon (Kurz), Meplay Forest, Thaungyin (D. B. March 1862).
Malay Peninsula. A small tree, perfectly glabrous, 1. coriaceous, pale beneath, lanceo-
late or oblanceolate, blade 4-8, narrowed into pet. 4-1 in. long, sec. n. slender, reticulate
veins obscure. ¢ fl. headstin. diam. before opening, glabrous, numerous, on peduncles
up to # in. long, in dense axillary fascicles, stamens 12, in pairs, opposite to the peri-
anth-segments, the 6 inner biglandular at base, filaments glabrous. Fr. globose 4 in.
diam., half immersed in the cupular fleshy perianth, pedicels up to $ in. long. 82. L.
longipes, Meissn. (Cylicodaphne). Mergui. Closely allied to 31, of which Kurz makes
it a variety. Fruiting perianth larger, pedicel 14 in. long. 33. L. leiantha, Kurz
(Tetranthera). Andamans. A middle-sized entirely glabrous tree, 1.- coriaceous,
broadly elliptic, blade 5-7, pet. 1-14 in. 6 fl. heads before opening 4 in. diam. on
slender peduncles 4 in. long. 34. L. Helferi, Hook.f. Tenasserim (or Andamans). LL.
glabrous, coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, finely acuminate, blade 3-4, pet. slender 4-4 in.
long. . 35. L. albicans, Kurz(Tetranthera). Eastern slopes of the Pegu Yoma, along
streams (Kurz). Upper Thaungyin, east side of the Doyukyi pass in evergreen forest
(D. B. March 1862). A shrub or small tree, 1. glabrous, thinly coriaceous, lanceolate- or
oblanceolate-oblong, blade 6-10, narrowed into pet. 3 in. long, sec. n. slender, 6-8 pair,
veins raised, conspicuously reticulate on both surfaces. ¢ heads grey-pubescent, $ in.
diam. before opening, in fascicles, sessile or on short stout peduncles, partial peduncles
up to 4 in. long. Fr. fleshy, aromatic, seated on the large fleshy rugose cup-shaped
perianth.

36. L. angustifolia, Wall. (Tetranthera). Assam (Sibsagar, D. B. March 1879), Silhet.
Cachar. Chittagong, in rocky streambeds. Young shoots and underside of young 1.
finely pubescent, |. narrowly linear-lanceolate, blade 4-8, pet. + in., sec. n. slender,
numerous. ¢ fl. heads% in. diam. on slender peduncles } in. long, in axillary fascicles.

(>) FI. heads in axillary racemes.
a, Eastern species.

37. L. nitida, Roxb. (Tetranthera). Bhutan. Silhet. Assam, Nambar forest (D. B.
March 1879). Pegu, Hlaing forests. Singbhum, in deep valleys, not common. A
middle-sized, sometimes a large tree, branchlets stout, shining,angular. L.dark green,
shining, rigidly coriaceous, oblanceolate, mostly obtuse, blade 8-12, narrowed into
stout pet. #-1 in. long, sec. n. faint. FJ.-heads in axillary racemes, ¢ 24, 9 1-2 in.
long, ¢ heads 4-4 in. diam. before opening, partial peduncles slender, 4 in. long. Fr.
purple when ripe, ellipsoid, 3 in. long, while unripe entirely enclosed in the indistinetly
lobed perianth. 38. L. Panamonja, Ham.(Tetranthera). Assam. Chittagong. Tenas-

Litsea) XCI. LAURACEA 539

serim. Malay Penins. A large tree, young shoots minutely puberulous. LL. glabrous,
thinly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, blade 6-8, pet. }-L in. ¢ racemes slender, drooping,
5-7 in. long.

B. Western species.

39. L. Wightiana, Hook. f.—Syn. Cylicodaphne Wightiana, Nees; Wight
Te. t. 1833; Vetranthera Wightiana, Wall.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 293. Vern.
Kenju, Nilg.; Hammadi, Kan.

Fig. 180. Litseea Wightiana. Hook. f.

A large tree, branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and inflorescence clothed
with dense rusty-tomentum. lL. coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate,
blade 3-9, pet. 3-$ in., sec. n. 8-15 pair impressed above, prominent beneath.
3g heads } in. diam. before opening, racemes 1-4 in. long, perianth tomentose,
stamens 12, filaments hairy. Fr. % in. long, base enclosed in the cup-shaped,
more or less lobed, perianth.

Western Ghats in evergreen forest, from North Kanara southwards. Fl. July—Nov.
40. L. Beddomei, Hook. f. Tinnevellihills. L. silvery glaucous beneath, narrow lanceo-
late, blade 2-3, pet. } in. 41. L. Stocksii, Hook. f. Western Ghats from Mahabaleshwar
southwards. A moderate-sized tree, glabrous, except the brown velvety inflorescence,
and very minute hairs occasionally on the underside of 1. L. coriaceous, glaucous
beneath, elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate, blade 4-7, pet. 4-lin. ¢ heads }~-4 in. diam.
before opening, racemes stout 1-3 in. long, perianth grey silky. Nearly allied to 39.
42. L. glabrata, Wall. (Tetranthera). Dindigal. Travancore. A smallor middle-sized
tree, youngest shoots minutely silky. L. glabrous, elongate-elliptic, blade 5-7, pet. 4 in.,
sec. n. faint. d racemes 3-5 in. long.

48. L. oleoides, Meissn. Nilgiris. Youngest shoots and racemes finely grey-silky,
otherwise quite glabrous, branchlets stout. L. usually opposite or nearly so, rigidly
coriaceous, elongate-elliptic, blade 3-5, pet. stout. 4 in., see. n. fuint, midrib prominent
beneath. d¢ heads 4 in. diam., racemes erect, 2 in. long. Fr. globose, seated on the
broad turbinate perianth-tube,

III. L. persistent, more or less triplinerved. Fl.-heads in sessile clusters.
Perianth turbinate, segments usually 4, deciduous. Stamens usually 6, the 2
inner biglandular. Perianth-tube not enlarged in fr. In Engler u. Prantl,
iii. 2. 119, the species of this section are classed under a separate genus :

-

Tetradenia, Nees.

540 XCI. LAURACEA [Litsea.

44. L. zeylanica, C. & Fr. Nees; Wight Ic. t. 1844; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t.
294.—Syn. L. oblonga, Nees; Wight. Te. t. 1845; L. foliosa, Nees ; Laurus
involucrata, Vahl; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 187. Vern. Kanvel, Chirchira, Mar. ;
Shembaga, Palai, Tam.

A large tree, leaf-buds ovoid or ovoid-lanceolate, minutely silky. L.
coriaceous, glabrous, elliptic or elliptic-lanceclate, acuminate, blade 3-5, pet.
3-1 in. long. Two distinct basal nerves extending to the middle of leaf, above
these 2-3 pair of sec.n. Heads 4—5-fid. in sessile axillary fascicles, perianth
silky 4-5-lobed, pedicels of 2 fl. generally glabrous lengthening out in fr. to
tin. Fr. ovoid or globose 4 in. long.

Bhutan. Khasi hills. Manipur. Chittagong. Martaban hills east of Toungoo
(Kurz). Western Ghats from Mahabaleshwar southwards. Nilgiris. Anamalais.
Rumpa hills, Northern Cirears. Javadies and other hills in the Peninsula. Fl. Oct—
Jan. Malay Penins. and Archip. 45. L. lanuginosa, Nees. Outer Himalaya from the
Jumna eastwards, usually 3-6,000 ft. In the Dehra Dian at 1,900 ft. Khasi hills.
A small tree, young shoots and young |. underneath clothed with long soft silky hairs,
buds often 1 in. long. L. (when full grown) glabrous and glaucous underneath, blade
6-12, pet. 4-1 in. Heads in dense silky clusters 1 in. across, fr. oblong $ in. Jong, 46.
L. Clarkei, Prain, Bengal Plants 903. Chittagong. A small tree, buds finely silky,
branchlets and |. glabrous, 1. rigidly coriaceous, elliptic, caudate-acuminate, tripli-
nerved, the 2 suprabasal n. extending to near the apex of 1., raised finely reticulate
veins prominent on both surfaces, ¢ heads in short axillary racemes, common peduncle
with small imbricating bracts. FI]. silky, 6 in each head. 47. L. umbrosa, Nees.—Syn.
L. consimilis, Nees; Collett Simla Fl. 484 Fig. 139. Vern. Sharir, Jauns.; Narik.
Rupin ; Puteli, 2 Nep. Himalaya, from the Chenab eastwards, 4—-9,000 ft. also in
some of the inner valleys (Nogli and Rupin. Serahn in the Sutlej valley). Assam.
Khasi hills. A moderate-sized tree, bark dark brown, young shoots minutely silky.
L. glabrous, thinly coriaceous, underside with a white bloom, lanceolate, long acuminate,
blade 3-6, pet. 4 in., sec. n. 3-5 pair, the lowest pair from near the base often extending
tothe middle of 1., so that the]. appear triplinerved. F1.-heads yellowish-white, pedicels.
silky, those of the ? lengthen out to#in. Fr. nearly globose $ in. diam. 44 and 47
are united in my old F. Fl. The N. West Himalayan tree is different from that of the
eastern districts and the Peninsula, but there are intermediate forms, and it is not
impossible that further study of the tree on the spot (not from Herbarium specimens)
may lead to the union of the 2 species. 48. L, Mannii, King. Khasi hills. L, tripli-.

nerved, minutely impressed punctate on both surfaces, lanceolate, blade 2-8, pet. slender,
} in., sec. n. obscure.

10. LINDERA, Thunb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 182.

Characters of Litsea but fl. in each head usually numerous (1 in L. caadata),
pedicels of ¢ fl. longer and anthers usually 2-celled.

A. Leaves persistent, penninerved, ¢ flower-heads on peduncles 4 in. long
and longer.

1. L. assamica, Kurz F. FI. ii. 308.

A large tree, branchlets and 1. beneath rusty pubescent. Leaves lanceolate,
blade 4-7 , pet. in. long, midrib and 6-10 pairs of sec. n. prominent beneath,
as well as intermediate and transverse veins. Fl.-heads on peduncles } in.
long, solitary, fascicled or in short racemes, involucral bracts 4, veined,
glabrous outside. Fl. 10-15 in each head, on silky pedicels {—§ in. long,
perianth-segments hyaline, ciliate, filaments silky. Fr. nearly globose, 4—} in.
long, up to 6 from’ each fi.-head on peduncles }-1 in. long, hence forming
pedunculate umbels.

Sikkim 6-8,000 ft. Bhutan. Assam. Nattaung, Martaban (Kurz). <A tree found
by Montague Hill in dry hill forests east of Bhamo at 5,000 ft., has youngest shoots
silky but “branchlets and 1. entirely glabrous, 1. thinly coriaceous, shining above,
opaque beneath, sec. n. 5-7 pair. otherwise same as 1. 2. L. Meissneri, King. Mikir
hills, Assam. LL. chartaceous, quite glabrous, fl. 9 in each head, may possibly prove to
be the tree found by Mont. Hill mentioned under 1.

3. L. 2) aromatica, Brandis in Hook. Ic. Pl. +t. 2784. Karawe. Burm.; Le-u,
Karen. Hills between Thaungyin and Haundraw above 4,000 ft. (D. B. April
1859). Mountains east of Toungoo, 2,000 ft. (D. B. Febr. 1880). A glabrous

Lindera| XCI. LAURACE 541

shrub, |. scattered, thinly coriaceous, blade 2-5, pet. slender, ? in. long, sec. n.
arching, slender 6-8 pair, anastomosing under the margin. g fl.-heads white, } in.
diam. before opening, on slender glabrous peduncles 4 in. long, solitary or in short
axillary racemes. Involucre of 4 bracts, 3-5-nerved, minutely hairy at the
base, otherwise glabrous, fl. 4 in. long, 4-5 in each head, shortly pedicelled,
pernaith-segments 6, hairy, hyaline, obovate, stamens 9, the 3 inner biglandular, fila-
ments hairy, anthers mostly 4-, sometimes 2-celled. Fr. globose, seated on the thick
pedicel 4 in. long, pericarp fleshy, very aromatic, edible. The fr. is sold. Closely
allied to this remarkable shrub are specimens collected in Yunnan, ¢ by Hancock 244,
5,000 ft., fl. yellowish-green, by Henry 10439, 6,000 ft., 11395, 113954, 5,000 ft., fl.
white, single fl. 4 in. long, per.-segments and filaments glabrous, anthers all 4-celled,
and in Tonkin 9 by Balansa, “a shrub wild and cultivated for its aromatic fruit.”
Species 1-3 ought to be placed in a separate genus, together with Lindera citriodora,
Hemsley, an exceedingly fragrant deciduous shrub of Japan, Formosa and China, with
4-celled anthers.

4. L. latifolia, Hook.f. Khasi hills. A small tree, branchlets, petioles and underside
of |. along nerves rusty- or tawny-tomentose. L. membranous, elliptic, blade 5-9, pet.
3 in. long, sec. n. 6-10 pair, impressed above, prominent beneath. g heads tomentose,
4 in. diam. before opening, in axillary fascicles, peduncles } in., fl. 10-12. Fr. globose,
4 in. diam., up to 8 from one fl. on pedicels 4 in. long, in pedunculate umbels.

B. Leaves persistent, penninerved, ¢ flower-heads sessile or nearly sessile.

5. L. bifaria, Benth. Syn. Daphnidium bifarium, Nees; Brandis F.F1.383. Himalaya,
from Kumaon eastwards. Assam. Khasi hills, Manipur, China. A shrub or small
tree, branchlets, underside of ]. and inflorescence brown-tomentose. lL. coriaceous,
blade 14-5in., pet. } in. long. Fl.-heads sessile in compact axillary clusters, fl. in each
head 6-10, hairy, on hairy pedicels up to fin. long. Fr. globose, + in. diam., seated on
the small shallow cup-shaped perianth-tube. 6. L, Laureola, Coll. et Hemsl. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xxviii. 119. Shan hills, Upper Burma, at 4,000 ft. Similar to 5, but glabrous,
excepting the silky pedicels. 7. L. reticulata, Benth. Assam. Silhet. Rusty-tomentose,
1, obovate to broadly oblanceolate, blade 6-9, pet. § in. long. Heads 4-9-fid., fr. ellipsoid,
4in. long. 8. L. venosa, Benth. Bhutan A moderate-sized tree, nearly leafless in
winter. Glabrous, branchlets stout, l. approximate towards the ends of branches, char-
taceous, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 6-10, narrowed into slender pet. {-1 in. long. Heads
on short peduncles, 4 in. diam. before opening, 6-10 fl. in each head.

C. L. persistent with 3 (sometimes 5) basal nerves.

9. L. caudata, Benth.—Syn. Daphnidium caudatum, Nees. Khasi and Naga hills.
Hills south-east of Toungoo at 4,000 ft. (D. B. 1859 and 1880). A small tree, wood
reported to be very durable. Young shoots silky, branchlets and young |. thinly
rusty pubescent, 1. chartaceous, ovate-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, 3 basal nerves
extending to the apex of |. Fl.-heads 5 in. diam. before opening, sessile on dense very
short axillary spikes. Involueral bracts 2, one fl. in each head, perianth and filaments
pilose. Fr. globose } in. diam. seated on the 6-cleft perianth. 10. L. pulcherrima,
Benth.—Syn. Daphnidium pulcherrimum, Nees; Brandis F. F]. 383. Himalaya from
Kumaon eastwards, 4-9,000 ft. Khasihills. Manipur. Hills east of Toungoo (Kurz).
A large tree, terminal buds silky, branchlets with a few minute hairs. L. glabrous,
chartaceous, pale or glaucous beneath, ovate-lanceolate, long caudate-acuminate, blade
2-5, pet. slender, }-4 in. Heads sessile, solitary or few together, 5-6-fld., involucral
bracts 4-6, deciduous, pedicels hairy, 4-} in. long. Fr. ellipsoid, 4 in. long, perianth
almost entirely deciduous. 11. L. melastomacea, Benth. Khasi hills. Bhutan. A
shrub or small tree similar to 10, but perfectly glabrous, |. coriaceous, acute or shortly
acuminate.

D. L. deciduous, basal nerves 3-7, fl. appearing before the 1.

12. E. heterophylla. Meissn. Sikkim, 8-11,000 ft. Bhutan. A small tree, branchlets,
petioles and underside of |. rusty-tomentose. L. coriaceous when full grown, broadly
ovate, base rounded or cordate, blade 3-5, pet. 4 in. long, basal nerves 5-7, tert. n.
parallel. Fl. when leafless, heads solitary, nearly sessile, involucral bracts 3-5, very
coriaceous, each fl. in the axil of a hairy bracteole, pedicels short villous. Fruiting
pedicels villous, 4-} in. long. 183. L, Neesiana, Benth. Nepal. Sikkim, 6-9,000 ft.
Mishmi hills. Martaban and Upper Tenasserim, 4-5,000 ft. (Kurz). A middle-sized
very aromatic tree, quite glabrous, excepting the hairy pedicels. L. membranous,
ovate or lanceolate, blade 2-5, pet. slender }-1 in. long, basal nerves 8, the lateral short,
not reaching the middle of l Fl-heads 4 in. diam. before opening, on peduncles
4-4 in. long, solitary or fascicled, 5-7-fl. in each head. Fr. globose 4 in, diam. seated on
the 6-lobed unaltered perianth.

Imperfectly known: 14. L. bootanica, Meissn. Bhutan. 15. L. Griffithii,
Bhutan. 16. L. (?) sikkimensis, Meissn. Sikkim 11-12,000 ft.
teum, Kurz. Thaukyeghat forest, Martaban.

Meissn.
17. Daphniphyllum argen-

542 XCII HERNANDIACEA [Illigera

Orper XCII. HERNANDIACEA. Engler u. Prantl, ii. 2. 126,

In Gen. Plant. i. 689 Illigera and Gyrocarpus are included under Combre-
tacew, while Hernandia stands under Lawrinee.

Climbing shrubs or large trees, 1. alternate, stipules 0, fl. bisexual or mone-
cious. Ovary inferior, ovule 1 pendulous. Perianth of 4 to 10 segments,
stamens 3-5, anther-cells 2, opening by valves. Fr. often winged, seed
exalbuminous.

A. L. trifoliolate, fr. with 2 broad lateral wings. 5 . 1. ILticEra.

B. L. peltate, fr. ovoid, not winged 5 - : HerNanpra (p. 542).

C. L. broadly ovate, often lobed, fr. with 2 long wings at

the apex. : 0 2. GyRocaRPus.

1. ILLIGERA, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. ii. 460.

Climbers, 1. of 3 (in the African sp. 5) petiolulate leaflets. Fl. bisexual, in
lax pedunculate compound cymes, each fl. supported by 1-3 bracteoles, inflor-
escence and perianth outside clothed with 2-celled glandular hairs. Perianth-
segments in two circles of 5 each, stamens 5, opposite to those of the outer
circle, filaments with 2 oblong hooded scales at the base, stigma orbicular,
broad, undulate. Fr. broadly 2-winged, sometimes with 1 or 2 additional
narrower wings. Cotyledons plano-convex. Species 1 in tropical Africa, 7
in India and the Malay Archip.

1. I. appendiculata, Blume; Kurz F. Fl.i.479; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 66,
ji. 1898. 343.—Syn. I. Coryzadenia, Meissn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii.460. Assam. Khasi hills.
Lower Burma. Andamans. Malay Archipelago. A powerful climber, young branches
tawny-pubescent soon becoming glabrous, petioles and peduncles often twisted round
supports. L. alternate, trifoliolate, leaflets elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, pubescent
beneath along nerves, blade 3-5, common petiole 3-4 in. long, sec. n.3-4 pair. FI.
white, sepals 4 in. long. Fr. 2-winged, including the wings up to 3 in. broad. J.
Kurzi, C. B. Clarke, Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 460 (species) is a variety with glabrous more
coriaceous |. 2. I. Khasiana, C. B. Clarke, Khasi hills, 1. glabrous, with tufts of
yellowish hairs in the nerve axils beneath, sepals } in. long, the outer dull lurid
purple, the inner whitish, staminodes deeply emarginate. 3. I. villosa, Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xxv. 22, tab. ix, Kohima, 5,000 ft. Branchlets fulyous-villous,
fr. 24-winged.

Hernandia peltata, Meissn.; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 300—Syn. H. Sonora, Linn.; Wight
Tc. t. 1855. Beach forests on the coast of the Andamans. Coast of Ceylon, the Malay
Penins. and Archip., the Pacific Islands, North Australia, Madagascar and East Africa.
A large evergreen tree, wood light, soft, grey. L. glabrous, ovate, peltate, blade 4-8,
pet. as long as blade, 5-7 basal nerves. FI. white, in involucrate heads of 3 f1., at the
ends of the ramifications of large axillary finely tomentose panicles; the central fl. 9
supported at the base by a cupular involucel, which becomes greatly enlarged and
thickened in fr., perianth-segments 8; the 2 lateral fl. g, perianth-segments 6,
stamens 38, biglandular, opposite to the segments of the outer circle. Fr. ovoid,
nearly 1 in. long, cotyledons fleshy, much lobed.

2. GYROCARPUS, Jacq. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 461.

G. americanus, Jacq. (the only species); King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
66. 344.—Syn. G. Jacquint, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 1; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 196.
Vern. Zaittin, Hind.; Poliki, Thanaku, Tel.; Pinle-thitkauk, Burm.

A deciduous tree, bark whitish, wood light, soft, greyish-white, young
shoots and often the underside of |. pubescent. Li. crowded at the ends of
thick branchlets marked with the scars of fallen 1. LL. of adult trees entire,
broadly ovate, acuminate, blade 4-5, pet. 1-4 in. long, those of young plants
larger, pubescent and often deeply lobed. FI. small, cream coloured or yellow,
in large terminal dense compound hairy cymes without bracts, a few bisexual,
scattered among a mass of male fl. d@ Perianth of 4-7 sepals, stamens

f

Gyrocarpus} XCII. HERNANDIACE 543

generally 4, alternating with fleshy club-shaped staminodes, anthers opening
by 2 lateral valves. 9% Perianth of 4 unequal segments, stigma sessile.
Fr. ovoid, velvety, } in. long, terminated by two wing-like oblanceolate coria-

ceous perianth-segments 2-3 in. long. Cotyledons convolute, stalked in the
seed.

Sea coast and on the hills some distance inland in both Peninsulas; wood used for
making catamarans, toys and boxes. Fl. R.S. Throughout the tropics.

Orper XCIII. PROTEACEZ. Gen. PI. iii. 165.

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, 1. hard, mostly alternate, stipules 0. Fl.
bisexual, perianth inferior, consisting of 4 segments, in bud valvately cohering
into a cylindrical tube, gibbous at the base, with free recurved tips. Stamens
4, filaments short, inserted on the perianth-segments, anthers erect, 2-celled,
introrse. Ovary l-celled, often oblique. Seeds few, cotyledons often unequal,
albumen 0.

The medull. rays asa rule are very broad and prominent, both on the transverse and
on the radial section; the vessels are scattered in narrow bands of parenchymatic
tissue which run at right angles to the rays, alternating with bands of hard tissue
consisting of wood-fibres.

Fr. a hard indehiscent nut . : “ 6 c . 1. Heticra.

Fr. adehiscent follicle . 5 5 : - F : GREVILLEA (p. 544).

1. HELICIA, Lour.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 189.

Trees or shrubs, 1. entire or toothed, in some species pinnatifid. Fl. bracteo-
late, in pairs on short peduncles, arranged in axillary racemes Perianth
regular, ane at length revolute. Anthers oblong, 4 hypogynous scales,
free or confluent into a cup-shaped or annular disk. Ovary sessile, ovules 2,
style slender, stigma terminal. Fr.a hard globose nut, seed one. Species 26,
tropical Asia, Japan, Australia.

A. Racemes glabrous.
(a) L. petiolate.

1. H. erratica, Hook f—Syn. HW. cochinchinensis, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 189. Vern. Daukyat
kyi, Burm. Sikkim, 2-6,000ft. Khasi hills. Hills of Upper Burma often associated
with Oaks and Chestnuts. Tenasserim. A small or middle-sized evergreen tree, quite
glabrous, 1. elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, entire or coarsely serrate, blade 4-9,
narrowed into petiole 4-1 in. Jong. Fl. slender } in. in racemes 6-9 in. long, fila-
ments yellow, style whitish. Fr. obliquely globose, 1-14 in. diam. 2. H. nilagirica,
Bedd. Nilgiris. Similar tol. 3. H. terminalis, Kurz. Kachin hills, Upper Burma.
Tenasserim, 4,000 ft. Yunnan. IL. entire, racemes narrow, fl. } in. long.

(b) L. sessile or nearly so.

4. H. robusta, Wall.—Syn. Rhopala robusta, Roxb.; WightIe.t.191. Assam. Khasi
hills. Martaban and Tenasserim 2-4,000 ft. Vern. Daukyat, Burm. Malay Peninsula
and Archip. A small tree, perfectly glabrous, branchlets stout, ]. on very short stout
petioles or sessile, oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, 8-12 in. long, sec. n. 8-12 pair,
prominent beneath. Racemes up to 12 in. long, fr.apiculate,1 in. diam. 5. H. travan-
corica, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 801 (called Hl. robusta). Tinnevelli and Travancore hills
4,000 ft., 1. coriaceous sessile, 6 in., racemes 8 in. long, fri } in. diam.

B. Rachis of the racemes rusty-tomentose.

6. H. excelsa, Blume.—Syn. Rhopala excelsa, Roxb. ; Wight Ic. t. 190. Vern. Daukyat,
Burm. Khasi hills. Chittagong. Andamans. Martaban. ‘Tenasserim. Upper
Burma, hills east of Bhamo 6,500 ft. Malay Penins. Cambodia. A moderate-
sized tree, 1]. coriaceous, glabrous, usually oblanceolate, entire or deeply serrate, blade
4-10, narrowed into pet. 4-14 in. long. Racemes about as long as 1., clothed with
deciduous rusty-tomentum, fl. J-4 in. long, fr. smooth, nearly globose, 4-} in. diam.
7. H. pyrrhobotrya, Kurz. Hills between Sitang and Salween rivers, 4,000 ft. Branchlets
stout, l. oblanceolate, sharply serrate, blade 10-12, narrowed into pet. 1 in. long, racemes
densely rusty villous 12 in. long, rachis stout, fl. 1-1} in. long.

544 XCIII. PROTEACEA | Helicia

8. A species with entire and pinnatifid 1. 10-30 in. long, segments linear-lanceolate,
the larger ones 12 by 2 in. from a pollard 10 ft. high, in Ponzo and Wabo forest
Thabyetha, Shwebo district, Upper Burma (leaves only. Smales Feb. 1902) somewhat
resembles H. incisa, Koorders et Valeton, of Java, but is quite different.

Grevillea robusta, A Cunningham. Silky Oak. Indigenous in Queensland and New
South Wales, cultivated in Dehra Din, the Nilgiris and elsewhere. A large tree,
young shoots rusty-tomentose. L. pinnate, pinnz 4-12 in. long, deeply pinnatifid, so
that the 1. are almost bipinnate, sometimes tripinnate. Fl. orange coloured, in one-
sided racemes 3-4 in. long fascicled on short leafless branchlets, pedicels slender, 4 in.
long. Perianth-segments recurved to one side. Fr. an oblique coriaceous follicle,
3-} in. long, dehiscing on 1 side, seeds 1 or 2.

Orver XCIV. THYMELAACEZ. Gen. Pl. ii. 186.

Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs, bast tough. LL. alternate or opposite, simple,
quite entire. Fl. usually bisexual, perianth tubular or campanulate, lobes 4
or 5, imbricate in bud. A few genera have scales alternating with the lobes,
regarded as petals by some Botanists, while the lower portion of the perianth
is regarded as a hollow receptacle or torus, on the edge of which are inserted
sepals and, in some cases, petals (Gilg in Engler u. Prantl, iii. 64 216 and
Engler’s Jahrbiicher xviii, 1894 pp. 491, 492). Stamens inserted on the inside
of the perianth, usually twice as many as lobes, those of the outer (upper) series
opposite to the lobes. Disk annular, cupular or of distinct scales, sometimes
wanting. Ovary superior, usually 1-celled, ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous
from near the apex. Fr. usually indehiscent, seed one, radicle superior.

Bast fibres are abundant in the bark, and the wood-fibres have bordered pits. An
interior phloém, often accompanied by thick-walled bast-fibres, is found on the out-

side of the pith.
A. Lobes of Perianth 4, stamens 8.

L. alternate, stigma nearly sessile. : : . 1. Darrye.
L. alternate, style long, stigma linear . : 6 Epceworruta (p. 545).
L. as a rule opposite, style short, stigma large
globose. : : é 5 ¢ . 2. WiksTRaMIA
B. Lobes of Perianth 5.
L. mostly opposite, fl. in dense globose heads : LastosieHon (p. 545).
L. opposite or nearly so, fl. in compound cymes . 3. Linosroma.
L. alternate, fl. umbellate > 0 . 4. Aquimarta.

1. DAPHNE, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 193.

Shrubs, usually evergreen, |. alternate, mostly coriaceous. Fl. generally in
terminal heads, perianth coloured, segments 4 nearly equal, spreading.
Anthers 8 on short filaments. Stigma capitate, subsessile. Fr. coriaceous
or fleshy, mostly enclosed until near maturity in the inflated perianth-tube
(receptacle). Testa thick, crustaceous. Species 80, Europe, N. Africa,
temperate Asia, Himalaya.

A. FI. heads sessile, bracts O or early deciduous.

1. D. oleoides, Schreber.—Syn. D. mucronata, Royle Ill. t. 81, f. 2.; Pipal, Bal.; Jiko,
Agru, Bash. Baluchistan. Kuram valley to 11,000 ft. Himalaya as far east as the
Jumna, 3-9,000 ft., also in the inner arid valleys. Mediterranean region. Western
Asia. Afghanistan. A tall shrub, young shoots pubescent. lL. subsessile, lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, midrib prominent, terminating in a shortsharpmucro. Fl. white
with a pink tinge, slightly scented, in terminal heads of 3-9 fl. Perianth-tube 4 in.
long, outside densely grey-tomentose, inside glabrous. Fr. orange or scarlet, 4-4 in.
long.

2. D. cannabina, Wall.; Collett Simla Flora 435, fig. 140.—Syn. D.
papyracea, Wi all. Vern. Satbaru, Bash.; Satpura, N. W. Him.; Kaghuti,
Nep.

A tall shrub, branches often bi- and tri-furcate, youngest shoots slightly

Daphne] - XCIV. THYMELEHACEEX 545

pubescent. IL. glabrous, lanceolate, blade 3-5, narrowed into marginate
petiole 4 in. long. Fl. sweet-scented, white or lilac, in terminal heads of 6-12,
surrounded by numerous oblong or lanceolate bracts. Perianth-tube } in. long,
pubescent outside. Fr. ovoid, succulent, acrid, 1—-} in. long, orange or red.

Himalaya, from Chamba eastwards, 5-10,000 ft. Khasi hills. Maniptr. Hills east
of Bhamo 7,000 ft. A large tree (Montague Hill). Fl. Oct—Feb. Paper is made of
the inner fibrous bark. WD. cannabina is possibly a local variety of D. odora, Thunb.,
of China and Japan.

B. Fl. heads pedunculate, in bud enclosed in concave bracts.

3. D, involucrata, Wall. Sikkim, outer hills to 6,000 ft. Khasi hills. Patkoi range.
Hills of Martaban and Tenasserim 4-6,000 ft. A tall shrub, attaining 20 ft., fl. heads
on peduncles up to 1 in. long, before opening enclosed in 2 coloured concave bracts, fl.
densely silky 4-3 in. long, white, limb pink, fr. black. 4. D. pendula, Smith. Java,
Sumatra. Closely allied to 3, peduncles longer, slender, fl. smaller.

Edgeworthia Gardneri, Meissn. Nepal (common, Aryili, paper made of the inner
bark). Sikkim, 3-7,000ft. Assam. Manipur. China. Japan. A large shrub, branches
long, scrambling, 1. lanceolate, pubescent beneath, blade 3-5, narrowed into pet. 4 in.
long. FI]. golden-yellow, sweet-scented, densely crowded in pedunculate heads, perianth
densely silky, ovary villous.

2, WIKSTRCEMIA, Endl.; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 195.

Deciduous trees or shrubs, |. usually opposite. Perianth tubular, lobes 4,
anthers 8, ovary villous, style short, stigma large, globose. Disk of 1—4 scales.
Fr. dry or fleshy. Species 20, Eastern Asia, Australia, Pacific islands.

1. W. canescens, Meissn.—Syn. W. virgata, Meissn.; Bedd. Manual t. 25, f.4.; Brandis
F. Fl. 386. Vern. Chamboi, Jauns.; Chamlia, N.W. Him. Kuram valley, common.
N. W. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Khasi hills. Upper Burma. Im Kumaon ropes and
paper are made of the inner bark.—Ceylon, China. A small shrub, branches slender,
branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and inflorescence silky, 1. membranous, alternate
and opposite, oblong-lanceolate, blade 1-3, pet. } in. Fl. yellow, in axillary and term-
inal peduncled few-fld. racemes or panicles. Perianth 4-4 in. long, silky outside, disk
seales linear. Fr. black, } in. long, silky, pericarp thin. 2. W. indica, C. A. Mey.
—Syn. W. viridiflora, Meissn. Chittagong. Shan hills, Upper Burma. Tenasserim.
China, 1]. opposite, glabrous, thinly coriaceous, obovate-oblong 1-14 in. long, sec. n-
numerous slender, oblique. FI. greenish-yellow, perianth glabrous. Fr. } in. long,
scarlet.

Lasiosiphon eriocephalus, Dene.: Bedd. Man. t. 25, f. 2—Syn. Gnidia eriocephala,
Meissn.; Wight Ic. t. 1859; G. sisparensis, Gardn.; Wight Ic. t. 1860. Vern. Ramita,
Mar. West side of the Peninsulaand Western Ghats, from Mahabaleshwar southwards.
Ceylon, paper made of the bark. A large shrub or small tree, 1. subsessile, lanceolate-
oblong, opposite or scattered, 2-3 in. long. Fl. thickly clothed with white or buff long
silky villous hairs, in dense globose heads 1-2 in. diam., supported by silky involucral
bracts shorter than fl. Perianth yellow 4—{ in. long, scales in its mouth, alternating
with the lobes, variable in shape, oblong, obcordate or bifid. Fr. dry, included in the
lower persistent half of the perianth (hollow receptacle).

3. LINOSTOMA, Wall.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 197.

Shrubs, erect or climbing, 1. opposite or nearly so. Fl. bisexual, in com-
pound cymes. Perianth-tube cylindric, lobes 5, spreading, 10 scales in the
mouth above the stamens, free or connate in pairs. Stamens 10 in one row at
the mouth of perianth, exserted, filaments much longer than anthers. Ovary
1-celled, style filiform. Albumen Oor scanty. Species 3 Indian, 3 (Lophostoma,
Meissn.) in Northern Brazil.

A. Erect shrubs, glabrous, sec. n. #, closely parallel.

1. L. decandrum, Wall.; Engler u. Prant] iii. Ga 282, fig. 82. Silhet. Chittagong,
Tenasserim (Kurz). Evergreen, branches numerous dichotomous, |. ovate- or elliptic-
lanceolate, long acuminate, blade 2-8, pet. 4 in. long. FI. greenish-white, fragrant,
fr. 4 in. long, at the base usually with the remains of the perianth which splits length-
wise. 2. 8, pauciflorum, Griff. Hills east of Toungoo 3-4,000 ft., common in the forests
of Pinus Kasya. Malay Penins. and Archip. I. elliptic to obovate, 1-1} in. long.

Fr. enclosed in the persistent thin perianth-tube.
NN

546 XCIV. THYMELHACEA | [Linostoma

B. Climbing ; branchlets, underside of 1. and inflorescence rusty tomentose.

3. L. scandens, Kurz (including ZL. siamense, Kurz). Eng forests, Prome (Kurz).
Shan hills 2,000 ft. Malay Peninsula. L. elliptic, blade 3-4, pet. } in, long, sec. n.
15-25 pair, tertiary n. parallel. FI. in large compound cymes, bracts conspicuous.
Fr. 4-4 in. long, at the base with the remains of the split perianth.

4. AQUILARIA, Lamk.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 199.

Trees, 1. alternate, Fl. in axillary or terminal umbels, bracts 0. Perianth
campanulate, 10 densely woolly scales in the mouth, lobes 5, triangular.
Stamens 10, disk 0. Ovary villous 2-celled. Capsule compressed, loculicidally
2-valved. Seeds ovoid, with a long tail-like appendage, albumen 0. Species
4, 1 in Chima, 1 in Cambodia.

1. A. Agallocha, Roxb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi. 199, t.21; Royle Ill. t.36, f.1. Vern.
Aggar, Beng.; Sasi, Ass.; Akyaw, Burm. Assam. Silhet. Cachar. Hills east of
Toungoo (Kurz). Mergui. A tall evergreen tree, young shoots silky. L. thinly coria-
ceous, shining, caudate-acuminate, sec. n. slender, with o parallel intermediate nerves.
Fl. white, in many-fld. sessile or shortly peduncled silky umbels, pedicels slender } in.
long. Perianth + in. long, silky without, densely villous within. Fr. thinly velvety
13-2 in. long, obovoid, thinly coriaceous. In the wood of the stem and larger branches
are frequently found irregular, masses of harder and dark coloured, highly scented
wood (the Eagle wood of commerce) used as incense, commanding a high price. The
bast, when prepawed, resembles parchment and was used by the old kings of Assam to
write upon. 2. A. malaccensis, Lamk. ‘Tenasserim (?). Malay Peninsula and Archip.
Similar to 1 but fl. smaller, lobes of perianth reflexed, 7; in. long. Capsule glabrous
obovate, 1} in. long, valves thick, woody. Thisalso yields scented wood (Garu, Malay).

Orpen XCV. ELAAGNACEZ. Gen. PI. i. 203.

Shrubs or trees, often spinescent, with copious silvery or brown stellate
scales, sometimes with stellate hairs. L. (in the Indian genera) alternate,
quite entire, stipules 0. FI. bisexual or polygamous. Ovary 1-celled, ovule
1. Fr. indehiscent, entirely enclosed within the lower part of the perianth,
which is fleshy when the seed ripens. Embryo straight, axile, radicle inferior,
albumen scanty or 0.

Fl. solitary or fascicled, perianth-limb campanulate, usually 4-fid. 1. Ermaceyus.
F]. in bracteate spikes, perianth ¢ of 2 sepals, 9 2-fid. . ° . 2. Hipropyas.

1. ELZZAGNUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 201.

FI. g and bisexual, pedicellate, solitary or in axillary fascicles. Base of
perianth (hollow receptacle) closely enveloping the ovary, limb 4- sometimes 6-
lobed, deciduous. Stamens alternating with the perianth-lobes. Fr. a fleshy
drupe. Species 12, northern hemisphere.

A. Endocarp hard, bony.

1. E. hortensis, M. Bieb.—Syn. E. angustifolia, Linn.; E. orientalis,
Linn. (in part). Vern. Sanzi, Bal.; Sinjit, Sanjit, Pushtu; Sirsing, Tibet.

A middle-sized deciduous tree, the annual rings in the wood marked by a
broad band of vessels, branchlets and 1. silvery-grey, branches glabrous,
shining, reddish-brown. L. lanceolate, often ovate on young trees and vigorous
shoots, blade 1-3, pet. in. long, underside covered entirely by circular scales
composed of radiating cells, upperside dull greyish-green, scales scattered.
Fl. fragrant, usually bisexual, 1-3 together, often appearing before the 1., the
flowering branchlets having the appearance of racemes. Perianth silvery
outside, glabrous and yellow within, the upper free portion campanulate. Fr.
ovoid-oblong, # in. long, sometimes smaller and globose, red, sweet and mealy
when ripe.

+
)

Elwagnus| XCV. ELMHAGNACE 547

Indigenous in Macedonia and Greece, Western Central Asia and China. Cultivated
in Baluchistan, Afghanistan and North West Himalaya, 7-10,000 ft., possibly wild in
Chitral. FJ. April-July.

8 B. Endocarp ribbed, coriaceous, clothed inside with a dense felt of white
airs.

2. E. latifolia, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 1856; Brandis F. Fl. t. 46; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. Manual t. xxv. fig. 1.—Syn. E. arborea, Roxb. ; E. conferta, Roxb.
Vern. Ghiwai, Nigali, N. W. Him.; Jarila, Nep.; Nurgi, Ambgul, Mar. ;
Mingu, Burm.

An evergreen tall straggling or scandent shrub, or a small tree, branchlets,
petioles and underside of 1. densely clothed with ferrugineous or silvery
circular, dentate and lobed scales. L. elliptic, acuminate, blade 3-5, pet. J-}
in. long. Fl. g and 9, scented, pedicellate in few- or many-fid. often peduncu-
late fascicles, perianth clothed outside with silvery or ferrugineous scales, in
the fertile fl. much constricted above the ovary. Fr. 1-1} in. oyoid-oblong,
succulent, red or yellow when ripe, edible.

Subhimalayan tract and outer ranges, from the Jumna eastwards ascending to
$8,000 ft. Khasi hills. Maniptr. Chittagong. Burma, Upper and Lower. Along
the western Ghats from Mahabaleshwar southwards. Hills of the Deccan. Fl. at
various times, chiefly March—Oct.—Ceylon, Malay Archip. China. A variety with
larger 1. 4-6 in. and fruit 1-2 in. long, cultivated by the Karens on the hills east of
Toungoo and by the Shans at Fakial vill. beyond Makim, Assam.—(Mingu, Burm. ;
Maloh, Shan), should be studied.

3. E. umbellata, Thunb.; Collett Simla FI. 437, fig. 141.—Syn. EP. parvifolia, Wall. ;
Royle Ill. t. 81. f. 1. Vern. Chindar, Pangi; Ginroi, Gehain, Jauns.; Jil, Bash.
Kuram valley, wild and cultivated. Himalaya 3-10,000 ft, Maniptr.—China, Japan.
A deciduous shrub, annual rings distinct, branchlets and underside of 1. densely
clothed with shining silvery scales, upperside bright green with scattered stellate
hairs. L. elliptic-lanceolate, blade 1-3, pet. 4 in. long. FJ. white, exquisitely scented,
axillary often fasciculate, on the current year’s branchlets, appearing with or after
the leaves. Upper free portion of perianth slender, tubular. Fr. ovoid or globose,
4 in. long, succulent.

C. Endocarp crustaceous, not ribbed, glabrous within.

4. E. pyriformis, Hook.f. Mishmi hills. Fr. shortly pedicelled, in lateral clusters,
pyriform, narrowed at both ends, }-} in. long.

2. HIPPOPHAE, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. y, 202.

Deciduous, dicecious shrubs or small trees, usually spinescent. Fl. before
the leaves, ¢ in the axils of deciduous bracts, perianth of two opposite sepals,
stamens 4; 9 in the axils of young leaves, perianth tightly enclosing the
ovary, minutely bifid at mouth, fleshy in the mature fruit. Species 2.

1. H. rhamnoides, Linn. Vern. Suak,Pangi. Innerarid tract of the N. W. Himalaya,
chiefly in moist gravelly streambeds, gregarious, forming dense thickets, continuous for
miles. Lahoul, Ladak, Piti, Upper Kunawar, Inner Kumaon. ‘Tibet, 7-15,000 ft.—
Afghanistan, Central Asia, Siberia, Caucasus. In Europe on the Carpathians, Alps
and Apennines in shingly and gravelly valleys, descending along the rivers into the
plains. Also on the sea coast of the Mediterranean, the Atlantic, the German Ocean
and the Baltic. A large thorny shrub, sometimes a small tree, branchlets and under-
side of 1. densely clothed with silvery or rust-coloured circular or irregularly indented
scales. L. thinly coriaceous, 4-2 in. long, linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, narrowed
into short petiole, upper side glabrous and dull green, with a few scales while young.
Fr. scarlet or orange. Seed dark brown, shining. 2. H. salicifolia, Don. Vern. Sutz,
Kun.; Chug, Lahaul. Outer and Middle Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Branchlets, petiole
and midrib beneath clothed with circular irregularly indented rust-coloured scales,
I], membranous 2-3 in. long, linear-lanceolate, white velvety beneath with dense soft
tomentum of short stellate hairs.

Orver XCVI. LORANTHACEZ, Gen. PI. iii. 205.

Evergreen parasitic shrubs, living mostly on stems and branches of other
shrubs or trees. IL. entire, usually opposite, often coriaceous, sometimes want-

548 XCVI. LORANTHACEA [Loranthus

ing. Fl. recular 1- or 2-sexual, perianth simple or double. Stamens equal to
and opposite the wastes or perianth-lobes, usually inserted on them. Ovary
inferior, 1-celled, ovule 1, adnate all round to the walls of the ovary, which
thus on a section presents a homogeneous appearance. Fruit a berry or drupe,
usually viscid, seed adnate to pericarp, albumen fleshy, embryo straight,
radicle superior.

The species here described in reality are half parasites, taking up carbon dioxide
through their green leaves and branchlets, but relying upon the foster plant, on
which they grow, for mineral and nitrogenous substances. When the seeds of a
Loranthus or Viscum germinate on the bark of a tree, the roots penetrate through the
bark to the wood, where they spread and are gradually enclosed by the new layers
of wood. The roots of the parasites thus embedded decay readily, and hence the wood
of the foster tree becomes riddled and worthless. Some species of Loranthus also send
out aerial roots, which twist round the branches of the foster plant.

Flowers bisexual, showy, potas 4- e linear, uel more or

less connate . 6 : : . 1. Lorantuts.
Flowers unisexual, inconspicuous.
Anthers with many cells, dehiscing by numerous pores . 2. Viscum.
Anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits, leaves flat . : GINALLOA (p. 552)-
Anthers globose, bursting transyersly, 1. reduced to
minute scales - 3 : 0 ° . 9 : . 38. ARCEUTHOBIUM.

1. LORANTHUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 203.

L. opposite, in some sp. both alternate and opposite, in some alternate. FI.
as a rule supported by a small concave bract, appressed to calyx, bisexual,
usually large, showy. Calyx adnate to ovary, and often produced beyond it,
regarded by some Botanists as the enlarged end of the axis (Engler u. Prantl
iii. i. 169), petals 4-6, free or more or less connate into a tubular corolla,
tips often reflexed, stamens inserted on the petals. Species about 300,
Tropical Asia, Africa and Australia.

Vern. names used indiscriminately for several species: Bana, Banda, Pand, Hind. ;
Manda, Beng.; Vanda, Mar.; Banje, Banduka, Kan.; Bajinike, Tel.; Kyibaung, Burm.

3°)

I. No bracteoles, no involucral bracts.

A. Entirely glabrous, petals free mostly 6.

1. L. odoratus, Wall. Nepal. Darjeeling (7,000 ft.). Chumbi valley. Khasi hills.
Cachar. Manipur. Shan hills, Upper Burma, 5,000 ft—Syn. L. Hemsleyanus, King
Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 120. L. fleshy, mostly opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-5,
pet. 4-3 in. long. FI. 4-4 in., sessile, on spikes 1-2 in. long, calyx produced beyond
the ovary, truncate, petals 6, free, spathulate. 2. L. heteranthus, Wall.—Syn. L.
eleutheropetalus, Kurz. Southern slopes of the Pegu Yoma.—Java, Borneo. LL. oppo-
site or nearly so, thickly coriaceous and veinless, blade 3-5, tapering into pet. 4$-} in.
long. Fl. 14 in. long, in racemes 38-4 in., pedicels 4 in., calyx tubular 4 in. long,
limb truncate.

B. Petals more or less connate into a 4- or 5-lobed corolla. Fl. small,
under 1 in., in racemes or spikes.

(a) Racemes or spikes many-fld., glabrous.

3. L. Wallichianus, Schultes. Wight Ic. t. 143. Western Ghats from the Konkan
southwards. Entirely glabrous, 1. elliptic, blade 3-4, pet. 4 in. long. Fl. } in., pale
red,. racemes 1-3 in. long. Calyx hardly produced beyond ovary, corolla deeply 4-cleft,
buds cylindric. 4. L. intermedius, Wight. Nilgiris and other hills of the Peninsula.
Similar to 3 but fl. larger, 3-2 in. long. 5. L. obtusatus, Wall. Western Ghats from
Mahabaleshwar southwards. Pet. 4-}in., fl. 4-1 in. long, buds clavate, 4-angled. Calyx
not produced beyond ovary.

6. L. pentapetalus, Roxb.; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 225. Nepal. Sikkim 48,000 ft.
common. Assam. Cachar. Burma, Upper and Lower. Yunnan. Siam. Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago. Quite glabrous. L. usually opposite, coriaceous, blade
2-4, pet. 4-2 in. Spikes crimson, solitary or in pairs, axillary, erect, 3-6 in. long, fl.
i in. 4-5-merous, calyx-limb obscurely toothed, base of corolla much inflated, almost
globose. Style jointed in the middle, lower part angular and verrucose, fr. ellipsoid,
+ in. long. 7. L. Parishii, Hook. f. Donat range, Tenasserim 2,000 ft. Branches stout, 1.
very coriaceous, narrow-lanceolate, blade 6-7, pet. stout, 4 in. long, sec n. obscure,
spikes strict erect, rachis stout, fl. bright scarlet } in. long.

Loranthus) XCVI. LORANTHACEX 549
(b) Spikes many-fld., pubescent.

8. L. coccineus, Jack. Cachar. Pegu. Tenasserim. Siam. Malay Penins. and
Archip. Similar to 6, but 1. usually alternate, racemes and fl. rusty-tomentose, fl. 4-
merous. fr. ovoid, prolonged into a narrow neck, crowned by the 4-toothed calyx. 9.
L. Hookerianus, Wight & Arn. Southern hills of the Peninsula——Ceylon. Similar to
8, fl. 4 in long, fr. small globose, crowned with the cupular calyx. 10. L. Wightii
Hook. f. Courtallum. L. 1-13 in., fl. 2 in. long.

(c) One or two pairs of fl. on short axillary racemes.

11. L. ligustrinus, Wall. Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, ascending
to 4,000 ft. Assam. Chittagong. Young shoots and inflorescence rusty pubescent,
LL. opposite, the uppermost sometimes alternate, blade 1-3, narrowed into pet. 4 in.
FI. } in. long, pale pink outside, deep red within, on axillary racemes much shorter than
the subtending 1., pedicels opposite, 2 pairs of fl. often with a terminal. 12.L. terrestris,
Hook. f. Similar toll. Probably a root parasite, quite glabrous, racemes larger, often
compound.

C. Petals connate into a usually 4-lobed corolla, deeply cleft behind. FI.
between 4 and 1} in., in axillary fascicles, rarely racemose, calyx scarcely
produced beyond ovary, anthers narrow, cells indistinct.

(a) L. glabrous or nearly so, fr. turbinate.

13. L. elatus, Edgew. (L. umbellifer, Brandis F. FI. 397). Vern. Naratha, Jumna.
Himalaya 5-8,000 ft. from the Sutlej eastwards. LL. glabrous, coriaceous, ovate, acumi-
nate, base rounded or cordate, blade 4-6, pet. 4 in. FJ. 1-13 in. long, on short axillary
racemes. 14. §. umbellifer, Schultes. Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, 2-5,000 ft.
Khasi hills, common. Similar to 13. Youngest shoots rusty pubescent. L. elongate-
elliptic, base acute, blade 2-5, pet, in. Fl. red.

(6) L. mealy or scurfy, usually strictly opposite, fr. pyriform or clayate.

15. L. Scurrula, Linn.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 140. Vern. Bindukli, Betungli, Thana.
Common throughout India and Burma, not in the Punjab and Sind. In the Sub-
himalayan tract, ascending to 2,000, in the Burma hills to 4,000 ft.—Found on many
different species, in Bombay common on Plerocarpus Marsupium, in Singhbum abundant
on Woodfordia floribunda.—Ceylon. Malay Penins.and Archip. Young shoots, under-
side of young 1. and inflorescence densely clothed with grey or brown scurfy tomentum,
]. usually elliptic, base rounded, blade 1-5, pet. 4-} im. Fl. 4-1 in. long,\in dense axillary
fascicles or short racemes, corolla slender, curved, greenish-yellow, lobes 4, linear, short,
filaments purple, fr. pear-shaped 4 in. long. Exceedingly variable. 16. L. cordifolius,
Wall. North West Himalaya, ascending to 5,000 ft. Hazaribagh. Nilgiris. Ceylon.
Hardly specifically distinct from 15. Branchlets and leaves white-tomentose, 1. ovate,
base cordate. 17. L.rhopalocarpus, Kurz. Arakan. Pegu. Tenasserim. Small, densely
branched. L. sometimes alternate, obovate or cuneate, 1-2 in., fr. linear-club-shaped,
4—} in. long,apex truncate. 18. L. pulverulentus, Wall. Subhimalayan tract and outer
ranges ascending to 3,000 ft., from Chamba eastwards, Maniptr. Upper Burma.
Branches stout, shoots and young 1. densely clothed with soft fugacious tomentum.
L. ovate, blade 2-8, pet. 4-1 in., sec. n. distinct. Racemes axillary, often fasciculate,
as well as fl. and fr. shortly white-tomentose, fl. slender, curved, 1-1$ in. long, lobes 4,
short. Fr. clavate, 4-4} in. long. 19. L. thelocarpus, Hook. f. Chittagong. Shoots and
underside of 1. with fine tawny tomentum, |. ovate, blade 2-3, pet. 4 in. Fr. club-shaped,
top rounded, tuberculate.

(c) L. tomentose, opposite, fr. ellipsoid.

20. L. vestitus, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 230; Collett, Simla FI. 489, fig. 142. North
West Himalaya, from the Ravi to the Sarda river, common on Quercus incana. Oudh
forests. Nepal. Khasi hills. Branches stout, branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and
inflorescence clothed with soft brown or tawny tomentum. IL. ovate- or elliptic-
lanceolate, blade 2-4, pet. 4 in. Jong. FI. 4—} in., pedicellate, in sessile or pedunculate
fascicles, fr. 4-4 in. long.

D. Petals connate into a usually 5-lobed corolla. Fl. between 3 and 2} in.
long in axillary clusters or racemes (solitary in L. Stocksi7). Calyx toothed,
produced beyond ovary.

(a) Fl. glabrous, corolla-lobes shorter than tube.

21. L. longiflorus, Desrousseaux; Wight Ic. t. 302.—Syn. L. bicolor,
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 139. Vern. Rana, Kashm.; Parand, Kangra; Ajeru, Nep. ;
Pagacha, Hazaribagh ; Kaurak, Bhil; Kainguli, Mar.; Bindukli, Thana ;
Badanike, Kan.

550 XCVI. LORANTHACE® [ Loranthas

A large parasite, as a rule wholly glabrous, branches numerous, bark grey.
L. thick-coriaceous, usually opposite, extremely variable in shape, generally
broad-ovate, sec. n. obscure. FI. 1-23 in. long, in unilateral racemes, calyx-
tube produced beyond the glabrous ovary, truncate or with short sharp teeth.
Corolla curved, tube scarlet or orange, sometimes pink or white, lobes 5, linear,
ereen or yellow. Anther linear, equal in length to the free portion of filament.
Berry 4—-} in., oblong, pulpy, crowned by the cup-shaped calyx.

The most common of the Indian species. Subhimalayan tract from the Jhelum
eastwards, ascending to 7,500 ft. in Kumaon. Bengal. Central India. Singbhum,
chiefly on Sal. Both Peninsulas. FI. Nov.—July. On many kinds of trees, commonly
on the Mango, the branches on which it grows swell, get sickly and eventually die.
Three very marked varieties: (a) amplexifolia. Western Peninsula and Ceylon. L.
large, sessile almost amplexicaul, inflorescence often terminal. (b) falcata. Anantapur.
Mysore. Nellore. Sea coast from Sriharikotu to Tinnevelli. Often on Albizzia amara.
Ceylon. L. narrow linear, fl. 1 in. long. (c) pubescens. Chanda district. Western
Peninsula. LL. oblong or elliptic-oblong, corolla in bud, peduncle and pedicels minutely
pubescent. Closely allied and possibly not specifically distinct: 22. L. sarcophyllus,
Wall. Nilgiris. 23. L. elegans, Wall. Irawadi near Yenangyaung.

24. L. cuneatus, Heyne. Western Ghats and Western Penins. Ceylon low country,
common. Youngest shoots silky, otherwise glabrous. L.alternate cuneate or obovate,
4-14 in. long, narrowed into a short petiole. Fl. $-1}4 in. long, pedicelled, in axillary
fascicles. Fr. elongate-ovoid, $-4} long, crimson.

(b) FI. finely pubescent, corolla-lobes twice the length of tube.

25. L. pentandrus, Linn. Silhet. Chittagong. Upper Burma. Pegu. Tenasserim.
Malay Penins. and Archip. L. usually alternate, glabrous, coriaceous, elliptic, blade
3-6, narrowed into pet.}-4 in. long. FI. 3-1 in. long, in short axillary often fascicled
racemes, corolla green without, yellow within, tube campanulate, lobes 4 or 5, linear,
the upper half reflexed. Fr. 4 in. long, crowned by the cupular 5-toothed calyx-
limb.

(c) Fl. glabrous, corolla-lobes as long as or longer than tube. Western
species.

26. L. neelgherrensis, W. & A.—Syn. L. pyranthus, Wight Ic. t. 1020. Nilgiris.—
Ceylon moist region. Branches stout, nodes much thickened, |. thickly coriaceous,
opposite and alternate, usually ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, blade 3-6 in., narrowed
into stout pet. + in. long, sec. n. distinct, the lowest pairs frequently from near the base.
F]. scarlet, 1 in. long, in short, often fascicled corymbs, calyx-limb short, truncate, corolla
straight, not split, lobes as long as tube, at first cohering at the top, afterwards the
upper half reflexed. 27. L. memecylifolius, Wight & Arn. Nilgiris. Mysore. L.
opposite and alternate, glabrous, lanceolate, 1-4 in. long, narrowed into a short petiole.
Fl. 1-14 in. long, in shortly pedunculate fascicles, corolla slender, lobes as long as or
longer than tube. 28. L. elasticus, Desrouss.; Wight Ic. t. 343.—Syn. LZ. Huphorbie,
Wight Ic. t. 1063. West coast and Ghats from the Konkan southwards. Quite
glabrous, 1. opposite, branches dichotomous. L. thickly coriaceous, elliptic, sessile,
2-4 in. long, basal n. 8-5. FI. 1 in. long, sessile, in axillary fascicles. Corolla-lobes 5,
linear, much longer than tube, twisted spirally, as also the long filaments. Fr. oyoid
red, 4 in. Jong.

(d) Fl. tomentose, 1. alternate, not exceeding 3 in. in length. Western
species.

29. L. tomentosus, Heyne. Nilgiris and other hills of the Western Peninsula.—
Ceylon. Branches and underside of 1. rusty-tomentose. LL. elliptic or obovate, blade 1-3,
pet. tin. Fl. ?in. long, in axillary fascicles, densely rusty villous with hispid hairs. 30.
L. gibbosus, Talbot Bombay List, ed. ii1.289. Dade, Kan. Konkan and North Kanara
Ghat Forests. Similar to 29, branches scaly-tomentose, long, pendent. Corolla inflated
and gibbousnear the base, without hispid hairs, fr. pink, ovoid 4 in. long. 31. L. bracteatus,
Heyne.—Syn. L. tomentosus, Wight Ic. t.3878. Western Peninsula, from Karnul south-
wards. Branchlets, underside of young 1. and inflorescence clothed with thin grey or
buff tomentum, 1. orbicular or broad-elliptic, blade 4-14, pet. 4-4 in. long. 32. L.
Stocksii, Hook. f. Konkan, rare. Similar to 31, but 1. sessile, f. solitary or in few-fid.
fascicles, fr. pyriform. 33, L. recurvus, Wall.—Syn. L. Candolleanus, Wight Ic. t. 305.
Nilgiris. L. elliptic or obovate, blade 1-2, narrowed into pet. }in. FJ. numerous,
3 in. long, in dense axillary fascicles, corolla curved, lobes linear-oblong.

IE. No bracteoles, fl. in involucrate heads.

34. L. lageniferus, Wight Ic. t. 306. Vern. Baudgali, Bindukli, Mar. Hills of the
Konkan, rare in the Thana district. North Kanara, common in deciduous forest.

Loranthus| XCVI. LORANTHACE 551

Malabar. Glabrous, |. broad elliptic, 2-3 in. Jong, sessile or on short petioles. Bracts
connate into a coloured bell-shaped involucre, 1-1} in. long, fl. green and red, 14-2 in.
long, 5 in one involucre. 39. L. involucratus, Roxb. Sikkim Terai, ascending to 2,000
ft. Assam. Khasi hills. L. minutely pubescent, 1. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, blade
4-6, pet.}-4 in. Fl. villous, white, 4 in one involucre, # in. long, bracts free, as long
as fl.

It. Hach fl. supported by 1 bract and 2 bracteoles. lL. glabrous, opposite
or nearly so, corolla-segments 6, sometimes 5.

A. Fl. in short fascicled racemes, corolla-sezments as long as tube.

36. L. trigonus, Wight & Arn. Ghats of the South Konkan and North Kanara,
common. Along backwatersin Travancore. Branchlets robust, triquetrous, |. thickly
coriaceous, opposite or in whorls of 3, broadly elliptic, obtuse, blade 4-6, pet. stout,
4-hin. Fl. #-1 in. long, racemes often from the old wood. Bracteoles connate into a
small cup, corolla-lobes thick spathulate, stigma globose.

37. L. ampullaceus, Roxb. Vern. Brigmara, Ass. Subhimal. tract from Nepal east-
wards, ascending to 2,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills. Cachar. Chittagong. Burma,
Upper and Lower.—Malay Peninsula. China. L. opposite, elliptic, blade 3-5, pet. din.,
sec. n. slender. Fl. purple and yellow (Upper Burma, Smales), white (Roxb. MSS.
drawing 2229), 3-} in. long, pedicels often very short, corolla-tube 6-angled, stigma
clavate, fr. ellipsoid or nearly globose, 38. L. globosus, Roxb., from the same localities
as 37 and probably the same species, is supposed to differ by narrower l., sec. n. obscure,
fr. globose. 39. L. Brandisianus, Kurz. Hills east of Toungoo 3,000 ft. L. rigidly
coriaceous, lanceolate, blade 4-6, narrowed into pet. § in. long, midrib prominent, sec. n-
obseure. Fl. 1} in. long, corolla sharply 6-gonous, stigma clavate. 40, L. hypoglaucus,
Kurz. Hills east of Toungoo, 5-6,000 ft. L. elliptic-lanceolate, glaucous beneath,
sec. n. obscure, blade 3 in. long, narrowed into short petiole, fl. bright crimson, 14-1} in.
long. Possibly identical with L. evenius, Bl., of Java.

B. Fl. sessile, decussate on short 2-6-fld. spikes, rachis stout.

(a) Bracts and bracteoles shorter than calyx, free portion of calyx tubular,
longer than ovary

41. L. loniceroides, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 303. Batungli, Thana. Western Coast and
Western Ghats, from the Thana district southwards. Ceylon. LL. coriaceous, ovate-
lanceolate to lanceolate, blade 3-4, pet. }-4. in. Fl. red, 1-2 in. long, anthers exserted,
yellow, filaments green. 42. L. capitellatus, Wight & Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 304. Western
Ghats from Mahabaleshwar southwards. Ceylon. Fl. 4-Lin. long. Possibly a var.
of 41. 43. L. psilanthus, Hook. f. Sikkim, 4-6,000ft. Assam. Khasihills. Manipir.
Similar to 41, 1. larger, pet. longer, spikes often from the old wood, corolla very slender,
red and yellow.

(6) Bracts and bracteoles longer than calyx, free portion of calyx shorter
than ovary. :

44. L. albidus, Blume. Mergui. Malay Penins. and Archip. L. thinly coriaceous,
blade 4-5, pet. }-l in. Spikes with 1-3 pairs of fl., the rachis thick, fl. immersed in
shallow decussate cavities of the rachis, which terminates in a hard pyramidal point.
Bracts and bracteoles coriaceous, +-} in. long. Corolla 1-14 in. long, tubular, curved,
lobes half the length of tube. 45. L. Collettii, King. Shan hills plateau 5,000 ft.
(Collett). Hills east of Bhamo. 4,500 ft. (Mont. Hill). L. ovate-lanceolate, blade 6,
pet. 1 in. One pair of large blood-red fl. 2-24 in. long on stout peduncles 4 in. long,
rachis prolonged between the fl. into a broad conical tip, bracteoles coriaceous, broad,
truncate, enclosing the ovary, corolla-tube wide at base, then constricted, afterwards
gradually widening.

2. VISCUM, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 223.

Glabrous parasites, branches dichotomous or trichotomous. L. opposite,
often reduced to scales. FJ. unisexual, small or minute, solitary or fascicled

‘at the nodes or in the leaf-axils. ¢: perianth 3—4-fid., anthers broad, adnate

to perianth-lobes, cells numerous, opening by many pores. @ perianth-tube
adnate to ovary, stigma sessile or nearly so, large, pulvinate. Fr. succulent,
pulp viscid. Embryos sometimes 2-3 in each seed, terete, in fleshy albumen.
Species 30, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia.

Vern. names used indiscriminately for several species: Bana, Banda, Pand, Hind. ;
Ottu, Tam.

A. Leaves conspicuous, perianth-segments deeiduous.

552 XCVI. LORANTHACEA [ Viscum

(a) El. fascicled, terminal in the forks of branches.

1. V. album, Linn. WMistletoe. Vern. Perbikh, Rawalpindi; Rini, Kulu: Runath,
Sutlej; Hurchu, Nep. Kuram valley, common on Olive and Quercus Ilex. Drosh,
Chitral. Himalaya, Kashmir to Nepal 3-9,000 ft., also in the inner arid valleys.
Martaban hills, 5-6,000 ft. (Kurz). Fl. March-May. Afghanistan.—Europe, Western
and Northern Asia, Japan. A large green rounded bush, branches dichotomous, some-
times whorled, jointed, terete. LL. flat, cuneate-oblong or oblanceolate, apex rounded,
1-2 in. long. FI. dicecious, sessile in clusters of 3-5, in the bifurcations of branches,
each cluster supported by a pair of fleshy, slightly ciliate, concave bracts. Perianth-
segments triangular, thick, deciduous. Berry white, 4-4 in. diam., almost transparent.

(6) Fl. in axillary sessile or peduncled fascicles.

2. V. orientale, Willd. Behar. Chutia Nagpur. Sambalpur. Western Peninsula.
Chittagong. Meiktila, U. Burma. Mergui—Ceylon. Malay Penins. and Archip.
China, New Guinea, Australia. A large parasite, branchlets usually angular and
grooved, often whorled. L. obtuse, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 1-2 in. narrowed
into short petiole, basal nerves 3-5. Fr. ovoid or nearly globose, } in. long. 3. V.
verruculosum, Wight & Arn. Dindigal hills, 3,500 ft. Closely allied to 2, fr. linear-
oblong, warty. 4. V. orbiculatum, Wight Ic. t. 1016. Nilgiris. Similar to 2, main
branches strongly angular and grooved, |. 1-14 in. long, much waved. 5. V. monoicum,
Roxb. Vern. Banda, Pargatcha, Beng. Oudhb, north of Bahraich. Gorakhpur.
Sikkim, lower hills. Khasi hills. Western Peninsula. L. thin, faleate, acute or
acuminate, blade 1-5 in. long, narrowed into short petiole, basal nerves 3-5, prominent.
Fr. oblong, narrowed at both ends, }-§ in. long. A remarkable variety or distinct
species is V. Edgeworthii, Banda district on Zizyphus, branchlets more robust, |. broader,
thickly coriaceous.

6. V. ovalifolium, Wall. Taongdong, Ava. Tenasserim. Andamans. Malay Penins.
China. Branches stout, terete, 1. coriaceous, obtuse, elliptic or elongate-elliptic, 2-4
in., narrowed into a short petiole, basal n. ioe 5. Fl. crow ded in axillary frequently
spicate clusters. 7. V. capitellatum, Sm. Western Peninsula, chiefly on the west
side, often parasitic on Loranthus. Ceylon. A dwarf, tufted shrub, tufts 6-10 in.
diam. IL. spathulate or orbicular, 4—1 in. long, fr. ovoid.

B. Leaves as a rule wanting.
(a) Branches terete, angular or not.

8. V. ramosissimum, Wall. Western Peninsula. Ceylon. Branches not angular,
long, slender, occasionally with a few 1. at the base of the main branches, fr. minute,
subglobose. 9. V. angulatum, Heyne. Syn. V. ramosissimum, Wight Ic. t 1017.
Western Ghats and adjoining hill ranges, from the Konkan southwards. Branches
angular.

(b) Branchlets flat.

10. V. articulatum, Burm.; Collett Simla Fl. 440, Fig. 143.—Syn. V. attenuatum, DC.
Brandis F. Fl. 394. Vern. Budu, Hind.; Hurchu, Nep. ~ Outer Himalaya, from Chamba
eastwards, ascending to 6,000 ‘ft. Assam. Khasi hills. Maniptr. Burma, Upper
and Lower. Centr. Prov. Western Peninsula. Ceylon. Malay Penins. and Archip.
Internodes linear, 1-2 in. long, 4-4 in. broad, striate and furrowed. Fr. 2 in. diam.,
sessile, in clusters of 4-6 at ‘the nodes, each fr. supported by a shallow cup-shaped
bract, perianth deciduous. 11. V. japonicum, Thunb.—Syn. V. moniliforme, Wight Ic.
t. 1018; V. articulatum, Brandis F. Fl. 393. Kuram valley. Himalaya 5-8,000ft., also
in the inner dry valleys, commonly on Oaks. Nilgiris. Ceylon, above 6,000 ft. Mount
Ophir, Malacca; Mauritius. China. Japan. Australia. Internodes cuneate, much
narrowed above the node 1-3 in: long, 4-3 in. broad, not furrowed. Fr.nearly globose,
in dense clusters of 10-20 at the nodes, each cluster subtended by a pair of connate
bracts, perianth-segments 8-4, minute, persistent.

Ginalloa Helferi, Kurz. Tenasserim. L. cuneate 3 in. long, tapering into the very
short pet., 5nerved, tip obtuse or emarginate. Fl. minute, in slender spikes 1-2 in.
long, perianth-segments 3, anthers large sessile.

3. ARCEUTHOBIUM, M. Bieberstein; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 227.

Small shrubs with fleshy articulate branches, parasitic on Conifers, each
joint terminating in a minute cup-shaped entire or bidentate sheath, which
encloses the base of the next joint. FI. dicecious minute, at the ends of branch-
lets; ¢ perianth 2-5-partite, anthers sessile on the inner face of the segments,
l-celled, dehiscing by a transverse slit. 9 perianth-tube adnate to ovary,
minutely 2 2-dentate. Species 9-12, Northern Hemisphere.

Arceuthobium) XCVI. LORANTHACE 553

1. A. Oxycedri, M. Bieb. Lahaul on the Upper Chenab 9-11,000 ft., on Juniperus
macropoda. Mountains of Western Asia and South Europe, on species of Juniper. Stems
2-5 in. long, dividing dichotomously into numerous branches and forming close tufts,
the lowest joints } in. long, sheaths truncate. Long spreading roots between bark and
wood of the foster tree, which is often killed by the parasite. Fr. short stalked, ovoid,
> in. long, seed cylindric, embedded in viscous pulp and thrown out with great force
when the fr. isripe. 2. A. minutissimum, Hook.f. On Pinus excelsa. N.W. Himalaya,
Kashmir to Nepal 8-11,000 ft. Stems } in. long, often much shorter, the fl. just
emerging from the bark, joint sheaths bidentate, usually imbricating, the joints being
minute.

Orper XCVII. SANTALACEA. Gen. PI. iii. 217

Trees, shrubs or herbs, mostly parasitic on the roots, some genera on stems
and branches, of the foster plant. lL. entire, alternate or opposite, stipules 0.
Fl. usually bracteate and bracteolate, reeular, 1- or 2-sexual. Perianth mostly
superior, 3-8-lobed, stamens inserted on the perianth and opposite the lobes.
Ovary 1-celled, ovules 2-3, rarely solitary. Embryo in a copious fleshy
albumen.

I. Perianth superior, tube adnate to the ovary, not produced above it.

A. Leaves opposite . : - - e 5 . 1. Sanratoum.
B. Leaves alternate.
(a) Parasites on stems and branches, endocarp
of drupe with hard or membranous
plates projecting into fissures of the
stellately lobed seed. : b . 2. Hensnowra.
(b) Independent trees and shrubs, or root parasites.
Unarmed, branchlets sharply 3-sided, |-2
in. long, ¢ in axillary pedunculate
clusters . : “ : : - : Osyris (p. 554).
Sometimes spinescent, deciduous, buds
covered with densely white silky

- scales. ¢ fl. in tomentose panicles . Pyrurarta (p. 554).
A thorny tree, 1. coriaceous, ¢ fl. in cat-
kin-like spikes B : ‘ g f Scteroryrem (p. 554).

C. Leafless parasitic shrubs : 3. Paaceiiarta.
Il. Perianth inferior, 8-4-partite, ovary half immersed

in the disk. 2 4 é dl : - = CHAMPEREIA (p. 595).

1. SANTALUM, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 231.

Species about 8, Indo-Malayan region, Australia, Pacific islands.

S. album, Linn.; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 256.—Syn. Siriuwm myrtifolium, Roxb.
Cor. Pl. t. 2. Sandalwoed. Sans. Chandana. Vern. Chandan, Chandal,
Sandal, Hind.; Suket, Guz.; Gandha, Gandada, Kan. ; Chandanam, Tel. ;
Srigandam, Tam.; Santagu, Burm.

A small, evergreen, glabrous tree, with slender drooping branchlets, sap-
wood white and scentless, heart-wood yellowish-brown, strongly scented.
Medullary rays short, one or two cells wide, vessels 0-05 mm. diam., less than
the distance between medull. rays, solitary, rarely two together. The great
mass of the wood consists of wood-fibres, interrupted by narrow bands (1 cell
wide) of wood parenchyma, joining the med. rays in a slanting direction. L.
opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, blade 1}—24, pet. $ in. long. Fl. brownish-
purple, in axillary or terminal panicled cymes. Perianth campanulate, limb
of 4 valvate triangular segments. Stamens 4 exserted, alternating with 4
rounded obtuse scales, which may be regarded either as petals or as lobes of
the disk. Drupe globose, } in. diam., black, endocarp hard.

Indigenous in the Western Peninsula from Nasik and the Northern Circars south-
wards. Grown in gardens north as far as Saharanpur. Fl. Feb.July. As far as

5b4. XCVII SANTALACHA [Santalwm

known, the Sandal seedling for a time lives independently, the roots being furnished
with minute root hairs, which disappear when it has attached itself to the roots of a
foster plant (Brandis in Ind. For. xxxix, 3, and M. Rama Rao same vol. 386).

2. HENSLOWIA, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 232.

Parasitic glabrous shrubs, sometimes probably root parasites, 1. alternate,
fl. minute, supported by small bracts, unisexualor ¢ and ¢. Males: stamens
5 or G, inserted on the perianth-lobes, anthers didymous. Fertile ; perianth-tube
adnate to ovary, segments 5 or 6, stamens 0 or short. Species about 12, India,
China and Ind. Archip.

1. H. heterantha, Hook. f. & Thoms. Kumaon 4,000 ft. Nepal. Sikkim 2-7,000 ft.
Khasi hills. Manipur. Hills east of Toungoo 4-7,000 ft. L. variable, from obovate
to orbicular, 1-3 in. long, narrowed into a short pet., basal nerves 5-9. ¢ fl. sessile,
in pedunculate heads, fr. fascicled on pedicels $ in. long with bracts at base and below
the fr. 2. H. granulata, Hook. f.& Thoms. Sikkim. Bhutan. Khasi hills. Similar
to 1, branchlets densely pustulate, 1. obovate to spathulate, basal nerves usually
more numerous, less distinct, fruiting pedicels covered the whole length with broad
imbricating bracts. A specimen from the Southern Shan hills, 5,000 ft. (Collett, May
1888), has branchlets not pustulate and pedicels with bracts only at base and at apex.
3. H.varians, Blume. Mergui. Malay Penins. L. 3-nerved, elliptic-lanceolate. ¢ fl.
pedicellate, in short racemes, fr. up to } in. long.

Osyris arborea, Wall. ; Collett Simla Fl. 442, Fig. 144—Syn. O. Wightiana, Wall. ;
Wight Ic. t. 1858. Vern. Dalmi, Dalima, N. W. Himal.; Popoli, Lotal, Mar.; Jhuri,
Nep. Outer Himalaya, ascending to 7,000 ft., from Kulu eastwards (not found in
Sikkim). Maniptr. Upper Burma (Zaung gyan) often in Eng forest. Central Proy-
inces. Western Peninsula. Ceylon. Tonkin. Yunnan. A twiggy shrub or small
tree, as a rule glabrous, branchlets 3-sided, with prominent sharp angles. L.
coriaceous, elliptic or obovate, 1-2 in. long, mucronate, nearly sessile. FJ]. minute, 3-
sometimes 4-merous. ¢ 4 in. acrossin axillary pedunculate 5-10-fld. clusters, perianth-
lobes triangular,stamens opposite the lobes, disk fleshy 3-lobed, the lobes alternating
with the stamens. 4%: solitary sometimes 2-3 together, axillary, on long, slender
peduncles. Perianth superior, obconical. Drupe yellow, 4-4 in. diam., seed one. A
remarkable variety, branchlets, leaves and inflorescence densely pubescent, ¢ fl.
2 in. across in small sessile cymes, on the Satpura range. Sandstone hills north -
of Bori 2,500 (D. B. Dec. 1876).

Pyrularia edulis, A. DC.—Syn. Spherocarya edulis, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 255. Vern.
Amphi, Nep. Nepal. Sikkim, 4-5,000 ft. Mishmi hills. Khasi and Naga hills. A
small or middle-sized thorny deciduous tree, leaf-buds covered with broad densely
white silky scales. lL. elongate-elliptic, blade 5-7, narrowed into pet. 1 in. long, sec. n.
4-6 pair, oblique, arching. FI. ¢ in tomentose racemiform panicles, g solitary. Fr.
a large edible pyriform drupe, seed globose,

Scleropyrum Wallichianum, Arn.; Wight Ic. t.241—Syn. Pyrularia Wallichiana,
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.304. Vern. Bodlige, Benduga, Kan. Western Ghats from the Konkan
southwards, common in North Kanara, Coorg and the Wainad. Southern Shan hills
4,000 ft. Ceylon 4-6,000 ft. A small or moderate-sized tree, armed with sharp woody
often fascicled spines. lL. coriaceous, elongate-elliptic, blade 3-7, pet 4 in. long, sec. n.
8-5 pair. Fl. yellowish-red, polygamous, male in catkin-like spikes, axillary, or above
the scars of fallen leaves, perianth-tube solid, segments 5, slightly imbricate in bud,
filaments inserted at the base of lobes, 2-fid, anthers 10. Fertile in compact cylindric
racemes, perianth-tube adnate to ovary, stigma large peltate. Drupe brown, pyriform,
stalked 11-2 in. long. Seed 1, nearly globose. :

3. PHACELLARIA, Benth.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 235.

Small leafless parasitic shrubs, usually growing on Loranthus. Fl. minute,
moncecious, sessile or sunk in the branch. Perianth-tube of ¢ solid, of ?
adnate to the ovary, lobes 4 or 5 short, valvate, anther-cells diverging.
Species 4.

A. Stems under 5 in. long.

1. P. compressa, Benth. Shan hills 5,000ft. Moulmein. Stems simple, not branch-
ing, more or less flattened. 2. P. rigidula, Benth. Mergui. Stems branched, terete.

B. Stems over 6 in. long, branched.
3. P. caulescens, Hemsl. South Shan hills 4,000ft. Glabrous, fl. scattered, fr. sessile,

Phacellaria) XCVI. SANTALACEA 555

elongate-ovoid 4-4 in. long. 4. P. Wattii, Hook. f. Maniptr 7,500 ft. Hoary, fl. in
compact clusters.

Champereia Griffithiana, Planchon. Tenasserim. Andamans. Malay Penins. and
Archip. Formosa. Philippines. A small glabrous tree, branchlets pale, flexuose.
L. alternate, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-8, pet. 4-} in. long. Fl. minute,
bisexual, in axillary panicles 24 in. long, peduncles and pedicels slender. Perianth
inferior, segments 5, valvate. Stamens 5, filaments longer than perianth. Drupe
bright red, ‘ellipsoid, obtuse, seed 1.

Orper XCVIIT. EUPHORBIACEZ. Gen. PI. in. 239.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, milky sap in some genera. LL. alternate (exceptions :
Buxus, Mischodon, Trewia, Celodiscus, species of Mallotus and Excecaria),
undivided (exceptions : Bischofia, Dalechampia), usually stipulate. Fl.
mostly small, nearly always unisexual. Perianth usually simple and calycine,
petals present in several genera, connective often thick and large. Ovary
superior, as a rule of 3 carpels, more or less united, styles as many as cells or
carpels, free or united, ovules 1-2 in each cell, pendulous from the inner angle.
In many genera the micropyle is covered by an excrescence of the placenta
(caruncle). Fruit either a capsule of 2-valved 1-2-seeded cocci, usually
separating from a persistent axis, or a drupe. Embryo straight, radicle
generally superior, cotyledons in most cases broad, flat in a fleshy oily albu-
men, in a few genera cotyledons fleshy without or with scanty albumen.

Baillon and others separate Buwus and Sarcococca (raphe dorsal, micropyle towards
the axis) from Euphorbiacee. In Engler u. Prantl iii. 5. 130, they and a few other
genera form a separate order: Buxacew. All genera here described belong. to the
Division of Platylobee, the genera with narrow cotyledons (Stenolobew) are limited to
Australia and South America.

In species of Croton, Hymenocardia, Macaranga, Mallotus, Coccoceras, and Homonoia
the underside of J. is densely clothed with minute orbicular often shining scales,
consisting of radially arranged cells or rows of cells. In these cases as well as in
Lleagnus, Heritiera and other trees, the close covering of these minute scales doubtless
affects the transpiration of the leaves as well as the interchange of air. Their action
probably is analogous to that of a dense felt of stellate or other hairs. No sharp limit
exists between these scales and the flat stellate hairs which clothe the underside of |. in
some of the genera mentioned and in other genera of this Order.

I. Flower-heads resembling single fl., consisting of a calyx-like involucre, enclos-
ing several fl. without per ianth, viz., one central 9 fi. (a pedicellate pistil) and
several ¢ fl., each a single pedicellate stamen.

One ovule in each cell. : : . 1. Eurnorsia.

If. Flowers not united in heads, eac sh fl. w vith a perianth, 2 ovules in each cell, as
a rule collateral, in a few cases superposed,one pendulous from the apex the other from
half-way up the axis. Inflorescence mostly axillary or lateral, petals none or minute.

(1) L. trifoliolate, fl. panicled =. “ é . 2. Brscnorra.
(2) L. undivided, opposite . : : 5 . 8. Buxus.
(8) L. undivided, whorled . é : ; . Miscnopon (p. 559).
(4) L. undivided, alternate.
A. ¢ calyx- lobes valyate, petals scale-like.
Ovary 2-celled, fr. drupe, fl. in axillary

clusters : 4. Bripecia.
Ovary 2-celled, capsule ‘flat obcordate,
é fl. in catkins . : Hymenocarpra (p. 561).

Ovary 8-celled, fr. a de hiscent capsule,
fl. in axillary clusters. 2 é
B. ¢ sepals or calyx-lobes imbricate.
(a) Petals scale-like.
é@ disk 5-lobed : cs . 6. AcTREPHILA.
@ disk of 5 bifid glands : Anpracune (p. 562).
(b) Petals 0, ¢ fl. in axillary, rarely
terminal, spikes, racemes or
panicles.

. CLEISTANTHUS

or

556 XCVIII. EUPHORBIACEA

Fr. globose, in bunches, mostly
from the old wood, seeds em-

bedded in a fleshy aril 3 avis

Fr. acapsule bursting irregularly,
pericarp sometimes fleshy, ¢ fl.
in catkins . > 8
Fr. a 4-valved 1- seeded capsule, fl.
in lax panicles

BaccaunrEa.

. APOROSA.

ScoRTECHINIA (p. 564).

Fr. indehiscent, 1-9-seeded, fl dicecious in spikes or racemes.

Petiole short, under 1 in.

Ovary 1-celled, raphe ventral. 9.

Ovary 2-3-celled, raphe dorsal
Petiole long, over 1 in.

. 10.

ANTIDESMA.
Sarcococca (p. 565).
DapHNIPHYLLUM.

(c) Petals 0, ¢ fl. solitary, in clusters or fascicles.

a. Style-arms much dilated, fr.
serrulate.
Stamens 2-4 central, drupe ie

seeded 11.

an indehiscent drupe, 1. often

PurRanJIva.

Stamens few or ©, i inserted round an orbicular disk.

Ovary usually 1-celled
Ovary 2-4-celled .
B. Styles and style-arms slender.

. 12.
o, JIB},

Hemicycira.
CycLosTEMon.

Disk 0 in either sex, stamens 3, filaments united into a

column.
Anthers adnate to the whole
length of the column
Column short, trigonous,
anthers sessile on the

angles 5 ils),

. 14. Breynta.

Saunopus.

Disk present in 9 arn often in ¢ fl.

Filaments free round a large

2-3-fid pistillode

Filaments free or united,
pistillode 0 or minute

y. Styles as a rule connate into a

fleshy mass, conical, columnar

or spherical, disk 0, anthers

3-8 adnate toacentral column 18.

. 16.

FLuGeGea.

17. PHyLianruus.

GLocHIDION.

III. Flowers not united in heads (exception ; Dalechampia), each fl. with a perianth,

one oyule in each cell.
A. Petals present, inflorescence terminal.
Fl. in androgynous compound cymes.
L. penninerved, stamens 8
Basal nerves 3-7.
Sepals 5, imbricate, stamens 8-12
Calyx- -lobes 2-3, valvate, stamens 8- 20
Fl. in androyynous spikes or racemes, stamens
10-30, filaments inflexed in bud ;
Fl. in uuisexual racemes, stamens 10 6 ~ 20.
B. Petals present, inflorescence as a rule axillary.
(a) g sepals imbricate, petals united, fr. a drupe .
(6) & sepals imbricate, petals free, fr. capsular.
2 sepals not enlarged in fr.
Stigma broad, sessile, stam. 4-5
Styles short 2-fid.
Fl. in axillary clusters, stam. 10 .
F]. in racemes or panicles.
Anthers 3, sessile on a cylindric
column 5 6 3 6 3
Stames 8-35. : 0 . 24
Styles slender, entire, recur rved |
2 sepals as a rule enlarged in fr.
(c) $ calyx open in bud, 5- toothed, 2 sepals en-
larged in fr., petals in ¢ and 2
dd) 8 sepals valvate.

Glabrous, anther-cells distinct, pendulous. 27.

Stellately tomentose, anther-cells contigu-
ous, parallel 9 0

Trrraxis (p. 576).

. JATROPHA.

ALEuRITES (p. 576).

. Croron.

GaALEARIA.

. Givorta.

Pratystiema (p. 579).

Micropesmis (p. 579).

23. TRIGONOSTEMON.
. OsToODEs.

Cop1aum (p. 580).

. Bvacuta.

26. DimorpHocaLyx.

AGROSTISTACHYS.

SumBAVIA (p. 582).

XCVITI. EUPHORBIACE® 557
C. Petals 0. Calyx campanulate.
Stamens 10, filaments free . 2 5 Mantnor (p. 582).
Anthers 5-10, adnate to a central column. - Hevea (p. 582).

D. Petals0. ¢ sepals imbricate.
d fil. fascicled.
Fr. smooth tardily dehiscent. Resinous trees,

stipules sheathing . c 3 . 28. Getonrum.
Capsule echinate . : 3 2 : Cuztocarrts (p. 582).
g fl. in panicles or racemes ; . 29. Barrospermum.

E. Petals. 0. ¢ sepals or calyx-segments ‘valvate.
(a) Twining shrubs.
L. undivided, base cordate.
é calyx 3-lobed, anthers 3, cocci not

winged, sepals not enlargedinfr. . CNEsMoneE (p. 583).
3 sepals 4-5, stamens 8-30, cocci winged,
sepals enlarged in fr. : : : PLUKENETIA (p. 583).
L. deeply lobed or trifoliolate fl. in inyo-
luerate heads 0 : 0 . 80. DaLecuamrra.

(b) Trees or erect shrubs.
a. Filaments free, stamens 2 or 3, fl. in androgynous or unisexual spikes.
3 calyx 2-3-lobed . 5 : : _ 31. Saprum.
3 sepals 3,small_ . 3 32. Excascaria.
8. Filaments free, stamens 4, anthers 2 -celled.
Filaments slender, anther-cells par-
allel, adnate to a thick connective 33. ADENOCHLENA.
Filaments short, flat, anther-cells diy-
aricate CasLopEpPas (p. 586).
y. Filaments free or only united at base, stamens 6-0 , anthers 2-celled.
L. alternate, anther-cells divaricate.
Styles short, entire, densely plumose 34. CLaoxyton.
Styles filiform, with numerous slender

branches : c 35, ACALYPHA.
L. alternate, anther-cells contiguous, parallel.
Back of cocci rounded : 2 . 36. ALCHORNEA.
Back of cocci sharply keeled . Coccoceras (p. 587).

L. alternate or opposite, anther- cells

globose or shortly oblong, widely

separated by the thick connective 37. Matrotus.
L. opposite, anther-cells coptieneus, parallel.

L. entire, fr.a drupe . dB: TrREWIA.
L. dentate or sinuately lobed, “fr.
capsule . c . * 39. Ca:Lopiscus.
é. Filaments free, stamens 1-o . anthers 3-1- “celled.
Styles entire. : - 40. Macaranca.
Styles with 2-3 long filiform arms . ¢ Cretpron (p. 592).
e. Filaments connate in bundles, stamens 7.
Fl. in terminal androgynous panicles. Riernus (p. 593).

Fl. usually dioecious, in axillary spikes. 41. Homonora,.
Fl. moneecious, ¢ in axillary-spikes, 9
solitary . , : ¢ : : Lastococea (p. 598).

Position uncertain c ' : SpHyrantuera (p. 593).

1. EUPHORBIA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 244.

Mostly herbs, a few shrubs or soft-wooded trees with fleshy branches,
abounding in milky juice, contained in continuous laticiferous tubes. LL. of
the stem alternate, without stipnles, or with stipular spines, those on the
flowering branches opposite. Fl. heads resembling single fl., consisting of a
calyx-like cup-shaped involucre, lobes 4-5, alternating with broad fleshy glands,
enclosing 10-15 male and one central female fl. @: one 2-celled, often didy-
mous anther on an articulated filament. 9: a solitary stipitate 3-celled
ovary, styles 3, free or combined, simple or 2-fid. Capsule separating into
three 2-valved cocci. Species over 600, absent only in the arctic zone.

The species here described all belong to the Section Muphorbium with

558 XCVITI. EUPHORBIACEZ [Euphorbia

fleshy green stems and branches. L. (excepting floral 1.) often wanting.
Lobes of involucre membranous, numerous fimbriate bracts among the male fl.

A. Unarmed, branches terete or flat.

1. E. Tirucalli, Linn.; Brandis. F. Fl. 489.—Milk-bush. Vern. Sehnd, Hind.; Nevli,
Mar.; Nandu-kalli, Kan.; Sanna-Jamudu, Tel.; Tiru kalli, Mal.; Tazaung lethnyo,
Burm. A native of Africa, naturalized in Bengal and the Western Peninsula, chiefly
as a hedge plant. Cultivated in Burma and in North-West India as far north as
Hushiarpur. A shrub or small tree, bark of stem cracked, dark olive-brown, branches
terete, smooth, green, jointed, 1. fleshy, linear or linear-cuneate, sessile, up to 4 in. long.
Inyolucres crowded at the ends and in the forks of the branches. Capsules deeply 3-
lobed, villous, dark-brown, 4 in. long. 2. E. epiphylloides, Kurz. South Andaman on
the rocky coast. Great Nicobar. Attains 15 ft., branches flat with thick crenate
wings, capsule glabrous.

B. Armed usually at the nodes with pairs of sharp spines.

(a) Styles simple, stigma capitate.

3. E. Nivulia, Ham.; Wight Ic. t. 1862. Vern. Thor, Thuhar, Thura,
Senhur, Hind.; Sij, Beng.; Etki, Kol; Newrang, Mar.; Bontha-Jamudu,
Tel. ; Yella-kalli, Kan.; Shasawng, Burm.

A bushy tree, attaining 30 ft., trunk with thick corky bark when old, stems
and branches round without ribs or angles, branchlets generally whorled. L.
fleshy, sessile, obtuse, cuneate or obovate, 4-12 in. long. Involucres usually
3 in a short cyme at or just above the nodes, the lateral peduncled, bisexual,
the central sessile, male, common and partial peduncles up to 4 in. long, cymes
often fascicled.

Garhwal, on dry rocky slopes. Oudh. Rajputana. Behar. Singbhum, Satpura
range, Centr. Proy. Western Peninsula. Chittagong. West side of the Pegu Yoma,
common on dry ridges in the Prome and Tharawadi districts. Leafless C.S., fl. and fresh
l. HS. 4. EB. neriifolia, Linn. On waste land and near villages: Singbhum. Centr.
Proy. Western Peninsula. Burma, Upper and Lower. Vern. Zizaung, Burm. A
small tree, attaining 20ft., stems cylindric, branches round, but the nodes arranged in
5 more or less spirally twisted ribs, branchlets 5-angled. L. few, cuneate or oblanceo-
late, usually acute or mucronate, 6-12 in. long. Involucres in small compact shortly
pedunculate dichotomous cymes from the sinus between the nodes, styles connate
high up.

5. E. Royleana, Boissier.—Syn. L. pentagona, Royle Ill. t. 82, f. 1. Vern. Thor,
Hind. Common on dry slopes with a south aspect in the outer ranges of the North-
West Himalaya, ascending to 7,000 ft. Attains 15-16 ft. and a girth up to 6 ft.,
branches with 5, sometimes 7, broad flat faces, separated by sharp undulating angles,
spines in pairs at the nodes, |. few or wanting. Involucres yellow, in compact sessile
3-fld. cymes from the sinus between the nodes, styles free nearly to the base. Grows
readily from cuttings, even in the driest soil. Cultivated in places at the foot of the
hills, but does not thrive far out in the plains. 6. E. trigona, Haworth; Wight Ic. t.
1863—Syn. E. Cattimandoo, W. Elliot in Wight Ic. t. 1993. Vern. Kattimandu, Tel.
Branches twisted, with 3 or 5 sharp ridges, which are deeply sinuate between the
nodes. :

(b) Styles bifid at the apex.

7. E. antiquorum, Linn. ; Wight Ic. t. 897. Vern. Tidhara-Sehnd, Hind.; Tandhari- —
Send, Guz.; Bonta Kalli, Kan.; Pedda Jamadu, Tel.; Sadura-Kalli, Tam. ; Chethura-
Kalli, Mal.; Tazaung, Pyathat, Burm. Bengal. Both Peninsulas. Cultivated by
Meehis and Garos in Assam. Often grown asa hedge plant.—Ceylon. A small tree,
attaining 25 ft., branches stout, jointed, sharply 3- sometimes 5-angled, the ridges
undulating, 1. small, caducous, involucres in lax cymes, common and partial peduncles
% in. long. Wild on the higher ridges of the Arakan Yoma. 8. E, tortilis, Rottler ;
Wight Ic. t. 898. Western Peninsula.—Ceylon (?). Branches jointed, sharply 3- or
4-angled, as a rule spirally twisted.

2. BISCHOFIA, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 344.

B. javanica, Blume (the only species); Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 259—Syn.
Micrelus Reperianus, Wight & Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 1880. Vern. Kain,
Pankain, Hind.; Uriana, Assam; Gobra-nerul, Nilimara, Kan.; Mila-
chittyan, Tam.; Pogawng za, Burm.

i
|

A
.
:
‘
4
4
4
\
h

Bischofia| XCVIII. EUPHORBIACE#® 559

A large glabrous deciduous tree, |. alternate trifoliolate, common petiole
3-8 in., leaflets elliptic, crenate, acuminate, 3-8 in. long. Fl. greenish-yellow,
dicecious, apetalous, disk 0, racemose, bracts lanceolate, early caducous, in
ample pedunculate panicles, axillary or above scars of fallen 1. @: sepals 5,
obtuse, concave, concealing the anthers, stamens 5 opposite to sepals, filaments
short, round an obtuse pistillode. 9: Sepals ovate caducous, ovary 3—4-celled,
styles linear, entire. Fr. globose, fleshy, 1-4 in. diam., seeds 3 or 4 smooth,
shining.

Subhimalayan forests and outer hills, from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to
4,000 ft. Chutia Nagpur. Western Peninsula. Assam. Chittagong. Burma,
Upper and Lower. Chiefly in shady ravines and on the banks of streams. FI. March,
April, foliage turns red before falling. In Burma the ¢ panicles are often pubescent.
A beautiful wood, does not warp, deserves attention—Malay Penins. and Archip.
Polynesia.

3. BUXUS, Linn. ; FI. Brit. Ind. vy. 267.
Species 20, Northern Hemisphere.

B. sempervirens, Linn. Box. Vern. Shamshad, Sansadu, Chikri,
Papri, Poppar, N. W. Him.

An evergreen shrub or small tree, wood yellowish-white, hard, very close-
and eyen-grained, consisting chiefly of thick-walled wood-fibres; med. rays
1, rarely 2 or 3 cells wide. Vessels small, uniformly distributed, wood
parenchyma scanty. Branchlets and young 1. pubescent, |. coriaceous, oppo-
site, varying from lanceolate to ovate, quite entire, 1-3 in. long, narrowed
into a short petiole. Fl. yellowish, moncecious, smell unpleasant, in dense
short axillary spikes, the terminal fl. being usually female. d¢: Sepals 4
biseriate, imbricate, stamens 4 free, opposite to sepals, inserted round a 4-
sided rudimentary ovary. @: Sepals 6, in twocircles of 3 each, ovary 3-celled,
3-cornered, top flat, the corners terminating in thick short styles. Capsule
coriaceous, 5- valved, each valve ending in 2 horns, being the halves of two
styles, dissepiments attached to the valves. Seeds black.

Suliman range, trans-Indus. Salt range. Here and there, chiefly in shady ravines,
forming small nearly pure woods, in the N. W. Himalaya 4-8,000 ft. Not in Sikkim,
but in Bhutan. Fl. March-May. Canary Islands. North Africa. Southern and
Western Europe. Western Asia. China and Japan. Formosa.

Mischodon zeylanicus, Thwaites; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 290. Tinnevelli hills—Ceylon.
A large evergreen tree, branchlets angular, minutely hairy. L. whorled, rigidly
coriaceous, oblong, blade 6-14, pet. 4-2 in., the young foliage of a fine rich lake colour.
é fl. numerous, in short axillary bracteate pubescent panicles, sepals 5-8, often un-
equal, stamens opposite the sepals, filaments free, hairy, exserted, pistillode 8-lobed.
Capsules } in. diam., on long panicled pedicels, trigonous, of 3 two-valyed cocci.

4. BRIDELIA, Willd.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vy. 267.

Trees, shrubs or climbers, |. alternate, short petiolate, generally distichous,
sec. n. prominent, parallel. Fl. small, monecious or dicecious, sessile or nearly
so, in axillary or spicate clusters, bracteoles numerous between the flowers.
Calyx-tube short and flat, sezments 5, valvate in bud, petals 5 smaller than
calyx-segments. Disk broad, $ lining the calyx- -tube, 2 conical or tubular,
often enclosing the ovary. re Stamens 5, inserted in a whorl on a central
tube, enclosing the rudimentary ovary, anther-cells parallel. 9: Ovary glab-
rous 2- rarely 3-celled, the base enclosed in the calyx-tube, styles 2, bifid,
in B. minutiflora 1 only. Drupe with 1 or 2, l-seeded pyrenes. Cotyledons
thin in fleshy albumen or fleshy with membranous albumen. Species 30,
tropical Africa, Madagascar, Indo-Malayan region, South China, tropical
Australia, New Caledonia.

A. Sec. n. numerous, usually 12-30 pair.

560 XCVIII. KUPHORBIACEA |Bridelia

1. B. retusa, Spreng.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 260; Brandis F. Fl. t. 55.—Syn-
Cluytia spinosa, Willd.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 172. Vern. Kaj, Khaja, Kajja,
Hind. ; Kasst, Kasset, Karka, C. P.; Kaka, Kol; Lamkana, Ajmere; Angnéra,
Banswara; Monj,Guzerat; Haklo, Mandevi; Kohir, Ass.; Asana kutgi, Mar. ;
Goje, Kan.; Koramadi, Tel.; Mullu-maruthu, Tam.; Mullu-venga, Mullu-
Kayani, Mal.; Setkchi, Burm.

A large or moderate-sized deciduous tree, bark dark coloured, heart-wood grey
to olive-brown. Young stems spinescent, branchlets and underside of leaves
usually shortly tomentose. lL. rigidly coriaceous, elongate-elliptic, sec. n.
straight, prominent, 15-25 pair, blade 5-10, pet. 1-} in., stipules subulate,
deciduous. Fl. dicecious, yellow, crowded in lateral sessile clusters, these
commonly arranged in axillary or terminal often paniculate spikes. Disk of
female fl. double, the outer lining the calyx-tube, the inner 5-lobed. Drupe
fleshy purplish-black, edible, } in. diam., supported by the slightly enlarged
calyx.

Subhimalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards, ascending to 3,500 ft. Common in
the Oudh Forests and the Terai of Sikkim. Rajputana. Central Provinces. Chutia
Nagpur and Behar. Western Peninsula and Burma. Fl. May-July. Fr. eaten and
the seeds widely distributed by the green pigeon. The J. before falling takea pinkish-
brown autumn tint. Coppices well. Ceylon. 2. B.assamica, Hook. f. Assam, Silhet.
Branches sparsely pubescent, 1. membranous, minutely puberulous beneath, blade 6-12,
pet. 4 in., sec. n. slightly arching 15-20 pair, fl. sessile, in minute axillary clusters,
fr. nearly 1 in. long oyoid, on the unaltered calyx. 3. B. montana, Willd. (Cluytia
montana, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 171). Gondni, Hind. Subhimalayan tract from Jhelum east-
wards, ascending to 3,500 ft. Khasi hills. Central Provinces. Behar, Orissa. Upper
Burma. A middle-sized tree, glabrous, branchlets tuberculate, 1. usually obovate,
shining above, pale beneath, margin undulate, blade 3-7, pet. 4-4 in., fl. in small
dense axillary clusters. Fr. elongate-oyoid narrowed at both ends, seated on the
unaltered calyx. 4. B. burmanica, Hook. f. (B. amena, Kurz F. FI. ii. 368). Cult. in
Hort. Bot. Cale. believed to have been brought from Upper Burma. Quite glabrous,
1. membranous, obtuse, margin undulate, blade 4-7, pet. 4 in. long, sec. n. 12-20 pair,
slender, reticulate veins anastomosing between the tertiary n. prominent, fl. in small
axillary clusters, green and red.

B. Sec. n. few, usually 5-12 pair.

(a) L. pubescent or tomentose beneath.

5. B. stipularis, Blume.—Syn. Cluytia. scandens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 173. Vern. Harin-
hara, Beng.; Dunki-bura, Tel. Subhimalayan tract from the Ganges eastwards,
ascending to 2,000 ft. Abundant in the Sal forests of Oudh, Jalpaiguri, and the
Western Duars. Behar. Bengal. Both Peninsulas. Fl. May-Oct.—Ceylon, rare.
Ind. Arch. A large scrambling or climbing shrub, branchlets, petioles and underside
of 1. with soft tawny tomentum. L. elliptic or obovate, blade 2-6, pet. 4-4 in. long,
sec. n. arching, 8-12 pair, transverse veins at right angles, parallel. Fl. greenish-
yellow, in compound clusters in the axils of leaves or bracts, often supported by broad-
lanceolate stipular bracts, and frequently forming long panicled spikes at the ends of
branches, calyx nearly glabrous, petals orbicular, similar in both sexes, disk of 2 fl.
fimbriate. Fr. oblong 4 in. long, seated on the slightly enlarged calyx. 6. B. dasycalyx,
Kurz. Pegu forests. Similar, calyx densely hairy outside. 7. B. pubescens, Kurz.
Eastern Nepal and Sikkim, hot valleys ascending to 5,000 ft. Khasi hills. Singbhum.
Eastern slopes of the Pegu Yoma. Martaban hills, common. A large or middle-sized
tree, branchlets and |. beneath tawny pubescent, 1. membranous, elliptic or obovate,
shortly acuminate, blade 4-6, pet. t in., sec. n. 9-12 pair, arching. Fl. pubescent in
compact axillary clusters, fr. 4 in. long, ovoid, almost cylindric. 8. B. tomentosa,
Blume. Sikkim Terai. Assam. Khasi hills. Cachar. Eastern Bengal. Lower
Burma. Malay Penins. and Archip. China. Australia. A shrub or small tree,
branchlets and |. beneath minutely pubescent, 1. undulate, Janceolate, glaucous
beneath, blade 1-3, pet. slender 3 in. long. Fr. globose $-¢ in. diam.

(6) L. glabrous, or nearly so.

9. B, Hamiltoniana, Wall. Behar. Chanda district. Konkan. A straggling shrub,
branchlets glabrous, 1. glabrous or minutely hairy beneath, elongate- or obovate-
elliptic, often rhomboid, sec. n. 6-9 pair, nearly straight, branched, blade 1-4, narrowed
into pet. 4-4 in. long, stipules linear-lanceolate. Fr. globose + in. diam. Prain,
Benga] Plants 927 unites this with Bb. montana, Willd. 10. B, Kurzii, Hook. f. Anda-
mans. Nicobars. Malay Penins. Glabrous, |. elliptic-oblong, obtuse, base rounded,
blade 2-4, pet. 4 in. long, reticulate veins distinct on both sides. Fl. minute, fr.

Bridelia| XCVIII. EUPHORBIACE 561

globose 4-}in. diam. 11. B, Griffithii, Hook.f. South Andaman. Malacca. Scandent,
glabrous, |. thinly coriaceous, elongate-elliptic, acuminate, blade 2-4, pet. 4 in., sec. n.
5-7 pair, arching. 12. B, minutiflora, Hook. f. Mergui. Malay Archip. Nearly
glabrous, branches pustulate, 1. membranous, elongate elliptic, acuminate, base acute,
blade 2-3, pet. fin. Style solitary, bifid half-way down.

Hymenocardia punctata, Wall.—Syn. HW. Wallichii, Tulasne. Banks of streams and
moist places, Pegu and Tenasserim, possibly also in Upper Burma. Siam. Cambodia.
Sumatra. . A shrub or small tree, deciduous, branchlets and petioles pubescent, young
shoots, underside of 1. and ¢ spikes densely clothed with minute shining orange-
coloured scales. L. elliptic, blade 1-3, pet. slender, 4 in. long. ¢ catkins 4 in. long,
2-3 together, fl. minute, single in the axils of peltate pedicelled bracts, calyx mem-
branous, irregularly 4-G-lobed, stamens 4-6, filaments nearly free. @ in few-fld.
racemes, sepals narrow, caducous. Capsule flat, obcordate, # in. broad, reticulately
veined, consisting of 2 broad flat wing-like cocci, separating from a central axis, seeds
flat.

5. CLEISTANTHUS, Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 274.

Trees or shrubs, 1. alternate, quite entire. Petals minute, ovary 3-celled,
styles 3, bifid, capsule sessile or shortly pedicellate, of 3 two-valved, 1-seeded
cocci, separating from a central axis, cotyledons often folded. Species about
30, Tropical Africa. Indo-Malayan region. Trop. Australia. New Caledonia.

A. Ovary quite glabrous.

1. C. collinus, Benth.—Syn. Lebidieropsis orbicularis, Muell. Arg. ;
Bedd. Man. t. 23, fig. 5; Clwytia collina, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 169. Vern.
Garar, Garari, C. P.; Korshe, Tel.; Wodan, Wodishi, Tam.

A large shrub or small tree, wood red, heart-wood darker, small, foliage
bright green. lL. broadly ovate or obovate, obtuse, often orbicular, blade 2-4,
pet. } in., sec. n. 4-8 pair, slender. Fl. yellowish-green, in small axillary
silky clusters, calyx-lobes lanceolate. Capsule woody, sessile, globose 3- rarely
4-lobed, 3—} in. diam., dark brown, shining, Seeds 3, albumen scanty.

Behar. Chutia Nogpur. Satpura range. Chanda district (abundant). Western
Peninsula. Not known north of the Ganges, norfrom Rajputana. FI. R.S. Coppices
readily. 2. C. chartaceus, Muell. Arg. Silhet. Branchlets and inflorescence rusty-
tomentose, |. glabrous when mature, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, blade 5-8, narrowed
into pet. + in. long, sec. n. arching, 6-8 pair. Capsule stipitate, 4 in. long, woody,
8-lobed. 3. C. myrianthus, Kurz. Lower Burma. Andamans. Malay Penins. A
middle-sized evergreen tree, branchlets and |. finely fulvous-tomentose, 1. coriaceous,
lanceolate, acuminate, blade 6-10, pet. 4 in., sec. n. 10-15 pair, arching. Capsule
stipitate, woody, obtusely 3-lobed, 4 in. diam.

B. Ovary villous or hirsute.

4. C. malabaricus, Muell. Arg. Evergreen forests of the Konkan and North Kanara.
A large shrub or small tree, branchlets and petioles densely rufous-villous. L. oblanceo-
late, acuminate, glaucous and thinly hairy beneath, blade 4-6 in. narrowed intoa very
short petiole, stipules long, setaceous. Capsule sparsely hairy, } in. diam., deeply 3-
lobed. 5. C, lancifolius, Hook. f. Tenasserim. Glabrous, 1. lanceolate, caudate-acumi-
nate, blade 4-5, pet. + in. long, sec. n. slender.

6. C. patulus, Muell. Arg.; Bedd. Man. t. xxiii. fig. 4—Syn. Amanoa indica, Wight
Tc. t. 1911. Western Peninsula. Ceylon. . Glabrous, 1. ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, blade 1-8, pet. } in. long, sec. n. very slender. Capsule 4 in. diam., deeply
8-lobed.

6. ACTEPHILA, BI1.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 282,

L. quite entire, stipules deciduous. Fl. moncecious, sometimes dicecious, 3
in axillary clusters, 2 solitary or a few on a long peduncle. Sepals 5-6,
petals small, sometimes wanting, disk broad, usually 5-lobed. ¢ Stamens
3-6, filaments free or connate at the base round a 3-cleft pistillode. Fr. a
hard capsule of 3 two-valved cocci. Cotyledons fleshy, albumen scanty or 0.
Species about 10, Malayan and Australian.

1. A. excelsa, Muell. Arg. ; Bedd. Man. t.28.—Syn. A. neilgherrensis, Wight Ic. t. 1910,
Vern. Tawzalat pyu, Burm. Western Ghats from Mahabaleshwar southwards.

oo

562 XCVIII. EUPHORBIACEA [Actephila

Assam. Khasi hills. Cachar. Chittagong. Upper Burma. Andamans. A shrub
or small tree, young shoots minutely hairy, 1. obovate or oblanceolate, base acute,
bladé 2-7, pet. +-4 in., rarely longer. Fr. depressed, orbicular, 3-lobed, 1 in. diam. on
pedicels 1-8 in. or several on a common peduncle. A. Thomsoni, Muell. Arg., and A.
javanica, Miq., probably belong to this species. 2. A. puberula, Kurz. Andamans.
Nicobars. <A shrub, base of ]. rounded or slightly cordate, pet. 4-14 in.

Andrachne cordifolia, Muell. Arg. ; Collett Simla Flora 449 fig. 147. N.W. Himalaya,
Hazara to Kumaon, 5-8,000 ft. China. A small shrub with slender branches, young
shoots, petioles and underside of 1. hairy. L. tapering from a broad rounded base,
obtuse, blade 1-2, petiole slender }-$ in. Fl. moneecious, axillary, on long filiform
pedicels, calyx-segments obovate, petals keeled, disk of 5 flat bifid glands. Capsule
4 in. diam., supported by the enlarged calyx.

7. BACCAUREA, Lour.; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 367.

Evergreen trees, 1. alternate usually entire. Fl. generally dicecious, apetalous,
hoary or tomentose, in long spiciform racemes or racemiform panicles, often on
the old wood. Disk O or
obscure. 6: sepals 4-5,
imbricate, stamens 4-8,
filaments free, round a
pubescent pistillode. @
sepals 4-6 linear or ob-
long, ovary 2-5-celled,
stigmas 2-5 small sessile,
ovules 2 in each cell.
Fruit globose, pericarp
coriaceous, seeds enclosed
ina fleshy arillus. Species
40-50, mostly Indo-Mala-
yan, a few in tropical
Africa and Polynesia.

1. B. sapida, Muell.
Arg. Vern. Latqua, Beng. ;
Leteku, Ass.; Kala Bogatt,
‘Nep.; Kanazo, Burm.

A middle-sized tree,
young shoots hairy, 1.
glabrous, | membranous,
elongate - elliptic, often
obovate, blade 4-10, nar-
rowed into the thickened,
geniculate and 1-2 in. long
petiole. Fl. tomentose on
short pedicels in simple
bracteate spiciform densely
fascicled racemes, from be-
low the 1. or from the old
wood. 6 bracts {5-1 in.,
longer than the sessile
fl. clusters, sepals minute.
9, bracts minute, sepals
oblong, jf in., ovary densely
tomentose. Fr. yellow,
velvety, 2-1 in. diam., in

Fic. 181.—Baccaurea sapida, Muell. Arg. 4. long bunches, hanging

down usually from the

trunk and branches, pericarp leathery, seeds 3, embedded in pale rose- coloured
delicious pulp, the arillus of the seeds.

Baccaurea) XCVIII. EUPHORBIACE.E® 563

Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys from Sikkim eastwards. Assam. Silhet.
East Bengal. Tippera. Burma, Upper and Lower. Specimens from Martaban (D.B.
1880) have sinuately dentate ]. Fl. March, Fr. May. 2. B. flaccida, Muell. Arg.
Tenasserim. Similar to 1, bracts of g fl. short, very deciduous. 3. B. parviflora,
Muell. Arg.—Tenasserim, Malay Penins. and Archip. L. thin oblanceolate or
obovate, bracts minute, g racemes very slender, 2? sepals linear. Fr. narrow-ellipsoid.

4. B. courtallensis, Muell. Arg.—Syn. Baccaurea sapida, Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 280:
Pierardia macrostachys, Wight Ie. t. 1912 g, t. 19138 2. Mutta thuri, Mutta keipu,
Mal. Western Ghats from North Kanara southw ards, common in evergreen forest.
A large or middle-sized tree, 1. glabrous, elliptic, shortly acuminate, sometimes oppo-
site, blade 3-8, pet. 3-14 in. Fl. hairy, bracts minute, ¢ reddish in long narrow
racemifor: m panicles densely crowded on the trunk, branches of panicles short, 3-5-fld,
2 on short pedicels in slender racemes, 8-12 in., sepals } -4 in. long. Fr. bright
erimson, 1 in. diam., subglobose with 3 ridges, hanging in great profusion all round
the trunk, which appears as a mass of crimson. Hooker, in Fl. Brit. nd. v. 371 refers
Wight Ic. t. 1913 to B. sapida.

8. APOROSA, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. y. 345.

Trees, usually evergreen, |. alternate. Fl]. small, usually dicecious, apetalous,
disk 0. @: in axillary catkin-like often clustered spikes, 1-3 fl. in the axils
of large imbricating bracts. Sepals 3-6, usually 4, stamens 1-5, central
filaments slender. 9: in short spikes or racemes, peduncles clothed with
numerous imbricating bracts, sepals 3-6, small. Ovary 2- (rarely 1- or 3-)
celled, stigmas plumose, spreading or recurved, simple or 2—4-cleft, ovules 2 in
each cell. Fr. bursting irregularly from the base upwards. Cotyledons flat
broad, in fleshy albumen. Species 30-40, Indo-Malayan region.

Kokra, Beng. and Yemein, Burm. are used indiscriminately for several
species.

A. Ovary pubescent or tomentose.

(a) @ fl. sessile, 1. glabrous beneath.

a, Fr, ovoid.

1. A. Roxburghii, Baill. Vern. Yemein, Burm. Subhimal.tract from Sikkim eastwards
in Saland mixed forest. Orissa. Assam. Khasihills. Cachar. Comillah. Chittagong—
Burma, Upper and Lower, common in Engdain. A small or middle-sized tree, elabrous
except inflorescence. LL. elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or obscurely
sinuate-toothed, blade 4-6, pet. }-} in. ¢ spikes clustered, 1- tt in. long, bracts broad,
ciliate, sepals pubescent. Fr. ovoid-oblong, 4-4 in. long. 2. A oblonga, Muell. Arg.
Amherst, Tenasserim. Glabrous, |. elliptic-oblong, Bisa "35, pet. 4-§ in. 3. B
Clellandii, Hook. f. Rangoon. Glabrous, 1. lanceolate, thinly cor iaceous, blade 5-6, pet.
4-4 in., sec. n. very slender. Fr. }-4 in. long, pericarp very thin, fragile. 4. A.
glabrifolia, Kurz. Nicobars. Branchlets robust, shoots tomentose, 1. broad-elliptic,
sparsely hairy beneath, blade 3-5, pet. 4 in., fr. 3 in. finely pubescent. 5. A. acuminata,
Thwaites. Vern. Nir Vittil,Mal. Tinnevelli and Travancore ghats 3-3,500 ft. Ceylon.
A shrub or small tree, youngest shoots silky, 1. thin, glabrous, lanceolate, caudate-
acuminate, blade 3-4, narrowed into pet.}-jin. ¢@ catkins }-} in., fr. 3 in. long, red,
hairy, pericarp fleshy.

B. Fr. globose or nearly so.

6. A. macrophylla, Muell. Arg. Jngyin, Burm. Eng forest of Upper and Lower
Burma. A small tree (dec siduous, Kurz), perfectly glabrous, save inflorescence, branch-
lets stout, 1. coriaceous, ovate, base deeply cordate, blade 9-24, pet. 2-3 in. long. Fr.
sessile, yellow, velvety, } in. diam. 7. A. villosula, Kurz. Vern. Thitsat, Burm. Anda-
mans. Lower Burma. A small tree, youngest shoots hairy, 1. elliptic-oblong, acuminate,
blade 5-7, pet t-1 in. long. Fr. apiculate, 4 in. diam.

(b) ¢ fl. sessile, 1. tomentose beneath.

8. A. villosa, Baill. Vern. Jngyin, Burm. Burma, Lower and Upper, in Eng forest.
—Cochin China. A middle-sized deciduous tree, bark thick, grey, deeply cracked,
branchlets, petioles and leaves beneath softly hairy. L. rigidly coriaceous, broadly
elliptic-oblong, quite entire, blade 4—9, pet. 4-1 in. long. @ spikes 4-2 in, long, bracts
hairy. spikes few-fld., sessile, often on the old wood, ovary densely rusty-villous.
Fr. avoid, densely tawny tomentose, 4 in. long, usually 1-seeded.

(c) @ fl. pedicelled.

564 XCVIIT. EUPHORBIACEA [Aporosa

9. A. Lindleyana, Baill.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 286—Syn. Scepa Lindleyana, Wight Ie. t.
361. Vern. Sulla, Kan.; Vittil, Tam. Evergreen forests of the Konkan and the
Western Ghats, common in places. A small or middle-sized tree, youngest shoots more
or less silky. IL. glabrous, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, blade 5-7, pet. 4-2 in., stipules
large, hairy, caducous. ¢ catkins 1-1} in. long, bracts glabrous, ciliate. 9 fl. in
short hairy often clustered racemes. Fr. globose, 4-3 in. diam. 10. A. Bourdilloni,
Stapf in Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 2204. Travancore low country, moist forest. A small tree,
branchlets, petioles and underside of |. along n. shortly pubescent, 1. elliptic-oblong,
acuminate, blade 5-7, pet. $ in. ¢ catkins } in. long, bracts ovate puberulous. @ fl.
solitary, on bracteate axillary peduncles, } in. long, ovary densely covered with lone
bristles.

' B. Ovary glabrous, fr. sessile.

11. A. Wallichii, Hook.f. Assam. Khasi hills. Chittagong. Tenasserim. A large
tree, glabrous excepting ¢ bracts, |. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, bracts of ¢ #1.
tomentose, fr. ellipsoid} in. long. 12. A. aurea, Hook. f—Syn. A. microstachya, Muell.
Arg. Chittagong. Burma (Kurz). A small tree, entirely glabrous, |. yellowish-green
when dry, elliptic-oblong, blade 6-9, pet. 3-1 in., bracts of ¢ fl. glabrous, fr. globose
Zin. diam. 13. A. Planchoniana, Baill—Syn. A. lanceolata, Kurz FI. ii.3863. Tenasserim.
Perak. Entirely glabrous, 1. lanceolate, blade 2-4, pet. 4 in. long, sec. n. obscure. ¢
catkins 3-1 in., bracts glabrous. fr. ellipsoid, beaked, 4 in. long.

Scortechinia nicobarica, Hook. f. Nicobars. lL. elliptic, sinuate-serrate, blade 6,
pet. 14 in. long, sec. n. 8 pair. Fl. minute, dicecious, sepals 4-5, imbricate, petals 0-
¢: Stamens 4-5, filaments stout, free, pistillode 3-lobed, hairy. 92: Capsule hoary,
erustaceous, 1 in. long, 1-celled, 4-valved. Seed 1, albumen scanty.

9. ANTIDESMA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 354.

Trees or shrubs, 1]. alternate, entire, stipules as a rule not early deciduous.
Fl. diecious, small, numerous, apetalous, in slender often terminal simple or
panicled spikes or racemes. Calyx-lobes or -teeth 3-5, rarely 6-8. 3: Disk
entire or lobed, stamens 2-5, filaments free, often inserted between the lobes
of the disk, anther-cells globose, didymous, or inserted at the ends of a thick
connective, pistillode glabrous or hairy, sometimes minute or none. Q : Disk
annular or pulvinate, ovary 1-celled, ovules 2, stigmas 2-4, bifid. Fr. a small
drupe, crowned with the persistent stigmas. Species 60-70, tropical Africa,
Asia, Australia and Polynesia.

A. Ovary tomentose. :

1. A. Ghesembilla, Geertn.—Syn. A. paniculatum, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 820; A. pubescens,
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 167, Wight Ic. t. 821. Vern. Umtoa, Hind.; Ban masari, Oudh:
Khudi jamb, Beng.; Matasura, Kol; Jondhri, Mar.; Pullam-Purasi, Kan. ; Pollai, Tel. ;
Kinbalin, Pyisin, Burm. Subhimalayan tract from the Sarda eastwards. In the
Oudh forests common. Assam. Bengal. Both peninsulas. In Burma in tidal,
Savannah and Eng forests. A small deciduous tree, branchlets, petioles, young _
leaves and inflorescence usually soft-tomentose, rarely glabrous. L. broad-elliptie,
sometimes obovate, mostly obtuse, blade 2-4, pet. 3-3 in., stipules early deciduous. FI.
sessile in slender panicled spikes, stamens 4—7, anthers horse-shoe shaped, disk 5-lobed,
pubescent. Ovary pubescent, fr. red to black, 4+ in. diam. edible. 2. A. Roxburghii,
Wall. (Stelago tomentosa, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 767, 768.) Assam. Silhet. Branches, ].
and inflorescence densely rusty-villous, 1. acuminate, 4-8 in., pet. short, stipules per-
sistent, spikes simple, stout, erect, 4-6 in. long. 3. A. velutinosum, Blume. Tenasserim.
Malay Penins. and Archip. A small tree, branchlets, petioles and 1. beneath along
midrib and nerves softly tomentose, |. 5-8 in., pet. short, spikes stout, solitary. 4. A.
Helferi, Hook. f. Tenasserim (or Andamans). Branches and 1. glabrous, 1. coriaceous,,
spike terminal, stout.

B. Ovary glabrous.

(a) 6 fi. sessile, calyx not deeply lobed.

5. A. Bunius, Spreng.; Wight Ic. t. 819; Bedd. Man. t. 24. Vern. Amati, Mar. ;
Naikuti, Kan.; Anepu, Tel.; Kywé pyisin, Burm. Subhimalayan tract from Nepal
eastwards, ascending to 3,000 ft. Assam. Khasi Hills. Manipur. Chutia Nagpur.
Western Ghats. Upper Burma. Arakan Yoma 3-4,000 ft. Ceylon. China. Malay
Archip. A small evergreen tree, youngest shoots hairy, 1. glabrous, elongate-elliptic
or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate. FI. spikes pubescent, 2 simple, ¢ often compound,
calyx of g usually hairy, sometimes glabrous, ciliate on margin. Anthers 3. ¢ fl.

Antidesma| XCVIII. EUPHORBIACE 565

shortly pedicelled, fr. 4 in. diam., very juicy, red, turning black when ripe. 6. A.
icum, Lam.; Trimen Handb. Ceylon iv. 44.—Syn. A. Alexiteria, Linn. (comprises
5 and 6). Western Penins. in the south. Ceylon. A small Bole branched tree,
oune shoots glabrous. L. glabrous, shining, blade 1-3, pet. }in. Fr. ovoid 4 in.
ong.
6 fl. sessile, calyx deeply 4-lobed.

7. A. velutinum, Tulasne. Burma, Upper and Lower. A small evergreen tree,
branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and inflorescence tomentose, |. elongate-elliptic,
acuminate, blade 4-6, pet. } in. long. ¢ sepals 3-4, orbicular, villous, stamens 3-4.
8. A fruticulosum, Kurz. Tidal forests of Pegu. A small shrub, |. 1-24 in. long,

‘harshly tomentose. 9. A cuspidatum, Muell. Arg. Shan hills, 5,000 ft. Malay

Peninsula. Branchlets, petioles and inflorescence finely pubescent, 1. Aloneateallintic,
acuminate, blade 5-8, pet. 4-} in., sec. n. 8-10 pair, arching, prominent beneath.
dg spikes panicled, bracts larger than fl., 2 disk villous. 10. A nigricans, Tulasne.
Assam. Silhet. Branches, pet. and spikes densely tomentose, ]. elliptic-lanceolate,
blade 4-7, pet. 4-4 in., sec. n. 6-10 pair, arching, joined by intramarginal veins. ¢ cal.
4-partite, stamens 4.

(c) 6 fi. pedicelled.

11. A. diandrum, Roth.—Syn. Stilago diandra, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 166. Vern. Amli,
Imli, Amari, Hind.; Dakhi, Oudh ; Multa, Beng.; Sana Kulipa, Kan.; Manchi pulleri,
Tel. ; Kinbalin, Burm. Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, common in
Sal forests. Behar. Chutia Nagpur. Central Provinces. Western Peninsula. Assam.
Khasi hills. Maniptir. Bengal. Burma, Upper and Lower.—Ceylon. A large shrub
or small tree, deciduous, glabrous or branchlets rusty-pubescent. L. thin, lanceolate or
elliptic-lanceolate, base acute, blade 14-5, pet. 4 in., stipules deciduous. Racemes lax,
slender, often simple, quite glabrous, fl. all pedicelled, calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 2,
rarely 3, at the base of the small glabrous disk. Fr. 4 in. diam., purplish-red, edible.
The leaves turn brick-red before falling, leaves acid made into preserve. 12. A.
Khasianum, Hook.f. Assam. Khasi hills. Cachar. Young shoots and inflorescence
hairy, otherwise glabrous, |. from elliptic-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, blade 2-7,

et. 4 in. 4 racemes hairy, lax, 1-14 in. long, calyx glabrous, cupular, shortly 3-4-
obed, stamens 2-4. Fr. } in. long, tipped by ‘the 2-3 rigid bases of the stigmas. 13.
A. acuminatum, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1991. Sikkim, foot of hills, ascending to 3,000 ft.
Assam. Khasi hills. Chutia Races A large shrub, branchlets, petioles, stipules
and midrib of ]. tomentose, 1. shining above, elliptic-lanceolate, blade 4-12, pet. 4-} in.
long. 6 racemes 2-6 in. long, mostly panicled, rachis and bracts densely hairy,
pedicels longer than bracts, calyx of 4 broadly ovate sepals, glabrous or hairy, stamens
34. @ fl. sometimes with short stamens. Fr. 4 in. long, acuminate. 14. A, Moritzii,
Muell. Arg. Tenasserim.—Malay Penins. and Archip. A small tree, branchlets,

tioles, stipules, midrib and racemes finely tomentose, 1. elongate-elliptic 5-10 in.
ong, ¢ racemes slender 2-3 in., paniculate, fl. minute, stamens 4-5. Fr. sub-globose,
acute, 4} in. diam. 15. A. martabanicum, Pres]. Tenasserim. Similar to 14, stipules
large, calyx 3-4-partite, stamens 38-4. Fr. ellipsoid or subglobose {-{ in. long.

16. A. Menasu, Miquel. Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards, near streams
and in evergreen forest. Common near,Coonoor. A small or middle-sized tree, branch-
lets, petioles, stipules and inflorescence velvety, 1. glabrous, underside shining, elliptic-
oblong, acuminate, blade 4-7, pet. 4-f in. d fl. pedicellate, calyx 3-4-partite, stamens
3-4, inserted between the lobes of the disk. Fr. ovoid, acute, 4} in. long.

Sarcococca pruniformis, Lind|].; Collett Simla Fl. 448, Fig. 146.—Syn. S. saligna,
Muell. Arg. 8S. trinervia, Wight Ie. t. 1877. Vern. Shangal, Sutle); Tiliari, Jaunsar ;
Chilikat, Nep.; Kwe-i-pok, Burm. Afghanistan. Himalaya 5,9000 ft., often gregarious
in shady places. Khasi hills and Maniptxy. Upper Burma. Western Ghats from
South Kanara southwards.—Ceylon. Ind. Archip. China. A glabrous evergreen
shrub, bark green, |. coriaceous, alternate, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, triplinerved
or penninerved, the lowest pair extending below the middle of 1., blade 2-5, pet. }- in.
Fl. yellowish-white, moneecious, in short compact axillary spikes, sepals 4, biseriate,
supported by decussate bracts similar to sepals, more numerous in the female fl., which
Be a are at the base of the spikes. ¢: Stamens 4, free, opposite to sepals, e:
Ovary 2-3-celled, styles as many as cells, at length recurved, ovules 2 in each cell.
Berries purple, ovoid 4-4 in. long. Very variable, var. Hookeriana has narrower,
usually penninerved L, fr, globose.

10. DAPHNIPHYLLUM, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. y. 353

Glabrous evergreen trees, |. alternate, long petioled, quite entire, usually
glaucous beneath, approximate near the ends of branches. FI. in axillary

566 XCVIII. EUPHORBIACEA [Daphniphyllum

racemes, dicecious, apetalous, sepals small, 3-8, more or less connate. 6:
Stamens 5-18, anthers large, basifixed, often apiculate, pistillode 0. ?: Disk
O or of 4-6 scales or glands, ovary imperfectly 2-celled, stigmas short, distinct,
thick, recurved, entire, ovules 2 in each cell. Drupe oblong, usually 1-seeded.
Embryo small, in thick fleshy albumen. Species 12, chiefly Indo-Malayan, a
few in China and tropical Africa.

1. D. glaucescens, Blume ; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 288.—Syn. Goughia neilgherrensis, Wight
Ic. t. 1878-9. Vern. Soluvan, Tam. Common on the Nilgiris, Anamalais, Palnis, and on
the Travancore Ghats from 4,000 ft. upwards.—Ceylon, 4-7,000 ft., China, Corea, Java.
A large shrub or middle-sized tree, |. elliptic, base acute, tip often obtuse, blade 3-5, pet.
#-2in. Drupe black, ellipsoid 4 in., pedicel nearly as long. 2. D. himalayense, Muell.
Arg. Vern. Ratendu, Jauns. Himalaya from the Jumna eastwards, 4-9,000 ft. Khasi
hills. Tenasserim, on Mooleyit 6,800 ft. (Beddome). A small tree, wood greyish-
brown, with streaks of bright crimson, l. oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, blade 4-10,
pet. 1-2in. Fr. ellipsoid 4-3 in. long.

11. PUTRANJIVA, Wall.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vy. 336.
Species 2, India and Ceylon.

P. Roxburghii, Wall.; Royle Ill. t. 83 (bis); Wight Ic. t. 1876; Bedd.
Fl. Syly. t. 275; Brandis F. Fl. t. 53. Vern. Jiaputa, Putranjiva, Hind. ;
Putrajiva, Kan.; Kuduru, Tel.; Karupale,Tam.; Dawkyat, Pegu; Badibyu,
Chindwin. ;

A middle-sized evergreen tree with hanging branches, foliage dark green,
branchlets and petioles minutely pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, shining,
elliptic-oblong, distantly serrulate, base unequal-sided, blade 2-4, pet. 4 in.
Fl. generally dicecious, apetalous, disk 0. ¢: in dense axillary clusters, calyx
3-5-partite, stamens 3, filaments free or connate at the base. @ : pedicellate,
solitary or a few together, calyx 5-6-cleft, seements small. Ovary pubescent,
3-celled, styles 3 short, dilated into broad fleshy stigmas. Fr. ellipsoid, white-
tomentose, on pedicels }—1 in. long, stone pointed, rugose, very hard, seed one.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Chenab eastwards, ascending to 2,500 ft. Both
Peninsulas, in damp evergreen forests and on banks of streams, but not- common.
Often planted. Fl. March—May, fr. takes 12 months to ripen. The nuts are strung
up in rosaries.—Ceylon. The sepals generally are semipersistent, traces remaining
until the fr. ripens, in some cases (specimens from Upper Burma) they fall immediately
after flowering.

12. HEMICYCLIA, Wight & Arn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 337.

Evergreen trees or shrubs, |. alternate, base often unequal-sided. Fl.
small, dicecious, sepals 4-5, imbricate. ¢: Stamens 4-23 inserted round an
orbicular disk, filaments free, anther-cells parallel. 9: Disk flat annular,
ovary 1- rarely 2-celled, stigma sesile or nearly so. Fruit with a hard endo-
carp, seeds grooved on one face. Species 9, Indo-Malayan region, Australia.

A. Western species.

1. H, sepiaria, Wight & Arn.; Wight Ic. t. 1872. Vern. Virai, Tam.; Bira, Tel.:
Hira, Kan.; Vellelambu, Tam.; Vella Kasavu, Mal. Common in the semi-evergreen
scrub and forests of the Karnatik and Deccan.—Ceylon dry region. A rigid much-
branched shrub, young shoots minutely pubescent, wood very hard, close- and even-
.grained, |. glabrous, rigidly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, base rounded or cordate,
blade 13-3 in., pet. 4-} in. long. Fr. crimson, globose }-} in. diam. 2. H. venusta,
Thwaites—Syn. Astylis venusta, Wight Ic. t.1992. Western Ghats from Kanara south-
wards, common in evergreen forests. Northern Circars(Gamble). A middle-sized tree,
branchlets nearly glabrous, |. glabrous, coriaceous, blade 3-5, pet. 4 in. long. Fl. 4,
pedicels and both surfaces of sepals velvety, sepals 4-obtuse, 4 in. long, 2 outer 2 inner,
stamens usually 8, filaments and anthers hairy. Fr. obovoid 3, pedicel 4-14 in long.
Nearly allied are the following : 3. elata, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 279. Wainad, Ana-
malais, Tinneyelli. A large tree, |. thinly coriaceous, fl. larger and on longer pedicels
than 2. 4. H. Porteri, Gamble in Hook. Ic. t.2701. Varsanad valley, Madura district,
near streams, 2,000 ft.- A small gregarious tree, g fl. large, 4 in. across, stamens

Hemicyclia| XCVIII, EUPHORBIACE 567

24-25, elabrous, inserted round a broad orbicular crenate disk. 5. H. Wightii, Hook.
f. Nilgiris. Nearly glabrous, 1. narrow, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, entire or ob-
scurely crenate, fr. #in. long, pedicel shorter than fr. (mot seen). 6. H. sp. nova.
Bourdillon 227,524. Travancore, evergreen forest, 1,000ft. (H. lanceolata, Thwaites,
Gamble Ind. Timb. ed. ii. 605). A middle-sized or large tree, branchlets and petioles
minutely pubescent, 1. coriaceous, dentate, blade 2-3, pet. tin. Fl. g (in bud) sessile,
sepals glabrous, edge fimbriate and minutely ciliate, stamens 8, glabrous. Fr. }—4 in.
long, 1-celled, 1-seeded, pericarp succulent, endocarp crustaceous, cotyledons large in a
fleshy albumen, pedicels shorter than fr. H. lanceolata, a Ceylon species, has 1. entire,
long acuminate.
B. Eastern species, imperfectly known.

7. H. sumatrana, Muell. Are. Plains of Pegu and Martaban, not unfrequent in
marshy places (Kurz). A middle-sized entirely glabrous tree, ]. dentate, fr. obtuse at
both ends, }, pedicel } in. Jong. 8, H. andamanica, Kurz. Coast forests of the Anda-
mans, frequent in low places (Kurz). A middle-sized glabrous tree, 1. nearly entire,
fr. 3, pedicel 4-4 in. long.

13. CYCLOSTEMON, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. y. 339.

Evergreen trees, 1. alternate usually coriaceous. Fl. dicecious, apetalous,
axillary or on the old wood, sepals 3-6, broad, imbricate, often supported by a
number of small imbricate bracts. ¢ : Stamens 6-8 or ™, inserted round a
flat or depressed disk. 9: disk usually annular, ovary hairy 2-4-celled,
stigmas in most species sessile, broad fleshy, two collateral ovules from the
apex of each cell under a fleshy excrescence of the placenta (caruncle). Fr.
indehiscent, 2-celled, often supported by the persistent calyx or the remains
of it, seeds solitary in each cell, or one only by abortion, cotyledons broad in a
fleshy albumen. Species 20, Africa, India, Malay Archipelago.

I. Eucyclostemon. Stamens numerous, stigmas 2, large sessile.

A. Fl. axillary.

1. C. assamicus, Hook. f. Vern. Chipla, Din; Kat behula, Kum.; Ban-bokal, Beng:
Subhimalayan tract fromthe Dehra Dineastwards. Assam. Singhbiim. Sundriban.
Chittagong. Andamans. Coco island. A small tree, branchlets slender, glabrous, 1.
quite entire, shining, elongate-elliptic, blade 4-8, pet. } in. Fr. scarlet, nearly sessile,
velvety, laterally compressed with 2 furrows, almost 2-lobed, 4-} in. long. 2. ©.
eglandulosus, Kurz. ‘Tippera. Chittagong. Arakan, rare (Kurz) A middle-sized
tree, branchlets glabrous, |. elliptic, caudate-acuminate, blade 2-4, pet. J-jin. Fl. 2 in
axillary few-fld. panicles, pedicels velvety, } in. long, sepals 4, velvety on both surfaces,
unequal, the larger } in. long. Two imperfectly known sp. coll. by Dr. Helfer 1837,
either in Tenasserim or on the Andamans. 3. C, Helferi, Hook.f. L. glabrous, elliptic-
lanceolate, repand denticulate, blade 4-6, pet. } in., veins prominently reticulate, fr.
velvety, crowned by a large fleshy stigma, pedicel 4 in. long. 4. C. ellipticus, Hook. f.
L. glabrous, thinly coriaceous, elliptic, acuminate, blade 4-5, pet. } in. ¢ fl. pub-
escent, on short pedicels, axillary and on the old wood, sepals 4 in. long.

5. C. Jaintensis, C. B. Clarke MSS. in herb. Kew. Jowai, Jaintia hills, 3,500 ft. A
tree, stem with strong prickles, youngest shoots finely silky, 1. membranous, denticu-
late, fr. sessile, solitary, always axillary, ellipsoid, velvety, $ in. long, 2-celled, but
1-seeded, supported by the 3 round persistent sepals and crowned by the stigma, con-
sisting of 2 sessile cireular plates (fl. unknown, hence position in the genus uncertain).

B. Fl. all on the old wood.

6. C. macrophyllus, Blume (including C. zeylanicus, Baill.); Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 278.
Eyergreen forests of the Western Ghats from Coorg southwards. Common on the
Anamalais. Western Duars (D. B. Feb. 1879). Andamans.—Malay Peninsula.
Ceylon. Jaya. A middle-sized tree, stem often attaining a large diameter, branches
spreading. Youngest shoots with deciduous brown hairs, 1. glabrous, elliptic-oblong,
usually entire, blade 6-12, pet. stout, }-4 in. Fl. sessile (Coorg, Western Duars),
pedicellate (Travancore, Andamans, Ceylon, Malay Penins.). Pedicels and sepals hairy,
sepals 4 or 5. Placenta enlarged, fleshy, resembling a hood on the 2 collateral ovules.
Fr. pubescent, yellow when ripe, nearly globose, {-1 in. diam. 7. C. malabaricus, Bedd.
Tinnevelli ghats. Branchlets, young |. and fl. golden-tomentose, sepals 4, fr. tomentose,
pedicel 4 in. long. 8. ©. confertiflorus, Hook. f, Vern. Auyai mara, Kan. North
Kanara, evergreen forests. <A large tree, quite glabrous, |. elliptic-oblong, blade 6-8,
pet. stout, fin. ¢ fl. sessile in dense clusters, disk depressed, funnel-shaped, glabrous,
radiately ribbed, with a membranous lobed border.

568 XCVIII. EUPHORBIACE [Cyclostemon

II. Stenogynium. Stamens 6-8. Ovary 2-celled, styles as a rule 2, slender,
stigma peltate. Fl. axillary.

9. ©. Griffithii, Hook. f. Vern. Thitégyin, Burm. Mishmi hills, Assam. Upper
Burma, evergreen hill forests 3-7,000 ft. A large tree, wood hard, light brown. I,
membranous or thinly coriaceous, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, blade
4-7, pet. }-3 in. Fr. ellipsoid, clothed when young with deciduous velvet, 1 in. long,
yellow when ripe, crowned with the remains of the styles, pedicel slender up to 2 in. long,
10. C. lancifolius, Hook. f. Sikkim, ascending to 5,000 ft. Khasi hills. A tree with
long slender branches. Young shoots glabrous, 1. lanceolate, margins thickened, blade
4-6, pet. +-3 in. long, large glabrous lanceolate buds 4-2 in. long in the leaf-axils.
Fl. g and @ in pubescent axillary racemes. Fr. 2-celled, 1 in. pedicel 1 in. long,
thickened at apex. 11. C. indicus, Muell. Arg. Khasi hills. L. glabrous, obliquely
ovate-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, blade 8-5, pet. $in.long. ¢ fl. minute, solitary
or 2-3 together, pedicels capillary up to in. long. 12. C. subsessilis, Kurz. Arakan.
Thaukyeghat forest, frequent (Kurz). A small tree, 1. glabrous, oblong-lanceolate,
blade 6-9, pet. +} in. Fl. g¢ minute nearly sessile; clusters axillary or above the

scars of fallen]. Fr. orange coloured, minutely velvety, 3—} in., pedicels #1, in. long.

14, BREYNIA, Forst.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 329.

Shrubs or small trees, ]. small, alternate, quiteentire. Fl]. small, monccious,
petals and disk 0. 9: Calyx turbinate or hemispheric, rim of tube thickened,
lobes 6, small, sometimes with an inner series, opposite to the outer segments.
Anthers 3, linear, adnate for their entire length to the central column, cells
parallel. @ : Calyx coriaceous, hemispheric or rotate, persistent and often
enlarged in fruit, lobes 6, broad. Ovary 3-celled, styles 3, bifid, or 3 minute
stigmas in the cavity at the top of the ovary. Fr. more or less succulent,
globose or depressed, indehiscent or 6-valved, cocci 3-6 triquetrous. Species
15, tropical Asia, Australia and Pacific islands.

1. B. patens, Benth.—Syn. Melanthesopsis patens, Muell. Arg.: M. obliqua, Wight Ic.
t. 1898; M. truncata, Wight Ic. t. 1897. Vern. Kangli, Mar. Subhimalayan tract,
ascending to 3,000 ft., from Nepal eastwards. Assam. Khasi hills, Manipur. Cachar.
Chittagong, Burma, Upper and Lower. Western Peninsula. F]. March—May.—
Ceylon. A deciduous entirely glabrous shrub, branchlets quadrangular, 1. elliptic,
usually obtuse, turning black in drying, 3-1 in., pet. very short. FJ. greenish-yellow,
g on short filiform pedicels, staminal-column produced beyond anthers, acute. 2:
Style stout with 3 forked arms. Fr. seated on the greatly enlarged coloured calyx,
depressed, 3-3 in. diam., orange-red, fleshy but dehiscent. 2. B. angustifolia, Hook. f.
Pegu. Tenasserim. .Malay Penins. Branchlets terete, 1. oblong or linear-oblong
#+1 in. long, fr. fin.diam. 3. B. rhamnoides, Muell. Arg.—Syn. Melanthesa rhamnoides,
Wight Ic. t. 1898. Vern. Yellari, Tel. Oudh Forests. Gangetic plain. Bengal.
Western Peninsula. Andamans. Arakan, chiefly near the sea (Kurz).—Ceylon.
common in the moist region. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, China. A large
shrub or small tree, wholly glabrous. IL. ovate, or elliptic 1-13 long, pet. very short.
Fl. solitary on short pedicels. ¢ : Staminal-column truncate. Fr. purple, globose,
Ain. diam., calyx hardly enlarged.

15. SAUROPUS, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 332.

Shrubs or undershrubs, 1. alternate, distichous, membranous, quite entire.
Fl. moncecious, apetalous. 4 : calyx 6-lobed, lobes thickened at base, and
often concave with an appendix vaulting over stamens. Stamens united into
a short fleshy truncate 3-armed column, the anthers attached to the ends of
the arms and opening downwards, cells parallel. ¢@ : calyx 6-cleft, persistent,
acerescent, ovary 3-celled, styles bifid. Species 20, Indo-Malayan region. A
few only of the more common species can here be noticed.

A. Eusauropus. L. 14-4 in. long, styles on the apex of an ovoid ovary.

1. S. albicans, Blume.—Syn. S. indicus, Wight; S. zeylanicus. Wight Ic. t. 1952; S.
Fardnerianus, Wight Ic. t. 1951. Sikkim and Bhutan, foot of Himalaya and outer
hills, ascending to 5,000 ft. . Khasi hills. Cachar. Burma. Anamalai hills. Travan-
core.—Ceylon, moist region. Malay Penins.and Archip. China. A smallshrub with
a simple stem and numerous elongated branches, quite glabrous, |. ovate-oblong or

Sauropus| XCVIII. EUPHORBIACE® 569
ovate-lanceolate, blade 2-4, pet. } in. Fl. reddish-green, fr. globose, # in. diam., fleshy,
white, tinged with rose, on a nodding pedicel 4- Lin. long, supported by the reddish-
brown calyx. 2. §. trinervius, Muell. Arg. Teesta valley, Sikkim. Assam. Khasi
hills. Cachar. L. 3-5 in. long, triplinerved, fr. 1 in. diam.

B. Ceratogynum. UL. }-1 in., distichous on branchlets which are often
deciduous and have the appearance of pinnate leaves, at the base of these
branchlets 3 stipuliform bracts. Ovary broad, depressed, styles 3 on the edge
of its broad concave top.

3. S. quadrangularis, Muell. Arg.—Syn. Ceratogynum rhamnoides, Wight Ic. t. 1900.
Vern. Chikli, Mar. Behar, Chutia Nagpur. Western Peninsula on the west side,
from Vingorla southwards. Anamalai hills. A low shrub, branchlets angled, the 2
lateral stipuliform bracts lanceolate, 1. elliptic acute. Fl. }in.diam. 4 : on filiform
pedicels 4-4 in., calyx-segments lanceolate acute, curved ‘upwards, basal appendices
blunt, vaulting over the minute staminal- column. 4. S. compressus, Muell. Are. ;
(probably also S. quadrangularis, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 350. Vern. Taung tama, Lower,
Hmansi, Upper Burma. Sikkim, Bhutan, foot of hills, ascending to 2,000 ft. Burma,
often in Engdaing. FI. H.S. "A shrub or small tree, often an undershrub if kept
down by the action of the annual jungle fires. Branchlets angled and compressed, |.
elliptic, often broad, nearly or bicular, 4-1 in. long, on a short slender petiole, the 2
lateral stipuliform bracts broad, ovate or triangular, often oblique. Fl. 4 minute,
dark crimson, pedicels 34 in., calyx-segments 5-6, obovate, emarginate, base slightly
concave.

16. FLUGGEA, Willd.; Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 328.

L. small, alternate, quite entire. Fl. minute, dicecious, apetalous, on short
slender pedicels, sepals 5, imbricate in bud. d in dense clusters, stamens 5,
alternating with small round disk glands, filaments free, exserted, pistillode
large trifid. 9: in lax fascicles, ovary usually 3-celled, disk annular,
toothed, styles connate at base, bifid or notched, sometimes entire. Fr. dry
or fleshy, supported by the persistent calyx, seeds triquetrous, the ventral edge
concave, embryo curved, in scanty albumen. Species 6, tropics of the Old
World.

1. F. microcarpa, Blume.—Syn. Securineya obovata, Muell. Arg.; Brandis F. FI. t.
(the 2 and ¢ branches on the right); Cicca obovata, Kurz. Vern. Halepan, ian,
Merwara; Rithoul, Dehra Din; Kodarsi, Mar. ; Konchinya, Burm. Thoughout India
and Burma, ascending in the outer Himalaya to 5,000 ft.—Tropical Africa. Malay
Penins. and Archip. Australia. China. A large unarmed shrub or small tree,
wholly glabrous, branches angular, 1. elliptic or obovate, blade 1-4, pet. 4-4 in. Fr.
generally. large, white, fleshy } in. diam. In Dehra Dtin most fr. remain small and

ry (Kanjilal). 2. F. Leucopyrus, Willd.; Wight Ic. t. 1875.—Syn. Securinega Leucopyrus,
Muell. Arg.; Brandis F. Fl. t.54 (partly, seel). Vern. Kamo, Sind; Salepan, Rajput. ;
Posheri, Mar. ; Tella pulu kudu, Tel. Sind. Salt range. Southern Punjab. Rajpu-
tana (¢ ommon). The Deccan and the Coromandel coast. A rigid thorny shrub, the
1. and fl. bearing branches terminating in sharp spines, l. obovate 4-14 in. long. Fr.
fleshy, white, globose, } in. diam, Somewhat resembles Flacourtia sepiaria, Roxb.
(crenate 1.).

17. PHYLLANTHUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 285.

Herbs, trees or shrubs, usually deciduous, |. alternate, distichous, quite
entire, often on deciduous branchlets, petioles very short. Fl. small, uni-
sexual, usually monecious, apetalous. Sepals 4—6, in two series, imbricate in
bud, disk of distinct glands, alternating with sepals, sometimes wanting. <¢:
Stamens central, 2-5, filaments free or connate. Ovary 3-15-celled, styles
free or connate, ‘usually 2-fid, ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit usually 3-celled,
and supported by the persistent sometimes enlarged sepals, seeds trigonous, 2
in each cell, testa crustaceous, albumen fleshy. Species 850-400, in all
tropical and subtropical countries.

I. Pericarp succulent.

A. Stamens 5-6, sepals 4-6.

570 XCVIII. HEUPHORBIACEA _ [Phyllanthus

1. P. reticulatus, Poiret.—Syn. Anisonema mnvultiflorwm, Wight Ie. t.
1899; Cicca reticulata, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 354; C. microcarpa, Benth. ; Kurz
F. FL. ii. 355. Vern. Kamu, Sind; Kabonan, Merwara; Sikat, Gorakhpur ;
Panjuli, Hind.; Amluki, Ass.; Pavan, Mar.; Pandibarrankae, Tel.; Pullan,
Tam.

A large straggling or climbing shrub, glabrous or pubescent, branches
numerous stout, woody, branchlets long, drooping, |. thin, oblong or elliptic,
1-2 in., stipules subulate, hard. Fl. solitary or several together on slender
axillary peduncles. Calyx-segments ovate, membranous, alternating with the
glands of the disk. 4: Stamens 5, the filaments of the 3 inner longer,
connate. @: Ovary 5-10-celled, styles short, ovules 2 in each cell, super-
posed. Fr. a purple berry, } in. diam., often racemose on leafless branches.
Seeds 8-16, triquetrous, finely granulate.

Common on low moist ground in the drier regions of India and Burma. Sind, in
the forests along the Indus, climbing over the largest trees. I?l. nearly throughout
the year.—Ceylon, common in the dry region. Tropical Africa. Malay Penins. and
Archip. China. 2. P. glaucus, Wall. Nepal. Sikkim. Khasi hills. Similar to 1,
quite glabrous, l. smaller, stamens free, 2 pedicel clavate, styles slender, long exserted,
quite entire, hairy }-3 in. diam.

B. Stamens 4, sepals 4.

3. P. distichus, Muell. Arg.—Syn. Cicca disticha, Linn. Vern. Chalmeri, Hind. ;
Hariphal, Beng.; Kirunelli, Kan.; Ratsavusiriki, Tel.; Thimbaw Zibyu, Burm.
Malay Archip. In gardens throughout India, in Burma near Pungyi-Kyaungs. A
small deciduous tree, entirely glabrous, branches robust, leafy branchlets slender,
mostly deciduous, |. ovate, acute or acuminate, blade 2-8, pet. }in. long. Fl. minute,
brownish-red, ¢ and 2 and sometimes § together densely crowded on fascicled
racemes, 2-4 in. long, generally from the old wood, sometimes in axillary clusters,
pedicels slender, as long as fl. Sepals 4, stamens 4, filaments free, styles 3-4, bifid. Fr.
globose, often crowded, 6-8-lobed, pericarp fleshy, acid, endocarp 3-4-celled.

C, Stamens 3, filaments united into a column, sepals 5-6.

4. P. Emblica, Linn.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 258; Brandis F. Fl. t. 52.—
Syn. Emblica officinalis, Gertn.; W ight Ic. t. 1896. Cicca Emblica, Kurz.
Vern. Amla, Aonla, Amlika Hind. - Avala, Mar.; Miral, Kol; Nalli, Gond. ;
Nelli, Usiriki, Tel.; Nelli, Tam.; Tasha, Lower, Zibyu, Upper Burma.

A deciduous small or middle-sized tree, bark ereenish-grey, peeling off in
conchoid scales, wood red, hard, med. rays broad, conspicuous on a vertical
section. Foliage feathery, light green, branchlets mostly deciduous, hairy,
4-8 in. long, closely set with distichous narrowly-linear glabrous |. in. long,
imbricate when young, having the appearance of pinnate leaves, stipules
ovate, fimbriate. Fl. greenish- yellow, fascicled in the axils of fimbriate bracts
on the leaf-bearing branchlets, usually on the naked portion below the leaves,
d numerous on short slender pedicels, 2 few subsessile, both on the same
branchlet. Calyx segments 6, oblong, obtuse. 4: Disk of 6 minute glands,
often wanting, anthers 3, on a short central column. 9: Disk cup-shaped,
edge toothed, ovary 3- celled, styles oom at base irregularly twice bifid,
segments acute. Fr. fleshy globose, 4 3-{ in. diam., with 6 vertical furrows,
pale yellow, sometimes reddish when ripe, acid, astringent and bitter, 3-celled,
6 seeded.

Common in deciduous forests in most parts of India and Burma, except in the arid
region and the extreme N.W., ascending to 4,500 ft. in the Himalaya. Fl. March—
May. The 1. and fl. bearing deciduous “branchlets, which haye the appearance of
pinnate leaves, often come out on old woody branches, from irregular tubercular protu-
berances, which have given rise to a succession of three deciduous branchlets. When
branchlets are on the current year’s shoots, 3 bracts will be found at their base, one
dorsal, in the axil of which the branchlet has developed, and two lateral, which are the
stipules of the dorsal bract. These branchlets, which arise from the current year’s
shoot, probably are not always deciduous, but serve to form permanent branches. The
fr. is the Emblic Myrobalan, is pickled and eaten, and used for dyeing and tanning.—
Ceylon. Malay Penins. and Archip. China. 5. P. pomiferus, Hook. f—Symn. Cicca
macrocarpa, Kurz. Vern. Zibyu, Burm. Burma, Upper and Lower, chiefly in Engdain.
Similar to 4, but bark longitudinally and irregularly fissured, disk in ¢ fl. of distinet

Phyllanthus| XCVIII. EUPHORBIACE® 571

glands, alternating with sepals, styles connate high up, simply bifureate, occasionally
3-fureate. Fr. 1 in. diam., juicy, acid, not bitter. 6. P. Prainianus, Coll. et Hemsl.
Southern Shan Hills, 5,000 ft. Branchlets pubescent, 1. nearly glabrous, pale beneath,
from broadly elliptic to orbicular, 3 in. long. Fl. on short capillary pedicels, fascicu-
late, supported by small reddish fimbriate bracts. 7. P. albizzoides, Hook. f—Syn.
Cicea albizzoides, Kurz. Shama, Burm. Pegu Yoma, west side. A small deciduous
tree, branchlets minutely hairy, bark grey, peeling off in irregular conchoid flakes,
1. glabrous, glaucescent beneath, nearly sessile, oblong, obtuse, 1-1} by 4 in. Fr.
globose 1 in. diam., pericarp hard fleshy, acid, edible, endocarp woody, 3-celled.

II. Pericarp dry, crustaceous or coriaceous.
A. Stamens 4 or 6, filaments free.

8. P. indicus, Muell. Arg. Vern. Pan Nana,Kan. Western Ghats, from the Konkan
southwards. A middle-sized tree, bark smooth, white, perfectly glabrous. L. mem-
branous elliptic, blade 3-5, pet. } in. Fl. on short pedicels, in dense fascicles, usually
at the base of the current year’s shoots. Stamens 4, filaments exserted. Capsule
smooth, green, with 3 vertical furrows, }—-} in. diam., seeds blue. 9. P. Chorizandra,
Barber in Ind. For. xxvii. 288.—Syn. Chorizandra pinnata, Wight Ic. t. 1994, included
under Fluggea microcarpa, in Fl. Brit. Ind. vy. 328. Western Penins. on the east side,
from the Northern Circars to Chingleput. A gregarious glabrous shrub, 3-5 ft. high,
]. distant, elliptic. Fl. usually dicecious, fascicled, often appearing before the L.,
stamens 6, long exserted, sepals 6 reflexed. Capsule 3-celled, } in. diam. Gamble first
drew attention to this species in Ind. For. xxvii. 131.

B. Stamens 3, ¢ sepals 5-6.

(a) L. linear, less than # in. long.

10. P. Lawii, Grah. Behar. West Bengal. Chutia Nagpur. Central Provinces.
Western Peninsula, often forming dense thickets along the banks of rivers, also in
Babul Koruns, Poona district. A gregarious shrub, quite glabrous, |. } in. long, pet.
very short, sec. n. obscure. Capsule globose, 3-celled, {-} in. diam. 11. P. polyphyllus,
Willd. Deccan and Karnatik.—Ceylon, dry country, common. A shrub orsmall tree,
quite glabrous, 1. sessile, 3-3 in. long, sec. n. 6-8 pair, fl. on slender pedicels up to } in.
long. Capsule } in. diam.

(b) L. lanceolate, elliptic or obovate, less than 1} in. long. FI. axillary,
generally clustered, on leaf-bearing branchlets.

12. P. parvifolius, Ham. Himalaya 2-8,000 ft., from the Ravi eastwards, often in
the crevices of rocks. Khasi hills. A small shrub, stems prostrate or erect, in the
Khasi hills attaining 8 ft., branchlets sometimes minutely hairy, 1. glabrous, glaucous
beneath, oblong, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, sessile 1-§ in. long, stipules hastate. FI.
Bee ik capsule globose } in. diam. 18. P. brevipes, Hook.f. Mishmi hills, Assam.

uite glabrous, ]. elliptic-obovate, 4-% in. long, fl. nearly sessile from tufts of fimbriate
bracts. 14. P. missionis, Hook. f. Deccan. Quite glabrous. |. thinly membranous,
obovate, blade 1-4, pet. slender 5 in. long. FJ. on capillary pedicels up to } in. long.
15, P. Reperianus, Wall. Khasi hills. Maniptw. A small glabrous shrub, branches
rigid, densely fascicled, branchlets slender, ribbed. L. coriaceous, linear-lanceolate,
blade }-%, pet. 4 in. Fl. from tufts of minute fimbriate bracts, pedicels slender
up to } in. long. Capsule ~ in. diam. 16. P. Griffithii, Muell. Arg. Khasi hills,
Maniptir. Quite glabrous, branches and branchlets ribbed. LL. elliptic-lanceolate,
subsessile, 4-? in. long, stipules peltate, lacerate. FI. axillary, on capillary pedicels
uptolin.long. Capsule $in.diam. 17. P. Clarkei, Hook.f. Sikkim, 6,000ft. Assam.
Khasi hills. Glabrous, branchlets grooved, stiff. L. obovate, blade 4-3, pet. yy in.
Fl. on capillary pedicels up to} in. long. 18. P. Leschenaultii, Muell. Arg. Nilgiris.
Khasi hills. Quite glabrous, branches slender, l: very thin, glaucous beneath, elliptic,
blade §-1}, pet. very slender, 5 in, long. Fl. on capillary pedicels, 9 } in. long.

(c) L. 1-5 in. long. FI. often on leafless racemes.

19. PB. bmobotryoides, Wall. Silhet. Tenasserim. Malay Peninsula. A shrub,
entirely glabrous, branchlets slender, prominently angled. L. thinly coriaceous, nearly
sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 in. long. Fl. on short pedicels, in slender axillary racemes
shorter than 1. 20. P. columnaris, Muell. Arg. Vern. Kaldén letthe, Lower, Yechin-ya,
Upper Burma. Andamans. Along the edge of streams, Burma, Upper and Lower.
A small deciduous tree, branchlets and underside of 1. pubescent. L. thin, glaucous
beneath, elliptic-oblong, acute at both ends, blade 1-2, pet. § in. Fl. on short pedicels,
in compound clusters on branchlets which sometimes are leafless or with a few L, often
with several pairs of stipules below the fl. bearing portion. Anthers minute, on a
long exserted slender staminal-column. Capsule } in. diam.,3-celled, valves separating
from a central column, pericarp thin, endocarp hard.

C. Anthers 2-4, sessile on the top of a column, around a minute pistillode.

Ot

72 XCVII. EUPHORBIACES ~ [Phyllanthus

3 : Sepals 4 often toothed or lacerate (Reidia).
(a) L. less than 14 in. long.

21. P. longifiorns, Heyne.—Syn. Steidia ovalifolia, Wight Ic. t. 1904 fig. 2 (on the
plate the names of figs. 2 and 3 have been transposed). Courtallum. I. obliquely
oblong, 3-? in. Jong, fi. mostly solitary, pedicels slender up to # in., sepals entire, of 3
3 in., staminal-column slender 7, in. long. 22. P. Wightianus, Muell. Arg.—Syn.
Reidia floribunda, Wight Ic. t.1903. Nilgiris and Palnis. L. membranous, obliquely
oblong, $-1in. long. Fl 9: pedicels 1 in., sepals hairy, triangular 4 in. long. Capsule
4 in. diam., hirsute with rust-coloured bristles. 23. P. Hamiltonianus, Muell Arg.
Subhimalayan tract from Sikkim eastwards. Assam. L. membranous, glaucous
beneath, elliptic or ovate, 4-14 in. long. Fl. 2 on capillary pedicels up to 1 in. long.

(b) L. 2-5 in. long.

24. P. fimbriatus, Muell. Arg—Syn. Reidia fimbriata, Wight Ic. t. 1904 fig. 1.
Nilgiris, Sispara Ghat. Quite glabrous, 1. ovate 2-3 in. long, sec. and tertiary n.
elegantly reticulate. Fl ¢g and 2 pedicelled, sepals lacerately toothed, 4 in. long.
25. P.Roxburghii, Mueli Arg. Silhet. Branchlets terete, rusty-pubescent, |. glabrous, _
lanceolate, 2-34 in. long. FI. red, densely fascicled, pedicels up to Zin. long, of ¢ capil-
lary, of 2 slender, sepals of g pectinately firmbriate, of 9 serrate. 26. P. elegans, Wall.
Tenasserim. Quite glabrous, |. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-4 in. long. FI. bracteate,
g densely clustered on the branchlets below thel., pedicels short, 2 solitary, on slender
pedicels 1 in. long, in the axils of leaves or bracts, sepals of both lacerate. Capsule
3 in. diam. 27. P. macrocalyx, Muell. Arg.—Syn. Keidia latifolia, Wight Ic. t. 1904 fig. 3
(see 21). Bababudan and Sheyagerry hills. Quite glabrous, 1. ovate- or elliptic-
lanceolate, acute, fl. solitary, g in the lower axils, pedicels 3, sepals 4 in. long, 9
pedicels # in., thickened upwards, sepals } in., in fr. much enlarged, # in. long.

18. GLOCHIDION, Forst.; Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 305.

Trees or shrubs, as a rule evergreen, |. alternate, bifarious, entire, pet. short,
stipules often rigid. Fl. unisexual in axillary fascicles or clusters, perianth
simple, disk 0. das a rule on long slender pedicels, sepals 6, biseriate,
anthers sessile more or less connate, cells linear, connectives produced. 9
calyx persistent, carpels connate into a 3-15-celled ovary, ovules 2 in each cell,
styles usually lengthening after flowering, and connate into a globose conic
cylindric or clayate column, lobed or notched at the tip. Fr. a loculicidal
3-15-celled capsule, usually lobed, lobes often double the number of cells.
Seeds red, testa often with a succulent coat.

Tamas6k, Lower,and Thitmaleinma, Upper Burma, are used indiscriminately
for several species.

I. Styles connate into a more or less fleshy cylindric, conical, clavate or
globose column.

A. Anthers 4 or more, usually 5-7. 9 sepals 5-6, distinct, or only connate
at the base.

a. Ovary 8-12-celled, style short globose or conical.

1. G. multiloculare, Muell. Arg. Oudh forests. Sikkim Terai, Duars. Behar. Chutia
Nagpur. Sambalpur. Chittagong. Burma, Upper and Lower, on river banks. Branch-
lets angular, pubescent, sometimes glabrous, |. elongate-elliptic, elliptic-oblong or lanceo-
late, purplish grey whendry. FI. g, sepals 4, in., pedicels stout, } in. long, anthers 4-12,
connective very short. 92, pedicels stout, sepals 6-12, 4 in. long, spreading, style broad,
convex with a hollowed top, capsules on short stout pedicels, orbicular depressed, #-1 in.
diamn., 10-15-celled, apex orbicular. concave. 2. G. littorale, Blume. Malabar, near the
coast. Quite glabrous, |. broadly elliptic, nearly orbicular, anthers 5-6, connective long,
acute. 3. G coccineum, Muell. Arg. Pegu, Martaban, Tenasserim, common in deciduous
forests. A shrub or small tree, branchlets angular, pubescent, L. glabrous when
mature, elliptic-oblong, blade 3-7, pet.3 in. Fl. ¢ glabrous or slightly hairy, pedicels
capillary 4-4, sepals 4 in. long, connective short. sessile clustered, hairy, style
conical, truncate, ovary more or less hairy. Capsule sessile. much depressed, 16-20-
lobed. 4. A species somewhat resembling G. hongkongense. Muell. Arg., of China,
Shwebo district, Upper Burma, common in swamps (pubescent, Thitmaleinma) on edges
of marshes in the Engdain (glabrous, Sauk), Smales in 1900 and 1902. A shrubor small
tree, 1. firmly chartaceous, brown beneath, obliquely ovate-oblong. blade 4-5, pet. 4-4

_Glochidion| XCVIII. EUPHORBIACEX 573

in. Fl. g and 9 fascicled on short woody axillary and supra-axillary peduncles,
anthers 6-7. Ovary narrowed into the short conical 6-toothed style. Capsule nearly
globose, hardly Jobed, } in. diam.

B. Ovary 3-8-celled, style exserted in fl.

5. G. lanceolarium, Muell. Arg. (not Dalzell)—Syn. Bradleia lanceolaria, Roxb. ;
Phyllanthus lanceolarius, Muell. Arg.; Glochisandra acuminata, Wight Ie. t. 1905.
Vern. Anguti, Beng. Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys, from the Jumna east-
wards. Behar. Chutia Nagpur. Sambulpur. Orissa and the Cirears (Gamble).
Western Ghats (Bedd. Man. 192, Talbot List 301.) Assam. Silhet. Chittagong.
Pegu Yoma, eastern slopes (Kurz). Upper Burma on banks of streams and in deep
valleys. A middle-sized evergreen tree, branchlets angular, glabrous, 1. coriaceous,
glossy, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, base acute, blade 4-6, pet. }-3 in. long. Fl. in
axillary fascicles, ¢ numerous, perfectly glabrous, on pedicels 4—} in., sepals 2 in. long,
anthers 4-6, connective } the length of anthers, 2? sessile, mostly in the upper axils,
a few mixed with the g, sepals glabrous, rigidly coriaceous, cuspidate. Ovary hairy
usually 6-, sometimes 7- or 8-celled, hairy, narrowed gradually into the conie-cylindric
style, which is quite glabrous near the 6-toothed apex, and in fl. is a little longer
than the sepals. Capsule orbicular, depressed, usually 6-celled and 12-lobed, $ in. diam.
6. G. tomentosum, Dalzell. Kanara, along streams and watercourses. Malabar. Baba-
budan hills, Mysore. A shrub or small tree, branchlets fl. and ]. beneath pubescent, 1.
oyate or oblong-elliptic, base rounded or cordate, blade 3-6, pet 1-2 in. long. Capsule
pubescent, obscurely lobed. 7. G, calocarpum, Kurz. Andamans and Nicobars. Quite
glabrous, |. obliquely ovate, blade 4-7, pet. 4} in. long. Ovary glabrous, 4-5-celled,
narrowed into the conical style, capsule 4—} in. diam., 8-10-lobed.

8. G. Gamblei, Hook.f. Vern. Paili, Nep. Sikkim, Terai and lower hills. A small
tree, glabrous excepting ovary, |. lanceolate, blade 4-5, pet. } in. long, g and ? #.
usually in separate clusters, style twice the length of sepals, clavate, contracted above
the tomentose ovary, apex truncate but 4-5-lobed. Fr. sessile, 4-3 in. diam., depressed,
8-10-lobed. 9. G. Desmogyne, Hook.f. ‘Tenasserim. Branchlets, |. beneath and intlor-
escence pubescent or tomentose, |. lanceolate, ovary with style villous, twice the length
of sepals, ovary 6-celled. Capsule villous, sessile, or shortly stalked, } injdiam., deeply
6-lobed crowned with the glabrous cylindric 3-toothed style. 10. G. Helferi, Hook. f.
Tenasserim. Nearly glabrous, |. thin, lanceolate, blade 4-5, pet. } in. long. Ovary
with style glabrous, twice the length of sepals. Capsule globose, obscurely ribbed,
ae diam. 11. G. zeylanicum, A. Juss. Tent. Euphorb. 107, t. 3., including @. nitidum,

alz. et Gibs. and G. canarum, Bedd. Man. 192. Chanda district (Duthie, Dee. 1889).
West side of the Peninsula from the Konkan southwards. Hills of the Northern
Circars.—Ceylon, moist low country. A small or middle-sized tree, almost entirely
glabrous, ]. shining, oblong or ovate-oblong, base rounded, sometimes cordate, usually
oblique, blade 5-7, pet.d in. Fl. g and 9 usually in axillary more or less pedunculate
clusters, @ fl. numerous, pedicelled. Sepals, ovary and style glabrous. style long
exserted, often curved, apex 5-dentate. Capsule stalked, nearly globose, \-3 in. diam.,
usually 5-celled, obscurely 10-lobed.

y:. Ovary 3-8-celled, style not exserted in fl.

12. G. hirsutum, Muell. Arg.—Syn. Bradleia hirsuta, Roxb. Subhimalayan tract
from Sikkim eastwards. Assam. Khasi hills. Cachar.- Chittagong. Andamans.—
Malay Penins. A small or middle-sized tree, branchlets, petioles and |. beneath softly
tomentose, 1. elliptic-oblong, base rounded or cordate, blade 5-7, pet. Jin. Fl. ¢ and 9
usually in the same axillary or supra-axillary clusters, which often are on short stout
peduneles. ¢ onslender pedicels }-4 in. long, sepals 6, hirsute outside, glabrous within,
the 8 outer larger }—), in. long, anthers 6, connective very short. 9 hirsute, shortly
pedicelled, sepals 6, the outer slightly broader, ovary globose, glabrous or hairy,
narrowed into the short conical style, which is shorter than the sepals and often entire.
Capsule 4-6-celled, globose obscurely lobed. G. hirsutum, as here defined, includes the
Assam and Silhet specimens: of G. zey/anicum, Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 310. Assam specimens
C. B. Clarke 88,045 (possibly a different species) have 2 larger outer and 4 smaller
inner sepals, the ovary glabrous, the style slightly exserted with 4 distinct teeth.
18. G. oblatum, Hook. f. Subhimalayan tract from Sikkim eastwards. Khasi hills.
Cachar. A small tree, branchlets finely tomentose, 1. lanceolate, glaucous and often
thinly pubescent beneath, blade 2-4, pet. § in. long, sec. n. very slender, stipules fili-
form. Fl. ¢ pubescent, sepals spathulate, ? minute, nearly sessile, densely tomentose,
style not exserted. Capsules on short stout pedicels, orbicular very depressed, obscurely
lobed, pubescent, crown not intruded.

B. Anthers 3, sepals 5-6, distinct or only connate at the base.
(a) Style exserted in fl.
a. Q fl. pedicelled, branchlets glabrous.

574 XCVIII. EUPHORBIACEA [ Glochidion

14. G. Thomsoni, Hook.f. Khasi hills. Entirely glabrous, 1. elongate-elliptic, very
glaucous beneath 2-4 in. long, fl. g few minute, ¢ numerous fascicled, pedicels long,
slender, sepals minute, style a fleshy, 3-grooyed cone. Capsule 4 in. diam., on slender
pedicels up to #in. long. 15. @ rigidum, Muell. Arg.—Syn. Gynoon triandrum, Wight
Ic. t. 1908. Travancore, evergreen forest, 4,000 ft. (Bourdillon 560). Ceylon, common.
A small tree, perfectly glabrous, 1. elliptic-lanceolate, acute at both ends, 2-44 in. long,
g pedicels capillary 4 in., sepals oblong, 4 in. long, connective acute 4 length of anther.
? pedicels shorter, style stout cylindric. Capsule 4-4 in. diam., depressed.

B. 9 fl. pedicelled, branchlets pubescent.

16. G. velutinum, Wight Ic. t. 1907 —Syn. G. nepalense, Kurz F. FI. ii. 344; Phyllan-
thus nepalensis, Muell. Arg. Vern. Kambal, Kulu; Kat-mohwa, Kumaon. Sub-
himalayan tract and outer valleys, from Kashmir eastwards, occasionally ascending
to 5,000 ft. Khasi hills. Upper Burma. Hills east of Toungoo, 3,000 ft. Chutia
Nagpur. Cent.Prov. Berar. Western Ghats. Nilgiris. Anamalais. A small tree,
-branchlets, 1. and fl. softly tomentose. L. ovate or elliptic, blade 2-6, narrowed into
the short petiole. Fl., both sexes pedicelled often together in axillary clusters. 4d:
anthers 3 slightly cohering, connective acute, shorter than anther. @ style a thick
fleshy 4-8-toothed column, hairy at base, ovary hairy 4-7-celled. Capsules pubescent,
depressed-globose, 4—-8-lobed, 4-3 in. diam., often fasciculate, pedicels short, under fin.
17. G. Heyneaum, Wight Ic. v. 29 and t. 1908 (right hand figure). Subhimalayan tract
from Sikkim eastwards. Makeim Forest, Assam (D. B. April 1879). East Bengal.
Chittagong. Northern Circars. A large tree, branchlets, underside of 1. and inflor-
escence finely pubescent. Pedicels of § 4-4, of 9 4-4in. long. Style cylindric slender,
twice the length of sepals or longer, capsule } in. diam., 4-5-celled, pedicel 4-4 in. long.
18. G. acuminatum, Muell. Are. Subhimalayan tract from Nepal eastwards, ascending
in the outer hills to 4,000 ft. Khasi hills. A middle-sized tree with drooping branches.
Branchlets and underside of 1. minutely pubescent. L. thin, very glaucous beneath,
lanceolate, blade 4-5, pet. fin. long. Pedicels ¢,%4 in. long, ? shorter. Style twice
the length of sepals. Capsules often clustered along the branches, deeply 4-6-lobed,
4-4 in. diam., pedicels up to } in. long.

y. @ fl. sessile or nearly so, branchlets glabrous.

19. G Daltoni, Kurz. Sikkim, outer hills ascending to 2,500 ft. Poona district.
Tenasserim. Upper Burma.-—Yunnan. A deciduous shrub or tree, attaining to 40 ft.,
branchlets and 1. glabrous, 1. shining, lanceolate, 83-5 in. long. Fl. g and ¢ usually
in the same fascicles, g glabrous, pedicels 4-} in. long, sepals obtusely oblanceolate,
@ nearly sessile, sepals + in. long, glabrous without, near the base minutely hairy
within, ovary tomentose, style clavate, glabrous, less than twice the length of sepals,
4-6-toothed, teeth obtuse. Capsule nearly sessile, 8-10-lobed, while young crowned by
the stout deciduous style. In foliage this resembles G. Gamblei (4-5 anthers) and G.
Khasicum (style slender acutely 2-3-toothed). 20. G. Khasicum, Hook. f. Sikkim 4,500 ft.
Khasi hills. A small or middle-sized tree,entirely glabrous. L. rigid, elliptic, acuminate,
3-6 in.long. Fl. ? nearly sessile, sepals very unequal, style slender cylindric, 2 or 3 times
the length of sepals. Capsule 3-6-lobed, 4 in. diam., while immature crowned by
the long deciduous style. 21. G. glaucifolium, Muell. Arg. Tenasserim. A small
evergreen tree, branchlets and 1. glabrous. lL. obliquely elliptic, acuminate, 3-4 in.
long, fl. ? nearly sessile, sepals hispid, style nearly cylindric, tapering upwards.

22. G. malabaricum, Bedd. Western Ghats from the Konkan to Nilgiris. A small
tree, branchlets and |. glabrous. 4. elongate-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate.
4-5 in. long, sec. n. 6-8 pair, arching, stip. subulate. ¢ sepals 74 in. long, style and
ovary hairy, style conical, 4-7-toothed. Capsule nearly sessile 4-} in. diam. 23.
G. ellipticum, Wight Ic. t. 1906.—Syn. G. diversifolium, Bedd. Western Ghats from
North Kanara southwards. Closely allied to 22, stipules broader, style scarcely
exserted.

6. © fl. sessile or nearly so, branchlets pubescent.

24. G. coronatum, Hook. f. Tenasserim.—Malay Peninsula. A shrub, branchlets
hirsute, 1. membranous, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, sparsely hirsute beneath, 2-5 in.
long, @ fl. sessile, ovary villous, style long, slender cylindric 2-3 times the length of
sepals. Capsule hairy, nearly sessile, 4 in. diam., 3-6-lobed. 25. G. villicaule, Hook. f.
Upper Burma. Tenasserim. Malay Penins. Branchletsrusty-hirsute with spreading
hairs, 1. 3-5 in. long, hairy beneath, tert. n. strongly reticulate. ¢@ fl. minute sessile,
style nearly cylindric, hispid, 2 or 3 times the length of sepals. Capsule nearly sessile,
densely hirsute, 4 in. diam. 26. G. leiostylum, Kurz. Pegu Yoma, eastern slopes,
Tenasserim. Malay Penins. A shrub or small tree, branchlets minutely hairy, 1.
elliptic, acuminate, 1-3 in. long. Style long exserted, slender, acutely 3-cleft. Capsule
shortly stipitate + in. diam., crowned while young by the long slender style.

(b) Style not or slightly exserted in fi.

iy
+)

Glochidion| XCVHUI. EUPHORBIACEX 575

27. G. levigatum, Hook.f. Mergui. Malay Peninsula. A middle-sized tree, entirely
glabrous, branchlets angled, 1. obliquely ovate or elliptic, acuminate, 1-3 in. long, sec.
n. very faint. Fl. g, pedicels fasciculate, capillary, 4, sepals oblong ~; in. long. 9
pedicels shorter rigid, sepals #; in. long, style minute. 25. G. assamicum, Hook. f.
Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys, from Sikkim eastwards. Imperfect specimens
from Oudh and Vizagapatam. Assam. Khasi and Garo hills. Cachar. East Bengal.
Chittagong. Upper Burma. A shrub, or small or middle-sized tree, branchlets
glabrous, sharply angled. L. glabrous, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 48 in. ¢ fl. as
well as the capillary pedicels glabrous, sepals 4-1 in., anthers in rare instances 4.
@ sessile, sepals glabrous, acute, ovary as a rule glabrous, in some specimens hairy,
style glabrous, usually columnar, conical (Upper Burma). Capsule } in. diam., sessile
or on short pedicels, often densely clustered along the branchlets. A variable species
which should be studied on the spot, chiefly in regard to ovary, style and size of g fl.
What has here been united may prove to be several species. 29. G. andamanicum,
Kurz. Andamans. A small tree, branchlets and |. glabrous. L. thin, glaucous
beneath, broad-elliptic, 2-4 in. long. 9? fl. minute, sessile, sepals hairy outside, ovary
with the fleshy style ovoid, glabrous. Capsule sessile, hairy, strongly 8-12-lobed,
4-jin. diam. 30. G. spherogynum, Kurz. Sikkim. Bhutan. Khasi hills. Manipur.
Chittagong. Pegu Yoma, eastern slopes. Martaban. Tenasserim. A small or
middle-sized evergreen tree, entirely glabrous, |. lanceolate, base acute, 4-14 in. long.
@ subsessile, ovary glabrous, crowned by the subglobose entire style. Capsule $ in.
diam. nearly sessile, deeply 6-8-lobed, with the large globose style in the depressed
apex. :

C. Anthers 3, calyx 4—6-toothed.

(a) Branchlets glabrous.

31. G. Hohenackeri, Beddome.—Syn. G. lanceolarium, Dalzell, Bombay Flora 235
(probably). Vern. Bhoma, Mar.; Nirchalli, Kan. Western Din, fairly common in
moist places. Western Ghats from Mahabaleshwar to Travancore, common in places.
A small tree, entirely glabrous, |. elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-6, pet. 4 in., stipules
broad, oblique acute. Fl. g on capillary pedicels up to % in., sepals 4-} in. long,
oblong, broader near apex ; anthers 3, connective 4-3 the length ofanthers. @ sessile,
calyx irregularly 4—5-fid, glabrous, style subglobose, apex notched, a little longer than
ealyx, much broader than the ovary. Capsule nearly sessile, }-$ in. diam., 6-8-lobed,
crowned by the globose style in the sunk top. Dalzell does not mention that his species
is triandrons, but speaks of the small capsule, which would not apply to G. lanceolarium,
Hook. f. Of G. lanceolarium with numerous anthers I have only seen one specimen
said to have come from Bombay. 382. G. Ralphii, Hook. f. Ghats of the Konkan and
North Kanara. Closely allied to 31, 1. lanceolate, blade 2-3, pet. 2 in. long, ovary
villous, capsule 4 in. diam., faintly 3-G-lobed. 33. G. fagifolium, Miquel. Nilgiris.
Tenasserim (G. fagifolium, Kurz. Pegu, Martaban is doubtful). Entirely glabrous,
branchlets angular, |. lanceolate, 3-4 in. long, sec. n. thin but prominent, anthers 3 or 4,
9 fl. nearly sessile, style subglobose larger than the ovary. 34. G, neilgherrense,
Wight.—Syn. G. Perottetianum, Bedd. Nilgiris, 6-7,000 ft. A small tree, as a rule
glabrous except the ? fl., young shoots sometimes minutely pubescent, 1. olive-green
above, reddish-brown beneath, unequal sided, often falcate, blade 3-5, narrowed into
pet. in. Fl. g on pedicels as long as or shorter than fl., sepals 4 in. long, connective
half the length of anthers or longer, ? subsessile, calyx thickly coriaceous, hairy
outside, teeth unequal, style stout, exserted, with 4-6 large lobes, ovary minute, 4-6-
celled. Capsule sessile, 4-4 in, diam., distinctly lobed, much depressed, crowned with
the stout short 4-6-lobed style.

(b) Branchlets hairy.

35. G. arboreum, Wight Ic. t. 1907. Nilgiris and Shevagherri hills. Similar to 34,
but branchlets finely pubescent, 1. larger, tert. n. prominently reticulate, capsule
obscurely lobed, crowned with the 4-6 spreading lobes of the style. 386. G. Johnstonei,
Hook. f. Western Ghats, North Kanara and Cochin. <A middle-sized tree, branchlets
tomentose, |. thin, glabrous or sparsely pubescent beneath, elliptic-lanceolate, 4-5 in.
long. Capsules deeply 6-lobed, crowned by the 3-lobed stigma. 37. G. nubigenum,
Hook. f. Sikkim 2-7,000ft. Shan hills, Upper Burma 4,000 ft. (Collett 709). Attains
60 ft. Branchlets pubescent, 1. thin, minutely hairy beneath, ovate or elliptic,
acuminate, blade 4-6, pet. }-f in. Ovary 10-12-celled, at the base of the glabrous short
4-6-angled style.

II. Styles 3 distinct, short, filiform.

88. G. dasystylum, Kurz. Hills east of Toungoo, ascending to 8,500 ft. A small
tree, branchlets and |. beneath softly tomentose, 1. ovate, acuminate, 3-4 in. long, fl.
unknown, capsule }-4 in. diam., 8—t-celled, 6-8-lobed, clothed with long hairs, topped
by 8 short filiform hairy styles, united at the base, pedicels hairy, } in. long.

576 XCVIII. EUPHORBIACEA [| Tritaxis

Tritaxis (?) Beddomei, Benth. Tinnevelli, foot of ghats. Quite glabrous, 1. alternate,
entire or with very shallow teeth, penninerved, pale beneath, ovate-oblong, blade 3-4,
pet. $-} in. gf fl. 4 in. across, in lax pedunculate terminal compound cymes, calyx
4-lobed, petals oblong much longer than calyx-segments, stamens 8, the 2 or 3 inner
combined into a slender column, filaments of the outer free, anthers broadly oblong,
cells contiguous, parallel. ¢ fl. and fr. unknown.

19. JATROPHA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 382.

Perennial herbs, shrubs or trees, often prickly. L. alternate, often digitately
lobed, stipules mostly ciliate. FJ. moncecious, in terminal cymes, the central
fl. usually @. Sepals 5, imbricate, often petaloid, petals 5, contorted, free or
connate. 4: Stamens 8-12, all or the inner only connate, disk entire or of 5
glands. 9: Ovary 2-4-celled, styles connate below, 2-fid. Capsule of 2-4
two-valved cocci. Species 70, chiefly American.

A. Petals free or nearly so.

1. J. glandulifera, Roxb. Vern. Jangli Arandi, Mar.; Nela Amidam, Tel. Western
Peninsula.—Ceylon.. Tropical Africa. A small evergreen tree, edges of leaves, inflor-
escence, bracts and calyx with long stipitate glands, petioles naked. L. palmately
3-5-lobed, stipules divided into long capillary gland-tipped segments. Petals oblong,
yellow, stamens 8, monadelphous, capsule } in. long. 2. J. gossypifolia, Linn. Lal
Bharenda, Beng. Native of Brazil, cultivated and run wild in many parts of India
and Burma. Similar to 1, petioles with numerous fascicled and branched glandular
bristles, sepals lanceolate, densely glandular-ciliate, petals red, obovate. 3. J. multifida,
Linn. Native of South America, cultivated and run wild in Bengal and the Peninsula.
Glabrous, 1. orbicular, palmately cut into numerous narrow entire or subdivided seg-
ments, blade 3-9 in. diam., petiole as long. Peduncle and fl. scarlet.

4. J, nana, Dalz. and Gibs. Dry stony places near Poona. A glabrous undershrub,
no glandular bristles, 1. entire or 3-lobed, lobes entire, petiole short, stout.

B. Petals cohering to the middle or beyond it.

5. J. Curcas, Linn. Vern. Safed Arand, Hind.; Bag Verendi, Beng.; Kadu-haralu,
Kan. ; Adivi Amidam, Tel.; Thinbaw-Kyetsu, Burm. Indigenous in tropical America,
cultivated in most tropical countries, naturalized in India. Makes excellent hedges,
eut branches sprout readily. A soft-wooded shrub or small tree, young shoots and
cymes often pubescent, otherwise glabrous. L. angular or 3-5-lobed, blade 4-6 in.,
pet. as long as blade. Fl. yellowish-green, stamens 10, the 5 inner connate into a
central column. Capsule 1-14 in. long.

6. J. Wightiana, Muell. Arg.—Syn. J. peltata, Wight Ic. t.1169. Stony plains at the
foot of the hills near Coimbatore. A low shrub, shoots rusty-villous, eglandular.
L. peltate, tomentose beneath, entire or with 5-7 obtuse entire lobes, blade 4-6 in.
diam., pet.as long as blade. FI. pale yellow.

Aleurites moluccana, Willd.; Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 276.—Syn. A. triloba, Forst. Indian
Walnut. Indigenous probably in the Malay Archipelago, cultivated in most tropical
and subtropical countries, and here and there naturalized. A large evergreen tree,
shoots, young |., petioles and inflorescence densely clothed with brownish or grey stellate
tomentum, |. ovate to ovate-triangular, often lobed, blade 4-12, pet. 2-5 in. FI.
monecious, white, in large cymose terminal panicles, calyx velvety, bursting into 2
valvate lobes, petals five, } in. long. ¢: Stamens 15-20, on a hairy receptacle.
Ovary 2-celled, hairy, styles bifid to the base. Drupe 2-23 in. diam., seeds large oily.
2. A. cordata, Steudel. A tree of China and Japan. Cultivated in North-West India.
L. glabrous, broadly ovate-cordate, often deeply lobed, petals 4 in. long. Yields the
wood oil of China, sometimes called Ningpo Varnish.

20. CROTON, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. vy. 385.

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, usually with stellate hairs or orbicular scales,
consisting of radiating cells, often separate at the ends, intermediate between
scales and stellate hairs. LL. alternate, rarely opposite or whorled. Fl. as a
rule moneecious, in terminal spiciform racemes, 9 at the base. Calyx 5-parted,
petals in the ¢ alternating with calyx-segments, in the 9 often wanting,
disk glands opposite to sepals. ¢: Stamens 10-30, inserted on a central
hairy receptacle, filaments free, inflexed in bud. Ovary 2-4-, generally 3-

ee = |

Croton XCVITI. EUPHORBIACE 577

celled. Capsule 6-valved or of 3 deciduous 2-valved cocci. Species 5-600, in
all hot countries.

A. Ovary lepidote or tomentose.
(a) Inflorescence lepidote.
a. LL, densely lepidote beneath.

(1) L. ecrenate.

1. ©. scabiosus, Bedd. FJ. Sylv. t. 283. Vern. Chilla, Tel. Hills of Karnul and
Caddepah. A small tree, branchlets, leaves on both surfaces and inflorescence clothed
with minute orbicular scales, 1. ovate, base cordate, blade 2-4, pet. 1-2 in., 3-5 basal
nerves. Raceme erect, 1-4 in. long, stamens 10-12, glabrous. Capsule nearly globose,
4 in. long.

(2) L. entire.

2. C. reticulatus, Heyne; Bedd. Ic. t. 233. Western Ghats from the Konkan south-
wards, common and gregarious in places.—Ceylon. A shrub, underside of 1. and
inflorescence densely clothed with white silvery scales. L. elliptic-lanceolate, blade
3-7, pet. }-lin. Racemes erect, lax, 2-3 in., pedicels of ¢ longer than fl. Capsule
4 in. long, broadly oblong. 3. C. malabaricus, Bedd. Ic. t. 181. Ghats of Malabar,
ascending to 4,000 ft. A small tree, branchlets, underside of 1. and inflorescence
densely clothed with white silvery scales. L. ovate, acuminate, blade 2-6, pet. 1-2 in.
Racemes solitary or clustered 1-2 in. long. 4. C. argyratus, Blume. Martaban and
Tenasserim (Kurz). Andamans. Nicobars. Malay Penins. and Archip. A small
evergreen tree, wood with scanty but very wide vessels, branchlets, petioles, underside
of 1. and inflorescence densely clothed with silvery or rufous scales. L. ovate- or
elliptic-lanceolate, blade 4-8, pet. 1-2 in. Racemes 4-8 in. long, capsule globose,
4 in. diam.

B. L. glabrous when full grown.

5. C. oblongifolius, Roxb. Vern. Akh, Nep.; Gunsur, Mar.; Bhutan Kusam, Tel. ;
Thityingyi, Burm. Gonda district Oudh, in belts through miles of forest. Sikkim,
ascending to 2,000 ft. Silhet. Bengal. Chutia Nagpur. Central Provinces. Western
Peninsula. Burma, Upper and Lower.—Ceylon. A middle-sized tree, shoots and
branchlets, inflorescence, calyx and ovary densely clothed with minute orbicular
silvery seales. Leaves pale green, glabrous when full grown, oblong-lanceolate, penni-
nerved, more or less serrate, blade 5-10, pet. 1-2 in. long. Fl. pale yellowish-green,
on short pedicels, solitary or fascicled, in the axils of minute bracts, on long erect
often fascicled racemes. Petals villous inside, stamens 12, filaments sparingly
pubescent, ovary lepidote. Capsule globose, indistinctly 3-lobed, }-4 in. diam. 6. ¢.
Joufra, Roxb. Assam. Khasi hills. Burma, Upper and Lower. Similar to 5, petioles
shorter, ]. often entire, fr. ovoid 1-1} in. long. 7. C. robustus, Kurz. Peguand Tenas-
serim, low country. A small evergreen tree, branchlets robust, rusty-scaly, |. coriaceous,
entire, glabrous, a few minute scales on the underside, lanceolate, obtuse, blade 4-8,
pet. 4-} in.

(6) Inflorescence stellately tomentose or glabrous.

a. Basal n. 3-5, 1. pubescent on both surfaces.

8. C. caudatus, Geisel; Nan bhantur, Beng. Sikkim, ascending to 4,000 ft. Assam.
Khasi hills. Bengal. Chittagong. Burma, Upper and Lower.—Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago. A large shrub, more or less scandent, stem often attaining 1-14 ft.
girth, branchlets, petioles, young 1. and inflorescence rough with stellate hairs. L.
ovate, acuminate, base cordate, irregularly toothed, basal n. 8-5, blade 2-7, pet. 1-2 in.,
stipules laciniate, glandulose. Racemes slender, 4-10 in. ¢: Petals as long as sepals,
woolly, stamens 18-30, filaments silky below. ¢ : sepals oblong, petals minute, ovary
densely woolly, styles bifid, arms long slender. Capsule 4-1 in. long, hairy. 9. ¢,
aromaticus, Linn. Western Peninsula. Ceylon. An erect shrub or small tree, closely
allied to 8, with which Beddome identifies it. Petioles 4-14 in. long, styles short, fr.
nearly globose 4-4 in. diam. 10. C. calococcus, Kurz. Rangoon. A shrub, branchlets,
J. and inflorescence densely clothed with stiff stellate hairs. L. entire or denticulate,
elliptic. blade 2-8, pet. $-4 in. long, basal n. extending beyond the middle. Capsule
deeply 8-lobed and stellately hispid. 11. C. birmanicus, Muell. Arg. Burma. Im-
perfectly known, |. ovate-cordate, finely gland-toothed.

12. C, tomentosus, Muell. Arg. Pegu. An undershrub with a woody rhizome, thickly
clothed with stellate tomentum, |. ovate-oblong, entire or denticulate, blade 2-8, pet.
1 in., basal n, not extending beyond the middle of blade.

B. Basal n. 3-5, 1. glabrous when full grown.

18. C. Tiglium, Linn. Vern. Jayapala, Hind.; Neppalam, Tel.; Kanakho, Burm.
Cultivated and naturalized throughout tropical India and Burma. A native of the

RiP.

578 XCVIII. HUPHORBIACEA [Croton

Malay Archip. A small evergreen tree, the youngest shoots sparsely stellately hairy.
L. membranous, glabrous, ovate-acuminate, more or less serrate, 3-5 basal nerves,
blade 2-4, pet. 1-2 in. Racemes 2-3 in., rachis glabrous. 4: sepals and pedicels
nearly glabrous, petals woolly, stamens 15-25, glabrous. 9: pedicels and ovary
stellately hispid, petals 0. Capsule #-1 in. long, white, obovoid, obtusely trigonous.
14. C. flocculosus, Kurz. Irawaddi valley. A small tree, young shoots with deciduous
stellate tomentum, |. broad-ovate, crenate, base rounded or cordate, blade 3-4, pet. ? in.
Capsule 4 in. diam., densely stellate-tomentose.

y. L. penninerved.
(1) Inflorescence tomentose.

15. C. Wallichii, Muell. Arg. Pegu. Tenasserim. A middle-sized deciduous tree,
youngest shoots and inflorescence stellately tomentose, 1. nearly glabrous, more or less
serrate, elongate-elliptic or oblanceolate, blade 6-8, narrowed into pet. 4-14 in., sec. n.
slender. Racemes fascicled, slender,4-Sin.long. 16. C.sublyratus, Kurz. Tenasserim.
Andamans. A deciduous shrub, young shoots rusty scurfy, l. from a narrow cordate
base gradually widening upwards, blade 3-8, pet.$ in. 17. C. rhodostachyus, Muell:
Arg. Upper Burma, imperfectly known.

_ (2) Inflorescence glabrous.

. 18. C.Klotzschianus, Wight. Ic. t. 1914 (Tigliwm). Hills of the Deccan. Nilgiris. Travan-
core. A shrub or small tree, young shoots stellately pubescent, and on young |. a few
tufts of stellate. hairs. L. membranous, elliptic-oblong, blade 2-3, pet. slender
4-} in. Racemes slender, 1-3 in. long. 19. C. Gibsonianus, Nimmo. Ghats of the Kon-
kanand North Kanara. A tall shrub, nearly glabrous, 1. membranous, elliptic-oblong,
acuminate, base rounded, blade 5-7, pet. 1 in., at the base of blade usually 2 minute
stipitate glands. Racemes slender, 5-10 in. long, capsule 3-lobed, stellately hairy, 4
in. diam. 20. C. levifolius, Blame. Khasi hills—Java, Sumatra. A small tree, young
shoots with scattered scales or dense tufts of stellate hairs. L. membranous, glabrous,
elongate-elliptic, blade 2-5, pet. 3-14 in. Racemes 2—4 in., capsule shining, } in. diam.

B. Ovary glabrous, sepals much enlarged in fr.

21. C. Lawianus, Nimmo. Bababudan hills, Mysore. A small tree, branchlets and
young |. softly stellate-tomentose, 1. quite entire, ovate, acuminate, blade 3-5, pet. 4 in.,
basal n. 3, sometimes 5. ¢ fl. large, in few-fld. pedunculate racemes, pedicels longer
than fl. Capsule 2 in. diam., glabrous, rugose, shorter than the enlarged leafy sepals.
22. C. chlorocalyx, Wall. Silhet. Quite glabrous, 1. lanceolate, caudate-acuminate,
penninerved, slightly serrulate, blade 6-9, narrowed into pet. 4-} in. long.

21. GALEARIA, Zollinger & Moritzi; Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 377.

Shrubs or small trees, 1. alternate, quite entire, penninerved, sec. n. joined
by distinct intra-marginal nerves, veins prominently reticulate, pet. short.
Fl. minute, dicecious, in long slender terminal racemes, bracts minute or 0.
Calyx 5-toothed, or -partite, petals 5, concave, induplicate-valvate, keeled
down the middle within. Fl. ¢ fascicled, stamens 10, filaments very short,
anthers didymous. 9 styles short, slender, 2-partite. Fr.small, broad, endo-
carp hard, 1-2-celled. Species 12-15, Indo-Malayan region.

1. G Helferi, Hook. f.—Syn. G. Wallichii, Kurz. Tenasserim. Branchlets, petioles
and racemes minutely pubescent, 1. membranous, elliptic-oblong, 8-12 in. long, ¢
racemes as long as ]. 2. G Wallichii, Hook. f. Tenasserim. Malay Penins. Quite
glabrous, 1. thinly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 5-7 in. long, racemes

longer than 1.

22. GIVOTIA, Griff.; Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 395.

G. rottleriformis, Griff. (the only species); Wight Ic. t. 1889; Bedd.
Fl. Syly. t. 285. Vern. Polki, Mar.; Puliki, Tel.; Vendule, Tam.

A middle-sized tree, wood white, very light and soft, but even-grained,
branchlets, petioles, underside of leaves and sepals densely clothed with white
stellate tomentum. L. alternate, cordate, sinuate-toothed, blade 5-10, pet.
4-6 in. long. Fl. dioecious, in axillary panicled cymes 4-8 in. long, near the
ends of branches, bracts narrow-linear. Sepals 5, imbricate, petals -5,
longer than sepals, more or less cohering. d¢: Disk of 5 orbicular glands.

Givotia} XCVIII. EUPHORBIACE £ 579

Stamens 13-25 on a woolly receptacle, filaments connate at base, hairy below,
pistillode 0. 9: Disk cupular, ovary stellately hairy, 2-3-celled, ovule 1 in
each cell. Fruit a subglobose drupe, }-1 in. diam. Seed 1, cotyledons dat,
broad, in a fleshy albumen.

Fig. 182.—Givotia rottleriformis, Griff. 3.

Dry forests on the Western Ghats and on the hills of the Decean. Mysore and
Karnatik. Fl. H. S.—Ceylon, dry region.

Platystigma myristiceum, Rob. Brown; Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1707. Silhet. Branches
woody, branchlets minutely rusty-pubescent, 1, alternate, coriaceous quite entire,
blade 5-7, pet. #1 in. Fl. dicecious, sessile or shortly pedicelled, in short axillary
bracteate panicles. ¢: sep. 4-5, imbricate, pet. 4-5 ovate, valvate, stamens 4—5, oppo-
site to petals, filaments very short, anthers parallel. 9: on stout pedicels, sepals 5
broadly ovate, imbricate, pet. 0, ovary rusty-tomentose, 1-celled, ovule 1, stigma sessile
thick, broader than ovary.

Microdesmis caseariefolia, Planchon. Tenasserim.—Malay Penins.and Archip. China.
A small evergreen tree, branchlets and young |. minutely pubescent, 1. alternate,
distichous, broadly lanceolate, blade 4—5, pet. } in. Fl. dicecious, minute, in axillary
clusters, sepals 5 small, pet. 5, twisted and imbricate. ¢: stamens 10, alternately
shorter, connective apiculate, pistillode columnar. 9: ovary glabrous, 2-celled, fr.
bright red, globose 4—} in. diam.

93. TRIGONOSTEMON, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. y. 395.

Evergreen shrubs or small trees, ]. alternate, penninerved. Fl. monacious,
in racemes or panicles, as a rule lateral or axillary. Sepals 5, imbricate,
petals 5, sometimes more in 9, disk of 5 glands, often united in a lobed cup.

580 XOVII. EUPHORBIACEA [ Trigonostemon

Stamens 3, anthers sessile or on a cylindrical column, pistillode 0. Ovary 3-
celled, styles bitid or twice bifid.
A. Anthers sessile on a subglobose receptacle.

1. T. nemoralis, Thwaites; Bedd. Ic. Plant. t. 182. Tinnevelli hills, 2-3,000 ft-
Ceylon. Young shoots strigose, 1. crowded at the ends of branchlets, thin-coriaceous,
irregularly and shallowly crenate-serrate, lanceolate or oblanceolate, blade 4-8,
narrowed into thick channelled pet. 4 in. long. Fl]. red, in terminal erect stiff spiciform
racemes 2-6 in. long, gon short slender pedicels, clustered, 9 solitary on stout pedicels.
Capsule 4 in. diam., 3-lobed, roughly pubescent.

B. Anthers at the end of a cylindric column.

2. T. heteranthus, Wight Ic. t. 1890. Tenasserim. Young shoots tawny pubescent,
1. glabrous, membranous, sometimes serrate, blade 8-12, pet.1-4 in. long. FI. ¢ and 9
together, in a lax axillary racemiform paniclesor thyrsus 6-8 in. long, consisting of
numerous 3-7-fld. cymes along a long slender rachis, pedicels filiform. ¢ fl. } in.
across, sepals entire ciliate, petals twice the length of sepals, anthers 3 on a staminal-
column with 6 branches at the top, each branch having one anther-cell. @: sepals
glandular dentate, as long as petals, ovary glabrous. 3. T.letus, Baillon. Tenasserim.
L. thick-chartaceous, broadly lanceolate, blade 4-6, pet. 1-2 in. long, ? sepals entire,
minutely ciliate, ovary greyish, silky pubescent. 4. T. longifolius, Baillon. Tenas-
serim. Malay Penins. Shoots and young 1. clothed with long brown silky hairs, 1.
membranous, oblanceolate, blade 9-15 in. long, gradually narrowed into a short
marginate petiole. Fl. clustered on the long narrow pubescent racemes, rachis angled,
bracts subulate. Capsule + in. diam., densely clothed with short stiff hairs. 5. T.
semperfiorens, Muell. Arg. Assam. Khasi hills. Silhet. Cachar. Branchlets hispid,
1. often spuriously whorled at the ends of branches, 4-10 in. long, sessile or nearly so,
from a narrow cordate base gradually widening, acuminate. Racemes very short,
pedicels short stout, ovary hispid. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-3 in. diam.

24. OSTODES, Blume; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 400.

Trees, ]. alternate, penniveined. Fl. dicecious or moncecious, fascicled on
long racemes, usually arranged in terminal or axillary panicles. Sepals 3-6,
imbricate, petals usually 5. ¢: stamens 8-35, filaments short, inserted ona
receptacle, hairy at base, which often lengthens out into a column, anther-cells
parallel, connective broad. @: ovary 3-celled, styles short, 2-cleft. Species.
6-8, Indo-Malayan region. :

A. L. coriaceous.

1. 0. zeylanica, Muell. Arg.; Bedd. Fl]. Sylv. t. 274. Western Ghats, common in
evergreen forest from the Wainad southwards.—Ceylon. A large evergreen tree,
bark smooth, purple, branchlets angular, young shoots and inflorescence clothed with
minute stellate hairs. L. elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, blade 8-18, pet. 2-3 in. Bracts
lanceolate, deciduous. Fl. scented, ¢: petals white, }-4 in. long, more or less cohering
in a tube, stamens 8-15, filaments glabrous, receptacle elongating into a long column.
2: petals free, ovary densely clothed with long hairs. Capsule 6-ribbed, 1} in. diam.
2. O. Helferi, Muell. Arg. Tenasserim. Blade 10-12, pet. } in. long.

B. L. membranous or chartaceous.

3. O. paniculata, Blume. Sikkim 2-6,000 ft. Bhutan. Khasi hills. Ruby Mines.
district, U. Burma, 6-7,000 ft. in evergreen forest (Yebadon galé). Hills east of Toungoo,
2-3,000 ft. L. ovate, acuminate, serrate, blade 8-12, pet.2-10 in. Inflorescence clothed
with simple hairs. ¢: Sepals 3, petals 4-5, free. Stamens 20-35, filaments free,
minutely hairy at base, on a hemispherical receptacle.

Codizum variegatum, Blume. Native of the Moluccas, often cultivated in gardens.
on account of its leaves, which are variable in shape, mottled and variegated with red,
yellow and green. Fl. in unisexual racemes, ovary 3-celled, styles long, slender, re-
curved, entire.

25. BLACHIA, Baill.; Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 402.

Glabrous shrubs or small trees, 1. entire, eglandular, pennineryed. Fl.
usually monecious, ¢ in terminal pedunculate racemes or corymbs, peduncles
and pedicels slender, sepals 4-5, concave, membranous, imbricate, petals

*
7

Blachia} XCVIII. EUPHORBIACE® 581

alternating with sepals, small, round, hyaline. Stamens 10-24, on a convex
receptacle, anther-cells on the edges of the connective, ultimately confluent
at the apex, disk consisting of scales, alternating with petals. @ fl. solitary
or fascicled, pedicels thickened above, sepals 4-6, more or less enlarged, in 1
sp. deciduous in fr., petalsO. Ovary 3-4-celled, styles 3-4, filiform, 2-partite,
recurved or revolute. Cotyledons broad, flat in a fleshy albumen. Species
5 or 6, one in China.

1. B. calycina, Benth.—Syn. Croton umbellatum, Wight Ic. t. 1874; Codi#um um-
bellatum, Bedd. Man. t. 23. Western Ghats from Coorg southwards, in evergreen
forests. A shrub or small tree, 1. elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-4, pet. 4 in. d fi.
corymbose, peduncles 2-3 in., sepals 4 in., petals +; in. diam., anthers 20-24. Fruiting
sepals 3-$ in. long. 2. B. umbellata, Baill. Ceylon; also reported from Travancore, is
very near to 1 and possibly not specifically distinct. ¢ fl. umbellate, fruiting sepals
smaller. 3. B. reflexa, Benth. Nilgiris. Travancore. A shrub. 4 fl. umbellate,
sepals in fr. slightly enlarged, spreading orreflexed. 4. B.denudata, Benth. Evergreen
forests of the Western Ghats, from the Konkan to the Bababudan hills. A large shrub
or small tree, |. lanceolate, blade 3-7, pet. 4 in. long, ¢ fl. racemose, calyx deciduous in
fr. 5. B, andamanica, Hook. f.—Syn. Codicwum andamanicum, Kurz. Andamans.
Narcondam. Coco island. A large evergreen shrub, |. elongate-elliptic, blade 4-6,
pet. 3-$.in. Ovary hirsute.

26. DIMORPHOCALYX, Thw.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vy. 403.

Glabrous trees, 1. alternate quite entire, penninerved. Fl. large, racemose
usually dicecions, the 2 often solitary. ¢: Calyx cup-shaped 5-lobed, petals 5,
longer than calyx, stamens 10-20, filaments stout, free or the inner connate
inside a fleshy 5-lobed disk. Pistillode 0. 9: Sepals 5, imbricate, ereatly
enlarged in fr., petals 5. Ovary 3-celled, styles 2-fid., ovule 1 in each cell.
Capsule of 3 two-valved crustaceous cocci. Cotyledons flat broad, in fleshy
albumen. Species 3-4, Indo-Malayan.

1. D. Lawianus, Hook. f.—Syn. Trigonostemon Lawianus, Bedd. Fl. Sylvy. t.273. Vern.
Yeneya, Nara gonji, Tel. (Veligondas). Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards,
in evergreen forest. Anamalais. Veligonda hills (D. B. Dec. 1881). A small or
middle-sized tree, 1. elliptic-lanceolate, blade 4-8, pet. 4—} in., stam. 15, ovary tomentose,
segments of fruiting perianth 4-1 in. long, capsule 4 in. diam. Closely allied: 2. D.
glabellus, Thwaites; Trimen Handbook Ceylon t. S54. Western Ghats from Matheran
southwards.—Ceylon very common in the dry region. Differs by smaller leaves, shorter
petioles, 10 stamens and a smaller fruiting perianth.

27. AGROSTISTACHYS, Dalz.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 405.

Glabrous shrubs or small trees, 1. alternate, coriaceous, pet. short. Fl.
dicecious, in bracteate short compact or elongate racemes. : cal. globose,
splitting into 2-5 valvate lobes. Petals nsually 5, glands of the disk alter-
nating with petals. Stamens 8-13, on a convex receptacle, anther-cells
pendulous from a thick connective, pistillode 0 or 2-3-fid. 9: sepals 2-4,
petals usually 5, larger than sepals, caducous, ovary 3-celled, styles short,
thick, spreading, entire or bifid. Capsule tricoccons, cotyledons broad in fleshy
albumen.

1. A. indica, Dalz.; Bedd. Ic. t. 241. Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards
in evergreen forests on the banks of streams. L. lanceolate, serrate, teeth sharp, in-
curved, blade 6-11, narrowed into pet. }-14 in. long. Fl. in short axillary and supra-
axillary densely bracteate flat racemes, bracts imbricating, fl. solitary ‘in the bract
axils. 2. A Gaudichaudi, Muell. Arg. (A. longifolia, Kurz). Tenasserim (or Andamans),
Penang. L. oblanceolate, obtusely sinuate-dentate, blade 12-16 in. long, narrowed
into pet. 4-14 long,, fl. in short densely bracteate racemes. 38. A. longifolia, Benth.
—Syn. Sarcoclinium fongifolium, Wight Ic. t. 1887-8; Bedd. Man. t. 28. Vern Man-
charei, Tam.; Mulimpalet, Mal. Western Ghats from North Kanara southwards.
Branches stout, marked with the scars of petioles and stipules, young shoots very

582 : XCVIII. EUPHORBIACEA [Agrostistachys

resinous, 1. crowded at the ends of branches, oblanceolate, nearly sessile, quite entire,
£-20 in. long, racemes stiff, shorter than 1., bracts distant, ¢ fl. clustered Q SURO,
in the axils of bracts.

Sumbavia macrophylla, Muell. Arg. Darrang district, Assam (D. B. March 1879).
Upper Burma (Griffith, March, 1837). Eastern slopes of the Pegu Yoma. Martaban
and Tenasserim, frequent along streams (Kurz). A small evergreen tree, branchlets,
petioles and underside of 1. with a dense white or grey tomentum of stellate hairs, buds
and racemes rusty tomentose. L. narrowly peltate, edge undulate, ovate or elliptic,
acuminate, blade 8-12, pet. 2-4 in. long, sec. n. 8-10 pair, prominent beneath, the
lowest pair from the insertion of the pet., transverse veins parallel. Fl. in androgy-
nous axillary bracteate racemes, ¢ 3 clustered, nearly sessile, 9 pedicelled. ¢: globose,
splitting into 5 valvate sepals, petals conspicuous, stamens 8, on a central convex
hairy receptacle. Capsule tricoccous.

Manihot Glaziovii, Muell. Arg. Ceara Rubber. Indigenous in the Province Ceara
of Brazil 4° S.L. Cultivated in Ceylon, Pegu and other tropical countries.. A middle-
sized tree, 1. nearly glabrous, narrowly peltate, blade 6-10 in. diam., palmately deeply
cut into 3-7 elliptic- or obovate-oblong acute segments, pet. 2-6 in. long. Fl. large, on
terminal panicles in the forks of branches, the g above, the 2 below, calyx campanu-
late, outside greyish-white with a purplish tinge, internally pale dull purple, stamens
10, 5 longer, 5 shorter, between the lobes of a lar, ge bright yellow disk Capsule
pendulous’ about 1 in. diam. with6 shallow grooves, seeds polished, greyish-brown,
mottled with purplish-black, testa very hard and thick. 2. M. utilissima, Pohl, a native
of South America, cultivated in India and Burma, the root yields Cassava starch and
Tapioca meal.

Hevea brasiliensis, Muell. Arg. Province of Para on the Amazon river, cultivated at
Mergui. A large evergreen tree, 1. glabrous, trifoliolate on long petioles, leaflets
entire, acuminate. Fl. moncecious, in Jarge whitish pubescent lateral panicles. Calyx
campanulate, 5-6-lobed, petals 0, anthers adnate toa central column. Fr. a large 3-
lobed, 6-valved capsule having the appearance of 3 connate cylinders, rounded at the
ends. Seeds shining, spotted. This and other closely allied species yield the Para
rubber, the finest and most durable caoutchouc known.

28. GELONIUM, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vy. 458.

Evergreen, glabrous resinous shrubs or small trees. IL. usually alternate,
stipules sheathing, caducous, bearing a raised line at the nodes. FI. dicecious,
apetalous, in leaf-opposed corymbs | or clusters, sepals 5 or 6, imbricate. 4 :
stamens 10-60, crowded on a convex receptacle, filaments ‘free, anther-cells
parallel, pistillode 0. @: disk cupular, sometimes bearing stamincdes, ovary
2-4-celled, styles minute, bifid or semi-lunate, 1 ovule in each cell. Fr.
tardily dehiscent, pericarp often fleshy, the valves separating from a persistent
axis. Seeds arillate. Species 15, tropical Asia and Africa.

1. G. lanceolatum, Willd.; Wight Ic. t. 1867. Vern. Velidaba, Yelladabba, Tel.
Hills and dry evergreen forests on the east side of the Peninsula. Anamal!ais, Cochin,
Travancore. A small or middle-sized tree, 1. coriaceous, often spinulose-serrate,
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-5, narrowed into pet. 4-} in. Fl. § 4-4 in.
across, mostly on short racemes with a woody rachis, marked by the scars of the
bracts. Capsule tricoccous, 4-4 in. diam., cocci keeled. 2. G. multifiorum, A. Juss.—
Syn. G. fasciculatum, Roxb.; Bot. Mag. t. 8231. Ban Naringa, Hind.; Sethanbaya,
Burm. Bengal, to the foot of the hills. Chutia Nagpur. Orissa. Northern Circars.
Chittagong.» Lower Burma. Andamans.—Malay Penins. and Archip. A: middle-
sized tree, ]. coriaceous, entire, elongate-elliptic, blade 6-9, narrowed into pet. 4-4 in.
Fl. ¢ yellow, very fragrant, $ in. across, in pedunculate: corymbs, pedicels 4-4 in.
Stamens 40-60. Fr. globose, obscurely 3-lobed, $-} in. diam., pericarp thick fleshy;
rough when dry. 3. G. bifarium, Roxb. Andamans (Kurz). Pegu (D. B. 1858).—
Malay Penins. and Archip. Fl. g 4-4 in. across, in sessile fascicles, capsule 4 in.
diam. deeply 2- (rarely 3-) lobed.

Chetocarpus castanocarpus, Thwaites ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 284. Vern. Bulkokra, Beng.
Silhet. Chittagong. Andamans. Lower Burma. Malay Penins. Ceylon. Anever=
green middle-sized tree, 1. coriaceous, alternate, quite entire, pennineryed, ovate or
elongate-elliptic, blade 4-8, pet. 3-4 in. long. Fl. 4 in. diam., dicecious, apetalous, in
axillary clusters, sepals 4 imbricate in pairs, hairy outside, disk lobed. 3:stamens 8
lower portion of filaments combined into a slender column. Capsule #1 in. long,
densely clothed with tawny, stiff bristles.

Baliospermum| XCVIII. EUPHORBIACE 583

29. BALIOSPERMUM, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 461.
e ~~ ~~, Fi Pi case =

Shrubs, 1. alternate toothed or lobed. F. small, usually dicecious, apetalous.
dg: Sepals 4-6 concave, imbricate, disk lobed, stamens 10-30 central, filaments
mostly free, anther-cells diverging, adnate to the broad connective, which is
continuous with the filament, pistillode 0. 9: Sepals 5-6, lanceolate, disk
nearly entire, ovary 3-celled, styles stout 2-fid, stigmatic surfaces smooth (not
fimbriate). Capsule of 3 two-valved crustaceous cocci, separating from the
persistent axis. Seeds ovoid, glabrous. Species 6, Indo-Malayan region.

A. Usually monecious. Lower different from the upper 1.

1. B. axillare, Blume.—Syn. B. polyandrum, Wight Ic. t. 1885; B. montanum, Muell.
Arg.; Kurz F.FI.ii.410. Vern. Danti, Hakin, Beng. ; Natcho,Burm. Subhimalayan
tract from Kashmir eastwards. Assam. Khasihills. Chittagong. Upper and Lower
Burma (common as underwood in forests on low ground). Chutia Nagpur. Western
Peninsula. Malay Penins.and Arch. A shrub with herbaceous branches, young shoots
and often underside of L hairy. Leaves sinuate toothed, upper small, lanceolate, penni-
nerved, lower large, ovate, often palmately 3-5-lobed, basal nerves 3-5, blade of larger 1.
6-12, pet. 2-6 in., stipules of two glands. Fl. monecious, in contracted panicles, green,
styles dull red- Calyx of g glabrous, of 9 hairy, as well as the ovary. Fruiting
calyx not accrescent, capsule 4-3 in.,3-lobed, pedicel recurved, }-}in. long. A remark-
able variety with strongly marked parallel tert. n. and dicecious fl. in Singbhum
(Haines).

B. Dicecious. L. uniform.

2. B. corymbiferum, Hook. f. Eastern Nepal and Sikkim, 4-5,000 ft. Stem slender,
naked or sparingly branched, branches finely pubescent. ¢ panicles much longer
than 1, on long slender peduncles. 3. B. calycinum, Muell. Arg. Mishmi_ hills,
Upper Assam. Pubescent, g panicles ample, much longer than 1., on long peduncles.
? sepalsdin. long. 4. B. sinuatum, Muell. Arg. Mishmi and Patkoi hills. Almost
entirely glabrous. LL. from obovate-oblong to linear, often above the middle with 3 or
5 large triangular acuminate lobes, blade 6-8, pet. 4-1} in. long. ¢ fl. in long narrow
racemes, ovary glabrous, fruiting calyx accrescent.

Cnesmone javanica, Blume. Assam. Khasi hills. Cachar. East Bengal. Lower
Burma. A large evergreen twining shrub, all parts densely clothed with soft
tomentum of long stinging hairs. L. ovate-oblong, base deeply cordate, acuminate,
serrate, blade 4-6, pet. 1-2 in., basal n. 3 or 5, stipules ovate, persistent. Fl. in
androgynous bracteate racemes, a few @ fl. at the base. ¢ : calyx-lobes 3 broad
valvate, anthers 3, connective produced into a long linear reflexed appendix. Capsule
4-4 in. diam. of 3 hispid cocci, supported by the enlarged velvety calyx-lobes.

Plukenetia corniculata, Smith. Sikkim 2,000 ft. Assam. Mergui. Malay Penins.
and Archip. A twining shrub, nearly glabrous, 1. membranous, gradually tapering
from a broad cordate base, acuminate, dentate, blade 4-6, pet. 1-2 in. Capsule on
pedicels 1-2 in. long, consisting of 4 stellately spreading granulate cocci, each produced
into a linear obtuse wing, } in. long, seeds keeled, pale, with irregular brown patches.

30. DALECHAMPIA, Linn.; Fl: Brit. Ind. v. 467.

Twining shrubs or undershrubs, 1. alternate, deeply lobed or trifoliolate,
petioles long. Fl. in androgynous involucrate heads, often mixed with sterile
deformed fl., involucre of 2 large 3-lobed serrulate bracts, with a whorl of
smaller ones outside. ¢: sepals 4-6, valvate, stamens 20-30, on a convex
receptacle, anther-cells contiguous, parallel. 9: sepals 5-12, pinnatifid,
hirsute. Species 60, tropical, chiefly American.

1. D. indica, Wight Ic. t. 1882. East side of the Western Peninsula.—Ceylon. L. 8-
foliolate, involucral bracts yellow, segments of ? sepals subulate, tips glandular. 2.
D. velutina, Wight Ic. t. 1851. Nilgiris. L. deeply 3-lobed, tomentose beneath, seg-
ments of ? sepals hirsute, eglandular.

8. D. Kuraii, Hook. f.—Syn. D. scandens, Kurz, F. F). ii. 400. Southern parts of
Pegu Yoma. L. deeply 3-lobed, lobes lanceolate, blade 2-5, pet. 1 in. long, segments
of 9 sepals linear, 75 in. long.

584 XCVIII. HUPHORBIACHA [Sapiunr

31. SAPIUM, Patrick Browne; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 469.

Trees and shrubs, 1. alternate, penninerved, often 2 glands on petiole below
insertion of blade. FI. monccious, apetalous in terminal simple or panicled
spikes or racemes, ¢ several or many, @ solitary in the axil of the bract, a
pair of large glands at the base of each bract, disk 0. 4: Calyx 2-3-toothed
or -lobed, stamens 2-3, filaments free, anther-cells contiguous, parallel, pistil-
lode 0. @: Calyx 3-fid, ovary 2-3-celled, styles free or connate below, un-
divided, 1 ovule in each cell. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved.

ee ase :

a&,

1 Sa gg og PL,

—

fea

4 \\\\\ ‘
ad \\\

| A\\\ 1
Nh \ f | } Ww

\

Be 2
rr

ine’

1

Fic. 183.—Sapium insigne, Benth. 4.

A. Spikes androgynous, the ? fl. usually in the lower portion.

1. S. baccatum, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 1950, called S. populifolium on plate ; Excecaria
baccata, Muell. Arg.; Carumbium baccatum, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 412. Vern. Billa, Silhet ;
Awlé, Upper, Lélun, Lower Burma. Sikkim, foot of the hills and outer valleys.
Assam. Khasi hills. Chittagong. Burma, usually in evergreen forest. The young
shoots, which come out in April, are orange-red. A middle-sized, at times a large
glabrous evergreen tree, 1. ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, quite entire, glaucous
beneath, blade 3-7, pet. 1-3 in. Racemes spiciform, usually arranged in large terminal
panicles, bracts, broadly-ovate, acute, with a large gland at each side, 3 ¢ fl. usually
in one bract. Fl. minute, yellowish-white, stamens 2, anthers red, usually didymous.
Drupe red or purple, 4-4} in. diam., edible. 2. §. sebiferum, Roxb. (Hxcacaria sebifera,
Muell. Arg.), the Chinese tallow tree, a native of China, cultivated in North-West India.
Glabrous, 1. rhomboid, entire, on long slender petioles, fl. in terminal spiciform racemes,
ovary glabrous, narrowed into a style with 3 long, spreading stigmas. Seeds 3,
attached to a central column which splits into 8 slender divisions, enclosed in a thick
layer of white fatty substance (vegetable tallow). 3.8, indicum, Willd. ; Wight Ic. t. 1950.

Sapium) XCVIII. EUPHORBIACE.E® 585

—Syn. Excecaria indica, Muell. Arg. Vern. Huru, Batul, Beng. Tidal forests, Sundriban,

-Tenasserim. Travancore on the banks of rivers—Ceylon. Malay Penins. A small

glabrous evergreen milky tree, wood soft, 1. elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, not glaucous
beneath, blade 3-5, pet. }-$ in. Racemes spiciform, solitary, ¢ fl. clustered, nearly
Spa @ larger, pedicellate. Fr. 1 in. diam., young succulent, old woody, obscurely
“LO, -

3 4. S. eugenizfolium, Ham. Himalaya, from Kumaon eastwards, 24,000 ft. Khasi
hills. Glabrous, 1. elliptic, blade 3-5, pet. 14 in. Racemes dense, simple, solitary,
capsule globose, 4-4 in. diam., valves thick, woody, separating from the persistent
broadly 3-winged axis.

B. Spikes unisexual.

5. S. insigne, Benth.—Syn. Excacaria insignis, Muell. Arg. ; Falconeria
insignis and F. Wallichiana, Royle Ill. t. 844; #. malabarica, Wight Ic. t.
1866; Carumbium insigne, Kurz, F. Fl. ii. 412. Vern. Boddar, N. W.
Himal.; Khindra, Khinna, Lendua, Hind. ; Ura, Hure, Dudla, Mar.

A middle-sized glabrous, deciduous tree, usually small but in places attain-
ing 50 ft., abounding in thick milky sap, branches thick, foliage bright green.
L. elongate-elliptic, acuminate, dentate, blade 6-15, pet. 1-2 in. long. FI. in
unisexual robust spikes, 3-10 in. long, ¢ fl. sessile in round clusters, the
central fl. opening first, stamens 2. @ fl. shortly pedicelled, sepals ovate,
acuminate, styles very short. Fr. a spike of numerous ovoid capsules on a
thick rachis, the capsules 2-3-celled, fleshy at first, dry and irregularly
dehiscent when ripe.

Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys, from the Bias eastwards, ascending to 5,500 ft.
Assam. Chittagong. Pegu Yoma. Western Peninsula, on the West side from the
Konkan southwards, on dry rocky soil near the coast and in evergreen forest on the
ghats. Also on the hills of Karnul and Cuddapah. Kambakum hill (D. B. Noy. 1881).
Fl. Jan—March, while the tree is leafless.

32. EXCCECARIA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 472.

Glabrous trees or shrubs with acrid milk, ]. in some species opposite, racemes
or spikes bracteate, unisexual or androgynous, generally lateral. Fl. ¢ 1-3
on each bract, sepals 3 small, stamens 3, anther-cells contiguous, parallel.
9: Calyx 3-fid or -partite, styles stout, shortly connate, spreading or recurved,
entire. Capsule of 3 cocci separating from the persistent axis.

A. L. alternate.

1. E. Agallocha, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 1865, fig. 1-5 left-hand corner. Vern. Gengwa
Geogheria, Beng.; Geva, Suran, Surund, Mar.; Komatti, Mal.; Kayaw, Tayaw, Burm.
Tidal forests, Sundriban, Andamans and on the coast of Burma. On the coast and
along brackish backwaters of the Western Peninsula. Fl. H. S., R. S. Sea coast
Ceylon, Indian Archipelago, North Australia, New Caledonia. A small evergreen
bushy tree, sap extremely acrid, causing blisters on the skin, |. bright green, elliptic,
acuminate, usually shallow sinuate-crenate, blade 2-4, pet. slender 4-1} in. Fl. minute,
fragrant, yellowish-green, ¢ in catkin-like spikes, each fl.on a broad bract, imbricating
in bud with several minute bracteoles, anthers long exserted, ? pedicelled, in short
racemes, the upper fl. usually imperfect, sepals broadly ovate, serrulate. Capsule
yarying much in size, 4-1 in. diam., coriaceous, deeply 3-lobed.

2. EB. acerifolia. F. Didrichs.—Syn. Stillingia himalayensis, Klotzch in Bot. Prinz
Waldemar t. 21. Central Himalaya, Kumaon and Nepal, 8-5,000 ft. Khasi hills. A
large glabrous shrub, foliage deep green. L. membranous, elliptic-lanceolate, serrate,
blade 4-6, pet. 4-4 in. Spikes androgynous, ¢ fl. sessile, 2-8 in the axil.of a broadly-
ovate bract, 2 at the base of spikes. Capsule 3 in. diam., 2-8-lobed. 8. E. holophylla,
Kurz. Martaban and Tenasserim, evergreen forest. L. lanceolate or oblanceolate,
quite entire, spikes slender, terminal androgynous, the 9 fl. at the base. 4. E. recti-
nervis, Kurz. Nicobars. Branchlets stout, 1. coriaceous, obovate-oblong, blade 6-9,
pet. 1 in. long.

B. L. opposite, spikes unisexual.

5. B. crenulata, Wight Ic. t. 1865.—Syn. FE. cochinchinensis, Muell. Arg.; Bedd.
Manual t. xxii. f.5; E. oppositifolia, Thw. (non Jack). Western Ghats from Coorg
southwards, Nilgiris, Anamalais. A small evergreen usually diccious tree or shrub
branchlets slender. L. thinly coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, crenulate

586 XCVIII. EUPHORBIACEA [Excecaria.

blade 2-6 in. narrowed into pet.4-}in. Spikes often at the ends of branches, g 2-6.
in. long, slender, bracts 1-fld., broadly ovate, acute, erose, a pair of round glands at the
base, bracteoles obliquely lanceolate, sepals lanceolate, toothed. ¢@ few- often only
1-fld., sepals broadly ovate, erose. Capsule 4-2 in. diam., deeply 3-lobed. 6. E. robusta,
Hook. f. Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards. Branchlets robust, g spikes
axillary, rachis stout, bracts 1-fld., broadly ovate, biglandular at base, bracteoles:
broadly falcate, serrate, sepals unequal, the 2 Jateral falcate, the third broad, lobed and
serrate. 7. E. oppositifolia, Griffith. Silhet. L. thinly coriaceous, lanceolate, entire
or serrulate, blade 8-12, pet. # in., sec. n. 15-20 pair, prominent beneath. 4 spikes.
terminal, very slender, bracts entire 1-fld., bracteoles 0, sepals toothed.

33. ADENOCHLAENA, Baill.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 417.

Trees or shrubs. Fl. moncecious, in spiciform racemes, ¢ clustered, ? few
at the base of spike, disk 0. ¢: Buds globose, sepals 4-6, valvate, stamens
4-6, filaments free exserted round a columnar pistillode, anthers dorsifixed,
versatile, cells parallel, adnate to thick connective. 9: Sepals 5-8, narrow,
unequal, ovary 3-celled, styles long, connate below, spreading, bifid with
recurved plumose multifid arms. Capsule of 3 two-valved cocci.

1. A. indica, Bedd.—Syn. Cephalocroton indicum, Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 261. North
Kanara, Coorg, Anamalais and Travancore in evergreen forest, 1,500-4,000 ft. A
shrub or moderate-sized tree, young shoots and inflorescence puberulous, 1. elliptic,
blade 3-7, pet. 34 in., thickened at the top, sec. n. 4-8 pair prominent beneath.
Spikes interrupted, 2-6 in., ovary and style tomentose. Capsule scabrous, ? in. diam.
2. A. silhetiana, Benth. Khasi hills. Branchlets, petioles and rachis of racemes finely
stellate tomentose, 1. crowded at the ends of branches, thinly coriaceous, sessile or
nearly so, lanceolate gradually narrowed into a cordate base.

Ceelodepas calycinum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 320. Vern. Katpira, Tam. Foot of the
Tinneyelli hills. A small tree, wood very hard, young shoots with deciduous stellate
hairs. L. alternate, thinly coriaceous, crenate-serrate, elongate-elliptic, acuminate,
blade 3-7 in., pet. very short, stipules subulate, lacerate. g spikes 4-5 in. long,
slender, sep. 4, stamens 4-5, filaments thick flat, adnate to the pistillode, anther-cells
2, divaricate. Qracemes short few-fld., sepals 5, concave, tomentose, ovary hairy.
Capsule 3-lobed, } in. diam., stellately hairy, sepals in fr. enlarged, broadly ovate.

34. CLAOXYLON, A. Juss.; Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 410.

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, 1. alternate usually long-petioled. Fl. small
or minute, usually dicecious, in axillary or lateral spikes or racemes, buds
globose, sepals valvate. ¢: Stamens few or many, inserted on or around a
central receptacle, often intermixed with glands or long linear ciliate scales,
filaments free, anthers erect, cells distinct, connate at the base only. Ovary
3-celled, styles short entire, densely plumose. Testa crustaceous, cotyledons
broad flat in fleshy albumen.

A. 9 fl. without hypogynous scales.

1. C. indicum, Hassk. Tenasserim. Malay Penins. and Archip. China. A shrub
or small tree, branchlets pubescent, 1. elliptic, blade 6-10, pet. 2-5 in. ¢ racemes
4-6 in. long, fl. minute, clustered, pedicels very short, filaments mixed with filiform
scales. § racemes shorter, pedicels longer. Capsule tomentose 4 in. diam., cocci
keeled. This is possibly C. longifolium, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 396. 2. €, Khasianum, Hook. f.
Assam. Khasihills. Cachar. Similar to1, filaments mixed with minute scales; fr. of
1-3 globose membranous hoary carpels. 38. C. anomalum, Hook.f. Courtallum. Branch-
lets glabrous, |. lanceolate, blade 4-6, pet. 1-2 in., anthers sessile, imbricating around
the edge of a flat naked receptacle. :

B. ? fi. with 3 oblong hypogynous scales, alternating with the carpels.

Three little known shrubs of the Travancore and Tinnevelli hills: 4. ¢, Wightii,
Hook. f., sparsely softly hispid, 1. lanceolate, blade 2-3, pet. 3-1 in., racemes very slender,
anthers 6-9 nearly sessile, capsule hispid } in. diam. 5. C. Beddomei, Hook. f. Similar
to 4, anthers 15-20, nearly sessile, capsule glabrous, }in.diam. 6. C, hirsutum, Hook. f.
Softly tawny-tomentose, stamens 8, filaments longer than anthers.

Acalypha] XCVIII. EUPHORBIACEE 587
35. ACALYPHA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. y. 414.

Herbs, a few shrubs or trees. L. alternate, toothed orcrenate. FI. usually
moncecious, minute, ¢ in axillary spikes, calyx splitting into 4 valvate sepals.
Stamens usually 8, on a convex receptacle, anther-cells divaricate, 9 at the
base of the ¢ raceme or in separate racemes or heads, sometimes solitary.
Sepals minute 3-4, ovary 3-celled, styles filiform, generally long, branched or
fimbriate, often bright-coloured. Capsule of 3 small crustaceous cocci. Species
220, tropical and subtropical.

1. A. fruticosa, Forsk. Western Peninsula. Pegu and Martaban (Kurz).—Ceylon.
A shrub, young shoots finely hairy, 1. ovate, underside with numerous shining
orbienlar glands, blade 1-3, pet.j-1 in. Spikes hairy, 3-1 in. long, the upper portion
occupied by densely crowded minute ¢, while the lower portion bears isolated @ f1.,
in the axils of broad foliaceous crenate and radially ribbed bracts, sepals 4 hyaline,
ciliate, ovary densely hairy, styles with numerous lateral branches. Capsules
tomentose 4 in. diam. 2. A. acmophylla, Hemsley in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 436.
Upper Burma.—Hupeh. Similar to 1, young shoots and young ]. clothed with long
fascicled hairs, 1. e¢landular, long-acuminate, blade 2-4, pet. slender, 1-2 in., spikes
usually ¢,1-2 in. long, 9? fl. solitary. 3. A. alnifolia, Klein. Western Peninsula.
Branches and petioles softly pubescent. L. tomentose while young, more or less hairy
when full grown, eglandular, ovate, blade 3-2, pet. }-# in., spikes g , 2-3 in. long, ? fl.
in terminal heads or short spikes, bracts 1-fld., styles pink, plumose with capillary
branches, capsule hispid. 4. A. Dalzellii, Hook. f. Bombay. Glabrous, eglandular, |.
thinly membranous, ovate-lanceolate, obscurely crenate, blade 2-3, pet. capillary, {-1}
in. long. @¢ fl. in pairs on long filiform peduncles in the axil of one large reniform
quite entire bract 4-4 in. diam. Ovary glabrous. 5. A hispida, Burm. New Guinea-
Cultivated in India and the Malay Archip. A shrub, 1. broad-ovate, ? racemes
drooping, scarlet, 12-18 in. long, styles deeply pinnatifid, segments linear subulate.

36. ALCHORNEA, Swartz; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 420.

Trees or shrubs, 1. alternate, fl. dicecious or monecious, small, apetalous, in
clusters on simple or panicled terminal spikes or racemes, bracts minute, disk 0.
3: calyx globose, splitting into 2-4 valvate segments. @Q: sepals 3-6, imbri-
cate. Capsule of 2-3 two-valved crustaceous cocci. Species about 30, tropical.

1. A. mollis, Muell. Arg. Outer valleys of Nepal and Sikkim, ascending to 2,000 ft.
Assam. Northern Cirears. A small tree, branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and
racemes finely tomentose. LL. broad ovate, dentate, acuminate, base rounded or slightly
cordate, blade 4-6 in. long and nearly as broad, pet. 3-5 in., basal n. 3. Capsule 4 in.
diam., faintly 3-lobed, smooth, densely pubescent, styles short spreading. 2. A. tiliz-
folia, Muell. Arg. Sikkim foot of hills, ascending to 4,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills.
Tenasserim or Andamans(Kurz). Similar to 1 but l. hairy along nerves only, serrate,
base often cuneate, capsules oblong, tubercled, finely pubescent, } in. long, crowned by
the long filiform styles. 3. A. rugosa, Muell. Arg. Tenasserim.—Malay Penins.
China. IL. penninerved, 1. elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, blade 4-8, pet. 1 in. long,
capsules glabrous tridymous, }-4 in. diam.

Coccoceras plicatum, Muell. Arg.—Syn. Hymenocardia plicata, Kurz. Pegu, Martaban
and Tenasserim in swamp forests and on low ground in the Savannah forests ( Yegyin,
Burm.). A middle-sized deciduous tree, branchlets and petioles with rusty pubescence.
L. elongate-elliptic, abruptly acuminate, repand-crenate, blade 4-6, pet. 4-1 in. long,
underside densely covered with minute orbicular scales. ¢ fl. minute in distant
clusters on long slender axillary racemes. @? solitary on short pedicels in racemes
2-3 in. long, ovary trigonous.

37. MALLOTUS, Lour.; Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 427.

Shrubs or trees, 1. mostly evergreen and alternate, in some species opposite,
petiole usually long. Fl. moncecious or dicecious, apetalous, disk usually 0. ¢:
Calyx globose or ovoid, valvately 3-5-partite, stamens 20-30, crowded on a
central receptacle, anther-cells adnate to and often widely separated by the
thick connective. Pistillode 0 or minute. 9: Calyx usually valvately 3-6-
lobed. Ovary 2-4-celled, styles spreading or recurved. Capsule 2-3-celled,
dehiseing loculicidally, 2-3-valved. Species 70-80, chiefly Indo-Malayan.

588 XCVII. EUPHORBIACE® [| Mallotus

I. Disk 0, or if present annular or cupular. Seeds without a fleshy coat.
A. Capsule echinate or tubercled.

(a) L. orbicular or broadly ovate, usually alternate.

a. LL. peltate.

1. M. albus, Muell Arg.—Syn. M. tetracoceus, Kurz F. FI. ii. 382; Rottlera peltata,
Wight Ic. t. 1873. Vern. Marleya, Beng.; Kukoti, Kan. ; Mulla-polavu, Tam.; Pattha,
Paral, Mal.; Petwaing, Upper Burma. Western Ghats, from the Konkan southwards.
Outer ranges and valleys of the Sikkim Himalaya, ascending to 3,000 ft., common
in second growth forest. Assam. East Bengal. Chittagong. Upper Burma.—Ceylon,
moist low country, very common. A middle-sized tree, branchlets, petioles, underside
of 1. and inflorescence densely clothed with grey or tawny stellate tomentum. L.
mostly alternate, broad-ovate, acuminate, entire or sinuate-toothed, base narrowly
peltate, rounded or truncate, basal n. 3-5. FJ. dicecious, in axillary and terminal
pyramidal panicles, 6: Buds globose $ in. diam., anther-cells parallel. 9: calyx 4-5-
lobed, ovary densely clothed with stellate hairs, styles 4-5, densely papillose. Capsule
loculicidally 4-valved, white tomentose, with soft conical tomentose protuberances.
Seeds black, tuberculate. 2. M. barbatus, Muell. Arg. Tenasserim. Malay Penins.
Konkan (doubtful). Branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and inflorescence softly white
flocculently woolly. L. alternate, peltate, orbicular, shortly 3-lobed, blade 8-14 in.
diam., pet. 2-6 in. long. Fl. in narrow racemes, 6-10 in. long. Capsules 3 in. diam.,
densely clothed with masses of stellate hairs. 3. M. Roxburghianus, Muell. Are. Sub-
himalayan tract and outer hills from Sikkim eastwards. Assam. Khasi hills, Chitta-
gong. Forests east of Toungoo (Kurz). A smallevergreen tree, branchlets, petioles and
underside of 1. stellately pubescent, 1. alternate, peltate, orbicular or ovate, acuminate,
not lobed, more or less toothed, upperside pubescent with simple hairs, blade 4—7 in.
diam., pet. 2-4 in. long. Racemes stout, 6-12 in. long, capsules deeply 3-lobed, $ in.
diam., hairy and prickly.

B. L. not or very narrowly peltate.

4. M. nepalensis, Muell. Arg. Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, 5-8,000 ft., common
in second growth forests. Branchlets, petioles, underside of |. and inflorescence shortly
rusty-tomentose, 1. sometimes opposite, quite entire, ovate or orbicular, blade 5-10,
pet. 8-8 in. long. Racemes stout, 6-12 in. long, capsules 4 in. diam., tomentose and
clothed with long soft tomentose bristles, crowded, forming dense cylindrical masses.
5. M. cochinchinensis, Lour.--Syn. M. paniculatus, Muell. Arg. Pegu Yoma, eastern
slopes. Martaban and Tenasserim. Malay Penins. and Archip. China. A middle-
sized tree, branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and inflorescence shortly white- or rusty-
tomentose, |. alternate, rhomboid or orbicular, entire or acutely 3-lobed, blade 3-7,
pet. 2-6 in. long. Fl. in ample panicles, branches slender. Capsule 3-coccous, densely
clothed with soft white-tomentose bristles. 6. M. ricinoides, Muell. Arg. Upper
Tenasserim (Kurz).—China. Philippines. A shrub, branchlets, young 1. and inflor-
escence densely clothed with floccose fugacious tomentum of stellate hairs. L. broadly
ovate, acuminate, blade 5-8, pet. 2-5 in. Capsules crowded in short cylindric spikes,
4-3 in. diam., densely clothed with long soft stellately tomentose bristles.

(6) L. elliptic, oblong or obovate (excepting M. floribundus).
a. Calyx spathaceous.

7. M. acuminatus, Muell. Arg. Andamans. Tenasserim. Malay Penins. and Archip.
A large shrub, young shoots minutely hairy, branchlets usually glabrous. L. mem-
branous, sometimes opposite, elongate-elliptic, base peltate or cordate, blade 4-8, pet.
1-3 in. long, racemes ¢ 3-6 in. long, fl. in crowded clusters, buds 7; in. diam., @ stout,
shorter. Capsule tridymous. 8. M. floribundus, Muell. Arg. Mergui. Malay Penins.
and Archip. Branchlets nearly glabrous, 1. membranous, glaucous beneath, orbicular
or broadly-ovate, base peltate, blade 4-5, pet. 2-3 in. Male spikes 2-3 in. long, fl.
crowded, in bud concealed by large imbricating bracts. Capsule tridymous # in. diam.,
with scattered soft prickles. 9. M. Helferi, Muell. Arg. Pegu(Kurz). Yunzalin (D.B.
March 1880). Thoungyin (D.B. 1859). Malay Penins. A shrub, branchlets, petioles ~
and sometimes midrib minutely hairy, ]. sinuate-dentate, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate,
acuminate, base rounded or nearly cordate, not peltate. Male racemes slender, 3-5 in.
long, fl. glabrous, green, on short pedicels, clustered, sepals 3, anther-cells at the ends
of a cylindrical connective. The Burma Specimens have only ¢ fl.

8. Calyx 3-6-partite. L. usually opposite.

(1) Western species. Minute shining orbicular scales on the underside of 1.

10. M. Lawii, Muell. Arg. Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards, chiefly in
evergreen forest. A small shrub, branchlets, petioles and inflorescence pubescent, 1.
nearly glabrous, lanceolate, repand-toothed, blade 4-8, pet. 4-4 in. long. Racemes

Mallotus| XCVIII. EUPHORBIACE 589°

slender, shorter than 1., capsule 3-4-dymous, { in. diam., tomentose, densely covered
with long villous filaments. 11. M. Beddomei, Hook. f. Anamalais and Tinnevelli
Ghats. Very similar to 10, if specifically distinct, petioles longer, 4-2 in. long, capsule
stellately pubescent and clothed with long soft spines. 12. M. stenanthus, Muell. Arg.
Western Ghats from North Kanara southwards. A small shrub, branchlets and
inflorescence more or less pubescent, |. lanceolate, entire or sinuate-toothed, blade 4-8,
pet. 4-} in. long, capsule with scattered short conical tubercles. 13. M. muricatus,
Bedd.—Syn. Claoxylon muricatum, Wight Ic. t. 1886. Similar, but quite glabrous,
each coceus with two rows of tubercles.

(2) Eastern species, branchlets hairy.

14. M. Clellandii, Hook. f. Vern. Indaing thidin, Burm. Rangoon. Mu valley, Upper
Burma. A shrub, branchlets, petioles and inflorescence more or less clothed with
stellate hairs, 1. eglandular beneath, from elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, base rounded or
cordate, blade 4-5, pet. 4-2 in. long, stipules subulate, hairy, basal n. 3-5, tert. n-
parallel, prominent, as well as the reticulate veins. Fl. diwcious, g¢ racemes 4-1} in.
long, bracts subulate. @ racemes or corymbs pedunculate, few-fld., sepals 3 or 4,
coriaceous, linear, longer than. ovary, afterwards reflexed, ovary with cylindrical
tubercles, densely clothed with long hairs. Capsules densely woolly, ~ in. diam., with
long hairy soft prickles. The Rangoon specimens, g, are in very young bud, and
the sepals are coriaceous, while in the ¢ sp. from Upper Burma the sepals are
membranous. ,

Of the following 3 species from Tenasserim the ¢ fl. only are known : 15. M. Wallichi-
anus, Muell. Arg., also known from Rangoon. Branchlets and infl. with deciduous
stellate hairs, ]. alternate and opposite, elongate-elliptic, dentate, blade 4-6, pet. 1-13 in.,
83 basal nerves, underside closely covered with minute orbicular glands. ¢ spikes.
slender, longer than |. 16. M. filiformis, Hook. f. and 17. M. leptostachyus, Hook. f.
Branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and spikes softly tomentose, ]. alternate or upper-
most pair opposite, entire, elongate-elliptic, blade 5-10, pet. 1-2 in., sec. n. 4-6 pair,
the lowest pair basal, minute shining glands scattered on the underside. ¢ spikes
6-12 in. long.

18. M. decipiens, Muell. Arg.—Syn. Ca/lodiscus eriocarpoides, Kurz. Tenasserim.
A shrub, branchlets, petioles, underside of 1., chiefly along n., as well as racemes
softly tomentose. L. often in unequal pairs, elliptic, acuminate, repand-toothed,
sec. n. 6-8 pair, the lowest pair basal, tert. n. parallel, blade 5-10, pet. 4-1 in. long.
$ racemes slender, fl. small, nearly sessile, stamens surrounding a minute pistillode..
Capsule } in. diam.

(3) Eastern species, branchlets glabrous.

19. M. Khasianus, Hook. f. Khasi hills. Mu valley, Upper Burma. A small tree,
glabrous except inflorescence. L. thinly coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, base usually
acute, more or less sinuate-toothed, eglandular beneath, blade 5-10, pet. #-14 in., ¢
racemes 4-6 in. long, stellately tomentose, buds globose #; in. diam. before opening,
pedicels as long as fl., bracts short, broad-ovate. Capsule # in. diam., clothed with
slender prickles, pedicels 4 in. long, seeds brown, shining. 20. M. polyneurus, Hook. f.
Tenasserim. L. alternate, membranous, sinuate-dentate, elliptic, acuminate, blade
6-8, pet. 1-14 in., see. n. 10-12 pair, 9 racemes few-fld., peduncle long, slender. 21.
M. andamanicus, Hook. f.—Syn. M. muricatus, Kurz (not Muell. Arg.). Andamans. A
large shrub, almost entirely glabrous, young shoots, ovary and capsule densely covered
with minute orbicular golden glands, branchlets strongly compressed, almost flat. L.
elongate-elliptic, slightly sinuate-dentate, base acute, blade 8-7, pet. | ine ¢ spikes
sessile, dense-fld., catkin-like, bracts broadly ovate. Capsules tridymous, } in. diam.,
with stiff scattered prickles.

B. Capsule smooth, basal nerves 3.

(a) Petiole less than } the length of blade. Western species.

22. M. distans, Muell. Arg. ‘Tinnevelli ghats. A straggling shrub, branchlets,
petioles, underside of |, and inflorescence softly stellate tomentose. L. opposite, ovate-
or elliptic-oblong, blade 5-10, pet. 1-2 in. long, basal n. 8 and 8-4 pair of sec. n., tert. n.
parallel. 4 racemes short, fl. } in. diam. Capsule 4 in. diam., tridymous, densely
stellate tomentose, pedicels 4-1 in., peduncles 4-5 in. long. 23. M. rhamnifolius, Muell.
Arg. Southern distriets of the Western Peninsula.—Ceylon low country, common.
Branchlets, petioles and inflorescence pubescent, 1. opposite and alternate, lanceolate
or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 8-5, pet. }-1 in.,8 basal n., tert.n. parallel. ¢ fl. clustered,
on erect spikes 8-5 in. long. Cocci almost distinet, globose, finely stellate-pubescent.
24. M, atrovirens, Muell. Arg, Cochin, Travancore, low country. Quite glabrous, but
underside of |., inflorescence, sepals and ovary densely clothed with minute orbicular
scales. L. alternate, oblanceolate or obovate, scattered minute scales on the upper
surface, blade 2-5, narrowed into pet. }-} in. long.

590 XCVIII. EUPHORBIACEA {Mallotus

(b) Petiole 4 the length of blade or longer.

25. M. philippinensis, Muell. Arg.; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 289.—Syn. Rottlera
tinctoria, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 168. Vern. Raini, Rohni, Roli, Rora, Hind.;
Kapila, Hulichellu, Kan.; Kapila, Tam.; Manjana, Mal. ; Taw thidin, Burma.

A large shrub or small tree, branchlets, voung 1. and inflorescence tawny-
or rusty-pubescent, |. alternate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, glabrous
above, underside pubescent and with numerous minute red orbicular glands,
blade 4-9, pet. 2-3 in. long, basal n. 3, midrib penninerved. FF. dicecious, in
terminal often panicled brown or brick-red spikes. Ovary tomentose, 3-celled,
styles } in. long, thickly papillose. Capsule 3-lobed,-loculicidally 3-valved,
densely covered with a bright red powder consisting of resin mixed with
minute stellate hairs.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Punjab eastwards, ascending to 4,500 ft. Bengal.
Central India. Both Peninsulas. Fl. July—January. Never quite leafless. The
powder which covers the capsules (Kamela, Kamala) is used for dyeing silk.—Ceylon.
Malay Penins.and Archip. Australia. China. 26. M.repandus, Muell. Arg. Assam.
Silhet. Bengal. Chittagong. Burma, Upper and Lower. Western Peninsula.—
Ceylon. Malay Penins.and Archip. China. New Caledonia. A large straggling or
climbing dicecious shrub, stem often fluted with very rough bark, and (Talbot) large
often fascicled spines 1-3 in. long. Branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and inflor-
escence with tawny stellate tomentum. L. broadly triangular-ovate, blade 24, pet.
slender 1-1} in. long, 3 basal n., underside with minute shining orbicular scales. ¢
racemes panicled, anther-cells of the inner stamens often quite separate, attached at
different levels of the connective, Capsule didymous, clothed with dense stellate
tomentum.

II. Disk glandular in both sexes. Seeds with a thick fleshy coat.

27. M. Kurzii, Hook. f.—Syn. Blumeodendron Tokbrai, Kurz. Andamans. Perak.
A large evergreen tree, perfectly glabrous. LL. opposite or in whorls of 3, rigidly
coriaceous, entire, elliptic, blade 6-9, pet. 1-2 in., sec. n. prominent beneath, 4-6 pair,
the lowest pair basal, tert. n. obscure. 6 fl. in short racemes, hypogynous glands
(disk) minute, thick.

38. TREWIA, Linn.; FI.
Brit. Ind. vy. 423.

Soft - wooded deciduous
trees, 1. opposite or nearly
so, quite entire, 3-5 basal
nerves. Fl. often appearing
before the 1., dicecious, ape-
talous, disk 0. ¢: fascicled
in lateral pendulous ra-
cemes, calyx globose in bud,
splitting into 3-4 broad
concave, often reflexed seg-
ments. Stamens o on a
convex receptacle, filaments
free, pistillodeO. 9: sepals
3-5, caducous, ovary hairy,
2—4-celled, styles
connate below,
long, entire, papil-
lose all over. Fr.
fleshy, endocarp
crustaceous.
Species 2.

1. T. nudi-
3 7 flora, Linn;
Or Wight Ie. t.1870.
Fig. 184.—Trewia nudiflora, Linn. 4. Vern. Tumri,

Trewia| XCVIII. EUPHORBIACE 591

Gamhar, Khamara, Hind.; Pitalj, Beng.; Petari, Mar.; Pambara-Kumbil,
Mal.; Set-Kadon, Upper, Yehhmyot, Lower Burma.

A middle-sized or large tree, young shoots, inflorescence and sometimes full
grown 1. beneath clothed with flocculent cottony wool. L. ovate from a
cordate or rounded base, acuminate, blade 4-6, pet. 1-3 in. long. Female
fl. on long peduncles, solitary or 2-3 together, styles yellow, }—} in. long.
Fr. globose 1-1} in. diam., pericarp thick, almost woody.

Subhimalayan tract, from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 3,000 ft. Assam.
Khasi hills. Bengal. Behar. Singbhum. Central India. Both Peninsulas. Chiefly
in moist places and on river banks, reproduces abundantly from root suckers. FI.
Feb.Apr.—Ceylon. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Closely allied and perhaps
not specifically distinct: 2. T. polycarpa, Benth. in Gen, Pl. iii. 318 (7. nudiflora, Bedd.
Fl. Syly. t. 281, Wight t. 1871), Western Peninsula, 2? in many-fld. short racemes,

~ fr. } in. diam., pericarp crustaceous, thin.

39. CCELODISCUS, Baill.; Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 425.

Shrubs or small trees with stellate hairs, 1. opposite, dentate or sinuately
lobed, basal n. 3-7. Fl. dicecious, small, in axillary bracteate spikes or
racemes, ¢ clustered in the bracts, 9 solitary, disk 0. ¢: sepals 3, valvate,
stamens 20-« surrounding a naked central receptacle, filaments free, pistil-
lode 0. Capsule of 3 two-valved cocci, tomentose or clothed with soft prickles

-and separating from a central axis. Species 5 or 6, Indo-Malayan region.

1. C. lappaceus, Kurz. Upper Burma. Yunnan. Branchlets, petioles, underside of
l. and inflorescence densely clothed with soft stellate tomentum, 1. ovate, often lobed,
upperside rough with raised dots and distant stellate hairs, blade 4-6, pet. 1-2} in.
long, stipules subulate. Racemes short, bracts linear. Capsules crowded # in. diam.,
densely clothed with long soft hairy bristles. 2. C. longipes, Kurz. Eng and dry
forests of Pegu and Martaban. A small deciduous undershrub, the annual (1. and fl.
bearing) stems on a thick woody rootstock, mature |. nearly glabrous, orbicular, 3-5 in.
diam., pet. 4-3 in. long. ¢ racemes numerous, 5-7 in. long, arising mostly from the
head of the rootstock, capsules muricate, pedicel 2-4 in. long. Two deciduous small
shrubs or undershrubs, of which ¢ fl. only are known. 3. C, hirsutulus, Kurz. Pegu.
Pet. 4-12 in. and 4. C. glabriusculus, Kurz. Pegu Yoma and Martaban, near streams,
pet. 1-3 in. long.

40. MACARANGA, Thouars: Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 445.

Trees or shrubs of rapid growth but not long lived, wood soft spongy, 1.
alternate, often large and peltate, underside with numerous orbicular scales.
Fl. apetalous, usually dioecious, in axillary panicles, rarely racemose, bracts
often large, ¢ fl. numerous, clustered, minute, sepals 2-4, valvate, stamens
1-15, central, anthers almost peltate, 3—4-celled, the connective shorter than
the anther-cells, pistillode 0. 9: Calyx 2-4-lobed or toothed, ovary
1—3-celled, styles entire, 1 oyule ineach cell. Capsule mostly didymous, often
globose, of one coceus only. Embryo small, cotyledons flat, in fleshy albumen.
Species 80-90. Tropics of the Old World.

I. @ and 9 fl. in much-branched panicles, styles short, recurved.

A. Bracts of ¢ panicles not enclosing the fl. clusters.

(a) L. peltate.

1. M. denticulata, Muell. Arg.; Kurz F. Fl. ii. 387. Vern. Burna, Beng. ;
Taung petwun, Lower ; Petwaing, Upper Burma.

A middle-sized or large evergreen tree. Young shoots and 1. rusty-tomen-
tose with long slender thin-walled hairs, branchlets and petioles glabrescent,
glaucous. lL. broadly ovate, acuminate, denticulate while young, blade 6-10,
pet. 4-8 in. long, underside pale, densely covered with minute orbicular scales,
often pubescent, basal n. numerous, midrib with 10-12 pair see. n., prominent
beneath, stipules small, fugacious. ¢ fl.: clusters pubescent, approximate,

592 XCVIII. EUPHORBIACE® [Mecaranga

almost continuous on the ramifications of panicle, bracts minute. Sepals 2-3,
stamens 6-30. @ panicles short, fl. on short thick pedicels, bracts minute.
Sepals 3-4, ovary 2-celled, styles short. Capsule didymous, } in. diam., black,
glabrous with minute orbicular glands.

Subhimalayan tract from Sikkim eastwards, ascending occasionally to 5,000 ft., in
mixed forest and on grass lands. Assam. Khasi hills. Chittagong. Burma, Upper
and Lower. Fl. March, April, in the hills later.. Exudes a clear red gum resin. 2. M..
indica, Wight Ic. t. 1883 and 1949 f.2; Bedd. F]. Sylv. t. 2874. Vern. Papri, Dehra Dun.
Malkot hills, Dehra Din 4-5,000 ft. -Bahraich forests, on the Nepal frontier. Sikkim,
outer hills. Singbhum, in damp valleys, rare. Assam. Khasi hills. Andamans. Nilgiris:
and other hills in the southern portion of the Peninsula.—Ceylon. A smallevergreen
tree, often gregarious, branchlets stout, glaucous, young shoots and young I. tawny-
tomentose. L. orbicular-ovate, acuminate, usually entire, broadly peltate, glabrous
above, minutely hairy or softly tomentose beneath, with numerous orbicular shining:
scales, blade 5-12 in. diam., pet. 3-8 in. long, basal n. numerous, sec. n. from midrib.
6-8 pair. ¢ panicle branches zigzag, fl. clusters sessile, distant, usually pubescent,
in the axils of a thick fleshy bract, which terminates in a quadrangular or elliptic
shining glandular blade, sepals 2-3, stamens 6-10. 9 panicle hairy, bracts small,.
sepals usually 4, ovary mostly 1-celled, densely covered with round resinous yellow
glands, capsule as a rule globose, 4 in. diam.

(b) L. not peltate.

83. M. pustulata, King. Vern. Mallata, Nepal. Himalaya from Kumaon eastwards,
3-6,000 ft., chiefly on old clearings. A small often gregarious tree, youngest shoots.
rusty tomentose. L. entire, broad-ovate, base truncate, blade 4-7 in. long and often
broader than long, pet. as long as blade, underside pale, with numerous minute:
orbicular glands. g panicles glandular. Capsule didymous, 4 in. diam., densely tomen-
tose, each coccus with a large glabrous glandular patch on the back. 4. A sp. nearly
allied to 3, collected at Bernardmyo, Upper Burma 5-6,000 ft., by J. W.Oliver, g only,
has branchlets, underside of 1. and inflorescence softly tomentose. |. ovate, slightly
lobed, base truncate or broadly cuneate, blade 4-8, pet. 2-4 in. long, fl. in dense clusters.
on long interrupted racemes, pedicels short, sepals 5, 4 in. long, hairy on both sides,
stamens ®,glabrous. 5. M. gmelinefolia, King. Kurseong 4—5,000 ft. Similar to
3, base of 1. broadly cuneate, ¢ panicles with minute deciduous stellate hairs. 6. M.
Gamblei, Hook. f. Dulkajhar forest, Darjeeling terai. A small tree, 1. lanceolate,
blade 8-5, pet. 3-3? in., orbicular glands on underside of 1. few, scattered, g panicles
pubescent.

B. Bracts of ¢ fl. large, concealing the fl. clusters.

(a) L. peltate, entire.

7. M. Roxburghii, Wight Ic. t. 1949 fig. 4—Syn. MW. tomentosa, Wight Ic. t. 1949 fig. 1;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.287; JL peltata, Muell. Arg.; Prain Bengal Plants951. Vern. Chanda,
Mar.; Upaligi, Kan.; Vatta, Tam. Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards,
common in evergreen forest. Hills of Orissa and the Circars.—Ceylon, moist region,
very common. A small or middle-sized tree, branchlets stout, youngest shoots stellate-
tomentose, 1. deltoid or orbicular, broadly peltate, entire or minutely toothed, basal n-
numerous, blade 5-10, pet. 8-8 in. long. Panicles rusty tomentose, bracts tomentose,
large, dentate, veined, bracteoles concave. 4 clusters enveloped in bracts and
bracteoles, sepals 3, stamens 2-3. @? ovary 1-celled, style lateral. Capsule }#-4 in.
diam., covered with hairs and glands. 8. M, Tanarius, Muell. Arg.—Syn. M. moluccana,.
Wight Ic. t. 816. Andamans. Nicobars. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. China.
Branchlets stout, young shoots and young 1. softly pubescent, bracts 4-4 in. long,
tomentose, acute, toothed or pectinate, capsules 2-3-lobed 4-4 in. diam., densely covered
with orbicular scales, with 6-12 subulate soft bristles } in. long.

(b) L. not peltate.

9. M. minutifiora, Muell. Arg. Tenasserim. Branchlets, underside of 1. and inflor-
escence softly tomentose, 1. ovate, caudate-acuminate, denticulate, blade 4-6, pet. 1-2 in-
long, basal n. 3. Male panicles sessile, flaccid, shorter than petiole, bracts villous,
ovate, pectinately toothed, 4-4 in. long, stamens 2.

II. 9 fl. in few-fld. racemes, styles long and slender, 1]. not peltate.

10. M. Brandisii, King. Muleyit, Tenasserim, 2-5,000 ft. Quite glabrous, 1. lanceo-
late, penninerved, blade 4-5, pet. 4-1 in. long. Capsules didymous, with a few soft
bristles, in long-pedunculate 1-3-fld. racemes, in the axils of large ovate-lanceolate
leafy bracts.

Cleidion javanicum, Blume; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.272. Vern. Vellarei, Tam. Western Ghats:
from the Konkan southwards in evergreen forests. Outer hills of the eastern Himalaya
from Sikkim eastwards. Chittagong. Manipur. Burma, Upper and Lower. Ceylon.

)
;

Cleidion| XCVIII. EUPHORBIACEX® 593

Jaya. A glabrous evergreen middle-sized tree, ]. alternate, coriaceous, usually sinuate-
toothed, blade 4-10, pet. 1—4tin. Fl. ¢ in long axillary racemes, cal. globose, splitting
into 3-4 valvate segments, stamens oo, on a conical receptacle, filaments free, anthers
4-celled, pistillode 0, 9 one or two on a long axillary peduncle, sepals 3-5 usually
deciduous, styles 2 or 3 united below, each with 2 or 3 long filiform arms. Capsule
didymous 1-14 in. diam., peduncle 2-4 in. long. 2. C, nitidum, Thwaites. Andamans
(Kurz). Ceylon. Petiole under } in.

Ricinus communis, Linn. The Castor Oil plant. Vern. Arend, Erandi, Hind. ;
Bherenda, Beng.; Bindi, Kol; Haralu, Kan.; Amidam, Tel.; Kyetsu, Burm. Probably
indigenous in Africa, cultivated and run wild in India. A soft-wooded tree, often
cultivatedasanannual. L. peltate, palmately lobed, fl. monecious, the ¢ asa rulein
the upper, the ¢ in the lower portion of erect racemiform panicles. Capsule asa rule
prickly, consisting of 3 nearly cylindrical lobes, rounded at the ends.

41. HOMONOIA, Lour.; FI. Brit. Ind. y. 455.

Rigid shrubs, 1. alternate. Fl. apetalous, usually dicecious, in axillary

spikes, disk 0. dg: Calyx globose splitting into 3 valvate segments, stamens 8,

filaments connate, branched, anther-cells nearly distinct, connective minute.
Pistillode 0. 9:Sepals 5-8, imbricate, narrow, unequal, caducous. Ovary 3-
celled, styles entire papillose, spreading, cells l-oyuled. Capsule loculicidally
3-valved. Species 3 or 4, Indo-Malayan.

1. H. riparia, Lour.: Bedd. Manual t. xxiv. f. 1—Syn. Adelia neriifolia, Roth;
Wight Ic. t. 1868. Vern. Sheran, Sherni, Mar.; Taniki, Tel.: Kullur, Vangi, Mal.;
Momaka, Yetagyi, Lower, Yené, Upper Burma. Rocky and stony river beds. Sikkim
(Ranjit and Tista). Assam, Khasi hills. Upper and Lower Burma. Behar. Sing-
bhim. Bundelkhand. Central Provinces. Western Peninsula.—Ceylon. Malay
Penins.and Archip. China. An eyergreen gregarious shrub, resembling a willow,
branchlets, young leaves and inflorescence hairy. L. usually entire, linear-lanceolate,
underside with scattered hairs and minute orbicular scales, blade 4-10, pet. }-4 in.
Fl. in axillary bracteate spikes, shorter than]. Ovary pubescent, styles red. 2. H. retusa,
Muell. Arg. (Adelia retusa, Wight Ic. 1869). River beds, Western Peninsula, from the
Chanda district southwards. Glabrous, |. obovate or oblanceolate, dentate, rarely entire,
1-2 in., narrowed into very short petiole, underside with a few scattered shining scales,
spikes short, bracts subulate.

Lasiococca symphylliefolia, Hook. f. in Ic. Plant. t. 15S7. Damp forests of the lower
Darjeeling hills. A middle-sized evergreen tree, stem fluted, wood close-grained. L.
glabrous, alternate, quite entire, sometimes in false whorls of 3, lanceolate, narrowed
into a broad cordate base, blade 3-6, pet. 4-} in. Fl. apetalous, monwcious, ¢ in
axillary spikes, stamens o, in a dense globose head of branched filaments, anther-cells
divaricate, connective arching over top and sides of the cells. ¢ solitary, peduncled,
in the upper leaf-axils, sepals 5-7, unequal, imbricate, persistent and enlarged in fruit,
styles 3 filiform, combined into a column below. Capsule densely clothed with rigid
multifid pales.

Sphyranthera capitellata, Hook. f. Ic. t. 1702.—Syn. Codiwum lutescens, Kurz. Middle
Andaman in Bamboo forest. A large evergreen shrub, probably dicecious, branchlets
minutely pubescent. 4 fl. minute, crowded in small umbels on a slender axillary
peduncle, supported by numerous minute pubescent imbricate bracts, sepals 4 valvate,
pubescent without, petals much smaller than sepals. Stamens about 20, central, fila-
ments filiform, free, anther-cells globose, distinct, one at each end of the hroad connec-
tive. ¢ fl. and fr. unknown.

Orper XCIX. ULMACEA. Engl. in Engl. u. Prantl ii. 1.59.
(Urticacew, tribes I. Ulmee, II. Celtidew. Gen. Pl. IIT. 343.)

Trees or shrubs, sap watery, l. undivided, distichous, stipulate. Fl. bisexual
or unisexual. Perianth alike in all fl., 4-9-lobed, stamens opposite to perianth-
lobes, rarely twice their number, anther-cells contiguous, parallel. Ovary of
2 carpels, usually 1-celled, ovule 1, pendulous. Seeds without albumen.

QQ

594 XCIX. ULMACEA [Ulmus

Cystolith cells often conspicuous in the epidermis. No laticiferous tubes.

A. Fruit a winged samara.
L. serrate, cotyledons flat. : 6 : ‘ 3 . 1. Urmus.
L. entire, cotyledons folded. : 2 . : . 2. Hovoprenea.

B. Fruit a drupe.
é sepals imbricate.

Stipules free, mostly chartaceous. 3. CELTIS.
Stipules connate, convolute, 1. coriaceous 4. GIRONNIERA.
é sepals induplicate-valvate 5. Trema.

1. ULMUS, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 480.

Trees, mostly deciduous, stipules caducous, fl. in most Indian sp. before the
leaves, usually bisexual, in lateral racemes or fascicles, supported by deciduous
coriaceous bracts, pedicel articulate, the lower portion (peduncle) hairy, the
upper (pedicel proper), usually glabrous. Perianth campanulate, generally
persistent, 4-9-lobed, segments imbricate in bud, stamens adnate to perianth-
tube. Ovary 1-2-celled, styles 2, papillose on the inner face. A few
only of the fl. as a rule produce seed. Fr. indehiscent (a flat samara) sur-
rounded by a broad membranous wing. Species 16, temperate regions of the
Northern Hemisphere.

A. Pedicels longer than perianth. -

(a) Articulation near the base of pedicel, the lower hairy portion shorter
than the upper glabrous one.

1. U. Wallichiana, Planchon; Brandis F. Fl. tab. 51. Vern. Kain,
Haz.; Maral, Navray, Imbri, Emvoi, N.-W. Himal.

A tall tree, often attaining a large diameter, bark rough, grey, exfoliating in
diamond-shaped scales, branchlets and underside of 1. usually softly pubescent,
1. elliptic or obovate, long-acuminate, upperside rough, blade 4-8, pet. 4-4 in.,
sec. n. straight, parallel, 15-20 pair, each terminating in a large serrature,
the outer edge of which is serrulate, veins minutely reticulate. FJ. numerous,
densely fascicled on short racemes, forming globose heads in the axils of the
fallen 1., peduncle supported at the base by coriaceous caducous bracts.
Perianth 2 in. long, narrowed into a glabrous pedicel as long as itself, which
is articulated with a hairy peduncle ~, in. long, lobes 5 obtuse, ciliate along
the edge, ovary slightly hairy. Samara thinly membranous, elliptic, ? in.
long, seed in the centre of the samara.

North-West Himalaya, Indus to Nepal, 3,500-10,000 ft. Fl. March, April. Branches
often erect. Often planted and lopped for cattle fodder every other year.

(6) Articulation of pedicel near the perianth, the lower hairy portion much
longer than the upper glabrous one.

2. U. lancifolia, Roxb.; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 200. Vern. Thalé, Lower, Thit-
kauk-hnyin, Upper Burma. Sikkim, foot of hills, ascending to 6,000 ft. Bhutan. Assam.
Khasi hills. “Chittagong. Burma, Upper and Lower. A large tree, branchlets and
petioles minutely hairy, 1. coriaceous, lanceolate, serrate, blade 1-5, pet. slender 4 in.
long, tert. n. reticulate, nearly as prominent as sec.n. Perianth 5-lobed, pedicel in fl.
44 in. Samara 1 in. long, very oblique. Generally leafless during part of the H. S.
when the tree is in fl.

B. Fl. nearly sessile, pedicel in fl. shorter than, rarely as long as perianth.

3. U. villosa, Brandis in Ind. For. xxv. 229. Vern. Mannu, Hazara ;
Marn, Kulu, Sutlej and the Pabar valley ; Maldang, Kunawar.

A large tree, branches drooping, branchlets and 1. glabrous. IL. ovate-
oblong, blade 13-4 in., pet. slender, 4} in. long, sec. n. 14-18 pair, each nerve
terminating in a large serrature, the outer edge of which is serrulate, the
meshes of the reticulate veins larger than in 1. FI. 10-15, in dense sessile
fascicles. . Perianth } in. long, sessile and articulate on a short hairy peduncle,

Ulmus] XCIX. ULMACEE® 595

the perianth-tube lengthening out
after flowering into a short glabrous
pedicel, lobes 5 obtuse not ciliate,
oyary and styles densely woolly
with long hairs. Samara (unripe)
densely villous, lanceolate, } in.
long.

North-West Himalaya 4~-7,000 ft. Fl.
Febr., March. Ripe seed ;not seen.
Colonel Barrett reports that in Hazara
the seed falls before ripening. 4. U.
campestris, Spach. Baluchistan. Kuram
valley, 7-9,000 ft. Indigenous in Central
and South Europe and Western Asia
(planted and naturalized, not indi-
genous in England). <A large tree, bark
often corky, ]. rough, 2-3 in. long, seed
aboye the middle of the samara.

5. U. parvifolia, Jacquin.—Syn. U.
virgata, Roxb.; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 290.
Introduced from China into the Bot.
Garden Caleutta, possibly wild in Nubra a; ;
(North Kashmir). Anevergreenshrub, Fre. 185.—U]mus villosa, Brandis. 3.
]. glabrous rigid, 1-2 in. long, g and
fertile fl. mixed, perianth 4-lobed. Samara with prominently reticulate veins.

2. HOLOPTELEA, Planch.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 481.

H. integrifolia, Planch. (the only species); Wight Ic. t. 1968.—Syn.
Ulnus integiifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 78; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 310. Vern.
Papri, Kanju, Hind.; Kunj, Bisenda, Oudh; Karanji, Karinga, C. P.;
Wavuli, Papara, Mar.; Yapassi, Tel. Kan.; Avali, Tam.; Myaukseik,
Pyaukseik, Burm.

A large deciduous tree, young shoots and inflorescence pubescent, otherwise
mostly glabrous. L. elliptic, entire, those of seedlings and coppice shoots
usually serrate, blade 3-5, pet. 4-} in. long, sec. n. 5-7 pair. Fl. in short
lateral often compound corymbs, ¢ and % fl. mixed, perianth cleft nearly to
the base, segments 5, hairy. ¢: Stamens 8, anthers hairy, no rudiment of
ovary. ):Stamens 5,ovary compressed, 1-celled, stalked, the stalk lengthening
as the seed ripens, sometimes with the remains of calyx at its base. Samara
nearly orbicular, 1 in. diam. on a long slender stalk.

Subhimalayan tract, Kashmir to Nepal, ascending to 2,000 ft. Ajmere, Bundel-
khand and Behar. Central Provinces, Berar and the Peninsula. Upper and Lower
Burma. Leaves shed between Sept. and January, fresh }. soon after the fl., which come
out Febr., March.—Ceylon, Cochinchina.

3. CELTIS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 481.

Trees or shrubs, 1. triple-nerved. FJ. small, polygamous, solitary or cymose.
Sepals 4-5, imbricate, stamens 4—5, short, erect in bud. Ovary on a hairy
disk, stigmas 2, sessile, deciduous. Drupe ovoid or globose, endocarp hard,
Albumen 0 or scanty, cotyledons oily, broad, surrounding the upeurved radicle.
Species 50-60, temperate and tropical. '

A. Leaves serrate or crenate, base uneyual-sided, ¢ fi. fascicled in compact
dichotomous panicles,

(a) Fertile fl. on long axillary peduncles, solitary or in pairs.

1. C. australis, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl. tab. 50.—Syn. C. caucasica, Willd,
Vern. Yaghar, Pushtu; Batkar, Haz.; Kharik, Kharak, Khirk, N.-W.
Himal.; A@, Kun.

596 . XCIX. ULMACHA | Celtis:

A middle-sized deciduous tree, bark smooth, bluish-grey, often with hori-
zontal wrinkles, branchlets, petioles and young 1. glabrousor hairy. IL. ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, base very oblique, sharply serrate, sometimes
entire, blade 3-5, pet. 4 in. long, the lateral basal n. extending beyond the
middle but not to the tip of the leaf. Fl. with or before the 1. Drupe j=} in
long. Two distinct varieties, a. fr. large purplish-black nearly 4 in. long (Ka,
Nachar), B. fr. yellow or red 4} in. long (Tiku, pjaku, Nachar). ; f

Baluchistan. Suleiman range. Salt range. North-West Himalaya, from the foot
to 8,500 ft. Often planted, also in the plains of the Punjab. Fl. March—May.
Pollarded for cattle fodder.— Western Asia. Mediterranean region. C. eriocarpa, Dene.
has pubescent drupes. 2. ©. tetrandra, Roxb.—Syn. C. serotina, Planch.; Wight
Ic. t.1970; C. trinervia, Roxb. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.312; ¢ Hamiltonii, Planch. Oudh.
Nepal. Sikkim from foot of hills to 5,000 ft. Behar. Central Prov. (Majni). Orissa.
Northern Circars and hills of the Eastern Deccan. Western Ghats. Garo and Khasi
hills. Chittagong. Manipur. Burma, Upper (Thitpék) and Lower. Nearly allied to
1, 1. often entire in the lower half, sepals usually 4. C. mollis, Wall., a softly pubescent
form in Upper Burma.

(b) Fertile fl. in axillary dichotomous panicles.

8. C. cinnamomea, Lindl. Sikkim, lower hills to 3,0C0 ft. Chittagong. Pegu-
Martaban, Konkan. Ceylon, moist region, common, the wood when fresh cut smells
badly. Branchlets usually tawny-pubescent, ]. long-acuminate, remotely and often
indistinctly crenate, tert. n. and veins obscure, sepals usually 5.

B. Leaves almost entire, base equal-sided. ¢ and fertile fl. in axillary
dichotomous panicles.

4. ©. Wightii, Planch.; Wight Ic. t. 1969.—Syn. Solenostigma Wightii, Mig. Hills
of the Northern Circars, ‘the Deccan and Mysore. Nilgiris. Tinnevelli. Andamans
(Kurz).—Ceylon. Thella-Kaka-Mushti, Tel.; Hadawa, Nile. A small or middle-sized
evergreen tree, |. rigidly coriaceous, entire or very sparsely crenate-serrate, blade 2-6,
pet. 4-? in. long, young foliage pink, panicles usually twice the length of petiole, fr.
scarlet, }-4 in. long.

4. GIRONNIERA, Gaud.; Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 485.

Evergreen trees or shrubs, |. coriaceous, penninerved, entire or serrulate at
the tip, sec. n. impressed on the upper and very prominent on the underside.
Fl. dicecious. ¢: Sepals 5, broad, obtuse, imbricate, stamens 5, erect
in bud, pistillode woolly. 9: Sepals narrow, acute, ovary sessile, style
central, arms 2, filiform, ovule pendulous. Drupe usually 2-keeled, endocarp
hard, embryo contorted. Species 8-10, Indo-Malayan region, China.

1. G. subequalis, Planch.—Syn. G. nervosa, Planch., var. Apaegials Kurz F. FI. ii. 470.
Andamans, Tenasserim.—Ceylon. Malay Penins. and Archip. China. A middle-
sized tree, branchlets, stipules, petioles, underside of |]. and cymes strigose with long
hairs, l. elliptic, acuminate, rough beneath, blade 5-8, pet. 4-4 in., tert. n. often promi-
nent, veins strongly reticulate. § cymes 1-8 in. long. 9? fl. pone or a few together.
Drupe ellipsoid, }—-} in. long, compressed, minutely hispid. . G. reticulata, Thw.; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 313. Sera, G. cuspidata, Kurz F. FI. ii. 470, Sinn outer hills to 4.000 ft.
Khasi and Naga hills. Upper Burma. Eastern slopes of the Pegu Yoma (Kurz).
Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats from North Kanara southwards. Kans of
Sorub, Mysore (D.B. 1868).—Ceylon. Java. A tall tree, stems buttressed. Youngest
shoots minutely strigose, otherwise glabrous. LL. elliptic- or ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, veins minutely and elegantly reticulate. Drupes glabrous, 1-3 in. long. 3. G.
lucida, Kurz. Andamans. <A middle-sized tree, quite glabrous. L. shining on both
surfaces, rigidly coriaceous, entire, sec. n. arching, tert. n. and veins obscure.

5. TREMA, Lour.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 483.

Shrubs or trees, 1. serrate, basal nerves 2-7, stipules lateral, free, deciduous.
Fl. unisexual and bisexual, in small axillary cymes, sepals 4-5 induplicate-
valvyate. 4: Stamens 4-5, erect in bud, pistillcde small glabrous. Drupe
supported by the persistent sepals, ‘endocarp hard. Albumen fleshy, embryo
curved cotyledons narrow. Species 20-30 tropical and subtropical.

a ol
a:

i

Trema| XCIX. ULMACE 597

1. T. orientalis, Blume.—Syn. Sponia orientalis, Planch.; S. Wightii,
Planch.; Wight Ic. t. 1971; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.. 311. Zhe Charcoal tree.
Vern. Jiban, Chikan, Beng.; Kagol, Gol, Mar.; Oman, Mini, Tam.; Gada
nelli, Tel.

A small rapidly growing, short-lived tree, branches straight, spreading,
branchlets pubescent. LL. ovate, acuminate, blade 2-6, pet. 1-} in., the lateral
basal nerves reaching to half the length of leaf, base unequal-sided cordate,
upperside more or less rough, underside white or grey-pubescent or tomentose.
Cymes longer than petiole, ¢ compact, 2 lax.

Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards. Bengal. Behar. Singbhum.
Central Provinces. Western Peninsula. Springs up abundantly on clearances in the
forest. Fl. nearly throughout the year.—Ceylon, very common. Malaya. China.
Australia. 2. T. amboinensis, Blume.—Syn. Sponia velutina, Planchon; Wight Ie. t. 1990.
Sikkim, foot of hills. Assam. Khasi and Naga hills. Chutia Nagpur(Prain). Chitta-
gong, Andamans and Nicobars. Burma, Upper (Kywésa) and Lower (Satsha),
abundant in the secondary growth on deserted Taungyas.—Malay Penins. China.
Australia. Nearly allied to 1, of which Kurz regards it as a variety; perhaps
not specifically distinct, supposed to differ by the branchlets pubescent with
spreading hairs, 1. beneath softly tomentose, shining, cymes more dense and com-

pact. Some specimens of the Central Provinces and the Western Peninsula cannot

be distinguished from the Eastern specimens. G. M. Ryan considers that both
species grow in the Thana district. 3. T. politoria, Planch—Syn. Sponia politoria,
Planch. Vern. Rabna, Merwara; Khagshi, Khardal, Kuri, Hind. Subhimalayan
tract and outer valleys ascending to 3,000 ft. Salt range. Rajputana and
Central Provinces, common on clearings, landslips, road cuttings or embankments.
Singbhim. Upper Burma (Petsat) on sandbanks and islands in streams. L. hard,
rigid, very rough on both surfaces, used to polish wood and horn, oblong-lanceolate,
base equal-sided, blade 2-3, pet. + in. long. Cymes unisexual, $ compact, usually
shorter than petiole. 4. T. timorensis, Blume. ‘Tenasserim. Malay Penins. China.
A small evergreen tree, branchlets slender, drooping, |. nearly glabrous, membranous,
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, cymes few-fld , glabrous.

Orper C. MORACEA. Engl. in Engl. u. Prantl i. 1. 66.

(Urticacee, tribes TV. Moree, V. Artocarpew, VI. Conocephalee,
Gen. P]. iii. 344.)

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, sap milky. L. usually alternate, undivided
in old, often lobed in young trees, stipules large, often amplexicaul. Fl. uni-
sexual, frequently crowded on unisexual receptacles, which are globose, cylindric
or hollow (Fiews). ¢ perianth of 2-6 segments or sepals, to which the stamens
are opposite, (1 stamen in Artocarpus.) 2 perianth of 4 sepals or segments,
often persistent and fleshy in fr. Ovary 1-celled, ovule 1, pendulous, rarely
erect and basal. Seed with or without albumen, cotyledons often unequal.

Bast-fibres strongly developed in the bark, often very long, useful for the manu-
facture of paper, cloth and ropes. Cystolith cells conspicuous in the epidermis.
Continuous (not articulated) laticiferous tubes in bark and leaves.

A. Fl. minute, unisexual, in a hollow receptacle,

which is fleshy infr. . : : : . tL. Brevs.
B. Fl]. dicwcious, in open funnel-shaped receptacles, the
@ fleshy in fr. . ‘ : : : Houtterrra (p. 610).
C. Fruit a synearpium, consisting of the fleshy perianths, on a globose or cylindrical
receptacle.
(a) Unarmed (see also Plecospermum).
L. penninerved, the lowest pair sometimes
basal. Climbing shrubs.
gand ? fl. in globose heads, arranged
in dichotomous cymes ; E ‘
$ fl. in fascicled spikes, ? in globose
heads ; : : 2. ALLHANTHUS
Trees : - ‘ : y : . 8. Arrocarrus.

Conocrrnatus (p. 610).

598 C. MORACEA [Ficus

L. palminerved, basal n. 3-7 prominent.
Ripe carpels (achenes) enclosed in the
syncarpium . ; a 6 : 3
__ Ripe carpels pendulous on long fleshy g
stalks . 0 ‘ 5 : . 5, Brovussonerta.
(6) Armed (excepting Plecospermum andamanicum).
Stamens included, syncarpium many-seeded 6. Cupranta.

=

Stamens exserted, syncarpium few-seeded . 7. PLecospeRMUM.

4. Morus.

D. Fruit the result of one flower.
(a) Unarmed trees or shrubs.

Glabrous, 1. quite entire, fr. enclosed by 4
orbicular concave accrescent coriaceous
sepals ‘ :

Hairy, 1. entire or serrulate.

A tall tree, young shoots velvety, 1. 3-6
in. @ perianth 0, fr. velvety, en-
closed in a fleshy involucre of con-
nate bracts . 5 . 0 é . 8. Anrraris.

A rigid shrub or small tree, 1. 24 in.,
very rough. @ perianth of 4 sepals,
fleshy in fr.. : 5 3 .

(6) More or less armed.

L. rigidly coriaceous, spinulose-dentate, fl.
é in catkin-like spikes, 9 in racemes . BaLanostTREBLUS (p. 615).

L. membranous, serrate.

Fl. g in clustered involucrate heads. 9
solitary, berry enclosed in the en-
larged lanceolate sepals 0 :

Fl. ¢ minute, in short axillary compact
racemes, ? in lax few-fid. axillary
and terminal racemes, fr. obliquely
subglobose 0 0 9 °

PseupostREBLUs (p. 614).

9. SrREBLUS.

Puytiocuuamys (p. 615).

Taxorroputs (p. 616).

1. FICUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 494.

Tree or shrubs, often epiphytic, sending out aérial roots, many species creeping
and climbing by means of adventitious roots on stems, on the ground and over
rocks, at times subsequently developing an erect stem with a spreading
crown. Juice milky. Narrow undulating concentric bands of parenchyma
in the wood. L. usually alternate, stipules deciduous in most species, leaving
annular scars. Fl. minute, together with numerous thin bracteoles covering the
inner surface of a hollow globose or pear-shaped receptacle (fig) which sometimes
lengthéns out into a stalk, supported by 3 or 4 basal bracts, the mouth of
the receptacle closed by numerous scales in several rows, the inner scales turned
downwards, those of the outer row being erect or spreading. Fl. of 5 kinds:
$ with 1-3 anthers (a) without, (b) with a rudimentary pistil. (ce) ? fl. (d) gall
fl., 2 with a short style, (e) neuter fl. consisting of a pedicellate perianth
without stamens or pistil. Perianth of 2-6 sepals, or gamosepalous, 2-6-
partite. In the species of one section (Urostigma) $, ? and gall fl. are in
the same receptacle, in the other species ¢ and gall fl. as a rule are in one
set and @ fl. in another set of receptacles. In some species of Urostigma the
¢@ fl. are mixed with the others, as a rule they are only found near the mouth
of the receptacle, in some species few, in others numercus, covering half the
inner surface. The gall fl. do not usually develop an embryo, but are visited
by Hymenopterous insects (Blastophaga) which lay their eggs in them. The
perfect insect, on leaving the receptacle, takes away the pollen of the ¢ fi.
and thus fertilizes the Q fl. in another receptacle. The 9? receptacles
generally require several months to ripen; the fr. as a rule becomes fleshy and
encloses numerous minute achenes. Embryo curved, in a scanty albumen.

The following key to the species of this large genus may be found useful:

Jy
7

Ficus] C. MORACEE 599

I. Receptacles axillary or above the scars of fallen 1., solitary or in pairs, rarely
on the old wood: I. Paleomorphe, III. Synecia, IV. Sycidium, VI. Eusyce.
A. L. lanceolate or oblong, width as a rule less than one third the length.
_(a@) L. entire: 2. subulata, 39. sikkimensis, 62. silhetensis, 64. pyriformis,
65. nemoralis.
(b) L. serrate or lobed : 45. quercifolia, 59. chrysocarpa.
B. L. elliptic-ovate or obovate, width as a rule more than one third the length.
(a) L. entire or nearly so: 37. callicarpa, 60. lepidosa, 61. erecta, 63.
glandulifera, 66. chartacea, 68. ramentacea, 69. crininervia, 70. scan-
dens, 71. levis.
(b) L. denticulate, dentate or lobed: 4. brevicuspis, 42. asperrima, 46.
nigrescens, 5d. palmata, 56. fulva, 57. Carica.
C. L. variable, from lanceolate to broadly ovate: 47. heterophylla, 58. hirta.
D. L. lyrate, deepiy lobed: 50. bhotanica.
BE. L, very unequal-sided : 41. obscura.
F. L. as a rule caudate-acuminate, tertiary nerves very prominent: 1. gibbosa
3. urophylla, 38. clavata, 44. rostrata, 67. foveolata, 70. scandens.
II. Receptacles in axillary pairs, mostly sessile. Large trees, epiphytic while young;
often stem-clasping, |. alternate: II. Urostigma (sp. 4-36). 4
III. Receptacles in dense clusters on tubercles or on leafless racemose or panicled
branches, from the trunk or larger branches. L. sometimes opposite :
V. Covellia (sp. 48-54), VII. Neomorphe (sp. 72-79).

Sect. I. Palwomorphe. ¢ fl. monandrous, containing a rudimentary pistil,
in the same receptacles with gall fl., 9 fl. in separate receptacles.

1. F. gibbosa, Blume; King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. I. t. 2.—Syn. F:
Allimeeraloo, Roxb.; Wight Ie. t. 650; £. Ampelos, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t-
652; F. tuberculata, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 651; F. parasitica, Koenig ;
Brandis F. Fl. 420; P excelsa, Vahl; Kurz F. Fl. ii. 451. Vern. Chanchri.
Garhwal; Majni, Jabalpur; Chirwal, Satpura range; Datiri, Datri, Mar.;
Itthi, Tam. ; Nyaung thabye, Burm.

A small, at times a large tree, often epiphytic or climbing, enclosing the
trunks of trees in a perfect network of branches, or creeping along walls

and on the sides of wells. lL. thinly coriaceous, smooth above, rough beneath,

elliptic, more or less acuminate, often very unequal-sided, angular and with
a few large teeth, blade 3-6, pet. 4 in., sec. n. 4-6 pair, joined by arching
intra-marginal veins, the lowest pair from the base usually running near the
edge, intermediate and tertiary n. distinct. Receptacles minutely hairy, j-}
in. diam., peduncle up to } in. long, bracts at base of peduncle. Ovary in
fertile fl. sessile. Fr. yellow when ripe. A variable species, two varieties :
a. cuspidifera, |. elongate, acuminate, nerves pellucid, 2. parasitica, |. broad
rhomboid, nerves opaque.

Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards. Assam. Chittagong. Andamans.
Lower Burma. Behar. Chutia Nagpur. Centr. Prov. Western Peninsula. Fr.
Jan.—May.—Ceylon, low country, common. Malay Penins. and Archip. China. 2.
F. subulata, Blume; King, Ann. i. t. 6. Chittagong. Pegu Yoma, eastern slopes.
Martaban.—Malay Penins. and Archip. China. A large diceciousshrub,the ¢ erect,
the ¢ climbing, young shoots minutely pubescent. L. membranous, glabrous, entire,
margin undulate, elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, blade 4-10, pet. }-4 in. long,
sec. n. 10-20 pair, stipules subulate 4-Lin. Fl.: ¢ (containing a rudimentary pistil)
and gall fl. in ovoid, the ? in globose receptacles on different plants, perianth gamo-
phyllous, hairy, with 4 oblong lobes. Fr. orange-yellow with white dots. 8.F. urophylla,
Wall.; King, Ann. i.t.9. Assam. Khasi hills. Chittagong. Burma.—Malay Penins.
An erect shrub or small tree, 1. subcoriaceous, ovate or elliptic, the apex with an abrupt
narrow tail, blade 24-4, pet. 4 in., stipules minute. Receptacles shortly pedunculate,
scabrid-hispid, reddish-yellow when ripe. Very similar to / rostrata, Lamk., which
is climbing, has larger ]. and ¢ fl. without a pistillode.

Sect. II. Urostigma. ¢ fl. as a rule monandrous, in the same receptacle
with 9 and gall fl., stigma elongate, usually acute and feathery. “Large trees,
the majority of species evergreen, as a rule epiphytic when young, frequently
producing aérial roots, which either descend straight into the ground, develop-
ing into secondary stems, or form a network, enclosing the trunk of the tree

600 C. MORACEA [Ficus

on which the fig has germinated, often coalescing into a more or less complete
hollow cylinder. Eventually the support is often killed by the more powerful
foliage of the Avcus. lL. mostly alternate, entire, coriaceous, glabrous or hairy,
never rough, stipules broad, as a rule minutely hairy, stipular scars annular.
Receptacles mostly sessile, in pairs, axillary or above the scars of fallen 1., each
supported by 3 basal bracts.

A. Sec. n. prominent, distant, not more than 16 pair.
(a) petioles short, less than one-third the length of blade.
a. Mature 1. glabrous.

_ 4. F. bengalensis, Linn.; King, Ann. i. t. 13.—Syn. F. indica, Roxb.;
Urostigma bengalense, Gasp.; Wight Ic. t. 1989; Banyan. Sans. Vata,
Vern. Bor, Bar, Bargat, Hind.; Wad, Mar.; Marri, Tel.; Ala, Tam.; Alada,
Kan.; Pyti nyaung, Burm.

A large tree, branches spreading, sending down to the ground numerous
aérial roots, which afterwards become trunks. Young shoots pubescent, 1.
glabrous when mature, approximate near the ends of branches, ovate, mostly
obtuse, base cordate or rounded, basal n. 3-5, the ‘nietttio with 4-6 pair of sec. n.
blade 4-8, pet. 1-2 in. Fr: elobose, pubescent, 4 3—? in. diam. , sessile, scarlet
when ripe, supported by 2-4 broad obtuse bracts.

Indigenousin thesubhimalayan tractand the Western Peninsula. Commonly planted
by Hindoos throughout India as far north as Peshawar and in the Outer Himalaya as
high as 4,000 ft. Banyan trees often have a crown 3-500 ft. in diam., supported by
numerous often more than 100 root-drops. Fr. Apr—June. 5. F, altissima, Blume;
King, Ann. i. t. 30, 31—Syn. F. laccifera, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 656. Outer Himalaya,
from Nepal eastwards, ascending to 8,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills. Chittagong.
Andamans. Lower Burma.—Ceylon. Malay Penins. and Archip. China. A tall
tree, aérial roots few, young shoots and outside of stipules minutely hairy, otherwise
quite glabrous. L. elliptic, sometimes ovate, base rounded, blade 4-7, pet. stout,
channelled, 1-2 in., stipules 1-2in. long. Fr.sessile, ovoid, #-1 in. long, red or yellowish
when ripe.

6. F, Beddomei, King, Ann. i. t. 24.—Syn. F. Rama Varn, Bourdillon in Journal
Bombay Natural History Society xiii. 155. Tinnevelli and Travancore hills, in ever-
green forests, 14,000 ft. A large tree, wholly glabrous, trunk irregularly shaped,
branches wide spreading. L. shining, dark green when old, pale when young, broad-
ovate, shortly acuminate, blade 6-12, pet. 1-4 in., sec. n. 12-16 pair, the lowest pair
basal, stipules golden yellow, often several in. long. Anthers sessile. Fr. ovoid or
subglobose, 1 in. long, with several more or less distinct vertical ridges, green with
yellow spots when ripe, basal bracts 3, small, peduncles up to 1 in. long. 7. F. travan-
corica, King, Ann. i. t. 26. North Travancore hills, 3,500 ft. A straggling shrub, 1.
lanceolate, base cuneate, blade 5-6, pet. 3-? in. Fr. globose 4 in. diam., peduncle
shorter than fr.

8. F. globosa, Blume; King, Ann. i. t. 25.—Syn. F. onusta, Wall. Tenasserim, Kurz.
A large climber, 1. elliptic- “oblong, shortly cuspidate, plade 3- 7, pet. 4-14 in., sec. n.
7-10 pair, the lowest basal, stipules up to 24 in. long. Fr. almost turbinate, 4-1 in.
diam., peduncle short.

9. F. glaberrima, Blume; King, Ann.i.t. 43.—Syn. #. Thomsoni, Mig. Vern. Kakhri,
Durla, Hind. Subhimalayan tract, ascending to 2,000 ft., from the Jumna eastwards.
Khasi hills. Chittagong. Meplay forest, Tenasserim (D.B. March 1862). Andamans.
—Malay Archip. A large tree, at times a large epiphytic shrub (D.B. Kotri Dun,
Garhwal, March 1881). As a rule quite glabrous, minute hairs sometimes on young
shoots, 1. and peduncles, L. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base usually acute, blade
5-7, pet. 1-14 in. long, sec. n. 8-10 pair, at an angle of 80° to the midrib, the lowest
pair basal, running near the edge of ]. Fr.4in. diam., orange-coloured when ripe,
basal bracts deciduous, peduncle slender, as long as fr. 10. F, Hookeri, Miq.; King,
Ann. i. t. 42. Sikkim, lower hills. Khasi hills. Glabrous, |. broad-elliptic, blade
6-12, pet. 2-3 in., sec. n. 8-10 pair, the lowest pair from the base, stipules up to 4 in.
long, caducous. Fr. sessile, 4-1 in. diam., the lower third in an entire cartilaginous
cup, consisting of the connate basal bracts.

11. F. nervosa, Roth; King, Ann. i. t. 65. Vern. Icha, Mal.; Nyaung peinneé,

Burm. Assam. Cachar. Chittagong. Lower Burma. Chutia Nagpur. Rampa -

hills, Gedy Evergreen forests of the Western coast, ascending to 3,000 ft.,

from North Kanara southwards. —Malay Penins. and Ar chip. China., A very large _

WnbPageous tree, in a dry climate smaller; trunk cylindric, no aérial roots, young

Ss ita

OO ——— ——— ee em eC tS~—

Ficus] C. MORACEE 601

shoots velvety. L. dark green, shining above, ovate, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, short-
acuminate, blade 4-8, pet. 4-1 in. long, sec. n. 8-12 pair, arching, prominent beneath,
jonied by strong intra- marginal nerves, intermediate n. few, tertiary n. reticulate.
lobose, }-$ in. diam., peduncles slender up to 4 in. long. Specimens in lI. only
(Gatbwal, D.B. Febr. 1875) very similar. 12. F. callosa, Willd. ; King, Ann. i. t. 85.—
Syn. Ff. cinerascens, Thw. Vern. Nireti mara, Kan.; Koli-di, Tam. “Evergreen forest
of the Western Coast and Ghats, from the Konkan southwards, in the Kans of Sorub
and on the Bababudan hills, Mysore. In Travancore common up to 3,000 ft. Anda-
mans. Lower Burma.—Ceylon. Java. A large smooth-barked tree, aérial roots 0,
fruiting at an early age (Kurz). L. elliptic, obtuse or shortly and obtusely acuminate,
blade 6-11, pet. 1-2 in. ; long, sec. n. 10-12 pair, distinct on the upper side, prominent
below, the lowest pair basal, tert. n. distinct. Stamens 1 or2. Fr. usually solitary,
sometimes in pairs, pubescent, yellow when ripe, 1 in. diam., narrowed into the
peduncle which is hairy and #-1 in. long, basal bracts 3, small, rounded. 13. F.
vasculosa, Wall.; King, Ann. i. t. 86. Tenasserim—Malay Penins. and Archip.
China. A moderate-sized evergreen tree, |. elliptic-lanceolate, blade 3-5, narrowed
into slender angular pet. $-? in. long, sec. n. slender, 8-10 pair, confluent under the
margin, intermediate souied to transverse n. by reticulate veins. Stamens 2. Fr. in
axillary pairs, pale yellow, 3-3 in. diam., glabrous, bracts 3, minute. :

- B. Mature 1. velvety or tomentose beneath.

14. F. Dalhousie, Miq.; King, Ann. i. t. iil) Nilgiris, 2-3,000 ft. A moderate-sized
umbrageous tree, branchlets at first softly pubescent, afterwards glabrous. L. thinly

coriaceous, as well as petioles velvety beneath, upperside glabrous or puberulous,

broadly ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, base cordate, blade 4-9, pet. 1-23 in., sec. n.
12-15 pair, prominent, the lowest pair basal, stipules ovate- lanceolate, much acuminate,
4-1 in. long. Fr. obovoid, 4 in. long, shortly pedunculate. 15. F. tomentosa, Roxb. ;
Wight Ie. t.647 ; King, Ann.i.t.18. Bundelkhand. Banda. Behar. Chutia Nagpur.
Central Provinces. Western Peninsula. A large shady tree, thin aérial roots from
the branches, young shoots, petioles and underside of young 1. clothed with grey
usually short tomentum. L. glabrous above, ovate, ovate- sometimes obovate-oblong,
acute, base often cordate, blade 3-7, pet. 4-2 in., sec. n. 5-7 pair, the lowest pair from
the base, often extending nearly to the middle of blade. Fr. elobose, + —} in. diam.,
tomentose, with glabrous ¢ darker coloured scales closing the mouth.

16. F. mysorensis, Heyne; King, Ann, i. tt. 14,15. Bhurvar, Mar.; Goni, Kan. Sub-
himalayan tract and lower ‘hills, from Sikkim eastwards, ascending to 3, 000 ft. Assam.
Khasi hills. Chittagong. Eng forests east of Toungoo. Western . Peninsula. —Ceylon.
A large tree, trunk usually short, atrial roots few, young shoots, petioles and under-
side of young J. densely clothed with soft grey or tawny, sometimes rust-coloured

omentum. L. glabrous above, and often also on the underside when old, elliptic or

ovate, usually shortly acuminate, base often cordate, sec. n. 10-15 pair, joined by intra-

marginal n., the lowest pair basal, tert. n. parallel, those proceeding from two adjoining
sec. n. often ‘meeting half-way at an angle. Fr. ovoid or oblong, sessile, pubescent, 1 in.
long. 17. F. pilosa, Reinw. Upper Tenasserim (Kurz). Chindwin 1,500 ft. (Muriel,
Febr. 1889).—Malay Penins. and Archip. Closely allied to 16 and probably not speci-

fically distinct. L. inclined to be obovate.

(b) Petioles long, one-third to one-half the length of blade.

18. F. religiosa, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 1967; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.314; King,
Ann. i, t. 67. The Pecpul tree. Sans. Pippala. Vern. Pipal, Hind. ;
Asvattha, Beng.; Borbui, Cach.; Ashvatha, Mar.; Hissa, Kol; Ali, Gond. ;
Ardsu, Mal.; Avrasi, Tam.; Arali, Kan.; Ravi, Ragi, Tel.; Nyaung bawdi,
Burm.

A large entirely glabrous tree, trunk irregularly shaped, branches wide-
spreading, often epiphytic. L. broad-ovate, margin undulate, tail 1-3 in.
long, 4 the length of the whole blade, pet. 3-4 in. Male fl. few, near the
mouth, in many receptacles none. Fr, sessile, } in. diam., dark purple, basal
bracts broad, coriaceous.

Indigenous in the subhimalayan tract and the Pegu Yoma (Kurz). Cultivated
throughout India, in the outer Himalaya as high as 5,000 ft. Rare in the arid region
of North-West India. Common on and destructive to buildings in Bengal. Leafless
during a short time during the H.S. Fr. April, May, sometimes (in the Centr. Prov. )
a second crop Oct., Nov. Sacred to Hindus and Buddhists. 19. F. Rumphii, Blume;
King, Ann. i. t. 67.—Syn. &. cordifolia, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 640; Brandis F. FI. t. 48.
Vern. Pilkhan, Khabar, Wind.; Galasvattha, Beng. ; Salbur, Cach.; Payar, Asht, Mayr. ;
Nyaung byu, Burm. Subhimalay an tract and outer hills, asce ding to! 5,000 ft., from the
Chenab eastwards. Merwara. Assam. Lower Bengal. Singb him. Both Pe sninsulas.

602 C. MORACEA [Ficus

A large deciduous tree, often stem-clasping, entirely glabrous. lL. broad-ovate, base
rounded or truncate and narrowed into the petiole, tail $-1 in., pet. 2-3 in. long, basal
n. 3-5 pair. Fr. sessile, 4 in. diam., black when ripe, basal bracts small. 20. F.
Arnottiana, Miq.; King, Ann. i. t. 68. Vern. Pipar, Paras Pipal, Hind. Tons valley,
Jaunsar, 4,000 ft. Garhwal. Ajmere. Central Provinces. Behar. Chutia Nagpur.
Western Peninsula, in the Deccan and near the coast. A large shrub or small tree,
often epiphytic, also creeping over rocks, 1. broad-ovate, base cordate, pet. 1-5, tail 4-1
in. long, basal n. 5-7 pair, stipules large. Fr. often peduncled, 4-4 in. diam., often
densely clustered, basal bracts membranous.

21. F. infec-
toria, Roxb.;
Wight Ic. t. 665;
King, Ann. i. tt.
75-79. Vern.
Palakh, Pilkhan,
Punjab; Khabar,
Pakhar, Hind. ;
Kel, Thana.:
Juvvi, Tel.; Bas-
sari, Kan. ; Jovi,
Tam.; Chela,
Mal.

A large widely
spreading decid-
uous fast-growing
tree, young shoots
and stipules min-
utely hairy. L.
thinly coriaceous,
glabrous, shining,
ovate or ovate-
oblong, shortly
acuminate, mar-
gin undulate,
base acute,
rounded or cord-
ate, blade 3-6, pet.
1-3 in. long, sec.
n. 8-10 pair, the
lowest pair from
the . base. Fr.
sessile or shortly
peduncled, j—} in.
diam.,basal bracts -
minute.

Suleiman range,
A : : ; TransIndus. Mount

Fic. 186.—Ficus infectoria, Roxb. 3. Tilla, Salt range,
common in crevices
of rocks. Subhimalayan tract and outer hills, ascending to 5,000 ft. Common in
Northern India, the Central Provinces, Berar and the Western Peninsula. Forests east
of Toungoo (Kurz). Fr. Febr—June.—Ceylon, Malaya. China. Var. Lambertiana has
broader 1. and larger fr. on pubescent pedicels. 22. F. geniculata, Kurz; King, Ann. i.
t. 80. Vern. Nyaung thabye, Burm. Sikkim, hot valleys. Bhutan. Khasi hills.
Chittagong. Lower Burma.—Malay Penins. and Archip. A large deciduous usually
epiphytic tree, branchlets stout, prominently marked with the scars of fallen 1.,
extremities and stipules minutely silky. L. coriaceous, glabrous, shining, elliptic or
ovate, blade 4-7, pet. 3-5 in., long. Fr. sessile or nearly so, }-4 in. diam., yellowish-
red, dotted when ripe, basal bracts broadly ovate. 23. F. insignis, Kurz. Dry forests of
the Prome district. A middle-sized tree, probably evergreen, similar to 22, branchlets,
stipules and receptacles grey- or tawny-tomentose, fr. 4 in. diam., greyish-white with
pink dots on short thick tomentose peduncles.

Ficus] C. MORACE 603

24.F. Tsiela, Roxb. ; Wight Ic. t.668; King, Ann. i. tt.73,74. Vern. Bili basri, Kan. ;
Jadi, Juvvi, Tel. ; Sela Kallichi, Tam. Ajmere. Chandadistrict. Western Peninsula,
a common avenue tree in the drier districts—Ceylon. A large glabrous tree, bark
smooth, greenish-white. L. more or less coriaceous, ovate, acuminate, base acute.
blade 2-6, pet. 1-2 in., sec. n, 8-12 pair, the lowest pair basal; intermediate n. few, very
slender, tert. n. obscur e, edge thickened, upper surface covered with minute raised dots.
Receptacles sessile, in pairs 4-3 in. diam., basal bracts minute. Fr. purple. At the
ends of branches may often be seen tufts of small 1. with very long petioles. 25. F.
Tjakela, Burm. ; King, Ann. i. t. 70. Vern. Kel, Mar.; Karal, Mal. Western Peninsula.
—Ceylon. Often planted. A large tree, leafless for a short time during the dry season,
outer bark rough, dark coloured. “L. similar to 24, but base rounded, sometimes s cordate,
tert. n. distinct, the young 1. enveloped in large thin caducous pud-seales. Fr. din.
diam., usually in clusters of 2-6 on short woody tubercles above the scars of fallen i
basal bracts bifid.

B. Sec. n. slender, numerous less distinct intermediate n. between them,
joined by reticulate veins.

26. F. retusa, Linn.; King, Ann. i. tt. 61, 62.—Syn. F. nitida, Thunb.; Wight Ic. t-
642. Vern. Barri. Ajan, Kum.; Jamu, Nep.: Nandruk, Mar.; Yerra-Juvvi, Tel.:
Pilala, Kan.; Ichi, Tam.; Kal atthi, Mal.; Nyaung 6k. Burm. Subhimalayan tract
from Kumaon eastwards. Assam. Chittagong. Andamans. Lower Burma. Behar.

’ Chutia Nagptir. Bundelkhand. Central Provinces. Western Peninsula. Frequently

planted. Fr. H. S.—Ceylon, common. Malay Penins. and Archip. China. New
Caledonia. A large evergreen umbrageous tree, often epiphytic, aérial roots slender,
quite glabrous, 1. elliptic, ovate or obovate, apex rounded, or shortly and bluntly
acuminate, blade 2-4, narrowed into pet. }-4 in. Receptacles finely pubescent while
young, fr. sessile, yellow or reddish, } in. diam., basal bracts broadly ovate, obtuse,
spreading. Var. nitida, has elliptic, retusa proper more rounded 1. 27. F. glabella,
Blume ; King, Ann. i. t. 60.—Syn. F. affinis, Wall. Bhutan. Khasi hills. Andamans.
Burma, Upper and Lower.—Malay Penins. A tree with a large dense crown, young
shoots sometimes minutely hairy, otherwise perfectly glabrous, 1. elliptic or elliptic-
lanceolate, sometimes broader at apex, acuminate, blade 24, pet. 3-lin. Fr. 3-4 in.
diam., sessile or on peduncles up to2 in. long, basal bracts minute. 28. F. Talboti, King,
Ann. i. t.63. Common in evergreen forest of Belgaum and on the southern Ghats of
North Kanara. A large smooth-barked epiphytic tree, quite glabrous, fr. greenish-
yellow } in. diam., basal bracts ovate, acute.

29. F. indica, Linn.; King, Ann. i. t. 45. Vern. Nyaung thabye, Burma, Paunglin
forest, Pegu Yoma (D. B. Jan. 1862). Martaban, Tenasserim. Andamans. Malay
Penins. and Archip. A large spreading tree, stipules and sometimes young shoots and
bracts pubescent, otherwise “glabrous, 1, elongate-elliptic, shortly and usually abruptly
acuminate, blade 4-6, pet. 4-1 in., sec. n. slender, 6-8 pair, the lowest pair basal,
numerous intermediate nerves between, joined by reticulate veins. Fr. sessile, yellow,
often cylindric, 4 in. long, basal bracts 3, ovate, acute, spreading. 30. F. obtusifolia,
Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 662; King, Ann. i. t. 49. Vern Nyaung gyat, Burm. Sikkim,
foot of hills. Khasi hills. Manipur. Chittagong. Burma, Upperand Lower. Malay
Penins. A large tree, often epiphytic, perfectly glabrous, |. thickly coriaceous, shining,
elongate- elliptic or obovate, blade 4-7, pet. stout 4-1 in., midrib prominent, sec. n.
slender, 15-18 pair with numerous intermediate ones. Fr. sessile, often crowded above
the scarsof fallen ], (the internodes being short), globose, somewhat trigonous, 4 in.diam.,
basal bracts 3, large, coriaceous, rounded.

31. F. rhododendrifolia, Miq.; King, Ann. i. t.58. Western Duars (D.B. Jan. 1879)
Assam (Makum forest, D.B. Apr. 1879). Khasi hills. Chittagong. Pegu Yoma. A
moderate-sized or large tree, sometimes epiphytic, glabrous, save stipules. L. elongate-
elliptic or elliptie -oblong, acuminate, blade 3-7, "pet. 4-1 in. Fr. sessile, red, 4-% in.
diam., basal bracts 3, triangular or ovate. This is probably var. 1 of F. nuda, Kurz, F.
Fl. ii. 445, not Miq. 82. F. Kurzii, King Ann. i.t.57.—Syn. F/. nuda, Miq. var. macrocarpa,
Kurz; & euphylla, Kurz (doubtful). Pegu and Menasceninlavas Similar to 81.
Sec. n. 10-12 pair, joined by intramarginal veins, the lowest pair basal, parallel inter-
mediate n. joined by reticulate veins, on the underside almost as distinct as sec. n.
Fr. dark purple, 4 in. diam. on slender peduncles } in. long, 8 minute caducous bracts
at base of peduncle, basal bracts 0. 33. F. Maclellandi, King, Ann. i. t. 64. Pegu.
Branchlets grey-silky, |. coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, blade 5, pet. 4 in. long. Receptacles
sessile, grey-tomentose, } in. diam., basal bracts small, silky.

C. Sec. n. o, nearly at a right angle to midrib, reticulate veins few.

34. F. elastica, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 663; King, Ann. i. t.54. Indian
Caoutchouc tree. Vern. Bor Attah, Ass. Nyaung Kyetpaung, Burm.
A gigantic tree, perfectly glabrous, sending down numerous aérial roots

604 C. MORACEA [Ficus

rom the branches, trunk supported by high, branching buttresses. L. shining,

elliptic, abruptly and shortly acuminate, blade 5-10, pet. 4-23 in., stipules.

pink, upto6in. long. Receptacles enclosed, while young, by hooded involucres

which fall off, leaving a saucer-shaped base under the fr. Fr. sessile, greenish-

yellow when ripe, ovoid-oblong, 4 in. long.
Outer Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, ascending to 5,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills.

Upper Burma south to 24° N, Fr. H. 8. The tree as a rule germinates on the-
branches of tall forest trees, grows very slowly at first, but soon sends down aérial _

root-drops, and when these have taken root begins tomake rapid progress. Hyentually-
the tree stands on its own legs, and attains a height of 100-200 ft., with a diam. of the
crown of 150-200 ft. Cultivated on a large scale for the yield of India Rubber since
1872 in Java and since 1874 in Assam. 35. F. Benjamina, Linn. (a) Var. comosa,
Kurz; King, Ann. i. t. 52.—Syn. F. comosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 125; Wight Ic. t. 658.
Vern. Kabra, Nep.; Chilu Bor, Assam; Vel al, Mal.; Nyaung thabye, Burm. Foot of
the Eastern Himalaya. Assam. Chittagong. Andamans. Pegu. Martaban. Tenas-
serim. Chutia Nagpur. Northern Circars. Travancore, I,000-3,000 ft. common
(Bourdillon)—Malay Archip. China. A large tree with a spreading crown and
drooping branches, perfectly glabrous. L. thinly coriaceous, shining, elliptic, abruptly
acuminate, blade 3-5, pet. $-? in. Fr. sessile, yellow or red when ripe., #? in. diam.
(4-3 in. Singbhtm, Haines), basal bractssmall. (6) #. Benjamina proper, fr. small, red,
1 in. diam. Andamans (Kurz). Malay Peninsula (cultivated), Archipelago (wild).
The size of the ripe fr. however varies greatly. 36. F. Trimeni, King. Kanara.
Dharwar, Bellary.—Ceylon. A. very large tree, entirely glabrous, 1. coriaceous,
elliptic, blade 8-4, pet. $ in. Fr. sessile, giobose, orange-yellow or red, not dotted,
3-# in. diam., basal bracts small, ovate-cordate.

Sect. III. Synacia. ¢ fl. monandrous, in the same receptacle with gall f. ;
2? and neuter fl. in separate receptacles. Neuter fl. consist of 3 linear sepals
on a long pedicel without any trace of either anther or pistil.

37. F. callicarpa, Miy.; King, Ann. i. t. 90.—Syn. /. pomifera, Kurz. Tenasserim
(Kurz).—Malay Penins. and Archip. Climbing, stems often flat, 40-100 ft. long, clinging
to the bark of trees by innumerable slender branching rootlets. LL. glabrous, rigidly
coriaceous, entire, obovate, blade 3-4, narrowed into pet. }-4 in., sec. n. slender, 3-4
pair, on the underside of the |. the surface raised between the tesselate veins. Fr. on
the old wood, solitary, pale yellow or orange when ripe, 1-13 in., peduncle 1-2 in. long.

Sect. LV. Sycidiwm. ¢ fl. monandrous with gall fl. in one set of receptacles,
2 in another set. lL. in most species small and rough.

A. Erect shrubs or trees.

(a) L. entire or nearly so, caudate-acuminate.

38. F. clavata, Wall.; King, Ann. i. t. 111.—Syn. #. trachycarpa, Mig.
Vern. Khanoi, Jauns. ; Ka-awng gale, Burm.

An erect shrub or small tree, sometimes attaining a large size, branchlets
rough. LL. rigidly membranous, lanceolate, sometimes oblanceolate or obovate,
upper part dentate, caudate-acuminate, tail tapering, }—1 in., blade 4-8, pet.
4-1 in., sec. n. 5-10 pair, the lowest pair from the base and running as intra-
marginal nerves to the apex, tert. n. and reticulate veins prominent beneath,
stipules 4 in., lanceolate, caducous. Receptacles solitary and axillary, of two
kinds, globose, } in. diam. and obovoid, up to ? in. long, smooth or warted,
the 2 receptacles smaller than those with ¢ and gall fl., peduncles ~,-} in.,
basal bracts small, fr. yellow.

Himalaya, outer hills, ascending to 6,000 ft., from the Sutle] eastwards. Nepal
frontier north of Bahraich (Duthie). Khasi hills. Maniptr. Upper Burma. Fr.
April-June——Malacca. China. 39. F. sikkimensis, Miq. Sikkim 24,000 ft. Khasi
hills. A small tree, sometimes epiphytic, 1. membranous, nearly glabrous, entire,
lanceolate or oblanceolate, tail }-4 in., blade 3-7, pet. 4-4 in. Recept. solitary or
clustered, nearly sessile, $4 in. diam.

(b) L. denticulate, crenate, serrate or deeply lobed, not caudate-acuminate.

40. F. brevicuspis, Miq.; King, Ann.i.t.106. Andamans.—Johore. Java. A shrub,
branchlets sparsely hispid. L. elongate-elliptic or obovate, slightly denticulate, blade
5-10, pet. 3-2 in. Receptacles globose, $ in. diam., pedunculate, solitary, axillary or
from the scars of fallen ]. 41. F. obscura, Blume; King, Ann. i. tt. 102,103. Sikkim,
outer hills and valleys, ascending to 5,000 ft. Khasi hills. Burma (King).—Malay

ae ee

=e rats

Ficus) C. MORACE 605

Archip. Formosa. A shrub orsmall tree, branchlets rough with short stiff hairs and
scales. L. thinly membranous, very unequal-sided, unequally serrate, rough with raisel
dots and minute stiff hairs, chiefly along the nerves, blade 4-10, pet.}-3 in. Fr. }-#in.

Fic. 187.—Ficus clavata, Wall. 4.
(The form with globose receptacles.)

diam. with 1 or 2 wart-like bracts on the outer surface, no basal bracts, reddish or
orange when ripe, peduncle y5--3 in. 42. F. asperrima, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 633; King,
Ann. i. t. 100. Rocky bed of Pranhita river, Chanda district. Hills of the Western
Peninsula.—Ceylon, moist region, common. A shrub or small tree, aérial roots 0,
branchlets rough with short stiff hairs. L.rough on both sides with raised dots, more
or less densely pubescent beneath, elliptic, crenate in the upper part, blade 3-5, pet.
4-4 in., sec. n. 4-5 pair, the lowest pair basal, often extending beyond the half of leaf.
Fr. globose, hispid, 4-1 in, diam., yellow when ripe, peduncles } in. long. 43. F.
bhotanica, King, Ann. i. t.205n. Eastern Duars. Assam. A shrub, branchlets and
underside of 1. pubescent, 1. membranous deeply lobed. Fr. in axillary pairs } in.,
peduncle 4 in. long.

B. Creeping, straggling or dechmbent shrubs.

44. F. rostrata, Lamk.; King, Ann. t. 110.—Syn. F. radicans, Roxb.; Wight Ie. t.
671; F. uniglandulosa, Wall. Bhutan. Assam. Khasi hills.. Cachar. Chittagong.
Lower Burma.—Malay Penins. Climbing or creeping, rooting at the nodes, growing
on trees and walls. L. thinly coriaceous, elliptic or elongate-elliptic, apex abruptly
caudate-acuminate, often with a few coarse irregular teeth in the upper part, tail
linear, {-14 in. long, blade 4-10, pet. 4-} in., sec. n. 4-6 pair, prominent beneath,
terminating in arching intramarginal nerves, which extend from the base to the tip
of the leaf, intermediate and tertiary n.as well as reticulate veins conspicuous beneath,
Stipules minute. Receptacles hispid, } in. diam., pedunculate or nearly sessile, in
fascicles of 2-6, axillary or above the sears of fallen lL. Ovary stalked, stigma cylindric
blunt. 45. F. quercifolia, Roxb.; Wight t. 646; King, Ann i. t. 95.—Syn. F. humilis,
Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 685; / anastomosans, Wall. Tenasserim.—Malay Penins. and
Archip. A creeping or decumbent shrub. Branchlets hispid with short hairs, |.
thickly membranous, lanceolate, coarsely crenate or lobed, blade 2-8, pet. 4-j in. Fr.
crimson, depressed, }-4 in. diam., ped. }-4} in. 46. F. nigrescens, King, Ann. i. t. 95a.
Manipur and Naga hills. A small creeping shrub, rooting at the nodes, 1. pubescent
beneath, minutely ha‘ry above, ovate, toothed, blade 1-2, pet. pubescent, 4} in., stipules

606 C. MORACEE [Ficus

lanceolate, 4 in. long. Fr. black, hairy, } in. diam., peduncle short. 47. F. hetero-
phylla, Linn. fil.; King, Ann. i. t. 94; Wight Ic. t. 659.—Syn. F scabrella, Roxh. ;
Wight Ic. t. 661; repens, Willd.; Wight Ic. t. 636. Vern. Datir, Mar. Subhima-
layan tract from the Jumna eastwards, and thence through the greater part of India
and Burma, generally near water. China. A creeping or straggling shrub,
harshly pubescent, 1. alternate, extremely variable in size and shape and length of
petiole, blade 1-5, pet. 0- 3 in. long, stipules small, linear, glabrous. Fr. axillary soli-
tary, yellow when ripe, 4-1 in. long, generally narrowed into a stalk up to 4 in. long,
at the base of which are 3 minute bracts, peduncle-4-1 in. long. Two varieties:
a. F. scabrella, 1. shortly petioled, usually not lobed, peduncle short. B. F. repens,
1. long petioled, broad, usually lobed, ped. long.

Sect. V. Covellia. ¢ fl. monandrous, in the same receptacle with gall fl.
2 fl. in separate receptacles, perianth none or small, or very thin and trans-
parent. Receptacles on leafless racemose or panicled branches from the old
wood, generally on the trunk.

A. Leaves mostly opposite.

48. F. hispida, Linn. f.; King, Ann. i. tt. 154, 155.—Syn. F. oppositifolia, Roxb. Cor
Pl. t. 124; Wight Ic. t. 638; # demonum, Koenig; Wight Ic. t. 641. Wern. Daduari,
Punj.; Gobla, Kat Gular, Hind.; Katumar, Gond; Dher-Umbar, Mar.; Sosokera, Kol ;
Bamari, Tel.; Chona Atthi, Tam.; Hruma-nakku, Mal.; Kadut, Kaaung, Burm. Sub-
himalayan tract and outer hills, ascending to 3,500 ft. from the Chenab eastwards.
Throughout India and Burma, excepting the arid regions of the North West. Hong
Kong. North Australia. A small or moderate-sized tree, throwing up abundant
root-suckers, branchlets stout, often hollow, marked by the scars of petioles and stipules,
branchlets, petioles and underside of 1. clothed with short stiff hairs, upperside rough
with minute scattered hairs. L. membranous, opposite, at times alternate, elongate-
elliptic or obovate, entire or dentate, base rounded, blade 8-16, pet. 4-2 in., sec. n. 8-10
pair, tert.n. paralleland reticulate. Stylehairy. Fr. oboyoid, 1 in. long, supported by
3 persistent basal bracts, usually clustered on long leafless panicles hanging from the
old wood of trunk and branches; on young plants, coppice shoots and sometimes also
on old trees, often in axillary pairs. 49. F. conglobata, King, Ann. t. i. 123. Sikkim,
outer hills to 3,000 ft. Bhutan. Manipur. Chittagong. A small tree, young shoots
and leaves harsh-silky with long ferrugineous hairs, branchlets, petioles and nerves on the
underside of 1. clothed with stiff rusty hairs, 1. opposite or alternate, regularly serrate,
base often cordate, pet. 1-5 in. long. Receptacles in the axils of scarious bracts, from
the base of the stem, in densely crowded corymbs on stout branches creeping along or
under the ground. Sterile recept. small, numerous, with a few fertile ones } in. diam.
on slender peduncles, up to 5 in. long, usually narrowed into a stalk, at the base of
which are 3 large united bracts. Ovary and style without hairs.

50. F. semocarpa, Miq.; King, Ann. i. t. 152—Syn. Ff. pyrrhocarpa, Kurz; F.
tuberculata, Wall. Yethapan, Burm. On the shingly or rocky beds of mountain
streams. Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys, from the Jumna eastwards. Assam.
Khasi hills. Lower Burma. A gregarious shrub, almost cespitose, 14 ft. high,
young shoots hirsute with stiff hairs, sometimes branchlets and 1]. hairy. L. lanceo-
late, opposite, usually crowded at the ends of branches, blade 4-8, narrowed into pet.
1-% in. long, stipules broad-lanceolate 4 in. long. Receptacles 4-1 in. diam., ribbed,
hispid, with scattered bracts on the outside, solitary axillary, or in short leafless
bracteate panicles from the old wood, often underground. Ovary and style with long
thin hairs. King, Ann. i. 116, thinks it may bea form of . hispida, modified by the
peculiar conditions of the localities where it occurs.

B. Leaves mostly alternate.

51. F. Cunia, Ham.; Wicht Ic. t. 648; King, Ann. i. tt. 126, 127.—Syn.
F. conglomerata, Roxb. ; Wight Ic. t. 669. Vern. Khini, Khunia, Khain,
Hind.; Kanhya, Nep.; Ye ka én, Lower, Thadut, Upper Burma.

A evel or moderate-sized tree, usually evergreen, branchlets, young shoots
and midrib pubescent. lL. alternate, entire or serrate, rough above, more or
less pubescent beneath, semicordate, the lower half of the base large, rounded,
shape and size very variable, blade 8-16, pet. 1—2 in., stipules #—1 in. long,
base broad, scar annular. Receptacles 4 in. Gann, in pairs or clusters on long
leafless scaly branches from the trunk near the base, often ripening under-
ground.

Subhimalayan tract, and outer hills from the Chenab eastwards, ascending to 4,000 ft.
Chutia Nagpur. Eastern Satpura hills. Khasihills. Manipur. Chittagong. Burma,

er

——_

* times opposite, glabrous, gran-

Ficus) C. MORACEX 607

Upper and Lower. Fr. edible, ripe May—Sept.— Perak. 52. F. prostrata, Wall.; King, Ann
i.t. 135. Sikkim, outer ranges, ascending to5,000ft. KhasihiJls. Cachar. A glabrous
shrub or small tree, often creep-
ing. L. lanceolate, entire, long
acuminate, blade 6-10, pet. 4 in.,
stipules as long as pet. Recep-
tacles in. diam.,in the axils of
scarious bracts, solitary or in
short racemes, on long prostrate
branches. 53. F. Ribes, Reinwdt. ;
King, Ann. i. t. 144. South
“Tenasserim (Kurz). Malay
Penins. and Archip. * New
Guinea. Similar to 52, shoots
strigose with minute hairs, 1.
3-5 in., receptacles 1 in. diam.
This and some allied species are
diccious (Solms-Laubach in Bot.
Zeit. 1885, 534). 54. F. fistulosa,
Reinwdt.; King, Ann. i. tt. 150,
151. Khasi hills. Chittagong.
Lower Burma (Kurz). Malay
Penins. and Archip. Formosa.
(Kurz’s F. fistulosa probably also
includes F. Miquelit, King, a
Malayan species.)—A shrub or
small tree, branches stout, often
hollow, nodes of young shoots
most minutely hairy, !. some-

ulate beneath, entire or slightly
serrate, elongate-elliptic, blade
4-10, pet. 4-14 in. long, stipules
searious. Receptacles 3-1 in.
diam., axillary, or on the old
wood, often clustered, peduncles
up to 14 in. long.

Sec. VI. Eusyce. ¢ ti.as
a rule diandrous (lepidosa 1,
hirta 1-3, nemoralis and
laevis 2 or 3, Carica gener-
ally 3 stamens) in the same Fic. 188.—Ficus Cunia. Ham. 3.
receptacle with gall fl. 9?
fl. in distinct receptacles. LL. alternate, receptacles axillary.

A. Erect shrubs or trees.

: (a) Branchlets and underside of 1. densely hairy; 1. dentate, serrate or
obed.

55. F. palmata, Forsk.; Collett Simla Fl. 460, fig. 148; King, Ann. i. t. 185.—Syn.
F. caricoides, Roxb. ; F. virgata, Roxb.: Wight Ic. t.649. Vern. Bedu, Khemri, Hind. ;
Phagwara, Haz.; Pheru,Jauns.; Kembri,Merw. Baluchistan. Eastern slopes of the
Suleiman range. Salt range and plains of the Punjab. Mt.Abu. Merwara. North-
West Himalaya from the foot to 5,000, on the Sutlej to 9,000 ft., eastwards as far as
Nepal. Cultivated in North India. A small or middle-sized tree, bark smooth, grey,
branches solid with a large pith, branchlets, petioles, young shoots and underside of 1.
soft-tomentose. L. rough above, broad-ovate, dentate, at times deeply lobed, base trun-
cate or cordate, sometimes abruptly narrowed to the petiole, blade 3-5, pet. 1-2 in. long,
3-5 basal nerves, sec. n. onmidrib 3-6 pair. Perianth ciliate with long hairs. Receptacles
axillary, more or less pear-shaped, 3-1 in. diam., usually pubescent, yellow, edible when
ripe, basal bracts deciduous, at the base of the stalk, which often lengthens out to
} in., as the fr. ripens, peduncle 4-1 in. 56. F. fulva, Reinwdt.; King, Ann. i. t. 187.
Andamans and Nicobars.—Malay Penins. and Archip. L. ovate, denticulate, often
deeply lobed. Receptacles sessile, 4 in. diam., densely hairy, perianth glabrous. 57.
F. Carica, Linn. ; Hemsley in Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. (1888) t. 46; Solms-Laubach in Bot.
Zeit. 1885. 562. The Fig tree. Vern. Anjir, Hind. Indigenous in Baluchistan,
Afghanistan, Western Asia and the eastern Mediterranean region. Cultivated in

_N.-W. India and the Deccan. A shrub or small deciduous tree, branchlets and under-

608 C. MORACHA [ Ficus:

side of l. pubescent or tomentose. L. cordate, more or less deeply lobed, lobes obtuse,
blade 4-8, pet. 2-3 in. long, upperside rough. The tree is dicecious, that is, some
trees have elongated receptacles with ¢ and gall fl. while others have shortly pyriform,
nearly globose receptacles, containing only ? fl. The leaves in both sexes are the
same, but the difference in the shape of receptacles and fl. is so great, that at one time
they were regarded as distinct genera or species, the g tree being called Caprificus.
The receptacles of both sexes lengthen out into a stalk, at the base of which are the
membranous bracts. In the Mediterranean region twigs with receptacles of the
Caprificus are tied to the female tree, in order to facilitate fertilization. A few seeds
are occasionally produced in the receptacles of the Caprificus.

58. F.hirta, Vahl; King, Ann. i. tt. 188, 189.; Wight Ic. t.672.—Syn. F. Roxburghii,
Mig.; & hirsuta, Roxb.; AW. ight Ic. t. 670; E tr iloba, Ham, Subhimalayan tract and
outer hills, from Nepal eastwards, ascending to 5,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills. Cachar.
Burma, Upper and Lower, often in deserted Taungyas. —Malay Penins. and Archip.
China. Ashrub or small tree, branchlets, petioles, underside of l. and receptacles clothed
with soft tawny or rusty tomentum of long silky hairs: L. serrate, variable in shape
and size, from broad-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, entire or deeply 3-5-lobed, upperside
harsh with scattered hairs, blade 8-16, pet. 1-7 in. long, basal n. 8-7. Receptacles clothed
with long stiff hairs, in axillary pairs, sessile or nearly so, $-$ in. diam., dimorphous,
those with ? fl. globose, those with g and gall fl. ovoid, almost conical, the fertile
receptacle red when ripe. The species is dicecious, 9 and ¢ receptacles as a rule are
on different bushes (Graf zu Solms-Laubach in Bot. Zeit. 1885, 516). 59. F. chrysocarpa,.
Reinwdt. ; King, Ann.t.191. Martaban (Kurz).—Malay Penins. and Archip. Branch-
lets, petioles and underside of 1. more or less tawny or brown-tomentose, 1. lanceolate
or oblanceolate, serrate, recept. } in. diam., densely golden-hairy.

(6) Branchlets and underside of 1. minutely or sparsely hairy ; 1. entire or
nearly so.

60. F. lepidosa, Wall.: King, Ann. i. t. 207.—Syn. # Lamponga, var. 1., Kurz F. Fl.,
ii. 451. Western Duars. ‘Assam. Khasi hills. Cachar.. Chittagong. Pesu Yoma,
southern spurs. 'Tenasserim.—Perak. An erect shrub or small tree, young shoots. ¢
silky with long hairs, branchlets pubescent, stout, marked with scars of petioles, pith
large. L. membranous, glabrous above, pale and minutely hairy beneath, entire,
elongate- elliptic, blade 4-8, pet. 1-3 in. long, sec. n. 6-8 pair, prominent beneath, the
lowest pair basal, stipules amplexicaul. Fr. in axillary pairs, orange- -red, 4 in. diam.,
peduncle 4-4 in., basal bracts 3, acute. Under Syctdiwm in FI. Br ‘it. Ind. v. 522. 61.
F. erecta, Thunb. ; King, Ann. i. t. 178. Sikkim. Khasi hills—China. Japan. A
small tree, buds minutely hairy, otherwise quite glabrous. L. ovate, obovate or lanceo-
late, usually entire, blade 3-8, pet. 4-2 in. long. Receptacles $ in. diam. in axillary
pairs, peduncles up to lin. long. 62. F. silhetensis, Miq.; King, Ann.i.t.194. Sikkim,
hot valleys. Assam. Khasi ‘hills. Cachar. A shrub, branchlets softly pubescent.
L. pale and sparsely hairy beneath, entire, lanceolate, oblanceolate or oblong, blade
4-8, pet. 4-2 in. long. Receptacles axillary, solitary or in pairs, sparsely hairy, }$ in.
diam. 63. F. glandulifera, Wall.; King, Ann.i.t.180. Tenasserim (Falconer).—Malay
Penins. and Archip. Branchlets and pet. rusty pubescent. lL. nearly glabrous, entire,
underside pale, and minutely hairy along midrib and n., elliptic, acuminate, blade 3-5,
pet. 1-2 in. long. Receptacles ovoid, } in. diam., yellow when ripe, peduncle } in.
64. F. pyriformis, Hook. & Arn.; King, Ann. i. tt. 200. 201.—Syn. / subpyriformis,
Miq.; £7. ichnopoda, Miq. In rocky stream beds. Khasi hills. Burma, Upperand Lower.
—Malaya. China. Asmall shrub, 5 young shoots pubescent, l. minutely hairy beneath,
entire, lanceolate, or linear -lanceolate, blade 4-1 6, pet. } in. Receptacles pyriform,
narrowed into a short stalk, solitary, axillary, ¢ ‘in., peduncle up tolin. long. In
similar localities: # lanceolata, Ham., with larger and globos2 fr. and F. semocarpa,
Migq., with opposite 1.

(c) Branchlets and underside of 1. glabrous ; 1. entire.

65. F. nemoralis, Wall.; King, Ann. i. t. 205.—Syn. &. gemzlla, Wall.; F. Fieldingii,
Migq.; & trilepis, Miq. ‘Vern. "Dudhla, Hind.; Dudila, Nep. Himalaya, 3-8,000 ft.
from Hazara eastwards, often planted near villages for cattle fodder. Assam. Khasi
hills. A small glabrous tre, not epiphytic, 1. membranous, entire, ovate or elongate-
elliptic to lanceolate, long acuminate, base acute, blade 4-6, pet. #-1 in. long.
sHoespiacles varying in shape from clavate to giobose, sessile or on short peduncles,
4-1 in. diam., glabrous, when ripe reddish, edible; é fl. in all receptacles, few in thos>
with @, numerous in those with gall fl. 66. F. chartacea, Wall. ane F. Lamponga,
var. chartacea, Kurz F. Fl. IL. 451. Tenasserim. —Malay Penins. AN slusale, young
shoots minutely strigoss, 1. glabrous, entire, pet. slender, receptacles globose, tin. diam.,
yellow when ripe.

B. Epiphytic or creeping.
67. F. foveolata, Wall.; King, Ann. i. tt. 166-168—Syn. M pubigera, Wall.

ae

Ficus] d C. MORACE® 609

Himalaya from Hazara eastwards 2-7,000ft. Assam. Khasi hills. Behar. Chitta-
gong. Martaban (?)—China. Japan. Creeping or climbing, rooting at the nodes,
sometimes erect. Branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. as a rule pubescent. L.
rigidly membranous to thinly coriaceous, entire, ovate or elliptic to lanceolate,
blade 3-8, pet. -} in., sec. n. 8-10 pair, the lowest pair basal, tertiary n. joined by
closely and elegantly reticulate veins. Receptacles hairy, solitary, globose or ovoid,
4-7 in. diam., usually pedunculate, basal bracts ovate. The barren creeping
stems have small 1., and send out fl.-bearing branches with much larger l., in
the same manner as J. pumila, Linn., of the same section from China and Japan,
commonly cultivated on walls in India. 68. F. ramentacea, Roxb.; King. Ann. i. t.
169. Sikkim, hot valleys. Assam. Silhet. Chittagong. Pegu Yoma.—Malay Penins.
and Archip. China. A large epiphytic climber, stems 50-60 ft. long, at times a tree,
1. glossy, bright green, nearly glabrous, entire, ovate or elliptic, blade 4-10, pet. }-1} in.
long, sec. n. 4-8 pair, prominent beneath, the lowest pair basal. Recept. 1-4 in. diam.,
axillary, solitary or clustered, sessile or on short peduncles. 69. F. erininervia, Miq. ;
King, Ann. i. t. 173. Assam. Chittagong. Malay Archip. Creeping, stems and
branches rooting. Young shoots, branchlets, petioles and underside of 1. (chiefly along
midrib and nerves) densely silky with long tawny hairs, 1. coriaceous, entire, ovate-
oblong, base cordate, finely reticulate. Recept. 4-} in. diam. 70. F. scandens, Roxb. ;
Wight Ic. t. 643; King, Ann. i.t. 162. Subhimalayan tract and outer ranges, ascend-
ing to 4,000 ft., from Kumaon eastwards. Behar. Khasi hills. Lower Burma. A
large scandent shrub, rooting at the nodes, trailing on rocks and ascending tal] trees,
branchlets and |. slightly rough. L. chartaceous, entire, ovate, blade 3-5, pet. }-1 in.,
sec, n. prominent, 4-6 pair, the lowest pair basal. Receptacles globose, solitary or in
pairs, } in. diam., peduncles} in. 71. F. levis, Blume; King, Ann. i.t.161. Himalaya
outer hills, ascending to 5000 ft., from Nepaleastwards. Assam. Khasihills. Cachar.
Often epiphytic, 1. broadly ovate, entire or nearly so, base often cordate, blade 6-9,
pet. 14-3 in. long, upperside glabrous excepting the nerves, underside more or less
pubescent. Recept. 4-1 in. diam., axillary, usually solitary.

Sect. VII. Neomorphe. ¢ fl. as a rule diandrous (Ff. Clarkei often has 3
stamens) in the same receptacle with gall fl. © in distinct receptacles. F.
glomerata, has all 3 kinds of fl. in the same receptacle. Trees, never epiphytic,
some species climbing, |. alternate. Receptacles in dense clusters from tubercles

on the trunk and larger branches, often very large.
A. Erect trees.

(a) L. serrate or denticulate, base often cordate, petiole long.

72. F. Roxburghii, Wall.; King, Ann. i. frontispiece and t. 211.—Syn. /. macrophylla,
Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 673. Wern. Hurmal, Haz.; Timla, Tirmal, Hind.; Sinthapan,
Burm. Subhimalayan tract and outer Himalaya, ascending to 6,000 ft. Chutia
Nagpur. Orissa. Khasihills. Manipir. Chittagong. Burma.—Hainan. Formosa.
A small or middle-sized tree, branchlets hollow, young shoots and stipules minutely
velvety, petioles and underside of 1]. softly pubescent. LL. broadly ovate, entire or
dentate, base deeply cordate, sometimes rounded, basal n. 5-7, blade 8-18, pet. 1-6 in.
Receptacles sometimes narrowed into a stalk, up to } in. long, at the base of which are
3 broad bracts, peduncle {-2 in. long. Fr. depressed-turbinate, 2-3 in. diam., longi-
tudinally ribbed, russet-brown or purple when ripe, edible, in large often immense
clusters upon short thick leafless branches from the trunk, often near the ground, and
from the larger branches. For the development of fl. and their fertilization see
D. D. Cunningham’s paper in the appendix to Ann. Gard. Cale. i. 78. F. pomifera,
Wall.; King, Ann. i. t. 215.—Syn. / regia, Miq. (in part). Subhimalayan tract from
Sikkim eastwards, ascending to 3,000 ft. Khasi hills. Chittagong. Martaban and
Tenasserim.—Malay Penins. and Archip. A tall tree, nearly glabrous, |. coarsely
serrate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, blade 5-10, pet. 2-5 in. Fr. globose or pyriform, 1 in.
diam. on peduncles up to 24 in., on short leafless branches. 74. FP. variegata, Blume;
King, Ann. i. tt. 212, 218.—Syn. / racemifera, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 689. Chittagong.
Andamans. Malay Penins.and Archip. <A tall spreading tree, ¢labrous, only stipules
minutely ptibescent. L, ovate, repand or denticulate, base cordate or rounded, blade
A-7, pet. 1-2 in. Fr. red, globose 1 in. diam., peduncles }-2 in. long, fascicled on woody
tubercles on the old wood.

(b) L. entire, base acute or rounded, petiole generally short.

75. F. glomerata, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 128; Wight Ic. t. 667; Brandis F. Fl. t. 49; King,
Ann. i. tt. 218, 219.—Syn, F. Chittagonga, Miq. Vern. Umar, Gular, Hind.; Trimbal,
Chamba; Umbri, Merw.; Umbar, Umra, Mar.; Atti, Tel.; Thapan, Ye thapan, Burm.
Salt range. Subhimalayan tract and outer valleys, in ravines, on the banks of rivers,
and in damp places. Ajmere and Merwara, Mount Aboo. Behar. Chutia Nagpur
Bengal plains. Khasi hills. Chittagong. Lower Burma. Dry region of the Irawadd

RR

610 C. MORACEA [Ficus

valley. Western Peninsula. A middle-sized or large tree, young shoots minutely
hairy, mature |. glabrous. LL. entire, elongate-elliptic, ovate- or elliptic-lanceolate, base
acute or rounded, blade 8-8, pet. 2-2 in., sec. n. 6-8 pair, the lowest pair basal. ¢ 9 and
gall fl. together in one receptacle (Solms-Laubach in Bot. Zeit. 1885, 548 and King,
Ann. i. 178). Fr. nearly globose, 1-14 in. diam., clustered on leafless branches, from
trunk and larger branches; rarely axillary. L. renewed between Jan. and April, when
the tree is sometimes bare for a short time.

(c) L..as a rule entire, lanceolate or oblong, pet. short.

76. F. lanceolata, Ham.; Wight Ic. t. 645; King, Ann. i. t. 224. Khasi hills. Beds
of streams in Chittagong and Singbhum. A much-branched, nearly glabrous shrub,
usually prostrate, 1. lanceolate, entire base mostly rounded, blade 4-8, pet. +? in.,
stipules as long as petiole, base broad, scar annular. Receptacles glabrous, pear-shaped,
depressed, 1-2 in. diam., purple when ripe, in clusters of 5-6, on short lateral branchlets
on the old wood, often near the ground. Ovary and style glabrous, fr. edible. 77.
F. Clarkei, King in Ann. i. t.221. Khasihills. A tall tree, nearly glabrous. LL. oblong,
acuminate, base acute, entire or with a few large teeth near the apex, unequal-sided,
blade 9, pet. + in., sec. n. 8-10 pair, the lowest pair basal, running close under the
edge of 1. Stamens 2-3. Fr. pyriform, red, edible, 1 in. diam., contracted into a long
stalk, at the base of which are 3 ovate-lanceolate bracts.

B. Climbing shrubs, leaves entire, broadly-ovate, 3-5-nerved.

78. F. guttata, Wight Ic. t. 1966 (Covellia), King, Ann. i. t. 209. Nilgiris. Palnis.
Branchlets, pet. and underside of |. rusty-pubescent, 1. sparsely and minutely hairy
above, blade 5-6, pet. 4-$ in. long. Fr. 1-1} in. diam., on short peduncles in dense
clusters on the old wood. 79. F.macrocarpa, Wight MSS.; King, Ann. i. t. 208.—Syn.
Pogonotrophe macrocarpa, Miq.in Wight Ic. t. 1965. Nilgiris. Branchlets, petioles
and underside of |. minutely hairy. L. glabrous above, blade 6-8, pet. 1-23 in.
Fr. 1-24 in. diam., in large clusters on the old wood.

Hullettia Griffithiana, King.—Syn. Dorstenia Griffithiana, Kurz. Tenasserim. An
evergreen shrub, branches stout, branchlets pubescent, 1. rigidly chartaceous, upper-
side glabrous and glossy, underside rough with very minute stiff hairs, oblanceolate,
base rounded or cordate, sec.n. joined by prominent intramarginal veins. FI. dicecious,
10-12, sunk in cavities of axillary peduncled open funnel-shaped 3—4-lobed receptacles.
é perianth tubular 2-lobed, stamens 2, filaments connate into a column. @ perianth
tubular, clavate, mouth minute. Ovary free, ovuleerect. Fruiting receptacles velvety,
1-2 in. diam.

Conocephalus suaveolens, Blume.—Syn. Urtica naucleiflora, Roxb. ; Wight Ie. t. 684.
Subhimalayan tract and outer hills from Sikkim eastwards. Assam. Khasi hills.
Chittagong. Burma, Upper and Lower.—Malay Peninsula. A large evergreen
climber, 1. glabrous, broadly ovate or elliptic, cystolith cells prominent, usually as
raised whitish dots on the upper and as raised whitish lines on the lower surface, blade
6-10, pet. 1-6 in., sec. n. 8-12 pair, the lowest pair basal, stipules large, deciduous. Fl.
fragrant, dicecious, in dense globose heads, ¢ heads } in. diam. in broad shortly peduncled
dichotomous cymes, fl. sessile, stamens 3-4, ? heads usually 4-6, in short cymes, fl.
shortly peduncled, perianth tubular, including the free ovary, styles short, undivided.
Bracts at the bifurcation of both g and 2 cymes opposite, broad, concave, deciduous.

2. ALLAAANTHUS, Thwaites; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 490.

Species 3, Indo-Malayan region.

A. Kurzii, Hook. i.—Syn. Malaisia tortuosa, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 466. Vern.
Malaing, Burm.: Yeywn, Shan.

A large deciduous climber, stem attaining 2 ft. in girth, glabrous or young
shoots minutely pubescent, 1. ovate-oblong, acuminate, dentate, penninerved,
blade 3-5, pet. 1-4 in. long, stipules broad, deciduous, Fl. dicecious, ¢ im
short pedunculate-fascicled spikes, 1-2 in. Jong, sepals 4, thin, each fl. supported
by 3-4 hyaline bracteoles. @ in globose heads, $ in. diam. on lateral minutely
pubescent racemes, sometimes solitary, bracteoles and perianth confluent into
a fleshy mass, in which the ovaries are embedded, style one, long, slender,
stigmatose from the base. Syncarpium fleshy, } in. diam., seeds 2-3, ellipsoid,
i in. long, albumen 0, embryo curved, cotyledons folded, radicle incumbent, as
long as cotyledons.

Assam. Burma, Upperand Lower. Fl. Feb—April. Paper and cardboard are made
from the inner bark. Cultivated in the Bhamo district.

Artocarpus} C. MORACE# 611

3. ARTOCARPUS, Forst.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 539; King, Annals Royal
Bot. Garden Caleutta, vol. ii. 1

Trees with milky sap, 1. alternate, in the majority of species entire when
mature, but 1. of seedlings and coppice shoots often deeply lobed or pinnatifid.
Fl. monecious, ¢ and @ closely packed, as a rule together with scales, which
are often thickened or peltate at the apex, in unisexual globose or cylindrical
heads. ¢: perianth usually 2-fid., segments concave, obtuse, stamen 1. 92:
perianth tubular, confluent with each other and the receptacle, mouth minute.
Fr. fleshy more or less globose or cylindric, consisting of the receptacle and
the fleshy perianths, most of which are sterile, enclosing a small number of
seeds. The tips of the perianths are hard and often free, appearing as spines
or tubercles. Species about 40, from India to the islands of the Pacific Ocean.

A. Fr: spinous, stipules amplexicaul, leaving annular scars on branchlets.

1. A. hirsuta, Lamk.; Wight Ic. t. 1957; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 308; Ann.
Cal. ii. t. 5. Vern. Ran- or Pat-phannas, Mar.; Heb halasu, Kan.; Anjili.
Tam.: Ayani, Mal.

A tall evergreen tree, attaining 200 ft., young shoots, petioles and peduncles
hirsute with long tawny hairs, 1. br oadiy elliptic or ovate, blade 6-10, pet.
stout, }-} in. long. é receptacle eylindrie, slender, pendulous, 4-6 in. long.
Fr. ovoid, 2-3 in., spines hispid, } in. long.

Western Ghats from the coast to 4,000 ft., from the Konkan southwards. Fl. Jan.,
Feb. 2. A. rigida, Blume; Ann. Calc. ii. t. 3,-Syn. A. echinata, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 680;
Tenasserim. 4. elliptic or obovate, blade 4-9, pet. 4—} in. long, underside with short
hairs, upperside glabrous, excepting midrib. ¢ fl. heads globose. 3. A. calophylla,
Kurz; Ann. Cale. ii. t.2. Tenasserim. L. broadly ovate, upperside rough with short
white bristles on minute tubercles, underside softly tomentose.

B. Fr. tubercled, stipules amplexicaul, annular scars on branchlets.

4. A. integrifolia, Linn. ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 250; Wight Ic. t. 678. The
Jack tree. Vern. Kanthal, Kathav, Hind.; Phannas Mar.; Panasa, Tel.;
Halasu, Kan.; Pilla. Tam; Petnne, Burm.

A large evergreen tree, glabrous, youngest shoots and midrib with soft stiff
hairs. ib thickly coriaceous, shining above, elliptic or obovate, midrib promi-
nent beneath, blade 4-8, narrowed into pet. 1-4 in, long, stipules large, early
caducous. Fl.-heads in bud enveloped in large stipular deciduous sheaths,
¢ stout cylindric, 2-6 in. long. Fr. 12-30 by 6—12 in. hanging on short stalks
from the trunk and larger branches, the rind with conical protuberances, seeds
reniform, oily.

In dense forests along the Western Ghats up to 4,000 ft., wild (Beddome, Gamble).
In Burma I have often found it in lar ge and dense forests, but only in the vicinity of
deserted settlements. Cultivated throughout Burma and India, north as faras Lahore.
Fl. C. S. 5. A. peduncularis, Kurz ; Ann. Cale. ii. t.6. Nicobars.—Perak. L. with a
rounded base, fl.-heads ¢ and ? cylindric, erect, on peduncles 24-44 in. long. Fr. much
smaller than 1.

6. A. Chaplasha, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 682; Ann. Cale. ii. t. 12. Vern.
Lutta, Nep.; Chaplash, Chaplis, Beng. ; Taung peinne, Burm.

A lar oe deciduous tree, young shoots and stipules densely clothed with long
stiff hairs, branchlets, petioles and underside of 1. rough with minute stiff
hairs, on old trees thinly coriaceous, broadly ovate or elliptic, entire, blade
6-10, pet. 4} in. long, those on young trees and coppice shoots almost mem-
branous, oblong, serrate, lobed or pinnatifid, blade up to 1 in. long, stipules
large, amplexicaul. Fl.-heads ¢ and ? globose, peduncles 14-2 in. long. Fr.
globose, pubescent, tuberculate, 3-4 in. diam., seeds few.

Subhimalayan tract and outer ranges from Nepal eastwards. Khasi hills. Cachar.
Chittagong. Andamans. Lower Burma. Fl. March, April. 7. A. incisa, Linn. f.
The Breadfruit tree. Native of the South Sea islands, introduced into most tropical
countries. Cultivated on the western coast and in Burma. UL. deeply pinnatifid,
1-8 ft. long, ¢ in club-shaped spikes.

612 C. MORACEA [Artocarpus

C. Fr. smooth, tips of anthocarps flat. Stipules not amplexicaul.

8. A. Lakoocha, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 681; Ann. Cale. ii. t. 18.—Syn.
A. mollis, Wall. Vern. Dheu, Dhao, Lakuch, Hind.; Dehua, Beng.; Dewa,
Ass.; Naka-renu, Tel.; Myauk lék, Lower, Myauk lawng, Upper Burma.

A middle-sized, at times a large deciduous tree, young shoots, petioles and
1. beneath densely clothed with soft grey, tawny or rusty tomentum. L.
coriaceous, entire, elliptic or ovate, blade 6-10, pet. 1 in. Fl.-heads axillary,
globose, ¢ nearly sessile, perianth of 2-4sepals. © pedunculate. Fr. velvety,
yellow when ripe, 2—4 in. diam, irregularly lobed, seeds oblong.

Subhimalayan tract and outer hills, from Kumaon eastwards, ascending to 4,000 ft.
Khasi hills. Burma, Upper and Lower. Malay Penins. Evergreen forests of the
Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards. Fl. H.S.—Ceylon. 9. A. Gomeziana,
Wall.; Ann. Cale. ii. t. 14. Andamans. Tenasserim.—Malay Penins. L. shining,
entirely glabrous, oblong cuspidate, fr. globose or ovoid, 3-1} in. diam.

4. MORUS, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 491.

Trees or shrubs, 1. with 3-5 basal nerves, stipules deciduous. FI. unisexual,
moneecious or dicecious, ¢ in deciduous spikes, sepals 4 imbricate, stamens 4,
inflexed in bud, pistillode minute. @ in spikes or heads, sepals 4, accrescent
and succulent in fruit. Styles 2, more or lessconnate. Fr.a compound berry,
consisting of the succulent perianths, each enclosing a one-seeded carpel,
pericarp afterwards gelatinous. Hmbryo curved ina fleshyalbumen. Species
6-8, tropical and temperate.

A. Spikes short, under 2 inches.

(a) Perianth of @ fl. of 4 sepals, the 2 inner flat, the outer more or less
keeled.

1. M. alba, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl. t.47. Mulberry. Vern. Tut, Tutri,
Hind. ;

A middle-sized deciduous tree, young shoots, petioles and underside of 1.
along n. slightly pubescent. lL. ovate, dentate, frequently lobed, base often
cordate, blade 2-3, sometimes larger, pet. $-1 in. long, basal nerves 3-5.
Fl. monecious, the sexes often on distinct branches; ¢ sepals elliptic, ?
spikes ovoid, pedunculate, styles free. Fruit white or red, sweet.

Commonly cultivated in Baluchistan, Afghanistan and the northern part of the
Trans-Indus territory. Also in the Punjab plains, Kashmir and the North-West
Himalaya. Fl. March, April. Fr. April-June. Cultiv. in Europe, Western and
Central Asia and in China. The following species are closely allied if specifically
distinct: 2. M. nigra, Linn. Cultivated in Baluchistan (Shah tat). L. broader, firm,
thick, 5-nerved, sepals and styles densely hairy, fr. purple. 3. M. atropurpurea, Roxb.,
Fl. Ind. iii. 595. China, cultivated in India, fr. cylindric, 2 in. long, dark purple.

4. M. indica, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 674. Vern. Tut, Pb.; Siah tut, Hind. ;
Tat, Beng.; Posa, Burm.

A deciduous tree, for silkworms grown as a shrub, l. ovate, caudate-acumi-
nate, coarsely and unevenly serrate, blade 2-5, pet. $-1 in., ¢ spikes lax, on
short slender peduncles, @ spikes short ovoid, styles connate high up, very
hairy. Fr. dark purple.

Wild in the subhimalayan tract in dry forest from the Sutlej eastwards, ascending
to 5,000 ft. Fl. Febr., March. Extensively cultivated to feed the silkworm in Bengal
and Burma. In the Punjab plains the Mulberry comes up readily from seed sown by
birds. In December 1870 I first noticed an underwood of Mulberry in Sissoo planta-
tions on islands of the Jhelum river. Since then the Mulberry has come up in all
Sissoo plantations in the Punjab plains. Gamble (Ind. Timbers, ed. ii. 635) thinks it is
M. indica. Specimens collected by me in Changa Manga, with white and red fr. are
M. alba.

(b) Sepals thin, hyaline, equal, oblong, 3 or 4.

5. M. serrata, Roxb. Vern. Kartin, Krtin, Chimu, Kimu, N.-West
Himal.

Morus] C. MORACEE 613

A large deciduous tree, up to 9 ft. diam., buds scaly, young shoots and
underside of 1. velvety tomentose. LL. from a cordate base ovate, shortly
acuminate, coarsely toothed, often deeply lobed, blade 3-8, pet. 1-2 in. long,
stipules broadly lanceolate. ¢ spikes very hairy, 1-2 in. @Q 4-1 in. long,
cylindric, sepals densely ciliate, styles very hairy, connate below. Fr. purple.

Himalaya from Kashmir eastwards, 4-9,000 ft. Fl. Apr., May. Fr. June-Aug.
Frequently lopped for cattle fodder and cultivated for that purpose.

B. Spikes 2-5 in. long.

6. M. levigata, Wall. Vern. Kimbu, Nep.; Tawpwésa, Burm. Outer Himalaya
from Kumaon eastwards. Assam. Khasi Hills. Upper Burma. Martaban and
Tenasserim (evergreen forests Thaungyin, March, 1859, D. B.). Cultivated as far
north as Lahore. A large tree, young shoots, stipules and bud-scales with long
soft hairs. L. ovate acuminate, finely serrate, blade 3-7, pet. 1-1} in. Spikes droop-
ing, ¢ very hairy, ? nearly glabrous, sepals thin, the 2 inner flat, the 2 outer keeled,
ovary compound, oblique, styles nearly free, glabrous, papillose from the base, fr. long-
cylindric, yellowish-white, insipid.

5. BROUSSONETIA, Vent.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vy. 490.
Species 2-3, Indo-Malayan region, China, Japan, Pacific Islands.
B. papyrifera, Vent. The Paper Mulberry. Vern. Malaing, Burm.
A middle-sized deciduous tree, |. ovate, dentate, often lobed, upperside rough,

Fig. 189—Broussonetia papyrifera, Vent. 4.

underside softly tomentose, basal nerves 3, blade 4-8, pet. 1-2 in. long. FI.
dicecious, ¢ in cylindrical catkins, perianth 4-fid, segments valvate, stamens
4, long, inflexed in bud. in globose pedunculate heads, mixed with per-
sistent bracts, perianth tubular, 2-4-toothed, persistent, including the stipitate

614 C. MORACEA [ Broussonetia

ovary, style pink, filiform. Achenes hanging down on long fleshy stalks.
Cotyledons oblong, albumen scanty.

Valley of the Maytharauk, Solo and other tributaries of the Salween river south of
the Karennee country (D. B. Febr. 1859 and March 1880). Paper and the thick card-
hoards (Palabaik) used like slates in schools, are made of the inner bark in Siam and
Burma. In Japan paper, and in the South Sea islands Tapa cloth is made of it. The
tree is cultivated at Dehra Din, it is hardy in Europe and is a most remarkable
instance of a tree which thrives in temperate and tropicalclimates. Coppices welland
throws up abundant root-suckers.

6. CUDRANIA, Trécul; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 538.

Strageling or climbing shrubs, armed with stout axillary spines, |. alternate,
quite entire, penninerved. Fl. in naked globose heads, dicecious, sessile, with
bracteoles inserted on a globose receptacle. Sepals free, not connate, stamens
included, anthers oblong, filaments short, ovary straight, style terminal, often
appearing simple, through the abortion of one of its branches. Fr. a compound
irregularly shaped many-sided berry formed of the enlarged fleshy bracteoles
and perianths, each perianth enclosing a one-seeded nut. Species 7, from
India to China, Japan, New Caledonia and Australia.

1. C. javanensis, Trécul.—Syn. C. amboinensis, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 484; Cudranus Rumphii,
Thwaites; Bedd. Manual t. 27. Vern. Manda, Hind.; Peinné nwé, Burm. Sub-
himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards. Assam. Chittagong. Upper Burma.
Orissa (Prain). Ceylon. East Africa. Malay Penins. and Archip. Australia.
China. Formosa. A straggling or scandent shrub, armed with straight or recurved
axillary spines, bark very milky, branchlets pubescent. lL. elongate-elliptic or
oblanceolate, blade 1-4, pet. }-4 in. Fl.-heads yellow, pubescent, axillary, solitary or
in pairs, g tin.diam., 2 smaller. Fr. velvety, green with a silvery tinge, 1-3 in. diam..,
seeds numerous. 2. ©. fruticosa, Wight; Kurz F. Fl. ii. 484. Khasi hills. Chitta-
gong. Burma, Upper and Lower. Branchlets glabrous, |. glabrous, elongate-elliptic,
abruptly and thinly acuminate, blade 4-6, pet. } in. long, sec. n. 8-4 pair prominent
beneath. 38. C. pubescens, Trécul. Pegu Yoma, eastern slopes. Martaban (Kurz).
Branchlets and underside of 1. softly pubescent, no specimens seen.

7. PLECOSPERMUM, Trécul; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 491.

Trees or shrubs, |. alternate, quite entire, penninerved. Fl. dicecious, perianth
gamophyllous, ¢ closely packed, connate in dense globose heads. Stamens
long-exserted, anthers globose, styles 1 or 2. Fr. an irregularly shaped
fleshy syncarpium, 1- or few-seeded. Albumen 0, cotyledons thick, very
unequal, the larger enclosing the smaller, which is folded lengthwise.
Species 2.

1. P. spinosum, Trécul; Wight Ic. t. 1963. Vern. Koriti, Tel. Salt range. Sub-
himalayan tract from the Punjab eastwards. Western Peninsula.—Ceylon, low
country. A large thorny shrub, bark peeling off in thin flakes, branchlets minutely
pubescent, spines stout, axillary, straight. L. glabrous, obovate or elliptic, blade 2-3,
narrowed into pet. }-$ in. long. 6 heads } in. diam., peduncles } in. long, often
fascicled. Fr. pubescent, lobed, 4 in. diam. Resembles Cudrania javanensis, differs
by the long exserted stamens and the few-seeded fr. 2. F. andamanicum, King.
Andamans. Tenasserim. Unarmed, young shoots rusty tomentose, 1. glabrous,
coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, blade 4-6, pet. 1-14 in. long. Fr. 3 in. diam., seeds 1 or 2.

Pseudostreblus indica, Hook. f. Khasi hills. A glabrous tree,sap milky, 1. alternate,
coriaceous, quite entire, elliptic-oblong, blade 4-6, pet. 4 in., sec. n. slender, numerous,
straight, joined by a distinct intramarginal nerve. FI. monecious, axillary, ¢ in short
cymes, @ solitary or mixed with the ¢, sepals 4, orbicular concave, accrescent, enclosing
the fr.

8. ANTIARIS, Leschen.; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 537.
Species 5-6 Indo-Malayan region.
A. toxicaria, Leschen.—Syn. A. saccidora, Wight Ic. t. 1958; A. innowia,
Blume ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 307. The Upastree. Vern. Karwat, Chandkura
Mar.; Alli, Tam.; Aranj?, Kan.; Hmyasetk, Burm.

—_*

Antiaris} C. MORACES 615

A very tall tree, attaining 250 ft. trunk often buttressed, young shoots,
petioles, and midrib velvety. L. glabrous or hairy beneath, elliptic-oblong, acumi-
nate, entire or serrulate,
blade 3-6, pet. $ in. Fl.
moncecious, ¢ crowded on the
surface of flat pedunculate
and usually fascicled re-
ceptacles, which are sup-
ported by imbricating bracts,
sepals 3-4, stamens 3-8, @
solitary, enciosed in a pear-
shaped involucre of numer-
ous confluent bracts, perianth
O, ovary adnate to the in-
volucre. Fr. red, velvety,
fleshy, } in. diam.

Evergreen forests of the
Western Ghats from Khandala
southwards. Wuntho, Upper
Burma. Eastern slopes of the
Pegu Yoma (Kurz). Fl. Sept.,
Oct. Tenasserim. In the lower
Thaungyin this tree towers
over the trees of the dense ever-

green forest, which have a mean 3

height of 200 ft. (Brandis,

Attaran Report, 1860, p. 55). Ce

Bast very tough, made into ropes >

and sacks, the bottom of these Fie. 190.—Antiaris toxicaria, Leschen 4}.

being a section of the branch.—
Ceylon, low country. Malay Penins. and Archip.

9. STREBLUS, Lour.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 489,

S. asper, Lour. (probably the only species); Bedd. Man. t. 26.—Syn.
Epicarpurus orientalis, Blume; Wight Ie. t. 1961. Vern. Stora, Sahora,
Dahia, Hind.; Poi, Kharota, Paraya, Mar.; Pakki, Tel.; Mitli, Kan. ;
Parayan, Pira, Tam.; Okhne. Burm.

A rigid shrub or small seragey tree, all parts full of tnilky juice, branchlets
hairy. IL. elliptic or obovate, penninerved, irregularly dentate, rough on
both sides with minute raised round dots, blade 2-4 in., pet. very short,
stipules obliquely lanceolate. Fl. diwcious, ¢ in globose heads, perianth
campanulate, deeply 4-fid, pubescent outside, segments imbricate, stamens
long, inflexed in bud. @ solitary, on axillary usually fascicled peduncles,
} in. long, perianth of 4 decussate, closely imbricating sepals, styles 2, fili-
form, connate at base. Fr. a yellow, 1l-seeded berry, enclosed in the enlarged
fleshy sepals.

Subhimalayan tract from the Beaseastwards. Oudh forests. Bengal. Behar. Both
Peninsulas, often near the coast. Fl. Jan.—March, leaves renewed in March. The 1.
used to polish wood and ivory, paper made of the bast.—Ceylon. Malay Penins. and
Archip. 8S. mitis, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 464, is doubtful.

Balanostreblus ilicifolia, Kurz. Chittagong. Bhamo. Malay Penins. A small,
nearly glabrous evergreen tree, branchlets often spinescent, |. rigidly coriaceous,
shining, spinulose-dentate, broad-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, blade 1-5, pet. 4—} in.
Fl. monecious, ¢ in cylindric, catkin-like spikes, 9 racemose, base of perianth connate
with ovary, free above, mouth minute. Fr. a globose drupe, enclosed in the fleshy
perianth. ;

Phyllochlamys spinosa, Bureau.—Syn. Hpicarpurus spinosus, Wight Ic. t. 1962 (upper
and right-hand figures); Taxotrophis Roxburghii, Blume; Bedd. Man. t. 26 fig. 8 (1-9) ;
Streblus taxoides, Kurz. Vern. Sukali, Tel. Orissa. Hills of the Northern Cirears,
the Deccan and the Karnatik. Andamans. Swamp forests of the Irawadialluvium.—

616 C. MORACEA [Phyllochlanvys

Ceylon, dry region. Malay Penins.and Archip. A small gnarled glabrous evergreen
tree, armed with spinescent branchlets and straight sharp, woody spines, ]. membranous,
lanceolate or rhomboid-oblanceolate irrecularly serrate, 1-4 in. long, pet. very short.
Fl. dicecious, g in clustered nearly sessile involucrate heads, ? solitary, perianth of 4
lanceolate sepals, much enlarged in fr., longer than the ‘yellow cup-shaped pericarp,
from which the seed, enclosed in a thin endocarp, protrudes in a way similar to the
seed of Taxus.

Taxotrophis zeylanica, Thwaites; Bedd. Man. t. 26, fig. 3 (10-16).—Syn. Epicarpurus
zeylanica, Thw.; Wight Ic. t. 1962 (the lower left-hand figure); Streblus zeylanica,
Kurz. Western Duars, in places forming thickets at the foot of the hills. Upper
Burma.—Ceylon. A Jarge rigid shrub, sometimes armed with axillary spines, 1.
alternate, penninerved, membr: anous, serrate. Fl. dicecious, fr. obliquely subglobose,
subtended by sepals, crowned by the lateral 2-partite style.

OrperClI. URTICACEA. Englerin Enel. u. Prantl i. 1. 98.
(Urticacee, tribe VII. Urticee. Gen. Pl. iii. 348.)

Mostly herbs, in a few genera shrubs and trees, sap watery LL. as a rule
dentate, alternate stipulate, with 3 basal nerves. Fl. unisexual, sessile, as a
rule in compact heads or clusters, stamens 4-5, opposite to sepals or perianth-
segments, filaments inflexed in bud; 92 perianth campanulate, ovoid or tubular,
free not confluent, often succulent in fr., rarely 0. Ovule erect, orthotropous.

Bast-fibres strongly developed in the bark, often very long. Cystolith cells con-
spicuous in the epidermis. No laticiferous tubes. Stinging hairs in some genera.

I. Branchlets, petioles and inflorescence armed with

stinging hairs . - : : 0 : 0 : Laprorrea (p. 616).

II. No stinging hairs.

A. @ perianth tubular, ovoid or campanulate.
Fruiting heads dry.

Stigma filiform, persistent . 9 . 1. Baeunmerta.
Stigma filiform, deciduous : : : Povzouzta (p. 617).
Fruiting heads succulent.
Style Tong- exserted, curved d : Pierurus (p. 617).
Stigma sessile, ciliate or pedunculate.
Perianth obliquely campanulate . 0 Sarcocuiamys (p. 618).

Perianth ovoid, mouth minute.
L. white or grey beneath, tertiary n.

parallel, prominent . . 2. DEBREGEASIA.
L. green beneath, tertiary n. not
prominent . ‘ 6 6 . 3. VILLEBRUNEA.
B. 9 perianth 0 0 5 0 : : : : Maourta (p. 619).

Laportea crenulata, Gaud.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 306.—Syn. Urtica crenulata, Roxb. ;
Wight Ic. t. 686. Vern. Chorpatta, Beng.; Otta-pilavu, Tam.; Ana-choriya, Mal.;
Pet-ya-gyi, Burm. Subhimalayan tract from Nepal eastwards. Assam. Silhet.
Cachar. Maimansingh. Lower Burma. Rumpa hills, Northern Circars. Western
coast, ascending to 5,000 ft. on the Ghats.—Ceylon. A shrub or small tree, branchlets,
petioles, and inflorescence clothed with hairs of two kinds (minute and Jong stinging),
1. ovate or elliptic, crenulate in the upper part or nearly entire, blade 6-14, pet. 1-4 in.
long, with a few lone hairs, otherwise glabrous, round raised cystolith cells prominent
on both surfaces. Fl. minute, green, dicecious, in axillary panicled cymes, longer than
petioles, ¢: perianth deeply 4-tid. Achenes oblique, 4 in. diam., seated on the cup-
shaped perianth and crowned by the style. The sting of this Nettle is very bad and
the effects last for many days.

1. BE HMERIA, Jacg.; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 575.

Shrubs or small trees, a few herbs, 1. opposite and alternate, 3-nerved,
toothed, stipules usually free. Fl. in unisexual sessile clusters. ¢: perianth
3-5-partite, valvate, pistillode clavate or globose. @: perianth tubular, 2-4-
toothed, including the ovary, stigma filiform, long-exserted, persistent.

A. FI. clusters axillary or from the axils of fallen 1.

Behmeria) CI. URTICACEZ 617

1. B. malabarica, Wedd.—_Syn. B. travancorica, Bedd. Man. 225, t.27 fig.2. Subhim-
alayan tract from Sikkim eastwards, ascending to 5,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills.
Chittagong. Burma. Western Ghats fromthe Konkan southwards.—Ceylon. Java.
A shrub or small tree, 1. alternate, glabrous above, usually pubescent beneath, crenate,
blade 4-8, pet. 14 in. long. Clusters 44 in. diam. 2. B. sidefolia, Wedd—Syn.
B. diffusa. Wedd. Subhimalayan tract and outer hills, from Nepal eastwards, ascend-
ing to6 000 ft. Khasi hills. Burma. Branchlets, 1. on both sides and fl. clusters
usually hispid with long hairs, ]. sometimes opposite, fl. clusters often on naked
branchlets with a tuft of l. at the end. Two sp. mentioned by Kurz are more or less
herbaceous; 3. B. Helferi, Blume. Tenasserim. 4. B. Didymogyne, Wedd. Moulmein.

B. Fl. clusters in usually long and simple spikes.

(a) L. alternate.

5. B. rugulosa, Wedd. Vern. Genti, Genthi, Hind.; Dar, Nep. Subhimalayan tract
and outer hills, ascending to 4,000 ft., from the Sutlej eastwards. A small or middle-
sized tree, 1. thinly coriaceous, upperside dark green,:glabrous but rough, under-
side velvety, pale, often white, obtusely but distinctly crenulate, elliptic-lanceolate,
blade 2-5, pet. 3-14 in., stipules connate, basal n. prominent, extending to the tip of leaf,
tert. n. elegantly reticulate and joined by intramarginal veins. Spikes simple, clusters
supported by cordate bracts. Wood reddish-brown, even-grained, seasons well and is
easy to work. 6. B. nivea, Hook. et Arn.—Syn. Urtica tenacissima, Roxb.; Wight Ie. t.
688. The Rhea plant. Chinagrass. Indigeneousand cultivated in China and Japan.
Cultivated in Assam and elsewhere. A shrub with herbaceous branches, tomentose
with long hairs, |. broad-ovate, acuminate, dentate, upperside rough, underside usually
white, densely matted with appressed hairs. Fl. greenish, moneecious, in axillary
unisexual panicles, shorter than leaves, which generally are in pairs, ¢ panicles in
the lower, 2 in the upper axils, style much exserted, hairy. A variety with the leaves

green on both surfaces (“ amie”) is distinguished as B. tenacissima, Gaud.

(b) L. as a rule opposite, petioles in one pair unequal.

7. B.macrophylla, Don. Vern. Bara Sidru, Dehra Din; Kamli,Nep. Subhimalayan
tract and outer valleys, ascending to 4,000 ft. from the Jumna eastwards. Singbhum.
—Yunnan. A large shrub or small tree, branchlets, petioles and underside of 1.
strigose with short stiff hairs, 1. Janceolate gradually tapering into a narrow point,
evenly serrulate, rugulose and pustular above, blade 6-12, pet. 4-1 in. long. FI.
moncecious, spikes drooping, as long as or longer than |., clusters 4-} in. diam. 8.
B. Kurzii, Hook. f. Pegu. Glabrous, excepting the pubescent spikes. L. elliptic-
lanceolate, entire, blade 3-7, pet. 1-14 in. long. Spikes slender, longer than 1. 9. B.
Hamiltoniana, Wedd. Vern. Safcha, Burm. Subhimalayan tract and outer hills,
ascending to 5,000 ft., from Nepal eastwards. Assam. Khasi hills. Pegu and Mar-
taban. Glabrous, except the pubescent spikes, 1. membranous, crenulate, lanceolate,
blade 4-7, pet. 1-3 in. long. Spikes slender. 10. B. polystachya, Wedd. Outer Hima-
laya, 2-7,000 ft., from Kumaon eastwards. Assam. Khasi hills. Salween hills,
Martaban 3,000 ft. (D. B. March 1880).—Yunnan. Glabrous, branches stout, ]. broadly
ovate, deeply dentate, broad-ovate, blade 4-10, pet. 4-2 in., spikes panicled, shorter
than the 1.

11. B. platyphylla, Don.—Syn. B.caudata, Poiret. Vern. Sidr, Dehra Din: Khaksha,
Garhwal; Kamli, Nepal. Outer Himalaya, ascending to 7,500 ft. Assam. Khasi
hills. Chittagong. Burma. Chutia Nagptir. Orissa. Central Provinces, Western
Peninsula.—Ceylon, moist region, common.—Malay Archip. China Japan. Africa.
A large shrub, |. sometimes alternate, broadly ovate, elliptic or orbicular, acuminate,
coarsely toothed, more or less rough, spikes often sparingly branched. An exceedingly
variable plant, of which 9 principal varieties are recognized in F]. Brit. Ind. v. 578.
Prain, Bengal Plants 964, regards B. scabrella, Gaud., with short stout erect fruiting
spikes as a distinct species.

Pouzolzia viminea, Wedd.—Syn. P. borbonica, Wight Ic. t. 2100 fig.44. Vern. Chipali,
Nep. Outer Himalaya from Kashmir eastwards, ascending to 6,000 ft. Assam.
Khasi hills. Chittagong. Upper Burma. Malay Penins. A large shrub with long
slender branches, stunted in dry localities, branchlets, and petioles more or less stri-
gose, 1. usually white on the underside. L. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, dentate, blade
1-6, pet. }-1 in. long, basal n. 3, the lateral extending to } the length of 1]. or further, sec.
n. usually prominent. Fl. monoecious or dicecious, in sessile axillary clusters, ? perianth
tubular, mouth narrow, 8-5-toothed, stigma filiform, deciduous. ~

Pipturus velutinus, Wedd.—Syn. Morus paniculata, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 676. Nicobars
Malay Penins. and Archip. New Guinea. A small tree, branchlets, petioles and
underside of 1. grey or silvery pubescent, 1. broadly ovate, base often cordate, crenate,
blade 4-8, pet. 2-4 in. long. FI. dieecious, in globose heads on simple or branched

618 CI. URTICACEA [Pipturas

spikes. 2 perianth ovoid, narrowed toaminute mouth. Syncarpium white, pellucid,
formed by the succulent perianth, } in. diam., enclosing numerous achenes.

Sarcochlamys pulcherrima, Gaud. Vern. Satcha,Burm. Assam. Khasi hills. Hast
Bengal. Chittagong. Lower Burma, abundant on deserted Taungyas.—Sumatra. A
large shrub or small tree, evergreen, branchlets pubescent, ]. alternate, lanceolate,
serrate, upperside rough but shining, underside white and grey-pubescent or velvety,
basal n. 3, strong, the lateral extending to the tip, sec. n. and tert. n. elegantly reticu-
late, the meshes quadranglar, blade 4-7, pet. 1-2 in. long. Spikes sessile, branching,
1-3 in. long, clusters confluent. ¢ perianth campanulate, accrescent and fleshy in fr.

2. DEBREGEASIA, Gaud.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vy. 590.

Shrubs or trees, 1. alternate, 3-nerved, midrib and lateral n. on the outside
penninerved, tert. n. parallel, stipules bifid. FI. sessile, not connate, in round
compact heads, which are sessile on the branches or arranged in dichotomous
panicles. @ receptacle fleshy, perianth ovoid or obovoid, mouth minute, succu-
lent in fr. Stigma penicillate, sessile or nearly so. Species 5, from Abyssinia
to Japan.

A. L. narrow, petiole short.

1, D. velutina, Gaud.—Syn. Conocephalus niveus, Wight Ic. t. 1959; Morocarpus
longifolius, Blume; Bedd. Man. t. 26 fig.5. Vern. Tashiari, Sansaru, Siaru, Hind. ;
Put chaw, Lower, Kyet Kyidauk, Upper Burma. Outer Himalaya, 2-7,000 ft., from
the Jumna eastwards. Assam. Khasi hills. Burma, Upper and Lower, often in
deserted Taungyas. Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards.—Ceylon, moist
region up to 3,000 ft., common, Java. A shrub or small tree, young shoots silky
with long hairs, branchlets, pet. and underside of 1. grey-pubescent or tomentose, 1.
lanceolate, serrulate, upperside rough and uneven, blade 3-6, pet. }in. Heads insmall
lateral dichotomous panicles, fr. bright orange-yellow, edible. 2. D. hypoleuca, Wedd.—
Syn. D. bicolor, Wedd. Vern. Chinjli, Haz.; Siaru, Seharu, Hind. North-West
Himalaya, Indus to Sarda, 2-6,500 ft.—Afghanistan, Abyssinia, common in ravines’
and on the edge of rice terraces. A large shrub, sometimes asmall tree, branchlets and
underside of 1. clothed with snow-white wool, 1. serrulate, lanceolate, upperside rough,
blade 3-6, pet. 4-1 in. long. Fl.-heads sessile or nearly so. ¢ } in. diam., stamens
exserted, 2 smaller, fr. amber-coloured, edible.

B. L. broad-ovate, pet. long.

3. D. Wallichiana, Wedd.—Syn. Morocarpus Wallichianus, Kurz. Sikkim 4-7,000 ft.
Assam. Khasi hills. Pegu Yoma, rare in the upper mixed forests. Tenasserim. A
small tree, sometimes epiphytic, 1. sinuate-dentate, sometimes entire, white beneath
with closely appressed tomentum, glabrous aboye, blade 5-12, pet. 3-10 in. long. FI.-
heads in dichotomous cymes, peduncles 2-3 in. long, fruiting heads } in. diam., very
succulent, glassy white, tips of perianth pink. 4. D. dentata, Hook. f. Chittagong.
A large shrub, 1. membranous, serrate, upperside rough, underside ashy-grey with
minute hairs, blade 4-8, pet. 2-6 in. long, fl.-heads in shortly peduncled cymes, peduncles
and ramifications slender.

3. VILLEBRUNEA, Gaud.; FI. Brit. Ind. y. 589.

Trees or shrubs, 1. alternate. Fl. usually dicecious, sessile in compact heads,
but notconnate. ¢ stamensexserted. @: perianth tubular-ventricose, adnate
to the ovary and enclosing it, stigma sessile, discoid, long papillose-ciliate.
FI. supported by connate bracteoles, which in fr. become succulent, enclosing
the lower portion of the achene. Species 8, eastern Asia.

1. V. integrifolia, Gaud.—Syn. Oreocnide acuminata, Kurz; O. sylvatica, Miq.; Bedd.
Man. t. 26 fig. 4. Outer Himalaya, 2-5,000 ft., from Nepaleastwards. Assam. Cachar.
Maniptr. Chittagong. Andamans. Burma, Upper and Lower.—Tonkin. Ceylon.
On deserted Taungyas in the Yunzalin district. A small evergreen tree, branchlets,
petioles, 1. beneath and inflorescence pubescent or tomentose, ]. elongate-elliptic, penni-
nerved, entire or obscurely crenate, blade 8-16, pet. 1-6 in., stipules 4-1 in. long,
deciduous, clothed with long silky hairs. Fl.-heads in lateral dichotomous fascicled
panicleslin. long. 2. V.frutescens, Blume. Vern. Gar-tushiara, Kum. Subhimalayan
tract and outer Himalaya, from the Sutlej eastwards, ascending to 5,000 ft. Khasi
hills. China. Japan. A shrub with slender pubescent branches, ]. serrate, with 3
basal n. Fl.-heads sessile or shortly pedunculate.

Maoutia) CI. URTICACEA 619

Maoutia Puya, Wedd. Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to
4,000 ft. Khasi hills. Shan hills. Martaban hills, 2,500-5,000 ft. Vern. Poi, Pua.
Hind.; Puya, Nep. A shrub, young shoots silky with long hairs, branchlets, petiole,
and upperside of 1. hairy, underside densely clothed with a white felt, 1. alternate,
elliptic, acuminate, coarsely dentate, basal n. 3, blade 3-8, pet. 1-4 in. long. Fl.-heads
small, often androgynous, in lateral dichotomous panicles. 9% perianth 0, achenes
with a thick fleshy pericarp.

Orper CII. Platanacee.—Platanus orientalis, Linn. B.Clarke on Platanew in Annals
and Mag. of Nat. Hist. 3rd Series i. 102 (1858); Schoenland in Engler’s Jahrbuch iv.
308 (1883). Oriental Plane. Vern. Chindr, Persian; Buna, Boin, Bhunj, Kashmir.
Indigenous in the eastern Mediterranean region. Cultivated in Afghanistan and the
N.W. Himalaya, particularly in Kashmir, eastwards to the Sutlej, in Ladak ascending
to 8,300 ft. It grows well at Peshawar and at the foot of the North-Western Himalaya.
A large deciduous tree, bark of young trees always, of old trees frequently, peeling off
in large thin flakes, buds densely clothed with long hairs, branchlets and young 1.
with soft deciduous tawny or ferrugineous tomentum. L. alternate, palminerved,
glabrous when mature, deeply 3-5-lobed, blade 5-8, pet. 1-3 in., stipules large, deciduous.
Fl. moneecious, in unisexual usually sessile globose heads, 2-5 on Jong axillary
peduncles, ¢ and ? heads sometimes on the same peduncle, sepals 3-6, petals as many,
all extremely minute scale-like, often more or less confluent, formerly regarded as
bracteoles. ¢: Stamens as many as sepals, each consisting of a long almost sessile
anther, the 2 cells parallel, adnate to a cuneate connective with a truncate top. 9:
Ovaries hairy at base, as many as sepals, surrounded by staminodes, narrowed into a
long subulate style, ovule 1 pendulous. Fruiting head 1-1} in. diam., consisting of
numerous 1-seeded achenes, densely clothed at base with long fine hairs, the broad
apex narrowed gradually into the persistent long style. Seedlings slender, cotyledons
raised above the ground. P. occidentalis, Linn.; Sargent Silva vii. 102, of the Bastern
and Central U.S. of North America, differs by fewer fl.-heads (1-3) on the peduncle,
achene truncate, style early deciduous. P. acerifolia, Willd., the London Plane, is
generally regarded as a variety of P. orientalis.

Orper CII. JUGLANDACEZA. Gen. PI. iti. 397 (Juglandec).

Trees, rarely shrubs, |. alternate, pinnate, often aromatic, stipules 0.
Axillary buds often several superposed in a vertical series. FJ. moncecious,
6 in lateral pendulous catkins, anthers 2 or more, nearly sessile, inserted on the
upper surface of a bract, which bears on its edge 2-6 membranous perianth-
lobes. @ in few-fld. erect terminal or in many-fld. lateral spikes, perianth
adnate to the 1-celled ovary, ovule 1, erect. Fr. a 2-valved nut or drupe,
seed exalbuminous, cotyledons oily, lobed, radicle superior.

Peltate scales with an orbicular blade of radiating cells. No resin canals.

9 fl. terminal, solitary or 2-3. Bracts not enlarged in fr.

Drupe with leathery pericarp and woody endocarp . . L. JuGarans.
¢ fl. in lateral pendulous spikes. Nut coriaceous, adnate to
the much enlarged 3-lobed bracts . ¢ - : 3 . 2. ExGernarprtia.

1. JUGLANS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 595.
Species 10, of which 3 in the Old World.

J. regia, Linn. The Walnut. Vern. Din, Kashm.; Than, Pangi;
Khol, Ka, Kunawar; Khor, Akhor, Hind. (fruit: Akhrot) ; Thiteha, Burm,

A large deciduous aromatic tree, young shoots tomentose. LL. impari-
pinnate, leaflets 5-13, subsessile, opposite or nearly so, usually entire, those of
seedlings serrate. d¢ catkins on the previous year’s wood above the leaf-scars,
often two superposed, green, 2-5 in. long, bracts stalked, } in. long, perianth-
lobes 5-6, anthers 10-20, oblong apiculate. 9 fl. sessile, terminal, solitary or
2-3, limb of calyx minute, indistinctly 4-toothed, petals linear-lanceolate,
green, usually minute. Fr. 2 in. long, green, pericarp leathery, very aromatic,
enclosing an irregularly furrowed more or less thick-shelled nut, which is
divided by two thin coriaceous dissepiments into four incomplete cells, one

620 CIIIl. JUGLANDACEA [Juglans

dissepiment separating the 2 cotyledons, the other dividing them into 2 lobes.
The cotyledons remain underground when germinating.

Indigenous trans-Indus in the Kuram valley, the North-West Himalaya, Sikkim
and the hills of Upper Burma. Cultivated in the North-West Himalaya from 3,500

to nearly 11,000 ft., also in the inner arid valleys. Fl. FebApril. Mountains of Greece
and Western Asia. Cultivated in China.

2. ENGELHARDTIA, Leschen.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 595.
Species 6, India, Malaya, China.

1. E. spicata, Blume, including EL. Roxburghiana, Lindley, E. aceriflora,
Blume, E. Colebrookiana, Lindl. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 208 and £. villosa,
Kurz. Vern. Mowa, Gadmawa, Hind.; Petsut, Thitsawbwa, Upper, Tawng-
tamasok, Lower Burma; Pyinsit, Mereui.

A large, in places a small, deciduous monecious tree, often gregarious, wood
pink-grey with a satiny lustre on the radial section. Branchlets, petioles and
underside of 1. from glabrous or slightly hairy to densely tomentose, usually
with numerous shining orbicular glands. LL. as a rule paripinnate (by abor-
tion of the terminal leaflet), leaflets 6-14, sessile or shortly petiolulate, nearly
opposite, 3-10 in. long, usually entire, in young plants serrate. @ fl. in
slender often panicled catkins, 3-7 in. long, from the previous year’s wood.
Perianth of 4-5 variously shaped scales, adnate to a generally 3-lobed bract.
Anthers 4-12, hispid, mucronate, nearly sessile, inserted on the upper surface
of the bract. @ fl. in bracteate pendulous spikes 6-12 in. long, often in the
same panicle with the ¢ catkins. Bracts cup-shaped, with 3 large unequal
lobes enclosing the base of the glabrous or hairy calyx, which is adnate to the
ovary, limb 4-dentate, petals 0, style divided into 2-4 densely papillose
branches. Fr. a small globose, coriaceous, 1-seeded nut, adnate to the greatly
enlarged scarious reticulate 3-lobed bract, the base of which is densely
tomentose with long hairs, lobes spathulate-oblong, obtuse, with a conspicuous
midrib, the middle one 1-1} in. long, the 2 lateral half that length. Cotyledons
foliaceous, much folded and twisted.

Subhimalayan tract and outer hills, ascending to 6,000 ft., from the Chenab east-
wards. Assam. Khasi hills. Manipur. Chittagong. Burma, Upper and Lower,
ascending to 6,000 ft. Leafless only a very short time, fl. at different times from Sept.
to May. Coppices well and reproduces readily from self-sown seed.—Malay Penins. and
Archip. China. Three different species are doubtfully recognized in FI. Brit. Ind. y. 595.
(a) E. spicata, Blame. Nepal to Burma. Java. Cochinchina. Leaflets petiolulate,
pubescent beneath, at length glabrous. (b) L.aceriflora, Blume; Prain Bengal Plants 984.
From Sikkim to Burma. Yunnan. Ind.Archip. Leafletssessile. (c) EB. Colebrookiana,
Lindley ; Gamble Ind. Timbers Ed. ii. 664. From the Punjab to Burma.—China.
Leaflets petiolulate, tomentose beneath, branchlets and petioles tomentose. 2. E.
polystachya, Radlk. in Sitzungsberichte d. Kénigl. Bayer. Akademie d. Wissensch.
Mathem. Physikal. Classe, 1878, 385. East Bengal (Griffith No. 1020/3) imperfectly
known, glabrous but clothed with golden peltate glands.

Orprer CIV. Myricacer.—Myrica Nagi, Thunb.; Collett Simla Fl. 470, Fig. 151.—
Syn. MW. sapida, Wall.; MW. integrifolia, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 764,765. Outer Himalaya
from the Ravi eastwards, 3-6,000 ft., not known from Sikkim. Khasi hills. Martaban
and Tenasserim.—Malay Penins. and Archip. China. Japan. Vern. Kaiphal,
Hind. A moderate-sizel evergreen aromatic monecious or dicecious tree,
branchlets pubescent. L. alternate, coriaceous, lanceolate or oblanceolate, entire, on
young plants membranous, with large and sharp serratures, underside pale or rust-
coloured, with resinous dots, stipules 0. ¢ fl. in cylindric catkins, usually racemose
on a common peduncle, occasionally with @ fl. at the top, stamens 38-6 with several
small scales in the axils of broad bracts, filaments short. @ fl. in solitary slender
axillary catkins; 1-8 one-celled ovaries, surrounded by glandular bracteoles, in the
axil of each bract, styles 2, stout, recurved, ovule 1 erect, orthotropous. Fr. edible, red
or brown, sessile, few on axillary peduncles, globose or ovoid, tubercled, 4-2 in. long,
endocarp long, pericarp fleshy. Albumen 0, cotyledons plano-convex, radicle superior,

Orper CY. Casuarinacer.—Casuarina equisetifolia, Forst. Vern. Chowku, Tel.3
Tinyu, Pinlé-Kabwé, Burm. Sand hills on the coast of Chittagong, Tenasserim and

CV. CASUARINACEA 621

the Andamans. Largely cultivated for the production of fuel on the Coromandel

hie! on the coast of North Kanara and in places inland in the Peninsula. Planted

pate ardens and as a roadside tree in Central and Northern India, North as far as
ala.—Malay Penins. and Archip. Australia. Pacific islands.

me tall, straight-stemmed tree, the ends of branches thickly set with numerous long
slender branchlets, which are mostly deciduous and fulfil the function of leaves.
Branchlets jointed, the internodes 3 44 in. long, 6—-8-ribbed, with fine hairs at the
bottom of the furrows between the ribs and stomata in the furrows only. The ribs of
each joint terminate upwards in the teeth of a membranous sheath, alternating with
the ribs of the next joint above. Opposite these teeth are axillary vegetative buds, of
which as a rule only one or a few grow out into branchlets. These axillary buds
mostly develop at the ends of branchlets, where the joints have not yet lengthened
out. Here the teeth of the annular sheaths are much longer (up to } in.) than on the
lower and older joints, and they are densely clothed with fine hairs.

The leaftraces or vascular bundles, which enter the teeth of the sheath, giving off
branches to the axillary buds, leave the central cylinder at the base of the internode
and run in the bark through its entire Jength: hence a transverse section of a
branchlet shows, outside the central cylinder, a detached vascular bundle under each
rib and between two furrows. The wood-fibres have bordered pits, and ona transverse
section of the wood numerous wavy concentric bands of soft wood parenchyma are
conspicuous.

Fl. unisexual, g monandrous, axillary under the teeth of the annular sheaths of
terminal short-jointed cylindric spikes lin. long. Perianth of 2 large scales enclosing the
anthers, and 2 smaller ones at right angles to the first, anthers oblong, 4-celled, filament
short. 9 in small ovoid spikes at the ends of lateral branchlets, consisting of very short
joints, one fl. under each tooth of the annular sheath, Pecrianth of 2 large scales
cuclosing the ovary, which, as the seed ripens, grow out into 2 large woody valves,
more or less hairy, supported before maturity by the tooth of the sheath. Ovary 1-
celled, with 2 pendulous ovules, only one of which develops into a seed. Style short,
dividing into 2 long filiform, garnet-coloured branches. Fr.a woody globose cone, } in.
diam., testa adnate to the walls of the achene, which terminates in a long membranous
wing, albumen 0, embryo straight, radicle superior, cotyledons flat. The cotyledons
rise above the ground, followed by a pair of leaves, and afterwards by several whorls
of four. The tree is monccious, ¢ and ? fl. are sometimes found on the same branch,
but (as often happens with moneecious trees) some trees habitually bear male, others
female fl. only.

In Indian Timbers ed. ii. 665, Mr. Gamble justly states that the importance of the
Casuarina forreclaiming the stretches of sand on the Coromandel coast cannot be over-
estimated. The production of wood is rapid, 250 cub. ft. of wood (15,000 Ib.) per acre
per annum ; moreover, other trees and shrubs come up under its shelter, and it thus
prepares the ground for a more varied forest growth. The wood is very hard, cracks
and splits, but makes excellent fuel.

Orper CVI. BETULACEA. Prantl in Engler u.
Prantl in. 1. 38.

(Cupulifere, tribes I. Betulew, Il. Corylew, Gen. Pl. iii. 403.)

Trees, sometimes shrubs, monecious, with few exceptions deciduous. L.
alternate, usually penninerved, undivided, as a rule serrate, stipules deciduous.
Fl. buds ready formed in autumn, open early in spring, with or before the 1.
é fl. in drooping catkins, anther -cells as a rule distinct. @ fl. in long or short
spikes, 2 or 3 fl. in the axil of one or several bracts. Each fl. consists of a
2-celled ovary, one pendulous ovule in each cell, and 2 long filiform styles,
perianth O or adnate to ovary. Fr. indehiscent, seed one, cotyledons usually
oily, radicle superior, albumen 0. The cotyledons of Corylus remain under-

ground, those of the other genera here described are raised above ground
when germinating.

Most species of Alnus, Carpinus and Corylus have, besides the fine med. rays, others
which may be called compound rays, consisting of a number of fine sometimes broader
rays alternating with elongated parene hymatic cells and wood-fibres. These com-
pound rays run : through the ordinary tissue which is traversed by vessels The wood
fibres as a rule have bordered pits.

622 CVI. BETULACEA | Betula.

A. Stamens 4-12 on cach bract, more or less distinctly arranged in 3 fl., each with
a perianth of 2-4 leaves, anther-cells without tufts of hairs. Ovary without perianth-.
Anther-cells distinct, scales of 9 spikes thin, deciduous 6 . 1. Berura.
Anther-cells distinct or connate, scales of 2 spikes persistent,
woody infr. . 0 9 ° ° 6 9 0 : 5 . 2. ALNUS.
B. One 3-6-androus fl. on each bract without perianth, anther-cells with a tuft of
hairs. A thin perianth adnate to ovary.
Fr. small in drooping spikes, in the axil of large membranous

reticulate bracts . : ‘ ; : : : 6 0 . 38. CARPINUS.
Fr. a large nut enclosed in a thick, cut and lobed, sometimes
spinescent involucre . 0 5 i 5 ° é ° . 4. Corytus.

1. BETULA, Tourn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 599.

Pith oblong, often lobed, med. rays all narrow, of 1-4 rows of cells.
Stamens 4-6, inserted on the stalk or on the inside of the bract and more
or less distinctly arranged into diandrous fl., each with 2 or 4 perianth leaves,
one of which is much larger than the others. Antherson very short filaments,

the 2 cells distinct to the
base. @ fl. in dense cylin-
dric spikes, 3 ovaries in the
axil of a deciduous bract,
which usually is 3-fid. Nuts
winged. Species 24, Northern
hemisphere.

1. B. utilis, Don.—Syn.
B. Bhojpattra, Wall.; B.
Jacquemontti, Spachin Jac-
quemont Voy. Bot. t. 158.
Vern. Bhuj, Burj, Bhuj

‘pattra, N.- West Himal. ;
Shak, pad, Kunawar ; Bhaja
pat, Nep.

A moderate-sized tree, at-
taining at times 60 ft., a
shrub near its upper limit,
bark smooth, with white hori-
zontal lenticels, the outer
bark consisting of numerous
thin papery layers, exfoliat-
ing in broad horizontal rolls,

youngest shoots pubescent.
Fie. 191.—Betula utilis, Don. 4. L. ovate, acuminate, un-
equally serrate, slightly hairy
along midrib and nerves, blade 2-3, pet. $ in. long. Bracts of ¢ fl. nearly
glabrous, anther-cells with a few hairs at the tip. @ spikes solitary, bracts
pubescent, 3-lobed down to the base. Nuts with a narrow wing, bracts in fr.
coriaceous, deeply 3-lobed, broader than the wings of the nut.

Kuram valley, 10-11,000 ft. Himalaya, 10-14,000, in the Punjab as low as 7,000 ft.,
also in the inner arid region. Often gregarious at the upper limit of tree vegetation,
associated with Rhododendron campanulatum, and with an underwood of Rhododendron
Anthopogon,—Mountains of China and Japan. The outer bark is used as paper for
writing and packing, for umbrella covers and for the roofing of houses. 2. B. alnoides,
Ham.—Syn. B. acuminata, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 109; Brandis F. Fl. t. 56; B. nitida,
Don; B. cylindrostachys, Wall. Vern. Sheori, Bash.; Kath bhuj, Jauns.; Sauer,
Garhw., Nepal. Himalaya from the Sutlej eastwards, 5-10,000 ft. Khasi hills.
Manipur. Hills of Upper and Lower Burma above 5,000 ft. At times gregarious in
patches.—China. A moderate-sized tree, wood grey, the outer bark peels off in thick
rolls, the lenticels shorter than in 1, branchlets and underside of young l. softly
pubescent, root-suckers and luxuriant shoots densely tomentose. LL. ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, serrate, teeth cuspidate, often aristate. Bracts of g catkins pubescent,

Betula) CVI. BETULACEA 623:

with 3 diandrous fl. on the midrib, perianth of 4 hairy linear]. ¢ spikes panicled,
nuts with a wing much broader than nut, bracts in fr. membranous, narrower than
the wings of the nut, with 2 obtuse or acute teeth or short lobes.

Gamble, List ed. ii. 79 and Indian Timbers ed. ii. 669, mentions B. cylindrostachys,
Gamble, as a distinct low level species: Darjeeling hills from the Terai to 6,000 ft. A
large tree, 80 to 100 ft. high, bark peeling off in large vertical flakes, wood red, hard,
seasons well, heavier than B. alnoides. This species merits careful study.

2. ALNUS, Gertn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 600.

Pith similar to Betula, med. rays in most species of two classes, a few
compound with numerous narrow rays. LL. on the underside often with tufts
of hairs in the axils of the sec.n. 4 catkins pendulous, usually 12 stamens
in the axil of a membranous bract, more or less distinctly arranged in 3
tetrandrous fl., the stamens opposite to the 4 1. of the perianth, filaments.
usually short, anther-cells distinct or more or less connate, 2 spikes short
erect, 2 ovaries in the axil of the bract, each ovary with 2 bracteoles. Fruit
a small cone, bracts and bracteoles coalescing and becoming woody, covering
the small erustaceous 1-seeded nuts. Species 15, Northern temperate zone.

1. A. nepalensis, Don; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t.131. Vern. Piak, Chamba; Kuntz, Ni,
Newn, Bash.; Kunis, Garhw.; Utis, Kumaon, Nepal. Himalaya 3-9,000 ft., from the
Ravi eastwards. Khasi hills. Upper Burma 6,000 ft. Yunnan. A large tree, bark
smooth, silvery-grey, branchlets glabrous. L. elliptic, entire or slightly denticulate,
blade 3-8, pet. 4-# in., sec. n. 10-18 pair. Anther-cellsconnate. Cones nearly cylindrie,
4-1 in. long, in lateral panicles. Nut with a narrow somewhat irregular membranous
wing. 2. A. nitida, Endl.; Brandis F. Fl. t.57. Vern. Shardl, Haz.; Koish, Kulu;
Kunsh, Bash.; Utis, Kunis, Hind. North-West Himalaya, extending eastwards to the
Jumna, usually at low elevations, fringing the banks of rivers, not uncommonly
descending with them some distance into the plains, in places, however, ascending to
9,000 ft. On the Sutlej common in the dry region of Kunawar as far as Spui on the
right and Namgia on the left bank. A large tree, bark blackish, with thin quadrangular
scales, branchlets and petioles pubescent. L. glabrous, thinly coriaceous, elliptic-ovate,
entire or obscurely crenate, blade 4-6, pet. 1 in. Anther-cells nearly distinct. Cones
#-1} in. long, three to five in erect lateral racemes, nut with a narrow thickened edge.

3. CARPINUS, Tourn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 625.

Pith oblong, usually 6-sided, leaf-buds elongated, protected by imbricating
scales, 1. membranous, serrate. ¢ catkins lateral, sessile, drooping. In the
axil of a broad-ovate scale 3-6 stamens on short filaments, anther-cells distinct,
shortly stipitate. 9 spikes terminal, pairs of fl. in the axils of deciduous
bracts, each fl. supported by a persistent often 3-lobed inner bract or involucre,
which in fr. is much enlarged, prominently veined and reticulate. Perianth
adnate to ovary, limb dentate. Species 12, Northern hemisphere.

1. C. viminea, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 106. Vern. Lolti, Kosh, Bash. ; Kangei, Shinroi,
Shangri, Jaunsar; Phamnai, Kumaon. Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft., from the Chenab east-
wards. Khasi hills. Mogok, Upper Burma, 4,000 ft. Hills between Sitang and
Salween rivers, 8,500-6,000 ft., common near streams on the Upper Yunzalin (D. B.
March 1880). Yunnan. A moderate-sized tree, stems fluted, bark of young trees
whitish, smooth, of old trees grey with darker streaks, branches verrucose. L. glabrous,
ovate-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, the serratures serrulate on the outside, blade 8-5,
pet. slender, often hairy, #-4 in., sec. n. 10-12 pair. ¢ bracts ribbed, shining, but
ciliate along the edge, anther-cells with a tuft of long hairs at the tip. Fruiting
bracts lanceolate, unequal-sided, more or less serrate, often with a lobe near base. 2.
C. faginea, Lindl.; Brandis F. I'l. t. 66. On the Bias, 4-5,500 ft. in the Sutlej, Upper
‘Tons and Rupin valleys, 6-7,000 ft. Kumaon. Bhutan.—China. A moderate-sized
tree, branchlets, young |. and petioles clothed with soft silky hairs, 1. thinly mem-
branous elongate-elliptic, acuminate, serratures cuspidate, blade 3 pet. 4-} in,
sec. n. 12-16 pair. Fruiting bracts thinly membranous, serrate, very unequal-sided,
almost faleate, basal nerves 5-9.

624 CIV. BETULACEE [Corylus
4. CORYLUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 625.

Pith more or less circular, buds with imbricate scales, branchlets and
petioles often with glandular hairs, 1. serrate, basal n. 3-5. ¢ catkins hairy,
drooping, fascicled or 2-3 on a common peduncle, stamens 4 attached on the
inside of a broad bract, supported by 2 bracteoles, which are half or more
than half adnate to the bract, filaments either with 2 contiguous but distinct
anther-cells, or more or less irregularly bifurcating, each arm bearing an’
anther-cell, tufts of hairs at the apex of anther-cells. Q spikes small, lateral,
sessile, ovoid, bud-like, consisting of numerous imbricate bracts, the fl. in
pairs in the axils of a few of the uppermost bracts. Perianth adnate to the
ovary, minutely toothed, soon obliterated. Each fl. surrounded by 2 or more
minute scales (involucre), which enlarge in fr. and form a leafy usually lobed
sheath, the lobes sometimes spinescent. Nut hard, woody or bony. The thick
oily cotyledons remain underground in the fr. when germinating. Species 7,
Northern hemisphere.

1. C. Colurna, Linn.—Syn. C. Jacquemontii, Dene. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 160; C. lacera,
Wall. Vern. Thangi, Thangoli, Pangi; Shurli, Sharoli, Bandilla, Bash. ; Kapasi, Jauns.
North-West Himalaya, 5—10,000 ft., in places gregarious and sometimes associated with
Parrotia, On the Sutlej as far as Pangi on the right and Poari on the left bank.—
South-East Europe and Asia Minor. China. A moderate-sized tree, the scales of the
bark often detaching themselves at the base and exfoliating upwards, buds short, nearly
hemispherical. L. glabrous when mature, obovate, shortly acuminate, base cordate,
vunequally serrate, and often slightly lobed, blade 5-6, pet. 1-14 in. ¢ bracts obovate,
acute, bearing along the midrib 8 one-celled anthers on short more or less connate
filaments. Fr. usually in clusters, involucre coriaceous, cleft into linear-lanceolate
lobes with glandular hairs, much longer than nuts, supported by large laciniate bracts.
2. ©. ferox, Wall. Pl. As. Rar, t. 87. Nepal. Sikkim 8-10,000 ft.—China (var. thibetica),
A small tree, buds silky, elongated. L. ovate-lanceolate, serratures cuspidate,
amnequal, blade 4-5, pet. in. long, hairy. ¢ scales bearing at their base 4 subsessile
stamens, each with 2 distinct contiguous anther-cells. Fr. in clusters of 3-6, involucre
villous, thick, almost fleshy, lobes pinnatifid, the segments terminating in slender
spines 4 in. long.

Orver CVIT. FAGACEA. Prantlin Engler u. Prantl ii. 1. 47.
(Cupulifere, tribe ili. Quercinee, Gen. Pl. ii. 403.)

Moncecious trees, rarely shrubs, 1. alternate, simple, but often deeply lobed,
penninerved, stipules deciduous. ¢ fi. in drooping catkins.or in erect spikes,
anther-cells not separate. @ fl. in spikes, each fl. or group of 2-3 fl. enclosed
in an involucre of numerous bracts, coalescing in fr. Perianth adnate to the
ovary, limb minutely toothed. Ovary more or less completely 3-6-celled,
ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous. Nuts indehiscent, one or several supported
by or enclosed in the enlarged coriaceous, crustaceous or woody involucre, the
rudiments of the abortive ovules at the base or at the apex of the seed.
Pericarp coriaceous or woody, cotyledons thick fleshy, albumen 0.

Ovary 3-celled.
One @ fl. in each involucre, nuts supported by a cup or

enclosed in an involucre not clothed with hard spines . 1. QuERcus.
Usually 2-8 ¢ fl. in each inyolucre, nuts enclosed in the
enlarged inyolucre, which usually is spinous . : . 2. CasTanopsts.

Ovary 6-celled. ;
Usually 3 @ fl. in each involucre, nuts enclosed in the
enlarged 2-4-valved spinous involucre . 0 0 3 Castanea (p. 635),

1. QUERCUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 600.
(Pasania and Quercus, Prantl in Engler u. Prantl iii. 1. 55.)

Trees, rarely shrubs, pith in most species pentagonal, the angles often
projecting. Med. rays of two classes, broad or very broad and narrow.

Quercus) CVII. FAGACEA 625

Several species of Sect. Pasania: lappacea, acuminata, pachyphylla and
Jenestrata have uniform very fine rays, numerous and equidistant. Wavy
soft, more or less concentric bands of wood-parenchyma (often very narrow)
in most species. Wood-fibres with bordered pits. ¢ fl. in drooping catkins
or erect spikes, perianth of 3-8 segments, more or less connate at the base,
stamens as many as or twice the number of segments, a rudimentary ovary in
some species. ¢ fl. on erect axillary, often very short spikes, each fl., or in
a few species a pair of fl., in an involucre of numerous bracts or scales, which
in fr. coalesce and form a cup or a bag entirely enclosing the nut and are often
connate into concentric belts. Ovary 3-celled, styles. 3, stigmatose on the
inner surface or at the apex only, often red. Coty ‘ledons thick fleshy, remain
underground when germinating, starch as a rule the reserve substance.
Species about 300, Europe, Mediterranean region, Asia, North America.
Thitcha, Burm. and in Upper Burma Zagat and Metlein are used indis-
criminately for several species.

Sect. i. Lepidobalanus. Spikes unisexual, ¢ simple, lax, mostly pendulous,
deciduous, usually fascicled. Fruiting spikes short, often with 1 or 2 acorns
only, rachis softly hairy, not ribbed. Cup hemispherical, bracts imbricate,
tips free. lL. usually serrate or lobed.

A. Mature 1. hairy or tomentose beneath.

1. Q. semecarpifolia, Smith; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 174; Brandis F. Fl.
t. 64; King in Ann. Gard. Cale. ii. t. 154; Collett Simla Fl. 474, fig. 152.
Vern. Banjar, Haz.; Kharshu, Hind.; Maru, Kreo, Chamba; Ithor, Bash.

A large gregarious tree, sometimes leafless for a few weeks in spring, bark
dark grey, cut by shallow cracks into small more or less 4-sided scales, shoots
and young 1. softly rusty-tomentose. LL. rigidly coriaceous, glabrous and dark
green above, generally hairy on the underside, entire or (on young trees always)
dentate with long spinescent teeth, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, blade 2-5 in., pet.
very short, sec. n. generally bifurcating and branching. ¢ catkins fascicled,
2-6 in. long, perianth-segments obtuse, ciliate. 2 spikes short, few-fld., styles
3-5 linear, recurved. Fr. usually solitary, on the previous year’s wood, glabrous,
1 in. diam., black when ripe, base enclosed by the thin concave cup.

Kuram valley 9-11,000 ft. Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft., occasionally descending to 6,500
and ascending to 12,000 ft. East Maniptr on the Burma frontier, 8-10,000 ft.—China.
New l. and fl. April-June. The fr. ripens Aug.—Sept. of the next year, 15 months after
flowering. Seeds profusely every second year, but a few trees here and there bear
acorns every year. Trees that bear acorns do not shed |. that year, whereas those
which produce ¢ fl. are generally leafless by the middle of May (Kanjilal 338). 2. Q
Tiex, Linn.; King Ann. ii. t. 17.—Syn. Q. Baloot, Griff. Vern. Balat, Afg.; Breh, Kun.
Kuram valley 6 6,500-9,000 ft..common. Hills north of the Peshawar valley at 3,500 ft.
Chitral, 6-8,000 ft. Arid valleys of the inner Himalaya, on the upper Jhelam, Chenab,
Ravi and Sutlej, 3-8,500 ft. In the Sutlej valley the lower limit: Chergaon and Panwi,
the upper: Teling and Purbni.—Mediterranean region. Afghanistan. A middle-sized
evergreen tree, often only a shrub, branchlets, petioles and underside of 1. densely grey-
pubescent with stellate hairs. L. coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, entire or with
large spinescent teeth, blade 2-8 in. long, pet. short, sec. n. not prominent. Anthers
hairy. Acorns 2-3 on a peduncle 1-2 in. long, nuts at first nearly enclosed in the
cup, scales hoary, closely appressed. Gamble, p.672, mentions a tree from the Chumbi
valley which, he thinks, may possibly be this species.

3. Q. Griffithii, Hook. f. & Thoms. ; King Ann. ii.t.18. Thitcha, Lower,
Metlein, Upper Burma.

A iarge deciduous gregarious tree, bark silvery grey, branchlets and young
]. pale-, “often rusty-tomentose. 1. coriaceous, underside usually pubescent,
obovate or oblanceolate, blade 6-9, pet. }-} in., stout, sec. n. 14-18 pair,
prominent, nearly straight, terminating in large tr feats serratures. Ir.
solitary or in short spikes, cup hemispher ical, } 4 in. “diam., scales closely
appressed, nut 4—% in. long, nearly cylindric. ;

Bhutan. Khasi and Naga hills. Manipir. Hills of Upper Burma, east of the
Trawadi. Hills between the Sitang and the Salween, south as far as Lomatee, common

ss

626 CVII. FAGACEA [Quercus

on the upper Yunzalin at about 3,000 ft. FI. Oct.-March. Wood similar to that of
Quercus sessilifiora. Remarkable galls on the branches, consisting of densely packed
subulate scales, up to 14 in. long. Var. oblonga, Khasi and Naga hills, has nearly
entire 1. @. aliena, Blume, of Japan and several other sp. of Japan and China will
probably eventually be united with this sp.

4. Q. incana, Roxb.; King Ann. ii. t. 20; Collett Simla FI. 475, fig. 154.
Vern. Rhin, Haz.; Shiddar, Kashm.; Ban, Banj, Hind.

A middle-sized or large evergreen gregarious tree, foliage grey, branchlets,
petioles and underside of 1. white-tomentose. IL. coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate,
serrate, teeth sharp, mucronate, base acute, blade 3-6, pet. 4 in., stipules
linear, scarious, $ in. long, early caducous. Catkins hairy, bracts obtuse,
scarious, perianth of 4-5 short unequal segments, anthers glabrous. Fr.
mostly solitary, ripe nuts ovoid-conical, 1 in. long, half enclosed in the rough
woody cup.

Outer North-West Himalaya, eastwards as far as Nepal, 4-8,000 ft., occasionally lower
(Mothronwala swamp, in the Dun 1,900 ft.). Generally associated with Rhododendron
arboreum and Andromeda. The Deodar, often self-sown, readily comes up under its
shade. Leaves renewed in March and April, the young foliage coming out with a lilae
and purple tinge. FI. about the same time, but occasionally irregularities occur ;
thus at Simla the Ban flowered abundantly in July 1902. Fr. in autumn, 15-17
months after fl. Coppices freely. Wood splits and warps, but makes excellent fuel,
bark rich in tannin. 5. Q.lanuginosa, Don; King Ann. ii. t.19. Kumaon, 4-8,000 ft.,
gregarious in patches, often associated with Q.incana. Nepal. Bhutan. Vern. Ranj,
Rianj, Rai ban), Ku-
maon ; Banga, Nep. A
large evergreen tree,
branchlets and under-
"i side of 1. densely
K/¥ clothed with rufous or

tawny wool. L. cori-
aceous, upper surface
rugose, midrib often
hairy, serratures dis-
tant, blade 4-8, pet. 4-1
in.long. Fr. solitary
or in short spikes, cup
4 in. across, scales

thin, appressed, nut
woolly with a short
cylindric umbo.

B. Leaves glab-
rous when mature.

6. Q. serrata,
Thunb.; King Ann.
iit. 16. A middle-
sized straight-stem-
med deciduous tree,
annual rings con-
A spicuous by numer-
q ous very large pores
in the spring wood,
concentric bands of
wood - parenchyma
obscure. Youngest
shoots and young 1.
clothed with soft
hairs, |. thinly cori-
aceous, glabrous
when mature, shin-
ing, lanceolate or
elliptic - lanceolate,

Fig. 192.—Quercus serrata, Thunb. 4. blade 5-7, pet. 1-1

hh,
YMflte fP0

MM ipiiyya

Quercus] CVII. FAGACE# 627

in. long, slender, sec. n. straight 10-20 pair, each nerve terminating in a
sharp serrature, up to } in. long. Fr. on the previous year’s wood, nearly
sessile, cup 1} in. diam., scales spreading, hoary, up to } in. long, nut shin-
ing, globose to cylindric, }-1 in. diam.

Himalaya, from Kumaon eastwards, 3-8,000 ft. Khasi hills. Manipir. Shan hills,
Upper Burma. Fl. March-May.—China. Japan. Korea. One of the species of Oak
on which the Yamamai silkworm in Japan is raised. 7. Q dilatata, Lindley; Royle
Ill. t. 84 fig. 2; King Ann. ii. t. 15; Collett Simla F). 474 fig. 153. Vern. Barungi,
Haz.; Moru, Punj. Hind.; Tilonj,Garhw. Kuram valley, 7-8,500 ft. N.W. Himalaya,
5-9,000 ft.,in the zone below that of Q. semecarpifolia, often associated with the Hima-
layan Spruce and Silver fir. In Kunawar as far as JaniAfghanistan. A large
tree, nearly evergreen, bark dark, peeling off in longitudinal scales. Compound
med. rays, similar to Corylus. Youngest shoots nearly glabrous. L. glabrous,
shining, coriaceous, entire or with sharp spinescent teeth, blade 2-3, pet. } in-
3 catkins fascicled, 9? spikes short. Fr. mostly solitary, nearly sessile, the
lower half enclosed in the cup 4 in. across, scales closely appressed. Fl. April,
May, fr. C. S., 16-18 months after fl. 8. Q calathiformis, Skan in Journ. Linn~
Soc. xxvi. 508. Vern. Naba, Burm. Ruby Mines district, Upper Burma, 4-5,000 ft.—
Yunnan 4-6,000 ft. A shrub or small tree, branchlets ridged and furrowed with a few
minute stellate hairs. L. thinly coriaceous, obtusely serrate or crenate, elongate-
elliptic, blade 4-8, pet. } in., upperside shining, underside pale, sec. n. slightly arching,
15-20 pair. 4 spikes from the axils of the uppermost l., often branching, 2-9 in. long,
rachis ribbed, glabrous, with a few very minute stellate hairs, 6-8 fl. in compact
oblong clusters, in the axils of small bracts. Stamens glabrous, surrounding a hairy
pistillode. Acorns sessile, solitary on spikes 4-6 in. long, cup pubescent hemispheric,
} in. across, nut ovoid-cylindric # in. long. Differs from the other species of Lepido-
balanus by the rachis of the ¢ spikes being ribbed, nearly glabrous, not softly hairy,
and by the rudimentary ovary.

Sect. ii. Cyclobalanopsis. Male spikes as in i. Cup hemispheric or cam-
panulate, bracts connate into concentric belts (lamellz). L. more or less serrate.

A. Mature nut exserted, less than half enclosed in the cup.

9. Q. semiserrata, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 211; King Ann. ii. t. 22.
Thitcha, Lower; Zagat, Upper Burma.

A middle-sized evergreen tree, youngest shoots and |. clothed with soft
deciduous tomentum. L. coriaceous, glabrous when mature, elliptic-lanceolate,
upper portion serrate, lower entire, blade 5-10, pet. 1 in. long, sec. n. straight,
faintly anastomosing close under the edge. Fr. on short thick stalks, solitary
or in pairs, cup 14 in. across, belts 5-8, thick, velvety, enclosing one-third of
the nut, which is cylindric-ovoid, 1} in. long.

Assam. Garo and Khasi hills. Cachar. Manipir. Burma, Upper and Lower,
often in Eng forest. Fl.H.S. Var. Mannii. Assam. Khasi hills. L. with a long
cuneate base, cup with the edge densely velvety and turned over.

10. Q. glauca, Thunb. (1784); King Ann. ii. t. 23; Collett Simla Fl. 475
fig. 155.—Syn. Q. annulata, Smith (1819); Brandis F. Fl. t. 65. Vern.
Barin, Haz.; Banni, Hind. ; Phanat, Kum.; Phalat, Nep.

A large evergreen tree, leaf-buds usually 4-sided, youngest shoots silky.
L. thinly coriaceous, on the underside glaucous and often minutely pubescent
with appressed hairs, upperside and petiole glabrous, blade 3-6 in., upper half
sharply serrate, base entire, sec. n. 12-18 pair, straight, excurrent into the serra-
tures, tert. n. slender, parallel, pet. slender, }—} in. long. Bracts of ¢ catkins
long, early deciduous. Fr. sessile, on axillary, short, often only 1-fruited
spikes, cups hemispheric, belts thin, thinly silky, crenate, often divided into
broad truncate teeth, nut ovoid, apiculate, shining, 4-3 in. long.

Valleys of the outer Himalaya, ascending to 6,000 ft. Coppice woods of this and
of Q. incana, with standards of A/bizzia stipulata in the Kangra valley. Khasi hills.
Fl. March-June. Fr. 15-17 months after fl—China. Closely allied: 11. Q lineata,
Bl. (1825) ; King Ann. ii. tt. 26,27. Eastern Himalaya from Nepal eastwards 6-9,000 ft.,
common near Darjeeling. Khasi and Naga hills. Arakan. Hills of Upper Burma.—
Mal. Archip. China. L. often tomentose beneath, sec. n. 15-20 pair. Nut hemi-
spheric, often broader than long. ‘The foll. Indian varieties of Q. lineata are described
by King in Ann. ii. 83: Oxyodon, Lobbi, Griffithii, Thomsoniana, Hilldebrandi.

628 CVII. FAGACEA [Quercus

B. Half the mature nut enclosed in the cup.

12. Q. Brandisiana, Kurz; King Ann. II. t.25 A. Shan hills, Upper Burma. Hills
east of Toungoo, in hill Eng forest. Donat range 2-5,000 ft. Tenasserim. A

Fic. 193.— Quercus semiserrata, Roxb. 4.

middle-sized evergreen tree, young shoots thinly pubescent, 1. rigidly coriaceous,
glabrous when mature, from elliptic to obovate, undulate, or with a few shallow
serratures, blade 4-7, pet. 1-14 in. long, sec. n. straight, 10-12 pair, midrib, sec. n.
and often tert. n. prominent on the under and impressed on the upperside. Fr. on
spikes 2-3 in. long, cup softly velvety within and without, shallow, 4-2 in. across, nut
nearly globose, apiculate. 13. Q. velutina, Lindl. Chittagong hill tracts. Pegu, fre-
quent in Eng forest. A large tree, young shoots rusty-tomentose, l. ‘serrulate near
apex,{nearly glabrous, thin, lanceolate, blade 5-8, pet. 4 in., sec. n. slender curved, 10-
14 pair. Cup densely tomentose, 1} in. across, lamelle crenate, nut depressed, velvety.
14. Q. xanthoclada, Drake in Journal de Botanique 1890, 149, t. iii. fig. 1. Wuntho
district, Upper Burma, 1,500 ft. (Dowaing, Burm.).—Tonkin. A large tree, branchlets,
petioles and axillary buds tawny-tomentose. lL. coriaceous, minutely serrate near
the apex, elliptic, blade 4-6, pet. slender 1 in. long, upperside glabrous, underside
glaucous with scattered thin hairs, sec. n. 10-12 pair. Cup densely fulvous-velvety,
1-14 in. across. 15. Q. Helferiana, A. DC —King Ann. II. t.25 B. Manipur. Ruby
Mines and other hills of Upper Burma east of the Irawadi, also hills east of Toungoo
and on headwaters of Yunzalin 3-5,000 ft. A large tree, stunted in exposed situa-
tions, branchlets and underside of leaves densely tawny-tomentose, ]. coriaceous,
glabrous above, except midrib, sec. n. 10-14 pair, impressed above, prominent be-
neath. Fr. on spikes 2 in. long, peduncle stout, cup almost flat, the edge incurved,
1 in. across, lamelle 8, very regular, denticulate, nut velvety, depressed, hemi-
spheric. This might perhaps be included under A.

©. More than half the nut enclosed in the cup.

Quercus] CVII. FAGACE 629

16. Q. lamellosa, Smith; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 149; Hook. f. Ill. Himal.
Pl. t. 20; King Ann. ii. t. 30. Vern. Shalshi, Budgrat, Nep.: Bik, Lepcha.

A very large evergreen tree, wood very hard and heavy. Buds silky, young
shoots with tawny deciduous pubescence. L. elongate-elliptic, acute at both
ends, sharply serrate to near the base, upperside glabrous, underside glaucous,
with deciduous pubescence while young, blade 8-18, pet. 1-2 in. long, sec. n.
18-25 pair, straight, impressed on the upper, very prominent on the under-
side. Fr. sessile on short spikes, peduncles thick, cup very large, up to 3 in.
across, woody, with 10 thin broad loose lamelle, enclosing the greater part of
the nut.

Nepal. Sikkim, 6-9,000 ft. Bhutan. Manipnr, 7-9,000 ft. Fl. April, May.
17. Q. mespilifolia, Wall.; King Ann. ii. t. 28. Manipur. Hills of Upper Burma.
Pegu. Martaban. Young shoots tawny-tomentose, |. elongate-elliptic, obtusely
serrate to near the base, deciduously velvety, upperside glabrous when mature, blade
4-8, pet. 4-1 in. Cup deep, enclosing more than half the nut, lamellae numerous, more
or less denticulate, nut depressed globose. 18. Q. oidocarpa, Korth.; King Ann. II.
t.21 A. Tenasserim (?). Malay Penins. <A tall tree, 1. glabrous, elliptic-lanceolate,
the upper fourth serrate, blade 3-7, pet. slender 4-1in., sec, n. 10 pair, arching. Cup
deep, covering 4—$ of the nut, lamelle pubescent, appressed, more or less crenate, nut
ovoid, 1} in. Jong.

Sect. iii. Pasania. Male spikes stout, erect, usually in terminal panicles,
rachis more or less persistent. Female involucres mostly in clusters of three,
often at the base of male spikes. Fruiting spikes usually long. Cups hemis-
pheric or ovoid, bracts imbricate. LL. entire, edge undulate in Q. Lindleyana.

A. Of the mature nut half or less enclosed in the cup.

19. Q. spicata, Smith; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 46.—Syn. Q. squamata,
Roxb. ; Wight Ic. t. 213. Vern. Arkauia, Nep.; Bara chakma, Beng.

A large or middle-sized evergreen tree, glabrous excepting the hairy ¢ spikes.
L. shining, variable in shape. ¢ spikes hairy, stout, 2-8 in. long, usually in
dense terminal panicles, fl. closely packed in oblong woolly clusters in the axils
of acuminate bracts. Fr. more or less confluent in clusters of 3-6, on stout
divergent spikes, 3-9 in. long, cup }-1 in. across, embracing one-third part of
the shining nut, scales more or less confluent, tips usually free. Nut adnate to
the cup with the circular base only. ;

Eastern Himalaya, from Nepal eastwards, 2-5,000 ft. Assam. Khasi and Naga
hills. Manipir. Fl. at different times, Sept. to May. Fr. ripens in autumn of the
following year.—China. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Bangka.

Two principal forms may be distinguished: (a) spicate proper. King Ann. II. t. 41
1. coriaceous, from elliptic to obovate, lower part usually narrowed towards the rounded
or cordate base, blade 5-12, pet. 0-3} in., sec. n. prominent, nut globose, often de-
pressed. (b) Collettii (Chittagonga). Ann. II. t. 42. 1. thinly coriaceous, lanceolate
or elliptic-lanceolate, narrowed to both ends, blade 3-8, pet. 4-} in., sec. n. mostly
slender, nut ovoid. Regarding the distribution of these 2 forms in Chittagong and
Burma, the following may be mentioned: (a) spicata: Upper Burma, hills east of the
Trawadi, 2-5,000 ft, (Ywetchan, Burm.). Martaban and Tenasserim, sometimes in
Eng forest. (b) Collettii: Chittagong. Upper Burma, hills west of the Irawadi,
1-2,000 ft. (Zagat, Zagat pyaung, Burm.). Hills east of the Irawadi, 3-7,500 ft.
(Thit-e, Burm.; Wadun-pun, Kachin). 'Tenasserim. These two forms merit careful
study in the forest, chiefly in regard to their biological characters. They may prove
to be distinet species, analogous to the European Quercus sessiliflora and pedunculata.

20. Q. Lindleyana, Wall.; King Ann. ii. t. 55. Hills of Upper Burma, east of the
Trawadi river. A middle-sized tree, branchlets, petioles, underside of 1., upperside
of midrib, and sometimes the entire upper surface, softly grey- or tawny-tomentose, 1.
thickly coriaceous, obovate, edge undulate, blade 6-9, pet. stout } in., sec. n. 10-15 pair,
as also tertiary n. impressed on the upper surface. Male spikes softly tomentose,
axillary and in large terminal panicles. Fr. connate in clusters of 8-6, on spikes
8-12 in. long, peduncle stout and woody, cup enclosing one-fourth of the nut, which
is cylindric-conic, indistinctly angular. 21. Q lappacea, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 220;
King Ann. ii. t. 88. Assam. Khasi hills. Tenasserim, near the great falls of the
Salween, in evergreen forest (D. B. April 1859).—Malay Penins. A middle-sized tree,
branchlets rusty-tomentose. L. hairy along midrib and neryes, elongate-elliptie,
acuminate, sec. n. 12-18 pair, anastomosing under the margin, blade 5-9, pet. } in.

630 CVII. FAGACEA [Quercus

$ spikes softly tomentose as long as l., filaments long. Fr. 2-6 on spikes 2-5 in. long,
cup enclosing the base of the nut, bracts hairy, long-acuminate, appressed and spread-
ing, nut ovoid-conic, velvety. 22. Q. acuminata, Roxb. Chittagong Hill tracts. Donat

Fic. 194. Quercus spicata, Smith. 4.

pass, Tenasserim (D. B. April 1859). Similar to 21, but entirely glabrous, 1. on
both sides shining, cup hemispheric, velvety, bracts confluent, tips free. Nut broad-
ovoid with a flat base.

23. Q. polystachya, Wall.; King Ann. ii. t. 44. Manipur. Hills of Upper Burma,
1,500-5,000 ft. Martaban hills near Lomatee. A middle-sized tree, 1. glabrous, glau-
cous beneath, elongate elliptic, narrowed to both ends, blade 4-7, pet.4-l in. 6 spikes
in large terminal panicles. Fr. 2-3 together, often with small abortive acorns, in
shortly stalked clusters, cups shallow, } in. across, nuts ovoid, shining. 24. Q,
Amherstiana, Wall.; King Ann. ii. t. 32a. Pegu Yoma, near streams or in evergreen
forest. Bithoko range, near Hatgyi 2,000 ft., Martaban (D. B. 1859). Ambherst. A
large evergreen tree, entirely glabrous, J. thinly coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, blade 6-12, narrowed into pet. 4-3 in., sec. n. slender. Spikes 6-9
in. long, fr. solitary or in groups, cup embracing lower half of nut, edge thick, reflexed,
bracts indistinct, nut ellipsoid with rounded ends, 1} in. long. 25. Q. Falconeri,
Kurz; King Ann. ii. t. 34. Tenasserim. Similar to 24, 1. shining, coriaceous, oblong-
lanceolate, blade 12-18, pet. stout, } in., sec. n. arching, impressed above, prominent

Quercus] CVII. FAGACEA 631

beneath anastomosing near the edge. Cupshallow, edge thin, undulating, much wider
than nut, bracts distinct. Nutmearly globose, ~ in. diam.

B. More than half the mature nut enclosed in the cup.

26. Q. pachyphylla, Kurz; King Ann. ii. t. 38. Vern. Sungre Katis,
Nep.

A large tree, 1. elliptic-lanceolate, long-acuminate, ¢labrous above, underside
pale, with minute stellate hairs, midrib and nerves glabrous, blade 5-8, pet.
} in., sec. n. 8-10 pair, impressed above, arching and anastomosing under the
margin. Spikes sometimes androgynous. Cups 1}-2 in. across, always con-

Pic. 195.—Quereus pachyphylla, Kurz. 3.

fluent, forming large irregularly shaped masses, nuts glabrous shining, nearly
’ 5 5 “5 y 12 oe) oon 5 3
globose, almost entirely included. Var. frwticosa, Manipur, a shrub or small
tree, 1. smaller, upper portion of nuts free.
? ’

Sikkim, 6-10,000 ft. common on the Singalila range. Maniptir 8,000-9,500 ft. 27.
Q. magnifica, sp. nova. Kachin hills east of Bhamo. Southern Shan States 5,200 ft.,
in evergreen forest (Maiman pau-wau, Shan. Montague Hill, Oct.1903). A large tree,
l. entire, glabrous, rigidly coriaceous, elongate-elliptic, blade 6-9, pet. 1 in. long,
upperside shining, underside dull, sec. n. 10-12 pair, prominent. Fr. on stout woody
spikes 83-7 in. long, clustered, but cups hardly confluent, cups enclosing 3 of the nut,
leaving a circular mouth open, walls woody, § in. thick, bracts thick, hard, triangular,
acuminate. Nut globose, lower half rough, upper half polished, pericarp woody, in
the upper half 4, in the lower half 4 in. thick. Cotyledons thick fleshy, plano-convex.
Several other species have an unusually thick pericarp: Q. Rex and Fordiana, Hemsl.,
of China, and @. cornea, Lour., of China and Tonkin. These 8 species have lobed coty-
ledons, like the Walnut. The acorns mentioned under Q. Jenkinsiana, Benth., in F 1.
Brit. Ind. v. 618 also have a very thick-walled nut. They however belong to Sect. v.,
the nut is entirely included in an ovoid involucre 2 in. long, tips of bracts large,
pyramidal. @Q. pulchra, King Ann. ii. t. 81, Borneo, differs from 27 by the flat, not
shining top of the nut; Q. spicata, Smith, by smaller confluent cups, and the nut
adhering to the cup with its circular base only, pericarp ;y in. thick; Q. pachyphylla,
Kurz, has acorns as large but they are confluent, the base only of the nut is rough,
while the greater part is polished, the pericarp in this portion being 4 in. thick.

682 CVII. FAGACEA [Quercus

28. Q. fenestrata, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t. 219; King Ann. ii. t. 39. Vern. Patlé Katus,
Nep. Sikkim, 5-8,000 ft. Khasi hills. Manipur. Upper Burma, east of the Irawadi,
ascending to 5,000 ft. Martaban and Tenasserim, not known from Pegu. A middle-
sized or large tree, young shoots often with deciduous hairs. LL. coriaceous, lanceolate,
blade 6-9, narrowed into pet. 4-3 in. long, upperside glabrous, underside often clothed
with a dense felt of very minute stellate hairs, sec.n. 10-16 pair. 6 spikes grey-
pubescent, in dense terminal panicles, bracts long acuminate, deciduous. 9 spikes
long, generally branching. Fr.crowded, but not confluent, cup # in. diam., crustaceous,
usually thin, enclosing # or more of the mature nut, scales connate, apex free, tri-
angular, acuminate, nut globose, polished, pericarp yz, in. thick. This somewhat
variable species merits careful study in the forests. One form with 1. up to 12 in. long
at 4,000 ft. in the southern Shan States (Mailon, Shan, Mont. Hill, Oct. 1903). Another
with J. thinly coriaceous, 5-6 in. long, grey beneath, tert. n. conspicuous, cup almost
closed, very thin, as wellas pericarp, in the hills east of Bhamo 38,000 ft. (Let shap pun,
Kachin, Mont. Hill, Feb. 1902), also in the Ruby Mines district. 29. Q. dealbata, Hook.
fil. & Thoms. ; King Ann. ii.t.40. Bhutan. Khasi hills (Kasning). Maniptr. A shrub
or small tree, similar to 28, branchlets and underside of 1. minutely tomentose, 1.
smaller, sec. n. 8-12 pair, cup and nut hoary.

Sect. iv. Cyclobalanus. Male spikes stiff, erect. Bracts of cup connate
into concentric ridges or belts. LL. entire.

30. Q. Thomsoni, Miquel; King Ann. ii.t. 69a.—Syn. Q. turbinata. Roxb.; Wight Ic. t.
221. Khasi hills. Chittagong (Roxb.). Hills east of Bhamo, 6,000 ft., in evergreen
forest (Wami pun, Kachin). Hmangin, west of the Irawadi 1,500-2,000 ft. (Zagat
Wunbyu, Burm.). Bithoko range near Hatgyi,3,000ft. A large tree, |. thinly coriaceous,
apperside glabrous, underside grey or silvery with very fine stellate hairs, lanceolate,
blade 5-8, narrowed into pet. 4-3 in. long. Fr. tightly packed in clusters of 3-12, cup
thin, shallow, 3-1 in. across, nuts depressed, grey, velvety. 381. Q. eumorpha, Kurz ;
King Ann. ii. t. 54b. Martaban and Tenasserim hills: Nattaung, 6-7,000 ft., in
stunted hill forest. Mooleyit 6,500 ft. A small evergreen glabrous tree, |. elliptic-
lanceolate, margin undulate, blade 3-4, pet. 3-3 in., sec. n. slender. Cup velvety, # in.
across, concentric belts more or less distinct. ¢ fl. unknown.

Sect. v. Chlamydobalanus and vi. Lithocarpus. Male spikes erect, stiff.
Involucre ovoid or globose, enclosing the whole nut, marked on the outside
with concentric belts or densely clothed with acuminate scales, tip sometimes
free. lL. quite entire.

A. Involucre with concentric belts and a few scales or tubercles.

32. Q. lanceefolia, Roxb.; Wight Ic. t.212; King Ann. ii. t. 74. Vern. Patlé Katus
Nep. Subhimalayan tract from Sikkim eastwards, ascends to 5,000 ft. Assam.
Khasi hills. Chittagong. Shan hills 5,000 ft. A small evergreen tree, fine med.
rays numerous and equidistant, broad rays very few. Branchlets and |. glabrous,
l. pale beneath, lanceolate, blade 5-8, pet. 3-2 in. Female spikes hairy, involucres
mostly solitary. Acorns 5-10, distant on spikes 4-7 in. long, on short thick stalks,
involucre thin, enveloping the whole nut, marked outside with 4-6 wavy rings
(tuberculate in var. senicristata). Nut silky, obliquely-ovoid. 33. Q. truncata,
King Ann. ii. t. 80. Naga hills. Manipur. Upper Burma, hills east of the
Trawadi river 4-6,000 ft. (Maicheng, Shan.) A middle-sized (at times a large) tree,
branchlets ribbed, glabrous. 4. glabrous, thinly coriaceous, pale beneath, lanceolate
or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 6-12, narrowed into pet. 1-# in. long, sec. n. 10-12 pair,
arching. Acorns on spikes up to 6 in. long, in sessile clusters of three, cups confluent.
Cups hoary or pubescent, urceolate, almost turbinate, marked in the lower portion
with uneven more or less concentric belts, and on the flat truncate top with triangular
scales. Nuts entirely included or tips free, ovoid or obovoid, #-1 in. long, the lower
three-fourths adhering to involucre, rough, the upper fourth depressed, hoary, not
polished, pericarp thin, cotyledons plano-convex. Some acorns from Upper Burma,
possibly a new species, have the involucre clothed with flat appressed scales, more or less
arranged in concentric belts. 84. Q. Olla, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 44. 107 tab.
14, fig. 9. Assam (acorns only known). Fruit spikes stout, 4 in. long, acorns distinct
with 1 or 2 abortive ones adnate to the base, cup very thick-walled, woody, campanu-
late, but narrowed at the mouth, scales broad, appressed, abruptly acuminate, arranged
in regular vertical rows. Nut depressed globose, polished, the apex only free. In Fl.
Bie Ind. y. 619 this is supposed to be near Q. truncata. Kurz thought it to be near

. spicata.

B. Involucre densely covered with acuminate scales 4—} in. long.

85. Q. xylocarpa, King Ann. ii. t. 79. Naga hills. Manipur 6-7,000 ft. A large
evergreen tree, youngest shoots thinly hairy. L. pale beneath, lanceolate finely

- Quercus) CVIL. FAGACER 633

acuminate, blade 4-6, pet. } in., sec. n. 10-12 pair, arching, prominent beneath. Acorns
confluent in sessile clusters of three, involucre 3-1} in. diam., completely enclosing the
nut, scales tapering from a pyramidal base into a long acumen, walls woody, § in.
thick, adhering tightly to the nut. Nut depressed-globose, diam. ? in., the upper
fourth polished, the lower three-fourths rough, pericarp 4 in. thick, intruded into the
cavity, cotyledons probably lobed. @. xylocarpus, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 44,
196, tab. 14, figs. 5-8, Arakan hills east of Akyab, 5-6,000 ft., is probably this species,
but the scales are blunt and the apex of the nut is stated to be free. 36. Acorns only,
similar to 35, from the hills east of Bhamo 7,500 ft. (Saké pun, Kachin, Mont. Hill,
Feb. 1902), nut almost hemispherical, polished, except the flat circular base, pericarp
thin. 37. Q Wrayi, King Ann. ii. t. 104. Mergui(Manson).—Perak. Branchlets,
petioles, underside of 1. and nerves on the upperside tawny-tomentose. L. lanceolate,
blade 6-8, pet. } in., sec. n. slender, 15-20 pair, near the edge curving and anastomosing.
one sessile, on spikes 4 in. long, 3-14 in. diam.,scales soft, densely tomentose, up to} in.
ong.

2. CASTANOPSIS, Spach; Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 619 (included in Castanea
by Prantl in Engler u. Prantl iii. 1. 54).

Evergreen trees, pith usually quadrangular, med. rays of most species
uniform, very fine and equidistant. ¢ catkins erect, mostly in terminal
panicles. @ fl. 1-3 in one involucre, nuts wholly enclosed in the involucre,
which is covered with spines or tubercles or marked with more or less concen-
tric tubercled lines. Species 28, one in Pacific North America, the rest in
Eastern Asia. Kyanza, Burm. and Thit-e in Upper Burma, are used indis-
criminately for several species.

I. Inyoluere ovoid or globose, dehiscent, spinous.

A. Leaves sharply serrate.

Fie. 196.—Castanopsis indica, A. DC.

634 CVII. FAGACEA [Castanopsts

1. C. indica, A. DC.; King Ann. ii. t. 83.—Syn. Castanea indica, Roxb. ;
Wight Ic. t. 417. Vern. Dalne katais, Nep.; Vhit-é, Burm.

A middle-sized or large tree, bark silvery-grey. Vessels in irregular radial
bands of wood parenchyma. Narrow tangential lines of wood parenchyma.
Branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and inflorescence rusty-tomentose. L.
coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, sharply serrate, blade 5-8, pet. 4-} in., sec. n. 15-20
pair, prominent beneath. @ involucre mostly solitary. Fruiting spikes 4-6
in. long, often branching, involucres thin-walled, 1-1} in. diam., spines
crowded, concealing the surface of the involucre, slender, simple, straight,
hairy, unequal, the longest } in.

Valleys and outer Himalayan ranges, from Nepal eastwards, 1-6,000 ft. Assam.
Khasi hills. Cachar. Chittagong. Hills of Upper Burma east of the Irawadi river,
2-6,500 ft. Fl. Nov.Dec., Sikkim. Feb., March, Burma. Coppices well, the wood
splits easily, used for shingles—Tonkin. 2. C. Clarkei, King Ann. ii. t. 83 bis.
Kalimpung, Bhutan 5,000 ft. Hills of Upper Burma east of Irawadi. A large tree,
nearly allied to 1,1. pale beneath, thinly pubescent, chiefly along nerves, pet. t-1 in.
long. Spikes slender pubescent, 2 solitary, axillary. Ripe involucres 3-1 in. diam.,
spines slender, in tufts, leaving the velvety surface of the involucre exposed. Speci-
mens from the Ruby Mines district, 4,000 ft., have petioles } in. long and fr. 3 in. diam.

B. Leaves usually entire.

(a) Surface of involucre more or less concealed by the crowded spines.
a. Branchlets, petioles and underside of |. pubescent or tomentose.

3. ©. Hystrix, A. DO.; King Ann. ii. t. 4. Syn. C. rufescens, Hook. f. & Th. Vern.
Bara Katus, Nep.; Hingori, Ass. Sikkim, 6-8,000ft. Bhutan. Assam. Khasi Hills.
Ruby Mines hills, Upper Burma. Upper Yunzalin 3,500 ft., Martaban.—Malay Penin-
sula. Yunnan. A tall tree, young shoots and inflorescence pubescent. LL. lanceolate,
underside clothed with minute ferruginous tomentum, bladed-6, pet.4-4in. Spines of
involucre stellately branched. Seed edible. 4. C. diversifolia, King Ann. ii. t. 85a.—
Castanea diversifolia, Kurz. Vern. Kyanza, Burm. Hills east of Toungoo 3-6,000 ft.,
common. Branchlets tawny-tomentose, 1. rigidly coriaceous, entire, broadly ovate or
elliptic, greatly varying in shape and size on the same branch, blade 5-9, pet. thick
4-} in., petioles, midrib and sec. n. thinly pubescent. Sec. n. 10-12 pair, as well as the
parallel tert. n. prominent beneath and impressed above. Spines simple, stout, radi-
ating, $in. long. 5. ©. javanica, A. DC.; King Ann. ii. t. 88.—Syn. Castanea javanica,
Blume.—Malay Peninsula, Tonkin and Archip. Branchlets, petioles and underside of
1. from rusty-pubescent to tomentose. According to Kurz frequent in Pegu, Martaban
and Tenasserim, but Kurz describes it as glabrous, the leaves beneath with minute
indistinct tomentum. This has to be cleared up by studying the tree in the forest.

8. Branchlets, petioles and 1. glabrous or nearly so.

6. C. argentea, A. DC.; King Ann. ii. t. 89.—Syn. Castanea argentea, Blume; Castanea
martabanica, Wall. Pl. As. t. 107. Hills east of Bhamo, 7,000 ft., Upper Burma, wood
used for building (Kyiran, Kachin, Mont. Hill, Feb. 1902). Hills of Pegu, Martaban
and Tenasserim.—Malay Penins. and Archip. A large tree, bark smooth, light grey,
branchlets and 1. glabrous. L. thinly coriaceous, pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, blade 6-10, pet. in. Spikes pubescent, 9 fl. solitary. Spines of involucre
pubescent, $ in. long, in dense tufts on short woody stalks. 7. C. castanicarpa, Spach ;
King Ann. ii. t. 91.—Syn. Castanea Roxburghii, Lindl.; Quercus castanicarpa, Roxb.
Pl. Corom. t. 296. Chittagong. A large evergreen tree, young shoots minutely silky.
L. thin, glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, blade 6-12, pet. } in., sec. n. 8-10 pair.
Female inyolucres solitary on axillary spikes, 6-Sin. long. Fr. ovoid, pubescent, 1} in.,
spines } in. long united by their base into tufts.

(b.) Spines in tufts or belts, not completely concealing the surface of
involucre.

8. ©. argyrophylla, King Ann. ii. t. 85b.—Syn. Castanea tribuloides, var. ferox, Kurz
F. Fl ii. 481. Vern. Thit-é, Thit-tat, Burm.; Maikaw, Shan. Upper Burma, Ruby
Mines hills 5-6,000 ft. Shan hills, 4-5,000 ft. Arakan, Pegu, Martaban and Tenas-
serim. A middle-sized tree, branchlets minutely pubescent. L. thinly coriaceous,
glabrous, pale beneath, blade 5-9, pet. 3-3 in., sec. n. 10-12 pair. Fr. nearly globose,
1-1} in. diam., with stout short simple spines in tufts or on short ridges, nut adnate
high up to the inside of the involucre, tomentose where free.

9. C. tribuloides, A. DC.; King Ann. ii. tt. 94, 95, 96.—Syn. Castanea
tribuloides, Wall.; Quercus ferox, Roxb. ; Wight Ic. t.218. Vern. Twmari,

Castanopsis| CVII. FAGACE 635

Katonj, Kumaon; Musre katis, Nep.; Kyanza, Lower, Thite ni, Thitegyin,

Upper Burma.

A middle-sized (rarely large) evergreen tree, young shoots pubescent. L.
Le. pen or thinly coriaceous, entire,
sometimes serrate near the apex,
lanceolate, long acuminate, blade 4-8,

7 5 ?

pet. } in., upperside glabrous, under-
side pale or reddish, sometimes pube-
scent. Involucres distant, solitary or
in pairs, styles long, linear. Fr. }-1
in. diam., on spikes up to 10 in. long.
Involucres not confluent, tomentose,
spines up to } in. long, usually on
short ridges, often stellate or br anched,
as a rule leaving portions of the in-
volucre uncovered, nuts 1-3, glabrous
when mature, cotyledons ruminated.

Outer Himalaya from the Ganges east-
wards, ascending to 6,000 ft. Assam.
Khasihills. Maniptir. Cachar. Chitta-
gong. Hills of Upper Burma and Mar-
taban.—Formosa. F]. March—May, some-
times later. More or less gregarious
(Gamble). King |. ec. 102 recognizes the
following varieties: (a) typica. L. entire,
pubescence cinereous, spines numerous,
long, slender, covering the walls of in-
volucre, nuts usually solitary. (b) ferox.
Involuecres larger than in (a), spines
stouter but fewer. (c) longispina.
large, spines stout curving, often 4 in.
long. (d) echidnocarpa. Pubescence fer-
ruginous, involucre smaller than in (a),
less covered by the spines, which are
fewer and shorter, nut one. (e) Wattii.
Manipur, also Khasi hills and Sikkim.
Involuere small, almost woody, densely Fic. 197.
clothed with short often rufous spines, Castanopsis tribuloides, A. DC. 4.
nuts 2-3. =

10. ©. armata, Spach ; King Ann. ii. t. 93.—Syn. Quercus armata, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.
296: Wight Ic. t. 770; Castanea tribuloides, var. armata, Kurz F. Fl. ii. 481. Vern.
Nekari, Beng.; Kanta Singar, Assam; Singhara, Tipperah; Kanta-lal batana, Chitta-
gong. Assam. Khasi hills. Tipperah. Chittagong, Maymyo, Upper Burma,
4,000 ft. A large tree, branchlets thinly pubescent, l. entire, lanceolate, blade 6-9,
pet. 4-4 in., sec. n. arching, 6-9 pair. Involucres solitary. Fr. 1-14 in. diam., grey
pubescent, spines pubescent, conical, very sharp, in stellate stalked clusters, arranged
in imperfectly concentric ridges. Nuts single, pubescent.

II. Involucre irregularly ovoid, usually indehiscent, tuberculate or with
short conical spines.

11. C. rhamnifolia, A. DC.; King Ann. ii. t. 100b.—Syn. Castanea rhamnifolia, Kurz.
Southern Pegu Yoma, Paunglin, one of the most common trees in the evergreen forest
(Kyanza, D. B. Jan. 1862). Mergui ( Wet thitta, Manson, March 1902).—Malay Penins.
and Archip. A tall tree, bark greenish-grey, youngest shoots minutely puberulous,
branchlets and |. glabrous, |. thinly coriaceous, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate,
blade 3-6, pet. }-) in. Spikes pubescent, in terminal panicles, ? involucres frequently
at the base of spike. Fr. obliquely ovoid or obovoid, {-14 in. long, grey-velvety, the
side towards the rachis flat, uneven, the rest densely covered with short conical or
pyramidal spines with sharp tips, nut one. 12. C. Sumatrana, A. DC.; King Ann. ii.
t. 97.—Syn. Castanea inermis, Lindl. Hills east of Toungoo (Kurz).—Malay Penins.
and Archip. L. glabrous, eumnly coriaceous, lanceolate, Hinde 1-7, pet. }-1 in., spikes
pubescent. Fr. irregularly ovoid, 1-1} in. long, with 3 or 4 irregularly concentric
tuberculate lines.

Castanea sativa, Miller (1768).—Syn. C. vu/garis, Lamarck (1783); ©. vesca, Gertner
(1788). Sweet Chesnut. Mediterranean region. China. Japan. Cultivated with

636 CVII. FAGACEA [ Castanea.

some success in the Dun and elsewhere. <A long-lived deciduous tree, growth rapid
while young, coppices readily, med. rays uniform, very fine. L. sharply serrate,
spikes erect, axillary, the lower g,the upper androgynous, the ? fl. at base. ¢ fl. 3-
or more in the axil of one bract, stamens numerous. ¢@ fl. usually 3 in one involucre,
ovary 6-celled, styles 6. Ripe involucre 1-2 in. diam., densely spinous, dehiscing-
into 2-4 valves. A variety in China with 1]. densely tomentose beneath. Chesnuts
are imported from China into Upper Burma.

Orper CVIII. SALICACEA. Gen. PI. iii. 411
(Salicinee).

Deciduous, fast growing, as a rule not very long-lived trees or shrubs, with:
scaly buds. IL. alternate, simple, stipulate. FI. dicecious in catkins, which
are similar in both sexes, each bract bearing one fl. in its axil. Perianth 0, a
more or less developed disk at the base of stamens and ovary. 4: stamens 2)
or more, filaments usually free, no rudimentary ovary in normal f. 9: ovary
1-celled, ovules co on 2-4 parietal placentas, style short, 2-4-fid. Capsule:
usually 2-valved, the valves spreading or rolling back. Seeds o, minute,
enclosed by a mass of long silky deciduous hairs attached to the funicle,.
embryo straight, radicle minute, inferior, albumen 0.

Wood soft, medullary rays narrow, vessels small, uniformly distributed, wood--

parenchyma not much developed, wood fibres wide, walls not thick, pits simple.
Petioles short, disk of 1 or 2 separate glands, stamens 2-12, in most

species 2, long-exserted. : : : 6 0 : o 3 ode Swix,
Petioles long, disk flat or cup-shaped, stamens 4-30. - 0 . 2. PoruLus.

1. SALIX, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 626.

Leaves lanceolate, ovate or elliptic, petioles short, as a rule less than one-
fourth the length of leaf. Bracts of catkins entire, disk of 1 or 2, rarely more,
glands or scales. Stamens 2-12, in most species 2, filaments long, filiform.
Valves of capsule generally rolled back, placentas near the base of valves.
Species about 160, nearly all in the Northern Hemisphere.

Sect. i. Pletandre. Stamens 3-12, filaments free, villous at the base.

1. S. tetrasperma, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 97; Wight Ic. t. 1954; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 3025:

Brandis F. Fl. t. 58. Vern. Bins, Haz.; Bed, Bains, Hind.; Bilsa, Birsa, Oudh; Bhé,
Ass.; Bitasa, Walunj, Mar.; Niranji, Kan,; Vanti, Mal.; Momaka, Lower, Yené, Upper
Burma. Subhimalayan tract and outer ranges, ascending to 6,000 ft. Common and in
places gregarious, on river banks and in moist places throughout India, in the Himalaya
ascending to 6,000, in the Nilgiris to 7,000 ft. On the Aravali hills, but not known
from the arid region of Sind and the southern Punjab. Burma, Upper and Lower.
China. Malay Penins. and Archip. Not in Ceylon. A middle-sized tree, sometimes
a shrub, wood reddish, bark rough with deep vertical furrows, the lower 2-3 ft. of stem,.
if subject to inundation, often covered with numerous small rootlets. Young shoots
and young l. silky, branchlets and underside of 1. sometimes pubescent. L. glaucous
beneath, lanceolate, rarely ovate-lanceolate, as a rule minutely and regularly serru-
late, blade 2-6, pet. 3-1 in. long. FI. after the 1, catkins ¢ 24, 9 3-5 in.

long, bracts pale. Stamens 5-10, capsules glabrous or puberulous, often in groups.

of 3-4, pedicel as long as capsule, or nearly so, style short, stigmas 2 spreading,
generally entire, seeds 4-6. In Burma often leafless during the rains. Remarkable:
varieties: (a) pyrina. Kumaon, Nepal. Branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and rachis
of catkins pubescent, |. nearly entire, (b) calophylla. Pegu, Tenasserim. Glabrous,.
1. broadly lanceolate, pet. long. 2. §. ichnostachya, Lindl.; Wight Ic. t. 1953. North
Kanara and the Konkan, along river banks. Mysore. Shevaroy hills. L. lanceolate,
pet. 4-14 in. Capsule broadly ovoid, densely woolly, nearly sessile. 3. 8. acmophylla,.
Boiss. Vern. Bed, Bada, Hind., Punj.; Jalmdla, Dim. Baluchistan, wild and culti-
vated. Kuram valley. Kashmir. Subhimalayan tracteast totheGanges. Northern
Punjab, often cultivated.cWestern Asia. A middle-sized tree, young shoots and
young |. silky. L. linear-lanceolate, as a rule entire, blade 1-5, pet. fin. FI. after
the l., catkins on leafy peduncles. ¢ compact 1-2 in. ? lax 1 in. long, bracts pale-
Stamens 4-6, capsule glabrous, ovoid-conical, pedicellate, style short.

Sect. ii. Diandrae. Stamens 2, filaments free (see 4. elegans).

i

Salix) CVI. SALICACEA 637

A. Trees or large shrubs.

(a) Fl. with or after the 1., catkins as a rule on leafy peduncles.

4. §, elegans, Wall.; Collett Simla Fl. 479, fig. 156. Vern. Bushal, Kalishan, Sutlej.
North-West Himalaya 6-11,000 ft., very common, extending to the inner arid valleys.
—Turkestan. China. A gregarious shrub, young shoots very minutely pubescent,
branchlets glabrous. L. glabrous, often drying black, elongate-elliptic or obovate,
entire or minutely serrate, blade 1-24, pet. {-} in. long. 4 catkins slender, 1-13 in.
long, bracts obovate, at times emarginate, filaments hairy in the lower portion, some-
times more or less cohering, glands 2. ¢ fl. frequently occupying the upper portion
of g catkins. ¢ catkins 24 in. long, leafy peduncles longer than half the catkin,
capsule glabrous, style short. 5. 8. alba, Linn. Cultivated in the North-West
Himalaya, indigenous in Europe, Western and Northern Asia. A large tree with
grey foliage. L. white beneath with appressed silky hairs, narrow-lanceolate, denticu-
late, stipules lanceolate, deciduous. Capsule pubescent, subsessile, style short bifid,
each branch bearing a 2-lobed stigma. 6. S. fragilis, Linn. Cultivated at Alikhel in
the Kuram valley, in Gilgit, Ladak and Lahaul, indigenous in Europe and Western
Asia. A fast growing middle-sized tree, foliage green, branches divergent, easily
breaking off at the junction. IL. glabrous or nearly so, lanceolate or oblanceolate,
erenate or serrate. Catkins 14-24 in. long. Capsules glabrous, narrowed into a short
bifid style. Specimens coll. by Lace, Peshin 5,200, Quetta 5,600 ft., named S. triandra,
var. ? in Journ. Linn. Soe. xxviii. 319, belong to this species. 7. S. babylonica, Linn. :
Brandis F. Fl. t.59. Weeping Willow. Majnan, Pun}. Cultivated in Baluchistan,
Northern India, the Punjab and (less commonly) in the plains further east, also in
the Himalaya. Indigenous in Northern China, also reported from Northern
Persia and Kurdistan. The female tree was introduced into Europe about the 16th
century, and has since that time been propagated by cuttings. In Northern India
the ¢ is more common than the 9 tree. A large tree, usually with drooping branches,
branchlets glabrous, shining, buds thin, acute. L. glabrous, linear-lanceolate, 3-6 in.
long, finely serrulate, stipules faleate, serrate. ¢ catkins short, cylindric, 4-1 in. long.
Capsules sessile, conical, glabrous or slightly hairy at the base, stigmas 2, sessile.

8. 8. hastata, Linn. North-West Himalaya, chiefly in the inner dry and arid valleys,
‘9-15,000 ft. Also here and there on the outer ranges, Kashmir, Hattu. Sikkim, high
up the Lachen river, 11,500 ft—Alps and mountains of Central Europe, also in Seandi-
navia. Northern and Western Asia. A small shrub, branchlets glabrous, dark
coloured, |. elliptie or elliptic-oblong, glabrous or midrib and sec. n. hairy beneath,
blade 2-4, pet. 4-4 in., stipules broadly ovate or semicordate. Fl. with the 1., catkins
é 1-14, 9 2-Gin. long. Capsules stipitate, glabrous, style filiform.

9. 8. Daltoniana, And. Lachen and other inner valleys of Sikkim, 9-14,000 ft.
Bhutan. <A small tree, shrubby at high elevations, branchlets black, glabrous. L.
lanceolate, 1-3 in. long, underside silky and coppery. Catkins slender, ¢ 1, 9 4-6 in.
long, filaments hairy below. Capsule sessile, >in. long. 10. §, longiflora, And. Inner
Sikkim Himalaya, 9-10,000 ft. A small tree, branchlets and petioles thinly silky, 1.
glabrous when mature, lanceolate, entire, blade 1-2, pet. in. 2 catkins very slender,
nearly glabrous, 2-5 in. long, on leafy peduncles, bracts minute. 11. S. eriostachya,
Wall. Nepal. L. oblanceolate, entire, sparsely silky on both sides. 9 catkins pubescent,
14-2 in. long, bracts hairy, broadly ovate. Capsules sessile, style 2-cleft, stigmas
long filiform, quite entire. The Bhutan specimens doubtfully referred to this in FI.
Brit. Ind. y. 683 fl. before the 1.

(b) Fl. before the 1., catkins sessile or nearly so.

12. §. Wallichiana, And. ; Brandis F. FI. t. 61.—Syn. S. grisea, Wall. Vern. Bhainshra,
Jauns. Kuram valley 10-12,000 ft.,common. Himalaya, common 7-8,000 ft., descend-
ing to 2,000 and ascending to 9,000 ft.—Afghanistan. China. A large shrub orsmall
tree, young shoots grey-silky, branchlets, petioles and underside of 1. silvery pubescent.
L. lanceolate, quite entire, blade 2-5, pet. 4-} in. Catkins densely silky, on very short
peduneles, supported by a few rudimentary ]., ¢ 1, 9 2-tin., ¢ bracts black. Capsules
downy, slender, } in. long, shortly stalked, stigmas subsessile. Regarding projections
of the wood into the bark see Gamble Ind. Timbers ed. ii.687. 18. 8S, daphnoides, Vill. ;
Brandis F. Fl. t, 62. Vern. Bhashli, Shan, Bash.; Bdashroi, Jauns. North-West
Himalaya, 2,500-15,000 ft., common in the inner arid tract.—Alps and mountains of
Central Europe, descending into the plains along river valleys. Russia. Siberia.
China. A tall shrub or small tree, wood reddish, branches usually covered with
glaucous bloom, youngest shoots silky, branchlets glabrous or hoary. L. lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, glabrous, glaucous beneath, serrate. Fl. before the 1. catkins
densely silky, ¢ 1-14, ° 8-4 in., bracts black at apex, fringed with long silky hairs.
Capsules glabrous or minutely silky, subsessile, style long, slender. 14. 8S. insignis,
And. Kashmir, 6-8,000 ft. Pangi, 12,000 ft. (Lace, Aug. 1899). Piti 11,000 ft. ('T.
Thomson, Sept. 1847). A large shrub, branchlets tomentose, stipules semi-cordate, ?

638 CVIII. SALICACEA [Saldac

bracts black, obtuse, capsules hairy. 15. S. Caprea, Linn.; Brandis F. Fl. t.60. Sallow.
Cultivated in the Punjab (Bed mushk). Wild in Europe, Northern and Western Asia.
A shrub or small tree. L. crenate, broadly elliptic or obovate, glabrous and more or less.
rugose above, grey-tomentose beneath, stipules large, reniform. Catkins densely silky,
nearly sessile, ¢ sweet-scented, erect, 1-14 in long, bracts tipped with black. Capsules.
downy, stigmas subsessile.

16. §. viminalis, Linn. Kashmir, Chamba, Lahaul, 5-9,000 ft. Baspa valley,
Kunawar 9,000 ft. (D. B. Sept. 1864)—Europe (one of the principal kinds in Osier
beds). Northern Asia. China. A shrub, branchlets and underside of 1. densely
matted with grey silky hairs. L. linear-lanceolate, margin revolute, blade 4-5 in.,
narrowed into a short pet., stipules lanceolate. ¢ catkins 1, 2 2-4 in. long, bracts.
brown or black at the apex, fringed with long silky hairs. Capsule grey tomentose,
narrowed into a long slender style. 17. S. obscura, And. Lachen, Sikkim 9-14,500 ft.
—China. A diffuse shrub, young shoots silky, 1. lanceolate, 24 in. long, glabrous or
slightly silky beneath, midrib pubescent above. @ catkins sessile, bracts minute.
18. S. eriophylla, And. Khasi hills, probably also Sikkim.—China. A spreading
shrub, branchlets and underside of 1. with dense silvery tomentum. L. lanceolate,
2-4 in. long, sec. n. conspicuous. Catkins supported by a few small 1., $ slender 1 in..
9 14-2 in., capsule 1; in. long, sessile, woolly.

19. S. Sikkimensis, And. Inner Sikkim, 9-14,000 ft. A tree, shrubby at high eleva-
tions, common in stream-beds.—China. Branchlets stout, angled, shining. LL. lanceo-
late, underside densely silky and coppery. 4 catkins supported by a few small
deciduous 1., stout, 1-2 in. long. Capsules sessile, densely silky, nearly hidden by the
villous bracts. 20.8. sclerophylla, And. Inner arid valleys of the North-West Himalaya,
10-15,000 ft. A stout much-branched shrub, branches glaucous. L. rigid, glabrous or
underside silky, pale beneath, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 1-1} in., veins finely reticulate,
catkins $ in. long.

B. Small, usually prostrate shrubs, the creeping stem often half buried in
the ground. L. small, usually coriaceous and strongly nerved. Catkins after
the l., terminating leafy branches.

(a) L. narrow, width less than one-third the length.

21. S. Lindleyana, Wall. Himalaya, Kashmir to Sikkim, 10-15,000 ft.—Yunnan.
L. glabrous denticulate, elliptic-lanceolate }-? in. § catkins }-} in. long, rachis,
bracts and filaments glabrous. 22. §, furcata, And. in DC. Prodr. act ii. 291 Ss fruti-
culosa, And. in Journ, Linn. Soc. iv. 53 is older, but is described: foliis integris,
capsulis dense cinereo-villosis). Bashahr, Garhwal, Kumaon 10-12,000 ft. Young
shoots, rachis of catkins and filaments with long thin hairs, 1. glabrous, glaucous
beneath, serrate, elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, }-4 in. long. Catkins: ¢ 4-1 in.
long, bracts purple, glands of disk 8-4,red. ¢@ 4in., two long styles, ending in clavate
stigmas, early deciduous. Capsules glabrous. 23. S. Serpyllum, And. Sikkim 10--
14,000 ft. Branchlets hairy, |. glabrous, oblanceolate, 4-4 in. long. Bracts of catkins
black, obtuse, with long white hairs. 24. S. Tiomsoniana, And. Inner Sikkim,
8-10,000 ft. A dwarf shrub, 1. #-1 in., lanceolate, white-silky beneath, sec. n. oblique,
prominent. g catkins villous, 2-3 in. long.

(b) L. comparatively broad, width one-third the length of blade or more.

25. §. flabellaris, And. Himalaya, chiefly in the inner arid valleys, 11-15,000 ft.,
but also in the outer ranges, Hazara, Kashmir. Branchlets angled, glabrous, 1.
glabrous, crenulate, elongate- -elliptic or obovate, blade 4-14, pet.4-3 in. 26.8. calyculata,
Hook. f. Lachen valley, ‘Sikkim, 12-15,000 ft. Young shoots and young |. silky, with
long hairs, l. ODES: blade 4-3, pet. 4 in. 27. S. oreophila, Hook.f. Sikkim, 14-16,000 ft.
—China. L. 4-1 long, deeply serrulate at the apex, catkins minute, hidden among
the foliage.

Sect. iii. Synandre. Stamens 2, filaments connate entirely or to about
the middle.

28. S. pycnostachya, And. Inner dry valleys of the North-West Himalaya, 12-
15,000 ft., growing in clumps in dry stream-beds, cultivated in Ladak. Generally a
shrub, at times a small tree, 16 ft. high with a trunk 2 ft. girth and divaricate
branches. Young shoots silky, branchlets smooth, shining. L. lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, entire or serrulate, 1-3 in. long, sometimes slightly hairy beneath. Fl.
after the l., ¢ catkins on leafy peduncle 1 in, @ 2 in. long, bracts yellow or brown.
The 1. turn red before falling. 29. S. oxycarpa, And. Outer and middle ranges of
the North-West Himalaya 6-11,000 ft. A shrub orsmall tree. Similar to 28, 1. larger,
lanceolate, serrate, fl. with or a little before the 1., bracts of g catkins black, of 9 brown.
? catkins 2-3 in. long. 30. S. angustifolia, Willd. Inner dry valleys of the North-
West Himalaya. 7-15.000 ft.— Western Tibet. Yarkand, Kashgar. Songaria. North

Salix} CVIII. SALICACEA 639

Persia and the Caucasus. A shrub or small tree, branchlets glabrous. L. very
narrowly linear, rigid 1-3 in. long. Fl. after the 1. 4g catkins 4, 9 4-1 in. long,
bracts glabrous, capsule sessile, silky. 31. S. divergens, And. Kishtwar. Baltistan.
Zanskar, 12-15,000 ft. A small, much-branched shrub, |. oblong or obovate-oblong,
4-% in. long. Catkins, 6 4-4} in. long, ? longer, capsules densely silky.

2. POPULUS, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 637.

Leaves as a rule broad, petioles generally exceeding one-fourth the length
of blade. Bracts of catkins caducous, crenate or lobed. Stamens 4-30,
inserted on the cup-shaped oblique disk, filaments generally less than twice
the length of anthers. Capsule usually supported by the flat membranous.
cireular or lobed disk, 2—-4-valved, the valves spreading, a placenta along the
median line of each valve. Species 18, northern temperate regions.

A. Leaves more or less lobed, buds pubescent, not viscid.

1. P. euphratica, Olivier, Brandis F. Fl. t. 63. Vern. Padav, Bal. ;
Bahan, Sind; Bhan, Safedar, Pun}.

A middle-sized, usually gregarious tree, extremities sometimes hoary, buds

Fic. 198. Populus euphratica, Olivier. 4.

slightly pubescent, not viscid. L. most variable in shape, those of seedlings,
young trees, pollard- and coppice-shoots linear, short petiolate, 3-6 in. long,
those of older trees on branches with short internodes, as a rule broad-ovate,
rhomboid or cordate, blade 2-3, pet. 1-2 in. The broader 1. are dentate, cut
or lobed, while the narrow |. are generally entire. Intermediate forms frequent
on the same tree and on the same branch. 4¢ bracts oblanceolate, disk flat,
8-cleft, on a long slender stalk, stamens 8-12. Capsule lanceolate, 3-valved,
4—} in., on a long slender pedicel.

Common in the forest belt of Sind along the Indus, particularly in upper and middle
Sind, where it forms standards over the underwood of Tamarisk. Not uncommon in
the valleys of Baluchistan and the Suliman range on small feeders of the Indus, up to
8,000 ft., also here and there on the main river below Attock. On the lower course of
the Sutlej river. Nubra along the Shayok river 10,000-18,500 ft., forming pure woods,
often of considerable extent. FJ. Febr., nearly leafless Jan. to March. Coppices
vigorously and throws up abundant root-suckers. Where subject to inundation the

640 SALICACE [Populus

lower part of the trunk often gets covered with short horn-like roots, and short, hard,
spine-like processes are found projecting from the wood into the bark.—On the banks of
rivers in Afghanistan, Turkestan, Persia, Kurdistan and Central Arabia. Along the
Euphrates and Tigris as well as along the Jordan in Palestine. Northern China.
Algeria, on the hills of Oran. Witu, tropical East Africa. 2. P. alba, Linn. Vern.
Spedar, Bal., Afg.; Safeda, Haz.; Mal. Bash. North-West Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft.,
wild and cultivated. Planted in Baluchistan, Sind, Trans Indus and the Punjab.—
Europe, North Africa, Northern and Western Asia. China. In India a middle-sized,
in Europe a tall tree. Buds, branchlets, petioles and underside of. 1. densely clothed
with white tomentum. lL. deeply lobed, blade 2-4, pet. 1-2 in., basal n. 5, midrib
penninerved. Catkins hairy, stamens 4-10.

B. Leaves not lobed, buds viscid.

3. P. ciliata, Wall.; Royle Ill. t. 84—Syn. P. rotundifolia, Griff. Ic. Pl. As. t. 546.
Vern. Palach, Haz.; Chum, Krammal, Bash.; Chelaun, Simla; Pahari Pipal, Hind.
North-West Himalaya 4—10,000 ft., not known from the inner arid valleys, though not
uncommon nearChiniand Pangiin Kunawar. Sikkim 3,500-9,000 ft. Bhutan. A lofty
tree, buds lanceolate, viscid, the yellow resinous gum sometimes secreted in large masses.
L. as a rule finely ciliate along the edge, pale and often minutely pubescent beneath,
denticulate, usually cordate, blade 3-7, pet. 24, basal n. 3-5, midrib penninerved.
@ catkins 6-12 in. long, pedicels as long as fl. Capsule glabrous or nearly so, ovoid,
4-4 in. long, 3-4-valved, supported by the lobed disk. Gamble, Ind. Timbers ed. ii. 690,
mentions a species evidently distinct in'woods about Kalimpung and Dumsong, 3-4000 ft.
1. quite glabrous, base not cordate, but rounded or truncate, bractsof ¢ fi. long, not early
deciduous, capsule 2-valved, valves bifid at the apex. Haines sends specimens (826
Tonglu, Pankasari, 7,500-10,000 ft.) of a large tree with thick fluted bark, branchlets
cottony, young |. densely tomentose, mature glabrous, base straight or cordate, see. n.
bright red above, petioles compressed,red. Capsules 2-3-valved, valves densely tomen-
tose. This as well as the tree mentioned by Gamble merit careful study in the forest.
P. ciliata, it must be remembered, is a very variable species. 4. P. microcarpa, Hook. f.
& Thoms. Bhutan 7,000 ft. Quite glabrous, 1. orbicular, sinuate, base rounded or
subcordate, capsule } in. long, nearly sessile. 5. P. nigra, Linn. The pyramidal
(rather cupressiform) variety (Lombardy Poplar) is frequently planted in the North-
West Himalaya, particularly in Kashmir, in Ladak as high as 12,500 ft. Also
occasionally in the plains of the Punjab, and of late years in Baluchistan. The
variety with spreading branches is indigenous in Europe, in Northern and Western
Asia and Northern China. A large tree, buds viscid, branchlets and |. glabrous, L.
almost triangular, acuminate, crenate, blade 2-4, pet. 1-24 in. long, basal n. 3, midrib
penninerved. Catkins glabrous, g pink, stamens 15-30, ? lax, drooping, disk shallow,
pedicel short. Fruiting catkins 4-6 in. long. P. canadensis, Moench (P. deltoidea,
Sargent Silva t. 494), the cotton wood of North America, differs chiefly by ribbed
branchlets, more deeply toothed 1.and more numerousstamens. 6. P. balsamifera, Linn.
Indigenous on the Shayok river in West Tibet and in arid valleys of the inner
N.-W. Himalaya 8-14,000 ft. Afghanistan.—Northern Asia. China. A large tree,
buds viscid, resinous, branchlets angular. L. glabrous, pale beneath, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, dentate, blade 2-5, pet. 1-3in. Fr. spikes 5 in. long, capsules nearly sessile,
valves 2-4, usually 3, thick, almost woody, rachis pubescent. The North American
P. balsamifera (the Balsam Poplar or Tacamahac), usually united with this, is con-
sidered by Sargent, Silva tt. 490, 491 as a distinct species.

Orper CIX. LILIACEA. Gen. Pl. iu. 748.

Perennial herbs, with a creeping rootstock, bulbs or fibrous roots. Shrubs
or trees in a few genera. Fl. asarule bisexual. Perianth usually 6-merous
in 2 series, imbricate in bud. Stamens 6 in most genera, ovary 3-celled,
style 1, ovules 2 or more, rarely one, in the inner angle of the cells. Embryo
small, surrounded by the horny or fleshy albumen.

The stems of Dracena and Cordyline have a regular bark, and as they grow older

they increase in diameter by means of a concentric layer of cambium cells, in which
additional parenchyma and fibro-vascular bundles are formed.

Stem simple or slightly branched, erect or procumbent, 1. lanceolate or linear, with
numerous longitudinal nerves, basal or at an acute angle froin the midrib.

Ovule 1 in each cell . : : 0 0 . 1. Dracana.
Ovules numerous in each cell . c : : -CorpyLine (p. 641).

Dracena| CIX. LILIACE 641

Mostly climbing, stems much branched.
L. broad, 3-7 basal n. joined by reticulate
veins 5 e : > “ ' 2 . 2. Smrbax.
Narrow linear cladodia in the place of leaves . 3. AspARaAGus.

1. DRACZENA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 327.

Stem erect or procumbent, usually annulate, simple or forked, sometimes
with a large branching head (Dracena Draco, L., of Teneriffe), LL.
usually crowded, forming a terminal crown, lanceolate or linear, with a
midrib often faint, and o longit. n., transverse veinlets oblique. Fl. in
terminal panicles. Perianth tubular or campanulate, 6-cleft, lobes narrow.
Stamens 6, inserted at the mouth of the perianth-tube, anthers versatile.
Ovary 3-celled, style filiform, 1 ovule in each cell. Berry 1-3-seeded, albumen
horny, embryo small. Species 35, tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa,
Asia, and Australia. Besides the two following, a number of smaller species
in India.

1. D, angustifolia, Roxb.—_Syn. OD. ensifolia, Wall. Vern. Kunlinnet, Burm. Khasi
hills. Andamans. Tenasserim—Malay Archip. New Guinea. Australia. China.
Stem 8-30 ft. high, 1. linear, sessile with a broad base, 12-24 by 1-1} in. FI. white or
with purplish tips, #-1 in. long, in large spreading panicles. 2. D. spicata, Roxb.
Assam. Khasi hills. Cachar. Chittagong. Andamans. Western Ghats and
Nilgiris. Stem 10-15 ft. high, 1. elliptic-lanceolate, narrowed into a broad-based
petiole, 12-15 by 14-2 in., the midrib evanescent towards the apex. Fl. greenish-
yellow, scented, slender, in a long, contracted, racemiform panicle. Berry crimson.

Cordyline terminalis, Kunth. Cultivated in gardens, and run wild in India and
Burma, original home probably Malaya. Attains 8-10 ft., stem slender, 1. lanceolate
or elliptic-lanceolate, narrowed into a broad-based petiole, nerves branching off from
the midrib at a very acute angle, blade (often variegated purple and black, var. serrea)
12-24, pet. 3-6 in. long. FI. white or purple, in an ample terminal panicle. Ovary
3-celled, ovules several in each cell, biseriate.

2. SMILAX, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 302.

Climbing shrubs, stems slender, from a creeping rootstock, a few herbs.
L. persistent, basal n. 3-7, joining at the apex, with a system of reticulate
veins, petiole usually with 2 tendrils at the base. Fl. umbellate, dicecious.
Perianth-segments 6, free. Ovary trigonous, 3-celled, 1 or 2 pendulous ovules
in each cell. Berry globose, seeds usually 2, hemispheric. Species 180,
cosmopolitan in the tropics and temperate regions. Of the Indian species
only three, large and widely distributed, can be mentioned.

A. Umbels sessile.

1. S. aspera, Linn. ; Collett Simla FI., 522, fig. 175.—Syn. S. maculata, Roxb. ; Wight
Te. t. 2059. Outer Himalaya from Kashmir eastwards, ascending to 6,000 ft. Khasi
Hills. Upper Burma. Nilgiris, Palnis.—Ceylon, montane zone up to 7,000 ft.
Mediterranean region. An extensive climber, branches armed or unarmed, 1. often
blotched, triangular or ovate, base more or less cordate, blade 2-5, pet. 1 in., basal n.
usually 7. Inflorescence spiciform, umbels numerous sessile. Berry } in. diam. in large
pendulous bunches, red, finally blue-black.

B. Umbels pedunculate.

2. S. prolifera, Roxb. Vern. Ram-dataun, Dehra Din; Seinnabaw, Burm. Subhima-
layan tract and outer hills, from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 4,000 ft., common in
Sal forest. Deciduous forests in the moister parts of India and Burma. Ceylon moist
region to 8,000 ft. A stout climber, stem prickly, up to 1 in.diam. L. rigidly
coriaceous, ovate to orbicular, the 2 inner nerves separating from the midrib some
distance above the base, blade 4-8, pet. 1 in., usually auricled. Umbels in large
axillary panicles, fl. pale-green. Berry } in. diam., red when ripe.

8. 8. macrophylla, Roxb. Vern. Ramdatan, Hind. Subhimalayan tract from
Kumaon eastwards. Behar. Chutia Nagpur. Central Provinces, common, The
Konkan. Assam. Chittagong. Pegu. Coco islands. A large prickly climber,
1. ovate to orbicular, blade 6-18 in. diam., basal n. 5-7, pet. narrowly sheathing, not
auricled. Umbels 2-8, alternate on a common peduncle. Berries large.

WY

642 CIX. LILIACEZ [Asparagus
3. ASPARAGUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 314.

Stems straggling or climbing. Minute scales, often spinescent, in the place
of leaves, bearing in their axils tufts of needle-like branchlets, ‘“ cladodes,”
which have the function of 1. Fl. rarely unisexual, pedicels jointed. Perianth
deeply 6-fid, ovary 3-gonous, cells 2- or more ovuled. Berry globose, seeds 2-6.
Species 100, temperate and tropical regions of Europe, Africa and Asia. Only
two of the larger and more common species can here be named.

_1. A. racemosus, Willd.; Wight Ic. t. 2056. Vern. Satradwal, Dehra Din; Sat-muli,
Sada-bori, Hind. Subhimalayan tract and outer hills, ascending to 5,000 ft. Common
in most parts of India, not reported from Burma.—Ceylon, mostly in the dry region.
Tropical Africa. Java. Australia. A tall, much branched, rambling and climbing
spinous undershrub on a tuberous rootstock, prickles } in., cladodes 4-1 in. long, in
tufts of 2-6. Fl. white, fragrant, in racemes 14 in. long. 2. A. filicinus, Ham. Outer
North-West Himalaya, Kashmir to Kumaon, 4-9,000 ft. Bhutan. Assam. Khasi
hills. Manipur. Upper Burma.—China. Erect unarmed, cladodes flat, 4-3 in. long,
in tufts of 2-5. Fl. white, single or in pairs, on long slender pedicels.

Orper CX. PALME. Gen. PI. iii. 870.

Stem solid, either an underground perennial rhizome, producing flower-
stalks and tufts of leaves, or more commonly above ground, erect or climbing.
The stem above ground is in a few instances forked or sparingly branched ; as
a rule it is cylindric, simple and without leaf-bearing side branches. As
regards the surface of the trunk two great classes may be distinguished. The
stem of the first class is smooth and shining, annulate with raised rings (the
scars of the leaf-stalks), and according to the length of the internodes these
rings are at greater or less distance from each other. Many species of this
class have the 1. close together at the top of the trunk (Areca, Cocos), while
in others (Calamus) the internodes are longer, the |. stand at some distance,
often occupying a considerable length of the stem. The species of the second
class (Borassus, most sp. of Phenix) always have short internodes, and the
surface of the stem is covered with the persistent base of petioles or their
scars, which are arranged around the stem in a series of close spirals.

The 1. of seedlings, as a rule, are undivided, while the |. of mature plants
are either pinnately or palmately divided, the pinne or segments being
mostly folded longitudinally, provided with numerous longitudinal nerves
and transverse veins, which in the dry leaf are conspicuous in many genera.
The petiole is always broad-based and generally amplexicaul or sheathing.
The 1. here designated as pinnate are in reality pinnatifid, the segments not
appearing as distinct protuberances in the young bud, but being united in the
youngest stage (Hichler, Palmenblatter, in Abhandlungen d. Kénigl. Preuss.
Akademie d. Wissensch. Berlin, 1885). The pinnate 1. of Phenix and other
genera have a more or less pronounced spiral twist.

The inflorescence is terminal in a few species, but as a rule lateral, in the
axils of existing or fallen leaves. It generally is a panicle enclosed in bud by
large sheathing bracts (spathes), the common peduncle (spadix) being often
thick and sometimes woody. The species of several genera are monocarpic,
not only those with terminal (Corypha) but also some with axillary in-
florescence (Caryota, Arenga) the stem of which dies after the last spadix has
ripened its seed. The fl. are usually sessile on the last ramifications
(spikelets) of the spadix, and they are supported by one or several bracts
(spathels), which are often cup-shaped or tubular. They are dicecious,
moneecious, or polygamous, rarely bisexual. Calyx and corolla, as a rule,
consist of 3 segments or leaves each, the perianth of the fertile fl. being
commonly persistent in fr. Stamens 6, rarely 3, 9 or numerous, anthers
2-celled. Ovary 3-celled, one ovule in each cell, sometimes 3 distinct 1-celled
carpels. Seed with a small embryo and a large endosperm, the cells of
which are either filled with oil or have their walls much thickened,

CX. PALM 643

forming a hard, horny substance, which, when the seeds germinate, is

converted into sugar.

The base of petioles as a rule occupies the entire circumference of the trunk, and
consequently the leaf-traces (fibro-yascular bundles) of each leaf enter the stem from
all sides. If we follow their course downwards we find that in their upper portion
they bend towards the centre of the stem, while lower down they gradually bend out-
wards, and (frequently uniting with the traces of earlier leaves) run down near the
circumference of the trunk. In their upper portion each leaf-trace consists of a few
vessels which in Calamus and other scandent palms (as in Vitis and other climbers)
are very large, over 0°5 mm. diam., with thin-walled phlotm, tracheides, and paren-
chyma, as well as a large mass of thick-walled wood-fibres, whereas the lower portion
almost entirely consists of thick-walled wood-fibres. The space between the fibro-
vascular bundles is occupied by parenchymatous tissue, which as a rule predominates
in the centre of the trunk. Hence it follows that the hardest portion is near the
outside of the trunk, consisting mainly of closely packed bundles of wood-fibres.
ae the centre the tissue is softer, and hence in some species old stems are often

ollow.

Preparatory to the production of flowers and seed the parenchyma in the trunk of
Phenix and other genera (analogous to what we find in the Beech before a seed
year) is full of starch, which at the time of flowering is transformed into sugar. The
starch of many species is utilized as Sago, while the sugary sap is obtained either
from the cut spadix or (in the case of Phenix) from the trunk below the crown of

leaves.

I. Leaves pinnate or pinnatisect.
A. L. simply pinnate, leaflets induplicate, no
midrib, fl. dicecious . : F é . 1. Poenrx.

B. L. simply pinnate, leaflets, in the species here
described, linear or lanceolate with midrib
and reduplicate sides, the terminal leaflets
often confluent as a plaited limb.

(a) Spadix androgynous, on the stem
below the leaves.

a. Tips of spikes with ¢ only.
é fl. minute, stamens 3 or 6,

anthers basifixed . 2. ARECA.
6 fl.in theaxils of broad bracts,
stamens 6, anthers versatile . Prycnoraruts (p. 647).

B. 6 fl. in upper portion of spikes,
both sexes in lower portion, fl.
sunk in cavities of the spike . 8. BEeNTINCKIA.

y. Clusters of 3 fl. (1 ? between 2 ¢)
all along the spike, stamens

numerous 5 : 5 : . 4 Prnanca.

a

(6) Spadix among the leaves.

a. Erect, unarmed, spadix usually
unisexual, fr. sessile, epicarp
smooth, naked.

(1) Stems tall, stout.
Leaflets pramorse, auricled,

stamens @ . . 5. ARENGA.
Leaflets acute, stamens 6 . 6, Cocos.
(2) Tufts of large 1. from a creep-
ing rhizome . : : : Nira (p. 648).

8. Mostly climbing, armed, epicarp
clothed with scales, usually

shining.
(1) Stem short or none . : . 7. Zauacca.

(2) Stem elongate.
Spikelets cc oncealed under large
spathels ci 8. Piecrocomta,
Spikelets in the axils of large
cymbiform or open de-
ciduous spathels . 5 . 9, Damononors.

644 : CX. PALMA : [Phenix

Spikelets in the axils of tubu-
lar or infundibuliform
spathels.

Upper leaves reduced to a

flagellum without leaflets . Precrocomropsts (p. 650).
All 1. with leaflets, rachis

mostly without flagellum . 10. Canamus.

C. Leaves pinnate or decompound, leaflets rhom-
boid or cuneate, preemorse.

(a) L.decompound . : : : . 11. Caryora.
(6) L. simply pinnate.
(1) Fl. bisexual, fr. covered with scales Korruatsta (p. 654).

(2) Fl. unisexual, fr. naked.
g calyx tubular or of 8 concave
sepals, stamens 6 or more . . 12. Watricata.
$ calyx cup-shaped, stamens 10-30 13. DipymosprrMa.
IL. Leaves flabelliform.
A. Spadix axillary, among the leaves.
(a) Petiole unarmed ; % : ; 4 Nannoruors (p. 655).
(6) Petiole spinous.
a. F]. bisexual, carpels 3, distinct.
Leaf-segments connate to the middle 14. Livrsrona.
Leaf-segments free . 9 . . 15. Licuaa.
B. Fl. polygamo-moneecious, drupes 1-3 16. TracnycarPUs.
y. Fl. diceecious, drupe large, with 1-3
fibrous pyrenes . : c . 17. Borassus.
B. Spadix terminal, tree monocarpic . : . 18. CorypHa.

1. PHCENIX, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 424.

Tall trees or low shrubs, the entire stem or the upper portion only closely
covered by the more or less rhomboid bases of the petioles, stems occasionally
branched. The first 1. of seedlings, and sometimes the first 1. of root-suckers
are lanceolate, entire. Leaves pinnate, leaflets entire, linear, folded longitu-
dinally and attached obliquely with their folded base to the woody common
petiole, the lowest pinnz usually transformed into spines. No midrib, a
slender nerve on either side of the fold, nerves longitudinal, parallel, stout
and slender, the slender n. often obscure. Transverse veinlets present, but as
a rule only visible under the microscope in thin sections, cut parallel with
the surface of leaf. In the majority of species the leaflets in the lower
portion of the petiole stand in fascicles of 4 or 6, two or three on each side of
the petiole, while the upper leaflets are usually alternate or opposite, Common
petiole semiterete or flat, often widening at the base into a sheath, which
frequently expands into a mass of tough reticulate fibres. Fl. -diccious,
sessile on the bends of long glabrous undulating spikelets, usually supported
by one or two minute subulate or triangular bracts, the ? fl. often approxi-
mate in pairs. The spikelets are inserted in horizontal or oblique lines on both
sides of a flat woody peduncle. Calyx cup-shaped, 3-toothed and often
8-keeled, petals 3, in g oblong, valvate, and much longer than calyx, in
2 rounded, much imbricate and usually less than twice the length of calyx.
Anthers as a rule 6, almost sessile, carpels 3, distinct. Peduncle often length-
ening after flowering, fr. a single oblong 1-seeded berry, seeds with a deep
lon citudinal groove dilated inwards. Endosperm horny, embryo small, usually
dorsal. Species 11, Africa and Asia. Thinbawng applies to all species
indigenous in Burma.

A. Leaflets in the lower portion of the leaf markedly fascicled and often
quadrifarious.

Phenix) CX. PALMA 645

1. P. sylvestris, Roxb.; Griffith Palms t. 228. The wild Date Palm.
Vern. Khajiri, Khaji, Salma, Thakil, Hind.

An erect tree, attaining 40 ft., trunk densely covered with the bases of
leaf-stalks, and near the ground often with a dense mass of rootlets, no root-
suckers. L. greyish-green, 7-12 ft., spines up to 4 in. long, leaflets 6-18 by
$-1 in. Common petiole at base ?-1 in. broad, the fascicles of leaflets up to
3 in. apart. Male inflorescence white, scented, compact, on a short peduncle.
Fruiting peduncle 2-2} ft. long, 1-1} in. wide, terminating in large bunches
of spikes, spathe thick, almost woody. Fr. 1-12 in., from yellow to reddish-
brown when ripe. Seed % in. long.

Indigenous and gregarious in many parts of India, not in Burma. On the low
ground along the Ramganga river in Rohilkhand, in the subhimalayan tract, and
along river banks and on stretches of low ground in the Deccan and Mysore. Planted
largely. FI. H.S., Fr. Sept. Oct. Mats and baskets made of the]. The sugary juice
is extracted in the cold season by removing in one place the lower sheaths,
and by cutting a notch into the trunk, a thin slice being taken off daily from the
surface of the cut.

2. P. dactylifera, Linn. The Date Palm. Vern. Khajur, Khaji, Hind (Fr. Khirma) ; Sun-
balun, Burm. Cultivated and self-sown in Sind and the southern Punjab, also Trans-
Indus. Attempts to grow it have been made in other parts of India. Believed to be
indigenous in the Euphrates and Tigris Doab, and in the oases of the great African
Sahara. A tall tree, attaining 100-120 ft., the foot often surrounded by a dense mass
of root-suckers. L. grey, longer than those of 1, leaflets making a very acute angle
with the common petiole. Fr. 1-3 in. long, pulp sweet. Many varieties are
cultivated.

3. P. humilis, Royle; Kanjilal F. Fl. 360.—Syn. P. pedunculata, Griff.
Palms 139; P. Ouseleyana, Griff. Vern. Khaju, Hind.; Thakal, Kumaon;
Konda Ita, Tel.

Stem 4-12 ft. long, diam. up to 9 in., densely covered with the stumps of
leaf-stalks, more or less spirally arranged. Root-suckers develop frequently,
when the primary stem has been burnt or injured. L. 4-8 ft., leaflets pliable,
10-20 in. long, }—} in. wide, fascicled, more or less quadrifarious, the upper-
most sometimes confluent, base not thickened and not decurrent on the
common petiole, which is 1 in. broad at the base, spines up to 3 in. long.
Fruiting peduncle 2-4 ft. long, 4 in. broad, fr. } in. long, orange, then black,
edible.

Subhimalayan tract, Siwaliks and outer valleys from the Jumna eastwards. Assam
and Khasi Hills (stems short). Upper Burma. Central Provinces. (Stems short in
the Jabalpur district, long on the Pachmarhis), Singbhim, North Kanara, Nilgiris,
Shevaroys, and other hills in the Peninsula (stems long slender on the Bababudan
hills). Grasshills of Travancore, up to 6 ft. high. Fl. C.S. Dehra Din. Nilgiris H. S.
—China. Closely allied, and probably not specifically distinct, are the two
following, with tall and robust stems:—4. P. robusta, Hook. f. Parasnath 4,000 ft.
Stem 15-20 ft., diam. 12-15 in., tessellated with short persistent rhomboidal leaf-
bases. 5. A species found by G. Marshall Woodrow on the western Ghats, near
Nandgaon, gregarious on the flat top of trap hills (Shaela, Mar.), and described by
him in “ Notes of a Journey from Poona to Nagotna;: Records of the Bot. Survey of
India,” i. 94. Stem 25-30 ft. high, diam. 15 in., marked with very closely and spirally-
arranged leaf-bases. Leaflets broader than P. humilis. Spathe fringed with brown
wool on the keel. A Phaniax with tall stems is reported by Gamble on the western
side of Mahendragiri, Northern Circars. (Indian ‘Timbers, Ed. ii. 731.)

6. P. farinifera, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 74. Vern. Sanna ita, Chittu ita, Tel. Coromandel
coast, south as far as Madras. Trunk short, not over 4 ft., diam. 6-8 in., gregarious,
forming dense masses, very difficult to pass through. L. shining dark green, 8-5 ft.
long, leaflets quadrifarious, the upper sometimes opposite, 9 in. long, stiff and very
pungent, with a hard yellow cushion at the base. Inflorescence 1-2 ft., fr. 4—-} in.
long, black when ripe, edible. In this as in other species of Phanix the soft tissue in
the centre of the stem is full of starch.

7. P. acaulis, Buch. Ham. Vern. Thakal, Khajur, Khajeria, Hind. ;
Chindi, Gond ; Chinnita, Konda ita, Tel.; Thinbaung, Burm.

Stem thick ovoid, like a bulb, densely covered with the persistent bases of
petioles, the ends of which are often bristly with the protruding hard fibro-

646 CX. PALMA [Phenix

vascular bundles. L. 2-6 ft. long, leaflets stiff, fascicled, the base thickened
and decurrent, 10-20 in. long, 4-3? in. wide, spines 2-6 in. long. Fruiting
peduncle short, generally concealed among the 1. Fr. 4-3 in. long, edible,
blackish when ripe. ‘

Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, common in grasslands and in
forests of Sal and Pinus longifolia. Chutia Nagpur, Behar. Sal forests of the Satpura
hills. Common in the Eng. forests and grasslands of Upper and Lower Burma. Fl.
C.S. Dehra Din, H. S.. Burma.

B. Leaflets nearly bifarious, not distinctly fascicled.

8. P. rupicola, T. And. Sikkim, on steep cliffs near the Tista.and Mahanadi rivers.
(Schiap, Lepcha). Trunk 12-20 ft. high, 8-10 in. diam. L. up to 10 ft. long, spiral
twist very marked, leaflets 18 by 4-1 in., not stiff, bifarious, alternate or nearly oppo-
site, transverse veinlets faintly visible in the green leaf. Fruiting peduncle 3-4 ft.,
fr. shining, yellow, astringent but eaten. Seed 4-2 in. long. 9. P. paludosa, Roxb. ;
Griff. Palms t. 229B. Common in the tidal forests of Bengal, the Andamans, and
Burma.—Malay Penins. Siam and Cochin China. Gregarious, stem tufted, slender,
2-3 in. diam., 6-20 ft. long, upper portion densely covered with the long pointed leaf-
bases, lower portion clear and annulate. L. 4-10 ft., leaflets 12-18 in. long, glaucous
beneath, flexible, bifarious, fine nerves very distinct, 9? fl. with 6 staminodes.
Fruiting peduncle long, spathe scurfy outside. Fr. 4 in. long, black when ripe,
embryo at the base of the albumen.

10. P. Rebelenii, O’Brien. Siam, abundant on the rocky banks of the river Mekong, may
possibly be found in Upper Burma. Stem tufted, 4 ft. high, slender, almost annulate,
leaf-bases deciduous. LL. 2-3 ft. long, rachis thin, leaflets bifarious, in,the lower por-
tion irregularly grouped, thin, 8 by 4-4 in.

11. Mr. Gilbert Rogers informs me that a species similar to 8 forms forests on
Cinque Island, Andamans, and isalso found on the north-east corner of Rutland island.
Stem single, not annulate. 1. bifarious, base of petiole with much dark brown fibre.
Spadix and fr. orange. He thinks that this may possibly be the Phenix mentioned
by Kurz in “ Report on the Andaman Islands, 1870,” 50.

2. ARECA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 405.

Stem erect, smooth, green in the upper portion, annulate, 1. pinnate, base of
petiole expanding into a smooth green amplexicaul sheath, leaflets thin,
often confluent, with several midribs, attached: to the rachis in a vertical
line. Spadix androgynous, below the |., branched, bearing numerous close-set
spikes, spathes several. 4 fl. many, minute, occupying the upper portion of
the spikes, petals much longer than calyx, stamens 3 or 6, filaments short.
9 fl. larger, few at the base of spikes, sepals and petals broad, imbricate.
Carpels connate into a one-celled ovary, stigmas 3 sessile, ovule 1 basal, erect.
Fr. ovoid or oblong, supported by the persistent perianth, mesocarp fibrous.
Seed with a truncate base, endosperm deeply ruminate, embryo basal.
Species 24, tropical Asia and Australia.

1. A. Catechu, Linn.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 75. The Areca Palm. Sans. Guvaka. Vern.
Supari, Hind.; Gua, Beng.; Poka, Tel.; Adike, Kan.; Kun, Burm.

Cultivated in the tropical and subtropical regions of India and Burma, in gardens
and orchards on the West Coast and in North Bengal; in extensive woods, usually
irrigated, in the Martaban hills between the Sitang and Salween. A graceful, single-
stemmed palm, attains 100 ft., diam. 6-9 in., 1.46 ft. long. Leaflets quite glabrous,
with one or several midribs, upper confluent. Lowest spathe large, glabrous, pale
straw-coloured, parallel veined. Stamens 6. Fr. 14-2 in. long, fleshy-fibrous, sup-
ported by the persistent perianth, orange or scarlet, seed in the upper half of fr. The
seeds (Betel nuts) are an important article of trade, the spathes are used to write
upon, to wrap up parcels, and as covering leaf of cheroots in Burma.

2. A. triandra, Roxb. Vern. Bangaa, Beng.; Tawkun, Burm. Khasi hills. Cachar.
Chittagong. Andamans. Martaban. Tenasserim.—Malay Penins. and Archip. Stems
usually in tufts of 4-8, 12-25 ft. high, 1-3 in. diam.- Stamens 3. Fruiting spadix
large, much branched, spreading or erect, spikes terminating in long deciduous fringes,
the seat of the fallen f f., fr. few at the base of the spikes, ellipsoid, in. long. 3. A
nagensis, Griff. Naga hills. Vern. Tatpat, Naga. Similar to 2, but larger, attaining
“40 ft., fr. elongated, 1 in. long, used by the Nagas instead of Betel nut.

Ptychoraphis} CX. PALMA : 647

Ptychoraphis augusta, Bece. Syn. Areca augusta, Kurz in “Journ. of Botany,”
1875, tab. 170. Nicobars, frequent. A tall slender palm, stem 80-100 ft. high, 1 ft.
diam. L. 8-12 ft., leaflets narrow-linear, 2-3 ft. long, the lowest pair much longer.
Spadix deflexed, bearing numerous long spikes, ¢ fl. at the ends, supported by broad
bracts. Fr. 1 in. long, scarlet.

3. BENTINCKIA, Berry; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 418.

Tall unarmed slender palms, stem annulate, 1. pinnate, pet. short, base
amplexicaul, leaflets linear, not confluent, midrib distinct. Spadix androgy-
nous, on the stem below the 1., much branched, the spikes bearing in their
upper portion ¢ fl., while the lower portion is occupied by groups of one 9
with one or several ¢ fl., spathes numerous. All fl. are sunk in cavities of
the spike and supported by several bracts. Fr. exserted, oblique, trace of
stigma near the base. Seed spherical, grooved. pendulous, embryo basal,
endosperm uniform. Species 2.

1. B. Coddapamna, Berry. Vern. Varu Kamavu (Rock Areca), Mal. South Travan-
core, 2,500-6,000 ft., on precipitous cliffs, local, but very common within its restricted
areas. Stem annulate, 20-30 ft. high, 6 in. diam. LL. 3-5 ft., leaflets 30-40 pair,
24-30 by 1-1} in. Spathe enclosing the young inflorescence, 12 by 2 in., pale brown,
stands out horizontally from the stem. Spadix, after emerging from the sheathing
spathe, much ramified, bears numerous short spikes, 9-15 by 4 in., the entire inflor-
éscence red, 2 ft. long and 3 ft. broad, 6 fl. $, 9 4 in. diam. Fr. bright chocolate
coloured when ripe, }-3 in. diam.

2. B. nicobarica, Becc.—Syn. Orania nicobarica, Kurz in Journ. Bot. xiii. (1875) t.
171. Kamorta, Nicobars. Common, associated with Areca Catechu, Pinanga Manii
and Ptychoraphis augusta. Stem 50-60 ft. high, 9 in. diam. L. 5-8 ft., leaflets 6-24 in.
long. Inflorescence 14-2 ft. Fr. 1 in. long, scarlet.

4. PINANGA, Blume; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 406.

Similar to Areca, but spathe usually one, spadix sometimes simple, fl.
along the spike as a rule in clusters of 3, one 2 between 2 ¢ fi., ? fl. smaller
than ¢. Stamens more than6. Fr. ellipsoid, pointed at the ends. Species 24,
India and Malaya.

A. Fruits in 3-6 rows on the spikes.

1. P. gracilis, Bl.; Syn. Areca gracilis, Griff. Palms t. 232 A.C. Vern. Ram gua,
Beng.; Tawkun, Burm. ‘Sikkim, subhimalayan tract and valleys up to 2,000 ft.,
common. Assam. Khasihills. Cachar. Chittagong. Arakan Yoma. Pegu. Mar-
taban, Tenasserim, in damp evergreen forest, ascending to 3,500 ft. A graceful palm,
Stems usually in tufts of 4-8, 6-20 ft. high, 1-1} in. diam. L. 3-1ft. long, the upper
leaflets confluent. Fruiting spadix stout, 6-12 in. long, pendulous, often simple, fruits
in 3 rows, 4-} in. long, scarlet or orange. 2. P. Griffithii, Bece. Khasi hills. Fr. in
4 rows on the spike. 3. P. hexasticha, Scheff. Southern end of the Pegu Yoma.
Stem 25-30 ft. high, 4-5 in. diam. Spadix simple, reflexed, fl. spirally arranged in
4-6 rows, rachis thick fleshy.

B. Fruits in 2 rows on the spikes. ;

4. P. Dicksonii, Blume. Syn. Areca Dicksonii, Roxb. Western Ghats in evergreen
forest up to 3,000 ft., from North Kanara southwards. Slender, soboliferous, often

regarious, stem smooth, 16-25 ft. high, 1-8 in. diam. Leaflets confluent. Spikes
aistichous on a short stout spadix, enclosed in bud by a thick rigid compressed
spathe. ¢ sepals nearly as long as petals, stamens 20-30. Fr. 4-} in. long. 5.
P. Hookeriana, Becc. Khasi hills. Stem slender, 3-4 ft. high, internodes clavate,
scurfy while young, as also petioles and leaflets. Leaflets thin, opposite, 12 by 1 in.,
obliquely acuminate, the uppermost pair connate at base. Spikes distichous, 4-8 in.
long, on a short spadix. Fr. 4 in. long, edible.

6. P. Kuhlii, Blume. Syn. P. costata, Bl.; Kurz F. Fl. ii. 538. Andamans.—
Sumatra, Java. Stems tufted slender, 20-30 ft., 1}-2 in. diam, L. 3-4 ft. long. Spikes
numerous, 6-15 in., on a stout spadix 8-10 in., fr. 4 in. long. 7. P. Manii, Becc.
Andamans and Nicobars. Stem solitary, 50 ft. high, 54 in. diam. LL. 15-20 ft., leaflets
3ft. by B8in., leaf sheaths 4ft. long, clasping the stem. Spikes numerous, slender
pendulous. Fr. broadly ovoid. 8, P. hymenospatha, Hook, f. Tenasserim. Stem slender
4 in.diam., petiole and leaf-rachis scurfy. L. 12-15 in. long, leaflets numerous, alternate,
not confluent, 8-4 by }-} in., finely acuminate, slender n. obscure, no stout n. besides
the prominent midrib. Spike simple, stamens 9, spathe membranous, 14 in. long.

648 CX. PALMA [Arenga

5. ARENGA, Labill.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 421.

Tall, stout palms, upper portion of trunk densely clothed with the black
fibrous remains of the leaf-sheaths. Leaflets long, linear, usually preemorse,
with a midrib and numerous longitudinal nerves, and one or two auricles at
base. Spadix large, much branched, peduncle clothed with numerous
imbricating spathes, branches pendulous, slender, fl. sometimes in groups, one
9 between 2 ¢. Male: sepals 3, orbicular, petals oblong; stamens oo,
filaments short, anthers apiculate. Female: subglobose, petals triangular,
ovary 3-celled. Seeds 2-3, compressed or plano-convex, endosperm uniform,
embryo dorsal. Species 10, tropical Asia and Australia,

1. A. saccharifera, Labill.; Griff. Palms t. 285 A. Malay Sago Palm. Vern.
Taungén, Burm. Assam. Martaban and Tenasserim, occasionally on ‘the Pegu
Yoma. Commonly cultivated in India.—Malay Penins. and Archip. Trunk 20-40 ft.
high. L. 20-28 ft. long, forming a dense crown, leaflets very numerous, white beneath,
2-3 ft. long, denticulate, towards the tip preemorse and slightly lobed. Spadices
several, axillary, 6-10 ft. long, those of the uppermost axils flowering first, and having
often mature fr. when the lowest come into fl. 4g and ? fl. together on most branches,
one sex generally preponderating, ¢ oblong-clubshaped, up to 1 in. long, petals three
times the length of sepals, smell unpleasant. @: one in. diam., petals coriaceous.
Fr. 2-21 in. long, turbinate, supported by the somewhat accrescent calyx and petals,
and crowned by the persistent stigmas, pericarp coriaceous, endocarp gelatinous,
adhering to the seeds, acrid, and abounding in raphides. After all spadices have
matured their seed, the tree dies. The black fibre of the petioles makes excellent
cordage, the sap which runs from the cut fl. stalk yields sugar, and the heart of the stem
yields large quantities of sago. The trunks of trees which have died after seeding
are almost hollow, and are used as water-pipes. 2. A. Wightii, Griff. Palms t. 235 EB.
Vern. Dhudasal, Kan.; Alam panei, Tam. North Kanara, evergreen forest of the
Ghats, very common near the falls of Gairsoppah. Nilgiris. Travancore 500-3,000 ft.
Locally gregarious, with numerous root-suckers, trunk stout, 3-30 ft. high, covered
with the bases of the leaf-sheaths, 1. 18-28 ft. long, leaflets alternate, linear, auricles
large unequal, the lower 1-2 in. long. Spadix 4, common peduncle 2 ft. long, quite
concealed by the sheathing lacerate spathes. The cut fl. stalks yield toddy.

6. COCOS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 482.
Species 30. American.

C. nucifera, Linn. Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 73. The Cocoa-nut tree. Sans.
Narikera. Vern. Narel, Nariyal, Hind. ; Narikel, Beng.; Tenkaya, Kobbari,
Tel.; Tengina, Kan.; Tennai, Tenkai, Tam.; On, Burm. Trunk annu-
late, often curved, rarely branching, base thickened with a mass of rootlets.
L. 6-12 ft. long, leaflets equidistant, linear lanceolate. 2-3 ft. long,
petiole stout. Spadix stout, androgynous, divided into numerous drooping
spikes bearing at their base 2 with a few ¢ fl., the upper portion being
densely covered with ¢ fl. Male fl.: sepals small, valvate, petals } in. long,
stamens 6. Female fl.: ovoid, supported by. several broad bracteoles,
perianth accrescent, sepals 1 in. diam., round, concave, petals similar to
sepals, but smaller. Fr. 3-cornered, 10-15 in. long, pericarp thick, fibrous,
endocarp bony with3 basal pores, indicating the 3 cells of the ovary. Cavity
of endosperm before maturity large, filled with the cocoa-nut milk. The cut
fl. stalks yield toddy.

Cultivated throughout the tropics, chiefly in the vicinity of the sea, but also
inland. Original home uncertain. Abundant on the Cocoand other uninhabited
islands in the Bay of Bengal (on the Andamans locally), but possibly not originally
wild. Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 60, 332. In India fl. in the dry season,
the nuts require 9-10 months to ripen.

Nipa fruticans, Wurmb; Griff. Ic. Pl. As. Rar. t. 244-247. Vern. Gulga, Gabua,
Beng.; Dani, Burm. Estuaries of rivers and tidal swamps, Sundriban, Andamans,
Chittagong and the Burma coast. Ceylon. Malay Penins. and Archip., Australia.
From a stout branching rhizome, creeping, either underground or along the surface,
and rooting on the underside, spring tufts of huge pinnate 1., 15-30 ft. long,
leaflets numerous, coriaceous, 2-4 ft. long, many longitudinal n. on both sides of

Nipa) CX. PALMA: 649

midrib. FI. monecious, densely crowded, the g in cylindric spikes, the ? on a
globose head, the spadix of both sexes with sheaths and bracts on the peduncle. Male:
sepals and petals uniform, linear, valvate, anthers 3, adnate in their entire length toa
cylindric staminal-column. Female: 3 distinct 1-celled carpels, surrounded by a few
scales. Fruit a large nodding head, 1 ft. diam., consisting of numerous densely
crowded angular one-seeded drupes, the exocarp fibrous-fleshy. the mesocarp hard,
fibrous, and the endocarp spongy. Seed erect, the size of a hen’s egg, grooved on one
side, endosperm horny, with a central cavity,embryo basal, obconic. L. used exten-
sively for thatching.

7. ZALACCA, Reinw.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 472.

Stemless, soboliferous, armed. L. pinnate, leaflets linear-lanceolate, longitud.
n. numerous, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Spadix usually unisexual,
having cylindric, pendulous, catkin-like spikelets, in the axils of, and at first
enveloped by, persistent spathes, fl. densely crowded. 4: calyx 3-fid.
stamens 6, inserted on the tubular rigidly coriaceous corolla, at the base of
the 3 segments. 2: sepals 3, more or less cohering, membranous, petals +
cohering, rigidly coriaceous, ovary densely clothed with stiff hairs, which (as
the fr. ripens) develop into scales, the tip of which is brittle and often breaks
off. Seeds 1-3, outer coat fleshy, Species 9 or 10. India and Malaya.

1. Z Wallichiana, Mart.—Syn. 7. edulis, Reinw.; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 222-224
(Rumphii); Griff. Palms t. 175; Z. macrostachya, Griff. Palms t. 178 A. B.C. Vern. Yingan,
Burm. Pegu, Martaban, Tenasserim, common in evergreen forests—Malay Penins.
and Archip. L. 15-20 ft. petiole half the 1. or longer, leaflets lanceolate, margin
distantly spinulose ciliate, approximate in groups of 2-4, 12-20 by 143-23 in., the upper
confluent, 4-6 stouter n. on either side of midrib. Sheaths and petiole densely armed
with flat sharp spines in oblique half whorls, on the rachis gradually becoming
solitary. Spadix nearly as long as petiole, spreading and often touching the ground,
bearing distant cylindric, villous, pale rose-coloured, all but the lowest sessile, spike-
lets 2-3 in. long, enclosed by long spathes, which, as the fl. develop, split up into long
shreds, rachis deciduously rusty-woolly. Fr. obliquely obovoid, 1-8 in. long, densely
clothed with retrorse scales, terminating in a reflexed brittle bristle. 2. Z Beccarii,
Hook. f. Pegu. Leaflets strict, 18-24 by 14 in., shining on both surfaces, margins
with numerous strong sharp bristles, stouter n. 2-4 on either side of midrib. 3.
Z. secunda, Griff. Palms t. 186. Upper Assam. Naga hills. Spikelets peduncled, much
longer than spathes, fr. clothed with spreading lanceolate scales.

8. PLECTOCOMIA, Mart.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 477.

Lofty climbers, stem up to 100 ft. long, 1. pinnate, leaflets linear-lanceolate,
petiole spiny, rachis prolonged into athorny flagellum. Inflorescence terminalin
P. himalayana, in the other species as far as known axillary. According to
Hooker Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 405, Plectocomia and Plectocomiopsis are mono-
carpic. FI. dicecious on short spikelets, each spikelet in the axil of and
concealed by large, usually imbricating distichous bracts (spathels). . gd:
calyx cup-shaped, 3-toothed or -lobed, petals lanceolate, valvate, stamens 6-12,
filaments connate below. @ : ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 3 staminodes,
perianth accrescent. Fr. globose, usually 1-seeded, protruding beyond the
spathels, pericarp thin, clothed with tightly appressed scales, which terminate
in pointed, soft or stiff, spreading or recurved appendages.

1. P. himalayana, Griff. Palms t.219. Vern. Takri Bet, Nep.; Ranal, Lepcha. Sikkim
4-7,000 ft., common. Leaflets alternate, green on both sides, linear-lanceolate,
narrowed into filiform tips 2-8 in. long, 2 stout longitud. n. on either side of midrib,
rachis armed with stout hooked prickles, confluent at the base. Inflorescence a terminal
panicle, clothed with rust-coloured tomentum, branches drooping, the lower supported
by perfect 1., the upper in the axils of sheaths and flagella, without leaflets, bracts
(spathels) distant, not markedly imbricating, 1-2 in. long, cuneate, with a triangu-
lar apex, ¢ fl. } in. long, supported by 8 narrow bristle-pointed bracteoles, spikelets
half the length of spathels. Fr. 4 in. diam., scales shining, fimbriate.

2. P. khasyana, Griff. Palms t. 218.—Syn. P. assamica, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5105,

650 CX. PALMA [Plectocomia

Khasi hills. Stems 60-80 ft. long,as thick as the arm. L., including the flagellum,
30 ft. long, leaflets pale beneath, 8-16 by 2-3 in., stouter n. 3-5 on either side of
midrib, the underside of rachis armed with short digitate spines. Male spadix
branched from the base, branches 2-3 ft. long, drooping, bearing numerous spikelets,
enveloped by the oblong imbricating distichous spathels, 14-24 in. long, which are
white with a green tip anda brown band across. Fr. 1 in. diam., scales smooth or
with ciliate margins. 3. P. macrostachya, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 43, tt. 16, 17.
Vern. Kyeinban, Burm. Bithoko range, between the Yunzalin and the Salween at
Great Rapids. (D. B. April 1859.) Probably not uncommon elsewhere in Lower
Burma. A lofty climber, internodes short, 1. 10, flagellum 2 ft. long, leaflets approxi-
mate in pairs or in threes, white farinose beneath, lanceolate,8-24 by 13-3 in., midrib
and two longitudinal nerves close under the edge very stout, sheath and rachis with
straight slender spines up to 4in. long, in groups of 2 or 3 or in half whorls, appendage
of scales stiff linear. Branches of male spadix 4-5 ft. long, pendulous, closely covered
with broadly obovate distichous imbricating spathels, brown with black border, in the
axils of which are the spikelets, shorter than bracts with alternate distichous 4.
Calyx very shortly 3-toothed, limb woolly or ciliate, petals rigid, lanceolate mucronate,
stamens 6. Fr. #-1 in. diam. :

4. P. assamica, Griff. Assam. Leaflets white-furfuraceous beneath, 9-20 by
13-2 in., margins thickened, stouter longitud. n. numerous on either side of midrib,
but not very conspicuous, pet. stout, 14 in. broad, armed with clusters and oblique
lines of straight slender spines on a thick conical base. Branches of fruiting spadix
4-5 ft. long, rachis rusty-tomentose, spathels 24 in. long. Fr. globose, 1 in. diam.,
bright rusty-red, villous from the long-ciliate recurved points of the scales. :

9. DAEMONOROPS, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. vi. 462.

Included under Calamus by Drude in Engler u. Prantl ii. 3, 52.

Leaf rachis produced into a long flagellum. Spathes large, at first concave
and completely enclosing the branches of spadix, the outer largest, deciduous,
2 fl. pedicelled. Ared resin (Dragon’s blood) exudes from the fruit of several
species. Species 80, India, Malay Penins. and Archip.

1. D. Jenkinsianus, Mart.—Syn. Calamus nutantiflorus, Griff. Palms t. 208. Vern.
Gola bent, Ass. Sikkim Terai, locally common. Assam. Khasi hills. Cachar
Tippera. Chittagong. Climbing, stem stout, 1. large, leaflets linear, equidistant,
20-30 by 3-2 in., the midrib and the 2 stouter n. sparsely setose with Jong bristles.
Sheath armed with long, petiole rachis and flagellum with short spines. Fh densely
crowded on the branches of the much ramified unisexual spadix, spathes flat, lanceo-
late, coriaceous, the outer 1-2 ft., densely armed with spines 4-} in. long, the inner
unarmed. Fl]. single, on the bends of a flexuose rachis, ¢ } in. long, sessile, calyx
campanulate, elegantly ribbed, ciliate along the edge, chiefly near the teeth, base of
filaments connate with the 3-toothed pistillode into a fleshy mass, ? pedicelled, sup-
ported by an acuminate bract, pedicel enclosed in 3 tubular, overlapping sheaths,
calyx campanulate nearly truncate, petals narrow. Fr. } in. diam., brown, scales
trapezoid, deeply channelled. 2. D. Manii, Becc. Andamans. L. light yellow-green,
12, flagellum 3 ft. long, leaflets narrow. Fr. pedicel } in. long, scales slightly chan-
nelled. 3. D. Kurzianus, Hook. f.—Syn. Calamus grandis, Kurz (non Griff.). Anda-
mans. A lofty climber, the sheathed stems as thick as the arm, the canes up to 1 in.
diam., “sheaths and (outer) spathe fearfully armed with whorls of broad sharp spines
about an inch long” (Kurz). L. 4-6, leaflets 1-2 ft. long, linear, equidistant, rachis
stout, angular, 13 in. broad. Fr. # in. diam., pale brown, scales slightly channelled,
calyx and petals explanate.

Plectocomiopsis paradoxus, Becc.—Syn. Calamus paradoxus, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. 43. tt. 29,30. Thaukyeghat forests, Toungoo. An extensive glabrous climber,
the sheathed stems 1-2 in. diam. L. 5-7 ft. long, terminating in a flagellum with
hooked thorns, the sheaths armed with sharp flat spines in half whorls, petiole and
rachis with stout recurved thorns, often connate in claws. The upper 1. reduced to
sheaths with long flagella and no leaflets. Leaflets thin, inequidistant, 12-18 by
1-14 in., stouter longitudinal n. 4-6 on either side of midrib. Male spadix decom-
pound, ample, drooping, spathes and spathels tubular, limb truncate, shortly
acuminate, spikelets 4-1 in. long, few-fld. Calyx striate, deeply 3-cleft, petals rigid,
2 in. long, stamens 6.

10. CALAMUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 436.

Armed, rarely erect, usually climbing by whip-like thorny prolongations
(flagella) of the rachis, of the spadix, or of the leaf-sheath, stem simple, in

Calamus] CX. PALMA 651

some species attaining 3-400 ft., annulate, the upper internodes clothed with
spinous leaf-sheaths. lL. pinnate, leaflets linear or lanceolate, with a midrib
and numerous longitudinal nerves, some of which are stouter and pro-
minent. Transverse veinlets conspicuous. Fl. usually unisexual, dicecious,
moncecious or polygamous, spadix often unisexual, peduncle and
branches sheathed by more or less tubular spathes, often with a lanceolate
blade, the fl. in the axils of one or several, more or less concave or sheathing
bracts (spathels). ¢ spikelets often varying in length in the same species,
calyx campanulate or tubular, 3-toothed, usually membranous, petals rigidly
coriaceous, valvate, stamens 6, anthers dorsifixed, filaments dilated and
frequently connate at base, pistillode 3-toothed. @ perianth often more or
less accrescent, staminodes connate into a cup. Fr. globose or ellipsoid,
beaked, pericarp clothed with appressed closely imbricate deflexed polished
scales, seed one, endosperm hard, bony, uniform, orruminate. Species 160-170.
India. Malay Archip. South China. North Australia. A few in tropical Africa.

I. Leaf rachis without flagellum.

A. Leaflets few, 20 or less.

1. C. erectus, Roxb.; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 43, t. 23, 24. Syn.
C. schizospathus, Griff. Palms t.187; C. collinus, Griff. Palms t. 186; C. macrocarpus,
Griff. Palms t. 186 a, fig. 1, 2. Vern. Kadam bet, Beng. Thaing, Burm. Hima-
laya from Nepal eastwards, ascending to 3,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills. Manipur.
Chittagong. Pegu, in evergreen forests. Stems erect, annulate, densely tufted,
12-18 ft. high, 1-2 in. diam., internodes short. L. 12-18 ft., leaflets 18-24 in. long,
leaf-sheaths petiole and rachis armed with flat sharp pale spines, up to 1 in. long, semi-
verticillate below, single above, leaflets green beneath, 18-24 in. long. ¢ spikelets 4-8,
in. long, } in. broad across the imbricating spathels, fl. }in. long. Fr. ovoid, 1} in. long.
dark brown, scales trapezoid, endosperm ruminate. 2. C. platyspathus, Mart. Tavoy.
Leaflets alternate, rigid 10-12 by 1-1} in. 4 spadix long, very slender, sparsely armed,
spikelets }-4, fl. + in long, spathes with long, flat, lanceolate blades. 3. ©. acantho-
spathus, Griff. Palms t. 190 AB. Vern. Gouri bet, Nep.; Rue, Lepcha. East Nepal.
Sikkim: 3-6,000 ft. Khasi hills. Forms dense thickets mixed with Plectocomia.
Leaflets few, inequidistant, lanceolate, 8-15 by 14-2 in., sheath stout, densely
armed with long and short spines, pet. long, very stout, armed with short
spines on a conical base. Flagella on sheath and spadix. Fr. stipitate, shining,
chestnut-brown, } in. diam., scales slightly channelled, fruiting calyx eupular, 4 in.
diam., seed deeply pitted. 4. C. Feanus, Becc. Tenasserim. Similar to 3, but fr.
opaque, scales not channelled. 5. C. floribundus, Griff. Palms t. 197. Upper Assam.
Khasi hills. Silhet. Climbing, sheaths densely armed with bristles and long spines,
rachis with long spines and short curved prickles. Leaflets bright green, linear-
lanceolate, few, the uppermost crowded and often connate. Spadix long, decompound,
spikes distichous, short, spreading and recurved, flagellum on the spadix long, armed
with simple or compound recurved spines. Spikelets numerous, short, recurved. Fr.
globose, 4 in. diam., shortly beaked, scales pale yellow, channelled down the back.

6. C. Brandisii, Bece. Courtallum. Stem slender, leaflets few, fascicled, sheath with
solitary or aggregate slender flat straight spines, mouth with long needle-shaped
spinules, pet. slender with few very long straight slender spines. 6 spadix
elongate, shortly flagelliferous, spathes narrow, tubular.

B. Leaflets numerous, equidistant.

(a) Fruiting calyx not pedicelliform.

7. OC. arborescens, Griff. Palms t. 188a, 8; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 43 t. 22.
Vern. Zandn, Danén, Burm. Pegu Yoma, southern part, common and gregarious in
evergreen forest. Stems erect 15-20 ft. high, annulate, green and glossy, stoloniferous,
internodes 7 in., leaves 6-8 ft. long, no flagellum on sheath orspadix. Sheaths and pet.
armed with more or less oblique whorls or half whorls of brown or black broad sharp
spines, up to 14 in. long, the spines on the rachis smaller and less numerous. Leaflets
white beneath, nearly opposite, 1-2 ft. long, black bristles along the edges and here and
there on the stouter nerves. Spadix 5 ft. long, pendulous, spathes tubular, the lower
armed with scattered spreading black spines, ¢ spathels short, closely imbricate,
truncate, fl. nearly }in.long. 8. GC. Flagellum, Griff. Palms 48. Syn. C. Jenkinsianus,
Griff. Palms t. 186 a, fig. iii, Sikkim, ascending to 8,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills.
Cachar. East Bengal. Somewhat resembles 1, but scandent and 1. smaller, 6-7 ft.,
leaflets numerous, equidistant, 24-30 in. long. Petiole deeply channelled, armed along
the back with a solitary row of large hooked, along the edges with fascicled spines,

652 CX. PALMA [Calamus

leaf-rachis armed with solitary and fascicled prickles, leaf-sheaths bearing a whip-like
tendril armed with spines and bristles. Spadix long, peduncle long, armed with stout
claw-shaped prickles. Fr. 1 by #in., scales deeply furrowed, pale with a dark band
down the middle. 9. C. Guruba, Ham.—Syn. C. Mastersianus, Griff. Palms t. 206.
Vern. Sundi bet, Ass.; Kyeinni, Burm. Assam. Khasihills. Cachar. Mouth of Megna.
Chittagong. Burma, in evergreen forest. Slender, climbing, 1. 3-4 ft. long, petiole and
rachis rusty pubescent while young, armed with reddish-brown spines, leaflets equidis-
tant, linear, 6-13 by 4-# in., usually 3-nerved. Thorny flagella on sheath and spadix.
Spadix long slender, spathes tubular, terminating in long flat brown or green blades,
the lower spathes armed, the upper often unarmed. Maleand female fl. on separate spa-
dices, spikelets distichously alternate on the slender ramifications of thespadix. Fr. }
in. diam., scales pale, margin brown. My old notes of April, 1859, say : Sheath, rachis
and flagella purple. 10. C. nitidus. Mart. Tenasserim. Similar to9, spathes also ter-
minating in long leafy blades. Possibly not distinct. 11. C. leptospadix, Griff. Palms
t.194,C. Sikkim,in damp places along rivers, ascending to 2,000 ft. Khasi hills.
Maniptr. Scandent, forming tangled thickets, stems slender, foliage feathery. L.
3-4 ft. long, leaflets very numerous, thin, 8-10 in. long, narrow, acuminate, 2 stout n.
as prominent as the midrib, rachis armed with single recurved spines. Spadix long,
slender, pendulous, flagellum very long, armed with recurved claws, spikelets
numerous, recurved, 4-1 in. long, spathels acute, membranous, fr. globose, 4 in. diam.

12. C. pseudotenuis, Becc. Western Ghats and adjoining hill ranges from North
Kanara southwards.—Ceylon, low country. Extensive climber, stemsslender. Leaflets
finely acuminate, 10-15 by #-1 in., stouter nerves on either side of midrib 3-5. Pet.
and lower part of rachis with straight spines up to lin. long, upper part of rachis with
single stout recurved spines. Spadix with long flagella, armed with short stout
recurved spines, usually several connate into a claw. 4 fl. } in. long, closely
packed on short recurved spikelets up to $ in. long with 10-16 fl., sometimes
short and only with 2-3 fl. Fr. nearly globose, with beak 4 in. long, scales
pale, edge and basal appendix dark brown. 13. C. Thwaitesii, Becc., Ghats of
North Kanara in evergreen forests, and near the sea coast at Marmagoa.—Ceylon,
moist low country below 2,000 ft. A large climber, stems stout, 300 ft. long,
forming impenetrable cane brakes. Leaflets sharply acuminate, 12-18 by 1-1} in.,
stouter nerves on either side of midrib 3-5, edges with long sharp bristles. Pet. and
lower part of rachis with straight flat (often fascicled) spines, upper portion of rachis
with claws of short recurved spines. Spadix with flagella, 15-20 ft, long, armed with
claws of 3-7 spines. Fl. ¢:4 in. long, closely packed and strictly distichous, on spikelets
3-6in.long. Fr. ellipsoid, including beak, #in. long, scales furrowed, pale brown with
dark border, endosperm uniform.

(6) Fruiting calyx pedicelliform.

14. C. tenuis, Roxb.; Griff. Palms t. 193 A. B. C.—Syn. C. Royleanus, Griff. t. 191.
Vern. Bet, Bent, Hind. Damp places in the subhimalayan tract locally abundant
from the Dehra Dun eastwards. Assam. East Bengal. Sundriban. Chittagong,
Pegu. A slender climber, forming extensive canebrakes, stem without the leaf-sheaths
not thicker than a common quill. L. 14-2 ft., pet. 5-9 in. long, leaflets usually
3-nerved, 6-12 by 4-4 in., pet. and rachis with single thorns. Thorny flagella from
leaf-sheaths and spadix. Fl. g 4 in., distichous, usually on separate spikelets, 14-2 in.
long, often on the same spadix with 9 spikelets, sometimes g and @ fl. on the same
spikelet. Fr. straw-coloured, nearly globose, with stalk and beak } in. long, endosperm
uniform. Called C. Rotang, Linn., in Brandis F. Fl. 559. 15. C. melanacanthus,
Mart. Tenasserim. Rachis with a single row of short recurved black spines, fr. ? in.
long, ellipsoid, scales pale, channelled, endosperm ruminate, embryo lateral. 16.
C. Rotang, Linn.Syn. (. Roxburghii, Griff. Palms t. 192. Vern. Bethama, Tel.;
Pirambu, Tam. Coromandel coast. Pulicat. Courtallam.—Ceylon, dry region, com-
mon. Closely allied to C. tenwis, differs by shorter petioles, ¢ spikelets 4-1 in. fl. },-3 in.
long. Fr. subglobose, } in. diam., pale yellow with a shallow median channel.

17. C. Huegelianus, Mart.—Syn. C. Wightii, Griff. Palms t. 216 C. Nilgiris.
Leaflets equidistant, pale beneath, linear, long acuminate, 12-16 by }-1 in., pet. and
rachis armed with very stout short recurved:spines. Spadix erect, spathes tubular, trun-
cate. Fruiting spikes recurved, fr. globose, black, shining, 3—} in.diam.,‘seated on the
pedicelliform calyx with spreading lobes. 18. C. Gamblei, Becc. Nilgiris. Leaflets
20-30 in. long, fr. pale brown, scales deeply channelled, pedicel, including the campan-
ulate calyx, 4-4 in. long.

C. Leaflets numerous, more or less fascicled.
(a) Fruiting calyx not pedicelliform (fr. unknown in 21 and 22).

19. ©. viminalis, Willd.—Syn. C. fasciculatus, Roxb. ; Griff. Palms t. 195 A. B. Vern.
Bara bet, Beng.; Pepa, Tel.; Kyein ka, Burm. Lower Bengal, common in the village

Calamus) CX. PALMA 653,

Bamboo jungles. Orissa. Ganjam. Chittagong. Andamans. Lower Burma.—
Malay Penins. Cochinchina. Tufted, erect while young and in the open, usually
climbing, stems long, without the sheaths 4—} in. diam., the younger parts and sheaths
covered with white powder. L. 3-5 ft. long, leaflets fascicled, linear-lanceolate, stouter
longitudinal nerves 2-3 on either side of midrib, nerves, midrib and edge of leaf with
sharp bristles, pet. and rachis armed with straight sharp spines 3-1} in. long, sheaths
with flat whorled or single spines. Spadix 15 ft. long, much branched, drooping,
terminating in a long flagellum. Fr. globose, mucronate, 4-4 in. diam., endosperm
uniform. (20. C. concinnus, Mart. Mergui (Dr. Helfer, Jan. 1839). Climbing, leaflets
glossy, nearly equidistant, 12-20 by 1-14 in., 4-6 stout n. on either side of midrib. 21.
€. hypoleucus, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 43, t. 18—Syn. Demonorops hypoleucus,
Kurz. Thaungyin. L. 2-3 ft. long, leaflets fascicled, lanceolate, white beneath, 6-9 by
14 in., stouter n. numerous, sheaths densely spiny, rachis with short sharp recurved
spines. ? spadix short slender, spathes large, oblong-lanceolate. 22. C. myrianthus, Becc.
Tenasserim. Leaflets 30 by 2 in., white beneath, stouter n. numerous.

é spadix
long, slender, much ramified, spikelets 4 in. long.

(b) Fruiting calyx pedicelliform.

23. C. longisetus, Griff. Palms t. 189 AB—Syn. (C. tigrinus, Kurz in Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. 43 t. 25,26. Andamans. Coco islands (C. tigrinus, Kurz; Prain in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. 60, p. 382). Pegu Yoma, eastern slopes in evergreen forest. Martaban.
Tenasserim. Stems scandent (erect, stemless, Griffith), surrounded by tufts of leaves.
Pet. and rachis armed with black broad sharp spines up to 12 in. long, in oblique
whorls or half whorls, in the upper portion less numerous and often single, leaflets
green beneath, thorny whip-like tendrils from the leaf-sheath. Spadix decompound,
nodding, terminating in a long flagellum. Fr. ovoid, beaked and stipitate, 1 in. long,
with yellow and brown horizontal bands, scales produced downwards into a large
membranous lacerate appendage, endosperm uniform. 24. C. gracilis, Roxb.; Griff.
Palms t. 196. Vern. Mapuri bent, Beng. Upper Assam. Khasi hills. Cachar. Chit-
tagong. Climbing, slender. L. 2-3 ft.long, leaflets lanceolate, in opposite groups of 3-5
on either side of the rachis, sheath, the short petiole and rachis armed with short
hooked, spines. Flagella on sheath and spadix. Spadix slender, drooping, spathes
tubular, sparingly spinous, spathels not imbricate. Fr. oblong, }# in. long, seated on
the campanulate calyx, scales straw-coloured. 25. C. Helferianus, Kurz. Tenasserim.
Slender, climbing, sparingly armed, rachis slender, trigonous, leaflets 8-12 by 4-3 in.,
in series of 2-6 on one side. Spadix very slender, spathes narrow, tubular, ¢ fl. 4 in.
long, corolla smooth, not striate.

26. ©. travancoricus, Bedd. Vern. Tsjeru tsjurel, Mal. Malabar. Travancore.
Climbing, stem very slender. lL, 18-24 in. long, leaflets in distant opposite groups of
3-5, 4-6 by 4-§ in., the greatest width at or above the middle, thence tapering to a
capillary point, stouter n, not very prominent. Spadix long, slender, spathes with a
long lanceolate blade, g spikelets }-3 in. long. 27. C. Rheedei, Griff. Vern. Katu
tajurel, Mal. Malabar. Leaflets in very distant groups of 3, linear-lanceolate, longer
than in 26. Fr. ellipsoid or oblong, endosperm ruminate. j

If. Leaf rachis produced into a long flagellum.
A, Fruiting calyx pedicelliform.

28. C. latifolius, Roxb.; Griff. Palms t. 198.—Syn. C. macracanthus et ©. inermis
T. And. Vern. Korak bent, Beng. Yamata, Burm. Subhimalayan tract from Sikkim
eastwards, ascending to 2,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills. Cachar. Chittagong. Lower
Burma. A powerful climber, stem more than 100 ft. long, without the sheaths, up to
1 in. diam., |. 8-12 ft. long, leaflets usually in pairs on the same side of the rachis,
lanceolate, 10-20 by 1-4 in., stouter n. 2-5 on either side of midrib, margins spinose-
ciliate, n. naked. Sheaths densely armed with short spines and large broadly
triquetrous ones up to 1 in. Jong, rachis and flagellum armed with claws of stout
recurved thorns. Spadix very large, fr. nearly 1 in. long, pale, seated on the broadly
campanulate rigid calyx-tube, endosperm ruminate. On the Salween in Tenasserim,
in 1859, this species was esteemed most for rafting, and the ropes at the Kyodan were
mostly made of it. Other Rattans considered useful in those days were: C. Garuba,
Ham. (Kyeinni), and Korthalsia jaciniosa, Mart. (Wapo Kyein). Plectocomia
macrostachya, Kurz (Kyeinbau) was pronounced to be useless. 29. C, Dorimi, Bece.
Burma. Fr. oblong, {-1 in. long.

B. Fruiting calyx not pedicelliform.

30. C. andamanicus, Kurz. Andamans. Nicobars. Coco islands. <A lofty climber,
not tufted, the sheathed stems as thick as the arm, the canes up to lin. diam. LL, 6-8
ft. long, leaflets equidistant, alternate, linear, 24-80 by 1 in., margin and n. onthe under-
side with scattered long spinescent bristles, sheaths reddish-brown armed with oblique

654 CX. PALMA [Calamus

half whorls of slender black spines, which break off readily, rachis stout (as well as.
flagellum), armed with stout recurved spines connate in groups (claws). Spadix large,
nodding, fruiting spikelets on naked peduncles partly enclosed by the spathes. Fr..
numerous, distichous, ovoid, 4 in. long, pale brown, scales convex, not furrowed, ap-
pendix fimbriate. The best large cane of the Andamans. 31.C. palustris, Griff. Palms
t. 199. Andamans. Tenasserim.—Malay Penins., Cochinchina. Foliage similar to C
latifolius, with which Kurz unites it. Fr. smaller, calyx-tube not pedicelliform.

Imperfectly known :—
32. ©. quinquenervius, Roxb. Silhet. 33. ©. dilaceratus, Becc. Nicobars. 34.
C. nicobaricus, Bece. Nicobars.

11. CARYOTA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 422.

Tall Palms, 1. few, broad, bipinnate, leaflets (pinnules) green beneath, very
obliquely cuneate, tip preemorse or rounded. Spadices large, axillary, much
branched, the branches pendulous, spathes 3-5, tubular. Fl. usually in groups
of three, the central and lowest being 9, the two others ¢. Male: sepals
rounded, imbricate, petals coriaceous, oblong, valvate, stamens numerous.
Female: fl. subglobose, sepals imbricate, petals triangular, valvate, ovary
3-celled. Fr. globose, seeds 1-2, endosperm ruminate, embryo dorsal. Species
10, from India to Australia.

1. C.urens, Linn. The Mhar palm of Western India. Vern. Mari, Hind ;
Birli, Mar.; Baini, Kan.; Jiluga, Tel.; Konda panni, Thippali, Tam.;
Chunda pana, Mal.; Minbaw, Burm. Trunk annulate, attaining nearly
50 ft. and a diam. of 2 ft., no root-suckers. L. 18-20 by 10-12 ft., outer
margin of leaflets produced into a narrow triangular point, terminal leaflets
2- or 3-lobed. Spadix 10-12 ft. long, the uppermost flowering first, and so
on, until that next the ground has flowered and seeded, when the tree dies.
Peduncle stout, curved, entirely covered with large coriaceous spathes,
branches long pendulous, resembling a huge horse-tail. ¢ #1. half in. long or
more, stamens 40-45, tip of anthers bifid oremarginate. Fr. reddish, 3-3 in.
diam.

Subhimalayan tract from Nepal eastwards, ascending to 5,000 ft. Assam. Khasi
hills. Manipur. Chittagong. Upper Burma. Pegu. Western Ghats, in evergreen
forest. Orissa. The Cirears. Shady valleys of the hills on the east side of the
Peninsula.—Ceylon. Malaya. Fl. H.and R.S. The Kitul fibre from the leaves, sago
from the interior of the stem, sugar and toddy from the cut spadix.

2. ©. obtusa, Griff. Palms t. 236 a,B (obtusidentata). Mishmi hills 3,400 ft. Similar
to 1, but leaflets obtuse, outer margin not tailed, ¢ fl. smaller. 3. © mitis, Lour.—
Syn. C. sobolifera, Wall.; Griff. Palms t. 286 C. Arakan Yoma. Martaban. Anda-
mans.—Malay Penins. and Archip. Tufted, trunk 8-40 ft. high, 4-5 in. diam., with
numerous root-suckers. L. 8-9 ft. long, leaflets (pinnules) obliquely premorse,
the outer margin acuminate. Fl. not regularly arranged in groups of 3, g fin.
‘long, flesh-coloured, stamens 17.

Korthalsia laciniosa, Mart.—Syn. K. scaphigera, Kurz (non Mart.) Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. 43 t. 20, 21.; Calamosagus laciniosus, Griff. Palms t. 183. Vern. Wapo-
kyein, Burm. Andamans. Tenasserim. Climbing, often forked, the cane (without
sheaths) up to#in. diam. L. pinnate, 24, flabellum stout, 2 ft. long, leaflets narrowed
into a short petiolule, equidistant, alternate, ovate- or cuneate-rhomboid, preemorse,
n. flabellate, stouter 8-12, transverse veinlets numerous, sheath produced into a tubular
ochrea 4-5 in. long, splitting up into fibres. Spadix stout, piercing through the back
of the leaf sheath, branched, fl. bisexual, densely crowded on catkin-like cylindric tawny
tomentose spikelets, in the axils of tubular persistent spathes. Ovary imperfectly
8-celled. Fr. 1-4 in. long, 1-seeded, clothed with retrorsely imbricate trapezoid scales.
K. scaphigera, as wellasafew other Malayan species, have an inflated ligule on the leaf-
sheath, inhabited by ants. In the Mergui district may probably be found K. poly-
stachya, Mart., with slender spikelets 5-7 in. long.

12. WALLICHIA, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vii 418.

L. pinnate, leaflets white or pale beneath, with numerous longitudinal n.
separating at acute angles from the prominent midrib, the terminal leaflets

Wallichia} CX. PALMA 655

confluent, pet. angular, the edges separating into dark brown or black fibres.
Fl. monecious, ¢ and 9 either on a distinct spadix, or the ¢ at the ends of
branches with ? fl. Spathes numerous, sheathing, enclosing the peduncle of
the much branched drooping spadix. 4d fl.: calyx tubular or of 3 concave
sepals, petals 3, stamens 6 or more, anthers linear. 9 fl. not sunk in the
substance of the spadix; calyx shallow cup-shaped or flat, 3-toothed or of
3 sepals, petals 3. Ovary 2-or 3-celled. Seed plano-convex, endosperm
uniform, embryo dorsal.

A. Stemless, ¢ calyx tubular, stamens always 6.

1. W. densiflora, Martius; Bot. Mag. t. 4584.—Syn. Harina oblongifolia, Griff. Palms
t. 237, A, B,C. Vern. Kala aunsa, Goraunsa, Kum.; Takoru, Nep. Subhimalayan
tract, ascending to 4,000 ft., from Garhwal (Patlidun) eastwards, in shady and moist
valleys, often gregarious, forming extensive thickets. Khasi hills. Chittagong.
Stemless, thick tufts of large ].,10 ft. long or more, arising from the rhizome. Pet.
nearly as long as the leaf-bearing rachis, leaflets lanceolate, slightly lobed, lobes
preemorse, the nerves terminating in sharp points. 4 calyx truncate, ribbed, } in.
long, petals linear, twice the length of calyx. 9: sepals 3, petals concave, not ribbed.
5. W. caryotoides, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 295. Vern. Saingpa, Burm. Chittagong.
Upper Burma, hills west of Katha, 2-3,000 ft., in evergreen forest. Martaban and
Tenasserim. Stemless, tufts of 1. from the rhizome 4 ft. long, leaflets fascicled in the
lower part of the petiole, cuneate, lobed, the lobes large, premorse. ¢: calyx
tubular, striate, + in. long, petals linear, twice the length of calyx. 92: sepals spread-
ing, striate, petals ribbed. Ovary 2-3-celled.

B. Trunk 5-10 ft., ¢ calyx of 3 concave sepals, stamens numerous.

3. W. disticha, F. And.—Syn. W. Yomae, Kurz. Vern. Minbaw, Upper, Zanaung.
Letmé, Lower Burma. Gonda hills, Oudh (D. B., March, 1875). Valleys of Sikkim
Himalaya to 2,000 ft. Makim forest, Assam (D. B., April, 1879). Upper Burma,
ascending to 4,000 ft. in the hills east of Bhamo. Pegu Yoma, chiefly on the eastern
slopes. Trunk 15-20 ft. high, 6-12 in. diam., in the upper portion covered with the
fibrous leaf-bases, ]. 6-8 ft. long, leaflets fascicled, linear-cuneate, preemorsely lobed.
Spadix stout, drooping, 3-4 ft. long, g fl. mostly at the ends of branches, calyx small,
fleshy, consisting of 3 concave sepals, petals ovate acute, yy in. long, with 4-5 longitu-
dinal n., more than twice the length of calyx. @ : pet. broad-ovate, prominently ribbed.
Ovary usually 3- sometimes 2-lobed.

13. DIDYMOSPERMA, H. Wendl. and Drude ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 420.

Small, leaflets few, similar to those of Wallichia. Spadix erect, simple or
branched, spathes numerous, fl. larger than in Wallichia, moncecious or dicecious.
3: calyx cup-shaped, 3-fid, petals coriaceous, valvate, longer than calyx,
stamens 10-30, anthers linear. 2: subglobose, sepals rounded, coriaceous,
petals thick, triangular. Ovary 2-3-celled. Species6. India and Malaya.

1. D. nana, H. Wendl. & Drude: Bot. Mag. t. 6836.—Syn. Harina nana, Griff. Palms
t. 288 A.B. Assam and Khasi hills. Stem 2-5 ft., clothed with the rusty-hairy
leaf-sheaths, leaflets about 5, trapezoid or cuneate, the lateral 7-10 in. long. Spadix stout,
simple or sparingly branched, rustily scurfy, dense-fld. Fr. white, oblong, 4 in. long.
2. D. gracilis, Hook.f. Daphla hills, Assam. Stem 2 ft., slender, leaflets 6-8, broadly
cuneate, fruiting spadix 8 in, long, sparingly branched. ,

Nannorhops Ritchieana, H. Wendl.—Syn. Chamerops Ritchieana, Griff.; Vern. Pfis
Fease, Pfarra, Sind; Mazri, Trans Indus; Kilu, Kaliin, Salt range. Sind on arid
hills. Trans Indus. Salt range. Gregarious, usually tufts of |. from an underground
much-branched rhizome, at times an erect branching stem up to 20ft. high. Petioles
unarmed, concave, shortly produced into the blade, base with a mass of rust-coloured
wool, blade cuneately flabellate, greyish-green, consisting of 8-15 linear rigid seg-
ments, 12-15 in. long, folded, bipartite. Fl. polygamous, male and bisexual in a large
erect pyramidal much-ramified panicle, the branches in the axils of coriaceous sheaths,
narrowed into a lanceolate blade, pairs of fl. in the axils of hyaline bracts in pairs,
distinct or connate and bicuspidate. Calyx and petals thinly membranous, calyx flat,
8-toothed, petals connate at base, stamens 6 (sometimes 9 in the male fi.), anthers
sagittate, dorsifixed, filaments dilated below and adnate to petals, ovary 8-celled,

narrowed into the filiform style. Fr. 1-seeded, globose, } in. diam.

556 CX. PALMA [Livistona
14. LIVISTONA, Rob. Brown; FI. Brit. Ind. vi. 434.

Trunks tall, annulate, 1. nearly orbicular, segments linear, connate to the
middle, each with a midrib, pet. spinous. FI. bisexual, spadix axillary,
sheathed by numerous tubular spathes. Sepals rounded, imbricate. Corolla
coriaceous, 3-lobed. Stamens 6, filaments short, their dilated base united into
a ring, anthers versatile. Carpels 3, globose, free, styles free or cohering.
Drupes 1-3, seed one, ventral face hollowed, endosperm uniform, embryo dorsal.
Species 13, tropical Asia and Australia.

1. L. speciosa, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 43 t. 13,14. Vern. Taung tan, Taw
tan, Burm. Evergreen forests in Pegu and Upper Tenasserim. Trunk 40-70 ft., pet.
armed with dark-coloured, curved sharp spines, up to 4 in. long and 4 in. broad at
base, blade 6-7 ft. diam., segments sharply 2-cleft at apex, transverse veins prominent.
Spadix panicled, 2-4 ft. long, drupe dark blue, 3-1 in. long, 1-seeded. 2. L. Jenkinsiana,
Griff. Palms t. 226 A. B. Sikkim, lower hills and outer valleys. Assam. Naga hills.
Vern. Toko Pat, Ass. Trunk 20-30 ft. high, 6-7 in. diam. Leaf-blade 5-6 ft. across,
segments 70-80 obtusely 2-loded at the apex, transverse veins prominent. Spadix
2-3 ft. long, the peduncle entirely covered with chestnut-red coriaceous spathes.
Drupe leaden-blue, #-1 in. diam. 3. L. chinensis, Rob. Brown. China and Japan,
cultivated in gardens, trunk 25 ft., 1. reniform, segments deeply 2-fid., long acuminate,
drooping.

15. LICUALA, Rumph.; FI. Brit. Ind. vi. 430.

L. nearly orbicular, divided to the petiole into numerous mostly cuneate
segments, each with several main longitudinal nerves, pet. spinous. FI.
bisexual, spadix axillary, branches adnate to or beyond mouth of the coriaceous
tubular persistent spathes, calyx tubular, 3-fid, corolla-lobes coriaceous,
valvate. Stamens 6, anthers with a caudate base, filaments dilated below,
adnate to the corolla-tube. Carpels 3, triquetrous, free or nearly so, styles
filiform, cohering. Drupe one, by the abortion of 2 carpels, supported by the
persistent calyx-tube, 1-seeded, endosperm horny, uniform, embryo dorsal,

oblique. Species 45, trop. Asia, Australia and Pacific islands.

A. Fl. large $-3 in. long.

1. L. peltata, Roxb.; Griff. Palmst. 222. Vern. Kurud, Beng. ; Patti, Ass.; Salu.
Burm. Sikkim, deep hot valleys near the Teesta river. Assam. Khasi hills. Cachar,
Chittagong. Andamans. Burma, Upper and Lower, common in damp ravines of
the Pegu Yoma. Trunk 3-10 ft. high, sometimes thicker in the upper portion, due to
the persistent petiole bases. Pet. up to 6 ft. long, blade peltate, orbicular, horizontal,
segments cuneate, 16-20, plaited and 6-10-dentate at the apex. Spadix erect, longer
than 1., simply branched, with 3-5 drooping spikes, densely covered with greenish-
white fl., rachis and fl. tomentose. Fr. red, } in. long.

B. FI. small.

2. L. longipes, Griff. Palms t. 224 A.B. Mergui. Malay Penins. Nearly stemless,
pet. stout, 4-5 ft. long, blade 2 by 3 ft., peltate, segments 20-22, the lateral 3-4-lobed,
the terminal broader, cuneate. Spadix erect, shorter than |., much branched, the
branches in the axils of large sheathing spathes, lacerate at mouth, spikes and fl.
pubescent. 3. L. spinosa, Wurmb.—Syn. L. paludosa, Kurz. Andamans, tidal forests.
Nicobars. Malay Penins. Tufted, trunk 8-15 ft. high, 24 in. diam., pet. up to 4 ft.
long, blade reniform in outline, 4 ft. across, segments 18-22, linear-cuneate. Spadix
a little longer than |. Fr. red, } in. long.

16. TRACHYCARPUS, H. Wendl.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 435.

Trunk tall, 1. reniform or suborbicular, segments linear, connate to the
middle or nearly so, each with a midrib, pet. semi-cylindric, upper surface
flat, edges spinous, separating near the base into a network of stitf fibres. Fl.
polygamo-monecious. Spadix axillary or from the axils of fallen leaves,
stout, much branched, spathes numerous, coriaceous, tomentose, sheathing.
Sepals 3, ovate, petals broadly ovate, valvate, stamens 6, filaments free, anthers
dorsifixed. Carpels 3, distinct, stigmas recurved. Drupes 1-3, seeds erect,

Trachycarpus| CX. PALMA 657

ventrally grooved, endosperm uniform, embryo dorsal. Species 2 or 3, Hima-
laya, China, and Japan.

1. T. Martiana, H. Wendl—Syn. T. khasiana, H. Wendl.; Bot. Mag. t. 7128;
Chamerops Martiana, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 211; Ch. Khasyana, Griff. Palms t. 227
A.B. Vern. Jhangra, Jhaggar, Tal, Takil, Kumaon; Pakha, Ass. Central Himalaya,
Kumaon and Nepal, 5-8,000 ft. Khasi hills. Manipur, 6,000 ft. Kachin hills, Upper
Burma. Forests of Pinus Khasya, Martaban hills, 46,500 ft. (Kurz). Trunk slender ,
attaining 50 ft., but often stunted, obscurely annulate. Pet. 3 ft. long, the lower
sheathing portion separates into brown tough fibres, forming a close network of rhom-
boid meshes, the upper portion half round, the edges slightly denticulate. Blade
orbieular, segments 30-40, linear, 15-20 in. long, connate to one-third or one-half
their length. Spadix stout, drooping, clothed with dark rust-coloured down, branches
stout, in the axils of large coriaceous sheathing bracts. Petals ovate, concave, whitish,
filaments longer than anthers. Ovary and the rudiment of ovary in ¢ fl. hairy.
Drupe one, oblong, yellow at first, dark glossy blue when ripe. Beccari regards the
Kumaon tree as distinct anddescribes itas 7. Takil in Webbia 52, fr. reniform, similar
to T.excelsa. 2. T. excelsa, H. Wendl.—Syn. Chamerops Fortunei, Hook. in Bot. Mag. t.
5221. Upper Burma.—China, Japan. Trunk mostly clothed with old leaf-sheaths, fl.
24 clustered on tubercles. Fr. reniform, hollowed on one side,

17. BORASSUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 481.

B. flabellifer, Linn. (the only species). Zhe Palmyra.—Syn. B. flabelli-
Sormis, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 71, 72. Sans. Trinaraja. Vern. Tal, Tar, Hind. ;
Tad, Tamar, Mar. Potu Tadi, the male; Penti tadi, the female tree,
Telugu: Yan, Burm. Trunk attains 100 ft. and 2 ft. diam. near the ground,
with a dense mass of long rootlets; while young covered with dry 1. or the
base of petioles, old stems marked with the black narrow scars of the petioles.
L. 3-5 ft. diam., segments 60-80, shining, folded along the midrib, linear-
lanceolate, pet. 2-4 ft. long, semiterete, edges with hard horny spinescent
serratures. Fl. dicecious, spadix simply branched, sheathed with numerous
open spathes, ¢ spikes 1-3 at the ends of branches, cylindric, densely clothed
with thick closely imbricating bracts, numerous minute unilateral spikelets
concealed by these bracts, so as to appear immersed in the spike, the fl. coming
to the surface one by one, as they successively open, stamens 6, filaments
connate with the corolla into a stalk. 9 spikes terminating the branches of
spadix, fl. globose, 1 in. diam., sepals imbricate, petals convolute, ovary
3—4-celled. Fr. subglobose, 6 in. diam., enclosed by the enlarged and partly
fleshy perianth. Pyrenes 1-3, obcordate, fibrous outside, endosperm horny,
hollow.

A native of tropical Africa. Cultivated and self-sown throughout India and Burma,
as far north as Lat. 30°. The leavesare used for writing upon, the cut fl. stalks yield
sugar and toddy, the fr. is roasted and eaten. FI. March, April.

18. CORYPHA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 428.

Tall, monocarpic, dying after ripening their seed, at the age between 17
and 40 years. lL. very large, orbicular or lunate, flabellately maultifid,
segments folded lengthwise, pet. stout concave, spinous at the edges. Spadix
terminal, erect, paniculate. Fl. bisexual, small, calyx 3-fid, petals 3, connate
at base, stamens 6, filaments subulate, anthers dorsifixed, ovary 3-lobed. Fr
usually one globose drupe {-1} in. diam., with 2 abortive carpels at the base.
Seed erect, embryo at the summit of the uniform hard horny endosperm.
Species 6, tropical Asia.

1. ©. umbraculifera, Linn. The Talipot palm. Sans. Tali. Vern. Tara, Tarit,
Beng. ; Tali, Shri-tali, Kan. Indigenous on the Andamans and in the moist forests of
the Kumta and Honaivar talukas of North Kanara, covering extensive areas near
Gairsoppa and Yena, Talbot List, ed. ii. 8343. Not wild in Travancore. Cultivated
in tropical India, Ceylonand Burma. Trunkannulate, attains 80 ft. and 24 ft. diam.,
pet. stout, 5-10 ft. long, shortly bifidat the base, blade 8-16 ft. diam., cleft to about the
.middle into 80-100 linear segments up to Gin. broad. Spadix pyramidal, 10-20 ft,

UU

658 CX. PALME [Corypha.

high, the broad sheathing bracts often pierced by the primary branches, drupes large.
The broad leaf-segments of this and the following are highly prized for writing upon-
Umbrellas made of the 1. are largely exported from Kanara.

2. C. Taliera, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 255, 256. (Talliera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 174; Fl. Brit.
Ind. vi. 428). United with 1 by Prain in Bengal Plants 1091 (1903). but kept distinct
by the same author in Records of Bot. Survey of India iii. 293 (1905). Cultivated in
Bengal, home uncertain. Trunk 30 ft., rough from the scars of the fallen petioles,
pet. entire at base, segments united beyond the middle. Spadix 20 ft. high or
more, primary branches in the axils of the broad sheathing bracts, drupes large.

3. C. elata, Roxb.; Griff. Palms t. 220 p. Vern. Bajur, Beng. Cultivated in
Bengal. Trunk 60-70 ft., strongly marked with spiral ridges, the scars of the spirally-
arranged petioles.. Pet. slender, 6-12 ft. long, segments united to the middle, narrow.
Panicle small, compact, drupes small. To this species Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
60, 331, had referred C. macropoda, Kurz F. FI. ii.525 and C. Gebanga, Kurz ibid. (non
Blume), which is very common in Little Coco, and is also found on Great Coco.

Later information however has induced him to refer the Coco as well as the Anda-
man tree to C. umbraculifera, L.

Orpen CXI. PANDANACEZ. Gen. PI. iii. 949.
“Warburg in Engler’s Pflarizenreich, iv. 9.

Dicecious trees or shrubs, some scandent with aérial roots, the stem often
forked and supported, as if standing on stilts, by numerous adventitious roots.
Leaves coriaceous, linear or lanceolate, sessile with a sheathing base, in
tristichous spirals; edges and midrib usually spinous, the spines on the edges
erect, those on the midrib usually retrorse, transverse n. prominent. Spadix
axillary or terminal, simple or branched, clothed with leafy spathes, fl. small,
crowded, perianth 0, no bracts or bracteoles. Stamens numerous, filaments
either free, on the axis of the catkin, or connate below into a staminal-column,
anthers basifixed. Ovary consisting of 1 or numerous carpels, free or connate.
Synearpium consisting of numerous more or less obconical fruits, the apex. of
each fruit or carpel distinct, pyramidal conical or convex, crowned by the
hardened style or stigma, either drupaceous, or a many-seeded berry. Hndo-
sperm oily, abundant, embryo minute, basal.

A transverse section through the stem shows numerous fibro-vascular bundles, each
consisting of a great hard horny mass of wood-fibres with one or several groups of vessels
and sieve-tubes. The leaf-traces bend inwards from the leaf-basis and join on to other

fibro-vascular bundles, but they do not show a regular bend outwards as is the case in
Palms.

Erect or procumbent, syncarpium drupaceous, pyrenes as many
as fertile ovaries 0 di 6 3 é 3 2 :

Climbing, carpels connate, forming a 1-celled ovary. Syncarpium
a berry, seeds numerous, small] 5

1. Panpanus.

2. FREYCINETIA.

1. PANDANUS, Linn. f.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 483.

Erect or procumbent. Ovary of 1 or several one-celled carpels, 1 ovule in
each. Carpels free or connate, no staminodia. In fr. the upper half of each
carpel hollow or filled with spongy, pith-like tissue, seeds large, testa

‘membranous. _Syncarpia as a rule solitary. Species 156, tropical Africa,
Asia, Australia, and Polynesia.

A. Carpels distinct.

(a) Filaments free, on the axis of the catkin.

1. P. fetidus, Roxb.; Kurz in Seemann’s Journal of Botany v. (1867) 101, t. 62, fig.
4-6. Vern. Keor kanta, Hind.; Kotki kanta, Beng.; Thagyet, Tawthagyet, Burm.
Khasi hills. Cachar. Central and East Bengal. Chittagong and coast of Burma in
tidal forests. Prostrate, soboliferous, 3-5 ft. high, 1. glaucous-green, linear, 4-6 ft. long.
Spathes yellow, glossy, short sharp spines along the edges. Fl. foetid, stamens free, on
a fleshy axis, filaments short, connective long; mucronate. Syncarpium solitary,
2-5 in. long, drupes 5-6-gonous, apex pyramidal], terminating in a long spinescent

Pandanus}| CXI. PANDANACE# 659

style. 2. A sp. mentioned by Talbot (List 346) as an “evergreen prostrate thin-
stemmed soboliferous gregarious shrub, found in some of the North Kanara ever, creen
forests of the Siddapir subidivi ision, which may be P. fetidus, Roxb.,” will perhaps
be found to be identical with Hohenacker’s No. 536 from Bantwalla, South Kanara,
é only. This seems to be the same as specimens from Ceylon which have been
described as P. Thwaitesii by Ugolino Martelli, in Webbia 369. The ¢ spadix is very
flexuose, the spikes 2-3 and the anthers 4 in. long.

(b) Filaments connate into a column, bearing a number of umbellate
anthers at the top.

a Style forked.

3. P. furcatus, Roxb. Vern. Jarika, Nep.; Satthwa, Burm. Sikkim, outer hills up
to 3,000 ft., Khasi and Manipur hills. Chittagong. Lower Burma, frequent. Malay
Penins. and Archip. Erect, branched, atrial roots from the lower portion of trunk,
stem 10-40 ft. high, up to6in. diam. L. dark green, 8-15 ft. by 4-8 in., short stout
and sharp spines on edge and midrib. Spathes inodorous, the lowest of the ¢ spadix
up to3ft. long. Staminal-column tin. long, with 3-5 anthers at the apex. Syncarpium
usually solitary, orange-red when fully ripe, up to 18 in. long (occasionally racemose-
and smaller, Kurz), drupes connate, nearly cylindric, apex convex, styles spiny, shining,
deeply 2-3-forked. Talbot, List ed. ii. 345, states that this sp. is common in the Ghat
forests of Belgaum and North Kanara,a low gregarious tree, forming dense almost-
impenetrable thickets in marshy places near watercourses. 4. P. canaranus, Warb.
Mangalore, S. Kanara, in marshy places. Thelowerspathes of the ¢ spadix produced!
into a long spinulose "flagellum, staminal column 4 in., anthers ~, in. long. Drupes
clavate, slightly forked.

B Style not, or only slightly forked.

5. P. minor, Ham.—Syn. P. unguifer, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 6347. Subhimalayan
tract of Sikkim, ascending to 3,000 ft. Khasi hills. Chittagong. A dwarf shrub
2-8 ft. high, with long prostrate densely-matted stems and roots. L. lanceolate
14-2 ft., terminating in a narrow tail, 1-3 in. long, stout sharp spines up to } in. long
along the edges. Syncarpium solitary, 5 in. long, drupes smooth. clavate, apex convex,
style sharp, entire or slightly forked. 6. P, copula, Warburg l.c.76. Burma, Satthwa,
Burm., fr. only known. Syncarpium ovoid, 5 in., carpels 14 in. long, the outer
surface of each pyrene splitting up into numerous fibres giving the fr. the appearance
of a hard brush. 7. P. graminifolius, Kurz. Tenasserim. L. narrow linear, 12-18 by
4 in., glaucous beneath, edges and midrib finely spinulose.

B. Ovary of 4-12 connate carpels.

8. P. tectorius, Solander; Warburg l.c. 46.—Syn. P. fascicularis, Lam.; Prain Bengal
Plants 1101; P. odoratissimus, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 94-96. Includes P. levis, Kurz F.
Fl. ii. 508. Vern. Keura, Keora, Hind.; Kea, Beng.; Kaide, Kan.; Mogali, Tel. ;
Talai, Tam.; Satthapu, Burm. Sundriban. Sea coast of the Peninsula on both sides.
On sand along the coast of Burma. Andamans. Coco islands, common on the sea shore.
—Ceylon on the coast, “ usually forming a belt above high water mark, very common.’”
Mascarenes and Seychelles. Malay Penins. and Archip. China. Polynesia. Much
cultivated. Gregarious, much branched, stem bent, sometimes up to 25 ft. high, but
more often shrubby, resting on strong atrial roots. L. glaucous-green, 3-5 ft. long,

_caudate-acuminate, usually with strong spines on edges and midrib (var. /evis

unarmed or nearly so), g spadix with numerous sessile cylindric spikes 2-8 in. long,
enclosed by long white fragrant caudate-acuminate spathes, staminal-column }-4 in.
long, anthers cuspidate, inserted along the whole length of the upper portion. Syn-
carpium solitary, drooping, scarlet, drupes numerous (50-60), each consisting of 5-12:
carpels, the apex of each carpel distinct, more or less convex with a small, variously-
lobulate stigma.

9. P. Leram, Jones in Asiat. Researches iii. 163, with 2 plates. Nicobars,
(Larum.) Stem branched, 80-50 ft. high, supported by long strong aérial roots.
]. dark green. Syncarpium solitary, yellow when ripe, 20- 30 in, long, weighing 30-
40 Vb., drupes 4-12-celled, lower portion fleshy, edible. 10. P, andamanensium, Kurz.
Andamans. Stem simple or shortly forked, 40-50 ft. high, 8-14 in. diam., 1. 8-15 ft.
by 4-5 in. Syncarpium solitary, drooping, the size of a man’s head, scarlet when ripe-

2. FREYCINETIA, Gaudichaud ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 487.

Slender climbers, stems annulate, attached to supports by adventitious
rootlets. Ovary 1-celled, of 1-10 carpels, often surrounded by minute
staminodia, ovules numerous on parietal placentas as many as carpels.

660 CXI, PANDANACEA [Freycinetia

Syncarpium a globose or cylindric berry, seeds small, numerous, testa
crustaceous. Species 62, Ceylon, Andamans, Malay Penins. and Archip.,
Australia, Polynesia, New Zealand.

1. F. angustifolia, Blume. Tavoy. Malay Penins. and Archip. Scandent, stem
slender annulate, attaching itself to supports by adventitious rootlets, 1. linear,
12-18 by 4-4 in., terminating in a trigonous spinulose serrate tail, base sheathing.
Inflorescence a short terminal raceme bearing 3-5 spikes in the axils of large cym-
biform yellowish bracts, the outer narrowed into a spinulose serrate tail. § spikes
pedunculate, 8-12 in. long, filaments short thick. 9 9-12 in. long, ovary surrounded
by minute staminodes, stigmata 3-4. 2. F. insignis, Blume. Andamans. Java.
L. 18-86 by 3-1 in., spinulose-serrate on the margin and on the midrib beneath.
Inflorescence terminal, consisting of 2-3 peduncled spikes, bracts concave, the inner
pink, the outer green, stigmata 2-3. Syncarpium cylindric, 2} in. long.

Orper CXII. GRAMINEZ.
Trine XIII. BAMBUSEA. Gen. Pl. ii. 1094.

With the assistance of C. B. Smales, Indian Forest Dept.

(Munro, A Monograph of the Bambusaceew in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 1,
1868.—Gamble, The Bambusce of British India in Annals Royal Bot. Gard.
Calcutta vii. 1896.—Brandis, Biological Notes on Indian Bamboos in Indian

For. xxv. 1, 1899.)

Perennial grasses, as a rule of extremely gregarious habit. A woody
rootstock or rhizome, consisting, in the case of tufted species, of short twisted
and entangled branches, producing a large number of more or less closely-
packed woody stems (culms), or, in the case of single-stemmed species, with
long creeping branches, producing a number of culms standing 1-3 ft. apart.
The culms are jointed, hollow between joints, rarely climbing, usually erect,
the outer culms of the clumps often overhanging, in some species the culms
almost lying on the ground. The young shoots which come up in the rainy
season, either in the midst of dense clumps or, in the single-stemmed species,
separately from the ground, have the full diameter of the culm, but are quite
soft. They are enclosed in large, generally coriaceous sheaths, often hairy
outside, which arise from the joints or nodes, and as a rule terminate in a
more or less imperfect blade. These sheaths, like those which bear the
ordinary green |. of the Bamboos, are strictly alternate, there is an angle or
interval of 180° between the axillary buds of two successive sheaths. The
shoots grow with great rapidity, usually attaining their full length in less
than a month. As the internodes lengthen out telescopically and the nodes
separate, the green surface of the internodes appears between the sheaths,
which usually are yellow or brown, often producing a remarkable contrast.
The general appearance, length, texture and shape of these sheaths and their
blade afford good characters for distinguishing the different species. In many
species the internodes, while young, are covered with minute silky hairs.
After the culms have attained their full length, the buds, which are in the axils
of the sheaths, develop, in the upper portion of the culm, into leaf-bearing,
jointed, woody branches, which generally stand in half-whorls. In many
species the buds in the lower portion of the stem develop not at all or only
very sparingly, while in others they grow into half-whorls of branches, one or
a few of which often are much stouter and larger than the others, or they
grow out into short stiff, sometimes spinescent branches, leafless or with a few
leaves. At the nodes two rings may generally be distinguished, the lower is
the scar of the culm-sheath, while the upper ring, which is not always clearly
marked, corresponds to the node itself. Above the lower ring is the axillary
bud, and in the lower portion of the culm not unfrequently a ring of rootlets.
The rootlets, as well as the branches, when they develop before the culm-

CXIT, GRAMINE# 661

sheaths have fallen, pierce through the sheath at its base. These rootlets
rarely reach the ground, and often become hard and spinescent.

The leaves are distichous, and consist of a tubular sheath, split to the base,
and a linear-oblong or lanceolate blade with a midrib and numerous longi-
tudinal veins (fibro-vascular bundles), usually of two classes, stout or coarse
and thin, generally 5-9 thin between two stout nerves. The blade is joined
to the sheath by a short petiole. Half-way between two longitudinal nerves
and parallel to them is a transparent band, due to several lines of large cells,
belonging to the upper epidermis, which are frequently, but not in all cases,
filled with bright colourless masses of Silica (Silicon dioxide). All Bamboo
leaves have transverse veins, consisting of wood-fibres, which run across from
one longitudinal nerve to the next, straight, oblique, or with a bend in the
middle. In many species these transverse veins are conspicuous, particularly
on dry leaves, but they can usually be distinguished, under the lens or micro-
scope, as bright translucent dots at the point where they cross the band of
Silica cells. (Translucent glands, Gamble.) Pieces of dry 1. boiled in water,
and examined in glycerine, often show the transverse veins ; they can be made
more conspicuous by bleaching reagents or by scraping off part of the tissue
filled with chlorophyll. On the under side of the leaf the epidermis has numer-
ous solid protuberances or hairs, which usually are short and thick-walled, in
some species long and soft. The leaves being distichous, an inner and an outer
edge may be distinguished ; on the inner edge (in many species on both edges)
we find as a rule a colourless band, fringed with longer or shorter thick-walled
sharply-pointed hairs, while the outer edge is often rough on the upper side,
with lines of short rigid hairs along the outermost veins.

The identification of many species, when Jeaves only are available, may be
facilitated by counting the number of longitudinal nerves on fin. In most
genera the number varies between 20 and 50. Dendrocalamusand Melocalamus
have 20-30, and the following species have less than on Arundinaria
Walkeriana (leaf 1-1% in. wide), A. Hookeriana (4-1 in.), Bambusa khasi-
ana (1-1) in.), B. Grifiithiana (3 in.), pha hi mrt OU ree Winer
(1-2 in.), Dinochloa MeClellandi (2-4 in.), D. andamanica (1-2 in.), Teino-
stachyum Helferi (14-34 in.), T. Wightii (1-3 in.), Ceptiatoatac hyum
capitatum (1-2 in.), C. latifolium (24 in.), C. Fuchsianum (2-4 in.), Meo-
canna bambusoides (1-4 in). As may be expected, many broad-leayed
species have the longitudinal n. far apart, but there also are broad-leaved
species with the longitudinal nerves close together. For most species the
number of n. on 4 in. has here been stated. Conspicuous transverse veins are
found in Phyllostachys, in the majority of Arundinaria, in Pseudostachyum
polymorphum, and a few other species. When close together they form
squares or short rectangles with the longitudinal nerves (Phyllostachys,
Arundinaria densifolia, racemosa, elegans, jaunsarensis, hirsuta).
In counting the number of nerves on } in., only full-grown |. should be
selected, and the nerves must be counted in the middle, half-way between
base and tip. If this is done the results will be found to be fairly uniform,
whether the leaf selected is broad or narrow. Leaves grown under excep-
tional conditions, for instance, in a hothouse, are apt to be irregular, and should
be avoided. The nerves are often closer together near the edge of the leaf,
hence an average should be struck between the countings near the edge and
the midrib. Care must be taken to count the nerves only, not the translucent
lines of silica cells, a strong lens or a small microscope should be used; and
in the case of dry leaves it is advisable to boil a small piece in water and
place it in glycerine.

Fl. mostly bisexual, in distichous spikelets, usually arranged in large
panicles. The spikelet consists of a number of distichous bracts (or glumes),
the lower and sometimes the upper being empty. Each flowering glume
bears in its axil the palea, a membranous, usually transparent bract, which
has its back appressed to the axis of the spikelet and which, except when

662 CXII. GRAMINEA

terminal, is 2-keeled asa rule and strongly ciliate along the keels. Enclosed by
palea and flowering glume is a one-celled ovary with a terminal style, with 2 or
3 linear plumose stigmas, surrounded by 3 or 6, rarely more stamens, and in
most genera by 2 or 3 membranous, often ciliate scales (lodicules). Anthers
2-celled, cells parallel, contiguous, opening longitudinally. Fr. in some genera
with a thick, more or less fleshy, but more usually thin crustaceous or mem-
branous pericarp (caryopsis). Seed as a rule with a large mealy endosperm,
embryo small, basal on the outside. Embryo with a broad fleshy cotyledonary
body (scutellum) contiguous to the endosperm. Some genera (Dinochloa,
Melocalamus, Melocanna and Ochlandia) have no endosperm in the ripe
seed, and the germinating embryo derives its nourishment through a very
large scutellum from the pericarp.

In regard to their habit of flowering, Bamboos may be divided into three
great classes. First, those which flower annually or nearly so, the flower
panicle terminating leaf-bearing culms. Instances: Arundinaria Wightii,
Bambusa lineata, Ochlandra stridula. In these cases the plant does not
die after flowering. Second, those which flower gregariously and periodically,
all culms of one clump and all clumps in one district flowering simultaneously.
The leaves fall, and the whole culm is one huge flowering panicle. In these
eases the culms die after ripening their seed, and usually the underground
rhizome also dies. Instances: Bambusa polymorpha, arundinacea, Melo-
canna bambusoides. The area over which these species flower simultaneously
is circumscribed. In different districts they flower at different times. (Ind.
For. xxv. 10.) Third, irregularly flowering species. One or a few culms in
one clump, or a few clumps in one locality, are in flower at any one time,
while at other times all culms of one clump and all! clumps in one district are
simultaneously covered with flowers. Instances: Oxytenanthera albociliata,
Dendrocalamus strictus, D. Hamiltonii, Cephalostachyum pergracile. The
majority of species belongs to the third class. Some species may be considered
to hold an intermediate place, but as a rule it will be found convenient to
maintain the three classes here indicated. It should here be mentioned that
offsets taken from a clump some time before it flowers come into flower at the
same time as the parent clump. There are indications, that in dry stony
places and in exceptionally dry seasons Bamboos flower earlier and more
abundantly.

In districts where clearings are made for purposes of.temporary cultivation
(Taungya, Dhya, Kumri) in Bamboo Forest, it will be found that in the secondary
growth, which springs up after the crop has been reaped and the fields have been
deserted, different species of Bamboo show a different behaviour. Ina forest consist-
ing of tufted species a mass of tall grasses and large herbs, together with the coppice
shoots of trees and some seedlings will usually form the second growth, in which the
slender shoots coming up from the burnt Bamboo clumps, only gradually assert
themselves. The huge and intricate mass of rhizomes of a tufted species is close to
and often partially above the surface, and hence suffers more damage from the
Taungya fire than the long branches of the rhizome of single-stemmed species, which
as a rule are at some depth underground. As a matter of fact, when Taungyas are
‘cut in forests of single-stemmed species, the second growth frequently consists entirely ,
of a dense mass of Bamboos. There are however exceptions; thus in the Shan States
east of the Salween river the second growth over large areas is reported to consist
entirely of Oxytenanthera albo-ciliata, a densely-tufted species (H. N. Thompson, in
Forest Report Southern Circle Upper Burma, 1900-1901, p. 50).

When after the flowering of Bamboos in a certain district the fires of the hot
‘season have swept away the tangled mass of dry stems, the next rainy season produces
millions of seedling Bamboos, which soon grow up into slender plants, 2-3 ft. high,
forming dense waving green masses on the ground. Among these millions of plants
the stronger gradually get the upper hand, and these in course of time develop into
those remarkable rhizomes, consisting in tufted species of innumerable stout
twisting and interlaced branches, which produce the leaf-bearing culms. The de-
velopment of Bamboo seedlings into a clump is a most remarkable process, which has
not yet been sufficiently studied (cf. Brandis, in Ind. For., xxv. 4). Nor has it yet
been ascertained how many years a seedling requires to form a clump consisting of
full-sized stems. In the case of Bambusa polymorpha and arundinacea the period is

CXII. GRAMINEA 663

probably between 8 and 12 years. Offsets from mature clumps produce full-sized
culms in 2 or 8 years.

The mature culms of Bamboos as a rule are hollow, with transverse dissepiments
at the nodes. The tissue of the culm is very firm, consisting of closed fibro-vascular
bundles and, chiefly near the surface, large masses of sclerenchymatous cells and
fibres. The branches of the rhizome are solid. As mentioned above, the young shoots
of Bamboos are solid, consisting of exceedingly soft tissue. They grow with extreme
rapidity up to their full height in the first part of the rainy season. During this
period the young culm would not be able to stand without the support of the culm-
sheaths which at first entirely enclose it. At a later period the tissue of the culm
hardens, the internodes become hollow, and branches with leaves are formed in the
upper part. The ashes of Bamboos are rich in silica. In culms a few years old some
internodes are full of a watery fluid, which doubtless contains Potassium silicate in
solution. This probably is the origin of the Silica (Tabasheer), which is often found
in the internodes of old Bamboo culms (Brandis on Tabasheer, Ind. For. xiii. 107.
Also Sir Wm. Thiselton-Dyer’s note on Tabasheer, p. 185 of the same volume). It has
been found in Dendrocalamus strictus, Bambusa arundinacea and Oxytenanthera
nigrociliata, and is doubtless found in many other species.

I. Culms as a rule not over 20 ft. Stamens usually 3, pericarp thin, membranous,
adnate to seed.

A. Branches terete, transverse veins conspicuous in
most species, dividing the leaf into rectangles or
squares. Spikelets often pedicelled, 1- to many-
fld., empty glumes 1-2 . : : 5

B. Branches flattened on the inside, transverse veins
always conspicuous, close together, usually
dividing the leaf into minute squares. Spike-
lets sessile, supported by prominent sheathing
bracts, often with a leafy blade. FI. 14, empty
glumes 2-3. : : n 3 2

1, ARUNDINARIA.

2. Puy.iosracuys.

Il. Culms tall, asarule erect. Stamens 6, pericarp thin, membranous, adnate to
seed.
A. Filaments free.
(a) Palew entire or slightly 2-dentate, all pro-
minently 2-keeled . : 2 : . 38. Bampusa.
(b) Palewe deeply 2-dentate, the teeth awned,
the uppermost nearly entire, indistinctly
keeled . c . 5 ¢ : : . 4. Tuyrsosracnys.
B. Filaments connate.
(a) Spikelets many-fld., pales all prominently

keeled . : é é : : ¢ . 5, GIGANTOCHLOA,
(6) Spikelets few-fld., palese of upper fl. indis-
tinetly or not at all keeled é 3 . 6, OXYTENANTHERA,

III. Culms tall, sometimes climbing. Stamens 6, in Ochlandra numerous.
A. Fruit small, pericarp crustaceous, endosperm large.
(a) Single-stemmed, culms overhanging, trans-

verse veins conspicuous. - : . 7. Psevpostacnyum.
(b) Tufted, transverse veifs as a rule not
conspicuous.
a. Lodicules none, spikelets 2-6-fld., in
large globose heads . a 6 . 8. Denprocatanus.

8. Lodicules 8, conspicuous.
(1) Spikelets in long, narrow spikes.

* Spikelets 2-5-flowered . 9 Trrnosracuyum.
** Spikelets 1-flowered . : ScuizosTacuyum (p. 679).
(2) Spikelets crowded, in globose or
obconical heads : i . 10. Cernarosracuyun.
B. Fruit large, pericarp fleshy or ultimately coriaceous, no endosperm in the ripe

seed,
(a) Stamens 6, sometimes 4 or 5.
a. Lodicules none. Climbing, culms
zigzag, geniculate. Spikelets 1-fld.,
minute . i ; : - 11. Dixoennoa.

664 CXII. GRAMINEA [Arundinaria

B. Lodicules 2 or 3.
(1) Loosely tufted,culms spreading,
often climbing over large trees.
Spikelets small, in distant

compact globose heads. . 12. Merocarawus.
(2) Usually single-stemmed. Spike-
lets in large panicles : . 18. Metocanna.
(6) Stamens 6-120. Tufted, stems often over-
hanging . 2 P 0 0 5 . 14. Ocuianpra.

1. ARUNDINARIA, Michaux; FI. Brit. Ind. vii. 376.

Usually tufted and erect, rarely single-stemmed or climbing, culms slender,
terete, branches in half whorls. IL. small, n. as a rule 21-36 on 4 in., note-
worthy exceptions: A. falcata 36-48, microphylla 48, jaunsarensis 33-42 ;
transverse veins in most species conspicuous, in the Indian species usually
forming long rectangles with nerves. Spikelets often pedicelled, in racemes or
panicles, 1- tomany-fld., empty glumes 2, palea two-keeled, lodicules 3, ciliate.
Stamens as a rule 3 (6 in A. Prainii and Clarke?), style short, stigmas 2 or 3,
plumose. Species 50, 15 in America, 1 in South Africa, the rest Asiatic.

I. Erect, unarmed, bracts of inflorescence small.
A. Inflorescence usually at the end of leafy culms, mostly flowering
annually, transverse veins conspicuous as a rule.

(a) Western species.

1. A. Wightiana, Nees: Gamble, Bambusez t.2. Bedd. Man. t. 28. Nilgiris above
6,000 ft., common as underwood in Sholas, but alsoin the open. Palghat. Tinnevyelli.
Tufted, fl. annually, culms slender 6-10 ft., internodes 10-14 in. long, culm-sheaths
papery, straw-coloured, im the lower part with stiff golden hairs, ribs prominent, blade
subulate, 1-1} in. LL. thin, 5-7 by 4-1 in., n. 27-33 on } in., transverse veins oblique,
distance between them more than twice the interval between 2 nerves, a few bristles
at the mouth of leaf-sheath. Panicles leafy, branchlets capillary, as well as the long
pedicels, spikelets purple, }-} in. long, fertile fl. 24. 2. A. Walkeriana, Munro;
Gamble t. 1. Palnis.—Ceylon. L. thick, elliptic-lanceolate, 5-11 by 1-12 in., n. 18-24
on } in., margins cartilaginous, thickened and recurved, serrulate.

3. A. densifolia, Munro; Gamble t. 7. Anamalais 8,500 ft—Ceylon. A small
gregarious shrub, 4-3 ft. high. stiff densely-leafy culms arising from a thick rhizome,
internodes 13-3 by 4 in. L. densely imbricate, 1-14 by 4-4 in., transverse veins close
together, making horizontal narrow rectangles with then. Panicle dense, leafy,
consisting of spikes bearing 5-6 1-fld. spikelets. Style short, soon branching into 2
feathery stigmas.

(b) Eastern species

4. A. racemosa, Munro; Gamble t. 8. Vern. Maling, Nep. Phiung, Bhutia. East
Nepal and Sikkim 6-9,000 ft. Gregarious, single-stemmed, culms 10-80 ft. high,
internodes rough in the upper portion, 12-15 in. long, 3-14 in. diam., culm-
sheaths 7-10 in., prominently ribbed, blade subulate 2-3 in. long, ligule fimbriate.
L. 5-7 by 4-3 in., n. 27-86 on } in., transv. veins forming rectangles with nerves.
This low-level species, which is common about Darjeeling, and is largely used for mat-
making, for the roofs of houses, for fences and as fodder for cattle and ponies, ap-
parently flowers at long intervals. According to the Bengal Forest Report for 1903-4,
p. 9, a small patch of it flowered that year in the Darjeeling division, but I have not
seen fl. Gamble unites it with a small high-level bamboo ascending to 12,000 ft. in
Sikkim and the adjoining districts of Nepal, stems 3 ft. high, reddish, 1. 3 by }~-4 in.,
n. 33-39 on } in., transverse veins close, forming with n. squares and short rectangles,
which has a leafy panicle, the branches of which are supported by persistent sheaths,
spikelets 1-14 in. long, 4-8-fld., anthers purple, bifid at top, style short, stigmas 2 or 3,
papillose. 5. A elegans, Kurz; Gamble t.4. Naga hills, 5,500 ft. (Jzllz). Hills east
of Toungoo (Nattaung), 5-7,500 ft. Tufted, fl. annually, culms slender, 12-20 ft. high.
L. 4-5 in. long, n. 27-83 on } in. transverse veins close, forming squares or short
rectangles. Spikelets 1 in. or longer, 7-8-fld., anthers purple, stigmas white, plumose,
separate, sessile each on a thick bulbous base. 6. A. polystachya, Kurz MSS.; Gamble,
t.5. Sikkim 3-5,000 ft. Khasi hills. L. soft, 6-8 by 3-1 in., tramsv. veins none or
few, ligule long, striate, blunt, fimbriate. Inflorescence a large leafy racemose panicle,
spikelets 4-6-fld., stigmas sessile, plumose (not seen).

Arundinaria| CXII. GRAMINE# 665

B. Flowering culms leafless, transverse veins not conspicuous.

7. A. falcata, Nees; Brandis in Ind. For. xii. 206; Gamble t. 11, 12;
Collett Simla F). 634, fig. 199. Vern. Ringdl, Hind.; Go Ningal, Jauns.
Erect, densely tufted, more or less gregarious, flowers irregularly, at times
gregariously over large areas, while a few clumps may be found in flower
almost every year, fl. stems leafless. Culms slender, 6-10 ft. high, often
glaucous with a waxy covering, rims of sheath-nodes swollen, pubescent or
velvety, internodes 6-12 in. long, walls thin. Culm-sheaths thinly membranous,
as long as or longer than internodes, gradually narrowed from the middle to a
narrow truncate tip, blade subulate, }—-2 in. long. L. thin, 3-5 by 4—} in.,
n. 36-45 on } in., transy. veins obscure. Spikelets }-} in. long, some sessile,
others on long slender pedicels, in long densely-whorled racemiform panicles,
each with 1-3 fertile and one terminal sterile fl., style short, stigmas 2, long,
plumose. Caryopsis } in. long.

North-West Himalaya. Chamba to Nepal, 4-7,500 ft., often as underwood in forests
of Quercus incana. Fl. May-Oct. 8. A Khasiana, Munro; Gamble t. 13. Khasi hills,
5-6,000 ft. (Namlang). Similar to 7, but stems stronger and harder, l. broader, trans-
verse veinlets often faintly visible, n. 27-42 on } in., inflorescence more dense. 9. A.
intermedia, Munro ; Gamble, t. 14. Vern. Titi Nigala, Nep.; Parmiok, Lepcha. Sikkim
lower hills to 7,000 ft. Erect, tufted, gregarious, culms 8-12 ft. high, internodes 5-10 in.
long, culm-sheaths as long as internodes, |. 3-5 by 43-3 in., n. 27-36 on 4 in. (24 in
specimens cult. at Kew, 1. 34 in. wide), transverse veins faintly visible, leaf-sheaths
prominently striate, terminating in faleate auricles with numerous long cilia. Fl.
stems leafless, spikelets 4-1 in. long in racemes varying in length and often compound,
crowded in compact half-whorls, each spikelet with 3-4 fertile fl. 10. A. Hookeriana,
Munro; Gamble, t. 15. Vern. Sinyhani, Nep.; Prong, Praong, Lepcha. Sikkim and
West Bhutan 4-7,000 ft. Culms 12-30 ft., glaucous, with whitish seurf when young,
internodes 8-12 in. long, {-14 in. diam., culm-sheaths 12-24, blade 3-6 in. Jong. L.
6-12 by 4-14 in., n. 21-24 on } in., transv. veins just visible. FI. stems leafless,
spikelets } in. long with 1 fertile fl. Caryopsis y; in. long. Fl. in Sikkim and British
Bhutan 1848, 1885, 1892, and 1903.

II. Erect, a ring of thorns at the nodes, bracts of inflorescence small,
transverse veins prominent.

11. A. Griffthiana, Munro; Gamble t.9. British Bhutan. Khasi and Jaintia hills
(Khnap), Chin hills, Upper Burma. Tufted, gregarious, culms 10-30 ft., internodes
6-9 in. long, 1-14 in. diam., thorns short, stout, conical. Culm-sheaths as long as
internodes, coriaceous, hairy outside, a thick belt of long soft tawny hairs at the
base. L. 4-5 by 4-% in., n. 21-27 on } in. Panicle large, terminal, leafy, branches
in the axils of sheathing bracts, spikelets 1-14 in. long on slender peduncles, fl. 4-6,
rather distant, glumes mucronate. Found in fl. at Moflong 1885 (Griffith). 12. A
callosa, Munro; Gamble t. 10. Daphla and Khasi hills (Uskong, Uspar, Khasi).
Similar to 11, culm-sheaths thin, striate, glabrous. L. 8-9 by }-1} in., n. 21-24 on
fin. Panicles axillary, spikelets 2-3 in. long. Found in fl. at Shillong 1885 (C. B.
Clarke). To this I am disposed to refer a thorny Bamboo sent from the Kala Naga
hills, Maniptir, above 4,000 ft., by Mr. Inanada Charan Sen. Culms in thin clumps
15-20 ft., internodes 7-9 in., diam. 1 in., thorns }-1 in. long. Culm-sheaths as long as
internodes, very thin, almost hyaline, ribbed, transverse veins prominent, also on
blade, blade narrow, 2 in. long. L. 8-12 by 1-14 in., n. 180n}in. 18. A. armata,
Gamble t. 119. Bernardmyo, Upper Burma, 5,500 ft. (Maitut, Shan, J. W. Oliver,
Feb. 1894). Single stemmed, 20 ft. high, internodes 8 in., diam., 1-1} in., walls thin,
culm-sheaths thinly coriaceous, straw-coloured, 4-8 in. long, base 24 in. wide,
tapering to a very narrow tip. L. 6-9 by 4-14 in., n. 24 on } in. FI. unknown.
Possibly of this group: 14. A. Pantlingii, Gamble t. 118. British Bhutan 11,000 ft.
(in fl. 1895). Similar to 11, but doubtfully spinescent. L. 5-7 by 4-3 in., n. 27-86 on
fin. Spikelets 6-10-fld., 1-2 in. long, on long slender peduncles.

III. Erect, unarmed, bracts of inflorescence large, sheathing.

15. A. spathiflora, Trinius; Brandis in Ind. For. xii. 206; Gamble, t. 16.
Syn. Thamnocalamus spathiflorus, Munro; Brandis F. Fl. 563. Vern.
Ringal, Nagal, Hind.; Deo Ningal, Jauns.

Erect, densely tufted, gregarious, fl. periodically, probably in intervals of
10 years (Nepal 1821, Wallich; Jaunsar 1881 and 1882, Brandis, Fisher ;
Deoban 1892 and Kedarkanta 1893, Gamble). Culms 20-30, sometimes

666 CXII. GRAMINEA [Arundinaria

40 ft. high, internodes 6-15 in. long, 4-1 in. diam., culm-sheaths glabrous,
thin, straw-coloured, very smooth and shining within, 6-8 in. long, sides
parallel to near the apex, where they are narrowed to a truncately-rounded
apex 4 in. broad, blade caducous, 2-4 in. long. L. 3-5 by 4-} in., narrowed
into a short petiole, which is articulate with the sheath, n. 24-30 in 4 in.,
transverse veins conspicuous, dividing the area of the leaf into long rectangles,
Jeaf-sheaths coriaceous, straw-coloured, ribbed, fimbriate at the apex, persistent
after the 1. fall, forming an acute angle with the branch. Flowering distinct
from the leaf-bearing stems, but the former always with a few 1. Spikelets
1-25 in. long, with 4-8 fertile fl. often 2-3 together in the axil of a large
membranous ribbed sheath 2-3 in. long, fimbriate at the apex like a leaf-
sheath ; sometimes bearing a green, but usually terminating in a short dry
early deciduous membranous blade. FI. glumes long—acuminate. Stigmas 3,
long, plumose, sessile.

North-West Himalaya, Sutlej to Nepal 7-10,000 ft., often forming underwood under
Deodar, Cypress, the Himalayan Spruce, Silver Fir, and Quercus semecarpifolia, but
also forming forests of its own with a few scattered trees among the Bamboo. The
clumps generally stand close together, forming extensive thickets, so that adjoining
clusters cannot often readily be separated. The culms die after ripening their seed.
The stems are exported largely to the plains for hookah tubes, fishing rods and other
purposes. 16. A. aristata, Gamble, t.17. Vern. Rato-nigala, Nep.; Babain, Lepcha ;
Bhebham, Bhutia. Sikkim and British Bhutan 9-11,000 ft. Culms 8-12 ft. high,
shining yellow when mature, internodes 8-12 in. long, 4 in. diam., walls thick, nodes
prominent through the persistent cup- or ring-like base of the fallen sheath, culm-
sheaths prominently ribbed. Branchlets purple, 1. approximate at the ends, n. 24-33
on } in., transverse veins like 15, leaf-sheaths loose, strongly ribbed. Inflorescence with
numerous large spathaceous bracts, often with a leafy blade, enclosing clusters of 3-5
spikelets on short pedicels. Spikelets 1-2 in. long, with 4-8 fertile f1., fl. glume long
acuminate. Caryopsislinear-oblong, acute. Flowered on the Singalila range in 1868,
1869, 1890, and (over a smallarea)in 1900. 17. A. Falconeri, Benth. and Hook. f.; Gamble,
t.18; O. Stapf in Bot. Magazine t. 7947, and in Gard. Chron. xxxv. (1904) 305 ; Gilbert
Rogers in Ind. For, xxvii. 785. Syn. A. nobilis, Mitford. Himalaya from Jaunsar
eastwards, 6-10,000 ft. Chakrata 6,000 ft. (D.B., in fl. April 1881). Loosely tufted,
attains 20 ft., culms 3-} in. diam., not glaucous, sometimes striped, yellow and green,
node rim glabrous, internodes 8-15 in. long. Culm-sheaths oblong, shortly narrowed
towards the apex with convex margins. lL. 3-6 by 4-2 in., thin, transverse veinlets
obscure, but often visible on the underside of dry 1., n. 21-27 on }in. Spikelets 1-fld.
with an elongate slender sterile rachilla, fl. glumes shortly mucronate. Racemes of
5-7 spikelets in the axils of sheathing bracts, 3-14 in. long, usually truncate. FI.
gregariously. Madden found it in seed near the Pindari glacier, Sept. 1846, and in
1847 sent quantities of the seed to England, which was the origin of the plants that
flowered all over Europe and in Algeria in 1875 and 1876. In Sikkim it fld. in 1876
and at Darjeeling in 1900. Readily distinguished from A. falcata by the distant
longitud. nerves, 1. resembling those of A. Hookeriana.

IV. Mostly climbing, transverse veins not conspicuous.

18. A Prainii, Gamble, t. 19. Syn. Microcalamus Prainii, Gamble in Journ. As. Soe.
Beng. 59, 207. Vern. Sampit, Naga. Naga and Jaintia hills 3,500-8,000 ft. A small
wiry climber, culms up to 30 ft. long, internodes usually 8-9 in. long, walls thick,
often quite solid, 1. thin, 24 in. long, n. 33-39 on } in., transverse veins faintly visible.
Spikelets 3-6-fld., 1-14 in. long, rachis flexuose, on lax slender racemes in. leafy
panicles, fl. glume broad-ovate acute, stamens 6. In fl. Naga hills 1886 (Prain). 19.
A. Mannii, Gamble, t. 26. Khasi hills (Beneng). Slender tufted wiry climbing culms
up to 80 ft., internodes 3 ft. long, 4 in. diam., quite solid, culm-sheaths 12-18 in. long,
thin and slender, blade continuous with sheath, linear, 9-10 in. long. L. thin 6-9 by
3-3 in. n. 24 on }in., transverse veins few, bent, not prominent, fl. unknown. 20.
A. Clarkei, Gamble MSS. Manipur. A slight shrub 10 ft. high, 1]. 4-7 by 4-# in.,
n. 28-33 on 4 in. Stamens 6, hence placed here.

V. FL. unknown.

A. Transverse veins conspicuous.
(a) Single stemmed.

21. A. Jaunsarensis, Gamble, t. 22; Kanjilal F. Fl. 366. Tutuagadh, Mundali,
Jaunsar 7-8,000 ft. Ramni and Duduloli, Garhwal, 8,500-9,000 ft, Strachey and
Winterbottom. Culms single, 10-15 ft. high, arising from a long creeping rhizome,
internodes 9-11 in. long, 4 in. diam. L. 4-6 by 3-3 in., n. 33-42 on} in, transv.

Arundinaria) CXII GRAMINEZ 667

veins close together, forming squares or short rectangles with the n., fl. unknown.
L. similar to A. spathiflora, but the venation quite different. 22. A. Rolloana, Gamble,
t. 23. Naga hills 5-7,000 ft. Culms 8 ft. high, distant from creeping rhizomes, inter-
nodes 8-12 in. long, 4 in. diam. L. 6-8 by 1-1 in., n. 21-24 on } in. 23. Lading wa,
Burm. Hills east of Bhamo, 6,500 ft. (Montague Hill 188). Single-stemmed, erect,
culms 21 ft. high, #-14 in. diam., nearly solid. L. 4-5 by } in., fine hairs on the
underside, n. 27-42 in. on } in., transv. veins mostly close, forming short rectangles
and squares with longitudinal nerves. Similar to A. elegans, Kurz, but reported to
be single-stemmed.

(b) Tufted.

24. A. hirsuta, Munro; Gamble, t.20. Vern. Ustoh, Khasi. Khasi and Naga hills,
5-9,500 ft. Tufted, 3-8 ft. high (humilis, culmis spinosis, in tufts, Hook. f. in herb.
Kew, stems solitary from the rhizome, Gamble), 1. 2-7 by §-1} in., n. 21-33 on f in.,
transy. veinlets forming with the n. squares or horizontal rectangles, leaf-sheaths
clothed with long stiff hairs, auricles at the mouth bearing long stiff bristles. 25. A
microphylla, Munro. Bhutan 6-10,000 ft. Gregarious, D4 ft. high, forming large
patches in wet places, 1. 3-1 by +,-} in., the inner edge with very long pointed hairs,
appressed to the edge, n. 48 on } in., transverse veins forming squares and rectangles
with the n. 26. A Gallatlyi, Gamble, t. 21. Muleyit 6,000 ft., Tenasserim. Gregarious,
stems thin, ]. 3-4 by 4-} in., whitish beneath, sheath with about 3 long stiff bristles
at the mouth (not seen).

B. Transverse veins not conspicuous.

27. A. suberecta, Munro; Gamble, t. 24. Khasi and Jaintia hills, 3-5,000 ft.,
gregarious by the river, stems densely tufted, erect, thin, 10-20 ft., internodes 6-10 in.
long, 7% in. diam., cavity very small. L. 24 by 4-4 in., n. 33-42 on tin. Specimens
coll. by Gustav Mann in 1889 on the banks of the Mahtedu river below Jowai 3,500 ft.
(Lombnang) referred to this sp. by Gamble have ].3 by fin.,n. 48-51 on}in. 28.4
Kurzii, Gamble, t. 25. Coasts of Tenasserim, the only low-level sp. known from India.
L. very thin, 2-4 by 4-4, in., on numerous long wiry filiform branchlets (not seen).

2. PHYLLOSTACHYS, Sieb. et Zuce.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 386.

Usually tufted, but the rhizome often with long creeping branches which
send up tufts of culms at a distance from the parent clump. Principal
branches flattened above the axillary bud, hence angular, branches few (2-3)
from each node. L. tesselated with numerous prominent transverse veins,
forming squares with the n., sheath loose. The Indian species frequently
have the uppermost |. apparently in pairs, the internodes between these 1.
being very short. Panicle terminal, leafy, spikelets sessile 1-4-fld., in the
axils of large imbricating bracts, the bracts often with a small leafy blade.
Empty glumes 2-3, palea 2-keeled, many-nerved, often bimucronate, stamens
3, style long with 3 long feathery stigmas. Species about 30, Eastern Asia.

1. P. assamica, Gamble MSS. Mishmi hills, forming extensive patches covering
the hillside, 10-11 ft. high, makes excellent walking sticks (Griffith MSS. Notes and
Journals, p. 38). Namdang, \Lakhimpur district, Sadiya. Also cultivated near
Sibsagar. Culm-sheaths straw-colour, at the base of the narrow blade with narrow
oblong auricles, covered with long bristles, transverse veins prominent on the inside
of culm- sheaths. L. thin, linear-lanceolate, 4-6 by 4-} in., pet. slender } in. long,
n. 86-42 on } in., leaf-sheaths long bristly-ciliate at mouth. Fl. unknown. Followi ing
ie in Bam busew united this with Phyllostachys bambusoides, Sieb. et Zuce. : 5
Gamble t. 27, but he has since informed me that in his opinion the Indian plant is
distinet.

2. P. Mannii, Gamble t. 28. Cult. at Shillong, said to have been brought from
the Naga hills. Cult. at Bernardmyo, Upper Burma, brought from China. Mai pang
pik (imported Bamboo), Shan. Culm 15-20 ft. internodes up to 10 in. long and 1} in.
diam. Culm-sheaths thin, without auricles at the apex, transverse veins not promi-
nent, ligule long-fimbriate. L. similar to 1, but thicker, and pet. longer (} in. long),
leaf-sheaths with few or no bristles at mouth. 8. Similar to 2, and possibly identical
are specimens in leaf only (Montague Hill 196). Hills east of Bhamo, 6,500 ft., Sédan,
Burm. A small Bamboo, internodes 8 in. long, $ in. diam., used for pipe stems; the
stems are flat on one side, and some of the |. are in pairs, pet. slender, } in. long,
n. 89-42 on } in. ‘To this I also am inclined to refer a specimen mentioned by
Gamble under Arundinaria elegans, collected by J. Anderson on the Yunnan expedi-
tion at Poneshee in 1868, 1. } in. wide, n. 45 on } in. A specimen mentioned by
Gamble in the same place, collected by G. Gallatly (746), Tenasserim 5,000 ft., I have
not seen.

668 CXII. GRAMINEA [Bambusa.

3. BAMBUSA, Schreber; Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 386.

Tufted, a few species (nutans, Khasiana) nearly single-stemmed, culms
tall, erect, rarely overhanging or climbing. Transverse veins of |. not con-
Spicuous, n. 21-40 on J in. Exceptions: nana (45-54), polymorpha (40-45),
Binghami (42-45), Khasiana, Griffithiana (18-21). Spikelets sessile, palea
2-keeled, not cleft or only slightly. Stamens 6, ovary oblong or obovate, tip
hairy. Caryopsis on one side grooved, pericarp thin, adherent to the seed.
Species about 50. Eastern Asia, 1 in Australia.

I. Unarmed.

A. Fertile fl. numerous, spikelets terete, not flat.
(a) Culm-sheaths with large auricles.

1. B, Tulda, Roxb. Gamble t. 29. Vern. Peka, Chau, Hind.; Tulda,
Bene) Deo-bans, Jati, Jao, Ass.; Mitenga, Chittagong; Thaik-wa,

urm.

Gregarious, densely tufted, culms 20-70 ft. high, lower branches stiff,
horizontal, often leafy, internodes 1-2 ft., 2-4 in. diam., walls thick. Culm-
sheaths 6-9 in. long, and as broad at the base, polished within, blade tri-
angular, cuspidate, slightly hairy within, base decurrent into large rounded
long-fringed auricles or into a wavy band along the upper edge of sheath.
L. 6-10 by 1 in., glaucescent and usually softly hairy beneath, n. 30-43 on
4 in., leaf-sheath glabrous, ligule narrow, inconspicuous. Flowering culms
usually quite leafless, each stem being converted into an immense oblong
waving panicle, composed of innumerable supra-decompound ramifications
(Roxb.). Spikelets glossy, sessile, in length between 1 and 3 in., in distant
clusters or half-whorls on the glabrous branches of the panicle. At the base
of each spikelet 1 or 2 bracts, then 2-4 empty glumes, then 4-6 fertile, and at
the end 1 or 2 imperfect fl. Fl. glume distinctly many-nerved, }-1 in. long,
palea shorter, with long white cilia on the keels, penicillate at the tip, 3-5 n.
between the keels. Anthers long-exserted, purple, blunt at the tip or emargi-
nate. Caryopsis cylindric, + in. long, apex obtuse and hirsute.

Bengal, Assam, Chittagong. Burma, common on flats and along streams. Northern
Circars. Cultivated around villages in Bengal and further north as far as Oudh. At
times flowers gregariously, while at other times single clumps will be found in flower.
The specimens from Upper Burma (Bhamo and Ruby Mines district) have the ]. always
hairy beneath. 2. B. longispiculata, Gamble MSS. Vern. Mitenga, Chitt.; Thaikwa,
Burm. Chittagong hill tracts. Ruby Mines district, 3,500 ft. Tufted, culms 40 ft.
high, 3in.diam. Differs from 1 chiefly by the very long slightly compressed spikelets,
up to6 in. long. LL. 7-12 by 1-23 in., n. 24-81 on din. Spikelets polished, in the axils
of long coriaceous sheaths without a blade, in half whorls on erect often branching
spikes 11-15 in. long. Glumes empty 2, fertile 6-12, 1 in. long.

3. B. nutans, Wall.; Gamble, t., 30. Vern. Mahlu, Sikkim. Subhimalayan tract
from Kangra eastwards (probably cultivated west of the Sarda), ascending to 5,000
ft. Assam. Tufts loose, the culms not crowded, otherwise similar to 1, n. 30-39
on } in., leaf-sheaths hairy when young, auricles faleate with a few long bristles,
ligule elongated, obtuse, hairy. Spikelets 4-1 in. long, glumes with prominent longi-
tudinal and often with transverse nerves, anthers apiculate or slightly penicillate at
apex. As far as known flowers periodically at long intervals. 4. B. teres, Ham.;
Gamble, t. 31. Assam. Densely-tufted, culms attaining 60 ft., internodes 20 in. long,
3 in. diam. L. 12-14 in., n. 33-40 on 4} in. Spikelets up to 2 in. long, fl. glume
ovate-lanceolate from a broad base, many-nerved, sometimes with a foliaceous blade.
5. B. burmanica, Gamble, t. 33. Thaikwa, Thaikwa gyi, Burm. Katha district, Upper
Burma, on dry hill slopes. Culms dull green, nearly solid, nodes marked by a white
ring of hairs below them. LL. of mature culms 8-10 by 1-14 in., whitish and
pubescent beneath, pet. very short, n. 24-27 on } in., ].-sheaths of young plants very
hairy, of full-grown nearly glabrous. Spikelets up to 1 in. long, narrow, 5-6-fid., in
distant clusters supported by long truncate bracts (sheaths without a blade). Palea
obtuse white-ciliate along keels, rachilla short, stout, glabrous, anthers }-} in. long,
apiculate. Caryopsis cylindric, } in. long, hairy at top, very short.

6. B, Khasiana, Munro; Gamble, t. 87. Vern. Serim, Tyrah, Khasi; Tirriah, Naga.
Khasi, Jaintia, and Naga hills. Manipur. Culms single, from a creeping root-stock,
30-40 ft. high, internodes clothed with appressed golden hairs when young, 5-15 in.

Bambusa} CXII. GRAMINEZ 669

long, 1-1} in. diam., walls thin. Culm-sheaths 5-6 in. long, top but little narrower
than the base, blade from a broadly cordate auriculate and almost amplexicaul base
narrowed into a subulate point, middle portion thick, ribbed, lanceolate, outer mem-
branous, wing-like. L. pale, 4-9 by 1-14 in., ending in a subulate hairy point, n.
18-21 on 4 in. Spikelets partly short, sterile, partly long fertile, in distant often
nearly globose heads, on long spikes, arranged in leafy panicles. Two to three fertile
fl. in the middle with 14 empty glumes at base and 1-2 imperfect fl. at the apex.
Keels of palea with minute cilia, ovary attenuated into a short style. L. resemble
pa bambusoides, but culm-sheaths quite different. Has been found in fi. 1850
an

7. B. polymorpha, Munro; Gamble, t. 34. Vern. Kyathaung-wa, Burm. Pegu Yoma
abundant above 500 ft. Rare in Martaban. Tufted, gregarious, culms 60-80 ft. high,
erect, lower part naked, upper part gracefully bent, the leaf-bearing branches in half-
whorls, internodes 12-30 in. long, 3-5 in. diam., walls thin, rings of rootlets at the
lower nodes. Culm-sheaths about } the length of joint, blade concave, mucronate,
extending below into elongate falcate auricles, fringed by strong pale-brown bristles.
L. 4-6 by 4-4 in., n. 40-45 on tin. Spikelets sessile, clustered, } in. long, empty

glumes several, acuminate, often with a distinct blade separated from the sheath by a
- hairy callus, fertile fl. 3, with a terminal imperfect fl. on a long slender rachilla, palea
not or very slightly ciliate along the keels, anthers emarginate, style short. Flowers
at long intervals. Coll. in fl. by Dr. M’Clelland in Pegu in 1854. In 1856, ’57, 58
I found it in leaf in the Pegu Yoma. In 1859 it fld. on the west side of the Pegu
Yoma in its southern and 1860 in its northern portion. Gamble in Ann. Cale. Gard.
vii. 37 states that flowering specimens were collected by me in the Zamayee forests
in 1862 and by Kurz in the Thaukyeghat forests in 1871, and (in Nature, vol. 70,
p. 423) that since then flowers have been once reported from Bassein. To this Gamble,
Bambusew, 37, refers Betua, Beng., and doubtfully Jai, Beng., both from Sylhet. Betua
was coll. in fl. Dec., 1889, in Silhet. 8. Specimens (fl. and seedlings) sent by Troup
from the Bawben forests, Pegu (Kyathaungtu-Thaiktu, Burm., similar to B. polymor-
phaand Tulda), come near to7. Tufted, 50-60 ft., internodes 14-2 ft. long, densely
elothed with white silky hairs, walls } in. thick, often nearly solid, nodes with a ring
of rootlets like B. Tulda. Spikelets polished 3-4-fld. purple at the apex, palea not or
very slightly ciliate at the keels, lodicules broad, base fleshy, anthers purple, emar-
ginate, ovary obovoid, hairy, stigmas 3, long, plumose, sessile or nearly so. The
seedlings resemble those of B. Tulda, but the n. are closer together, 39-45 on } in.

(b) Culm-sheaths with small auricles or without auricles.

9. B. affinis, Munro. Vern. Thishe, Burm.; Wabué, Kar. In an old Taungya
between Wimpa and the Bithoko range, Yunzalin (D.B. May, 1859). Tufted and
somewhat scrambling, internodes under 2 in. diam. L. 4-8 by }-1 in., n. 33 on } in.,
sheaths ribbed, perfectly glabrous, loose, baggy, not tightly enclosing the internode.
Spikelets sessile, coriaceous, polished, 1 in. long, supported by large bracts, in distant
elusters on long spikes, forming terminal leafy panicles. Empty glumes 4-8, not
ciliate, the lowest # in. long, often consisting of a distinct sheath and blade. Some
male and a few fertile fl., palea much smaller than flowering glume, with very long
cilia in the upper half of keel, 7. nerves between keels. Ovary obovoid, glumes in the
lower portion. Kurz F. Fl. ii. 551 states that B. affinis, Munro grows in the Eng
forest of Martaban, east of the Sitang river. Gamble, Bambusew, 39, t. 36, identifies
with this a low bush growing in the Calcutta Botanic Garden on the edge of the
muddy river bank. The specimens of this in Herb. Kew, however, have entirely
different 1., 14 in. wide, n. 18-21 on } in., with a different structure. The 1.-sheaths
are sharply keeled and tightly appressed to the internode, and the ligule is large. 10.
B. pallida, Munro; Gamble t. 35. Vern. Pshi, Lepcha; Bijli, Walkthai, Makal, Ass. ;
Usken, Seskien, skhen, Khasi; Gyawa, Burm.; Maipyu, Kachin. Indigenous in
Sikkim, Bhutan, up to 6,000 ft., the Khasi, Jaintia, and Naga hills. Bhamo district,
in evergreen forest. Cultivated in Assam, the Khasi hills, and in the plains of
Eastern Bengal. Tufted, culms 40-60 ft. high, olive-green, the young shoots covered
with white powder, internodes 18-80 in. long, 2-8 in. diam. Culm-sheaths 7-12 in.
long, blade as broad as, and usually longer than sheath. L. 4-8 in. long, n. 88-42 on
tin. Spikelets pale, 1-1} in. long, fertile fl. 3-8, at the end 38-5 imperfect fl. gradually
decreasing in size. Ovary gradually narrowed into a short hairy style. Gamble,
Bambusem 88, identifies with this Dendrocalamus criticus, Kurz, Kambalu Taung,
Pegu Yoma, 8,000 ft. Gyawa, Burm., is also applied to Teinostachyum Dullooa,
Gamble. 11. B. nana, Roxb.; Gamble t. 88. A native of Japan, cultivated in India
and Burma, often as a hedge plant. Pulopinang wa, Burm. Densely tufted, culms
6-10 ft. high, internodes 8-15 in. long, 4-1 in. diam., culm-sheaths glabrous, 4-6 in.
long, green first, afterwards yellow, blade 2-8 in. long, hairy beneath. L.2-4 by 4in.,
n. 45-54 on } in. Spikelets sessile, distichous, 4-14 in. long, many-fid., in a poor

670 CXII. GRAMINE® [Bambusa.

diffuse leafy panicle, palea minutely ciliate at the tip only, anthers exserted, yellow,
ovary obovate, pubescent above, stigmas almost sessile.

B. Fertile fl. numerous, spikelets flat, more or less distichous.

12. B. Balcooa, Roxb.; Gamble, t. 39. Vern. Bhalkua, Beng. ;
Baluka, Deobans, Ass.; Wamna, Garo.

Densely tufted, culms 50-80 ft., lower branches stiff, leafless, internodes.
8-18 in., 3-6 in. diam., walls thick. Culm-sheaths with ciliate edges, auricles.
narrow, not falcate, the upper 10-14 in. long, blade 6-8 in., lower culm-sheaths.
smaller. IL. 6-12 by 1-2 in., pet. very short, sheath with long white hairs,.
ligule membranous, broadly triangular, n. 21-30 on } in. Spikelets ovate,
3—4 in. long, conspicuous by the protruding fimbriate keels of palez, 4-6-fld.,
in compact half-whorled heads, on long spikes in large compound, sometimes.
leaf-bearing panicles. Anthers apiculate, yellow. Ovary ovoid, narrowed.
into a long hairy style.

Assam. Lower Bengal. Behar. Gorakhpur. Flowers at long intervals. Highly -
esteemed in Bengal for scaffolding and building. Commonly cultivated near villages.
(Upendranath Kanjilal, the Bhalkua Bans of Bengal, Ind. For. xvii. 53.) 13.
B. vulgaris, Schrader; Gamble, t. 40. Syn. B. Thouarsii, Kunth. Vern. Bariala,,
Chittagong. Vansa Kullaka, Bombay. Home uncertain. Cultivated in tropical
India. Tufted, but clumps not dense, culms polished, often striped green and yellow,,
20-50 ft. high, internodes 10-18 in. long, diam. 3-5 in., culm-sheaths clothed outside:
with brown hairs, when young often streaked with green and yellow, 6-10 in. long,
top concavely truncate, blade triangular with faleate ciliate auricles at the base.
L. 16-12 by 1-2 in., hairy beneath when young, n. 21-39 on 4} in., transverse veins
visible on the lower surface, leaf-sheath appressed white hairy. Spikelets compressed,
4-2 by + in., 6-10-fld., palea thin, nerves between the keels indistinct, style long hairy,.
stigmas 3, plumose. 14. B. Kingiana, Gamble, t. 42. Thaik-wabo, Burm. Katha
district, Upper Burma. Culms-60-70 ft. long, up to4 in. diam. L. 10-12 by 1-24 in.,
n. 27-36 on } in., transy. veins indistinctly visible. Spikelets purple, 4 in. long, in
clusters of 1-6, fertile fl. 4-6, empty and fl. glumes ciliate along the edges, anthers
with a tuft of penicillate hairs. 15. B. lineata, Munro; Gamble, t. 43. Syn.
B. Rumphiana, Kurz in Ind. For. i. 841. Rutland Island, Andamans.—Marshy coast
forests of Amboina and other islands of the Malay Archip. Tufted, internodes
16-24 in. long, 4-1 in. diam., walls thin, branches single, not whorled, culm-sheaths
about 6 in. long, clothed when young with golden-brown hairs, blade as long as sheath,
ovate cuspidate. L. 10-15 by 1-3 in., pale beneath, n. on 4 in. 24-27, pet. broad,
very short, leaf-sheaths ribbed, keeled, fringed at the mouth with long stiff bristles,
ligule stiffly fimbriate. Fl. annually, panicle leafy, branches as well as spikelets in .
the axils of truncate sheaths. Spikelets sessile, } in. long, fertile fl. about 10, glumes
—empty and flowering—long-mucronate, edges ciliate. Lodicules 0. 16. B. Binghami,
Gamble, t. 41. Ngachat-wa, Burm. Nyaungdaungle forest, Tenasserim. L. 3-6 by
4-} in., a few white stiff cilia at the mouth of sheath, n. 42-45 0n4in. Spikelets
often in the axils of truncate sheaths, 4 in. long, fertile fl. 5-6, glumes mucronate,
keel cilia of palea conspicuous.

C. Fertile fl. 1-4.

17. B. Oliveriana, Gamble, t. 116. Vern. Wapyusan, Burm. Upper Burma, hills east.
of the Irawaddi north of Mandalay, 1-2,000 ft.. in moist deciduous forest in patuhes.
Tufted, culms 40-45 ft., branched from the base upwards, internodes about 14 in. long,
1-2 in. diam. Culm-sheaths thin, nearly glabrous, striate, 8-10 in., top convex, blade-
triangular, 4-8 in. long. L. thin, glabrous, 4-7 by 3-3 in., n. 33-39 on } in., leaf-
sheaths striate, glabrous. Spikelets $ in. long, 1-3 together in bracteate clusters on
drooping one-sided spikes. Fertile fl. 2-4, with an imperfect fl. on a long glabrous.
rachilla, lodicules 3, obovate, long fimbriate, anthers obtuse, long-exserted, striped red
and yellow, afterwards dull purple. Ovary hairy, style short, stigmas 2, plumose-
18. B, schizostachyoides, Kurz; Gamble, t. 44. Syn. Cephalostachyum schizostachyoides,.
Kurz F. Fl). ii. 565. South Andaman. Tufted, culms 20-30 ft., internodes 18-24 in.
long, 3-4 in. diam., walls very thin. L. 4-7 by 3-1 in., n. 30-33 on fin. Spikelets.
4 in. long, sessile in lateral clusters supported by truncate bracts (sheaths without a
blade), fertile fl. 2-3, palea narrow, membranous, acuminate, anthers apiculate, base:
unequal. 19. B. Griffithiana, Munro; Gamble t. 45. Syn. Dendrocalamus Griffithianus,
Kurz, F. Fl. ii. 562. Maniptr. Near Mogaung, Upper Burma. Subscandent, culms.
slender, 1. 15-18 by 3 in., pale beneath, n. 18-20 on } in., leaf-sheath at the mouth with
large auricles, fringed with long bristles. Branches of panicle thick, hollow, walls:

Bambusa\ CXII GRAMINE 671

thin, bearing lateral heads of spikelets at intervals of 3-Lin. Spikelets cylindric
acute, fertile fl. 1, anthers bifid at the apex, stigmas long, plumose, sessile.

II. Branehlets spinescent.

20 B. arundinacea, Willd.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 79; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.321-
Gamble t. 48. Syn. B. spinosa, Roxb. Vern. Kanta Bans, Kattang, Hind. ;
Kata, Koto, Assam; Kalak, Padhai, Konkan; Kates Tokar, Thana; Bidru,
Hebbidru, Bidungulu, Kan.; Bongu, Mundla Veduru, Mungil, Tam.; Mula,
Titi, Mal.; Kyakat-wa, Burm.

Gregarious, densely tufted, culms 50-120 ft., internodes 12-18 in. long,
4-6 in. diam., walls 1—2 in. thiek, the nodes in the lower part of the culm
bearing dense half-whorls of stiff almost leafless branches, the upper part of
the culm bending over, with large distichous leafy branches, alternating at
even distances, resembling Prince of Wales’ feathers. Culm-sheaths cori-
aceous, 9-12 in. long, shorter than the full-grown internodes, outside hairy and
orange-yellow while young, shining and prominently-ribbed on the inside,
blade triangular, shorter than sheath, upper side clothed with a dense brown
felt of bristly hairs. Branchlets with short sharp spines at the nodes. L.
small, thin, not exceeding 8 by ? in., often hairy beneath, ROE SUCH usually
hairy, n. 30-45, usually 33-39, on 4 in. Spikelets sessile, } 1-1 in. long,
glabrous, shining, glumes as a rule not ciliate, palea slightly longer than fl.
‘glume, the ciliate keels prominently protruding, anthers yellow. Ovary
almost cylindric, style glabrous, with 3 long plumose stigmas. Grain 3-3 in.
enclosed in the persistent glume and palea.

Indigenous in both Peninsulas in the plains and lower hills, ascending to 3,000 ft.
In Burma chiefly along the banks of rivers and in valleys onalluvial soil. Cultivated
largely in Northern India. Cultivated in many parts of China. Flowers periodically
and simultaneously in one district, when all buds on each culm develop into flowers,
exceptionally with a few leaves. At that time as a rule all clumps in the district
come into fl.,a few clumps flowering in the preceding and others in the following
year. The followi ing data seem to “Justify the assumption that a general flowering
takes place in periods of 30-32 years in one district. Malabar, South Kanara, the
Wainad and Coorg 1804, 1836, and 1866. On the Nerbudda river near Jabalpur
1839, at Jabalpur 1870. (See list of the flowering of this species in Ind. (For. xxv. 11.)
Rheede, Hortus Malabaricus i. 26 t. 16 (1678), however, states that this Bamboo flowers
when 60 years old. A remarkable Bamboo found on the Javadi hills, Salem district, Jru
vare (D.B. Jan. 1882), the culms not crowded in the clumps, branches single, thorns
few, culm-sheaths short, leaves like B. arundinacea.

21. B. Copelandi, Gamble MSS. Vern. Wagyi, Burm. Largely cultivated in the
Northern Shan States. A large species of uncertain position in the genus, resembling
Dendrocalamus latijlorus in general appearance. Culm-sheaths thick, scanty black
hairs outside, polished inside, 15 in. long, top rounded towards the short and narrow
blade. L. ovate-lanceolate, 12-15 by 1#-2% in., n. 21-26 on } in. Spikelets glabrous,
1-14 in. long, empty glumes 2-4, with conspicuous transverse veins, flowering 2-8,
longitudinal, n. 26, transverse veins obscure. Palea keeled and shortly bidentate at
apex, lodicules lanceolate, hyaline. Anthers } in. long, mucronate at tip. Ovary and
style hirsute. Caryopsis 4-% in. long, contracted towards the apex.

4. THYRSOSTACHYS, Gamble; Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 397.

Panicles consisting of numerous compound cakes spikes, in the axils
of sheathing bracts, ‘peduncles bearing coriaceous sheaths, usually without a
blade. Branches of compound spikes ‘short, i in the axils of sheathing bracts,
bearing perfect and imperfect spikelets in the axils of membranous “sheaths.
Palew hyaline, keeled, ciliate along the keels, those of the lower fl. in
each spikelet deeply bifid, that of the uppermost fl. entire, or nearly so.
Species 2.

1. T. Oliveri, Gamble, t. 50. Vern. Thanawa, Burm.; Maitong, Kachin. Upper
Burma, on low hills, not in the northern moister districts. Flowered in 1891, and,
sporadically, in the Ruby Mines district in 1902, Bruce in Ind. For. xxx. 270. Tufted,
culms erect, 50-80 ft., lower half naked, internodes 14-24 in. long, 2-8 in. diam., bright
green with white bloom on young stems, afterwards dull green. Culm-sheaths green

672 CXII. GRAMINEA [ Thyrsostachys

on young shoots, thin, persistent, tightly appressed to stem, half to three-fourths the
length of internode, blade caducous, 3-9 in. long. L. 7-10 by 4-1} in., n. 27-36 on
4 in., sheaths keeled, minutely ciliate along the edges. Compound spikes 6-10 in.
long, branches with a few perfect and numerous imperfect spikelets in the axils of
sheaths, which frequently bear well-developed green triangular blades up to } in. long,
perfect spikelets 34-1 in. long, fl. 2-8, g and $. FI. glume with transverse nerves,
minutely hairy on the back, anthers yellow, connective produced into a blunt point,
filaments purple, long-exserted. Grain 2 in. long, cylindric, beaked. At the base of
culms frequently large tufts of thin filiform much-ramified branches resembling fine
grass, clothed with membranous sheaths, with or without blades. 2. T. siamensis,
Gamble, t. 51. Syn. Bambusa regia, Thoms. Vern. Tiwa, Ti-yo-wa, Burm. Indi-
genous in small side valleys of the Salween river between the Solo and Kémapyu
Chaungs (D. B. May 1859). Also in Siam. In Upper Burma cultivated largely in
monastery gardens. Tufted, culms 25-40 ft., straight, naked below, with dense half-
whorls of branches near the top. Internodes 8-13 in. long, of uniform length in the
same culm, diam. 14-3 in., nodes straight and elegant, walls thick. Culm-sheaths
‘deciduous, as long as internodes, blade narrowly triangular. L. 3-6 by 4-4 in., n.
33-48 on } in. Branches of panicle slender, drooping, glumes clothed on the back near
the base with long soft hairs. Fl. periodically, cult. at Royal Gardens, Calcutta,
where it flowered in 1892. In 1893 tufts of thin wiry branchlets appeared with small
l. and a few fl. The handles of the best class of Burmese umbrellas made of the
‘culms.

5. GIGANTOCHLOA, Kurz; FI. Brit. Ind. vii. 398

Erect or scandent, stems branchless in the lower portion. Fertile fl. 2-4,
glumes ciliate along the edge, palea of all fl. 2-keeled, keels ciliate. Fila-
ments connate into a tube, ovary hairy. Species about 11, Hastern Peninsula
and Malay Archip.

1. G. macrostachya, Kurz; Gamble, t. 54. Vern. Wapyugyi, Burm. Hills east of
Shwegyin between the Sitang and Beeling rivers (D.B. March 1862). Also further
east on the feeders of the Salween river. Clumps lax, not compact, culms with white
longitudinal stripes, 20-30 ft. high, 4 in. diam., walls # in. thick. When Taungya
‘clearings have been made in the forest of this species, the Bamboo shoots spring up
immediately after the harvest, instead of the usual mass of tall grasses and herbaceous
plants. L. pale beneath, 4-6 by 4-3 in., n. 30-385 on } in., mouth of sheath with long
bristles. Long fertile and short sterile spikelets in heads 14-3 in. apart, up to
3 in. diam. Fertile spikelets linear, sharply subulate, 1-2 in. long, glumes
with a conspicuous black fringe on the edge and a few black stiff hairs on the
back. Caryopsis narrowly cylindric, tipped with the persistent style. I adopt the
above name, as it is supported by Gamble’s t. 54, the main portion of which is taken
from the specimens at Herb. Cale. collected by me in 1862.

Here may be mentioned the following chiefly Burmese Bamboos, which have
some resemblance to Gigantochloa macrostochya, though the flowers being unknown,
it is quite uncertain whether they belong to this genus :—

A. Single stemmed.

(a) Tabindaing, Burm. Karen hills south-east of Toungoo (D. B. Feb. 1880, see
Brandis, Suggestions regarding Forest Administration in British Burma, 1881, p. 141).
‘Culm-sheaths 6 in. Jong, gradually narrowed from a base 8 in. wide to an apex 4 in.
wide, a broad undulated band on both sides of the 2 in. broad base of the triangular
blade. L. 8 by 1 in., glaucous and hairy beneath, n. 30-36 on}in. The Taungya
clearings made in forests of this species mostly grow up in Bamboo, and the period
which in 1880 was allowed for the Bamboo forest to grow up, before it was cut again,
varied from 7 to 15 years. To this probably belongs Kurz’s No. 156, from Burma,
without locality.

(b) Tabindaing, Burm.; Wabgai, Wamé, Karen. Hills on the headwaters of the
Maitharauk river, ascending to the crest of the Bithoko range, also in the Sinzway
forest of the Yunzalin valley. (D.B. March, 1880, see Brandis, Suggestions, etc.
pp. 151, 153, 156, 157.) Culms 2-3 ft. apart, bright green, often with yellow stripes,
lower half naked, culm-sheaths thick, clothed outside with black irritating hairs. L.
8-12 by 3-14 in., n. 30-40 on tin. It is possible that Kurz may have based his B. (?)
villosula upon specimens collected by me of this Bamboo at an earlier date.

(ec) Tabindaing, Burm. Mogaung Forests, Upper Burma (J. W. Oliver, Feb. 1895).
Culms single, long-spaced on the rhizome. Culm-sheaths and 1. similar to (6), n. 29-8
on } in.

(d) Tabindaing, Wuntho, Upper Burma, in cool evergreen forest, 500 ft. (Smales

Gigantochloa| CXII. GRAMINE 673

Jan., 1902). Culms 2 ft. apart, naked below on } of their length, 50 ft. high, inter-
nodes 18 in. long, diam. 34 in., walls 4 in., nodes not prominent, hence the culm
smooth, cylindric. Culm-sheaths 6-8 in. long, from stone- to orange-colour, contrast-
ing with the light green colour of the culms, blade 24 in. L. glabrous, glaucous
beneath, 8-12 by 1-2 in., n. 25-33 on} in. Accidental branches on the lower portion
of the culm, and partially suppressed branchlets have leaf-sheaths with long bristles at
the mouth, while the normal |. on the upper portion of the stem are without such
bristles, and have keeled naked sheaths.

(¢) Tabindaing. Hills west of Katha, 2,000 ft., in cool evergreen forest (Joseph
Messer, March 1904). Culms 1-2 ft. apart, naked more than half-way up, 75 ft. high,
a few conspicuous rings of arrested rootlets on the lowest 3 or 4 nodes. Culm-sheath
very broad at base, 6, blade 2-3 in. long. Internodes 1-2 ft., 4 in. diam., nodes
thick with a conspicuous arrested bud (myelsan) at every node, 4-1 in. diam. L.
bluish-white underneath, 10 by 14 in., n. 29-37 on + in., leaf-sheaths keeled, ligule
large, triangular.

B. Tufted or probably so.

(f) Wanet. Shwegu, Upper Burma (Pocock, 1902). Culms tufted, stems branched
in the lower half, culm-sheaths thick, not much narrowed towards the truncate mouth,
with broad, wavy fimbriate auricles. L. pale beneath and slightly velvety, 12 by
14-1} in., ligule conspicuous, n. 30-40 on } in., pet. 4 in. long.

(g) Wanet. Kachin hills, Bhamo district, in moist forest, 1,500 ft. (Oliver, April
1593). Culm-sheaths woody, 8 in. long, blade triangular, as long as sheath, tip
spinescent, l. 9-12 by 1}-2 in., glaucous and finely-pubescent beneath, n. 28-33 on
in., ligule very small.

(h) Tekserah, Garo hills (G. Mann, 1889). Culm-sheath broad, 6, blade 8 in. long,
‘blade membranous, glabrous, conspicuously ribbed, continued into a broad fimbriate
band on the top of sheath. L. hairy beneath, 9 by 1} in., narrowed into pet. 4-4 in.,
apex running out into a long hairy point, n. 40-45 on } in., ligule minute.

Of the Bamboos here mentioned, a, b, yg, and h are included by Gamble under
G. macrostachya. He also includes Madi or Maday-wa from Chittagong, of which I
have seen no specimens.

2. G. Kurzii, Gamble, t. 56. South Tenasserim. Malay Penins. L. 8-13 by 4-14 in.,
n. 36-39 on ¢ in. Panicle leafy, half whorls of 2-6 lanceolate spikelets 4 in. long,
marked by the dense fringe of long brown hairs along the edge of the glumes, style
long, ending in a single plumose stigma. 3. G, verticillata, Munro; Gamble, t. 52.
Syn. G. maxima, Kurz, Ind. For. i. 343. ‘Cultivated and wild in the Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago, forming large forests in Java. China. Probably also in Tenasserim.
Tufted, culms 80-120 ft., light coloured, with yellow stripes when young, internodes
18 in., 4-6 in. diam., culm-sheaths 12 in. long, densely clothed outside with golden-
brown stiff hairs, rounded to a top 1-14 in. broad, blade small reflexed. L. 10-14 by
1-2 in., pet. 4-} in. long, n. 21-30 on } in. Panicle leafy, compound, branches long,
slender, bearing distant half-whorls of ovate spikelets § in. long, stamens exserted,
tube long, membranous, anthers yellow.

6. OXYTENANTHERA, Munro; Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 400.

Spikelets narrow-cylindric, acuminate, fl. 1-3. Palea of the lower fl.
2-keeled, that of the uppermost slightly or not at all keeled. Stamens 6,
filaments united into a thin membranous tube. Caryopsis grooved, terminated
by a beak. As far as known the species fl. frequently, some probably
annually, inflorescence often leafy. Species the following, one in New Guinea,
and one or two in tropical Africa.

A. Panicle large, branches long, with distant half-whorls of spikelets.
Eastern species :—

1. O. albo-ciliata, Munro; Gamble, t. 61. Syn. Gigantochloa albo-ciliatay
Kurz. Vern. Wapyugale, Wanwe, Wagédk, Wagauk, Burm. :

Very gregarious, tufted, generally deciduous, culms 20-30 ft., not erect,
but bending over in all directions, forming dense low masses of nearly hori-
zontal stems, branches in the lower part single, stout, often erect, higher up
smaller, leafy, half-whorled. Internodes of culms and larger branches 24 in.
long, 1-14 in. diam., nodes oblique. Culm-sheaths thick, hard, one-third the
length of internode, clothed with dark appressed hairs, blade often as long as

xX Xx

674 CXII. GRAMINEA [Oxytenanthera

sheath, ligule large, }-1 in. long. Lower internodes of leaf-bearing branchlets
5-7 in. long, 1. 6-10 by 1 in., n. 27-34 on 4 in., pet. very short. Fl. irregularly,
at times in single clumps, at others gregariously over large areas. Branches
of panicle long, slender, fistulose, spikelets 4$-} in. long, slender, curved, in
eompact half-whorls, glumes conspicuously white-ciliate. Grain cylindric,
glabrous, beaked.

Upper Burma. Shan States east of the Salween river. Martaban and Tenasserim,
abundant, less common in Pegu. A bad companion for Teak, as the tangled masses
of low arching stems tend to smother and break down the saplings, while those which
survive are not drawn up by the Bamboo and not forced to form tall and clean stems.
Tree growth does not generally flourish where the species is abundant (cf. H. N.
Thompson in Forest Report Southern Circle, Upper Burma, 1900-1901).

2. 0. nigrociliata, Munro; Gamble, t. 60. Syn. O. awriculata, Prain, Bengal Plants
1234; Gigantochloa andamanica, Kurz, and auriculata, Kurz; Bambusa auriculata,
Kurz; Gamble, t. 49. Vern. Kalia, Beng.; Talagu wa, Burm. (Kurz). Garo hills
(Washut). Silhet. Chittagong. Lower Pegu(Kurz). Tenasserim. Andamans, in the
semi-deciduous forest, often associated with Padouk, also on banks of streams forming
the lower fringe of the evergreen forest. Nicobars.—Singapore. Densely tufted, ever-
green, gregarious, culms erect, straight, 30-50 ft., internodes 18-30 in., diam. 2-4 in.
Culm-sheaths 6-16 in., densely covered with black hairs, which readily come off on the
middle line, leaving two longitudinal hairy belts, apex 13-3 in. wide, convexly truncate,
blade triangular or lanceolate, shorter than sheath, with two smal] round auricles. L.
8-16 by 1-23 in., thin hairs up to 54 in. long on the underside, chiefly on young 1, n.
24-30 on } in., transverse veins distinctly visible, leaf-sheaths terminating in 2 small
thick glossy auricles. Panicles large, leafy, branches pubescent, fertile spikelets narrow,
cylindric-lanceolate, 4-14 in. long, with numerous smaller sterile ones, in distant half-
whorls, supported by broad sometimes elongate coriaceous bracts. Fl. 1-3, glumes
conspicuously fringed along the edge with stiff black or brown hairs, longitud. n.
15-27, transyv. veins few or none. Empty glumes usually 4, ovate, mucronate, palea
bristly bidentate at apex, lodicules 0. Staminal-tube in the young fl. as long as ovary,
thick, 6 fibro-vascular bundles leading to the teeth which bear the anthers, growing
out rapidly into a thin hyaline tube up to 1 in. long, elegantly marked by 6 lines of
torn spiral vessels, the remains of the fibro-vascular bundles. Anthers }-% in. long,
purple, exserted, terminating in a sharp hispid apiculus. Ovary and style densely
clothed with stiff hairs. Caryopsis cylindric. Easily propagated by cut pieces of
culms with the sheaths on, which, if pegged down upon the ground, root at the nodes.
Fl. frequently. To this Mr. Gamble refers Bolangi Bans of Khorda, Orissa. Speci-
mens (1. culms and culm-sheaths) received from Southern Pegu as Talagu-wa may
possibly belong to this. They differ in the following points: Internodes softly velvety
while young, walls thick, ring at the nodes slanting, ]-sheaths keeled, elegantly
ribbed, apex rounded not auriculate. 3. 0. parvifolia, Brandis; Gamble, t. 63. Yun-
zalin. Thaiktu-myintu, Burm.; Wamo, Kar. (D. B. March, 1880). Culm-sheaths
coriaceous, 8-10 in. long. L. 3-5 by 4-3 in., pet. slender, ~ in. long, n. 33 on } in.
Spikelets 3 in. long, 3-10 in one half-whorl, lower glumes minutely ciliate along the
edges, the upper glumes not ciliate, empty glumes 344, fertile 2-3, palea in the upper
part minutely ciliate along the keels, staminal-tube long, base of ovary glabrous.

B. Spikelets in dense globose heads on erect usually panicled spikes. Western
species.

4. O. monostigma, Bedd. Ic. Pl. t. 234; Gamble t. 65. Vern.
Chiwa, Choua, Chawa, Kan.

Gregarious, culms single, erect, when young clothed with deciduous tawny
or whitish velvet, grey when old, 10-30 ft. high, internodes 15-18 in. long,
1 in. diam., cavity small, culm-sheaths nearly as long as internodes. LL. 5-12
by 4-1? in., n. 18-36 on } in., ligule long, leaf-sheaths striate. Heads of
spikelets usually approximate on short leafy spikes, spikelets glabrous, long
spinescent—acuminate, fertile #-1 in. long, sterile shorter, style glabrous,
stigma usually undivided.

Western Ghats and adjoining hill ranges, from the Poona district to the Anamalais,
often forming underwood in Teak—and other deciduous forests. A soft Bamboo, not
much used. 5. 0. Stocksii, Munro; Gamble, t. 66. Konda, Kan. Commonly culti-
vated along the coast of North Kanara, rare on the ghats. A strong Bamboo, culms
almost solid, used for punt-poles. LL. 4-8 by 4-3 in., n. 33-39 on fin. Fertile
spikelets 2-fld.,} in. long, style hairy. 6. 0, Thwaitesii, Munro; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 322;
Gamble, t. 64. Western Ghats and adjoining hill ranges from the Bababudan hills

Oxytenanthera| CXIl. GRAMINEA 675

southwards. Kernal hills. Gregarious, straggling or climbing, culms 10-15 ft.
long, branched from the base, branchlets w horled, vending i in pliant whips with w horls
of small branchlets and very small ]., internodes 12-18 in. long, diam. 1 in., walls thin.
Culm-sheaths 4 or } the length of internode, at the apex with large faleate auricles,
which are thickly set with long stiff curved bristles, ]. 4-12 by 3- ih in., n. 18-36 on
} in., leaf-sheaths with’ bristles at the mouth while young. Panicle huge, often leafy,
spikelets 4-4 in. long, usually 1-fld., anthers long-apiculate, style hairy, stigmas 3,
short, plumose. 7. 0. Bourdilloni, Gamble, t.67. Vern. Kanibu, Tam. ; Arambu, Mal.
Travancore ghats, 3-4,000 ft., rare, found only on rocky cliffs. Tufts loose, not compact,
culms 20-30 ft. high, internodes 3 ft. long, walls thin, culm-sheaths 6-12 in., blade
triangular, sharply mucronate. L. thin, 6-9 by 1-13 in., n. 18 on } in., ligule long,
serrate. Heads 14 in. diam. in long spikes, spikelets polished, } in. long, mucronate,
3-fld., ovary hairy, style hairy, stigmas 3. Fl. at long intervals, Travancore in
1887.

7. PSEUDOSTACHYUM, Munro; Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 409.

P. polymorphum, Munro, the only species; Gamble, t. 85. Vern.
Filing. Nep.; Bajdl, Basdl, Nal, Tolli, Ass.; Wachall, Garo; Bawa,
Baukwa, Burm.; Wana, Kachin.

Single-stemmed, culms 25-50 ft., overhanging, often soe uzieds by neigh-
bouring trees, lower part branchless, internodes 8-15 in. long, 1-2 in. diam.,
walls thin. Culm-sheaths loose, much shorter than internodes, blade early
deciduous, ribbed and often with transverse veins, lanceolate or triangular,
often longer than sheath. lL. thin, 6-15 by 1-2 in. usually elabrous,
sometimes fine hairs on the underside, pet. varying in length up to } in.,
n. 18-22 on } in., transverse veins conspicuous, often bent, where they cross
the band of silica cells. Flowers frequently, in most cases fl. deformed and
sterile, usually appearing as large round masses of hairy glumes. Spikelets
solitary, + in. long, in the axils of narrow bracts on the slender branches of
a large leafy panicle. One fertile fl., palea convolute 2-keeled, keels not
ciliate, lodicules large, ciliate, anthers apiculate. Caryopsis depressed-
globose, surmounted by the base of style and supported by the persistent
glumes, palea and lodicules.

Sikkim and Bhutan, from the foot of the hills to 5,000 ft. Garo hills. Assam.
Manipur. Moister districts of Upper Burma.

8. DENDROCALAMUS, Nees; Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 403.

Tall unarmed Bamboos, in dense clumps. Culm-sheaths often very large.
L. mostly large, n. 20-30 on } in., usually 24 or 25 (membranaceus 30-40),
transverse veins, if not obscured by hairs, more or less visible in dry leaves
on the underside. Spikelets ovate, fl. few, rarely more than 6, usually bi-
sexual. Glumes many-nerved, empty 2-3. Palew of lower fl. 2-keeled,
ciliate, only those of the terminal fl. rounded on the back and not keeled.
Lodicules as a rule none, sometimes 1-2 in D. patellaris, Brandisii, and
flagellifer. Stamens 6, filaments free. POE hairy in the upper part, style
long hairy, undivided, in a few species 2-3- fid. at the apex. Seed enclosed in
a hard crustaceous pericarp. Species 16, South-Eastern Asia.

A. Spikelets numerous, spinescent, in dense, usually globose heads, rachis
of spike solid or nearly so.

1. D. strictus, Nees; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 325; Brandis F. Fl. t. 70,
Gamble, t. 68, 69. Male Bamboo. Vern. Bans, Hind.; Karail, Beng.;
Halpa, Wadiir, Gond.; Indo, Kurku; Manwel, Bundi, Thana; Sanna
Veduru, Kanka Veduru, Tel.; Kib-Bidaru, Kan.; Kal-Mungil, Tam.;
Myinwa, Burm.

Middle-sized, deciduous, culms greyish-green, often blotched, closely packed
in dense clumps, the lower portion with short stiff spreading generally leaf-
less branches, one of which is much larger than the others, those on the upper

portion slender, and leafy. Internodes "10-15 in. long, 2-3 in. diam., in dry

676 CXII. GRAMINE [Dendrocalamus

districts almost solid, in a moist climate hollow with thick walls. Culm-
sheaths a little shorter than internodes, glabrous or with yellowish-brown
hairs, narrowed into the elongate-triangular blade which is hairy, especially
within. Leaves densely clothed on both sides with deciduous hairs, linear,
4-10 in. long, n. 27-33 on } in. - Spikelets hairy, 4-} in. long, @ in dense
globose heads, 1-1} in. diam. .Glumes spinescent, empty numerous, fertile
2-3. Caryopsis shining, hairy only at the apex, 4-3 in. long, ovoid, beaked,
a large portion of the style persistent, embryo distinctly visible on the
outside.

Widely spread and very common throughout India and Burma, up to the borders.
of the arid tract of North-Western India. Salt range. Subhimalayan tract from the
Indus eastwards, ascending to 3,500 ft. Aravalli hills. In lower Burma common
on dry ridges and in Engdaing, in Upper Burma, not beyond 24° N., the climate further
north being probably too moist. Flowers irregularly, that is, a few culms in a clump
here and there or a few clumps in one locality come into flower, while at times it
flowers gregariously over large areas. Bruce, Ind. For. xxx. 269 reports, that in the
Ruby Mines district, 1902, this Bamboo had flowered on the most exposed situations,
and in the hottest localities, while the clumps growing in sheltered and cooler areas
had remained green. An abnormal case of seedlings 13 months’ old coming into fl. is
recorded in Ind. For. xxy. 22. Muriel, Ind. For. xxix. 507, describes (Pyinmana dis-
trict) longitudinal partitions in the hollows of this species, which thicken in the
higher internodes, until the upper portion of the bamboo becomes quite solid. D.
sericeus, Munro; Gamble, t. 79, Parasnath, spikelets densely silky, has in Gamble,
Ind. Timb. ed. ii. 751, been reduced to a variety of 1, but is maintained as a distinct
species by Prain, Beng. Plants, 1235.

2. D. membranaceus, Munro; Gamble, t. 71. Vern. Wapyu, Burm.; Meshang,
Maisang, Mai-lai-law, Shan. Upper Burma: Martaban (Kurz). A most useful Bamboo,
gregarious, clumps very loose, of about 6-12 stems, culms 60-70 ft., white-powdery
when young, smooth, bright green when older, branches in the lower part numerous,
short, stiff, internodes 9-20 in., 1-5 in. diam., walls thick, nodes prominent, culm-
sheaths early deciduous, longer than internodes, narrowed into dark brown, waved
and fringed auricles, blade narrow, ligule 2 in. long, hairy and roughly serrate. L.
glaucous below with a few hairs near base, 5-10 by 4-3 in., n. 30-40 on } in., transverse
veins often faintly visible. Spikelets nearly glabrous, 4-4 in. long, empty glumes 2,
fertile 2-3. Grain }-4 in. long, broadly ovoid, ending in a sharp point, the persistent
base of style. Groups of 5-12 or more shorter internodes, 2-6 in. long, not uncommon,
caused by the attack of an insect. The name Wapyw (white Bamboo) is applied to
otber species besides this in Burma. A Bamboo similar in mode of growth and other
characters sent (1. only) by the late Mr. Messer as Wanet, Burm. Cool Hill forests,
Kachin hills, Katha, 5,000 ft. LL. 5-7 by 4 in., n. 40-50 on } in.

B. Spikelets numerous, in large soft dense usually globose heads, rachis of
spike hollow, usually green.

(a) Spikelets blunt, culm-sheaths glabrous or nearly so.

3. D. Hamiltonii, Nees et Arn.; Brandis F. Fl. 570; Gamble, t. 74.
Vern. Kaghsi bans, Hind.; Tama, Nep.; Pao, Lepcha; Kotoha, Kokwa,
Ass.; Wah, Mechi; Wabo myetsangye, Burm.; Matk-hok, Shan; Uga Kawa,
Kachin.

Culms attaining 80 ft., white-pubescent when young, mostly overhanging
and often horizontal, branching, the branches often single and as long as the
main stem. This species forms impenetrable thickets, the inner stems of a
clump are often upright and clear of branches, somewhat resembling Dendro-
calamus giganteus. Internodes 12-20 in. long, 4-5 in. diam., walls 3-} in.
thick. Culm-sheaths stiff, persistent, often as long as internode, convexly
truncate at top, blade ovate-lanceolate, up to 12 in. long. The branches on
the nodes in the lower portion of the stem are usually seated on woody knobs
as large as a fist, and at these nodes when the branches have not, or have
only imperfectly developed, are large very conspicuous swellings (arrested or
half-developed buds), covered with brown shining undeveloped sheaths.
These buds are above the lower oblique node ring (scar of the fallen culm-
sheath) and below the upper ring, on which often abortive rootlets appear,
their shape is lenticular and they often extend over half the circumference of

Dendrocalamus) CXII. GRAMINEX 617

the cnlm. The Burmese name indicates the resemblance of this swelling to
an eye. L. glabrous, but rough beneath, on vigorous shoots up to 18 by 5 in.,
on ordinary branches smaller, n. 18-28 on + in., transverse veins faintly
visible, leaf-sheaths with stiff appressed hairs, ligule long, oblique. Like
D. strictus, this species flowers sporadically and at times gregariously. Fl.
heads semiglobose, 4-1} in. diam., supported by broad leathery shining bracts,
on a stout very hollow rachis 1-3 in. apart. Spikelets glabrous, purple, ovate,
§ in. long, glumes broad, apiculate, long-ciliate along the edges, empty 2-3,
fertile 2-4, anthers purple on long glabrous filaments, ovary and style hairy.
Caryopsis broadly ovoid, } in. long, beaked, hairy at apex.

Garwhal 4,000 ft. (indigenous ?). East Himalaya, lower hills and valleys, ascend-
ing to 3,000 ft. Assam. Garo, Khasi and Naga hills. Burma, Upper and Lower,
chiefly near streams and in hollows, ascending to 3,000 ft. Cultivated in the Duns and
outer hills of the North-West Himalaya, north as faras Kangru. Bambusa Falconeri,
Munro, was based upon the 1. of this and fl. of Bambusa nutans. 4. Allied to 3, but
quite different is Wabo é, a valuable large Bamboo, found in cool valleys and on the
high evergreen Kachin hills in the Katha district, fl., 1., and notes sent by the late
Joseph Messer, after whom it should be named, when more perfectly known. Tufted,
culms 85-100 ft. high, internodes 12-21 in. long, 5 in. diam., walls #-1 in. thick,
branches all the way up, near the base thickly set and sometimes 20 ft. long, con-
Spicuous rings of arrested rootlets for 8-10 ft. from the ground, buds of undeveloped
branches smaller and less prominent than in 3. Culm-sheaths 18 in. long, ligule
serrate, 4 in. broad, blade as long as sheath, blade and ligule hairy. L. 8-9 by 1 in,
n.360n}in. Spikelets } in. long, numerous in dense nearly globose heads, branches
of inflorescence very hollow, up to 4 in. diam. Glumes glabrous, edges minutely
ciliate, the 2 lowest empty, fl. 8-10, of which the lowest are usually g. Ovary broad,
entirely hairy. 5. D. patellaris, Gamble, t. 75. Vern. Pagjiok, Lepcha; Futung,
Mikir Hills. Sikkim and British Bhutan 2-5,000 ft. Mikir and Naga Hills. Tufted,
culms 20-30 ft. high, internodes 12-18 in. long, 1-14 in. diam., walls thin, a broad
softly hairy ring below the nodes. Culm-sheaths persistent, 10-12 in. long, upper part
narrowed and furnished with a pale long-fimbriate fringe, ligule conspicuous, fringed
like the sheath. LL. 8-16 in. long, n. 20-30 on}in. FI similar to 3, but sometimes 1
or 2 lodicules.

(b) Spikelets acute, culm-sheaths usually very hairy.

6. D. Hookeri, Munro; Gamble, t. 73. Sikkim (Tili bans, Nep.; Patu, Lepcha).
Daphla Hills 2-3,000 ft. Khasi and Jaintia hills (Sieijong), Bhamo. Cultivated
near Naini Tal, Kumaon (KE. E. Fernandez 1881). Tufted, branches overhanging.
Culms 50-60 ft., naked below, internodes 18-20 in. long, diam. 4-5 in., walls 1 in. thick.
Culm-sheaths gradually narrowed from a broad base to a truncate top, 8-12, blade
3-7 in.-long. L. 12-15 by 2-3 in., pet. short, n. 18-26 on } in. Spikelets often
minutely pubescent, 4 in. long, in dense globose heads 4-1 in. diam., rachis 4 in. diam.,
hollow, but walls firm. D. Parishii, Munro; Gamble, t. 82, probably belongs to this
Species, but spikelets glabrous. 7. D. sikkimensis, Gamble, t. 72. Vern. Pugriang,
Lepeha; Wadah, Garo. Sikkim and Bhutan, 4-6,000 ft. Tura peak, Garo hills.
Tufted, but culms few, 50-70 ft. high, naked below, internodes 18 in. long, 5-7 in.
diam., walls thick. Culm-sheaths 12 in. long, densely clothed with a dark golden-
brown felt of matted hairs, blade decurrent on each side into a large long-fringed
auricle. . 6-12 by 14-3 in., strigose beneath with long appressed hairs, n. 20-24 on
¢ in., in specimens cult. at Kew as low as 12, leaf-sheaths glabrous, shining, keeled,
ligule short hairy. Spikelets 4-3? in. long in dense red-brown globose heads 14 in.
diam. Grain obovoid, with a few hairs at apex.

C. Spikelets usually few (exceptions: D. Brandisii, Collettianus, and 16),
in small heads, rachis of spike usually solid.

(a) Spikelets short, } in. long and less.

8. D. longispathus, Kurz; Gamble, t. 78. Vern. Ora, Chittagong ;
Khang, Beng.; Waya, sometimes Talagu-wa, Wanet, Burm.

Tufted, culms 60 ft., glaucous or nearly white when young, lower half
naked, often with a ring of rootlets at the nodes, internodes 18-30 in. long,
3-5 in. diam., walls } in. thick, node line horizontal, undulate, hardly thick-
ened. Culm-sheaths densely clothed on the outside with dark (almost black)
stinging hairs, thin, fragile, but long persistent, 14-36 in. long, overlapping

678 CXII. GRAMINEZ [Dendrocalamus

the internodes, blade recurved, narrow, early deciduous, a little shorter than
sheath, ligule a broad band of closely- packed long hairs. L. 6-9 by 1 in.,
underside soft to the touch, with extremely minute hairs, base cuneate,
narrowed into a very short petiole, n. 25-30 on 4 in., 1. sheaths keeled, striate
and with minute deciduous appressed hairs. Spikelets glabrous, blunt, } in.
long, 2-3, sometimes more, in distant heads, in. across or less, supported by
broad, polished coriaceous bracts. Glumes “conspicuously nerved, minutely
ciliate at edges, paleze minutely pubescent. Caryopsis broadly ovoid.

Silhet. Chittagong. Arakan. Pegu, common near streams in the upper mixed
forests. Martaban. Tenasserim. Flowers frequently, known to have flowered in
Pegu: 1862 (D. B. Zamayi), 1871 (Kurz), 1875 (D. B. Tharawadi), 1891 (Carter). The
name Wanet (black Bamboo) is applied to other species besides this in Burma.

9. D. Brandisii, Kurz; Gamble, t. 79. Vern. Kyello-wa, Wabo, Burm. ;
Waklii, Kar.

Tufted, evergreen, culms erect, 80 to 120 ft., near the ground often with a
tuft of branches, otherwise naked in the lower portion, but with rootlets at
the nodes. Internodes 20-27 in. long, 5-7 in. diam., walls thick. Culm-
sheaths thick, coriaceous, 15-24 in. long, blade linear-lanceolate, contracted
at base, often green, longer than sheath. L. 9-15 by 2-3 in., very minutely
hairy beneath, n. 20-28, usually 24 on 4} in., ligule conspicuous. Spikelets
broad-ovate, nearly 4 in. long, in dense heads, fertile spikelets few, sterile
numerous, heads 3—-} in. diam., on long flagelliform spikes, rachis solid,
distance between heads 3-1} in. Sometimes 1 or 2 lodicules. Caryopsis ovoid-

cylindric. 2,—-} in. long.

Upper Burma: Katha (Thaikwabo). Bhamo. Ruby Mines district, 2,400 ft. Lower
Burma: Eastern slopes of the Pegu Yoma, Salwin, Yunzalin, Thaungyin, common
on limestone. Attaran’ South Andaman.—Singapore. Fl. frequently. 10 D.
flagellifer, Munro; Gamble, t. 80. Mooleyit, Tenasserim 2,000 ft.—Malay Peninsula.
L. 10-14 by 1-24 in., n. 21-30 ond in. Spikelets few, heads small on long whip-like
spikes, the uppermost nodes bearing leaf-sheaths only, withasmall blade. Sometimes
1 or 2 Jodicules. 11. D. longifimbriatus, Gamble, t. 81. Kyaukshat and Maliwén
forest, Mergui district. (Wapyaw, Burm.). Leaf-sheaths hairy, with long faleate
and amplexicaul auricles, thickly set with stiff curved bristles, transverse veins dis-
tinctly visible.

(6) Spikelets + in. and longer, ovate, acute.

12. D. giganteus, Munro; Gamble, t. 76. Vern. Wabo, Burm.

Densely tufted, evergreen, culms erect, 80-100 ft. high, wisely naked in
the lower portion, internodes 15-20 in. long, diam. 6-8 in., walls 4 in. thick.
Culm-sheaths hard, shining within, thinly hairy outside, 15-20 in. long,
blade shorter than sheath, ligule stiff, dark brown, 4-} in. broad. LL. 9-20
by 2-4 in., glaucous and ‘minutely hairy beneath while young, n. 20-28 on
4 in. Spikelets ovate, 4 in. long, 2-5 in a head, on long spikes, which are
often leafy at top, distance between heads 4-2 in., rachis solid, glumes
mucronate, 1-2 empty, 3-6 pouule, the top fl. consisting of a long, involute
glume. Caryopsis oblong, 3, in. long. :

Probably indigenous in the hills of Martaban. Cultivated largely in Burma, in
India (nor th as far as Makum, Assam, D.B. Apr., 1879), andin most tropical countries.
The plantations of Wabo near ] Myanoung (Ind. For. ii. 311) probably are of this species.
Used for building and for carrying water. Does not split well (M. Hill). 13.
D. latiflorus, Munro ; Gamble, t. 117. Southern Shan States (Wani, Burm.), possibly
introduced from China.—Tonkin. China. Formosa. Tufted, internodes short, 5 in.
diam., walls thin. L. 7-10 by 14-3 in., n. 24-30 on 4 in. (Burma specimens). Spikelets
broadly ovate, 4-2 in. long, 3-6 in reddish- purple heads, on long spikes, often leafy at
top, rachis often hollow. Glumes pubescent on the back, ciliate along the edge,
empty 2, fl. glumes 6-8, the lowest and uppermost sometimes sterile. 14. D. calostachyus,
Kurz; Gamble, t. 77. Bhamo and lower Kachin hills. Culm-sheaths clothed with
appressed tawny hairs, ligule narrow. Spikes long flagellate. Not seen. 15. D. Col-
lettianus, Gamble, t. 88. Fort Stedman, Southern Shan States. Fl. only known.
Spikes often compound, heads 3-1 in. diam. with 6-12 fertile and a few sterile spike-

—

Dendrocalamus| CXII. GRAMINEX 679

lets. Spikelets +-% in. long, softly pubescent. Not seen. 16. Wabo, Burm. Culti-
vated in villages, Southern Shan States, 1,500-2,000 ft. (Montague Hill), Culm-sheaths
18 in. long, thick, hard, shining within, thinly hairy outside, |. thin, grey, 6-9 by
1-11 in., scabrid on both surfaces, n. 20-24 on } in., petiole very short, sheath glabrous,
edges ciliate. Heads of 10-20 spikelets, approximate, nearly confluent, spikelets
4- in. long, nearly glabrous, tip hard, pungent, fl. 2-3, ¢, 9, and bisexual. Palea
long-ciliate at keels, between keels 2-5 n., ovary and style densely hairy.

9. TEINOSTACHYUM, Munro; FI. Brit. Ind. vii. 410.

Culms thin, overhanging, sometimes climbing. Spikelets up to 3 in. long,
slender, many-fld., sometimes pedunculate, in bracteate whorls on the spici-
form branches of a leafy panicle, upper and lower fl. imperfect, rachilla
elongate between the fl., glumes mucronate, palea convyolute, keeled, keels
ciliate near the apex. Lodicules 3, 3-9-nerved. Style enclosed in and partly
adnate to a cylindric sheath. Caryopsis oyoid, beaked, pericarp crustaceous.
Species 5, of which one in Ceylon.

1. T. Wightii, Bedd. Fl. Syly. t. 323; Gamble, t.87. Vern. Nanyura, Tam. Western
Ghats from North Kanara southwards, 3-5,000 ft. Nilgiris, Anamalais, in the under-
growth of high tree forest. Culms 10-20 ft. long, supported by the neighbouring
trees, branches flexuose, internodes 14-18 in. long, diam. 1-13, walls thin. Culm-
sheaths thin, nearly as long as internodes, brownish-black hairs on the back, blade
narrow, half the length of sheath or more. L. 6-15 by 1-3 in., pet. }-§ in. long, n.
16-20 on tin. Panicle large, contracted, drooping, consisting of long slender spikes.
Fl. at long intervals, Travancore in 1887. 2. T. Griffithii, Munro in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xxvi. t.3; Gamble, t. 86. Syn. Cephalostachyum Griffithii, Kurz. Assam (Beti,
Behti). Chittagong. Burma (Kurz). Straggling or subscandent, culms 25-50 ft.,
internodes 12-24 in. long, diam. # in. L. 6-10 by 3-14 in., glaucous beneath, pet. short,
n. 20-36 on } in. Spikelets pubescent, 2-3 in. long. 3. T. Dullooa, Gamble, t. 89.
British Bhutan 2,000 ft. (Tokré bans, Nep.). Garo hills (Wadru). Assam (Dalu,
Dolo, Dollu, Dallu). Silhet. Cachar (Bajail). Chittagong (Dolu). Upper Burma:
Katha (Thaikwabo), Mogaung (Wamyet). Tufted, more or less scandent, culms 20-60
ft., internodes 15-30 in long, diam. 2-3 in. Culm-sheaths 6-12 in. long, blade
very narrow, recurved, often as long as sheath, edges convolute. LL. 8-12 by
1-14 in., pet. } in., n. 21-80 on fin. Spikelets softly hairy. Gyawa (Bhamo), which
may possibly belong to this, is described by Montague Hill as a tall straight-growing
graceful Bamboo, growing in clumps, but each stem very distinct, internodes 30—H4 in.
long, diam. 24 in. 4. T. Helferi, Gamble, t. 90. Syn. Pseudostachyum Helferi, Kurz.
Assam. Garo (Wali), Khasi (Tumoh), and Jaintia hills. Pegu Yoma, chiefly on the
east side (Wathabut). Hills east of Toungoo, 4,000 ft. Salween hills, 2,000 ft. (Thochi,
Karen). Evergreen, eminently gregarious, forming impenetrable thickets of large
extent, culms 20-40 ft. long, bending over in all directions and more or less climbing,
internodes greyish-green, while young with appressed whitish bristles, 20-50 in. long,
1-14 in. diam., walls very thin. Culm-sheaths thick, persistent, 8-10 in. long, blade
narrow, recurved, nearly as long as sheath. L. 6-18 by 14-33 in., pet. broad, }-} in
long, n. 12-21 on } in.

Schizostachyum Rogersii, sp. nova. Andamans (G. Rogers). Tufted, culms weak,
up to 380 ft. long, to ? in. diam., overhanging or supported by trees, walls thin.
Culm-sheaths much shorter than internodes, thin, 83-4 in. long, hairs very fugacious,
base 2-24 in. broad, tapering to # in., with two small auricles at the apex, blade
narrow, reflexed, as long as sheath. L. 7-9 by 1-14 in., long fine hairs on the under-
side, n. 21 on } in., transverse veins prominent, oblique and bent. Inflorescence a
long spike, terminating leafy branchlets, with distant half-whorls (supported by
bracts, which are often furnished with a blade) of 1-fld. glabrous spikelets, the fertile
4 in. long, the sterile shorter. Empty glumes 2-1, palea convolute, minutely 2-dentate,
keels indistinct. Lodicules 8, unequal, anthers yellow, obtuse, 4 in. long. Ovary
glabreus, continued into a thick cylindric hollow style, terminated by 8 long plumose
stigmas. Caryopsis ellipsoid-cylindric, crowned by the long, persistent style, endo-
sperm farinaceous. Somewhat resembles S. chilianthum, Kurz; Gamble, t. 101 of the
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Java.

10. CEPHALOSTACHYUM, Munro; FI. Brit. Ind. vii. 411.

Tufted, in most species the stonter nerves very broad, transverse veins
often visible, but not conspicuous. Fl. heads dense, broadly obconical or

680 : CXIl. GRAMINEA [Cephalostachyum

nearly globose, consisting of numerous short spikes, each spike with several
spikelets, the lowest spikelets usually sterile with numerous empty glumes,
the uppermost with one fertile and several empty glumes. Palea thin, con-
volute, many-nerved, the two keels close together. Caryopsis glabrous,
beaked, supported by the persistent glumes and lodicules and imbedded in a
densely-packed mass of dry sterile spikelets. Species 7.

A. Heads along elongated spikes, forming a large panicle.

1. C. pergracile, Munro; Gamble, t. 95. Vern. Tinwa, Burm.; Wablo,
Kar.; Maikpang, Shan.

Tufted, but not densely, culms erect, 30-40 ft. high, nodes in the lower
part with dense half-whorls of rigid, simple green, usually leafless branches,
spinescent at the ends. Internodes near the base 6, higher up 12-18 in. long,
diam. 2-3 in., walls 4 in., nodes horizontal. Culm-sheaths thick, one-third
the length of internode, polished orange-brown, the lower part densely clothed
with black stiff deciduous hairs, on young shoots forming a marked contrast
with the green internodes, as they, while gradually lengthening out, emerge
from the sheaths, blade triangular, cuspidate, on both sides with a fimbriate
fringe, bor Gomng; the top of sheath. L. green beneath, 6-14 by #2 in.,
n. 27-30 on } in. ; prominent but deciduous cilia at the mouth of sheath. Fl.
frequently, at times erecariously over large areas. Heads globose, to broadly
obconical, clothed with long soft hairs, supported by sheathing bracts 1-1} in.
long, on long slender, but wiry pendulous branches of a large leafless panicle,
distance between heads 2-3 in. Caryopsis cylindric, grooved, 4-} in. long,
beak hairy, straight, as long as caryopsis, pericarp coriaceous, embryo visible
on the outside.

Burma, Upper and Lower, common, chiefly in the lower hills, in deciduous forest
near streams. One of the most useful Bamboos, made into houseposts, walling, mats
shingles and baskets. Rice is cooked in the joints, the outer green layer of the stem
may be split very fine. Gamble refers to C. pergracile a Bamboo cultivated in the
Sibsagar district of Assam (Latang, Naga; Khawlam, Singhpo), said to be wild on
the lower Naga hills, as well as specimens coll. by himself in 1881 in the Singbhum
district. F. Dalton communicates Tinka, Burm., from Myitkyina, Upper Burma,
which has the same culm-sheaths and 1. as C. pergracile, but is stated to have isolated
stems and a few leaf-bearing branches in the lower part of the culm. 2. C. flavescens,
Kurz; Gamble, t. 96. Introduced from Pegu into the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Calcutta (Kurz). Culms 10-20 ft. high, inter. nodes long, 1-14 in. diam., culm-sheaths
grey- or golden-hairy, 4-5 in., blade “triangular, 1-2 in. long, base decurrent into a
broad wavy fringe, borderi ing "the top of sheath and extending beyond it into auricles
fringed with long bristles. L. linear, 3-6 by 3 in., n.48 on } in., leaf-sheaths produced
into long narrow auricles. Panicle leafy, heads smaller than in 1, hairy, on rigid
spikes. 3. C. virgatum, Kurz; Gamble, t. 97. Upper Burma, Mogaung, Griffith
(July 1837), and Indawgyee lake, in evergreen forest (J. W. Oliver, March 1895).
(Waba, Burm.; Lakra, Kach.). Middle- sized, culm-sheath thick, hard, 6-8 in., blade
triangular, cuspidate, 3-5 in. long, decurrent along the top of sheath into a narrow
band, bordered with stiff bristles. L. softly hairy beneath, 6-12 by 1-2 in., n. 21-24
on } in., sheaths ciliate, ligule hairy. Panicle large, leafless, heads obconical,
often approximate, and nearly confluent.

B. Heads usually single, terminal.

4. C. capitatum, Munro; Gamble, t. 91. Sikkim and British Bhutan 2-8,000 ft.,
forming dense thickets on the hillsides (Gobia, Gope, Nep.) Khasi hills (Sillea, sullea),
Hills east of Bhamo 5,500-6,000 ft. (Mont. Hill). Gregarious, densely-branching.
more or less scandent, culms 12-30 ft., yellow, internodes 2-8 ft. long, diam. 1-14 in.
Culm-sheaths thin, 6-12 in., blade long. L. pale green, ovate- lanceolate, blade 6-8 by
1-2 in., pet. 4 in., n. on 4 in. 18-21. “Leaf: sheaths glabrous, shining. Fl.-heads not
hairy, usually single, at the ends of leaf-bearing branches, which often stand in dense
half-whorls , sometimes axillary and then forming large panicles (var. decomposita).
Empty and ‘flow ering glumes conyolute, concave below, ending in a long scabrous awn,
palea conyolute w ith more or less conspicuous transverse veins, lodicules veined,
lanceolate 4-4 in. long. 5. C. pallidum, Munro; Gamble, t. 92. Bhutan, Mishmi
hills. Khasi “hills, Manipur and Patkoi range. Small, shrubby, culms 5 ft. high,
1, 3-6 by 4-14 in., n. 24-27 on jf in. FI. -heads single at the ends of leafy densely-

Cephalostachyum) CXII. GRAMINE# 681

whorled branchlets, palea bifid at apex. 6. C. latifolium, Munro; Gamble, t. 93.
Bhutan. Manipir. Shrubby, culms 6-10 ft. high, culm-sheaths thin papery. L.
10-16 by 2-4 in., n. 15-21 on} in. Fl.-heads globose, up to 2in.diam. Caryopsis large,
chestnut-brown, shining, ovoid, not grooved, 4-% in. long, pericarp crustaceous, not
adhering to the testa, embryo not visible on the outside. 7. C. Fuchsianum, Gamble,
t. 94. British Bhutan, 6-8,000 ft., in dense thickets with Plectocomia. Daphia hills.
Semiscandent, culms small, soft, thin-walled, culm-sheaths thin, top concave, sinus
fringed, 12, blade 6-8 in. long., subulate, reflexed. L. ovate-lanceolate, 8-14 by 2—4 in.,
n. 15-21 on } in., the leaves immediately below the fl.-head shorter. Long white
bristles on top and margin of leaf-sheath. Fl. in globose terminal heads, 24 in. diam.,
or in a short densely-packed spike of superposed heads.

11. DINOCHLOA, Biise: Fl. Brit. India vii. 414.

Evergreen, climbing, culms zigzag, geniculate. Transverse veins often
visible on the underside of the dry leaf. Spikelets minute 1-fld., with 1-4
empty glumes, palea convolute, not keeled, lodicules 0. Fr. ovoid, mucronate.
Dr. Stapf has kindly informed me that the mature seed of D. Vjankorreh,
which is enclosed in a leathery pericarp (fleshy while immature) has no
endosperm, but consists mainly of a large and hard scutellum, traversed by
fibro-vascular strands, its cells having much thickened walls. Species 3,
possibly 5.

1. D. andamanica, Kurz.—Syn. D. Tjankorreh, Biise, var. andamanica, Gamble, t. 98.
Andamans (the most generally distributed Bamboo in the islands). Nicobars. Culms
single, green, glossy, up to 300 ft. long, creeping along the ground (rooting at the
nodes) or climbing over the tallest trees. Branches geniculate, single, as long and as
stout as the culm, from which they spring, branchlets slender, numerous, in whorls,
hanging down with their dense foliage. New main branches develop annually, at
first leafless, curved, tendril-like, later in the season covering themselves with a dense
mass of foliage, which hangs down from the supporting trees and eventually smothers
them. Where no large trees exist, this Bamboo forms an impenetrable tangled mass,
spreading over shrubs and saplings, Internodes 9-18 in. long, 1 in. diam., walls thin,
eulm-sheaths green, less than one-fourth the length of internodes, as well as culms
covered, while young, with a fugacious white bloom, blade leafy, deciduous, nearly as
broad as sheath. L. 9-12 by 2-3 in., n. 18-24 on } in., upper side polished, ligule short,
entire. Panicle terminal, narrow, often leafy, spikelets minute, glossy, straw-coloured.
The Malayan D. Tjankorreh, Biise, Munro, Bambusacex, t. 5, has smaller leaves and
the nerves closer together, 27-36 on }in., ligule often long, fimbriate. The fr. is
described as fleshy, $ in.diam. or more. The fr. of the Andaman species is unknown.
2. D. M’Clellandi, Kurz, F. Fl. ii. 571; Gamble, t. 99. Vern. Wanwé, Burm., Chittagong.
Pegu Yoma, common on slopes with northerly aspect, chiefly where the heads of the
strata crop out. Martaban. Tenasserim. Evergreen, climbing over tall trees and
forming extensive thickets, culms greyish-green, while young silvery from minute
appressed fugacious bristles, internodes 3-4 ft. long, up to 1 in. diam., walls thin,
branches often single. Culm-sheaths more or less persistent, shorter than internodes,
rounded at the mouth and bordered by a thickened, polished green margin, blade
leafy, often longer than sheath. L. 12-15 by 2-4 in., n. 12-21 on} in. Fl. not known.
The |. are very similar to those of Teinostachyum Helferi, Gamble. Two species, of
which the fl. are unknown, placed by Munro under Bambusa, may possibly, when
more perfectly studied, find their place in Dinochloa, as suggested by Gamble for one
of them. 1. B. Mastersii, Munro. Vern. Bentibans, Assam. Dibrugarh, Assam. An
extensive climber, like Calamus Motang, 1. 10-13 by 14 in., n, 21-27 on $ in. 2.
B. Marginata, Munro. Vern. Wamé, Karen. Donat range between Thaungyin and
Haundrow, 5,000 ft. D.B. April 1859. <A climber, interlacing stems and branches of
oak and chestnut trees, culms dark coloured, branches almost solitary. L. 6-7 by
1-1} in., the edges in the upper part densely shaggy, with long silky hairs, n. 24-27
on } in.

12. MELOCALAMUS, Benth.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 409.

M. compactiflorus, Benth. The only species. Gamble, t. 24. Syn.
Pseudostachyum compactifiorum, Kurz, Ind. For. i. t. ii. fig. 13; BP. Fl. ii.
567. Vern. Daral, Beng.; Latha, Cachar; Lota, Chitt.; Wanwe, Burm. ;
Nachinwa, Kachin.

Loosely tufted, spreading and climbing over tall trees, culms 50-90 ft.
long, nearly solid, internodes 12-24 in. long, diam. 4-1} in. Culm-sheaths

682 CXII. GRAMINEA [Melocalamus

thick coriaceous, shorter than internodes, blade linear-lanceolate, recurved.
L. 9-12 by 1-2 in., pet. } in., n. 20-30 on fin. FI. frequently, panicle large,
often leafy, branches fistulose, bearing half-whorls of long hairy spikes, with
globose compact fl. heads $ in. diam., like the beads of a rosary, 3-2 in. apart,
Spikelets small, in. long and as broad, fertile fl. 2, lodicules large, ciliate,
ovary glabrous, style short, stigmas 2 or 3. Fr. 1-14 in. diam., the pericarp
fleshy while immature, ultimately coriaceous, the embryo has a large scutellum
without endosperm. The seed often germinates while attached to the branch,
putting forth a shoot and tuft of roots before falling to the ground.

Silhet, Cachar, Chittagong. Upper Burma: hills N.E. of Bhamo 6,000 ft. Ruby
Mines district 4,000 ft. Lower Burma: Arakan Yoma, Thayetmyo district and hills
east of Toungoo 4—6,000 ft. A flowering on a large scale on the hills n. east of Bhamo:
reported in Ind. For. xxviii. 432. In Yunnan sandals are made of the outer green
fibrous layers of the internodes.

13. MELOCANNA, Trinius; Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 417. Dr. Otto Stapf,
On the fruit of Melocanna in Trans. Linn. Society, ser. 2, Botany, vol. vi.
401, 1904.

Spikelets usually 2-5 on an arrested axis, so as to appear fascicled, in the
axils of large bracts, each spikelet with numerous empty glumes and one fl.,
rarely bisexual, usually ¢ with a rudimentary pistil or @ with sterile
anthers. In the axils of the lower empty glumes, or rather bracts, are
frequently buds which develop into short branchlets with a spikelet at the
end. The fascicles of spikelets are on unilateral spikes, which are 1-6 in.
long and are arranged in long narrow pedunculate more or less unilateral
panicles. The peduncle of these panicles consists of several often elongated
internodes, at the nodes with sheathing bracts, rarely with well-developed
1. The panicles are of unequal length (the longest up to 3 ft.) and stand in
dense lateral fascicles at the nodes of the culm. Most of these panicles are
androdynamous, that is predominantly or exclusively male, while’ others,
chiefly the shorter panicles, are gynodynamous, that is, predominantly or
exclusively female, bisexual
fl. occurring occasionally in
either. In some cases the
spikelet is 2-fld., and the
palea of the lower fl. has one
or two pairs of nerves. Fr.
large, pyriform, beaked, the
cells of the thick fleshy peri-
carp filled with starch. Seed
when ripe, without endo-
sperm, the embryo with a
large scutellum, which is
separated from the pericarp
by a thin layer of thin-walled
more or less crushed cells.
When the seed germinates
the embryo derives its first
nourishment from the starch
of the pericarp. (This descrip-
tion relates to M. bam-
busoides, fl. and fr. of the
other species not being
known.)

1. M. bambusoides,

Fig. 199. Melocanna bambusoides, Trin.; the mad Be
right-hand figure represents the cerminating Trin.; Kurz F. Fl. u. 569,
fruit. 4. Gamble t. 105.—Syn. Bam-

Melocanna| CXII. GRAMINE# 683

busa baccifera, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 248. Vern. Muli, Beng.; Tarai, Ass. ;
peers Garo; Wati, Cachar ; Kayaung, Arakan ; Kayinwa, Tabindaingwa,
urm.

Rhizome with long creeping scaly branches, which turn upwards at the
end to form new culms. Culms distant, erect, 40-70 ft. long, the lower
two-thirds bare of branches, sometimes with a few short branchlets at the
lowest nodes, internodes 10-22 in. long, 1-3 in. diam., smooth, walls thin.
Buds (myetsan) small, flat. Culm-sheaths firmly coriaceous, persistent,
brown, contrasting with the bright green of the young internodes, 5—7 in.
long, upper third wavy, not appressed to the culm, sparsely hairy outside, top
concavely truncate with rounded auricles, blade recurved, narrow (4 the top of
sheath), longer than sheath, evenly narrowed into a long convolute apex,
glabrous and striate on both sides. L. 6-14 by 1-4 in., underside glaucous,
glabrous or with a few scattered hairs near the base, n. 18-24 on } in., inner
edge closely set with fine hairs on a broad colourless band. Transverse n.
visible as evenly-distributed pellucid dots, tip long acuminate with a flat
brush of rigid hairs below the scabrid point, pet. 4 in. long. Sheaths keeled,
glabrous with ciliate edges, white soft deciduous bristles }-? in. long at mouth,

ligule short.

Garo, Khasi, and Lushai hills. Chittagong forests. Forms extensive forests in
Avakan and the Upper Chindwin. Fl.at long intervals ; Kurz (Ind. For. i. 257) states
that in Arakan it flowers every 30 to 35 years. The data at present available are as
follows; they are not sufficient to justify any definite conclusions: Garo and Khasi
hills, 1889, 1900, 1902. Chittagong, 1801, 1902. Arakan, 1864-1865, 1902. Bot.
Garden, Calcutta, 1863,1866. The fruit is 3-t in. long, it hangs on a short peduncle
clothed with sheathing bracts, and frequently germinates on the tree. 2. M. humilis,
Kurz; Gamble t. 106. Arakan. Pegu, Paunglin valley near Wanet village (Kurz).
Tufted 8-15 ft. high, 1. 4-6 by %-1 in., subulate-acuminate, glaucescent and min-
utely roughish pubescent beneath (not seen). 38. A species found by C. B. Clarke in
1885 on the high road from Manipur town to Silchar, near the Irang river. There
was a large pure forest of this Bamboo, and he was in that forest for two days’
march. The culms were solitary, distant, 20 ft. high, unbranched below, but on
the lower nodes with sharp thorns 1-3 in. long, which rendered the forest very
difficult to penetrate. lL. similar to those of 1, 10 by 1-1} in., narrowed into a long
tip with long stiff hairs, n. 24-30 on }in., inner edge closely set with fine hairs on
a colourless band. This species has not been found again, since 1885 the forest
along that road has been jhumed twice by the Nagas. A thorny Bamboo brought
from that locality in 1905 is Arundinaria callosa or near it.

4. Tabindaing. Attaran (Manson, Dec. 1903). Branches of rhizome 4 in. diam.,
bending upwards and terminating in a culm nearly naked in the lower part, inter-
nodes striped 25-30 in. long, diam. 24 in., nodes hardly swollen, walls } in. Culm-
sheaths sometimes green, very thick, persistent, 8-10 in. long, truncate, blade
reflexed, long, striate, 3 in. broad at base, decurrent on both sides into a wavy fringed
band 3-% in. broad. L. 15-20 by 2-2% in., pale beneath and sometimes minutely
velvety, transverse veins visible, n. 20-25 on } in., ligule prominent. This probably
is the single-stemmed Bamboo mentioned on p. 50 of my Attaran Report. (Selec-
tions from the Records of the Govt. of India, Foreign Dept. xxxii. Calcutta, 1861).
“Abundant in the Attaran, frequent near limestone rocks.’ From M. bambusoides
this species is distinguished by the longer culm-sheaths, tightly appressed to the
internodes, blade broad not convolute, decurrent into a broad wavy band, tip of leaf
without a brush, sheath quite glabrous, ligule large. From the single-stemmed
Bamboos enumerated under Gigantochloa macrostachya, it differs by larger leaves and
the distant longitudinal nerves. It has been mentioned under Melocanna, because an
entry in Herb. Kew. shows that a flowering specimen ticketed “Falconer, Moulmein,”
was sorted out because it was identical with a flowering specimen of Melocanna bambu-
soides from Hort. Bot. Cale.,and this possibly was the single-stemmed Attaran Bamboo.
It is not mentioned in Falconer’s Report on the Attaran Forests. Kurz (F. Fl. ii.
570) and Gamble mention Tenasserim as a locality of Melocanna bambusoides.

Here may be mentioned a single-stemmed Bamboo (Tabindaing) found by me in
March 1859, in the upper Salween forests, of which I have no specimens, but a
description with sketch in my Notes.—Culms very tall, branches from the lower nodes
simple, stiff, leafless, in dense half-whorls, the upper part of the culm with leaf-bearing
branches. Internodes 12-16 in. long, 8-44 in. diam., node-rings horizontal. Sheaths
glabrous outside, ciliate on the edges, deciduous, 20 in. long, top truncate. L. 5 by
4 in., glaucous beneath.

684 CXII GRAMINEA {Ochlandra

14. OCHLANDRA, Thwaites;* FI. Brit. Ind. vii. 418.

Tufted, gregarious, culm-sheaths thin, persistent. Spikelets mostly ar-
rested in their growth, remaining small, with a few large fertile ones, the
latter consisting of 2-6 empty and one flowering glume, the glumes as a rule
with conspicuous transverse veins. Palea thinly membranous, convolute,
often Sener eRn ate longitudinal nerves numerous, two often stronger than the
rest. Lodicules 2-12, stamens 6-120, filaments free or more or less connate,
anthers long exserted, linear, usually mucronate. Style elongated, stigmas
4-8, linear, plumose, usually closely twisted before expanding. Fr. beaked,
large, supported by the persistent glumes, pericarp thick, fleshy, filled with
starch, endosperm in the immature fr. soft, fleshy, probably crushed by the
expansion of the scutellum, as the seed ripens. Some species flower annually,
others at long periods, as far as known the inflorescence always bears leaves.

A. Filaments free.

1. O. Rheedii, Benth.; Gamble, t. 107. Vern. Beesha, Amma, Mal.
Malabar, Cochin and Travancore, low country near rivers. Culms 10-15 ft.
generally mottled dark and light green, internodes about 17 in. long, 1 in.
diam., walls + in. thick. Culm-sheaths 4-6 in. long, purplish green, hairy
while young. lL. 4-10 by 4-1 in., ending in a long setaceous point, n. 39-45
on4din. Spikelets in distant whorls on long fascicled pedunculate spikes, the
peduncles consisting of several Hons internodes, the fertile spikelets 1-12 in.
long. Lodicules 2, “lanceolate, 3 tin. long. Stamens 14-17, anthers $in. Fr.

oblong, 2} in. long, 2 in. diam., crowned by the persistent indurated style.
Flowers annually and does not die down after flowering.

2. 0. stridula, Thwaites; Gamble, t. 109. Ceylon, low country, very common in the
south of the island. May possibly be found in the Peninsula. Gregarious, culms
erect, 6-18 ft. high, internodes 12-14 in. long, 3-3 in. diam. LL. 8-12 by 14-23 in., n.
19-22 on} in. Spikelets 1 in. long, lodicules lanceolate, 6-12, persistent round the fr.
Stamens numerous, up to 30. Fr. 1 in. long, beak as long. Flowers annually.

3. 0. Talboti, sp. nova. Vern. Hada, Mar.; Wontenulgi, Kan. North Kanara.
Culms numerous, in dense clumps, slender, $-? in. diam., hollow, sometimes scandent,
nodes thickened, shining, glabrous. IL. glabrous, pale, lanceolate, long-acuminate,
8-12 by 14-24, pet. 4 in., sheath glabrous, bristles at mouth early deciduous, n. 30-36
on}in. Spikeletsin half-whorls on a terminal erect spike, 4-8 in. long, glabrous or
nearly so,a few soft hairs at the tips of glumes, fertile spikelets few, 1} in. long.
Empty glumes 3-6, lodicules 6, linear, veined. Stamens 25-40, anthers 4 in. long,
connective minutely apiculate, filaments long, slender. Fr. ovoid, 2-3 by 4 in., nar-
rowed into a long beak, supported by 4 persistent glumes. FI. 1896 throughout North
Kanara, had not been seen in fl. for many years in that district. (This species had
been identified with O. Rheedi, var. sivagiriana and with O. stridula, but Talbot,
List 348, justly states that it differs from both.) 4. 0. Beddomei, Gamble, t. 110,
Wainad. Western slopes of the Nilgiris below Sispara, 3-4,500 ft. Gregarious.
1. ovate-lanceolate, long acuminate into a twisted scabrous, setaceous point, 8-12 by
1-2} in., n. 15-24 on } in., leaf-sheaths minutely pubescent, with numerous erect stiff
pristles at the mouth and decurrent bristly auricles at the sides. Spikelets in few
approximate half-whorls in erect terminal spikes 1-3 in. long, clothed with long brown
hairs, fertile spikelets 14 in. long. Empty glumes 2-4, “lodicules 5, 3-2 in. long
lanceolate, 3-7-veined. Stamens “20 35, anthers 3-2 in. long , tip tricuspidate, the
anther-cells and connective being apiculate. Fl. on the Sispara ghat in 1875 and
1876, died down after flowering; had not been known to flower for 20 years
previously.

5. 0. Brandisii, Gamble, t. 113. Vern. Jra-Kalli. Tinnevelli ghats above
3,500 ft., with O. travancorica, which it greatly resembles. Leaves smaller on short pet.,
n. 24-27 on } in., ligule long, membranous. Lodicules 3, lanceolate, } in. long.
Stamens about 100, filaments free, anthers # in. long, apiculate. In fi. Feb.
1882 D.B.

* In this genus I have had the kind assistance of Dr. Otto Stapf, who will I hope at
an early date publish the result of his researches regarding flowers and seeds of

Ochlandra, Melocalamus, and Dinochloa, in continuation of his paper on Melocanna
bambusoides.

Ochlandra) CXIl. GRAMINEA 685

B. Filameuts monadelphous.

6. 0. travancorica, Benth.: Gamble, t. 111. Syn. Beesha travancorica, Bedd. F).
Syly. 324. The Elephant Grass. Vern. Iral, Ita Kalli, Tam. Ghats between Travancore
and Tinnevelli above 2,000 ft., covering immense areas, often to the exclusion of almost
all other vegetation, with impenetrable thickets up to 15 ft. high, from which stand
out a few scattered trees of Vernonia, Eugenia, and other kinds. Culms erect or
straggling, internodes 2-5 ft. long, 1-2 in. diam., walls thin. Culm-sheaths thin, 6-8,
blade narrow, subulate, 13-3 in. long. L. 6-24 by 2-6 in., pet. thick, }-4 in. long,
n. 18-2lon+}in. Fl. panicles leafy, fertile spikelets few, 2 in. long, with numerous
sterile ones in distant heads on fascicled spikes, which are arranged in large leafy
panicles. Lodicules usually 3, lanceolate, more or less unequal, one dentate, sometimes
bifid. Stamens up to 120, anthers 3-? in. long, with a long point, filaments monadel-
phous, free at apex. Fr. ovoid, 3-4 in. long, 1} in. diam., fleshy, surrounded by the
persistent glumes and palea. Beddome collected it in fl. about 1868. I found it in fl.
on the Tinnevelli ghats in Feb. 1882, and in Travancore the species was expected to
flower in 1905. Believed to die down after flowering. Var. hirsuta, Gamble, t. 112,
spikelets thickly clothed with light brown velvety pubescence.

Fl. unknown.

7. 0. setigera, Gamble, t. 115. Ravines above Gudalur, Nilgiris 3,000 ft. Culms
20 ft., internodes 10-12, diam. 4-% in. Culm-sheaths persistent, 6-7 in. long, thin,
gradually narrowed to a stbulate hair-like blade. L. 6-9 by #-1 in., n. 30-33 on } in.,
sheath at mouth with long bristles.

Bamboos from Upper Burma, the flowers of which are unknown :—

1. Wakha, Burm. On Hmangin daung, 2,500 ft., gregarious in Taungya ponzo
(C. B. Smales, March 1902). Tufted, stems 35 ft. long, weak, widely overhanging,
often breaking when without support, internodes 9 in. long, slightly swelling in the
middle, diam. 1-1} in., walls very thin,;,in. Culm-sheaths light buff-coloured, thin,
closely clasping the stem, brown hairs outside in the lower portion, blade early
deciduous glabrous, finely ribbed, 3-34 in. long. Young shoots olive-brown just above
and olive-grey just below the nodes. LL. glabrous, light green, 10 by 14 in., n. 19-21
on } in., transverse veins conspicuous, distant, mostly oblique, sheaths green with a
few scattered brown hairs on the margin. Similar to Pseudostachyum polymorphum,
Munro, but reported to be tufted. 2. Sinthana, Burm. Pyinyaung forests, Meiktila
district, along banks of streams and on low, moist ground (Troup, June 1902).
Culms erect, clothed with light brown silky hairs, which are matted together like felt
near the nodes, 50 ft. high, internodes 15-24 in. long, diam. 34-4 in., walls 4 in. thick,
rootlets at the lowest 3 or 4 nodes. Culm-sheaths 7-10 in. long, brown-hairy outside,
blade persistent, ribbed on the outside. L. densely clothed with fine hairs beneath,
6-8 by 4-} in., n. 21 on } in., transverse veins distant. 3. Thalaw-wa, Burm. Culti-
vated in the Northern Shan States, 2-4,000 ft. (Troup, June 1902). Tufted, culms
light green, with minute white silky hairs, erect, 40-50 ft., internodes 14-24 ft., 3-4 in.
diam., walls } in. thick, small branchlets at most of the nodes. Culm-sheaths thick,
nearly glabrous, 5-6 in. long, 12 in. wide at base, the sides curving to a slightly
concave top, 4 in. broad, with a brown fringe, blade triangular, on the inside densely
clothed with brown hairs, sharply cuspidate, base 14 in. L. 7-9 by 1in.,n.250n fin,
transy. veins visible, oblique, distant. 4. Wamin, Burm. Cultivated in gardens in
the Northern Shan States, said by some to have been brought from China, by others
from Chengmai, in Siam (Troup, May 1902). Culms loosely tufted, erect or bending
stiffly up to 40 ft., usually smaller, dark green, shining and perfectly glabrous.
Internodes 4-6 in. long, rarely longer, much swollen in the lower half, the swollen
part 4-5 in. diam. Rootlets on the lowest 3 or 4 nodes, Culm-sheaths resembling
those of Bambusa vulgaris, brown hairy outside, 5 in., blade 2-3 in. long with two
rounded ciliate auricles at the base. L. 7-9 by ? in., n. 80-33 on } in., sheaths keeled,
edges minutely ciliate. The short swollen internodes may be a deformity analogous
to that described by Kurz in Ind. For. i. 252, t. 1.

Orper CXIII. GNEPACEZ. Gen. PI. iii. 417.
(E. Strasburger, Die Coniferen und die Gnetaceen, 1872.

Stem and branches jointed at the nodes. L. opposite, whorled, or reduced
to a short, sometimes 2—4-dentate sheath. Fl. unisexual, ¢ with 2-8 anthers.
Q: one erect ovule with one integument, prolonged into a tube, which

686 CXIII. GNETACE [Ephedra

has the functions of a style, and enclosed by a single or double perianth.
Perianth or bracts supporting the @ inflorescence become fleshy in fr.

The general structure of the wood resembles that of normally built Dicotyledons, it
consists of ‘vessels, wood-fibres, wood-parenchyma and medullary rays. No resin canals.
Gnetum scandens, like many dicotyledonous climbers, shows on the transverse section
concentric bands of wedge-shaped masses of xylem and phloem, separated by medullary
rays.

Membranous sheaths at the base of internodes 0 0 . 1. Epxepra.
Leaves evergreen, opposite 0 : 6 0 Q : b . 2. GyretuM.

1. EPHEDRA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 640.

(Dr. Otto Stapf, Die Arten der Gattung Kphedra, Wien, 1889. Dr. Paul
Jaccard, Recherches sur l’Ephedra helvetica, Lausanne, 1894.)

Rigid shrubs or undershrubs, a few species climbing, old stems often
ribbed, branches terete, striate, opposite or whorled, with membranous sheaths
at the nodes, which often bear 2-4 narrow leafy blades. FI. usually dicecious,
¢ in short bracteate spikelets, which are whorled or in pairs, perianth of two
opposite, compressed membranous sepals, anthers 2-8, on a central column,
cells 2, opening by a short slit at the apex. @ fl. usually in pairs, some-
times 3 or solitary, each fl. consisting of one ovule with a single integument,
prolonged into a tube, which has the functions of a style (tubillus) and
enclosed in a bag, which may be regarded as a perianth. Each 9Q inflores-
cence (spikelet) supported by several pairs of decussate bracts. Fr. in the
species here described fleshy, consisting of the succulent bracts, enclosing
1 or 2 seeds. Species 31, dry regions of Hurope, North Africa, Asia and
America.

A. Tall, scandent, with slender branchlets.

1. E. foliata, Boiss—Syn. EF. Alte, Brandis F. Fl. t. 69 (mon C. A. Meyer), E. pedun-
cularis, Boiss. Baluchistan. Sind. Kuram valley. Punjab plains, excepting the
North-East, ascending in the Salt range to 3,000ft. Probably in Rajputana.—
Southern Arabia. Persia. Afghanistan. Vern. Kuchan, Punj. A tall scandent
shrub, often gregarious, forming dense thickets, stem 3 in. diam., bark exfoliating in
fibrous shreds, branches slender, flaccid, generally whorled, branchlets often filiform,
internodes 14 in. long, leaf-sheath short, bearing at the upper nodes 2-4 small linear
leafy blades. Fl. often moncecious, male fl. in strictly decussate pairs, 4-12 pairs in one
spikelet, bracts rounded, obtuse, edge thinly fimbriate, anthers 3 or 4. Female
spikelets pedunculate, often in small terminal cymes, tubillus short, straight. Fr.
globose, } in. diam., semitransparent, red or milky- white, showing two dark-coloured
seeds.

B. Rigid erect shrubs, generally numerous stems from a woody rootstock.

2. E. Gerardiana, Wall.; Collett Simla Flora 481.—Syn. H. vulgaris, Brandis F. FI.
501; Kanjilal F. Fl. 346. Vern. Tutgantha, Jauns. Hariab district, Kuram valley
11,000 ft., common. Himalaya 8-14,000 ft., also in the inner arid tracts, ascending in
Sikkim to 16,500 ft—Pamirs. Yarkand. Tibet. A rigid, nearly erect shrub, up to
1-2 ft. high. Tufts of short branches with opposite or whorled branchlets from a
peody much-branched usually creeping rootstock, internodes about 1 in. long, under

-in.diam. Male spikelets ovate, $-+ in. long, solitary or in pairs, rarely in whorls
ai 3, fl. 24 pairs, anthers 5-8. Female spikelets 4 tin. long, usually solitary, bracts 2-3
pairs, tubillus straight. Fr. sweet, edible, red when ripe. 3. E. nebrodensis, Tineo.
Baluchistan, Juniper tracts, 710,000 ft. (Omah, Umah). Balti. Lahaul.—Mediter-
ranean region, Western Asia and Caucasus. Internodes smooth, slender, 4-1 in. long,
sy-1s in. diam. Male spikelets few-fld., solitary or 2-3 together, female solitary short-
pedunculate, tubillus straight. Fr. globose, 4 in. diam. 4. E. intermedia, Schrenk
u. Meyer.—North-West Himalaya, chiefly in the inner arid valleys. Chitral 4-5,000 ft.
on dry rocky slopes (Sumani), Gilgit, Zanskar, Upper Chenab., Kunawar (Khanna).—
Persia, Turkestan, Bokhara. Western China. A small erect shrub, often glaucous,
internodes rough, 14-24 in. long, q2—-$ in. diam. Fl. sometimes monccious, male
spikelets +4 in, long, numerous, in dense whorls at the nodes. Female spikelets shortly
pedunculate, whorled at the nodes, tubillus twisted. Fr. } in. long, fleshy, red when
ripe. 5. E. pachyclada, Boiss. Baluchistan, Kakar Lora valley, 5,500-6,000 ft.—Southern
Persia. Afghanistan. A small gregarious shrub, internodes 1-24 in. long, ;4— in.
diam., anthers 6-8, sessile, crowded, large.

Gnetum) CXIII. GNETACEA 687

2. GNETUM, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 641.

(Lotsy, Life history of Gnetum in Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buiten-
zorg, xvi. 46, 1899.)

Climbing, one species erect, branches jointed and thickened at the nodes.
L. opposite, quite entire, penninerved. FI. unisexual, usually dicecious,
whorled in the axils of a cup-shaped bract, usually surrounded with multi-
cellular hairs (a belt of (always?) imperfect ? fl. frequently above the ring of
g fl.), on spikes, which are solitary or in dichotomous panicles, axillary or
terminal. Male fl.: perianth fleshy, clavate, more or less 2-fid.; anther-cells
2, opening by terminal slits. Female fl.: one ovule with a single integument,
prolonged into a tube, which has the functions of a style, with a lacerate
mouth, enclosed in two bags, which may be regarded as an inner and outer
perianth, the inner perianth wanting in flowers that remain sterile. Fruit
resembling a drupe, consisting of the fleshy perianths, enclosing a hard seed.
Species 15, tropical Asia, Africa, America and Pacific islands.

Fig. 200.—Gnetum scandens, Roxb, 34.

A. Ovary and fruit sessile,

1. G@. Gnemon, Linn.—Syn. G. Brunonianum, Griff. Cachar. Maniptr. Mogaung,
Upper Burma. ‘Tenasserim. Nicobars.—Malay Penins. and Archip. A small or
middle-sized evergreen tree, |. elongate-elliptic or elliptic-oblong, acuminate, blade 4-8,
pet. 4 in. long. Il. dicecious, female and pseudo-androgynous spikes on different trees,
the imperfect female fl. of the latter without an inner perianth. Ir. oblong, apiculate,
4 in. long, glossy, orange-coloured or red when ripe. The tree cultivated in the village
groves of Java is diwcious. According to Karsten and Lotsy the ¢? fl. in the
pseudo-androgynous spikes, though often attaining a considerable size, are not ferti-
lized, and do not produce mature seed. It is, hawaven! for inquiry whether the
Burma and Indian tree is not, as stated by Kurz, monmwcious. 2 G. neglectum,
Blume. Merguii—Malay Penins. and Archip, A climber, |. rigidly coriaceous, blade
4-5, pet. }-} in. long.

688 CXIII. GNETACEA [Gnetun

B. Ovary and fruit stalked. Climbers.

3. G. scandens, Roxb.—Syn. G. edule, Blume; G. funiculare, Wight
Ic. t. 1955. Vern. Aumbal, Umbli, Bombay; Milgandi, Kol; Gyut-nwwe,
Burm.

An immense dicecious evergreen climber, trunk often flattened, 9-12 in.
broad, branches dichotomous. L. elliptic, blade 3-9, pet. 4-3 in. long, reticulate
veins lax, thin. Spikes in stiff panicles, often on the old wood. A single
whorl of (imperfect ?) 2 above a double whorl of ¢ #., surrounded by a mass of
transparent hairs. Fr. covered with silvery scales when young, orange-
coloured, edible when ripe, 1} in., stalk thick, } in. long.

Western Ghats in evergreen forest, from the Konkan southwards, ascending to
7,000 ft. Hillsof the Northern Circars. Sikkim, ascending to 3,000 ft. Assam. Khasi
hills. Chittagong. Burma, Upper and Lower. Andamans, common.—Not in Ceylon.
Malay Penins. and Archip. China. 4. G macropodum, Kurz. Nicobars. Closely
allied to 3, differs by fruit-stalk #-14 in. long. 5. G. funiculare, Blume. Chittagong.
Lower Burma. A large climber, stem as thick as the arm. UL. elliptic, rigidly
coriaceous, reticulate veins close, prominent. Fr. glabrous, stalk slender, $-3 in. long.

Oper ©XIV. CONIFER. Gea Pl a) 220

Trees, sometimes shrubs, usually resinous, moncecious or dicecious. Leaves
rigid, linear, subulate or scale-like, rarely with a broad blade. Fl. without
perianth, ¢ (catkins) consisting of more or less numerous antheriferous scales
(stamens) bearing 2 or more anther-cells on the back (underside). @ (cones)
consisting of ovuliferous scales (open carpels, often witha second or supporting
scale), either numerous, spirally or decussately arranged around the axis and at
maturity concealing the seeds (perfect cones), or few (up to 20 in Cephalotaxus)
not concealing the seeds (imperfect cones). In the case of most species a
considerable time (sometimes more than a year) intervenes between the
shedding of the pollen and fertilization of the ovule. Endosperm fleshy and
oily (in Araucarita farinaceous), cotyledons 2 or numerous.

The trunk of Coniferous trees shows the same general arrangement of tissues
which we find in normal Dicotyledons, but the wood is without vessels, hence on a
transverse section without pores. It consists of medullary rays and of long thick-
walled tracheides, arranged in radial lines, with large bordered pits, usually on their
radial walls only. In the earliest formed wood, contiguous to the pith, the tracheides
have a spiral or annular thickening of their walls. The annual rings are distinctly
marked by belts of very thick-walled tracheides in the outer (autumn) wood and of
thinner-walled tracheides in the spring wood of the succeeding year. Resin canals,
lined by small thin-walled secreting cells (as in Dipterocarps) are found in the leaves,
the bark and the wood, in the wood they are vertical among the tracheides, and hori-
zontal in the medullary rays.

I. Seeds concealed by the scales of a perfect cone.
A. Ovules reversed, scales of cone numerous, spirally arranged round the axis.
Pollen-grains winged, excepting Larix and Tsuga.
(a) L. persistent, in clusters of 2, 3, or 5, scales of
cone more or less thickened at the apex . . i. Pryus.
(6) L. persistent, in large tufts at the ends of
arrested branchlets, scales of cone broad with
athinedge,deciduous . ; : : . 2. CEDRUS.
(c) L. persistent, single.
a. Cones cylindric, erect, scales deciduous,
]. flat, more or less distichous . 3 . 3. ABIES.
B. Cones cylindric, pendulous, scales persis-
tent, 1. 4-sided, all round the branchlets . 4. Picea.
y. Cones ovoid, small, scales persistent. 1. flat,
distichous . ; TsuGa (p. 693).

(d) L. deciduous in large tufts at the ends of
arrested branchlets . : 9 0 0 : Larix (p. 698).

Pinus| CXIV. CONIFERZ 689

B. Ovules erect, scales of cone few. Pollen grains not winged (Cupressinee).
(a) Scales of cone opposite, in several tiers.
a. Scales of cone woody, seeds with an
orbicular wing . - z :
8. Seales of cone succulent, forming a berry-
like fruit, seeds not winged . : . 6. JUNIPERUS.
(6) Scales of cone spirally arranged on the axis, pecti-
nate at apex, supporting scales adnate to them Crypromerta (p. 695).
II. Cones imperfect, seeds 1 or few, not concealed by the scales (Taxacee).
A. Ovules reflexed, pollen-grains winged . - . 7. Popocarrus..
B. Ovules bent down, seeds erect. Two anther-cells
at the base of the male catkin scales. Pollen-
grains winged é - : * : : ° Dacrypium (p. 696).
C. Ovules erect, solitary, seed enclosed in a red fleshy
cup. 3-8 anther-cells on the underside of a
peltate male catkin scale. Pollen-grains not
winged . c - : : 2: c . 8. Taxus.
D. Ovules erect, in pairs at the base of scales. Male
fl. in involucrate heads (compound catkins).
Pollen-grains not winged . : . : . 9. CEPHALOTAXUS.

Taxace®x are treated as a separate order by Pilger in Engler’s Pflanzenreich iv. 5.

5. CUPRESSUS.

1. PINUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 651.

Moneecious trees, the branches generally in whorls. Leaves dimorphous,
those of seedlings and elongating shoots single, those of ordinary branches
in clusters of 2, 3, or 5, on arrested branchlets, consisting of a short tubercular
axis with a number of membranous sheathing scales surrounding the leaves.
Axillary buds as a rule develop into branches only at the end of each year’s
terminal shoot, one whorl! of side branches being formed annually, so that the
age of a tree may be determined, not only by counting the annual rings in the
wood, but in the case of young trees also by the number of whorls on the
stem. There are however exceptions: Pinus excelsa sometimes forms 2
whorls in one season, and P. Gerardiana is apt to throw out scattered side
branches, not in regular whorls. The male fl. (catkins) are in crowded whorls
in the axils of membranous bracts at the base of the current year’s shoot,
hence on those branches, which habitually bear ¢ fl., there are breaks in the
foliage, which indicate the position of previous year’s catkins. Antheriferous
scales numerous, imbricate, each scale with 2 anther-cells on its under-surface,
prolonged beyond them into a membranous crest. Female fl. (cones) on
separate branches, solitary or in whorls, often pedunculate, peduncles with
scaly bracts. Ovules reversed, in pairs at the base of the carpellary scales, each
carpellary with a supporting scale, which disappears before the cone ripens.
Cones formed of the enlarged woody carpellary scales, which are spirally
arranged around the axis and are more or less thickened at the apex. Seeds
in shallow excavations at the base of the scales, oily with a hard woody testa,
usually winged.

A. Leaves in clusters of five, cones cylindric, scales not much thickened at
the apex. E

1. P. excelsa, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 201; Griff. Ic. Pl. As. t. 366,
also t. 365 (P. Griffithii, MacClell.); Collett Simla Fl. 485 fig. 157. The
Blue Pine. Vern. Chiwitch, Chitral. Bidr, Haz.; Kail, Hind. ; Chil, Jumna ;
Lim, Kunawar.

A tall tree, attaining 150 ft., bark smooth, slate-coloured on young, rough
with shallow fissures on mature trees, foliage bluish-green, at high elevations
greyish-green. lL. slender, 6-8 in. long, sheaths deciduous. Male catkins
ovoid, } in. long. Cones generally 2 or 3 together, 6-12 in. on peduncles
1-3 in. long, erect while young, pendulous afterwards, scales spathulate,

wey,

690 CXIV. CONIFER [Pinus

2-23 in., seed 4 in. long, wing obliquely truncate, about 3 times the length of
seed, cotyledons usually 9.

Kuram valley 8-11,000 ft. Safed Koh. Kafiristan. Himalaya, also in some of the
more arid valleys,such as Lahaul, Kunawar. Eastwards as far as Nepal, not in Central
and North-West Kumaon nor (indigenous) in Sikkim, but (in alpibus altissimis,
Wallich) in Bhutan.—Afghanistan. ‘The original home of this tree is at high eleva-
tions up to 12,500 ft., where it forms extensive forests with the Himalayan Spruce
and Silver Fir. As the seed comes up in open grass-lands without shelter and as it is
readily carried about by the wind, there is abundant second growth of it at lower
elevations down to 5,000 ft. Wherever the trees grow at lower elevations the shoots
are very luxuriant, often bent and irregular. The leaves remain 3-4 years on-
the branches. F]. April-June, the cones ripen in the autumn of the second year.
P. Peuce, Griseb., mountains of Montenegro and Macedonia is closely allied.

B. Leaves in clusters of three ; cones ovoid or ovoid-conical, scales much
thickened at the apex.

2. P. longifolia, Roxb.; Royle Ill. t. 85; Griff. Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 369, 370;
Collett, Simla Flora 486 fig. 158. Vern. Chil, Chir, Hind.; Shti, Bash;
Sarol, Sirli, Jaunsar; Dhup, Nep.; Nyit, Lepcha.

A tall eminently gregarious tree, branches symmetrically whorled, high up
the trunk, forming a rounded head of light foliage. Bark 1-2 in. thick, cut
by deep fissures into large plates. Leaves 9-15 in. long, slender, nearly
triquetrous, sheath 3-1 in. long, greyish-brown, fimbriate, persistent. Male
catkins 4 in. long, cones on short stiff stalks, spreading or recurved, solitary
or in whorls of 2-5, 4-8 in. long, diam. 3-5 in., scales 1-2 by 2 in., beak
thick, pyramidal, pointed and somewhat recurved. Seeds 4 in. long, wing
thin membranous, rather longer than seed. Cotyledons about 12.

Subhimalayan tract and outer Himalaya. Abundant as far east as Nepal, forming
extensive pine forests 1,500 to 6,500, occasionally to 7,500 ft. Not in the inner arid
valleys, on the Sutlej its upper limit is at Wangtu. Further eastwards less common,
in Sikkim usually on dry southern slopes between 1,000 and 3,000 ft. on the north side
of the Great Ranjit and Tista rivers, often mixed with Sal. It is supposed (see Gamble,
Darjeeling List ed. ii. 88) that the rainfall in the subhimalayan tract here is too
heavy for this species. Fl. Febr.—April, there is some uncertainty whether the cones
require 15 or 29 months to ripen. The leaves remain 2-3 years on the branches.

3. P. Khasya, Royle*; Griff. Ic. Pl. As. tt. 367, 368. Vern. Dingsa,
Khasia; Tinyw, Burm.; Shja, Kar.

A tall tree, 100-150 ft., branches more or less whorled, bark thick, deeply
cracked, resin-ducts numerous in the outer and middle belt of each annual
ring. L. 6-10 in. long, slender, back convex, sheath persistent, grey,
lacerated at apex. Cones solitary or in pairs, sometimes in threes, ovoid,
2-3 in. long, greatest diam. 2 in., beak of scales depressed-pyramidal, with a
blunt knob at the end, wings four times the length of seed.

Khasi and Naga hills. Manipur. Hills on the Upper Chindwin. Shan hills.
Mountains on the head waters of the Yunzalin and further north on the watershed
between Sitang and Salween, 2,500-7,000 ft. FI. Febr—March, the cones require
2 years to ripen. Cones of several years, also empty cones, remain long on the tree.
The 1. persist 1-2 years on the branches. P. insularis, Endl., of the Philippines and P.
Yunnanensis, Franchet, of China, are very similar and possibly not specifically distinct.

4. P. Gerardiana, Wall.; Royle Ill. t. 85, fig. 2; Brandis F. Fl. t. 67,
Vern. Chijin, Chitral (Jalghoza, seed); Miri, Pangi; Rhi, Kunawar.—The
seed: Neoza.

A middle-sized tree, branches not whorled, bark grey, smooth, thin, peeling
off in large flakes, on old trees rough and cracked, foliage dark green. Leaves
stiff, 2-4 in. long, back rounded, sheath deciduous. Male catkins 4—} in.
long. Cones ovoid-oblong, glaucous when mature, 6-9 in. long, diam. 4-5 in.

*The name given by Royle to this Pine was Kestya (Gordon in Gardener's
Magazine xvi.8,1840). Parlatore (DC. Prod. xvi. 2) calledit P. Khasya, Royle. The above
name is that adopted in the FI. of Brit. Ind.,and should be: P. Khasya, Hook. f.

Pinus] CXIV. CONIFER 691

Seales broad, beak stout, recurved, obtusely triangular. Seeds irregularly
cylindric, 1 in. long, edible, wing short caducous.

Kafiristan. Hariab district in the Kuram valley, 7-11,000 ft. North-West
Himalaya, in the inner valleys with a dry climate, 5-10,000 ft. Chitral. Gilgit.
Indus, between Astor and Iskardo. Upper Chenab. A few trees on the Upper Ravi.
Kunawar, occupying the lower slopes of the mountain sides near the river above
Chergaon and Jani. British Garhwal, below the Niti pass. Fl. June and July, the
cones ripen in the autumn of the second year. ‘The |. remain 3-4 years on the
branches. The cones of the Hariab tree have not the stout recurved beak of the
scales.

C. Leaves in clusters of two.

5. P. Merkusii, Jungh. Vern. Tinyuben, Burm. Thaungyin valley above Mirawadi
on stretches of high ground, 500-1,500 ft., associated with Dipterocarpus tuberculatus
(first reported by Capt. Latter in 1848, Selections from the Records of the Bengal
Government, ix., Caleutta 1852, p. 154). Shan States of Burma, in forests of Pentacme,
Shorea obtusa, Melanorrhwa, and occasionally Dipterocarpus tuberculatus.—Sumatra.
Cochinchina. Philippines. Attains 100 ft., the trunk 5 ft. diam., branches forming a
flat umbrella-like crown, somewhat resembling P. Pinea, wood very resinous. L.

een, 6-10 in. long, back convex, sheaths grey with white fimbriate edge. The new
. appear (in the Thaungyin) Feb. March, and the old 1. fall early in their second year.
Cones usually in pairs, 2-3 in. long, cylindric-conical, peduncle 4 in. long, scales with
a thick but flat pyramidal beak, the faces of which are suleate. Seeds small, many
times shorter than the unequal-sided wing.

2. CEDRUS, Link; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 653.

Three local forms, which come true from seed, here classed as species, viz.,
1. C. atlantica, Manetti. Atlas mountains, forming extensive forests at
47,000 ft. Leading shoot stiff erect, 1. short. 2. C. Libani, Barr. Taurus
and Anti-Taurus in Asia Minor 4-6,400 ft., forming forests with P. Laricio.
Mountains of Cyprus. Lebanon chain. Extremities of branches stiff.

3. C. Deodara, Loudon; Brandis F. Fl. 516.—Syn. C. Libani, var.
Deodara, Hook. f.; Collett, Simla Flora 486, fig. 159. Pinws Deodara, Griff.
Ic, Pl. As. t. 364. The Himalayan Cedar. Sans. Devadaru. Vern. Rogh,
Chitral; Didar, Kelu, N.W. Himal.; Kelmang, Kunawar.

A tall tree, attaining 250 ft. under favourable circumstances, the leading
shoots and extremities of branchlets drooping, heart-wood yellowish-brown,
strongly scented, very durable. Foliage (in its native home) usually dark
green, sometimes bluish-green. L. 1-1} in. long, triquetrous, single on
elongated shoots and on seedlings, otherwise in dense fascicles on arrested
branchlets. Catkins cylindric, single, at the ends of arrested branchlets.
Cones erect, 4-5 in. long, 3-4 in. diam., obtuse, scales closely imbricate,
broadly cuneate, upper edge thin and rounded, broader than long, deciduous,
leaving the axis of the cone standing erect on the branches. Seeds 4-3 in.,
wing triangular, } in. Jong. Cotyledons usually 10.

Afghanistan. Kuram valley 7,500-10,000 ft. Chitral. N.W. Himalaya 4—10,000,
ascending in places to 12,000 ft. in the basin of the principal tributaries of the Indus,
of the Tous, Jumna and Bhagirati rivers. On two feedersof the Alaknanda. Cultivated
in Kumaon and in Nepal. Fl. Sept. Oct., the cones ripen in the autumn of the follow-
ing year, about 13 months after flowering. ¢ and @¢ fl. generally are on different
trees, sometimes on different branches of the same tree. Young Deodar requires shelter
and stands a great deal of shade, self-sown seedlings readily come up under Oak and
other trees, and in spite of the soft and drooping terminal shoots they pierce with
great vigour through thickets of other trees. At Kew the Deodar is the first of the
3 Cedars to come out with a flush of young leaves, the Lebanon Cedar usually follows
a fortnight later, and the Atlas cedar comes last, after an interval of a few days. Old
trees of all three kinds, when growing isolated, particularly in exposed situations,
are apt to form tabulated tops.

3. ABIES, Juss.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 654.

Tall trees, leaves more or less bifarious, linear, 1-nerved. Cone erect,

692 CXIV. CONIFERA [ Abies

cylindric, scales thin, deciduous, leaving a woody axis, supporting scale free
under the ovuliferous scale and sometimes produced beyond it. Species about
20, Northern temperate and Arctic zone.

1. A. Pindrow, Spach; Royle Ill. t. 86 ; Collett, Simla Flora 488, Fig. 161 ;
Gamble, Ind. Timb. ed. ii. 719; Nicholson, Dictionary of Gardening, i. 2. The
Himalayan low level Silver fir. Vern. Paludar, Haz; Réwar, Kagan ; Kachal,
Kunch valley; Raz, Chamba; Tos, Kulu; Span, Krok, Kunawar; Pindrau,
Hattu; Morinda, Jaunsar.

A tall tree, attaining 250 ft. under favourable conditions, with a dense
cylindric crown of dark-green foliage, bark smooth on young stems, greyish-
brown, deeply cleft in vertical fissures, when old. LL. distichous, 2-3 in. long,
apex with two sharp teeth, underside with two faint lines on either side of
the raised midrib, upper side dark green shining. Male catkins axillary,
numerous, $—# in. long. Cones cylindric, 4-7 in. long, 14-3 in. diam., dark
purple when ripe, scales obovate, edge rounded, thin. Seeds +—-} in., wing
twice as long.

Kuram valley 8-11,000 ft. Chitral. Outer Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft., eastwards as far
as Nepal. FI. April, May. Fr. autumn of the same year. As shade-enduring as
Abies pectinata, the Silver Fir of Europe.

2. A. Webbiana, Lindl.; Gamble, Ind. Timb. ed. ii. 718; Nicholson, Dict. of Gard. i. 2.
The high level Silver fir. North-West Himalaya 10-14,000 ft., often with the Birch
and Rhododendron campanulatum. Usually stunted and gnarled, |. all round the
branchlets, #-1 in. long on raised rough, prominent leaf-cushions, emarginate, cones
shorter and thicker than 1.

3. The East Himalayan Silver Fir. Vern. Gobre Salla, Nep.; Dunshing, Bhutia.
Sikkim 10-13,000 ft. on the Singalila range, in the Chumbi valley and in Bhutan
8,000-12,500 ft. (Abies densa, Griff, Notule iv. 19). A tall gregarious tree, forming
dense forests, 1. crowded, more or less distichous, 1-2 in. long, retuse or emarginate,
underside silvery-glaucous on either side of the raised midrib, catkins purple before
opening (G. Rogers), cones cylindric, bracts long-acuminate in a young state, protrud-
ing beyond the scales, scales broader than in A. Pindrow. This form might be called
by the name given by Griffith to the Bhutan tree, if further study on the spot should show
it to deserve specific rank.

I doubt whether the three Himalayan Silver firs here enumerated should be regarded
as distinct species. The eastern form I have kept separate at the suggestion of
Professor Heinrich Mayr of Munich, who visited the North-West Himalaya and
Sikkim in 1887. As regards the 2 western forms my own experience is to the effect
that, as you ascend to the higher ranges, the low level long-leaved form, with a
tall trunk and a dense cylindric crown, gradually changes into the stunted tree
with spreading branches and short leaves of the high level form. I have never
seen the two growing together. The high level spruce of the Alps is analogous, it is
a stunted tree with stiff branches and shorter leaves than the low level spruce, yet
both are justly regarded as one species.

There is, however, this remarkable fact, that hitherto the seed of the two Silver firs
of the Western Himalaya has come true, whenever cultivated in England and Ireland,
and hence gardeners and arboriculturists in this country regard them as distinct
species, in the same way as the three Cedars, C. Deodara, Libani and atlantica are
regarded as distinct species. In his Flora of British India v. 6538, Sir Joseph Hooker
calls the Himalayan Cedar: C. Libani, var Deodara. In this case I venture to think
that it is more consistent to abide by the old-established practice and to regard the 3
Cedars as distinct species. They most probably are local forms of a tree, which in
remote ages, when the climate of the Mediterranean region and Western Asia was
moist and cool, extended from the Atlas to the Himalaya, but they have been sepa-
rated so long that they have acquired distinct though not very important characters.
In deference to Mr. Gamble and to English arboriculturists, I have in this Book
separated the 2 West Himalayan Silver firs, but I wish it to be distinctly understood
that their case is quite different from that of the 3 Cedars. Seeds of the high level
A. Webbiana should be cultivated in Jaunsar to see whether there also the tree comes
true from seed.

4. PICEA, Link; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 653.

Species 12, Northern temperate and arctic zone.

P. Morinda, Link; Collett, Simla Fl. 487, fig. 160.—Syn. Abies
Smithiana, Forbes; Brandis, F. Fl. 525; Pinus Smithiana, Wall. Pl. As.

Picea) CXIV. CONIFER 693

Rar. t. 246; P. Khutrow, Royle Ill. t. 84; Abies spinulosa, Griff. Ic. Pl. As.
t. 363. The Himalayan Spruce. Vern. Achara, Chitral; Kachal, Haz. ;
Rai, Kulu to Jaunsar; Rau, Raiang, Sutlej; Tos, Kangra, Chamba.

A tall tree, usually 100-120, sometimes over 200 ft. high, branches hori-
zontal, branchlets hanging tassel like, foliage dark green, bark greyish-brown,
divided by shallow cracks into small rounded or 4-sided scales. LL. spirally
arranged all round the branches, stiff, pungent, 4-sided, 1-1} in. long, readily
deciduous when dry, articulate on a persistent ultimately woody base or
cushion, the young shoots often capped by the old bud-scales. Male catkin
usually single, cylindric, 1 in. long, sessile, antheriferous scale with a broad
rounded denticulate apex, anthers linear. Cones cylindric, obtuse, 4-6 in.
long, pendulous, dark brown, scales with a thin edge, seeds + in. long, wing
broad, obliquely spathulate, } in. long.

Kuram valley 8-12,000 ft., associated with Pinus excelsa. Kafiristan. Chitral.
Gilgit. Himalaya, common from Kashmir to Garhwal, 7-11,000 ft., often associated
with Quercus dilatata and semicarpifolia and other broad-leaved trees, as well as with
Deodar, Pinus excelsa and the Himalayan Silver fir. Does not extend far into the
arid region; in Kunawar, Pangi is its limit on the right and Rispa on the left
side of the valley. In Sikkim and Bhutan it grows in the inner valleys 8-15,000 ft.
Fl. April-May, the cones ripen in the autumn of the same year. Specimens from the
Chumbi valley have harder wood, but do not seem otherwise to differ from Picea
Morinda. (See Addenda.)

Tsuga Brunoniana, Carr.—Syn. Pinus Brunoniana, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 247; Abies
dumosa, Loudon. Vern. Tengre Salla, Nep.; Tangshing, Bhutia. North-East Kumaon,
forming forests at 9-10,000 ft. Nepal. In the Sirikola valley, tributary of the little
Ranjit and elsewhere in the middle and inner ranges of Sikkim, forming extensive forests
below the Silver fir at 6-10,000 ft. Bhutan. A tall tree, attaining 120ft., branches
spreading, branchlets pendulous. L. distichous, 4-1 in. long, white-mealy beneath.
Cones ovoid, 4—-} in. long, scales broadly elliptic, obtuse, supporting scales not projecting
in the mature cone. FI. May, June, cones ripen the same year.

Larix Griffithii, Hook. f. & Thoms.; Hook. Him. Plants t. 21. Vern. Sah, Saar,
Sikkim. Inner ranges of East Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan, 8-12,000 ft. Tibet,
9-13,500 ft. A moderate-sized tree, heart-wood red, branches long, pendulous, foliage
pale green. lL. deciduous, slender, 1 in. long, single on elongated shoots and seedlings,
otherwise in dense fascicles on arrested branchlets. Cones cylindric, 2-3 in. long,
erect (reversed) on the pendulous branchlets, scales persistent, supporting longer than
ovuliferous scales, tips reflexed cuspidate.

5. CUPRESSUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 645.

Leaves small, scale-like, closely appressed, opposite, mostly imbricate, those
of seedlings (juvenile form) needle-like, spreading, in whorls of 3 or 4. Fl.
moncecious at the ends of short branchlets, male catkins cylindric, numerous,
stamens stipitate, peltate, bearing on their lower edge 2-4 subglobose anther-
cells. Scales of 2 cones few, decussate, those at the base and at the apex
sterile, the others bearing above their base 4-8 erect ovules, supporting scales
none. As the cones mature the scales become woody peltate and angular, each
with 4 or more small compressed winged seeds, cotyledons 2-3.

1. C. torulosa, Don. The Himalayan Cypress. Vern. Devi diar, Ravi ;
Galla, Sutle}; Leaurti, Jauns.; Surai, Raisal, Garhwal, Kumaon.

A large tree, branches horizontal, whorled, with drooping branchlets, form-
ing a broad pyramidal crown, bark peeling off in long thin strips, heartwood
light brown, fragrant. L. closely imbricate, triangular. Cones clustered,
+ in. diam.

Outer range of the Himalaya from Chamba to Nepal, 6-9,000 ft., chiefly on lime-
stone, in places abundant, but more local and Jess common than most other Himalayan
Conifers. Fl. Feb.—Apr., fr. ripens in the autumn of the second year, and is often long
persistent on the tree. 2. C, sempervirens, Linn. Planted in gardens in Afghanistan
and North-West India, as well as throughout the Mediterranean region. A tall tree,
stem fluted, branches erect, forming a narrow dense cylindric crown of dark green
foliage. Cones few, 1 in. diam., scales rough, with a projecting, convex or keeled,

694 CXIV. CONIFER [Cupressus

point or boss. 3. C. glauca, Lamk. (C. lusitanica, Mill.), commonly cultivated in
Western India above Ghat, foliage and cones bluish, may belong either to 1 or to 2.

4. ©. funebris, Endl. The weeping Cypress, Chandang, Bhutia. Indigenous on the
hills about Ichang, China. Cultivated, chiefly near Buddhist temples and monas-
teries, in Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan. A large handsome tree, branches pendulous,
branchlets distichous, cones +-3 in. diam., seeds small, broadly winged.

6. JUNIPERUS, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. v. 646.

Shrubs or trees, with distinct, generally red and fragrant heart-wood.
Leaves either all linear or subulate, in whorls of 3, or dimorphous, viz. (a)
scale-like, imbricate, usually opposite and decussate, (b) subulate and spread- .
ing. Fl. monecious or diccious, axillary or at the ends of short branchlets, ¢
small cylindric or ovoid catkins, stamens broad-ovate, whorled, imbricate, each
with 3-6 anther-cells at its base. Cone ripening the second year, fleshy,
nearly globose, consisting of 3-6 connate carpellary scales (the lower sterile),
the tips of which are often visible on the surface of the ripe fruit. Seeds 1-3,
testa coriaceous.

A. All]. linear, pungent.

1. J. communis, Linn. Vern. Betar, Bithal, Chamba; Pama, Tailu, Kunawar.—Almost
throughout the temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Kuram
valley, 11-13,000 ft. North-West Himalaya, 5,400-14,000 ft., as far as Garhwal and
Kumaon, east of the Sutlej restricted to high elevations. Werang pass, Kunawar.
A dense diffuse shrub, sometimes a small tree, procumbent at high elevations. L.
in whorls of 3, spreading, }-} in. long, pungent, whitish above, convex or obtusely
keeled beneath, with a more or less prominent cushion on the branchlets, persistent
3-4 years. Fl. axillary, supported by small imbricating bracts, the male catkins
ovoid, yellow, antheriferous scales broad-ovate, acuminate, the ? small, resembling
leaf-buds. Berries blue-black, }-} in. diam., the tips of the carpellary scales visible at
the apex, pulp sweet, resinous, seeds generally 3. A dwarfed variety at high elevations
with broader 1. and very pronounced leaf-cushions may perhaps be identified with J.
nana, Willd., the dwarf Juniper of Europe. Bhiterrik, Chitral (prostrate, Barrett).

2. J. recurva, Ham. The weeping blue Juniper, Hook. Him. Journ. ii. 28. Vern.
Bettar, Punj.; Bhéntra, Kaghan ; Guggal, N.W. Himal. Kuram valley, 10-12,000 ft.
Himalaya, Kashmir to Bhutan, 7,500-12,000 ft. Occasionally planted near temples.—
Tibet. A gregarious shrub, often covering large areas, either pure or mixed with
J. communis, the stems decumbent, at times 6 in. diam., very long, running under-
ground or along the surface. From these creeping stems rise numerous short erect
branches, which make these thickets almost impenetrable. In Sikkim and Bhutan,
a graceful tree, attaining 30 ft., with drooping branchlets, foliage glaucous blue, heart-
wood reddish-brown. lL. more or less appressed, in whorls of 3, 4 in. long, lanceolate,
pungent, back convex, often approximate and imbricated, when the branchlets are
more or less 6-sided. Male catkins and berries at the end of short lateral leafy
branchlets. Berries ovoid, pointed, 1 3 in. long, dark brown or blackish-purple when
ripe, seed 1, oblong. J squamata is the procumbent variety with broader often
incurved leaves.

B L. dimorphous, on most branches scale-like, decussate, appressed,
imbricate, on some subulate, pungent, erect or spreading.

3. J. macropoda, Boiss.—Syn. J. excelsa, Brand. F. Fl. t. 68. Hima-
layan Pencil Cedar. Vern. Appurz, Ghushki, Baluch.; Obusht, Pushtu ;
Saris, Chitral; Shar, Lahaul and Kunawar; Shir, Upper Chenab and
Sutlej; Dhap, Garhwal and Kumaon.

A small or middle-sized tree, rarely attaining 50 ft., trunk short but of
great girth, bark exfoliating in long fibrous strips. Foliage light and open,
the scale-like 1. usually opposite, rhomboid, convex, obtuse, closely appressed
up to the apex, with a large resinous gland on the back, the subulate 1.
opposite or in whorls of 3, pungent, } in. long. Male catkins at the ends of
branchlets {-} in. long, closely set with imbricate scales. Berries nearly
globose, bluish-black when ripe, very resinous, the tips of the scales forming
transverse ridges, seeds 2-5.

Baluchistan, 7-10,000 ft., forming open forests of considerable extent, often pure

sometimes mixed with Pistacia and Fraxinus. Kuram yalley, forming fully half
the forests at 9,000 ft. in the Hariab district. Chitral, in ;forests above 8,000 ft.

Juniperus| CXIV. CONIFER 695

Inner arid ranges and valleys of the North-West Himalaya, as far as Nepal,
5-14,000 ft. Fl. in summer, the fr. ripens in Sept. of the second year.— Afghanistan.
Persia. Mascat. Nearly allied to and probably not different from J. excelsa, M.
Bieb., a tree of the mountains of Asia Minor and Syria, with which it was identified
in my old Forest Flora. 4. J. Wallichiana, Hook. f. & Thoms.—Syn. J. pseudo-sabina,
Fisch. & Mey.; Hook. f. in Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 646. Himalaya 9-15,000 ft., extending
into the dry region of Western Tibet and Kunawar. In the North-West a large
gregarious shrub, covering extensive areas at the limit of tree vegetation, associated
with the alpine Birch and Rhododendron campanulatum. In the inner ranges of
Sikkim, a tree with spreading branches, attaining 60 ft. (the black Juniper, Hook.
Him. Journ. ii. 55). Foliage bushy, the scale-like 1]. opposite, decussate, ovate, in 4
rows, so as to make the branchlets 4-sided, more or less keeled at the back, apex not
closely appressed. Berries ovoid, acute, }-} in. long, blue when ripe, seed 1.

Cryptomeria japonica, Don. China and Japan. A stately fast-growing tree with
dark green foliage, heart-wood fragrant, dark reddish-brown. lL. sharply quad-
rangular, the lower edge decurrent upon the branch. FI. monccious, male catkins
4-4 in. long, clustered at the ends of branchlets, anther-cells 3-5 at the base of scales,
pollen globose. Cones globose at the ends of branchlets, the axis often growing out intoa
leafy shoot. Supporting scales acuminate, half adnate to the ovuliferous scales, ovules
erect, 2 at the base of each scale. Mature cones } in. diam., scales woody pectinate,
and persistent after the seeds have fallen. Seeds 4-} in. long, compressed angular,
with a narrow sharp edge. This valuable tree has been planted with other species
on a very large scale in Japan, more than 200 years ago, a proof of the wonderful
foresight of the great Japanese nation.

7. PODOCARPUS, L’Herit.; Fl. Brit. Ind. y. 649.

Shrubs or large trees, 1. linear, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, sometimes
small, appressed. Fl. usually dicecious, ¢ axillary, solitary or fascicled, often
cylindric, antheriferous scales numerous, imbricate, with two cells on the
under side, pollen-grains with two large round wings. 9 usually solitary
and pedunculate. Ovules reflexed on a stalk, consisting of connate bract and
scale. Seed globose or ovoid, seated on the enlarged fleshy stalk, testa often
fleshy outside, cotyledons 2.

1. P. neriifolia, Don.—
Syn. Nageia bracteata, Kurz.
Vern. Ginsi, Nep.; Thitminpo,
Burm.

A tall tree, branches whorled,
bark thin, fibrous, wood light
yellow, even-grained, moder-
ately hard. lL. scattered, linear,
thickly coriaceous, 5-10 in.
long, midrib prominent on both
surfaces. Fl. ¢ 1-2 in. long,
sessile, clustered. Seeds solitary,
globose, }-} in. diam.

Nepal. Sikkim, evergreen for-
ests of the outer hills, ascending to
8,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills.
Cachar. Chittagong. Andamans,
at the bottom of valleys, not on the
hills, often gregarious. Evergreen
forests of the Bithoko range, Mar-
taban, 2-3,000 ft. (D.B, May 1859).
Tenasserim (Kurz). Wood highly
prized in Burma. The leaves re-
main 2 years on the branches.

2. P. latifolia, Wall. Pl. As.
Rar. t. 30; Bedd. Fi. Sylv. t. Fig. 201. Podocarpus latifolia, Wall. 4.
257.—Syn. P. Wallichianus, C. ?
Presl ; Pilger in Engler’s Pflanzenreich iv. 5,59; Nageta latifolia, Gordon.
Vern. Nirambali, Tam. ; Thitmin ma, Burm.

696 CXIV. CONIFERE [Podocarpus

A large tree, wood slightly aromatic. lL. opposite or nearly so, 4-7 by
4-2 in., lanceolate or elongate-elliptic, acuminate, longitudinal n. numerous.
Fl. ¢ 4 in. long, in pedunculate clusters, antheriferous scales ovate acu-
minate. Seeds solitary, # in. diam., seated on a cylindric fleshy scaly stalk.

Khasi hills. Cachar. Martaban and Tenasserim. Tinnevelli ghats 3-5,000 ft.—
Malay Penins. Java. This must not be confounded with P. latifolius, R. Br. ; Pilger
in Engler’s Pflanzenreich iv. 5, 90.—Syn. P. Thunbergii, Hook.; Taxus latifolia,
Thunb., which is the Yellow Wood (Geelhout) of South Africa.

3. P. cupressina, Rob. Brown ;, Blume, Rumphia iii. 218, t. 172, fig. 2—Syn. P. imbri-
catus, Blume; Pilger in Engler’s Pflanzenreich iv. 5,56. Upper Burma on water parting
between Hukong and Mogaung valleys (N. R. Thompson, March 1896). Mogaung
valley near Serpentine Mines (Griffith, April 1837)—Malay Penins. and Archip.
Philippines. New Guinea. A tall tree, 1. dimorphous, (@) on short sterile branchlets
linear, flat, pungent, distichous, 4-4 in. long, (6) on longer branchlets small acute,
more or less appressed, 7; in. long. The seed-bearing branchlets frequently have

small appressed |. in the lower part and longer ones, up to 4 in. long in the upper

portion. @ fl. almost enclosed by the uppermost 1. Seed and fleshy stalk red.

Dacrydium elatum, Wall. Tenasserim, Kurz. (doubtful)—Hills of Malay Penin-
sula. Ind. Archip. Cochinchina. Tonkin. A large tree with spreading branches
and weeping branchlets. Leaves dimorphous, (a) small closely imbricate, triquetrous
and (b) needle-shaped, 4-sided, pungent, $-? in. long. Fl. g, small catkins at the ends
of branchlets, scales flat with 2 anther-cells on the back at the base. 9,a few ovuli-
ferous scales in a short spike, ovule 1 at the base of scale often bent down
when young. Seed erect, base enclosed in a shallow cup (epimatium, Pilger).

8. TAXUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 648.

T. baccata, Linn. (the only species). Vern. Barma, Barmi, Thunu,
Pb.; Arkhau, Bash.; Yamdal, Kunawar; Thuner, Jauns.; Dhengre Salla,
Nep.

A slow-growing and long-lived tree or shrub, bark reddish-grey, thin,
smooth, peeling off in longitudinal shreds, heart-wood hard, usually reddish-
brown. Foliage dark green, 1. flat, linear, distichous, 1-1} in. long, 1-nerved,
narrowed into a very short petiole, no resin canal. FI. dicecious, on short
axillary branchlets, which are densely clothed with imbricating bracts.
¢ pedicelled, subglobose, with numerous peltate scales, each bearing on the
underside 3-6 anther-cells, dehiscing longitudinally. @ a single erect ovule,
surrounded at the base by a disc, which is membranous in fl. but enlarges
into a red fleshy cup, surrounding the seed, testa hard, embryo in the upper
portion of the endosperm, cotyledons 2, thick fleshy.

Throughout the Northern hemisphere in the temperate and warmer regions, on
mountains in the tropics. 6 subspecies are recognized, subsp. Wallichiana in India.
Kuram valley 7,500-9,000 ft. Himalaya 6-10,000 ft. in shady ravines. Khasi hills.

Ruby Mines hills in Upper Burma above 5,000 ft. Fl. March-May. Fr. Sept.—Nov.
L. persist 6-8 years.

9. CEPHALOTAXUS, Sieb. et Zuce.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 647.

Dicecious shrubs or trees, |. alternate, distichous, flat, linear, a large resin-
canal near the underside, between.epidermis and the fibro-vascular bundle of
the midrib. ¢ fl. 6-11, in axillary globose heads (compound catkins) sup-
ported by a small involucre of imbricating scales, fl. in the axils of membranous
bracts, stamens 7-12, each consisting of a stipitate scale, bearing on its back
2-3 anther-cells, pollen-grains globose. @ fl. small pedunculate cones,
several in the axils of bracts at the base of terminal shoots, which lengthen
out after the cones have been fertilized, bracts at the base of peduncle and
sometimes also higher up. Scales 6-20 on the fleshy axis of the cone, each
with 2 ovules at the base, one of which only develops. At a later stage the
scales become fleshy and often confluent, so that the immature seeds appear as
if enclosed in fleshy cups. Seeds large, usually one or two only in each cone,
testa fleshy, resinous, with a thin inner hard woody layer. Embryo in the

Cephalotaxus| CXIV. CONIFER 697

upper portion of the endosperm, cotyledons2. Species6, closely allied. Eastern
Asia.

A. L. narrowed towards the base.

1. C. Mannii, Hook.f. Khasi, Jaintia and Naga hills 4,500-8,500 ft. A small tree,
1, green beneath, 1-1} in. long, gradually narrowed into a sharp point, midrib promi-
nent on the upper, less so on the underside. Seed 1} in. long, striate. Gamble, Indian
Timbers ed. ii. p. 700, gives this from Upper Burma. I have not seen specimens.
Taxus baecata, which is common in the Ruby Mines hills, has sometimes been con-
fused with this species, from which it may be distinguished by the absence of resin-
canals in the leaves. 2. C. Fortunei, Hook. f. China. Pilger, Taxacew, 103, gives
this from the Ruby Mines, Upper Burma. I have not seen specimens. A small tree,
I. white beneath, 24-84 by 4-4 in., gradually narrowed into a sharp point. Peduncle
of ¢ fl. surrounded at base by broad and short, higher up by lanceolate bracts 4 in.
long, ovules 2 at the base of an ovate scale.

B. L. with a broad rounded base.

3. C. Griffithii, Hook. f. Mishmi hills, Assam. Manipur. Bernardmyo, Ruby
Mines district, 5,500-6,500 ft. A middle-sized tree, bark brown, polished. L. falcate,
whitish beneath, 14 by } in., abruptly narrowed into a point, midrib prominent on
the upperside. Pilger, Taxacem, 104, refers C. Griffithii, Oliver, Ic. Plant. t. 1933 (non
ua f.) to C. Oliveri, a Chinese species with thick rigid 1., the midrib not prominent
above.

Orpen CXV. CYCADACEA, Gen. Pl. iii. 443.

Small trees, trunk cylindric, sometimes branched. A terminal crown of
leaves, bands of short coriaceous mostly woolly scales alternating with
bands of large pinnate palm-like leaves. Fl. diccious, at the apex of the
trunk among the leaves, the male usually in erect cones, sometimes two
together, formed of numerous thickened, flat or variously peltate scales, bear-
ing innumerable globose anther-cells on the under-surface. Anther-cells
dehiseing by a longitudinal slit, often arranged in stellate groups of 3-5.
Female: carpellary leaves (carpophylls) in cones or in crowded whorls round
the apex of the stem, ovules large, sessile, orthotropous, integument one, near
the micropyle free and often prolonged into a beak. Several months elapse
between the growth of the pollen-tube and fertilization, which is effected
through motile spermatozoids, analogous to Ferns and to Gingko among
Conifers. Seed large, embryo enclosed in copious endosperm, the radicle
attached to a long twisted filiform suspensor. Cotyledons 2.

In many species (Cycas particularly) the alternate bands formed by the persistent
base of scales and leaves can be clearly distinguished on the outside of the trunk, the
bands formed by the base of leaf-stalks being more prominent, having the appear-
ance of thick annular cushions. The stem of Cycads is remarkable by the large size
of pith and bark, both consisting of parenchymatous cells, usually filled with starch.
Mucilage canals, often branched and anastomosing, lined by thin-walled secreting
cells, are frequent in the bark, whence they extend to the leaves, and they are also
found in the pith. Wood, cambium, bast, and medullary rays are arranged as in
Conifers ; the wood, apart from the medullary rays, consists entirely of long trache-
ides, more or less radially arranged, usually with several parallel lines of bordered
pits on the radial face, the pits oblong, not circular as in Conifers. These tracheides
in some cases have spirally and scalariform thickened walls, and they might, save
that their ends are not perforated, be classed as vessels. The fibro-vascular bundles
(leaf-traces), which enter the petiole, run for a considerable distance through the bark
before joining the central cylinder; their course is not straight, they are bent in a
remarkable manner, and often anastomose. In Cycas and Encephalartos the action
of the cambium ceases, after the first central cylinder (wood and bast) has been
formed, and then a fresh more or less concentric cambium layer appears in the bark,
which forms a second ring of wood and bast ontside the first, and this process is
repeated several times, the result being on a transverse section a number of more or
less concentric masses of wood, which sometimes anastomose, separated by softer layers
of bast and parenchymatous tissue.

698 CXV. CYCADACEE [Cycas
CYCAS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 656.

(Ikeno, Befruchtung bei Cycas revoluta, Pringsheim, Jahrbiicher, xxxiii. 557.)

Trunk annulate or clothed with the woody bases of the petioles, leaves
pinnate, leaflets coriaceous, linear, quite entire, usually stiff and pungent,
with a prominent midrib, involute in vernation, the lower often reduced to
spines. Scales of the ¢ cone closely imbricated, cuneate, and usually pro-
longed in a long acuminate point. Carpophylls densely woolly, numerous in
crowded whorls round the top of the trunk, at first loosely imbricate on an
apparently terminal cone, then spreading, narrowed into a shorter or longer
flat stalk, which bears 1-5 pairs of ovules on its edge, upper portion more or
less dilated into an entire or pectinate blade. Species 12, tropical Africa to
Polynesia.

A. Margin of leaflets flat.
(a) Blade of carpophyll dentate, longer than broad.

1. C. circinalis, Linn.; Rheede, Hort. Malab. iii. t. 13-21. Vern. Oruguna, Orguno
Uriya; Per ita, Tel.; Todda Panna, Mal. Western Peninsula, deciduous forests of
the Western Ghats to 3,500 ft., from Malabar southwards. Hills on the east side,
north as far as Orissa.—Ceylon, moist region up to 1,500 ft. Eastern tropical Africa,
Madagascar and Comoro islands. Malay Archip. Attains 40 ft. and grows to the
age of 100 years (Rheede), trunk usually 15 ft. high, with prominent annular leaf-
scars. LL. 5-9 ft. long, leaflets 80-100 pairs, 8-12 by 4-4 in., upperside shining, petiole
with numerous short spines. Male cone 1-2 ft. Carpophylls 6-12 by 1-14 in., blade
ovate-triangular with sharp narrow teeth, stalk long, bearing in its upper portion
6-12 ovules. After flowering the terminal bud in this and other species often grows
out into a prolongation of the trunk. Seeds ovoid, pale reddish-yellow, 1 in. long,
endosperm filled with starch.

2. C. Rumphii, Mig. Vern. Méndaing, Burm. Beach Forests on the coast of the
Andamans, Nicobars, Coco islands and South Tenasserim.—Malay Penins. and Archip.
New Guinea. North Australia. Similar to 1. Attains 50 ft. and nearly 5 ft. in
girth on the Coco islands (Prain), on the Andamans it generally is only 4-6 and not more
than 15 ft. high. Trunk very rough, often branched. L. dark glossy-green, 3-6 ft.
long, leaflets 50-60 pair, 9-15 by 3-3 in., petiole at base 14 in. broad. Carpophylls
densely tawny-villous, blade from ovate to ovate-lanceolate, teeth small, ovules 6-10
on the upper portion of the stalk. Seeds compressed, ovoid-oblong, 2-3 in. long,
poisonous when raw.

(6) Blade of carpophyll as broad as long, deeply pectinate.

3. C. pectinata, GriffSyn. C. Jenkinsiana, Griff. Vern. Thakal, Nep.; Méndaing,
Burm. Nepal, foot of hills. Sal forests of the Sikkim Terai and outer valleys. Assam,
Khasi hills. Maniptir. Chittagong. Shan States. Forests of Dipterocarpus obtusi-
folius and Pinus Khasya on the Martaban hills. Trunk 4-8, |. glabrous, 4-5 ft. long,
leaflets 6-10 by }-4 in. Carpophylls densely tawny-silky, blade almost orbicular, 3 in.
diam., cut into strong subulate spiny teeth, }-? in. long, and terminating in a strong,
subulate acumen, about 1 in. long, stalk as long as, or shorter than blade, ovules 4-6,
glabrous. Seed ovoid, glabrous, 14-2} in. long, orange-red or yellow.

4. C. siamensis, Miq. Vern. Méndaing, Burm. Eng forests of the Prome district
and of Upper Burma.—Siam, Cochinchina. Yunnan. Often almost stemless, but at
times with a trunk up to 5 ft. long, 8-12 in. diam., 1. 2-3 ft. long, rusty-villous while
young, leaflets thin, 83-8 by 4} in. Carpophyll blade ovate-rhomboid, long-acuminate,
at first densely tawny-tomentose, ultimately nearly glabrous, one ovule on each side
of the stalk at the base of blade. Seed ovoid-oblong, smooth, 14 in. long. It is doubt-
ful whether this is the species cultivated as C. siamensis in European gardens.

B. Margin of leaflets revolute.

5. ©. revoluta, Thunb. China. Southern Japan. Formosa. Tonkin. Commonly
cultivated in gardens. Trunk 6 ft., densely clothed with the old leaf-bases, 1. 2-6 ft.
long, petiole thick, quadrangular, leaflets narrow. Carpophylls 4-9 in. long, blade
ovate, laciniate nearly to the midrib, stalk longer than blade with 4-6 ovules. Im-
mature seed densely tomentose. 6. C. Beddomei, Dyer in Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. 2,
Bot. ii. t. 17. Cuddapah district, Madras. Trunk short, 1 3 ft. long, rachis quad-
rangular, leaflets 5-7 by ;4-t in. Male cone 9-13 in. long, 2-3 in. diam., scales long-
acuminate, the lower erect, the upper strongly recurved. Carpophyll 4-8 in., blade
oyate-lanceolate, with long linear teeth, ovules 2-4. Seeds nearly globose, 14 in.
long.

ADDENDA

While the printing of the present work was in progress a considerable
number of books and papers were published which have greatly increased
our knowledge regarding the characters and geographical distribution of
species mentioned in this book. Some of these publications also contain
descriptions of new species, alterations of names and valuable notes which it
is desirable to record here. The principal of these publications are the
following :—

1. Theodore Cooke, C.I-E. Flora of the Presidency of Bombay, Vol. I. (1903), Vol. IT.
part I. (1904), part IT. (1905).

2. David Prain. Bengal Plants (1903).

3. J. F. Duthie. Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plain, Vol. I. part I. (1903), part IT.

4

(1905).

. Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, Vol. IX. New and rare Indian
Plants (1901), Vol. X. Prain, the species of Dalbergia of South Eastern Asia
(1904).

5. Records of the Botanical Survey of India, Vol. I. (1902), Vol. II. (1903), III. 1 (1904),
2 (1908).

6. Hooker’s Icones Plantarum.

7. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

8. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.

9. Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya.

0. The Indian Forester, with botanical contributions by Prain, Duthie, Bourdillon,
Hole, Rogers, Osmaston, A. W. Lushington and others.

11. The following parts of Engler’s Pflanzenreich: Pax, Aceracew (1902); Koehne,

Lythracew (1903); Winkler, Betulaceew (1904).

In addition to these I owe to the kindness of my friends in India numerous speci-
mens and notes which arrived after the orders to which they belong had been printed,
and which, as far as was possible, have been noticed here. Authorities are omitted in
the names quoted from the book.

P. 2. Clematis Gouriana. North Bengal. Chutia Nagpur.
C. Wightiana, Orissa.
C. orientalis. Punjab Salt Range.—Western Asia. Baluchistan.
C. Buchananiana, Vern. Kaunia-bali, Jauns.
C. acuminata, Burma.
Naravelia zeylanica. Bengal.
8. Dituenta, strike out: with an arillus.
4. Dillenia pentagyna. Behar. Chutia Nagpur.
» 8. Michelia Champaca. Shady valleys in Singbhum (Haines).
» Ll. Saccopetalum longiflorum. Ryang valley, Sikkim.
» 12. Miliusa macrocarpa. Upper Burma.
» 15. Polyalthia fragrans, Orissa.
» 16. Unona dumosa. Upper Burma.
» Unona precoxr. Ryang valley, Sikkim. Upper Assam.
» 17. Uvaria ferruginea. Tipperah.
» U. Narum, Wall. Orissa.
» 20. Goniothalamus Grifithii. Andamans.
» Add: 7. G. peduncularis, King and Prain in Ann. Gard. Cale. IX. t. 1. Kachin
hills, Upper Burma. Glabrous, fl. solitary, erect, 12 in. long.
P. 28. Cissampelos Pareira. Branches from a long creeping woody rhizome or on a
short stout stem.
P. 24. Cyclea peltata, Great Coco. Andamans. Nicobars.
699

700 ADDENDA

P. 24. Tinospora cordifolia. Punjab. Bengal, common. Minbu district, Upper
Burma.

P. 25. Anamirta paniculata. Orissa.

» 26. Tiliacora racemosa. Minbu district, Upper Burma.

» 27. Pycnarrhena pleniflora. Chittagong.

» » Hematocarpus Thomsoni. Chittagong.

» 28. Holbellia latifolia. Vern. Ban kakri, Haz. Fr. purple-—From Hazara east-

P. 32. Boscia variabilis. Vern. Thamon, Burm.

, Add: 2. B. prunoides, Gage in Records Bot. Survey, India III. 23. Minbu
distr ict, Upper Burma. A shrub, branches softly pubescent, 1. ovate or obovate, nearly
glabrous, fr. dark brown, smooth, 1 in. diam.

P. 32. Crateva religiosa, Forst. Dr. Stapf has kindly informed me that this name
only applies to the Tahiti tree, and that the species of tropical Africa are different
from the Indian and Polynesian species. Kurz, in Journal of Botany 1874 p. 193,
describes 5 species of British India: 1. C. Roxburghii, which should now be the
name of the common Indian tree. 2. C. hygrophila. 3. C. lophosperma. 4. C.-
unilocularis, Ham. Subhimalayan tract from Sikkim eastwards. 5. C. Nurvala,
Ham. Along the western coasts of Hindustan.

P. 33. Capparis zeylanica. Midnapore. Orissa.

» 84. CL aphylla. Waste lands of the Doab.

» » ©. grandis. Minbu district; Upper Burma.

» » @. sepiaria. Often climbing. Bengal. Sundriban, near the coast. Coco
islands. Andamans.

P. 35. C. floribunda. Orissa.

» » ©. horrida. Vern. Ardanda, Sind.

C. andamanica, Wing, is C. floribunda, Wight; King in Ann. Gard. Cale. IX. 8.

+ Add: C. Cathcarti, Hemsl.: Ann. Gard. Cale. IX. t. 10. Sikkim, outer hills,
45000 ft. A large glabrous climbing shrub, nearly allied to C. floribunda, fl. in
pedunculate umbels, ses in. across, stamens 28-36.

P. 36. C. crassifolia, Kurz,and polymorpha, Kurz, dry districts of the Irawadi valley,
probably are forms of C. horrida.

P. 36. C. sabiefolia, Hook. f.and Thoms. Upper Burma.

» 39. Flacourtia cataphracta. From the Jumna eastwards. Chittagong.

» 40. Fig. 16 is F. sepiaria, Roxb., not F. Ramoutchi.

ih es Xylosma longifolium. Singbhum. Upper Burma.

» » Gynocardia odorata. Makam forest, common, pulp of ripe fr. powerfully
fragrant.

P. 42. Taraktogenos Kurzii. Chittagong. Minbu district, Upper Burma.

» _» Add: Asteriastigma macrocarpa, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 266, Manual t.27. Syn.
Hydnocarpus macrocarpa, Warburg in Engler u. Prantl, III. 6a, 21. Travancore -
ghats 2,500 ft. A large tree, young shoots minutely aureo-pubescent, 1. entire, blade
10-12 by 84 in. FI. whitish, 1 in. across, polygamous, ¢ and g in few-fid. fascicles

on the older branches. Sepals 4, much imbricate, petals 12-16, shorter than sepals,
ciliate on the edge with broad scale: like hairs, furnished inside near the base with a
thick hairy 3- lobed scale. Stamens 60-70, in two or three rows, ovules » on 6-7
parietal placentas, stigmas as many as placentas, large, sessile, 2- lobed. Fr. globose,
5 in. diam., pericarp “woody, seeds numerous, angular, testa crustaceous. Warburg
unites Taraktogenos and Asteriastigma with Hydnocarpus.

P. 46. Tamarix gallica. Bengal. Banks of the Irawadi river.

» » L. Pallasii, Desv., a glaucous form of T. gallica. Baluchistan. Western Tibet.

—Western Asia.

P. 47. Myricaria germanica. Vern. Shushar, Pangi, Lahaul, this name does not
apply to Tamarix ericoides (p. 46).

P. 48. Hypericum patulum. Upper Burma.

» 92. Garcinia lanceefolia. Kachin hills. Upper Burma.

» 1» Garcinia Cowa. Upper Burma. Vern. Yekabyin, Burm.

» 98. Ochrocarpus longifolius. Orissa. Chittagong.

» D4. Calophyllum Inophyllum. Vern. Pon nyit, Tavoy. Saline tracts, Minbu district,
Upper Burma.

P. 56. Add: 4. Kayea assamica, King and Prain in Ind. For. XXVII. p. 62. Vern.
Sia nahor, Ass. North Lakhimpur. A large tree, bole straight, wood hard and
heavy. ihe 34-44 in., sec. n. faint (in K. floribunda more conspicuous). Fr. 4 in

diam. (in K. florib. ia 12 in.).

P. 58. Eurya. Species 10, Eastern Asia, Pacific islands.

P. 58. Eurya japonica. Western Duars. Chittagong.

» 60. Schima khasiana. A large tree, hills east of Bhamo 6-7,500 ft., common.

» 62. Saurauja napaulensis. A glabrous variety, |. spinulose-serrate, numerous
subulate scales on petiole and underside of 1., in Sikkim and the Khasi hills.

” ”

ADDENDA . 701

P. 65. Dipterocarpus obtusifolius. Andamans.

» 66. D. tuberculatus. Chittagong.

» » D. alatus. Andamans.

» Add: 10. D. Griffithii, Mig. Andamans. Mergui. A tall tree, leaf-buds clothed
with yellow shining hair, fruiting calyx 14-24, wings 5-7 in. long, wings of calyx
4 in. broad.

P. 66. Add: 11. D. scaber, Ham. Tipperah; Prain, Bengal Plants 252. Regarding
this and allied species see Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXI. 36.

P. 67. Anisoptera glabra. Mergui.

» 68. Pentacme suavis. Namlao, upper Iraw addi, lat. 25° 20’.

» 67 and 71. Hopea parviflora and Wightiana, known in Tinnevelli as White
Kongu, may readily be distinguished as follows: H. parviflora. Vern. Thambagam,
Travancore. Leaves: blade 3 by 14, pet. } in., fl. cream-coloured, 4 in. across, wings
of fr. straw-coloured, under 2 in. H. Wi. ghtiana. Leaves: blade 3-8 by 2-3 in., pet.
4 in,, fl. yellow, tinged with red, 4 in. across, wings of fr. red, 2-3 in. long. The two
species of Balanocarpus, known i in Tinnevelli as Black Kongu, differ by the followi ing
characters: B. erosa. Branchlets and panicles glabrous, pele t in., fruit 1} in. long.
B. utilis. Branchlets and panicles hoary, petiole over 4 in. long, ‘fr. globose, 4 in.
diam. See Indian Forester, P. M. Lushington, XXTX. 429, Bourdillon, SOG TE,

P. 72. Vatica Scaphula. Mergui.

» 0. Hibiscus tiliaceus. Andamans. Grows as a tree on the sea coast and as a
rampant climber in the dense forests of the Sundriban.

P. 75. Thespesia populnea. Sundriban.

» 16. Thespesia Lampas. Behar. Chutia Nagpur. Seeds dark brown and slightly
rugose.
ae 77. Bombax insigne. Style nearly undivided (in B. malabaricum 5-branched).
The Travancore tree has large prickles on trunk, fl. salmon-pink, capsule pubescent
(Bourdillon). A new sp. reported by Gage from the Minbu district, Upper Burma, in
Records Bot. Survey India vol. III. 29.—Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal vol. LXIT.
Gere: 65, unites Eriodendron and Bombax and makes B. anceps a sub-species of

. insigne.
P. 78. Kydia calycina. Vern. Bhendi, Mar. Petshat, Upper Burma.

, 79. Add to Malvacew: Dicellostyles jujubifolia, Benth—Syn. Kydia jujubifolia,
Griff. Ic. Plant. As. t. 595. Sikkim and Bhutan, 1,000-3,500 ft. A large tree, attain-
ing 6 ft. in girth, young shoots grey-stellately tomentose, 1. ovate, acuminate, blade
3-64, pet. 4-14 in., basal n. 5. FI. axillary, pedunculate, often in pairs. Calyx sup-
ported by a whorl of 4-5 leafy bracteoles, longer than calyx. Petals white, spathulate
14 in. long. Staminal-column 3-4 in., divided into 15 short filaments, anthers
uniform. Garacte enclosed by the calyx and supported by the persistent bracteoles,
seeds 1-2.

P. 80. Sterculia urens. Assam.

» 83. S. guttata. Chittagong.

» 9 4S. coccinea. Vern. Shaw-d, Upper Burma.

» 84. Add: 14(a). S. Kingii, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 73 (1904), 192. Sikkim
8-6,000 ft. A small tree, 1. ovate-lanceolate, 9-12 by 4-6 in., pet. 2-24 in. Calyx-lobes
lanceolate, 4 in. long. Fr. of 4-5 red follicles, 4-5 by 14 in.

P. 84. S. rubiginosa. Andamans. Nicobars.

» » 4S. colorata. Lushai hills) Andamans. Vern. Kodarro, Kattiawar.

» 8d. S. campanulata. Andamans.

», 8d. Heritiera littoralis. Strike out: Vern. Sunder, Sundri, Beng.

» 86. H. Fomes. Vern. Sunder, Sundri, Beng. Forms nearly pure forests of large
extent, stems buttressed, innumerable blind root-suckers under the trees.

P. 88. Briolena quinquelocularis, Chutia Nagpur.

» 89. Helicteres Isora. Bengal.

» » LH. hirsuta. Chittagong.

» 90. Buettneria aspera. Behar.

» 92. Add to Sterculiacee : Mansonia Gagei, Drummond. D. Prain in Journ. Linn.
Soc. XXXVII. 250. Vern. Kalamet, Burm. On the hills along the Siamese frontier,
100 miles above the old town of Tenasserim, in evergreen forest. A tree with hard
brown heart-wood which has an unpleasant smell when felled green, while the
heart-wood of trees which have died naturally and have lain a long time in the forest
gradually becomes scented, and is an articla of export from Mergui. In structure
the wood somewhat resembles Sandal wood, the medullary rays are narrow, but they
are long, not short (as in Sandal) on a transverse section, the vessels are more
numerous, smaller and often in radial groups of 2-4, the distance between
med. rays is a little greater than the diameter of vessels, There are narrow
oblique tangential lines of wood parenchyma between the rays, but they are less
conspicuous than in Sandal. The structure is quite different from that of Cordia
fragrantissima. See Brandis in Ind. For. XXVII. 516. LL. elongate-elliptic, base

702 ADDENDA

slightly cordate, blade 3-5 by 1-2 in., pet. } in., stipules lanceolate, deciduous. FI.
bi-sexual, in axillary pedunculate minutely stellate-pubescent compound corymbs,
pedicels fascicled, in. long. Calyx spathaceous, enclosing the bud, stellately pubes-
cent outside. Petals 5, obovate, contorted in bud, 4 in. long. On a slender gynophore
3-4 in. long, 10 stamens, filaments longer than the versatile one-celled anthers.
Between stamens and carpels 5 oblanceolate petaloid staminodes. Carpels 5, alternat-
ing with staminodes, each carpel terminating in a filiform style, ovules 5-9 on the
inner angle. Fr.asamara 1 in. long, seed 1. Placed by Prain in Mansoniew, a new
tribe of Sterculiacee, together with Triplochiton, Schumann, an African genus.

A tree, also called Kalamet, and reported to yield scented wood, in the Kywé-thon-
baung forest, Mergui district, ¢ fl. only, 1. cordate, margin sinuate, blade 3-6, pet.
1-2 in., upper side with few minute stellate hairs, underside densely clothed with
round shining scales, consisting of radiating cells. Fl. unisexual, in bud enclosed in
a bag of 3 valvyate membranous bracteoles, stellately hairy outside. Sepals 5, lan-
ceolate, coriaceous, #-1 in. long, outside densely clothed with stellate hairs. Petals 5,
broadly ovate, almost reniform, base slightly cordate, shortly unguiculate, large oil
cavities between the reticulate veins. Stamens 60-80, filaments glabrous, the base
slightly connate in 5 bundles, anther-cells 2, parallel, attached to the thick connective,
pollen-grains large, globose, aculeate. A new genus which cannot be named without
the 2 fl. and fruit.

P. 92. Add to Sterculiacee : Paradombeya burmanica, Stapf in Ic. Plant. t. 2748a.
Upper Shan States, 3,500 ft. A shrub, branchlets and 1. with simple hairs, 1. lan-
ceolate, serrate, 2-5 in. long. Fl. snow-white, crowded in axillary fascicles all along
the slender branches; pedicels slender, 4 in. long, above the base with a whorl of 3
lanceolate bracteoles. Calyx glabrous, of 5 nearly free sepals, petals obliquely obovate.
Stamens 15, five groups of 3 each, alternating with 5 linear staminodia, longer than
stamens. Ovary sessile, stellate-tomentose, 2-5-celled, 2 ovules in each cell, fr. unknown.
P. 93. Plagiopteron suaveolens—Syn. P. fragrans, Grift.; Fl. Brit. Ind. I. 399.

Griffith called the plant P. suaveolens in the text and P. fragrans on the plate.

P. 96. Grewia nagensium is G. denticulata, Wall.; Prain in Ann. Gard. Cale. IX.
t.12. Peduncles sometimes fascicled.
P. 97. G. levigata. Chutia Nagpur. Coco islands.

» » G. salvifolia. Vern. Bihul, Sind. Behar. Chutia Nagpur. Orissa.

» 98. G. asiatica and leptopetala I regard as two parallel polymorphous species, the
petals of the former with a distinct claw and a well developed gonophore, while the
petals of G. leptopetala have no claw and no distinct gonophore. These species are
parallel, because their forms exhibit the same variation in regard to hairiness and
the shape of leaves. The figure of G. elastica, Royle Ill. t. 22 apparently belongs to
G. leptopetala. Another possible view is, that the claw of the petals and the gono-
phore are variable characters. Against this stands the fact that a number of species
in Asia and Africa are characterized by the absence of claw and gonophore. Foresters
in India will have abundant opportunities of settling this question, not by examining
isolated herbarium specimens, but by studying these difficult species in Gardens and
in the Forest.

P. 98. Add under G. asiatica: G. cinnamomea, Gamble; Prain, Bengal Plants 283.
Chutia Nagpur, l. densely tawny-white tomentose beneath, stipules lanceolate falcate ;
cymes many (not seen).

P. 98. G. sapida. Chutia Nagpur. East Bengal.

» 99. G. scabrophylla. Fl. white. Chutia Nagpur. Chittagong.

» G@. Microcos. Vern. Mya-ya, Burm.

100. G. orbiculata. Western Behar, rare.
», 101. G. hirsuta. Chutia Nagpur. Gursakri, Jabalpur.

» Lchinocarpus sterculiaceus. Assam.

102. Echinocarpus dasycarpus. Hills east of Bhamo 7,000 ft. (Montague Hill, 157).
103, Eleocarpus robustus. Kachin hills, Upper Burma.

» » Lleocarpus Braceanus. Hills east of Bhamo 6,500 ft. A low spreading tree,
trunk 8 ft. girth (Mont. Hill).

P. 107. Reinwardtia trigyna. N. W. Himalaya to 6,000 ft. .

,, 108. Hiptage Madablota. Vern. Kampthi, Jabalpur. Behar. Chutia Nagpur.

Chittagong.

P. 108. H. acuminata. A tall climber. South Lushai hills.

110. Aspidopterys nutans. Chittagong.

112. Glycosmis pentaphylla. Bengal. Andamans.

, 113. Murraya exotica. Fl.4-Lin. across. Behar. Chutia Nagpur. Andamans.
, 114. Murraya Kenigii. Chutia Nagpur. Bengal. :
Micromelum pubescens. Berry yellow. Singhbum.

5, Clausena excavata. Vern. Pyindawthein, Upper Burma.

116. Acronychia laurifolia. Upper Burma.

117. Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium. Upper Burma.

” ”

ADDENDA 703

P. 117. Z. alatum. Hills east of Bhamo 5,500 ft.

» 118. Z. ovalifolium. Kachin hills.

» » Limonia acidissima. Jabalpur. Behar. Chutia Nagpur.

» 119. Toddalia aculeata. Vern. Makat-nwée, Upper Burma.

» » Seronia Blephantum. Probably indigenous in Upper Burma (fl. white). Bark »
used as a cosmetic.

» » gle Marmelos. Singbhum.

+ 122. Paramignya monophylla. Andamans.

» » L. longispina. Sundriban. Malay Penins.

» 123. Citrus medica. Western Duars.

» » ©. Aurantium. Indigenous in the Mothronwala swamp Dehra THA (Kanjilal) ;
in secluded ravines of Singbhum, spinescent, fr. 2-2} in. diam., oblate, not mamillate,
with copious sweet, slightly acid juice (Haines).

P. 126. Aitlanthus. Species 9 in India, Indo-china, Malaya, Australia, 1 in China.

» 127. A. glandulosa. China (not Japan).

» » Add: 4. A Kurzii, Prain in Ind. For. XXVIII. 133 t. 3. Pegu Yoma, eastern
slopes. Andamans. 5. A. grandis, Prain in Ind. For. XXVIII. 131, 210t. 1. Vern.
Gogul, Nep.; Actaluca, Ass. Rungagora, Assam. Ryang and other tributaries
of the Tista river, Sikkim. A tall tree, 120-150 ft., leaflets entire, 5-8 pair, 6-8 in.
long, ripe carpels 4-6 in. long, apex rounded, obtuse.

P. 127. Picrasma quassioides. A tall shrub or small tree.

» » Brucea mollis. Myitkyina, Upper Burma.

», 128. Ochna pumila. Behar. Chutia Nagpur.

» 180. Boswellia serrata. Central India. Behar. Chutia Nagpur.

» » Canartum. Calyx persistent.

», 182. Garuga pinnata. From the Sutlej eastwards. Chutia Nagpur. Chittagong,
Andamans.

P. 133. Balsamodendron Mukul. Sind. Kattiawar, Rajputana. S. E. Punjab.

», 186. Walsura villosa. Andamans.

», 137. W. robusta. Chittagong.

» 188. Dysorylum procerum. Singbhum. Chittagong.

» » D. reticulatum, King Ann. Gard. Cale. IX. t. 22.

» 1389. Chisocheton paniculatus. Chittagong.

» » ©. dysoxylifolius. Chittagong.

» » Azadirachta indica. Line 6 from below, omit the words: afterwards purple.

» 140. Melia Azedarach. Tadie enous in West Kashmir and Hazara.

» 141. Carapa obovata. F\.C.S.and R. 8.

Carapa moluccensis, w hen growing in tidal mud, sends up copious vertical
blind root- suckers, while the horizontal snake-like w inding roots of C. obovata protrude
through the mud and act as respiratory organs. (Schimper Indo-malayische Strand-
flora 36, 39; Prain in Records Bot. Survey II. 293.)

P. 141. Amoora Rohituka. Vern. Pittaraj, Tiktaraj, Beng. Seeds 1-2. Chittagong.
Great Coco.
P. 142. A. cucullata. Nepal. Long blind root-suckers in the Sundriban.

» » A. Wallichii. Western Duars. Fr. obovoid, tawny-tomentose.

» y» Aglaia odoratissima. Chutia Nagpur.

5, 148. A. andamanica. F). scented.

» » A. perviridis, Chittagong.

» 144. Lansium decandrum. Kachin hills.

» » Soymida febrifuga. Leaflets rarely serrate.

», 146. Cedrela microcarpa. Tippera. Chittagong.

» » Chloroxrylon Swietenia. Chutia Nagpur.

» 147. Olax scandens. Vern. Kakundan, Jabalpur.—Sundriban. Chittagong.

» 148. O. acuminata. Tipperah. Kachin hills. Upper Burma.

» » O. nana. Arakan Yoma, Minbu district.

» 149. Schapfia fragrans, Wall. Myitkyina, Upper Burma.

» 150. Cansjera Rheedii. Upper Burma.

» » Lepionurus sylvestris. Chittagong.

» 1» Opilia amentacea. Behar.

, 151. Add: 6. Gomphandra serrata, King and Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal LXIX.
169. Kachin hills, Upper Burma. A small! glabrous tree, |. serrate, fr. 4 in. long.

P. 152. Phlebocalymna Griffithiana. Vern. Wun-the-chi, Burm. (Mergui).

,, 158. Add: 8. Miquelia gibba, Baill.; Prain, Bengal Plants 326. West Bengal. A
climbing shrub.

P. 154. Sarcostigma Wallichii. Andamans. Tenasserim.

» 156. Ilex Godajam. Hills east of Bhamo 7,900 ft., fr. red.

» 158. Buonymus lacerus. Chumbi. Bhutan.

, 159. Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXXIII. 195, regards FE. Lawsonii as a
distinct species.

404 ADDENDA

P. 159. Add: 23. Euonymus kachinensis, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LX XIII. 193.
Kachin hills 6,500 ft. A shrub, calyx } in. diam., sepals rounded, spreading, fr. deeply
4-lobed, # in. long. 24. E. subsulcatus, Prain lc. 194. Muleyit hill, Tenasserim
5,000 ft. A shrub, branches distinctly quadrangular, fr..deeply 4-lobed, 4 in. long.
25. E, siluruoides, Prain l.c. 194. Sikkim 5,500-6,500 ft. A shrub, near E. bullatus,
_fr. depressed, slightly 4-ridged, 2 in. across.
P. 160. Microtropis discolor. Western Duars. Myitkyina.
M. bivalvis. F1. often unisexual.
Hippocratea. Anthers often apparently one-celled.
» 3 Hippocratea indica. Behar. China.
161. H. obtusifolia. Probably in the Eastern Peninsula.—China.
» » Add: 4 (a). H. sp. nova. Vern. Nwé ngan bo, Burm. Upper Burma. (C. B.
Smales, March 1900). A climbing shrub, nearly allied to H. obtusifolia, fl. green,
scented, in large terminal cymose panicles, petals #5 in. long, linear- spathulate,
imbricate in bud. Fr. unknown, hence not named.
P. 162. Celastrus paniculata. Behar. Chutia Nagpur. Assam. Prain in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. LX XIII. 195 separates the following from C. paniculata: C. multiflora,
Roxb. Central and Eastern Himalaya. Khasi hills. Burma,1. oblong. C. nutans,
Roxb. Western Peninsula, 1. obovate.
P. 162. From C. stylosa, Wall., Prain separates C. Hookeri, Prain. Eastern Himalaya.
Khasi hills). Burma. lL. thin, reddish-brown when dry, petals faintly toothed,
filaments glabrous.
P. 163. C. monosperma. South Lushai hills.—China.
» » Add: 5. €. Championi, Benth. Sikkim 2-6,000 ft.. Naga hills. Silhet.—
Malaya. China. A very large climber, capsules obovoid, with 3 prominent angles,
4 in. long. 6. C. membranifolia, Prain. Khasi hills. A’ shrub, ]. membranous, ovate-
lanceolate, serrate, pet. slender, 2 in. long. 7%. C. Listeri, Prain. Daphla hills. A
small tree, 1. ovate or obovate, entire, 8 by 34in. Fr. } in. across, 3-seeded.
P. 163. Gymnosporia emarginata. Orissa.
» » G. pallida. Myitkyina.
,, 164. Add: 17. Gymnosporia sikkimensis, Prain. Tista valley, Sikkim. A small
unarmed tree, l. ovate, obtuse, very obscurely serrate.
P. 165. Stphonodon celastrineus. Sikkim. Andamans.
» 9) SaLacra. Species about 85, throughout the tropics, most numerous in South
America.
P. 165. S. Smaliana. Fr. red, globose, 14 in. diam. on pedicel ? in. long, fleshy, sweet,
edible, seeds 2 or 3.
P. 166. S. verrucosa. Chittagong.
» 3S. prinoides. Behar.
» 167. Ventinaco. Species 10, most in India and Malaya.
» V. madraspatana, Vern. Keoti, Jabalpur.
170. Zizyphus Ginoplia. Sundriban. Andamans.
» 171. Z. glabra. Upper Burma.
Z. Xylopyrus. Vern. Karkata, Kol. Behar.
Z. rugosa. Vern. Sagra, Jabalpur; Sirka, Kol.
172. Z. rugosa, Assam. Chittagong. -Upper Burma.
,» Rhamnus virgatus. Nilgiris.
» 175. Gouania leptostachya. Singbhum. Chittagong.
G. microcarpa. Yunnan.
Helinus lanceolatus. Singbhum.
,, 176. Vitis adnata. Chittagong.
» V. tomentosa. Chutia Nagpur. Behar.
177. V. quadrangularis. Sundriban. Orissa.
» V. barbata. Chittagong.
178. V. lanceolaria. Chutia Nagpur. Chittagong.
179. V. pedata. Chutia Nagpur. Bengal.
The following large climbers should be added :—

A. L. simple, fl. tetramerous.
28. Vitis assamica, Lawson. Base of eastern Himalaya. Assam. Cachar. Chittagong.
Upper Burma. L. glabrous, nearly orbicular, suddenly acuminate, cordate, fr.
turbinate, seed 1. 29. V, gigantea, Bedd.; Cooke, Fl. Bombay I. 250. Kanara. L. 6-8
by 5-6 in., cordate with a deep sinus, long acuminate, bristle-dentate, glabrous above,
slightly tomentose beneath. 30. V. Aubertiana, Gage in Records Bot. Survey India III.
36. Minbu district, Upper Burma. L. glabrous, blade 44-103 in. diam., palmately
divided into 3-6 long narrow segments, pet. 2 in. long.

B. L. 3-5-foliate, fl. tetramerous.

31. V. japonica, Thunb.—Syn. V. mollis, Wall. Sikkim 1-3,000 ft. Khasi hills.
Chittagong. Andamans.—Malaya. China. Pubescent, leaflets serrate, seeds 3 or 4,
back convex, rugose, sides flat and pitted. 32. V. bracteolata, Wall. Sikkim Terai,

” ”
” ”

” ”

ADDENDA 705

North Bengal. Chittagong. FI. minute, cymes pubescent, divaricate, branches
slender or filiform. Seeds 2-3, oboyoid or globose. 33. V. oxyphylla, Wall—Syn.
V. dubia, Lawson. Sikkim 1-4,000 ft. Chittagong. Glabrous, leaflets deeply serrate
acuminate. Fr. 4 in. diam., seeds 2, oblong } in. long. 34. V. auriculata, Roxb.
(Cissus). Chutia Nagpur. Sikkim 3-5,000 ft. Leaflets glabrous above, pubescent
beneath. Fr. globose % in. diam., seed 1, obliquely ovoid. 35. V. andamanica, King in
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXY. 393. Andamans. Leaflets 3-5, glabrous, thinly coriaceous,
with remote shallow teeth. Fr. 4 in. diam., pulp scanty, seed 1.

P. 179 Leea alata.—Syn. L. rubra, Royle.

» » L. sambucina, Chittagong.

» « L. robusta. Chittagong. North Kanara.

», 180. L. herbacea. Vern. Thagyanwethan, Burm. Himalaya from Nepal eastwards
1-5,000 ft. Khasi hills. West Bengal. Chutia Nagpur. Burma.

P. 180. L. macrophylla, Roxb. (not Hornemann).

+» » Add: 14 L. compactifiora, Kurz. Arakan Yoma, Minbu district. Hills east
of Toungoo 3-4,000 ft. Attains 12-15 ft., 1. bipinnate, leaflets 4-6 in. long, linear to
oblong-lanceolate, blunt at the base, serrate. FI.small, greenish-white, sessile between
broad short scaly bracts.

P. 181. Acer oblongum. China.

» » A. levigatum. China.

» » Add: 2 (a). A, Schwerinii, Pax in Engler’s Pflanzenreich IV. 163, p. 33.
Himalaya.

P. 181. A. niveum. Malay Archip.

» » “AL. sikkimense. Yunnan.

,, 183. Add: 11(@). A. molle, Pax l.c. p. 15.

» » <A. caudatum, Wall.—Syn. A. acuminatum, Wall.; Pax l.c. p. 15.

A. pictum. Pax lc. 47 has now adopted the follow ing arrangement: A. pictum,
Thunb. Japan, China, Manchuria. A. Lobelii, Tenore. Southern Italy. A. letum,
C. A. Meyer. Western Asia. Himalaya, Yunnan and Central China.

P, 184. A. Campbellii. Yunnan.

,, 185. Asculus indica. Bark peels off upwards in Jong strips.

» <2. punduand. Assam.

» 186. Allophylus Cobbe. Bengal. Andamans.

», 187. Dodonea viscosa, Great Coco and Barren Island, common. Sea coast of
Burma and the Western Peninsula.

P. 187. Harpullia cupanioides, Roxb. See Cooke, Bombay Flora I. 269, under
H. imbricata, Thwaites

P. 189. Lepisanthes tetraphylla. Kurpa, Lakhandi, Mar.

L. andamanica, Myitkyina.

Schleichera trijuga. Koshimb, Mar. Fr. usually echinate, while young, with

” ”
” ”
stout blunt prickles—Behar. Chutia Nagpur.
P. 190. Add: 2. Xerospermum glabratum, Radlk. in: Die Sapindaceen Hollindisch
Indiens (1877), 28.—Syn. Cupania glabrata, Kurz F. Fl. 1.284. Khasihills. Pegu Yoma,
eastern slopes. Tenasserim near the great rapids of the Salween (D. B. April 1859). A
middle-sized aromatic tree, ]. glabrous, leaflets 2 pair, lanceolate, 4-8 in. long, reticulate
veins conspicuous on both sides. Fl]. small in terminal and axillary panic les, é and ¢,
sepals 4 or 5, unequal, petals linear-spathulate, densely woolly, stamens 8, filaments
villous. My old notes of 1859 say: Ovary of 4 carpels. This would suggest another
genus. Materials here not sufficient to decide the point. 3. X. levigatum, Radlk. l.c.
Mergui. —Malay Penins. Leaflets 1 pair, very shining
P. 191. Sapindus Mukorossi. Wild on the Arakan Yoma, Minbu district.
» Aphania Danura. Bengal.
192. A. rubra. Chittagong.
, Nepuevium, read: Ovary pubescent 2-3-lobed.
198. N. stipulaceum. Travancore. Petals minute, early caducous.

Add: 5. A doubtful species is N. Griffithianum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soe.
Be ngal XLIV. 187 and F. Fl. I. 294 (Sapindacea, Griff. Ic. Pl. As. t. 599. I.).
Dewangiri, Bhutan 1,500 ft. Dekho valley, Assam. Hills, Upper Burma
(Kurz). —Malacea, Singapore. Leaflets 83-4 pairs, oblong, 6-8 in. long, ‘glaucous beneath,
the reticulate veins very prominent on both sides. Fr . 1} in. long, covered with soft
conical prickles } in. long (fl. not seen). Identified in Fl. Brit. Ind. I. 687 with
N. mutabile, Blume and by Radlkofer, Die Sapindaceen Holliindisch-Indiens with
N. lappaceum. Griffith in Itinerary Notes 112, no. 168 states: corolla 5-petala, petalis
basi bisquamatis, stam. 8, stylus brevis. These are not the characters of Nephelium,
hence the genus is doubtful.
P. 194. Meliosma simplicifolia. Singbhum. Assam. @ specimens sent by Smales
from Upper Burma (Paya-ama, Burm.) are apetalous.
P. 196. Rhus Cotinus, lines 14 and 15 from below, read: pedicels elongate after
flowering.

”

ZZ

706 ADDENDA

P. 197. R. semialata. Vern. Bakia mila, Nep.
, 199. R. insignis. Sometimes epiphytic, the milky juice raises blisters on the skin.
» + Add: 11. R. khasiana, Hook. f.; Prain, Bengal Plants 355. Khasi hills.

Chittagong. A large tree similar to R. punjabensis, differs by a glabrous slender

petiole and leaflets incised-serrate.

P. 199. Pistacia mutica. Drosh, 4—5,500 ft.
>, 200. Add: 5. P. cabulica, Stocks, Baluchistan.
> » Lapiria hirsuta. Chittagong.

» Odina Wodier. Vern. Jhingan, Jigna, Hind.; Maredo, Kattiawar; Nanum,

Kol, —Andamans.

P. 201. Spondias mangifera. Assam. Andamans.

,, 203. The species mentioned under 1 is Holigarna nigra, Bourdillon, Ind. Forester
XXX. 95. t. 1.

P. 204. H. Kurzii. Vern. Che, Mergui.

,, 205. Buchanania latifolia. Vern. Sareka, Gond; Lunbo, Burm.

» 206. Mangifera indica. Indigenous in Singbhum.

» » M. sylvatica. Chittagong.

» » Add: 5. M. longipes, Griff. Chittagong; Prain, Bengal Plants 351.

5, 207, Semecarpus Anacardium. Vern. Thitsi bo, Burm.—Behar. Chutia Nagpur.
Upper Burma.

P, 209. Add: §. subspathulatus, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXV. 117. Upper
Burma. A small tree, branchlets glabrous, 1. obovate-oblanceolate, narrowed from the
middle into the short petiole. ¢ fl. only known.

P. 210. Moringa pterygosperma. Vern. Damnishekat, Thana. M. concanensis. Vern.
Ranshekat, Thana.—Karuul and Kistna districts.

P. 210. Rourra. FI. small, regular.

» oo» L. commutata. Andamans.

» 211. R. santaloides. Fig. 92 in fruit.

» 216. Crotalaria Burhia. Vern. Ghagri, Mar.

» 217. Indigofera pulchella. Central Provinces. Chutia Nagpur. Ascends to
7,500 ft. in Jaunsar.

12) Oily IE Hamiltonii, Grah.; Ann. Gard. Cale. TIX. t.29. Oudh. Gorakhpur.

P. 218. Add: I. minbuensis. Gage in Records Bot. Survey of India III. 40. Arakan
Yoma, Minbu district. A shrub, l. simple subsessile, linear mucronulate, pale green,
14 in. long.
P. 219. Mundulea suberosa. Supti, Mar.

» 220. Millettia glaucescens. A species near this (Thinwin) Wépon, Upper Burma,
April 1902, C. B. Smales. A small tree, 25 ft. high, leaflets 8-10 pair, fl. nearly 1 in.
long, lilac, standard pubescent on back, ovary pubescent, fr. unknown.

P. 220. M. ovalifolia. Minbu district, Upper Burma.

» » ML. Brandisiana. Minbu district.

» » M. pulchra. Thayetmyo district (Swethe), C. B. Smales.

» 222. M. racemosa. The stipules sometimes hard, spinescent, pods nearly black: —
Behar.
P. 222. M. cana. Minbu district.

Add: Wistaria chinensis, Sieb. and Zucc. Wild in the Kachin hills N.E. of
Myitkyina. Records Bot. Survey of India I. 237.- China. A large climber. fi.
large, blue, in terminal racemes, pods thin, coriacec-’ dye. scent.

P. 223. Desmodium Cephalotes. Chutia Nagpur.” oe East Bengal. Minbu
district, Upper Burma. nN

P. 223. D. umbellatum. Sundriban. Andamans. >»V.\

» 9» D. laxiflorum. Chutia Nagpur. East Benga, &,
» 224. D. triquetrum. Andamans.

» Ougeinia dalbergioides. Vern. Tinsa, Jabalpur. *
», 225. Abrus precatorius. Vern. Ywe-nge, Burm. Sundriban. Andamans near the

225. Mucuna imbricata. Subhim. tract, Dehra Din to Assam. Singbhum.
», 226. M. atropurpurea. Dehra Dun.
, M. pruriens. Bengal.
» 227. Erythrina stricta. Orissa.
3 6) Bs. suberosa. Vern. Haruwa, Jabalpur.
» » La. arborescens. Vern. Phaleda, Nep.
» 228. Dioclea reflexa. Chittagong.
» 1 LPueraria tuberosa. Vern. Dari, Mar.—Chutia Nagpur.
» » L. Thunbergiana. Myitkyina, Upper Burma.
,, 230. Butea frondosa. Vern. Mur, Gond; Morud, Kol.
> » B. superba. Chutia Nagpur.
» 282. Hlemingia stricta. Singbham.
» » 7. congesta. Vern. Bare chhai. Dun.

ADDENDA 707

P. 232. F. nana. Singbhum. Minbu district, Upper Burma.

F. involucrata. East Bengal.

» + Add: Rhynchosia pseudo-cajan, Camb. Vern. Lada, Haz. Outer North West
Himalaya and Siwaliks, ascending to 7,000 ft. A shrub, softly grey-tomentose with
minute yellow glands on]. and calyx. L. 3-foliolate, fl. yellow in short corymbs, pod
oblong, 1 in. long, 1-2-seeded, persistently grey-woolly.

ize 233, Dalbergia Sissoo. Ann. Gard. Cale. X. t. 34.

poy LD: latifolia. Ann. X t. 62.

» » D. sissoides, Grah.; Ann. X. t. 63; Bourdillon in Ind. For. 1905, 124, may now
be regarded as a distinct species. Vern. Vel-itti Travancore (D. latifolia: Kar itti).
In Travancore it grows on the outer hills, up to 2,000 ft. Young foliage bright green,
leaflets 5-10, generally 7, pointed at both ends, petiolules }-4 in. long. The heart-
wood never has any tint of red.

P. 233. In Ann. Gard. Cale. X. 82 Colonel Prain unites D. emarginata, Roxb. with
D., latifolia.

P. 233. D. rimosa, Ann. X. t. 11—Myitkyina, Upper Burma.

», 234. D. foliacea, Ann. X.t. 31. D. ovata, Ann. t. 59.

» » D. obtusifolia, Prain, Ann. X. t. 58 may be regarded as distinct. Vern.
Moksoma, Burm. Burma, Upper and Lower. Attains 50 ft., leaflets 5-7, 3-5 by
2-4 in. Fl. greenish white, sweet scented.

P. 234. D. ade Ann. X. t. 32. Collettii, Ann. X. t. 30. burmanica, Ann. X. t. 51.
rubiginosa, Ann. X. t. 40. congesta, Ann. X. t. 43. Gardneriana, "Ann. X. t. 44,
confertiflora, Ann. X. t. 28. velutina, Ann. X. t..55. rostrata, Ann. X. t. 36. Kingiana,
Ann, X. t. 37. tamarindifolia, Ann. X. 48.—Chittagong.

P. 235. acaciefolia, Ann. X. t. 47. malabarica, Ann. X. t. 46. mimosoides, Ann. X. t.
25. multiflora, Ann. X. t.18. coromandeliana, Ann. X. t. 21. Melanoxylon, Ann, X.
t. 22. The two last species should stand under A. Trees or erect shrubs.

P. 235. D. Melanoxylon. Eastern Tropical Africa, possibly indigénous in the Western
Peninsula.

P. 236. D. paniculata. Regarding the anatomy of the stem, see Thomas G. Hill in
Annals of Botany. XV. 183.

P. 236. D. lanceolaria. Ann. X. t. 76. Subhimalayan tract from the Jumna east-
wards, rare in the western portion. D. assamica, Ann. X. t. 71. paniculata, Ann. X.
t. 68. Kurzii, Ann. X. t. 83.

P. 237. D. cana, Ann. X. t. 84. D. glomeriflora, Ann. X. t. 6b. D. sericea, Ann. X. t. 66.
D. Oliveri, Ann. X. t. 75. In Ann. Gard. Cale. X. 92. D. Prazeri is united with this
species. D. Hemsleyi, Ann. X. t.77. D.Wattii, Ann. X. t. 78. D. volubilis, Ann. X. t. 85.
—Behar. Chutia Nagpur. Chittagong.

P. 238. D. stipulacea, Ann. X. t. 87. D. Thomsoni, Ann. X. t. 13. D. spinosa, Ann. X.
t.9.—Sundriban. WD. torta, Ann. X. t. 42.—Sundriban.

P. 239. D. parviflora, Ann. X. t.8. D. reniformis, Ann. X. t. 91.

» » LPterocarpus dalbergioides, the Andaman Padauk, is leafless for one or two
months between March and May. Its principal associates are: Terminalia bialata,
Bombax insigne, Sterculia alata, Lagerstremia hypoleuca, and in places Oxytenan-
thera nigrociliata. Near creeks which run up into the Padauk bearing tracts Licuala
peltata and spinosa are found. In typical Padauk forests generally a dense under-
wood 10-30 ft. high of shade-bearing shrubs.

P. 240. P. Marsupium. Santal Parganas. Singbhum.

», 242. Derris scandens. Bengal.

» » D. canarensis, Buker ; Cooke, Bombay Flora I. 406 probably is D. oblonga, Benth.
P. 243. D. marginata. Chittagong.

fe ead 2/21 Derris pnichra, Gage in Records Bot. Survey India III. 49. Arakan
Yoma. Minbu district.

P. 243. Pongamia glabra. Andamans.

» » Add: Ormosia tavoyana, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LX XIII. 46. Vern.
Talaing-zin, Burm. ‘Tayoy. Leaflets 4-6 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, pod brown
polished, 2-3 in. long, seed scarlet

P. 244. Sophora Bakeri. Singbhum.

oe OR Dalhousiea bracteata, R. Grah. hee Silhet (Gopuri). Naga hills. Cachar.
Chittagong. A large shrub, erect or scandent, |. rigid, ovate or elliptic, base some-
times slightly peltate, pet. 1-4, blade 4-12 in. FL. “terminating the long bracteate
branclies of an axillary inflorescence, bracts and bracteoles in pairs, opposite, nearly
orbicular, 4 in. diam., the bracteoles enclosing the buds. Corolla white, longer than
bracteoles, stamens 10, free. Pod 8x1} in., seeds 1-3. D. paucisperma, Griff.
Notulae LV. 445; Ic. Pl. As. t. 608, Assam is similar and perhaps identical. Accord-
ing to Griffith D. bracteata has persistent stipules and a fenced pod, D. paucisperma
deciduous stipules and 1-8 seeds. A closely allied species, D. africana, S. Moore,
grows in tropical Africa.

P. 246. Casalpinia Bonducella. Vern. Gataran, Jabalpur.

” ”

708 ADDENDA

P. 248. Mezoneurum cucullatum. Singbhum.
» 249. Poinciana elata reported to ‘be wild on the hills of the Porbandar State
Kathiawar (Vern. Sidhsaro).
P. 250. Hardwickia binata. Grows best on sandstone or quartzose rocks. Where it
is found on Trap, this rock will be found to contain much quartz in veins and
nuggets. Some seed is produced annually, but good seed-years occur only at intervals
of 4-5 years. The seedlings as a rule are cut back year after year during the hot
season, and in dense matting of grass roots or on hard soil, they are generally killed
outright. On loose soil and under favourable circumstances, where the taproot can
develop easily, so as to reach a moist underground stratum, they gradually gain
strength, to live through the fierce heat of the hot season, after having been cut back
to the ground during 6-7 years in succession. In such cases well protected Anjan
forests have all age classes, from old trees down to young seedlings. See Fernandez in
Ind. For. XXTX. 517, H. F. Arbuthnot XXX. 123, and E. D. M. Hooper XXXI. 102.
P. 251. Dialium sp. nova is D. travancoricum, Bourd. in Ind. For. XXX. 243. Fr.
ovoid, = in. long, seed one.
P. 251. Afzelia retusa. Tenasserim. The Sundriban tree is called Intsia retusa,
O. Kuntze in Prain, Bengal Plants 445 and Intsia bijuga, O. Kuntze, in Prain, Flora
of the Sundribans. Records Bot. Survey of India II. 303.
P. 251. Add: Trachylobium verrucosum, Oliver. Mergui, probably cultivated.
Madagascar. Seychelles. An unarmed tree, leaflets one pair, coriaceous,
shining above, very unequal-sided, 3 by 13 in. Fl. in axillary panicles, ramifications
woody. Sepals 5, coriaceous, imbricate. Petals white, 3 or 5, unguiculate, orbicular,
with numerous large oil glands, claw linear, as long as blade. Stamens 10, ovary
oblique, verrucose, a ring of long hairs at the base, ovules 3-6. One of the trees
yielding Gum Copal, worth cultivating.
P. 251. Add: Crudia Mansoni, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal LX XIII. 199. Tavoy.
A tree, 1. glabrous, imparipinnate, stipules connate at base, leaflets 5, alternate,
6-8 by 2-3 in. Fl. white, in long narrow racemes, calyx-tube short, lobes 4, imbricate,
reflexed in fl., petals 0. Ovary shortly stipitate, densely tawny-velvety, style slender.
Pod oblong, finely velvety, 24 by 14 in.
P. 252. Add: 6. Humboldtia Bourdilloni, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LX XIII. 200.
Travancore, 3,000 ft. A tree, attaining 50 ft. Leaflets 3 pair, sessile, 24 in. long,
rachis and petiole winged, pod silky, bright crimson, 4 in. long.
P. 258. Cassia iaastuloe Syn. Gi rhombifolia, Roxb. ; Wight Te. t. 269.
» » Cassia nodosa. Myitkyina, Upper Burma.
» 254. C. siamea. Leaflets sometimes emarginate.
» » @. timoriensis. South Lushai hills.
» 255. Cynometra mimosoides, Wall. Sundriban. Is separated from C. ramiflora by
Prain in Records Bot. Survey India IT. 303.
P. 255. C. polyandra. Assam. Chittagong.
» 256. Bauhinia tomentosa. Minbu district, Upper Burma. Andamans.
» » B. racemosa. Chutia Nagpur.
» 257. B. malabarica, Pod often straight. Upper Burma.

258. B. purpurea. Singbhum. Minbu district, Upper Burma; Gage in Records
Bot. Survey of India III. 53.
P. 258. B. variegata. Singbhum.
my dee Wellies Chutia Nagpur.
» 259. B. rufa. South Lushai Hills.
» » 8B. glauca. South Lushai Hills.
,, 260. B. macrostachya. Chittagong.
», 261. Prosopis spicigera. Behar (Prain, Bengal Plants, 453).
» » Dichrostachys cinerea. Orissa.
» » LEntada scandens.—Syn. E. Pursetha, DC.—Orissa. Singbhum.
», 262. Adenanthera pavonina. Vern. Thorla-ganj, Mar.—Chittagong.
», 263. Mimosa pudica. Pinne almost digitate.
», 265. Acacia Jacquemonti. Vern. Kandiari, Sind.
» » A. Kingit. Minbu district, Burma.
», 266. A. Senegal. Vern. Gorad, Kathiawar.
», 268. A. Catechu. Central Provinces. Chutia Nagpur. Behar.
» » A. Suma. Vern. Shenkhair, Thana. Chutia Nagpur.
» » A. cesia. Vern. Gurdr, Jabalpir.—Fl. heads white or pale yellow.—
Andamans. Burma (the words not known from Burma, should be struck out).
P. 269. A. pennata. Vern. Ramna, Jabalptur.—Chutia Nagpur.
» 3» Add: 20 (a) A. canescens, Graham, Minbu district.

» A. concinna, DC. Stamens white, as the buds open, afterwards turning yellow.
Chittagong.
P. 271. Albizzia procera. Vern. Pandrai, Kol; Kinhai, Thana.—Singbhum. Repro-
duces readily from root-suckers.

ADDENDA 709

P. 271. A. odoratissima. Vern. Taungmagyi, Tenasserim.—Singbhim.
» 272. A. Lebbek. Andamans. Mr. J. R. Drummond has ‘kindly informed me
that in his opinion the tree indigenous in the Subhimalayan tract of the Punjab is
not identical with the cultivated Albizzia Lebbek.
» 3 A. amara. Orissa. Chittagong.
» » A. stipulate. Singbhum. South Lushai hills. Chittagong.
» 274. Pithecolobium bigeminum. Myitkyina, Burma.
» 279. Prunus brahuica. Chitral.
» 281. P. undulata. A moderate-sized tree.
» » LP. acuminata. Myitkyina. Burma.
» 282. Pygeum Andersoni.—Syn. P. lucidum, Anders. ; Prain, Bengal Plants 464.
» » Add: 4(a) A small tree on the hills east of Bhamo 6,500 ft. in dry hill forest
(Montague Hill, Febr. 1902), similar to P. glaberrimum, no glands on 1., pet. 5, linear-
oblong, stamens 10, style short. Fr. unknown.
P. 282. P. acuminatum. Khasi hills, East Bengal. Burma, Upper and Lower.
» 283. Neillia thyrsifora. Myitkyina, Burma.
» » Ltubus hexagynus. Chittagong.
+, 287. Rosa involucrata. Chutia Nagpur. In Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, LX XIII. 201.
Prain maintains R. Lyellii as a distinct species, with long peduncled fl. and entire
bracts.
P. 290, Hriobotrya petiolata. Vern. Mya, Nep.
» 292. Pyrus Khasiana. Naga hills. Kachin hills, Burma. 5
» Add: P. Kurzii, Watt; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LX XIII. 203. San-
dakphu, Phalut, 11-12,000 ft. A small tree, glabrous, leaflets 4-5 pair, } in. long.
P. 293. Photinia mollis. Duars.
» » LPourthiwa arguta. Duars.
» 297. Hydrangea robusta. Myitkyina, Burma. A shrub or tree.
», 298. Dichroa febrifuga. Myitkyina, Burma.
» » tea macrophylla. Kachin hills, Upper Burma.
», 300. Parrotia Jacquemontiana. Vern. Shad, Kunawar.
» 303. Rhizophora mucronata. Vern. Khamo, Bhora, Beng.
304. Ceriops Candolleana. Doubtful whether in the Sundriban. (Prain in Records
Bot. Surv. of India IT. 306.)
P. 305. Bruguiera gymnorhiza. When germinating on the tree, the hypocotyl and
radicle of this species as well as of Rhizophora break through the pericarp, but while
in Rhizophora the embryo separates from the fruit and calyx before it falls to the
ground, in Bruguiera the germinating seed remains longer attached to the fruit and
calyx, and the top of the pericarp, crowned by the style, frequently remains attached to
the tip of the radicle. The hypocotyl (and radicle) of B. gymnorhiza attains 6-12
inches, is green, and the cells are filled with starch. See A. W. Lushington in Ind.
For. XXX. 122.
P. 305. Carallia lucida. Vern. Kierpa, Beng.—Dehra Din, in swamps. Cooke,
Flora of Bombay I. 476, regards C. lucida, Roxb. and C. integerrima, DC., as distinet
species.
B. 307. Add: 1 (a) Terminalia burmanica, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXNNITI.
204. Sagain, Burma. A tree, young branches densely rusty-tomentose, 1. 4-5 by
24-38 in.
P. 307. T. belerica. Vern. Lupung, Kol. Add to the footnote: Kanjilalveports glands
on seedlings and coppice shoots and océasionally on |. of flowering branches.
P. 308. T. Chebula. Vern. Rola, Kol.—Chutia Nagpur.
» L. citrina. West and North Bengal.
» 3810. T. pyrifolia. Upper Burma. 8
, I. tomentosa, Vern. Hatana, Kol.
B11. T. Arjuna. Jammu, Kashmir. Chutia Nagpur.
» ©. Oliveri. J. W. Oliver informs me that the bark is rich in tannin.
» 312. Combretum decandrum. Bengal. Andamans.
C. pyrifolium, Minbu, Upper Burma.
» ©. trifoliatum, Vent. Vern. Sauk, Burm.
» B18. C. acuminatum. North Bengal. Chittagong.
C. flagrocarpum, Bast Bengal.

” ”

” ” . . . . oa

» oy» ©. chinense. Minbu district, Upper Burma.
» oy ~©6 CL squamosum. Bast Bengal.

» » ©. ovalifolium. Chutia Nagpur. Orissa.

» © nanum. Chutia Nagpur.

» Bld. CL extensum, Fr. dark red. Chutia Nagpur. Chittagong.

Quisqualis indica, Vern, Dawé-hmaing, Burm.

Calycopteris floribunda, The cut stem yields large quantities of watery
fluid. Vern. Kyut-ne-nwé, Burm.—Orissa.

P. 815. Lumnitzera racemosa, Andamans.

710 ADDENDA

P. 315. Anogeissus pendula. S. E. Punjab

Gris? A. latifolia. Vern. Dohu, Hind.; Hesel, Gond—Chutia Nagpur. Behar.
rissa.

P. 315. A. sericea. Peduncles frequently bearing leaves and leafy bracts.

» A. acuminata. Vern. Chakwa, Beng.—Behar. Chutia Nagpur. South Lushai
hills. —Prain, Bengal Plants 480, separates A. lanceolata, Wall., from A. acuminata.
Chittagong. L. narrow lanceolate, bracteoles small, linear, very deciduous.

P. 317. Eugenia aquea. Chittagong.

» » LB formosa. Vern. Phal-jamb, Beng.

» 318. BE. Rama Varma, Bourdill. in Indian Forester XXX. 147 t. 2.

», 319. E. occidentalis, Bourd. in Ind. For. XXX. 195.

» » L& claviflora. Myitkyina. .

» » _. Wightiana.—Syn. Syzygium Wightianum, Wall.; Wight & Arnott, Prod-
romus 330.

» » BP. 821. Add: 32 (a) E. Griffithii, Duthie, in Fl. Brit. Ind. I]. 481. Myitkyina,
Burma, Singapore.

P. 321. E. toddaloides. South Maratha country, Cooke Bombay Flora I. 490.

» » Add: 35(a). E. praetermissa, Gage in Ind. For. XXXII. 6. t.2. Assam. Khasi
and Lushai hills. Kendat, Upper Burma. A tree attaining 50 ft., resembling H.
Griffithii, Duthie, allied to the Malayan E. chlorantha, Duthie.

» 322. H. polyantha. Vern. Mathaka, Burm.

P. 322. Read: BE. petals as a rule calyptrate.

P. 323. H. operculata. Vern. Boti-Jamb. EE. obovata, Wall., is sometimes regarded as
a distinct species.

P. 323. EH. Heyneana. Chutia Nagpur.

» » Add: 58 (a). E. venusta, Roxb. Vern. Thabyega, Burm. Tipperah. Lower
Burma. Branchlets white, petals free. é
P. 323. Strike out: (a) Leaves large, blade over 3 in.

» 325. E. macrosepala. Ahmednagar, Cooke, Bombay FI. I. 494.
» » Lf. codyensis. North Kanara, Cooke, Bombay FI. I. 494.
,, 226. Myrtus communis. Vern. Manru, Pushtu. Panjkora valley, Bajour, 3-3,500 ft.
very common, truly wild, attaining 12-15 ft. Fr. eaten. (Barrett Nov. 1903.)
P. 330. Barringtonia acutangula. Vern. Hidjal, Beng.; Pivar ingli, Mar.
,, 333. Melastoma malabathricum. Vern. Paloré, Mar.
» » Oxyspora paniculata. Myitkyina, Burma.
» 304. Osbeckia stellata. Chittagong.
» » QO. nepalensis. Hast Bengal.
», 336. Memecylon edule. Chittagong.
» 3387. M. ceruleum. Vern. Thabye-6n, Burm.
», 338. Add: 2 (a). Lagerstremia venusta. Wall. Irawadi near Thayetmyo. Calyx
with 6 linear accessory teeth.
P. 339. Lagerstremia Flos Regine. Vern. Eik-hmwe, Upper Burma.—Chutia Nagpur,
Prain, Bengal Plants 504. :
P. 339. Add: 8 (a). L. hirsuta, Lam. <A doubtful species, based upon t. 22 of Rheede,
Hort. Malab. 1V.—Malabar.

P. 339. L. macrocarpa. Chittagong.

» 340. Lawsonia alba.—Syn. L. imermis, Linn., and L. spinosa, Linn. Koehne
Lythracez in Engler, paaeerraien IV. 216 p. 270, and Cooke, Bombay Flora I. 511
adopt L. inermis.

P. 340. Sonneratia acida. Vern. Lamu, Burm.—Andamans.

, 041. Punica Granatum. Vern. Thalé, Burm.

» 344. Casearia tomentosa. Bengal.

» » G Vareca. Tipperah. Chittagong.

» 345. Homalium grandiflorum. Vern. Taung-thit-yin-bo, Burm. Mergui.

,, 346. Tetrameles nudiflora. Vern. Ugad, Bondsa, Mar.

» 348. Heptapleurum venulosum. Vern. Dain, Hind.— Behar. Singbhum.

» 891. Aralia armata. Myitkyina, Burma.

» » A. foliolosa. Chittagong.

» 302. Acanthopanax aculeatum. At times climbing.

>» » Heteropanax fragrans. Singbhum.

>» Brassaropsis. A. Leaves undivided or divided less than half-way down.

, 353. Trevesia palmata. Vern. Paw, Upper Burma.

», Bo4. Add: Woodburnia pendulifiora, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LX XIII. 23.
Kachin hills between Myitkyina and Sadon, 4,500 ft. A small tree, attaining 15 ft.,
trunk unbranched, prickly, with a tuft of large digitate l. at the top. Blade 30 in.
diam. on a stout pet. 24 in. long, leaflets on broadly winged petiolules. Fl. densely
rusty-tomentose, with the stout pedicel 2-24 in. long, in axillary umbels on long
peduncles. Calyx with 7-10 linear-lanceolate segments, petals 5 small, stamens 5,
ovary 8-13-celled.

ADDENDA q1

P. 356. Mastixia arborea. Bourdillon regards M. pentandra as a distinct species
with larger and pubescent leaves. :

P. 356. MM, euonymoides, Prain, Brit. Bhutan, in evergreen forest 1,000 ft. A tree 50,
ft. with smooth bark, ramifications of thyrsus clothed with deciduous hairs, fl. 5-
merous. Drupe 1x4 in., olive green or blackish when ripe. (Haines 916, specimens
received Jan. 1906.)

P. 359. Add: 16 (a). Lonicera Xylosteum, Linn. Jambatai 5-6,000 ft. (Duthie, Chitral
Relief Expedition in Records Bot. Survey of India I. 156). Differs from L. quinque-
locularis by smaller fi. in pairs on axillary peduncles.

P. 359. L. asperifolia. Chitral.

+ 360. Add: 28. L. Griffithii, Hook.f. and Thoms. Drosh, Chitral valley, 5-6,000 ft.
Climbing on Quercus Ilex, |. broadly elliptic to orbicular, blade 2, pet. slender 3 in.
long, the uppermost 1. almost sessile. FJ. numerous in dense peduncled solitary heads,
the bractlets of each whorl! of fl. connate, corolla bilabiate, glandular-hairy outside.
lin. long. Fr. a compound berry # in. diam. consisting of numerous confluent carpels,
edible.

P. 360. Leycesteria formosa. From the Ravi eastwards.

»; 362. Viburnum coriaceum. Myitkyina.

;; 363. V. nervosum. Dir, Mirga, 7-8,000 ft. (Duthie, Chitral Relief Expedition, 156.)
», 366. Sarcocephalus Missionis. Vern. Atta vanji, Mal.

» 368. Anthocephalus Cadamba. Assam.

s » Adina cordifolia. Vern. Hedu, Thana; Manja kadamba, Mal. and Tam.

» » Nauclea Grifithii. Peduncles often two or three, shorter than in N. purpurea,
with 2 pairs of bracts.

P. 369. Srernecyye. Korthals, in a dissertation, printed at Bonn in 1839, established
the genus Mitragyna. In his great work: Kruidkunde in Verhandelingen over de
Natuurlijke Geschiedenis (1839-42) he substituted the name Sfephegyne, giving a
description of the genus and of the Indian S. parvifolia. As synonym he gives
Mitragyne, without however quoting the Bonn dissertation. Stephegyne was adopted
(as a subgenus of Nauclea) by Miquel in his Flora of Nederlandsch Indie (1856), and
as a genus in Genera Plantarum and Fl. Brit. Ind. The Index Kewensis however
prefers Mitragyna, followed by Haviland and Cooke, Flora of Bombay I. 581. Common
sense seems to demand the retention of Stephegyne. Miquel, Bentham and Hooker
doubtless had good grounds for their decision.

P. 370. Stephegyne parvifolia. Vern. Chinna kadamba. Tam. East Bengal.

+» » 4S. diversifolia. Fl. heads sometimes orange-coloured. There may be two species
in Burma under this name.

P. 371. Uncaria macrophylla. North Bengal. Myitkyina.

» » U. sessilifructus. Myitkyina.

» » U. levigata. Kachin hills, Upper Burma.

» » Add: 10. U. homomalla, Miq. Jaintia and South Lushai hills.—Sumatra.

» Hymenodictyon excelsum. East Bengal.

» 373. Luculia gratissima. Myitkyina.

Wendlandia exserta. Behar.

» W. puberula. Chamba. Kangra. Tirhut.

» B74. W. tinctoria. Chutia Nagpur. Maimensingh.

», 375. Hedyotis scandens. Myitkyina.

+» Mussenda frondosa. Vern. Sarvad, Bhutkes, Mar.

» 376. M. macrophylla. South Lushai hills. Kachin hills, Upper Burma. Anda-
mans.

P. 376. M. Roxburghiit. Myitkyina.

,, 378. Webera corymbosa. Andamans.

., 379. Gardenia latifolia. Chutia Nagpur. Central Provinces,

+ . G. turgida. Vern. Karhar, Jabalpiy.—Andamans. Minbu, Upper Burma.
Mr. A. EB. Lowrie reports from Raiptr, Centr. Prov., that, in the hot season, by strokin
the stem gently up and down, the whole tree is set vibrating in all its branches anal
leaves, while other trees around do not show the slightest movement.

P. 880. G. erythroclada. Upper Burma.

», 382. Randia uliginosa. Vern. Pendhru, Mar.—East Bengal.

R. dumetorum. Vern. Kaw, Burm.— Bengal.

» 388. R. fasciculata, Chutia Nagpur.

,, 384. Hyptianthera stricta. Bengal. Chutia Nagpur.

Petunga Roxburghii. Sundriban.

Diplospora singularis. Chittagong.

» » D. confusa. Minbu, Upper Burma.

* 885. Canthium didymum. Behar. Chutia Nagpur.

C. glabrum. Duars. Andamans.

., 887. Pavetta indica (c) tomentosa, from the Bias eastwards.

., 388. Izora acuminata, Chittagong.

712 ADDENDA

P. 839. I. subsessilis. South Lushai hills.

» » «Add: 4 (a). I, Kingstoni, Hook. fil Andamans—Malay Penins. A shrub
or small tree, 1. shining, glabrous, blade 5-9, pet. 4 in., sec. n. 15-18 pair. . Compound
cymes dense, 3-4 in. diam., peduncle stout, 1 in. long, calyx-lobes broad, blunt.

P. 388. I. spectabilis. Chittagong.

» » XL. parviflora. Vern. Kau, Jabalpur.
» 389. I. cuneifolia. Chittagong.
mom Nlcls S(@)) it villosa, Roxb. Sikkim, foot of hills. Assam. Garo, Khasi,

and South Lushai hills. Khabaung forests, Pegu. A shrub, branchlets, petioles and
cymes pubescent or tomentose, stipules with long filiform points. Corolla-tube 1-1} in.
long, very slender.

P. 389. /. undulata. Behar. Chutia Nagpur.

» 390. Correa. Stipules broad.

» » ©. arabica. Berry crimson.

» » ©. liberica. Berry crimson.
> ~6G Jenkinsit. Kachin hills, Upper Burma.
» » ©. bengalensis. Chutia Nagpur.

?

» 391. Hamiltonia suaveolens. Chutia Nagpur. Central Provinces.

> » Add: 3. Pederia tomentosa, Blume. Sikkim, to 6,000 ft. Assam. Khasi
hills. Upper Burma.—Malay Penins. and Archip. China. Japan. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, blade 38-5, pet. 1- 9 in. . fr. globose, fin. diam. 4. P. Cruddasiana, Prain in
Records Bot. Survey of India I. 248. Myitkyina. Similar to 3, fr. ovoid, crowned
by acute calyx lobes.

P. 392. Prain in Bengal Plants, 573, regards Morinda bracteata, Roxb., as distinct from
M. citrifolia. River banks and sea face of the Sundriban. Sea coast of the Anda-
mans and Tenasserim.

P. 392. M. tinctoria. Vern. Nipase, Burm.

» 394. Psychotria flavida, Talbot, Dr. Cooke, Bombay Flora I. 617, regards as a
distinct species.

P. 394. P. adenophylla. Myitkyina.

» » £2. calocarpa. Kachin hills, Upper Burma.

>» 399. P. erratica. Kachin hills, Upper Burma.

» » Chasalia curviflora, Myitkyina.

» 396. Lasianthus Wallichii. Chittagong. Myitkyina.

» » Add: 5 (a). L. pilosus, Wight. Mergui.—Malay Penins. A shrub or small
tree, branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and cymes hirsute with long dark-coloured
spreading hairs, outer bracts as long as or shorter than flowers.
P. 397. L. truncatus. Orissa.

» 399. Vernonia cinerascens. Punjab Salt range.

» 401. Inula cuspidata. Punjab Salt range.

» » Blumea balsamifera. Tipperah.

,, 402. Artemisia vulgaris. Kachin hills, Upper Burma. Strike out the words:
“uppermost linear-lanceolate, entire.”

. 402. Senecio araneosus. Myitkyina, Upper Burma.

» 414. Mesa paniculata. South Lushai hills.

» 415. M. dubia, united with MW. indica by Cooke in Bombay Flora IT. 82.

» 416. Myrsine semiserrata. South Lushai hills.

» 417. Embelia viridiflora. Mahabaleshwar.

» 418. Ardisia humilis. Andamans.

» 420. A. crenata. Kachin hills, Upper Burma.

» » LPimelandra Griffithii. Kachin hills, Upper Burma.

», 421. Antistrophe oxyantha. South Lushai hills.

» » giceras majus. Vern. Chawer, Sind.

3 422. Sideroxylon tomentosum. From Behar to Orissa.

» 423. S. grandifolium. Vern. Taw-tha-pwot, Burm.

» » Chrysophyllum Roxburghii. Vern. Thangya, Burn.

» 425. Palaquium Gutta, See Burn Murdoch in Ind. For. XXXI. 309.

» 426. Bassia latifolia. Vern. Mhowra, Mar; Iru, Gond.

», 427. Reptonia buxifolia. Drosh, 4,500 ft.

428. Diospyros. Herbert Wright, The Genus Diospyros in Ceylon. Annals
Royal Gardens Peradeniya II. 1 ( (1904). Wright states that many species are often
polygamous, among those here described: D. insignis, nilagirica, sylvatica, affinis,
Embryopteris. He ‘also states that the 2 fl. of the following species are frequently in
clusters of 3-6: insignis, oocarpa, sylvatica, Toposia, Embryopteris.

P. 4380. D. Chloroxylon. Vern. Anduli, Orissa.

, 431. D. microphylla. Vern. Thora Kari, Mal.

» » D. montana. Central Prov. Bengal. Minbu district, Burma. Travancore,
common.—Ceylon. Vern. Kenda, Kaindu, Pb.; Pasend, N. BE. Rajputana.

P. 432. D. sylvatica. Chutia Nagpur.

ADDENDA 713

P. 432. 11 is D. Kanjilali, Duthie in Ind. For. XX XI. 307 t.29. Dehra Dun. Siwalik
range. Chanda, Centr. Proy. Santal Parganas. Ganjam. Anantaptr. Bellary.
P4382; D: Lotus, Jine 21, strike out in the P unjab and.

;, 433. According to Wright, l.c. p. 195, D. affinis in Ceylon has 6-9-16 stamens in
the g fl., while D. crumenata, p. 197, has 8-14; the seeds of afjinis are ovate, wedge-
aber) a in. long, while those loflcrumenata are flattened/and elliptic, nearly 2 in. long.
P. 434. D. assimilis. Vern. Karun thali, Tam.

» » D. Embryopteris. Bengal.

» 43). D. ovalifolia. Orissa.— Ceylon.

» + DY. Bourdilloni. Vern. Karun chatthi, Tam. ¢ fl. read: corolla ovoid-
campanulate, tube tomentose outside, glabrous inside, 4-3 in. long, lobes spreading.

P. 436. 47. Isa large tree.

» » Add: 49. D. sp. nova, not named, because specimens are imperfect. Travan-
core. Evergreen and secondary forests at low elevations (Bourdillon 1323, 1584.
Vern. Kari). A middle-sized tree, ]. glossy on both sides, coriaceous, elliptic-oblong,
blade 6-9 by 24, Bets 4-% in. long. ? “fl. axillar 'y or on the old wood, sessile, solitary,
or in clusters of § 2-5, supported by thick round bracts. Calyx thick- -coriaceous, on
both sides densely velvety, deeply divided into 5 triangular auricled lobes. Corolla
tomentose, lobes 5, thick, cohering, staminodes 5. Ovary densely clothed with long
hairs, styles 5, glabrous. Fr. a truncate cone with 10 deep furrows, hairy when
young, 1} in. long, diam. at base 1, at the apex $ in., supported by the flat thickly-
coriaceous calyx with undulating margins. Seeds 10, black, flat, } in. wide and nearly
1 in. long. Embryo } in. long, radicle longer than cotyledons. Albumen uniform.
P. 438. Symplocos Beddomei. A middle-sized tree, racemes 1-5 in. long, fl. white,
fragrant.

P. 439. S. macrocarpa. Vern. Paralei, Tam.

» 441. 8. thewfolia. Haines reports that specimens collected in Sikkim have a
curved embryo.

P. 442. Styrax serrulatum. Duars. Assam.

» » OLEACER omit: attached to the inner angle.

» x» Nyetanthes arbor tristis, Vern. Khirsdri, Gond.

443. Fraxinus excelsior. Basin of the Indus.

444. Fraxinus xanthoxyloides. Dr. Aug. Henry informs me that F. dimorpha,
Cosson et Durieu, of Algiers and Morocco, is very closely allied and possibly the same
Species.

P. 445. Schrebera swietenioides. Chutia Nagpur. Orissa.

P. ,, Syringa Emodi, ascends to 12,000 ft.

», 446. Olea cuspidata. Punjab Salt range.

», 447. Olea dioica. Vern. Yeddalei, Tam. (Bourdillon).

, 449. Add: 2 (a). Jasminum Listeri, King in Records Bot. Survey of India I. 349.
South Lushai and Chittagong hills. <A se ‘andent shrub, 1. nearly glabrous, lanceolate,
blade 3-5 by 1} in., sec. n. prominent beneath, corolla white, lobes 6.

P. 449. J. pubescens. From the Ravi eastwards.
Rottlerianum. Behar. Chutia Nagpur.
| coarctatum. Chittagong.

. scandens. Myitkyina.

decussatum. Myitkyina.

arborescens. Behar. Chutia Nagpur.
laurifolium. Chittagong.

SSQyNnns

” ”
aes anastomosans. South Lushai hills.

452. J. dispermum. From the Ravi eastwards.
v t

», 453. Salvadora persica. Western Behar, Prain, Bengal Plants, 663.
S. oleoides. Gujarat.
Azima tetracantha. Orissa.
5d. Carissa spinarum. Vern. Kau, Burm.—Andamans.
56. C. paucinervia. Behar. Prain, Bengal Plants, 669.
« ©. macrophylla.—Syn. C. inermis, Vahl; Cooke, Bombay Flora II. 125.
P. 456 Melodinus, Species 15-20, India to the Pacific islands.
» oo» AM. monogynus. North Bengal.
, 457. Rauwolfia serpentina, Bengal.
» Add: 1(a@). R, chinensis, Hemsl. South Lushai hills.—China. Nearly allied to
1, sec. n. faint, fl. 4-§ in. long.
P. 457. Gynopogon stellatum is Alywia stellata, Roem. and Schult. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. IIT. 686.
P. 458. Plumeria acutifolia. Vern. Tayok-saga, Burm.
459. Alstonia scholaris. Bengal. Assam. Andamans.
» Holarrhena antidysenterica, Vern. Kaila Kura, Mar.—Bengal.
460. Wrightia tinctoria. Vern. Pandra Kura, Mar.
461. Wrightia coccinea. Chittagong.
462. Vallaris Heynei. From the Ravi eastwards. Myitkyina.

714 ADDENDA

P. 462. Pottsia cantonensis. Myitkyina.

» » Nerium odorum. Aravalirange. S. E. Punjab.

Strophanthus Wallichii. Chittagong.
. Aganosma elegans, G. Don; Wight Ic. t. 13804.
» 465. Ichnocarpus frutescens. From the Jhelam eastwards. Jabalpur.
» 467. Cryptolepis Buchanani. Assam. Bengal.

» x» Leriploca Hydaspidis. Punjab Salt range.

» Leriploca calophylla. From the Jhelam eastwards.— Myitkyina.
» 468. Hemidesmus indicus. Sundriban.
» » Holostemma Rheedii. Chutia Nagpur. Minbu district, Burma.
» » Sarcostemma brevistigma. Chutia Nagpur.
» » Dregea volubilis—Syn. Marsdenia volubilis, T. Cooke, Bombay FI. II. 166.
» » Dregea angustifolia. North Bengal.
» 469. Demia extensa. Outer Himalaya, ascending to 4,000 ft. Jabalpur.
» » Raphistemma pulchellum. Upper Burma.
» x» Gymnema hirsutum. Chutia Nagpur.
» G. acuminatum. Chittagong.

» » G. tingens. Behar. Minbu district.
» 470. Marsdenia tenacissima. Jabalpur.

» MW. Roylet. Chamba.
471. M. tinctoria. Chittagong.

» Calotropis yigantea. Vern. Akauwa, Jabalpur—Sundriban, sea-face.
» 472. Leptadenia reticulata. Minbu district.
» 475. Strychnos Wallichiana. Chittagong.
» 476. Gelsemium elegans. Myitkyina.
» Fagrea obovata. Assam.
» 477. F. morindefolia. A tree 50 ft. high, Kurz, Report on the Andamans, 43.
» 478. Cordia Myxa. Vern. Gidora, Sind.—Bengal.

» 479. CL Wallichit. Chutia Nagpur.

» 9 ©. monoica. Orissa. ns
» », The species mentioned under No. 8 may possibly be C. Clarkei, Brace, in
Prain, Bengal Plants, 714, described as a large tree. East Bengal. Chittagong.
C. B. Clarke’s 8088 is from Maimansingh, not from the Khasi hills.
P. 481. Ehretia aspera, Roxb., is regarded as a distinct species by Cooke, Bombay
Flora IT. 204.
P. 482. Tournefortia viridiflora. Chittagong.

» 483. Add: 1(a@). Erycibe albiflora, Hallier; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal
LXXIII. 14. Sikkim 1-6,000 ft. Assam. Khasi hills. Silhet. A large climber,
stems over 50 ft. long, branches and branchlets angled, 1. glabrous on both surfaces.
Fl. in narrow but lax terminal panicles, corolla white, 3 in. across. 2
P. 483. Cooke, Bombay Flora II. 226, regards E. Wightiana as a variety of E. paniculata.
» » Lb levigata. Yunnan.

», 484. Add: 10 (a). E. citriniflora, Griff.; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal UXXIII.
17. Sea-coast near Tavoy and Mergui. A small tree, branches terete, ]. coriaceous,
quite glabrous, obovate-lanceolate. Fl. in dense subsessile axillary rusty-pubescent
cymes, corolla creamy-yellow within, } in. across. ‘ :
P. 484. Rivea ornata. North Bengal. Duars. A large spreading shrub, Prain,
Bengal Plants 739. ia
P. 484. R. hypocrateriformis. Vern. Boddi, Haiderabad. Leaves, after boiling,
eaten in times of famine.
P. 485. Argyreia argentea. Chittagong. 2

» » Add: 15 (a). A. Burneyi, Gage in Records Bot. Survey of India III. 78. Upper
Burma. A scandent shrub, branches, petioles and underside of |. clothed with dense
soft silky grey tomentum, |. cordate, blade 5-6, pet. 2-24 in. long. J
P. 485. A. tilicefolia.—Syn. Stictocardia tiliefolia, Hallier f.; Prain, Bengal Plants, 740.
» » A. splendens. Chittagong. , ze
» 486. Add: 15 (a). Lettsomia campanuliflora, Gage in Records Bot. Survey of India
1.79. Minbu district, Upper Burma. <A scandent shrub. ;
P. 487. Porana paniculata. Vern. Senga, Jabalpur.—From the Rayi eastwards. East
Bengal. South Lushai hills,
P. 487. P. racemosa. South Lushai hills. : \

» » Add:1(a). Ipomea longifiora, R. Br. Sundriban. Konkan and Kanara near
the coast.—Coasts of South East Asia, Australia, Polynesia. L. often lobed, corolla-tube
wide-funnel-shaped. I. glaberrima, given by Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, LXIII.
(1894) 102, from the Sundriban is referred to J. longiflora, R. Br. in Bengal Plants and
in the Flora of the Sundriban (1903). 1 (6) I. Yome, Kurz. Pegu Yoma. Tenasserim.
Branchlets, petioles, underside of 1. and sepals in fl. appressed pilose. Corolla white, tube
straight, 5-6 in. long. 1 (a) and1(b) are included under Ipomea grandiflora and
trichosperma in Fl. Brit. Ind. TV. 198.

ADDENDA 715

P. 487. I. bona nox.—Syn. Calonyction bona nox, Boj.; Prain, Bengal Plants, 738 ;
C. speciosum, Choisy ; Cooke, Bombay Flora, II. 252.

P. 488. I. illustris, Prain, as a distinct species in Bengal Plants, 735.

» » J. Turpethum, R. Br.—Syn. Operculina Turpethum, Manso ; Prain, Bengal
Plants 731.

P. 488. J. biloba.—Syn. I. Pes Capra, Sweet; Prain, Bengal Plants, 736—Andamans.
Breweria cordata. —Syn. Bonamia semidigyna, Hallier f. ; ; Bengal Plants, 726.
» B. latifolia. Kathiawar.

» 489. Solanum verbascifolium. Vern. Arasa, Bengal.—From the Ravi eastwards.
Assam. Bengal.

P. 489. S. torvum. Assam.

» » &S indicum. South Lushai hills.

» 490. S. gracilipes. Salt range.

» » 4S. ferox, var. inermis, Prain. Myitkyina. No trace of prickles, needle-like
hairs on fr. less numerous.

P. 490. Withania somnifera. Chamba, common at 5,000 ft., G.A.Gammie in Records
Bot. Survey of India, I. 205. Minbu district, Upper Burma.

P. 490. W. coagulans. The locality: Sutlej valley at 3,000 ft. requires verification.
P. 491. Wightia gigantea. Assam. Khasi hills. Ruby Mines district.

» 492. Tecoma undulata, S.E. Punjab. Northern Rajputana.

493. Dolichandrone Lawii. Behar.

» 494. D. stipulata. Andamans.

» » D. Rheedii. Upper Burma.

Heterophragma sulfureum. Minbu district, Upper Burma.

» LPajanelia Rheedii. Vern. Arlantha, Mal. Travancore. Chittagong.

», 495, Stereospermum chelonoides. Assam.

S. suaveolens. Behar.

S. glandulosum. South Lushai hills.

S. xylocarpum.—Syn. Radermachera xylocarpa, K. Schum.; Cooke, Bombay

Flora, TT. 338.
P. 496. Oroxylum indicum. From the Ravi eastwards. Assam. South Lushai hills.

Andamans.
P. 497. Thunbergia grandiflora. Behar. South Lushai hills. Chittagong. Upper
Burma.
P. 497. T. coccinea. Assam. Myitkyina, Burma.
» Acanthus ilicifolius. Andamans.
» 498. Barleria longiflora. Orissa.
B. strigosa. Minbu district, Burma.
Justicia Gendarussa, Assam. Bengal.
» Adhatoda Vasica,. Vern. Bakas, Vasaka, Beng.—Bengal. Centr. Prov.
» 499. Dedalacanthus nervosus. From the Ravi eastwards.
D. purpurascens. Minbu district, Burma.
Strobilanthes pectinatus. Flowers once in 12 years. Osmaston in Ind.
For. XXX. 195.
P. 501. Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus. From the Ravi eastwards. Assam.
» » &. curviflorus. Assam. Chittagong. Myitkyina, Burma.
P. tubiflorus. South Lushai hills.
502. Lantana aculeata. Often climbing.
», 004. Vitex Negundo. Sundriban.
V. trifolia, Bengal. Chittagong.
V. pubescens, East Bengal. Chittagong.
» » V. Leucoxylon. Sontal Parganas. Andamans.
», 006. Tectona grandis. Regarding Teak in evergreen forest, see Bruce in Ind.
For. XXIX. 20. Brandis, ibidem, 187, Burn-Murdoc wh, XXX. 460, and Oliver, XXXI.
417.—Coppice shoots in Jabalpir 8 years old, 18 ft. high, Hole in Ind. For. XXX.
585.
P. 506. Holmskioldia sanguinea. Chutia Nagpur.
», 507. Clerodendron Phlomidis (not phlomoides), Cooke, Bombay Flora IT. 481. Vern.
Gharait, Sind.
P. 507. C. infortunatum. South Lushai hills. Chittagong. Andamans. In Travan-
core this sp. and C. serratum come up in large masses in places where fires have been
kept out.
P. 507. C. serratum. Chittagong.
» 9» OG. squamatum. Andamans.
» 508. Gmelina arborea. Assam. Central Bengal. South Lushai hills. Chitta-
gong. Andamans.
P, 510, Premna bengalensis. Chittagong.
» 511. P. latifolia. Jabalpur. Orissa.
P. milleflora. Myitkyina.

” 2?

” ”

716 ADDENDA

P. 511. P. herbacea. Behar. Myitkyina.
» _» Callicarpa arborea. Vern. Bormalla, Beng.—Assam.
» 912. Caryopteris Wallichiana. Tirhit.
» 513. C. paniculata. Myitkyina.
» » Sphenodesme unguiculata. Andamans.
» 514. Symphorema polyandrum. Orissa.
» 916. Plectranthus ternifolius. Assam. Maimansingh. Chutia Nagpur.

516. Pogostemon Patchouli. Regarding the plants” which yield this perfume see
Prain in Journ. As. Scor. Beng. LXVI. 519.
» B17. Add: Perowskia atriplicifolia, Benth. Baluchistan. Kuram valley. Afghan-
istan. Drosh. Iskardo. Karakorum range. Lahaul. A gregarious undershrub
with a strong lavender scent, covering large areas in the Chitral valley to the
exclusion of other vegetation (Barrett). “FI, purple, sometimes white, in large hairy
terminal panicles, calyx tubular, densely clothed with long silky hairs, upper lip
nearly entire, lower 2-dentate. Corolla bilabiate, upper lip 4- lobed. ‘Stamens 2, anther-
cells parallel, stigma with 2 broad lobes.
P. 517. Pisonia aculeata. Orissa.
» » LPisonia excelsa. A tree with a short thick stem, up to 3 ft. diam. and soft
wood, filled with a sweet juice, which is a favourite fodder of elephants.
P. 518. Deeringia celosioides. From the Chenab eastwards. Central Bengal.

» 519. Haloxylon recurvum. Vern. Lanakhar. For Punjab plains substitute S. W.
Punjab.

P. 519. Sueda nudiflora. Orissa.

» 520. Polygonum molle. Vern. Totnai, Nep. Large panicles of white 4.

» 921. Calligonum polygonoides. East as far as Hissar and northern Jaiptr.

» 022. Aristolochia Roxburghiana.—Syn. A. Tagala, Chamisso in Linnea, VII. 207
(the older name); Gage in Records Bot. Survey of India III. 97.—China. Philippines.
P. 522. A. indica. Burma.

» .» A. saccata. Chittagong.

» 927. Cryptocarya amygdalina, Nees —Syn. C. jloribunda, Nees; Prain, Bengal
Plants, 897.—Assam.

P. 528. Dehaasia sp. (Haines 550). Haines informs me that he has obtained fl. which
are similar to those of Cinnamomum Cecicodaphne, anthers 4-celled.
P. 528. Beilschmiedia Bourdilloni. Fr. ellipsoid, 14 by # in., blue, peduncle red.

» 029. Beilschmiedia assamica. South Lushai hills.

» 981. Alseodaphne petiolaris. South Lushai hills.

» 032. Phebe attenuata. Kachin hills, Burma, 2-5,000 ft.

» 538. Cinnamomum obtusifolium. Assam.

», 535. Actinodaphne sikkimensis. Myitkyina.

» 036. Litsea sebifera. Andamans.
>, 040. LINDERA, Species 60. Eastern Asia and North America.

» 340. L. assamica. Kachin hills. Burma.

», 044. Daphne oleoides. Vern. Churing, Chitral.

» 545. D. pendula. Pegu. Myitkyina.

548. Identification of Loranthacew by their leaves. A. W. Lushington in Ind.
For. XXVIII. 56.

», D48. Loranthus heteranthus. Chittagong.

» » L. pentapetalus. Chittagong.

» 049. L. terrestris. Khasi hills.

» » L. cordifolius. Behar.

» » XL. longiflorus. Vern. Betungli. Thana.

» 990. Loranthus longiflorus is known to grow on the following genera and species:
Bombax, Shorea robusta, Melia, Mangifera indica, Buchanania, Bauhinia, Inga dulcis,
Acacia Catechu, Albizzia, Heritiera, Terminalia, Anogeissus latifolia, Adina cordifolia,
Stephegyne parviflora, Bassia latifolia, Diospyros, Mallotus philippinensis, Ficus
religiosa, Quercus dilatata. A. E. Lowrie reports from Raipur, Central Provinces,
that nearly all Mowah trees in that district had been badly attacked and that large
numbers were being killed by Loranthus, this or other species.

P. 551. L. involucratus. Chittagong. Myitkyina.

» 552. Visewm monoicum. Behar. Chutia Nagpur.

» » V.articulatum. Vern. Harmore, Thana.—Chutia Nagpur.

» 053. Santalum album. As stated by me in Ind. For. XXIX. 3, Mr. John Scott in
1871 established the fact that Sentalum album is a parasite on the roots of numerous
species. In connection with the Spike disease, the life history of Sandal has lately
been carefully studied. Mr. Barber (Ind. For. XXVIII. 340) drew special attention to
its being a root parasite, M. Rama Rao (Ind. For. XXIX. 386 and XXX. 248, 397)
examined its attachment to the roots of about 70 species, on which it lives. Mr.
Barber (Ind. For. XXX. 545 and XXXI. 189) investigated the structure of the
haustoria, by which the Sandal tree takes up water, mineral and other substances

ADDENDA 117

from the roots of the foster plant, finally Dr. Butler and Mr. Barber have investigated
the nature of the Spike disease (Ind. For. XXIX.).

P. 554. Osyris arborea. A species, which occurs Trans-Indus and in Baluchistan,
may possibly be distinct.

P. 558. Luphorbia Nivulia. The central sessile involucre sometimes fertile (Haines).

», 208. BE. neriifolia. Orissa, wild, in rocky places (Prain, Bengal Plants 923).
+» 2 antiquorum. Andamans.

», Da9. Buxus sempervirens, var. microphylla, A dwarf shrubin North East Kumaon
and West Nepal, 11-12,000 ft. Also in China and Japan.

» 560. Bridelia retusa. Assam.

» + B. burmanica, Arakan Yoma, Minbu district.

» » B. stipularis. South Lushai hills.

» » B. pubescens. Kachin hills, Burma.

» 061. Cleistanthus collinus. Andamans.

» oo» ©. patulus. Orissa.

», 062, Andrachne cordifolia. Chitral.

» 263. Baccaurea sapida. Andamans.
+» Aporosa oblonga. South Lushai hills. Upper Burma.

» DO4. Antidesma Ghesenbilla. Andamans.

+ «» A. Bunius. South Lushai hills.

», 269. A. velutinum. Chittagong.

ss) 3 Sarcococca pruniformis. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft.

» 066. Daphniphyllum himalayense. Vern. Lal Chandan, Nep.—Upper Burma.

» 068. Breynia patens. Chutia Nagpur. Orissa.

» 369. Sauropus trinervius. Brit. Bhutan 1,000 ft. A small tree, 1. 2-4 in. long,
stipules subulate, conspicuous.

P. 570. Phyllanthus reticulatus. Vern. Mukhru, Jabalpir.—Assam.
damans.

P. 571. P. albizzioides. Minbu district. Burma.

» » ~L. Clarkei. Brit. |Bhutan 600-1,500 ft. Branchlets deciduous, leaf blade
4-1 in. long.

P. 573. Glochidion Helferi. Andamans.

so ©. zeylanicum. Vern. Kambalu, Mal.

», 976. Croton. ? fl. usually at the base.

, 277. C. oblongifolius. Assam. South Lushai hills.

» » ©. Joufra. Chittagong.

» « ©. Tiglium. Vern. Lepcha Bis, Nep.—Truly wild in British Bhutan above
5,000 ft., in forests remote from any cultivation (Haines).

P. 578. Givotia rottleriformis. Vern. Vandarlei, Tam.

+, 382. Gelonium multiforum. Myitkyina.

», 088. Baliospermum axillare. Central Provinces.

» ; Add: Endospermum chinense, Benth. ; Prain, Bengal Plants, 946. Chittagong.
—Malay Penins. Hong Kong. A tree, 1, alternate, coriaceous, entire, hoary or
almost silvery beneath, broadly ovate, obtuse, blade 3-7, pet. 14-4 in., basal n. 3-5.
Fl. dicecious, in simplespikes or racemes, ¢ clustered, subsessile, ? solitary, pedicelled,
petals 0. Ovary 2-celled, ovule 1 in each cell. Fr. tomentose, nearly 4 in. diam.

P. 585. Excacaria Agallocha. Schimper, Indo-Mal. Strandflora 35, reports having
seen it in Ceylon on short stilts, similar to those of Bruguiera. iv
P. 587. Aucnornea, fl. on simple or panicled unisexual spikes or racemes.

» » A. rugosa. South Lushai hills.

» 088. Mallotus Roxburghianus. Behar.

» x» M. nepalensis. Myitkyina.

» 089. M. muricatus. Courtallum.

» » ML polyneurus. Peduncle leaf-opposed.

» D090. M. philippinensis. Assam. Andamans.

» 092. Macaranga Roxburghii. Andamans.

+» » Cleidion javanicum, Assam.

,, 093. Homonoia riparia. Chittagong.

», 095. Holoptelea integrifolia. S. EB. Punjab.

Celtis australis. Vern. Binju,Chitral. Not often planted in the plains of the

Bengal. An-

P. 596. C. tetrandra, ‘Travancore, 8-6,000 ft. Attains 50 ft, 1 ft. diam.
» » ©. cinnamomea. Travancore, up to 7,000 ft.

., 097. Trema orientalis. Vern. Ami, Mal.

» » IL. politoria, Vern. Andia, Majni, Jabalpur.

» D099. Ficus subulata, South Lushai hills.

sy OO Lance Dathousivn. Travancore.

soy) 6 mysorensis. Myitkyina,

» » & Rumphii. Sundriban.—Usually begins as an epiphyte.

718 ADDENDA

P. 602. F. infectoria. Chutia Nagpur. Sundriban. Chittagong. Andamans.

603. F. retusa. Sundriban.

» » £&. glabella. Chittagong.

,, 606. F. hispida. Andamans.

» 9» Lf. semocarpa.—Syn. F. laminosa, Hardw.; Prain, Bengal Plants, 982. In
January 1905 Kanjilal found in the valley of the Palain river, Garhwal, on the water-
edge, in a very shady place, a remarkable specimen with lanceolate opposite 1.
narrowed into a very short pet. and prominent lanceolate stipules, but 12 ft. high and
15 in. girth, with the characters of F. semocarpa, but in habit approaching F. hispida.
P. 606. F. Cunia. Bengal. :

» 607. F. palmata. Chitral, common (Kavwit).

, 608. & hirta. South Lushai hills.

» £. pyriformis. Chittagong.

> 609. F. scandens. Jabalpur. Chutia Nagpur. Chittagong.

F. levis. Chittagong.

>» £. glomerata. Central Provinces.

» 610. Alleanthus Kurzii. South Lushai hills.

» 612. Artocarpus Lakoocha. Vern. Thini pilavu, Tam.—Bengal. South Lushai hills.
3, 612. Morus alba. Vern. Wrdch, Chitral. ;

614. Broussonetia papyrifera. See W. H. Craddock in Ind. For. XXVI. 613.

615. Streblus asper. Vern. Majni, Jabalpur.—Central Provinces. Andamans.
617. Behmeria macrophylla. Assam. Kachin hills, 2-2,500 ft.

618. Sarcochlamys pulcherrima. Minbu district. Burma.

5, Debregeasia hypoleuca. Punjab Salt range.

» 619. Juglans regia. Vern. Birbogh, Chitral.

» » Llatanus orientalis. Not now cultivated in Kashmir, the existing trees are
mostly old. (J. R. Drummond.)

P. 620. Myrica Nagi. Probably not indigenous in the Punjab Himalaya.

» 621. Casuarina equisetifolia. From a paper by E. R. Murray on the Casuarina
plantations Nellore (Ind. For. XX XT. 475) it appears that in that district the yield per
acre per annum is under 24 tons.

P. 625. Quercus Ilex. Vern. Banj, Chitral.

626. @. incana. Salt range, above 3,500 ft., rare.

629. Q. Lindleyana. Arakan Yoma.

;, 6382. Q. dealbata. Minbu district, Upper Burma.

633. Add: To section V. probably belong 2 imperfectly known species: 388.
Q. Listeri, King, Ann. II. t. 82. Syn. Q. Jenkinsii, Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 12-13.
Upper Assam. L. coriaceous, entire, acuminate, base acute, upper surface glabrous,
shining, lower pale, minutely pubescent, blade 10-14, pet.14-2in. 4 fl. in narrow
erect axillary panicles, the branches stiff, 3? in. long, nearly at right angles on the
rachis. @ fl. in clusters of 3, on stout short simple spikes. Acorns supposed to belong
to this, resemble those of Q. lanceefolia. 39. Q. Jenkinsii, Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. t.
1212. Upper Burma. A doubtful species, cf. King, Ann. IT. 89.

P. 636. Salix acmophylla. Vern. Budka, Sind.

,, 640. Populus ciliata. Mirga, Chitral 7,200 ft.

» 9» Add: 3 (a). P. Jacquemontiana, Dode in Extraits d’une Monographie du Genre
Populus, p. 60, Paris 1905. North West Himalaya. Differs from P. ciliata by
pubescent capsules. The 2 species mentioned under P. ciliata have now been named
as follows: 7. P. Gamblei, Dode, l.c. 63, the species mentioned by Gamble, Ind. Timb.
ed. II. 690. British Bhutan, 14,000 ft. Leaves variable, those of the normal form
with a straight, not cordate base, repand-serrate, teeth large, those of the large-leaved
form cordate, evenly serrate, blade 8-10, pet. 2-3 in. long, 2 large glands at base of
leaf. Bracts of ¢ fl. lanceolate, 4 in. long, nearly entire, not caducous, edges densely
ciliate with long silky hairs. Capsule very narrowly ovoid, 3 times as long as broad,
disk scarcely toothed. 8. P. glauca, Haines MSS. From Nepal to Bhutan, 7,500-
10,000 ft., chiefly on the crest of ridges, but not common. Attains 50 ft. and 54 ft.
in girth, branchlets with prominent leaf-scars. L. glabrous, very glaucous beneath,
nerves and petioles red. Fl. 2 or g, male not yet found, rachis and pedicels woolly.
Bracts from elliptic to orbicular, 4-4 in. long, laciniate and fimbriate. Disk large,
unequally 3-7-fid, stamens usually 1-4, sometimes more, anthers red. Capsule
tomentose, 3-4-valved.

P. 641. Dracena angustifolia. Lt.-Col. Prain informs me that D. ensifolia, Wall., is
a distinct species of British Bhutan, Assam, the Khasi, Naga and Lushai hills, and
the Kachin hills of Upper Burma. D. angustifolia, Roxb., he regards as a littoral
species. See Kurz F. Fl. Burma II. 543 and Prain in Records Botanical Survey of
India I. 3638.

P. 641. Smilax macrophylla. Andamans.

;, 646. Phenix sp. No. 11. Endosperm ruminate, embryo dorsal (Rogers).

647. Pinanga gracilis. Kachin hills, Upper Burma.

”

” ”

2

ADDENDA 719

P. 648. Nipa fruticans. The midrib of leaflets on the underside has (attached by the
middle) a number of soft linear brown scales.

P. 650. Plectocomia macrostachya. The range of mountains mentioned in connection
with this and other species in this book, and called Bithoko in my time, separates the
Yunzalin from the Metharauk and further south the Yunzalin from the Salween river.
(See Map appended to Selections from Records Govt. of India, Foreign Dept. XXIX.
1861). Mr. Manson informs me that the correct name is Bu-so-kho.

P. 650. Dzmonorors. Leaf-rachis mostly produced into a long flagellum.

» » DD. Manii. Leaf-sheaths sparingly armed, spines short, recurved.

» » D. Kurzianus, Bece. Pegu. Tenasserim. Leaves dark green.

+ . Add: Plectocomiopsis geminifiorus, Becc. Tenasserim.

» 651. Calamus arborescens. Bassein. Pegu.

3, 653. C. viminalis. Mandalay.

» » ©. longisetus. Vern. Khabaung or Thabaung, Burm. G. Rogers reports an
erect species on the Andamans, otherwise similar to C. longisetus.

P. 653. C. Doriwi. Mandalay.

» » ©. andamanicus. Leaflets usually alternate.

» 654. C. palustris, Less armed than C. latifolius, steal: scattered spines on leaf-
rachis.

P. 654. Add: The following three climbing imperfectly-known kinds, the leaf-rachis
without flagellum, are according to G. Rogers exported as rattans from the Anda-
mans: 35. C. pseudorivalis, Bece. Vern. China bet. Leaflets equidistant, leaf-sheaths
unarmed, saceate at the top. Stems 50-80 ft. long, canes without sheaths 3-% in.
diam., split readily, used for cane furniture. 36. A cane also called China bet, but
leaf-sheaths armed with numerous broad stiff flat spines up to # in. long. 37. Vern.
Safed Kupri. Leaflets fascicled, does not split, not used for making cane > furniture.
P. 654. Korthalsia laciniosa. G. Rogers reports a second species from the Andamans.
Ochrea (ligule) 1-2 in. long, closely “clasping the stem, leaves, leaflets and spikelets
smaller, fr. much larger than that of K. laciniosa.

P. 655. Wallichia densiflora. Assam.

», 655. Nannorhops Ritchieana. Vern. Patha, S. W. Punjab.

» 656. Livistona speciosa. Chittagong.

» » Licuala peltata. Fr. orange.

» « L. spinosa, Trunk smooth. Fr. red, nearly globose, } in. diam. (Rogers).

,, 659. Pandanus Leram. Discovered and described by Nicolas Fontana in 1778.
Aérial roots 8-10 ft. long.

P. 667. Add: Phyllostachys, No. 4. Hills north of Papin, generally near streams,
F. B. Manson, April 1905. Vern. Bawa, Burm.; Mépwé, Kar. Single-stemmed, but
forming large dense patches. Culms 12-20, sometimes up to 30 ft. Internodes 5-9 in.
long, 1 in. diam. L. often apparently in pairs, 4-5 by 4 in., pet. slender, } in. long,
ligule with deciduous bristles, n. 36-40 on } in., transverse veins forming squares and
rectangles with the nerves. Leaves similar to "Phyllostachys No. 3.

P. 672. Gigantochloa macrostachya. A further examination of the fl. specimens
collected by me in 1862, which were kindly lent me by the Royal Bot. Gardens
Caleutta, and a comparison with fl. specimens of Oxyltenanthera nigrociliata from
different localities has convinced me that this species is an Oxytenanthera and should
be called O. macrostachya. Gamble’s tab. 60 shows the palea of O. nigrociliata with
an entire pointed apex, and the style bifid, while tab. 54 (@. macrostachya) has the
apex of palea bidentate and the style entire. I find palea and style in both species
alike ; the palea is always bidentate, though in a young state the teeth may not have
separated. The style is neither bifid, nor trifid (Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. XX VI. 129),
it is densely clothed with short stiff hairs in the greater portion of its length, and
with long soft often branched papille near the apex. The character, given for
Oxytenanthera, that the uppermost palea is only slightly or not at ot keeled, cannot,
according to my experience, be depended upon. Kurz, F. FI. 555, placed all
Burmese Oxytenantheras in Gigantochloa, and as this is the sides name, it may
eventually be right to follow him. From 0. nigrociliata this species differs by the
broad wavy band at the apex of culm-sheath on both sides of the blade, described by
Kurz and figured on Gamble’s t. 54, and the numerous long cilia at the mouth of
leaf-sheath.

P. 672 (b). Tabindaing, Burm. Wabgai, Karen. Yunzalin valley above Papin and
on the head-waters of the Beeling river in Martaban. Specimens collected by
F. B. Manson, April 1905 (received in November) have ¢ fl. only, without any trac eof
ovary. Spikelets polished, lanceolate, 1-1} in. long, in small fascicles of 2-8 spikelets,
supported by coriaceous polished sheaths, 1-2 in. long. Glumes glabrous, not ciliate
on the edges empty 2, flowering 4-5; glumes 4, palea 4-4 in. long. Anthers 6,
glabrous, bidentate at the tip, sagittate at base, with very hart filaments, seated on
a fleshy torus. Palea ciliate and obtuse at apex, with 5 longitudinal nerves between
the densely ciliate keels, lodicules none. Culms 40-60 ft. high, lower half naked

720 ADDENDA

with the exception of afew short branches near the ground. Internodes 22-29 in.
long, 23-3 in. diam., culm-sheaths firm, outside with ~plack irritating hairs, apex
with two broad undulating bands on both sides of the blade. Genus unknown, neither
Gigantochloa nor Oxytenanther a. The distinctly keeled palea is against Melocanna.
P. 674. Oxytenanthera nigrociliata. Vern. Wapyugyi, Burm. Wamay, Karen (Papuan).
Plentiful in Martaban, on the hills between the Beeling and Salween rivers. The
culms of the first year bright glossy green, finely streaked with white lines, stiff
black hairs +; in. long on the upper part of internode, below the nodes (Manson). The
lowest fl. in the spikelet is the youngest, staminal-tube short, enclosing the ovary ; in
the middle fl. the anthers are shedding their pollen, the staminal-tube being nearly
as long as the style and enclosing it. In the uppermost fl. the caryopsis is nearly
mature, 3 in., crowned by the persistent style $-1 in. long.
P. 676. Dendrocalamus membranaceus. Vern. Hmyin-byu-wa, Burm. Paptn, Martaban,.
F. B. Manson.
P. 679. Teinostachyum Helferi, Gamble. Thaw-khwé, Kar. Hills east of Papun,
Martaban, F. B. Manson.
P. 681. Dinochloa MClellandi. Vern. Sin-nin-wa, Burm.; Baw, Kar. Hills on the
head-waters of the Maitharauk stream.
P. 684. Ochlandra. Species 7 in India, 1 in the Malay Peninsula.
P. 692. Abies Webbiana. Dr. Augustine Henry has drawn my attention to a remark-
able character observed by him in all specimens cultivated in Great Britain, viz.,
that the furrows between the raised leaf cushions are clothed with minute brown
hairs, while the branchlets of A. Pindrow are perfectly glabrous. It would be
interesting to ascertain the origin of the seed, from which the specimens of A. Webbiana,
now growing in Great Br itain, have been raised.
P. 693. Dr. Henry informs me that the Spruce of the Chumbi valley is P. morindoides,
Rehder in Sargent Trees and Shrubs, I. p. 95, tab. 48, described from a specimen culti-
vated in France.

P. 170. Zizyphus Jujuba, A shrubby form, more or less gregarious, in the sub-hima-
layan tract, Oudh, Chutia Nagpur and elsewhere.

A. W. Lushington in Ind. For. XXX. 161 and G. M. Ryan on p. 450 have justly
drawn attention to the large number of Indian trees which reproduce themselves by
root-shoots, commonly known as root-suckers.* The following list is based almost
entirely upon these two most useful communications. The subject will doubtless
receive more attention in future, and many species will then be added to the present
list :-—

Polyalthia cerasoides, Anona squamosa, Kydia calycina, Hriolena quinquelocularis,
Helicteres Isora, Grewia orbiculata, Aigle Marmelos, Balanites Roxburghii, Ailanthus
glandulosa, Garuga pinnata, Boswellia serrata, Protium caudatum, Azadirachta indica,
Soymida febrifuga, Chloroxylon Swietenia, Gymnosporia emarginata, Eleodendron
glaucum, Zizyphus nummularia, Dodonea viscosa, Schleichera trijuga, Odina Wodier,
Buchanania latifolia, Ougeinia dalbergioides, Butea frondosa, Dalbergia latifolia,
D. Sissoo, D. paniculata, Pterocarpus Marsupium, P. santalinus, Pongamia glabra,
Hardwickia binata, Cassia Fistula, C. siamea, C.montana, C.auriculata, Tamarindus indica,
Prosopis spicigera, Xylia dolabriformis, Acacia arabica (doubtful, Ryan), A. eburnea,
A. leucophlea, A. Catechu, A. dealbata, Albizzia procera, A. odoratissima, A. Lebbek,
A.amara, Terminalia tomentosa, Anogeissus latifolia, Alangium Lamarckii, Randia,
dumetorum, R. uliginosa (abundantly, Ryan), Ixvora parviflora, Morinda tinctoria,
Diospyros melanoxylon, Chloroxylon, Schrebera swietenioides, Holarrhena antidysenterica
(abundantly, Ryan), Wrightia tinctoria, Dolichandrone falcata, D. crispa, Hetero-
phragma adenophyllum, Stereospermum chelonoides, Millingtonia hortensis, Lantana
aculeata, Vitex negundo, V. altissima, Hippophaé salicifolia, Santalum album, Bridelia
retusa, Antidesma Ghezembilla, Fluggea Leucopyrus, Croton oblongifolius, Eacecaria
Agallocha, Mallotus philippinensis, Trewia nudiflora (abundantly, Ryan), Ficus
hispida, Artocarpus hirsuta, Alnus incana, Populus euphratica.

FurtHer ADDENDA.
P. xvi. Mr. Talbot’s excellent account of the Forest Flora of Bombay and Sind., Ind.

For. XXXII. 8, 56, 126, containing on p. 60 a detailed description of the Kaus and
evergreen forests, reached me after the Introduction had been printed.

* Mr. Lushington objects to the term root-sucker because roots do not asa rule
produce leaf- buds. But the roots of Elms and Poplars which in Europe produce
abundant root-suckers (French drageon) are real roots, not rhizomes, and this doubt-
less is the case with the Indian trees here mentioned.

ADDENDA 721

P. XVII. The Sal forests of the Raigarh range, Balaghat Division, Central Provinces,
are stated to be on trap and laterite.

P. 28. C.K. Schneider (Bulletin Herbier Boissier 1905, p. 666) considers that the North-
west Himalayan shrub, hitherto referred to Berberis vulgaris, is B. pachyacantha,
Kochne. :

P. 29. C.K. Schneider classes the Nilgiri Berberis under 3 species: B. tinctoria, Leschen.
B. Wightiana, C. K. Schneider, and B. ceylanica, C. K. Schneider. The Himalayan
shrub, hitherto called B. aristata, he classes under B. aristata, DC., and B. chitria,
Lindl. (p. 453). He also describes B. garhwalensis, C. K. Schneider, from Garhwal,
and 6. Thomsoniana, C. K. Schneider, from Sikkim.

P. 40. Gynocardia odorata is called by Prain, Bengal Plants 232, Chaulmoogra
odorata, Roxb.

P. 42. Taraktogenos Kurzii, Vern. Chaulmugra, Chittagong. It is now certain that
this tree yields the ChatJmugra oilof commerce., ef. D. Hooper in Agricultural Ledger,
No. 5, of 1905.

P. 158. Buonymus grandiflorus. Chumbi. Bhutan.

P. 237. Tosa Collettii. Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal LX XIII. 203, states “styles
connate.”

1 a Pyrus is now generally divided into 4 genera: Malus, Pyrus, Sorbus and Micro-
meles,

P. 291. Pyrus vestita is called by C. K. Schneider (Laubholz kunde I. 683), Sorbus
cuspidata, Hedlund.

P. 292. OC. K. Schneider (1.c. p. 680) calls Pyrus foliolosa Sorbus ursina, Dene, and P.
Wallichii Sorbus foliolosa, Spach.

P. 292. The Afghan and Indian tree here called P. Aucuparia, is identified by C. K.
Schneider (1.c. p. 668) with Sorbus thianshanica, Ruprecht.

P. 295. Cotoneaster Simondsii, Hort., and C. thymifolia, Hort., should be C. Simonsii,
Baker, and C. thymifolia, Baker. F

P, 359. Alfred Rehder, in his Synopsis of the Genus Lonicera, published in the 14th
Annual Report of the Missouri Botanic Gardens (1903), p. 124, substitutes for Lonicera
decipiens the older name L. lanceolata, Wall.

P. 359. L. glauca is identified by A. Rehder (1.c. 92), with the older species L. Semenovii,
Regel, from Turkestan.

P. 360. A. Rehder (l.c. 56), identifies L. parvifolia, Edgew., with L. obovata, Royle, and
on p. 44 calls the species described under no. 24 L. Myrtillus, Hook. fil. et Thoms.

P. 479. Cordia Macleodii. Vern. Hadang. Kan. ‘
P. 568, line 29, 80: Melanthesa (not Melanthesopsis) obliqua and M. truncata. In the
letterpress Wight calls the last-named species: M. turbinata.

P. 568, line 16 from below: Breynia rhamnoides, the female fl. are solitary.

P. 573, line 5 read: Glochidion lanceolarium. Voigt. Syn. Phyllanthus lanceolarius,
Muell. Arg.

P. 578, line 35, read: G. lanceolarium, Voigt.

P. 580. Add: Nepenthandra lanceolata, Spencer le M. Moore in Journal of Botany
XLII. 149, tab. 471. Muleyit hill, Tenasserim. A shrub or small tree, branchlets
and |. pubescent or tomentose, |. alternate, entire, subcoriaceous. F). moncecious
panicled, § numerous, ? solitary on long pedicels at the end of the ramifications of
panicle. ¢: sepals 5, petals 5, anthers 8, on a slender column, at the base with a disk of
5 fleshy glands. ¢@ : petals 0, the sepals accrescent in fr.

P. 609. Ficus pomifera, Vern. Ka-aunggyi, Burm.

P.667. A thorny bamboo, collected on the Hmin-Fang range, Lushai hills, Vern. Phar,
Lushai (two culm pieces, a few twigs and detached |., no notes, reed. May 1906), may
possibly be an Arundinaria. Internodes 3-6 in., diam. 14-2 in., walls thick. At each
node a ring of numerous sharp thorns, up to 25, slightly bent downwards, mostly 4, some
#in. long. Culmsheaths membranous, longer than internodes, densely clothed with
dark brown hairs, the thorns piercing the sheath, blade triangular. L. 6 by 4-3 in.,
22 n. on } in., transverse veins conspicuous.

P. 671. Bambusa arundinacea. Vern. Dongi, Kan.

P. 688. B. baccifera. Chittagong 1801. Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 25.

P. 6938 and 720. The Spruce of Sikkim and Bhutan probably is P. morindoides,
Rehder. Griffith (Journal 259, Itin. Notes 145) called this tree Abies spinulosa and
figured it in Ic. Pl. As. t. 868, under the name of Pinus spinulosa, Cf. Hooker’s Hima-
layan Journals IT. 35, 45.

BA

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES

Ach, 392; Acha, 250; Achal, 173; Achar,205;
Achara, 693; Actaluca, 703; Adakori,435;
Adanthei, 138; Addasaram, 498; Ad-
hatoday, 498 ; Adike, 646; Adivi Ami-
dam, 576; Adivi Gumadi, 509; Adivi
Nimma, 121; Adulsa, 498; Aduthoda
gida, 498; Agashi, 219; Agati, 219;
Aggai, 4; Ageai, 4; Aggar, 546; Agla,
263; Agru, 544; Aila, 246, 263, 268,
269; Ailan, 409; Ain, 310; Ajan, 603 ;
Ajanta, 480; Ajeru, 549; Ajhar, 339;
Ak, 471, 472 ; Akauwa, 714; Akh, 577;
Akhaul, 354; Akhe, 286; Akhola, 351 ;
Akhor, 619; Akhrot, 619; Akola, 354 ;
Akyaw, 546; Al, 392; Ala, 600; Alada,
600; Alam panei, 648; Alangi, 354;
Ali, 601; Alli, 335, 614; Al Ral, 263;
Alicha, 279; Am, 206; Amaltas, 253 ;
Amarat, 201 ; Amari, 565 ; Amate, ‘
Amati, 564 ; Amba, 206 ; Ambada, 201 ;
Ambalam, 201; Ambara, 201; Ambe,
201 ; Ambi, 206 ; Ambgul, 547 ; Amboni,
197 ; Ambota, 201 ; Ambuti, 416; Ami,
717; Amidam, 593; Amili, 169; Amla,
570 ; Amli, 252, 256, 565 ; Amlika, 570 ;
Amlok, 291; Aml6dk, 432; Amlu, 299;
Amluki, 570 ; Amma, 684 ; Amphi, 554 ;
Amra, 201; Amri, 206; Amur,142; Anab,
171; Anabo, 341; Ana-choriya, 616 ;
Anan, 477; Anar, 341; Andaka, 129;
Andamuria, 305; Andia, 717; Anduli,
712; Anduvan, 407; Anei thondi, 83 ;
Anepu, 564; Angari, 169, 387; An-
garia, 532; Angao, 158; Angnéra, 560 ;
Ango, 443; Angu, 443; Anguti, 57
Ani Kundamani, 262; Ani padu, 258 ;
Anjan, 250; ¢
Anjir, 607; ¢ Ankol,
Ankola, 354; Ankole, 483; Antawala, 191;
Anyar, 409; Aonla, 570; Appurz, 604; Ap-
ta, 256; Arali, 151, 6OL; Arambu, 675;
Aram Puli, 256; Aran, 164,510; Aranei,
15; Aranji, 614; Arasa, 715; Arasi, 601;
Arasu, 601; Aratala, 191; Arbambal,
349; Ardanda, 700; Arend, 593; Argili,
545; Ari, 216, 256; Arinj, 265 ; Arjuna,
BIL; Arkania, 629; Arkaula, 629; Ark-
har, 198; Arkhau, 696; Arkhol, 197,
199; Arkhoi, 198; Arkol, 198; Arlantha,
715; Arma, 315; Armu, 131 ; Arni, 507,
510; Arnotto, 39; Aru, 279; Arua, 126 ;
Asaina, 310; Asana kutgi, 560; Ashok,
251; Asht, GOL; Ashvatha, G01; Asidh,

338 ; Asind, 490 ; Asok, 15 ; Asoka, 251 ;
Asrelei, 46; Assu, 392; Asvattha, 601 ;
Atanday, 35 ; Athambu, 229 ; Atki, 414;
Atta punna, 55; Atta vanji, 711; Atta

Vanti, 252; Atthi, 256; Atti, 609;
Augai mara, 567; Aukchinsa, 192;
Aukehinza, 432; Auli gogen, 6:

Avala, 570; Avali, 595; Avaram, 254 ;
Awga, 305; Awlé, 584; Ayama, 332 ;
Ayani, 611; Ayar, 409; Ayima, 332.

Babain, 666; Babar, 264; Babul, 264;

23

Bada, 636; Badam, 278; Badanike,
549; Badibyu, 566; Badwar, 199;

Bael tree, 119; Baen, 514; Bage, 271;
Bagi Sutrum, 29; Bagni, 246; Bag
Verendi, 576; Bahan, 639; Bahawa,
253: Bahera, 307; Bai, 133; Baibrang,
416; Baikal, 163; Baing, 346; Baini,
654; Bains, 416, 636; Bainshra, 637 :
Bairola, 480; Baisi kara, 371; Bajail,
679; Bajal, 675; Bajinike, 548 ; Bajar,
658; Baka, 219; Bakain, 140; Bakam,
246 ; Bakapu, 246; Bakar, 511; Bakar-
shang, 195; Bakas, 498; Bakas, 715;
Bakhru, 359; Bakia milo, 706; Bakli,

315; Bakora, 389; Bakul, 425; Bal,
170; Balagi, 55; Balasu, 385; Bal-
dengra, 226; Bali, 2; Ballon, 9; Bal-

pale, 161 ; Balra, 307 ; Balu chinia, 348 ;
Baluka, 670; Balukhat, 8; Balu letwa,
348; Balit, 625 ; Bamari, 606 ; Bamaur,
356; Bambwe, 332; Bamora, 356;

Bamura, 264; Ban, 626; Bana, 543,
551; Banbhata, 490; Ban-bokal, 567:
Banborla, 536; Ban chalita, 180;
Banch hii, 232; Ban-chhui, 706;
Banda, 548, 551, 552; Bandari, 186;
Bandilla, 624; Bandriphal, 141; Ban-
duka, 548; Banga, 626; Bangta, 646 ;

Banguch, 361; Ban gilaib, 288; Bani,
514; Banj, 101, 626, 718; Ban-jam,
323; Banjar, 625; Banje, 548; Ban kakri,
700; Ban kapas, 76; Ban Kasseru, 344 ;
Bankhor,185; Bankimu, 355 ; Ban Wor,
288 ; Ban Kuja, 288 ; Ban masuri, 564 ;
Banna, 475; Ban Naringa, 582; Banni,
260, 627 ; Ban Nimbu, 112; Banphalta,
201; Banpindalu, 379; Ban-ritha, 269 ;
Bans, 675; Bansa, 271, 498 ; Banshara,
291; Ban sinjli, 294; Ban Tilla, 299;
Banwan, 416; Banyan, 600 ; Baoli-lota,
470; Bar, 600; Bara bet, 652; Bara

724

chakma, 629; Bara Champ, 7; Bara
katus, 634; Baran, 272; Baranga, 78 ;
Barangi, 508 : Bara Siaru, 617 ; Bargah,
78 ; Bargat, 600; Barhi, 11; Bariala, 670;
Barilla, 518 ; Barin, 627; Barma, 696;
Barmi, 696; Barna, 32: Baroli, 217;
Barrar, 467 ; Barri, 603 ; Barthua, 371;
Baru, 189: Barungi, 627; Basal, 675;
Bashing, 498 ; Bashroi, 637 ; Basna, 219 :
Bassandur, 286; Eassari, 602; Bata, 467;
Batah, 467; Batal, 159; Batkar, 595 ;
Batindu, 24; Batraj, 507; Battonda,
361; Batul, 585; Batungl, 551; Bat-
wasi, 175 ; Baudgali, 550: Baunri, 355 :
Bauri phal, 139; Baw, 352, 353, 720:
Bawa, 675, 719; Baukwa, 675; Bawanet,
498; Baya, 133; Bayalo, 90; Bebar,
232; Bebrang, 416; Bébya, 48; Bed,
636; Bed mushk, 638; Bedu, 607;
Beesha, 684 ; Begaun, 489 ; Béegyo, 508 ;
Beheda, 307; Behti, 679; Behul, 95;
Beim, 279; Bein-thein, 108; Bekar,
500; Bekhar, 281}; Bekesh, 194; Bél, 119,
449; Bela, 207; Beli, 118: Belkangu,
2; Bel Kanu, 487 ; Belkim, 2; Bellaka,
78; Benang, 294; Bendi, 78 ; Benduga,
554: Beneng, 666; Bent, 652; Benti-
bans, 681; Bér, 169; Bet, 652; Betar,
694; Bethama, 652; Beti, 679 : Bettar,
694: Betua, 669; Betungli, 549, 716;
Bhadra, 381 ; Bhadrak, 403; Bhadrao,
531; Bhadras, 103; Bhadroi, 532 ; Bhain-
shra, 637; Bhaira, 307; Bhairala, 478 ;
Bhalkua, 670; Bhambela, 159; Bham-
beli, 158; Bhan, 639; Bhander, 171 ;
Bhant, 507 ; Bhara, 303 ; Bharati, 163 ;
Bhashli, 637 ; Bhaulan, 371; Bhe, 636 ;
Bhebham, 666; Bhekal, 40, 281;
Bhekar, 498 ; Bhela, 207 ; Bhendi, 701 ;
Bhendy, 75; Bhengoi, 518; Bhenta,
118; Bhéntra, 694; Bhera, 146, 285;
Bherenda, 593; Bheri, 343: Bhersing,
493 : Bhiala, 251 ; Bhibri, 288 ; Bhilawa,
207: Bhilmora, 516; Bhilun, 207;
Bhimal, 95; Bhingi, 416; Bhira, 146 ;
Bhitterik, 694; Bhojo, 531; Bhokar,
478: Bhokaran, 286; Bhoma, 575;
Bhondara, 338 ; Bhor, 170 ; Bhora, 709 ;
Bhorsal, 371; Bhuj, 622; Bhuja pat,
622; Bhujlu, 296; Bhujpattra, 622;
Bhunj, 619; Bhurkul, 371; Bhurvar,
601; Bhutan Kusam, 577; Bhutkes,
711; Bhutnoi, 361; Biar, 689; Biba,
207; Bibha, 207; Bibla, 240; Bidru,
671; Bidungulu, 671; Bihi, 289;
Bihul, 702; Bija Sal, 240; Bijli, 669 ;
Bike mara, 103 ; Bikki, 293 ; Bila patri,
119; Bilgar, 113; Bil, 119; Bilana,
32; Bili basri, 603; Bili-dupa, 72;
Bilimbi, 111; Bilin, 119; Billa, 146,
584; Billi, 410; Bilsa, 636; Bilwara,
271; Bim, 87 ;*Binda, 515; Bindi, 593 ;
Bindu, 515; Bindukli, 549, 550;
Bingah, 370; Bini, 514; Binju, 717;
Bins, 636 ; Bi nwé, 108 ; Bio, 240; Bira,
566; Birbogh, 718; Birli, 654; Birsa,
636; Bisenda, 595; Biskoprah, 247 ;
Bistendu, 431; Bitasa, 636; Bithal,
694; Biti, 233; Bitl, 95 ;{Blatti, 340;

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES

Bobbi, 54; Bodal, 183; Bodantham,
258 ; Boddar, 585; Boddi, 714; Boddu,
312; Boderia, 147; Bodlige, 554;
Bodula walena, 84; Boeri, 481; Boi,
516; Roil shora, 72; Boin, 619; Bok-
hada, 343; Bokkudu, 507; Bolangi
Bans, 674; Bonda, 338; Bondsa, 710;
Bonga-sarjom, 167; Bongu, 671; Bon-
méza, 272; Bonta Kalli, 558 ; Bontha-
Jamudu, 558; Bor, 169, 600; Bor
Attah, 603; Borbur, 601; Bormalla,
716; Boro mali, 108; Bor Soppa, 7;
Boruna, 505; Boti-Jamb, 710; Bovu-
mara, 67; Bras, 410; Breh, 625; Brig-
mara, 551; Brinjal, 490; Brong-Kiuing,
204; Brons, 410; Bual, 481; Bubi
Kowa, 51; Budgrat, 629; Budka, 718 ;
Budu, 552; Buhal, 478; Bui, 516;
Buirél, 290; Buk, 629; Bukal, 425;
Bulkokra, 582 ; Buna, 619 ; Bundi, 675 ;
Bundun, 87; Bundurgi, 186; Buradi,
399; Buraga, 77; Buramb, 142;
Burans, 410; Burgha, 77; Burj, 622;
Burla, 77; Burna, 591; Bursu, 97;
Buruga, 38; Bushal, 637; Bushkua,
194; Bussar, 33; Butalet, 103, 421;
Buzgai, 200; Bwegyin, 256; Byala,
119 ; Byaung-chedauk, 46 ; Byu, 4.

Chacheri, 178; Chadicha, 98; Chahan,
410; Chakcha, 177; Chakis, 283;
Chakra, 172; Chakrani, 522; Chakwa,
710; Challa, 339; Challe, 478; Chal-
meri, 570; Chalta, 3; Chamba, 216,
449, 452; Chambal, 258; Chambari,
510; Chamboi, 545; Chamchur, 28;
Chameli, 449, 450, 452; Chamlia, 545;
Champ, 8; Champa, 8; Champakam,
8; Chamror, 481 ; Chamun, 174; Chan,
531; Chanchri, 599; Chanda, 592;
Chandal, 553; Chandan, 553; Chan-
dana, 553 ; Chandanam, 553 ; Chandang,
694; Chandkura, 614; Chandni, 460 ;
Channangi, 338 ; Chaplash, 611 ‘ Chaplis,
611; Char, 205; Chara, 445; Chatiun,
459 ; Chau, 668 ; Chaulai, 373 ; Chaulda,
172; Chaulmugra, 40, 721; Chauri,

- 164, 304; Chavandi, 481 ; Chawa, 674 ;
Chawer, 712; Chayben, 209; Che, 208,
706 ; Chela, 602; Chelaun, 640; Chennan-
gi, 338 ; Chenthanam, 528 ; Cherimugri,
185 ; Cherinda, 40; Cheru, 203 ; Cheru
punna, 55; Chethura-Kalli, 558 ; Cheu,
410; Chi,208; Chiaduk, 169 ; Chichola,
271; Chichunda, 271; Chichwa, 271 ; Chi-
gara, 271; Chikan, 597 ; Chikayi, 269 ;
Chikli, 569 ; Chikna, 536 ; Chikrasi, 144 ;
Chikreni, 272; Chikri, 559 ; Chil, 689, 690;
Chila, 373 ; Chilaka duddi, 343 ; Chilar,
268 ; Chilauni, 60 ; Chilikat,'565 ; Chilka-
dtdu, 11; Chilkiya, 373; Chilla, 343,
474, 577 ; Chillari, 246 ; Chilu, 279, 359 ;
Chilu Bor, 604; Chimat, 174; Chimu,
612; China bet, 719; Chinar, 619;
Chinch, 252; Chindar, 547; Chindi,
645; Chinduga, 271; Chingari, 508;
Chingari, 512 ; Chini, 346 ; Chinia, 353 ;
Chini Vella Pasa, 346; Chinjli, 618;
Chinna kadamba, 711; Chinna polavu,

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES 725

91; Chinnita, 645; Chinta, 163, 252;
Chiny6ék, 131; Chipali, 617 ; Chipla, 567 ;
Chir, 690; Chira, 101; Chirauli, 205 ;
Chirchira, 540; Chirchitta, 490; Chiri-
manu Yellam ma, 315; Chirla, 172;
Chiroli, 205; Chironji, 205 ; Chirunda,
40 ; Chirwal, 599 ; Chita, 252 ; Chitena,
171; :Chiti boi, 475, 516; Chitra,
181; Chitring, 416; Chitti woddi,
493; Chittu ita, 645; Chitundi, 137;
Chitz, 252; Chitira, 427; Chiwa, 674;
Chiwich, 689; Chochar, 28, 29, 30;
Chék, 431, 436; Chokala, 142; Chona
Atthi, 606 ; Chora panu, 525 ; Chorpatta
616 ; Chota Bhandara, 515 ; Chotra, 29 ;
Choua, 674; Chowku, 620; Chug, 547:
Chajin, 690; Chuli, 279; Chum, 640 ;
Chumlani, 116; Chumlani, 420; Chun-
da pana, 654; Chindri, 518; Chuntli,
225; Chur, 290; Chura panu, 524;
Churing, 716; Churna, 171; Churri,
194.

Dabdabi, 131; Dabur, 457; Dade, 550;
Dadial, 159; Dadiri, 606 ; Dahat, 506 ;
Dahia, 615; Dain, 710: Dakh, 177;
Dakhi, 565; Dakur, 457; Dal, 145;
Dalchini, 533; Dalima, 554; Dalimbe,
341 ; Dallu, 679 ; Dal mara, 144 ; Dalmi,
554; Dalne katis, 634; Dalra, 145;
Dalu, 679; Damangé, 221; Damni-
shekat, 706 ; Dan, 340; Dandoshi, 236 ;
Dani, 648 ; Danima, 341 ;: Dano6n, 651 ;
Danonia, 197 ; Danthalun, 210; Danti,
163, 583; Dar, 617; Daral, 681; Dari,
706; Darina, 341; Dashane, 515;
Dasni, 197; Daspa, 296; Datir, 606;
Datiri, 599 ; Datrang, 481 ; Datri, 599 ;
Dauk talaung, 237, 238; Daukyama,
180; Daukyat, 438, 440, 543, 566;
Daukyat kyi, 543; Daukyat po, 389 ;
Daung satpya, 511 ; Dauri, 145 ; Daweh
maing, 314; Dawé-hmaing, 709; Daya,
512; Dehua, 612; Dek, 140; Dengan,
479; Deo-bans, 668, 670; Deo Ningal,
665; Deosu, 296; Dévadaru, 107;
Devadaru, 691 ; Deva garige, 49; Dev-
dari, 145 ; Devidari, 15 ; Devi diar, 693 ;
Dev reiish, 295 ; Dewa, 612 ; Dha, 341 ;
Dhagan, 479; Dhaiman, 479; Dhaiti,
341 ; Dhaiwan, 479 ; Dhak, 230 ; Dhaka,
441; Dhaman, 95; Dhamin, 98 ; Dhao,
315, 612; Dharu, 341; Dhau, 341;
Dhaukra, 315; Dhaula, 475; Dhaul-
dhak, 227; Dhaula Giala, 87; Dhaula
Khejra, 268 ; Dhaula Sadr, 311 ; Dhaura
171, 315, 338; Dhawa, 315; Dhawi,
341; Dhawla, 341 ; Dhebri, 164; Dhen-
gre Salla, 696; Dher-Umbar, 606;
Dheu, 612; Dhewtie, 341; Dhokelan,
98 ; Dhua, 130; Dhudasal, 648 ; Dhuna,
130; Dhundol, 140; Dhup, 127, 690, 694;
Dhupada, 72; Dhups, 690; Diar, 691 ;
Diar, 453 ; Didu Letpan, 75 ; Dikamali,
379; Dimal, 166; Dimarbola, 313;
Dindaga, 315 ; Dinda, 180 ; Dindal, 315;
Dingan, 60 ; Dingari, 139; Dingri, 185 ;
Dingsa, 690; Dinha, 352; Dino, 179;
Dirasanam, 271; Doani, 87; Dobin,

Eda Kula, 459;

Farash, 46; Fease, 65

236: Doda, 291; Dohu, 710; Dollu,
679 : Dolo, 679; Dolu, 679; Dom sal,
ll; Dondro, 371; Dongrima, 423;
Dongi, 721; Dowaing, 628; Dowari,
373. 481: Drawi, 145; Drek, 140;
Dudga, 493 ; Dudhi, 459, 461, 464, 467,
471: Dudhi Baéen, 515; Dudhi Bel,
462 : Dudila, 608 ; Dudla, 585 ; Dudhla,
608 ; Dumbla, 75: Din, 96, 619; Dun-
gla, 196; Dunki-bura, 560; Dunshing,
692; Durla, 600; Duyin, 78; Dwaldk,
78: Dzaral, 163.

Edang Korna, 496;
Edenkuri, 535 ; Egayit, 496; Ehir, 147;
Eik-hmwe, 710; Eikmwe, 339; Eikm-
wenwe, 416; Eil, 263; Elenji, 425;
Emvoi, 594; Eng, 66; Engyin, 68;
Ennai, 65; Ensi, 361; Erandi, 593;
Erau, 409; Erk Mehndi, 490; Eruma-
‘nakku, 606; Eda kula, 459; Etki, 558.
5d Filing, 675;

ie
Futki, 333 ; Futung, 677.
tab, 434: Gabdi, 38 ; Gabua, 648 ; Gada-
nelli, 597 ; Gadava, 332 ; Gadmawa, 620 ;
Gaia, 416; Gaild, 446; Gainti, 261;
Gair, 446: Gairal, 258; Gajji, 246;
Galasvattha, 601; Galla, 693: Gamb-
har, 509; Gamhar, 591; Gamhar, 509 ;
Ganagala, 458 ; Gandada, 553 ; Gandal,
364: Gandala, 364; Gandera, 458 ;
Gandha, 553, Gandhela, 113 ; Gandhla,
113 ; Ganera, 151 ; Ganéra, 462 ; Ganéri,
38 ; Gangaw, 55; Gangér, 173 ; Ganger,
490; Gangeru, 209; Gangertn, 95;
Gango, 95; Gangro, 490 ; Ganhila, 511 ;
Ganiar, 38; Gapra, 40; Gapsundi, 43 ;
Garali, 104; Garambi, 261 ; Garar, 427,
561; Garari, 561; Garaunda, 455;
targoti, 40 ; Gargu, 131 ; Gariphal, 286 ;
Garh kimu, 355; Garji, 455; Garna,
455: Garol, 1; Garri, 131; Gar-tushi-
ara, 618; Garu, 546; Garuga, 131;
Gataran, 707; Gatsakai, 246; Gauj,
220: Gaunta, 416; Gausam, 189;
Gazzaja, 246; Geang, 359; Geelhout,
696 ; Gehain, 547 ; Gehoilay, 206 ; Gejra
38; Gempé Aselu, 285; Gengwa Geo-
gheria, 585; Genthi, 617; Genti, 261,
617 ; Gér, 207 ; Geva, 585 ; Ghagri, 706 ;
Ghaneri, 502; Ghant, 444; Gharait,
715; Ghargurei, 171; Gharri, 131;
Ghat bor, 171; Ghattol, 171; Ghaz,
45; Ghazlei, 45; Ghela, 382, 383;
thentu, 507 ; Ghera, 383 ; Ghetra, 391 ;
thisanni, 186; Ghiwai, 547; Ghiwala,
511; Ghogar, 379; Ghora bel, 228;
Ghunia, 453; Ghunza, 294; Ghur-
gia, 380; Ghushki, 694; Ghuttia,
475; Giali, 87; Gidar dakh, 178 ; Gid-
ora, 714; Gila, 261 ; Gilchi, 343 ; Gilo,
246 ; Gingaru, 294 ; Ginjan, 200 ; Ginroi,
547; Giridi, 343; Girnal, 176; Gisanni,
186; Gitoran, 36; Gyjut, 436;
Gnuthein, 253 ; Goalanchi, 458 ; Gobia,
680; Gobla, 606; Gobra-nerul, 558 ;
Gobre Salla, 692; Gobria, 101; Goda,

505 ; Godambe, 204; Godda, 131, 200;
Godela, 479; Godgodalo, 80; Godi
Babul, 264; Godugu Thumma, 264;
Goehlo, 511 ; Goele-lota, 177 ; Goganda,
62; Gogay Champ, 7; Gogea, 62; Gog-
ina, 62; Gogul, 703 ; Gogul dhup, 130;
xohora, 510 ; Goi, 195 ; Goje, 560 ; Gola
bent, 650; Gol, 200, 597; Goldar, 82 ;
Gomari, 509 ; Goncha, 226 ; Gonda pal-
aso, 11 ; Gondi, 257, 480 ; Gondni, 560 ;
Gongal, 38 ; Goni, 453, 601 ; Go Ningal,
665 ; Gonj, 241 ; Gonji, 112 ; Gén-nyin,
261; Gonta, 173; Gonyia, 98; Gope,
680; Gophla, 28 ; Gopuri, 707 ; Gorad,
708 ; Gorakkapulli, 51; Goranti, 340;
Goran, 304; Goraunsa, 655; Goravi,
388 ; Goria, 304; Gorinta, 340 ; Gorivi,
388 ; Goti, 171; Gouri bet, 651; Gua,
646 ; Guagoli, 87 ; Guaguti, 185 ; Gich,
363; Gigal, 133; Gugal, 69; Guggal,
694; Guggul dhup, 127; Gugil, 416;
Gugli, 72; Gulabresham, 272; Gulab
Jaman, 318 ; Gulachin, 458 ; Gulal, 435 :
Gular, 80, 609; Gulel, 24; Gulga, 648 ;
Gulgul, 38; Gulkandar, 80; Gulmavu,
530; Gulmur, 527; Guloh, 24; Gulum,
530; Gulwail, 24; Gummadi, 509;
Gumudu, 509; Gumpan, 200; Gunchi,
225; Gundali, 391; Gundi, 479, 480;
xundira, 134; Gunglay, 38 ; Gunj, 200 ;
Gunji, 112; Gunsi, 695 ; Gunsur, 577:
Gurach, 24; Guracha, 286; Gura pala
Tiga, 464; Gurar, 271, 708; Gurar,
220; Gurazah, 359; Gurgi, 500; Gur-
gura, 427; Gurjun, 65; Gurlpata, 116;
Gursakri, 702; Guruba, 653; Guti,
174; Gutti, 14; Guttia, 304; Guvaka,
646; Gwalam, 290; Gwan, 199; Gwe,
201; Gwedauk, 164: Gwia, 361; Gyaung
byu, 481 ; Gyawa, 669, 679 ; Gyobo, 136,
137, 193; Gyutnwe, 688.

Habra, 308; Hadang, 721; Hadawa,
596; Hadri, 310; Haiga, 68: Hajero,
263; Haklo, 560; Hakun, 583; Halad
wail, 108; Halasu, 611; Haldi, 49;
Haldu, 368 ; Hale, 461; Halepan, 569 ;
Hali, 423; MHalivara, 226; Halpa,
675 ; Hammadi, 539; Hanal tadi, 103 ;
Handige, 249; Hankalu, 174: Hanuz,
444 ; Happu-savaga, 82; Har, 308, 442 ;
Haralu, 593; Harduli, 147; Hargoza,
497; Hari, 253, 279; Harinhara, 560;
Hariphal, 570; Har-kinjal, 13; Har-
mala, 504; Harmore, 716; Harpulli,
187; Harra, 308; Harsankar, 177;
Harsinghar, 442 ; Haruwa, 706 ; Hatana
709; Hati paila, 91; Hat kul, 180;
Havalige, 249; Heb-bevu, 140 ; Hebbi-
dru, 671 ; Heb halasu, 611 ; Heddi, 368 ;
Hedu, 711; Hegu, 210; Hennerl, 324;
Hepparige, 258; Hesel, 710; Hessare,
11; Hettiga, 368; Hewar, 265; Hid,
240; Hidjal, 710; Hingan, 124; Hin-
gori, 634; Hingdta, 124; Hingu, 124;
Hingua, 61; Hins, 35; Hira, 566:
Hirda, 308; Hishala, 286; Hissa, 601 ;
Hissar, 286; Hitta, 252; Hlega, 532;
Hleéza, 176; Hmaikya, 479 ; Hmanbyu,

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES

381; Hmanni, 380 ; Hmansi, 569; Hman-
thin, 533; Hmanthin-po, 533; Hmitgyin,
387; Hmit naban, 387; Hmyaseik,
614; Hmyin-byu-wa, 720; Hnaw, 368;
Hnawthein, 370; Holay, 422; Hole-
matti, 311; Holigar, 203 ; Hombu, 47 ;
Honal, 311; Honge, 243; Honne, 240 ;
Howlagerri, 203; Hpalan, 256; Huda,
684; Hulgeri, 203; Hulichellu, 590;
Huli makay, 195 ; Huluni, 58 ; Huluve,
311; Hum, 11; Hupu, 38; Hurchu,
552; Hure, 585; Hurgalu, 146;
Hurku, 198; Hurmal, 609; Hursing,
442; Huru, 585; Hussi, 495; Hutchu
bevu, 140; Hutid, 500; Huvarasi, 75.

Icha, 341, 600; Ichi, 603; Idel, 77; Ijé,
510 ; Ila pongu, 68 ; Iler, 11 ; Ilya, 78 ;
Tlli, 671 ; lava, 77; Imbri, 594; Ini,
252, 256, 565; In, 66; Indaing-seni,
128; Indaing thidin, 589; Indarjau,
459, 461; Indo, 675; Ingyin, 563;
Indrani, 504; Ipati, 514; Ippi, 426;
Ippe, 427; Irai, 54; Ira-kalli, 684;
Tral, 685 ; Irambali, 437 ; Iria, 54 ; Triki,
478; Iru, 712; Irul, 262; Irun, 507;
Trupu mara, 55; Iruputu, 233; Ishar-
mal, 522; Ita Kalli, 685; Iti, 510;
Itthi, 599 ; Itti, 233.

Jadi.603 ; Jai, 669; Jaint,219; Jaiphal,524;
Jaji, 341; Jal, 453; Jala, 265; Jalari,
69; Jalari, 70; Jaldaru, 279 ; Jalghoza,
690; Jali, 264 ; Jali Salei, 264 ; Jalkaima,
418 ; Jalmala, 636 ; Jalpai, 102 ; Jaman,
323 ; Jamba, 262 ; Jambi, 260 ; Jambu,
260; Jambul, 323; Jamnera, 323;
Jamoi, 281 ; Jamrassi, 164; Jamu, 447,
603 ; Jamu, 281 ; Jamun, 281, 323 ; Jana.
98; Janagi, 49; Jand, 260; Jangal,
Badam, 80; Jangli Arandi, 576; sete
gra, 170; Janu, 500; Janumjan, 169;
Jao, 46, 668 ; Jarika, 659; Jarila, 547;
Jarila lara, 177; Jarima, 183; Jarrah,
327 ; Jarul, 339 ; Jasunda, 251 ; Jathika,
524 ; Jathikai, 524 ; Jati, 668 ; Jayapala;
577; Jayanti, 219; Jedda Pala, 461;
Jehali, 87; Jelachi, 169; Jelledu, 472:
Jigna, 706; Jhaggar, 657; Jhal, 288;
Jhal, 453; Jhal Bhor, 170; Jhalli, 70;
Jhangra, 657; Jhanjhora, 256; Jhar,
453; Jharambi, 49; Jhau, 45, 46;
Jhaura, 46; Jhingan, 200, 706; Jhing-
ni, 58; Jhinjeri, 256; Jhuri, 554;
Jiaputa, 566; Jiban, 597; Jigna, 706;
Jiko, 544; Jilli, 664; Jiluga, 654;
Jinja, 256; Jitengi, 233; Jiti, 470;
Joi, 452; Jondhri, 564; Jovi, 602;
Jugli, 330; Jujar, 330; Jummina, 118;
Jutili, 302 ; Juvvi, 602, 603.

Ika, 619; Kaaung, 606 ; Ka-aung gale, 604 ;
Ka-aung gyi, 507, 721; Kabaing, 304;
Kabashi, 183; Kabasi, 183; Kabaung,
473; Kabbar, 33, 453; Kabonan,
570; Kabra, 604; Kachal, 692, 693 ;
Kachila, 473; WKachnar, 256, 258;
Kachri, 459; WKadaba, 370; Kadam,
367; Kadambe, 367; Kadam bet, 651;

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES 727

Kadat, 32; Kadatnyan, 16; Kadbar,
385; Kadechi, 399; Kadubendi, 101;
Kadu gadda, 138; Kadu-haralu, 576;
Kadukai, 308; Kadula, 522; Kadut,
606; Kaghsi bans, 676; Kagshi, 355;
Kaghuti, 544 ; Kagol, 597 ; Kaho, 445;
Kaide, 659 ; Kaikar, 131; Kaikin, 40;
Kail, 689; Kaim, 370; Kaimal, 200;
Kain, 558, 594 ; Kainchli, 183 ; Kaindu,
712; Kainguli, 549; Kainjli, 183;
Kainju, 182, 183; Kaiphal, 620; Kair,
33; Kaitha, 119; Kaiva, 89; Kaj, 560;
Kajja, 560; Kajolit sayel, 178; Kajra,
473; Kajrauta, 11; Kaju, 204; Kaka,
560; Kaka suroli, 431; Kakein, 40;
Kaker, 40; Kakkai, 253; Kakhi, 76;
Kakhri, 600; Kaki Bira, 107 ; Kakkar,
199; Kakke, 253 ; Kakmari, 25; Kakra,
163, 185, 199; Kakri, 33; Kakring, 199 ;
Kakri-singi, 199; Kakroi, 199: Kak.
shu, 355; Kakundan, 162; Kakun-
dan, 703; Kala-adulsa, 498; Kala
Anchu, 283, 286; Kal atthi, 603; Kala
aunsa, 655; Kala Bogati, 562; Kala
gaura, 151; Kala Hinsalu, 286; Kala
jam, 323; Kalak, 671; Kalakat, 281;
Kalakuda, 461; Kala Kura, 713;
Kalamb, 370; ‘Kalamet, 479, 701,
702; Kala Sakena, 217; Kala Tendu,
434; Kalauri, 80; Kalawso, 42;
Kalein, 246; Kalet, 481 ; Kalgante, 444 ;
WKalgur, 151; Kalhins, 35; Kalia, 674;
Kalia Siris, 271; Kali bel, 167; Kali
mirch, 523; Kalin, 363; Kalishan,
637 ; Kalitn, 655; Kalivi, ; Kallavi,
195; Kalléi, 4; Kalli, 455; Kalmani-
kam, 149; Kal-Mungil, 675; Kalén
letthe, 571; Kalucho, 155; Kal udi,
495; Kal Vaghi, 272: Kalvari, 33;
Kalwa, 457; Kamala, 590; Kamara, 250,
532; Kamaranga, 110; Kamatti, 528;
Kambal, 574; Kambalu, 717 ; Kambra,
30; Kambu, 675; Kamela, 590;
Kamlai, 200; Kamli, 617; Kammul,
29; Kamo, 303, 569: Kamoni, 57;
Kampthi, 702; Kamrak, 110; Kamu,
570; Kan, 445; Kanagala, 3; Kana
gola, 4; Kana Kaitha, 11; Kanakho,
577; WKanakindali, 192; Kanal, 474;
Kanapa, 330; Kanazo, 562; Kanbala,
341; Kanchan, 258; Kanchhinu, 355;
Kanchivala, 258; Kandal, 303; Kan-
dalu, 257; Kandar, 178, 185; Kandar,
355 ; Kanda ragi, 132 ; Kander, 33, 163 ;
Kanderu, 155; Kandi, 260; Kandiari,
708; Kandior, 132, 495; Kandla, 257;
Kandlu, 28; Kandol, 80; Kanér, 462;
Kaneri, 349; Kangal, 4; Kangei, 623 ;
Kangli, 568 ; Kangondi, 162; Kanhya,
606; Kanial, 156; Kaniar, 253; Kanj,
119; Kanja, 246; Kanjala, 421 ; Kanjei,
8; Kanji, 243; Kanjiram, 473; Kanju,
: Kanka Veduru, 675; Kanker, 40 ;
Kankra, 305; Kankya, 606; Kann,
195; iXanna, 195; Kanrai, 199; Kanta
Bans, 671; Kantai, 288; Kanta-jati,
498; IKanta Kumla, 4 Kanta-lal
batana, 635; Kanta Singar, 635;
Kantel, 42; Kantena, 418; Kanthal,

611; Kan tumri, 433; Kanuga, 243 *
Kanukpa, 112; Kanvel, 540; Kanwe
513; Kanyinbyu, 66: Kanyin-ni, 65:
Kanzal, 183 ; Kapasi, 88 ; Kapasi, 624 ;

Kapila, 590; Kapper, 194: Kappura,
481; Kar, 473; Karachi, 250; Karai,
80; Karail, 675; Karaka, 84, 308:

Kara kong, 71; Karal, 603; Karalli,
305: Karalwa, 35; Kara mara, 434;
Karamba, 380, 447; Karambola, 140 ;
Karanda, 455; Karangal, 253 ; Karan-
galli, 267 ; Kar angili, 66 ; Karanj, 243:
KKaranji, 595; Karanju, 246; Karanoi,
515: Karanta, 467; Karaunda, 455;
Karawe, 540; Karayani, 78; Kar-
dahi, 315; Kardal, 73; Kardor, 73:
Kare, 381; Karé, 377; Karepaku,
113; Karer, 288; Karghanna, 491;
Karhar, 80, 271, 711; Kari, 11, 33,
507, 713; Kari-Bevu, 113; MJKarik,
178; Karil, 33; Kari matti, 310;
Karindu, 248; Karinga, 595; Karin-
ghota, 124; Karing Kura, 495; Karin-
godi, 249; Kar itti, 707; Karhar, 80,
271, 711; Karka, 560; Karkan, 170;
Karkata, 171, 704; Karkawa, 536;
Kark6n, 195; Karma, 370; Karmal,
4; Karmara, 110; Karmari, 379;
Karmaru, 271, 272; Karra, 98; Karra
marda, 310; Karu, 507; £4JKaru
gummadi, 509; Karui, 512; Karu
Maram, 383; Karan, 612; Karun
chatthi, 713; Karung Kongu, 68

Karun thali, 713; Karupale, 566;
Karur, 246 ; Karur, 131; Karuva, 533 ;
Karu Vagei, 271 ; Karuvali, 164; Karu
Vélam, 264; Karvi, 500; Karwai, 372:
Karwand, 455; Karwant, 25; Karwat,
614; Kasa Kana, 473; Kashmal, 29 ;
Kasmar, 509; Kasning, 632; Kasraut,
231; Kassan, 335; Kassei, 560; Kassi,
560 ; Kastel, 42 ; Kata, 671 ; Katai, 40 ;
Katamba, 178; Katan, 34; Kata Nar-
unga, 121; Katangai, 145; Katar, 95;
Kataran, 34; Katari, 40; Katarni, 34 ;
Kat behula, 567; Kat bel, 119; Kath
bhuj, 622; Katbo, 161; Kates Tokar,
671; Kat Gular, 606; WKathar, 611;
Kathber,171 ; Kathé, 124; Kathi, 217,
218; Kathi, 226; Kath Karanj, 246;
Kathmora, 297; Kathnim, 113; Kath
Semal, 348; Kat Illipi, 426; Kat Illu-
pei, 424; Kat Iluppa, 423; Kat Jath-
ikai, 524; Katkaunla, 532; Katmarra,
536; Kat-mohwa, 574; Katonj, 635;
Katori, 23 ; Katpali, 426 ; Katpatia, 40 ;
Katpira, 586; Katsbal, 290; Katta
Karei, 103; Katta Murakku, 118;
Katta naragam, 121; Kattang, 671;
Katta punna, 54; Katta vekkali, 149 ;

Kattimandu, 558; Kattu cheru, 203 ;

Katugeri, 203; Katumar, 606; Katu
tsjurel, 653; Kat Vepillei, 115; Kau,
712, 713; Kaula, 530, 531; Kaulai,
169 ; Kaulia, 264 ; Kaulu, 332 ; Keaumul,
29; Kaunghmu, 70; Kaun, 1, 2;
Kaunia-bali, 699; Kaunla, 530; Kaur,
515; Kaurak, 549; Kauri, 89; Kaval,
89, 332; Kavalam, 82; Kavali, 455;

~]

28 INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES

Kavargi, 89; Kavsi, 68; Kaw, 711;
Kawa, 311; Kawala, 530; Kawanch,
226; Kawa okhar, 180; Kawili, 82;
Kawith, 119; Kawoh, 479; Kayan,
335, 490: Kayangyin, 489; Kayaung,
683; Kayaw, 585; Kayinwa, 683;
Kaymone, 57; Kayu-lakka, 239; Kea,
659; Keint, 291; Kel, 602; 603; Kel-
mang, 691; Kelu, 691; Kembri, 607;
Kenda, 712; Kenju, 539 ; Kentki, 497 ;
Keora, 341, 659; Keor kanta, 658;
Keoti, 704; Ker, 33; Kera Guj, 33;
Keura, 659; Kevani, 89; Kewar, 459;
Khabar, 601, 602; Khabaung, 719;
Khagshi, 355, 597; Khaiger, 266;
Khain, 606 ; Khair, 267 ; Khair Champa,

458; Khairwal, 258; Khaja, 560;
Khajeria, 645; Khaji, 645; Khajur,
645; Khajur, 645; Khajuri, 645;

Khakda, 230 ; Khakhin, 453 ; Khaksha,
617 ; Khalshi, 421 ; Khamara, 509, 591 ;
Khamazar, 490; Khamo, 709 ; Khang,
677; WKhanjak, 199; Khanna, 686;
Khanoi, 604; Khanor, 185; Khanphulia,
512; Kharak, 595 ; Khara Narvel, 510;
Kharasli, 442 ; Kharata, 186 ; Khardal,
597; Khardala, 84; Kharik, 595;
Kharina, 221 ; Kharota, 615 ; Kharpat,
131; Khar sing, 496; Kharsu, 625;
Khatimbal, 521; Khatta Karei, 103;
Khaungnwe, 464; Khawala, 531 ; Khaw-
lam, 680; Khaya, 425, 497; Khegra,
36 ; Khejra, 260 ; Khemri, 607 ; Khenti,
217; Khindra, 585; Khini, 606;
KKhinna, 585; Khirk, 595 ; Khirni, 425,
461; Ishirsari, 713; Khnap, 665;
Khogra, 266; Khol, 619; Kholi, 447;
Khor, 266, 619, 625; Khoru, 28;
Khour, 266; Khowsey, 84; Khudi
jamb, 564 ; Khumna, 501 ; Khunia, 606 ;
Khirma, 645 ; Kib-Bidaru, 675 ; Kibu,
500 ; Kickni, 453; Kierpa, 709; Kikar,
264; Kikra, 381; Kilavu, 407; Millar,
300; Kilu, 655; Kiluvai, 132; Kimbu,
613; Kimu, 612; Kinbalin, 564, 565 ;
Kinbot gyi, 462 ; Kindal, 311 ; Kingora,
29; Kinhai, 708; Kinjal, 311; Kin-
mauk kagyi, 508; Kinni Gurar, 271;
ip, 472; Wiral, 33; Kirbally, 55;
Iiri, 233 ; Wirithi, 414 ; Kirmira, 112;
ISirmoli, 181 ; Kirna, 385; Kirpa, 314;
Krunelli, 570; Kitul, 654; Kiu, 288 ;
Kobbari, 648; Koda, 481; Kodaga,
459; Kodai Bikki, 293; Kodaivelam,
264; Koda pala, 250; Koda punna, 4;
Kodarro, 701; Kodarsi, 569; Kohir, 560;
Koinar, 258; Koira, 459; Koish, 623;
Koilsha, 421; Koha, 311; Kokanber,'170;
Kokoh, 194, 271; Kokra, 563; Kokum,52;
KXokwa, 676; Kokyé, 78; Kolamavu,
205; Kolar, 258; Koli, 447; Koli-al,
601; Kolla-mavu, 204; Kollamavu, 530;
Komatti, 585 ; Kommi, 377 ; Konchinya
569 ; Konda, 674; Konda chigara, 272 ;
KXondagu mara, 176; Konda Ita, 645 ;
Konda mamidi, 132; Konda manga,
381; Konda mavu, 132; Konda
panni, 654; Kondavavili, 504; Kong,
71; JSongillam, 38; JKongu, 701;

KXoniari, 128; Konji, 113; Kon Kat-
hit, 227; Konnai, 253; Konpyinma,
339; Kontai Koli, 170; Konthabye, 323 ;
Kopasia, 78; Kora, 134; Korah, 69;
Kora hadi, 134; Korai, 241; Koralk
bent, 653; WKoramadi, 560; Koram
pala, 464 ; Koratta, 326 ; Koratthi, 252 ;
Korhoi, 355 ; Kori, 388"; Korinda, 248 ;
Korindam, 268; Koriti, 614; WKorivi,
189, 388; Korkotta, 4; Koroh, 69;
Korshe, 561 ; Kosam, 189; Kosh, 623 ;
Koshimb, 705; Kotako, 474; Kotki
kanta, 658; Koto, 671; Kotoha, 676 ;
Kottai, 171 ; Kottha panu, 524; Kova-
lam, 119; Kowri Babul, 264; Koya,
252; Krammal, 640; JKreo, 625;
Krishing, 145; Krishti, 442: Ivok,
692 ; Kroma, 530; Krin, 612 ; Ia, 595,
596 ; Kuchan, 686 ; Kuchla, 473 ; Kuda,
323 ; Kudak, 131 ; Kudla, 459 ; Kuduru,
566 ; Kugli, 267 ; Kuja, 288 ; Kujri, 162 ;
Kukal, 416; Kukar, 82; Kukari, 82;
Kukis, 283 ; Kukku movi, 128 ; Kukoti,
588 ; Kukurkat, 371 ; Kul hathuri, 144 ;
Kuli, 509; Kullur, 593; Kulsi, 421; Kulu,
80; Kumb, 332, 480; Kumbal, 688 ;
Kumbi, 38 ; Kumbi, 332 ; Kumbia, 332 ;
Kumbili, 509; Kumbul, 422; Kumhi,
332 ; Kumia, 330; Kumpoli, 422: Kum-
ta, 266; Kun, 523, 646; Kunch, 225 ;
IKunda, 449 ; Kundrikam, 129 ; Kundri
Kam, 130; Kunis, 623; Kunj, 595;
Kunjo, 288; Kunkudu, 191; Kunlai,

261; WKunlinnet, 641; Kunsh, 623;
Kunthani, 252 ; Kuntz, 623 ; Kura, 388,
459; Kuradia, 14; Kuranchi, 286;

Kurang. 452; Kuri, 442, 597; Kaur-

kan, 283; Kurka tura, 171; Kurma,
530; Kurmura, 272; Kurmuri, 379;
Kurmuru, 272; Wurpa, 335, 705;
Kurud, 656; Kurutu-gajjika, 246;
Kurwa wagutti, 122; Kusam, 189;
Kusan, 371; Kusar, 450; Kuthada,
80; Kuwit, 718; Kwe-i-pok, 565;

Kwele, 226; Kweli, 354; Kwe tanyin,
220; Kwe-tayaw, 96; Kwillar, 258 ;
Kyagyi, 273; Kyaigyee, 330; Kyaithe,
330; Kyakat-wa,671; Kyanza, 119, 633,
634, 635; Kyathaungtu-Thaiktu, 669 ;
Kyathaung-wa, 669 ; Kyaung ban, 504 ;
Kyaungdauk, 494 ; Kyaung migu, 475;
Kyauk miku, 475 ; Kyaung ya, 496; Ky-
eik-tapo, 533; Kyeinban, 650, 653; Kyein
ka, 652 ; Kyeinni, 652, 653 ; Kyello-wa,
678 ; Kyet-ho hpo, 504; Kyet Kyidauk,
618 ; Kyetmaok, 418 ; Kyet maodk, 481 ;
Kyetmauk, 192, 193 ; Kyetmaukin, 213;
Kyetpaung, 460; Kyetsu, 593; Kyet-
tayaw, 96, 100; Kyet tet nwé, 312;
Kyetyo, 504, 505, 511; Wyi, 330;
Kyibaung, 548; Kyi-ni-nwé, 178;

Kyinzanga, 289 ; Kyipasit, 501 ; Kyiran,
634; Kyopan, 224; Kyun, 505; Kyun-
bo, 510; Kyun-nalin, 510; Kyut-ne-
nway, 314; Kyut-ne-nwé, 709: Kywé-
hin-byin, 194; Kywé magyo lein, 495 ;
Kyweé pyisin, 564 ; Kywésa, 597 ; Kywe
tanyin, 243.

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES 729

Laba, 256, 257; Labshi, 140, 201; Lada,
707; Lading wa, 667; Ladrang, 409 ;
Laduli, 158; Laha, 399; Lahira, 492 ;
Lai, 45; Lakhandi, 705; Lakki, 503,
504; Lakkey, 272; Lakra, 680; La-
kueh, 612; Lal Anchu, 286 ; Lalay, 194 ;
Lal Bharenda, 576; Lal Champ, 6; Lal
Chandan, 240, 438, 717 ; Lal galeni, 179 ;
Lali, 281; Lal Kabashi, 181; Lam-
kana, 560; Lammar, 511; Lampatia,
340; Lamu, 710; lLanakhar, 716;
Lapkan, 332; Larum, 659 ; Lashi, 476 ;
Lasuni, 138; Latang, 680; Latha, 681 ;
Latman, 518; Latmi, 142; Latqua,
562; Laukya, 60; lLavangu, 533;
Leauri, 693; Lei, 45, 46; Lein, 310;
Leit-thay-we, 498; Leja, 536; Leélun,
584; Lendia, 338; Lendua, 585;
Lepcha Bis, 717; Lepcha phal, 530;
Letpet, 61 ; Lessora, 478 ; Leteku, 562 ;
Letkék, 80, 83; Letmé, 655; Letpan,
77: Let shap pun, 632; Lettok, 459 ;
Lett6ékgyi, 459; Lettdkthein, 461 ;
Le-u, 540; Lézah, 339; Liar, 480;
Lichi, 193; Lichhoi, 158; Lim, 689;
Lingur, 503; Linshaw, 4; Lisu, 155;
Lodh, 438, 440, 441; Logora, 297;
Lohagasi, 119; Lohero, 492; Lojh,
440; Lokandi, 388; Lokki, 504;
Lolti, 623; Lombnang, 667; Lota,
681; Lotal, 554; Ludh, 440; Luhish,
173; Lulingyaw, 533; Lunak, 519;
Lunbo, 706; Lini, 294; Lupung, 709 ;
Lutta, 611.

Maa, 206; Madama, 234; Madapu, 258 ;
Madar, 226; Madar, 471, 472, 742;
Madaw, 49; Madayan Sampirani, 250 ;
Maday wa, 673; Maddi, 129, 310, 392;
Madh-malti, 108; Madho-lota, 108 ;
Madi, 673; Madkum, 426; Madu
Karray, 382; Magadam, 425; Magyi,
252; Mahahlega byu, 256; Maha
limbu, 140; Maham, 180; Maha nim,
126; Maha nim, 145; Maharukh,
126; Mahika, 119; Mahlu, 668;
Mahlwa, 494; Mahua, 426; Mahul,
258; Maicheng, 632; Maida, 536;
Maikaw, 634; Maik-hék, 676; Maik-
*pang, 680; Maila, 504; Mai-lai-law,
676; Mailon, 632; Maiman pau-wau,
631; Maindal, 382; Mainphal, 382 ;
Mai pang puk, 667; Maipyu, 669;
Mairole, 504 Maisang, 676; Maitut,
665; Maitong, 671; Maiyella, 504;
Majni, 596, 599, 717, 718; Majnin,
637; Makai, 70, 170; Makal, 669;
Makat-nwé, 703; Makoh, 170; Makola,
209; Makor, 170; Makrai, 71; Ma-
kuna, 256; Makur Limbu, 121; Mal,
640; Malagiri, 528; Malaikonnai, 249 ;
Malaili, 495; Malaing, 610, 613; Mala-
- mavu, 205; Malavirimji, 534; Mala-
vuram, 91; Maldang, 594; Malei
Vembu, 140; Maling, 664; Maljan,
258; Maljhan, 258; Malkagni, 162 ;
Malla, 170; Malla tiga, 451; Mallige,
449; Malligiri, 534; Mallata, 592;
Malo, 258; Maloh, 547; Mamidi, 206 ,

Manak, 481; Mancharei, 581: Manchi,
173; Manchi bikki, 379; Manchi Movi,
322; Manchi pulleri, 565 ; Manda, 548,
614; Manda dhup, 130; Mandania,
249; Mandar, 183; Mandari, 258 ;
Mandaw byu, 378: Mangari, 382;
Mangri, 173; Mangu, 382; Maniawga,
305; Manidi, 340; Manimarathu, 339 ;
Manjadi, 262; Manja kadamba, 711 ;
Manjana, 590; Mannu, 594; Manru, 710;
Manthulli, 51; Manwel, 675; Mapuri
bent, 653; Maral, 594; Maralingam, 32;
Maranthu, 28; Maravetti, 42; Marchob,
181; Marchula, 113; Maredo, 706;
Maredu, 119; Mari, 654; Marleva, 588;
Marmat, 264; Marn, 594; Maror-phal,
88; Marphal, 291; Marri, 600; Maru,
310, 625; Marua Bel, 470; Marua
Dana, 500; Marwan, 503; Masang, 3 ;
Mastri, 209; Matasura, 564; Mathagiri
vembu, 145; Mathaka, 710 ; Matti, 310 ;
Matti pal, 127; Matti Pongilyam, 126 ;
Mau, 340; Ma-u, 367 ; Maudh, 220; Mank
salon, 501; Mauk salu, 501; Maula,
229; Maulein, 258; Ma-u lélan, 367;
Ma-u lettanshé, 367; Maulsari, 425;
Maung-maka-nwé, 314: Maurain, 258 ;
Mavu, 206; Mayan, 204; Maya-nin,

118; Mazri, 655; Meé, 218: Meda
timri, 43; Medeloa, 236; Medshing,

493; Mégyi, 501; Mehal, 291; Mehn-
di, 340; Mehrlo, 40; Mehrwan, 504;
Mendi, 340; Mendli, 497; Mendru,
186; Mépwé, 719; Merapu gandra,
119; Mersinghi, 493; Meshang, 676;
Mesroi, 209: Metehkar, 160; Metkar,
164; Metlein, 625: Metme, 113;
Mézali, 254 ; Mézé, 427 ; Mezenkuri, 536;
Mhar palm, 654; Mhowra, 712; Mhua,
210; Migyaung-nwé, 241; Milachitt-
yan, 558; Milaku, 523; Milgandi, 688;
Minbaw, 654, 655; Mindhal, 382: Mingu,
547; Mingut, 49; Mini, 597; Mintha
tabu, 171; Miral, 570; Mirbow, 251;
Miri, 164, 690; Miriam, 204; Miridi,
40; Mitenga, 668; Mithiari, 349; Mithi,
615; Modhuphal, 166; Moduga, 230 ;
Modugu, 226; Mogali, 659; Mogalinga,
444; Mogi, 322; Mohi, 200; Mohl,
291; Mohwa, 426; Mokha, 444;
Mokkalapa, 444; Mokso lanma, 224;
Moksoma, 707; Moksongayok, 113;
Mol, 291: Momaka, 593, 636; Mom-
aka gale, 367; Momoh, 537; Monaga,
210; Méndaing, 161; Mdéndaing, 698 ;
Mogchini, 352; Morinda, 692; Monj,
560; Mora Bel, 468; Moraili, 491;
Morala, 205; Moranna, 497; Mor-
hal, 71: Mori, 343; Morindu, 164;
Moringa, 210; Morli, 205; Moru, 627;
Morud, 706; Motha Karmal, 3; Movi,
322; Mowa, 620; Mowai, 200; Moyan,
500; M’rach, 718; Muda, 471; Muda-
mah, 205; Mudhol, 459; Mudla, 447;
Mugra, 449; Mukarti, 164; Mukhru,
717; Mukria Sal, 60; Mila, 362; Mula,
229, 671; Muli, 683; Maulillam, 118;
Mulimpalei, 581; Mulla-polavu, 588 ;
Mulla Tumiki, 431; Mullugalli, 346; Mul-

730

lugunta, 498; Mullu-Kayani, 560:
Mullu-maruthu, 560; Mullu-venga, 560;
Mulsari, 425; Multa, 565; Mumanai,
173; Mundéri, 178; Mundi, 370 ; Mundla
Veduru, 671; Munga, 205; Mungil, 671;
Mungna, 210; Munukudu, 119; Mur,
706; Murad, 326; Muradsing, 89;
Murgal, 52; Murkala, 205; Murut-
than, 80; Musal Murie, 177; Mushti,
473; Muslindi, 535; Musre katts, 635;
Mutruk, 84; Mutta keipu, 563; Mutta
kongu, 282; Mutta thuri, 563 ; Muttei,
44; Muttuga, 230; Mya, 709; Myatle,
452; Myat-ya, 99; Myaukchaw,
345; Myauk-gon-nyin, 242; Myaukh-
lega, 259; Myauklaung, 385, 612;
Myauk letwa, 348; Myauk 16k, 612;
Myaukngo, 340; Myauk-okshit, 165

Myaukseik, 595; Myauksi, 171; My-
auk tanyet, 262; Mya-ya, 702; Myet-

hlwa, 78; Myethnapan, 501; Myet-
pyé, 333; Myin-ka-ben, 255; Myin-
kaukhnayaung, 162; Myinwa, 675;

Myladi, 504.

Naba, 627; Nabé, 200; Nachinwa, 681 ;
Naga, 323 ; Nagajemmadu, 346 ; Naga-
kesara_ 55; Nagal, 665; Naga mushti,
474; Naga sampige, 55; Nagchampa,
55; Nagdaun, 181; _Nageshwar, 55;
Nagetta, 60; Nagphana, 346; Nagyi,
91; Nahor, 55 ; Naikinna, 385 ; Naikuti,

- 564; Naiwilli-lara, 259; Najor, 132;
Naka-renu, 612 ; Nakkareni, 385 ; Nak-
keri, 478; Nal, 675; Nalingyaw, 533 ;
Nalingyo, 535 ; Nalla balsu, 385; Nalla
Jelledu, 471; Nalla maddi, 310; Nalleru,
177 ; Nalli, 570; Namani-thanlyet, 35 ;
Namlang, 665; Nana, 338; Nanapad-
hera, 414; Nan Bhantur, 577: Nandi,
338 ; Nandruk, 603 ; Nandu-kalli, 558 ;
Nangul, 55; Nanjina, 473; Nanmu,
530 ; Nanum, 706 ; Nanyura, 679 ; Nara
gonji, 581; Naram panal, 17; Naratha
549; Narava, 510; Narave, 32; Nara-
wel, 2; Naray, 594; Nardel, 177 ; Narel,
648; Narengi, 123; Nargosah, 341;
Narik, 540; Narikel, 648; Narikera,
648 ; Nariyal, 648 ; Narudu, 90; Narva,
510; Narvu, 510; Naryepi, 250 ; Nash-
pati, 291; Nata, 246; Natcho, 583;
Natcho sein, 415; Nat Illupai, 427;
Nauladi, 504 ; Naval, 321 ; Naval, 323 ;
Nayi bel, 118; Nay teku, 4; Na-ywé,
39; Nedunar, 15; Nehar, 116; Neik-
ambagam, 282 ; Nekari, 635 ; Nela Ami-
dam, 576; Nela mawu, 49; Nella Kar-
aka, 308; Nellatuma, 264; Nelli, 570;
Nelthare, 531; Nemali adugu, 504;
Nensi, 430; Neora, 330; Neowri, 164 ;
Neoza, 690 ; Neppalam, 577 ; Ner, 116;
Neradi, 164; Nerale, 323 ; Nerebi, 130;
Neredu, 323; Netu, 246; Nevali Ad-
ugu, 504; Nevli, 558; Newn, 623;
Newrang, 558; Neyarum, 436 ; Ngachat-
wa, 670; Nganwe, 36; Ngansein
nwé, 456; Ngayanin, 241; Nega-yok-
kaung, 523 ; Ngaungma Kunthwe, 526 ;
Ngu, 253 ; Ngu pyu, 26 ; Ngushwe, 254 :

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES

Ni, 623; Nibasé, 392; Niepa, 124;
Nigali, 547; Nikki Kander, 172; Nil,
218; Nila, 180; Nila Palei, 461; Nili-
mara, 558; Nim, 139; Nimbu, 123;
Ninai, 430; Ninas, 196; Ningal, 188 ;
Ningori, 503 ; Nipase, 712 ; Nipaseé-gy1,
392; Nirambali, 695; Nirangi, 249;
Niranji, 636; Nirasu, 335; Nirchalli,
575; Nireti mara, 601; Nirguda, 503 ;
i 67; Nirmali, 474; Niroli,
188; Nirparutti, 75; Nirvala, 32;
Nir Vittil, 563; Nirvuddi, 494; Ni-
sinda, 503; Niti tumiki, 434; Nivar,
330; Nochi, 503; Noga, 145; Nugge,
210; Nukki, 503; Nuncha, 191; Nun-
unta, 416; Nurgi, 547; Nurkal, 205;
Nwa-la-byut, 18; Nwé-ngan, 165;
Nwé ngan bo, 704; Nwéni, 212;
Nweézat, 513, 514; Nyané, 21; Nyara,
321; Nyaung bawdi, 601; Nyaung
byu, 601; Nyaung gyat, 603; Nyaung
Kyetpaung, 603; Nyaungma Kunthwe,
526; Nyaung 6k, 603 ; Nyaung peinne,
600; Nyaung thabye, 599, 602, 603,
604; Nyayanin, 241; Nyit, 690.

Obok, 112; Obusht, 694 ; Odai, 264, 265 ;
Ohi, 272; Okhné, 615; Okshit, 119;
Olle-bevu, 139: Omah, 686; Oman,
597; Ombe, 11; Ome, 11; On, 648;
Ondo6n, 536, 537; Opa, 453; Ora, 340,
677; Orcha, 340; Orguno, 698 ;
Oruguna, 698; Orla, 89; Osai, 505;
Otali, 113; Ote Armu, 114; Othalam,
457; Otta-pilavu, 616; Ottu, 551;
Owli, 425. E

Pabba, 144; Pachunda, 34; Pad, 622;
Padal, 495: Padal, 495; Padam, 279;
Padappan, 213; Padar, 639; Padauk,
239, 707; Paden arayan, 249; Pader,
495: Padéra, 391; Padhai. 671; Padhera,
374; Padri, 236, 495; Pagacha, 549;
Pagade, 425; Pagjiok,677; Pahari Pipal,
640 ; Pahi, 291 ; Paili, 573; Paira, 205; _
Pairi, 165; Pajia, 279; Pakér, 40; Pakha,
657; Pakhar, 602; Pakki, 615; Pala, 422,
423, 425, 461; Palach, 640; Palai, 459
540 ; Palakh, 602 ; Palas, 230 ; Palasvel,
230; Palaung se, 476; Palla, 425; Pa-
loré, 710 ; Paloz, 266 ; Palte, 226 ; Palte
Madar, 226; Palu, 290; Paludar, 692;
Pama, 694; Pambara-Kumbil, 591 ;
Pan, 523; Panal, 112; Paman, 224°;
Panar, 38] ; Panasa, 611; Panasi, 305;
Pan ben nwé, 74; Panchonta, 424;
Pand, 548, 551; Pandhra Khair, 266;
Pandi barrankae, 570; Pandiki, 78 ;
Pandrai, 708 ; Pandra Kura, 713 ; Pan-
ga, 308; Pangar, 185; Pangara, 226;
Pangoi, 181; Pangra, 226, 227, 261;
Pania, 481 ; Paniala, 164 ; Panibel, 177 ;
Panicha, 434; Pani kadam, 357; Pani
lakra, 178 ; Pani lara, 176; Panir, 490 ;
Panjuli, 570 ; Pankain, 558 ; Panka-pun,
406; Panlaung pun, 411; Pan Nana,
571; Panni, 279; Pantaga, 55; Pao,
676; Papar, 243; Papar, 159; Papara,
595; Papaskalli, 346; Papatan, 377;

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES

Papaya, 345 ; Papidi, 387 : Papra, 379 ;
Papri, 167, 256, 559, 592, 595; Para,
495; Paragi, 170; Paraki, 170; Paral,
496, 588; Paralei, 713; Parand, 549 ;
Paranga, 181 ; Parash, 75 ; Paras Pipal,
602; Parawa, 50; Parayan, 615; Paraya,
615; Pargatcha, 552 ; Parh, 467; Parha,
23; Parhe, 23; Parijata, 442; Paringi
mavu, 204 ; Par Jambul, 323 ; Parmiok,
665 ; Parrjamb, 447 ; Paryel, 24 : Pasan-
gan, 97; Pasend, 712; Pasi, 236; Pasi,
315; Pataki, 163; Pataki, 23: Patalo,
495; Patangi, 291; Patha. 78, 719;
Pathiri, 496 ; Pathoi, 516; Patlé Kata,
632; Patlé Katis, 632; Patmero, 527 ;
Patmoro, 537; Patol, 290; Pat-phan-
nas, 611 ; Patrang, 116; Pattagyi, 341 ;
Pattanga, 246; Pattha, 588; Patti,
656 ; Pattikuta, 535 ; Patu, 677 ; Patun-
ga, 246; Pauk, 230; Paukh, 26; Pauk-
nwé, 229, 230; Pavan, 570; Pavate,
387; Pavettai, 387; Paw, 710; Paya-
ama, 705; Payar, 447, 601 ; Payin, 72 ;
Pazin-nyo, 505; Pedda Battava, 479;
Pedda bikki, 379; Pedda Ippa, 427 ;
Pedda Jamadu, 558 ; Pedda Malli, 382 ;
Pedda manu, 126; Pedda Nellakura,
511; Pedegu, 240; Peikthingat, 254;
Peinné, 611; Peinne nwé, 614; Peka,
668; Pela, 332; Pendhru, 711; Pend-
kal, 389; Pendra, 380; Pendroy, 381 ;
Penti tadi, 657 ; Pepa, 652; Pera, 332 ;
Peram Pandali, 536; Perbikh, 2;
Per ita, 698; Perlu, 205; Peru, 127;
Peru Panjetti, 536; Petari, 591 ; Petch-
mura, 89; Pet-ok, 99; Petsat, 597;
Petshat, 99, 701; Petsut, 290, 620;
Petsut ye tama, 146 ; Pet-taung-gyaing,
194; Petthan, 494; Petthin, 481; Pet-
waing, 588, 591; Petwin, 94; Pet-ya-
gyi, 616; Pfarra, 655; Pfis, 655; Phag-
wara, 607; Phaja, 279; Phalat, 627 ;
Phaldu, 463; Phaleda, 706; Phalinda,
323; Phalsa, 98; Phalsan, 229: Phal-
wara, 427 ; Phamnai, 623 : Phanat, 627 ;
Phangli, 516 ; 7:

Phannas, 611; Phar, 721;
Pharan, 95; Pharri, 496; Pharsa, 98; Phe-
kri galeni, 180; Pheru, 607; Phetra, 380;
Philru, 296 ; Phindak, 294 ; Phiran, 96 ;
Phirphiri, 535; Phiung, 664; Phog, 520;
0; Phudgus, 531; Phuga, 368 ;
, 266; Phulel, 427; Phul Hingri,
Phil-jamb, 710; Phulwa, 427;
Piak, 623; Pial, 205;

OL;
Phualwari, 281 ;
Piaman, 323 ; Pichika bira, 481 ; Pichli,

534; Pilala, 603; Pilchi, 45, 46; Pilk-
han, 601, 602; Pilla, G11; Pilu, 453;
Pinari, 80: Pindara, 381; Pindra, 381 ;
Pindrau, 692 ; Ping, 255 ; Pingyat, 294 ;
Pinlé-kabwé, 620; Pinlé kanazo, 85;
Pinlé kayin, 148; Pinlé én, 140; Pinlé-
tan, 403 ; Pinlé-thitkauk, 542; Pinle zi,
148; Pintayaw, 98; Pipal, 544, 601 ;
Pipar, 602; Pipli, 301; Pippala, 601 ;
Pira, 615; Pirambu, 652; Pirar, 381;
Pirlu, 359; Pisangan, 97; Pisha, 534 ;
Pissa, 534; Pistan, 479; Pitali, 591;
Pittaraj, 703; Piuli, 48; Pivar ingli,
710; Piyal, 205; Pjaku, 596; Podan-

731

ganari, 510; Pogada, 425 ; Pogadi, 481 :
Pogaung za, 558; Poi, 615, 619; Poka,
646; Polavu, 90; Poliki, 542; Polki,
578; Pollai, 564; Ponga, 243; Pon-
mathein, 401 ; Ponnam panu, 524; Pon
nyit, 700; Ponravi, 481; Poorwi, 34:
Popli, 167; Popoli, 554; Poppar, 559 ;
Poppaya, 345; Pora punna, 55; Portia,
75; Posa, 612; Posheri, 569; Potha,
516; Potri, 78; Pottaka, 371; Potti,
115; Potu Tadi, 657; Praong, 665;
Prind, 475 ; Prong, 665 ; Pshi, 669 ; Pu,
185; Pua, 619; Pudangalli, 55; Pudu
Maddi, 431 ; Pugriang, 677; Pula, 78;
Puldu, 387 : Puli, 78, 25z ; vulichi, 110;
Puliki, 578; Puli maddi, 311; Puli-
pan, 137; Pullam-Purasi, 564; Pullan,
570 ; Pulopinang wa, 669 ; Puluvai, 311;
Pumarathu, 339; Pumbadri, 494; Pu-
melo, 123 ; Pumpadri, 495 ; Puna, 481 :
Punay, 53; Punisi, 448; Punna, 54:
Pursa, 75; Pursang, 75; Pussur, 141 ;
Put chaw, 618; Puteli, 540; Pathan
kolli, 55; Putli, 181; Putrajiva, 566;
Putranjiva, 566; Puya, 619; Pwabet,
254 ; Pyathat, 558 ; Pyaukseik, 345, 595 ;
Pyin, 262; Pyindawthein, 702; Pyinkado,
262; Pyinma, 339; Pyinmabyu, 339;
Pyin Padauk, 252; Pyi nyaung, 600;
Pyisin, 564; Pyinsit, 620; Pyu, 303.

Rabna, 597 ; Raeru, 265; Ragi, 601 ; Rai,
4,. 692, 693; Raiang, 693; Rai banj,
626 ; Rai Jaman, 323 ; Raini, 425, 590 ;
Raisal, 693; Ral dhup, 130; Rambou-
tan, 193; Ram-dataun, 641; Ramda-
tin, 641; Ram gua, 647; Ramie, 617 ;
Ramita, 545; Ramna, 708 ; Ramphal,
22: Rana, 549 ; Ranabili, 137 ; Rangan,

389; Rangrek, 173, 292: Rangteon,
182; Rangyal, 288; Ranj, 626; Ran-
jana, 425; Ran Limbu, 121; Ran-

phannas, 611; Ranshekat, 706; Randal,
649; Rarola, 480; Rasalla, 478 ; Rash-
ta, 197; Ratabauli, 265 ; Ratamba, 52 ;
Ratanjote, 114; Ratendu, 62,566, ; Rato-
nigala, 666 ; Ratsavusiriki, 570 ; Ratta-
ganapa, 370; Ran, 693 ; Ravi, G01 ; Ra-
wan, 510; Regu, 169; Rek, 279; Rela,
253; Relan, 246: Réosh, 294; Repala,
461; Rés, 294; Réus, 294 ; Réwar, 692 ;
Rhetsa Maun, 118; Rhi, 690; Rhin
626; Rianj, 626; Richi, 361; Richhoi,
361; Ril, 547; Rimilbiri, 147; Ringa,
169; Ringal, 665 ; Rini, 552 ; Rinj, 265 :
Rinjal, 69; Ritha, 191; Rithoul, 569;
Riunsh, 294; Ritsh, 294; Roal, 9;
Roégh, 691; Roghu, 367; Rohan, 144;
Rohera, 492; Rohni, 590; Roira, 492;

Rola, 709; Roli, 590; Room, 501;
Rora, 590; Rori, 492; Rudrak, 102;
Rudrakadapa, 368; Rudraksch, 102;

Rui, 471; Ruinsh, 29
2; Rung, 258; Rusa, 498 ;

Rue, 65
Runath,
Ruta, 224.

Saar, 693; Sabé, 449: Sada-bori, 642 ;
Sadri, 310; Sadura-Kalli, 558; Safeda,
640; Safedar, 639; Safed Arand, 576;

32 INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES.

Safed Bel, 487 ; Safed Champ, 7; Safed
Siris, 271; Sag, 505; Saga, 8; Sagadi,
189 ; Sagargota, 246 ; Sageri, 13 ; Sagon,
505; Sagra, 704; Saguan, 505;
Sagun, 505; Sagwan, 505; Sagyin,
374; Sah, 693; Sahora, 615; Saihari,
442; Saikanta, 268; Sain, 310;
Saingpa, 655; Sainjna, 210; Sainwar,
458; Saj, 505; Saj, 310; Sajji, 518;
Saka, 505 ; Sakena, 217 ; Sake pun, 633 ;
Sakhu, 69 ; Sal, 69 ; Sal, 505 ; Salai, 129;
Salat, 458; Salepan, 569; Saler, 129;
Salga, 129 ; Salghéza, 690 ; Salma, 645 ;
Salpan, 231; Salu, 656; Salwa, 69;
Samari, 84; Samching, 60; Sampighi,
8; Sampit, 666; Samudra, 330; Sana
KKulipa, 565; Sanatta, 186; Sandal, 553;
Sandan, 224: Sandi Ome, 14; Sanjal,
444; Sanjit, 546; Sanna, 496; Sanna
Ippa, 426; Sanna ita, 645; Sanna-
Jamudu, 558; Sannan, 224; Sanna
Veduru, 675; Sansadu, 559; Sansaru,
618 ; Santagu, 553 ; Santhana viri, 144 ;
Santhu, 20; Sanu jhingni, 58; Sanu
pureni, 176; Sanu Tarsing, 529 ; Sanzi,
546; Saonjna, 210; Sappangu, 246;
Sapshi, 522; Sara, 205; Sarai, 205;
Saras, 97; Sarata, 46 ; Sarda, 80; Saré
gogen, 63; Sarei, 69; Sareka, 706;
Saripha, 22; Sarjom, 69; Sarol, 690;
Sarub, 46; Sarul, 258; Sarts, 694;
Sarvad, 711; Sasi, 546; Satbaru, 544 ;
Satbur, 601; Satcha, 617, 618; Sat-gyo-
yit, 2; Sathangechnauk, 48; Satiana,
459; Sat-muli, 642; Satni, 459; Sat-
pura, 544; Satrawal, 642 ; Satsha, 597 ;
Sat-tamané, 180; Satthapu, 659; Sat-
thwa, 659; Satuin, 459; Sauer, 622;
Sauk, 572, 709; Saunder, 260; Saung
gya, 110; Sauri,77; Savaya,80; Sawkan,
389; Saxaul, 519; Sayar, 77; Sbang,
359; Seb, 290; Sebaung gvan, 387;
Sedan, 667; Segora, 210; Segyi, 399;
Seharu, 618 ; Sehnd, 558 ; Seikchi, 560 ;
Seikpalu, 442; Sein ban, 367; Seinna-
baw, 641; Seitnan, 114; Seja, 338; Sekra,
171; Sela-Kallichi, 603; Seleippya, 231;
Seling, 532; Semakan nwé, 313 ; Sem-
la, 257; Semlichan, 107; Semru, 260;
Sendroi, 475; Senga, 714; Sengel-sali,
146; Sengeni, 504; Senhtr, 558; Seo,
290; Sepistan, 479: Serim, 668; Ses-
kien, 669 ; Sethanbaya, 582 ; Set-kadon,
591; Sever dakhan, 178; Sewan, 509 ;
Sewar, 458; Sha, 709; Sha, 267;
Shabbi, 467; Shaela, 645; Shaftalu,
279; Shah tut, 612; Shak, 622 ; Shalsi,
629; Shama, 571; Shamé, 333; Sham-
shad, 559; Shan. 637; Shangal, 565 ;
Shangri, 623; Shanjoi, 452; Shapa, 445;
Shapra, 195; Shaphroi, 445; Shargar,
410; Shari, 279; Sharél, 623 ; Sharoli,
624; Sharor, 28; Sharar, 540; Sha-
saung, 558; Shash, 199; Shaw-a, 701;
Shawahi, 481; Shawbyu, 80; Shawni,
80; Shaw wa, 81 ; Shegwiti, 32 ; Sheka-
kai, 269; Shelu, 478 ; Shembaga, 540 ;
Shembal, 77; Shembi, 269; Shembuga,
8; Shengali, 305; Shenkair, 708; Shen-

kotta, 207 ; Shen Jurani, 207 ;
Shen nyara, 321; Sheori, 622 ; Sheran,.
593 ; Sherni, 593 ; Sheru, 295 ; Sherugi,
295 ; Shevaga, 210 ; Shewri, 219 ; Shiali,,
258; Shiara, 256; Shiddar, 626 ; Shig-
riti, 441 ; Shingar, 255; Shingra, 255 ;
Shingri-lota, 246; Shinroi, 623; Shins- -
hit, 146; Shirin, 272; Shisham, 233 ;
Shivan, 509; Shiwali, 503; Shja, 690;
Shka, 355 ; Shorag, 519 ; Shri-tali, 657 ;

Shtar, 300; Shti, 690; Shundal, 251 ;

Shunjai, 452; Shur, 694; Shurli, 624 ;

Shushar, 46, 700; Siah tut, 612; Sial

posra, 98; Sia nahor, 700; Siar, 617;

Siaru, 618; Sidhsaro, 708; Sieijong,

677; Sigamkati, 261; Sigye, 511;

Sigyi, 514; Siharu, 442; Sij, 558;°
Sikaroro, 141; Sikat, 570; Silari, 271 ;

Silgilla, 416; Sillea, 680; Siltimber,

535 ; Simal, 77; Sim-rang, 410 ; Simris,

410 ; Sindén manwé, 24 ; Singhani, 665 ;

Singhara, 635; Singhor, 536; Singoto,

9 ; Singran, 536 ; Sinjit, 546 ; Sinjli, 171;

Sinkadi, 490; Sinkayan, 490; Sin

lamaung, 482 ; Sinnin thayet, 206 ; Sin-

nin-wa, 720; Sinpadi, 191; Sinthana,
685 ; Sinthapan, 609 ; Siora, 615 ; Siran,

272; Siris, 97, 271 ; Siritakdangji, 118 ;

Sirka, 704; Sirli, 690; Sirsa, 271 ; Sir-

sang, 272; Sirsha, 272; Sirsi, 271; Sir-

sing, 546; Sisi, 80, 84; Sissu, 233 ; Sit,

271; Sita pajja, 172; Sitaphal, 22;

Sitbyu, 261; Sitsal, 233; Skhen, 669 ;

Skiosh, 158 ; Sohaga, 141 ; Sohan, 144;

Soluvan, 566; Some-mara, 144 ;

Sonari, 253; Sonaru, 253; Son-

champa, 458; Sonu, 452; Soom, 531 ;

Soringhi, 69; Sosokera, 606 ; Soymida,
144; Spalmai, 472 ; Span, 692 ; Spedar,
640; Sprak, 410; Sringandam, 553 ;

Sta, 4; Suak, 547; Sualu, 536; Subdk,

269 ; Subwe, 286 ; Sugauk, 246 ; Sukali,

615; Sukanu, 457; Suket, 553; Suk-

yanbo, 246 ; Su-let-thi, 247 ; Sulla, 564 ;

Sullea, 680; Sum, 443; Sumani, 686 ;

Sumbi, 144; Sumi, 144; Sumri, 260;

Sumwe, 286; Sunbalun, 645; Sundar,

211; Sunder, 85, 701; Sundi bet, 652 ;

Sundra, 267; Sundri, 85, 701; Sungre
katuts, 631 ; Suni, 452 ; Sunkeswar, 249 ;

Sun let thé, 36; Supari, 646; Supota,
262; Supti, 706; Surabi, 173 ; Surabi,

167 ; Surai, 287, 693 ; Sural, 228 ; Suran,.
171, 585 ; Suria, 262 ; Suringi, 53 ; Sur-

und, 585; Suru potri moi, 132; Surur,.
228; Sutz, 547; Swethe, 706.

Tabauk, 237; Tabindaing, 672, 673 719;

Tabindaingwa, 683; Tabo, 78; Tabu, 125,.
171, 340; Tacamahac, 640; Tachanza,
352); Tad, 657 ; Tada, 90; Tadasal, 98;
Tagaw, 98; Taggar, 460; Taghar, 595 ;
Tagyin, 374: Tailu, 694; Taitu, 496;
Takil, 657 ; Taknoi, 359; Takoru, 655 ;
Takri Bet, 649; Tal, 657; Tal, 657;
Talagu wa, 674, 677; Talai, 659 ;
Talaing no, 456; Talaing-zin, 707;
Talari, 70; Talhi, 280; Tali, 233;
Tali, 657; Talis, 412; Talishang, 412 ;

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES 733

Talira, 70; Tama, 139, 676; Tama-
ka, 139; Tamalan, 237: Taman,
339; Tamar, 657; Tamasé kyau, 501 ;
Tamas6k, 572; Tamba, 69; Tambat,
40; Tambolia, 481 ; Tamlat, 40 ; Tam-
ruj, 164; Tamu, 340; Tan, 657 ; Tana-
ung, 265; Tandhari-Send, 558 ; Tandi,
307; Tandrasi, 163; Tangadi, 254;
Tangedu, 254, 262; Tangéra 254;
Tang kawang, 64; Tangshing, 693; Tani,
307; Taniki, 593; Tantosi, 236; Tan-
yin, 274; Tanyinbo, 114; Tao, 498;
Tapa rada, 433; Tapassi, 595; Tapra,
387; Tar, 657; Tara, 299, 657; Tarai,
683; Tare, 307; Tar-gaz, 519; Tarit,
657 ; Tarla, 352 ; Taroda, 254 ; Tarraju,
281; Tarsi, 423 ; Tarsing, 529 ; Tarwad,
254; Tasha, 570; Tashiari, 618; Tat-
pat, 646; Tattaya-nwé, 89; Taukkyan,
310; Taukma, 239 ; Tauksha, 504, 505:
Taukshama, 180; Taukté letwa, 348:
Taungka, 220; Taung kalamet, 479:
Taung Kathit, 227: Taung lapet, 58 :
Taungmagyi, 709 ; Taungme, 8 ; Taung-
méék, 459: Taung mézali, 254; Taun-
gon, 648; Taung peinné, 611: Taung
petwan, 91; Taung petwun, 591;
Taungyo-pyizin, 329; Taung Sagyin,
374; Taung tama, 569; Taung-tama-
sok, 620; Taung tamin, 223; Taung
tan, 656; Taungtangyi, 510; Taung-
thabye, 329; Taung thale,52; Taung-
thaw-ga, 108; Taung-thit-yin-bo, 710 ;
Taur, 258; Tawbut, 431; Tawgyi-gangaw,
320; Tawgyi Kyitya, 427; Tawkun, 646,
647; Tawkyetsa, 338 ; Taw lapet, 58 ;
Taw-mé-yaing, 217; Taw-petsut, 180,
448 ; Tawposa, 355; Tawpwésa, 613;
Tawsabé, 450, 451; Taw shauk, 112;
Tawtama, 145; Taw tan, 656; Tawthag-
yet, 658 ; Tawthamaka, 140; Taw-tha-
pwot, 712; Tawthayet, 192,206; Taw
thidin, 590; Taw Zalat, 460; Tawzalat
pyu, 561; Tayaw, 98, 585; Tayaw-a,
99; Tayok-saga, 713; Taydk Té, 432;
Tazaung, 558; Tazaung lethnyo, 558 ;
Té, 433; Tegali, 96, 97; Tegu,
505; Tein, 370; Teinkala, 368;
Teinnyet, 246; Teinthe, 370; Teka,
505; Tekri, 197; Teksera, 673; Téku,
505; Tele, 80; Telea Sag, 4; Telia,
264; Telit sayel, 176; Tella pula
kudu, 569; Tella tuma, 265, 267;
Tembhurni, 431; Tendu, 433; Tendu
Abnis, 432; Tengina, 648; Tengre
Salla, 693 ; Tenkai, 648 ; Tenkaya, 648 ;
Tennai, 648 ; Tentuli, 252; Teon, 182;
Tereni, 377 ; Tettan Kottai, 474; Tetu,
496 ; Teyrar, 114 ; Tezbal, 116 ; Tezpat,
533; Thabaung, 719; Thabihay, 533 ;
Thabut gyi, 11; Thabut-net, 19; Tha
but-thein, 14; Thabwot, 17; Thabwot-
nwe, 17; Thabye, 318, 323; Thabyega,
710; Thabye-gale, 323; Thabye-ka,
320 ; Thabye-6n, 710; Thabye pinbwa,
317; Thabyu, 3; Thadi, 132; Thadut,
606; Thagyalet wa, 476; Thagyan-
wethan, 705; Thagyet, 658; Thaiktu-
myintu, 674; Thaikwa, 668 ; Thaik-wa,

668 ; Thaikwabo, 678, 679 : Thaik-wabo,
670; Thaikwa gyi, 668; Thaing, 651; Tha-
kal, 645, 698 ; Thakil, 645 ; Thakoppo,
494; Thakut, 494: Thakut po, 495;
Thaikwabo, 679: Thalaw-wa, 685;
Thalé, 438, 594, 710 ; Thali, 534 ; Thali,
180, 191: Thama, 356; Thamaka-nwe,
312, 513; Thambagam, 701; Thamé
net, 514; Thaminzabyu, 380 ; Thamin-
zani, 380; Thami pyu, 514; Thamon,
700; Than, 619: Than, 311; Thanaku,
542 ; Thanat, 478 ;: Thanatka, 113, 118 ;
Thanawa, 671 ; Thandé, 495 ; Thandra,
307 ; Thanela, 380; Thangi, 624 ; Than-
goli, 624; Thangya, 712; Thani, 307:
Thanthar, 172; Thanthat, 269, 495;
Thapan, 609 ; Tharmal, 356 ; Tharmala,
30: Thaungthale, Thaur, 257,
258; Thawka, 251, 252; Thaw-khwe,
720; Thayet, 206; Thayet san, 202;
Thayetthitsi, 207: Thékku, 505 ;
Thella Karaka, 308 : Thella Gada,
431; Thella-kaka-Mushti, 596; Thella
maddi, 311; Thella pala, 461; Thelli,
130; Thévatharan, 145; Thibin, 119;
Thidin, 39; Thiho Thayet, 204 ; Thim-
baw Zibyu, 570; Thinban, 75; Thin-
baung, 644, 645; Thinbaw, 345 ; Thin-
baw-Kyetsu, 576 ; Thinbaw-magyi, 244;
Thingan, 67; Thingwé, 450; Thini
pilavu, 718 ; Thin kadu, 67 ; Thin peri-
vellum, 512; Thinwin, 220, 222, 243,
706; Thippali, 654; Thirala, 340;
Thishe, 669; Thitcha, 619, 625, 627:
Thitchabo, 533; Thitcho, 422,

Thitechauk nwé, 456; Thit-é, 629, 6:

634 ; Thitégyin, 568, 635 ; Thité ni, 635 ;
Thitka, 94; Thitkado, 145; Thit-kauk-
hnyin, 594; Thit Kayin, 44; Thitky-
abo, 533; Thitlinda, 494; Thitmagyi,
238, 271; Thitmaleinma, 572 ; Thitmin
ma, 695 ; Thitminpo, 695 ; Thit ngayan,
63; Thitni, 141, 142; Thitpagan, 220,
241; Thit-palwe, 124; Thitpayaung,
369; Thitpdk, 236, 346, 596; Thitpyu,
44, 271, 374; Thitsanwin, 236 ; Thitsat,
563 ; Thitsawbwa, 620; Thitsein, 307 ;
Thitsi, 202 ; Thitsi bo, 706 ; Thitswelwe,
444 ; Thit-tat, 634 ; Thitto, 137 ; Thitya,
69; Thityabyu, 60; Thityawa, 532;
Thityingyi, 577; Thochi, 679 ; Thodali,
91; Thondi, 82 ; Thor, 558 ; Thora Kasi,
712; Thorla-ganj, 708; Thovara, 374;
Thuhar, 558; Thulo Tarsing, 529;
Thim, 444; Thuner, 696; Thungéche,
89; Thunu, 696 ; Thura, 558 ; Thuringi,
272; Thwebok, 396; Tidhara-Sehnd,
558 ; Tikiphal, 62; Tikri, 23; Tiktaraj,
703; Tiku, 596; Til, 373;-Tila, 373;
Tiliakoru, : Tiliari, 565; Tili bans,
677 ; Tilki, 373 ; Tilni, 363 ; Tilonj, 627 ;
Tilphara, 26; Timbar, 116; Timbiari,
434 ; Timburni, 432 ; Timil, 355 ; Timla,
609; Timru, 116; Timur, 116; Tinka,
680; Tinnus, 224; Tinsa, 706; Tinwa,
680; Tinyu, 620, 690; Tinyuben, 691 ;
Tipani, 185 ; Tirmal, 609; Tirnoi, 363 ;
Tirphal, 118; Tirriah, 668 ; Tiru Kalli,
558; Tiruvatti, 256; Tithai, 127; Titi

734

Champ, 7; Titi Nigala, 665; Titpati,
515 ; Titrai, 197 ; Titri, 197 ; Tivar, 330,
341 ; Tiwa, 672 ; Tiwar, 340, 514 ; Tiwas,
224 ; Ti-yo-wa, 672 ; Todali, 171 ; Todda
Panna, 698; Todi Matti, 382; Todu,
145; Togaru, 392; Toko Pat, 656;
Tokré bans, 679 ; Tolli, 675 ; Toloa, 194;
Toratti, 42; Torbutei, 169; Torjaga,
185; Tos, 692; Tos, 693; Totilla, 496;
Totnai, 716; Trekhan, 183; Trimbal,609;
Trinaraja, 657; Trita, 127; Tritu, 159:
Tsjeru tsjurel, 653 ; Tsuhun, 119 ; Tugli,
272; Tulalodh, 374; Tulda, 668 ; Tulli,
159; Tumari, 634; Tumbuk, 356 ; Tumiki,
432 ; Tumoh, 679 ; Tumra, 196 ; Tamri,
532 ; Tumri, 432, 590 ; Tun, 145 ; Tunda
para, 119; Tundri, 343; Tundu, 145;
Tung, 196; Tunga, 196; Tungla, 196 ;
Tuni, 145; Tunni, 145; Turaka vepa,
140 ; Taran, 171 ; Tut, 612 ; Tutai, 127 ;
Tutgantha, 686 ; Tutri, 612 ; Twin net,
463 ; Tyrah, 668.

Udaga, 354 ; Udal, 80 ; Udapai, 96 ; Udar,
80 ; Udatalli, 335 ; Udi, 200, 496 ; Ugad,
710; Uga Kawa, 676 ; Ukshi, 314; Ul,
206 ; Uli, 206 ; Ulang Karei, 102 ; Ullin-
da, 430; Ullingi, 430; Um, 11; Umah,
686; Umar, 609; Umbar, 609 ; Umbi,
11; Umbli, 688 ; Umbri, 609; Umbu, 47 ;
Umra, 609; Umtoa, 564 ; Unankodi, 483;
Undgi panu, 525 ; Undi, 388 ; Unu, 98 ;
Upagi mara, 51; Upaligi, 592; Uppu
Poma, 303; Ura, 585; Uravu, 530; Uriam,
204; Uriana, 558; Uri-gab, 435 ; Urni,
507; Uru, 354; Ushgai, 200; Usiriki, 570;
Usken, 669 ; Uskong, 665 ; Uspar, 665 ;
Ustoh, 667 ; Uthi, 200; Uti, 437; Utis,
623.

Vadataram, 261 ; Vagai, 271 ; Vakka, 80 ;
Vakkanai, 431 ; Valinda, 430; Valsura,
136; Van, 453: Vana Sampage, 256 ;

Vanda, 548; Vandarlei, 717; Vangi,
593; Vansa Kullaka, 670; Vanti, 636 ;
Varana, 533; Varanga, 305; Varu

Kamavu, 647; Varvunna, 32; Vasaka,
715; Vasuka, 498; Vata, 600; Vatoli;
26; Vatta, 592; Vatta Atthi, 256;
Vatta Polavu, 91; Vat-yel, 26; Vavili,
503; Vedi Babul, 264; Vedupla, 78 ;
Veduvali Kongu, 68;
Velakkai, 341; Vel al, 604; Velayani, 65;
Velidaba, 582; Vel-itti, 707; Vella
Kasavu, 566 ; Vella Kunnan, 343 ; Vella
Pasa, 346; Vella payin, 71; Vellarei, 592;
Vellay naga, 315; Vellei agil, 138;
Vellei Kuntrikam, 72 : Vellelambu, 566 ;
Velturu, 261 ; Velvaylam, 265 ; Vembu,
140 ; Vena, 458 ; Vendule, 578 ; Vengai,
240; Venkotta, 161; Ven nyara, 318;
Ventek, 338; Vepa, 139; Vepala, 461;

Vepillei, 114; Vidi, 478; Vika, 31;
Vilayati Kikar, 249; Vilva, 119;
Vingar, 163; Virai, 566; Virasham,

478; Vittil, 564; Vulipi, 97; Vundra,
263.

Waba, 680; Wabaw, 317; Wabgai, 672,
719; Wablo, 680; Wabo, 678, 679;
Wabo é, 677; Wabo myetsangyeé, 676 ;

Velaga, 119; ~

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES

Wabue, 669 ; Wachall, 675 ; Wad, 600 >
Wadah, 677 ; Wadru, 679 ; Wadu, 261 >
Wadun-pun, 629 ; Wadur, 675 ; Wagati,
33; Wagati, 249; Wagauk, 673 ; Wag-
hati, 35; Wagok, 673; Wagutti, 33 ;
Wagyi, 671; Wah, 676; Waiwarang,
416; Waken, 503; Wakha, 685; Wak-
lu, 678 ; Walayti Kikar, 263 ; Wali, 679;
Walkthai, 669; Walunj, 636; Wamay,
720; Wamé, 672, 681; Wamin, 685;
Wami pun, 632; Wamna, 670; Wam0o,
674; Wamyet, 679; Wana, 503,675: Wa-
net, 673, 676, 677, 678 ; Wangara, 327 ;
Wani, 678; Wanweé, 673, 681; WapoKyein,
653 ; Wapo-kyein, 654; Wapyaw, 678 ;
Wapyu, 676 ; Wapyugale, 673 ; Wapyu-
gyi, 672, 720; Wapyusan, 670; Waras,
494 ; Warsi, 494 ; Warung, 78 ; Washut,
674; Watarai, 683; Wathabut, 679;
Wati 683; Wavuli, 595; Waya, 677;
Wetkyut, 188; Wetshaw, 84; Wet
thiltta, 635 ; Wi, 445 ; Wina, 162; Wo-
dan, 561 ; Wodishi, 561 ; Womjai, 272 ;
Wontenulgi, 684 ; Wovali, 425 ; Wumb,
192 ; Wun, 183; Wundy, 53; Wun-the-
chi, 703 ; Wunu, 220.

Yalla Mala Kai, 372; Yamane, 509; Yama-
=ta, 653; Yamdal, 696; Yang hai, 299
Yaung saga, 6; Yebadon galé, 580; Ye-
ehinya, 571 ; Ye-chin-ya, 238; Yedama,
146; Yeddalei, 713; Yegyin, 587;
Yehhmyot, 591 ; Yebabyin, 700 ; Yeka-
dat, 32; Yekadi, 42; Ye ka 6n, 606;
Ye-Kathit, 227; Yek-kada gida, 471 ;
Yelandai, 169; Yella-dabba, 582 ; Yella-

kalli, 558; Yella mala kai, 372;
Yellam ma, 315; £Yellari, 568;
Yemane, 509; Yeméin, 563; Yené,

593, 636; Yenega, 581; Yennemara,
65; Ye petsut, 293 ; Yepi, 250 ; Yermal,
346: Yerra bikki, 379, 380; Yerra-
Juvyi, 603; Yerra monu k du, 121;
Yerra Valudu,. 136; Yerriku, 471 ; Yer-
rimushti, 476 ; Yerri vepa, 140; Yerta,
409; Yeruni, 170; Yesaga, 319; Ye
Saga, 106; Yeshul, 287; Yetagyi, 593; Ye-
tama, 249 ; Yethabye, 323, 325 ; Ye-tha-
gyi, 219; Yethapan, 606; Ye thapan,
609 ; Yet Kyi, 341 ; Yettalai patta, 512 ;
Yetti, 473; Yetwun, 74; Yewa Aduga,
142; Yeyun, 610; Yimma, 144; Yin,
daik, 234; Yingan, 649; Yingat-gale-
379; Yingat-gyi, 379; Yinye, 314; Yit
padi, 132; Yodaya, 128; Yon, 315;
Yuethagada, 368 ; Ywethla, 375 ; Ywe-
gné, 225; Ywe-ngé, 706; Ywetchan,
629; Ywetgyi, 262.

Zagat, 625, 627, 629; Zagat pyaung, 629 ;
Zagat Wunbyu, 632; Zaitun, 445, 542 ;
Zalat, 460; Zalatni, 410; Zalat pyu,
390, 412 ; Zalat thein, 460 ; Zamai, 519;
Zam riush, 295; Zanaung 655; Zanon,
651; Zanu, 500; Zardalu, 279; Zarg,
279 ; Zargah, 279 ; Zartum, 174 ; Zaung
balé, 338 ; Zaung bale, 339 ; Zaung gale,
339; Zaung gyan, 554; Ziben, 169;
Zibyu, 570; Zinbye, 339; Zinbyun, 4;
Zizaung, 558.

INDEX OF EUROPEAN NAMES

Acid Cherry, 280; Acid Lime, 123; Afri-
can Copal, 250; Alexandrian Laurel, bidden Fruit, 460.
54; Almond-tree, 278; Andaman Bul- Giant Eucalypt, 327 ; Goat’s foot creeper,
let wood, 426; Andaman Marble or 488; Gooseberry, 299; Gooseberry,
zebra wood, 435; Andaman Redwood, Hill, 326; Grape Vine, 177; Grass,
239; Apple, Custard, 22; Apple, Ele- Elephant, 685 ; Guava Tree, 326 ; Gum,
phant, 119; Apple, Eve's, 460; Apple, Blue, 327; Gum, Locust, 250; Gum,
Malay, 319; Apple, Rose, 318 ; Apple- Red, 327: Gum, White, 327; Gutta
scented Eucalypt, 328; Apple Tree, Percha tree, 425.
290; Apricot, 279; Areca Palm, 646; Hawthorn, 294; Henna Plant, 340; Hill
Arnotto, 39; Assembly Tree, 118; Gooseberry, 326; Himalayan Cedar,
Australian Blackwood, 269. 691; Himalayan Cypress, 693 ; Hima-

Balsam Poplar, 640; Bamboo, xxii. ; layan Holly, 155; Himalayan low-level
Bamboo, Male, 675 ; Baobab, 78 ; Bark, Silver Fir, xvi., 692 ; Himalayan Pencil

tree, 607; Fir, Silver, xvi., 692; For-

Iron, 327; Bark, Stringy, 327 ; Bastard
Mahogany, 328: Beech, xvi; Benoil, 210:
Betel Nuts, 646; Betel Vine, 523; Bird
Cherry, 281; Bitter Orange, 123;
Black Butt, 327; Black Currant, 299 ;
Black Dammer Tree, 130; Black
Juniper, 695; Black Pepper, 523;
Blackwood, 233; Blackwood, Austra-
lian, 269; Bloodwood, 328; Blue
Gum, 327: Box, 559; Breadfruit
Tree, 611; Bread, Monkey, 78; Bul-
lock’s Heart, 22; But-but, 328.
Calamander wood, 429; Camphor tree,
Japan, 534; Caoutchoue tree, Indian,
603 ; Caper plant, 33; Cashew-nut, 204 ;
Cassava starch, 582: Castor Oil plant,593;
Ceara Rubber, 582; Cedar, x. ; Cedar,
Himalayan, 691; Cedar, Himalayan Pen-
cil, 694; Charcoal tree, 597; Chebulie
Myrobalan, 308 ; Cherry, 280; Cherry,
Acid, 280; Cherry, Bird, 281 ; Cherry,
Sweet, 280; Chestnut, Indian Horse,
185; Chestnut, Sweet, 635; China
grass, 617; Chinese Tallow tree, 584 ;
Chittagong wood, 144; Cinnamon tree,
533; Citron, 123; Clearing Nut tree,
474; Cocoa-nut tree, 648; Coco nut,
xxiil.; Coffee, 390; Coffee, Liberian,
390; Copal, African, 250; Coral tree,
Indian, 226; Cotton tree, 77; Cowslip
or West Coast Creeper, 470; Currant,
Black, 299; Currant, Red, 299; Cus-
tard Apple, 22; Cypress, Himalayan,
693 ; Cypress, Weeping, 694.

Damson, 279; Date Palm, 645; Date
Paim, Wild, 645; Divi-divi, 247;
Doorian, 78; Dragon’s blood, 650.
Eagle wood, 546; Ebony, 434; Ebony
of Northern India, 432; Elephant Apple,
119; Elephant Creeper, 485 ; Elephant
Grass, 685; Emblic Myrobalan, 570 ;
Eucalypt, Apple-scented, 328; Euca-
lypt, Giant, 327; Eve's Apple, 460.
False Nutmeg, 524; Fever Nut, 246; Fig

Mahogany, Bastard, 328;

Cedar, 694; Himalayan Spruce, 693 ;
Hog-plum, 201; Holly, Himalayan,
155; Horse-radish tree, 209.

Indian Almond tree, 307; Indian Caout-

choue tree, 603 ; Indian Coral tree, 226 ;
Indian Hemp (Sunn), 216; Indian
Horse Chestnut, 185; Indian La-
burnum, 253; Indian Walnut, 576;
Indigo plant, 218 ; Indigo, Wild Forest,
217; Iron Bark, 327; Ironwood, 67

Ironwood of Burma, 262; Ivy
349.

Jack tree, 611 ; Japan Camphor tree, 534 ;

Juniper, Black, 695 ; Juniper, Weeping
Blue, 694.

Laburnum, Indian, 253; Lantana, 502 ;

Larch, xvi.,; Laurel, Alexandrian, 54 ;
Lemon, 123; Lettuce tree, 517; Lilac,
Persian, 140; Lime, Acid, 123; Lime,
Sweet, 123; Locust Gum, 250; Long
Pepper, 523; Loose-skinned Orange,
123; Loquat, 290.

Mahogany,
Swamp, 328; Mahogany tree, 144;
Malay Apple, 319; Malay Sago Palm,
648; Male Bamboo, 675; Mango, x. ;
Mangosteen, 49; Mango tree, 206;
Margoza Tree, 139; Marking Nut tree,
207; Messmate tree, 327; Mbhar palm,
654; Midnapore Creeper, 484; Milk-
bush, 558; Mistletoe, 552; Monkey
bread, 78; Moon flower, 487; Mul-
berry, 612; Mulberry, Paper, 613 ;
Myrobalan, Emblie, 570; Myrtle, 326
Mysore thorn, 246.

’

Nectarine, 279; Neem tree, 139; Ning-

po Varnish, 576; Nut, Coeoa. xxii. ;
Nut, Fever, 246; Nutmeg, 524; Nut-
meg, False, 524; Nuts, Betel, 646.

Oak, Silky, 544; Oleander, Indian, x. ;

Olive, European, 446; Orange, Bitter,
123; Orange, Loose-skinned, 123;
Orange, Seville, 123; Orange, Sweet,
123; Oriental Plane, 619.

736 INDEX OF EUROPEAN NAMES.

Palm, Areca, 646; Palm, Date, 645;
Palmyra, 657: Paper Mulberry, 613;
Para rubber, 582; Peach, 279; Pear,
Prickly, 346; Pear tree, 291; Peepul
tree, 601; Pepper, 523; Persian Li-
lac, 140; Pine, Blue, 689; Piney
Varnish tree, 72; Plane, Oriental, 619;
Plum, 279; Pomegranate, 341; Poon
spar tree, 54; Poplar, Balsam, 640 ;
Portia tree, 75; Prickly Pear, 346;
Prune, 279; Pumelo, 123.

Quince, 289.

Red Currant, 299; Red Gum, 327; Red
Sanders tree, 240 ; Redwood, Andaman,
239; Rhea plant, 617; Rock Areca,
647; Rose Apple, 318 ; Rosewood, 233.

Sago Palm, Malay, 648 ;. Sallow, 638 ; Sal
tree, 69; Sandal wood, xxii., 553 ; Sapo-
dilla Plum, 424; Sarsaparilla, Indian,
468 ; Satinwood, 146; Sensitive Plant,
263; Seville Orange, 123 ; Shaddock, 123;
Silky Oak, 544; Silver Fir, xvi., 692 ;
Silver Wattle, 269; Sissoo tree, 233 ;
Sloe, 279; Snake stick, 181; Soap-
nut, 191; Soom tree, 531; Sour-

sop, 22; Spruce, Himalayan, 693 ; Star
Apple, 423 ; Storax, 302; Stringy Bark,

327; Swamp Mahogany, 328; Sweet
Cherry, 280; Sweet Chestnut, 635;
Sweet Lime, 123; Sweet Orange,
123.

Talipot Palm, 657; Tallow, Vegetable,
584; Tapioca meal, 582; Tea plant,
61; Tea, Wild, 58; Teak, xvi., xxii.,
505; Thorn, Mysore, 246; Thorn,
Umbrella, 264; Toon Tree, 145;
Tulip tree, 75.

Umbrella Thorn, 264; Upas tree, 614.

Varnish tree, 199 ; Vegetable Tallow, 584 ;
Vine, Grape, 177.

Walnut, 619; Walnut, Indian, 576; Wan-
gara, 327; Wattle, Silver, 269; Weeping
Blue Juniper, 694; Weeping Cypress,
694; Weeping Willow, 637; White Gum,
327; Wild Date Palm, 645; Wild
Forest Indigo, 217; Wild Tea, 58 ;
Willow, Weeping, 637; Wood Apple,
119; Wood Oil of China, 576; Woolly
Butt, 328.

Zebra wood, 435.

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA

AND SPECIES

Authorities are only quoted in those cases where the same specific name has been

used by two or more authors in a different sense.

Abelia triflora, 360.

Abies, 691.
densa, 692 ; dumosa, 693 ;
pectinata, 692; Pindrow,
692, 720 ; Smithiana, 692;
spinulosa, 693, 721 ; Web-
biana, 692, 720.

Abroma augusta, 89.

Abrus, 225. i
preeatorius, 225, 706;
pulchellus, 225.

Acacia, 263.
arabica, 264, 720; cesia,
268, 708 ; canescens, 708 ;
Catechu, Bedd., 268;
Catechu, Willd., xx.
708, 720; var. Catechu-
oides, 265 ; concinna, 269,
708 ; dealbata, 269, 720;
eburnea, 264, 720; Far-
nesiana, 263 ; ferruginea,
266; inopinata, 265 ; Int-
sia, 268; Jacquemonti,
265, 708; Kingii, 265,
708; Latronum, 265;
lenticularis, 266; leuco-
phleea, 265, 708; Melan-
oxylon, 269; microce-
phala, 265 ; modesta, 266 ;
mollis, 272 ; pennata, 269,
708; planifrons, 264;
pruinescens, 269 ; pseudo-
Intsia, 269; Roxburghii,
264; rupestris, 266;
Sandra, 267; Senegal,
266, 708; Suma, 265,
708; Sundra, 268; to-
mentosa, 205.

Acalypha, 587.
acmophylla, 587; alni-
folia, 587; Dalzellii, 587 ;
fruticosa, 587; hispida,
587.

Acanthaces, 496.

Acanthopanax aculeatum,
351, 710.

Acanthus, 497.
ebracteatus, 497; ilici-
folius, 497, 715 ; volubilis,
498,

Acer, ISI.
acuminatum, 705; cres-
ium, 183; Campbellii, xxi.,

184, 705; caudatum, 183,

705; cultratum, 183 ;
Hookeri, 181; isolobum,
182; letum, 184, 705;
levigatum, 181, 705;
Lobelii, 184, 705; molle,
705: niveum, 181, 705;
oblongum, xxi., 181, 705 ;
Papilio, 183 ; pectinatum,
183; pentapomicum, 182;
pictum, 183, 705 ; Schwe-
rinii, 705; sikkimense,
181, 705; stachyophyl-
lum, 181; Thomsoni,
183 ; villosum, 182.

Aceracex, 181.

Achras, 424.
elengoides, 422; Sapota,
424.

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius,
249.

Acronyechia, 116.
laurifolia, 116, 702;
pedunculata, 116.

Actephila, 561.
excelsa, 561; javanica,
562; neilgherrensis, 561 ;
puberula, 562; Thomsoni,
562.

Actinidia, 3, 56, 61.
eallosa, 62; strigosa, 62.

Actinodaphne, 534
angustifolia, 535; cam-
panulata, 534; concolor,
535; confertiflora, 535;
hirsuta, 534; Hookeri,
Bedd., 534; Hookeri,
Meissn., 534; lanata,
534; leiantha, 535; ma-
daraspatana, 534; obo-
vata, 535; reticulata,
535; salicina, Bedd., 534;
salicina, Meissn., 535;
sesquipedalis, 535; sik-
kimensis, 535, 76;
stenophylla, 534.

Adamia cyanea, 297.

Adansonia digitata, 78.

Adelia.
neriifolia, 593; retusa, 593.

Adenanthera pavonina, 262,
708.

Adenochlena, 586,
indica, 586; silhetiana,
586.

737

Synonyms are printed in italics.

Adenosacme, 377.
Lawii, 377; longifolia,
377 ; stipulata, 377.
Adhatoda Vasica, 498, 715.
Adina, 368.
cordifolia, 368, TUR
Griffithii, 368; oligoce-
phala, 368; polycephala,
368 ; sessilifolia, 368.
Adinandra, 57.
Griffithii, 57 ; integerrima,
57; villosa, 57.
Aichmanthera tomentosa,
501.
ABgialitis, 413.
annulata, R. Br., 413;
annulata, Kurz, 413;
rotundifolia, 413.
Egiceras, 421.
corniculata, 421; flori-
dum, 421; majus, 421,
712.
Aigle Marmelos, 119, 703,
720.
Bschynomene aspera, 224,
®sculus, 185.
indica, 185, 705 ; pundu-
ana, 185, 705.
Afzelia, 251.
bijuga, A. Gr., 251; bi-
juga, Kurz, 251; palem-
banica, 251; retusa, 251,
708.
Aganosma, 464.
acuminata, 464; Blumei,
464; calycina, 464; ca-
ryophyllata, 464; cymosa,
464; Doniana, 464;
elegans, 464, 714; gracilis,
464; marginata, 464.
Agapetes, 404.
angulata, 405; auricu-
lata, 405 ; bracteata, 405;
buxifolia, 405 ; campanu-
lata, 405; discolor, 405 ;
glabra, 405; grandiflora,
404; Hillii, 404; Lobbii,
405; loranthiflora, 404 ;
macrantha, 404; macro-
phylla, 404; macroste-
mon, 404; manipurensis,
405; Mannii, 405; mini-
ata, 404; mitrarioides,
405; nana, 405; Nuttal-
3B

738 INDEX OF
lii, 405; obovata, 405 ;
Parishii, 404; pilifera,
405; Pottingeri, 405;
salicifolia, 404; saligna,
404 ; setigera, 404 ; varie-
gata, 404.

Aglaia, 142.

andamanica, 148, 703;
argentea, 143; crassiner-
via, 143; edulis, 143;

fusea, 142; Ganggo, 143;
glaucescens, 142; Griffi-
thii, 143 ; Khasiana, 142 ;
minutiflora, 144; odora-
tissima, 142, 703; oligo-
phylla, 142; paniculata,
142 ; perviridis, 143, 703 ;
Roxburghiana, 142; tri-
chostemon,143 ; Wallichii,
142.
Agrostistachys, 581.

Gaudichaudii, 581; indica,

581; longifolia, Benth.,
581; longifolia, WKurz,
581.

Ailanthus, 125.
excelsa, 125; glandulosa,
127, 703, 720; grandis,
703; Kurzii, 703; mala-
barica, 127.

Aitchisonia, 391.
rosea, 391; var. Elliottii,
391.

Alangium, 354.
decapetalum, 354; hexa-
petalum, 354; Kingianum,

355; Lamarcku, 354,
720.

Albertex, 365.

Albizzia, 269.
amara, 272, 709, 720;
elegans, 272; Gamblei,

270; Julibrissin, x, 272 ;
Kalkora, 272; Lebbek,
271, 709, 720; lebbeko-
ides, 271 ; littoralis, 272 ;
lucida, 269; mollis, x, 272,
273; myriophylla, 272 ;
odoratissima, 271, 709,
720; procera, 271, 708,
720 ; stipulata, 272, 709 ;
Thompsoni, 271.

Alchornea, 587, 717.
mollis, 587 ; rugosa, 587,
717; tiliefolia, 587.

Aleurites, 576.
cordata, 576 ; moluccana,
576 ; triloba, 576.

Alhagi, 225.
Camelorum,
rorum, 225.

Alleanthus Kurzii, 610, 718

Allamanda cathartica, 456.

Allophylus, 185.
aporeticus, 185; Cobbe,
185, 705; coneanicus,
186; serratus, 185; zey-
lanicus, 186.

Alnus, 623.

225; Mau-

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

incana, 720; nepalensis,
623 ; nitida, 623.
Alphonsea, 18.
lutea, 18 ; madraspatana,
18 ; ventricosa, 18; zey-
lanica, 18.
Alseodaphne, 531.
costalis, 531; grandis,
Nees, 531 ; grandis, Kurz,
528; petiolaris, 531, 716;

semecarpifolia, 531 ; var.

angustifolia, 531.
Alsodeia, 37.

bengalensis, 37; longi-

racemosa, 38; mollis, 38;
racemosa, 38; Roxbur-
ghii, 38 ; zeylanica, 38.
Alstonia, 458.
Kurzvi, 459; neriifolia,
459; scholaris, 459, 713;
spectabilis, 459; venenata,
459.
Altingia excelsa, 302.
Alyxia, 457.
fascicularis, 457 ; gracilis,
457 ; stellata, 713.
Amanoa indica, 561.
Amarantacee, 517.
Amblyanthopsis, 421.
bhotanica, 420;
branacea, 421.
Amblyanthus, 420.
glandulosus, 420; multi-
florus, 420; preetervisus,
420.
Ambherstia nobilis, xxi., 252.
Amoora, 141.
canarana, 142; chitta-
gonga, 142; cucullata,
142, 703 ; decandra, 144 ;
dysoxyloides, 143 ; Lawii,
142; Manii, 142; Rohi-
tuka, 141, 703; specta-
bilis, 142 ; Wallichii, 142,
703.
Ampelidez, 175.
Ampelocissus, 176.
Amygdalus.
brahuica, 279 ; communis,
278 ; persica, 279 ; Stock-
stana, 278.
Anacardiacer, 195.
Anacardium occidentale,
204.
Anacolosa, 149.
densiflora, 149 ; Griffithii,
149 ; ilicoides, 149; pu-
berula, 149.
Anamirta, 25.
Cocculus, 25 ; paniculata,
25, 700.
Anaxagorea, 21.
luzoniensis, 21 ;
ica, 21.
Ancistrocladacee, 73.
Ancistrocladus, 73.
attenuatus, 74 ; extensus,
73; Griffithii, 74; Hey-
neanus, 73 ; Wallichii, 73.

mem-

zeylan-

Andrachne cordifolia, 562,
717.

Andromeda.
fastigiata, 408; formosa,
409 ; ovalifolia, 409.

Anisonema multiflorum, 570

Anisoptera, 66.
glabra, 67, 701 ; oblonga,
67 ; odorata, 72.

Anneslea, 58.
fragrans, 58; monticola,
59.

Anodendron paniculatum,
463.

Anogeissus, 315.
acuminata, 315, 710;
lanceolata, 710 ; latifolia,
xxi., 315, 710, 720; pen-
Cluilkh sock, Bil&, 7/0) s
phillyreefolia, 316 ; seri-
cea, 315, 710.

Anona, 22.
muricata, 22; reticulata,
22; squamosa, 22, 720.

Anonacee, 9.

Anthocephalus, 367.
Cadamba, 367, 711; in-
dicus, 367.

Antiaris, 614.
innoxia, 614; saccidora,
614 ; toxicaria, 614.

Antidesma, 564.
acuminatum, 565 ; Aleaxi-
teria, 565; Bunias, 564,
717; cuspidatum, 565 ;
diandrum, xxi., 565;
fruticulosum, 565 ; Ghe-
sembilla, 564, 717, 720;
Helferi, 564 ; khasianum,
565; martabanicum, 565’;
Menasu, 565; Moritzii,
565; nigricans, 565; pant-
culatum, 564; pubescens,

564; Roxburghiu, 564;
velutinosum, 564; velu-
tinum, 565, 717; zey-

lanicum, 565.

Antistrophe, 420.
oxyantha, 421, 712; ser-
ratifolia, 421.

Antitaxis calocarpa, 27.

Apama, 521.

Aphania, 191.
bifoliolata, 192 ; Danura,
191, 705 ; montana, 192 ;
rubra, 192, 705.

Aphanochilus polystachyus,
516.

Apocynacee, 454.

Apodytes, 152.
andamanica, 151; Beddo-
mei, 152; Benthamiana,
152.

Apollonias, 528.
Arnotti, 528;
sis, 528.

Aporosa, 563.
acuminata, 563 ;
564; Bourdilloni,

canarien-

aurea,
564 ;

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES 739

Clellandii, 563; glabri-
folia, 563; Jlanceolata,
564; Lindleyana, 456 ;
macrophylla, 563 ; micro-
stachya, 564; oblonga,
563, 717; Planchoniana,
564; Roxburghii, 563 ;
villosa, 563; villosula,
563 ; Wallichii, 564.
Apteron lanceolatum, 168.
Aquifoliacee, 154.
Aquilaria, 546.
Agallocha, 546; malac-
censis, 546.
Aralia, 351.
armata, 351, 710 ; cache-
mirica, 351; cissifolia,
351; foliolosa, 351, 710;
malabarica, 351; scan-
dens, 351; Thomsoni, 351.
Araliaces, 347.
Arceuthobium, 552.
minutissimum, 553; Oxy-
eedri, 553.
Ardisia, 417.
acuminata, 419 ; Amherst-
tana, 418 ; amplexicaulis,
419; anceps, 419; anda-
manica, 419; arbores-
cens, 418; attenuata,
418; bhotanica, 420;
Brandisiana, 420; colo-
rata, 419; courtallensis,
419; crenata, 420, 712;
crispa, 420; depressa,
419; floribunda, 418;
grandifolia, 418; Griffi-
thi, 419; Helferiana,
418; humilis, 418, 712;
Hymenandra, 420 ; Icara,
419; involucrata, 418;
Kachinensis, 420 ; Keen-
ani, 418 ; Khasiana, 418 ;
Kurzii, 419; Uittoralis,
418; macrocarpa, 420;
membranacea, 421; mis-
sionis, 419; neriifolia,
418 ; oblonga, 418 ; odon-
tophylla, 420 ; oxyphylla,
418; paniculata, 419;
parviflora, Bl., 418; par-
viflora, Talbot, 418;
pauciflora, 419; pedun-
culosa, 419 ; polycephala,
418; polycephala, 418;
polycephala, var. acumi-
nata, 419; quinquangu-
laris, 419; reflexa, 418;
rhomboidea, 419; rhyn-
chophylla, 418; rigida,
419; sanguinolenta, 418 ;
serratifolia, 421; serru-
lata, 419; solanacea, 418;
sonchifolia, 420; Thom-
sonti, 418 ; undulata, 420;
vestita, 420 ; villosa, 420 ;
villosa, var. obtusa, 420;
virens, 420; Wallichii,
418.

Areca, 646.

augusta 647: Catechu,
646; Dicksonii, 647;
gracilis, 647; mnagensis,
646 ; triandra, 646.

Arenga, 648.

saccharifera, 648 ; Wigh-
tii, 648.

Argyreia, 484.

argentea, 485, 714; ar-
gentea, var. hirsuta, 485 ;
var. venusta, 485; brac-
teata, 484 ; Burneyi, 714;
Championi, 485 ; Choisy-
ana, 485; cuneata, 485;
eymosa, 484; Daltoni,
485; fulgens, 485; hir-
suta, 485 ; Hookeri, 485 ;
involucrata, 484 ; lanceo-
lata, 485; Lawii, 485;
Leschenaultii, 484; mala-
barica, 484 ; neilygherya,
484 ; obtecta, 485 ; ornata,
484 ; pallida, 486 ; pilosa,
485; pomacea, 485;
populifoha, 484; Rox-
burghii, 485; sericea,
484; speciosa, 485;
splendens, 485, 714;
tiliefolia, 485, 488, 714;
uniflora, 484; venusta,
485; Wallichii, 485;
zeylanica, var. populifo-
lia, 485.

Arillaria robusta, 243.
Aristolochia, 522.

acuminata, 522; Cath-
eartii, 522; Griffithii,
§22; indica, 522, 716;
lanceolata, 522; platani-
folia, 622; Roxburghiana,
522, 716; saccata, 522,
716; Tagala, 716.

Aristolochiacer, 521.
Artabotrys, 20.

burmanicus, 21; erassi-
folius, 21; Kurzii, 21;
odoratissimus, 21 ; speei-
osus, 21 ; suaveolens, 21 ;
zeylanicus, 21.

Artemisia vulgaris, 402,

712.

Arthrophyllum,

diversifolium, 353 ; java-
nicum, 353.

Artocarpee, 597.
Artocarpus, 611.

calophylle, 611; Cha-
plasha, 611; echinata, 611;
Gomeziana, 612 ; hirsuta,
611, 720; incisa, 611;
integrifolia, 611 ; Lakoo-
cha, 612, 718; mollis,
612; peduncularis, 611 ;
rigida, 611.

Arundinaria, 664, 721.

aristata, 666; armata,
665; Clarkei, 666; call-
osa, 665, 683 ; densifolia,

664; elegans, 664, 667 ;
falcata, 665; Falconeri,
666; Gallatlyi, 667;
Griffithiana, 665; hir-
suta, 667; Hookeriana,
665; intermedia, 665 ;
Jaunsarensis, 666; Kha-
siana, 665; Kurzii, 667 ;
Manni, 666: micro-
phylla, 667 ; nobilis, 666 ;
Pantlingii, 665; poly-
stachya, 664; Prainii, 666;
racemosa, 664 ; Rolloana,
667; spathiflora, 665 ;
suberecta, 667 ; Walkeri-
ana, 664; Wightiana,
664; Wightit, 662.

Arytera littoralis, 188.

Asclepiadacee (Asclepia-
dew), 465.

Asclepias tenacissima, +70.

Asparagus, 642.
filicinus, 642 ; racemosus,
642.

Aspidocarya uvifera, 24.

Aspidopterys, 109.
canarensis, 109 ; concava,
109; cordata, 110; glo-
merata, 109; Helferiana,
109; hirsuta, 110; lanu-
ginosa, 110 ; nutans, 109,
702 ; Roxburghiana, 109 ;
tomentosa, 110; Walli-
chii, 110.

Asteriastigma macrocarpa,
700.

Astylis venusta, 566.

Atalantia, 120.
caudata, 121; ceylanica,
121; floribunda, 121;
macrophylla, 121; missi-
onis, 121; monophylla
121; racemosa, 121.

Atragene zeylanica, 2.

Atraphaxis, 520.
sinaica, 520; spinosa, 520.

Aucuba, 356.
himalaica, 356 ; japonica,
356.

Aulacodiscus premnoides,
376.

Averrhoa, 110.
Bilimbi, 111; Carambola,

110.

Avicennia, 514.
alba, 515; officinalis,
514; tomentosa, Jacq.,
514; tomentosa, Wall.,
514.

Axanthes, 376.

Azadirachta indica, 139,
703, 720.

Azima, 453.
sarmentosa, 454; tetra-
eantha, 453, 713.

Baccaurea, 562.
courtallensis, 563; flac-
cida, 563; parviflora,

740

563; sapida, Bedd., 563;
sapida, Muell., Arg., 562,
Wife

Balanites, 124.
cegyptiaca, 124;
burghii, 124, 720.

Balanocarpus, 70.
erosa, 71, 701 ; utilis, 71,
701.

Balanostreblus
615.

Baliospermum, 583.
axillare, 583, 717; caly-
cinum, 583; corymbi-
ferum, 583; montanum,
583; polyandrum, 583;
sinuatum, 583.

~ Balsamodendron, 132.
Berryi, 133 ; Mukul, 133,
703; pubescens, 133;
Roxburghii, 133.

Bambusa, 668.
affinis, 669; auriculata,
674; arundinacea, xx.,
6625 6635 671 i2ie;
baccifera, 683; Balcooa,
670; Binghami, 670;
burmanica, 668; Cope-
landi, 671; Falconer,
677; Griffithiana, 670;
khasiana, 668; King-
jana, 670 ; lineata,
670 ; longispiculata, 668 ;
marginata, 681; Master-
sii, 681; nana, 669;
nutans, 668 ; Oliveriana,
670; pallida, 669; poly-
morpha, 662, 669; rejia,
672; Rumphiana, 670;
schizostachyoides, 670;
spinosa, 671; teres, 668 ;
Thouarsiz, 670; Tulda,
668 ; villosula, 672; vul-
garis, 670.

Bambusacee, 660.

Bambusez, 660.

Barleria, 498.
cristata, 498; longiflora,
498, 715 ; polytricha, 498;
Prionitis, 498; strigosa,
498, 715.

Barringtonia, 329.
acutangula, 330, 710;
augusta, 330; conoidea,
330; Helferi, 330; ma-
crostachya, 330; pendula,
330; pterocarpa, 330;
racemosa, 330; speciosa,
330.

Bassia, 426.
butyracea, 427; calo-
neuta, 427 ; elliptica, 424 ;
latifolia, 426,712; Lobbii,
427; longifolia, 427;
malabarica, 427 ; villosa,
426.

Batschia, 252.

Bauhinia, 255.
acuminata, 2

Rox-

ilicifolia,

6; albo-

or

lutea, 259; 7 anguina,
259; var. Horsfieldii,
260; Benthami, 259;
candida, 256; Cham-
pionii, 260 ; diphylla, 257;
elongata, 259; enigma-
tica, 257; ferruginea,
259: foveolata, « 257;
glabrifolia, 259; glauca,
259, 708 ; khasiana, 259 ;
Kurzii, 259 ; Lawit, 257;
macrostachya, Kurz, 260;
macrostachya, Wall.,260,
708; malabarica, 256,
708; mollissima, 259;
nervosa, 259; ornata,
259; phoenicea, 259;
piperifolia, 259; poly-
carpa, 256; Pottingeri,
259 ; purpurea, 258, 708 ;
racemosa, 256, 708; re-

tusa, 257; rosea, 259;
rufa, 259, 708; tenui-
flora, 259; tomentosa,

256, 708 ; tortuosa, 257 ;
Vahlii, Kurz, 259 ;
Vahlii, Wight & Arn.,
258, 708 ; variegata, 258,
708 ; velutina, 258.
Beaumontia, 463.
grandiflora, 463 ; Jerdon-
_ jana, 463; khasiana, 463.
Beddomea, 141.
indica, 141 ; simplicifolia,
141.
Beesha travancorica, 685.
Beilschmiedia, 528.
amygdalina, 528; assa-
mica, 529, 716; Bour-
dilloni, 528, 716; Bran-
disii, 529; Clarkei, 529;
fagifolia, 528; Gammie-
ana, 529; globularia,
529; macrophylla, 529 ;
malaccensis, 529; Rox-
burghiana, 528 ; sikkim-
ensis, 529; Wightii, 529.
Bentinckia, 647.
Coddapanna, 647 ; nico-
barica, 647.
Berberidacez (Berberidee),
27.
Berberis, 28.
angulosa, 30; aristata,
29, 721; asiatica, 29;
ceylanica, 721; chitria,
721; concinna, 30; cori-
aria, 30; garhwalensis,
12M insignis, 30;
Leschenaultii, 28; Ly-
cium, 29; macrosepala,
30; mnepalensis, 28;
pachyacantha, 721 ; tinc-
toria, 29, 721; Thom-
soniana, 721; ulicina,
30; umbellata, 30;
virescens, 30; vulgaris,
28, 721; Wallichiana,
30; Wightiana, 721.

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

Berchemia, 169.
Edgeworthii, 169 ; flaves-
cens, 169; floribunda,
169 ; lineata, 169.

Bergera Kenigit, 113.

Berrya, 94.
Ammonilla,
94. :

Betula, 622.
acuminata, 622 ; alnoides,
622; Bhojpattra, 622;

cylindrostachys, 622 ; Jac-

quemontii, 622; nitida,
622 ; utilis, 622.

Betulacex, 621.

Betulee, 621.

Bignonia.
amena, 496; multijuga,
494; quadrilocularis, 494;
spathacea, 493 ; suberosa,
496; sxylocarpa, 495.

Bignoniacee, 491.

Bischofia javanica, 558.

Bixa orellana, 39.

Bixacee, 38.

Blachia, 580.
andamanica, 581; caly-
cina, 581 ; denudata, 581;
reflexa, 581; umbellata,
581.

Blackwellia nepalensis, 345.

94; mollis

Blastus cochinchinensis,
335.
Blepharistemma corym-

bosum, 306.

Blinkworthia, 484.
convolvuloides, 484 ; lyci-
oides, 484.

Blumea, 401.
aromatica, 401 ; balsami-
fera, 401, 712 ; chinensis,
401.

Blumeodendron
590.

Bocagea, 13.
Dalzellii, 13; elliptica, 13.

Boehmeria, 616.
cauduta, 617; Didymo-
gyne, 617; diffusa, 617 ;
Hamiltoniana, 617 ; Hel-
feri, 617; Kurzii, 617;
macrophylla, 617, 718;
malabarica, 617; nivea,
617; platyphylla, 617 ;
polystachya, 617; rugu-
losa, 617% scabrella, 617;
sidefolia, 617; tenacis-
sima, 617; travancorica,
617.

Bombacacee, 74.

Bombax, 77.
anceps, 78, 701; cambo-
diense, 78; heptanhyllum,
715 imsigne,) 7/7," 7017
707; malabaricum,’ 77,
701.

Bonamia semidigyna, 715.

Boraginacee (Boraginee),
478.

Tokbrai,

INDEX OF ORDERS,

Borassus, 657.
flabellifer, 657; flabelite
formis, 657.
Boscia, 32.
prunoides, 700;
bilis, 32, 700.
Bosia Amherstiana, 518.
Boswellia, 129.
glabra, 129; serrata, 129,
703, 720 ; thurifera, 129.
Bouea, 204.
burmanica, 204 ; opposi-
tifolia, 204.
Bougainvillea
517
Brachychiton, 79.
Brachylepis nervosa, 468.
Brachytome Wallichii, 383.
Bradleia.
hirsuta, 573 ; lanceolaria,
573.
Bragantia, 521.
Dalzellii, 522 ;
522.
Brandisia discolor, 491.
Brassaia capitata, 353.
Brassaiopsis, 352, 710.
aculeata, 353; alpina,
352; Griffithii, 352;
352; hispida,
Hookeri, 353 ;
mitis, 352; palmata, 352;
simplicifolia, 352 ; speci-
osa, 352.
Breweria, 488.
cordata, 488, 715; evol-

varia-

spectabilis,

Wallichii,

vuloides, 488; latifolia,
488, 715; Roxburghii,
488.

Breynia, 568, 721.
angustifolia, 568 ; patens,
568, 717; rhamnoides,
568.

Bridelia, 559.
amena, 560;
560; burmanica,
717; dasycalyx,
Griffithii, 561;
toniana, 560;
560; minutiflora,
montana, 560; pubes-
cens, 560, 717; retusa,
560, 717, 720; stipularis,
560, 717; tomentosa, 560.

Broussonetia, 613.
papyrifera, 613, 718.

Brownlowia, 93.
elata, 93; Helferiana,
93 ; lanceolata, 93 ; pelt-
ata, 93.

Brucea, 127
mollis, 127, 703; suma-
trana, 127.

Bruguiera, 304.
caryophylloides, 305; eri-
opetala, 305; gymno-
rhiza, © 305, 709; mala-
barica, 305; parviflora,
305 ; Rheedet, 305.

assamica,
560,
560 ;
Hamil-
Kurzii,
561;

Buchanania, 205.
acuminata, 205; angusti-
folia, 205; arborescens,
205 ; florida, 205 ; glabra,
205; intermedia, 206;
lanceolata, 205; lanci-
folia, 205; Lanzan, 205;
latifolia, 205, 706, 720;
laxiflora, 206; lucida,
205; platyneura, 205 ;
sessilifolia, 205.

Bucklandia populnea, 301.

Buddleia, 475.

asiatica, 475; Colvillei,
476; crispa, 475; dis-
color, 475; macrosta-

chya, 475 ; Neemda, 475 ;
paniculata, 475.
Buettneria, 89.
andamanensis, 90; as-
pera, 89, 701 ; crenulata,
90 ; pilosa, 89.
Bursera serrata, 132.
Burseracez, 129.
Butea, 230.

acuminata, 230; fron-
dosa, 230, 706, 720;
minor, 230 ; monosperma,
230; parviflora, 229;
superba, 230, 706.
Buxus, 559.
sempervirens, 559, var.
microphylla, 717.
Byrsinopetalum arboreum,
356.

Byrsophyllum tetrandrum,
378.

Cactacexw, 346.
Cadaba, 32.

farinosa, 32; heterotri-

cha, 32; indica, 32;

trifoliata, 32.
Caesalpinia, 245.

Bondue, 246; Bonduca,

246; Bonducella, 246,

707 ; cinclidocarpa, 247 ;
coriaria, 247; digyna
247; microphylla, 247;
mimosoides, 247; Minax,
var. burmanica, 246;
Nuga, 246; paniculata,
246; pulcherrima, 247 ;
Sappan, 246; sepiaria,
246; tortuosa, 247.
Cewsalpinies, 245,
Calamosaqus laciniosus, 654
Calamus, 650.
acanthospathus, 651;
andamanicus, 653, 719;

arboresecens, 651, 719;
Brandisii 651; collinus,
651; concinnus, 653;

dilaceratus, 654 ; Doriwi,
653, 719; erectus, 651;
fasciculatus, 652; Gam-
blei, 652; gracilis, 653 ;
grandis, 650; Guruba,
652 ; Feanus, 651;

GENERA AND SPECIES 741

Flagellum, 651 ; floribun-
dus, 651; Helferianus,
653; Huegelianus, 652 ;
hypolcucus, 653 ; inermis,
653 ; Jenkinsianus, 651 ;
latifolius, 653, 654; lep-
tospadix, 652; longisetus,
653, 719: macracanthus,
653; macrocarpus, 661;
Mastersianus, 652; me-
lanacanthus, 652; myri-
anthus, 653; nicobari-
cus, 654; nitidus, 652;
nutantiflorus, 650; pa-
lustris, 654, fee
paradoxus, 650; platy-
spathus, 651; pseudori-
valis, 719 ; pseudotenuis,

652 ; quinquenervius,
654; Rheedii, 653 ;
Rotang, Brandis, 652;
Rotang, Linn., 652 ;

Roxburghti, 652; Royle-
anus, 652 ; schizospathus,
651; tenuis, 652; Thwait-
tesil, 652 ; tigrinus, 653 ;
travancoricus 653; vim-
inalis, 652, 719; Wighti,
652.

Calliandra, 273.
cynometroides, 273 ;
Griffithii, 273 ; umbrosa,
273.

Callicarpa, 511.
arborea, 511, 716; la-
nata, 511; lobata, 512;
longifolia, 512; macro-
phylla, 512; psilocalyx,
512; rubella, 512; ves-
tita, 512; Wallichiana,
512.

Calligonum, 520.
comosum, 520;
noides, 520, 716.

Calonyction, 487.
bona nox, 715;
sum, 715.

Calophyllum, 53.
amoenum, 55; decipiens,
54; elatum, 54; Ino-
phyllum, 54, 700; poly-
anthum, 54; retusum,
55; spectabile, 55; to-
mentosum, 54; trapezi-
folium, 54; Wightianum,
oA.

Calosanthes indica, 496.

Calotropis, 471.

Acia, 472; gigantea, 471,
714; procera, 472.

Calpicarpium Roxburghii,
458.

Calpurnia aurea, 244.

Calycopteris, 314.
floribunda, 314,
nutans, 314.

Calysaccion longifolium, 53.

Camellia, 60.

Bohea, 61; caduca, xxii.,

polygo-

specio-

709;

742 INDEX OF
61; caudata, 61; chi-
nensis, 61; drupifera,
61; Kissz, 61; lutescens,
61; Thea, 61; thefera,
61.

Camphora officinarum, 534.

Cananga odorata, 16.

Canangium odoratum, 16.

Canarium, 130, 703.
bengalense, 130; coccineo-

bracteatum, 131; eu-
phyllum, 130; Manii,
131; vesiniferum, 130;
sikkimense, 130; stric-
tum, 130.

Cansjera, 149.
Helferiana, 150; parvi-

folia, 150; Rheedii, 149,

703; scandens, 150; zi-
zyphifolia, 150.
Canthium, 385.
angustifolium, 386; di-
dymum, 385, 711; fici-
forme, 385; glabrum,

385, 711 ; gracilipes, 385 ;
horridum, 386; Kingu,
385; Leschenaultii, 386 ;
neilgherrense, 385; par-
viflorum, xvili., 385 ; par-
vifolium, 386; pergra-
cile, 385; Rheedii, 386 ;
travancoricum, 385 ; wmn-
bellatum, 385.

Capparidacee (Capparidez)
31.

Capparis, 33.
acuminata, 36 ;
35; andamanica, 35,
700; aphylla, 33, 700;
assamica, 35; auwricans,
34; brevispina, 33; bur-
manica, 35; Cathcarti,
700; crassifolia, 700;
disticha, 36; divaricata,
Sons diversifolia, 34;
glauca, 35; grandiflora,
33; grandis, 34, 85, 700 ;
flavicans, 35 ; floribunda,
35, 700; hastigera, 33 ;
Heyneana, 33; horrida,
35, 700; leucophylla, 33 ;
longispina, 34; mem-
branifolia, 36; micra-
cantha, 36; Moon, 34;
multiflora, 36; Murray-
ana, 33; olacifolia, 36 ;
orbiculata, 34; parvi-
flora, 34; pedurnculosa,
34: polymorpha, 700 ;
pumila, 35; pyrifolia,
33; Roxburghii, 34; sa-
bieefolia, 36, 700; sepi-
aria, 34, 700; spinosa,
33; stylosa, 33; tenera,
36; trinervia, 35; versi-
color, 35; viminea, 36;
xanthophylla, 36; zey-
lanica, 33, 700.

Caprifoliacee, 357.

ambigua,

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

Caragana, 216.
arborescens, 216; brevi-
spina, 216; decorticans,
216; Gerardiana, 216.

Carallia, 305.
ceylanica, 305; “integer-
rima, 305, 709; lancee-
folia, 306; lucida, 305,
709.

Carapa, 140.
moluccensis, Bedd., 140;
moluccensis, Lamk., 141,
703; obovata, 140, 703.

Careya, 331.
arborea, xxii., 332; her-
bacea, xxii., xxiii., 332;
spherica, 332.

Carica Papaya, 345.

Carissa, 455.

Carandas, 455 ; Dalzellii,
456; diffusa, 455; hir-
suta, 455; inermis, 713;

macrophylla, 456, 713:
paucinervia, 456, 713;
spinarum, | xviii, 455,
713; suavissima, 456;

villosa, 455.
Carpinus, 623.

faginea, 623;

623.
Carumbium.

viminea,

baccatum, 584; insigne,
585.

Caryopteris, 512.
grata, 512; paniculata,
513, 716; Wallichiana,
512, 716.

Caryota, 654.
mitis, 654; obtusa, 654 ;
obtusidentata, 654; sobo-
lifera, 654; urens, 654.
Casearia, 342.
andamanica, 343; Can-
ziala, 344; elliptica, 343 ;

esculenta, 343; glome-
rata, 343: graveolens,
343; Kurzii, 344; Lob-
biana, 344; rubescens,
343; tomentosa, 343,
710; Vareca, 344, 710;

varians, 343; wynaden-
sis, 344.
Cassia, 253.
alata, 255;
254, 720; Fistula, 253,
708, 720; florida, 254;
glauca, 255; goensis,
254; marginata,
montana, 254, 720; no-
dosa, 253, 708; renigera,

auriculata,

254; rhombifolia, 708;
Roxburghii, 253 ; siamea,
254, 708, 720; timori-
ensis, 254, 708; tomen-
tosa, 254.

Cassiope, 408.
fastigiata, 408; selagin-

oides, 408.
Castanea, 635.

253)5 -

argentea, 634; diversi-
folia, 634; indica, 634 ;
inermis, 635; javanica,
634; martabanica, 634;
rhamnifolia, 635; Rox-
burghii, 634; sativa,635 ;
tribuloides, Wall., 634;
tribuloides var. ferox,
Kurz, 634; var. armata,
635; vesca, 635; vul-
garis, 635.

Castanopsis, 633.
argentea, 634; argyro-
phylla, 634; armata,
635: castanicarpa, 634 ;
Clarkei, 634; diversi-
folia, 634; Hystrix, 634 ;
indica, 634; javanica,
634; rhamnifolia, 635 ;
rufescens, 634; suma-
trana, 635; tribuloides,
634; var. echidnocarpa,
6355) var ferox. )635);
var. longispina, 635 ; var.
typica, 635: var. Wattii,
635.

Casuarina equisetifolia, 620,
718.

Casuarinacee, 620.

Cedrela, 145.

febrifuga, 146; hirsuta,
146; longifolia, 146;
microcarpa, 146, 703;

multijuga, 146 ; odorata,
145; serrata, 145; Too-
na, 145.
Cedrus, 691.
atlantica, 691 ; Deodara,.
691; Libani, x, 691; Li-
bani var. Deodara, 691.
Ceiba pentandra, 76.
Celastracez (Celastrinez),
IGy7/e
Celastrus, 162.
Championi, 704; Hook-

eri, 704; Listeri, 704;
membranifolia, 704:
monosperma, 163, 704;
montana, 163; multi-
flora, 704; nutans, 704;
paniculata, 162, 704;
senegalensis, 163; spt-

nosa, 163; stylosa, 162,
704; venulosa, 163.
Celtidec, 593.
Celtis, 595.
australis, 595, 717; cau-
casica, 595; cinnamo-
mea, 596, 717 ; eriocarpa,
596; Hamiltonii, 596;
mollis, 596; serotina,
596; tetrandra, 596,717 ;

trinervia, 596; Wightii,
596.

Cephalanthus, 367.
naucleoides, 367; occi-

dentalis, 367.
Cephalocroton indicum, 586.
Cephalostachyum, 679.

INDEX OF

capitatum, 661, 680 ; var.
decomposita, 680; fla-
vescens, 680; Fuchsi-
anum, 661, 681; Griffi-
thii, 679 ; latifoiium, 661,
681; pallidum, 680 ; per-

gracile, 680; — schizo-
stachyoides, 670; virga-
tum, 680.

Cephalotaxus, 696.
Fortunei, 697 ; Griffithii,

Hook., 697; Griffithii,
Oliver, 697; Mannii,
697 ; Oliveri, 697.
Cerasus.
cornuta, 280; Puddum,
279.
Ceratogynum, 569.
Ceratogynum rhamnoides,
569.

Cerbera Odollam, 457.

Cercis.
canadensis, xx. ;
quastrum, xx.

Cercocoma Wallichii, 463.

Ceriops, 304.
Candolleana, 304,
Roxburghiana, 304.

Chetocarpus castanocarpus,
582.

Chailletia, 146.
andamanica, 147; gelo-
nioides, 146; Helferiana,
147; longipetala, 147;
macropetala, 147; suma-
trana, 146.

Chailletiacew, 146.

Chamebuxcus.
arillata, 43; Karensium,
44.

Sili-

709;

Chamerops.
Fortunei, 657: kha-
syana, 657; Martiana,
657; Ritchieana, 655.
Champereia Griffithiana,
5505.

Chasalia, 395.

curviflora, 395, 712.
Chaulmoogra odorata, 721.
Chavannesia esculenta, 460.
Chavica.

Betle, 523; Roxburghii,

523; spherostachya, 523.
Chenopodiaces, 518.
Chickrassia, 144.
Chilocarpus, 456.

atroviridis, 456; mala-

baricus, 436.
Chionanthus.

intermedia, 448; macro-

phylla, 448; malabarica,
448; minutiflora, 449;
montana, 448.
Chisocheton, 139.

costatus, 139; divergens,
139; dysoxylifolius, 139,
703; /ragrans, 139;
grandiflorus, 139; pani-
culatus, 139, 703.

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES 743:

Chlamydobalanus, 632.

Chloroxylon, 146.
Suietenia, xx., 146, 703,
720.

Chomelia, 377.

Chondrospermum smilaci-
folium, 452.

Chonemorpha, 463.
antidysenterica, 459;
Griffthii, 463; macro-
phyla, 463.

Choripetalum aurantiacum,
417.

Chorifandra pinnata, 571.

Chrysobalanex, 277.

Chrysophyllum Roxburghii,
423, 712.

Chukrasia, 144.
tabularis, 144; velutina,
145.

Cicca.
albizzioides, 571: dis-
ticha, 570; Bmblica, 570;
macrocarpa, 570; micro-
carpa, 570 ; obovata, 569 ;
reticulata, 570.

Cinchona, 372.
Calisaya, 373; Condami-
nea, 372; excelsa, 371;
Ledgeriana, 373; mi-
erantha, 373; officinalis,
372; succirubra, 373.

Cinchonew, 364.

Cinnamomum, 532.
albiflorum, 533; Cecico-
daphne, 534, 716; Cam-
phora, 534; Cassia, 533 ;
eaudatum, 534; Culit-
lawan, 5 glanduli-
ferum, 534; gracile, 534 ;
impressinervium, 533 ;
iners, 533; inunctum,
534; macrocarpum, 533 ;
nitidum, 533; obtusi-
folium, 533, 716; pauci-

florum, 3; Parthen-
oxylon, 534; peduncu-
latum, var. angusti-

folium, 533; Perrottetii,
534; recurvatum, 533;
sulphuratum, Nees, 534 ;
sulphuratum, Warz, 533 ;
Tamala, 533; tavoya-
num, 533; vimineum,
533; Wightii, 533; zey-
lanicum, 533.

Cipadessa fruticosa, 137.

Cissampelos, 23.
Pareira, 23, 699 ;
netii, 27.

Cissus, 176.

Cissus.
adnata, 176; vitigenea, 176,

Citrus, 122.

Pluke-

Aurantium, 123, 703;
decumana, 123; hystrix,
123; Limonium, 123;

medica, 123,703; nobilis,
123.

Claoxylon, 586.
anomalum, 586; Bed-
domei, 586; hirsutum,
586 ; indicum, 586; kha-
sianum, 586 ; longifolium,
586; muricatum, 589 ;
Wightii, 586.

Clausena, 114.
excavata, 114, 702; hep-
taphylla, 115; indica,
114; macrophylla, 115 =
pentaphylla, 114; suff-
ruticosa, 115; Wallichii,
115; Wampi, 114; Will-
denowii, 115.

Cleidion, 592.
javanicum, 592, 717; ni-
tidum, 593.

Cleistanthus, 561.
chartaceus, 561; colli-
nus, 561, 717; lanci-
folius, 561 ; malabaricus,
561; myrianthus, 561 ;
patulus, 561, 717.

Clematidex, |.

Clematis, 1.
acuminata, 2, 699; bar-
bellata, 1; Buchanani-
ana, 2, 699; connata, 2 ;
Gouriana, 2, 699; grata,
1; grewieflora, 2; mon-
tana, 1; Munroana, 1;
orientalis, 2, 699; smila-
eifolia, 1; subpeltata, 1 ;
Wightiana, 2, 699.

Clerodendron, 506.

bracteatum, 508; Cole-
brookeanum, 507; Grif-
fithianum, 507; hasta-

tum, 508; inerme, 507 ;
infortunatum, 507, 715 ;
lasiocephalum, 507 ; ma-
crostachyum, 508 ; nerii-
folium, 507 ; nutans, 508 ;
paniculatum, 508; pen-
duliflorum, 508; Phlo-
midis, 715; phlomoides,
507; serratum, 508, 715 ;
Siphonanthus,508 ; squa-
matum, 508, 715; veno-
sum, 508 ; villosum, 507.
Cleyera, 57.
grandiflora, 58 ; qumnan-
thera, 57; japonica, 57 ;
ochnacea, 57.
Clinogyne grandis, x.
Cluytia.
collina, 561; montana,
560; scandens, 560 ; spi-
nosa, 560,
Clypea hernandijolia, 23.
Cnesmone javanica, 583.
Cnestis, 213.
platantha,
flora, 213.
Coceoceras plicatum, 587.
Coceulus, 26,
cordifolius, 24; glauces-
cens, 26; indicus, 25°;

rami-

213 ;

744

laurifolius, xxi., 26; Le-
eba, 26; macrocarpus,
26; villosus, 26.
‘Cochlospermum Gossypiam,
38.
Cocos nucifera, 648.
‘Codiewum, 580.
andamanicum, 581 ; lute-
scens, 593; wmbellatum,
581; variegatum, 580.
Ccelodepas calycinum, 586.
‘Coelodiscus, 591.

ertocarpoides, 589; gla-
briusculus, 591; hirsu-
tulus, 591; lappaceus,
591; longipes, 591.
‘Ceelospermum scandens,
393.
‘Coffea, 390, 712.
alpestris, 378; arabica,
390, 712; bengalensis,

390, 712; fragrans, 390 ;
grumelioides, 378; Jen-
kinsii, 390, 712; khasi-
ana, 390; liberica, 390,
712; travancorensis, 390;
Wightiana, 390.

Colebrookia, 515.
oppositifolia, 515; terni-
folua, 515.

‘Colquhounia, 516.
coccinea, 516; elegans,
517; vestita, 517.

Colubrina, 174.
asiatica, 174 ; pubescens,
174; travancorica, 174.

Columbia, 101.
flagrocarpa, 101; flori-
bunda, 101 ; merguensis,
101.

Colutea, 217.
arborescens, var. nepa-
lensis, 217 ; armata, 217;
nepalensis, 217.

Colvillea racemosa, 249.

Combretacex, 306.

‘Combretum, 312.
acuminatum, 312, 709;
apetalum, 312; chinense,
313, 709; costatum, 312;
dasystachyum, 313; de-
candrum, 312, 709; ex-
tensum, 314, 709; flagro-
carpum, 313, 709; kachi-
nense, 312; ovale, 312;
ovalifolium, 313, 709;
nanum, xxii., 313, 709;
pilosum, 312 ; pyrifolium
312, 709; quadrangu-
Jare, 313; squamosum,
313, 709; tetragonocar-
pum, 313; trifoliatum,
312, 709; Wallichii, DC,
313; Wallichii, IKurz,
313; Wightianum, 314.

Commiphora.
Agallocha,
siana, 133.

‘Composite, 398.

133); Stock-

Congea, 513.
azurea, 513; tomentosa,
513; velutina, 513; ves-
tita, 513; villosa, 513.
Conifere, 688.
Connaraceex, 210.
Connarus, 211.
gibbosus, 212; grandis,
DAD Griffthi, 213;
igneus, 213; latifolius,
212; monocarpus, 211;
nicobaricus, 212; pani-
culatus, 212; pinnatus,
211; Ritchiei, 212; se-
midecandrus, 213 ; Wigh-
tii, 212.
Conocarpus.
latifolia, 315.
Conocephalee, 597.
Conocephalus, 610.
niveus, 618; suaveolens,
610.
Convolvulacee, 483.
Convolvulus.
atropurpureus, 486; bar-
batus, 486.
Conyza balsamijfera, 401.
Copaifera, 250.

Corallobotrys acuminata,
408.

Cordia, 478.
Clarkei, 714; crenata,

479; fragrantissima, 479,
701; fulvosa, 480; gran-
dis, 479 ; Lowriana, 479;
Macleodii, 479, 721; mo-
noica, 479, 714; Myxa,
478, 714; obliqua, 478;
obliqua, var. Wallichii,
479; octandra, 480;
Perrottetii, 480: poly-
gama, 479; Rothii, 480 ;
serrata, 480 ; subcordata,
480; vestita, 480; Wal-
lichii, 479, 714.

Cordyline, 641.
terminalis,
ferrea, 641.

Coriaria, 209.
nepalensis, 209; termin-
alis, 209.

Coriariacee, 209.

Cornacee, 354.

Cornus, 355.
alternifolia, 355; cana-
densis, Xxili.; capitata,
356; florida, 355; ma-
crophylla, Wall., 355;
macrophylla, Gamble,
355; oblonga, 355; san-

356; suecica,

641; var.

Corylopsis himalayana, 301.

Corylus, 624.
Colurna, 624 ; ferox, 624;
var. thibetica, 624; Jac-
quemontii, 624; lacera,
624.

Corypha, 657.

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

elata, 658; Gebanga, 658 ;
macropoda, 658; Taliera,
658 ; Talliera, 658 ; um-
braculifera, 657.
Coscinium fenestratum, 25.
Cosmostigma, 468.
acuminatum, 468 ;
mosum, 468.
Cotinus Coggygria, 196.
Cotoneaster, 294.
acuminata, 295; bacil-
laris, 294 ; buxifolia, 295;
frigida, 295; micro-
phylla, 295; mnummu-
laria, 295; rosea, 295;
rotundifolia, 295; Si-
mondsii, 295, 721; Si-
monsii, 721 ; thymifolia,
295, 721; vulgaris, 295.
Covellia, 606.
Crategus, 294.
Clarkei, 294; crenulata,
294; monogyna, 294;
Oxyacantha, 294; Pyra-
cantha, Pers., 294; Py-
racantha, Brandis, 294;
Wattiana, 294.

Trace-

’ Crateva, 32.

hygrophila, 32, 700; lo-
phosperma, 32,700; Nur-
vala, 700; religiosa, 32,
700; Roxburghii, 700;
Roxburghii, 32; unilo-
calaris, 700.

Cratoxylon, 47.
arborescens, 48; formo-
sum, 48; neriifolium, 48;
polyanthum, 47; pruni-
florum, 48; prunifolium,
48.

Crotalaria, 216.

Burhia, 216, 706 ; juncea,
216.

Croton, 576, 717.
argyratus, 577; aroma-
ticus, 577; birmanicus,
577; calococeus, 577;
caloneurus, 577; cauda-
fus, 577; chlorocalyx,
578; flocculosus, 578;
Gibsonianus, 578; Jou-
fra. 57/5) is eeobz
schianus, 578; levi-
folius, 578; Lawianus,
578; malabaricus, 577;
oblongifolius, 577, 717,
720; reticulatus, 577;
rhodostachyus, 578; ro-
bustus, 577; scabiosus,
577; sublyratus, 578;
Tiglium, 577, 717; to-
mentosus, 577; Walli-
chii, 578.

Cruddasia insignis, 231.

Crudia Mansoni, 708.

Crypteronia, 341.
glabra, 341; paniculata,
341; pubescens, 341.

Cryptocarya, 527

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

amygdalina, 527, 716;
andamanica, 527; cwsia,
528; Ferrarsi, 528; /fer-

rea, 528; floribunda,
Wall., 527: floribunda,
Wight., 527; floribunda,
Nees, 716; Griffithiana,

527; Kurzii, 528 ; Stock-
sil, 527; Wightiana, 527.
Cryptolepis, 466.
Buchanani, 467, 714;
elegans, 467; grandi-
flora, 467; pauciflora, 467.
Cryptomeria japonica, 695.
Sane cele grandiflora,
466.

Cudrania, 614.
amboinensis, 614; fruti-
cosa, 614; javanensis,
614; pubescens, 614.
Cudranus Rumphii, 614.
Cullenia excelsa, 78.
Cupania.
adenophylla, 188: fusci-
dula, 186; glabrata, 186,
705 ; Helferi, 187 ; Jacki-
ana, 187; Lessertiana,
188 ; sumatrana, 188.
Cupressus, 693.
funebris, 694;
694; lusitanica,
sempervirens, 693 ;
losa, xvi, 693.
Cupulifers, 621, 624.
Curatella, 3.
Cyathocalyx, 21.
martabanicus, 21 ;
lanicus, 21.
Cycadacex, 697.
Cycas, 698.
Beddomei, 698; circi-
nalis, 698; Jenkinsiana,

glauca,
694 ;
toru-

zey-

698 ; pectinata, 698 ; re-
voluta, 698; Rumphii,
698 ; siamensis, 698.
Cyclea, 23.
Burmanni, 24; peltata,
24, 699.
Cyclobalanopsis, 627.
Cyclobalanus, 632.
Cyclostemon, 567.
assamicus, 567; confer-
tiflorus, 567; eglandu-
losus, 567; ellipticus,
567 ; Griffithii, 568 ;
Helferi, 567; indicus,
568; Jaintensis, 567;
lancifolius, 568; macro-

phyllus, 567; malabari-
eus, 567; subsessilis,
568 ; zeylanicus, 567.

Cydonia, 289.
cathayensis,
garis, 289.

Cylicodaphne.
lonqgipes, 538 ;
539.

Cyminosma
116.

289; vul-

Wightiana,

pedunculata,

Cynometra, 255.
Beddomei, 255; cauli-
flora, 255; mimosoides,
708; polyandra, 255,
708 ; ramiflora, 255, 708;
travancorica, 255.

Cystacanthus insignis, 501.

Dacrydium elatum, 696.
Dedalacanthus, 498.
nervosus, 499, 715; pur-

purascens, 499, 715;
splendens, 499; tetra-
gonus, 499.

Demia extensa, 469, 714.

Demonorops, 650, 719.
hypoleucus, 653 ; Jenkin-
sianus, 650; Kurzianus,
650, 719; Manii, 650,
719.

Dalbergia, 232.
acaciefolia, 235, 707;
assamica, 236, 707; bur-
manica, 234, 707; cana,
237, 707; candenatensis,
239; Championii, 234;
Collettii, 234, 707; con-
fertiflora, 234, 707; con-
gesta, 234, 707; coro-
mandeliana, 235, 707;
cultrata, 234, 707; em-
arginata, 233, 707; foli-
acea, Gamble, 234; foli-
acea, Wall., 234, 707;
frondosa, 236; Gardneri-
ana, 234, 707; glauca,
234; glomeriflora, 237,
707 ; Hemsleyi, 237,707 ;
hircina, 237: Wingiana,
234, 707; Kurzii, 236,
707; lanceolaria, 236,
707; latifolia, 233, 707;
malabarica, 235, 707;
marginata, 243: Melan-
oxylon, 235, 707; Miul-
lettit?, 235; mimosoides,
235, 707; monosperma,
238 ; multiflora, 235,
707: nigrescens, 236;
obtusifolia, 234, 707;
Oliveri, 237, 707; ougei-
nensis, 224; ovata, 234,
707; paniculata, Roxb.,
xx1.,236, 707, 720; pani-
culata, Kurz, 237; par-
viflora, 239, 707; Pra-
zeri, 237, 707; Pseudo-
Sissoo, 234; purpurea,
236; reniformis, 239,
707; rimosa, 233, 707;
robusta, 241; rostrata,
234, 707; rubiginosa,
234, 707: scandens, 241;
sericea, 237, 707;
oides, 707; sissoides,
233: Sissoo, 233, 707;
spinosa, 238, 707; stipu-
lacea, 238, 707; Stocksii,
235; sympathetica, 235;

siss-

745

tamarindifolia, 234, 707 ;
Thomsoni, 238, 707 ; tor-
ta, 238, 707; velutina,
234, 707; volubilis, 237,
707: Wattii, 237, 707.
Dalbergiex, 215.
Dalechampia, 583.
indica, 583 ; Kurzii, 583 ;
scandens, 583; velutina,
583.
Dalhousiea, 707.

africana, xx., 707; brac-

teata, xx., 707; pauci-
sperma, 707.
Damnacanthus indicus,
393.
Daphne, 544.
cannabina, 544; involu-
erata, 545; mucronata,
544; odora, 545; oleo-
ides, 544, 716 ; papyracea,

544 ; pendula, 545, 716.
Daphnidium.
argenteum, 541; bifarium,
541; caudatum, 541 ; pul-
cherrimum, 541.
Daphniphyllopsis capitata,
357.
Daphniphyllum, 565.
glaucescens, 566;
alayense, 566, 717.
Datiscacee (Datiscex), 346.
Debregeasia, 618.

him-

bicolor, 618; dentata,
618; hypoleuca, 618,
718; velutina, 618 ;

Wallichiana, 618.
Decaisnea insignis, 28.
Decalepis Hamiltonii, 468.
Decaneuron divergens, 399.
Decaspermum _ paniculat-

um, 326.

Deeringia celosioides, 518,
716.

Dequelia, 240.

Dehaasia, 528, 716.
cuneata, 528; elongata,
528; Kurzii, 528.

Delima sarmentosa, 5.

Dendrocalamus, 661, 675.
Brandisii, 678; calosta-
chyus, 678 ; Collettianus,
678 ; flagellifer, 678 ; gigen-

teus, xx., 678; Griffithi-
anus, 670; Hamiltonii,
662, 676; Hookeri, 677;
latiflorus, 678 ; longifim-
briatus, 678; longispa-
thus, 677; membrana-
ceus, 676, 720; Parishit,
677; patellaris, 677;
sericeus, 676; sikkimen-
sis, 677; strictus, 662,
675.

Dendropanax, 350.
japonicum, 350; Listeri,
351.

Derris, 240.
amoena, 243; andama-

746 INDEX OF
nica, 243 ; brevipes,
242; canarensis, 707 ;
cuneifolia, 242; dalber-
gioides, 241; discolor,
242; elegans, 242 ; ellip-
tica, 242; eualata, 242 ;
ferruginea, 242; Heyn-
neana, 242; latifolia, 243;
Maingayana, 243; malac-
censis, 242; marginata,
243, 707; microptera,
Bentham, 242; microp-
tera, Gamble, 220; mon-

ticola, 222; oblonga,
242, 707 ; ovalifolia, 242 ;
platyptera, 242; poly-
stachya, 243; pulchra,
707 ; robusta, 241 ;
scandens, 241, 707;
secunda, 222, 243 ;
sinuata, 242 ; thyrsiflora,
242: uliginosa, 241;

Wallichti, 242; Wightii,
242.
Desmodium, 222.

alatum, 224; argenteum,
223; auriculatum, 224;
Cephalotes 222, 706;
concinnum, 223 ; confer-
tum, 223; congestum,
222; floribundum, 223;
gangeticum, 224; hetero-
carpum, 223; latifolium,
224; lasiocarpum, 224 ;
laxiflorum, 223, 706;
nutans, 223; olivaceum,
223; oxyphyllum, 223 ;
patens, 223; pendulum,
223; polycarpum, 223;
pseudotriquetrum, 224;
pulchellum, 223; recwrv-

atum, 223; sambuense,
223; tiliefolium, 223 ;
triquetrum, 224, 706;
umbellatum, 223, 706;

Wallichii, 223.
Desmogyne neriifolia,
Deutzia, 296.

corymbosa, 296; inter-

media, 296; macrantha,

296; staminea, 296.
Dialium, 251.

ovoideum, Thw.,

travancoricum, 708.
Diandre (Salix), 636.
Dicellostyles jujubifolia,

701.

Dicerma pulchellum, 223.
Dichapetalacee, 146.
Dichapetalum, 146.
Dichopsis, 424.

elliptica, 424: Gutta, 425;

Helferi, 425 ; obovata, 425;

polyantha, 425.

Dichroa febrifuga, 297, 709.
Dichrostachys cinerea, 261,

708.

Didymosperma, 655.

gracilis, 655; nana, 6

406.

251 ;

Or
Or

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

Dilivaria ilicifolia, 497.
Dillenia, 3, 699.
aurea, 4; bracteata, 3;
indica, 3; ornata, 4;
parviflora, 4; pentagyna,
4, 699; pilosa, 4; pul-
cherrima, 4; scabrella,
4; speciosa, 3.
Dilleniacee, 3.
Dimorphocalyx, 581.

glabellus, 581; Lawi-
anus, 581.

Dinochloa, 681.
andamanica, 661, 681;
McClellandi, 661, 681,
720; Tjankorreh, 681 ;
Tjankorreh, var. anda-
manica, 681.

Dioclea reflexa, 228, 706.

Diospyros, 428, 712.
affinis, 433, 712, 713;
assimilis, 434, Tlsy3
Bourdilloni, 435, 713:
Brandisiana, 435: bur-
manica, 433; calycina,
434; canarica, 434;

Candolleana, 434; capi-
tulata, 430 ; Chloroxylon,
430, 712 ; cordifolia, 431;
crumenata, 433, 7AB3 8
dasyphylla, 436; densi-
flora, 435; dubia, 432;
Ebenum, 434: ehreti-
oides, 432; Embryo-
pteris, 434, 712, 713; var.
atrata, 434: exsculpta,
432; flavicans, 435 ;
foliolosa, 434; Helferi,
435; MHorsfieldii, 435;
humilis, 432; insignis,
428, 712; Kaki, 432;
Kanjilali, 713; Wurzii,
435; lanceefolia, 433 ;
Lotus, 432, 713; mar-
tabanica, 436; Melan-
oxylon, xvi., 432, 720;

microphylla, 431, 712;
mollis, 436; montana,

431, 712 ; nigricans, 436 ;
nilagirica, 428, 712; obo-
vata, 424; oleifolia, 436 ;
oocarpa, 428, 712: orix-
ensis, 432; ovalifolia,
435, 713; Packmanni,
436; paniculata, 429;
pilosula, 436; pruriens,
429; queesita, 429;
racemosa, 432; rami-
flora, 435: sapotoides,
435; stricta, 430 ;
sylvatica, 431, 712;
tomentosa, 433, 712;
Toposia, 432, es
Tupru, 433; undulata,
433; variegata, 436;
Wightiana, 432.
Diplospora, 384.

apiocarpa, 384; confusa,
384, 711; Griffith, 384;

KXurzii, 384; pubescens, .
384; singularis, 384, 711;
spherocarpa, 384.

Diplycosia, 403, 408.
discolor, 408; semi-in-
fera, 408.

Dipterocarpacee (Diptero-
carpee), 63.

Dipterocarpus, 65.
alatus, 66, 701: Baudii,
65; Bourdilloni, 66;
costatus, 66; Griffithii,
701; imeanus, 66; in-
dicus, xx., 65; insignis,
66; levis, 65; obtusi-
folius, 65, 701; pilosus,
65; scaber, 701; tuber-
culatus, xvi., xxi., 66,
701; turbinatus, Gaertn.,
xx., 65; turbinatus,Cooke,
65; vestitus, 65.

Discospermum apiocarpum,
384.

Distylium indicum, 301.

Dittelasma Rarak, 191.

Dittoceras Andersoni, 472.

Dobera Roxburghii, 453.

Dobinea vulgaris, 204.

Docynia, 289.

Hookeriana, 289 ; indica,
289.

Dodecadenia, 531.
grandiflora, 531; Griffi-
thii, 531 ; paniculata, 531.

Dodonea, 186.
Burmanniana, 186; vis-
cosa, 186, 705, 720.

Dolichandrone, 493.
arcuata, 493; crispa,
494, 720; falcata, 493 ;
Lawii, 493, 715 ; Rheedii,
494, 715; stipulata, 493,
mld:

Dorstenia Griffithiana, 610.

Dracena, 641.
angustifolia, 641, 718 ;
Draco, 641; ensifolia,
641, 718 ; spicata, 641.

Dracontomelum mangi-
ferum, 201.

Dregea, 468.

angustifolia, 468, 714;

volubilis, 468, 714.
Drepanocarpus.

Cumingii, 239; mono-

spermus, 238 ; rentformis,
239 ; spinosus, 238.
Drimycarpus racemosus,
204.
Drimys, 5.
Dryobalanops
64.
Duabanga
340.
Durio zibethinus, 78.
Dysoxylum, 138.
arborescens, 138; Bed-
domei, 138; binectari-
ferum, 138 ; brevipes,138 ;

aromatica,

sonneratioides,

INDEX OF

costulatum, 138 ; glandu-
losum, 138; grande,
138; Hamiltonii, 138;
macrocarpum, 138; ma-
labaricum, 138; Oliveri,
138 ; pallens, 138;
procerum, 138, 703 ; reti-
culatum, 138, 703 ; thyr-
soideum, 138.

Ebenacex, 428.

Eedysanthera, 465.
brachiata, 465; micran-
tha, 465.

Echinocarpus, 101.
assamicus, 101; dasy-
carpus, 101, _ 102;
Murex, 101 ; Sigun, 101 ;
sterculiaceus, LOL, 702;
tomentosus, 102.

Echites.
cymosa, 464; paniculata,
463 ; rhynchosperma, 463.

Edgeworthia Gardneri, 545.

Edwardsia mollis, 244.

Ehretia, 480.
acuminata, 481; aspera,
481, 714; buxifolia,
xXvili., 481; cuneata,
482; floribunda, 481;
levis, 481, var. aspera,
4S8l, var. canarensis,
481: macrophylla, 481 ;
obtusifolia, 481; ovali-
folia, 481; parallela,
481; retusa, 481; ser-
rata, 481: Wallichiana,
481; Wightiana, 481.

Elwagnacee, 546.

Eleagnus, 546.
anqustifolia, 546; arborea,
547; conferta, 547;
hortensis, 546; latifolia,
547; orientalis, 546;
parvifolia, 547 ; pyrifor-
mis, 547 ; umbellata, 547.

Eleocarpacex, 93.

Elxocarpus, 102.
acuminatus, 104; aris-
tatus, xx., 104; Bracea-
nus, 103, 702; bracteatus,
106; cuneatus, 102;
decipiens, 103; ferrugi-
neus, 104; floribundus,
102; Ganitrus, 102;
grandiflorus, 106; gran-
difolius, 104; Griffithii,
106; Helferi, 108:
hygrophilus, 103; inte-
ger, 106; lacunosus,
103; lancewfolius, 103 ;
leptostachya, 103; littor-
alis, 105; longifolius,
103; lucidus, 103 ;
Monoceras, 105; Mun-
roii, 104; oblongus, 103;
obtusus, 104; petiolatus,
106 ; photiniwfolius, 103 ;
prunifolius, 106; robustus,

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES TAT

103, 702; rugosus,
104; serratus, 102 ;
sikkimensis, 103; sim-
plex, 104; stipularis,
102; tuberculatus, xx.,
104; Varunna, 106 ;
venustus, 105 ; Wallichii,
103.

Eleodendron, 164.
glaucum, 164, 720;
Roxburghii, 164; subro-
tundum, 165.

Ellertonia Rheedii, 458.

Ellipanthus, 213.
calophyllus, 213 ; Helferi,
213; monophyllus, var.
neglectus, 213; stercu-
liwfolius, 214; Thwaite-
si, 213; tomentosus,
213; unifoliolatus, 213.

Ellipeia ferruginea, 17.

Elsholtzia polystachya, 516.

Embelia, 416.
adnata, 416; Basaal,
417; Clarkei, 417: ferru-
ginea, 417; floribunda,
417; furfuracea, 417;
Gamblei, 417; Gardner-
jana, 417; glandulifera,
416; microcalyx, 416;
Nagushia, 417; nutans,
417: parviflora, 417;
reticulata, 417; Ribes,
416; robusta, 416;
sessiliflora, 416; subcori-
acea, 417: Tejeriam
Cottam, 416; undulata,
417; vestita, 417;
villosa, 417; viridiflora,
417, 712.

Emblica officinalis, 570.

Embryopteris _ glutinifera,
434.

Endiandra firma, 529.

Endopogon.
capitatus, 499; foliosus,
499. «

Endospermum chinense7 17.

Engelhardtia, 620.
aceriflora, 620; Cole-
brookiana, 620; polysta-
chya, 620 ; Roxburghiana,
620; spicata, 620;
villosa, 620.

Enkianthus himalaicus,408.

Entada, 261.

Pursetha, 708 ; scandens,
261, 708.

Epacridacesw, 412.

Ephedra, 686.

Alte, 686; foliata, 686;
Gerardiana, 686; inter-
media, 686 ; nebrodensis,
686; pachyclada, 686;
peduncularis, 686; vul-
qaris, 686.

Epicarpurus.
orientalis, 615; spinosus,
615; zeylanica, 616.

Epigynum§ Griffithianum,
463.

Eranthemum, 498.

Ericacex, 403.

Erinocarpus Nimmoanus,
101.

Eriobotrya, 289.
angustissima, 290; ben-
galensis, 290; dubia,
Dene, 290 ; dubia, Kurz,
290; elliptica, 290;
Hookeriana, 290 ; integri-
folia, 293; japonica,
290; petiolata, 290, 709.

Eriodendron, 76.
anfractuosum, 76 ; orien-
tale, 76.

Erioglossum, 192.
edule, 192 ; rubiginosum,
192.

Eriolena, $7.

Candollei, 87; Hookeri-
ana, 87; quinquelocu-
laris, 87, 701, - 720;
spectabilis, 88; Stocksi,
87: Wallichi, 87.

Ervatamia coronaria, 460.

Erycibe, 483.
albiflora, 714; citrini-
flora, 714; eoriacea,
484; expansa, 483;
Griffithii, 484; fragrans,
484; glaucescens, 484 ;
glomerata, 484; laevi-
gata, 483, 714; panicu-
lata, 483, 714 ; peguensis,
483; Stapfiana, 484 ;
subspicata, 483; Walli-
chii, 483; Wightiana,
483, 714.

Erythrina, 226.
arborescens, 227, 706;
holosericea, 228; indica,
226; lithosperma, 227 ;
ovalifolia, 227; resupin-
ata, XX, XXII, 2275
stricta, 706; sub-
erosa, 227, 706; sublo-
bata, 227.

Erythropalum, 148.
populifolium, 148; secan-
dens, 148; vagum, 148.

Erythroxylacee, 106.

Erythroxylon, 107.
burmanicum, 108 ; Coca,
LOT; indicum, 107 ;
Kunthianum, 108; lan-
ceolatum, 108 ; monogy-
num, xviil., 107.

Eucalyptus, 326.
acmenoides, 327; amyg-
dalina, 327; botryoides,
328; calophylla, 328 ;
corymbosa, 328 ; Globu-
lus, 327; Kirtoniana,
$28; Leueoxylon, 327;
longifolia, 3: margi-
nata, 327; obliqua, 327 ;
pilularis, 327; pulveru-

748 INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

lenta, 328; resinifera, missa, 710; pseudosub- fraxinifolia, 112; glabra,
328 ; robusta, 328 ; tilis, 324; Rama Varma, 112; meliefolia, 112;
rostrata, 327; saligna, 318, 710; ramosissima, Roxburghiana, 112;
328; Stuartiana, 328; 319; reticulata, 320; rutecarpa, 112; triphylla,
tereticornis, 327. revoluta, 325; Rottleri- Bedd., 112; triphylla,
Eucyclostemon, 567. ana, 325; rubens, 321; DC. 112; viticina, 112.
Eugenia, 317. rubricaulis, 321; rubi- Excecaria, 585.
alba, 318 ; albiflora, 320 ; eunda, 324; salicifolia acerifolia, 585; Agallo-

alternifolia, xviii., 322; SY75} 2 singampattiana, Chas. 5853 mile Ons
amplexicaulis, 317; an- 326; Smaliana, 320; baccata, 584; cochinchi-
damanica, 319; aquea, spicata, 321; Stocksii, nensis, 585; crenulata,
317, 710; areolata, 324; 323; tetragona, 322; 585 ; holophylla, 585 ; in-
argentea, 325; Arnotti- Thumra, 321; todda- dica, 585; insignis, 585;

ana, 321; balsamea,
323; Beddomei, 320;
bifaria, 319; brachiata,
324; bracteata, xviii.

loides, 321, 710; tristis,
320; utilis, 324; venu-

oppositifolia, Thwaites,
585 ; oppositifolia, Griff., .
sta, 710; Wallichiz, 320 ; 586; rectinervis, 585; j
Wightiana, 319, 710; robusta, 586; sebifera, .
325; bracteolata, 324; Willdenowii, 325 ; wyna- 584.
caleadensis, 325; calo- densis, 325; zeylanica,

phyllifolia, 324; caryo- 321.

phyllea, 324; caryophyl- Euonymus, 157.

lifolia, 323; cérasoides, angulatus, 158 ; attenua-
323; chlorantha, 710; tus, 158; bullatus, 159,

Fagacee, 624.

Fagara, 116.

Fagrea, 476.
auricularia, 476 ; auricu-

cinerea, 324; claviflora, 704; calocarpus, 159; lata, 476; carnosa, 476 ;
319, 710; codyensis, cinereus, 158; crenulatus, coromandeliana, 476;
325, 710 ; contracta, 322 ; Wall., 158; crenulatus, fragrans, 477; khasiana,
corymbosa, 324; cune- Wight, 158; dichoto- 476; malabarica, 476;

ata, 325; cymosa, 321; mus, 158; echinatus, morindefolia, 477, 714;
diospyrifolia, 318; ferrugi- 158; fimbriatus, 158; obovata, 476, 714;
nea, 321; floccosa, 325; frigidus, 159; glaber, racemosa, 477 ; zeylanica,
formosa, 317, 710; fron- 158 ; Goughii, 158 ; 476.

dosa, 324; fruticosa, grandiflorus, 158, 721; Falconeria.

323; Gardneri, 321; Griffithii, 159; Hamil- insignis, 585; malabar-
grandis, 320; grandis, tonianus, 159; indicus, ica, 585; Wallichiana,
var. lepidocarpa, 320; 158; javanicus, 158; 585.

grata, 322; Griffithii,
710; Helferi, 319;
hemispherica, 318 ; Hey-
neana, 323, 710; jambo-
lana, 323 ; Jambos, 318;
javanica, 318; Jossinia,
325; kanarensis, 321;
khasiana, 324; Kurzii,
319; leta, 318; lanceo-
lata, 319; lancecfolia,
320; laurifolia, 319;
lepidocarpa, 320; lep-
tantha, 319; linearis,
322; lineata, 321 ; lisso-
phylla, 324 ; macrocarpa,
317; macrosepala, 325,
710; malabarica, 322;
malaccensis, 319 ; mangi-
folia, 320; Manii, 322;
memecylifolia, 326; mi-
crophylla, 322; Mooni-
ana, 325; montana, 324;
Munroni, 318; Myhen-
dre, 325; mayrtifolia,
325; nicobarica, 323;
oblata, 324; obovata,
710; occidentalis, 319,
710; occlusa, 320%
operculata, 322, 710;
pachyphylla, 320 ; pauci-
flora, 318; pellucida,
322; polyantha, 322,
710; polypetala, 319;
precox, 320; preter-

kachinensis, 704 ; lacerus,
158, 703 ; Lawsonii, 159,
703; macrocarpus, 158 ;
paniculatus, 158 ; pendu-
lus, 159; sclerocarpus,
159; serratifolius, 158 ;
siluroides, 704; subsul-
eatus, 704; thefolius,
159; timorensis, 158;
tingens, 158; vagans,

159.

Euphorbia, 557.

antiquorum, 55
Cattimandoo, 55 epl-
phylloides, 558; nerii-
folia, 558, 717; Nivulia,
558, 717: pentagona,
558; Royleana, 558;
Tirucalli, 558; tortilis,
558 ; trigona, 558.

WALZ 3
8:

Euphorbiacee, 555.
Euphoria, 193.

Longana, 192.

Eurya, 58, 700.

acuminata, 58 ; japonica,
58, 700; symplocina,
58; trichocarpa, 58;
Wightiana, 58.

Eurycoma longifolia, 127.
Eusauropus, 568.

Eusyce, 607.

Eusynaxis barringtonifolia,

59.

Evodia, 111.

Fatsia papyrifera, 347.
Feronia, 119.

Elephantum, 119, 703.
Ferreola buxifolia, 437.
Ficus, 598.

affinis, 603; Allimeera-

loo, 599: altissima, 600 ;

Ampelos, 599; anasto-

mosans, 605; <Arnotti-

ana, 602; asperrima,

605; Beddomei, 600 ;

bengalensis, 600; Ben-

jamina, 604; Benjamina,
var. comosa, 604; bho-
tanica, 605; brevicuspis,

604; callicarpa, 604 ;

callosa, 601 ; Carica,607 ;

caricoides, 607; char-
tacea, 608; Chittagonga,

609; chrysocarpa, 608 ;

cinerascens, 601 ; Clarkei,

610; clavata, 604; co-

mosa, 604; conglobata,

606; conglomerata, 606 ;

cordifolia, 601; crini-

nervia, 609; Cunia, 606,

718; demonum, 606 ;

Dalhousie, 601, 717;

elastica, 603; erecta,

608 ; ewphylla, 603; ex-

celsa, 599; Fieldingit,

608 ; fistulosa, 607;

foveolata, 608; fulva,

607 ; gemella, 608 ; geni-

INDEX OF

culata, 602; gibbosa,
599; gibbosa, var. cus-

pidifera, 599; glabella,
603, 718; glaberrima,

600; glandulifera, 608 ;
globosa, 600; glomerata,
609, 718; guttata, 610;

heterophylla, 606; hir-
suta, 608; hirta, 608,
718; hispida, 606, 718,

720; Hookeri, 600; hu-
milis, 605; ichnopoda,
608 ; indica, Roxb., 600;
indica, Linn., 603; in-
fectoria, 602, 718; in-
signis, 602; Kurzii, 603 ;
laceifera, 600; levis, 609,
718; Lambertiana, 602 ;
laminosa, 718; Lam-
ponga, 608; Lamponga,
var. chartacea, 608; lan-
ceolata, xxii., 608, 610;
lepidosa, 608; Maclel-
landi, 603; macrocarpa,
610; macrophylla, 609:
Miquelii, 607; mysor-
ensis, 601, 717; nemor-
alis, 608; nervosa, 600;

nigrescens, 605; nitida,
603; nuda, 603: nuda,
var. macrocarpa, 603;

obscura, 604; obtusifolia,
603 ; onusta, 600 ; oppo-
sitifolia, 606; palmata,
607, 718 ; parasitica,599 ;
pilosa, 601; pomifera,
Wall., 609, 721; pomifera,
Kurz, 604; prostrata,
607; pubigera, 608;
pumila, 609 ; pyriformis,
608, 718; pyrrhocarpa,
606; quercifolia, 605;
racemifera, 609; radi-
cans, 605; Rama Varme,
600; ramentacea, 609;
regia, 609 ; religiosa,601 ;
repens, 606; retusa, 603,

718; retusa, var. nitida,
603 ; rhododendrifolia,
603; Ribes, 607; ro-

strata, 605; rostrata,599;
Roxburghii, Wall., 609;
Roxburghii, Migq., 608 ;
Rumphii, 601, 717;se#mo-
earpa, xxil., 606, 718;
scabrella, 606; scandens,
609, 718; sikkimensis,
604; silhetensis, 608 ;
subpyriformis, 608; su-
bulata, 599, 717 ; Talboti,
603 ; Thomsoni, 600;
Tjakela, 603 ; tomentosa,
60L; trachycarpa, 604;
travancorica, 600; tri-
lepis, 608; triloba, GOS ;
Trimeni, 604; ‘Tsiela,
603; tuberculata, 599,
606 ; uniglandulosa, 605 ;
urophylla, 599; varie-

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES 749
gata, 609; vasculosa, gostana, 49 ; merguensis,
601; virgata, 607. 51; microstigma, 52 ;

Filicium, 129, 188. Morella, 53; moulmein-

decipiens, 188.
Finlaysonia obovata, 467.
Firmiana, 79.

Flacourtia, 39.
cataphracta, 39, 700; in-
ermis, 39; mollis, 39;
montana, 39: Ramont-
chi, xvili., 40, 700; sa-
pida, 40; sepiaria, 40,
700.

Flacourtiacex, 38.

Flemingia, 231.
bracteata, 231; capi-
tata, 232; Chappar, 231 ;
congesta, 232, 706; /er-
ruginea, 232; fluminalis,

231; fruticulosa, 231;
involucrata, 232, 707;
latifolia, 232; lineata,
Zoos Rane. px Xl ose
707; paniculata, 232;
prostrata, 232; semia-

lata, 232; sericans, 232;
stricta, 232, 706; var.
pteropus, 232: strobili-
fera, x, 231 ; Wightiana,
232.
Fluggea, 569.
Leucopyrus, 569, 720;
microcarpa, 569, 571.
Fraxinus, 443.

dimorpha, 713; excel-
sior, 443, 713; fiori-
bunda, 443; Griffithii,
443 ; Hookeri, 444;

Moorcrojftiana, 444 ; oxy-
phylla, 444; xantho-
xyloides, 444, 713.
Freycinetia, 659.
angustifolia,
signis, 660.

660; in-

Gadelupa, 243.

Gaertnera racemosa, 108.

ralearia, 578.
Helferi, 578; Wallichii,
Hook., f., 578; Walli-
chit, Kurz, 578.

Galegew, 215.

Famblea, 351.
ciliata, 351.

Ganitrus spharica, 102.

Garcinia, 49.
affinis, 50; andamanica,
49; anomala, 51; atro-
viridis, 50; Cambogia,
51; Choisiana, 53 ; coni-

carpa, 51; cornea, 50;
Cowa, 52, 700; dulcis,
49; echinocarpa, 51;

elliptica, 53; Hanburyi,
53; heterandra, 53; in-
dica, 52; (Kingii, 50;
Kurzii, 50; Kydia, 52;
lancewfolia, 52 700;
loniceroides, Man-

ensis, 50; ovalifolia, 49;
paniculata, 51; papilla,
51; pedunculata, . 50;
pictoria, 53; purpurea,
52; speciosa, 50; spi-
cata, 49; stipulata, 50;
succifolia, 52; travan-
corica, 50; Wightii, 53 ;
Xanthochymus, 49.
Gardenia, 378.

campanulata, 380; coro-
naria, 379 ; cuneata, 380;
dasycarpa, 383; enne-
andra, 379; erythroclada,
380, 711; florida, 379;
gummifera, 379; hygro-
phila, 383; latifolia, 379,

711; lucida, 379; mon-
tana, 380; obtusifolia,
379; pulcherrima, 383;
resinifera, 379; sessili-
flora, 380; tetrandra,
378; tetrasperma, 381;

turgida, 380, 711; uligi-
nosa, 381.

Gardeniex, 365.

Gardneria, 477.
angustifolia, 477 ; ovata,
477; Wallichii, 477.

Garuga, 131.
pinnata, 131, 703, 720.

Gaultheria, 408.
fragrantissima, 408 ;
Griffithiana, 408 ; Hook-
eri, 408; Leschenaultii,
408; procumbens, 408 ;
punctata, 408.

Gaylussacia serrata, 406.

Gelonium, 582.
bifarium, 582; /fascicu-
latum, 582; lanceolatum,
582; multiflorum, 582,
717.

Gelsemium, 476.
elegans, 476, 714;
dum, 476;
476.

Gendarussa vulgaris, 498.

Genianthus laurifolius, 473.

Genistew, 215.

Geraniacew, 110.

Getonia floribunda, 314.

Gigantochloa, 672.
albociliata, 673: anda-
manica, 674; auriculata,
674; Kurzii, 673; ma-
crostachya, 672, 719;
maxima, 673; verticil-
lata, 673.

niti-
sempervirens,

Gilibertia, 350.
Ginalloa Helferi, 552.
Gironniera, 596.

cuspidata, 596; lucida,
596; nervosa, var,
subaqualis, 596; reticu-

750 INDEX OF
~ lata, 596; subequalis, 596.
Givotia, 578.
rottleriformis, 578, 717.
Glochidion, 572.
acuminatum, 574; an-
damanicum, 575; arbor-
eum, 575; assamicum,
575; calocarpum, 573;
canarum, 573; cocci-
neum, 572; coronatum,
574; Daltoni, 574;
dasystylum, 575; Des-
mogyne, 573; diversi-
folium, 574; ellipticum,
574; fagifolium, WKurz,
575; fagifolium, Miquel,
575: Gamblei, 573, 574;
glaucifolium, 574; Hel-
feri, 573, 717; Hey-
neanum, 94574; hirsu-
tum, 573; Hohenackeri,
575 ; hongkongense, 572;
Johnstonei, 575; khasi-
cum, 574; levigatum,
575 ; lanceolarium, Dalz.,
575 ; lanceolarium, Muell.
Arg., 573; lanceolarium,
Voigt, 721; leiostylum,
574; littorale, Di
malabaricum, 574; mul-
tiloculare, 572; neil-
gherrense, 575: nepalense,

574; nitidum, Dillons
nubigenum, 575; obla-
tum, 573; Perrotteti-

anum, 575 ; Ralphii, 575 ;
rigidum, 574; sphero-
gynum, 575; Thomsoni,
574: tomentosum, 573;
velutinum, 574; villi-
eaule, 574; zeylanicum,
573, 717.

Glochisandra
673.

Glossocarya mollis, 512.

Gluta, 206.
elegans, var. Helferi, 207;
longipetiolata, 423 ; tavo-
yana, 207 ; travancorica,
207.

Glycosmis, 112.
montana, 113;
phylla, 112, 702.

Glyptopetalum, 159.
calocarpum, 159 ; grandi-
florum, 159; Griffithi,
159; sclerocarpum, 159 ;
zeylanicum, 159.

Gmelina, 509.

acuminata,

penta-

arborea, 509, Ti isy 8
asiatica, Linn., 509;
asiatica, Kurz, 509 ;
Hystrix, 509; oblongi-

folia, 509; villosa, 509.

Gnetacere, 685.

Gnetum, 687.
Brunonianum, 687 ; edule,
688 ; funiculare, B1.688 ;
funiculare, Wight, 688 ;

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

Gnemon, 687; macro-
podum, 688; neglectum,
687 ; scandens, 688.
Gnidia.
ertocephala, 545; sispar-
ensis, 545.
Goldfussia Dalhousiana, 501.
Gomphandra, 151.
andamanica, 151; axil-
laris, 151 ; comosa, 151 ;
coriacea, 151; penangi-
ana, 151; polymorpha,
T51 ; serrata, 703.
Gomphia, 129.
angustifolia, 129; suma-
trana, 129.
Gongronema nepalense,471.
Goniothalamus, 19.
cardiopetalus, 19; Grif-
fithii, 20, 699 ; peduncu-
laris, 699; sesquipeda-
lis, 20; Simonsii, 20;
Wightii, 20; wynaden-
sis, 20.
Gonocaryum, 152.
gracile, 152;
num, 152.
Goodeniaceex, 403.
Gordonia, 60.
excelsa, 60; obtusa, 60.
Gouania, 175.
andamanica, 175; Bran-
disii, 175; leptostachya,

Griffithia-

175, 704; microcarpa,
175, 704; nepalensis,
175; tiliefolia, 175.

Goughia neilgherrensis, 566.
Gramineae, 660.
Greenea, 375.
Jackii, 375; Wightiana,
375.
Grevillea robusta, 544.
Grewia, 94.
abutilifolia, 99: asiatica,
98, 702; bracteata, 96 ;
calophylla, 99; carpini-

folia, 98; cinnamomea,
702; columnaris, 96;
denticulata, 702; elas-

tica, 98, 702; elatostem-
moides, 100 ; emarginata,
96: eriocarpa, 100;
excelsa, 97 ; heterotricha,
96; hirsuta, 100, 702;
humilis, 101; levigata,
96, 702; leptopetala,
100, 702; Microcos, 99,
702 ; microstemma, 101;
multiflora, 97; Nagen-
sium, 96, 702; oppositi-
folia, 95; orbiculata, 98,
100, 702, 720 ; orientalis,
96; pilosa, 97; polygama,
100; populifoha, 95;
Ritchiez, 96 ; rotundifolia,
98; salvifolia, 97, 702;
sapida, Xxii., xxii., 98,
702; scabrida, 96; sca-
brophylla, xxiii, 99, 702;

sclerophylla, 99 ; sepiaria,
97; sinuata, 100; tiliw-
folia, 98, 100; ulmifolia,
99; umbellata, 96 ;
wmnbellifera, 96; vestita,
98 ; villosa, 98.

Griffithia fragrans, 382.

Grislea tomentosa, 341.

Grumilea.
congesta, 393; elongata,
393

Guarea paniculata, 139.

Guatteria.

Korinti, 15; longifolia,
15 ; sesquipedalis, 20.

Guazuma tomentosa, 92.

Guettarda speciosa, 386.

Guettardiez, 365.

Guioa, 186.
fuscidula,
mosa, 186.

Gunisanthus.
mollis,436; pilosulus,436.

Guttifere, 48.

Gymnacranthera, 525.

Gymnema, 469.
acuminatum, 469, 714;
Decaisneanum, 469 ; hir-
sutum, 469, 714; lacti-
ferum, 469; molle, 469 ;
montanum, 470; sylves-
tre, 469; tingens, 469,
714; tingens, var. ovali-
folia, 470.

Gymnosporia, 163.

186; squa-

acuminata, 164; emar-
ginata, 163, 704, 720;
Falconeri, 163; Heyn-

eana, 163 ; montana, 163;
neglecta, 164; oblanceo-
lata, 164; ovata, 164 ;

pallida, 163, 704 ;
puberula, 164; Rothi-
ana, 164; MRoyleana,
163 ; rufa, 163 ; rugulosa,
163; salicifolia, 164;
sikkimensis, 704; Wal-
lichiana, 163.

Gynocardia odorata, 40,
700, 721.

Gynochtodes macrophylla,
393.
Gynoon triandrum, 574.
Gynopogon.
lanceolatum, 457; stella-
tum, 457, 713.
Gynotroches axillaris, 306.
Gyrocarpus, 307, 542.
americanus, 542;
quint, 542.

Jac-

Haasia Wightti, 529.

Hematocarpus Thomsoni,
27, 700.

Haloxylon, 519.
Ammodendron, 519 ;
Griffithu, 519 ; reeurvum,
519, 715.

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES 751

Hamamelidacee (Hama-
melidez), 300.

Hamiltonia, 390.
mysorensis, 390; suave-
olens, 390, 712.

Hardwickia, 250.
binata, xvi., -xxii., 250,
708, 720; pinnata, 250.

Harina.
nana, 655; oblongifolia,
655.

Harpullia, 187.
cupanioides, 187,
imbricata, 187, 705.

Harrisonia, 125.
Bennetii, 125; Brownii,
125.

Hebradendron cambogioides,
53.

Hedera, 349.
acuminata, 349: Helix,
349; obovata, 348 ; race-
mosa, 348; rostrata, 348;
trifoliata, 349.

Hedyotideer, 365.

Hedyotis, 375.
articularis, 375; scan-
dens, 375, 711; stylosa,
375.

Hedysarew, 215.

Helichrysum buddleioides,
402.

Helicia, 543.
cochinchinensis, 543;
erratica, 543; excelsa,
543; incisa, 544; nilagi-
rica, 543; pyrrhobotrya,
543; robusta, 543; ter-
minalis, 543; travanco-
rica, 543.

Helicteres, 88.
angustifolia, 89; elon-
gata, 89; glabriuscula,
89; hirsuta, 89, 701;
hirsuta, var. lanigera,
89; Isora, 88, 701, 720;
obtusa, 89 ; spicata, 89.

Heliqme Rheedii, 460.

Helinuslanceolatus, 175,704.

Helwingia himalaica, 357.

Hemicyclia, 566.
andamanica, 567; elata,
566; lanceolata, 567:
Porteri, 566; . sepiaria,
566; sumatrana, 567;
venusta, 566; Wightii,
567.

Hemidesmus indicus, 468,
714.

Hemigraphis flava, 501.

Hemigquyrosa.
canescens, 189; deficiens,
189.

Henslowia, 554,
granulata, 554; heter-
antha, 554; pubescens,
341; varians, 554.

Heptapleurum, 347.
birmanicum, 348; elatum,

705;

348, ellipticum, 349:
eugenifolium, 348; glau-
cum, Clarke, 348 ;
glaucum, Kurz, 348;
hypoleucum, 348; im-
pressum, 348; khasia-
num, 349; Lawrance-
anum, 348; racemosum,
348; rostratum, 348;
stellatum, 348; venulo-
sum, 348, 710; Wallichi-
anum, 348.

Heritiera, 85.
acuminata, 86: dubia,
87; Fomes, 86, 701;
littoralis, 85, 701; mac-
rophylla, 86; minor, 86 ;
Papilio, 87.

Hernandiaceae, 542.

Hernandia, 542.
peltata, 542 ; sonora, 542.

Heteropanax fragrans, 352,
710.

Heterophragma, 494.
adenophyllum 494, 720;
Roxburghii, 494; sulfu-
reum, 494, 715.

Heterostemma, 472.
alatum, 473; Dalzellii.
473; stellatum, 473;
tanjorense, 472; Walli-
chii, 473.

Hevea brasiliensis, 582.

Hexacentris mysorensis, 497.

Heynea, 134.
affinis, 134; trijuga, 134.

Hibiscus, 74.
collinus, 75; Lampas,
76; macrophyllus, 74;
mutabilis, 75; Rosa sin-
ensis, 75; syriacus, 75;
tiliaceus, 75, 701.

Hippocastaneacer, 184.

Hippocratea, 160, 704.
andamanica, 161; arbo-
rea, 160; Arnottiana, 161;
Grahami, 161; indica,
160, 704; Lobbii, 161 ;
macrantha, 161; nico-
barica, 161; obtusifolia,
161, 704.

Hippophaé, 547.
rhamnoides, 547; salici-
folia, 547, 720.

Hiptage, 108.
acuminata, 108, 702;
eandicans, 108; Mada-
blota, 108, 702; obtusi-
folia, 108; parvifolia,
108; sericea, 109.

Hirmwa hirsuta, 110.

Holarrhena, 459.
antidysenterica, 459, 713,
720; Codaqa, 459.

Holbeellia latifolia, 28, 700.

Holigarna, 203.
albicans, 204;
tiana, 203;
208; ferruginea,

Arnot-
Beddomei,
203 ;

Grahamii, 203; Helferi,
204; Kurzii, 204, 706;
longifolia, Roxb., 204 ;
longifolia, W. et A., 203 ;
nigra, 706.

Holmskioldia
506, 715.

Holoptelea, 595.
integrifolia, 595, 717.

Holostemma, 468.
Brunonianum, 468; Rhee-
dei, 468, 714.

Homalium, 344.
grandiflorum, 345, 710;
Griffithianum,345 ; longi-
folium, 345; minuti-
florum, 345; nepalense,
3453 propinquum, 345 ;
Schlichii, 345; tomen-
tosum, 345; travancori-
cum, 345; zeylanicum,
345.

Homonoia, 593.
retusa, 9593;
¥xil., 593, 717.

Hopea, 67.
glabra, 68; Griffithii,
68; Helferi, 67; longi-
folia, 71; malabarica,
68; oblongifolia, 67 ;
odorata, xx., 67; parvi-
flora, 67, 701; raco-
phleea, 68; Wightiana,
Wall., 6S, 701; Wight-
tana, var. glabra, Bedd.,
68.

Horsfieldia,

Hovenia dulcis, 174.

Hoya viridiflora, 468.

Hugonia Mystax, xviii.,107.

Hullettia Griffithiana, 610.

Humboldtia, 252.
Bourdilloni, 708 ; Bruno-
nis, 252 ; decurrens, 252 ;
laurifolia, 252; unijuga,
252; Vahliana, 282.

Hunteria, 457.
corymbosa, 457 ;
burghiana, 457;
ica, 457.

Hydnocarpus, 41.
alpina, 42; castanea,
42; heterophyllus, 42;
inebrians, 42; macro-
carpa,700; Wightiana, 42.

sanguinea,

riparia,

Rox-

zeylan-

Hydnophytum formica-
rum, 395.

Hydrangea, 296.
altissima, 297; aspera,

297; Pottingeri, 297;
robusta, 297, 709; sty-
losa, 297; vestita, 297.
Hymenwa Courbaril, 250.
Hymenandra Wallichii,420.
Hymenocardia, 561.
plicata, 587; punctata,
561; Wallichii, 561.
Hymenodictyon, 371.
excelsum, 371, 711; flae-

752 INDEX OF

cidum, 371; obovatum,
372; thyrsiflorum, 371;
utile, 371.

Hymenopogon, 372.
assamicus, 372; parasi-
ticus, 372.

Hymenopyramis brachiata,
505.

Hypericacee (Hypericinez)
47.

Hypericum, 48.
cernuum, 48; Hookeri-
anum, xx., 48; mysor-
ense, xx., 48; nepaulense,
xx.; oblongifolium, 48 ;
patulum, 48, 700.

Hypobathrum racemosum,
384.

Hyptianthera stricta, 384,
711.

Icacinacee, 150.

Ichnocarpus, 464.
fragrans, 464 ; frutescens,
464, 714; ovatifolius,
465 ; pubiflorus, 465.

Tlex, 154.
Clarkei, 155; crenatu, 156;
cymosa, 157; denticu-
lata, 155; dipyrena,154 ;
embelioides, 155; excel-
sa, 156; exsulca, 156;
fragilis, 156; Gardneri-
ana, 156; gaulthericefolia,
155 ; Godajam, 156, 703;
Griffithii, 155 ; Hookeri,
155; hypotricha, 157;
intricata, 156; insignis,
155; macrophylla, 157 ;
malabarica, 155; mono-
pyrena, 155; odorata,
155; Pernyi, var. mani-
purensis, 155 ; sikkimen-
sis, 155; suleata, 156 ;
theefolia, 155; Thom-
soni, 156; Thwaitesii,
155; triflora, 155; wm-
bellulata, 156; venulosa,
156 ; Walkeri, 155;
Wightiana, 156.

Tlicinee, 154.

Illicium, 9.
anisatum, 9; Griffithii, 9.

Illigera, 307, 542.
appendiculata, 542 ;
Coryzadenia, 542; Kkha-
siana, 542; Kurzti, 542 ;
villosa, 542.

Iilipe, 426.

Indigofera, 217.
Anil, 218; arborea, 217 ;
argentea, 218; atropur-
purea, 217; bella, 218;
Brunoniana, 218; calo-
neura, 218; constricta,
218; Dosua, 218; ellip-
tica, 217; galegoides,
218; Gerardiana, 218;
Hamiltonii, xxii., 217,

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

706; hebepetala, 217 ;
heterantha, 218; minbu-
ensis, 706; nigrescens,
218; paucifolia, 218;
pulchella, 217, 706; sta-
chyodes, 218; suffruti-
cosa, 218 ; tinctoria, 218;
Wightii, 218.

Inga.
dulcis, 273; wmbrosa, 273.

Intsia, 251.
bijuga, 708 ; retusa, 708.

Inula, 400.
Cappa, 400; cuspidata,
401, 712; eupatorioides,
401.

Iodes, 154.
Brandisii, 154; Hooker-
jana, 154; ovalis, 154;
Thomsoniana, 154; to-
mentella, 154.

Ipomea, 487.
biloba, 488, 715; bona
nox, 487, 715 ; campanu-
lata, 487; campanulata,
var. illustris, 488; cy-
mosa, 488; cymosa, var.
macra, 488; glaberrima,
487, 714; grandiflora,
487 ; illustris, 715;
Kingii, 488; longiflora,
714; petaloidea, 488 ;
Pes Capre, 715; staphy-
lina, 488; trichosperma,
714; Turpethum, 488,
715; vitifolia, 488 ; van-
thantha, 488; Yome,
714.

Tsonandra, 424.
caloneura, 427; Candol-
liana, 424; diplostemon,
424; Gutta, 425; lanceo-
lata, 424; obovata, 425 ;
Perrottetiana, 424; poly-
antha, 425; Stocksi,
424 ; villosa, 424; Wight-
tana, 424.

Isoptera borneensis, 64.

Itea, 298.
chinensis, 298; macro-
phylla, 298, 709 ; nutans,
299; riparia, 299.

Txonanthes khasiana, 107.

Ixora, 387.
acuminata, 388, 711;
ameoena, 389; Bandhuca,
389; barbata, 389; bra-
chiata, 389 ; Brandisiana,
388; brunnescens, 389 ;
Brunonis, 388 ; coccinea,
389 ; compactiflora, 378 ;
congesta, 389; cunei-
folia, 389, 712; diversi-
folia, 388 ; elongata, 388 ;
erubescens, 389 ; fulgens,
389; grandifolia, 389 ;
Johnsoni, 388; King-
stoni, 712; lanceolaria,
388 ; macrosiphon, 389 ;

memecylifolia, 389 ; mer-
guensis, 388; mnaucle?-
flora, 387; nigricans,
389; Notoniana, 388 ;
oblonga, 389; opaca,
390 ; parviflora, 388, 712,
720; polyantha, 388;
rosella, 389; rugulosa,
390; sessiliflora, 390;
spectabilis, 388, 712;
stricta, 389; subsessilis,
388, 712 ; tomentosa, 387 ;
undulata, 389, 712; vil-
losa, 388, 712; weber?-
folia, 378.

Jambosa vulgaris, 318.
Jasminum, 449.

affine, 451; anastomo-
sans, 450, 713; angusti-
folium, 451; arborescens
450, 713; attenuatum,
451; auriculatum, 451 ;
bracteatum, 449; brevi-
lobum, 451; brevipetio-
latum, 450; calophyl-
lum, 452; caudatum,
451; coaretatum, 450,
713; cordifolium, 450 ;
courtallense, 452; decus-
satum, 450, 713; di-
spermum, 452, 713; erecti-
florum, 450; excellens,

“452; extensum, 451;

flexile, 451; flexile, var.
Hookeriana, 451 ; glabri-
usculum, 449; glandu-
losum, 451; grandiflo-
rum, 452; heterophyl-
lum, 452; hirsutwm, 449;
humile, 452 ; lanceolaria,
451; latifolium, 450;
latipetalum, 451; lauri-
folium, 450, 713; Listeri,
713; malabaricum, 450 ;
nobile, 450; officinale,
452; ovalifolium, 451;
pubescens, 449, 713; pu-
bigerum, 452; revolutum,
452; rigidum, 450; Rit-
chiei, 451; Rottleria-
num, 449, 713; Rox-
burghianum, 450; Sam-
bac, 449 ; scandens, 450,
713; sessiliflorum, 450 ;
Smalianum, xxii., 451 ;
subglandulosum, 451;
subtriplinerve, 450:
syringefolium, 450; tri-
chotomum, 451; undu-
latum, 449 ; Wightii, 451.

Jatropha, 576.

Cureas, 576; glanduli-
fera, 576; gossypifolia,
576; multifida, 576;
nana, 576; peltata, 576 ;
Wightiana, 576.

Jenkinsia assamica, 152.
Jonesia Asoca, 250.

INDEX OF

Jossinia indica, 325.
Juglandacee (Juglande),
619.
Juglans, 619.
regia, 619, 718.
Juniperus, 694.
communis, 694; excelsa,
Brandis, 694; excelsa,
M. Bieb., 695; macro-
poda, 694; nana, 694;
pseudosabina, 695; re-
eurva, 694; squamata,
694; Wallichiana, 695.
Justicia, 498.
Adhatoda, 498; curvi-
flora, 501; Gendarussa,
498, 715; pulchella, 499.

Kadsura, 9.
Roxburghiana, 9 ; Wight-
iana, 9.
Kandelia, 304.
Rheedii, 304.
Kayea, 56.
assamica, 700;
bunda, 56, 700;
56; nervosa, 56.
Kendrickia Walkeri, 334.
Kigelia pinnata, 492.
Kleinhovia Hospita, 92.
KXnema, 525.
Kokoona littoralis, 161.
Kopsia fruticosa, 458.
Korthalsia, 654.
laciniosa, 653, 654, 719;
polystachya, 654; scaphi-
gera, 654.
Kurrimia, 164.
bipartita, 164; panicu-
lata, 164; pulcherrima,
164; robusta, 164.
Kydia, 78.
calycina, 78, 701, 720;
fraterna, 78; glabrescens,

flori-
Manii,

79; jujubifolia, 701;

Roxburghiana, 78.
Labiate, 515.
Lagerstreemia, 337.

calyculata, 339; — flori-

bunda, 339; Flos Regi-
ne, xx., 339, 710; hir-
suta, 710; hypoleuca,
339, 707; indica, 338;
lanceolata, 338; macero-
earpa, 339, 710; micro-
carpa, 338; parviflora,
338; pirifolia, 339; Re-
gine, 339; Rottleri, 339 ;
speciosa, 339 ; Thomsoni,

338; tomentosa, 339;
venusta, 710; villosa,
339.

Lannea grandis, 200.
Lansium, 144.
anamalayanum, 144 ; de-
eandrum, 144, 703; do-
mesticum, 144,
Lantana, 502.

Lasiococea

Lasiosiphon

Lebidieropris

ORDERS,

aculeata, 502, 715, 720;
alba, 502; Camara, 502 ;

dubia, 502; indica, 502.
Laportea crenulata, 616.
Lardizabalacee, 27.

Larix Griffithii, 693.
Lasianthus, 396.
acuminatus, 397; anda-
manicus, 397; Bierman-
ni, 398 ; Blumeanus, 397;
capitulatus, 398 ; ciliatus,
397; constrictus, 397;
cyanocarpus, 396; di-
chotomus, 398; Helferi,
397; Hookeri, 397; in-
conspicuus, 397; Jacki-
anus, 396; WKurzii, 397 ;
lancifolius, 397: longi-
cauda, 398 ; lucidus, 397 ;
micranthus, 398; ob-
longifolius, 396; obova-
tus, 397; obseurus, 396 ;
parvifolius, 397; pauci-
florus, 397 ; pilosus, 712 ;
sessilis, 397; sikkimen-
sis, 396; stercorarius,
397; stipularis, 396 ;
strigillosus, 397; tenta-
eulatus, 396; truncatus,
397,712; tubiferus, 396 ;
venulosus, 398; Walli-
chii, 396, 712.
symphylliz-

folia, 593.
eriocephalus,
545.

Lauracew (Laurinew), 526.
Laurus involucrata, 540.
Lawsonia, 340.

alba, 340, 710; inermis,
710; spinosa, 710.
orbicularis,
561.

Leeythidacew, 316.
Leea, 179.

quata, 179; acuminata,
179; alata, 179, 705;
aspera, Edgew., 180; as-
pera, Wurz, 180; brac-
teata, 180; compacti-
flora, 705; crispa, 180;
gigantea, 179; herbacea,
180, 705; hirta, 179;
macrophylla, 180, 705 ;
robusta, 179, 705; rubra,
705; sambucina, 179,
705; Staphylea, Roxb.,
179; Staphylea, Wight.,
179; umbraculifera,179 ;
Wightii, 179.

Leguminos®, 214.
Lepidadenia Griffithii, 538.
Lepidobalanus, 625.
Lepidopetalum Jackianum,

187.

Lepionurus, 150.

oblongifolius, 150;
vestris, 150, 703.

syl-

Lepisanthes, 189.

GENERA AND SPECIES

753
andamanica, 189, 705
burmanica, 189; defi-
ciens, 189; tetraphylla,

189, 705.
Leptacanthus alatus, 500.
Leptadenia, 472.

reticulata, 472, 714;

Spartium, 472.
Leptodermis, 391.

crassifolia, 391; Grif-

fithii, 391; lanceolata,

391; virgata, 391.
Leptonychia, 92.

glabra, 92; heteroclita,

92; moacurroides, 92.
Leptospermum, 328.

flavescens, var. javanica,

328; javanicum, 328.
Lespedeza Prainii, 225.
Lettsomia, 486.

aggregata, 486; atropur-

purea, 486; barbata,
486 ; barbigera, 486 ;
bella, 486; bona nox,
484; campanuliflora,
714; confusa, 486; el-

liptica, 486; hirsutissi-
ma, 486; laxiflora, 486;
longifolia, 486; Kurzii,
485; Mastersii, 486;
mysorensis,486 ; pallida,
486; peguensis, 486 ;
setosa, 486 ; sikkimensis,
486; strigosa, 486;
Thomsoni, 486.
Leucaena glauca, 262.
Leucas lancefolia, 515.
Leucomeris, 400.
decora, 400; spectabilis,
400.
Leucopogonmalayanus,412,
Leucosceptrum canum, 516,
Leucothe Griffithiana, 409.
Leycesteria, 360.
formosa, 360, 711; glau-
cophylla, 360; stipulata,
360.
Licuala, 656.
longipes, 656; paludosa,
656; peltata, 656, 707,

719; spinosa, 656, 707,
719.

Ligustrum, 447.
compactum, 447; con-
fusum, 448; Decaisnei,
447; Massalongianum,
448; Myrsinites, 448 ;
neilgherrense, 447 ; nepa-
lense, 448; Perrottetii,
447; robustum, 447;

Roxburghii, 447; vulgare,
447; Walkeri, 447.
Liliacew, 640.
Limacia, 27.
cuspidata, 27; triandra

27; velutina, 27, :

Limonia, L1S.

acidissima,
alata, 119;

118, 703;
alternans
3c

154 INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

118; arborea, 112; cre- 538 ; oblonga, Nees, 540 ; 550; evenius, 551; gib-
nulata, 118; Laureola, oleoides, 539: oreophila, bosus, 550: globosus,
116; missionis, 121; 536; Panamonja, 538; 551; Hemsleyanus, 548 ;
monophylla, 121; penta- polyantha, 536; rangoon- heteranthus, 548, 716;
phylla, 112; pubescens, ensis, 537; salicifolia, Hookerianus, 549 ; hypo-
118. 538; sebifera, 536, 716; glaucus, 551; imterme-
Linacee, 106. semecarpifolia, 537 : seri- dius, 548; involucratus,
Lindera, 540, 716. cea, 536; Stocksii, 539; 551, 716; lageniferus,
aromatica, 540; assam- Thomsonii, 538 ; tomen- 550; ligustrimus, 549;
ica, 540, 716; bifaria, tosa, 536; umbrosa, 540; longiflorus, 549, 716;
541; bootanica, 541; venulosa, 537 ; Wallichii, longiflorus var. amplexi-
caudata, 541 ; citriodora, 537: Wightiana, 539 ; folia, 550; var. falcata,
541; Griffithii, 541; he- zeylanica, 540. 550 ; var. pubescens, 550 ;
terophylla, 541; Jlati- Livistona, 656. loniceroides, 551 ; meme-
folia, 541; lLaureola, chinensis, 656; Jenkin- eylifolius, 550 ; neilgher-
541; Meissneri, 540; Slana, 656 ; speciosa, 656, rensis, 550; obtusatus,
melastomacea, 541 ; Nee- 719. 548 ; odoratus, 548 ;
siana, 541; nervosa, 537; Loganiacez, 473. Parishii, 548; pentan-
pulcherrima, 541; reti- Lonicera, 358. drus, 550; pentapetalus,
culata, 541 ; sikkimensis, acuminata, 358; alpi- 548, 716; psilanthus,
541; venosa, 541. gena, 358: angustifolia, 551; pulverulentus, 549 ;
Line, 106. 359; asperifolia, 359, pyranthus, 550; reeury-
Linnea, 360. 711; Braceana, 358; us, 550; rhopalocarpus,
Linociera, 448. bracteata, 359; cerulea, 549; sarcophyllus, 550 ;
eaudata, 449: courtal- 359; decipiens, 359,721 ; Seurrula, 549; Stocksii,
lensis, 448 ; insignis,448 : glabrata, 358; glauca, 550 ; terrestris, 549, 716;
intermedia, 448; Jlepro- 359, 721; Griffithu, 711 ; thelocarpus, 549; to-
carpa, var. courtallensis, heterophylla, 359 ; Hilde- mentosus, Heyne, 550;
448; macrophylla, 448; brandiana, 358 ; hispida, tomentosus, Wight, 550 ;
malabarica, 448 ; minuti- 359; hypoleuca, 359; trigonus, 551; wumbelli-
flora, 449; terniflora, japonica, 358; lanceo- fer, Schultes, 549: um-
449 ; Wightii, 448. lata, 721; Leschenaultii, bellifer, Brandis, 549;
Linostoma, 545. 358; ligustrina, 359; vestitus, 549; Wallichi-
decandrum, 545; pauci- macrantha, 358; micro- anus, 548; Wightii, 549.
florum, 545; scandens, phylla, 359; Myrtillus, Loropetalum chinense, 301.
546; siamense, 546. 360, 721; obovata, 360, Lucula, 373.
Lippia, 502. 721: obscura, 358: ori- gratissima, 373, 711;
geminata, 503; nodi- entalis, 359 ; ovata, 358 ; Pinceana, 373.
flora, 503. parvifolia, 360,721; pur- . Lumnitzera, 314, 384.
Liquidambar orientalis,302. purascens, 359 ; quinque- coccinea, 315; Littorea,
Litchi chinensis, 193. locularis, 359, 711; rupi- 315; racemosa, 314, 709.
Lithocarpus, 632. cola, 360; Semenovii, Luvunga, 120.
Litseea, 535. 721; spinosa, 360; to- eleutherandra, 120 ; scan-
albicans, 538; amara, mentella, 360; Webbi- dens, 120.
536; angustifolia, Wall . ana, 359; Xylosteum, Lycium, 490.
xxil., 538; angustifolia, 711. barbarum, 491; euro-
Kurz, 535; assamica, Lophopetalum, 161. peum, 490; <«idicum,
537; Beddomei, 539; celastroides, 162; fili- 490; ruthenicam, 491.
chartacea, 538; chin- forme, 162; fimbriatum, Lyonia, 409.
ensis, 536; citrata, 535; 161; floribundum, 161; - Lythracez (Lythrariez),
Clarkei, 540; consimilis, littorale, 161; Wallichii, 337.
540; coriacea, 537 ; elon- 161; Wightianum, 161.
gata, 537; foliosa, 540; Lophophyllum bicristatum, Maba, 436.
glabrata, 539; grandis, 24, andamanica, 437: buxi-
537; Helferi,538; kha- Lophostoma, 545. folia, xvili., 437 ; Hbenws,
syana, 537 ; Kingii, 536; Loranthacez, 547, 716. 437; merguensis, 437 ;
Kurzii, 537; leta, 538; Loranthus, 548. micrantha, 437; neil-
lancifolia, 537, 538 ; lanu- albidus, 551; ampul- gherrensis, 437; nigres-
ginosa, 540; leiantha, laceus, 551; bicolor, 549 ; cens, 437.
538; leiophylla, 535; bracteatus, 550; Brandi- Macaranga, 591.
ligustrina, 536; longipes, sianus, 551; Candolle- Brandisii, 592; denticu-
5388; macrophylla, 535 ; anus, 550; capitellatus, lata, 591; Gamblei, 592 ;
Mannii, 540; martaban- 551; coccineus, 549: gmelinefolia, 592; in-
nes . bY37/ 2 Meissneri. Collettii, 551; cordi- dica, 592: minutiflora,
538 ; membranifolia, folius, 549, 716; cun- 592; moluccana, -592;
536.; mishmiensis, 537 ; eatus, 550; elasticus, peltata, 592; pustulata,
myristicefolia, 538; ni- 550; elatus, 549; ele- 592; Roxburghii, 592,
tida, 538; nuculanea, gans, 550; eleutheropeta- 717; Tanarius, 592; to-

537;~ oblonga, Wall., lus, 548; Euwphorbie, mentosa, 592.

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES 75d

Machilus, 529.
bombycina, 531; boo-
tanica, 531; Clarkeana,
531: Duthiei, 531; edu-
lis, 530; fruticosa, 531 ;
Gamblei, 531; Gammi-
eana, 531; glaucescens,
530; Kingii, 531; Kur-

aii, 531; Listeri, 531;
macrantha, 530; Nan-
mu, 530; odoratissima,
530; parviflora, 530;
tavoyana, 532; villosa,
530.

Maclelandia — Griffithiana,
339.

Macropanax, 353.
oreophilum, 353; wndu-
latum, 353.

Maddenia, 281.
himalaica, 281; pedicel-
lata, 282.

Merua, 31.
arenaria, 31; linearis,
31; ovalifolia, 31.
Mesa, 414.
andamanica, 415: argen-
tea, 415; bengalensis,
414; Chisia, 414; cori-
acea, 414; dubia, 415,
712; elongata, 414;

grandiflora, 415; indica,
Wall., X, 414, 712; indica,
Bedd., 415; WKurzii, 415;
macrophylla, 415 ; mani-
purensis, 414; Martiana,
414; maxima, 414; mol-
lis, A-D’C., 415: mollis,
Clarke, 415; mollissima,

415; montana, 414;
paniculata, 414, 712;
muscosa, A. DC., 415;
muscosa, Kurz, 415;
permollis, 415 ; Perrottet-
lana, 414; populifolia,
415; ramentacea, 414;
rugosa, 415; velutina,
415.

Magnolia, 6.
Campbellii, 6; globosa,
6; Griffithii, 6; Gus-
tavi, 6; insignis, 6;
Pealiana, 6; pterocarpa,
6; sphenocarpa, 6.
Magnoliace», 5.
Mahonia, 28.
Malabathrum, 533.
Malaisia tortuosa, 610.
Mallea Rothii, 137.
Mallotus, 587.
acuminatus, 588; albus,
588 ; andamanicus, 589;
atrovirens, 589; barbatus,
588; Beddomei, 589;
Clellandii, 589; cochin-
chinensis, 588; decipiens,
589; distans, 589;
filiformis, 589; floribun-
dus, 588; Helferi, 588 ;

khasianus, 589; Kurzii,

590; Lawii, 588; lep-
tostachyus, 589; muri-
eatus, Bedd., 589, 717;
muricatus, Kurz., 589;
nepalensis, 588, 717;

paniculatus 588 ; philip-
pinensis, 590, 717, 720;
polyneurus, 589, 717; re-
pandus, 590; rhamni-
folius, 589; ricinoides,
588; Roxburghianus, 588,
717; stenanthus, 589;
tetracoccus, S588; Walli-
chianus, 589.

Malpighiacew, 108.

Malus, 721.

Malvacex, 74.

Mangifera, 206.
andamanica, 206; calo-
neura, 206; indica, 206,
706; longipes, 706;
sylvatica, 206, 706.

Manglietia, 6.

Caveana, 6 ; insignis, 6.

Manihot, 482.

Glaziovii, 582; utilissima,
582.

Mansonia Gagei, 701.

Maoutia Puya, 619.

Mappia, 151.
foetida, 151 ; oblonga, 152;

ovata, 152; tomentosa,
152.

Marlea, 355.

alpina, 355; barbata,

355; begoniwfolia, 355 ;
tomentosa, 355.
Marsdenia, 470.

barbata, 471; Brunoni-
ana, 470; Calesiana,
471; eriocarpa, 471;
Griffthii, 471; Hamil-
tonii, 470; Jenkinsi,
470; leiocarpa, 471;
lucida, {71; Roylei,
470, 7l4; tenacissima,
470, 71t; thyrsiflora,

471; tinctoria, 471, 714;
volubilis, 714.
Mastixia, 356.
arborea 356,
euonymoides, 356,
pentandra, 356, 711.
Masximilianea, 38.
Mayodendron igneum, 496.
Medinilla, 334.
Beddomei, 335; himalay-
ana, 335; malabarica,
335; pauciflora, 335;
radicans, 335 ; rubicunda,
334.

711;
7ilaee

Melaleuca Leucadendron,
329.

Melanorhaa, 201.
glabra, 202; laccifera,
202; usitata, 202.

Melanthesa obliqua, 721;
rhamnoides, 568; trun-

cata, 721 ; turbinata, 721.
Melanthesopsis.
obliqua, 568; patens,
568 ; truncata, 568.
Melastoma, 332.
Clarkeanum, 333; de-
ecemfidum, 333; Houtte-
anum, 333; imbricatum,
333 ; malabathricum,
333, 710; normale, 333 ;
sanguineum, 333.
Melastomacex, 332.
Melia, 140.

Azadirachta, 139; Aze-
darach, 140, 703 5
birmanica, 140: compo-
sita, 140; dubia, 140;
indica, 139 ; robusta, 140;
superba, 140; Toozen-
dan, 140.

Meliacex, 134.

Melicope indica, 112.

Meliosma, 194.
Arnottiana, 195; Colle-
tiana, 195 ; dillenisfolia,
195; ferruginea, BL,
195; ferruginea, Kurz.,
195; ferruginea, Sieb et
Zuce., 195; myriantha,
195; pinnata, 195; pun-
gens, Walpers, 194; pun-
gens, Bedd., 194; rigida,
194; simplicifolia, 194,
705; Thomsoni, 195;
Wallichii, 195; Wightii,
194.

Melocalamus, 661, 681.
compactiflorus, 681.

Melocanna, 662, 682.
bambusoides, 661,
humilis, 683.

Melochia velutina, 92.

Melodinus, 456, 713.
khasianus, 456;
gynus, 456, 713.

Melodorum, 20.
bicolor, 20; macranthum,
20; polyanthum, 20;
rubiginosum, 20; verru-
cosum, 20; Wallichii,
20.

Memecylon, 335.
amabile, 337; amplexi-
ecaule, Roxb., 337; am-
plexicaule, Roxb., var.
malabarica, 337; am-
plexicaule, Wight, 337;
andamanicum, 336 ;
angustifolium, 336; an-
qustifolium, var. Helferi,
336; ecwruleum, 337,
710; capitellatum, 336 ;
celastrinum, 336; cerasi-
forme, 336; deccanense,
337 ; discolor, 336; edule,
335, 710; elegans, 236;
gracile, 336 ; grande, 336;
Griffithianum, 336; Hel-
feri, 336; Heyneanum,

682;

mono-

756 INDEX OF
336; Heyneanum, var.
angustifolia, 336; jam-
bosioides, 336; WKurzii,
337; malabaricum, 337 ;
ovatum, 336; pauciflorum,
336; plebejum, 336;
punctatum, 336; rami-
florum, 335; scutellatum,
336; Talbotianum, 336 ;

terminale, 337; tincto-
rium, 335; umbellatum,
335, 337; urceolatum,

336; Wightii, 337.
Menispermacee, 22.
Meriandra strobilifera, 515.
Mesua, 55.

coromandeliana, 55; fer-

rea, xxi., 55; pedunew-

lata, 55 ; speciosa, 55.
Mezoneurum, 247.

andamanicum, 248; cu-

cullatum, 247, 708 ;
enneaphyllum, 247 ; fur-
furaceum, 248 ; glabrum,

248 ; hymenocarpum,

248; pubescens, 248.
Michelia, 7.

aurantiaca, 8 ; Cathcartii,
7; Champaca, 8, 699;

excelsa, 7; Jisopa, 7;

lanuginosa, 7; manipu-
rensis, 8; Manni, 7;
montana, 8; nilagirica,

7; oblonga, 7 ; pulneyen-
sis, 7; punduana, 7.
Microcalamus Prainii, 666.

Microchites elliptica, 465.
Microchlena, 87.
Microdesmis casearizfolia,
579.
Micrelus Reperianus, 558.
Microglossa volubilis, 401.
Micromeles, 721.
Micromelum, 114.
hirsutum, 114;
cens, 114, 702.
Microtropis, 159.
bivalvis, 160, 704 ; densi-
flora, 160; discolor, 160,

pubes-

704; latifolia, 160;
microcarpa, 160; ovali-
folia, 160; ramiflora,

160; Wallichiana, 160.

Miliusa, 11.
indica, 12; macrocarpa,
11, 699; nilagirica, 12;
Roxburghiana, 12; scle-
rocarpa, 11; tristis, 12;
velutina, 11 ; Wightiana,
12.

Millettia, 219.
atropurpurea, 220; auri-
culata, 219, 220; Bran-
disiana, 220, 706 ;
cerulea, 222; cana, 222,
706 ; caudata, 229 ;

cinerea, 221 ; Dorwardi,

221; extensa, 221; fruti-

.cosa@, 222; glaucescens,

Zia 5

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

220, 706; leiogyna, 221 ;
leucantha, 220; macro-
phylla, 220; macrosta-
chya, 220; monticola,
222; multiflora, 220; ova-
_lifolia, 220, 706; pachy-

carpa, 219, 221 ;
pendula, 220; Piscidia,
222; pubinervis, 220;
puerarioides, 222; pul-
chra, 220, 706; race-
mosa, 221, 706; rubi-
ginosa, 222 , sericea, 222;
splendens, 222; tetra-
ptera, 220; tomentosa,
220; Wrightiana, 220.

Millingtonia, 496.
Arnottiana, 195; horten-
sis; 496, 720; pinnata,
195; pungens, 194 ;
simplicifolia, 194.

Milnea Roxburghii, 142.

Mimosa, 263.
amara, 272; arabica,
264; Catechu, 267; cin-
erea, 261; dulcis, 273;
dumosa, 266; eburnea,
264 ; elata, 271 ; hamata,
263; leuwcophlea, 265;
octandra, 263; odoratis-
sima, 271; polyancistra,
263; pudica, 263, 708 ;
rubicaulis, 263; Swma,
268 ; Sundra, 267 ;
aylocarpa, 262. -

Mimosee, 260.

Mimusops, 425.

Elengi, 425; hexandra,
Xvi., 425; indica, 425;
Kauki, 426; littoralis,
426 ; Roxburghiana, 425.

Miquelia, 152.

dentata, 153; gibba,

703 ; Wleinii, 152.
Mischocarpus, 187.

fuscescens,. 187; penta-

petalus, 188; sundaicus,
188.
Mischodon zeylanicus, 559.
Mitragyna, XI. 369, 711.
Mitrephora, 19.
grandiflora, 19; Heyne-
ana, 19; Maingayi, 19 ;
Prainii, 19; reticulata,
19; tomentosa, OR
vandeflora, 19.
Moacurra gelonioides, 146.
Moghania, 231.
Molinea canescens, 189.
Monocera.
ferruginea, 104; grandi-
flora, 106; tuberculata,
104.
Monosis Wightiana, 399.
Moracee, 597. ;
Morinda, 392.
angustifolia, 392; brac-
teata 392, 712; citrifolia,
Linn., 392, 712; cttri-

folia, Bedd., 392 ;
exserta, 392; leiantha,
392; persicefolia, 392 ;
speciosa, 392; tinctoria,
392, 712, 720; tomentosa,
392; umbellata, 392;
villosa, 392.
Morindee, 365.
Morindopsis capillaris, 384.
Moringa, 209.
concanensis, 210, 706 ;
oleifera, 209; pterygo-
sperma, 209, 706.
Moringacez (Moringee),
209.
Morocarpus.
longifolius, 618; Wallichi-
anus, 618.
Morus, 612.
alba, 612, 718; atropur-
purea, 612; indica, 612;
levigata, |613; nigra,
612; paniculata, 617;
serrata, 612.
Mucuna, 225.
anguina, 225; atropur-
purea, 226, 706; gigan-
tea, 226 ; imbricata, 225,
706; macrocarpa, 226 ;
monosperma, 225; pru-
226, 706; wtelis,

Muldera trichostachya, 523.

Mundulea suberosa, 219,
706.

Munronia, 139.
neilgherrica, 139 ; Walli-
chii, 139.

Murraya, 113.
elongata, 113; exotica,
113, 702; Kecenigii, 113,
702.

Musseenda, 375.
calycina, 376; frondosa,
375, 711; glabra, 376;
incana, xxii., 376; ma-
crophylla, 376, 711;
Roxburghii, 376, 711;
tomentosa, 376 ; uniflora,
xxii., 376; variolosa,
376; Wallichii, 376.

Musseendee, 365.

Myrica, 620.
integrifolia, 620; Nagi,
620, 718 ; sapida, 620.

Myricacee, 620.

Myricaria, 47.
bracteata, 47; elegans,
47; germanica, 47, 700.

Myrioneuron nutans, 376.

Myriopteron paniculatum,
467.

Myristica, 524.
amygdalina, 525; anda-

_manica, 524; angusti-
folia, 525; aromatica,
- 624; attenuata, 525;

& Beddomet, 524 ; canarica,
525; Clarkeana, 525;

INDEX OF

contorta, 524; corticosa,
525 ; elliptica, 524 ; erra-
tica, 525; Farquhariana,
525 ; fragrans, 524 ; gib-
bosa, 526; glabra, 525;
glauca, 526; glaucescens,
Hook, f. 526 ; glaucescens,
King, 526; Irya, 525;
Kingii, 525; laurifolia,
524; linifolia, 625;
longifolia, 525 ; longifolia,
var. erratica, 525; mag-
nifica, 524; malabarica,
524; malayana, 526;
Missionis, 526; Prainii,
525.

Myristicacee (Myristicez),
523.

Myrsine, 415.
africana, 416; capitel-

lata, 415; scabra, 416;
semiserrata, 416, 712.
Myrsinacee (Myrsinez),

413.
Myrtacer, 316.
Myrtus communis, 326, 710.
Myxopyrum smilacifolium,
452.

Nageia.
bracteata, 695; latifolia,
695.

Nannorhops, 655.
Ritchieana, 655, 719.

Naravelia, 2.
laurifolia, 2; zeylanica,
2, 699.

Natsiatum herpeticum, 154.

Nauclea, 368.
Cadamba, 367; cordi-
folia, 368 ; elliptica, 368;
excelsa, 369; Gageana,
368 ; Griffithii, 368, 711 ;
Missionis, 366; nico-
barica, 369; parvifolia,
369; purpurea, 368 ;
rotundifolia, 370; sessili-
folia, 368.

Neillia, 283.
rubiflora, 283;
flora, 283, 709.

Nelitris paniculata, 326.

Neomorphe, 609.

Nepenthandra
721.

Nephelium, 192, 705.
bifoliolatum, 192; erectum,
192; Griffithianum, 705;
hypoleucum, 193 ; lappa-
ceum, 193, 705; Litchi,
193; Longana, 192;
mutabile, 705; rubrum,
192; stipulaceum, 193,
TOS.

Nerium, 462.
grandifiorum, 466; mus-
catense, X., 462; odorum,
X., 462,714; Oleander, X.
462.

thyrsi-

lanceolata,

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

Neuropeltis racemosa, 488.
Niebuhria, 31.
linearis, 31 ; variabilis,32.
Nipa fruticans, 648, 719.
Nothopegia, 207. f
aureo-fulva, 207; ‘Cole-
brookiana, 207; travan-
corica, 207.

Nyctaginacexe (Nyctagi-
new), 517.
Nyetanthes arbor tristis,

442, 713.
Nyctocalos Thomsoni, 492.
Nyssa sessiliflora, 357.

Ochlandra, 684, 720.
Beddomei, 684 ; Brandi-
sii, 684; Rheedii, 684;
Rheedii, var. sivagiriana,

684; setigera, 685;
stridula, 662, 684 ;
Talboti, 684; travan-

corica, 685; travancorica,
var. hirsuta, 685.
Ochna, 1238.
andamanica, 128: brev-
ipes, 128; fruticulosa,
128 ; Gamblei, xviii., 128;
pumila, xxii., 128, 703;
squarrosa, 128; Walli-
chii, 128 ; Wightiana, 129.
Ochnacex, 128.
Ochradenus baccatus, 37.
Ochrocarpus, 53.
longifolins, 53, 700;
nervosus, 53; slamensis,
53.
Ochrosia, 458.
borbonica, 458 ; salubris,
458.
Octotropis, 386.
terminalis, 386; travan-
corica, 386.
Odina, 200.
Wodier, 200, 706, 720.
Olacacew, 147.
Olax, 147.

acuminata, 148, 703;
imbricata, 148; mergu-
ensis, 148; nana, Xxii.,

148, 703; scandens, 147,
703; Wightiana, 148.
Olea, 445.
cuspidata, 445, 713;
dentata, 446; dioica,
447, 713; europwa, 446 ;
ferruginea, 445; Gam-
blei, 447; glandulifera,
446; linocerioides, 448 ;
polygama, 447; robusta,
447; terniflora, 449.
Oleacem, 442, 713.
Operculina Turpethum,7 15.
Ophiowylon, 457.

ceylanicum, 457; densi-

florum, 457; neilgherr-
ense, 457; serpentinum,
457.

Opilea amentacea, 150, 703.
i

-1

Opuntia Dillenii, 346.
Orania nicobarica, 647.
Oreocnide, 618.

acuminata, 618; sylvi-
tica, 618.

Ormosia, 243.
glauca, 243; inopinata,

243; laxa, 243; robusta,
243; tavoyana, 707;
travancorica, 243.
Ornithope serrata, 185.
Orophea, 18.
Brandisii, 18; erythro
carpa, 19; hexandra, 18 ;
polyearpa, 18; Thom-
soni, I8; uniflora, 1S;
zeylanica, 18.
Oroxylon indicum,
715.
Orthanthera viminea, 472.
Osbeckia, 333.
crinita, 334; nepalensis,
334, 700; rostrata, 334 ;
stellata, 334, 710.
Osmanthus, 445.

496.

fragrans, Lour., 445;
fragrans, Thunb., 445 ;
suavis, 445.

Osteomeles _anthyllifolia,
295.

Ostodes, 580.
Helferi, 580 ; paniculata,
580; zeylanica, 580.
Ostrya.
carpinifolia, xx. ; virgin-
lana, Xx.
Osyris, 554.

arborea, 554, rile ie
Wightiana, 554.

Otonephelium stipulaceum,
193.

Otostegia limbata, 516.
Ougeinia, 224.
dalbergioides,
720.
Ouratea, 129.
Ourouparia, 370.
Oxalidaces, 110.
Oxymitra, 19.
fornicata,
landii, 19.
Oxyspora, 333.
cernua, 333; paniculata,
333, 710; vagans, 333
Oxytenanthera, 673.

224, 706,

19; MeClel-

albociliata, 662, 673;
auriculata, 674; Bour-
dilloni, 675; macrosta-
chya, 719; monostigma,
674; nigrociliata, 663,
674, 707; 719; 720);

parvifolia, 674 ; Stocksii,
674; Thwaitesii, 674.

Pachygone, 27.
dasycarpa, 27 ; odorifera,
27; ovata, 27.

Pederia, 391.
Cruddasiana,

712; fo-

758

tida, 391; lanuginosa,
391; tomentosa, 712.
Pederiex, 365.
Pahudia, 251.

carpa, 252.
Pajanelia Rheedii, 494, 715;
multiyjuga, 494.
Paleomorphe, 599.
Palaquium, 424.
Bourdilloni, 424: ellip-
ticum, 424; Gutta, 425,

712; Helferi, 425; ob-
longifoium, 425; obo-
vatum, 425; polyanth-
um, 425.

Palme, 642.

Pandanaceae, 658.

Pandanus, 658.
andamanensium, 659 ;

canaranus, 659; fascicu-
laris, 659 ; foetidus, 658 ;
furcatus 659; gramini-
folius, 659; levis, 659 ;
Leram, 659, 719 ; minor,
659 ; odoratissimus, 659 ;
Scopula, 659; tectorius,
659; Thwaitesii, 659;
unquifer, 659.
Papilionacee, 214.
Parabena sagittata, 24.
Paradombeya burmanica,
702.
Parameria glandulifera, 461.
Paramignya, 121.
angulata, 122;
122; _citrifolia, 122
grandiflora, 122; Grif-
fithii, 122; longispina,
122, 703; monophylla,
122, 703.
Paranephelium xestophy!l-

armata,

lum, 187.
Parashorea stellata, 70.
Parastemon urophyllum,
278.

Paratropia venulosa, 348.
Parinarium, 278.
costatum, 278; Griffith-
jianum, 278; Helferi,
278 ; indicum, 278 ; tra-
vancoricum, 278.
Parishia insignis, 200.
Paritium tiliaceum, 75.
Parkia, 262.
insignis, 262; leiophylla,
262; Roxburghii, 262.
Parkinsonia aculeata, 249.
Parrotia: Jacquemontiana,
300, 709.
Parsonsia spiralis, 460.
Parvatia Brunoniana, 28.
Pasania, 624, 629.
Passiflora, 345.

Leschenaultii, 345; ne-

palensis, 345.
Passifloracee, 345.
Pavetta, 387.

breviflora, 387; Brun-

onis, Wall., 387; Brun-
onis, Wight, aed §
hispidula, 387; indica,
387; indica, var. minor,
387, var. tomentosa, 387,
711; Lobbiu, 389; nau-
cleiflora, 387; sitphon-
antha, 387 ; subcapitata,
387; Wightii, 387.

Pavia indica, 185.

Payena, 427.

lucida, 427; parallelo-
neura, 427.
Pegia.

Colebrookiana, 207 ; niti-
da, 200.

Peltophorum ferrugineum,
247.

Pemphis acidula, 339.

Pentace, 94.

burmanica, 94; Griffi-
thii, 94.

Pentacme, 68.
stamensis, 68; suavis,
68, 701.

Pentanura khasiana, 467.
Pentapanax, 349.
Leschenaultii, 349 ; var.
umbellatum, 349; para-
siticum, 349; racemo-
sum, 349; stellatum,
349; subcordatum, 349.
Pentaptera Arjuna, 311.
Pentapterygium, 405.
flavum, 406; Hookeri,
406; Listeri, 406; rugo-
sum, 406; serpens, 406.
Pentapyxis stipulata, 360.
Pergularia, 470.
minor, 470; odoratis-
sima, 470; pallida, 470.
Pericampylus incanus, 26.
Periploca, 467.
aphylla, 467 ; calophylla,

467,. 714; hydaspidis,
467, 714.

Perowskia atriplicifolia,
716.

Persea Nanmu, 530.

Petalidium barlerioides,
499.

Petunga Roxburghiu, 384,
calle

Phacellaria, 554.
eaulescens, 554; com-
pressa, 554; rigidula,
554; Watt, 555.

Pheanthus, 12.
andamanicus, 12; mala-
baricus, 12.

Phaseolex,. 215.

Philadelphus —_coronarius,
296.

Phlebocalymna, 152.
Griffithiana, 152, 703;

Lobbiana, 152.
Phlebochiton extensum, 200
Phlebophyllum Kunthi-

anum, 499.

INDEX. OF ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

Phlogacanthus, 501.
curviflorus, 501, 715,
imsignis, 501; pubiner-

vius, 501; thyrsiflorus,
. 501, 715; tubiflorus,
501, 715.

Phoebe, 532.
angustifolia, 532 ; attenu-
ata, 532, 716; Hainesi-
ana, 532; indica, 532 ;
lanceolata, 532; pallida,
532; paniculata, 532;
pubescens, 532; tavoy-
ana, 532; villosa, 530;

| Wightii, 532.

Phoenix, 644.
acaulis, 645 ; dactylifera,

645; farinifera, 645;
humilis, 645; Ouseley-
ana, 645 ; paludosa,
646; pedunculata, 645 ;

robusta, 645 ; Roebelinii,
646 ; rupicola, 646;
sylvestris, 645.
Photinia, 293.
Griffithii, 293; integri-
folia, 293; Lindleyana,
293; mollis, 293, 709;
Notoniana, 293.
Phyllanthus, 569.

albizzioides, 571, 717;
bobotryoides, 571; brev-
ipes, 571; Chorizan-
dra, 571; Clarkei, 571,
717; columnaris, 571;
distichus, 570; elegans,
O12 5 Emblica, 570:
fimbriatus, 572 ; glaucus,
SykR (Csebstiem, Syl s

Hamiltonianus, 572; in-
dicus, 571; lanceolarius,
573, 721; Law, 571;
Leschenaultii, 571; longi-
florus, 572; macrocalyx,
572; Missionis, 571;
nepalensis, 574; parvi-
folius, 571; polyphyllus,
571; pomiferus, 570;
Prainianus, 571; reticu-
latus, 570, 717; Roe-
perianus, 571; Rox-
burghii, 572; Wightianus,
572.

Phyllochlamys spinosa,
615.

Phyllostachys, 661, 667,
719.
assamica, 667; bambu-

soides. 667 ; Mannii, 667.
Physalis somnifera, 490.
Phytocrene, 152.

bracteata, 152 ; gigantea,

152.

Picea, 692.

Morinda, 692; morindo-

ides, 720, 721.

Picrasma, 127.
andamanica, 127; java-
nica, 127; nepalensis,

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

127;

703.
Pierardia macrostachys, 563.
Pieris, 409.

formosa, 409; ovalifolia,

409; villosa, 409.
Pilostegia viburnoides, 296.
Pimelandra, 420.

quassioides, 127,

erecta, 420; eugeniw-
folia, 420; Griffithii,
420, 712.

Pinanga, 647.
costata, 647; Dicksonii,

647; gracilis, 647, 715;
Griffithii, 647: hexasti-
cha, 647; Hookeriana,
647 ; hymenospatha,
647; Kuhlii, 647 ; Manii,
647.

Pinus, 689.
Brunoniana, 693; Deo-
dara, 691; excelsa, 689 ;
Gerardiana, 690; Grif
fithii, 689 ; insularis, 690;
Kesiya 690; Khasya,
xx., 690; Khutrow, 693 ;
Laricio, 691; longifolia,
690; Merkusii, 691;
Peuce, 690; Pinea, 691 ;
Smithiana, 692; spinu-
losa, 721; Yunnanensis,
690.

Piper, 522.
argyrophyllum, 523);
Betle, 523; brachystach-
yum, 523; Hamiltonii,
523; Hookeri, 523; lon-
gum, 523; nigrum, 523;
subpeltatum, 523; tri-
chostachyum, 523; tri-
oicum, 523.

Piperacee, 522.

Piptadenia oudhensis, 261.

Piptanthus, 216.
nepalensis, 216; tomen-
tosus, 216.

Pipturus velutinus, 617.

Pisonia, 517.
aculeata, 517, 716; alba,

517; excelsa, 517, 716;
morindefolia, 517; um-
bellifera, 517.

Pistacia, 199.
cabulica, 199, 706;
coccinea, 199; integer-
rima, 199; Khinjak,
200; Lentiseus, 200;
mutica, 199, 706.

Pithecolobium, 273.
affine, 274; anamalla-
yanum, 276; angulatum,
275; bigeminum, 274,
709; dulee, 273; ellip-
ticum, 274; fascicula-
tum, 274; geminatum,
274; glomeriflorum,
274; gracile, 274; loba-

274; montanum,
nicobaricum, 274;

tum,
276;

semicordatum, 274 ; sub-
coriaceum, 276; umbel-
latum, 274.

Pittosporacee (Pittospo-
ree), 42.

Pittosporum, 42.
dasycaulon, 43; erio-

carpum, 43; ferrugineum,

43; floribundum, 42;
glabratum 43; humile,
43; nilghirense, 43;

tetraspermum, 42.

Plagiopteron, 93.
fragrans, 702 ; suaveolens,
93, 702.

Planchonia, 332.
andamanica, 332; littor-
alis, 332; valida, 332.

Platanacew, 619.

Platanus, 619.
acerifolia, 619 ; occident-
alis, 619: orientalis, 619,
718.

Platystigma
579.

Plecospermum, 614.

myristiceum,

andamanicum, 614;
spinosum, 614.
Plectocomia, 649.
assamica, Griff., 650;
assamica, Hook., 649;
himalayana, 649; khas-

yana, 649; macrostachya,
650, 653, 719.
Plectocomiopsis, 650.
geminiflorus, 719;
doxus, 650.
Plectranthus, 516.
rugosus, 516;
lius, 516, 716.
Plectronia, 385.
glabra, 385; qgracilipes,
385 ; travancorica, 385.
Pleiandre, 636.
Pleurostylia Wightii, 165.
Pluchea, 401.
arguta, 402; indica, 401;
lanceolata, 401; tomen-
tosa, 401; Wallichiana,
401.
Plukenetia corniculata, 583.
Plumbaginacee (Plamba-
ginew), 413.
Plumeria, 458.

para-

ternifo-

acuminata, 458; acuti-
folia, 458, 713.
Podalyriew, 215.
Podocarpus, 695.
cupressina, 696; imbri-
catus, 696: latifolia,
Wall., 695; latifolius,
R. Brown, 696; nerii-

folia, 695; Thunbergii,
696; Wallichianus, 695.
Peeciloneuron, 55. +
indicum, 55; pauciflo-
rum, 55,
Poqgonotrophe
610,

macrocarpa,

759

Pogostemon, 516.
glabrum, 516 ; Patchouli,
516, 716; plectrantho-
ides, 516.

Poinciana, 249.
elata, 249, 708; pulcher-
rima, 247; regia, 249.

Polyalthia, 13.
andamanica, 14;
tea, 13; cerasoides, 14,
720; coffeoides, 14;
dubia, 13; fragrans, 15,
699 ; Jenkinsii, 14;
Korinti, 15; longifolia;
15; macrophylla, 13;
obliqua, 15; Simiarum,
15; suberosa, 14.

Polygala, 43.
arillata, 43; MKarensium,
44.

Polygalace (Polygalex)43.

Polygonaceex, 519.

Polygonum, 520.
frondosum, 520; molle,
520, 716; paniculatum,
520 ; polystachyum, 520 ;
rude, 520.

Polyodontia zeylanica, 282.

Polyosma, 298.

argen-

integrifolia, 298; Walli-
chit, 298.

Polyphragmon flavescens,
386.

Polyscias acuminata, 349.
Pometia, 185.
eximia, 185; pinnata,
185 ; tomentosa, 185.
Pongamia, 243.
atropurpurea, 220; ellip-
tica, 242; glabra, 243,
707, 720.
Popowia, 13.
Beddomiana, 13;
feri, 13; Hookeri, 13;
Kurzii, 13; nitida, 13;
ramosissima, 13.
Populus, 639.
alba, 640;
640 ;

Hel-

balsamifera,

canadensis, 640;
ciliata, 640, 718; delt-
oidea, 640; euphratica,
639, 720; Gamblei, 718;
glauca, 718 ; Jacquemon-
tiana, 718; microcarpa,
640; nigra, 640; rotun-
difolia, 640.

Porana, 486.
grandiflora, 487 ;
barica, 487;
487, 714; racemosa,
487, 714; spectabilis,
487; stenoloba, 487;
truncata, 487; volubilis,
487.

Potentilla, 287.
fruticosa, 287, var. ochre-
ata, 287.

Pothomorphe

oe
veo.

mala-
paniculata,

subpeltata,

i>;

(

60 INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

Pottingeria acuminata,

299.

Pottsia, 462.

eantonensis, 462, 714;
Hookeriana, 462; ovata,
462.

Poupartia Fordii, 201.
Pourthiza, 293.

arguta, 293, 709; salici-
folia, 293.

Pouzolzia, 617.

iP

12
P

borbonica, 617 ; viminea,
617.

remna, 509.

amplectens, xxii., 511;
barbata, 511; bengalen-
sis, 510, 715; bracteata,
509; cordifolia, Roxb.,
510; cordifolia, Wight,
510; coriacea, 510;
coriacea, var. oblanga,
510, var. cuncata, 510;
corymbosa, 510; divari-
eata, 510; esculenta,
511; flavescens, 511;
glaberrima, 511; her-
bacea, 511, 716; <inte-
gerrima, 511; integri-
folia, 510; interrupta,
509; khasiana, 510;
latifolia, 511, 715: longi-
folia, 510; lucidula, 510;
macrophylla, xxii., 511 ;
micrantha, 511; mille-
flora 511, 715; muecro-
nata, 511; nana, xxii.,
511; parasitica, 510;
pinguis, xxim., 511;
punduana, 510; pyra-
midata, 510; racemosa,
509: sambucina, 510;
scandens, 510; serrati-
folia, 510; thyrsoidea,
511; tomentosa, Willd.,
510; tomentosa, Iurz.,
510; viburnoides, 511;
villosa, 510; Wightiana,
511.
rinsepia utilis, 281.
riotropis cytisoides, 216.

Prismatomeris albidiflora,

393.

Prosopis, 260.

spicigera, 260, 708, 720;
Stephaniana, 261.

Proteacee, 543.
Protium, 132.

caudatum, 132, 720;
pubescens, 132; serra-
tum, 132.

Prunus, 278.

acuminata, 281, 709;
Amygdalus, 278; arme-
niaca, 279; Aviwm, 280 ;
brahuica, 279, 709;
Cerasus, 280 ; communis,
979; divaricata, 279;
eburnea, 279; hirtipes,
280; Jacquemontii, 280;

Jenkinsii, 281; marta-
banica, 281 ; microcarpa,
280; nepalensis, 281 ;
Padus, 280; persica,
279; prostrata, 280;
Puddum, 279 ; punctata,
281; rufa, 280; Stock-
siana, 278; tomentosa,
280; undulata, 281, 709.

Pseudostachyum, 675.
compactiflorum, 681 ;
Helfert, 679; polymor-
phum, 661, 675.

Pseudostreblus indica,*614.

Psidium Guayava, 326.

Psychotria, 393.
adenophylla, 394, 712;
ambigua, 395; anamal-
layana, 395; andaman-
ica, 395; angulata, 395;
bisuleata, 395; calo-
carpa, 304, 2s
canarensis, 395; con-
gesta, 393; connata, Wall.,
395; connata, Kurz.,
394; Dalzellii, 398;
denticulata, 394; elon-
gata, Wight, 393 ;
elongata, Bedd., 393;
erratica, 395, ies
flavida, 394, 712; fulva,
394, 395; Helferiana,
395; levigata, 395 ;
macrocarpa, 393; mon-
tana, 394; monticola,
395 ; nudiflora, 394;
octosuleata, 395; pen-
dula, 394; platyneura,
394; sarmentosa, 394;
silhetensis, 394; subin-
tegra, 393; sulcata,
395; symplocifolia, 395 ;
Thomsoni, 394; Thwait-
esii, 393; truncata, 393 ;
tylophora, 394; viridi-
flora, 394; viridissima,
394.

Psychotriex, 366.

Pternandra, 333.
cerulescens, 333; capi-
tellata, 333.

Pterocarpus, 239.
dalbergioides, xx., 239,
707; indicus, Willd.,
239; indicus, Bedd., 239;
macrocarpus 239; Mar-
supium, xx., 240, 707,
720; santalinus, 240,720.

Pterolobium, 248.
densiflorum, 249; indi-
cum, 248; lacerans,
248; macropterum, 248.

Pteropyrum, 521.

Aucheri, 521; Olivieri,
521.

Pterospermum, 90.
acerifolium, 91; acero-
ides, 91; Blumeanum,
92; cinnamomeum, 92;

Ss

glabrescens, 91; Heyne-
anum, 90; javanicum,
92; lanceefolium, 92 ;
obtusifolium, 90; reti-
culatum, 90; rubigino-
sum, 91 ;semisagittatum,
91; suberifolium, xviii.,
“90s
Pterygota, 79.
Ptychoraphis augusta, 647.
Pueraria, 228.
Candollei, 228 ; Collettii,
228: Thomsoni, 228;
Thunbergiana, 228, 706;
tuberosa, 228, 706 ;
Wallichii, 228.
Puneeria coagulans, 490.
Pungamia, 243. ~
Punica Granatum, 341, 710.
Pusetha, 261.
Putranjiva Roxburghii,
566.
Pyenarrhena pleniflora, 27,
700.
Pygeum, 282.
acuminatum, Colebr.,
282, 709: acwminatum,
Wight., 282; Andersoni,
282, 709 ; arboreum, 282 ;
capitellatum, 282; cey-
lanicum, Bedd., 282;
Gardneri, 282; glaberri-
mum, 282, 709; Lam-
pongum, 282; lucidwm,
709; montanum, 282 ;
persimile, 282; Wighti-
anum, 282: zeylanicum,
Geertn., 282; ceylanicum,
Bedd., 282.
Pyrenacantha volubilis, 153.
Pyrenaria, 59.
barringtoniefolia, 59 ;
camelhiefiora, 59; dios-
pyricarpa, 59.
Pyrularia, 554.
edulis, 554; Wallickzana
554.
Pyrus, 290, 721.
Aria, 291; Aucuparia,
292, 721; baceata, 290;
communis, 291; cuspi-
data, 292 ; Cydonia, 289 ;
ferruginea, 292; folio-
losa, 292, 721; granu-
losa, 292; Griffithii, 291 ;
indica, 289; insignis,
292; Jacquemontiana,
291; khasiana, 292,709 ;
kohimensis, 292 ; Kuma-
oni, 291: Kurz, 709 ;
lanata, 291; Malus, 290 ;
microphylla, 292; Pas-
hia, 291 ; polycarpa, 292 ;
rhamnoides, 292; sik-
kimensis, 291; Thomsoni,
292: ursina, 292; vario-
losa, 291; vestita, 291,
721; Wallichii, 292, 721.

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES 761

Quercinee, 624.

Quercus, 624.
acuminata, 630; aliena,
626; Ambherstiana, 630 ;
annulata, 627; armata,
635; Baloot, 625; Bran-
disiana, 628; calathifor-
mis, 627; castanicarpa,
634; cornea, 631; deal-
bata, 632, 718; dila-
tata, 627; eumorpha,
632; Falconeri, 630;
fenestrata, 632; feroxr,
634; Fordiana, 631;
glauca, 627; Griffithii,
625; Griffithii, var. ob-
longa, 626; Helferiana,
628; Hildebrandi, 627;
Tlex, 625, 718; incana,
xxi., 626, 718; Jenk-
insiana, 631; Jenkinsii,
718; lamellosa, 629;
lanceefolia, 632, 718;
lanceefolia, var. semi-
cristata, 632; lanu-
ginosa, 626, lappacea,
629; Lindleyana, 629,
718; lineata, 627; line-
ata, var. Griffithii, 627;
Listeri, 718 ; Lobbi, 627 ;
magnifica, 631; mespili-
folia, 629; oidocarpa, 629;
Olla, 632 ; Oxyodon, 627,
pachyphylla, 631; pachy-
phylla, var. fruticosa,
631; pecunculata, x.,
629; polystachya, 630;
pulchra, 631; Rex, 651;
Robur, x.; semecarpi-
folia, 625; semiserrata,
627; semiserrata, var.
Manii, 627 ; serrata, 626;
sessiliflora, x., 626, 629;
spicata, 629, 631; spi-
eata, var. Collettti (Chit-
tagonga), 629; squa-
mata, 629; Thomsoni,
632; Thomsoniana, 627;
truncata, 632; turbinata,
632; velutina, 628; Wrayi,
633; xanthoclada, 628 ;
xylocarpa, King, 632;
xylocarpa, Kurz, 633.

Quisqualis, 314.

densiflora, 314; indica,
314, 709; malabarica,
314.

Radermachera.

amoena, 496; xylocarpa,
WL.
Randia, 381.

Candolleana, 383; dec-
canensis, 383 ; densiflora,
383; dumetorum, 382,
711, 720; exaltata, 383;
fasciculata, 383, 711;
floribunda, 382; Gard-
neri, 383 ; Griffithii, 382 ;

hygrophila, 383; longi-
flora, 382; Jlongispina,
382; malabarica, 382;

nutans, 382; rigida, 383;
rugniosa, 383 ; sikkimen-
sis, 383; speciosa, 383;
tetrasperma, 381; to-
mentosa, 383; uliginosa,
381, 711, 720; Wallichii,
383.
Ranunculacee, |.
Rapanea.
capitellata, 416; daph-
noides, 416; Griffithiana,

416; lucida, 416; stri-
ata, 416; Wightiana,
416.

Raphistemma pulchellum,
469, 714.

Rauwolfia, 456.
Beddomei, 457; chinen-
sis, 713; decurva, 457 ;
densiflora, 457 ; micran-
tha, 457; peguana, 457 ;
serpentina, 457, 713.
Reevesia, 92.
pubescens, 92 ; Wallichii,
92,
Reidia.
fimbriata, 572; floribun-
da, 572; latifolia, 572:
ovalifolia, 572.
Reinwardtia, 107.
tetragyna, %07 ;
107, 702.
Rejoua, 460.
Rennellia speciosa, 392.
Reptonia buxifolia, 427,
712.
Resedacew, 37.
Retinodendron, 71.
Rhabdia, 482.
lycioides, xxii., 482; vi-
minea, 482.
Rhamnacex
167.
Rhamnus, !72.
dahuricus, 172; hirsutus,

trigyna,

(Rhamnez),

172; nepalensis, 173 ;
persicus, 172; procum-
bens, 173; purpureus,

173; triqueter, 173 ; vir-
gatus, xx., I172, 704;
Wightii, xx., 172.
Rhazya stricta, xxii., 458.
Rhizophora, 303.
Candelaria, 304; conju-
gata, 304; Mangle, 303 ;
mucronata, 303, 709.
Rhizophoracew (Rhizopho-
ree), 302.
Rhodamnia trinervia, 326.
Rhododendron, 409.
@wruginosum, 410;
thopogon, 412; arbo-
reum, 409, var. Kingi-
anum, 410; argenteum,
410; Aucklandii, 411;
barbatum, 411; Boothii,

An-

412; camellieflorum,
412; campanulatum,
410; Campbellie, 409;

campylocarpum, 410;
Candelabrum, 411; cilia-
tum, 412 ; cinnabarinum,
411; Dalhousie, 412;
Edgeworthii, 411; ela-
agnoides, 412; Elliotti,
410; Falconeri, 410 ; for-
mosum, 411; formosum,
var. salicifolium, 411, var.
Johnstonianum, 411 ; fra-
grans, 412; fulgens, 410 ;
glaucum, 412; grande,
410; Griffithianum, 411 ;
Hodgsoni, 410 ; Hookeri,

411; Johnstonianum,
411; MKendrickii, 410;
Keysii, 411; lanatum,
410; Jlepidotum, 412;
leptocarpum, 412; Mad-
deni, 412; moulmain-
ense, 412; nilagiricum,

409; nivale, 412; nive-
um, 410; Nuttallii, 412 ;

pendulum, 411; pumi-
lum, 412; Roylit, 411;
salicifolium, 411; salig-

num, 412 ; setosum, 412;
Shepherdi, 410; Thom-
soni, 411; triflorum,
411; vaccinioides, 412;
Veitchianum, 411; vir-
gatum, 411; Wightii, 410.

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa,
326.

Rhopala.
excelsa, 543; robusta, 543.

Rhus, 196.
acuminata, 199; Bucki-
amela, 197 ; Cotinus, x.,
196, 705 ; decipiens, 188 ;
Griffithii, 199; insignis,
199, 706 ; javanica, 197 ;
khasiana, 706; mysor-
ensis, 197; paniculata,
197; parviflora, 196;
punjabensis, 197, 706;
semialata, 197, 706; sue-
cedanea, 199; velutina,
S57 Labs vernicifera,
DC., 199; vernicifera,
Brandis, 198; Wallichii,
198.

Rhynchodia Wallichii, 463.

Rhynchosia Pseudocajan,
707.

Ribes, 299.
desmocarpum, 299; gla-
ciale, 299 ; Griffithii,300 ;
Grossularia, 299; hima-
lense, 299; lucidum, 299 ;
nigrum, 299; orientale,
299; rubrum, 299.

Ricinus communis, 593.

Rivea, 484.
hypocrateriformis, 484,
714; ornata, 484, 714;

762 INDEX OF

ornata, var. Griffithii,484 ;
Roxburghi, 484.
Rondeletiex, 364.
Rosa, 287.
anserinefolia, 287; Beg-
geriana, 287; Collettii,
287, 721; damascena,
287; HEce, 288; Eglan-
teria, 288 ; gigantea,287 ;

involucrata, 287, 709;
Leschenaultiana, 288 ;
longicuspis, 288; lutea,

288; Lyellii, 287, 709 ;
macrophylla, 288; mos-
chata, 288; sempervir-
ens, 288; sericea, 288 ;
Webbiana, 288; xan-
thina, 288.
Rosacee, 277.
Rottlera.
peltata, 588; tinctoria,590.
Rourea, 210, 706.
caudata, 211; commu-
tata, 210, 706; humilis,
211; pulchella, 211 ; san-
taloides, 210, 706 ; steno-
petala, 211; villosa, 211;
Wallichiana, 211.
Roydsia, 36.
fasciculata, 37; obtusi-
folia, 36: parviflora, 37 ;
suaveolens, 36.
Roylea elegans, 515.
Rubiacee, 364.
Rubus, 283.
acuminatus, 283; alpes-

stris, 285; Andersoni,
285; arcticus, XxXiii. ;
assamensis, 283; biflorus
286; birmanicus, 284;

discolor, 286; ellipticus,
286; fasciculatus, 286 ;
ferox, 284; flavus, 286;
foliosus, 287; fruticosus,
286; Gowreephul, 286 ;
gracilis, 285; Hamilton-
tanus, 284; hexagynus,
283, 709 ; Hookeri, 285 ;
insignis, 283; lanatus,
284; lasiocarpus, 286;
lineatus, 285; lucens,
286; macilentus, 286;
moluccanus, 284 ; niveus
285; opulifolius, 287 ;
paniculatus, 283; pun-
gens, 287; purpureus,
285; pyrifolius, 283;
racemosus, 287; reticu-
latus, 284; rosefolius,
287; rUgoOsUs, 284 ;
Treutleri, 284.

Ruellia gossypina, 501.

Rumex hastatus, 521.

Rutacez, 111.

Ryparia cesia, 41.

Ryparosa Kurzii, 41.

Sabia, 193.

campanulata, 193; lan

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

ceolata, 194; leptandra,
193; limoniacea, 194;
malabarica, 194; pani-
culata, 194; parviflora,
194; purpurea, 193; to-
* mentosa, 194.
Sabiacee, 193.
Saccopetalum, 10.

longiflorum, 11, 699;
sclerocarpum, 11; to-
mentosum, 11.

Sadiria. i

eugeniifolia, 420; solani-
folia, 420.

Sagerea, 12.

Dalzellii, 13; elliptica,
13; laurina, 13; Listeri,
1%,

Sageretia, 173.
Brandrethiana, 173; ha-
mosa, 173; oppositifolia,
173; theezans, 174.

Salacia, 165, 704.
flavescens, 165; flori-
bunda, 167; fruticosa,
166; grandiflora, 166 ;
‘Griffithii, 167; latifolia,
165; longifolia, Hook.,
f. 166; longifolia, Kurz,
167 ; macrosperma, 166 ;
membranacea, 166 ; mul-
tiflora, 165; oblonga,
166; prinoides, 166,704 ;
reticulata, 166; Rox-
burghii, 166; Smaliana,
165, 704 ; verrucosa, 166,
704; viminea, 166.

Salicacez (Salicinez), 636.

Salix, 636.
acmophylla,
alba, 637; angustifolia,
638; babylonica, 637;
calyculata, 638 ; Caprea,
638; Daltoniana, 637 ;
daphnoides, 637; diver-
gens, 639; elegans, 637 ;
eriophylla, 638 ; eriosta-
chya, 637; flabellaris,
638 ; fragilis, 637 ; fruti-
culosa, 638 ; furcata,638 ;
grisea, 637 ; hastata,637 ;
ichnostachya, 636; in-
signis, 637; Lindleyana,
638 ; longiflora, 637 ; ob-
secura, 638; oreophila,
638 ; oxycarpa, 638 ; py-
enostachya, 638: sclero-
phylla, 638; Serpyllum,

636, 718;

638; sikkimensis, 638 ;
tetrasperma, 636; var.
calophylla, 636; var.
pyrina, 636; Thomson-

iana, 638 ; triandra, 637 ;
viminalis, 638 ; Wallich-
iana, 637.

Salsola, 518.
Arbuseula, 519; fotida,
519; spinescens, 519;
verrucosa, 519.

Salvadora, 453.
indica, 453 ; oleoides, 453,
713; persica, 453, 713 ;
Wightiana, 453.
Salvadoracee, 453.
Samadera, 124.
indica, 124; lucida, 124.
Samara Rheedii, 417.
Sambucus, 364.
adnata, 364;
364; javanica,
Thunbergiana, 364.
Samydacez, 342.
Sandoricum indicum, 137.
Santalaceze, 553.
Santalum album, 553, 716,
720.
Sapindacee, 184.
Sapindus, 190.
attenuatus, 192; bifoli-
atus, 192; Danura, 191 ;
detergens, 191; emargi-
natus, 191; erectus, 192 ;

Ebulus,
364 ;

laurifolius, 191; Muko-
rossi, 191, 705; Rarak,
191; rubiginosa, 192;

trifoliatus, 191.

Sapium, 584.
baccatum, 584; eugeni-
efolium, 585; indicum,
584; insigne, 585 ; popu-
lifolium, 584 ; sebiferum,
584.

Sapota elengoides, 422.

Sapotacez, 421.

Saprosma, 395.
ceylanicum, 396; consi-
mile. 396; corymbosum,
396; fragrans, 396; in-
dicum, 396; ternatum,
396.

Saraca, 250.

Griffithiana, 251 ; indica,
250; Lobbiana, 251 ; tri-
andra, 251; Zollingeriana,
251.

Sarcocephalus, 366.
Cadamba, 367 ; cordatus,
367; Missionis, 366, 711.

Sarcochlamys pulcherrima,
618, 718.

Sarcoclinium longifoliwm,
581.

Sarcococea, 565.
pruniformis, 565, 717;
var. Hookeriana, 565 ;
saligna, 565; trinervia,
565.

Sarcolobus, 470. g
carinatus, 470; globosus,
470.

Sarcosperma, 427.

arboreum, 427; Grif-
fithi, 427.

Sarcostemma, 468.
brevistigma, 468, 714;

Brunonianum, 468; in-
termedium, 468; Stock-
sii, 468.

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES 763

Sarcostigma, 153.
edule, 154; WKleinii, 153 ;
Wallichii, 154, 703.

Sassafras Parthenoxylon,
534.

Saurauia, 3, 62.

Saurauja, 56, 62.
arcuata, 63; cerea, 63;
fasciculata, 63; Grif-
fithii, 62; macrotricha,
63; napaulensis, 62,700 ;
punduana, 63; Rox-
burghii, 63; tristyla, 63.

Sauropus, 568.
albicans, 568; compres-
sus, 569; Gardnerianus,
568 ; indicus, 568; qua-
drangularis, Muell, Arg.,
569; quadranqularis, Kurz,
569; trinervius, 569,
717; zeylanicus, 568.

Saxifragacew, 296.

Sevevola, 403.
Keenigii, 403; Lobelia,
403; Plumieri, 403 ; Tac-
cada, 403; uvifera, 403.

Scepa Lindleyana, 564.

Schefflera, 347.

Schima, 59.
bancana, 60; crenata,
60; khasiana, 60, 700;
monticola, 60; Noronhe,
60; Wallichii, 60.

Schizandra, 9.
axillaris, 9; elongata, 9 ;
grandiflora, 9; propin-
qua, 9.

Schizochiton, 139.

Schizostachyum, 679.
chilianthum, 679 ; Roger-
sii, 679.

Schleichera trijuga, 189,
705, 720.

Schmidelia.
Cobbe, 185; Rheedii,185 ;
villosa, 185.

Schmidia bicolor, 497.

Schoepfia, 149.
acuminata, 149; frag:
rans, 149, 703; Griffith-
jana, 149.

Schrebera swietenioides,
444, 713, 720.

Scleropyrum Wallichianum,
554.

Sclerostylis atalantioides,
121.

Scolopia, 39.
acuminata, 39; crenata,
39; Roxburghii, 39.

Scortechinia nicobarica,
564,

Serophulariaces (Scrophu-
larinew), 491.

Seutia, 174.
indica, 174; Rheediana,
174.

Seyphiphora hydrophylla-
cea, 384,

Scyphopetalum ramiflorum,
187.

Secamone emetica, 468.

Securidaca, 45.
inappendiculata, 45; ta-
voyana, 45.

Securineqa.
Leucopyrus, 569; obo-
vata, 569.

Seddera evolvuloides, 488.

Semecarpus, 207.
acuminata, 209; albes-
cens, 204; Anacardium,
207, 706; auriculata,
208; Cassuvium, 209;
Grahamii, 203; hetero-
phyllus, Hook., f. 209;
heterophyllus, Kurz, 209 ;
Kurzii, 209; pandurata,
208; Prainii, 209; sub-
pandureformis, 209 ; sub-
spathulatus, 706; tra-
vancorica, 208.

Senecio, 402.
araneosus, 402, 712 ; Bui-
malia, 402; candicans,
402; corymbosus, 402 ;
densiflorus, 403; inter-
medius, 402 ; Nagensium,
403; Rhabdos, 403; ru-
finervis, 402; scandens,
402; triligulatus, 402;
vagans, 402; Walkeri,
402; Wightianus, 402.

Serissa.
fragrans, 396 ; qglomerata,
396; Wightii, 396.

Sesbania, 218.
wgyptiaca, 219; grandi-
flora, 219.

Sethia indica, 107.

Shorea, 68.
aptera, 64; assamica,
70; floribunda, 70; gra-
tissima, 70; Gysberti-
ana, 64; Jlaccifera, 70;
nervosa, 67; obtusa, 69;
Pinanga, 64; robusta,
Xx., xxi., 69; selanica,
64; siamensis, 68; stel-
lata, 70; stenoptera, 64 ;
Talura, 70; Tumbug-
gaia, 69.

Sideroxylon, 422
assamicum, 422; attenu-
atum, 423; burmanicum,
422; ferrugineum, 423;
Gamblei, 423; grandi-
folium, 423, 712; Hook-
eri, 422; longepetiola-
tum, 423; tomentosum,
422, 712.

Silvianthus bracteatus, 375.

Simarubacew, 124

Sindora siamensis, 252.

Siphonedon celastrineus,
165, 704.

Strium myrtifolium, 553.

Skimmia, 116.

japonica, 116; Lanreola,
116.

Sloanea, 101.

Smilax, 641.
aspera, 641; macrophyl-
la, 641, 718; maculata,
641; prolifera, 641.

Smythea calpicarpa, 175.

Solanacexw, 489.

Solanum, 489.
barbisetum, 490; ferox,
490; var. inermis, 715;
giganteum, 489; graci-
lipes, 490, 715 ; indicum,
489, 715; khasianum,
490 ; Kurzii, 489 ; Melon-
gena, 490; pubescens,
489; torvum, 489, 715;
trilobatum, 490 ; verbas-
cifolium, 489, 71d;
Wightii, 490.

Solenocarpus indica, 200.

Solenostigma Wightii, 596.

Sonneratia, 340.
acida, 340, 710; alba,
341; apetala, 341 ; Grif-
fithii, 341.

Sophora, 244.
acuminata, 244; Bakeri,
244, 707; Dunii, 244;
glauca, 244; Griffithii,
244; heptaphylla, Hook.,
f., 244; heptaphylla,
Wight., 244; interrupta,
244; madraspatana, 244;
mollis, 244; Moorcroft-
iana, 244; Prazeri, 244;
tomentosa, 244 ; Wightii,
244; zeylanica, 244.

Sophorex, 215.

Sorbus, 721.
cuspidata, 721; foliclosa,
721; thianshanica, 721;
ursina, 721.

Soymida febrifuga, 144,703,
720.

Spathodea.
adenophylla, 494; amena,
496 ; arcuata, 493; crispa
494; falcata, 493; Rheedii,
494; Roxburghii, 494;
stipulata, 493 ; xylocarpa,
495,

Spatholobus, 229.
acuminatus, 230; crassi-
folius, 230; denudatus,
230; Listeri, 230; mer-
guensis, 230; Pottingeri,
230; purpureus, 230;
riparius, 230; roseus,
230; Roxburghii, 229;
squamiger, 230,

Spermadictyon suaveolens,
390.

Spherocarya edulis, 554.

Sphenodesme, 513.
acuminata, 513; eryci-
boides, 514; Griffithiana,
514; microstylis, 513;

7164 INDEX OF
paniculata, 513; pent-
andra, 513; unguiculata,
513, 716.

Sphyranthera capitellata,
593.

Spirea, 282.

bella, 283; canescens,
283; sorbifolia, 283;

vaccinifolia, 283.
Spondias, 201.

acuminata, 201 ; axillaris,

201; mangifera, 201, 760.
Sponia.

orientalis, 597 ; politoria,

BZ 8 velutina, 597 ;

Wightit, 597. j
Stachyuraceae, 56.
Stachyurus himalaicus, 63.
Staphylea, 181.

Emodi, 181; trifolia,181.
Staphyleacee, 180.
Stemonurus, 151.

fetidus, 152;

anus, 151.
Stenogynium, 568.
Stephania, 23.

elegans, 23; hernandi-

folia, 23; rotunda, 23.
Stephegyne, 369.

diversifolia, 370, 711:

parvifolia, 369, 711; tu-

bulosa, 370.

Sterculia, 79.

alata, 83, 707; angusti-

folia, 84; armata, 81;

Balanghas, 84; campa-

nulata, 85, 701; cocci-

nea, 83, 701: cognata,

84; colorata, 84, 701;

ensifolia, 84 ; foetida, 80;

fulgens, 84; guttata, 82,

701; Haynii, 83; hypo-

chra, 82; IJingii, 701;

penangi-

levis, 84; nobilis, 84;
ornata, 81; pallens, 84 ;
parviflora, 84; populi-
folia, 84; Roxburghii,

83; rubiginosa, 84, 701 ;
scaphigera, 84; striati-
flora, 83; urens, 80,701;
versicolor, 80; villosa,
80.
Sterculiacexe, 79.
Stereospermum, 495.
chelonoides, 495,
720; fimbriatum, 49
glandulosum, 495, 7
hypostictum, 496; neu-
ranthum, 495; suaveo-
lens, 495, 715; xylocar-
pum, 495, 715.
Stictocardia tiliewfolia, 714.
Stilago.
diandra, 565; tomentosa,
564.
Stilbanthus scandens, 518.
Stillingia himalayensis, 585.
Stocksia brahuica, 187.
Stranveesia glaucescens,292.

=
CUS Ss

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

Streblus, 615.
asper, 615, 718; mitis,
615; tawoides, 615; zey-
lanica, 616.
Streptocaulon, 467.
extensum, 467 ; Griffithii,

467; SKleinii, 467; to-

mentosum, 467.
Strobilanthes, 499.

alatus, 501; atropur-

pureus, 501 ; auriculatus,
500; barbatus, 500; cal-
losus, 500; Dalhousi-
anus, 501; flaccidus,501 ;
flaccidifolius, 501; flava,
501; foliosus, 499; glu-
tinosus, 500; Grahami-
anus, 500; gregalis, £00 ;
heteromallus, 499; jey-
porensis, 499; IKunthi-
anus, 499; luridus, 500 ;
Maclellandi, 500; pecti-
natus, 500, 715; perfoli-

atus, 500; Perrotteti-
anus, 499; rufescens,
500; Wallichii, 500;

Wightianus, 499.

Strombosia, 148.
ceylanica, 148 ; javanica,
149.

Strophanthus, 462.
brevicaudatus, 463 ; cau-
datus, 462; dichotomus,
DC., 462; dichotomus,
Wall., 462; Griffithii,
462; longicaudatus, 462 ;
Wallichii, 462, 714;
Wightianus. 463.

Strychnos, 473.
acuminata, 474; axil-
laris, 475; Beddomei,
474; Bourdilloni, 474;
cinnamomifolia, 475 ; co-
lubrina, 474; Dalzellii,
474; hypogyna, 474;
laurina, 475; malaccen-

sis, 475;, Nux-vomica,
473; potatorum, xviii.,
474; Rheedii, 474 ; Wal-
lichiana, Benth., 475,
714; Wallichiana, Steu-
del, 474.

Stylocoryna.

monosperma, 378;
bera, 377.

Styphelia malayica, 412.

Styracee, 437.

Styrax, 441.
Benzoin, 442; Hookeri,
442; Polysperma, 442;
rugosum, 442; serrula-
tum, 441, 713; virgatwm,
442.

Sueda, 519.
fruticosa, 519; indica,
519; monoica, 519; nu-
diflora, 519, 716; vermi-
culata, 519.

Sumbavia macrophylla,582.

We-

Suriana maritima, 124.
Swietenia, 144.
Chloroxylon, 146; febri-
fuga, 144; macrophylla,
144; Mahagoni, 144.
Swintonia, 202.
floribunda, 202; Grif-
fithii, 202; Helferi, 203 ;
Schwenckii, 202.
Sycidium, 604.
Sycopsis Griffithiana, 301.
Symphorema, 514.
grossum, 514; involucra-

tum, 514; Jackianum,
513; pentandrum, 514 ;
polyandrum, 514, 716;

wunguiculatum, 513.
Symplocacee, 437.
Symplocos, 437.

acuminata, 440 ; anamal-

layana, 438; attenuata,

441; Beddomei, 438,

713; Candolleana, 441 ;

caudata, 440; compla-

nata, 440; crategoides,

440; dryophila, 439;

ferruginea, 441; foliosa,

439; Gardneriana, 439 ;

glomerata, 438; grandi-

flora, 440; Hohenackeri,

439 ; Hookeri, 440 ; Hue-

geliana, 439; javanica,

441; kanarana, 439;

kurgensis, 441 ; lancifolia,

440; leiostachya, 440;

leucantha, 438; macro-

carpa, 439, 713; macro-
phylla, 439; microphyl-
la, 438 ; monantha, 438 ;
nervosa, 439 ; nicobarica,

440; obtusa, 438; oli-

gandra, 438; oxyphylla,

441; pauciflora, 441;

pedicellata, 441 ; pendula,

441; phyllocalyx, 438 ;

polystachya, 441; pruni-

folia, 440; pulchra, 440 ;
pyzifolia, 439 ; racemosa,

438; ramosissima, 440 ;.

reticulata, 438; rosea,

440; sessilis, 441; spi-

cata, 441; Stocksii, 438 ;

subglabra, 438: sulcata,

440; Sumuntia, 439 ;

tenella, 440; theefolia,

441, 713; villosa, 437 ;

viridissima, 438; War-

burgii, 441.

Synandre, 638.
Synaptea, 71.

Syndiclis paradoxa, 529.
Syneecia, 604.

Syringa, 445.

Emodi, 445, 713; per-

sica, 445; vulgaris, 445.
Syzygium, 317.
Syzygium.

Wightianum,

lanicum, 321.

710; zey-

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

Tabernemontana, 459.
alternifolia, 460; caly-
cina, 460; coronaria,
460; crispa, 460; dich-
otoma, 460; divaricata,
460; graciliflora, 460;
Heyneana, 460; mem-
branifolia, 460; ophior-
rhizoides, 457; recurva,
460; rostrata, 460; sub-

eapitata, 460; verticil-
lata, 457.

Teniochlena birmanica,
213.

Talauma, 8.
andamanica, 8; Candol-
lei, 8; Hodgsoni, 8;

mutabilis, 8 ; Rabaniana,
8; phellocarpa, 9 ; spon-
gocarpa, 9).

Tamarindus indica, 252,
720.

Tamaricacee (Tamarisci-
new), 45.

Tamarix, 45.
articulata, 46; dioica,
46; ericoides, 46, 700;
gallica, 45, 700; indica,
45; orientalis, 46; Pal-
lasii, 700; salina, 46 ;

stricta, 46.
Tapiria hirsuta, 200, 706.

Taraktogenos Kurzii, 41,
42, 700, 721.

Tarenna zeylanica, 377.

Taxaceew, 689.

‘Taxotrophis, 616.
Roxburghii, 615; zeyla-

nica, 616.
Taxus, 696.
baccata, subsp. Wallichi-
ana, 696; latifolia, 696.
Tecoma, 492.
bipinnata, 492 ;
lata, 492, 715.
Tecomella undulata, 492.
Teetona, 505.

undu-

grandis, xx., 505, 715;
Hamiltoniana, 506,

Teinostachyum, 679.
Dullooa, 679; Griffithii,
679; Helferi, 661, 679,
720; Wightii, 661,
679.

Tephrosia suberosa, 219.

Terminalia, 307.
angustifolia, Jacq.,
angustifolia, Roxb., 308 ;
argyrophylla, 308; Ar-
juna, 311, 709; belerica,
307, 709; bellerica, 307,
709; bialata, 310, 707;
burmanica, 700; Cat-
appa, xxi., 307 ; Chebula,
xx., 308, 709; citrina,
308, 709; cortacea, 310;
crenulata, 310; foetidis-
sima, 308; gangetica,
308 ; glabra, 311; macro-

308 ;

carpa, 311; Manii, 308;
myriocarpa, 312; Oli-
veri, 311, 709; idapall,
xvili., 308; paniculata,
311; procera, 307; pyri-
folia, 310, 709; tomen-
tella, 308; tomentosa,
xvi., 310, 709, 720; tra-
vancorensis, 308.
Ternstreemia, 56.
qyumnanthera, 57; japon-
ica, 57 ; penangiana, 47.
Ternstreemiacee, 56.
Tetracera, 4.
Assa, 5; levis,5; Rhee-
dit, 5.
Tetradenia, 539.
Tetrameles, 346.
Grahamiana, 346;
flora, 346, 710.

nudi-

Tetranthera.
albicans, 538; amara,
536; angustifolia, 538 ;
apetala, 536; chartacea,
538; glabrata, 539 ;
glauca, 538; grandis,
537 ; lancifolia, 538;
laurifolia, 536; leiantha,
538; liqustrina, 536;

martabunica, 537 ; mono-
petala, 536; myristice-
folia, 538; nitida, 538;
Panamonja, 538; poly-
antha, 535 ; rangoonensis,
537; semecarpifolia, 537 ;
sericea, 536; tomentosa,
536; Wightiana, 539.
Tetrastizma, 176.
Thamnocalamus
florus, 665.
Thea, 60; sinensis, 61.
Theacew, 56.
Theobroma Cacao, 79.
Thespesia, 75.
Lampas, 76, 701; ma-
crophylla, 76; populnea,
75, 701.
Thevetia neriifolia, 458.
Thraulococcus erectus, 192.
Thunbergia, 497.
coccinea, 497, 715; gran-
diflora, 497, 715; lauri-
folia, 497; mysorensis,
497; Wightiana, 497.
Thymeleacew, 544.
Thyrsostachys, 671.
Oliveri, 671; siamensis,
672.
Tighium Klotzschianum, 578.
Tiliacew, 93.
Tiliacora racemosa,
700.
Timonius Jambosella, 386.
Tinospora, 24.
cordifolia, 24, 700; cris-
pa, 24; malabarica, 24;
nudiflora, 24; tomentosa,
24.
Toddalia, 119.

spathi-

25;

765

aculeata, 119, 703; bilo-
cularis, 120; floribunda,
119.

Toona, 145.
febrifuga, 146.

Torricellia tili#folia, 357.

Tournefortia, 482.
argentea, 482; Candol-
lei, 482; Heyneana, 482 ;

Hookeri, 482; khasiana,
482; ovata, 482; reti-
cosa, 482; Roxburghii,
482; viridiflora, 482,
714; Wallichii, 482;
Wightii, 482.
Toxocarpus, 469.
acuminatus, 469; con-

canensis, 469; Griffithii,
469; himalensis, 469;
Kleinii, 469 ; Kurzii, 469 ;
laurifolius, 473; Rox-
burghii, 469; villosus, 469.
Trachelospermum, 463.
axillare, 464; fragrans,
464; gracilipes
Trachycarpus,
excelsa, 657; khasiana,
657; Martiana, 657 ; Ta-
kil, 657.
Trachylobium.
Hornemannianum,
verrucosum, 703.
Trema, 596.
amboinensis, 597 ; orien-
talis, 597, 717; politoria,
597, 717; timorensis,
597.
Treutlera insignis, 468,
Trevesia palmata, 353, 710.
Trewia, 590.
nudiflora, Linn., 590,
720; nudiflora, Bedd.,
591; polyearpa, 591.
Tricalysia, 384.
Trichaurus ericoides, 46.
Trigonostemon, 579.
heteranthus, 580; letus,
580; Lawianus, 581;
longifolius, 580; nemo-
ralis, 5830; samperflorens,
5380.
Triopteris indica, 109.
Triphasia trifoliata, 120.
Triplochiton, 702.
Tristania, 328.
burmanica, 329 ;
ensis, 329.
Tritaxis Beddomei, 576.
Trochisandra indica, 164.
Tsuga Brunoniana, 693.

250 ;

mergu-

Tupidanthus calyptratus,
B54.

Turpinia, 180.
nepalensis, 180; pomi-
fera, 180.

Turrea, 137.
pinnata, 139; villosa,
137; virens, 137.

766

Ulmaceze (Ulmez), 593.

Ulmus, 594.

campestris, 595; integri-
folia, 595; lancifolia,
594; parvifolia, 595;
villosa, 594; virgata,
595; Wallichiana, 594.

Unearia, 370.

acida, 371; ferrea, 371;
ferruginea, 370; Gambir,
371; homomalla, 711;
levigata, 371,711; mac-
rophylla, 371, 711 ; ovali-
folia, 371; pedicellata,
370; pilosa, 371; sclero-
phylla, 370; sesszlifolia,

371; sessilifructus, 371,
Lite
Unona, 15.
Brandisiana, 16; dasy-
maschala, 16; Desmos,
15; discolor, 16; dum-
osa, 16, 699; latifolia,
16; Lawii, 16; longi-
flora, 16; pannosa, 16;
precox, 699; undulata,
16; viridiflora, 16.
Urceola, 461.
esculenta, 460; lucida,
461.

Urophyllum, 376.
biloculare, 384; glabrum,
377; longifolum, 376;
strigosum, 377.
Urostigma, 599.

bengalense, 600.

Leschenaultii, 407; ma-
crostemon, 404; malac-
cense, 407 ; nilgherrense,
407; Nummularia, 407 ;
odontocerum, Wight. ;404 ;
odontocerum, WWuarz, 405 ;
punilum, 408; retusum,
407 ; rotundifolium, 407 ;
salignum, 404; serratum,
406; sikkimense, 408 ;
variegatum, 404; veno-
sum, 406; verticillatum,
Wight, 404; verticilla-
twm, Iwurz, var. elegans,
404.

Vachellia Farnesiana, 263.
Vallaris, 462.

dichotoma, 462; Heynei,
462, 713.

Vangueria, 386.

edulis, 386; pubescens,
386; spinosa, 386.

Vangueriez, 365.
Vateria, 72.

indica, 72 ; malabarica,72.

Vatica, 71.

chinensis, 71; faginea,
123 grandiflora, 72;
Griffithii, 72; Helferi,
67; laccifera, 70; lance-
efolia, 71; Roxburghi-
ana, 71; Scaphula, 72,
701; Twmbuggaia, 69.

Ventilago, 167, 704.

bombaiensis, 168; caly-
culata, 168; leiocarpa,

Urtica.

crenulata, 616; nauclei-
flora, 610; tenacissima,
617.

Urticacez, 616.
Urticex, 616.

Utleria salicifolia, 468.
Uvaria, 16.

bracteata, 18 ; cerasoides,
14; ferruginea, 17, 699;
grandiflora, 17; Hamil-
toni, J; hirsuta, 175
Hookerti, 17; lurida, 17 ;
lutea, 18; macrophylla,
17; micrantha, 17; Na-
rum, 17, 699; ptycho-
calyx, 18; purpurea, 17 ;
suberosa, 14; tomentosa,
11; zeylanica, 17.

Vacciniacee, 403.

Vaccinium, 406.

affine, 407; arbutoides,
406; ardisioides, 406;
auriculatum, 405; ban-
canum, 407; campanu-
latum, 405; Donianum,
407; Dunalianum, 406 ;
exaristatum, 407 ; glauco-
album, 406; Griffithi-
anum, 407; gualtherie-
folium, 406; hirsutum,
404; kachinense, 406;

168 ; madraspatana, 167,
704; Maingayi, 168.

Verbenaceae, 502.

Vernonia, 398.
acuminata, 399; Aplinii,
400; arborea, 399);
blanda, 400; cineras-
cens, 399, 712; cylindri-
ceps, 400; divergens,
399, var. lLawii, 399;
eleagnifolia, 400 ; indica,
399 ; nilgherryensis, 399 ;
Parishii, 400; pectini-
formis, 399; peguensis,
400; Roxburghi, 399 ;
seandens, 400; solani-
folia, 399; talaumifolia,
399; travancorica, 399;
volkamerifolia, DC., 399;
volkamerifolia, Bedd.,
399.

Viburnum, 361.
acuminatum, 362; atro-
cyaneum, 363; capitella-
tum, 362; Colebrookia-
num, 362; cordifolium,
361; .coriaceum, <xx.,
361, 362, 711; coryli-
folium, 361 ; cotinifolium,
361; erubescens, xx.,
361, 363; fcetens, 364;
feetidum, 362; Griffithi-
anum, 361; hebanthum,

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

362; involucratum, 361 ;
nervosum, 363, 711;
odoratissimum, xx., 361,
362; Opulus, 361 ; punc-
tatum, xx., 361, 362;
Simonsii, 363; stellula-
tum, 361; Tinus, 363;
Wightianum, 363.

Viciex, 215.

Villebrunea, 618.
frutescens, 618; integri-
folia, 618.

Violacez (Violariez), 37.

Virgilia aurea, 244.

Viseum, 551.
album, 552; angulatum,
552 ; articulatum, Burm.,
552, 716; articulatum,
Brandis, 552; attenua-
tum, 552; capitellatum,
552; Edgeworthii, 552 ;
japonicum, 552; moni-
liforme, 552; monoicum,
552, 716; orbiculatum,
552; orientale, 552;
ovalifolium, 552; ramo-
sissimum, Wall, 552;
ramosissimum, Wight,
552; verruculosum, 552.

Visenia umbellata, 92.

Visiania robusta, 447.

Vitacew, 175.

Vitex, 503.

Agnus castus, 504 ;
alata, Heyne, 504 :
alata, Roxb., 505; altis-
sima, 504, 720; arborea,
504; canescens, 504;
coriacea, 504; diversifolia,
504; glabrata, 505; hetero-
phylla, 504; Leucoxy-
lon, Roxb., 504, 715;
Leucoxylon, Karz., 505 ;
limonifolia, 504 ; Ne-
gundo, 503, 715, 720;
peduncularis, 505; pu-
bescens, 504, 715; tri-
folia, 504, 715; vestita,
505.

Vitis, 175.

adnata,
damanica,

176, 704; an-
705; assam-
ica, 704; Aubertiana,
704; auriculata, 705;
barbata, 177, 704; brac-
teolata, 704; capreolata,

178; carnosa, 178 ;
discolor, 176; dubia,
705 ; elongata, 178;

erioclada, 178; gigantea,
704; glauca, 176 ; hima-
layana, xxi., 178 ; Hook-
eri, 178 ; indica, Lawson,
177; indica, Linn., 178;

japonica, 704; lanata,
177; lanceolaria, 178,
704; latifolia, 77 ¢
Linnei, 176; mollis,
704; muricata, Wy7/ts}

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES 767

neilgherrensis, 178; oxy-
phylla, 705; pallida,
176; parvifolia, 177;
pedata, 179, 704; plani-
caulis, 178; quadrangu-
laris, 177, 704; repanda,
176; repens, 177; rosea,
176; rubifolia, 179; rugosa,
177 ; rumicisperma, 178 ;

semicordata, xxi., 178;
tomentosa, 176, 704;
trifolia, 178; vinifera,

177: Woodrowii, 176.
Vogelia indica, 413.

Wagatea spicata, 249.
Wallichia, 654.
-earyotoides, 655; densi-

flora, 655, 719; disticha,
655 ; spectabilis, 88;
Yome, 655.

Wallrothia Leucoxylon, 504.

Walsura, 135.

Candollei, 136; hypo-
leuca, 136; miaultijuga,
136; oxycarpa, 136;

piseidia, 136; pubescens,
134; robusta, 137, 703;
ternata, 136; trijuga,
134; tubulata, 137;
villosa, 136, 703.
Webera, 377.

asiatica, 377; bispinosa,
382; campaniflora, 378 ;
canarica, 378 ; compacti-
flora, 378; corymbosa,
Suu oii; Tl; di-
sperma, 378 ; fasciculata,

383; glomeriflora, 377;
Helferi, 378; IJKurzii,
378; longiflora, 382;

lucens, 378, 387; mono-
sperma, 378; nilagirica,
378; odorata, 378;
oppositifolia, 383; pal-
lida, 378; pumila, 378;
siamensis, 382.

Weihea zeylanica, 306.

Wendlandia, 373.
angustifolia, 374; coria-
cea, 374; corymbosa,

Butler

mud Tanner The Seiwood I'rin

375; exserta, 373, 711;
glabrata, 374; glomeru-
lata, 374; Lawii, 374;
ligustrina, 374; nitens,
374; Notoniana, 374;
paniculata, 374; pen-
dula, 374; puberula, 373,
711; secunda, 375 ;
tinctoria, 374, 711; Wal-
lichii, 373.

Wightia gigantea, 491, 715.

Wikstroemia, 545.
eanescens, 545; indica,
545; virgata, 545; viri-
diflora, 545.

Willughbeia, 456.
edulis, 456; firma, 456 ;
martabanica, 456.

Winchia, 456.
atroviridis,
phylla, 456.

Wistaria chinensis, 706.

Withania, 490.

456; calo-

eoagulans, 490, 715;
somnifera, 490, 715.
Woodburnia penduliflora,
710.
Woodfordia, 341.
floribunda, 341; fruti-

cosa, 341 ; tomentosa, 341.
Wrightia, 461.
coccinea, 461,
mollissima, 461;
osa, 461; tinctoria, 461,
713, 720; tomentosa,
461; Wallichii, 461.

713;
religi-

Xanthochymus
49.

Xanthophyllum, 44.
affine, 44 ; andamanicum,
44; angustifolium, 44;
Arnottianum, 44; flaves-
eens, 44; glaucum, 44;
Griffithii, 45; virens, 44.

Xanthoxylum, 116.

Xanthoxrylum floribundum,
119.

Xerospermum, 190.
glabratum, 705; leviga-

pictorius,

tum, 705; muricatum,
190; noronhianum, 190.
Ximenia americana, 145.
Xylia, 262.
dolabriformis, xx.,
720; zxylocarpa, 262.
Xylocarpus.
Granatum, 141 ; obovatus,
140.
Xylopia parvifolia, 20.
Xylosma, 40.
controversum, 40; lati-
folium, 40; longifolium,
40, 700.

262

Zalacea, 649.
Becearii, 649; edulis,
649; macrostachya, 649 ;
Rumphii, 649 ; secunda,
649; Wallichiana, 649:

Zanthoxylon triphyllum,
112.

Zanthoxylum, 116.
Acanthopodium, 117,702;

alatum, 116, 703 ;
Budrunga, 118; Hamil-
tonianum, 118; khasia-

ovalifolium,
oxyphyllum,
118; Rhetsa, 118; te-
traspermum, 118; to-
mentellum, 118.
Zizyphus, 169.
apetala, 171; Brunoni-
ana, 170;~ funiculosa,
172; glabra, 171, 704;
glabrata, 171; horrida,
171; Horsfieldi, 171;
incurva, 170; Jujuba,
xxu., 169, 720; Jujuba,
var. hysudrica, 170;
Napeca, 170; nummu-
laria, 170, 720; Ginoplia,
170, 704; oxyphylla,
171; rotundifolia, 170;
rugosa, 171, 704; triner-
via, 171; vulgaris, 171 ;
Wynadensis, 168; Xylo-
pyrus, xviii., 171, 704.
Zollingeria macrocarpa,
188.

num, 118;
118, 703;

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